Roman Coins and Their Values: Volume 5 9781907427459, 1907427457

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Also published by Spink in this series by David R. Sear Roman Coins and Their Values, 5th Millennium Edition

Volume II – The Accession of Nerva to the overthrow of the Severan Dynasty AD 96 – AD 235 Volume III – The Accession of Maximinus I to the death of Carinus AD 235 – AD 285 Volume IV – The Tetrarchies and the rise of the house of Constantine AD 284 – AD 337 Front cover illustrations: Top left: Valentinian II. Gold solidus (20185 in this catalogue) Bottom left: Magnus Maximus. Gold solidus (20631 in this catalogue) Centre: Zeno. Gold solidus (21514 in this catalogue) Top right: Constantius II. Gold solidus (17764 in this catalogue)

Back cover illustrations: 1. Reverse of Magnus Maximus solidus 2. Obverse of Julian II Miliarense 3. Reverse of Theodosius II solidus 4. Obverse of Magnentius double maiorina 5. Reverse of Valens solidus 6. Reverse of Constantius II solidus 7. Obverse of Eugenius miliarense 8. Reverse of Magnentius centenionalis 9. Reverse of Magnentius double maiorina 10. Obverse of Constans billon maiorina

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Spink & Son Ltd 69 Southampton Row Bloomsbury London WC1B 4ET www.spink.com Email: [email protected]

ROMAN COINS AND THEIR VALUES V

AND THEIR VALUES V

Bottom Right: Valens. Gold solidus (19537 in this catalogue)

DAVID R SEAR

ROMAN COINS

Volume I – The Republic and the twelve Caesars 280 BC – AD 96

The most comprehensive catalogue of the series ever produced for the coin collector, this five volume work spans almost eight centuries of Roman currency, from its republican beginnings in the early 3rd century BC down to the barbarian conquest of the western provinces and the commencement of the sole eastern (Byzantine) empire in the late 5th century AD. In addition to detailed descriptions of nearly 4700 coins, this fifth and final volume in the series contains a wealth of biographical and detailed numismatic information, as well as notes on the historical significance of many of the individual types. Valuations are provided in a range of grades and in two currencies (British pounds and US dollars) and the work is fully illustrated throughout with high quality photographic images.

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DAVID R SEAR ISBN: 978-1-907427-45-9

9 781907 427459

Volume FIVE THE CHRISTIAN EMPIRE: THE LATER CONSTANTINIAN DYNASTY AND THE HOUSES OF VALENTINIAN AND THEODOSIUS AND THEIR SUCCESSORS, CONSTANTINE II TO ZENO, AD 337-491

ROMAN COINS AND THEIR VALUES Volume FIVE THE CHRISTIAN EMPIRE: THE LATER CONSTANTINIAN DYNASTY AND THE HOUSES OF VALENTINIAN AND THEODOSIUS AND THEIR SUCCESSORS, CONSTANTINE II TO ZENO, AD 337-491 DAVID R SEAR The current revision of this popular work marks a radical departure from the envisioned aims of the original edition. This fifth and final volume of the ‘Millennium edition’ contains a comprehensive listing of the Roman coinage of the period AD 337-491 together with background information on the history of each reign and the principal characteristics of its coinage. The catalogue is organized primarily by ruler with the issues then subdivided by denomination and by reverse legend and type. This arrangement combines the alphabetical ease of reference of Cohen’s work with the scholarship of RIC and other modern studies, which are normally based on classification by mint. As the eastern and western halves of the Empire gradually drifted apart politically and militarily in the fifth century, the imperial coinage becomes increasingly complex. There is a tendency for the standard works of reference to be very selective in their coverage of the series as a whole and in this volume an attempt has been made to present the material as clearly and concisely as possible, in order to facilitate ease of use by the collector. The century and a half covered by this volume, from the death of Constantine the Great to the death of the eastern emperor Zeno, witnessed the initial stages of the Christian Roman Empire in the eastern Mediterranean area and the final death throes of paganism. It also saw the total collapse of Roman authority in the Empire’s western provinces and its replacement by a patchwork of barbarian kingdoms. The imperial coinage similarly underwent many fundamental changes during this period and these are chronicled in detail in the text. For the succeeding coinage of the Eastern Empire, commencing with Anastasius I (AD 491-518), the reader is referred to the companion publication Byzantine Coins and Their Values (second revised edition, 1987). In a professional career spanning fifty-six years, David Sear has worked in London, Norwich, Bury St. Edmunds, and, over the past thirty-two years, in Los Angeles, both as a commercial numismatist and later a full-time author. Since his first publication on Roman coinage in 1964 he has produced a steady stream of handbooks intended specifically for the collector. These cover all aspects of ancient numismatics, from the beginnings of Greek coinage in the late 7th century BC to the capture of Constantinople by the Ottoman Turks in 1453. Future plans include a new volume of Roman Silver Coins to fill the current gap in the series between AD 269 and Diocletian’s currency reform in the 290s; a Beginner’s Guide to Collecting Greek and Roman Coins; and possibly revisions of some earlier titles.

ROMAN COINS AND THEIR VALUES

The Western Empress Licinia Eudoxia wife of Valentinian III depicted on a gold solidus minted in Ravenna in AD 439 (No. 21362 in catalogue; photo by Andrew Daneman)

ROMAN COINS AND THEIR VALUES

DAVID R. SEAR Volume IV V Volume The Christian Empire: Therise Later Constantinian Dynasty and The Tetrarchies and the of the House of Constantine the Houses of Valentinian ad and284–337 Theodosius and their successors, Constantine II to Zeno, Ad 337-491

LONDON LONDON 2014 2011

© 2014 Spink & Son Ltd 69 Southampton Row Bloomsbury London, WC1B 4ET ISBN 978-1-907427-45-9 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in any retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without prior permission of the publisher in writing.

Set in 8/9pt Times by Russell Whittle Printed and bound in Malta by Gutenberg Press Ltd.

INTRODUCTION The original edition published by 1964 and and The original edition of of Sear’s Sear’s Roman Roman Coins Coins and and Their Their Values Values was was published by Seaby Seaby in in 1964 subsequentlywent wentthrough throughfour four revisions (1970, 1974, and 1988). However, the publication of subsequently revisions (1970, 1974, 19811981 and 1988). However, the publication of Volume I of the ‘Millennium in 2000 markeddeparture a radicalfrom departure from the previousoftraditions of IVolume of the ‘Millennium Edition’ inEdition’ 2000 marked a radical the previous traditions this popular this popular work. An theanlistings and number of illustrations (now fully work. An expansion of expansion the listingsof and increase in an theincrease number in of the illustrations (now fully incorporated in incorporated in the text) necessitated a new multiple-volume format, likework the companion workOriginally on Greek the text) necessitated a new multiple-volume format, like the companion on Greek coins. coins. Originally envisioned as a two-volume work, it soon became apparent that additional volumes envisioned as a two-volume work, it soon became apparent that additional volumes would be required if would be required if justice were to be done to the enormity of the subject. That number has now justice weretotofive be done to the the subject. That hasthe now expanded to five in order to bring expanded in order to enormity bring theofseries down to thenumber death of eastern emperor Zeno in AD 491. the series down to the death of the of eastern emperor Zeno AD 491. Volume I covered a period approximately 375inyears, from the origins of the Roman coinage I covered a period approximately years, the origins of the Roman coinage in the in theVolume Republican period in the of opening decades375 of the 3rdfrom century BC down to the violent end of second Imperial the Flavian, in AD 96.3rd Volume extended of the series down coverage to the violent endImperial of the second Republican perioddynasty, in the opening decades of the centuryII BC from the dynasty, accessiontheofFlavian, Nerva, the ‘thirteenth Caesar’ and first of the ‘Adoptive’ emperors, down to the 96. Volume II extended coverage of the Imperial series from the Imperial in AD overthrow of the Severan dynasty in 235. It encompassed what may justifiably be termed the ‘golden accession of Nerva, the ‘thirteenth Caesar’ and first of the ‘Adoptive’ emperors, down to the overthrow of age’ of the Roman Imperial coinage. Volume III covered in detail the following half-century, a very the Severan dynasty in 235. It encompassed whatperilously may justifiably betotal termed the ‘golden under age’ ofthe thepressure Roman different period during which the Empire came close to disintegration Imperial coinage. Volume covered in detail the following half-century, a very different period during which of foreign invasions and III seemingly interminable civil war. the Empire came perilously close total disintegration underof theDiocletian pressure offollowing foreign invasions seemingly Volume IV commences withto the momentous accession the deathand of Numerian, son of Carus,civil latewar. in the year 284. The comprehensive reforms carriedofout by Diocletian during hisalltwo interminable Volume IV began with the momentous accession Diocletian in AD 284, with its decades rule brought about implications, radical changes in many of of theConstantine Empire’s administration and political, of military, and economic and closed withaspects the death the Great fifty-three finances. coinage of circa ADfor294 the last remnants ofsaw the Augustan currency system years later.His This was a reform tumultuous period thesaw imperial coinage, which the introduction of the gold swept and in itsin place a restored coinage ofofpure silver (usually termed and a large solidusaway denomination AD 310, the reintroduction silver coinage, and the rapidargenteus) decline of Diocletian’s billon piece (follis or nummus) replacing the hopelessly debased antoninianus which had characterized billon follis denomination from a coin of approximately 10 grams weight to one of only 3.50 grams, ultimately the coinage of the later 3rd century. In addition, the weight of the aureus was raised to a new standard of to be grams, replacedi.e. in 1/60th 318/19 of byathe billonofcentenionalis. 5.40 pound gold. The government of the vast Empire was also fundamentally Volume which covers theoffinal century a half ofinto the Roman coinage, commences the reformed withV,the subdivision many of theand provinces smallerimperial units and, from AD 293, the with sharing joint accession in 337 of the three(the surviving sons of Constantine the Great II, Constantius II, of responsibility by four rulers ‘Tetrarchy’), each accountable for — theConstantine administration and defence of aConstans. specified None portion of imperial territory. The two senior were to abdicate after twodynasty decades and of this trio was able to produce a male heir,Augusti thus condemning the Constantinian to of rule their places by the two junior who, (360-363) now promoted to theansenior imperial rank, an earlyand extinction. Its lasttaken representative was JulianCaesars the Apostate who made unsuccessful attempt would appoint theirand ownwith Caesars to maintain the structure of the finally tetrarchy. to restore paganism, his death on the battlefield Christianity triumphed as the Empire’s official Unfortunately for Diocletian, he was to live long enough to see his elaborate schemes unravel. religion. In the final decades of the fourth century, the division between the eastern and western halves of the By the beginning of the 4th century the economy of the Empire was suffering from rampant inflation. Empire became more marked. With thethrough death ofhisTheodosius in AD(AD 395300) that and, division became permanent, Diocletian attempted to remedy this Currency IEdict in the following year, though over the following six decades both halves remained under the rule of the descendants of the Theodosian a Price Edict which attempted, in minute detail, to regulate maximum prices and wages. The failure dynasty. deathsinofthe Theodosius and Valentinian III (ADand 450aand 455 respectively) it rapidly of these Following measures the resulted cessationIIof pure silver coinage progressive reduction in the weight standard billon Constantine I took the leadhad in gone effecting a remedy to this became clear that of thethe decline of follis. RomanLater, authority in the western provinces too far for the Western decline to in recover. the currency. 310 introduced at the Gallic mints then control a new Empire WithinInjust 21heyears of Valentinian’s assassination the under Empirehis ceased to exist in standard the West gold 476), coin, though the solidus. This was struck on aNepos) lightersurvived standardforthan the aureus (4.50 grams = 1/72nd of (AD the emperor in exile (Julius a further half decade. Italy itself was now a pound) and, the‘king’ downfall of Constantine’s rival in 324,by was issued throughout in the hands of following the barbarian Odovacar and later (493) he Licinius was supplanted Theoderic, founder of the Empire. The solidus was to have a long and illustrious history as the principal gold coin of the Ostrogothic kingdom in Italy. Fortunately, the Eastern Empire was saved from a similar fate by the wise the Christian Byzantine Empire. Between AD 307/8 and 325 Constantine issued virtually no silver policies Leo I (457-474) who countered experimental the threat of Germanic influence in the army by coinage,ofother than a few short-lived denominations. However, in gradually the year appointing following native Isaurians the highest military posts. Constantinople and theThe eastern provinces then went from his victory of to Licinius regular silver issues were resumed. principal denomination is strength usually to strength, culminating in Anastasius’ substantial enrichment of Diocletianic the imperial argenteus. treasury through his prudent referred to as a siliqua, though it was in effect a revival of the A slightly larger multiple, the of miliarensis, wasThis introduced the same ambitious time. Constantine follis in 318/19 management fiscal affairs. enabledatJustinian’s program abandoned of military the conquest (533-555) and replaced it with aofslightly billonlost denomination have borne name leading to the recovery some oflighter the territory to the Empirewhich in the appears previous to century, notablythe Italy and centenionalis. North Africa. As in the case of the solidus, all of the imperial mints adopted this denomination after 324. Only about a decade after its introduction, the weight of the centenionalis was reduced from 3 The imperial coinage during the period covered by this volume underwent many changes in continuation grams to 2.5 grams and a further reduction to 1.7 took place in the final year of Constantine’s reign. of the financial volatility that of hadthe characterized the erawas of Diocletian and Constantine Thebronze gold solidus of This was a clear indication volatility which to characterize the billonI.and coinage 4.40 the one stable element in the system, though forgery, debasement of the metal, and weight in thegrams laterremained 4th and 5th centuries.

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INTRODUCTION

reduction became painstakingly something of aconstructed problem in the final decades Constantinian This Diocletian’s tetrarchy systemofofthe government wasperiod. also to failnecessitated soon after his abdication an inevitable victim human ambition. The situation action on the partinof305, Valentinian and Valens that of guaranteed the purity of bothresulting gold andchaotic silver coinage put was into temporarily resolved in 313 when, withabout the downfall Maximinus II, the(obryzum government became a diarchy circulation. These issues, commencing AD 368, of were marked ‘OB’ or refined gold) in the with thegold western provincesand held‘PS’ by (pusulatum, Constantinerefined and thesilver) eastern by case Licinius. This uneasy state of affairs case of denominations, in the of silver denominations. This now lasted for 11 years until Constantine’s ambitions could tolerate it no longer. He eliminated his rival in became standard practice on the part of the imperial mints for centuries to come in the case of gold and well into a rapid series of campaigns culminating in the battle of Chrysopolis (18 September 324). Constantine the following for silver. The fractional gold denominations (semissis, or half solidus, and the was now ablecentury to oversee the adoption of Christianity as the new state religion throughout hisenigmatic Empire. 1.5-scripulum, 12 siliqua were never coined in quantity and have served some purpose. His conversionortook place piece) in connection with the critical battle ofmust the Milvian Bridge (28special October 312) In the early 380s latter was replaced byCross’ the more convenient tremissis, his or one-third solidus. The new coin when he had histhe famous ‘Vision of the to which he attributed victory over Maxentius. The old godsvery werepopular thus dealt deathblow Licinius’indownfall in 324, as evidenced by their virtual waspagan obviously and asoon came towith be produced much greater quantities, especially during the disappearance the imperial after coinage this date. It been is unclear what Constantine’s true fifth century andfrom beyond. In silver,coinage good quality had reintroduced by Constantine I inintentions the midwere for the imperial succession. His sudden unexpected death in 3.375 337 resulted in anwas explosive 320s following a hiatus of about two decades. The and Constantinian siliqua of c. grams, which merely situation which was to lead to the deaths of many members of the imperial family and was ultimately a revival of the argenteus of the tetrarchy period, remained in production under his sons for about two decades, to condemn the dynasty to an early extinction. His elevations of his three surviving sons (Constantine untilConstantius it was superseded Constantius by the reducedseemed siliqua of 2.25 grams (AD 357). Also struck in II, II, andunder Constans) to the II rank of Caesar to c. indicate a triple-division of imperial increasing or quantities was theinmiliarensis, worth double the reducedDelmatius siliqua. A heavy authority, triarchy. But 335 he alsonow promoted his half-nephew to themiliarensis, same rankweighing together c. 5.40Delmatius’ grams, wasbrother occasionally produced whilst half siliqua was of very infrequent (as(“King had been with Hanniballianus, who the received the unconventional title ofoccurrence Rex Regum of its predecessor thethe silver quinarius). In of theDiocletian’s fifth century tetrarchy the production of itsilver coinage was much reduced, Kings”). Despite abysmal failure system seemed as though Constantine was aiming form ofboth a revival, though comprising a single family. though issuesatofsome siliquae and versions of thenow miliarensis weremembers still madeoffrom time to time, Whatever especially the plan, it had in a disastrous outcome following the old emperor’s under Honorius the West and under his nephew Theodosius II in thedeath. East. Issues continued sporadically for Throughout thecentury catalogue, the early current markettimes. valuations have been expressed in two currencies, the remainder of the and into Byzantine pounds sterling and US dollars. The conversion rate has been complicated during the preparation of The billon and bronze denominations saw the most changes during the final century and a half of the this volume by the wild fluctuations occasioned by the global economic crisis. At the time the values Roman imperial being coinage. The sonsthe of dollar Constantine had inherited the diminutive reduced centenionalis were originally estimated had slipped to an exchange rate ofbillon approximately two to the in 337 and this remained in production for most the joint reign of Constantius II andthe Constans 340pound. However, more recently the dollar hasofstrengthened considerably against British (AD currency 350).because A majorofchange at theconversion time of the rate celebration eleven anniversary and this anoccurred approximate of $1.75oftoRome’s the pound hashundredth been adopted (though(AD the current ratethe is closer to centenionalis $1.60). For the majority ofby entries twodenomination, grades of preservation, ‘VF’ 348) when reduced was replaced a larger the billon usually maiorina. This(Very was Fine) ‘EF’ (Extremely have been Forsoon the sake of clarity, these appear each struck and in two versions (heavyFine) and light) thoughprovided. it, too, was reduced in size and weight andunder no longer catalogue entry. This Julian arrangement has yet theanother added reform advantage of when allowing more expressing had any silver content. carried out in 362 a large andflexibility impressiveinbillon double valuations for individual types and series which may only occur in lower grades by virtue of their place maiorina was introduced supplemented by a bronze centenionalis. Both denominations remained in issue of mintage or the circumstances of the issue. following Julian’s deathnot butpresent the double was abandoned in 365, early themint joint reign of Valentinian Another feature in maiorina earlier editions is the inclusion of inthe and date for each I and his brother Valens. However, the bronze of c.of 2.50 continued issue of andthe wasRoman struck type. Recent scholarship has improved ourcentenionalis understanding thegrams chronology of inmuch in unprecedented over thecollectors following decade and a half. Frombethis time aware on the Roman coinage and it isquantities important that and students should made of the billon more coinage precise ceased altogether, allon subsequent base metal of bronze no be silver content. thescientific emperor data now available this important topic.issues On abeing similar theme,with it will noticed thatIna379 more chronological hasI, now been adopted the presentation of the coinage, material,this though for ease of Gratian, son ofapproach Valentinian undertook a furtherinreform of the base metal time introducing reference Cohen’s alphabetical arrangement has generally been retained within each two new denominations to supplement the centenionales. He revived the maiorina of c. 4.50denominational grams and this listing. Thus, the coins issued in the names of deified emperors and empresses will be listeditsunder clearly circulated as a double centenionalis. A small half centenionalis (c. 1.25 grams) found also made first the reign of their issuer. Use of the index and the extensive cross-references provided in the text should appearance at this time and this was to become an important denomination in the following century when facilitate the easy location of any required type. it was more long commonly termedthe thehistorical nummus. background The only other significant to change in 395 around the I have considered information be ofoccurred prime importance in the time of the death of Theodosius I and accessions of and Arcadius in the coinage. East and Accordingly, Honorius in the West.fully The presentation of catalogue listings of the Greek, Roman, Byzantine I have maiorinathe wasbiographical now discontinued, lateratstrikings being exceptional in character connected with the revised sketches the commencement of each reign and usually under certain subsidiary headings. Additionally, readers noticeand thatsouthern much information added on the significance of special requirements of areas suchwill as Spain Crimea. Thehas fifthbeen century bronze coinage consisted individual types within and the catalogue itself andthe cross-references representations in the maincoin of centenionales half centenionales, latter becomingprovided dominanttoinsimilar the second half of the in otherwhen series. invariable aimtohas to enhance enjoyment thewas hobby of ancient coin century it isMy normally referred as a been nummus. It was thethe bronze coinageofthat radically reformed by collecting by drawing attention to its potential role as a natural gateway to the study of history. In the Anastasius I in AD 498 resulting in the introduction of a whole new range of denominations, being multiples case of Roman coins, this can lead to a fuller understanding and appreciation of a truly remarkable of the basic nummus. is at point that the Byzantine coinageculture. is generally held to commence. civilization which liesIt at thethis very foundations of our modern As we stand in the opening years Throughout the catalogue, market have been currencies, pounds of a new millennium, I believethe it iscurrent vital not onlyvaluations to look forward to expressed the futurein—two exciting as that may sterling andalso US to dollars. Marketaware fluctuations by past the global crisis us remain a problem in be — but be keenly of the occasioned events of the whicheconomic have brought to where we are calculating a satisfactory of exchange, but for thestill purposes catalogue the rateonofearly $1.7521st to thecentury pound today. Rome contributedrate hugely to that past and exertsofa this powerful influence society in Europe andbeen America — (though on our languages, our basic concepts of law and our used in Volume IV has retained the current figure is closer to $1.60). Forand the order, majority of on entries governmental institutions. usually Indeed,‘VF’ it is (Very hardlyFine) overstating case to quote words E.A. Freeman two grades of preservation, and ‘EF’the (Extremely Fine)the have been of provided. For the in hisofIntroduction to the English translation of Mommsen’s Historyhas ofthe Rome: historyofof Rome sake clarity, these appear under each catalogue entry. This arrangement added“The advantage allowing is the greatest of all historical subjects, for this simple reason, that the history of Rome is in truth the more flexibility in expressing valuations for individual types and series which may only occur in lower grades history of the world”. by virtue of their place of mintage orexpress the circumstances of the issue. In conclusion, I should like to my gratitude to all those individuals who so willingly gave of Another not present is the inclusion of the mintundertaking. and date for each type.I should Recent their time andfeature expertise in orderintoearlier assisteditions in the success of this ambitious Firstly,

INTRODUCTION

7

scholarship improved of the tochronology of the inRoman coinageofand it is like to thankhas those dealersour whounderstanding bravely responded my requestoftomuch participate the updating current market values providing their views on price levelsshould of certain basicaware types within the series. I am keenly important that by collectors, students, and archaeologists be made of the more precise data now aware that musttopic. frequently have impinged on other more pressing business commitments, and available onthis thiswork important it should serve an indication of the unselfish attitude of many professionals in the ancient coin trade I have longas considered the historical background information to be of prime importance in the presentation that they are prepared to make real sacrifices in the cause of disseminating information to collectors. of catalogue listings of Greek, Roman, and Byzantine coinage. Accordingly, I have fully revised the biographical The following is an alphabetical listing of those who cooperated in this project: Harlan Berk of Chicago, sketches at the commencement of each and under certain headings. Additionally, will IL.; Giulio Bernardi of Trieste, Italy;reign Dwayne Bridges of subsidiary The Roman Connection, Dallas,readers TX; Tom notice that much information has been added on the significance of individual coinDavisson types within the catalogue Cederlind of Portland, OR; Kirk Davis of Claremont, CA; Allan and Marnie of Cold Spring, itself cross-references similar in otherNumismatics, series. My invariable aim hasPA; been to MN; and Kenneth Dorney of provided Redding,toCA; Mattrepresentations Geary of Praetorian Philadelphia, Rob Golan ofthe Hillsborough, Goldberg of Beverly Hills, CA; Jonathanattention Kern oftoLexington, enhance enjoyment ofNC; the Ira hobby of ancient coin collecting by drawing its potentialKY; roleHerb as a Kreindler of Dixto Hills, NY;ofGavin Manton, formerly of Lennox Gallery Ltd.,toLondon; Chris Martin natural gateway the study history. In the case of Roman coins, this can lead a fuller understanding of C.J. Martin (Coins) Southgate, London; Marx M & R Coins, Worth, culture. IL; David and appreciation of a trulyLtd., remarkable civilization thatMichael lies at the veryof foundations of our modern As Miller of Hemel Hempstead, England; Wayne Phillips of Phillips Ranch, CA; Paul Rabin of Zürich, we stand in the opening years of a new millennium, I believe it is vital not only to look forward to the future Switzerland; Steve Rubinger of Antiqua Inc., Woodland Hills, CA; Dr. Arnold R. Saslow of Rare Coins — exciting asArts thatLtd., may South be — but also toNJ; be Fred keenlyShore awareofofSchwenksville, the events of thePA; pastHans which have brought us of to & Classical Orange, Voegtli, formerly where weund are Medaillen today. Rome contributed hugely to that past andWarden still exerts a powerful on earlyRick 21st Münzen AG, Basel, Switzerland; and Bill of New Hope, influence PA. In addition, century in Europe and AmericaInc., — on ourDiego, languages, basicprovided conceptsmany of laworiginal and order, and on our Ponteriosociety of Ponterio & Associates San CA our kindly photographs governmental Indeed, is hardly and overstating the case to words of PA E.A.kindly Freeman in his from his past institutions. auctions, and Victorit England Dawn Ahlgren ofquote CNG,the Lancaster, provided photocopiesto ofthe articles from their extensive library, History as did Andrea Bignasca of Antikenmuseum, Basel, Introduction English translation of Mommsen’s of Rome: “The history of Rome is the greatest Switzerland. sincereforthanks to them all! that the history of Rome is in truth the history of the world”. of all historicalMy subjects, this simple reason, Particular mention is due goodmy friend Barry of North who Hills,soCA, who, gave overofa In conclusion, I should liketotomy express gratitude to Rightman all those individuals willingly period of several years, has given unstintingly of his time and numismatic knowledge in categorizing their time and expertise in order to assist in the success of this ambitious undertaking. Firstly, I should like the enormous (but unsorted) photo library from which many of the illustrations for this book have been to thankand thosetodealers who bravely responded request to participate thenow updating of current market drawn; Andrew Daneman, formerly to ofmy Numismatic Fine Arts in and resident in Denmark, values providing their on price levels of certain basic types withininthe am keenly aware whose by unparalleled skill views as a numismatic photographer has contributed noseries. small Ipart to the visual that thisofwork must frequently havethanks impinged on other more business and it should impact these volumes. Special are also due to the pressing staff of the Britishcommitments, Museum’s Department of Coinsas and who generously of their time in providing additional illustrations coins serve anMedals indication ofgave the unselfish attitude of many professionals in the ancient coin tradeofthat theyfrom are the National Collection. As always, gratitude goes out toinformation my wife Margaret for herThe unfailing support prepared to make real sacrifices in themy cause of disseminating to collectors. following is an during the protracted process of thisincomplex revision; to Berk Heather DewhurstIL.; of Design to Print, alphabetical listing of creation those who cooperated this project: Harlan of Chicago, Giulio Bernardi for her prompt and accurate work in preparing the text for the printer; and finally to Philip Skingley of of Trieste, Italy; Dwayne Bridges of The Roman Connection, Dallas, TX; Tom Cederlind of Portland, Spink & Son’s Book Department for his untiring efforts in nursing this volume through to completion. OR; Kirk Davis of Claremont, CA; Allan and Marnie Davisson of Cold Spring, MN; Kenneth Dorney of Redding, CA; Matt Geary of Praetorian Numismatics, Philadelphia, PA; Rob Golan of Hillsborough, NC; Ira Goldberg of Beverly Hills, CA; Jonathan Kern of Lexington, KY; Herb Kreindler of Dix Hills, DAVID R. SEAR NY; Gavin Manton, formerly of Lennox Gallery Ltd., London; Chris Martin of C.J. Martin (Coins) Ltd., Los Angeles Southgate, London; Michael Marx of M & R Coins, Palos Park, IL; David Miller of Hemel Hempstead, England; Wayne Phillips of Phillips Ranch, CA; Paul Rabin of Zürich, Switzerland; Steve Rubinger of Antiqua Inc., Woodland Hills, CA; Dr. Arnold R. Saslow of Rare Coins & Classical Arts Ltd., South Orange, NJ; Fred Shore of Schwenksville, PA; Hans Voegtli, formerly of Münzen und Medaillen AG, Basel, Switzerland; and Bill Warden of New Hope, PA. In addition, Rick Ponterio of Ponterio & Associates Inc., San Diego, CA kindly provided many original photographs from his past auctions, and Victor England and Dawn Ahlgren of CNG, Lancaster, PA kindly provided photocopies of articles from their extensive library, as did Andrea Bignasca of Antikenmuseum, Basel, Switzerland. My sincere thanks to them all! Particular mention is due to my good friend Barry Rightman of North Hills, CA, who, over a period of several years, has given unstintingly of his time and numismatic knowledge in categorizing the enormous (but unsorted) photo library from which many of the illustrations for this book have been drawn; and to Andrew Daneman, formerly of Numismatic Fine Arts and now resident in Denmark, whose unparalleled skill as a numismatic photographer has contributed in no small part to the visual impact of these volumes. Special thanks are also due to the staff of the British Museum’s Department of Coins and Medals who gave generously of their time in providing additional illustrations of coins from the National Collection. As always, my gratitude goes out to my wife Margaret for her unfailing support during the protracted creation process of this complex revision; to Russ Whittle for his prompt and accurate work in preparing the text for the printer; and finally to Philip Skingley of Spink & Son’s Book Department for his untiring efforts in nursing this volume through to completion. David R. Sear Los Angeles

GLOSSARY (For a comprehensive treatment of this subject, see John Melville Jones, ‘A Dictionary of Ancient Roman Coins’) Abacus Acrostolium Adlocutio Adventus

Aegis

Aes Ancile Aplustre Apex Aquila Aspergillum Biga Billon

Binio Brockage

a wooden tablet with moveable counters used for making arithmetical calculations. It is often identified as the object appearing as an invariable attribute of Liberalitas. the prow-stem of a warship, i.e. the curved decorative extension of the stempost. (or allocutio), the act of addressing or haranguing a gathering of military personnel, the word normally accompanies a scene depicting the emperor atop a low platform. the arrival of an emperor in Rome or in one of the great provincial centres. Usually accompanying a depiction of him on horseback, but on the coinage of the much-travelled Hadrian also showing him as a standing figure, together with a personification of the region or city of his destination (ADVENTVI AVG GALLIAE, ADVENTVI AVG ALEXANDRIAE, etc.). See also Profectio. a small cloak, decorated with a gorgon’s head at the centre, associated in mythology with Zeus (Jupiter) and his daughter Athena (Minerva). It was employed as a decorative feature of the portrait busts of many of the Roman emperors, appearing first on the coinage under Nero. non-precious metal (copper, bronze, brass) used for the production of coinage (hence the abbreviation ‘Æ’). a shield of distinctive form (narrow central section of oval shape with broad curving extensions at top and bottom). It was a particular attribute of Juno Sospita and was associated with the Salian priesthood of Mars. the curved decorative extension of the stern-post of a warship, usually of spread form composed of several frond-like elements. the hat worn by certain Roman priests, originally referring to the rod or spike surmounting the headdress. (see Legionary eagle) a whisk or sprinkler associated with religious rituals, appearing on the coinage as a symbol of the Roman priesthood of the Pontifices (this word was not used by the ancient authors and is of relatively modern derivation). a chariot drawn by a team of two animals, usually horses. an impure alloy containing less than 50% of silver, sometimes declining to less than 5%. It is especially associated with the debased imperial tetradrachms of Alexandria and with the Roman antoninianus denomination in the 3rd century, though it is commonly encountered in the 4th century also. a double unit, a term most commonly applied to the gold multiple aurei of the 3rd century which frequently show the emperor with a radiate crown. a mis-struck piece resulting from the failure of the mint personnel to remove a coin which had stuck in the reverse or upper die after minting. As a result, the next blank to be struck received the impression of the obverse of the previous coin instead of that of the reverse die, thus producing a coin with two obverses (one of them incuse and a mirror version of the other). Brockages are most commonly encountered on denarii of the Roman Republic, but

GLOSSARY GLOSSARY

Caduceus Carpentum

Christogram Cippus Cista Cognomen

Congiarium

Conjoined Contorniate

Cornucopiae

Curule chair

Decastyle Decennalia

Decursio

9 9

occur also on coins of all denominations in the Imperial series. Reverse brockages are much rarer and more difficult to explain as they would require a new blank to be placed on top of an existing piece which had remained in the obverse or lower die after striking. the staff of Mercury, messenger of the gods, usually winged and ornamented with snakes. a two-wheeled enclosed carriage permission to use which in central Rome was initially granted only to married women and, from early Imperial times, was restricted to a very select few. Carpenta appear on coins of a number of empresses in the 1st and 2nd centuries AD, drawn by mules and most frequently in connection with posthumous honours. the Christian monogram, consisting of the Greek letters Chi and Rho (CR = [Khr]istos). a squared stone pillar, usually bearing a commemorative inscription and set up as a monument or boundary marker. (or cista mystica), a basket used for housing sacred snakes in connection with the initiation ceremony into the cult of Bacchus (Dionysus). one of the three principal elements of a Roman name (praenomen, nomen, cognomen) it indicated the family name of the individual (e.g. Gaius Julius CAESAR). Usually acquired by an ancestor as a nickname indicating a personal characteristic the cognomen was afterwards inherited, thus becoming a family designation. a ceremony in which the emperor distributed money to the citizenry. On the coinage of the 1st and 2nd centuries AD it is usually commemorated by an elaborate scene depicting the emperor atop a lofty platform, sometimes accompanied by the personification Liberalitas and with the legend CONGIARIVM or an abbreviated form (see also Liberalitas). (see Jugate) late Roman aes medallions which appear to have been produced in Rome in the late 4th and 5th centuries and are characterized by an incised border surrounding the obverse and reverse types. The designs are pagan and clearly betray a close connection with the circus and amphitheatre. They may well be associated with the anti-Christian sympathies of many of the late Roman aristocracy. Their purpose is unknown, though it has been speculated that they were used as entrance tokens, as counters in a board game, or as newyear’s gifts. Like the earlier non-monetary medallions they have been excluded from this catalogue as they do not form part of the Roman coinage. (plural cornuacopiae), the horn of plenty signifying prosperity, it is usually depicted overflowing with fruits and other agricultural produce. Although occasionally shown on its own, it more commonly appears as an attribute of an allegorical personification. a folding stool with curved legs, it was symbolic of the highest or ‘curule’ magistracies in Rome (consulship, praetorship, and curule aedileship). It was said to derive from the seat placed in the royal chariot from which the Etruscan kings dispensed justice. (see Tetrastyle) the tenth anniversary of an emperor’s rule, marked by the redemption of previous vows (vota soluta) and the undertaking of new ones (vota suscepta). It was often commemorated on the coinage by a depiction of the emperor sacrificing at an altar or by an inscription within a votive wreath. The quinquennalia (five years) and vicennalia (twenty years) were similarly celebrated, the latter of course far less frequently (see also Vota). a word used to describe rapid military manoeuvres, especially equestrian. Scenes of Nero galloping on horseback, accompanied by one or more of his soldiers, feature prominently on sestertii of AD 64–7.

10 10 Designatus

Diademed

Die

Distyle Equestrian

Exercitus

Exergue Fasces Field Flan Fourrée

Gens

GLOSSARY GLOSSARY qualifies an individual who has been elected to future office but has not yet taken up the appointment. Most commonly encountered on the Imperial coinage on issues belonging to the end of the year, just prior to the emperor’s assumption of a new consulship on January 1st (e.g. COS II DES III P P). wearing a form of head-dress indicating royalty. An eastern custom adopted by the Greek kings and queens of the Hellenistic age, the diadem is not generally worn by Roman emperors until the late Roman period, commencing with Constantine (though empresses are frequently depicted diademed at a much earlier period). The late Imperial diadem was usually ornamented with pearls and/or rosettes. the stamp from which a coin blank receives its design through the process of striking. Although very few have survived from ancient times, it seems clear that Greek and Roman dies were made of bronze or of iron and bore designs engraved usually in intaglio to produce a coin type in relief. The lower or anvil die would have received the obverse design and was engraved on the flat face of a cylinder which was then inserted into a circular aperture in an anvil block. The reverse die was engraved on the flat face of a cone or wedge. The top of this would have received the hammer blow after it had been placed above the heated blank which was resting on the anvil die. It has been estimated that this simple process could have produced at least ten thousand coins from a single pair of dies, possibly far more in the case of softer precious metals. (see Tetrastyle) relating to horse-riding, the word derives from the Latin equus (‘horse’) . In the Roman social order the Equites formed a class second only to the senators. They originated from men who were selected for their special military abilities and were provided with a horse for the service of the state in wartime. ‘army’. Encountered on Hadrian’s series of coins issued to honour the provincial armies throughout his Empire (EXERCITVS SYRIACVS, EXERC BRITANNICVS, etc.). More general types celebrate the military establishment with inscriptions such as GLORIA EXERCITVS and VIRTVS EXERCITI. Also used in appeals for loyalty during unsettled times (CONCORDIA EXERCITVVM, FIDES EXERCITVVM). the small space (generally on the reverse of a coin) below the principal type, from which it is usually separated by the ‘exergual’ line. On the later Roman coinage it was utilized for the main element of the mint mark. literally ‘faggots’, it was used to describe bundles of rods bound together which, accompanied by an axe, symbolize the authority of the highest Roman magistrates. the area surrounding the principal obverse or reverse type, in which may be placed subsidiary symbols or letters (often elements of the mint mark on coins of the later Empire). (also planchet), the metal blank of correct size and weight which has been prepared for striking between a pair of dies. a plated counterfeit coin with base metal core, usually in imitation of a silver denomination, though occasionally of gold. This normally indicates an unofficial product, though some fourrée appear to have been produced from official dies at the mint. a group of Roman families sharing a common nomen, indicated by the second element of a personal name. Thus, Gaius Julius Caesar and the Republican moneyer Lucius Julius Bursio both belonged to the Gens Julia, whilst Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus was a member of the Gens Pompeia (see also Nomen).

GLOSSARY GLOSSARY Graffiti Hexastyle Hybrid Incuse

Janiform Jugate Labarum Laureate Legend Legionary eagle Liberalitas

Lituus Lyre

Manus Dei

Mappa Mint mark Modius

Mule Mural crown Nimbate

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‘scratches’, letters and other marks scratched on the surface of a coin in ancient times to identify its owner. (see Tetrastyle) (also mule), a coin on which the obverse and reverse designs are incorrectly combined. a design which is recessed into the surface of the flan rather than protruding in relief. Although frequently encountered on Greek coins this characteristic is very rare in the Roman series, being confined to the legends on certain quadrigati and denarii of the Republican series. two heads joined back to back in the manner of the god Janus. (also conjoined), two or more heads placed side by side. Not commonly encountered on Roman coins, though it does appear in both the Republican and Imperial series. a late Roman military standard ornamented with the Christian monogram (Christogram). wearing a wreath composed of laurel leaves. Originally associated with the god Apollo, and the standard head-dress of the emperors until the late Roman period. the principal inscription appearing on the obverse and reverse of a coin, as opposed to a mint mark or mark of value. (also aquila), the principal standard of the Roman legion. Normally affixed to a spear, the eagle was usually made of silver, this being the metal visible at the greatest distance. a ceremony in which the emperor distributed money to the citizenry. On the coinage of the 2nd and 3rd centuries AD it is usually commemorated by an elaborate scene depicting the emperor atop a lofty platform, accompanied by the personification Liberalitas and with the legend LIBERALITAS or an abbreviated form. Sometimes the figure of Liberalitas appears alone (see also Congiarium). a short curving staff used in religious ceremonies of divination to mark out an area for the observation of birds. It appears on the coinage as a symbol of the Roman priesthood of the Augures. a string instrument with a rounded sound box at the bottom, traditionally made from the shell of a tortoise, and thin curving arms forming the uprights of the frame. It was believed to have been invented by the Greek god Hermes (Roman Mercury). ‘Hand of God’, a Christian image which appears on some coins from the late 4th century onwards in the form of a right hand holding a diadem above the emperor’s head. The symbolism indicates that the temporal ruler of the Empire is receiving divine sanction for his authority. originally the white napkin dropped by an emperor or magistrate as a starting signal at the Circus, in late Roman iconography it came to be a used as one of the principal attributes of the consuls. letters and symbols indicating the place of mintage of a coin and sometimes also the responsible workshop (officina) within the establishment. The precise form of the mark can often be a useful indication of chronology. a measure of wheat, or any dry or solid commodity, containing the third part of an amphora. In form it resembled an inverted bucket standing on three legs. Serapis is usually shown wearing it on his head to denote his portrayal as god of the corn supply. (see Hybrid) (see Turreted) wearing a nimbus or halo surrounding the head. Indicating an aura of glory or power, it was associated with the sun god Sol (Greek Helios) who was sometimes shown with a radiate nimbus in place of the usual radiate crown.

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Nomen

Obverse

Octastyle Officina

Orichalcum

Palladium

Parazonium Patera Petasus Pileus

Planchet Plated Praenomen

Profectio

GLOSSARY GLOSSARY Antoninus Pius was the first emperor to appear nimbate (on the reverse of a sestertius) and although seen more frequently in the late Roman period it was never a common iconographic feature. (see also Gens), one of the three principal elements of a Roman name (praenomen, nomen, cognomen) it indicated the clan to which the individual’s family belonged (e.g. Gaius JULIUS Caesar). It was borne also by women (with a feminine ending, e.g. JULIA). from the Latin obversus (‘turned towards’) the obverse is the ‘front’ of a coin bearing what is considered to be the more important of the two designs struck on a flan. The earliest Greek coins bore only a single type engraved on the lower (anvil) die, whilst the upper (punch) die consisted of a simple raised square. This effectively held the flan in place during striking and produced the well known incuse which typifies the reverses of the archaic Greek coinage. The anvil die thus came to be regarded as providing the chief element of a coin’s design. (see Tetrastyle) one of the separate workshops within a mint establishment. From the mid3rd century AD the products of an officina are often identified by a letter or numeral in the reverse field or exergue. Later, they are sometimes combined with the mint name, e.g. R P = 1st officina of Roma; ANT � = 4th officina of Antioch. brass, a yellowish alloy of copper with zinc. It was used extensively for coinage in the Imperial period, principally for the sestertius and dupondius denominations. As the dupondius was not significantly heavier than its half, the copper as, orichalcum was clearly more highly prized, perhaps being officially overvalued to the benefit of the government. a statue of Pallas-Athena (hence the name) reputedly stolen from Troy and subsequently brought to Italy by Aeneas. It was held in great reverence by the Romans who, because of its renowned protective powers, regarded it as the guardian of their city. a short sword or large dagger worn at the waist, it is usually depicted sheathed. a shallow bowl or dish without handles, it was frequently used in religious ceremonies for pouring libations or scattering grain and salt. It also served as a symbol of the priesthood of the Septemviri Epulones. a flat hat, with or without a brim, especially associated with Mercury (Greek Hermes), the messenger of the gods. When depicted on Roman coins the petasus of Mercury is normally winged as an indication of his swiftness. a conical felt hat associated with the Dioscuri (Castor and Pollux), twin sons of Jupiter; with Vulcan (Greek Hephaistos), god of iron and fire; and with Ulysses (Greek Odysseus), hero of Homer’s Odyssey. The pileus was also symbolic of freedom, as it was given to former slaves who had been granted their freedom, hence its use as a symbol of Libertas. (see Flan) (see Fourrée) one of the three principal elements of a Roman name (praenomen, nomen, cognomen) it indicated the personal name of the individual within his family (e.g. GAIUS Julius Caesar). It was selected from a relatively small number of recognized praenomina, the most common of which were Aulus (abbreviated A.), Decimus (D.), Gaius (C.), Gnaeus (Cn.), Lucius (L.), Marcus (M.), Publius (P.), Quintus (Q.), Servius (Ser.), Sextus (Sex.), Tiberius (Ti.), and Titus (T.). the departure of an emperor from Rome at the commencement of a journey or military campaign. He is usually shown mounted, though is sometimes on foot (see also Adventus).

GLOSSARY GLOSSARY Quadriga Quinquennalia Radiate

Redux

Reverse

Rostrum

Serratus

Signum Simpulum Sistrum Standard

Tetrastyle Thyrsus Togate Trident Triga Tripod

13 13

a chariot drawn by a team of four animals, usually horses. (see Decennalia) decorated with rays, like those of the sun, this term is usually applied to the spiky crown sometimes worn by emperors as an alternative to a wreath. Normally indicating a double denomination (dupondius = two asses, antoninianus = two denarii) it derives from the headdress of the sun-god Sol (Greek Helios) and implies an association of the emperor with the divinity. The equivalent attribute for empresses was a crescent moon behind the shoulders, symbolic of the goddess Luna (Greek Selene). ‘bringing back’, this epithet was often applied to the goddess Fortuna in the sense that she was being invoked to protect the emperor on his return journey to Rome, both by sea and by land (the former represented by Fortuna’s attribute of a rudder, the latter by a wheel placed beneath the seat of her throne or beside her standing figure). from the Latin reversus (‘turned away’) the reverse is the ‘back’ of a coin bearing what is considered to be the subordinate of the two designs struck on a flan. The earliest Greek coins bore only a single type engraved on the lower (anvil) die, whilst the upper (punch) die consisted of a simple raised square. This effectively held the flan in place during striking and produced the well known incuse which typifies the reverses of the archaic Greek coinage. The punch die thus came to be regarded as providing only the secondary element of a coin’s design. the beak or ram of a warship, often with three prongs (rostrum tridens). Those captured by C. Maenius from the fleet of the neighbouring city of Antium in 338 BC were used to adorn the speakers’ platform in the Roman Forum. Thus, this structure acquired the name rostra (‘beaks’), hence the word rostrum in modern English. serrati were Roman Republican denarii with notched or serrated edges, produced by chiselling the blank prior to striking. This practice was confined to specific issues and was especially common in the late 2nd century BC through the early decades of the 1st century. The reason for the contemporaneous production of serrati and regular denarii remains uncertain. (see Standard) an earthenware ladle with long handle used by the Pontifices for pouring wine at sacrifices. It appears on the coinage as a symbol of this important priesthood. a ceremonial rattle which appears as an attribute of the Egyptian goddess Isis. It is also held by the personification of the province Aegyptus on Hadrian’s coinage commemorating his visits to various parts of the Empire. a military ensign (signum) borne by a signifer as an emblem of a cohort within a legion. It took the form of a pole or spear surmounted by a hand and with additional decorations on the shaft, including phalerae (metal discs), wreaths, and emblems commemorating the battle honours won by the unit. used to describe a building (usually a temple) showing four columns along its façade. Also distyle (two columns), hexastyle (six columns), octastyle (eight columns), and decastyle (ten columns). the staff of Bacchus (Greek Dionysos) usually surmounted by a pine cone and wreathed with tendrils of vine or ivy. clad in a toga, the cloak worn by Roman citizens on formal occasions. a three-pronged fishing spear, the regular attribute of Neptune. a chariot drawn by a team of three animals, usually horses. a three-legged stand, usually serving to support a seat or a large bowl (cortina = Greek lebes). It was especially associated with Apollo, because the priestess of the god at Delphi transmitted prophecies while seated on a

14 14

Triskeles

Trophy Turreted Vexillum

Vicennalia Victimarius Vota

GLOSSARY GLOSSARY tripod. At Rome, it also served as a symbol of the priesthood of the Quindecimviri Sacris Faciundis, who had charge of the Sibylline oracles. (Latin triquetra), ‘three-legs’, a device comprising three human legs joined at the hip and radiating from a central point. On Roman coins it symbolizes Sicily. Because of its shape, the island was sometimes called Trinacria (‘three-cornered’). the arms of a vanquished enemy, attached to a vertical shaft with cross piece, set up to commemorate a notable victory and often appearing on coins with captives at its foot. wearing a crown in the form of a city wall with towers or battlements (normally an attribute of Cybele or a city goddess and often called a mural crown). a military standard consisting of a square-shaped piece of cloth bearing a device suspended from a cross bar attached to a pole. Originally a standard of the legionary cavalry, in Imperial times it was used by auxiliary cavalry units (alae) and was borne by the senior standard-bearer, the vexillarius. It was also used by detached units (vexillatio). Its primary function seems to have been that of a commander’s flag used for signalling. Miniature vexilla were awarded as military decorations. (see Decennalia) an attendant at a ceremonial sacrifice whose task was to slay the sacrificial animal. (plural of votum). A vow made to a god in order to obtain a divine favour stipulated in advance. The granting of the request obliged the vower to fulfil his promise. This usually took the form of a sacrifice to the deity or an offering to his (or her) temple. Public vota in Imperial times were normally for the welfare of the emperor over a stated period of time (five or ten years) and were regularly undertaken (vota suscepta) and hopefully paid (vota soluta). Sometimes they were more specific, relating to the safety of the emperor on a particularly hazardous journey or military campaign, or the current state of his health. The undertaking and fulfillment of these public vows was frequently recorded on the coinage and in the late Empire especially may provide useful evidence for the chronological arrangement of issues (see also Decennalia).

LEGEND ABBREVIATIONS Roman coin inscriptions contain numerous abbreviations which are rarely separated by punctuation marks. The following are amongst the commonest forms and collectors should try to familiarize themselves with these before attempting to transcribe legends. AVG

C or CAES

CONOB

COS

DN

DD NN III VIR/IIII VIR

= Augustus, the honorific title bestowed on Octavian by the Senate on 16 January 27 BC and thereafter adopted by all of his successors as an indication of their supreme authority. [On some earlier coins of the Imperatorial period the abbreviation ‘AVG’ may be used to designate membership of the Augures, one of Rome’s four principal priestly colleges]. = Caesar, originally a cognomen of the Julia gens. In 49 BC Gaius Julius Caesar (later dictator) initiated the period of civil conflict which led to the downfall of the Republic and the establishment of autocratic rule under his heir, Octavian (Augustus). After the extinction of the Julio-Claudian dynasty Caesar was adopted as an imperial title by their successors. It was also borne by the heir to the throne prior to his assumption of supreme authority. = Constantinopolis Obryza, ‘Pure Gold of Constantinople’. This form of mint mark, appearing in the exergues of late Roman and Byzantine solidi and fractional gold denominations, had its origins in the second half of the 4th century. ‘Obryza’, a word of obscure derivation, indicated that the gold from which the coin had been struck had been tested and was guaranteed pure. Initially, other mints employed a similar formula (ANTOB for Antioch, MDOB for Mediolanum, etc.) but eventually CONOB came to be utilized universally, without regard to the actual place of mintage. An important variation appearing at a number of western mints was COMOB. This may have had a slightly different meaning, the COM possibly indicating the office of Comes Auri (‘Count of Gold’), the official charged with the responsibility of supervising the Imperial gold supplies in the western provinces of the Empire (see also under MINTS AND MINT MARKS OF THE LATER ROMAN EMPIRE). = Consul, the highest annually elected magistracy of the Roman Republic. From 509 BC until the fall of the Republic two consuls were appointed each year to act as temporary heads of state. Consuls continued to hold office under the Imperial constitution and quite frequently the emperor himself, or his heir, occupied the position (see also under ‘DATING ROMAN IMPERIAL COINS’). = Dominus Noster, ‘Our Lord’. Introduced under the First Tetrarchy in the early years of the 4th century AD. Common after the middle of the century when it replaced IMP (erator) at the beginning of inscriptions. = Dominorum Nostrorum, the plural of Dominus Noster. = Triumvir/Quattuorvir, ‘One of Three/Four Men’. This title was used to describe the annual mint magistrates (usually three in number, but sometimes four) of the Republic and early Empire. This appointment formed an important step in the progression (cursus honorum) of a public career, possibly leading to an eventual consulate. The full title was Tres Viri/Quattuor Viri Aere Argento Auro Flando Feriundo (‘Three/Four Men for the Casting [and] Striking of Bronze, Silver [and] Gold’). This sometimes appears on the coinage, notably the reformed aes denominations of Augustus where it is rendered as III VIR A A A F F.

16 16 III VIR R P C

IMP

PERP or PP

PF

PM

PP

SC

SPQR

TR P

LEGEND ABBREVIATIONS LEGEND ABBREVIATIONS = Triumvir Reipublicae Constituendae, ‘One of Three Men for the Regulation of the Republic’. The title adopted in November of 43 BC by the three Caesarian leaders (Mark Antony, Octavian and Lepidus) when they formed the Second Triumvirate to oppose the tyrannicides Brutus and Cassius. = Imperator, ‘Commander’. Under the Republic it came to designate a victorious general whose success was enthusiastically acclaimed by his troops. For its later development as an Imperial title, see under ‘DATING ROMAN IMPERIAL COINS’. = Perpetuus, ‘Continuous’. In the early Empire this indicated the holding of a specific office for life, e.g. CENS(or) PERP(petuus) under Domitian. However, from the late 5th century into Byzantine times it replaced the traditional ‘P F’, standing on its own as an Imperial title immediately preceding that of Augustus. = Pius Felix, ‘Dutiful’ (to the gods, the State, and to one’s family) and ‘Happy’ (in good fortune and success). From the mid-3rd to the late 5th centuries AD these titles often immediately preceded that of Augustus, until superseded by ‘PP’ (Perpetuus). = Pontifex Maximus, ‘Greatest of the Pontifices’. The sixteen Pontifices formed one of the four senior colleges of priests in Rome and were charged with the supervision of ceremonies connected with the state religion. The head of the Pontifices was the Pontifex Maximus (a title still borne by the Pope today). Augustus received the title in 13 BC on the death of its last Republican holder, the former Triumvir Lepidus. Thereafter, it was normally assumed by each emperor at the time of his accession (see also under ‘DATING ROMAN IMPERIAL COINS’). = Pater Patriae, ‘Father of his Country’. Augustus received this title in 2 BC and it was subsequently adopted by most of his successors at the time of their accession (see also under ‘DATING ROMAN IMPERIAL COINS’). An earlier version (Parens Patriae) had been bestowed on Cicero after his exposure of the Catiline conspiracy in 63 BC and on Caesar in the final months of his life. = Senatus Consulto, ‘by Decree of the Senate’. Sometimes expressed more fully as EX S C. Referring to the authority by which the issue was made. Appears on most Imperial aes until the mid-3rd century, but also occasionally on precious metal issues of the Republic and early Empire. = Senatus Populusque Romanus, ‘The Roman Senate and People’. The traditional formula expressing the joint authority of the conscript fathers and the common citizenry. Although having little meaning in Imperial times it continues to appear quite regularly on the coinage down to the time of Constantine the Great. = Tribunicia Potestas, ‘Tribunician Power’. Established in the early days of the Republic, the office of Tribune of the Plebs ultimately carried with it wide ranging powers and protections, including inviolability of person. On 1 July 23 BC Augustus obtained a lifetime grant of the tribunician power, an important step in the establishment of an autocracy as it gave him the absolute right of veto as well as the authority to convene the Senate. The tribunician power was generally assumed at the commencement of each new reign, though some emperors had already received it during their predecessor’s reign (e.g. Tiberius, Titus, Marcus Aurelius, etc.). It is of special interest when followed by a numeral as this allows a coin to be assigned to its precise year of issue, the tribunician power being renewed annually for the purpose of regnal dating (see also under ‘DATING ROMAN IMPERIAL COINS’).

THE DENOMINATIONS OF THE ROMAN COINAGE The earliest coinage of central Italy, known as Aes Grave, was of bronze, the various pieces being cast and not struck. Previous to the currency of these, irregular lumps of bronze (Aes Rude) and cast bronze bars or ingots bearing designs on both sides (Aes Signatum) were in use, although these may have been used as bullion exchangeable by weight rather than as money. Aes Grave was first issued by the Roman Republic about 280 BC, but the Romans soon realized that in order to facilitate commerce with other Italian and and non-Italian states it was also necessary to have a more convenient coinage comprising silver denominations and struck bronzes. Accordingly, they introduced silver didrachms and bronze double litrae and litrae closely resembling the coinages of the cities of Magna Graecia. Some years later, between the First and Second Punic Wars, the coinage underwent certain modifications. This resulted in the introduction of a new series of Aes Grave, the standardized types of which were subsequently adopted as the norm for most of the later issues of Republican bronze; and a fundamental change in the design of the silver coinage, which saw the large scale production of quadrigatus-didrachms bearing a janiform head of the Dioscuri on obverse and Jupiter in a four-horse chariot (quadriga) on reverse. The following table shows the obverse types and relative values of the various bronze denominations, the common reverse type being the prow of a galley: As Semis Triens Quadrans Sextans Uncia

head of Janus head of Saturn head of Minerva head of Hercules head of Mercury head of Roma

mark of value I mark of value S mark of value 4 pellets mark of value 3 pellets mark of value 2 pellets mark of value pellet

= 12 unciae = 6 unciae = 4 unciae = 3 unciae = 2 unciae

(The mark of value is usually shown on both sides of the coin).

Struck bronze as of 211–206 BC (no. 627) In the closing years of the 3rd century BC the crisis of the Second Punic War was responsible for a complete restructuring of the Roman currency system. The Aes Grave underwent a rapid series of weight reductions and were gradually superseded by lighter struck bronze coins, the transition being complete by circa 211 BC. The same date also saw the abandonment of the silver quadrigatus-didrachm in favour of the denarius, a smaller and lighter piece valued at 10 asses (mark of value X). Seven decades later the denarius was re-tariffed at 16 asses (mark of value XVI), a value

18 18

THE DENOMINATIONS OF THE ROMAN COINAGE THE DENOMINATIONS OF THE ROMAN COINAGE

Aes Grave as of 225–217 BC (no. 570)

Silver didrachm of 280–275 BC (no. 22)

Silver quadrigatus-didrachm of 215–213 BC (No. 32)

Silver denarius of 206–194 BC (no. 54)

Silver victoriatus of 211–206 BC (no. 49)

Silver quinarius of 211–206 BC (no. 44)

Silver sestertius of 211–206 BC (no. 46)

Gold 60-as of 211–208 BC (no. 3)

THE DENOMINATIONS OF THE ROMAN COINAGE THE DENOMINATIONS OF THE ROMAN COINAGE

19 19

which it retained into the Imperial period. The denarius was destined to be the principal denomination of both the Republican and the Imperial monetary systems until its replacement by the double denarius (antoninianus) in the mid-3rd century AD. At the same time as the inauguration of the denarius (circa 211 BC) two fractional silver pieces were also introduced. However, the quinarius or half denarius (mark of value V = 5 asses) and the sestertius (mark of value IIS = 2 asses and a semis) were struck only for the first few years following the reform of circa 211 BC, though both were to be revived at a much later date. The victoriatus (so-called because of its reverse type of Victory crowning a trophy) was another new denomination resulting from the reform of circa 211 BC. In weight it was the same as the pre-reform drachm or half quadrigatus and was the equivalent of three-quarters of the denarius. Its primary purpose was for circulation amongst Greek communities, principally those of southern Italy, but with the expansion of Rome’s horizons following her victory over the Carthaginians in the Second Punic War the denomination gradually lost its importance and was finally discontinued about 170 BC.

Gold quinarius of Tiberius (no. 1761 var.)

Gold aureus of Brutus, 42 BC (no. 1430)

Gold coins were seldom issued and formed no part of the regular coinage in the Republican period. They were struck usually for military purposes at times of emergency and all types are now rare. In the period of civil strife following the assassination of Julius Caesar on the Ides of March, 44 BC, gold was issued by and for many of the contenders for political power, notably the Triumvirs Mark Antony and Octavian and the Republican leaders Brutus and Cassius. The gold issues of Octavian (later Augustus) eventually evolved into the first Roman Imperial gold coinage. No regular Republican bronze was issued after about 82 BC, but once Augustus had achieved supreme power and restored peace to the Roman world he resumed the large scale production of aes as part of his re-organization of the currency system (circa 18 BC). Authority for the minting of gold and silver was retained by Augustus, but the orichalcum (brass) and copper coins were issued under the nominal control of the Senate, as evidenced by the ubiquitous formula ‘S C’ (Senatus Consulto). Initially, the names of the responsible moneyers appeared prominently on the Augustan aes (as on the coinage of the Roman Republic), but this practice ceased after about 4 BC. Gold issues now became a regular part of the coinage and the various denominations of the reorganized system are shown in the following table: Gold aureus Gold quinarius Silver denarius Silver quinarius Brass sestertius Brass dupondius Copper as Brass semis Copper quadrans

= = = = = = = =

25 silver denarii 12�� silver denarii 16 copper asses 8 copper asses 4 copper asses 2 copper asses 4 copper quadrantes 2 copper quadrantes

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Copper as of Tiberius (no. 1770)

Copper quadrans of Augustus (no. 1693)

The dupondius and as, though of similar size, could be distinguished by the colour of the metal (yellow brass, red copper), the radiate head of the emperor only coming into use as a regular feature of the former coin at a later date. Other than a small early Augustan issue the silver quinarius was not struck during the Julio-Claudian period. It was revived by Galba in AD 68 and thereafter its production continued under the Flavian emperors and their successors.

Silver cistophorus of Claudius (no. 1838)

Brass semis of Nero (no. 1979)

At certain Asian mints – notably Ephesus and Pergamum – Augustus and some of his successors continued to strike the large silver pieces known as cistophori, equal in value to three denarii. Coins of this size and value, bearing as one of their types the Dionysiac snake-basket or cista mystica, had been the chief currency of the kingdom of Pergamum in Asia Minor (later the Roman province of Asia) from early in the 2nd century BC. Although in the Imperial period the types of the cistophorus were more in accord with the general style of Roman issues the coin was still recognizable to the people of provincia Asia and readily passed current. Nero (AD 54–68), who, with all his faults, was a man of innovation and artistic appreciation, took a keen interest in the Imperial coinage and this led him to institute the experimental issue of an as and a quadrans struck in orichalcum (brass) in addition to those of copper. Whether his ultimate intention was to discard copper altogether is uncertain, but with the exception of a few isolated issues the experiment did not survive his suicide in AD 68 which ended the Julio-Claudian dynasty. Brass sestertii of the 1st and 2nd centuries AD are amongst the most attractive of all the coins in the Roman series. They frequently bear interesting types which, because of the large size of the flan, are rendered in great detail, thus adding to the visual impact of these handsome pieces. When in the finest condition sestertii are much sought-after by collectors and consistently realize high prices. Although their smaller flans do not provide the same scope, the dupondii and asses also are

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Brass sestertius of Hadrian

Brass dupondius of Vespasian

Silver quinarius of Domitian

often beautiful examples of the Roman engraver’s art. In the 3rd century, however, the weight and the artistic level of the sestertius and its fractions underwent a decline. In fact, by the time the Emperor Trajan Decius (AD 249–51) introduced his experimental double sestertius, showing the emperor wearing a radiate crown, the coin weighed little more than many of the sestertii of the Julio-Claudian era. Although not continued by Decius’ immediate successors, the double sestertius was incorporated into his aes coinage by the Gallic usurper Postumus (AD 260–268).

Brass double sestertius of Trajan Decius

Gold aureus of Nero (no. 1927)

The weight of the aureus and the denarius, as well as the fineness of the latter, were reduced by Nero as part of his currency measures undertaken in AD 64. Successive emperors – always pressed for money – carried on the evil process until, by the reign of Caracalla, the denarius contained barely 40% silver. This emperor further debased the coinage by introducing a new denomination of similar metal which, although only equivalent in weight to about one and a half denarii, was

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Silver denarius of Trajan

Silver antoninianus of Pupienus

apparently officially tariffed as the equivalent of two. This new piece, which we know as an antoninianus (after Caracalla’s official name Antoninus), always shows the emperor wearing a radiate crown instead of the laurel-wreath of the denarius. In the case of empresses, the larger silver denomination is distinguished by the addition of a crescent placed beneath the bust.

Silver antoninianus of Otacilia Severa

Billon antoninianus of Aurelian

By the middle of the 3rd century the antoninianus had driven the denarius out of circulation. With the acute political and economic crisis which was afflicting the Empire at this time the antoninianus became increasingly debased until, by the latter part of the sole reign of Gallienus (AD 260–68), it was reduced to a mere base metal coin of diminished size with only a tiny silver content. Aurelian, in his reform of the coinage (circa AD 273), restored the antoninianus to something like its original size and fixed the silver content at about 5% (perhaps indicated by the ‘XXI’ mark which it frequently bore in the exergue). He also revived the denarius (struck in the same metal as the antoninianus) and attempted to reintroduce aes, principally asses. Prior to this reform antoniniani of Gallienus’ successor Claudius II Gothicus (AD 268–70) and of the Gallic usurper Tetricus (AD 270–73) had been extensively imitated by unofficial mints in the West, chiefly in Britain and Gaul. Although sometimes reasonably competent copies of the originals, many of these ‘barbarous radiates’ are quite grotesque as well as being much smaller than the officially minted coins. With Aurelian’s reconquest of the Gallic Empire and his subsequent measures to regularize the currency these imitations were demonetized and quickly disappeared from circulation.

Silver argenteus-siliqua of Diocletian

Billon follis of Diocletian

Thus, by the closing decades of the 3rd century, Rome’s Imperial coinage bore little resemblance to the system instituted by Augustus almost three centuries before. The silver coinage had become hopelessly debased; aes production had virtually ceased, despite Aurelian’s attempt to

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restore it in AD 273; and gold, though still retaining its fineness, was no longer struck on a consistent weight standard. The time was ripe for radical reform and, beginning about AD 294, the Emperor Diocletian undertook a series of measures with the object of restoring confidence in the Imperial coinage. The most important of the changes was the introduction of two new denominations: the siliqua (commonly referred to as the argenteus), a silver coin of approximately the same weight and fineness as the reformed Neronian denarius; and the follis, a large billon coin containing about 5% silver. Production of the antoninianus was now discontinued, though a coin of similar appearance remained in issue for about a decade following the reform. This piece no longer bore the mark ‘XXI’ on the reverse and it contained no trace of silver. It is referred to in this catalogue as a post-reform radiate.

Bronze post-reform radiate of Diocletian

Gold solidus of Constantine I

Constantine the Great (AD 307–37) made further changes to the monetary system. In place of the aureus, which was currently being struck at 60 to the pound of gold (5.4 grams), he introduced into the western provinces a new and lighter coin called the solidus, which was produced at 72 pieces to the pound (4.5 grams). With the defeat of Constantine’s eastern rival Licinius (AD 308–24) production of the solidus became universal throughout the Empire. The aureus was still occasionally struck thereafter, but its issue was generally confined to the celebration of special occasions. Two gold fractional denominations accompanied the solidus, though they were never produced in the same quantities as the larger piece. The semissis was the equivalent of a half solidus, while the 9–siliqua piece (also called the one and a half scripulum) was the equivalent of three-eighths of a solidus. Before the end of the 4th century this curious and seemingly inconvenient denomination was replaced by a one-third solidus or tremissis.

Silver argenteus-siliqua of Constantius II

Silver miliarensis of Constans

In AD 325 Constantine resumed production of the Diocletianic siliqua or argenteus which had lapsed after about AD 310. At the same time he introduced the larger silver miliarensis which was one-third heavier than the siliqua (four scruples instead of three) and the same weight as the gold solidus (4.5 grams). A few years later, after the death of Constantine, a heavier version of the miliarensis was introduced. This ‘heavy miliarensis’ was struck at 60 to the pound, the same weight as the old gold aureus (5.4 grams). Both versions of the miliarensis remained in issue over a considerable period of time, extending even into the Byzantine period. The siliqua, however, soon underwent some fundamental changes. About AD 357 Constantius II, the last surviving son of Constantine I, reduced the weight of the siliqua from 1/96 of a pound (3.375 grams or three

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scruples) to 1/144 pound (2.25 grams or two scruples). In consequence, the lighter version of the miliarensis now became a double siliqua.

Silver reduced siliqua of Julian II

Billon centenionalis of Constantine II

The late Roman bronze coinage presents many problems. The billon follis denomination, introduced by Diocletian in the final decade of the 3rd century, soon began to decline in size and weight. Its original weight of about 10 grams was, by circa AD 318, down to about one-third of that level and it became clear to Constantine that measures needed to be undertaken to stabilize the situation. Accordingly, a new billon coin, weighing a little over 3 grams, was introduced at this time at the mints under the western emperor’s control. This was extended to all the mints of the Empire after the defeat of Licinius in AD 324. The name of this new coin is not certainly known, though it appears likely that it was called a centenionalis (most cataloguers refer to it simply as ‘Æ 3’). In AD 330 the weight of the centenionalis itself began to decline, just as its predecessor had done, and by AD 336 its weight was down to a mere 1.7 grams. With the political troubles consequent on Constantine’s death in 337 remedial measures were delayed for more than a decade and it was not until about AD 348 that Constantius II and Constans reformed the bronze coinage by introducing

Billon maiorina of Constantius II

Billon half maiorina of Constans

several new denominations to replace the centenionalis – the billon maiorina, struck on two weight standards (5.2 grams and 4.5 grams) and a half maiorina, weighing about 2.6 grams. Once again, the nomenclature is not certain and the maiorina has frequently been referred to in previous catalogues as a centenionalis. Unfortunately, the new arrangement was destined to have the same chequered history as its predecessors, with a rapid decline in size and weight culminating in a tiny billon piece weighing only 1.9 grams by the end of Constantius’ reign in AD 361. The picture was further complicated by the issues of a western usurper Magnentius (AD 350–53) who, in obvious financial straits towards the end of his reign, attempted to replace the billon maiorina with a larger bronze piece. This initially weighed over 8 grams, but underwent a series of rapid reductions as the rebel regime neared its violent end. A final brave attempt to revive the ailing late Roman bronze coinage was made by Julian II late in his reign (AD 363). Interestingly, the introduction of a large billon piece weighing about 8.25 grams looks remarkably like an attempt to restore the Diocletianic follis, inviting speculation that the pagan emperor had the deliberate intention of reverting to the last coinage reform of preChristian times. The experiment was, of course, short-lived and the denomination was soon abandoned by his Christian successors. More lasting was another denomination introduced by Julian – a bronze ‘Æ 3’ weighing just under 3 grams and closely resembling the Constantinian billon centenionalis of AD 318. This revived centenionalis survived into the 5th century and although, like

THE DENOMINATIONS OF THE ROMAN COINAGE THE DENOMINATIONS OF THE ROMAN COINAGE

Billon restored follis of Julian II

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Bronze restored centenionalis of Julian II

other 4th century bronze denominations, its weight tended to decline with the passage of years there was actually an attempt to restore it to its original level in AD 395. Another bronze denomination which appeared in the closing decades of the 4th century was an ‘Æ 2’ introduced by the western emperor Gratian circa AD 379. Although struck in bronze rather than billon, this piece was otherwise reminiscent of the maiorina introduced three decades before and may be considered a revival of that denomination. It was to last until AD 395 when it was demonetized under the terms of a rescript preserved in the Codex Theodosianus (ix. 232), though there were still a few isolated

Bronze restored maiorina of Theodosius I

Bronze half centenionalis or nummus of Magnus Maximus

issues of ‘Æ 2s’ during the course of the 5th century. Also appearing about AD 379 was a new ‘Æ 4’ denomination, presumably representing the half of the revived centenionalis. This diminutive coin was to have a much longer history, eventually becoming the only bronze denomination in regular issue as the disastrous 5th century progressed. Also known as the nummus, the latest miserable examples of the ‘Æ 4’ frequently weigh less than 1 gram, being almost indistinguishable from imitations produced by the various barbarian tribes who were now invading and occupying former Roman territory. Unofficial ‘barbarous’ copies of late Roman bronze coinage had been produced from Constantinian times onwards, many of them imitated from the post-348 maiorinae of Constantius II with reverse legend FEL TEMP REPARATIO and type soldier spearing fallen horseman.

Gold semissis of Zeno

Gold tremissis of Leo I

In AD 498 the Emperor Anastasius carried out a sweeping reform of the bronze coinage. This introduced a whole new range of denominations, each being a multiple of the old nummus and bearing its mark value conspicuously on the reverse (e.g. M = 40 nummi, K = 20 nummi, I = 10

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nummi, etc.). As the introduction of these novel coins marks an almost complete break with the traditions of the Roman coinage, the Anastasian aes reform has been considered a convenient point at which to commence the Byzantine series, though no adjustments to the precious metal coinage were made at this time.

THE REVERSE TYPES OF THE IMPERIAL COINAGE Although most collectors of Roman Imperial coins begin by attempting to acquire a selection of portraits of the emperors and their families, it is in the remarkable array of reverse types that the unique interest and historical value of the series will be found. Moreover, a sound knowledge of these types will often make it possible to attribute a coin even when the legends are obscure (especially important when coins from excavations are being used as archaeological evidence).

I. DEITIES AND PERSONIFICATIONS In the following notes it is proposed briefly to outline the more important types (the chief deities of the Roman pantheon and a few other divinities which achieved great popularity in the Roman World) and their customary attributes, after which the principal personifications, which constitute the majority of the reverse types, will be dealt with.

As of Caracalla Aesculapius. The god of medicine and healing, he is shown as a man of mature years, holding a staff about which a snake twines. He is often accompanied by a small figure representing his attendant, Telesphorus. His image appears on Roman Provincial (‘Greek Imperial’) coins at a number of mints, including Epidaurus, where the great temple of Asklepios was situated, and Pergamum, where there was a celebrated sanctuary of the god (the Asklepieion) which was greatly embellished during the reign of Hadrian.

Antoninianus of Trebonianus Gallus (Apollo)

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Apollo. The sun-god, Apollo, was also god of music and the arts, of prophecy, and the protector of flocks and herds: he is usually depicted with a lyre. Amongst his titles are CONSERVATOR, PALATINVS (as protector of the imperial residence on the Palatine), and PROPVGNATOR. He appears at intervals on the Imperial coinage from Augustus to Carausius and then, like most pagan types, falls out of use in the 4th century. On Roman Provincial coins Apollo is a frequent type, appearing on the Alexandrian series as Apollo Aktios or Pythios, and on coins of Ephesus with the title Hikesios, indicating his role as protector of suppliants. On colonial bronzes of Apamea he is named APOLLO CLARIVS, after his sanctuary at Clarus near Colophon. More commonly encountered are depictions of the god without name or title.

Denarius of Septimius Severus Bacchus. Under his ancient Italian name of Liber, the god of wine occasionally appears as a coin type. He is generally shown holding a wine-cup and thyrsus and is accompanied by his attendant panther. Sometimes his head only is depicted, crowned with vine or ivy leaves. On a coin of Gallienus the panther appears on its own, with the legend LIBERO P CONS AVG. Few emperors, however, adopted Bacchus as a coin type. In the Roman Provincial series, however, Dionysos was a very popular type and occurs on the coins of many cities.

Dupondius of Claudius Ceres. In the 1st and 2nd centuries AD Ceres appears frequently as a coin type and is generally shown holding ears of corn to symbolize her function as presiding goddess of agriculture. Sometimes she bears a torch to signify her search in the darkness for her lost daughter Proserpina, who had been abducted to Hades by Pluto. The epithet most most commonly applied to her is Frugifera (‘bearing fruits’). On Roman Provincial coins she appears as the goddess Demeter, sometimes accompanied by her daughter Persephone (the Greek name for Proserpina).

Aureus of Julia Domna (Cybele)

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Cybele. Of Asian origin, the Mother of the Gods was not commonly depicted as a Roman coin type, except in the 2nd and early 3rd centuries AD. She is usually shown wearing a turreted crown and holding a tympanum (small drum or tambourine), and is either in a car drawn by lions or enthroned between the animals. The accompanying legend is normally MATER DEVM or MATRI MAGNAE, or a similar variant. Many Greek cities have Kybele on their coins during the Imperial period, her cult being very popular in Asia Minor.

Sestertius of Faustina Junior

Diana. The sister of Apollo, Diana was regarded as the moon-goddess and is sometimes represented with a lunar crescent above her forehead. When given the title of LVCIFERA (‘the lightbringer’) she is depicted holding a long torch, symbolic of moonlight. She was also protectress of the young and deity of the chase. In the latter role she is equipped with bow and arrows and is sometimes accompanied by a hound or deer. Her other titles include CONSERVATRIX and VICTRIX. As DIANA EPHESIA she appears as a cultus-figure on Asian cistophori of the reigns of Claudius and Hadrian. The most famous shrine of Diana (or Artemis as she was called by the Greeks) was the celebrated Artemision at Ephesus, one of the Seven Wonders of the World. It is mentioned in the Acts of the Apostles (19, 27) and some of the local issues of the city show the statue of Artemis Ephesia either alone or within a representation of the famed temple. The cult of Artemis Ephesia was widespread and was honoured on the coinages of many cities, utilizing similar types.

Follis of Maxentius The Dioscuri. The twins Castor and Pollux, sons of Jupiter and Leda, appear frequently on the Republican coinage and their mounted figures galloping side by side was selected as the exclusive type for the denarius during its initial phase of issue and the principal type for the first seven decades. Invariably, their headdress is the conical pileus, often surmounted by a star to denote divinity. In Imperial times, however, the Dioscuri are rarely featured. Castor alone stands beside his horse on gold of Commodus and silver of Geta, whilst both figures make a final appearance on the early 4th century coinage of Maxentius.

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On the Roman Provincial coinage the Dioskouroi appear on the issues of a number of cities, notably the Ionian mint of Phocaea, and sometimes they are represented solely by their pilei surmounted by stars.

Aureus of Carausius Hercules. Son of Jupiter by the mortal Alcmene, Hercules was a popular coin type from the 1st century AD until the time of Constantine the Great. He can always be recognized by his splendid physique and by his constant attributes of club and lion’s skin. Commodus, who regarded Hercules as his tutelary deity and even, in his final years, appears to have believed himself a reincarnation of the demi-god, struck many medallions and coins bearing either the figure of Hercules or types relating to him. At a later date, Postumus issued a series bearing types alluding to the various ‘labours’. The titles of Hercules are many, and include CONSERVATOR, DEFENSOR, ROMANVS, and VICTOR. Many Roman Provincial mints depicted Herakles, especially those named Heraclea after the demi-god. Under Antoninus Pius the mint of Alexandria issued a remarkable series of bronze hemidrachms illustrating the deity’s extraordinary exploits.

Small bronze of the time of Julian II Isis. Of purely Egyptian origin, Isis, the wife of Osiris, became one of the most popular deities with the Romans and even had several temples dedicated to her in the Imperial capital. She rarely appears, however, on the Imperial coinage, though she is sometimes shown in the company of Serapis. Her normal attribute is the sistrum (rattle), but on a coin of Julia Domna she nurses the infant Horus. Isis also appears on a number of Roman Provincial issues, especially, of course, on the coinage of Alexandria. Sometimes her head only is shown, and sometimes she is represented as Isis Pharia, holding a sail billowing in the wind, with or without a representation of the celebrated Pharos (lighthouse) of Alexandria.

As of Hadrian (Janus)

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Janus. Although the double head of Janus was the regular obverse type of the Republican as throughout almost the entire period of its issue, the deity very seldom appears on any of the issues of the emperors. He was the god of beginnings, looking both to past and future, and the first month of the year was named after him. He appears at infrequent intervals as a reverse type – a full-length figure holding a sceptre – and the Ianus Geminus (‘Twin Janus’) features on an extensive issue of aes under Nero. When there was peace throughout the Empire the doors of this small shrine were ceremonially closed – an event sufficiently rare to warrant commemoration on the coinage.

Aureus of Julia Soaemias Juno. The sister and consort of Jupiter is depicted as a tall matron, either seated or standing, holding a patera and a sceptre. She is frequently accompanied by a peacock and on certain posthumous issues of empresses the bird may appear alone, either standing or in flight, bearing the deceased Augusta to heaven (the same role fulfilled by Jupiter’s eagle in the case of deified emperors). The temple of Juno Moneta on the Capitoline Hill was of special importance from a numismatic standpoint as the Roman mint was established in its vicinity in Republican times. Eventually, this led to the use of the word moneta to mean ‘mint’ and later ‘money’, though its original meaning as an epithet of Juno is unknown. Her titles include REGINA, LVCINA (referring to her role as the presiding deity of childbirth), CONSERVATRIX, and VICTRIX. The representations of Hera on Roman Provincial issues are far less frequent than those of her consort Zeus, though she does appear at Chalcis in Euboea and at the Bithynian mint of Nicomedia. On an Alexandrian tetradrachm of Nero the veiled bust of Hera Argeia (Hera of Argos) is shown, identified by the accompanying legend HRA ARGEIA.

Sestertius of Domitian Jupiter. Jove, or Jupiter, Optimus Maximus (‘the Best and Greatest), is usually depicted as a tall bearded man in the prime of life, nude or semi-nude, holding a thunderbolt in his right hand and a sceptre in his left. Sometimes standing, sometimes enthroned, the figure of the Father of the Gods must have been a familiar sight to every Roman from the numerous statues erected in his honour in Rome and in all the principal cities of the Empire. On some coins he is depicted holding a small figure of Victory, or his attendant eagle, instead of a thunderbolt: often the eagle is shown standing at his feet. He may also be represented by an eagle alone, both on regular issues and on posthumous coins of deified emperors. The titles of Jupiter are numerous: they include CONSERVATOR, CVSTOS (Protector of the emperor), LIBERATOR, PROPVGNATOR, STATOR (the Stayer of armies about to flee), TONANS (the Thunderer), TVTATOR, and VICTOR. One unusual representation of the god is as a child seated on the back of the nymph Amalthea’s goat, with the legend IOVI CRESCENTI, “to the Growing Jupiter”. This appears on a coin of the young Caesar

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Valerian, son of Gallienus, and clearly implies a comparison between the young prince and the young god. On Roman Provincial coins representations of Zeus are legion and often are accompanied by one of his many titles, such as Kapetolios (referring to the Roman Capitoline Jupiter), Kasios (referring to his worship on Mount Casium in Syria), and Olympios (at Alexandria).

Antoninianus of Gallienus Luna. The moon-goddess is usually equated with Diana Lucifera and only appears with her own name on coins of Julia Domna and Gallienus. Her Greek counterpart, Selene, appears rather more frequently on the Roman Provincial coinage and sometimes her head is shown conjoined with that of the sun-god Sol. The crescent-moon, which is symbolic of Luna, sometimes occurs as a type, usually in association with a number of stars. In the 3rd century the crescent of Luna appears at the empress’s shoulders on the obverses of antoniniani and dupondii to indicate the double value of these denominations (cf. also under Sol).

Antoninianus of Elagabalus Mars. The god of war – always a popular deity with the Romans – appears frequently as a coin type down to the time of Constantine the Great. He is usually shown with his spear and shield, or with a trophy instead of the latter indicating success in a military campaign. He is sometimes nude, except for a helmet and cloak, and sometimes in full armour. When given the title of PACIFER he bears the olive-branch of Peace, though in this connection one remembers the words which Tacitus puts into the mouth of a British chieftain who, referring to the Romans, says ‘They make a desert and call it peace’. Amongst the other titles of Mars are CONSERVATOR, PROPVGNATOR (the Champion of Rome), VLTOR (the Avenger), and VICTOR. Mars, known to the Greeks as Ares, appears on a few Roman Provincial issues, but his name or titles are rarely given.

Sestertius of Herennius Etruscus (Mercury)

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Mercury. The messenger of the gods was reverenced as the patron of artists, orators, travellers, merchants and, curiously, thieves. He is one of the least frequent of the major deities to appear as a coin type in Imperial times, though his head had been the standard obverse type for the sextans and semuncia denominations on the Republican coinage. He is generally depicted wearing the winged cap or petasus and carrying a purse and a caduceus. The latter is occasionally used alone as a coin type, notably on the smaller denominations. On Roman Provincial coins the Greek Hermes was only adopted as a type by some half-dozen cities, appearing without name or title.

As of Claudius Minerva. The counterpart in Roman mythology of the Greek Pallas Athene, Minerva frequently appears on coins, particularly those of Domitian who regarded her as his special tutelary deity. A war-like goddess, she usually bears a spear and a shield and is equipped with helmet and aegis. Sometimes she holds a small figure of Victory or is accompanied by her attendant bird, the owl. Minerva guided men in the dangers of war, where victory is gained by prudence, courage, and perseverance. She was also goddess of wisdom and patroness of the arts. Amongst her titles are PACIFERA, bringer of Peace, and VICTRIX. On the Roman Provincial issues she is sometimes named as Athena, with perhaps an additional title such as Areia (at Pergamum), Ilias (at Ilium), and Argeia (at Alexandria).

Denarius of Claudius Nemesis. Originally associated with the concept of rightful apportionment, Nemesis came to be regarded as the avenger of crimes and punisher of wrong-doers. Her complex character led to many local interpretations of her role as a goddess and sometimes she was associated with other deities, such as Aequitas, Pax, and Victory, who appeared to be able to assist her in the fulfillment of her various functions. Nemesis makes comparatively few appearances on the Imperial coinage. When she does, she is depicted winged, holding a caduceus or olive-branch, and sometimes with a snake at her feet. A curious gesture especially associated with this goddess is the drawing out of a fold of drapery from her breast. This has been explained as expressing the idea of aversion by spitting upon her bosom inside the opened garment. It was said that humans could avoid her anger by making this same gesture.

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Depictions of Nemesis on the Roman Provincial coinage are rather more frequent. Here, she is not always winged and is typically shown holding a bridle or cubit-rule with a wheel at her feet. Occasionally, two Nemeses may appear standing face to face. This relates to a legend in which the twin Nemeses of Smyrna appeared in a vision to Alexander the Great commanding him to refound the city.

As of Agrippa Neptune. The god of the sea had appeared only infrequently on the later Republican coinage, the first occasion being on a silver quinarius of the moneyer L. Rubrius Dossenus in 87 BC. In Imperial times his depictions were more varied, though they remained sporadic. He is usually represented holding a dolphin and a trident, but sometimes holds an acrostolium (the prow ornament of a galley) instead of the former. The prow itself may be shown beside him, sometimes with his right foot resting on it. Poseidon, the Greek counterpart of Neptune, is of rare occurrence as a type on the Roman Provincial coinage. However, he does appear at Rhodes, with the name Poseidon Asphaleios (‘bringing safety’), and at Alexandria as Poseidon Isthmios (referring to the Isthmus of Corinth).

Sestertius of Nero Roma. The goddess who personified the city of Rome (and in a wider sense the Empire which she had conquered) is usually represented helmeted and in armour, holding a small figure of Victory, or a wreath, and a parazonium. She is often seated on a pile of arms representing the spoils of war. When the Roman Empire became Christian, the type continued in use as a personification of the city or the state, much as the figure of Britannia is regarded today. Roma also appears on the coinage of Alexandria, identified by the accompanying legend RWMH.

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Alexandrian tetradrachm of Hadrian Serapis. This deity was a creation of Ptolemy I of Egypt who wished to establish a cult in which his native Egyptian subjects and their new Greek rulers could participate together, thereby fostering a spirit of national unity. Thus, the Egyptians would be able to recognize the characteristics of Osiris and the Greeks would see Zeus, Hades, and Asklepios. The idea appears to have been a resounding success, as Serapis quickly became established as a major deity and later achieved enormous popularity in Rome and throughout the Empire, many splendid temples being erected in his honour. He appears intermittently on the Roman Imperial coinage from the time of Hadrian onwards and is usually shown raising his right hand and holding a sceptre. On his head he frequently wears a modius and the triple-headed dog Cerberus, guardian of the infernal regions, sometimes sits at his feet. Late in the 2nd century the Emperor Commodus invoke his special protection on a remarkable series inscribed SERAPIDI CONSERV AVG, and the early Severan emperors also showed great favour to the cult of Serapis, Septimius himself being of African birth. Serapis appears on the coins of a number of Roman Provincial mints, principally, of course, on those of Alexandria. Sometimes his bust is shown conjoined with that of the Egyptian goddess Isis, the consort of Osiris.

Antoninianus of Aurelian Sol. The sun-god frequently appears as a type during the 3rd century and the early decades of the 4th, down to the advent of Christianity under Constantine. He is usually depicted nude, or almost so, wearing a radiate crown and holding a globe or a whip. Sometimes he is shown in his chariot drawn by four lively horses and occasionally his bust only occurs as a type. His titles include COMES (‘Companion’) and INVICTVS (‘Unconquered’). When he is styled ORIENS, a name which properly refers to the eastern or rising sun, it may be taken as alluding to the rising fortunes of the emperor using the type. Helios, the Greek equivalent of Sol, appears in the Roman Provincial series on the coins of a number of Greek cities. Sometimes his head is shown conjoined with that of the moon-goddess Selene (Roman Luna). The radiate crown, which the emperor is usually shown wearing on the dupondius and antoninianus denominations (as well as the rare double sestertius), may be taken as an allusion to his position as the earthly personification of the sun-god. Similarly, from the time of Julia Domna to the end of the 3rd century, the empress is normally depicted on the same denominations with a crescent at her shoulders, this being a reference to the moon-goddess Luna. In both instances these distinctions also indicated the double value of the denomination (two asses, two denarii, and two sestertii respectively).

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Colonial bronze of Deultum in Thrace The Three Graces. The Gratiae, or Charites (Euphrosyne, Aglaia, and Thalia), were minor deities who personified the ideals of beauty, gentleness, and friendship. They were attendants of Aphrodite (Roman Venus) and they especially favoured poetry and the arts. Their images, consisting of a standing group of three nude female figures, do not appear on the Imperial coinage. However, the type was used by a number of mints in the Roman Provincial series, including Marcianopolis, Argos, Itanus, Naxos, and Magnesia ad Maeandrum, as well as the colonial mint of Deultum in Thrace. Statues of the Graces were popular throughout the Roman world and the Museum at Cyrene possesses one of the Hadrianic period. The type inspired Italian medallists as late as the 16th century.

Denarius of Julia, daughter of Titus Venus. The goddess of beauty and love was a favourite Roman coin type from Republican times until early in the 4th century. Amongst her titles are CAELESTIS, FELIX, GENETRIX, and VICTRIX, and she is usually depicted fully, or almost fully, clothed. Sometimes she holds an apple, sometimes a helmet and a sceptre, and occasionally she is accompanied by Cupid (Greek Eros). In those instances where she is shown semi-nude she is usually posed with her back modestly turned towards the spectator. Julius Caesar, who claimed descent from the goddess, depicted her on many of his coins, generally holding a small figure of Victory. On Roman Provincial coins the goddess Aphrodite was sometimes adopted as a coin type, often because in or near the issuing city there was an important temple dedicated to the deity. In a few cases, such as at Corinth and Cnidus, the representation of the goddess is known to have been copied from a statue for which the issuing city was famous.

As of Caligula (Vesta)

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Vesta. One of the most honoured deities of the Romans, Vesta was the special protectress of the family hearth and was worshipped as a goddess of the Roman state as well as by individuals as the guardian of family life. Following a number of appearances on the later Republican coinage (including a depiction of her temple in the Forum) she was represented on the coins of many emperors, from Caligula to Gallienus, as a matron holding a patera and a sceptre, or a torch, a simpulum, or the Palladium. The well-known as of Caligula, with a seated figure of the goddess, is perhaps one of the best examples of her image as a coin type. The distinctive circular temple of Vesta also appears from time to time, often in connection with its restoration following some disastrous fire. The titles of Vesta include MATER and SANCTA. Her Greek counterpart Hestia rarely appears on the Roman Provincial coinage, despite the universality of her cult in the Greek world. One of the few possible exceptions is the city of Maeonia in Lydia, where coins were issued depicting both the goddess and her temple (she is not named, however, and the identification has been contested).

Antoninianus of Valerian Vulcan. The Roman god of iron and fire was of Italic origin and was regarded as the chief deity of smiths and ironworkers. He seldom occurs as a coin type, but when featured he wears a conical hat (pileus) and holds attributes appropriate to the blacksmith’s trade, such as a hammer and tongs. His earliest appearance had been on bronze dodrantes of 127–126 BC on which his head was shown as the obverse type, wearing a pileus and with tongs over his shoulder. The last appearance was on antoniniani of the joint reign of Valerian and Gallienus, on which the god appears at work within a tetrastyle temple, accompanied by the legend DEO VOLKANO. These coins were minted in Gaul where the cult of Vulcan was especially popular. It was natural that the Roman Vulcan should be equated with the Greek Hephaistos, the son of Hera and Zeus and husband of Aphrodite. He appears at a number of Greek mints in the Roman Provincial series and is sometimes depicted seated on a rock, forging the shield of Achilles, as described by Homer. We can now proceed briefly to summarize the chief allegorical personifications which appear on the Imperial coinage. In the following list, the Latin name of each is given first, followed in brackets by the Greek equivalent (where used on a provincial issue). Then comes the closest English rendering of the name, and finally the attributes normally associated with the personification. Feminine names are listed first, in alphabetical order, followed by the masculine, which are far fewer in number.

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FEMALE

Abundantia (Severus Alexander)

Aequitas (Macrianus)

Aeternitas (Faustina Sr.)

Abundantia (Euthenia). Abundance, Plenty. Holds cornucopiae and corn-ears, or is shown emptying the former. Aequitas (Dikaiosyne). Equity, Fair Dealing. Holds scales and cornucopiae or sceptre. Aeternitas. Eternity, Stability. Holds globe, torch, phoenix, or sceptre, or the heads of the Sun and Moon.

Annona (Antoninus Pius)

Clementia (Hadrian)

Concordia (Julia Paula)

Annona. The Annual Grain Supply of Rome. Holds corn-ears and cornucopiae, usually with modius and ship’s prow beside her. Clementia. Clemency, Mercy. Holds branch and sceptre, and sometimes leans on a column. Concordia (Homonoia). Concord, Harmony. Holds patera and cornucopiae or sceptre. As Concordia Militum, holds two standards.

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Constantia (Claudius)

Fecunditas (Faustina Jr.)

Felicitas (Julia Mamaea)

Constantia. Constancy. Her right hand raised to her face. Sometimes in military attire, also holding spear. [Confined to the coinage of the reign of Claudius]. Fecunditas. Fertility (of an empress). Holds child, or children, and sceptre. Sometimes the children are depicted standing at her feet. Felicitas (Eutycheia). Happiness, Prosperity. Holds caduceus and cornucopiae or sceptre. Sometimes depicted leaning on a column.

Fides Militum (Maximinus I)

Fortuna (Domitian)

Hilaritas (Hadrian)

Fides. Good Faith, Loyalty, Trustworthiness. Holds patera and cornucopiae or corn-ears and basket of fruit. As Fides Militum, holds two standards or standard and sceptre. Fortuna (Tyche). Fortune. Holds rudder, sometimes resting on globe, and cornucopiae; a wheel may be shown beside her. Sometimes her attributes include an olive-branch or a patera. Hilaritas. Rejoicing. Holds long palm and cornucopiae, sceptre or patera; is sometimes accompanied by one or two children.

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Indulgentia (Antoninus Pius)

Justitia (Nerva)

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Laetitia (Gordian III)

Indulgentia. Indulgence, Mercy. Holds patera and sceptre. Justitia. Justice. Holds olive-branch, or patera, and sceptre; rarely (on posthumous coins of Constantine) she holds a pair of scales. Laetitia. Joy, Gladness. Holds wreath and sceptre, or occasionally rudder on globe in place of the latter, or may rest her left hand on an anchor.

Liberalitas (Severus Alexander)

Libertas (Claudius)

Moneta (Domitian)

Liberalitas. Liberality. Holds tessera (or abacus) and cornucopiae. Libertas (Eleutheria). Freedom, Liberty. Holds pileus (conical hat) and sceptre. Moneta. Mint, Money. Holds scales and cornucopiae. Sometimes represented as the Three Monetae (gold, silver and aes), each with a pile of metal (or coins) at her feet.

Nobilitas (Geta)

Ops (Antoninus Pius)

Pax (Severus Alexander)

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Nobilitas. Nobility, High Birth. Holds Palladium and sceptre. Ops. Power, Prosperity, Aid. Holds sceptre or corn-ears. [Confined to the coinages of Antoninus Pius and Pertinax]. Patientia. Endurance, Patience. Holds sceptre. Pax (Eirene). Peace. Holds olive-branch and sceptre, cornucopiae or caduceus.

Pietas (Julia Maesa)

Providentia (Caracalla)

Pudicitia (Herennia Etruscilla)

Pietas (Eusebeia). Piety, Dutifulness. Often veiled, holds patera and sceptre; sometimes shown sacrificing at an altar and holding a box of incense. ‘Roman piety unites in one whole, reverence for the gods, devotion to the Emperor, affection between the Augusti or between the Augustus and the people, tenderness of parents to sons, respect or affectionate care of the latter for their parents, and in general, love of one’s neighbour, or in one word Religion’ (Gnecchi). Providentia (Pronoia). Foreseeing. Holds rod, with which she sometimes points to a globe at her feet, and sceptre. In the 3rd century she is often shown holding the globe. The legend may also accompany types which express the concept of providentia in more symbolic ways. Pudicitia. Modesty, Chastity. Holds sceptre and is usually veiled.

Salus (Maximinus I)

Securitas (Antoninus Pius)

Salus (Hygieia). Health, Safety, Welfare. Holds sceptre and patera from which she feeds a snake coiled round an altar; or holds the snake in her arms and feeds it from the patera. Securitas. Security, Confidence. Holds patera or sceptre, and may be depicted leaning on a column, legs crossed; sometimes sits back at ease in a chair.

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Spes (Claudius)

Uberitas (Trajan Decius)

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Victoria (Antoninus Pius)

Spes (Elpis). Hope. Holds flower, and is usually shown walking and slightly raising the drapery of her dress behind. Uberitas or Ubertas. Fruitfulness, Abundance. Holds cornucopiae and purse or bunch of grapes (possibly even a cow’s udder). Victoria (Nike). Victory. Winged, holding a wreath and a palm; may be shown with a shield, which she sometimes inscribes, or erecting a trophy. MALE

Bonus Eventus (Antoninus Pius)

Genius (Hadrian)

Bonus Eventus. Good Outcome. Holds patera over altar, and cornucopiae. Genius. Spirit. Holds patera and cornucopiae, sometimes with altar at feet. Most frequently appears as Genius of the Roman People (GENIVS POPVLI ROMANI), but is represented in a variety of other forms, such as Genius of the Senate (bearded and togate), Genius of the Emperors (and Caesars), and Genius of the Army (with military standard). In the early 4th century he sometimes holds the head of Serapis.

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Honos (Marcus Aurelius)

Virtus (Hadrian)

Honos. Honour. Holds olive-branch or sceptre and cornucopiae. Sometimes appears in association with another male personification, Virtus. Virtus. Valour, Bravery. Usually depicted in complete armour, holding Victory or parazonium and spear, or with spear and shield. Sometimes appears in association with another male personification, Honos. It should be emphasized that the foregoing notes do not pretend to do anything like justice to the subject, about which, indeed, a lengthy book could be written. It is hoped, however, that the information provided, although brief, will be found of interest and may lead collectors of the series to study the subject in more detailed works.

II. REPRESENTATIONS OF THE EMPEROR AND HIS FAMILY In addition to monopolizing the obverses of Roman Imperial coins, the emperors and their families also make frequent appearances as reverse types.

Agrippa as a reverse type of Augustus

Nero on horseback

Augustus set the precedent by authorizing his representation as the victor of Actium and conqueror of Egypt riding in a triumphal quadriga on the reverse of a denarius issued in the autumn of 30 BC. Several other types of Augustus followed during his long reign, including several of 13 BC depicting both the emperor and his trusted friend and colleague, Marcus Agrippa. With the exception of Tiberius, the Julio-Claudian emperors made increasingly frequent appearances on the

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reverses of their coins. Nero, the last representative of the dynasty, is depicted distributing gifts to the people, haranguing his troops, taking part in military exercises on horseback, and even singing to his own accompaniment on a lyre, in the guise of Apollo.

Titus in triumphal procession

Domitian sacrificing during Secular Games

In the Flavian period, Vespasian and Titus appear most frequently in connection with two main themes – the quelling of the Jewish Revolt and the recovery of the Roman State following the Civil Wars of AD 68–69. Vespasian is shown raising a kneeling female figure (the State) on one of his aurei, and both father and son are depicted riding in their chariots in the triumphal procession which celebrated the victory in Judaea. Domitian appears as conqueror of the German tribes on a sestertius which shows him standing in military attire, a personification of the Rhine reclining at his feet. This emperor’s most interesting appearances, however, are in connection with the Secular Games of AD 88, when he is depicted as a participant in various ceremonies, often with the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus as a backdrop.

Hadrian arriving in Mauretania

Antoninus Pius crowning the king of Armenia

The Golden Age of Trajan, Hadrian, and the Antonine emperors produced a great variety of interesting reverse types depicting the emperor. Trajan, the great warrior, is shown at full gallop thrusting his spear at a Dacian enemy, whilst Hadrian’s famous peregrinations spanning his vast Empire are fully documented on the coinage. Antoninus’ stature as a statesmen is suitably illustrated by a sestertius which shows a togate figure of the emperor in the act of creating a new king of Armenia by placing a diadem on the head of the monarch. With the recurrence of bitter frontier wars under Marcus Aurelius, he, and his co-emperor Lucius Verus, are frequently depicted in military scenes. One type shows Aurelius standing amidst four standards, whilst on a coin of Verus the emperor spears a fallen eastern enemy as he gallops past. The first joint reign in the history of the Empire is commemorated by a type showing togate figures of the two emperors clasping right hands. The megalomania of Commodus is quite evident on several of his reverse types, as well as on the obverses which show his head clad in the lion’s skin of Hercules. A type common to both

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sestertius and as feature the emperor dressed as a priest and ploughing with a yoke of two oxen, symbolic of his insane notion to refound the city of Rome and give to it the new name of Colonia Lucia Antoniniana Commodiana.

Elagabalus as priest of the sungod

Severus Alexander in consular procession

The military anarchy which crippled the Empire for a large part of the 3rd century led to a decline in the representation of the emperor in any guise other than as commander-in-chief of the armed forces. Septimius Severus is shown togate, as Fundator Pacis (‘Founder of the Peace’), on one type, but he and his sons usually appear in scenes of military significance. Elagabalus, who was far from being a soldier, is often depicted in his role as Chief-Priest of the Syrian Sun-God, providing a brief interlude in this martial period. Elagabalus’ cousin and successor, Severus Alexander, wears the civilian toga while sacrificing over a tripod-altar, but most of his representations are military in character. Over the next few decades the Roman citizen, observing the reverses of the coins he handled, saw his ruler represented only in a few rather stereotyped poses, usually standing in military attire or mounted on horseback. Few other types break the monotony, although Gallienus, the type content of whose coinage is generally more interesting than that of other emperors of the period, is depicted in a greater variety of poses. In one of these, he raises a kneeling figure representing the Gallic provinces. Soon after this type was struck, however, the region was lost by Gallienus to the usurper Postumus and remained independent of the central government for the following fourteen years.

Magnus Maximus and Flavius Victor enthroned

Arcadius trampling on captive

Towards the end of the 3rd century successive emperors were often shown receiving a figure of Victory from the hands of Jupiter and this type continued in use into the early years of the 4th century. With the adoption of Christianity by Constantine and the subsequent slow demise of pagan traditions coin types in general became more limited in number and monotonous in content. The emperor usually appears as the champion of the new faith, holding a labarum (Christian standard) and a figure of Victory (which was now becoming equated with the Christian Angel). The VictoryAngel also appears on a series of later 4th century post-Constantinian gold solidi, hovering

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between two emperors enthroned side by side. By this time the Empire had become more or less permanently divided into eastern and western halves, with at least two emperors reigning simultaneously.

The grandsons of Augustus

The sisters of Caligula

Representations of empresses and princes (and in a few rare instances deceased parents) as reverse types occur throughout most of the period, although there were very few Imperial heirs (as opposed to youthful co-emperors) after the Caesarship of Julian II (AD 355–60). In the early Empire, the emperor’s relatives appeared most often on the reverses of his own coins, as their own coinages were very small, where they existed at all. Thus, we see Gaius and Lucius Caesars standing side by side on the reverse of their grandfather Augustus’ most prolific issue of aurei and denarii, and the Empress Livia seated on the reverse of her son Tiberius’ principal precious metal type (the ‘Tribute Penny’ of the Bible). Caligula, on one of his sestertii, has a most interesting reverse type depicting his three sisters, Agrippina, Drusilla and Julia. On the reverses of some of his aurei and denarii Claudius featured the portraits of his fourth wife, Agrippina, and his step-son, Nero; whilst the brief reign of Vitellius in AD 69 produced several interesting family types depicting the emperor’s young children and his deceased father, the celebrated Lucius Vitellius.

Hostilian as ‘Prince of the Youth’

Faustina Junior as ‘Mother of the Camps’

From the Flavian period, the princes (or ‘Caesars’) began issuing substantial coinages in their own right, and from the early part of the 2nd century the empresses also were given a much larger share of the total output of the mint. The Caesars, where they appear on the reverses of their own coins, are usually represented as ‘Prince of the Youth’ (PRINCEPS IVVENTVTIS). The Caesar Marcus Aurelius, who served an unprecedented term of over two decades as heir under Antoninus Pius (AD 139–161) was accorded an extensive coinage of his own, and additionally his head appears as the reverse type on a whole range of denominations of Antoninus himself. Empresses appear in a variety of roles as reverse types, often in the guise of some female deity. Faustina Junior, wife of

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Marcus Aurelius, features on a number of types as ‘Mother of the Camps’ (MATER CASTRORVM), a reference to her devotion to the interests of the soldiers during her husband’s arduous military campaigns, the hardships of many of which she shared. Another reverse type seen frequently on the coinages of empresses, particularly in the early decades of the 3rd century, shows the Augusta and the Augustus clasping hands, often in commemoration of the actual imperial nuptials.

Septimius Severus and his family Before closing this brief survey of imperial representations as reverse types, mention should be made of the uniquely extensive series of ‘dynastic coins’ issued under Septimius Severus (AD 193–211). These depict his wife, Julia Domna, his daughter-in-law, Plautilla, and his two sons, Caracalla and Geta, as well as himself. All these pieces are in the aureus and denarius denominations and all are rare or very rare. The obverses usually show a single bust, though occasionally two are represented, whilst the reverses have one, two, or even three imperial portraits. Perhaps the most celebrated coin in this series is the aureus of Severus issued in AD 201 displaying as its reverse type a remarkable facing portrait of the empress between the confronted busts of her two sons. But despite the seeming promise of continuity, this phase of the Severan dynasty was destined to be extinct within a mere sixteen years of this issue.

III. TYPES OF MILITARY CONQUEST AND VICTORY During the five centuries of its existence the Roman Empire was involved in numerous wars and campaigns, some expansionist, some defensive, and some domestic. Many of these were commemorated on the coinage, one of the earliest instances being a type of Octavian (Augustus) with crocodile reverse and legend AEGYPTO CAPTA. This refers to the defeat of Antony and Cleopatra in 30 BC and the subsequent annexation of the former Ptolemaic kingdom to the Empire of Rome.

Claudius triumphing for his British conquest

Captive Judaea (Vespasian)

Captive Germania (Domitian)

The invasion of Britain in AD 43 was well recorded on the gold and silver coinage of Claudius, with a type depicting the arch erected in Rome to commemorate the conquest. The great Jewish Revolt, which began under Nero in AD 66, was a serious embarrassment to the Romans, coming, as it did, at a time of acute political upheaval in the Empire which saw the rapid succession of four

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emperors during the years AD 68 and 69. The rebellion in Judaea was actually crushed by the general Vespasian and his son Titus who used their success in this campaign to seize the Imperial throne and establish a new dynasty, the Flavian. Vespasian gave great publicity to his victory in the East on a large output of coins in all metals, known collectively as the ‘Judaea Capta’ series. One of the commonest types appears on aurei and denarii and depicts a captive Judaea seated at the foot of a Roman trophy. The German wars of Vespasian’s younger son, Domitian, are also commemorated by a large number of types, one of which shows a female German captive in despair seated upon a shield.

Captive Dacia (Trajan)

Captive Armenia (Lucius Verus)

Pile of Sarmatian arms (Marcus Aurelius)

Trajan’s expansionist policy in the early 2nd century led to prolonged campaigns in several widely separated theatres of war. Undoubtedly, his greatest achievement was the conquest of Dacia. This received considerable publicity on the coinage, with no fewer than twelve main types alluding to the event. The eastern wars of AD 163–5 also received extensive notice on the coinages of the joint emperors Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus. A notable type in this series shows captive Armenia seated amidst arms. Much of the final decade of Aurelius’ rule was taken up with warfare on the harsh northern frontier, and a sestertius struck in AD 177 depicts a large pile of arms, symbolic of the successful conclusion of the German and Sarmatian Wars.

Commemoration of victory in northern Britain (Caracalla) and in Germany (Maximinus I) Septimius Severus’ numerous campaigns in both the East and West are well documented on the Imperial coinage, but perhaps the series of greatest interest to British students is the one which commemorates the events of AD 208–11. During this period Severus and his elder son Caracalla campaigned on the northern frontier in Britain and restored Hadrian’s Wall, which appears to have suffered damage in the troubled period more than a decade before. Caracalla’s Parthian ‘war’ received some notice on the coinage, and even Macrinus’ inglorious encounter with Artaban of Parthia was celebrated as a VICTORIA PARTHICA on coins of all metals. More deserving of

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commemoration were Maximinus’ victories in Germany in AD 235 and aes of the following year shows the emperor being crowned by Victory. The second half of the 3rd century was a disastrous period for Roman arms, with large parts of the Empire succumbing to foreign attack and much of what remained being rent by internal rebellion. Miraculously, however, the situation was restored by a succession of short-lived but very strong military rulers, known collectively as the ‘Illyrian’ emperors, foremost amongst whom were Claudius Gothicus (AD 268–70), Aurelian (270–75) and Probus (276–82). A coin of this period struck by Aurelian’s ephemeral successor, Tacitus, celebrates a victory over the Goths with the inscription VICTORIA GOTTHI.

Victory over the Goths (Tacitus)

Captive Alamanni (Crispus)

In the 4th century commemorative reverse types became increasingly rare. One of the last to be issued depicts a personification of the Alamanni (a confederation of Germanic tribes) seated in captivity at the foot of a trophy. This appears on a gold solidus of Crispus Caesar, eldest son of Constantine, issued at Trier in AD 319–20. The young prince had led a successful campaign against the Alamanni in 318. A similar contemporary type bears the legend FRANCIA instead of ALAMANNIA and records success against the Franci (Franks), another Germanic people who were later to conquer Gaul and give it the name of France.

IV. LEGIONARY TYPES, ETC The ‘legionary’ series forms a compact group within the Roman coinage, most of it having being issued by just five rulers over a period of about 325 years, from the battle of Actium to the late 3rd century AD. Those of Mark Antony (issued 32–31 BC) and Septimius Severus (AD 193) are similar in that both have the same basic reverse type – a legionary eagle between two standards. In contrast, the later 3rd century issues of Gallienus, Victorinus and Carausius interestingly bear the actual badges of the various legions, e.g. a lion for the IIII Flavia and a capricorn for the XXII Primigenia. The primary reason for the issue of these exceptional types was to inspire the loyalty of the troops whose legions were being honoured. Curiously, in some cases those troops appear not to have been under the command of the emperor issuing the coins. In such instances it must be assumed that what we are seeing is a very artful use of the propaganda value of the coinage, i.e. an attempt to win over the loyalty of an opponent’s army by means of flattery.

Standards of Legio XIV Gemina (Severus)

Badge of Legio XXII Primigenia (Gallienus)

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Another series of exceptional interest is the ‘Army’ coinage produced by Hadrian (AD 117–38) in the closing years of his reign. This honoured the army comprising the legionary garrison of each military province (EXERC BRITANNICVS, EXERCITVS SYRIACVS, etc.) and was mostly confined to the large sestertius denomination. It was connected with the emperor’s keen interest in the military establishment, and in particular the strengthening of the defences of the frontier regions (the policy which led to the construction of Hadrian’s Wall in Britain and the German limes). These coins, all of which are very rare today, depict the emperor addressing his soldiers from a platform, or saluting them whilst mounted on horseback. Related types of Hadrian and Antoninus Pius refer to military discipline and are inscribed DISCIPLINA AVG. In addition to calls for allegiance and discipline aimed at specific legions and armies there were also pleas for loyalty addressed to the military in general. This sometimes came at times when that loyalty was in doubt. Thus, on coins of Nerva (AD 96–8), whose brief regime was very unpopular with the soldiers, we see clasped hands holding a legionary eagle set on a prow, accompanied by the legend CONCORDIA EXERCITVVM; whilst much later, the short-lived Gallic usurper Marius (AD 268) used a similar type on his coinage, though on this occasion clasped hands only were shown encircled by the legend CONCORDIA MILITVM. The ‘valour of the soldiers’ (VIRTVS MILITVM) was proclaimed on a large issue of silver argentei, or siliquae, issued under the rulers of the First Tetrarchy at the end of the 3rd century; and the ‘renown of the army’ (GLORIA EXERCITVS) was celebrated on an extensive series of small billon centenionales introduced in the closing phase of Constantine’s reign and carried on for some years after his death by his sons.

Appeal for loyalty to the military (Nerva)

Captured German shields (Domitian)

Many other types of military and naval significance may be found amongst the reverses of the Roman coinage. Noteworthy are a denarius of Octavian (Augustus) displaying a naval trophy; a dupondius of Domitian depicting two German shields crossed over a vexillum, trumpets and spears; and a coin of Trajan, of the same denomination, with a fine representation of a cuirass (body-armour). Naval power, in the form of a war-galley, was featured in the later 3rd century on coins of the Gallic usurper Postumus and on those of the British usurpers Carausius and Allectus.

V. GEOGRAPHICAL TYPES The Roman Empire was a unique association of peoples and cultures, such as the Mediterranean World had never seen before and has not witnessed since. What had formerly been a patchwork of Hellenistic monarchies, independent city states and Celtic tribes was miraculously transformed by the genius of Rome and her code of laws into one great political entity, and held together not so much by force of arms as by the Pax Romana. Female personifications of many of the provinces within this vast State were depicted on several coin series during the Imperial period, and even particular cities and rivers receive occasional notice (the latter normally appearing as a bearded male figure in a reclining attitude).

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Denarii of Augustus and Galba featuring the city of Emerita and heads of the ‘Three Gauls’ An early denarius of Augustus’ reign shows the city gate and defensive walls of Emerita in Spain, a colony which was founded in 25 BC and populated by Roman soldiers whose term of service had expired (emeritus). Galba, in AD 68, issued a remarkable type showing three small female heads accompanied by the legend TRES GALLIAE. These represented the three great divisions of the province of Gaul – Narbonensis, Aquitania and Lugdunensis –in recognition of the support which he received from the western provinces during his revolt against Nero’s tyrannical rule. Dacia, the province added to the Empire by Trajan, is commemorated on sestertii and dupondii of that emperor, identified by the legend DACIA AVGVST PROVINCIA. The type shows Dacia seated on a rock, accompanied by two children, symbolic of future generations of Dacians who could now look forward to an era of peace under the protection of omnipotent Rome.

Germany, Cappadocia, Egypt and the Nile, all featured on the coinage of Hadrian The coinage of Hadrian provides us with a far more complete geographical survey of the Roman World than that of any other emperor. His extensive travels all over his vast Empire were commemorated on several remarkable series of coins, mostly issued towards the end of his reign when he had finally returned to Italy. In addition to honouring most of the provinces, two cities (Alexandria and Nicomedia) receive special attention, as does the River Nile (NILVS). The following is a list of the provinces whose personifications appear on Hadrian’s coinage: Britain; Spain; Gaul; Germany; Italy; Sicily; Noricum; Dacia; Macecdonia; Moesia; Thrace; Achaea; Asia; Bithynia; Phrygia; Cilicia; Cappadocia; Judaea; Arabia; Egypt; Africa; Mauretania. Hadrian’s successor, Antoninus Pius, also issued a ‘provincial’ series of coins, in this case to celebrate the remission of half of the aurum coronarium (‘crown-gold’). This was a demand made by the emperor on the communities of the Empire (and sometimes even on foreign states) at the time of his accession and on certain anniversaries of his rule. Antoninus’ remission of half of this burdensome tax at the time he came to the throne was greeted with much enthusiasm and led to the production of an extensive series of aes coinage depicting crown-bearing personifications of various provinces (and even of the Parthian kingdom). The advancement of the Roman frontier in Britain to the line of the new Antonine Wall prompted the issue of several attractive Britannia types on sestertii of AD 143. This was followed more than a decade later by another type (mostly on asses) depicting the personification of the island province in an attitude of dejection and commemorating the quelling of a serious tribal uprising. An elegant personification of Italy, seated on a globe, appeared on a variety of denominations in AD 140, possibly in anticipation of the celebration of Rome’s 900th anniversary in 147.

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Britannia and Asia on sestertii of Antoninus Pius Geographical types are less commonly encountered on coins struck in the second half of the 2nd century. Marcus Aurelius has an as showing a reclining figure of the River Tiber, whilst Commodus issued two sestertius types, one with Italia seated on a large globe, the other a very rare depiction of a standing Britannia. At the very end of the century, Clodius Albinus, in rebellion against Septimius Severus, struck a denarius featuring the Genius of the City of Lugdunum in Gaul.

Genius of Lugdunum (Clodius Albinus)

Dacia and the Pannoniae on sestertii of Trajan Decius

During the course of the 3rd century there was a continued decline in the frequency of geographical references on the Imperial coinage. Septimius Severus makes mention of Italy, Africa and Carthage, and half-way through the century Trajan Decius honours the provinces of Dacia and the two Pannoniae with standing figures of their personifications. Dacia appears again on coins of Claudius Gothicus and Aurelian, and the Pannonian provinces are commemorated by Quintillus, Aurelian and Julian. The city of Siscia receives special notice on antoniniani of both Gallienus and Probus, and a reclining figure of the Rhine is depicted on coins of the Gallic usurper Postumus. Britannia makes her final appearance on the Roman coinage clasping hands with the late 3rd century rebel Carausius, who had succeeded in temporarily detaching the island-province from the rule of the central government. The late Roman coinage of the 4th and 5th centuries contain very few geographical references amongst their reverse types. Africa and Carthage occur on folles of several of the emperors and usurpers in the early years of the century, and one of the last types of any geographical significance is found on the Constantinopolitan silver and billon coinage of the unfortunate young prince Hanniballianus (AD 335–7). This shows a reclining figure of the river-god Euphrates and its appearance at this time is made all the more remarkable by comparison with the general lack of imagination being shown in the selection of reverse types in the closing years of Constantine’s reign.

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Africa (Diocletian)

The Euphrates (Hanniballianus)

VI. ARCHITECTURAL TYPES The Romans were great builders, a fact attested by the many splendid examples of their architecture which are still to be seen in countries all over the Mediterranean World and in northern Europe. Many of the emperors took a special pride in adorning the capital, and other cities, with edifices which were not only functional (such as the great market of Nero and Trajan’s Basilica Ulpia), but often possessed considerable architectural merit as well. Doubtless, Rome’s autocrats were also well aware of the excellent potential for long-term survival of such structures and saw them as a means of perpetuating their prestige in people’s minds. A number of these buildings were displayed on the coins (usually at the time of their construction or renovation) and these reverse types form one of the most sought-after groups within the Roman coinage. Augustus issued a number of architectural types, a very early example being the temple of Divus Julius depicted on aurei and denarii of 36 BC, when the building was still under construction. Also appearing on his pre-27 BC coinage is a representation of the Curia Julia (the Senate House in the Forum) which was dedicated by Augustus on 28 August 29 BC. On the later Augustan coinage a variety of architectural types are featured, mostly on denarii: these include the Arcus Augusti, which replaced the earlier Actian arch; the temples of Jupiter Tonans and of Mars Ultor (both on the Capitol); the Porta Fontinalis and part of Rome’s Servian Wall; and another depiction of a citygate and defensive walls, this time of the colonial foundation of Emerita in Spain. The celebrated Altar of Lugdunum, dedicated by the emperor in 10 BC, forms the sole reverse type of the Lugdunese aes coinage which was produced in considerable quantity in the latter part of the reign.

Temple of Divus Julius (Octavian)

The ‘Twin Janus’ (Nero)

The Colosseum (Titus)

As one of his sestertius types Tiberius has a depiction of the temple of Concord in the Forum. This building was used to house antique sculpture and is shown adorned with a variety of statues. Caligula features an elaborate representation of the temple of Divus Augustus, also on a sestertius; whilst Claudius shows the arch spanning the Via Flaminia which was constructed to commemorate

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his conquest of Britain. Nero, last of the Julio-Claudian emperors, has a number of architectural types which are depicted principally on his handsome aes coinage: the Macellum Magnum, or Great Market, which was completed in AD 59; the celebrated Ianus Geminus (‘Twin Janus’), the doors of which were closed with great ceremony to celebrate peace throughout the Empire; an elaborate arch which has since disappeared without trace, probably the one erected to commemorate Corbulo’s eastern victories; a remarkable aerial view of the harbour of Ostia, improved under Claudius and Nero; and (on precious metal only) the domed temple of Vesta in the Forum, restored by Nero following its destruction in the great fire of AD 64. Later emperors eagerly continued the tradition of architectural reverse types. The great Flavian Amphitheatre, known today as the Colosseum, appears on a sestertius of Titus under whom the famous edifice was completed and dedicated. A cistophorus of Domitian shows the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus, together with the legend CAPIT RESTIT, a reference to that emperor’s rebuilding of the famous temple following the devastating fire of AD 80. Domitian also has a rare series of denarii depicting various temples, identified by Hill as those of Serapis, Cybele, Minerva Chalcidica, and Jupiter Victor, in addition to the Capitoline temple itself. Trajan’s coinage has many types of architectural interest, such as the Circus Maximus, restored by Trajan circa AD 103; Trajan’s celebrated Forum and Basilica; Trajan’s Column, erected to commemorate the conquest of Dacia; the ‘Danube’ bridge (in all probability the Pons Sublicius in Rome); a triumphal arch inscribed I o M; and two octastyle temples, one of which may be that of Divus Nerva.

Trajan’s Column (Trajan)

The ‘Danube’ bridge (Trajan)

Temple of Roma (Antoninus Pius)

The great temple of Venus and Roma, designed by Hadrian himself, appears both on the coinage of its architect’s reign and on that of his successor, Antoninus Pius, under whom it was completed. Antoninus also depicts the temple of Divus Augustus, in commemoration of his restoration of the famous edifice (now disappeared without trace). The temple which Antoninus built in honour of his wife Faustina (later dedicated to his memory also) is shown on denarii of the deified empress. The ruins of the shell of this structure, enclosing the church of S. Lorenzo in Miranda, are still to be seen in the Roman Forum. A temple of Mercury, of very unusual form, appears on a sestertius of Marcus Aurelius, accompanied by the legend RELIG AVG; whilst a coin of Commodus of the same denomination features a distyle shrine of Janus. The famous Arch of Severus, which still stands in all its ancient majesty in the Roman Forum, is depicted on the coinages of both Septimius and Caracalla. A representation of the Circus Maximus, very similar to the one of Trajan, occurs also on sestertii of Caracalla struck in AD 213 to commemorate yet another restoration of the structure. Under Severus Alexander several fine architectural types appear, including the Colosseum on an aureus and aes of AD 223; the Nymphaeum (a monumental fountain at the terminal of the Aqua Alexandrina) the ruins of which may still be seen in the Piazza Vittorio Emanuele II; and a very elaborate depiction of the Temple of Jupiter Ultor (or Victor). Throughout the remainder of the 3rd century architectural reverses occur rather less frequently and are confined in the main to conventional representations of temples, often containing a statue

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Temple of Faustina (Faustina Senior)

Circus Maximus (Caracalla)

Temple of Juno Martialis (Volusian)

of Roma. Exceptions to this include a very interesting circular temple dedicated to Juno Martialis, appearing on coins of Trebonianus Gallus and his son Volusian; and a triumphal arch on aes of the Gallic usurper Postumus. With the advent of Christianity as the official state religion in the early part of the 4th century pagan temple types disappear entirely from the coinage. The only subsequent reverses which have any claim to be architectural are the ‘camp gate’ types, usually on small billon and bronze denominations of the Constantinian era and later; the plan of a military camp on billon centenionales of Thessalonica; a bridge over a river on a reduced centenionalis of Constantinople; and a distyle shrine with arched roof which occurs on silver miliarenses under a number of emperors from Constantine to Valentinian and Valens.

VII. ANIMALS, ETC For several centuries before the rise of Rome there had been a tradition of featuring animals, birds, fish and insects (as well as various mythological beasts) on the coinages of many of the Greek citystates. Rome inherited this tradition, and although the representation of fauna is less frequent and varied than on coins of the Greek series, they nevertheless form a most appealing group within the Roman coinage.

Crocodile and heifer on the coinage of Augustus

Capricorn (Vespasian)

Eagle (Domitian)

Crocodile, heifer, bull, wild boar, lion attacking stag, eagle, crab and butterfly, capricorn, Pegasus and Sphinx all appear on the coinage of Augustus, who was the inheritor of the late Republican tradition of great diversity in the selection of coin types. However, during the course of his long reign that tradition was gradually superseded by a more conservative approach to the type content of the new Imperial coinage. Accordingly, the coinages of the later Julio-Claudian emperors feature virtually no representations of animals, other than the elephants drawing the car of

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Divus Augustus on a sestertius issued by Tiberius, and the eagle appearing on the reverse of a Divus Augustus as. The Flavian revival of earlier coin types led to a reintroduction of the tradition of animal depiction on the Imperial coinage. A particularly interesting reverse of this period shows a goat being milked by a goat-herd and another has a sow with its young.

Sow (Antoninus Pius) In the 2nd century the Pegasus and the griffin appear on several aes denominations of Hadrian, whilst his successor Antoninus Pius struck asses showing an elephant and a sow suckling its young beneath an oak tree, both types probably having reference to the celebrations connected with the 900th anniversay of the foundation of Rome. An attractive representation of a dove appears on an aureus of Antoninus’ daughter, the younger Faustina, and elephants occur on an as of Commodus and a denarius of Septimius Severus.

Elephant, lion and stag on the coinage of Philip I

Hippopotamus (Otacilia Severa)

The ‘king of beasts’ is depicted on the coinage of Caracalla, wearing a radiate crown and holding a thunderbolt in its jaws, and several decades later the lion reappears as part of the ‘Saeculares’ series of Philip I. Similarly, the elephant was popular as a coin type during the first half of the 3rd century, appearing on pieces of Caracalla, Geta, and Philip I. To celebrate Rome’s thousandth anniversary in AD 247–8 Philip I staged magnificent games in which many wild beasts were exhibited in the arena of the Colosseum. This resulted in a series of coins featuring the hippopotamus, antelope, stag, and goat, in addition to the lion already mentioned. The city’s emblem, the she-wolf suckling the twins Romulus and Remus, also appears as part of this series. A few years later, during the sole reign of Gallienus (AD 260–68), an extensive series of ‘animal’ reverses was featured on the debased antoninianus denomination. Subsequent to this date such types appear far less frequently and are, in the main, restricted to the ‘legionary badge’ issues of the usurpers Victorinus in Gaul and Carausius in Britain. The charismatic British usurper also has types showing the milking of a cow, a griffin, and the traditional wolf and twins device. In the late Empire, the wolf and twins appear on coins of another usurper, Maxentius (AD 306–12), whose policy was to try to revive the past glories of the Imperial capital; and several decades later on small billon pieces (reduced centenionales) of the time of Constantine and his successors. In the mid-4th century a phoenix is shown on half maiorinae of Constantius II and

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Phoenix (Constans)

Bull (Julian II)

Constans; and a very fine representation of a bull, sometimes accompanied by an eagle, occurs on large billon pieces of Julian II towards the end of his short reign (AD 360–63). One of the last animal representations on the Roman coinage is on a tiny bronze nummus of the eastern Emperor Leo I (AD 457–74) where a lion appears as a punning allusion to the emperor’s name.

VIII. TYPES OF PROPAGANDA There can be little doubt that the emperors of Rome were fully aware of the value of the Imperial coinage as a tool of propaganda, it being one of the most effective means of mass communication available to them. Everyone, from the provincial governor down to the peasant working the land, was likely to take notice of the ever-changing messages appearing as reverse types on the money which they were daily handling. The government of the day was thus able to present itself and its achievements in surprising detail to almost all of the inhabitants of the vast Empire. However, as it was a means of communication on which the government had a complete monopoly, the propaganda sometimes only told half the truth or was even, on occasions, a complete misrepresentation of reality. A very large proportion of reverses could be included under the heading of ‘Types of Propaganda’. Even the ubiquitous personifications were often intended to proclaim the virtues of the emperor or the good fortune of the age which was lucky enough to witness his enlightened rule. In this brief survey, therefore, mention is made only of those types which have a specific message to convey regarding the wisdom, beneficence and achievements of the emperor. Augustus early established the propaganda role for the Imperial coinage when he gave extensive coverage to his victory over Cleopatra’s Egyptian kingdom which left him sole master of the State and provided the financial resources to carry through his program of reforms. A decade later he produced a whole range of types on his precious metal coinage designed to extract the maximum publicity value from his great diplomatic achievement which led to the restoration in 20 BC of the Roman standards of Crassus and Antony captured years before by the Parthians. An elegant sestertius type of Tiberius proclaims the munificence of the emperor in a reference to the restoration, at his own expense, of several cities in western Asia Minor which had been badly damaged by a severe earthquake in AD 17. Nero publicized his care for the annual corn supply from Egypt on a very attractive sestertius type showing an artistic grouping of Annona standing before a seated Ceres, with a ship’s stern in the background. The enlightenment and benevolence of Nerva’s brief rule is amply attested by his choice of coin types. One sestertius shows two mules and a cart, with a legend referring to the measures taken by the emperor to transfer the cost of Imperial posting on the main roads in Italy from the taxpayer to the exchequer. Another represents a distribution scene, or Congiarium, depicting the emperor bestowing gifts on the citizenry; whilst others commemorate a special distribution of corn to the urban poor, and the correction of abuses in the collection of the poll tax levied on Jews (fiscus Iudaicus).

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Restoration of the Roman standards (Augustus)

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Care for Rome’s corn supply (Nero)

Funding of Imperial posting, corn distribution to the poor, and reform of Jewish poll tax, all on sestertii of Nerva A further example of the humanitarianism of this period is to be found on coins of Trajan publicizing the Alimenta system. Under this scheme wealthy philanthropists (including emperors from the time of Nerva) made substantial gifts to communities, both in Italy and the provinces, for the purpose of providing sustenance for needy children through agricultural investment. Trajan’s successor, Hadrian, in an attempt to gain popularity after having come to the throne under somewhat dubious circumstances, made a grand gesture of cancelling all debts due to the state treasury – a sum equivalent to many millions of pounds. Not surprisingly, this extraordinary act of liberality received full publicity on the coinage, with a remarkable sestertius type showing a lictor setting fire to a heap of documents in the presence of three joyful citizens. The notes and bonds were, in fact, publicly destroyed in Trajan’s Forum. The orphanage for girls which Antoninus Pius founded in honour of his deceased wife (Puellae Faustinianae) is recorded on posthumous aurei and denarii of Faustina Senior. Antoninus’ great stature as a statesman is portrayed on a sestertius type where he is shown bestowing a new king on the Quadi, a barbarian tribe who inhabited territory on the left bank of the Danube. In addition to those already mentioned there are so many other examples of propaganda types on the Roman Imperial coinage that it is simply not possible to do justice to the topic in an article of this scope. It is hoped, however, that many readers will be sufficiently stimulated to pursue on their own the study of this fascinating subject. In the later period the types are generally of a less specific nature, as typified by the antoniniani of the joint Emperors Balbinus and Pupienus (AD 238). These all feature clasped right hands accompanied by one of six different forms of legend (e.g. AMOR MVTVVS AVG, CARITAS MVTVA AVGG, etc.) the common aim being to create a public impression of perfect harmony between the ill-matched and, ultimately, ill-fated rulers.

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The Alimenta system (Trajan)

Cancellation of public debts (Hadrian) and appointment of barbarian king (Antoninus Pius)

Harmony of the joint emperors (Balbinus)

IX. POSTHUMOUS TYPES Some of the emperors and empresses were publicly deified following their deaths, i.e. placed among the official gods of the State, and in most cases commemorative coins were produced in their honour by their immediate successors. The reverse types of these issues form a distinctive group within the Imperial coinage, the same basic types often being repeated through many series of posthumous coins.

Divus Augustus asses struck under Tiberius

The honours paid to Rome’s first emperor, Augustus, were of an extraordinary nature and all four of his Julio-Claudian successors struck issues in commemoration of ‘Divus Augustus’ (Nero only on the Alexandrian coinage). The most extensive of these series was produced under Tiberius and has a wide variety of reverse types, including a thunderbolt, an eagle, the shrine of Vesta on the Palatine, and the altar of Providentia. The eagle and the altar were to become popular types on future posthumous issues.

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Aurei and denarii struck under Nero in honour of Divus Claudius show an elaborate funerary vehicle drawn by four horses; whilst an intriguing precious metal type produced in AD 80 for Divus Vespasian has two capricorns back to back supporting a shield inscribed S C, a design recalling one of the sestertius types of Divus Augustus. A rare aureus type of Divus Trajan depicts a radiate phoenix, the fabulous bird which was regarded as a symbol of immortality.

Denarii of Divus Claudius and Divus Vespasian Despite the alleged strained relationship between Hadrian and his wife Sabina, an interesting coinage was produced in her honour following her death and deification in AD 136. A sestertius type shows the new goddess being borne aloft by an eagle. Subsequently, this was to become a popular theme on the posthumous coinages of both emperors and empresses, though in the case of the latter a peacock (symbolic of Juno) usually took the place of Jupiter’s eagle. Another posthumous type which achieved popularity during the course of the 2nd century was the so-called ‘funeral pyre’ (more accurately the crematorium in which the pyre was placed). This pyramidal structure surmounted by a facing quadriga occurs commonly from the time of the coinage of Divus Antoninus Pius onwards. Fragmentary remains of the crematorium of Marcus Aurelius were discovered in the Campus Martius in 1908 and lie below the present Chamber of Deputies.

Denarii of Divus Antoninus Pius and Diva Faustina Senior Antoninus Pius himself had issued an extensive posthumous coinage in honour of his wife, the elder Faustina, who predeceased him by two decades. In many respects this coinage is unique, both in its large volume and in the diversity of reverse types, many of which would seem to be more in keeping with the coinage of a living empress. Ceres, Juno, Venus, Vesta, and Pietas are amongst a surprising variety of goddesses and personifications making their appearance on this series, the later issues of which probably coincide with various anniversaries of Faustina’s deification (fifth, tenth, etc.). The earlier issues are more obviously connected with the apotheosis of the empress, viz a funerary car drawn by elephants, an empty throne with peacock beneath, and a flying Victory carrying Faustina to heaven. The type of an empty throne was revived by Caracalla and Geta on a denarius issued for their deceased and deified father, Septimius Severus, in AD 211. In this case, however, a wreath is shown on the seat to represent the departed Augustus. During the 3rd century the posthumous coinages settled down into a regular and predictable pattern, generally utilizing only a few basic types – an eagle or a large altar for emperors, and a peacock (either standing or bearing the new deity to heaven) for empresses. An intriguing series of antoniniani issued by Trajan Decius in AD 250–51 honours the memories of many of the deified emperors dating back to Augustus, each having two reverse types (eagle and altar). In AD 317–18 Constantine the Great issued from several of his mints a series of small bronzes, probably representing two denominations (reduced folles and half folles),

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Diva Paulina borne aloft to heaven in honour of the deified emperors Claudius II Gothicus (a claimed ancestor), his father Constantius I Chlorus, and father-in-law Maximian. The reverses of these coins exhibit three different types (emperor seated on curule chair, eagle, and lion) and their purpose seems to have been to establish in the public mind Constantine’s superior imperial ‘pedigree’ at a time of intense rivalry with his eastern colleague Licinius.

Antoniniani issued by Trajan Decius in honour of Divus Titus and Divus Nerva With the advent of Christianity the posthumous coinages inevitably cease, the last emperor to be accorded these honours being Constantine himself (died AD 337). His issues, produced under his three sons, were all of the tiny reduced centenionalis denomination (‘Æ 4’) and were of two main types: one showing a standing figure of the emperor, veiled and togate; the other depicting him in a quadriga being borne aloft to heaven, where the hand of God (manus Dei) is extended to greet him.

X. OTHER TYPES The nine categories of reverse types which have been covered in this brief survey certainly comprise the bulk of the Roman Imperial coinage. There are, however, a number of types which do not classify satisfactorily under any of these groups, and these are described under the following five subheadings.

The Julian comet (Augustus)

Star (Faustina Senior)

Crescent moon and star (Hadrian)

1. Heavenly Bodies. Objects such as stars and crescent moons make fairly regular appearances on the Imperial coinage. A more unusual representation, on a denarius of Augustus, shows the sidus

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Iulium, the comet with flaming tail which appeared in the heavens shortly after Caesar’s assassination and was taken as a sign of the late dictator’s divinity. The type depicting a group of stars around a crescent moon was quite popular in the 2nd century and appears on issues of Hadrian, Faustina Senior and Junior, Pescennius Niger, Septimius Severus, and Julia Domna. The type of a single star continued to appear well into the 4th century, the latest example being on silver of Julian II. 2. Inscriptions. It was not unusual, especially in the early Empire, for inscriptions to appear in place of pictorial types on the reverses of coins. The practice was especially common on aes denominations and had its origin in the Augustan currency reform of circa 18 BC, when sestertii and dupondii (and later asses also) were introduced showing the moneyer’s name around a large ‘S C’ as their reverse type. This was later replaced by an Imperial inscription normally giving the name and titles of the emperor, though sometimes of some other member of the Imperial family. The type was used up until the end of the 1st century AD but does not appear after the reign of Nerva. Another form of epigraphic reverse, showing the inscription in several lines across the field (usually enclosed by a wreath), first appeared under Augustus and became popular from the time of

Drusus, son of Tiberius

Trajan, ‘Best of Princes’

Caligula. It continued in use right up until the end of the Roman period in the late 5th century and even extended into early Byzantine times. In the 1st century S P Q R P P OB C S and EX S C OB CIVES SERVATOS are typical examples of the legends shown in this way; and the 2nd century saw the use of inscriptions such as S P Q R OPTIMO PRINCIPI, PRIMI DECENNALES COS III, and VOTA PVBLICA. During the 3rd century the legend VOTIS DECENNALIBVS appeared quite regularly, whilst in the Constantinian era the trend was towards inscriptions giving the emperor’s name. Later 4th and 5th

Votive inscription (Trajan Decius)

Votive inscription (Constantius II)

century epigraphic reverses are confined almost exclusively to commemoration of the vows undertaken for various periods of the emperor’s rule, e.g. VOT V, VOT V MVLT X, VOTIS XXX MVLTIS XXXX, etc. This type of reverse extended into early Byzantine times, though ultimately the numerals came to be reproduced mechanically from earlier issues without regard to their true meaning. The latest examples appear on Carthaginian silver coins of Justinian I (AD 527–65).

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3. Mythological Types. These are rare on the Imperial coinage, except for the representations of the she-wolf suckling the twins Romulus and Remus (this type occurs on the coinages of many of the emperors from Vespasian to Constantine). A denarius of Augustus depicts the fate of Tarpeia, the Roman traitress, who admitted the Sabines to the citadel in return for the promise of gold. Instead of giving her their armlets the enemy soldiers, disgusted at her treachery, cast their shields

Aeneas (Antoninus Pius)

Tarpeia (Augustus)

Wolf and twins (Maxentius) upon her and crushed her to death. An interesting reverse of Antoninus Pius shows a striding figure of the Trojan prince Aeneas, bearing his aged father Anchises on his shoulders and leading his son Ascanius by the hand. This formed part of a series produced in anticipation of the upcoming 900th anniversary of Rome. 4. Nautical Types. Representations of ships are not uncommon on the Roman coinage and there are even two instances of a ‘bird’s-eye’ view of the harbour installations at Ostia (on sestertii of Nero and Trajan). The galley type which appears frequently on the coinage of Hadrian is commemorative of the emperor’s numerous voyages during his Empire-wide travels. Similar depictions, though not always so finely rendered, appear on the coins of many of Hadrian’s successors (Marcus

Ostia harbour (Nero)

Galley (Hadrian)

Aurelius and Lucius Verus, Commodus, Caracalla, Elagabalus, Postumus, etc.). Especially noteworthy are the galleys shown on the coinages of the British usurpers Carausius and Allectus (AD 287–296) whose regimes depended so heavily on naval power. Even as late as the reign of Theodosius the Great (379–95) there is a type on the maiorina (‘Æ 2’) denomination which shows the emperor standing on a galley with Victory at the helm. One other type which has claim to be included under this heading is the ‘dolphin entwined around anchor’ reverse which occurs on aurei and denarii of Titus and Domitian.

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5. Symbolic Types. These appear sporadically throughout the entire period of the Roman Imperial coinage and usually have some religious association. Exceptions to this are types such as the pileus or felt cap, symbolic of liberty, on quadrantes of Caligula; and four young boys at play, representing spring, summer, autumn, and winter, on the coins of several of the emperors from Commodus to Constantine. The thunderbolt, however, which sometimes appears on its own as a reverse type,

Emblems of the priesthoods (Augustus)

Thunderbolt (Antoninus Pius)

does have religious significance, it being symbolic of Jupiter, the chief deity in the Roman pantheon. More obviously of a religious nature are the types which depict various groups of emblems symbolic of the Roman priesthoods, such as the simpulum, lituus, tripod, patera, aspergillum, apex, sacrificial knife, axe, and jug. An early denarius of Nero (under Claudius) shows the first four of these symbols, each one representing one of the priestly colleges (the Pontifices, the Augures, the Quindecimviri Sacris Faciundis, and the Septemviri Epulones) to which the young Nero was admitted in AD 51. This type of reverse, which appeared quite frequently up to the end of the 3rd century, was superseded from the time of Constantine by types alluding to Christianity, the new state religion of the Roman Empire. The first representation of the labarum (the Christian standard) occurs on Constantinopolitan centenionales of Constantine issued in AD 327, whilst a large Christogram appears in the 350s as the main type on coins of the western usurpers Magnentius and Decentius, and on subsequent issues of Constantius II. The Cross, the supreme symbol of the Christian faith, became popular as a reverse type in the 5th century and occurs most frequenty on the gold tremissis denomination.

Christogram (Magnentius)

Cross (Romulus Augustus)

The foregoing notes can make no claim to completeness in describing the various aspects of Roman Imperial reverse types. The topic is so vast that the author can only hope to have stimulated the reader sufficiently to encourage further study in more detailed works. Collectors may also have found here some challenging new themes for the formation of a collection.

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THE REVERSE TYPES OF THE IMPERIAL COINAGE THE REVERSE TYPES OF THE IMPERIAL COINAGE

Before concluding this section of the introductory material brief mention should be made of the typology of the pre-Imperial Republican series which spans the first two and a half centuries of the Roman coinage. Although Republican coins exhibit an enormous variety of imagery, especially in their later stages, there are few consistent themes which can be traced throughout the series as a whole. The reason for this may be sought in the nature of the issuing authority, for under the Republican constitution responsibility for coin production was in the hands of the annually elected mint magistrates, or moneyers. Initially, during the 3rd century BC, there was little originality shown in the selection of types and the entire process would seem to have been under the control of the Senate as a whole, with the moneyers serving merely in an administrative capacity. Soon after the currency reform of circa 211 BC, however, the moneyers’ names began to appear on the coins, initially as monograms but soon evolving into longer forms which make identification easier. At this stage the typology of the standard silver coin (denarius) is monotonous and clearly under rigid control (head of Roma/Dioscuri galloping) with just occasional variations in the standard design, such as the introduction of the ‘Luna in biga’ reverse in the first decade of the 2nd century BC and the ‘Victory in biga’ type in the years before the middle of the century. Around 140 BC, however, there is a clear and dramatic change, with a whole new range of types suddenly appearing. Obviously, some reassessment of the moneyer’s role had taken place and his authority had been expanded to include participation in the selection of the design of the coins being struck in his name. This resulted in an explosion of diversity in the types of the denarius, many of them making reference to the ancestral history of the individual moneyers. Thus, the types produced by the mint in one year frequently bore no resemblance to those that had preceded them or those that were to follow. Although adding immeasurably to the interest of the series as a whole, this development precludes the possibility of any kind of ordered categorization, there being nothing governing the type selection other than the individual whim of the moneyer. This situation continued to the very end of the series, though with the rise of powerful individuals such as Sulla, Pompey, and Caesar in the final decades of the Republic the selection of types often began to serve the political agendas of the Imperators rather than the vanity of the moneyers. With the triumph of the principle of autocratic rule in the person of Caesar’s heir, Octavian, the prerogative of coinage passed under an entirely new authority and one which would certainly not brook interference from any other source. The Imperial coinage was, from first to last, a jealously guarded and vital publicity tool of the emperor. A series closely related to the Roman Imperial coinage is the Roman Provincial coinage, often referred to as ‘Greek Imperial’. Issued from hundreds of mints in Europe, Asia Minor, the Levant, Egypt and North Africa, these coinages served the needs of many local communities, especially in the East, over the first three centuries of the Empire’s existence. They exhibit an extraordinary diversity of reverse types many of which make reference to topics of local interest, such as noted architectural features of the city and local festivals and associated games. The names of civic and provincial officials appear quite frequently on these issues, making the series as a whole an invaluable resource for students of Roman provincial administration. With the notable exception of the Alexandrian coinage of Egypt, these issues fall outside the scope of the present work and the reader is referred to the author’s companion volume Greek Imperial Coins and Their Values as well as to the magisterial new series Roman Provincial Coinage.

COUNTERMARKS ON THE AES COINAGE OF THE EARLY EMPIRE During the Julio-Claudian period and up to the opening months of Vespasian’s reign the practice of countermarking brass and copper coins was quite widespread. These overstrikings served three main purposes: to extend the area in which the coin would be accepted as currency; to prolong the useful life of a coin which had been in circulation over an extended period of time; and to denote that a new authority was converting someone else’s issue into its own. To the first category belong countermarks of the reigns of Augustus and Tiberius which were intended for the use of Roman troops engaged on campaigns, principally in Germany. These

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include overstrikings such as AVG (with AV in monogram form), AV (in monogram), and IMP (in monogram), all of the time of Augustus; and TIB, TIB IMP (IMP in monogram), and TIB AV (AV in monogram) from the reign of Tiberius. Claudius seems to have followed a similar practice at the time of his invasion of Britain in AD 43, applying countermarks such as TI AV (AV in monogram), T C IMP (MP in monogram), and TI CLAV IM (LAV in monogram). Countermarks extending the period of circulation of old coins belong mainly to the early years of Nero’s reign, when no new aes coinage was being produced by the Rome mint. The purpose of this was to withdraw those pieces which had become too worn for continued use and to countermark (usually with ‘NCAPR’) coins which were still in good enough condition to remain in circulation for a few years more. A particularly interesting countermark of this period has been noted on a very worn sestertius. It contains the legend ‘DVP’ thus indicating that the piece was being officially authorized to remain in circulation, though only at half of its original value. In the period of civil strife at the end of Nero’s reign and immediately following his death, countermarks such as SPQR, PR, and VITE (VIT in monogram) were employed. The first two were used by Vindex, leader of the anti-Nero uprising in Gaul, and the third was the mark of the Emperor Vitellius. Vindex countermarked dupondii and asses of Nero, whilst Vitellius used only his sestertii. Vespasian, the ruler who eventually emerged victorious from the chaos of the civil wars and went on to found the Flavian dynasty, also countermarked dupondii and asses of Nero with a monogram of his name. The same emperor was also responsible for a remarkable series of countermarks on silver coins of the Republic and early Empire, possibly applied at the Antioch mint. Being without the facilities to produce a regular coinage to publicize his regime in the early days of his revolt against Vitellius, he adopted the expedient of marking with the legend ‘IMP VESP’ as many denarii as he could lay his hands on. Countermarks were rarely applied on Roman coins after this period, but in the Roman Provincial (‘Greek Imperial’) series they occur quite frequently well into the 3rd century, possibly even as late as the reign of Aurelian (AD 270–75).

ROMAN MINTS FROM AUGUSTUS TO THE REFORM OF DIOCLETIAN The chaotic monetary system which Octavian inherited on gaining supreme power in 30 BC was the result of decades of civil strife and the eclipse of the Senate as the supreme authority in the Roman World. In the days of the Republic the issue of coinage was entirely in the hands of the Senate, who annually appointed the monetary magistrates to superintend the operations of the mint. Rome itself was the principal mint, but sometimes, under special circumstances, establishments were utilized in other locations, not always in Italy, though still under the control of the Roman Senate. In the final half century before the overthrow of the Republican constitution a new minting authority appeared in the Roman World – the Imperator. These powerful military commanders in the field assumed the right to produce coinage, and although at first they applied to the Senate for permission to strike money for the payment of their troops this irksome formality was quickly dispensed with. These ‘military coinages’ gradually started appearing in various parts of the Roman World quite independently of all Senatorial authority. As a final blow, early in 49 BC the Senate was obliged to flee to Greece at the time of the war between Caesar and Pompey, thus leaving control of the mint of Rome entirely in the hands of Caesar. Following the dictator’s assassination on the Ides of March, 44 BC, the Senate looked forward to a restoration of many of the prerogatives it had surrendered during the previous half decade, including its control over the operations of the mint. However, Caesar’s youthful heir, Octavian, quickly took charge of the situation in Rome, thereby putting paid to the Senate’s hopes of a revival of their authority. Coinage from the Capitoline mint ceased altogether in 40 BC and thereafter all the currency needs of the State were provided by military establishments under the control of the Triumvirs Octavian and Mark Antony.

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Once Octavian – now called Augustus – had firmly established his constitutional position, in the years following his victory over Antony and Cleopatra, he turned his attention to the muchneeded reorganization of the coinage. About 19 BC minting of aurei and denarii in Rome was resumed after more than two decades, and soon afterwards aes coinage was instituted as a regular part of the currency system. However, the new precious metal coinage from Rome was destined to be short-lived and ceased altogether after 12 BC. Augustus had other plans for the creation of a new mint establishment to produce his regular gold and silver issues. A number of provincial mints had been active from the mid-twenties down to about 16 BC, notably in Spain, but the city selected was Lugdunum, the provincial capital of Gaul, where a mint was opened in 15 BC. It soon became the only mint striking in the precious metals and was destined to retain this monopoly down to the time of Nero’s currency reform in AD 64. Additionally, the Gallic mint had a substantial output of aes, in various denominations, commencing in 10 BC and extending down to the early years of Tiberius’ reign. These depicted on the reverse the celebrated ‘Altar of Lugdunum’ dedicated by Augustus in 10 BC. Another Gallic mint, Nemausus, was also active at this time (and earlier) in the production of dupondii bearing the heads of Augustus and Agrippa on obverse. In the East, the great Asian cities of Ephesus and Pergamum produced large issues of silver cistophori (= 3 denarii) in the 20s BC, though this coinage ceased after 18 BC and was not revived until the reign of Claudius. The mint system established by Augustus continued with little change down to the time of the reform enacted by Nero in AD 64. A notable addition was the mint of Caesarea in Cappadocia where silver drachms (and later didrachms and hemidrachms also) were produced from the closing years of Tiberius’ reign. Nero’s reform saw the return of precious metal minting to Rome for the first time in three-quarters of a century. Lugdunum continued as an important mint, but now striking aes denominations to supplement the output of Rome. The Civil Wars of AD 68–9 occasioned the opening of many new temporary mints, as the various contestants for power required plentiful supplies of coined money to secure the loyalty of their troops. Tarraco, Narbo, Vienne, Nemausus, Lugdunum, Carthage, and an uncertain location in Lower Germany, are all credited with having been Imperial mints at this time. In the East, the revolt of Vespasian against Vitellius’ regime led to the opening of other temporary mints, such as Alexandria, Tyre, Antioch, Ephesus, and Aquileia, though none of these was destined to survive for long into the Flavian period. Once Vespasian had emerged as the victor from this complicated series of internal conflicts Rome soon resumed its dominant place as the provider of the Empire’s currency. Lugdunum still struck sporadically in aes throughout the reign; Ephesus seems to have had a late output of denarii in AD 76; and Samosata in Commagene produced a series of orichacum denominations (dupondius, as, and semis) spanning most of the reign. With the return to more settled conditions, the coinages of the reigns of Vespasian’s sons, Titus (AD 79–81) and Domitian (81–96), belong almost entirely to Rome, though silver cistophori were produced in Asia, probably at Ephesus. Throughout most of the 2nd century the mint of Rome exercised a virtual monopoly in the production of the regular Roman coinage. Cistophori were still struck at various mints in Asia Minor down to the time of Hadrian, whose output was on an impressive scale, but thereafter production ceases (except for an isolated late issue under Septimius Severus). This period of stability came to an end in the final decade of the century when the Empire was again plunged into civil war through the rivalries of Septimius Severus, Pescennius Niger, and Clodius Albinus. Antioch, the Syrian capital and third city of the Empire, produced coinage for Niger, as did Alexandria and Caesarea; whilst Albinus utilized Lugdunum for his independent coinage between AD 195 and 197. Following the defeat of Niger in 194 or 195 Antioch was disgraced for having served as the seat of opposition to Severus. Accordingly, when coinage was subsequently struck for Severus in Syria this was produced at Emesa, the home of Severus’ wife Julia Domna, and later at Laodicea (Alexandria and other eastern mints may also have participated in this coinage). Laodicea was the last of the temporary mints to cease production of Roman denominations under Severus, following the Imperial family’s return to Rome after an extended absence in the East (AD 203). Rome, meanwhile, was continuing its steady output of all denominations, and after 203 regained its monopoly of production of the Imperial coinage following a decade of turbulence. For the next fifteen years Rome remained the sole mint, but with Elagabalus’ revolt against Macrinus in AD 218 production of aurei and denarii recommenced in Syria. Antioch was the

ROMAN MINTS ROMAN MINTS

67 67

probable mint for these issues which extended intermittently into the early years of Severus Alexander. After this, and until the reign of Gordian III (AD 238–44), Rome again struck alone, but this was to be the final period of mint monopoly which the Imperial capital was destined to enjoy. In addition to striking all denominations at Rome, Gordian issued some of his antoniniani from at least two other mints. Because of his extensive military operations in the East the Syrian capital of Antioch was, undoubtedly, responsible for part of this provincial coinage. The Balkan mint of Viminacium is the other suggested mint-place for a number of types which clearly are of a style distinct from those attributed to Antioch. The Antiochene issues of antoniniani continued under Philip (244–9), Trajan Decius (249–51), and Trebonianus Gallus (251–3); whilst Aemilian (253) issued all of his coins at Rome, with the sole exception of a number of rare antoniniani struck at some unidentified mint in the Balkans. The joint reign of Valerian and Gallienus (AD 253–60) saw some important developments significant of the future move towards total decentralization of the Imperial mint system. A new western mint, probably at Cologne, was opened at this time and another new establishment, located either at Cyzicus in Asia Minor or at Emesa in Syria, commenced operation. Other than the products of Rome, precise mint identification at this time remains problematic because of the lack of explicit mint marks. Antioch certainly seems to have maintained its output of coinage and a Balkan mint, perhaps at Viminacium, seems also to have been active. A notable policy change at this time was the decision to allow provincial mints to strike gold on a regular basis, a precedent which was followed in varying degrees by most of Valerian’s successors. This was by no means the first time that mints other than Rome had produced coinage in gold, but from this point on such issues become a normal feature of the Imperial coinage and serve to emphasize the dwindling importance of the capital as the coining centre of the Empire. During the troubled sole reign of Gallienus (AD 260–68) the beleaguered emperor was forced to revise his father’s mint arrangements, due to considerable losses of territory in both the eastern and western halves of the Empire. In the West, the rebellion of Postumus in Gaul (AD 260) meant that the newly-opened mint at Cologne was lost to the central government and to take its place Gallienus opened a new mint at Siscia (Sisak, Croatia). Mediolanum (Milan) also seems to have become active at this time, producing antoniniani and gold. In the East, the capture of Valerian by Sapor of Persia in AD 260 inaugurated a period of about twelve years during which Rome exercised very little authority in the eastern provinces, the real power being in the hands of Odenathus and Zenobia, rulers of the desert kingdom of Palmyra. During this period Gallienus certainly produced substantial issues of coinage in the East which are generally assigned to Antioch, though given the prevailing political and military situation in the region it would, perhaps, be preferable to attribute them to Cyzicus. It is possible that other subsidiary mints were also operating at this time in western Asia Minor. Claudius II Gothicus (AD 268–70), the successor of Gallienus, continued to use all of the mints already in operation and available to the central government (Rome, Milan, Siscia, and Cyzicus), whilst antoniniani were also struck in his name at Antioch, the Palmyrene rulers having decided to adopt a more conciliatory attitude towards the new regime in Rome. Aurelian (AD 270–75), the great restorer of Rome’s fortunes in the later 3rd century and reformer of the currency, seems to have issued coins from at least eleven mints: Rome; Cologne, Trier, and Lugdunum (the Gallic provinces having been recovered in AD 273); Milan; Ticinum (opened by Aurelian at the time of the currency reform in 273/4 to replace Milan as the northern Italian mint); Siscia; Serdica (another creation of Aurelian); Cyzicus; Antioch (Palmyra having been conquered in 272); and Tripolis in Phoenicia (also opened by Aurelian). Gold was issued at seven of these mints. The Gallic Empire of Postumus had pursued its own policies from AD 260, though Gallienus’ recently created mint at Cologne appears to have been retained as the principal source of coinage throughout the thirteen years of the rebel state’s existence. Postumus (AD 260–68) seems to have used a secondary Gallic mint for some of his extensive aes issues, and a number of antoniniani and aurei may also be attributed to Milan. The rare coinage of the usurper Laelianus (268) was struck in Lower Germany, either at Moguntiacum (Mainz) or Trier. Postumus’ short-lived successor Marius (AD 268) struck most of his coinage at Cologne, though the products of a secondary mint are clearly identifiable and the establishment was probably located at Trier. The final two rulers of the Gallic Empire, Victorinus (268–70) and Tetricus (270–73), would seem to have retained this two-mint system (Cologne and Trier) down to the end of the state’s

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independent existence. Aurelian assumed control of the ‘rebel’ mints on his defeat of Tetricus in 273, but soon replaced them with a new establishment at Lugdunum. The final two decades of the period covered by this survey (Tacitus to Diocletian’s currency reform, mid-270s to mid-290s) saw few changes in the mint system established by Aurelian. Two new mints appear under Diocletian in the pre-reform period; one of them (Trier) a revival of an establishment utilized by the Gallic usurpers in the late 260s and early 270s; the other (Heraclea in Thrace) an entirely new creation. The independent British Empire of Carausius (AD 287–93) and his successor Allectus (293–6) brought into being several new mints, though only one of these (London) was destined to survive the restoration of the rule of the central government by the Caesar Constantius Chlorus. Camulodunum (Colchester) is usually regarded as the site of the second mint in Britain, though Clausentum (Bitterne) also has its supporters. Products of this mint are usually marked ‘C’ or ‘CL’ and the matter cannot be regarded as having been satisfactorily settled. Certain coins of Carausius show a distinctive style and may represent activity on the part of a mint in northwestern Gaul where the usurper’s naval superiority allowed him to control some territory, at least in the earlier part of his reign. Rotomagus (Rouen) has been postulated on the basis of local finds, but the attribution can only be regarded as conjectural.

MINTS AND MINT MARKS OF THE LATER ROMAN EMPIRE

Carthage: follis of Diocletian from the first officina

Alexandria: follis of Galeria Valeria from the third officina

Siscia: maiorina of Constantius II from the first officina

Treveri: solidus of Valentinian I from the third officina

Roman Imperial coins began to bear mint marks about the middle of the 3rd century, though the practice had occurred much earlier on denarii and aurei of Ephesus issued during the reign of Vespasian (AD 69–79). The marks which began to appear – principally on antoniniani – from the closing years of Philip I’s reign are seldom self-explanatory, normally identifying only the specific workshop or officina within the mint. Presumably, these were placed on the coins so that there

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might be some accountability on the part of mint officials and workers. Coins of less than standard weight or fineness could be traced back to those responsible for their production and the culprits suitably dealt with. With the advent of the monetary reform of Diocletian in the final decade of the 3rd century the name of the mint city itself customarily becomes an integral part of the mint mark, though it is sometimes abbreviated to a single initial letter, e.g. H = Heraclea, N = Nicomedia. A mint mark is normally placed in the exergual space on the reverse side of the coin and may be composed of up to three elements: firstly, a letter or letters indicating Pecunia (P), Sacra Moneta (SM), or simply Moneta (M); secondly, a letter or letters identifying the mint city, such as LON for Londinium; and finally, a letter or letters showing which of the mint’s workshops or officinae had produced the coin. At the western mints the officina letters are usually Latin – P, S, T and Q standing for Prima, Secunda, Tertia and Quarta. In the East, however, the system of Greek letter-numerals prevailed, the comparable officina letters being A, B, G and D. Thus, a coin of Alexandria may may bear the mint mark SMALB showing that it was struck in the second officina. Some eastern mints had many officinae. Antioch, for example, had fifteen (IE) under Constantius II, and Constantinople eleven (IA). Certain mints sometimes omit the prefix letter or letters, an example being Trier where the commonest forms of mint mark are TRP and TRS. Where PTR and STR occur the prefix letters are officina marks placed before instead of after the mint letters. Sometimes the officina letter appears in the field rather than the exergue. A small mint, such as London, may have no indication of officina (presumably because the mint establishment comprised a single workshop only). Many of the London issues of the Constantinian period are signed simply PLN or PLON. Under Valentinian I and Valens the letters PS (on silver) and OB (on gold) make their first appearance. These are abbreviations for pusulatum (‘pure silver’) and obryza (‘pure gold’) and they follow the mint letters, e.g. TRPS and TROB. Eventually, the form CONOB came to be utilized universally, without regard to the place of mintage, the actual mint letters sometimes appearing as a secondary element in the field. An important variation used at a number of western mints was COMOB. This may have had a slightly different meaning, the COM possibly indicating the office of Comes Auri (‘Count of Gold’), the official charged with the responsibility of supervising the Imperial gold supplies in the western provinces of the Empire. In addition to the mint and officina letters, symbols, such as a wreath, a crescent, or a palmbranch, are sometimes found in the exergue or in the reverse field. Of rarer occurrence are letters or symbols appearing in the obverse field, usually behind the ruler’s head. All of these denote the specific issue to which the coin belongs. There follows a list of the mints employed at various times from Diocletian’s reform down to the end of the Roman period about two centuries later. To list all the complex mint signatures would be a task beyond the scope of this work. However, most of the commoner mint marks are included, though all reference to symbols and officina letters has, of necessity, been omitted. Nevertheless, it is anticipated that the details provided will be sufficient to enable collectors to identify the mints of most of the late Roman coins he or she is likely to encounter. Alexandria (Egypt): ALE, SMAL. Operational for Roman currency from ca. AD 294. Finally closed under Leo I (AD 457–74). Ambianum, more correctly Civitas Ambianensium, previously Samarobriva (Amiens, France): AMB. Briefly operational under the usurper Magnentius (a native of the city), AD 350–53. Antioch-on-the-Orontes (Antakyé, Turkey): AN, ANT, ANTOB, SMAN. Operational down to the time of Zeno, the final issues being of the usurper Leontius (AD 484–8). Aquileia (Udine, Veneto, Italy): AQ, AQVIL, AQOB, AQPS, SMAQ. Operational from ca. Finally closed in the early years of Valentinian III, soon after AD 425.

AD

294.

Arelate/Constantina (Arles, France): A, AR, ARL, CON, CONST, KON, KONSTAN. Operational from AD 313 (establishment transferred from Ostia). Finally closed ca. AD 476. (In AD 328 the name of Arelate was changed to Constantina in honour of Constantine II. After his death in 340 the name reverted to Arelate, but in 353 Constantius II changed it back to Constantina. During the 5th century Arelate seems again to have been generally preferred).

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Barcino (Barcelona, Spain): SMBA. Briefly operational under the usurper Maximus, AD 410–11. Camulodunum or Clausentum (Colchester or Bitterne near Southampton): C, CL. Briefly operational under the usurpers Carausius and Allectus, AD 287–96. Carthage (near Tunis, Tunisia): K, PK, KART. Operational AD 296–307 and 308–11. Constantinople (Istanbul, Turkey): C, CP, CON, CONS, CONSP, CONOB. Operational from (establishment transferred from Ticinum).

AD

326

Cyzicus (Belkis or Balkiz, Turkey): CM, CVZ, CVZIC, CVZIKEN, K, KV, MK, MKV, SMK. Finally closed under Zeno (AD 474–91). Heraclea (Eregli, Turkey): H, HT, HERAC, HERACL, SMH, SMHT. Operational from ca. Finally closed under Leo I (AD 457–74).

AD

291.

(The old Greek city of Perinthus on the European coast of the Propontis, its name was changed to Heraclea some time during the course of the 3rd century AD). Londinium (London): L, ML, MLL, MLN, MSL, PLN, PLON, AVG, AVGOB, AVGPS. Operational 287–325, and for a brief period under the usurper Magnus Maximus (AD 383–8).

AD

Lugdunum (Lyon, France): LG, LP, LVG, LVGD, LVGPS, PL, PLG. Finally closed under Honorius, ca. 418.

AD

Mediolanum (Milan, Italy): MD, MDOB, MDPS, MED. Operational intermittently from ca. down to the reign of Zeno (AD 474–91). Nicomedia (Ismit, Turkey): MN, NIC, NICO, NIK, SMN. Operational from ca. reign of Zeno (AD 474–91).

AD

AD

352

294 down to the

Ostia (the port of Rome): MOST, POST. Operational under the usurper Maxentius and for a brief period under Constantine, AD 308/9–313. Ravenna (Italy): RV, RVPS. Established by Honorius ca. AD 402 and operational down to the time of Zeno (AD 474–91). Roma: CORMOB, R, RM, RMPS, ROMA, ROMOB, SMR, VRBrROM. Operational down to the time of Zeno (AD 474–91). Serdica (Sophia, Bulgaria): SMSD, SER. Operational briefly ca. AD 303–8 and again in 313–14. Sirmium (Sremska Mitrovica, Yugoslavia): SIRM, SIROB, SM (?). Operational only sporadically, from AD 320–26, 351–64, 379, and possibly also in 393–5. Siscia (Sisak, Croatia, Yugoslavia): SIS, SISC, SISCPS, SM (?). Finally closed in the early 390s, or possibly as late as the reign of Honorius, after the death of Arcadius in AD 408. Thessalonica (Thessaloniki, Greece): CHES, COM, COMOB, CONOB, SMTS, TS, TES, TESA, TESOB, THES, THS, THSOB. Operational from ca. AD 298/9 and finally closed under Zeno (AD 474–91). Ticinum (Pavia, Italy): SMT, T. Finally closed Constantinople).

AD

326 (establishment then transferred to

Treveri, more correctly Augusta Treverorum (Trier, Germany): SMTR, TR, TRE, TRIOB, TRMS, TROB, TROBS, TRPS. Operational from ca. AD 291. Finally closed under Valentinian III in the late 420s. The following mints were reopened in Byzantine times: Alexandria (ca. AD 538); Antioch (ca. AD 498); Carthage (ca. AD 534); Cyzicus (ca. AD 518); Nicomedia (ca. AD 498); Ravenna (ca. AD 555); Rome (ca. AD 552); and Thessalonica (ca. AD 518).

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DATING ROMAN IMPERIAL COINS DATING ROMAN IMPERIAL COINS

DATING ROMAN IMPERIAL COINS The ability to date with a surprising degree of precision many of the coins struck under the Roman Empire provides the student of this remarkably varied series yet another theme for the formation of a collection. Many people collect Roman Imperial coins in order to assemble a ‘portrait gallery’ of emperors and empresses; others form their collections on the basis of illustrating the bewildering variety of deities, architectural themes, or commemorations of military campaigns appearing as reverse types; whilst some collectors are attracted by the diversity of mints, scattered throughout the Mediterranean world and northern Europe, at which the Imperial coinage was produced over more than half a millennium. A collection formed on the basis of important dates in Roman history is, however, one theme which most numismatists have probably overlooked and it can be most rewarding. Thus, one might acquire a coin of AD 70, the year of the capture of Jerusalem by Titus; one of AD 79, which saw the famous eruption of Vesuvius which buried Pompeii and Herculaneum; a coin of Hadrian of the year in which construction began on Hadrian’s Wall following the emperor’s visit to the province (AD 122); and a coin of Constantine, the first Christian emperor, struck in the year in which he experienced his celebrated ‘vision of the Cross’ (AD 312). The scope for such a collection is obviously very great, and it has the added advantage of encouraging the collector to undertake his or her own research in order to discover the significance of coins already acquired before pursuing the process further. One reason for the neglect of this approach is that many collectors are unaware of how to set about dating Roman Imperial coins. It is hoped, therefore, that the following notes, together with the tables of ‘Principal Chronological Criteria’ appearing in each of the two volumes in this work, will provide much of the necessary information. Users of this new Millennium Edition will also notice that in the catalogue entries much fuller information has been provided on the place and time of mintage of each individual type, thus increasing the awareness of chronology. Tribunicia Potestas (the tribunician power, usually TR P on the coins). The tribunes of the people were first appointed in the early days of the Republic to protect the rights of the lower classes (plebeians) against the powerful aristocrats (patricians). From these humble beginnings the power of the tribunes gradually increased until, under the pretext of defending the rights of the people, they were able to do virtually anything they pleased. This almost unlimited power was drastically curtailed in later Republican times, notably by Sulla, and although many of the rights and privileges of the tribunes were restored after the dictator’s death, a few decades later they were again deprived of power by Julius Caesar. Augustus, in establishing the constitutional basis for his new Imperial rule, quickly realized the advantages to be gained through possession of the power of the tribunes. An added attraction was its popularity with the people, in sharp contrast to the hated titles of rex and dictator. Accordingly, in 23 BC he had the tribunician power conferred on him for life, thus gathering into his hands many important prerogatives previously enjoyed by the tribunes of the people. He was now empowered to convene and dismiss both the Senate and the Assembly of the People and also to veto any order of the Senate. In addition, the tribunician power rendered his person sacred and inviolable, a valuable asset for an autocrat. As the emperor wished the tribunician power to be regarded as the basis for his authority it was natural that he should introduce the custom of reckoning the years of his reign by the date of its symbolic annual renewal. The precedent having thus been instituted, this became the normal practice of Augustus’ successors and the number of annual renewals of the tribunician power, appearing regularly in the inscriptions on the coinage, provide valuable evidence in establishing the numismatic chronology of each reign. The method employed for selecting the actual date of this annual renewal seems to have varied from reign to reign. Some emperors used the day of its initial conferment (June 27th in the case of Augustus), whilst others preferred the traditional Republican date for the appointment of the tribunes (December 10th). Yet another practice was to renew on January 1st, thus making the tribunician year coincide with the calendar year. Imperator (usually IMP on the coins). This title, originally meaning ‘commander’ and used to

DATING ROMAN IMPERIAL COINS DATING ROMAN IMPERIAL COINS

73 73

describe a victorious general, was utilized in several different ways in Imperial times. One use was as a praenomen or personal name of the emperor, by virtue of his supreme command over all the legions, auxiliaries, and naval officers comprising the Empire’s armed forces. From the reign of Vespasian it was normally placed before all the other names and titles of the emperor and at about the same time it replaced princeps as the popular designation of the emperor. Another use of ‘imperator’ was to enumerate the victories of the emperor during the course of his reign. Whenever a Roman army achieved some outstanding military success the emperor received an imperatorial acclamation, regardless of whether or not he was personally in command. The numbers of these acclamations are sometimes included in coin inscriptions and when they are frequent, as in the cases of Domitian, Marcus Aurelius, and the early years of Septimius Severus, they can provide valuable chronological evidence. Consul (usually COS on the coins). The annual office of consul was established immediately after the abolition of the monarchy in Rome in 510 BC and was the highest of the annual magistracies. There were two colleagues in the consulship and during their year of office they wielded an almost regal power over the government of the Republic, only exceeded by that of a dictator appointed on rare occasions in cases of extreme national crisis. Their authority, however, was considerably diminished by the appointment of the tribunes of the people, who were the only magistrates not subject to the consuls. During the final half century of the Republic’s existence their influence was frequently compromised by the authority of the powerful military commanders in the field, the imperators. Nevertheless, being the supreme magistrates of the State, the power of the Consuls remained considerable as long as the Republic endured Under the Empire consuls continued to be appointed. However, although all the grandeur of the office was retained, the holders of the consulship no longer exercised any of the political power of their Republican predecessors. Quite frequently, more than one pair of consuls were appointed for each year and from the reign of Vespasian it was normal for at least five pairs to hold office annually. The emperor himself would sometimes hold the consulship. If he did so frequently, and advertised the fact regularly on his coins, then it can be a useful indicator of date. In this respect the Flavian emperors were especially helpful: Vespasian held the consulship eight times in ten years; Titus eight times in twelve years; and Domitian seventeen times in twenty-seven years. In marked contrast, Hadrian only held the consulship three times, in the first three years of his 21–year reign. In consequence, the inscription COS III for Hadrian covers the long period AD 119–138. Pontifex Maximus (usually P M on the coins). The Pontifex Maximus was the head of the Pontifices, one of the four senior colleges of priests in Rome, who were charged with the supervision of ceremonies connected with the state religion (interestingly, in a remarkable example of long-term continuity this title is still borne by the Pope today). It was a dignity which, once conferred, was held for life and Augustus did not receive it until after the death of Lepidus (Caesar’s successor as Pontifex Maximus) in 13 BC. Thereafter, it became one of the titles normally assumed by the emperors at the time of their accession. Prior to the brief rule of Balbinus and Pupienus in AD 238 the title of Pontifex Maximus always went to the senior emperor in the case of a joint reign, the title of Pontifex going to the junior partner (this lesser designation usually also applied to the Caesar, or heir to the throne). Balbinus and Pupienus set a precedent for succeeding emperors by sharing the office of Pontifex Maximus. Pater Patriae (usually P P on the coins). This title of honour, meaning “Father of his Country”, was conferred on Augustus in 2 BC and was subsequently assumed by most, but not all, of his successors at the time of their accession. Tiberius steadfastly refused the title and some emperors, such as Hadrian and Marcus Aurelius, only accepted it after they had reigned for a number of years. Thus, coins of Hadrian containing P P in their obverse or reverse legends must be dated subsequent to AD 128, at least eleven years after the commencement of his reign. Armeniacus, Britannicus, Germanicus, Parthicus, etc. (usually abbreviated to ARM, BRIT, GERM, PARTH, etc. on the coins). These were titles awarded in commemoration of military victories achieved over foreign enemies. The following will serve as an example in the use of the tables of ‘Principal Chronological Criteria’ appearing in each of the two volumes in this catalogue. A sestertius of Commodus (AD

74 74

DATING ROMAN IMPERIAL COINS DATING ROMAN IMPERIAL COINS

177–192) bears the legends M COMMODVS ANT P FELIX AVG BRIT (on obverse) and P M TR P XI IMP VII COS V P P S C (on reverse). Referring to the tables it will be seen that the eleventh year of Commodus’ tribunician power spanned the years AD 185–186. As Commodus seems to have renewed his tribunician power on December 10th it is obviously more likely that this piece was struck in 186. However, in order to confirm this some title must be found on the coin to verify the attribution. If we look at the obverse legend we will find that the titles Pius (P), Britannicus (BRIT) and Felix were bestowed on Commodus in AD 183, 184 and 185 respectively and thus provide no assistance in confirming the coin to AD 186. Turning to the reverse legend, we see that Commodus bears the title Pontifex Maximus (P M), but according to the table we see that he achieved this status in 180, on the death of his father Marcus Aurelius. His seventh imperatorial acclamation (IMP VII) was in 184 and probably records victories of the Roman governor Ulpius Marcellus in northern Britain; whilst the title of Pater Patriae (P P) had been bestowed on him as early as AD 177. This leaves us with COS V which, on checking, we will find is the only title which can securely attribute our coin to AD 186 – the year which saw the remarkable mutiny instigated by the army deserter Maternus on the Rhine frontier which was to spread throughout Gaul and into Spain. Many issues, of course, do not bear strings of titles enabling them do be dated with great precision, and the coinages of empresses lack all such indications. However, over recent decades much work has been done by scholars on establishing the chronological sequence of issues within specific periods, and in this connection collectors and students are strongly recommended to the works of Dr. Philip V. Hill (‘The Undated Coins of Rome, A.D. 98–148’ and ‘The Coinage of Septimius Severus and his Family of the Mint of Rome, A.D. 193–217’, both published by Spink & Son).

ABBREVIATIONS cuir. diad. dr. ex. gm. hd. l.

= = = = = = =

cuirassed diademed draped exergue grammes head left

laur. mm. Obv. r. rad. Rev. stg.

= = = = = = =

laureate millimetres obverse right radiate reverse standing

CONDITIONS OF COINS IN ORDER OF MERIT Abbreviation FDC

English mint state

French fleur-de-coin

German stempelglanz

extremely fine

superbe

vorzüglich

very fine

tres beau

sehr schon

fine

beau

schon

good EF EF nearly EF good VF VF nearly VF good F F nearly F fair

fair

tres bien conservé

sehr gut erhalten

M

mediocre

bien conservé

gut erhalten

ROMAN IMPERIAL COINAGE, 27 BC-AD 491 (Continued from Vol. IV)

Principal references: Askew = G. Askew, The Coinage of Roman Britain. 2nd edition. London, 1980. Baldus = H.R. Baldus, Uranius Antoninus, Münzprägung und Geschichte. Bonn, 1971. Bastien = P. Bastien, Le Monnayage de Bronze de Postume. Wetteren, 1967. P. Bastien, The Iantinum Mint. ANS Museum Notes, vol. 25. New York, 1980. P. Bastien, Le Monnayage de lʼAtelier de Lyon, Dioclétien et ses Corégents avant la Réforme Monétaire (285-294). Wetteren, 1972; also Supplement (P. Bastien, M. Amandry, G. Gauthier), Wetteren, 1989. P. Bastien, Le Monnayage de lʼAtelier de Lyon, De la Réforme Monétaire de Dioclétien à la Fermeture Temporaire de lʼAtelier en 316 (294-316). Wetteren, 1980. P. Bastien, Le Monnayage de lʼAtelier de Lyon, De la Réouverture de lʼAtelier en 318 à la Mort de Constantin (318-337). Wetteren, 1982. P. Bastien, Coins with a Double Effigy Issued by Licinius at Nicomedia, Cyzicus, and Antioch. Numismatic Chronicle, 7th series, vol. XIII, pp. 87-97. London, 1973. BMCG = R.S. Poole, A Catalogue of the Greek Coins in the British Museum, Alexandria and the Nomes. London, 1892. BMCG/Christiansen = E. Christiansen, Coins of Alexandria and the Nomes, a Supplement to the British Museum Catalogue. London, 1991. BMCRE = H. Mattingly, R.A.G. Carson, Coins of the Roman Empire in the British Museum, vols. I-VI. London, 1923-62. BMCRR = H.A. Grueber, Coins of the Roman Republic in the British Museum. London, 1910. C = H. Cohen, Description Historique des Monnaies Frappées sous l’Empire Romain, vols. I-VIII. 2nd edition. Paris, 1880-92. Calicó = X. Calicó, The Roman Aurei. Barcelona, 2003. CBN = J.-B. Giard, Catalogue des Monnaies de l’Empire Romain, vols. I-III (Augustus to Nerva). Paris, 1976-2001. S. Estiot, Catalogue des Monnaies de l’Empire Romain, vol. XII, part 1 (Aurelian to Florian). Paris, 2004. Cologne = A. Geissen, W. Weiser, Katalog Alexandrinischer Kaisermünzen der Sammlung des Instituts für Altertumskunde der Universitat zu Koln. Opladen, 1974-83. CSS = P.V. Hill, The Coinage of Septimius Severus and his Family of the Mint of Rome, A.D. 193217. London, 1977. Curtis = J.W. Curtis, The Tetradrachms of Roman Egypt. Chicago, 1957. Dattari = G. Dattari, Numi Augg. Alexandrini. Cairo, 1901. Depeyrot = G. Depeyrot, Les Monnaies dʼOr de Diocletien à Constantin I (284-337).Wetteren, 1995. G. Depeyrot, Les Monnaies dʼOr de Constantin II à Zenon (337-491). Wetteren, 1996. DOC = P. Grierson and M. Mays, Catalogue of Late Roman Coins in the Dumbarton Oaks Collection and in the Whittemore Collection, Washington, D.C., 1992. EMA = G. Depeyrot, Les Emissions Monétaires dʼArles (Quatrième-Cinquième Siècles). Wetteren, 1996. Emmett = K. Emmett, Alexandrian Coins. Lodi, 2001. Gilljam = H.H. Gilljam, Antoniniani und aurei des Ulpius Cornelius Laelianus, Gegenkaiser des Postumus. Cologne, 1982. Gnecchi = F. Gnecchi, I Medaglioni Romani, vols. I-III. Milan, 1912.

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Göbl = R. Göbl, Regalianus und Dryantilla. Vienna, 1970. Hunter = A.S. Robertson, Roman Imperial Coins in the Hunter Coin Cabinet, University of Glasgow, vols. I-V. Oxford, 1962-82. King = C.E. King, Roman Quinarii from the Republic to Diocletian and the Tetrarchy. Oxford, 2007. Lacam = G. Lacam, La fin de l’empire romain et le monnayageor en Italie, 455-93. Luzern/Paris, 1983. LRBC = R.A.G. Carson, P.V. Hill, and J.P.C. Kent, Late Roman Bronze Coinage, A.D. 324-498. London, 1972. Mazzini = G. Mazzini, Monete Imperiali Romane. Milan, 1957-8. Metcalf = Wm. E. Metcalf, The Cistophori of Hadrian. New York, 1980. Milne = J.G. Milne, Catalogue of Alexandrian Coins, University of Oxford, Ashmolean Museum. Oxford, 1971. MA = R. Paolucci, A. Zub, La Monetazione di Aquileia Romana. Padua, 2000. MIR = W. Szaivert, Moneta Imperii Romani, vol. 18 (Marcus Aurelius, Lucius Verus and Commodus). Vienna, 1986. M. Alram, Moneta Imperii Romani, vol. 27 (Maximinus I Thrax). Vienna, 1989. R. Göbl, Moneta Imperii Romani, vol. 47 (Aurelian). Vienna, 1995. MIRB = W. Hahn, Moneta Imperii Romani Byzantini. Vienna, 1989. MM = P. Bastien, Le Monnayage de Magnence (350-353). Wetteren, 1964. MPN = R.F. Bland, A.M. Burnett, S. Bendall, The Mints of Pescennius Niger. Numismatic Chronicle, vol. 147. London, 1987. MR = Ranieri, E., La Monetazione di Ravenna Antica. Bologna, 2006. Pink = K. Pink, Der Aufbau der römischen Münzprägung in der Kaiserzeit, VI/1 Probus, in Numismatische Zeitschrift, Vol. 73, pp. 13-74. Vienna, 1949. K. Pink, Der Aufbau der römischen Münzprägung in der Kaiserzeit, VI/2 Carus und Söhne, in Numismatische Zeitschrift, Vol. 80, pp. 5-67. Vienna, 1963. Ratto = R. Ratto, Monnaies Byzantines (auction catalogue). Lugano, 1930. RIC = H. Mattingly and E.A. Sydenham, P.H. Webb, J.W.E. Pearce, P.M. Bruun, C.H.V. Sutherland, J.P.C. Kent, The Roman Imperial Coinage, vols. I-X. London, 1923-94. RPC = A. Burnett, M. Amandry, P.P. Ripolles, I. Carradice, Roman Provincial Coinage, vols. I-II. London and Paris, 1992-9. RSC = H.A. Seaby, C.E. King, Roman Silver Coins, vols. I-V. London, 1952-87. Shiel = N. Shiel, The Episode of Carausius and Allectus. Oxford, 1977. Schulte = B. Schulte, Die Goldprägung der gallischen Kaiser von Postumus bis Tetricus. Frankfurt-am-Main, 1983. T = M. Thirion, Le Monnayage d’Elagabale (218-222). Brussels and Amsterdam, 1968. Tolstoi = J. Tolstoi, Monnaies Byzantines. St. Petersburg, 1912. Toynbee = J.M.C. Toynbee, Roman Medallions. New York, 1944. UB = Ulrich-Bansa, Moneta Mediolanensis (352-498). Venice, 1949. UCR = P.V. Hill, The Dating and Arrangement of the Undated Coins of Rome, A.D. 98-148. London, 1970. Van Heesch = J. Van Heesch, The Last Civic Coinages and the Religious Policy of Maximinus Daza. Numismatic Chronicle, Vol. 153, pp. 65-75. London, 1993. Waage = D.B. Waage, Antioch-On-The-Orontes, vol. IV, part 2. Princeton, 1952. Webb = P.H. Webb, The Reign and Coinage of Carausius. London, 1908. P.H. Webb, The Coinage of Allectus. London, 1906.

THE CHRISTIAN EMPIRE: THE LATER CONSTANTINIAN DYNASTY AND THE HOUSES OF VALENTINIAN AND THEODOSIUS AND THEIR SUCCESSORS, CONSTANTINE II TO ZENO, AD 337-491

CONSTANTINE II 9 Sep. AD 337-Mar./Apr. 340 17373 Flavius Claudius Constantinus (Constantine II), the second of the four sons of Constantine I, was born in Arelate (Arles) in February of AD 317. He was almost immediately raised to the rank of Caesar (1 March) at a meeting between Constantine I and Licinius at Serdica following the conclusion of the first of the two civil wars between the emperors of East and West. On the same occasion, the elevations of Constantine’s eldest son Crispus and Licinius’ son Licinius Junior were also celebrated. Constantine II is sometimes described as the eldest of three sons of Constantine I and Fausta. However, it seems clear that he was illegitimate as Fausta gave birth to Constantius II in early August of 317, only six months after the birth of Constantine II. Additional evidence is provided by Fausta’s coinage which depicts her holding just two children in her arms (Constantius II and Constans). Although only 9 years of age at the time of the execution of his half-brother Crispus, in 326, Constantine Junior (as he is normally styled on his coins) thereby became the senior heir to his father’s throne. Two years later, he was honoured by his native city of Arles when it changed its name to Constantina. The city retained this title until 340 when, on the defeat of Constantine II by his halfbrother Constans, the name reverted to its original form. Needless to say, the young Constantine’s military experience was very limited, though he had revealed some aptitude for soldiering during Crispus’ German campaigns in AD 323 and showed definite promise almost a decade later when he campaigned with his father on the Danube frontier. At the time of Constantine I’s death in 337 his eldest son was still only 20 years of age, his half-brothers Constantius II and Constans being 19 and 17 respectively. Also to be considered in the succession were their two cousins, Delmatius Caesar and Hanniballianus Rex, who had been elevated by Constantine towards the end of AD 335. A curious 3-month ‘interregnum’ followed the emperor’s death in May, 337, and by the time Constantine’s three sons had assumed the full imperial rank of Augusti in September their two cousins had been murdered as part of a general massacre of the descendants of Constantius I and Theodora. This heinous act helped to condemn the dynasty to an early extinction as none of Constantine’s sons was destined to produce any male offspring. It has been suggested that an acknowledgement of the collective guilt of the three emperors appears to have found expression in the production of a posthumous coinage honouring Theodora, as well as a parallel series in the name of their own grandmother Helena. However, hoard evidence would seem to contradict this theory and to indicate that these issues began immediately following the old emperor’s sudden demise (cf. RIC viii, p. 79) and may even have been planned by him. Theodora is not known to have borne the title of Augusta during her lifetime so the honour appears to have been bestowed posthumously, as in the case of the first century empress Antonia, mother of Claudius. It would have been ironic indeed if this bestowal had been at the hands of the murderers of so many of her descendants. Although technically the senior of the three emperors, Constantine II received as his territorial share of the Empire only the western provinces of Britain, Spain and Gaul which were relatively remote from the principal centres of political power. His high-handed action in revoking the exile of the anti-Arian Bishop Athanasius and ordering his restoration to the see of Alexandria contributed to his alienation from his two younger half-brothers which further weakened his position in the triarchy. Frustrated in his efforts to extend his realm through face-to-face negotiations with his co-rulers in 338, Constantine II took matters into his own hands and rashly invaded northern Italy in the spring

of 340. This was the territory of Constans and although the emperor was absent in the Balkans at the time the invader was trapped in an ambush near Aquileia and met his death at the age of only 23. This was followed by a reassignment of imperial territories between the two remaining brothers, Constans in effect becoming emperor of the West and Constantius II ruler of the eastern provinces. This arrangement worked well for the following decade and presaged the future division of the Empire which was to typify the dynasties of Valentinian and Theodosius. During the brief reign of Constantine II there was little in the way of innovation in the currency system. An exception was the introduction of a heavier version of the silver miliarensis equivalent in weight to the gold aureus (c. 5.4 grams). The bulk of Constantine II’s coinage was, of course, issued during the two decades that he bore the rank of Caesar under his father. His much scarcer issues as Augustus are sometimes confused with coins of Constantine I as the title ‘IVN’ (= Junior), which had characterized his earlier coinage, was now normally omitted from the inscriptions. In cases where doubt exists, the more youthful portrait of Constantine II usually provides sufficient evidence of identity. The following are the principal forms of obverse legend, other varieties being given in full: As Caesar

A. CONSTANTINVS IVN N C B. CONSTANTINVS IVN NOB C C. CONSTANTINVS IVN NOB CAES D. D N CONSTANTINVS IVN NOB CAES E. D N FL CL CONSTANTINVS NOB C F. FL CL CONSTANTINVS IVN N C G. FL CL CONSTANTINVS IVN NOB C

As Augustus

H. CONSTANTINVS AVG I. CONSTANTINVS IVN AVG J. CONSTANTINVS P F AVG K. D N CONSTANTINVS P F AVG L. FL CL CONSTANTINVS AVG M. FL CL CONSTANTINVS P F AVG N. IMP CONSTANTINVS AVG O. VIC CONSTANTINVS AVG

The following varieties of obverse type are represented by lower case letters, others being given in full:

a. Bare hd. r. b. Bare-headed, dr. and/or cuir. bust r. c. Laur. hd. r. d. Laur., dr. and/or cuir. bust r. e. Laur., dr. and/or cuir. bust l. f. Diad. hd. r. g. Diad., dr. and/or cuir. bust r. h. Rad., dr. and/or cuir. bust r. i. Rad., dr. and/or cuir. bust l. j. Helmeted and cuir. bust l. k. Laur. and cuir. half-length bust l., holding globe surmounted by Victory. l. Laur. bust r., wearing consular robes and holding eagle-tipped sceptre. m. Laur. bust l., wearing consular robes and holding eagle-tipped sceptre. n. Laur. and diad. hd. r. o. Cuir. bust r., laur. and diad. p. Dr. and cuir. bust r., laur. and diad.

CONSTANTINE II CAESAR

79

Issues as Caesar under Constantine I, 1 Mar. AD 317-22 May 337 (followed by an interregnum lasting until 9 Sept. during which he continued to hold the rank of Caesar) 17001

Gold aureus (c. 5.4 grams, weights variable). Fc. Rev. CONSTANTINI CAES around wreath enclosing VOTIS X in two lines, mint mark TR below. RIC vii, p. 210, 494. C 63. Depeyrot, p. 62, 34/1. [Trier, AD 326]. VF £1,600 ($2,800) / EF £4,300 ($7,500)

17002

Ed (dr. and cuir.). Rev. SOLI INVICTO, Sol stg. l. in long robe, raising r. hand and holding globe in l., mint and officina marks S M N D (= 4) in ex. RIC vii, —. C —. VF £2,300 ($4,000) / EF £5,700 ($10,000) Depeyrot —. [Nicomedia, AD 319]. This curious type was issued by Licinius, hence the denomination (see also no. 16634 of Crispus).

17003

Dd. Rev. VICTORIA AVG ET CAESS NN, Victory advancing l. between two captives, holding wreath and palm, mint mark SIRM in ex. RIC vii, p. 473, 36. C —. Depeyrot, p. 105, 7/1. [Sirmium, AD 323-4]. VF £1,300 ($2,250) / EF £3,750 ($6,500)

17004

Gold solidus (c. 4.5 grams). Ca. Rev. CLARITAS REI PVBLICAE, Sol stg. l., raising r. hand and holding globe in l., mint mark • S M • TS • in ex. RIC vii, p. 500, 9. C 49. Depeyrot, p. 111, 8/2. [Thessalonica, AD 317]. VF £925 ($1,600) / EF £2,850 ($5,000)

17005

Cf. Rev. CONSTANTINVS CAES, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark CONS in ex. RIC vii, p. 569, 3. C —. Depeyrot, p. 116, 1/3. [Constantinople, AD 326]. VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £2,000 ($3,500) It is possible that the obverse of this type has been misdescribed and should be without legend and with the diademed head looking upwards, as on the equivalent issues in the names of Constantine I (no. 15636) and Constantius II (no. 17550).

17006

Cd (dr. and cuir.). Rev. — as previous. RIC vii, p. 580, 69 (AD 333). Cf. C 71 (obv. misdescribed). Depeyrot, p. 116, 3/4 (AD 330). [Constantinople, AD 330 or 333]. VF £480 ($850) / EF £1,425 ($2,500)

17007

No legend, f (looking upwards). Rev. CONSTANTINVS CAESAR, as previous, but with mint mark S M T in ex. RIC vii, p. 385, 195. C 75. Depeyrot, p. 74, 19/4. [Ticinum, AD 326]. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,700 ($3,000)

17008

As previous, but with mint mark SIRM in ex. RIC vii, p. 477, 64. C 75 var. Depeyrot, VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,700 ($3,000) p. 107, 10/3. [Sirmium, AD 325-6].

17009

Similar, but with mint mark S M TS. RIC vii, p. 517, 147. C 75. Depeyrot, p. 113, 12/2. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,700 ($3,000) [Thessalonica, AD 326].

17010

Similar, but with mint mark N. RIC vii, p. 618, 112. C 75. Cf. Depeyrot, p. 129, 38/4 (obv. misdescribed). [Nicomedia, AD 325-6]. VF £480 ($850) / EF £1,425 ($2,500)

17011

Bd (cuir. or dr. and cuir.). Rev. — as 17005. RIC vii, p. 577, 47-8. C 77. Depeyrot, p. VF £480 ($850) / EF £1,425 ($2,500) 116, 3/2-3. [Constantinople, AD 330].

17010

80

Roman Coins and Their Values

17012

17017

17012

Gold solidus. Similar, but with obv. legend C and the bust is always laur. and cuir. RIC vii, p. 584, 93-4. Cf. C 78 (obv. misdescribed). Depeyrot, p. 117, 5/2-3. [Constantinople, VF £430 ($750) / EF £1,300 ($2,250) AD 335].

17013

Dd (dr. and cuir.). Rev. FELIX PROCESSVS COS II, Constantine II, togate, stg. l., holding globe and short sceptre, mint mark SIRM in ex. RIC vii—. C —. Depeyrot, p. VF £1,600 ($2,800) / EF £4,300 ($7,500) 104, 4/2. [Sirmium, AD 321].

17014

Cd (dr. and cuir.). Rev. FELIX PROCESSVS COS III, as previous. RIC vii, —. C —. Depeyrot, p. 106, 9/3. [Sirmium, AD 324]. VF £1,600 ($2,800) / EF £4,300 ($7,500)

17015

Fc. Rev. GAVDIVM ROMANORVM (around), ALAMANNIA (in ex.), Alamannia, as mourning captive, seated l. on ground, hd. resting on r. hand, trophy and arms behind (no mint mark). RIC vii, p. 213, 516. C 108 var. Depeyrot —. [Trier, AD 328-9]. VF £1,150 ($2,000) / EF £3,450 ($6,000)

17016

Similar, but also with mint mark TR below ALAMANNIA in ex. RIC vii, p. 216, 535 (AD 332-3). C 108. Cf. Depeyrot, p. 62, 36/2 (AD 328-9). [Trier, AD 328-9 or 332-3]. VF £1,150 ($2,000) / EF £3,450 ($6,000)

17017

As 17015, but with SARMATIA instead of ALAMANNIA in ex. and Sarmatia seated. RIC vii, p. 196, 364. C —. Cf. Depeyrot, p. 61, 29/1 (GLORIA for GAVDIVM, in VF £1,025 ($1,800) / EF £3,150 ($5,500) error). [Trier, AD 323].

17018

Similar, but also with mint mark TR below SARMATIA in ex. RIC vii, —. C —. VF £1,250 ($2,200) / EF £3,750 ($6,500) Depeyrot, p. 61, 30/1. [Trier, AD 322].

17019

Fc. Rev. PRINCIPI IVVENTVTIS, Constantine II, in military attire, stg. r., holding transverse spear and globe, mint mark P TR in ex. RIC vii, pp. 178 and 204, 188 and 447. C 142. Depeyrot, pp. 59 and 61, 24/4 and 31/1. [Trier, AD 317 and 324]. VF £480 ($850) / EF £1,425 ($2,500) On this type the rev. legend is divided PRINCIPI IV—VENTVTIS. The earlier issue has a dot following PRINCIPI.

17020

Similar, but with mint mark TR instead of P TR. RIC vii, p. 211, 500. C 142 var. VF £430 ($750) / EF £1,300 ($2,250) Depeyrot, p. 62, 32/4. [Trier, AD 326].

17021

As 17019. RIC vii, p. 208, 472. C 142. Depeyrot, p. 62, 33/1. [Trier, AD 326]. VF £480 ($850) / EF £1,425 ($2,500) On this type the rev. legend is divided PRINCIPI I—VVENTVTIS.

17022

Cd (dr. and cuir.). Rev. — as 17019, but with mint mark S M T in ex. RIC vii, p. 375, 107. C —. Depeyrot, p. 73, 17/8. [Ticinum, AD 320]. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,700 ($3,000)

17023

B, laur., dr. and cuir. bust l. (or r.), his r. hand raised, holding globe in l. Rev. — as 17019, but with mint mark S M AN in ex., sometimes followed by dot. RIC vii, pp. 684-5, 44 and 47. C 144. Cf. Depeyrot, p. 146, 39/6-7 and 40/2. [Antioch, AD 324]. VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,600 ($4,500)

17024

D, type as previous. Rev. — as previous, but with star in field to l. (no dot in ex.). RIC vii, —. C —. Depeyrot, p. 147, 43/2. [Antioch, AD 324-5]. VF £925 ($1,600) / EF £2,850 ($5,000)

CONSTANTINE II CAESAR

81

17025

PRINCIPI IVVENTVTIS (cont.) Gold solidus. As previous, but with obv. type d (dr. and cuir.). RIC vii, p. 685, 51. C 147. Depeyrot, p. 147, 43/1. [Antioch, AD 324-5]. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,700 ($3,000)

17026

Bd (dr. and cuir.). Rev. — Constantine II, in military attire, stg. l., hd. r., holding standard and sceptre or spear, another standard to r., mint mark AQ in ex. RIC vii (Addenda), p. 715, 117A. MA 314. C 155 var. Cf. Depeyrot, p. 94, 12/3 (S M AQ in error, should belong to series 9 or 11). [Aquileia, AD 319-20]. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,700 ($3,000)

17027

As previous, but with mint mark SIRM in ex. RIC vii, p. 476, 58. C 155 var. Depeyrot, VF £480 ($850) / EF £1,425 ($2,500) p. 106, 9/4. [Sirmium, AD 324].

17028

As previous, but with mint and officina marks S M TS A (= 1) or G (= 3) or D (= 4) in ex. RIC vii, p. 514, 132. C 155. Depeyrot, p. 112, 10/2. [Thessalonica, AD 324]. VF £480 ($850) / EF £1,425 ($2,500)

17029

As previous, but with mint mark S M N in ex., sometimes followed by officina marks G (= 3), K (= ?), M (= 7), or N (= ?). RIC vii, p. 613, 71-5. C 155. Depeyrot, p. 127, 34/2 and 35/1. [Nicomedia, AD 324-5]. VF £430 ($750) / EF £1,300 ($2,250)

17030

  

17031

17030

As previous, but with mint mark S M K in ex., sometimes followed by officina mark e (= 5). RIC vii, p. 649, 41. C 155 var. Depeyrot, pp. 136-7, 16/3 and 17/1. [Cyzicus, AD 324-5]. VF £480 ($850) / EF £1,425 ($2,500)

17031

B or C, g. Rev. — Constantine II, in military attire, stg. l., holding standard and sceptre or spear, two additional standards to r., mint mark TR in ex. RIC vii, p. 221, 572-3. C 149 and 150 var. Depeyrot, p. 63, 37/1-2. [Trier, AD 335-6]. VF £430 ($750) / EF £1,300 ($2,250)

17032

Cd (dr. and cuir.). Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark SIS in ex. RIC vii, p. 454, 226. C 149 var. Depeyrot, p. 102, 22/2. [Siscia, AD 334]. VF £520 ($900) / EF £1,575 ($2,750)

17033 17033

Dd (dr. and cuir.). Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark SIRM in ex. RIC vii, p. 468, 7. C 154. Depeyrot, p. 104, 2/4. [Sirmium, AD 320]. VF £480 ($850) / EF £1,425 ($2,500)

17034

Cd (cuir.). Rev. — as previous, but the mint mark is flanked by dots. Cf. RIC vii, p. 473, 41 (misdescribed and misplaced, see p. 717). C —. Depeyrot, p. 105, 5/3. [Sirmium, AD 321-2]. VF £520 ($900) / EF £1,575 ($2,750)

17035

Cd (dr. and cuir.). Rev. — as 17033. RIC vii, p. 473, 40. C —. Depeyrot, p. 106, 7/4. VF £480 ($850) / EF £1,425 ($2,500) [Sirmium, AD 323-4].

82

Roman Coins and Their Values

17036

Gold solidus. Bg (dr. and cuir.). Rev. PRINCIPI IVVENTVTIS, as 17031, but with mint mark TS in ex. RIC vii, p. 525, 190. C 151 var. Depeyrot, p. 114, 15/3. [Thessalonica, AD 332]. VF £375 ($650) / EF £1,150 ($2,000)

17037

Similar, but with mint mark TS followed by e in ex. RIC vii, p. 528, 209. C 151. Depeyrot, p. 114, 16/3. [Thessalonica, AD 335]. VF £430 ($750) / EF £1,300 ($2,250)

17038

B or C, d (cuir.). Rev. — as 17031, but with mint mark CONS in ex. RIC vii, p. 585, 109 and 111. C 149-50 var. Depeyrot, p. 118, 7/5 and 7. [Constantinople, AD 336-7]. VF £375 ($650) / EF £1,150 ($2,000)

17039

Dd (dr. and cuir.). Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark S M AN in ex. RIC vii, p. 684, 45. C 154 var. Depeyrot, p. 146, 39/8. [Antioch, AD 324]. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,700 ($3,000)

17040

Bd (dr. and cuir.). Rev. — as previous. RIC vii, p. 694, 94. C 150 var. Depeyrot, p. 147, 45/2. [Antioch, AD 335-6]. VF £480 ($850) / EF £1,425 ($2,500)

17041

Bd (cuir.). Rev. — Constantine II, in military attire, stg. l., holding vexillum, inscribed VOT / XX in two lines, and spear, mint mark SIS in ex. RIC vii, p. 451, 209. C —. VF £480 ($850) / EF £1,425 ($2,500) Depeyrot, p. 102, 20/1. [Siscia, AD 336-7].

17042

Cd (dr. and cuir.). Rev. — as previous, but the mint mark is flanked by palms. RIC vii, —. C —. Depeyrot, p. 102, 21/1. [Siscia, AD 336-7]. VF £520 ($900) / EF £1,575 ($2,750)

17043

Fc. Rev. SECVRITAS REI PVBLICAE, Securitas stg. facing, hd. r., her legs crossed, r. hand on hd., resting l. arm on column, mint mark P TR in ex. RIC vii, p. 186, 248. C 179. Depeyrot, p. 60, 27/5. [Trier, AD 320]. VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £2,000 ($3,500)

17044

Cd (dr. and cuir.). Rev. VICTORIA CAESAR NN, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark S M H in ex. RIC vii, p. 555, 101. C —. Cf. Depeyrot, p. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,700 ($3,000) 116, 4/2. [Heraclea, AD 328-9].

17045

Bd (dr. and cuir.). Rev. — Victory advancing l., holding trophy and palm, star in l. field, mark of value LXXII (= 72) in r., mint mark S M AN • in ex. RIC vii, —. Cf. C 203 (incomplete and inaccurate description). Depeyrot, —. [Antioch, AD 335-6]. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,700 ($3,000) The numeral LXXII (= 72) in reverse field indicates the weight of the solidus as 1/72nd of a pound of gold.

17046

— — Rev. VICTORIA CAESARVM, as 17044, but with mint mark SIS in ex. RIC vii, p. 457, 248. C 204 var. Depeyrot, p. 103, 23/7. [Siscia, AD 335]. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,700 ($3,000)

17047

Similar, but obv. hd. sometimes diad. instead of laur., and with mint mark M TS in ex. RIC vii, p. 522, 177-8. C 204. Depeyrot, p. 114, 14/4-5. [Thessalonica, AD 330-31]. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,700 ($3,000)

17048

Dd (dr. and cuir.). Rev. VICTORIA CONSTANTINI CAES, Victory seated r. on cuirass and shield, inscribing VOT / X on shield set on knee, mint mark SIRM in ex. RIC vii, p. 471, 25. C 208. Depeyrot, p. 105, 4/7. [Sirmium, AD 321]. VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £2,000 ($3,500)

17041

17045

CONSTANTINE II CAESAR

83

17049

Gold solidus. Cd (dr. and cuir.). Rev. — as previous, but the inscribed shield is supported by winged Genius, and sometimes with dots on either side of the mint mark. RIC vii, pp. 471-2, 27 and 34. C —. Depeyrot, p. 105, 5/2 and 6/4. [Sirmium, AD 321]. VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £2,000 ($3,500)

17050

Cd (cuir.). Rev. VICTORIA CONSTANTINI CAESAR, as previous, but with VOT / XX on shield and with mint mark CONS in ex. RIC vii, p. 586, 116. C —. Depeyrot, p. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,700 ($3,000) 119, 7/16. [Constantinople, AD 336-7].

17051

Cd (dr. and cuir.). Rev. VICTORIA NOB CAESS, Victory stg. facing, hd. l., holding standard in each hand, mint mark P R in ex. RIC vii, p. 337, 340. C —. Depeyrot, p. 90, VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £2,000 ($3,500) 21/1. [Rome, AD 335].

17052

B or C, d (dr. and cuir.). Rev. — Victory advancing l., holding trophy and palm, mint mark as previous. RIC vii, p. 342, 374-5. C —. Depeyrot, p. 90, 23/2-3. [Rome, AD 336]. VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £2,000 ($3,500)

17053

Bd (dr. and cuir.). Rev. VIRTVS CAESARI N, prince on horseback galloping r., spearing enemy kneeling before him and holding shield, another enemy on ground beneath horse, mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark M (= 7). RIC vii, —. C —. Depeyrot, VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,600 ($4,500) p. 128, 35/7. [Nicomedia, AD 325]. This type is a hybrid with a reverse proper to Crispus (see Volume IV, no. 16665).

17054

Bd (cuir.). Rev. VIRTVS CONSTANTINI CAES, Constantine II, in military attire, advancing r., dragging captive by the hair with r. hand and holding trophy over shoulder with l., mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark C or M (= 4 or 7). RIC vii, p. 632, 181. C —. Depeyrot, p. 130, 44/3. [Nicomedia, AD 335]. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,700 ($3,000)

17055

— — Rev. VIRTVS CONSTANTINI CAVS (sic), Constantine II, in military attire, advancing r., trampling on captive and holding transverse spear in r. hand and trophy over shoulder with l., mint mark S M N in ex. RIC vii, p. 617, 105. C 243. Depeyrot, p. VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £2,000 ($3,500) 128, 36/4. [Nicomedia, AD 325].

17056

C (but CAESAR for CAES), e (dr. and cuir.). Rev. VIRTVS EXERCITVS GALL, Mars advancing r. between two seated captives, holding transverse spear in r. hand and trophy over shoulder with l., mint mark • S M • TS • in ex. RIC vii, p. 501, 17. C 263. Depeyrot, p. 112, 8/9. [Thessalonica, AD 317]. VF £925 ($1,600) / EF £2,850 ($5,000)



NB Gold multiples were issued in a variety of denominations and types in the name of Constantine II Caesar: 1.5 solidi were struck at Trier, rev. GLORIA ROMANORVM, Roma seated (RIC 567) and PRINCIPIA IVVENTVTIS, SARMATIA in ex., prince with foot on captive (RIC 358, 360, and 446), at Sirmium, rev. PRINCIPI IVVENTVTIS, prince with three standards (RIC 2) and VIRTVS AVG ET CAESS NN, Mars advancing, spurning captive (RIC 30), at Thessalonica, rev. VBIQVE VICTORES, prince between seated captives (RIC 164), and at Nicomedia, rev. VIRTVS AVG ET CAESS NN, prince erecting trophy between captives (RIC 57), VOTIS X CAESS NN in wreath (RIC 118), VIRTVS CONSTANTINI CAES, prince advancing between captives (RIC 134 — possibly a double solidus) and FELICITAS ROMANORVM, emperor and two

 

84

Roman Coins and Their Values princes under arch (RIC 169); double solidi at Trier, rev. GLORIA ROMANORVM, Roma seated (RIC 565) and PRINCIPIA IVVENTVTIS, SARMATIA in ex., prince with foot on captive (RIC 359, 361, and 533), at Thessalonica, rev. VOTIS X CAES N across field (RIC 166-7), and at Nicomedia, rev. SECVRITAS PERPETVAE, prince erecting trophy (RIC 54) and VOTIS X CAESS NN in wreath (RIC 119-20); triple solidi at Trier, rev. PRINCIPIA IVVENTVTIS, SARMATIA in ex., prince with foot on captive (RIC 532), and at Thessalonica, rev. VOTIS DECENN D N CONSTANTINI CAES, two Genii with garland (RIC 165); 4.5 solidi at Thessalonica, rev. PRINCIPI IVVENTVTIS, prince with two standards (RIC 138), and at Constantinople, rev. similar but three standards (RIC 65); and 9 solidi at Constantinople, rev. SALVS ET SPES REI PVBLICAE, rev. emperor enthroned between stg. figures of two princes (RIC 45), and at Nicomedia, rev. FELICITAS PERPETVA AVG ET CAESS NN, same type (RIC 174).

17057

Gold semissis or half solidus (c. 2.25 grams). Bd. Rev. PRINCIPI IVVENTVTIS, Constantine II, in military attire, stg. r., holding transverse spear and globe, mint mark TR in ex. RIC vii, —. C —. Cf. Depeyrot, p. 59, 26/2 (obv. misdescribed). [Trier, AD 317]. VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £2,000 ($3,500)

17058

Similar, but with mint mark N on rev. RIC vii, p. 619, 114-15. C. —. Depeyrot, p. 129, VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,700 ($3,000) 38/6. [Nicomedia, AD 326].

17058A

As previous, but with mint mark S M N in ex. RIC vii, p. 632, 183. C. —. Depeyrot, p. VF £625 ($1,100) / EF £1,850 ($3,250) 131, 46/1. [Nicomedia, AD 335].

17059

Gold 1.5-scripulum or 9-siliqua (c. 1.68 grams). Bd. Rev. GAVDIVM ROMANORVM (around), SARMATIA (in ex.), Sarmatia, as mourning captive, seated l. on ground, hd. resting on r. hand, trophy and arms behind (no mint mark). RIC vii, p. 197, 367. C 111. Cf. Depeyrot, p. 61, 29/2 (GLORIA for GAVDIVM, in error). [Trier, AD 323]. VF £775 ($1,350) / EF £2,300 ($4,000)

17060

Bd. Rev. PRINCIPI IVVENTVTIS, prince stg., as 17057. RIC vii, p. 179, 199. C 146. Cf. Depeyrot, p. 59, 26/3 (obv. misdescribed). [Trier, AD 317]. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,700 ($3,000)

17061

Cg. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark TS in ex. RIC vii, p. 525, 192. C 146. Depeyrot, VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,700 ($3,000) p. 114, 15/5. [Thessalonica, AD 332]. Bd. Rev. PRINCIPIA IVVENTVTIS COSS IIII, Constantine II, togate, seated l. on curule chair, holding globe and short sceptre, mint mark TR in ex. RIC vii, p. 213, 517. C —. Cf. Depeyrot, p. 63, 36/4 (COS IIII for COS IIII, in error). [Trier, AD 328-9]. VF £775 ($1,350) / EF £2,300 ($4,000)

17058A

17062

17064

17063

Bd. Rev. VBIQVE VICTORES, Constantine, in military attire, stg. r. between two seated captives, holding transverse spear and globe, mint mark TR in ex. RIC vii, p. 179, 198. C 190. Depeyrot, p. 59, 26/7. [Trier, AD 317]. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,700 ($3,000)

17064

B or C, d. Rev. VICTORIA CONSTANTINI CAES, Victory seated r. on cuirass, holding shield inscribed VOT / XX supported by Genius, mint mark CONS in ex. RIC vii, p. 586, 119-20. C 210-11. Cf. Depeyrot, p. 119, 7/20-21 (rev. misdescribed). VF £480 ($850) / EF £1,425 ($2,500) [Constantinople, AD 336-7].

17065

Silver multiple of 4 siliquae or 3 miliarenses (c. 13.5 grams). CAESAR, a. Rev. X•X within laurel-wreath, mint mark LVG below. RIC vii, p. 141, 284. Bastien 280. RSC VF £3,750 ($6,500) / EF £11,500 ($20,000) 280Aa. [Lugdunum, AD 336-7].

CONSTANTINE II CAESAR

85

17066

Silver multiple of 4 siliquae. Similar, but with mint mark CONST on rev. RIC vii, p. 278, 411. RSC 280Ad. EMA 52/2 [Constantina/Arles, AD 336-7]. VF £3,750 ($6,500) / EF £11,500 ($20,000)

17067

Similar, but with mint mark AQ on rev. RIC vii, p. 409, 138. MA 316. RSC 280Ae. VF £3,750 ($6,500) / EF £11,500 ($20,000) [Aquileia, AD 336-7].

17068

Similar, but with mint mark SIS on rev. RIC vii, p. 459, 260. RSC 280Ab. [Siscia, AD 336-7]. VF £3,750 ($6,500) / EF £11,500 ($20,000)

17069

Similar, but without mint mark. RIC vii, p. 634, 198. RSC 280Ac. [Nicomedia, AD 336-7]. VF £3,750 ($6,500) / EF £11,500 ($20,000)

17070

Silver multiple of 2 argentei (?). B, rad., dr. and cuir. bust l., raising r. hand and holding globe in l. Rev. VOTA ORBIS ET VRBIS SEN ET P R, cippus, inscribed XX / XXX / AVG in three lines, set on ornamented square base, stars in field to l. and to r., mint and officina marks AQ S (= 2) in ex. RIC vii, p. 403, 84. MA 315. RSC 265Ab. [Aquileia, AD 320-21]. F £1,150 ($2,000) / VF £2,850 ($5,000) This and the following type were issued to celebrate Constantine’s 15th anniversary of rule (quindecennalia). Similar types were struck also in the names of Licinius (see no. 15143), Constantine himself (see nos. 15818-20), and Crispus Caesar (see nos. 16672-3).

17068





NB This is an experimental denomination or small medallion.

17071

Obv. Similar, but holding Victory on globe in r. hand and mappa in l. Rev. — as previous, but the altar is inscribed XX / XXX / MVL / FEL in four lines and is surmounted by fire, mint mark SIS in ex. RIC vii (Addenda), p. 716, 158B. RSC 265Aa. [Siscia, AD 320-21]. F £1,150 ($2,000) / VF £2,850 ($5,000)

17072

Silver miliarensis or 11/3 siliquae (c. 4.5 grams, weights variable). Bd. Rev. CONSTANTINVS CAESAR, four standards, mint mark S M TR in ex. RIC vii, p. VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,600 ($4,500) 222, 581. RSC 80a. [Trier, AD 336-7].

17073

No legend, f (looking upwards). Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark CONST in ex. RIC vii, p. 278, 409. RSC 81a. Cf. EMA 52/3 (misdescribed). [Constantina/Arles, AD 336-7]. VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,600 ($4,500)

17074

Similar, but with mint mark S M H on rev. RIC vii, p. 555, 104. RSC 81b. [Heraclea, VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,600 ($4,500)

AD 329].

86

Roman Coins and Their Values

17075 17075

Silver miliarensis. Similar, but with mint and officina marks CONS or CONST H, Q or I (= 8, 9 or 10) sometimes flanked by dots. RIC vii, pp. 578 and 587, 55 and 124. RSC VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,600 ($4,500) 81c and d. [Constantinople, AD 333-5].

17076

As 17072, but with mint and officina marks CONS S (= 6) on rev. RIC vii, p. 587, 123. VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,600 ($4,500) RSC 80b. [Constantinople, AD 335].

17077

Bd. Rev. CONSTANTINVS IVN NOB C, four standards, mint mark S M H in ex. RIC vii, p. 560, 148. RSC 81Aa. [Heraclea, AD 336-7]. VF £1,000 ($1,750) / EF £2,850 ($5,000)

17078

Similar, but with obv. as 17073. RIC vii, p. 560, 149. RSC 81Ab. [Heraclea, AD 336-7]. VF £1,000 ($1,750) / EF £2,850 ($5,000)

17079

Bd. Rev. FELICITAS ROMANORVM, archway, beneath which Constantine I stands l., in military attire, between similar, but shorter, figures of two of his sons, each resting on spear, mint mark THES in ex. RIC vii (Addenda), p. 718, 140C. RSC 105Ac. VF £1,000 ($1,750) / EF £2,850 ($5,000) [Thessalonica, AD 325].

17079A

Dd. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark SIRM in ex. RIC vii, —. RSC —. [Sirmium, AD 325]. VF £1,150 ($2,000) / EF £3,450 ($6,000)

17080

Dd. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark S M N in ex. RIC vii, p. 623, 142. RSC 105Ad. [Nicomedia, AD 326-7]. VF £1,000 ($1,750) / EF £2,850 ($5,000)

17081

As 17079, but Constantine stands amidst three of his sons (one to l., two to r.) and with mint mark S M R in ex. RIC vii, p. 327, 275. RSC 105Aa. [Rome, AD 326]. VF £1,025 ($1,800) / EF £3,150 ($5,500)

17079A

17082 17083

Similar, but with mint mark S M K on rev. RIC vii, p. 650, 42. RSC 105Ab. [Cyzicus, VF £1,025 ($1,800) / EF £3,150 ($5,500)

AD 325].

Bd. Rev. FIDIS MILITVM (sic), three standards, mint mark P R in ex. RIC vii, p. 342, 376. RSC 107A. [Rome, AD 336]. VF £1,425 ($2,500) / EF £4,300 ($7,500) Its unusually high weight (c. 6 grams) indicates that this type represents a higher denomination (perhaps a double siliqua) or that it is a small medallion.

17084

Bd. Rev. GLORIA EXERCITVS, female figure stg. l., legs crossed, resting on column and holding laurel-branch and sceptre, mint mark TS or TSe in ex. RIC vii, pp. 526 and 529, 196 and 219. RSC 112a and 112e. [Thessalonica, AD 335-6]. VF £775 ($1,350) / EF £2,300 ($4,000)

17085

Similar, but with mint and officina marks CONS G or S (= 3 or 6) in ex., sometimes flanked by dots. RIC vii, p. 587, 129 and (Addenda), p. 718, 57A. RSC 112b and c. [Constantinople, AD 333-5]. VF £775 ($1,350) / EF £2,300 ($4,000)

CONSTANTINE II CAESAR

87

17086

Silver miliarensis. Similar, but with mint and officina marks C e (= 5) in ex. with dot between. RIC vii, p. 588, 133. RSC 112d. [Constantinople, AD 337]. VF £775 ($1,350) / EF £2,300 ($4,000)

17087

Silver siliqua (c. 3.37 grams). No legend, f (looking upwards). Rev. Rev. CONSTANTINVS CAES, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint and officina marks CONS Z or Q (= 7 or 9) in ex. RIC vii, p. 587, 127. RSC 72. VF £175 ($320) / EF £460 ($800) [Constantinople, AD 335].

17088

Obv. As previous. Rev. CONSTANTINVS CAESAR, as previous, but with mint mark R in ex. RIC vii, p. 343, 378. RSC 76a. [Rome, AD 336-7]. VF £175 ($320) / EF £460 ($800)

17089

Similar, but with mint mark TS or TSe in ex. RIC vii, pp. 526 and 528, 194 and 215. RSC 76b-c. [Thessalonica, AD 335-6]. VF £175 ($300) / EF £430 ($750)

17090 17090 Similar, but with mint and officina marks C G or Z (= 3 or 7) in ex. with dot between. RIC vii (Addenda), p. 719, 135A. RSC 76d. [Constantinople, AD 337]. VF £175 ($320) / EF £460 ($800) 17091

Similar, but with mint mark N in ex. RIC vii, p. 619, 117. RSC 76e. [Nicomedia, AD 326]. VF £175 ($320) / EF £460 ($800)

17092

Similar, but obv. hd. laur. instead of diad., and with mint mark S M AN in ex. RIC vii, p. 696, 106. RSC 76f. [Antioch, AD 336-7]. VF £175 ($320) / EF £460 ($800)

17093

Obv. As 17087. Rev. CONSTANTINVS CAESAR, three palm-branches stg. upright on exergual line, star above the central one, mint mark M T in ex. RIC vii, p. 383, 184. RSC 82a. [Ticinum, AD 324-5]. VF £225 ($400) / EF £575 ($1,000)

17094

Similar, but with mint mark R on rev. RIC vii, p. 343, 380. RSC 82b. [Rome, AD 336-7]. VF £225 ($400) / EF £575 ($1,000)

17095

Similar, but with mint mark S M TS or TS on rev. RIC vii, p. 526, 195. RSC 82c. [Thessalonica, AD 326-7, 335]. VF £225 ($400) / EF £575 ($1,000)

17096

Cg. Rev. VICTORIA CAESAR NN, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark M TS in ex. RIC vii, p. 523, 182. RSC 203A. [Thessalonica, AD 330-31]. VF £205 ($360) / EF £520 ($900)

17097

Bd. Rev. VICTORIA CAESARVM, as previous, but with mint mark SIS in ex. RIC vii, p. 452, 212. RSC 204A. [Siscia, AD 326-7]. VF £205 ($360) / EF £520 ($900)

17098

Billon reduced follis. B or C, d. Rev. CLARITAS REI PVB, Sol stg. l., raising r. hand and holding globe in l., mint mark ARL in ex. preceded by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2), C — S in field. RIC vii, p. 248, 140-41. EMA 11/3-4. C 44, 46. [Arles, AD 317-18]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

17099

Cd. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark ARL in ex. followed by officina mark B or G (= 2 or 3) and with R — S in field. RIC vii, p. 243, 104-5. EMA 12/1 and 3. C 46. [Arles, AD 318]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

88 17100

17101

17102 17103

Roman Coins and Their Values Billon reduced follis. Cd. Rev. CLARITAS REI PVB, as previous, but the mint mark is preceded by officina mark S (= 2). RIC vii, p. 246, 118-19. EMA 13/1-2. C 46. [Arles, AD 318]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) B or C, d. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark A in ex. preceded by officina mark S (= 2), star within crescent between. RIC vii, p. 250, 156-8. EMA 14/1-3. C 44, 46. [Arles, AD 318]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) Bd. Rev. — as previous, but also with P in l. or r. field. RIC vii, p. 251, 166 and 171. EMA 15/1 and 16/1. C 44. [Arles, AD 318]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) Cd. Rev. — as 17101, but with officina mark P (= 1) instead of S, and with captive seated r. instead of star within crescent between officina and mint marks. RIC vii, p. 253, 181-2. EMA 18/1-2. C 46. [Arles, AD 318]. VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

17104

Cd. Rev. — Sol advancing l., raising r. hand and holding globe in l. (sometimes under l. arm), mint mark ARL in ex. preceded by officina mark S (= 2) and with R — S in field. RIC vii, p. 246, 120-21. EMA 13/3-4. C 47. [Arles, AD 318]. VF £17 ($30) / EF £48 ($85)

17105

Similar, but Sol holds globe and whip in l. hand. RIC vii, p. 246, 122. EMA 13/5. C 48. [Arles, AD 318]. VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

17106

Ad. Rev. CLARITAS REI PVBLICAE, Sol stg. l., raising r. hand and holding globe in l., mint mark P LN in ex., S — P in field. RIC vii, p. 103, 104. C 52. [London, AD 317]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

17107

Cd. Rev. — as previous, but without letters in rev. field and with crescent to l. RIC vii, p. 105, 131. C 50. [London, AD 318]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

17108

F, b or d. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark TR in ex. preceded by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2), sometimes with dot before, and with T — F in field. RIC vii, p. 175, 147-9 and 153-5. C 53. [Trier, AD 317]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

17109

Fb. Rev. — as previous, but with F — T instead of T — F in field. RIC vii, p. 177, 17981 and 183. C 53. [Trier, AD 317-18]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) Cd. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark SIS in ex. preceded by officina mark A-e (= 1-5). RIC vii, p. 428, 37. C 50. [Siscia, AD 317]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) Cd. Rev. — as previous, but with mint and officina marks • TS • A (or B) • (= 1 or 2) in ex. RIC vii, p. 502, 23. C 50. [Thessalonica, AD 317-18]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

17110 17111

17112

Fb. Rev. — Sol advancing l., raising r. hand and holding globe and whip in l., mint mark TR in ex. preceded by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2) and with T — F in field. RIC vii, p. 173, 125-6. Cf. C 60 (‘holding whip’). [Trier, AD 317]. VF £22 ($38) / EF £65 ($110)

17113

Similar, but with officina mark A (= 1) only preceded by dot. RIC vii, p. 175, 147 and 149. Cf. C 60 (‘holding whip’). [Trier, AD 317]. VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90) Cb. Rev. — as 17112, but with mint and officina mark R S (= 2) in ex. and A in l. field. RIC vii, p. 307, 85. Cf. C 58 (‘holding whip’). [Rome, AD 317]. VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

17114

17115

Cd. Rev. — similar, but officina P (= 1) and with wreath instead of A in l. field. RIC vii, p. 309, 98. Cf. C 59 (‘holding whip’). [Rome, AD 317-18]. VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

17116

Similar, but with T within the wreath in rev. field to l. RIC vii, p. 312, 130. Cf. C 59 (‘holding whip’). [Rome, AD 318]. VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90) Be. Rev. — as 17112, but with mint and officina marks AQ T (= 3) in ex., nothing in field. RIC vii, p. 394, 19. MA 321. C —. [Aquileia, AD 317]. VF £19 ($33) / EF £60 ($100)

17117

CONSTANTINE II CAESAR

89

17118

Billon reduced follis. Cd. Rev. — Sol advancing l., raising r. hand and holding whip in l., mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark P, S, T, or Q (= 1, 2, 3, or 4), A in l. field. RIC vii, p. 307, 84. C 59. [Rome, AD 317]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

17119

C, b or d. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark T in ex. preceded by officina mark P, S, or T (= 1, 2, or 3), P in l. field. RIC vii, p. 372, 80-81. C 58-9. [Ticinum, AD 317-18]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

17120

A, B (sometimes NB for NOB), or C, d. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark AQ in ex. followed by officina mark T (= 3). RIC vii, p. 394, 15-18. MA 317-20. Cf. C 55-7, VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) 59. [Aquileia, AD 317].

17121

B (but NB for NOB), d. Rev. — as previous, but Sol holds nothing in l. hand. RIC vii, VF £17 ($30) / EF 48 ($85) p. 394, 20. MA 322. C —. [Aquileia, AD 317].

17122

Cd. Rev. — Sol advancing r., raising r. hand and holding whip in l., mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark P (= 1), T within wreath in field to l. RIC vii, p. 312, 129. C VF £17 ($30) / EF 48 ($85) —. [Rome, AD 318].

17123

Cb. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark T in ex. preceded by officina mark P or T (= 1 or 3). RIC vii, p. 370, 66. C —. [Ticinum, AD 317]. VF £17 ($30) / EF 48 ($85) Ed. Rev. IOVI CONSERVATORI, Jupiter stg. l., holding Victory on globe and eagletipped sceptre, another eagle at feet to l., captive seated on ground to r., mint mark S M H in ex. followed by officina mark A or G (= 1 or 3), mark of value (?) X / IIG in r. field. RIC vii, p. 548, 55. C 133. [Heraclea, AD 318-24]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) It has been suggested that the curious numerical formula in the reverse field indicates a revaluation of the follis from 25 to 121/2 denarii (cf. Carson, “Coins of the Roman Empire”, p. 167). The revised chronology of this series is based on Pierre Bastien’s article “Coins with a Double Effigy Issued by Licinius at Nicomedia, Cyzicus, and Antioch” (Numismatic Chronicle 1973, pp. 87-97). See also the three following and nos. 15222-6, 15407-11, 15484-7, 15949-53, and 16683-6 in Volume IV.

17119

17124

17120

17125 17125

As previous, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark A, G, or D (= 1, 3, or 4). RIC vii, p. 608, 50. C 133. [Nicomedia, AD 318-24]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

17126

As previous, but with mint mark S M K in ex. followed by officina mark A-D (= 1-4). VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) RIC vii, p. 646, 19. C 133. [Cyzicus, AD 318-24].

17127

As previous, but with mint mark S M AL in ex. followed by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2). RIC vii, p. 708, 31. C 133. [Alexandria, AD 318-24]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

17128

F CL CONSTANTINVS NOV CS (sic), e. Rev. IOVI CONSERVATORI AVGG, Jupiter stg. l., holding Victory on globe and resting on sceptre, mint mark S M N in ex., officina mark B (= 2) in r. field, palm in l. RIC vii, p. 604, 28. C —. [Nicomedia, AD 317]. VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150)

90

Roman Coins and Their Values

17129

Billon reduced follis. CONSTANTINVS NOB CAES, e. Rev. IOVI CONSERVATORI CAES, as previous, but with star above the officina mark. RIC vii, p. 604, 30. C —. [Nicomedia, AD 317]. VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150)

17130

E, laur. and dr. bust l., holding mappa in r. hand and globe and sceptre in l. Rev. IOVI CONSERVATORI CAESS, as previous, but with mint mark S M K in ex., wreath in l. field, and officina mark A-H (= 1-8) in r. RIC vii, p. 644, 12. C —. [Cyzicus, AD 317-18]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

17131

As previous, but with captive at feet of Jupiter to l., mint mark S M ANT in ex., and officina mark A-G, V, AI, or GI (= 1-3, 6, 11, or 13) in r. field. RIC vii, p. 680, 30. C 136. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) [Antioch, AD 317-18].

17132

FL CL CONSTANTINVS NOB CAES, c. Rev. — as previous, but with eagle instead of captive at feet of Jupiter to l., and with mint mark ALE in ex., K in l. field, and wreath and X above officina mark B (= 2) in r. RIC vii, —. C —. (Seen by author, Sept. 2005). VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150) [Alexandria, AD 317].

17133

Obv. As 17130. Rev. — Jupiter stg. l., holding globe and resting on sceptre, mint mark S M AL in ex., crescent in l. field, officina mark A or B (= 1or 2) in r. RIC vii, p. 707, 26. C 135. [Alexandria, AD 317-18]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

17134

Fb. Rev. PRINCIPI IVVENTVTIS, Constantine II, in military attire, stg. r., holding transverse spear and globe, mint mark TR in ex. preceded by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2), sometimes with dot before, and with T — F in field. RIC vii, p. 175, 143-5. C 143. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65) [Trier, AD 317].

17135

Similar, but with F — T instead of T — F in rev. field. RIC vii, p. 177, 169-71. C 143. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65) [Trier, AD 317-18].

17136

Fd. Rev. PRINCIPIA IVVENTVTIS, Mars stg. r., resting on spear and shield, mint mark P LN in ex., crescent in l. field. RIC vii, p. 105, 136. Cf. C 158 (PRINCIPI, in VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90) error). [London, AD 318].

17137

C, b or d. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2), A in l. field. RIC vii, p. 308, 91-2. C —. [Rome, AD 317]. VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

17138

Cb. Rev. — similar, but Mars stg. l. and with officina mark T (= 3). RIC vii, p. 308, 94. VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90) C —. [Rome, AD 317].

17139

E, d or laur. and dr. bust l., holding mappa in r. hand and globe and sceptre in l. Rev. PROVIDENTIAE CAESS, Jupiter stg. l., holding Victory on globe and resting on sceptre, mint mark S M N in ex., officina mark A-Z (= 1-7) with dot above in r. field, palm in l. RIC vii, p. 605, 35-6. C 161-2. [Nicomedia, AD 317-20]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

17140

E, laur. and dr. bust l., holding mappa in r. hand and globe and sceptre in l. Rev. — threeturreted gateway of military camp, mint mark M H T in ex. followed by officina mark A or e (= 1 or 5), sometimes with dots either side of the mint and officina marks. RIC vii, p. 545, 20 and 26. C 107. [Heraclea, AD 317]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

17135

CONSTANTINE II CAESAR

91

17141

Billon reduced follis. Similar, but with mint mark S M H in ex. followed by officina mark A, D, or e (= 1, 4, or 5), sometimes with dot preceding the mint mark, or with one or two dots in r. field. RIC vii, pp. 546-7, 32, 37, and 46. C 107. [Heraclea, AD 317-18]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

17142

A or F, d. Rev. SOLI INVICTO COMITI, Sol stg. l., raising r. hand and holding globe in l., mint mark P LN in ex. and S — P in field. RIC vii, pp. 104, 117-18. C 183, 186. VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85) [London, AD 317].

17143

F, d. Rev. — Rev. — as previous, but also with + below the S in l. field. RIC vii, p. 104, VF £19 ($33) / EF £60 ($100) 123. C 186. [London, AD 317]. It is tempting to regard the cross in reverse field as an early instance of Christian symbolism on the Constantinian coinage.

17144

A, C, or F, d. Rev. — as 17142, but with crescent in rev. field to l. and sometimes also with star to r. RIC vii, pp. 105-6, 145-7 and 153. C 183-4, 186. [London, AD 318]. VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

17145

Billon half follis. Bd. Rev. VICTORIA CAESS, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm (no mint mark). RIC vii, p. 313, 142. C —. [Rome, AD 318]. VF £85 ($150) / EF £250 ($450)

17146

Billon centenionalis. B or C, d. Rev. ALAMANNIA DEVICTA, Victory advancing r., holding trophy and palm, captive at feet, mint mark •SIRM• in ex. RIC vii, p. 475, VF £23 ($40) / EF £72 ($125) 50-51. C 1-2. [Sirmium, AD 324-5]. This type commemorates Crispus’ military successes in his campaigns against the Alamanni on the Rhine frontier. Constantine II, although only a child at the time, accompanied his half-brother and showed considerable interest in the enterprise.

17147

Ai. Rev. BEAT TRANQLITAS (sic), altar, inscribed VOT / IS / XX in three lines, surmounted by globe with three stars above, mint mark P LON in ex., P — A in field. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) RIC vii, p. 111, 219. C 8. [London, AD 321].

17148

Similar, but with F — B in rev. field. RIC vii, p. 113, 255, 257. C 8. [London, AD 322-3]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65) This type and the next exhibit many varieties of obverse bust.

17149

A, j or helmeted and cuir. bust r. Rev. — as previous, but without letters in field. RIC VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65) vii, p. 115, 286-7. C 9-10. [London, AD 322-3].

17150

Ai. Rev. BEATA TRANQVILLITAS, globe on altar, all as 17147. Cf. RIC vii, p. 111, 216 (BEAT in error?). Cf. C 5, 16. [London, AD 321-2]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

17151

Similar, but without letters in rev. field. RIC vii, p. 112, 236. C 16. [London, AD 321-2]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

17149

17151

92

Roman Coins and Their Values

17152

17154

17152

Billon centenionalis. B, laur. and dr. bust l., holding Victory on globe in r. hand and mappa in l. Rev. BEATA TRANQVILLITAS, globe on altar, as 17147, but with mint mark TR in ex. preceded by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2), no letters in field. RIC vii, VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) p. 191, 312. C 23. [Trier, AD 321]. The ‘Beata Tranquillitas’ coinage of Trier exhibits many variations of obverse type of which only a representative selection is included here.

17153

Similar, but the altar inscription on rev. is divided VO / TIS / XX. RIC vii, p. 192, 327. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) C 23. [Trier, AD 321].

17154

As previous, but with dot following the mint mark. RIC vii, p. 194, 353. C 23. [Trier, VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

AD 322].

17155

As previous, but also with dot preceding the officina mark. RIC vii, p. 198, 382. C 23. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) [Trier, AD 322-3].

17156

Similar, but with obv. legend A and type laur. and cuir. bust l., spear and shield on l. arm and holding hd. of horse by bridle with r. hand (officina P = 1 only recorded). RIC vii, VF £350 ($600) / EF £685 ($1,200) p. 198, 388. C 15. [Trier, AD 322-3].

17157

B, helmeted and cuir. bust r. Rev. — as 17153, but the officina and mint marks are flanked by dot and crescent. RIC vii, p. 199, 408. C 25. [Trier, AD 323]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

17158

Ad. Rev. — as 17153, but with mint mark P LG in ex. and C — R in field. RIC vii, p. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60) 132, 148. Bastien 105. C 11. [Lugdunum, AD 321].

17159

D N CONSTANTINO IVN N C, c. Rev. — as 17147, but with mint mark P LG in ex., no letters in field. RIC vii, p. 134, 205. Bastien 162. C 28 var. [Lugdunum, AD 323]. VF £14 ($24) / EF £40 ($70)

17160

Cc. Rev. CAESARVM NOSTRORVM • around VOT / V in two lines (no mint mark). VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90) RIC vii, p. 508, 87. C —. [Thessalonica, AD 320].

17161

B or C, c. Rev. — as previous (no dot between M and C of inscription), but with mint mark TS VI below with officina mark B (= 2) between. RIC vii, p. 509, 94-5. C —. VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90) [Thessalonica, AD 320]. The numeral VI appearing after the mint and officina marks on this, and other Thessalonican types spanning the years 320-24, would appear to refer in some way to the value of this new denomination. Carson (“Coins of the Roman Empire”, p. 239) suggests that “Constantine felt obliged to match the Licinian 6-scrupula standard of his folles and this indeed may be the significance of the numeral VI attached to the signature of the mint of Thessalonica”. However, this fails to explain the numeral VII which occurs on some issues (e.g. no. 17176).

17158

CONSTANTINE II CAESAR

93

17162

Billon centenionalis. Cc. Rev. CAESARVM NOSTRORVM • around VO / TIS / V / Q • A (= officina 4 and mint mark) in four lines. RIC vii, p. 257, 212. EMA, p. 47, 25/5. C 35. [Arles, AD 320]. VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

17163

Similar, but also with dots preceding the officina mark and following the mint mark. RIC vii, —. EMA, p. 47, 26/4. C 35. [Arles, AD 320]. VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

17164

As 17162, but without dot between M and C of rev. inscription, and the officina and mint marks are below an exergual line and have no dot between them. RIC vii, p. 258, 222. EMA, p. 48, 27/7. C 35. [Arles, AD 320]. VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

17165

Cc. Rev. CAESARVM NOSTRORVM around VOT / IS / V in three lines, mint and officina marks • e SIS • (= 5th officina) below. RIC vii, p. 442, 144. C 35. [Siscia, AD 320]. VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

17166

Bc. Rev. CAESARVM NOSTRORVM around wreath enclosing VOT / V in two lines, mint mark AR below, no officina mark. RIC vii, p. 259, 227. C 31. EMA, p. 49, 29/5. [Arles, AD 321]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

17167

Similar, but with mint mark A on rev. preceded by officina mark T or Q (= 3 or 4). RIC vii, p. 259, 232. C 31. EMA, p. 48, 28/5. [Arles, AD 320-21]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

17168

Similar, but with crescent, sometimes containing star, between officina and mint marks. RIC vii, p. 260, 237 and 243. C 31. EMA, p. 50, 30/5 and 31/5. [Arles, AD 321-22]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

17169

B, c, d or e. Rev. — as 17166, but with mint mark AQ below the wreath, followed by officina mark T (= 3). RIC vii, p. 402, 74-7. MA 329-32. C 31-3. [Aquileia, AD 320-21]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

17170

17170 B, d or e. Rev. — as previous, but the mint and officina marks are flanked by dots. Cf. RIC vii, p. 404, 93-6 (NOB CAES in error). MA 335-8. C 32-3. [Aquileia, AD 321]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

17171

Bd. Rev. — as 17166, but with mint mark R below the wreath followed by officina mark T or Q (= 3 or 4) with erwc (the first three letters in monogram) between. RIC vii, p. 320, 231. C 32. [Rome, AD 320-21]. VF £22 ($38) / EF £65 ($110) The Greek lettering incorporated in this intriguing mint mark is meant to equate to the Latin AMOR (love) which is ROMA reversed.

17172

Similar, but without the erwc between the mint and officina marks on rev. (officinae S and Q = 2 and 4 recorded). RIC vii, p. 321, 236. C 32. [Rome, AD 321]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

17173

Cc. Rev. — as 17166, but with mint mark SIS below the wreath, no officina mark. RIC VF £14 ($24) / EF £40 ($70) vii, p. 442, 146. C —. [Siscia, AD 320].

17174

B or C, c. Rev. — as previous, but the mint mark SIS is preceded by officina mark G or

e (= 3 or 5). RIC vii, p. 443, 156-8. C 31. [Siscia, AD 320].

VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

94

17175

Roman Coins and Their Values

17175 Billon centenionalis. Bc. Rev. CAESARVM NOSTRORVM, as previous, but with star following the mint mark, and officinae A-e (= 1-5) recorded. RIC vii, p. 444, 163VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60) 4. C 31. [Siscia, AD 320-21].

17176

Bc. Rev. — as 17166, but with mint mark TS VII below the wreath, with officina mark B (= 2) between. RIC vii, p. 510, 100. C 31. [Thessalonica, AD 320]. VF £14 ($24) / EF £40 ($70) See note following no. 17161.

17177

Similar, but with VI instead of VII in mint mark. RIC vii, p. 511, 108. C 31. VF £14 ($24) / EF £40 ($70) [Thessalonica, AD 320].

17178

B, c or e. Rev. — as previous, but also with star accompanying the votive inscription within the wreath. RIC vii, p. 512, 115-16. C 31, 33. [Thessalonica, AD 320]. VF £14 ($24) / EF £40 ($70)

17179

Be. Rev. — as 17177, but with star in the small wreath or medallion connecting the upper ends of the votive wreath, and officina D (= 4) also recorded. RIC vii, p. 512, 120. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60) C 33. [Thessalonica, AD 320-21].

17180

Bc. Rev. CAESARVM NOSTRORVM around wreath enclosing VOT / X in two lines, mint mark P LON below followed by crescent. RIC vii, p. 115, 292. C 38. [London, AD 323-4]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

17181

B, c or (rarely) d. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark TR below the wreath, preceded by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2) and sometimes followed by crescent. RIC vii, p. 202, 433-4 and 441. C 38-9. [Trier, AD 323-4]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

17182

Bc. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark P LG below the wreath followed by crescent. RIC vii, p. 135, 211. Bastien 169. C 38. [Lugdunum, AD 323-4]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

17183

B, c or e. Rev. — as previous, but with C instead of crescent following the mint mark. RIC vii, p. 135, 217-18. Bastien 179, 181a-d. C 38, 40. [Lugdunum, AD 323-4]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

17184

B, d or e. Rev. — as previous, but with dot above the votive numeral X or with dots on either side, sometimes with a third dot above. RIC vii, p. 135, 221. Bastien 180, 181e-i. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65) C 39-40. [Lugdunum, AD 323-4].

17185

Bc. Rev. — as 17180, but with mint mark P LG R below the wreath. RIC vii, —. Bastien VF £14 ($24) / EF £40 ($70) 183. C 38. [Lugdunum, AD 323-4].

17186

Bc. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark A below the wreath preceded by officina mark Q (= 4) with crescent containing star between. Cf. RIC vii, p. 260, 245 (VOT V in error). C 38. EMA, p. 51, 31/7. [Arles, AD 321-2]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

17187

B, c or d. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark ARL followed by officina mark Q (= 4). RIC vii, p. 261, 249-51. C 38-9. EMA, p. 52, 32/6-8. [Arles, AD 321-2]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

CONSTANTINE II CAESAR

95

17188

CAESARVM NOSTRORVM (cont.) Billon centenionalis. B, c, d or e. Rev. CAESARVM NOSTRORVM, as previous, but with mint mark AR preceded by officina mark T or Q (= 3 or 4) with star between. RIC vii, pp. 261-2, 255-6 and 261-3. C 38-40. EMA, p. 52, 33/8-12. [Arles, AD 322-4]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65) A much rarer obverse variant has a consular bust holding eagle-tipped sceptre and globe surmounted by Victory (EMA 33/13).

17189

B, d or e. Rev. — as 17180, but with mint and officina marks AQ T (= 3) flanked by dots below the wreath. RIC vii, p. 405, 101-3. MA 339-41. C 39-40. [Aquileia, AD 321]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

17190

B, c, d or e. Rev. — As previous, but the votive inscription is flanked by two palms and without the dots flanking the mint and officina marks (officina S = 2 also recorded). RIC vii, pp. 405-6, 111-15. MA 342-6. C 38-40. [Aquileia, AD 322]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

17191

B, c or d. Rev. — as 17180, but with mint mark R below the wreath followed by officina mark T (= 3). RIC vii, pp. 321-2, 241-3. C 38-9. [Rome, AD 321] VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60) A much rarer obverse variant has CONSTANTINVS NOB C, laur. bust l., wearing consular robes and holding eagle-tipped sceptre (RIC 244).

17192

Bc. Rev. — as previous, but the votive inscription is flanked by two palms. RIC vii, p. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65) 322, 247. C 41. [Rome, AD 322].

17193

Bc. Rev. — as 17180, but with mint mark SIS below the wreath preceded by officina mark A-e (= 1-5) and followed by star. RIC vii, p. 444, 166-7. C 38. [Siscia, AD 320-21]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

17194

  17196 17194 Similar, but the mint mark is followed by double-crescent, thunderbolt, palm, wreath, or radiate semicircle. RIC vii, pp. 445-6, 170, 173, 176, 179, 182. C 38. [Siscia, AD 321-4]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

17195

Be. Rev. — as 17180, but with mint mark TS VI below the wreath, with officina mark B (= 2) between, and with star in the small wreath, or medallion, connecting the upper ends of the votive wreath. RIC vii, p. 512, 122. C 40. [Thessalonica, AD 320-21]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

17196

Similar, but without the small star at the top of the votive wreath and officina D (= 4) also recorded. RIC vii, p. 513, 128. C 40. [Thessalonica, AD 324]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

17197

No obv. legend, e. Rev. CONSTAN / TINVS / CAESAR in three lines across field, star above, mint mark TR below preceded by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). RIC vii, p. 210, VF £48 ($85) / EF £140 ($250) 489. LRBC I, 20. Cf. C 83. [Trier, AD 326].

17198

As previous, but with mint mark S M R followed by officina mark S (= 2). RIC vii, p. VF £48 ($85) / EF £140 ($250) 329, 285. LRBC I, 508. C 83 var. [Rome, AD 326].

17199

As previous, but with mint mark SIS preceded by officina mark e (= 5). RIC vii, p. 448, 191. LRBC I, 719. Cf. C 86 (bust diad.). [Siscia, AD 325]. VF £48 ($85) / EF £140 ($250)

96

Roman Coins and Their Values

17200

Billon centenionalis. As previous, but with mint mark S M TS followed by officina mark A or D (= 1 or 4). RIC vii, p. 516, 143. LRBC I, 816. C 83 var. [Thessalonica, AD 325]. VF £48 ($85) / EF £140 ($250)

17201

As previous, but with mint mark CONS followed by officina mark B (= 2). RIC vii, p. 571, 14. LRBC I, 973. C 83 var. [Constantinople, AD 326-7]. VF £48 ($85) / EF £140 ($250)

17201A

As previous, but with mint mark S M N followed by officina mark (unrecorded). RIC vii, —. LRBC I, 1078. C 83 var. [Nicomedia, AD 324-5]. VF £50 ($90) / EF £155 ($275)

17202

As previous, but with mint mark S M K followed by officina mark e (= 5). RIC vii, p. 648, 32. LRBC I, 1164. C 83. [Cyzicus, AD 325-6]. VF £48 ($85) / EF £140 ($250)

17203

  17203 17203 As previous, but with mint mark S M ANT followed by officina mark A, B, D, e, S, or H (= 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, or 8), sometimes with dot beneath. RIC vii, pp. 686-7, 54 and 59. LRBC I, 1325 and 1338. C 83. [Antioch, AD 324-5]. VF £48 ($85) / EF £140 ($250)

17204

No obv. legend, e. Rev. CONSTAN / TINVS / IVN NOB C or CONSTA / NTINVS / IVN NOB C in three lines across field, wreath above, mint mark S M R below followed by officina mark T (= 3). RIC vii, p. 329, 282-3. Cf. LRBC I, 509 (star for wreath on rev., in error). C 87. [Rome, AD 326]. VF £50 ($90) / EF £155 ($275)

17205

Bd. Rev. DOMINOR NOSTROR CAESS around wreath enclosing VOT / V in two lines, mint mark T below preceded by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). RIC vii, p. 380, 154. C 97. [Ticinum, AD 320-21]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

17206

As previous, but with VOT / X instead of VOT / V within the wreath, and with officinae S and T (= 2 and 3) preceding the mint mark. RIC vii, p. 380, 161-2. LRBC I, 471. C 98. [Ticinum, AD 320-21]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

17207

Similar, but with dot accompanying the votive inscription within the wreath. RIC vii, p. 381, 165-6. LRBC I, 478. C 98 var. [Ticinum, AD 321-2]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

17208

Similar, but with crescent instead of dot accompanying the votive inscription within the wreath, and with officinae P, S, T, or Q (= 1, 2, 3, or 4) preceding the mint mark. RIC vii, p. 381, 172. LRBC I, 484. C 99. [Ticinum, AD 322-5]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

17209

As previous, but with VOT / XX instead of VOT / X within the wreath. RIC vii, p. 382, 176. LRBC I, 493. C 101. [Ticinum, AD 325]. VF £14 ($24) / EF £40 ($70)

17210

Similar, but with crescent above the votive inscription and H below, and officina mark T (= 3) only recorded. RIC vii, p. 384, 188. LRBC I, 494. C —. [Ticinum, AD 325]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

17211

Bd. Rev. DOMINOR NOSTROR CAESS around wreath enclosing VOT / V in two lines, mint mark S M H below followed by officina mark G or D (= 3 or 4), sometimes also with star accompanying the votive inscription within the wreath. RIC vii, p. 549, 59 and 63. C 97. [Heraclea, AD 324]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

CONSTANTINE II CAESAR

97

17212

Billon centenionalis. As previous, but with VOT / X instead of VOT / V within the wreath, and with officina D (= 4) only recorded. RIC vii, p. 549, 62. C 98. [Heraclea, AD 324]. VF £14 ($24) / EF £40 ($70)

17213

C, d or rad. hd. r. Rev. DOMINORVM NOSTRORVM CAESS around wreath enclosing VOT / V in two lines and star, mint mark T below preceded by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). RIC vii, p. 379, 138-9. C 102. [Ticinum, AD 320]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)



PROVIDENTIAE CAES • (see nos. 17247-9).

17214

17214 Bd. Rev. PROVIDENTIAE CAESS, two-turreted gateway of military camp, star above, mint mark P LON in ex. RIC vii, p. 116, 296. LRBC I, 5-6. C 164. [London, AD 324-5]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65) The mint of London was closed in the year following the introduction of this type, a victim of Constantine’s vastly expanded minting capacity following his victory over the eastern emperor Licinius in 324.

17215

B, d or e. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark TR in ex. preceded by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). RIC vii, p. 205, 453-5. LRBC I, 18-19. C 164-5. [Trier, AD 324-5]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

17216

Be. Rev. — as previous, but the mint mark is followed by crescent, usually containing dot. RIC vii, pp. 206 and 209, 463 and 479. LRBC I, 33. C 165. [Trier, AD 325-6]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

17217

Be. Rev. — as 17215, but with mint mark TRE instead of TR and sometimes the officina mark is preceded by dot. RIC vii, pp. 212-13, 505 and 512. LRBC I, 39 and 45. C 165. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60) [Trier, AD 327-8].

17218

B, d or e. Rev. — 17214, but with mint mark P LG in ex. RIC vii, p. 137, 229-31. LRBC I, 172-3. Bastien 188-9. C 164-5. [Lugdunum, AD 324-5]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

17219

Be. Rev. — as previous, but also with dot under the arch of the gateway. RIC vii, p. 137, 231 note. LRBC I, —. Bastien 196. C 165. [Lugdunum, AD 325]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

17220

B, d or e. Rev. — as 17214, but with mint mark AR in ex. preceded by officina mark T or Q (= 3 or 4) and star, and sometimes followed by dot. RIC vii, pp. 263-4, 272-4 and 282. LRBC I, 282-4. EMA 34/10-12, 35/4. C 164-5. [Arles, AD 324-5]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

17221

Be. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark ARL (with crescent between the first two letters) preceded by officina mark T or Q (= 3 or 4). RIC vii, p. 265, 289. LRBC I, 296. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60) EMA 36/4. C 165. [Arles, AD 325-6].

17222

Similar, but with mint mark ARL preceded by officina mark T (= 3) and with S — F in field. RIC vii, p. 267, 302. LRBC I, 305. EMA 37/2. C 165. [Arles, AD 326-7]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

17223

Similar, but the officina mark follows instead of precedes the mint mark. RIC vii, p. 268, 311. LRBC I, 323. EMA 38/3. C 165. [Arles, AD 327-8]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

98

Roman Coins and Their Values

17224

PROVIDENTIAE CAESS (cont.) Billon centenionalis. Similar, but with mint mark CONST in ex. preceded by officina mark T (= 3) and with S — F in field. RIC vii, p. 269, 319. LRBC I, 330. EMA 39/2. C 165. [Constantina/Arles, AD 328]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60) In AD 328 the name of this mint was changed to Constantina in honour of the Caesar Constantine Junior, the emperor’s eldest surviving son. Following Constantine II’s death in battle in 340 the name of the city reverted to Arelate, but thirteen years later, after the downfall of the western usurper Magnentius, Constantius II restored the dynastic connection by naming the place Constantia.

17225

Similar, but with T — F instead of S — F in field and with officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2) preceding the mint mark. RIC vii, p. 269, 328-9. LRBC I, 343-4. EMA 40/4-5. C 165. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65) [Constantina/Arles, AD 329].

17226

Bd. Rev. — as 17214, but with mint mark T preceded by officina mark P-Q (= 1-4) with crescent between. RIC vii, p. 386, 200. LRBC I, —. C 164. [Ticinum, AD 326]. VF £14 ($24) / EF £40 ($70)

17227

Similar, but with palm instead of crescent between officina and mint marks (officina Q = 4 not recorded). RIC vii, p. 387, 207. LRBC I, 499. C 164. [Ticinum, AD 326]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

17228

Be. Rev. — as 17214, but with mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark T or Q (= 3 or 4). RIC vii, p. 325, 267. LRBC I, 507. C 165. [Rome, AD 324-5]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

17229

Similar, but with wreath between the mint and officina marks. RIC vii, p. 330, 289. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60) LRBC I, 518. C 165. [Rome, AD 326].

17230

Similar, but with mint mark R F followed by officina mark T (= 3). RIC vii, p. 335, 323. LRBC I, 529. C 165. [Rome, AD 329]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

17231

As previous, but also with palms flanking the mint and officina marks. RIC vii, p. 335, 325. LRBC I, —. C 165. [Rome, AD 329]. VF £14 ($24) / EF £40 ($70)

17232

Bc. Rev. — as 17214, but with mint mark SIS in ex. preceded by officina mark D or e (= 4 or 5). RIC vii, p. 446, 185. LRBC I, 718. C 163. [Siscia, AD 324-5]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

17233

Similar, but with wreath following the mint mark and officina mark D (= 4) preceding it. RIC vii, p. 448, 194. LRBC I, 733. C 163. [Siscia, AD 325]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

17234

Similar, but with dots preceding the officina mark (D or e = 4 or 5) and following the mint mark. RIC vii, p. 450, 202. LRBC I, 726. C 163. [Siscia, AD 326-7]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

17235

Similar, but no dots and with double crescent following the mint mark. RIC vii, p. 452, VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60) 216. LRBC I, 739. C 163. [Siscia, AD 328-9].

17236

Be. Rev. — as 17214, but with mint mark S M TS in ex. followed by officina mark B, D, or e (= 2, 4, or 5). RIC vii, p. 519, 157. LRBC I, 815. C 165. [Thessalonica, AD 326-8]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

17237

Similar, but the officina mark is in rev. field to r. (D = 4 only recorded). RIC vii, p. 521, VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65) 171. LRBC I, 833. C 165. [Thessalonica, AD 328].

17238

Bd. Rev. — as 17214, but with mint mark S M H in ex. followed by officina mark A-e (= 1-5). RIC vii, p. 551, 77. LRBC I, 871. C 164. [Heraclea, AD 325-6]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

17239

Similar, but with dot following the officina mark in ex. RIC vii, p. 552, 83. LRBC I, VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65) 877. C 164. [Heraclea, AD 326].

CONSTANTINE II CAESAR

99

17240

PROVIDENTIAE CAESS (cont.) Billon centenionalis. Similar, but also with dot preceding the mint mark. RIC vii, p. 553, 88. LRBC I, 884. C 164. [Heraclea, AD 326-7]. VF £14 ($24) / EF £40 ($70)

17241

As 17238, but with dot in rev. field (usually to l., rarely to r.). RIC vii, p. 554, 96 and 98. Cf. LRBC I, 877 note and 890. C 164. [Heraclea, AD 327-9]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

17242

Similar, but with star instead of dot in rev. field to l. RIC vii, p. 556, 107. Cf. LRBC I, 895. C 164. [Heraclea, AD 329-30]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

17243

Bd. Rev. — as 17214, but with mint mark CONS in ex. and officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2) in l. field. RIC vii, p. 571, 9. LRBC I, 972. C 164. [Constantinople, AD 326]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

17244

Similar, but with officina mark G (= 3) in rev. field. RIC vii, pp. 572-3, 20 and 27. LRBC I, 980 and 997. C 164. [Constantinople, AD 327-8]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

17245

As previous, but with star (or dot) following the mint mark in ex. RIC vii, p. 575, 39. LRBC I, 1000 and 1003. C 164. [Constantinople, AD 328-9]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

17246

Be. Rev. — as 17214, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark A-D (= 1-4). RIC vii, p. 615, 93. LRBC I, 1112. C 165. [Nicomedia, AD 324-5]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

17247

B, d or e. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark M N followed by officina mark B, G, or S = 2, 3, or 6 (sometimes the legend ends CAES • instead of CAESS). RIC vii, pp. 620-21, 123 and 126-7. LRBC I, 1097 and 1104-5. C 164-5. [Nicomedia, AD 325-6]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

17248

Bd. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark N followed by officina mark G = 3 (the legend always ends CAES •). RIC vii, p. 624, 146. LRBC I, 1088. C 164. [Nicomedia, VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65) AD 326-7].

17249

Similar, but with mint mark S M N followed by officina mark A-S (= 1-6). RIC vii, p. 626, 157. LRBC I, 1077. C 164. [Nicomedia, AD 328-9]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

17250

Be. Rev. — as 17214, but with mint mark S M K in ex. followed by officina mark A-S (= 1-6). RIC vii, p. 647, 26. LRBC I, 1163. C 165. [Cyzicus, AD 324-5]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60) NB On the issues of this mint the Caesar’s laurel wreath often resembles a pearl diadem.

17251

Similar, but with dot following the officina mark on rev. RIC vii, p. 649, 37. LRBC I, 1174 and 1192. C 165. [Cyzicus, AD 325-6]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

17252

Similar, but also with dot preceding the mint mark, and officinae G and D (= 3 and 4) only recorded. RIC vii, p. 650, 47. LRBC I, 1182. C 165. [Cyzicus, AD 326-7]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

17253

As 17250, but with dot in rev. field to l., and officina S (= 6) not recorded. RIC vii, p. 651, 52. LRBC I, 1196. C 165. [Cyzicus, AD 327-8]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

17254

As 17250, but the obv. bust is cuir. instead of dr. and cuir., and officinae G, e, and S (= 3, 5, and 6) only recorded. RIC vii, p. 653, 63. LRBC I, 1196. C 165. [Cyzicus, AD 329-30]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

17255

Be. Rev. — as 17214, but with mint mark S M ANT in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, G, D, e, S, H, or I (= 1-6, 8, or 10). RIC vii, p. 688, 65. LRBC I, 1337, 1346, and 1353. C 165. [Antioch, AD 325-6]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

17256

Similar, but also with dot under the arch of the gateway. RIC vii, p. 690, 73. LRBC I, VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60) 1324. C 165. [Antioch, AD 326-7].

100

Roman Coins and Their Values

17257

Billon centenionalis. Be. Rev. PROVIDENTIAE CAESS, as 17214, but with mint mark S M AL in ex. followed by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2). RIC vii, p. 709, 36. LRBC I, 1404. C 165. [Alexandria, AD 325-6]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

17258

Similar, but also with wreath in rev. field to l. (officina A = 1 only recorded). RIC vii, p. 710, 42. LRBC I, 1410. C 165. [Alexandria, AD 327-8]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

17259

As previous, but the officina mark (A or B = 1 or 2) is in rev. field to r. instead of in ex. RIC vii, p. 710, 46. LRBC I, 1414. C 165. [Alexandria, AD 327-8]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

17260

As previous, but the officina mark is in Latin numerals (I or II = 1 or 2) and sometimes also with dot following the mint mark in ex. RIC vii, pp. 710-11, 51 and 55. LRBC I, VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65) 1420 and 1425. C 165. [Alexandria, AD 329-30].

17261

Bd. Rev. ROMAE AETERNAE, Roma seated r., holding on her knees shield inscribed X / V in two lines, another shield at her side, mint mark R followed by officina mark P, S, T, or Q (= 1, 2, 3, or 4) in ex., P — R in field. RIC vii, p. 315, 155-6. C 171. [Rome, AD 318-19]. VF £19 ($33) / EF £60 ($100)

17262

Similar, but without P — R across rev. field and with mint and officina marks R and P, S, T, or Q (= 1, 2, 3, or 4) in ex. with erwc (the first three letters in monogram) between. RIC vii, p. 317, 200. C 171. [Rome, AD 320]. VF £23 ($40) / EF £70 ($120) The Greek lettering incorporated in this intriguing mint mark is meant to equate to the Latin AMOR (love) which is ROMA reversed.

17263

Bd. Rev. SAECVLI FELICITAS, garlanded cippus surmounted by shield inscribed AVG, mint mark R followed by officina mark P (= 1) in ex., P — R in field. RIC vii, p. 315, 163. C 174. [Rome, AD 318-19]. VF £60 ($100) / EF £175 ($300)

17264

Bc. Rev. SARMATIA DEVICTA, Victory advancing r., holding trophy and palm, captive at feet, mint mark TR in ex. preceded by officina mark P (= 1) and followed by crescent. RIC vii, p. 202, 438. C 177. [Trier, AD 323-4]. VF £40 ($70) / EF £115 ($200) This series commemorates Constantine the Great’s success in his Danubian campaign against the Sarmatians in 322 just prior to the outbreak of the second civil war with Licinius.

17265

A, B, or C, d. Rev. VICT LAETAE PRINC PERP, two Victories stg. facing each other, holding between them shield, inscribed VOT / P R in two lines, resting on altar inscribed either I or S, mint mark SIS in ex. preceded by officina mark A-e (= 1-5), sometimes between two dots, sometimes followed by star. RIC vii, pp. 435-6, 90-92 and 99. C 191-2. [Siscia, AD 319-20]. VF £23 ($40) / EF £70 ($120) The letter ‘I’ on the altar occurs at officinae A and B, ‘S’ at officinae G, D, and e. The meaning of these letters is unclear. The reverse type is based on the Constantinian prototype struck in a superior alloy at Trier seven years before (see Volume IV, no. 15859).

17266

Bd. Rev. VICTORIA CAESS NN, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint and officina marks • TS • B • (= 2) in ex. RIC vii, p. 506, 65. C 202. [Thessalonica, VF £26 ($45) / EF £80 ($140) AD 319].

17267

D N CONSTANTINO IVN NOB C, d. Rev. VICTORIAE LAET PRINC PERP, as 17265, but the altar is of varying design, the ornamentation often including X or star, and with two captives seated back to back in ex. RIC vii, p. 127, 76-7. Bastien 13-14. C VF £19 ($33) / EF £60 ($100) —. [Lugdunum, AD 319-20].

17262

CONSTANTINE II CAESAR

101

17268

Billon centenionalis. Similar, but with mint mark P — L either side of the seated captives in ex. RIC vii, p. 128, 90. Bastien 27. C —. [Lugdunum, AD 320]. VF £19 ($33) / EF £60 ($100)

17269

Bc. Rev. — as 17265, but the altar is ornamented with star and with mint mark ARL in ex. preceded by officina mark T or Q (= 3 or 4). RIC vii, p. 256, 200. EMA, p. 45, 23/4. VF £23 ($40) / EF £70 ($120) C 216. [Arles, AD 319-20].

17270

17277

17270

A or F, d or i. Rev. VICTORIAE LAETAE PRINC PERP, two Victories stg. facing each other, holding between them shield, inscribed VOT / P R in two lines, resting on altar ornamented with wreath, mint mark P LN in ex. RIC vii, p. 108, 180-82. C 219 and VF £19 ($33) / EF £60 ($100) 224. [London, AD 319-20].

17271

F, helmeted, dr. and cuir. bust l. or r. Rev. — as previous, but the altar is ornamented with star, and with mint mark TR in ex. preceded by officina mark S (= 2). RIC vii, p. VF £19 ($33) / EF £60 ($100) 183, 219-20. C —. [Trier, AD 319].

17272

Obv. As 17267. Rev. — as previous, but the altar is plain or ornamented with diamond pattern (◊), and with mint mark A in ex. preceded by officina mark P (= 1) and star within crescent. RIC vii, —. EMA, p. 43, 19/6. C 223. [Arles, AD 319]. VF £23 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

17273

Bh. Rev. — as previous, but the altar is ornamented with C, and with mint mark T in ex. preceded by officina mark P or T (= 1 or 3). RIC vii, p. 373, 95. Cf. C 221 (bust laur., in VF £19 ($33) / EF £60 ($100) error?). [Ticinum, AD 319].

17274

Cd. Rev. — as previous, but the altar is plain but garlanded, and with mint mark SIS in ex. preceded by officina mark B (= 2). RIC vii, p. 432, 58. C 222. [Siscia, AD 318-19]. VF £23 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

17275

Similar, but with dot following the mint mark, and officinae A, G, D, and e (= 1, 3, 4, and 5) also recorded (altar sometimes ornamented with a variety of patterns). RIC vii, VF £19 ($33) / EF £60 ($100) p. 433, 71-2. C 222. [Siscia, AD 319].

17276

Similar, but the altar is ornamented with I or S (officinae B and e = 2 and 5 recorded). RIC vii, p. 434, 80. C 222 var. [Siscia, AD 319]. VF £22 ($38) / EF £65 ($110)

17277

Bd. Rev. VIRT EXERC, X-shaped plan of Roman camp (?) with Sol stg. l. at the centre, his r. hand raised, holding globe in l., mint mark and officina marks • TS • B • (= 2) in ex. RIC vii, p. 507, 71. C 230. [Thessalonica, AD 319]. VF £140 ($250) / EF £350 ($600) The traditional explanation of this curious reverse type as a ‘plan of a camp’ seems unsatisfactory. The legend certainly indicates a military connection and perhaps the elaborate quadruple X-shape is intended to represent a series of defensive ditches. Carson (“Coins of the Roman Empire”, p. 166) comes up with an alternative theory that “it is perhaps better to be regarded as a bird’s eye view of a monumental stepped-base surmounted by figure of Sol”. See also Volume IV, nos. 15364, 15458, 16305, and 16831.

17278

Bd. Rev. VIRTVS AVGG, three-turreted gateway of military camp, sometimes without doors, sometimes with doors closed, mint mark R followed by officina mark S, T, or Q (= 2, 3, or 4) in ex., P — R in field. RIC vii, p. 316, 173 and 183. C 231. [Rome, AD 318-19]. VF £19 ($33) / EF £60 ($100)

102

Roman Coins and Their Values

17279

Billon centenionalis. B, d or e. Rev. VIRTVS CAESS, four-turreted gateway of military camp, star above, the doors wide open, mint mark ARL in ex. (with crescent between the first two letters) preceded by officina mark T or Q (= 3 or 4). RIC vii, p. 265, 294-5. LRBC I, 297. EMA 36/9-10. C 239. [Arles, AD 325-6]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

17280

Be. Rev. — as previous, but without the crescent in the mint mark and with S — F in field. RIC vii, p. 267, 305. LRBC I, 306. EMA 37/5. C 239. [Arles, AD 326-7]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

17281

Similar, but the officina mark follows instead of precedes the mint mark (officina T = 3 only recorded). RIC vii, p. 268, 315. LRBC I, 324. EMA 38/7. C 239. [Arles, AD 327] .VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

17282

Similar, but with mint mark CONST in ex. preceded by officina mark T or Q (= 3 or 4), S — F in field. RIC vii, p. 269, 322. LRBC I, 331. EMA 39/5. C 239. [Constantina/ Arles, AD 328-9]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60) In AD 328 the name of this mint was changed to Constantina in honour of Constantine II, the eldest surviving son of Constantine I. Following the young emperor’s death in battle in 340 the name of the city reverted to Arelate, but thirteen years later, after the downfall of the western usurper Magnentius, Constantius II restored the dynastic connection by naming the place Constantia.

17283

B, d or f. Rev. — as previous, but with T — F instead of S — F in field, and sometimes the gateway is without doors (officina P = 1 only recorded). RIC vii, p. 270, 333-4 and 338. LRBC I, 345-7. EMA 40/9-10. C 239-40. [Constantina/Arles, AD 329-30]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

17284

Ai. Rev. VIRTVS EXERCIT, trophy, with two captives seated back to back at base, mint mark P LON in ex. RIC vii, p. 109, 184. C 262. [London, AD 320]. VF £23 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

17285

As previous, but with mint mark TR in ex. preceded by dot (sometimes omitted) and officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2), sometimes with star in l. field. RIC vii, pp. 186-7, 257 and 265. C 262. [Trier, AD 320]. VF £19 ($33) / EF £60 ($100)

17286

Similar, but with T — F in rev. field (officina S = 2 only recorded). RIC vii, p. 189, 290. C 262. [Trier, AD 320-21]. VF £19 ($33) / EF £60 ($100)

17287

D N CONSTANTINO IVN N C, d. Rev. — as 17284, but with mint mark P LG in ex. and A — S in field. RIC vii, p. 129, 105. Bastien 47. C 260. [Lugdunum, AD 320]. VF £19 ($33) / EF £60 ($100)

17288

B, e or k. Rev. — vexillum, inscribed VOT / X in two lines, with two captives seated back to back at base, mint mark AQ followed by officina mark T (= 3) in ex., S — F in field. RIC vii, p. 399, 45-6. C 246. MA 323-4. [Aquileia, AD 320]. VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

17289

Bd. Rev. — as previous, but the mint and officina marks are flanked by dots. RIC vii, —. C 248. MA 326. [Aquileia, AD 320]. VF £19 ($33) / EF £60 ($100)

17290 17290

B or C, e or k. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark SIS in ex. preceded by officina mark A, B, G, or e (= 1, 2, 3, or 5) and followed by star, S — F in field. RIC vii, p. 438, 116-18. C 246. [Siscia, AD 320]. VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

CONSTANTINE II CAESAR

103

17291

VIRTVS EXERCIT (cont.) Billon centenionalis. Bk. Rev. — as previous, but also with HL monogram in r. field and sometimes with star and crescent instead of star following mint mark in ex. RIC vii, pp. 439-40, 126 and 133. C 246. [Siscia, AD 320]. VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

17292

Ai. Rev. — as 17288, but the vexillum is inscribed VOT / XX and with mint mark P LON in ex. RIC vii, p. 109, 190. C 252. [London, AD 320-21]. VF £15 ($26) / EF £45 ($80)

17293

Similar, but with mint mark P LN in ex. RIC vii, p. 110, 198. C 252. [London, AD 320-21]. VF £15 ($26) / EF £45 ($80)

17294

A, B, or F, i or k. Rev. — as 17292, but with mint mark TR in ex. preceded by dot (sometimes omitted) and officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2), sometimes with star in l. field. RIC vii, pp. 186 and 188, 257 and 273-8. C 250-52. [Trier, AD 320]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

17295

A or B, i or k. Rev. — as previous, but with T — F in rev. field (no star). RIC vii, p. 190, VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) 300-02. C 252. [Trier, AD 320-21].

17296

D N CONSTANTINO IVN N C, c or d. Rev. — as 17292, but with mint mark P LG in ex. and A — S in field. RIC vii, p. 130, 111-12. Bastien 57-8 and 55-6. C 259. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) [Lugdunum, AD 320].

17297

Similar, but obv. legend A also recorded, and with C — R instead of A — S in rev. field. RIC vii, p. 130, 122-4. Bastien 73, 75, and 77. C 259. [Lugdunum, AD 321]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

17298

B or F, d or e. Rev. – as 17292, but with mint mark ARL in ex. preceded by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). RIC vii, p. 257, 204 and 207. C 258. EMA, p. 46, 24/4 and 5. [Arles, VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90) AD 320].

17299

Bk. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark T in ex. preceded by officina mark P, S, or T (= 1, 2, or 3), sometimes with star, crescent, or dot between, and with Christogram (Chi-Rho monogram) in l. field and sometimes with star in r. RIC vii, pp. 377-8, 121, VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350) 126, and 129. C 256. [Ticinum, AD 319-20]. The Christogram in rev. field is an early reference to Constantine’s espousal of Christianity in AD 312 (see also nos. 17301 and 17304 below, and Volume IV, nos. 15294, 15374, 15377A, 15379A, 15472, 15474, 16324 and 16853).

17300

Bk. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark AQ in ex. followed by officina mark T (= 3), and with S — F in field. RIC vii, p. 400, 56. MA 327. C —. [Aquileia, AD 320]. VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

17301

Similar, but without the S — F in rev. field and with Christogram (Chi-Rho monogram) to l. RIC vii, p. 401, 62. MA 328. C 256. [Aquileia, AD 320]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350) See note following no. 17299.

17302

Be. Rev. — as 17292, but with mint and officina marks • TS • B • (= 2) in ex. RIC vii, VF £15 ($26) / EF £45 ($80) p. 507, 74. C —. [Thessalonica, AD 320].

17294

17303

Similar, but also with S — F in rev. field. RIC vii, p. 508, 80-81. C —. [Thessalonica, VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

AD 320].

104

Roman Coins and Their Values

17304

Billon centenionalis. Bk. Rev. VIRTVS EXERCIT, as 17302, but also with Christogram (Chi-Rho monogram) in rev. field to l. RIC vii, p. 508, 83. C 256. [Thessalonica, AD 320]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350) See note following no. 17299.

17305

Bd. Rev. VOT • V • / MVLT • X • / CAESS in three lines above mint and officina marks • TS • B • (= 2), all within wreath. RIC vii, p. 504, 45. C 273. [Thessalonica, AD 318-19]. VF £23 ($40) / EF £70 ($120) There are several varieties of obv. type for this issue.

17306

Bd. Rev. VOT X / ET XV F in two lines above mint and officina marks R P (or S or T = 1, 2, or 3) with erwc (the first three letters in monogram) between, all within wreath. RIC vii, p. 318, 206. C 276. [Rome, AD 320]. VF £37 ($65) / EF £115 ($200) The Greek lettering incorporated in this intriguing mint mark is meant to equate to the Latin AMOR (love) which is ROMA reversed.

17307

Similar, but without erwc between the mint and officina marks (officinae S and Q = 2 and 4 recorded). RIC vii, p. 318, 209. C 276. [Rome, AD 320]. VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150)

17308

Bd. Rev. VOT / XV in two lines with dot at centre, above mint and officina marks R P (= 1), all within wreath. RIC vii, p. 318, 210. C —. [Rome, AD 320]. VF £35 ($60) / EF £100 ($175)

17309

Bd. Rev. VOT / XV / FEL / XX in four lines above mint and officina marks R T (= 3), all within wreath. RIC vii, p. 319, 218. C —. [Rome, AD 320]. VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150) Another variety (RIC 224) has the reverse legend divided VOT / XV FEL / XX in three lines with the mint and officina marks (R P = 1) following XX on the third line.

17310

Billon half centenionalis (?). B, laur. bust r., with aegis on chest. Rev. VBERTAS SAECVLI, the three Monetae stg. side by side, each holding scales and cornucopiae, mint mark TR in ex. preceded by officina mark S (= 2). RIC vii, p. 193, 336. Cf. C 188. [Trier, AD 321-2]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350) This may be a small medallet.

17311

Fd. Rev. VOT V CAESS NN within wreath (no mint mark). RIC vii, p. 193, 340. C —. [Trier, AD 321-2]. VF £48 ($85) / EF £140 ($250)

17312

Billon reduced centenionalis. No legend, f (looking upwards). Rev. CONSTANTINVS CAES, Roma seated l., holding Victory on globe in r. hand and transverse spear in l., shield at side, mint mark ROM in ex. RIC vii, p. 347, 409. LRBC I, 551. C 73-4. [Rome, AD 337]. VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150) NB The weight of the centenionalis was maintained at c. 3 grams down to AD 330 when it was reduced to about 2.5 grams. There was a final reduction to 1.70 grams in the last year of Constantine I’s reign; this was clearly indicated on the GLORIA EXERCITVS coinage by a modification in the reverse design which saw the number of standards reduced from two to one.



17313

Bd. Rev. GLORIA EXERCITVS, two soldiers stg. facing each other, each resting on spear and shield, two standards between them, mint mark TR in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2) sometimes to r. of which is dot. RIC vii, pp. 214-15, 520 and 527. LRBC I, 49 and 56. C 122. [Trier, AD 330-31]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

17314 Similar, but with dot between the mint and officina marks, or with star following the officina mark. RIC vii, pp. 216-17, 539 and 545. LRBC I, 63 and 68. C 122. [Trier, AD 332-3]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

CONSTANTINE II CAESAR

105

17315

GLORIA EXERCITVS (cont.) Billon reduced centenionalis. A or B, d. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark TR in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2) and with wreath or palm between the two standards. RIC vii, p. 218, 550 and 556-7. LRBC I, 73 and 81-2. C 127. [Trier, AD 333-4]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

17316

Bd. Rev. — as 17313, but with mint mark LG in ex. preceded by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). RIC vii, p. 138, 238. Bastien 199 and 204. LRBC I, 181. C 122. [Lugdunum, VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30) AD 330].

17317

Similar, but the officina mark is preceded by crescent or by dot within crescent. RIC vii, p. 138, 249 and 254. Bastien 209 and 214, 219 and 224. LRBC I, 193 and 198. C 122. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30) [Lugdunum, AD 331].

17318

Similar, but the officina mark is preceded by dot or (very rarely) by wreath. RIC vii, p. 138, 244. Bastien 230 and 235, 240 and 245. LRBC I, 187. C 122. [Lugdunum, AD 332]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

17319

Similar, but the officina mark is preceded by star or (very rarely) by palm. RIC vii, pp. 139-40, 263 and 268. Bastien 250 and 256. LRBC I, 203, 208, and 213. C 122. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30) [Lugdunum, AD 334-5].

17320

Bd. Rev. — as 17313, but with mint mark CONST in ex. preceded by officina mark P (= 1). RIC vii, —. LRBC I, —. EMA, p. 62, 41/3. C 122. [Constantina/Arles, AD 330]. VF £8 ($13) / EF £23 ($40)

17321

Similar, but also with star in rev. field, either above or between the standards, and officina S (= 2) also recorded. RIC vii, p. 271, 346 and 350. LRBC I, 353. EMA, p. 62, VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30) 42/2. C 127. [Constantina/Arles, AD 330-31].

17322

Similar, but with crescent between the standards. RIC vii, p. 272, 354. LRBC I, 358. EMA, p. 63, 43/2. C 127. [Constantina/Arles, AD 331]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

17323

A or B, d. Rev. — as previous, but with palm between the standards. RIC vii, p. 273, 359 and 365-6. LRBC I, 363 and 368-9. EMA, pp. 64-5, 44/2 and 45/3-4. C 127. [Constantina/Arles, AD 332-3]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

17324

Ad. Rev. — as previous, but with wreath (sometimes containing dot) between the standards. RIC vii, p. 274, 371 and 376. LRBC I, 374 and 379. EMA, pp. 65-6, 46/2 and VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30) 47/2. C 126. [Constantina/Arles, AD 333-4].

17325

Similar, but with Christogram between the standards. RIC vii, p. 275, 382. LRBC I, 385. EMA, p. 66, 48/2. C 128 var. [Constantina/Arles, AD 334]. VF £19 ($33) / EF £60 ($100)

17326

Similar, but with uncertain symbol resembling pine-tree between the standards (officina P = 1 only recorded). RIC vii, p. 276, 388. LRBC I, 392. EMA, p. 67, 49/2. C VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35) 126. [Constantina/Arles, AD 335-6].

17327

Bd. Rev. — 17313, but with mint mark AQ in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2), sometimes with cross between the standards. RIC vii, p. 407, 119 and 125. LRBC I, 651 and 657. MA 347-8. C 127. [Aquileia, AD 334-5]. Without cross VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35), with cross VF £19 ($33) / EF £60 ($100)

17328

Similar, but with F between the standards. RIC vii, p. 409, 132. LRBC I, 663. MA 349. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35) C —. [Aquileia, AD 335-6].

17329

Bd. Rev. — as 17313, but with mint mark R F in ex. followed by officina mark S or T (= 2 or 3). RIC vii, p. 336, 328. LRBC I, 532. C 122. [Rome, AD 330]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

106

Roman Coins and Their Values

17330

GLORIA EXERCITVS (cont.) Billon reduced centenionalis. Similar, but with mint mark R B instead of R F (officina S = 2 only recorded). RIC vii, p. 336, 336. LRBC I, 538. C 122. [Rome, AD 330-31]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

17331

Similar, but with mint and officina marks R S or R T (= 2 or 3) in ex. with wreath between. RIC vii, p. 339, 351. LRBC I, 543. C 122. [Rome, AD 333-5]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

17332

A or B, d. Rev. — as previous, but with star instead of wreath between the mint and officina marks (officina S = 2 only recorded). RIC vii, p. 341, 364-5. LRBC I, 549-50. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35) C 122 and 124. [Rome, AD 335-6].

17333

Bd. Rev. — as 17313, but with mint mark SIS in ex. preceded by officina mark A, D, or e (= 1, 4, or 5). RIC vii, p. 453, 220. LRBC I, 743. C 122. [Siscia, AD 330-33]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

17334

Similar, but with dots preceding the officina mark and following the mint mark (officinae A, G, D, and e = 1, 3, 4, and 5 recorded). RIC vii, p. 455, 236. LRBC I, 748. C 122. [Siscia, AD 334-5]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

17335

Bd. Rev. — as 17313, but with mint mark S M TS in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, or G (= 1, 2, or 3). RIC vii, p. 524, 184. LRBC I, 836. C 122. [Thessalonica, AD 330-33]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30) A later variety of this type (AD 335-6) has the reverse legend divided GLORI—A EXER—CITVS instead of GLOR—IA EXERC—ITVS (RIC 199, LRBC 841).

17336

Bd. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark S M H in ex. followed by officina mark A-D (= 1-4), sometimes with dot preceding mint mark, sometimes a second dot following the officina mark, sometimes a third dot in field or with all three dots horizontally in field. RIC vii, pp. 557-9, 112, 117, 122, 127, 132. LRBC I, 899-900, 905, 910, 915, 920. C VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35) 122. [Heraclea, AD 330-33].

17337

Similar, but without dots and with star following the officina mark. RIC vii, p. 559, 137. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35) LRBC I, 925. C 122. [Heraclea, AD 333-6].

17338

Bd. Rev. — as 17313, but with mint mark CONS in ex. followed by officina mark A, G, S, Q, or I (= 1, 3, 6, 9, or 10). RIC vii, p. 579, 60. LRBC I, 1006. C 122. [Constantinople, AD 330-33]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

17339

Similar, but with dot following the officina mark and sometimes also with dot preceding the mint mark (officinae A, B, G, H, and Q = 1, 2, 3, 8, and 9 recorded). RIC vii, pp. 581-2, 74 and 81. LRBC I, 1011 and 1018. C 122. [Constantinople, AD 333-5]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

17340

Bd. Rev. — as 17313, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark A-S (= 1-6). RIC vii, p. 633, 189. LRBC I, 1118. C 122. [Nicomedia, AD 330-35]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

17341

B, d or g. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark S M K in ex. followed by officina mark A-S (= 1-6), sometimes with dot preceding the mint mark or following the officina mark. RIC vii, pp. 653-4 and 655-6, 67-8, 80-83, and 96-8. LRBC I, 1214-15, 1223-6, VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35) and 1237-40. C 122. [Cyzicus, AD 330-35].

17335

CONSTANTINE II CAESAR

107

17342

GLORIA EXERCITVS (cont.) Billon reduced centenionalis. Bd. Rev. — as previous, but with star preceding the mint mark (officina S = 6 not recorded). RIC vii, p. 658, 112. LRBC I, 1252. C 122. [Cyzicus, AD 335-6]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

17343

Bd. Rev. — as 17313, but with mint mark S M AN in ex. followed by officina mark e, S, Z, H, or Q (= 5, 6, 7, 8, or 9). RIC vii, p. 693, 87. LRBC I, 1357. C 122. [Antioch, AD 330-33 and 335]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

17344

Bd. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark S M AL in ex. followed by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2). RIC vii, p. 711, 59. LRBC I, 1429. C 122. [Alexandria, AD 333-5]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

17345

Ad. Rev. GLORIA EXERCITVS, two soldiers stg. facing each other, each resting on spear and shield, one standard between them, mint mark TR in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2), usually with dots on either side. RIC vii, p. 223, 586 and 591. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30) LRBC I, 88 and 93. C 113. [Trier, AD 336-7].

17346

Bd. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark LG in ex. preceded by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2) usually to l. of which is crescent or star. RIC vii, pp. 140-141, 271, 276, and 281. Bastien 263 and 268, 272 and 276. LRBC I, 226 and 229. C 114. [Lugdunum, AD 336]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

17347

Similar, but the officina mark is preceded by palm. RIC vii, p. 142, 286. Bastien 282 and VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30) 287. LRBC I, 232. C 114. [Lugdunum, AD 337].

17348

Ad. Rev. — as 17345, but with mint mark CONST preceded by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2), and with Christogram on standard (= labarum). RIC vii, p. 276, 395. LRBC I, 399. EMA, p. 68, 50/2. C 119. [Constantina/Arles, AD 336]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

17349

Similar, but with X on standard (officina P = 1 only recorded). RIC vii, p. 277, 403. LRBC I, 406. EMA, p. 69, 51/2. C 113. [Constantina/Arles, AD 336-7]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

17350

As previous, but with O on standard. RIC vii, p. 278, 412. LRBC I, 411. EMA, p. 70, VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30) 53/1. C 113. [Constantina/Arles, AD 337].

17351

Bd. Rev. — as 17345, but with mint mark AQ followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2) and sometimes preceded by dot. RIC vii, p. 410, 140 and 144. LRBC I, 670 and 675. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30) MA 350-51. C 114. [Aquileia, AD 336-7].

17352

Ad. Rev. — as previous, but with mint and officina marks R S or T (= 2 or 3) in ex. with wreath between. RIC vii, p. 344, 382. LRBC I, 559. C 113. [Rome, AD 336]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

17353

Similar, but the mint and officina marks are also flanked by palms (officina S = 2 only recorded). RIC vii, p. 344, 388. LRBC I, —. C 113. [Rome, AD 336]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

17354

As 17352, but with star instead of wreath between the mint and officina marks. RIC vii, VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30) p. 344, 392. LRBC I, 567. C 113. [Rome, AD 336-7].

17355

Bd. Rev. — as 17345, but with mint mark SIS in ex. preceded by officina mark e (= 5). RIC vii, p. 458, 253. LRBC I, 755. C 114. [Siscia, AD 336]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

17343

108

Roman Coins and Their Values

17356

GLORIA EXERCITVS (cont.) Billon reduced centenionalis. Similar, but with star following the mint mark (officinae A, B, and e = 1, 2, and 5 recorded). RIC vii, p. 460, 262. LRBC I, 760. C 114. [Siscia, AD 337]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

17357

Bd. Rev. — as 17345, but with mint mark S M TS in ex. followed by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2). RIC vii, p. 529, 223. LRBC I, 846. C 114. [Thessalonica, AD 336-7]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

17358

Bd. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark S M H followed by officina mark A-D (= 1-4). RIC vii, p. 561, 151-2. LRBC I, 935-6. C 114. [Heraclea, AD 336-7]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

17359

Bd. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark CONS in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, Q, or I (= 1, 2, 9, or 10) and sometimes also with dot at end of legend. RIC vii, pp. 589-90, 138 and 150. LRBC I, 1026-7. C 114. [Constantinople, AD 336-7]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

17360

Bd. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, G, or S (= 1, 2, 3, or 6). RIC vii, p. 635, 200. LRBC I, 1126. C 114. [Nicomedia, AD 336-7]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

17361

B, d or g. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark S M K in ex. followed by officina mark A-S (= 1-6) and sometimes with dot between the R and I of GLORIA. RIC vii, p. 659, 123-5 and 136-8. LRBC I, 1263-4. C 114. [Cyzicus, AD 336-7]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

17362

Bd. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark S M AN in ex. followed by officina mark e, S, Z, H, or Q (= 5, 6, 7, 8, or 9). RIC vii, p. 697, 109. LRBC I, 1364. C 114. [Antioch, AD 336-7]. VF £5 ($8) / EF £15 ($25)

17363

Bd. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark S M AL in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, G, or D (= 1, 2, 3, or 4). RIC vii, p. 712, 66. LRBC I, 1436. C 114. [Alexandria, AD 336-7]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

17364

Ad. Rev. SECVRITAS REI PVB, Securitas stg. facing, hd. r., legs crossed, resting on column and holding sceptre, mint and officina marks R S (= 2) in ex. with leaf between. RIC vii, p. 346, 402. LRBC I, 577. C —. [Rome, AD 337]. VF £19 ($33) / EF £60 ($100)

17365

Gold solidus. Jo. Rev. GAVDIVM POPVLI ROMANI, Victory seated r. on cuirass, inscribing VOT / XX / MVLT / XXX on shield set on l. knee and supported by Genius stg. l. before her, mint mark S M AQ in ex. RIC viii, p. 315, 4. MA 352. C —. Depeyrot, p. 180, 1/1. [Aquileia, AD 337-40]. VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £2,000 ($3,500)

17366

Jp. Rev. — around wreath enclosing SIC / XX / SIC / XXX in four lines, mint mark SIS followed by star below. RIC viii, p. 350, 20. Cf. C (Constantine I) 160 (obv. misdescribed). Depeyrot, p. 200, 4/2. [Siscia, AD 337-40]. VF £775 ($1,350) / EF £2,300 ($4,000)

17367

Lp. Rev. SECVRITAS REI PVBLICAE, Securitas stg. facing, hd. r., r. hand on hd., l. elbow on column, mint mark TR in ex. RIC viii, p. 139, 1. C 180 (= Constantine I 498). Depeyrot, p. 106, 1/1. [Trier, AD 337-40]. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,700 ($3,000)

17368

Lp. Rev. VICTOR OMNIVM GENTIVM, Constantine II, in military attire, stg. l., holding standard and resting on shield, two suppliants kneeling before him on l., seated captive on r., mint mark TR in ex. RIC viii, p. 140, 4. C 195. Depeyrot, p. 107, 3/1. [Trier, AD 337-40]. VF £775 ($1,350) / EF £2,300 ($4,000)

Issues as Augustus, A

337-340

CONSTANTINE II AUGUSTUS

109

17369

Gold solidus. Hp. Rev. VICTORIA AVG, Victory advancing l., holding long staff surmounted by trophy in r. hand and palm-branch in l., star in l. field, mark of value LXXII in r., mint mark S M AN in ex., sometimes followed by dot, sometimes by officina mark D or S (= 4 or 6). RIC viii, p. 512, 3 and 6. C (Constantine I) 579. Depeyrot, pp. 271-2, 1/1 and 2/1. [Antioch, AD 337-40]. VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £2,000 ($3,500) The numeral LXXII (= 72) in reverse field indicates the weight of the solidus as 1/72nd of a pound of gold.

17370

Hd. Rev. VICTORIA AVGVSTI, Victory seated r. on cuirass and shield, inscribing VOT / XXX on shield set on l. knee and supported by Genius stg. l. before her, mint and officina marks S M AN A (= 1) followed by dot in ex. RIC viii, p. 512, 10. C —. Depeyrot, p. 272, 4/1. [Antioch, AD 337-40]. VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £2,000 ($3,500)

17371

Similar, but sometimes with obv. type g and with rev. legend VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM (officinae A, B, D, e, S, and H = 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, and 8 recorded). RIC viii, p. 512, 13-16. C (Constantine I) 598. Depeyrot, p. 273, 4/4-7. [Antioch, AD 337-40]. VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £2,000 ($3,500) A very rare variant has the obverse type diademed, draped and cuirassed bust left.

17372

FL IVL CONSTANTINVS PERP AVG, g. Rev. — as previous, but officina mark not recorded. RIC viii, p. 513, 20. C —. Depeyrot, p. 273, 4/11. [Antioch, AD 340]. VF £720 ($1,250) / EF £2,150 ($3,750) The use of the name Julius (IVL) instead of Claudius (CL) in the obverse legend is a surprising error.

17373

Similar, but on rev. the shield is inscribed VOT / XX / MVLT / XXX (officinae A, e, S, and Z = 1, 5, 6, and 7 recorded). RIC viii, p. 513, 23. C —. Depeyrot, p. 274, 5/1. [Antioch, AD 337-40]. VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £2,000 ($3,500)

17374

Kn. Rev. VICTORIA CONSTANTINI AVG, Victory seated r., as 17370, but with VOT / XX on shield and with mint mark CONS in ex. RIC viii, p. 447, 3. Cf. C 207 (obv. misdescribed). Depeyrot, p. 230, 1/3. [Constantinople, AD 337-40]. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,700 ($3,000)

17375

CONSTANTINVS MAX AVG, p. Rev. — as 17370, but with mint mark SIS in ex., sometimes preceded and followed by dot. RIC viii, p. 348, 1-2. C —. Depeyrot, p. 199, 1/1 and 3/1. [Siscia, AD 337-8]. VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £2,000 ($3,500) This type is identical to an issue of Constantine I (cf. Volume IV, no. 15754 = RIC vii, 243 and 257), the only means of differentiation being the more youthful portrait of Constantine II. See also the following.

17376

Obv. As previous. Rev. — Victory advancing r., holding shield inscribed VOT / XXX, her l. foot trampling on captive seated on ground to r., mint mark SIS in ex. RIC viii, p. 349, 3. C —. Depeyrot, p. 199, 1/2. [Siscia, AD 337-8]. VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £2,000 ($3,500) This type is identical to an issue of Constantine I (cf. Volume IV, no. 15748 = RIC vii, 244), the only means of differentiation being the more youthful portrait of Constantine II.

17373

17374

110

Roman Coins and Their Values

17377 17377

17378

17380A

Gold solidus. Jp. Rev. VICTORIA CONSTANTINI AVG, as previous, but with dots preceding and following the mint mark. RIC viii, p. 349, 4. C —. Depeyrot, p. 199, 3/2. VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £2,000 ($3,500) [Siscia, AD 338-40]. Kn. Rev. — Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark CONS in ex. RIC viii, —. C —. Depeyrot, p. 230, 1/2. [Constantinople, AD 337-40]. VF £775 ($1,350) / EF £2,300 ($4,000)

17379

Mp. Rev. VICTORIA DD NN AVG, Victory seated r., as 17375, but the shield is inscribed SIC / XX / SIC / XXX and the mint mark is followed by star. RIC viii, p. 351, 28. C —. Cf. Depeyrot, p. 201, 5/note. [Siscia, AD 338-40]. VF £775 ($1,350) / EF £2,300 ($4,000)

17380

J or M, p. Rev. VICTORIA DD NN AVGG, Victory advancing l., holding long staff surmounted by trophy in r. hand and palm-branch in l., mint mark TSe or TES in ex. RIC viii, pp. 402 and 404, 2, 11, and 25. C 212. Depeyrot, pp. 213-14, 1/1, 2/4, and 4/1. [Thessalonica, AD 337-40]. VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £2,000 ($3,500)

17380A

Mg. Rev. VICTORIA DDD NNN AVG, Victory seated r., as 17379. RIC viii, —. C —. Depeyrot —. [Siscia, AD 338-40]. VF £775 ($1,350) / EF £2,300 ($4,000)

17381

Mp. Rev. VICTORIA DDD NNN AVGGG, two Victories stg. facing each other, holding between them shield inscribed VOTIS / XX / MVLTIS / XXX, mint mark SIS followed by star in ex. RIC viii, p. 351, 26. C —. Depeyrot —. [Siscia, AD 338-40]. VF £775 ($1,350) / EF £2,300 ($4,000)

17382

Similar, but with VICTORIAE for VICTORIA on rev. and sometimes VOT for VOTIS on shield. RIC viii, p. 351, 27. C 215. Depeyrot, p. 200, 5/1. [Siscia, AD 338-40]. VF £600 ($1,200) / EF £1,750 ($3,500)

17383

Lp. Rev. VIRTVS EXERCITVS GALL, Mars advancing r., carrying transverse spear and trophy over l. shoulder, captives seated on ground to l. and to r., mint mark TR in ex. RIC viii, p. 140, 12. Cf. C 264. Depeyrot, p. 107, 2/1. [Trier, AD 337-40]. VF £775 ($1,350) / EF £2,300 ($4,000) The appearance of the pagan god of war at this late date is remarkable. NB There are also gold multiples (1.5 solidi) from Thessalonica, rev. GLORIA EXERCITVS, emperor standing, holding trophy and shield (RIC 1), and from Antioch, rev. FELIX ADVENTVS AVG N, emperor on horseback (RIC 2).



17384

Gold semissis or half solidus (c. 2.25 grams). Lp. Rev. SECVRITAS REI PVBLICAE, Securitas stg. facing, hd. r., r. hand on hd., l. elbow on column, mint mark TR in ex. RIC viii, p. 140, 16. C —. Depeyrot, p. 106, 1/4. [Trier, AD 337-40]. VF £775 ($1,350) / EF £2,300 ($4,000)

17385

Jg. Rev. VICTORIA DD NN AVGG, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark TES in ex. RIC viii, p. 404, 36. Cf. C (Constantine I) 621 (obv. misdescribed). Depeyrot, p. 214, 4/8. [Thessalonica, AD 339-40]. VF £775 ($1,350) / EF £2,300 ($4,000)

17386

Gold 1.5-scripulum or 9-siliqua (c. 1.68 grams). Nd. Rev. SECVRITAS REI PVBLICAE, Securitas stg., as 17384, mint mark TR in ex. RIC viii, p. 141, 18. Cf. C (Constantine I) 500 (obv. misdescribed). Depeyrot, p. 106, 1/5. [Trier, AD 337-40]. VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £2,000 ($3,500)

CONSTANTINE II AUGUSTUS

111

17387

Gold 1.5-scripulum. Hp. Rev. VICTORIA CONSTANTINI AVG, Victory seated r. on cuirass and shield, inscribing VOT / XXX on shield set on l. knee and supported by Genius stg. l. before her, mint mark SIS followed by dot in ex. RIC viii, p. 349, 12 (= RIC vii, p. 458, 258). C —. Depeyrot, p. 199, 2/1. [Siscia, AD 338-40]. VF £775 ($1,350) / EF £2,300 ($4,000) This type was listed in Volume IV (no. 15801) as a coin of Constantine I. An attribution to the brief reign of Constantine II now seems preferable.

17388

Jg. Rev. VICTORIA DD NN AVGG, all as 17385. RIC viii, —. Cf. C (Constantine I) 621 (obv. misdescribed). Depeyrot, p. 214, 4/9. [Thessalonica, AD 339-40]. VF £775 ($1,350) / EF £2,300 ($4,000)

17389

Silver heavy miliarensis (c. 5.4 grams, weights variable). Jp. Rev. GAVDIVM POPVLI ROMANI around wreath containing SIC / XX / SIC / XXX in four lines, mint mark SIS followed by dot within crescent below. RIC viii, p. 353, 47. RSC 108Aa. VF £1,425 ($2,500) / EF £4,300 ($7,500) Gnecchi 18. [Siscia, AD 338-40]. This new denomination equates in weight to the gold aureus, just as the light miliarensis is the weight equivalent of the gold solidus.

17390

Jp. Rev. PAX AETERNA AVG, Pax stg. facing, hd. l., legs crossed, holding olivebranch and sceptre and resting l. elbow on column, mint mark • SIS • in ex. RIC viii, p. 353, 46A. RSC 138A. Gnecchi —. [Siscia, AD 338-40]. VF £1,425 ($2,500) / EF £4,300 ($7,500)

17391

Mp. Rev. VIRTVS EXERCITVS, soldier stg. facing, hd. r., resting on spear and shield, mint mark TES in ex. RIC viii, p. 406, 46. RSC 262A. Gnecchi —. [Thessalonica, AD 339-40]. VF £1,250 ($2,200) / EF £3,750 ($6,500)

17392

Silver light miliarensis or 11/3 siliquae (c. 4.5 grams, weights variable). H, g or p. Rev. CONSTANTINVS AVG, four standards, mint mark S M TR in ex. RIC viii, p. 141, 20-21. RSC 68A. Gnecchi 6. [Trier, AD 337-40]. VF £1,000 ($1,750) / EF £2,850 ($5,000)



NB This denomination was introduced by Constantine I in AD 325. After the reform of Constantius II in 357 (whereby the weight of the siliqua was reduced to 2.25 grams) the light miliarensis became a double siliqua.

17393

Mp. Rev. CONSTANTINVS P F AVG, three standards, mint mark TES in ex. RIC viii, p. 406, 49. RSC 87A. Gnecchi —. [Thessalonica, AD 339-40]. VF £1,150 ($2,000) / EF £3,450 ($6,000)

17394

Silver siliqua (c. 3.37 grams). No legend, c or f (looking upwards, pearl-diad.). Rev. CONSTAN / TINVS / AVG in three lines within wreath, mint mark ANT below. RIC viii, p. 514, 32-3. RSC 69a-b. [Antioch, AD 337-40]. VF £290 ($500) / EF £720 ($1,250)

17391

 

17392

112

Roman Coins and Their Values

17395

 

17396

17395

Silver siliqua. Similar, but obv. type c not recorded, and with mint mark ALE on rev. RIC viii, p. 538, 1. RSC 69c. [Alexandria, AD 337-40]. VF £290 ($500) / EF £720 ($1,250)

17396

No legend, f (looking upwards, laur. and rosette-diad.). Rev. CONSTANTINVS AVG, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark R in ex. RIC viii, p. 248, 1. VF £225 ($400) / EF £575 ($1,000) RSC 69Ae. [Rome, AD 337-40].

17397

CONSTANTINVS MAX AVG, p. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark SIS in ex. RIC viii, p. 353, 57. RSC 69Ag. [Siscia, AD 337-8]. VF £200 ($350) / EF £520 ($900)

17398

Jp. Rev. — as previous, but sometimes with dots either side of the mint mark. RIC viii, p. 353, 58-9. RSC 69Ah-i. [Siscia, AD 338-40]. VF £175 ($320) / EF £460 ($800) See Volume IV, nos. 15843-4, for other siliquae of Siscia, some specimens of which may belong to the reign of Constantine II (cf. RIC viii, p. 353, 53-6). The only means of differentiation would be the more youthful portrait of Constantine II.

17399

Obv. As 17396. Rev. — as 17396, but with mint mark S M K followed by star. RIC viii, VF £250 ($450) / EF £625 ($1,100) p. 489, 1. RSC 69Af. [Cyzicus, AD 337-40].

17400

Obv. Similar, but sometimes rosette-diad. only. Rev. CONSTANTINVS AVGVSTVS, Victory l., as 17396, but with mint mark C in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, D, e, H, or Q (= 1, 2, 4, 5, 8, or 9) and with dot between. RIC viii, p. 448, 15-16. RSC 70a-b. [Constantinople, AD 337-40]. VF £175 ($300) / EF £430 ($750)

17401

Jp. Rev. GAVDIVM POPVLI ROMANI around wreath containing SIC / XX / SIC / XXX in four lines, mint mark SIS followed by dot within crescent below. RIC viii, p. VF £250 ($450) / EF £625 ($1,100) 354, 70. RSC 108Ab. [Siscia, AD 338-40].

17402

Np. Rev. PAX AVGVSTORVM, Constantine II, in military attire, stg. l., holding standard with Chi-Rho monogram (labarum), l. hand at side, mint and officina marks TR P (= 1) in ex. RIC viii, p. 142, 30. RSC 138B. [Trier, AD 337-40]. VF £195 ($340) / EF £480 ($850)

17403

Np. Rev. PRINCIPI IVVENTVTIS, Constantine II, in military attire, stg. r., holding spear and globe, his l. foot set on seated captive, mint and officina marks TR S (= 2) in ex. RIC viii, p. 142, 33. RSC 142A. [Trier, AD 337-40]. VF £195 ($340) / EF £480 ($850)

17404

N, g or p. Rev. VICTORIA AVGG NN, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark TR followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2) in ex. RIC viii, p. 141, 28-9. VF £175 ($320) / EF £460 ($800) RSC 197Aa-b. [Trier, AD 337-40].

CONSTANTINE II AUGUSTUS

17405

 

113

17405A

17405

Silver siliqua. Similar, but with rev. legend VICTORIA AVGVSTI. RIC viii, p. 141, VF £175 ($320) / EF £460 ($800) 25-6. RSC 199Aa-b. [Trier, AD 337-40].

17405A

Jg. Rev. VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM, Victory advancing l., as 17404, but with mint mark SIS in ex. followed by dot within crescent. RIC viii, —. RSC —. (Specimen seen Feb. 2008). [Siscia, AD 340]. VF £225 ($400) / EF £575 ($1,000)

17406

Jo. Rev. VICTORIA DD NN AVGG, Victory advancing l., as 17404, but with mint mark S M AQ in ex. RIC viii, p. 316, 9. MA 353. RSC 212a. [Aquileia, AD 337-40]. VF £200 ($350) / EF £520 ($900)

17407

Jg. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark TSe in ex. RIC viii, p. 405, 39. RSC 212b. [Thessalonica, AD 337-9]. VF £220 ($380) / EF £540 ($950)

17408

Billon reduced centenionalis. Hg. Rev. GLORIA EXERCITVS, two soldiers stg. facing each other, each resting on spear and shield, standard between them ornamented with cross, mint mark TR in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). RIC viii, p. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) 143, 38. LRBC I, 99. C 117 var. [Trier, AD 337-40].

17409

Hp. Rev. — as previous, but without cross on standard, and usually with dots on either side of the mint and officina marks, or with single dot following the officina mark. RIC viii, p. 143, 49, 57, and 69. LRBC I, 107. C 117. [Trier, AD 337-40]. VF £8 ($13) / EF £23 ($40)

17410

H, d or g. Rev. — as previous, but with palm following the officina mark. RIC viii, p. VF £8 ($13) / EF £23 ($40) 144, 80-81. LRBC I, 124-5. C 117. [Trier, AD 337-40].

17411

I, d or p. Rev. — as 17408, but with Chi-Rho monogram instead of cross on standard (= labarum), and with mint mark LG in ex. preceded by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). RIC viii, p. 178, 4-5. LRBC I, 239-40. Bastien 5, 11. C 121. [Lugdunum, AD 337-8]. VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

17412

Similar, but with obv. CONSTANTINVS MAX AVG, g or p. RIC viii, p. 178, 6-7. LRBC VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) I, 241. Bastien 6, 12. C —. [Lugdunum, AD 337-8].

17413

Obv. As previous (type p). Rev. — as 17411, but with S instead of Chi-Rho monogram on standard, and palm preceding the officina mark in ex. (S = 2 only recorded). RIC viii, p. 178, 13. LRBC I, 246. Bastien 15, 19. C —. [Lugdunum, AD 340]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

17414

Jp. Rev. — as previous (officinae P = 1 only recorded). RIC viii, p. 178, 14. LRBC I, VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35) 247. Bastien 16, 20. C —. [Lugdunum, AD 340].

17415

Np. Rev. — as 17408, but with O instead of cross on standard, and with mint mark CONST in ex. preceded by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). RIC viii, p. 205, 1. LRBC I, 416. EMA, p. 70, 54/1. C —. [Constantina/Arles, AD 337-8]. VF £8 ($13) / EF £23 ($40)

17416

N, d or p. Rev. — as previous, but with crescent instead of O on standard. RIC viii, p. 205, 10-11. LRBC I, 419. EMA, p. 71, 55/1-2. C —. [Constantina/Arles, AD 338-9]. VF £8 ($13) / EF £23 ($40)

17417

Similar, but with X instead of crescent on standard. RIC viii, p. 205, 18-19. Cf. LRBC I, 425. EMA, p. 72, 56/3-4. C —. [Constantina/Arles, AD 339]. VF £8 ($13) / EF £23 ($40)

114

Roman Coins and Their Values

17418

GLORIA EXERCITVS (cont.) Billon reduced centenionalis. H or N, g, o, or p. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark CON in ex. preceded by officina mark P (= 1). RIC viii, p. 206, 43-5. LRBC I, 430. EMA, p. 73, 57/3. C 117. [Constantina/Arles, AD 340]. VF £8 ($13) / EF £23 ($40)

17419

Hp. Rev. — as previous, but with N instead of X on standard. RIC viii, p. 206, 33. LRBC I, —. Cf. EMA, p. 73, 58/3 (obv. misdescribed). C 117. [Constantina/Arles, AD 340]. VF £8 ($13) / EF £23 ($40)

17420

Oo. Rev. — as 17409, but with mint and officina marks R P (= 1) in ex. with leaf between. RIC viii, p. 249, 2. LRBC I, —. C 118. [Rome, AD 337-40]. VF £9 ($15) / EF £26 ($45) The form of obverse legend VIC CONSTANTINVS AVG is unique to the Rome mint (see also the three following and nos. 17447 and 17450-53).

17421

As previous, but with star instead of leaf between the mint and officina marks, and officinae T and Q (= 3 and 4) also recorded. RIC viii, p. 250, 24. LRBC I, 613. C 118. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35) [Rome, AD 337-40].

17422

Similar, but with palm instead of star between the mint and officina marks (officinae P and T = 1 and 3 recorded). RIC viii, p. 250, 36. LRBC I, 623. C 118. [Rome, AD 337-40]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

17423

Similar, but with palms either side of the mint and officina marks (officinae P and Q = 1 and 4 recorded). RIC viii, p. 251, 50. LRBC I, 618. C 118. [Rome, AD 337-40]. VF £8 ($13) / EF £23 ($40)

17424

J, d or o. Rev. — as 17409, but with mint and officina marks AQ P or S (= 1 or 2) in ex. preceded by dot. RIC viii, p. 316, 11-12. LRBC I, 680, 680a. MA 354. C —. [Aquileia, VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35) AD 337-40].

17425

As previous, but without dot preceding the mint mark, and with two palms in upper field flanking the banner of the standard. RIC viii, p. 316, 18-19. LRBC I, 686, 686a. MA 355-6. Cf. C (Constantine I) 252. [Aquileia, AD 337-40]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

17426

Similar, but without palms in rev. field and the standard is ornamented with wreath. RIC viii, p. 316, 25. LRBC I, 690. MA 357. C —. [Aquileia, AD 337-40]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

17427

Similar, but without wreath on the standard (officina P = 1 only recorded). RIC viii, p. 316, 27A. LRBC I, 692a. MA, p. 109, note. C —. [Aquileia, AD 337-40]. VF £8 ($13) / EF £23 ($40)

17428

CONSTANTINVS MAX AVG, p. Rev. — as 17408, but with annulet instead of cross on standard and with mint mark SIS in ex., preceded by officina mark A-e (= 1-5) and followed by star. RIC viii, p. 354, 74. Cf. LRBC I, 759 and 765. Cf. C (Constantine I) 250. [Siscia, AD 337-40]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30) It is difficult to differentiate between coins of this issue and those struck for Constantine I at the end of his reign (see Volume IV, no. 16368A).

17429

As previous, but also with dot preceding the officina mark (only officinae A and B = 1 and 2 recorded). RIC viii, p. 355, 79. LRBC I, 776. Cf. C (Constantine I) 250. [Siscia, AD 337-40]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

17430

Similar, but with crescent containing dot instead of star following the mint mark. RIC viii, p. 355, 82. LRBC I, —. Cf. C (Constantine I) 250. [Siscia, AD 337-40]. VF £8 ($13) / EF £23 ($40)

17431

Obv. As 17428. Rev. — as 17408, but with Chi-Rho monogram instead of cross on standard (= labarum), and with mint mark SIS in ex. preceded by officina mark A, B, D, or e (= 1, 2, 4, or 5). RIC viii, p. 355, 85. LRBC I, 779. Cf. C (Constantine I) 251. [Siscia, AD 337-40]. VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

CONSTANTINE II AUGUSTUS

115

17432

GLORIA EXERCITVS (cont.) Billon reduced centenionalis. Obv. Similar, but sometimes type g. Rev. — as previous, but also with crescent (sometimes containing dot) following the mint mark (officinae A-e = 1-5 recorded). RIC viii, p. 355, 89-90 and 95-6. LRBC I, 770-71. Cf. C VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90) (Constantine I) 251. [Siscia, AD 337-40].

17433

Jp. Rev. — as 17409, but with mint mark S M TS in ex. followed by officina mark A-D (= 1-4). RIC viii, p. 407, 55. LRBC I, 854. C —. [Thessalonica, AD 337-40]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

17434

H, d or laur. and diad hd. r. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark S M H followed by officina mark A-e (= 1-5). RIC viii, p. 431, 15-16. LRBC I, 944-5. Cf. C 117. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35) [Heraclea, AD 337-40].

17435

CONSTANTINVS V M AVG, p or laur. and diad. hd. r. Rev. — as previous. RIC viii, p. 431, 17-18. LRBC I, 947. C —. [Heraclea, AD 337-40]. VF £10 ($17) / EF £30 ($50) The ‘V M’ in this unusual obverse legend has been interpreted as ‘Victor Maximus’ or, perhaps less likely, ‘Venerandae Memoriae’.

17436

K, laur. and diad. hd. r. Rev. — as previous, but officina e (= 5) only recorded. RIC viii, p. 432, 33. LRBC I, 946. Cf. C (Constantine I) 249. [Heraclea, AD 337-40]. VF £8 ($13) / EF £23 ($40)

17437

K, c, f, or laur. and diad. hd. r. Rev. — as 17409, but with mint mark CONS in ex. followed by officina mark B, G, D, H, Q, or I (= 2, 3, 4, 8, 9, or 10). RIC viii, pp. 449-50, 23-5 and 40-41. LRBC I, 1042 and 1053-4. Cf. C (Constantine I) 249. [Constantinople, AD 337-40]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35) On some coins of this type there is a terminal dot at the end of the reverse legend.

17438

As previous, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, D, e, or S (= 1, 2, 4, 5, or 6). RIC viii, p. 471, 5-7. LRBC I, 1133-5. Cf. C (Constantine I) 249. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35) [Nicomedia, AD 337-40].

17439

J or K, c, f, or e. Rev. — as 17409, but with mint mark S M K in ex. followed by officina mark A-S (= 1-6), sometimes with dot between R and I of GLORIA. RIC viii, p. 490, 5-7 and 15. LRBC I, 1275 and 1278. Cf. C (Constantine I) 247 and 249. [Cyzicus, AD 337-40]. VF £8 ($13) / EF £23 ($40)

17440

Kc. Rev. — as previous, but with dot following the officina mark (no dot in legend). RIC viii, p. 491, 20. LRBC I, 1288. Cf. C (Constantine I) 249. [Cyzicus, AD 337-40]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

17441

As previous, but with small star (or X) following the officina mark (officinae B and D not recorded for this issue). RIC viii, p. 491, 26. LRBC I, 1292. Cf. C (Constantine I) VF £8 ($13) / EF £23 ($40) 249. [Cyzicus, AD 337-40].

17442

Similar, but with crescent instead of small star following the officina mark (all six officinae recorded for this issue). RIC viii, p. 491, 31. LRBC I, 1296. Cf. C (Constantine VF £8 ($13) / EF £23 ($40) I) 249. [Cyzicus, AD 337-40].

17443

H, d, g, or p. Rev. — as 17409, but with mint mark S M AN in ex. followed by officina mark A-S or Q (= 1-6 or 9). RIC viii, p. 515, 40-43. LRBC I, 1375-8. C 117. [Antioch, VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35) AD 337-40].

116

Roman Coins and Their Values

17444

Billon reduced centenionalis. Hg. Rev. GLORIA EXERCITVS, as previous, but also with two dots in upper field either side of top of standard (officinae expanded to fifteen, of which all but 3 (G), 8 (H), and 15 (eI) have been recorded for this type. RIC viii, p. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35) 515, 51. LRBC I, 1385. C 117. [Antioch, AD 337-40].

17445

CONSTANTINVS MAX AVG, d. Rev. — as 17409, but with mint mark S M AL in ex. followed by officina mark A-D (= 1-4), S — R in field. RIC viii, p. 539, 5. LRBC I, VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35) 1446. C —. [Alexandria, AD 337-40].

17446

As previous, but without S — R in rev. field. RIC viii, p. 539, 13. LRBC I, 1455. C —. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35) [Alexandria, AD 337-40].

17447

Oo. Rev. VICTORIA AVG, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm (no mint mark). RIC viii, p. 251, 56. Cf. LRBC I, 590. C —. [Rome, AD 337-40]. VF £19 ($33) / EF £60 ($100) See note following no. 17420.

17448

Hp. Rev. VIRTVS AVGG NN, soldier, helmeted, stg. facing, hd. r., resting on spear and shield, mint mark TR in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). RIC viii, p. 144, VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) 73. LRBC I, 115. C —. [Trier, AD 337-40].

17449

Similar, but with palm following the officina mark (S = 2 only recorded). RIC viii, p. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) 144, 87. LRBC I, 121. C —. [Trier, AD 337-40].

17450

Oo. Rev. VIRTVS AVGVSTI, emperor, bare-headed and in military attire, stg. facing, hd. r., resting on spear and shield, mint and officina marks R P or T (= 1 or 3) in ex. with leaf between. RIC viii, pp. 249-50, 4 and 14. LRBC I, 580 and 589. C 233. [Rome, AD 337-40]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65) See note following no. 17420.

17451

Similar, but with star instead of leaf between the mint and officina marks. RIC viii, p. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65) 250, 21. LRBC I, 597. C 233. [Rome, AD 337-40].

17452

Similar, but with palm (sometimes followed by dot) instead of star between the mint and officina marks. RIC viii, p. 250, 32 and 43. LRBC I, 602. C 233. [Rome, AD 337-40]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

17453

Similar, but with crescent instead of palm between the mint and officina marks (officina P = 1 only recorded). RIC viii, p. 251, 47. LRBC I, 608. C 233. [Rome, AD 337-40]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

Divus Constantine I Issues of Constantine II and Constantius II in honour of their deceased father Constantine I († AD 337)

The death of Constantine I on 22 May AD 337 was followed by an extensive posthumous coinage from mints in the territories of his two eldest surviving sons, most of it styling the late emperor as ‘Divus Constantinus’. The pagan practice of enrolling a deceased member of the imperial family amongst the gods would seem to be quite out of place in the case of the first Christian emperor and Constantine was, in fact, the last ruler to be so honoured. His youngest son Constans, the most rigidly Catholic of the new emperors, seems to have taken this view and in consequence no consecration coins were issued at any of the mints under his control. Issues of ‘Divus Constantinus’ coinage continued at some mints as late as AD 348.

Divus Constantine I

117

17454 17454

Gold solidus. DIVVS CONSTANTINVS AVG PATER AVGG, veiled hd. of Constantine I r. Rev. No legend, veiled figure of Constantine in quadriga galloping upwards to r., his r. hand raised towards the hand of God (Manus Dei) which emerges from clouds above, mint mark CONS in ex. RIC viii, pp. 446-7, 1. C —. Depeyrot, p. VF £5,700 ($10,000) / EF £14,300 ($25,000) 230, 1/1. [Constantinople, AD 337]. Constantine’s funeral took place in the Church of the Twelve Apostles in Constantinople, the city he had founded eleven years before and which bore his name.

17455

Billon reduced centenionalis. DIVO CONSTANTINO P, veiled and dr. (or dr. and cuir.) bust of Constantine I r. Rev. AETERNA PIETAS, Constantine, in military attire, stg. l., holding globe and spear, mint mark TR in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2), cross in r. field. RIC viii, p. 143, 37. LRBC I, 98. C —. [Trier, AD 337-40]. VF £35 ($60) / EF £100 ($175)

17456

Obv. Similar, but bust also laur. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark LG in ex. preceded by officina mark P (= 1), Christogram (Chi-Rho monogram) in l. field. RIC viii, p. 178, 3. LRBC I, 238a. Bastien 4. C —. [Lugdunum, AD 337-8]. VF £35 ($60) / EF £100 ($175)

17457

Obv. As 17455 or 17456. Rev. — Constantine, in military attire, stg. r., holding spear and globe, mint mark as previous, but officina S (= 2) also recorded, Christogram (ChiRho monogram) in r. field. RIC viii, p. 178, 1-2. LRBC I, 238. Bastien 3, 9. Cf. C 13. VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150) [Lugdunum, AD 337-8].

17458

Obv. As 17455. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark CONST in ex. preceded by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2), X in r. field. RIC viii, p. 205, 17. LRBC I, 422. EMA, p. VF £35 ($60) / EF £100 ($175) 72, 56/1. Cf. C 13. [Constantina/Arles, AD 339].

17459

Similar, but with mint mark CON instead of CONST in ex. (the X sometimes in l. field). RIC viii, p. 206, 40-41. LRBC I, 429. EMA, p. 73, 57/1. Cf. C 13. [Constantina/Arles, AD 340]. VF £35 ($60) / EF £100 ($175)

17460

Similar, but with N instead of X in rev. field (to r.). RIC viii, p. 206, 32. LRBC I, 433. EMA, VF £35 ($60) / EF £100 ($175) p. 74, 58/1. Cf. C 13. [Constantina/Arles, AD 340].

17461

DV CONSTANTINVS PT AVGG, veiled hd. or veiled and dr. bust of Constantine I r. Rev. IVST VEN MEM, Justitia or Aequitas stg. l., holding scales in r. hand, mint mark S M H in ex. followed by officina mark e (= 5). RIC viii, p. 433, 41. LRBC I, 955. Cf. C 313 (obv. misdescribed). [Heraclea, AD 345-7]. VF £22 ($38) / EF £65 ($110)

17462

Similar, but with mint mark CONS in ex. followed by officina mark A, e, or I (= 1, 5, or 10). RIC viii, p. 452, 62. LRBC I, 1060. Cf. C 313. [Constantinople, AD 342]. VF £22 ($38) / EF £65 ($110)

17463

Similar, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark D (= 4). RIC viii, p. 474, 45. LRBC I, 1145. Cf. C 313. [Nicomedia, AD 342]. VF £22 ($38) / EF £65 ($110)

17464

Similar, but with mint mark S M K in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, or G (= 1, 2, or 3). RIC viii, p. 491, 35. LRBC I, 1299. C 314. [Cyzicus, AD 342-7]. VF £22 ($38) / EF £65 ($110) On this variety and the next the reverse legend sometimes reads IVST VEM NEM in error.

118

Roman Coins and Their Values

17465

Billon reduced centenionalis. Similar, but with mint mark S M AN followed by officina mark A, B, e, Z, H, or I (= 1, 2, 5, 7, 8, or 10). RIC viii, p. 516, 64. LRBC I, 1394. Cf. C 313. [Antioch, AD 342-7] VF £22 ($38) / EF £65 ($110)

17466

Obv. As 17461. Rev. IVST VENER MEMOR, Justitia or Aequitas, winged, stg. l., holding scales and transverse sceptre, mint mark S M AL in ex. followed by officina mark A-D (= 1-4). RIC viii, p. 540, 28. LRBC I, 1469. Cf. C 315 (misdescribed). [Alexandria, AD 345-7]. VF £22 ($38) / EF £65 ($110)

17467

— Rev. VN — MR either side of Constantine, veiled and togate, stg. r., mint mark S M H in ex. followed by officina mark A, G, or e (= 1, 3, or 5), sometimes with dot preceding the mint mark, or following the officina mark, or both. RIC viii, p. 433, 44, 51, 53, and 58. LRBC I, 957, 962, and 967. C 716. [Heraclea, AD 342-8]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

17468

Similar, but with mint mark CONS in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, G, D, or H (= 1, 2, 3, 4, or 8), sometimes with dot or star in r. field. RIC viii, p. 453, 68, 71, and 75. LRBC I, 1063, 1068, and 1070. C 716. [Constantinople, AD 342-8]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

17469

Similar, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark A-I (= 1-10), sometimes with dots flanking the mint and officina marks, or with single dot following the officina mark. RIC viii, pp. 474-5, 48, 54, and 57. LRBC I, 1148, 1152, and 1155. C VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) 716. [Nicomedia, AD 342-8].

17470

Similar, but with mint mark S M K in ex. followed by officina mark A-I (= 1-10), sometimes with dot or star preceding the mint mark, or with dot in r. field. RIC viii, pp. 493-4, 46, 54, 59, and 62. LRBC I, 1304, 1311, 1314, and 1317. C 716. [Cyzicus, AD 342-8]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

17471

Similar, but with mint mark S M AN followed by officina mark A-Q (= 1-9). RIC viii, p. 521, 112. LRBC I, 1397. C 716. [Antioch, AD 342-8]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £40 ($70)

17472

Similar, but with mint mark ANT in ex. followed by officina mark D, S, or Z (= 4, 6, or 7). RIC viii, p. 521, 112. LRBC I, 1397. C 716. [Antioch, AD 342-8]. VF £16 ($27) / EF £45 ($80)

17473

Similar, but with mint mark S M AL in ex. followed by officina mark A-D (= 1-4) which is sometimes followed by dot. RIC viii, p. 541, 32 and 35. LRBC I, 1473 and 1477. C VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65) 716. [Alexandria, AD 342-8].

17474

Similar, but the dot is in r. field instead of following the officina mark. RIC viii, p. 541, VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) 38. LRBC I, 1480. C 716. [Alexandria, AD 342-8].

17475

Similar, but with star following the officina mark in ex. (no dot in field). RIC viii, p. VF £16 ($27) / EF £45 ($80) 541, 41. LRBC I, —. C 716. [Alexandria, AD 342-8].

17476

DIV CONSTANTINVS PT AVGG, veiled and dr. (or dr. and cuir.) bust of Constantine I r. Rev. No legend, veiled figure of Constantine in quadriga galloping upwards to r., his r. hand raised towards the hand of God (Manus Dei) which emerges from clouds above, mint mark TR in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2) and sometimes preceded by dot. RIC viii, p. 143, 44 and 68. Cf. LRBC I, 106 and 114. C 760. [Trier, AD 337-40]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

17468

Divus Constantine I

119

17477

Billon reduced centenionalis. DIVO CONSTANTINO P, type as previous. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark LG in ex. preceded by officina mark P (= 1). RIC viii, —. LRBC I, —. Bastien 2*. C —. [Lugdunum, AD 338-9]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

17478

DIVO CONSTANTINO AVG, type as 17476, but bust also laur. Rev. — as previous. RIC viii, —. LRBC I, —. Bastien 2. C 761 var. [Lugdunum, AD 338-9]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

17479

Obv. Similar, but bust not laur. Rev. — as previous, but with palm preceding the officina mark (officina S = 2 also recorded). Cf. RIC viii, p. 178, 17 (obv. misdescribed). LRBC I, —. Bastien 23 and 26. C 761. [Lugdunum, AD 340]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

17480

Obv. As 17477. Rev. — as 17476, but with mint mark CONST in ex. preceded by officina mark S (= 2), and with X in field. RIC viii, —. LRBC I, —. EMA, p. 72, 56/2. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) C —. [Constantina/Arles, AD 339].

17481

Similar, but with mint mark CON instead of CONST (officina P = 1 also recorded). RIC viii, p. 206, 42. LRBC I, —. EMA, p. 73, 57/2. C —. [Constantina/Arles, AD 340]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

17482

Similar, but with N instead of X in rev. field (officina P = 1 only recorded). RIC viii, —. LRBC I, —. EMA, p. 74, 58/2. C —. [Constantina/Arles, AD 340]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

17483

DV CONSTANTINVS PT AVGG, type as 17476. Rev. — as 17476, but with mint mark S M H in ex. usually followed by officina mark A, B, G, or e (= 1, 2, 3, or 5). RIC viii, p. 431, 13-14. LRBC I, 943 and note. C 760. [Heraclea, AD 337-40]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

17484

Obv. Similar. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark CONS in ex. sometimes followed by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2). RIC viii, pp. 449-50, 37 and 39. LRBC I, 1041 and VF £10 ($18) / EF £32 ($55) note. C 760. [Constantinople, AD 337-40].

17485

Similar, but also with star in rev. field (officinae A and D = 1 and 4 recorded). RIC viii, p. 450, 52. LRBC I, 1057a. C 760. [Constantinople, AD 337-40]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

17486

As 17483, but with mint mark S M N in ex. usually followed by officina mark A-e (= 1-5) which is sometimes followed by dot. RIC viii, pp. 471-2, 4, 18, and 25. LRBC I, 1132 and note. C 760. [Nicomedia, AD 337-40]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

17487

Similar, but with mint mark S M K in ex. followed by officina mark A-S (= 1-6) which is sometimes followed by dot, small star (or X), or crescent. RIC viii, pp. 490-91, 4, 19, 25, and 30. LRBC I, 1273, 1287, 1291, and 1295. C 760. [Cyzicus, AD 337-40]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

17488

Similar, but with mint mark S M AN in ex. followed by officina mark A-I (= 1=10), often with star in rev. field. RIC viii, p. 515, 37 and 39. LRBC I, 1372 and 1374. C 760. VF £10 ($18) / EF £32 ($55) [Antioch, AD 337-40].

17489

Similar, but with mint mark S M AL in ex. followed by officina mark A-D (=1-4) which is sometimes followed by dot, S — R in field. RIC viii, p. 539, 4. LRBC I, 1445. C 760. VF £10 ($18) / EF £32 ($55) [Alexandria, AD 339-40].

17486

120

Roman Coins and Their Values

17490

Billon reduced centenionalis. Similar, but without S — R in rev. field, and sometimes with dot following the officina mark. RIC viii, pp. 539-40, 12 and 22. LRBC I, 1454 and 1466. C 760. [Alexandria, AD 339-40]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

Theodora Issues of the three sons of Constantine I in honour of their deceased grandmother Helena († AD 329)

The sudden death of Constantine I in May, AD 337, saw the commencement of a remarkable series of billon reduced centenionales issued in the names of the two wives of the late emperor’s father, Constantius I (AD 305-6). The reason for this enigmatic issue remains uncertain, but the numismatic evidence clearly indicates that the series was initiated immediately following Constantine’s death (cf. RIC viii, p. 79). This would appear to rule out the theory that the production of these coins represented an act of contrition on the part of Constantine’s three sons for the massacre of most of Theodora’s descendants during the 3-month ‘interregnum’, May-September 337. The concept may even have been of Constantine’s own devising and to have been associated with his complex and curiously confusing arrangements for the succession. Helena had died about eight years before this issue while the date of Theodora’s death is uncertain. The entire series was produced by just three mints: Trier, in the territory of Constantine II; Rome, in that of Constans; and Constantinople, which was probably under the control of Constantius II. 17491

Billon reduced centenionalis. FL IVL HELENAE AVG, dr. bust of Helena right, her hair elaborately dressed. Rev. PAX PVBLICA, Pax stg. l., holding olive-branch and transverse sceptre, mint mark TR in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2), cross in l. field. RIC viii, p. 143, 42. LRBC I, 104. C 5. [Trier, AD 337-40]. VF £35 ($60) / EF £100 ($175)

17492

Similar, but without cross in rev. field. RIC viii, p. 144, 78. LRBC I, 119. C 4. [Trier, AD 337-40]. VF £19 ($33) / EF £60 ($100)

17493

Similar, but with dot preceding the mint mark or following the officina mark, or both. RIC viii, p. 143, 47, 55, and 63. LRBC I, 112. C 4. [Trier, AD 337-40]. VF £19 ($33) / EF £60 ($100)

17494

Similar, but with palm following the officina mark (no dots). RIC viii, p. 144, 90. LRBC I, 128. C 4. [Trier, AD 337-40]. VF £19 ($33) / EF £60 ($100)

17495

As 17492, but with mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark P or e (= 1 or 5) with star between. RIC viii, p. 250, 27. LRBC I, 616. C 4. [Rome, AD 337-40]. VF £24 ($42) / EF £72 ($125)

17496

Similar, but without star between the mint and officina marks which are flanked by palms (officina e = 5 only recorded). RIC viii, p. 251, 53. LRBC I, 621. C 4. [Rome, AD 337-40]. VF £24 ($42) / EF £72 ($125)

17497

As 17492, but with dot at end of rev. legend and with mint mark CONS followed by officina mark A or e (= 1 or 5). RIC viii, p. 449, 33-5. LRBC I, 1046-47a. C 4. VF £22 ($38) / EF £65 ($110) [Constantinople, AD 337-40].

17498

Similar, but without dot at end of rev. legend (officinae e and Q = 5 and 9 recorded, sometimes officina mark omitted). RIC viii, pp. 449-50, 38 and 48-9. LRBC I, —. C 4. [Constantinople, AD 337-40]. VF £22 ($38) / EF £65 ($110)

17497

Theodora

121

Issues of the three sons of Constantine I in honour of Theodora, second wife of their grandfather Constantius I Flavia Maximiana Theodora was the daughter of Diocletian’s praetorian prefect Afranius Hanniballianus and step-daughter of the western emperor Maximian (AD 286-305). When the career of Constantius, the future western emperor, was being advanced in the late 280s he was obliged to repudiate his first wife Helena, mother of Constantine I, and to marry Theodora in order to strengthen the dynastic ties of the First Tetrarchy. She bore six children to Constantius, three sons and three daughters, and her descendants included the Caesar Delmatius (AD 335-7), the Rex Hanniballianus (335-7), the ephemeral emperor Nepotian (350), the Caesar Constantius Gallus (351-4), and most notably the emperor Julian II (Caesar 355-60, Augustus 360-363). Only the last three named survived the brutal massacre of her family which took place during the summer following the death of Constantine I in May 337. Ironically, the sole coinage in Theodora’s name belongs to this same period and was issued in conjunction with a similar series in the name of Helena (see above for the possible reasons for these issues). Theodora is not known to have received the title of Augusta during her lifetime though it does appear on this coinage which is almost certainly posthumous (the date of her death is unknown). 17499

Billon reduced centenionalis. FL MAX THEODORAE AVG, dr. bust of Theodora right, her hair elaborately dressed. Rev. PIETAS ROMANA, Pietas stg. facing, hd. r., holding infant at her breast, mint mark TR in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2), cross in l. field. RIC viii, p. 143, 43. LRBC I, 105. C 5. [Trier, AD 337-40]. VF £37 ($65) / EF £115 ($200)

17500

Similar, but without cross in rev. field. RIC viii, p. 144, 79. LRBC I, 120. C 4. [Trier, AD 337-40]. VF £23 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

17501

Similar, but with dot preceding the mint mark or following the officina mark, or both. RIC viii, p. 143, 48, 56, and 65. LRBC I, 113. C 4. [Trier, AD 337-40]. VF £23 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

17502

Similar, but with palm following the officina mark (no dots). RIC viii, p. 144, 91. LRBC VF £23 ($40) / EF £70 ($120) I, 129. C 4. [Trier, AD 337-40].

17503

As 17500, but with mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark e (= 5) with star between. RIC viii, p. 250, 28. LRBC I, 617. C 4. [Rome, AD 337-40]. VF £26 ($45) / EF £80 ($140)

17504

Similar, but without star between the mint and officina marks which are flanked by palms (officina e = 5 only recorded). RIC viii, p. 251, 54. LRBC I, 622. C 4. [Rome, AD 337-40]. VF £26 ($45) / EF £80 ($140)

17505

As 17500, but with dot at end of rev. legend and with mint mark CONS followed by officina mark e (= 5). RIC viii, p. 449, 36. LRBC I, 1050. C 4. [Constantinople, AD 337-40]. VF £24 ($43) / EF £75 ($130)

17506

Similar, but without dot at end of rev. legend. RIC viii, p. 450, 50-51. LRBC I, 1048-9. VF £24 ($43) / EF £75 ($130) C 4. [Constantinople, AD 337-40].

17501

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Roman Coins and Their Values

Issues of the sons of Constantine I in honour of the two imperial capitals of Constantinople and Rome Constantine’s new eastern capital of Constantinopolis, on the site of ancient Byzantium, was solemnly dedicated by its founder on 11 May AD 330. This was followed by the initiation of two new series of reduced centenionales from mints throughout the Empire, honouring both the new city and the old imperial capital on the Tiber (see Volume IV, nos. 16444-532). These remained in issue down to the death of the emperor in AD 337. Under his sons, their production was continued on a somewhat diminished scale and with some variation of types. Also included here, though probably belonging to the reign of Constantine I, are scarce silver and billon issues which were omitted from RIC VII but which, in all probability, were associated with the dedication of Constantinople in 330. Specimens of both issues normally weigh about 1 gram though their denominations are uncertain. They may have been intended for distribution to the populace during the festivities in the city and may not have formed part of the regular currency system. Examples of the silver types exist in a variety of styles, some of which clearly belong to later periods. It seems a reasonable assumption that they were revived to commemorate the centenary of the city’s foundation in AD 430 (under Theodosius II) and the bicentenary in AD 530 (under Justinian I).

Constantinopolis 17507

Silver of uncertain denomination (c. 11-12 mm., 1 gram). No legend, dr. bust of Constantinopolis r. (or l.), wearing crested helmet. Rev. Large K (= Constantinopolis). Cf. Kent, in Essays Presented to Humphrey Sutherland, p. 112 and pl. 13, 28. RIC vii, —. RIC viii, —. RSC —. [Constantinople, AD 330]. VF £225 ($400) / EF £575 ($1,000) Later issues of this type date probably to the 5th and 6th centuries (see introductory note above). For the equivalent issue in honour of Roma, see no. 17529.

17508

Billon reduced centenionalis. CONSTANTINOPOLIS, bust of Constantinopolis l., wearing laur. helmet and imperial robes and holding sceptre over l. shoulder. Rev. No legend, Victory stg. l., r. foot set on ship’s prow, holding transverse sceptre in r. hand and resting l. on shield, mint mark CONST in ex. preceded by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2), O in l. field. RIC viii, p. 205, 9. LRBC I, 415. EMA 54/9. C 21. [Constantina/ Arles, AD 337-8]. VF £9 ($15) / EF £26 ($45) This type was in issue at the time of Constantine I’s death (see also Vol. IV, no. 16459).

17509

As previous, but with crescent instead of O in rev. field to l. RIC viii, p. 205, 16. LRBC I, —. EMA 55/7. C 21. [Constantina/Arles, AD 338-9]. VF £9 ($15) / EF £26 ($45)

17510

Similar, but with X instead of crescent in rev. field. RIC viii, p. 205, 26. LRBC I, 410. EMA 56/11. C 21. [Constantina/Arles, AD 339]. VF £9 ($15) / EF £26 ($45) This type has also been attributed to the end of the reign of Constantine I (see Vol. IV, no. 16458).

17511

Similar, but with mint mark CON in ex. preceded by officina mark P (= 1), and with N instead of X in rev. field. RIC viii, p. 206, 39. LRBC I, —. EMA 58/9. C 21. [Constantina/Arles, AD 340]. VF £10 ($17) / EF £30 ($50)

17512

Constantinopolis / Victory, as 17508, but with mint and officina marks R e (= 5) in ex. with leaf between. RIC viii, p. 250, 18. LRBC I, 594. C 21. [Rome, AD 337-40]. VF £8 ($15) / EF £23 ($45)

17513

Similar, but on rev. Victory holds wreath and palm. RIC viii, p. 250, 19. LRBC I, 595. C —. [Rome, AD 337-40]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

17514

As 17512, but with star instead of leaf between mint and officina marks. RIC viii, p. 250, 30. LRBC I, —. C 21. [Rome, AD 337-40]. VF £8 ($15) / EF £23 ($45)

17515

Similar, but with palm instead of star between mint and officina marks. RIC viii, p. 250, 40. LRBC I, 607. C 21. [Rome, AD 337-40]. VF £8 ($15) / EF £23 ($45)

Constantinopolis

123

17516

Billon reduced centenionalis. Constantinopolis / Victory, as 17508, but with mint mark S M AN in ex. followed by officina mark I (= 10), and with star in rev. field. RIC viii, p. 515, 38. LRBC I, —. C 21. [Antioch, AD 337-40]. VF £10 ($18) / EF £32 ($55)

17517

Similar, but with two dots instead of star in rev. field, or with dots preceding mint mark and following officina mark. RIC viii, p. 515, 55A and 38 note. LRBC I, —. C 21. VF £10 ($18) / EF £32 ($55) [Antioch, AD 337-40].

17518

Constantinopolis / Victory, as 17508, but with mint mark S M AL in ex. followed by officina mark A-D (= 1-4) and with S — R in rev. field, sometimes with dot following the officina mark. RIC viii, p. 539, 9 and 11. LRBC I, 1451 and 1453. C 21. [Alexandria, AD 337-40]. VF £8 ($13) / EF £23 ($40)

17519

Similar, but without the S — R in rev. field. RIC viii, pp. 539-40, 17 and 27. LRBC I, 1441 and 1444. C 21. [Alexandria, AD 337-40 and later]. VF £8 ($13) / EF £23 ($40) The variety of this type without dot following the officina mark is difficult to distinguish from a similar issue belonging to the final year of Constantine I’s reign (see Vol. IV, no. 16482).

17520

Obv. As 17508. Rev. GLORIA EXERCITVS, two soldiers stg. facing each other, each resting on spear and shield, standard between them, mint mark S M TS in ex. followed by officina mark e (= 5). RIC viii, p. 407, 59. LRBC I, 858. C 4 var. [Thessalonica, AD 337-40]. VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

17521

CONSTANTINOPOLI, type as 17508. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark S M H in ex. followed by officina mark A-e (= 1-5), rarely followed by dot. RIC viii, p. 431, 29 and 32. LRBC I, 942. C 5 var. [Heraclea, AD 337-40]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65) This type is listed also in Vol. IV (no. 16483) where it is dated AD 336-7. It seems likely that the issue continued under the sons of Constantine, hence its appearance here. See also the two following.

17522

As previous, but with mint mark CONS in ex. followed by officina mark e, S, Z, H, or IA (= 5, 6, 7, 8, or 11). RIC viii, pp. 449-50, 32 and 47. LRBC I, 1039-40. C 5 var. [Constantinople, AD 337-40]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65) On some coins of this type there is a terminal dot at the end of the reverse legend. See also the note following the preceding entry, this type being identical to no. 16484 in Vol. IV.

17523

Similar, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark D (= 4). RIC viii, p. 472, 17. LRBC I, 1131. C 5. [Nicomedia, AD 337-40]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) See note following no. 17521, this type being identical to no. 16485 in Vol. IV.

17524 17524

CONSTANTINOPOLIS, cuir. bust of Constantinopolis r., laur. or diad. Rev. P — R in field, Pax stg. l., holding olive-branch and transverse sceptre (no mint mark). RIC viii, p. 256, 105-6. Cf. LRBC I, 612. C 8. [Rome, AD 348]. VF £60 ($100) / EF £175 ($300)

17525

Obv. As 17508. Rev. VICTORIA AVG, Victory stg. l., r. foot on prow, holding wreath and palm, mint and officina marks R e (= 5) in ex. with leaf between. RIC viii, p. 250, VF £19 ($33) / EF £60 ($100) 20. LRBC I, 596. C 12. [Rome, AD 337-40].

17526

As previous, but with star instead of leaf between mint and officina marks. RIC viii, p. 250, 31. LRBC I, 601. C 12. [Rome, AD 337-40]. VF £19 ($33) / EF £60 ($100)

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17527

Billon reduced centenionalis. Obv. As 17521. Rev. VOT / XX / MVLT / XXX in four lines within wreath, mint mark S M H in ex. (sometimes preceded by dot) followed by officina mark G, D, or e (= 3, 4, or 5). RIC viii, p. 433, 50 and 57. LRBC I, 966 and (Addenda), 961. Cf. C 20. [Heraclea, AD 342-8]. VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

17528

As previous, but with mint mark S M K in ex. followed by officina mark S (= 6). RIC viii, p. 494, 53. LRBC I, 1310. Cf. C 20 var. [Cyzicus, AD 342-8]. VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

Roma 17529

Silver of uncertain denomination (c. 11-12 mm., 1 gram). No legend, dr. bust of Roma r., wearing crested helmet. Rev. Large P (= Roma). Cf. Kent, in Essays Presented to Humphrey Sutherland, p. 112 and pl. 13, 29. RIC vii, —. RIC viii, —. C 3. VF £225 ($400) / EF £575 ($1,000) [Constantinople, AD 330]. Later issues of this type date probably to the 5th and 6th centuries (see introductory note above) and on some of these the letter on reverse appears as ‘R’ instead of ‘P’. For the equivalent issue in honour of Constantinopolis, see no. 17507.

17530

Billon reduced centenionalis. VRBS ROMA, helmeted bust of Roma l., wearing imperial robes. Rev. No legend, she-wolf stg. l., suckling the twins Romulus and Remus, two stars above, mint mark CONST in ex. preceded by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2), O in upper field. RIC viii, p. 205, 8. LRBC I, 414. EMA 54/8. C 17. [Constantina/ VF £9 ($15) / EF £26 ($45) Arles, AD 337-8]. This type was in issue at the time of Constantine I’s death (see also Vol. IV, no. 16502).

17531

As previous, but with crescent instead of O in upper rev. field. RIC viii, p. 205, 15. LRBC I, —. EMA 55/6. C 21. [Constantina/Arles, AD 338-9]. VF £9 ($15) / EF £26 ($45)

17532

Similar, but with X instead of crescent in upper rev. field. RIC viii, p. 205, 25. LRBC I, VF £9 ($15) / EF £26 ($45) 409. EMA 56/10. C 21. [Constantina/Arles, AD 339]. This type has also been attributed to the end of the reign of Constantine I (see Vol. IV, no. 16501).

17533

Similar, but the mint mark is CON instead of CONST and with N instead of X in upper rev. field. RIC viii, p. 206, 38. LRBC I, —. EMA 58/8. C 21. [Constantina/Arles, AD 340]. VF £10 ($17) / EF £30 ($50)

17534

VRBS ROMA BEATA, type as 17530. Rev. As 17530, but with mint and officina marks R Q (= 4) in ex. with leaf between, and with wreath between the two stars in upper field. RIC viii, p. 250, 17. LRBC I, 593. Cf. C 23 (rev. misdescribed). [Rome, AD 337-40]. VF £21 ($36) / EF £65 ($110)

17535

As previous, but with star instead of leaf between mint and officina marks. RIC viii, p. 250, 29. LRBC I, 600. Cf. C 23. [Rome, AD 337-40]. VF £21 ($36) / EF £65 ($110)

17536

Similar, but with palm instead of star between mint and officina marks. RIC viii, p. 250, VF £21 ($36) / EF £65 ($110) 39. LRBC I, 605. Cf. C 23. [Rome, AD 337-40].

17537

Similar, but with palms either side of the mint and officina marks instead of single palm between them. RIC viii, p. 251, 55. LRBC I, —. Cf. C 23. [Rome, AD 337-40]. VF £23 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

17538

Roma / wolf and twins, as 17530, but with mint mark S M AL in ex. followed by officina mark A-D (= 1-4) and with S — R in rev. field, sometimes with dot following the officina mark. RIC viii, p. 539, 8 and 10. LRBC I, 1450 and 1452. C 17. [Alexandria, AD 337-40]. VF £8 ($13) / EF £23 ($40)

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125

17539

Billon reduced centenionalis. Similar, but without the S — R in rev. field. RIC viii, pp. 539-40, 16 and 26. LRBC I, 1440 and 1443. C 127. [Alexandria, AD 337-40 and later]. VF £8 ($13) / EF £23 ($40) The variety of this type without dot following the officina mark is difficult to distinguish from a similar issue belonging to the final year of Constantine I’s reign (see Vol. IV, no. 16528).

17540

Obv. As 17530. Rev. GLORIA EXERCITVS, two soldiers stg. facing each other, each resting on spear and shield, standard between them, mint mark S M TS in ex. followed by officina mark e (= 5). RIC viii, p. 407, 58. LRBC I, 857. C 1 var. [Thessalonica, AD 337-40]. VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

17541

As previous, but with mint mark S M H in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, D, or e (= 1, 2, 4, or 5), rarely followed by dot. RIC viii, p. 431, 28 and 31. LRBC I, 941. Cf. C 1. [Heraclea, AD 337-40]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65) This type is listed also in Vol. IV (no. 16529) where it is dated AD 336-7. It seems likely that the issue continued under the sons of Constantine, hence its appearance here. See also the two following.

17542

Similar, but with mint mark CONS in ex. followed by officina mark B, G, e, S, or Z (= 2, 3, 5, 6, 7). RIC viii, pp. 449-50, 31 and 46. LRBC I, 1037-8. C 1. [Constantinople, AD 337-40]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65) On some coins of this type there is a terminal dot at the end of the reverse legend. See also the note following the preceding entry, this type being identical to no. 16530 in Vol. IV.

17543

Similar, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark B (= 2). RIC viii, p. 472, 16. LRBC I, 1130. Cf. C 1. [Nicomedia, AD 337-40]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) See note following no. 17541, this type being identical to no. 16531 in Vol. IV.

17544

ROMA, helmeted bust of Roma r., wearing imperial robes. Rev. Rev. P — R in field, helmeted military figure stg. facing, hd. r., resting on spear and shield (no mint mark). RIC viii, p. 256, 104. LRBC I, 611. C 4. [Rome, AD 348]. VF £60 ($100) / EF £175 ($300)

17545

Obv. As 17530. Rev. VOT / XX / MVLT / XXX in four lines within wreath, mint mark S M H in ex. (sometimes preceded by dot) followed by officina mark A, B, or G (= 1, 2, or 3). RIC viii, p. 433, 49 and 56. LRBC I, 960 and 965. C 10. [Heraclea, AD 342-8]. VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

17546

As previous, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark B, D, H, or Q (= 2, 4, 8, or 9). RIC viii, p. 475, 53. LRBC I, 1151. C 10. [Nicomedia, AD 342-8]. VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

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Roman Coins and Their Values

Populus Romanus

17547 17547

Billon of uncertain denomination = half centenionalis? (c. 13-14 mm., 1 gram). POP ROMANVS, laur. and dr. bust of the Roman People l., cornucopiae over shoulder behind. Rev. No legend, bridge with tower at each end (the Milvian Bridge?), river flowing beneath, mint mark CONS above officina mark A-IA (= 1-11) between the towers. RIC viii, p. 448, 21. LRBC I, 1066. C 1. [Constantinople, AD 330]. VF £24 ($42) / EF £72 ($125) This type and the following were issued from all 11 officinae of the Constantinople mint. LRBC dated them to the period AD 341-346 and they were omitted from RIC vii. However, hoard evidence indicates that they belong to an earlier period and it now seems likely that they should be associated with the dedication of Constantinople in 330. On this occasion they may have served as donative pieces together with the two contemporary silver types (see nos. 17507 and 17529). For the sake of completeness Kent included them in RIC viii although he regarded them as pre-dating the period covered by that volume.

17548

Obv. As previous. Rev. — star above mint mark CONS followed by officina mark A-IA (= 1-11), all within wreath. RIC viii, p. 448, 22. LRBC I, 1067. C 2. [Constantinople, AD 330]. VF £21 ($37) / EF £65 ($110) The star is probably symbolic of Constantine’s new city on the Bosporus. The rivercrossing, depicted on the other type, doubtless represents Rome’s Milvian Bridge over the Tiber, the site of Constantine’s victory over Maxentius in AD 312 following his famous ‘vision of the cross’ which changed the entire subsequent history of the Empire. The two types together thus celebrate the twin capitals of the Roman people.

CONSTANTIUS II 9 Sep. AD 337-3 Nov. 361 17750 Flavius Julius Constantius (Constantius II) was the longest surviving of the four sons of Constantine the Great. Born on 7 August AD 317, he was the elder of the two sons of Constantine and Fausta and thus the grandson of both Maximian and Constantius I. He was officially acclaimed Caesar at the age of seven (8 November 324), immediately following the downfall of the Licinii, in which rank he joined his half-brothers Crispus and Constantine II. On the execution of Crispus in 326 the young Constantius temporarily took his place in Gaul but was soon transferred to the East which was to be the setting for his future imperial career. Still only in his twentieth year at the time of his father’s death and recently married to a cousin (daughter of Julius Constantius), Constantius II presided over the old emperor’s funeral in Constantinople and took as his share of the Empire the wealthy eastern provinces. There is no way of knowing the degree of his culpability in the massacre of the descendants of Constantius I and Theodora, which included his cousins the Caesar Delmatius and the Rex Hanniballianus, but the episode seems to have heightened his naturally suspicious nature and made him extremely wary of the ambitions and loyalties of those around him. The new eastern emperor had inherited a daunting array of problems, both domestically and in the realm of foreign affairs. Just prior to his death, Constantine I was actively planning a campaign against the Sasanid Persians and his son was now faced with the wrath of the powerful king Shapur

CONSTANTIUS II

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II (309-379). The indecisive war dragged on for many years but a temporary peace was patched up about 350 and held for most of the following decade. Even though the imperial brothers had rid themselves of the perceived danger posed by the descendants of Theodora, it soon became evident that a triarchy was going to be no more successful in the peaceful governance of the Empire than had been the tetrarchy of the early part of the 4th century. Rivalries and disagreements over religious matters soon resulted in a strained relationship between the three brothers, especially between Constantine II and Constans, and a meeting in the Balkans in 338 did nothing to resolve their differences. Finally, in the spring of 340 Constantine II launched an invasion of Constans’ territory with the idea of adding Italy and Africa to his domain. However, his youngest brother had anticipated this move and had already assembled an army in the area with the professed intention of providing additional troops for Constantius’ Persian campaign. Constantine was ambushed near Aquileia and perished in the ensuing fighting. This left Constans sole master of the western half of the Empire; it was probably at this time that he ceded Thrace, and with it the eastern capital of Constantinople, to Constantius. The decade-long joint reign of the brothers Constantius II and Constans (AD 340-350) was generally a settled period for the Empire, other than the eastern emperor’s long series of campaigns against the Persians and his younger brother’s war against the Franks in 341 and military operations in northern Britain in 343. This all changed early in 350 with the proclamation of a rival western emperor, Flavius Magnus Magnentius, at Augustodunum (Autun). Because of his extreme unpopularity, especially with the army, Constans fell an easy victim to this uprising and Magnentius was left as master of the western provinces. Clearly, Constantius could not condone this usurpation and he was obliged to wind up operations against the Persians and move west to confront his rival. Meanwhile, the military situation in the Balkans required the urgent presence of an emperor and as Constantius was unable to reach the area before the autumn, the emperor’s sister Constantina took the bold step of proclaiming the elderly general Vetranio to oppose the eastern advance of Magnentius (1 March). Later, following the arrival of Constantius from the East, Vetranio abdicated: it was clearly never his intention to oppose the legitimate emperor. Another uprising occurred in Rome on 3 June when Constantius’ cousin Nepotian, a descendant of Theodora and survivor of the family massacre 13 years before, raised the standards of rebellion against Magnentius. However, he had no regular troops at his disposal and Rome was quickly retaken for Magnentius by the Magister Officiorum Marcellinus (30 June). The civil war between Constantius and Magnentius took three years to resolve and the Roman army sustained enormous losses on both sides, a major setback that was to cost the Romans dearly in future conflicts with foreign invaders. The usurper suffered a serious check to his ambitions as early as the autumn of 351 when a great battle was fought at Mursa in Pannonia. Thereafter, Magnentius was always on the defensive and the collapse of his regime became only a matter of time. The end came in the summer of 353. With Italy, Sicily, North Africa and Spain lost to his control, Magnentius was now confined to Gaul and following the defeat of the remainder of his army at the battle of Mons Seleucus the usurper chose to take his own life at Lugdunum (Lyon). For the first time in his 16-year reign Constantius II was master of the entire Empire. During the final phase of his reign, with pressures on the frontiers constantly increasing, Constantius found himself in need of imperial colleagues to assist in the government and defence of his vast Empire. Unfortunately, none of Constantine I’s sons had produced male heirs and Constantius was obliged to turn to the other side of the family — the descendants of Constantius I and Theodora. Ironically, the massacre of 337, in which he must have played a leading part, left Constantius with few choices. Only two sons of Julius Constantius, half-brother of Constantine I, had survived the purge: the elder, Constantius Gallus, was just twelve at the time and in poor health; the younger, Julian (his half-brother), was merely a child and thus not considered to pose a threat to the succession of Helena’s grandsons. Following the downfall of Constans and the usurpation of Magnentius in 350 Constantius decided to elevate Constantius Gallus (now aged 26) to the rank of Caesar (15 March 351). With Constantius II engaged in the long task of reconquering the western provinces, the new Caesar was installed at Antioch with authority over the East. Unfortunately, he proved to be a miserable failure in this role and his brutal behaviour revealed a vicious streak in his character which greatly concerned the emperor. With the downfall of Magnentius Constantius could focus his attention on his troublesome and potentially dangerous junior colleague. Gallus was summoned to attend the emperor at Milan and, believing that he was about to be promoted, he proceeded with all haste to Italy. He never reached his destination but was instead arrested and taken to an island off the Istrian coast where he was stripped of his imperial rank, tried, and executed (late 354).

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Other than Constantius himself, this left Gallus’ half-brother Julian as the sole direct male descendant of the house of Constantine. On 6 November 355, the 23-year-old Julian was given the rank of Caesar at Milan and placed in command of the army in Gaul. He surprised the emperor by revealing remarkable military talents but inevitably this led to the arousal of Constantius’ suspicion regarding his loyalty. Meanwhile, Constantius was obliged to return to the East to counter renewed aggression on the part of the Persians. Fighting eventually ground to a halt on the eastern front but in the winter of 359/60 Constantius demanded the transfer of a large portion of Julian’s army to the East for service in the Persian War. Julian’s Gallic legions refused to obey this command and they proclaimed him emperor in their winter quarters at Paris (February 360). It thus became clear that there would be a military trial of strength between the two cousins for supremacy in the Roman world. Constantius left Antioch in the autumn of 361 and headed west to confront his erstwhile partner in government. But he had travelled only as far as Cilicia when he fell seriously ill. On 3 November he died at Mopsucrenae having been baptized on his deathbed: no doubt with great reluctance, he had been obliged to name Julian as his successor. His third wife, Faustina, was pregnant at the time and later gave birth to a daughter, Constantia, who married the emperor Gratian in 374 and died early in 383, the last direct descendant of the house of Constantine. The 44-year-old Constantius II was the only one of the sons of Constantine I to die in his bed. The reign of Constantius II is of considerable numismatic interest. For more than a decade after his accession in 337 the currency system established by his father remained unchanged, but in the latter part of the joint reign with his brother Constans (348) there was a fundamental overhaul of the billon and bronze coinage coinciding with Rome’s eleven hundredth anniversary. The diminutive billon reduced centenionalis was discontinued and in its place three new denominations were introduced. The largest of these, the billon heavy maiorina or ‘large Æ 2’ (weighing about 5.25 grams), the billon light maiorina or ‘small Æ 2’ (c. 4.25 grams), and a smaller bronze piece of uncertain name (‘Æ 3’) weighing about 2.40 grams. This system did not long survive as the usurpation of Magnentius in 350 and the subsequent civil wars led to a rapid decline in the fineness of the maiorina. In 353/4 it was discontinued altogether, being replaced by a smaller ‘Æ 3’ denomination similar in size, weight, and metal content to the smallest coin of the 348 reform. In the closing years of Constantius’ reign the decline in the bronze coinage continued, firstly a series with the mark of value ‘M’ on reverse weighing about 2.25 grams, and finally the ‘SPES REI PVBLICE’ series weighing c. 1.90 grams or less. Another significant reform undertaken towards the close of Constantius’ reign (c. 357) involved the silver siliqua which had, from tetrarchic times, been struck on a theoretical standard of 1/96th of a pound (= 3 scripula = 3.375 grams). Constantius abandoned this standard and instead issued ‘reduced siliquae’ weighing 2.25 grams (= 2 scripula) or 1/144th of a pound. Thereafter, this became the standard silver denomination, though over the decades its weight tended to decline. The new siliqua now stood in a much more convenient relationship to the miliarensis of 4 scripula. The following are the principal forms of obverse legend, other varieties being given in full: As Caesar A. CONSTANTIVS NOB CAES B. FL IVL CONSTANTIVS NOB C C. FL IVL CONSTANTIVS NOB CAES D. IVL CONSTANTIVS IVN NOB C As Augustus

E. CONSTANTIVS AVG F. CONSTANTIVS AVGVSTVS G. CONSTANTIVS P F AVG H. D N CONSTANTIVS P F AVG I. FL IVL CONSTANTIVS AVG J. FL IVL CONSTANTIVS P F AVG K. FL IVL CONSTANTIVS PERP AVG L. IMP CONSTANTIVS AVG

CONSTANTIUS II CAESAR

129

The following varieties of obverse type are represented by lower case letters, others being given in full:

a. Laur. hd. r. b. Laur. and cuir. bust r. c. Laur., dr. and cuir. bust r. d. Laur., dr. and cuir. bust l. e. Diad. hd. r. f. Diad., dr. and cuir. bust r. (diadem sometimes entwined with laurel-wreath). g. Diad., dr. and cuir. bust l., holding globe. h. Helmeted and cuir. bust three-quarter face to r., holding spear and shield.

Issues as Caesar under Constantine I, 8 Nov. AD 324-22 May 337 (followed by an interregnum lasting until 9 Sept. during which he continued to hold the rank of Caesar) 17549

Gold aureus (c. 5.4 grams). D N CONSTANTIVS NOB CAES, e (looking upwards). Rev. No legend, Constantius II stg. in facing quadriga, hd. l., scattering coins from raised r. hand and holding eagle-tipped sceptre in l., mint mark CONS in ex. RIC vii, p. 585, 105. C —. Depeyrot, p. 118, 7/3. [Constantinople, AD 336]. VF £4,550 ($8,000) / EF £11,500 ($20,000)

17550

Gold solidus (c. 4.5 grams). No legend, e (looking upwards). Rev. CONSTANTIVS CAES, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark CONS in ex. Cf. RIC vii, p. 569, 3 note. C —. Depeyrot, p. 116, 1/2. [Constantinople, AD 326]. VF £600 ($1,050) / EF £1,825 ($3,200)

17551

Bd. Rev. — as previous. RIC vii, —. C —. Depeyrot, pl. 17, 3/6. [Constantinople, AD 330]. VF £480 ($850) / EF £1,425 ($2,500)

17552

Obv. As 17550. Rev. CONSTANTIVS CAESAR, as previous, but with mint mark TR in ex. RIC vii, p. 211, 499. C 14. Depeyrot, p. 61, 32/3. [Trier, AD 326]. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,700 ($3,000)

17553

As previous, but with mint mark S M T in ex. RIC vii, p. 385, 196. C 14. Depeyrot, p. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,700 ($3,000) 74, 19/5. [Ticinum, AD 326].

17554

As previous, but with mint mark SIRM in ex. RIC vii, p. 477, 65. C 14 var. Depeyrot, VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,700 ($3,000) p. 107, 10/4. [Sirmium, AD 325-6].

17555

As previous, but with mint mark S M TS in ex. RIC vii, p. 517, 148. C 14 var. Depeyrot, VF £520 ($900) / EF £1,600 ($2,800) p. 113, 12/3. [Thessalonica, AD 326].

17556

Bd. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark CONS in ex. RIC vii, p. 581, 70-71. C 16 var. Cf. Depeyrot, pp. 116-17, 3/5-6. [Constantinople, AD 330]. VF £430 ($750) / EF £1,250 ($2,200)

17557

As previous, but with mint mark CONS • in ex. RIC vii, p. 577, 50. C 16 var. Depeyrot, VF £480 ($850) / EF £1,425 ($2,500) p. 117, 4/1. [Constantinople, AD 330].

17558

As 17556, but with obv. legend C. RIC vii, p. 584, 95-6. C 16. Depeyrot, p. 117, 5/4-5. VF £430 ($750) / EF £1,250 ($2,200) [Constantinople, AD 335].

17554

 

17558

130

Roman Coins and Their Values

17559

Gold solidus. Obv. As 17550. Rev. CONSTANTIVS CAESAR, as previous, but with mint mark N in ex. RIC vii, p. 619, 113. C 14. Cf. Depeyrot, p. 129, 38/5 (obv. misdescribed). [Nicomedia, AD 325-6]. VF £480 ($850) / EF £1,425 ($2,500)

17560

Ca. Rev. DEBELLATORI GENTIVM BARBARARVM (around), GOTHIA (in ex.), soldier stg. r., presenting kneeling captive to Constantius II, in military attire, stg. l., his r. hand extended, mint mark TR in ex. below the inscription. RIC vii, p. 216, 534. C —. Cf. Depeyrot, p. 62, 36/1. [Trier, AD 328-9]. VF £2,850 ($5,000) / EF £8,500 ($15,000)

17561

A or C, a. Rev. PRINCIPI IVVENTVTIS, Constantius II, in military attire, stg. r., holding transverse spear and globe, mint mark P TR in ex. RIC vii, p. 204, 448. C 156. VF £375 ($650) / EF £1,150 ($2,000) Depeyrot, p. 61, 31/2-4. [Trier, AD 324].

17562 17562

Ca. Rev. — as previous, but sometimes with mint mark TR instead of P TR in ex. RIC vii, pp. 208 and 211, 473-474A and 501. C 155. Depeyrot, p. 62, 32/5 and 33/2. [Trier, AD 326]. VF £375 ($650) / EF £1,150 ($2,000)

17563

Bc. Rev. — Constantius II, in military attire, stg. l., holding standard and sceptre or spear, two additional standards to r., mint mark TR in ex. RIC vii, —. C 162 var. VF £375 ($650) / EF £1,150 ($2,000) Depeyrot, p. 63, 37/3. [Trier, AD 335-6].

17564

Bb. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark SIS in ex. RIC vii, p. 454, 227. C 162 var. VF £375 ($650) / EF £1,150 ($2,000) Depeyrot, p. 102, 22/3. [Siscia, AD 334].

17565

Bf. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark M TS in ex. RIC vii, p. 522, 176. C 162 var. Depeyrot, p. 114, 14/3. [Thessalonica, AD 330-31]. VF £375 ($650) / EF £1,150 ($2,000)

17566

Similar, but with mint mark TS. RIC vii, p. 525, 191. C 162. Depeyrot, p. 114, 15/4. VF £350 ($600) / EF £1,025 ($1,800) [Thessalonica, AD 332].

17567

Similar, but sometimes with obv. type c, and with mint mark TSe in ex. RIC vii, p. 528, 210-11. C 162. Cf. Depeyrot, pp. 114-15, 16/4-5. [Thessalonica, AD 335]. VF £375 ($650) / EF £1,150 ($2,000)

17568

Cd. Rev. — as 17563, but with mint mark CONS in ex. RIC vii, p. 585, 112. C 163. Depeyrot, p. 118, 7/8. [Constantinople, AD 336]. VF £350 ($600) / EF £1,025 ($1,800)

17569

Bc. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark S M AN in ex. RIC vii, p. 694, 95. C 162 var. Depeyrot, p. 147, 45/3. [Antioch, AD 335-6]. VF £375 ($650) / EF £1,150 ($2,000)

17570

Bc. Rev. — Constantius II, in military attire, stg. l., hd. r., holding standard and sceptre or spear, another standard to r., mint mark S M T in ex. RIC vii, p. 383, 181. Cf. C 158 (obv. misdescribed). Depeyrot, p. 73, 18/3. [Ticinum, AD 324-5]. VF £375 ($650) / EF £1,150 ($2,000)

17571

As previous, but with mint mark SIRM in ex. RIC vii, p. 476, 59. Cf. C 158 var. VF £375 ($650) / EF £1,150 ($2,000) Depeyrot, p. 106, 9/5. [Sirmium, AD 324].

17572

As previous, but with mint and officina marks S M TS A (= 1) or D (= 4) or e (= 5) in ex. RIC vii, p. 514, 133. Cf. C 158 var. Depeyrot, p. 112, 10/3. [Thessalonica, AD 324]. VF £375 ($650) / EF £1,150 ($2,000)

CONSTANTIUS II CAESAR

131

17573

Gold solidus. As previous, but with mint mark S M N in ex., sometimes followed by officina mark G (= 3). RIC vii, p. 613, 76. Cf. C 158 var. Depeyrot, p. 127, 34/3 and 35/2. [Nicomedia, AD 324-5]. VF £375 ($650) / EF £1,150 ($2,000)

17574

As previous, but with mint mark S M K in ex. followed by officina mark e (= 5). RIC vii, p. 646, 21. Cf. C 158 var. Depeyrot, p. 136, 16/2. [Cyzicus, AD 324]. VF £375 ($650) / EF £1,150 ($2,000)

17575

Cc. Rev. PRINCIPIA IVVENTVTIS, Constantius II, in military attire, stg. l., holding standard and sceptre, another standard to r., mint mark S M AQ in ex. RIC vii, p. 406, 117. MA 427. Cf. C 159 (PRINCIPI for PRINCIPIA, in error). Depeyrot, p. 94, 12/2. [Aquileia, AD 324-5]. VF £480 ($850) / EF £1,425 ($2,500)

17576

Ac. Rev. VICTORIA CAESAR NN, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark S M H in ex. RIC vii, p. 555, 102. C —. Cf. Depeyrot, p. 116, 4/3. [Heraclea, AD 328-9]. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,700 ($3,000)

17577

A or B, c. Rev. — Victory advancing l., holding trophy and palm, star in rev. field to l., mark of value LXXII to r., mint mark S M AN followed by dot in ex. RIC vii, p. 696, 102-3. C —. Depeyrot, p. 148, 50/1-2. [Antioch, AD 336-7]. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,700 ($3,000) The numeral LXXII (= 72) in reverse field indicates the weight of the solidus as 1/72nd of a pound of gold.

17578

Bf. Rev. VICTORIA CONSTANTI CAES, Victory seated r. on cuirass and shield, inscribing VOT / XV on shield supported by winged Genius, mint mark CONS in ex. RIC vii, p. 581, 72. C 258. Cf. Depeyrot, p. 117, 5/10 (reverse type misdescribed). VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £2,000 ($3,500) [Constantinople, AD 335].

17579

Cd. Rev. VICTORIA CONSTANTI CAESAR, Victory advancing l., holding trophy and palm, mint mark CONS in ex. RIC vii, p. 586, 115. C —. Cf. Depeyrot, p. 118, 7/15 (reverse misdescribed). [Constantinople, AD 336-7]. VF £480 ($850) / EF £1,425 ($2,500)

17580

Cc. Rev. VICTORIA NOB CAESS, Victory stg. facing, hd. l., holding standard in each hand, mint mark P R in ex. RIC vii, p. 337, 341. C —. Depeyrot, p. 90, 21/2. [Rome, AD 335]. VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £2,000 ($3,500)

17581

Bc. Rev. VIRTVS CONSTANTI CAES, Constantius II, in military attire, advancing r., trampling on captive and holding transverse spear in r. hand and trophy over shoulder with l., mint mark S M N in ex. RIC vii, p. 617, 106. C 319. Cf. Depeyrot, p. 128, 36/5 (CONSTANTINI for CONSTANTI on reverse). [Nicomedia, AD 325]. VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £2,000 ($3,500)

17582

Bc. Rev. — Constantius II, in military attire, advancing r., dragging captive by the hair with r. hand and holding trophy over shoulder with l., mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark P (= 1). RIC vii, p. 632, 182. C —. Cf. Depeyrot, p. 130, 44/4 (AVG for CAES on reverse). [Nicomedia, AD 335]. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,700 ($3,000)



NB Gold multiples were issued in a variety of denominations and types in the name of Constantius II Caesar: 1.5 solidi were struck at Trier, rev. PRINCIPI IVVENTVTIS, prince standing (RIC 471 and 495-6) and GLORIA ROMANORVM, Roma seated (RIC 568), and at Nicomedia, rev. VIRTVS CONSTANTI CAES, prince between two captives

17577

132

Roman Coins and Their Values (RIC 135-7); double solidi at Trier, rev. AETERNA GLORIA SENAT P Q R, emperor and prince in facing elephant quadriga (RIC 468), PRINCIPI IVVENTVTIS, prince standing (RIC 470), and GLORIA ROMANORVM, Roma seated (RIC 566), and at Nicomedia, rev. SECVRITAS PERPETVAE, prince erecting trophy (RIC 55); 4.5 solidi at Trier, rev. PIETAS AVGVSTI NOSTRI, emperor raising turreted kneeling female (RIC 570), and at Constantinople, rev. PRINCIPI IVVENTVTIS, prince with standards (RIC 66); 9 solidi at Constantinople, rev. SALVS ET SPES REI PVBLICAE, emperor enthroned between two princes (RIC 88) and SECVRITAS PERPETVA, emperor enthroned amidst four princes (RIC 89); and 30 solidi at Constantinople, rev. GAVDIVM ROMANORVM, crowned figures of emperor between two princes (RIC 42).

17583

Gold semissis or half solidus (c. 2.25 grams). Ac. Rev. PRINCIPI IVVENTVTIS, Constantius II, in military attire, stg. r., holding transverse spear and globe (no mint mark). RIC vii, —. C —. Depeyrot, p. 74, 20/3. [Ticinum, AD 326]. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,700 ($3,000)

17584

Gold 1.5-scripulum or 9-siliqua (c. 1.68 grams). Bc. Rev. PRINCIPI IVVENTVTIS, Constantius II, in military attire, stg. r., holding transverse spear and globe, mint mark TR in ex. RIC vii, —. Cf. C 154. Depeyrot, p. 62, 32/9. [Trier, AD 326]. VF £480 ($850) / EF £1,425 ($2,500)

17585

Bf. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark TS in ex. RIC vii, p. 525, 193. C —. Depeyrot, p. 114, 15/6. [Thessalonica, AD 332]. VF £480 ($850) / EF £1,425 ($2,500)

17586

Bd. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark N in ex. RIC vii, p. 619, 116. C 153. Depeyrot, p. 129, 38/9. [Nicomedia, AD 326]. VF £430 ($750) / EF £1,250 ($2,200)

17587

Silver miliarensis or 11/3 siliquae (c. 4.5 grams, weights variable, usually low). Cc. Rev. CONSTANTIVS CAES, four standards, mint and officina marks CONS I (= 10) in ex. RIC vii, p. 587, 125. RSC 18A. [Constantinople, AD 335]. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,700 ($3,000)

17588

A or B, b or c. Rev. CONSTANTIVS CAESAR, four standards, mint mark S M TR in ex. RIC vii, p. 222, 582-3. RSC 17a and e. [Trier, AD 336-7]. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,700 ($3,000) A rarer variety has obverse A, laur., dr. and cuir. bust r., holding spear and globe (RIC 584).

17589

CONSTANTIVS NOB C, b. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark SIS in ex. RIC vii, VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £2,000 ($3,500) p. 452, 211. RSC 17d. [Siscia, AD 326-7].

17590

Similar, but with obv. legend B and type b or c. RIC vii, p. 455, 231-2. RSC 17 and 17b. VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £2,000 ($3,500) [Siscia, AD 334].

17591

Bb. Rev. — as previous, but with mint and officina marks CONS I (= 10) in ex. flanked by dots. RIC vii, p. 578, 56. RSC 17c. [Constantinople, AD 333-4]. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,700 ($3,000)

17592

No legend, e (looking upwards). Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark S M N in ex. RIC vii, p. 614, 87. RSC 17f. [Nicomedia, AD 324-5]. VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £2,000 ($3,500)

17593

Ab. Rev. FELICITAS ROMANORVM, archway, beneath which Constantine I stands l., in military attire, amidst similar, but shorter, figures of three of his sons (one to l., two to r.), each resting on spear, mint mark S M K in ex. RIC vii, p. 650, 43. RSC 75. VF £775 ($1,350) / EF £2,300 ($4,000) [Cyzicus, AD 325].

17594

B, laur. and cuir. bust l. Rev. — as previous, but Constantine stands between two sons, and with mint mark S M N in ex. RIC vii, p. 623, 143. RSC 75†. [Nicomedia, AD 326-7]. VF £775 ($1,350) / EF £2,300 ($4,000)

CONSTANTIUS II CAESAR

133

17595

Silver miliarensis. Bc. Rev. GLORIA EXERCITVS, female figure stg. l., legs crossed, resting on column and holding laurel-branch and sceptre, mint mark TSe in ex. RIC vii (Addenda), p. 718, 220A. RSC 91a. [Thessalonica, AD 335-6]. VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £2,000 ($3,500)

17596

Bc. Rev. — as previous, but with mint and officina marks CONS S or I (= 6 or 10) in ex. flanked by dots. RIC vii, p. 578, 57. RSC 91b. [Constantinople, AD 333-4]. VF £625 ($1,100) / EF £1,850 ($3,250)

17597

Similar, but without dots in ex. and officina I not recorded. RIC vii, p. 587, 130. RSC VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £2,000 ($3,500) 91c. [Constantinople, AD 335].

17598

Similar, but with mint and officina marks C G (= 3) with dot between. RIC vii, p. 588, VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £2,000 ($3,500) 134. RSC 91d. [Constantinople, AD 337].

17599

Silver siliqua (c. 3.37 grams). No legend, e (looking upwards). Rev. CONSTANTIVS CAES, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint and officina marks CONS S (= 6) in ex. RIC vii, p. 587, 128. RSC 15Aa var. [Constantinople, AD 335]. VF £155 ($275) / EF £400 ($700)

17600

As previous, but also with M in rev. field to l. RIC vii (Addenda), p. 719, 131B. Cf. VF £155 ($275) / EF £400 ($700) RSC 15Aa-b. [Constantinople, AD 336].

17600A

Obv. Similar. Rev. As previous, but with mint mark R in ex. RIC vii, —. RSC —. VF £175 ($300) / EF £430 ($750) [Rome, AD 336-7].

17600A

17601 17602

17607

As previous but with mint mark TSe in ex. RIC vii, p. 528, 216. RSC 15a. [Thessalonica, VF £155 ($275) / EF £400 ($700) As previous, but with mint mark S M H in ex. RIC vii, p. 560, 146. RSC 15b. [Heraclea, VF £155 ($275) / EF £400 ($700) AD 336-7].

AD 335-6].

17603

Similar, but with mint and officina marks CONS I (= 10) in ex. RIC vii (Addenda), p. VF £155 ($275) / EF £400 ($700) 719, 127A. RSC 15c. [Constantinople, AD 335].

17604

Obv. As 17599. Rev. — three palm-branches stg. upright on exergual line, star above the central one, mint mark R in ex. RIC vii, p. 343, 379. RSC 19. [Rome, AD 336-7]. VF £200 ($350) / EF £520 ($900)

17605

— Rev. CONSTANTIVS NOB CAES, as previous, but with mint mark N. RIC vii, p. VF £200 ($350) / EF £520 ($900) 633, 187. RSC 19A. [Nicomedia, AD 336-7].

17606

Bc. Rev. PRINCIPI IVVENTVTIS, Constantius II, in military attire, stg. l., hd. r., holding standard and sceptre or spear, another standard to r., mint mark SIRM in ex. RIC vii, p. 469, 16. RSC 160A. [Sirmium, AD 324]. VF £225 ($400) / EF £575 ($1,000)

17607

Bb. Rev. VICTORIA CAESARVM, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark SIS in ex. RIC vii, p. 452, 213. RSC 250. [Siscia, AD 324]. VF £175 ($320) / EF £460 ($800)

17608

Billon centenionalis. B or IVL CONSTANTIVS NOB C, c or d. Rev. CAESARVM NOSTRORVM around wreath enclosing VOT / V in two lines, mint mark TS VI below the wreath, with officina mark e (= 5) between. RIC vii, p. 513, 129-30. C —. VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150) [Thessalonica, AD 324]. This must have been one of the very earliest issues in the name of the Caesar Constantius following his appointment late in 324.

134 17609

Roman Coins and Their Values Billon centenionalis. No legend, b or d. Rev. CONSTAN / TIVS / CAESAR in three lines across field, star above, mint mark TR below preceded by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). RIC vii, p. 210, 490-91. LRBC I, 23-4. C 20. [Trier, AD 326]. VF £48 ($85) / EF £140 ($250)

17610

  17610 17614 As previous, but obv. type d only recorded, and with mint mark S M R followed by officina mark P or Q (= 1 or 4). RIC vii, p. 329, 286. LRBC I, 512. C 20. [Rome, AD 326]. VF £48 ($85) / EF £140 ($250)

17611

As previous, but with mint mark SIS preceded by officina mark e (= 5). RIC vii, p. 448, 192. LRBC I, 721. C 20. [Siscia, AD 325]. VF £48 ($85) / EF £140 ($250)

17612

As previous, but with mint mark S M TS followed by officina mark A (= 1). RIC vii, p. 516, 144. LRBC I, 819. C 20. [Thessalonica, AD 325]. VF £48 ($85) / EF £140 ($250)

17613

As previous, but with mint mark S M K followed by officina mark e (= 5). RIC vii, p. 648, 33. LRBC I, 1167. C 20. [Cyzicus, AD 325-6]. VF £48 ($85) / EF £140 ($250)

17614

As previous, but with mint mark S M ANT followed by officina mark A, D, S, or H (= 1, 4, 6, or 8), sometimes with dot beneath, sometimes also with dot between TI and VS on the second line. RIC vii, pp. 686-7, 55 and 60. LRBC I, 1327 and 1340. C 20. [Antioch, VF £43 ($75) / EF £130 ($225) AD 324-5].

17615

Obv. As previous. Rev. CONSTAN / TIVS / NOB CAES in three lines across field, wreath above, mint mark S M R on rev. followed by officina mark Q (= 4). RIC vii, p. 329, 284. Cf. LRBC I, 513 (star instead of wreath on reverse, in error). C 21. [Rome, AD 326]. VF £48 ($85) / EF £140 ($250)



PROVIDENTIAE CAES • (see nos. 17648-50).

17616

Bd. Rev. PROVIDENTIAE CAESS, two-turreted gateway of military camp, star above, mint mark P LON in ex. RIC vii, p. 116, 298. LRBC I, 8. Cf. C 167 (CAES on rev.). [London, AD 324-5]. VF £19 ($33) / EF £60 ($100) A rarer variety has the obverse legend FLA CONSTANTIVS NOB C (RIC 297). The mint of London was closed in the year following the introduction of this reverse type, a victim of Constantine’s vastly expanded minting capacity following his victory over the eastern emperor Licinius in 324.

17617

A or B, c or d. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark TR in ex. preceded by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). RIC vii, p. 205, 456-7. LRBC I, 21-2. Cf. C 167 and 173. [Trier, AD 324-5]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

17618

Bd. Rev. — as previous, but the mint mark is followed by crescent, usually containing dot. RIC vii, pp. 206 and 209, 464 and 480. LRBC I, 34. Cf. C 167. [Trier, AD 325-6]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

17619

Bd. Rev. — as 17617, but with mint mark TRE instead of TR and sometimes the officina mark is preceded by dot. RIC vii, pp. 212-13, 506 and 514. LRBC I, 40 and 46. Cf. C VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60) 167. [Trier, AD 327-8]. A much rarer obverse variety has laureate and draped bust left, holding shield (RIC 507).

17618

CONSTANTIUS II CAESAR

135

17620

PROVIDENTIAE CAES (cont.) Billon centenionalis. A or B, c or d. Rev. —17616, but with mint mark P LG in ex. RIC vii, p. 137, 232-3. LRBC I, 174-6. Bastien 190-91. Cf. C 167 and 173. [Lugdunum, AD 324-5]. VF £14 ($24) / EF £40 ($70)

17621

Bd. Rev. — as previous, but also with dot under the arch of the gateway. RIC vii, p. 137, 232 note. LRBC I, —. Bastien 197. Cf. C 167. [Lugdunum, AD 325]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

17622

B (sometimes IVL omitted), c. Rev. — as 17616, but with mint mark AR in ex. preceded by officina mark T or Q (= 3 or 4) and star, and sometimes followed by dot. RIC vii, pp. 263-4, 275-6 and 282. LRBC I, 285-6. EMA 34/13-14, 35/5-6. Cf. C 168 and 171. [Arles, AD 324-5]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

17623

Bd. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark ARL (with crescent between the first two letters) preceded by officina mark Q (= 4). RIC vii, p. 265, 290. LRBC I, 298. EMA 36/5. Cf. C 167. [Arles, AD 325-6]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

17624

Similar, but with mint mark ARL (without crescent) and with S — F in field. RIC vii, p. 267, 303. LRBC I, 307. EMA 37/2. Cf. C 167. [Arles, AD 326-7]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

17625

Similar, but the officina mark follows instead of precedes the mint mark. RIC vii, p. 268, 312. LRBC I, 325. EMA 38/4. Cf. C 167. [Arles, AD 327-8]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

17626

Similar, but with mint mark CONST in ex. preceded by officina mark T or Q (= 3 or 4) and with S — F in field. RIC vii, p. 269, 320. LRBC I, 332. EMA 39/3. Cf. C 167. [Constantina/Arles, AD 328]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60) In AD 328 the name of this mint was changed to Constantina in honour of the Caesar Constantine Junior, the emperor’s eldest surviving son. Following Constantine II’s death in battle in 340 the name of the city reverted to Arelate, but thirteen years later, after the downfall of the western usurper Magnentius, Constantius II restored the dynastic connection by naming the place Constantia.

17627

Similar, but with T — F instead of S — F in field and with officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2) preceding the mint mark. RIC vii, p. 269, 330. LRBC I, 348. EMA 40/6. Cf. C 167. [Constantina/Arles, AD 329]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

17628

Bd. Rev. — as 17616, but with mint mark T in ex. preceded by officina mark P, S, or Q (= 1, 2, or 4). RIC vii, p. 385, 189. LRBC I, 473. Cf. C 167. [Ticinum, AD 325]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

17629

Similar, but with crescent between the officina and mint marks (officina T = 3 also recorded). RIC vii, p. 386, 201. LRBC I, 486. Cf. C 167. [Ticinum, AD 326]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

17630

As 17628, but with palm between the officina and mint marks. RIC vii, p. 387, 208. VF £14 ($24) / EF £40 ($70) LRBC I, 500. Cf. C 167. [Ticinum, AD 326].

17631

FL VAL CONSTANTIVS NOB C, c or d. Rev. — as 17616, but with mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark Q (= 4). RIC vii, p. 325, 268-9. LRBC I, 510-11. Cf. C 172. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65) [Rome, AD 324-5]. The remarkable use of the name Valerius (VAL) instead of the usual Julius (IVL) in the obverse legend is peculiar to this mint.

17632

Similar, but with wreath between the mint and officina marks (officina T = 3 also recorded). RIC vii, p. 330, 290. LRBC I, 519. Cf. C 172. [Rome, AD 326]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

136

Roman Coins and Their Values

17633

PROVIDENTIAE CAES (cont.) Billon centenionalis. Similar, but with mint mark R F followed by officina mark T or Q (= 3 or 4). RIC vii, p. 335, 324. LRBC I, 530. Cf. C 172. [Rome, AD 329]. VF £14 ($24) / EF £40 ($70)

17634

As previous, but also with palms flanking the mint and officina marks (officina Q = 4 only recorded). RIC vii, p. 335, 326. LRBC I, —. Cf. C 172. [Rome, AD 329]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

17635

Bd. Rev. — as 17616, but with mint mark SIS in ex. preceded by officina mark D (= 4). RIC vii, p. 446, 186. LRBC I, 720. Cf. C 167. [Siscia, AD 324-5]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

17636

Similar, but with wreath following the mint mark and officina marks D or e (= 4 or 5) preceding it. RIC vii, p. 448, 195. LRBC I, 734. Cf. C 167. [Siscia, AD 325]. VF £14 ($24) / EF £40 ($70)

17637

Similar, but with dots preceding the officina mark and following the mint mark. RIC vii, p. 450, 203. LRBC I, 727. Cf. C 167. [Siscia, AD 326-7]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

17638

Similar, but no dots and with double crescent following the mint mark. RIC vii, p. 452, VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60) 217. LRBC I, 740. Cf. C 167. [Siscia, AD 328-9].

17639

Bc. Rev. — as 17616, but with mint mark S M TS in ex. followed by officina mark B, D, or e (= 2, 4, or 5). RIC vii, p. 519, 158. LRBC I, 817. Cf. C 168. [Thessalonica, AD 326-8]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

17640

Similar, but the officina mark is in rev. field to r. (B = 2 only recorded). RIC vii, p. 521, 172. LRBC I, 834. Cf. C 168. [Thessalonica, AD 328]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

17641

Bd. Rev. — as 17616, but with mint mark S M H in ex. followed by officina mark B-e (= 2-5). RIC vii, p. 551, 78. LRBC I, 872. Cf. C 167. [Heraclea, AD 325-6]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

17642

Similar, but with dot following the officina mark (A = 1 also recorded). RIC vii, p. 552, 84. LRBC I, 878. Cf. C 167. [Heraclea, AD 326]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

17643

Similar, but the dot is in rev. field to l. RIC vii, p. 554, 97. Cf. LRBC I, 891. Cf. C 167. [Heraclea, AD 327-9]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

17644

Similar, but with star instead of dot in rev. field to l. RIC vii, p. 556, 108. Cf. LRBC I, 896. Cf. C 167. [Heraclea, AD 329-30]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

17645

B, c or d. Rev. — as 17616, but with mint mark CONS in ex. and officina mark A, G, or S (= 1, 3, or 6) in l. field. RIC vii, pp. 571-3, 10, 21, and 28. LRBC I, 974, 981-2, and 998. Cf. C 167-8. [Constantinople, AD 326-8]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

17646

Bc. Rev. — as previous, but with star (or dot) following the mint mark (officina S = 6 only recorded). RIC vii, p. 575, 40. LRBC I, 1001 and 1004. Cf. C 168. [Constantinople, AD 328-9]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

17647

Bd. Rev. — as 17616, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark B or D (= 2 or 4). RIC vii, p. 615, 94. LRBC I, 1080. Cf. C 167. [Nicomedia, AD 324-5]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

17638

CONSTANTIUS II CAESAR

137

PROVIDENTIAE CAES (cont.) 17648 Billon centenionalis. As previous, but with mint mark M N followed by officina mark A, B, G, D, or S = 1, 2, 3, 4, or 6 (sometimes the rev. legend ends CAES • instead of CAESS). RIC vii, pp. 620-21, 124 and 128. LRBC I, 1098-9. C 167. [Nicomedia, AD 325-6]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60) 17649

Similar, but with mint mark N followed by officina mark B, G, D, or S = 2, 3, 4, or 6 (the legend always ends CAES •). RIC vii, p. 624, 147. Cf. LRBC I, 1090. C 167. [Nicomedia, AD 326-7]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

17650

Similar, but with mint mark S M N followed by officina mark B, D, e, or S (= 2, 4, 5, or 6). RIC vii, p. 626, 158. LRBC I, 1081 and 1114. C 167. [Nicomedia, AD 328-9]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

17651

Bd. Rev. — as 17616, but with mint mark S M K in ex. followed by officina mark A-S (= 1-6). RIC vii, p. 647, 27. LRBC I, 1166. Cf. C 167. [Cyzicus, AD 324-5]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)



NB On the issues of this mint the Caesar’s laurel wreath often resembles a pearl diadem.

17652

Similar, but with dot following the officina mark on rev. RIC vii, p. 649, 38. LRBC I, 1175 and 1193. Cf. C 167. [Cyzicus, AD 325-6]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

17653

Similar, but also with dot preceding the mint mark, and officinae G and D (= 3 and 4) only recorded. RIC vii, p. 650, 48. LRBC I, 1183. Cf. C 167. [Cyzicus, AD 326-7]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

17654

As 17651, but with dot in rev. field to l., and only officinae A, B, and G (= 1, 2, and 3) recorded. RIC vii, p. 651, 53. LRBC I, 1198. Cf. C 167. [Cyzicus, AD 327-8]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

17655

As 17651, but the obv. bust is cuir. instead of dr. and cuir., and officinae G, D, and e (= 3, 4, and 5) only recorded. RIC vii, p. 653, 64. Cf. LRBC I, 1198. Cf. C 167. [Cyzicus, AD 329-30]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

17656

Bd. Rev. — as 17616, but with mint mark S M ANT in ex. followed by officina mark A, G, D, e, S, H, or I (= 1, 3-6, 8, or 10). RIC vii, p. 688, 66. LRBC I, 1339 and 1354. Cf. C 167. [Antioch, AD 325-6]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

17657

Similar, but also with dot under the arch of the gateway (officinae A, D, S, Z, H, and I = 1, 4, 6, 7, 8, and 10 recorded). RIC vii, p. 690, 74. LRBC I, 1326. Cf. C 167. [Antioch, AD 326-7]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

17658

Bd. Rev. — as 17616, but with mint mark S M AL in ex. followed by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2). RIC vii, p. 709, 37. LRBC I, 1405. Cf. C 167. [Alexandria, AD 325-6]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

17659

Similar, but also with wreath in rev. field to l. (officina A = 1 only recorded). RIC vii, p. 710, 43. LRBC I, 1411. Cf. C 167. [Alexandria, AD 327-8]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

17660

As previous, but the officina mark (A or B = 1 or 2) is in rev. field to r. instead of in ex. RIC vii, p. 710, 47. LRBC I, 1415. Cf. C 167. [Alexandria, AD 327-8]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

17661

As previous, but the officina mark is in Latin numerals (I or II = 1 or 2) and sometimes also with dot following the mint mark in ex. RIC vii, pp. 710-11, 52 and 56. LRBC I, 1421 and 1426. Cf. C 167. [Alexandria, AD 329-30]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

17662

B, c or d. Rev. VIRTVS CAESS, four-turreted gateway of military camp, star above, the doors wide open, mint mark ARL in ex. (with crescent between the first two letters) preceded by officina mark T or Q (= 3 or 4). RIC vii, p. 265, 296-7. LRBC I, 298a-299. EMA 36/11-12. C 314. [Arles, AD 325-6]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

138

Roman Coins and Their Values

17663

Billon centenionalis. Bd. Rev. VIRTVS CAESS, as previous, but without the crescent in the mint mark and with S — F in field (officina Q = 4 only recorded). RIC vii, p. 267, 306. LRBC I, 308. EMA 37/6. C 314. [Arles, AD 326-7]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

17664

Similar, but the officina mark follows instead of precedes the mint mark. RIC vii, p. 268, 316. LRBC I, 324326. EMA 38/8. C 314. [Arles, AD 327]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

17665

Similar, but with mint mark CONST in ex. preceded by officina mark T or Q (= 3 or 4), S — F in field. RIC vii, p. 269, 323. LRBC I, 333. EMA 39/6. C 314. [Constantina/ VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60) Arles, AD 328-9]. In AD 328 the name of this mint was changed to Constantina in honour of Constantine II, the eldest surviving son of Constantine I. Following the young emperor’s death in battle in 340 the name of the city reverted to Arelate, but thirteen years later, after the downfall of the western usurper Magnentius, Constantius II restored the dynastic connection by naming the place Constantia.

17666

Similar, but with T — F instead of S — F in rev. field, and sometimes the gateway is without doors (officina P = 1 only recorded). RIC vii, p. 270, 335 and 339. LRBC I, 349-50. EMA 40/11. C 314. [Constantina/Arles, AD 329-30]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

17667

Billon reduced centenionalis. No legend, e (looking upwards). Rev. CONSTANTIVS CAES, Roma seated l., holding Victory on globe in r. hand and transverse spear in l., shield at side, mint mark ROM in ex. RIC vii, p. 347, 410. LRBC I, —. Cf. C 13 VF £35 ($60) / EF £105 ($180) (obverse misdescribed). [Rome, AD 337].



NB The weight of the centenionalis was maintained at c. 3 grams down to AD 330 when it was reduced to about 2.5 grams. There was a final reduction to 1.70 grams in the last year of Constantine I’s reign; this was clearly indicated on the GLORIA EXERCITVS coinage by a modification in the reverse design which saw the number of standards reduced from two to one.

17668

Bb. Rev. GLORIA EXERCITVS, two soldiers stg. facing each other, each resting on spear and shield, two standards between them, mint mark TR in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2) sometimes to r. of which is dot. RIC vii, pp. 214-15, 521 and 528. LRBC I, 50 and 57. C 104. [Trier, AD 330-31]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

17669

Similar, but with dot (or rarely star) between the mint and officina marks, or with star following the officina mark. RIC vii, p. 217, 540 and 546. LRBC I, 64 and 69. C 104. [Trier, AD 332-3]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

17670

B, b or c. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark TR in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2) and with wreath or palm between the two standards. RIC vii, p. 218, 551 and 558-9. LRBC I, 74 and 83. C 105. [Trier, AD 333-4]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

17671

Bb. Rev. — as 17668, but with mint mark LG in ex. preceded by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). RIC vii, p. 138, 240. Bastien 200. LRBC I, 182. C 104. [Lugdunum, AD 330]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

17672

Similar, but the officina mark is preceded by crescent or by dot within crescent. RIC vii, p. 138, 250 and 255. Bastien 210 and 215, 220 and 225. LRBC I, 194 and 199. C 104. [Lugdunum, AD 331]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

17673

Similar, but the officina mark is preceded by dot or (very rarely) by wreath. RIC vii, pp. 138-9, 245 and 258. Bastien 231 and 236, 241 and 246. LRBC I, 188 and 218. C 104. [Lugdunum, AD 332]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

17674

Similar, but the officina mark is preceded by star or (very rarely) by palm. RIC vii, pp. 139-40, 264 and 269. Bastien 251 and 257. LRBC I, 204, 209, and 214. C 104. [Lugdunum, AD 334-5]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

CONSTANTIUS II CAESAR

139

17675

GLORIA EXERCITVS (cont.) Billon reduced centenionalis. Bb. Rev. — as 17668, but with mint mark CONST in ex. preceded by officina mark S (= 2). RIC vii, p. 270, 342. LRBC I, —. Cf. EMA, p. 62, 41/2 (obv. misdescribed). C 104. [Constantina/Arles, AD 330]. VF £8 ($13) / EF £23 ($40)

17676

B, b or c. Rev. — as previous, but also with star in rev. field, either above or between the standards, and officina P (= 1) also recorded. RIC vii, p. 271, 347-8. LRBC I, 354. EMA, pp. 62-3, 42/3-4. C 105. [Constantina/Arles, AD 330-31]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

17677

Similar, but with crescent between the standards (officina S = 2 only recorded). RIC vii, p. 272, 355. LRBC I, 359. EMA, p. 63, 43/3-4. C 105 var. [Constantina/Arles, AD 331]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

17678

Similar, but with palm between the standards (both officinae recorded). RIC vii, p. 273, 360-61 and 367. LRBC I, 364 and 370. EMA, pp. 64-5, 44/3-4 and 45/5. C 105. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30) [Constantina/Arles, AD 332-3].

17679

Bc. Rev. — as previous, but with wreath (sometimes containing dot) between the standards (both officinae recorded). RIC vii, p. 274, 372 and 377. LRBC I, 375 and 380. EMA, pp. 65-6, 46/3 and 47/3. C 105. [Constantina/Arles, AD 333-4]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

17680

Similar, but with Christogram between the standards (officina S = 2 only recorded). RIC vii, p. 275, 383. LRBC I, 386. EMA, p. 66, 48/3. C 105 var. [Constantina/Arles, VF £19 ($33) / EF £60 ($100) AD 334].

17681

Similar, but with uncertain symbol resembling pine-tree between the standards (both officinae recorded). RIC vii, p. 276, 389. LRBC I, 393. EMA, p. 67, 49/3. C 105. [Constantina/Arles, AD 335-6]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

17682

Bc. Rev. — 17668, but with mint mark AQ in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2), sometimes with cross between the standards. RIC vii, p. 407, 120 and 126. LRBC I, 652 and 658. MA 428-9. C 104-5. [Aquileia, AD 334-5]. Without cross VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35), with cross VF £19 ($33) / EF £60 ($100)

17683

Similar, but with F between the standards. RIC vii, p. 409, 133. LRBC I, 664. MA 430. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35) C 105 var. [Aquileia, AD 335-6].

17684

B, b or c. Rev. — as 17668, but with mint mark R F in ex. followed by officina mark T (= 3). RIC vii, p. 336, 329-30. LRBC I, 533-4. C 104. [Rome, AD 330]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

17685

Bc. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark R B instead of R F. RIC vii, p. 336, 337. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30) LRBC I, 539. C 104. [Rome, AD 330-31].

17686

Similar, but with mint and officina marks R S or R T (= 2 or 3) in ex. with wreath between. RIC vii, p. 339, 352. LRBC I, 544. C 104. [Rome, AD 333-5]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

17687

Similar, but with star instead of wreath between the mint and officina marks (officina T = 3 only recorded). RIC vii, p. 341, 366. LRBC I, 552. C 104. [Rome, AD 335-6]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

17688

Bb. Rev. — as 17668, but with mint mark SIS in ex. preceded by officina mark A, G, D, or e (= 1, 3, 4, or 5). RIC vii, p. 453, 221. LRBC I, 744. C 104. [Siscia, AD 330-33] VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

17689

Similar, but with dots preceding the officina mark and following the mint mark. RIC vii, p. 456, 237. LRBC I, 749. C 104. [Siscia, AD 334-5]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

140

Roman Coins and Their Values

17690

Billon reduced centenionalis. B, b or c. Rev. GLORIA EXERCITVS, as 17668, but with mint mark S M TS in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, or G (= 1, 2, or 3). RIC vii, p. 524, 185-6. LRBC I, 837-837a. C 104. [Thessalonica, AD 330-33]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30) A later variety of this type (AD 335-6) has the reverse legend divided GLORI—A EXER—CITVS instead of GLOR—IA EXERC—ITVS (RIC 200, LRBC 842).

17691

As previous, but with mint mark S M H in ex. followed by officina mark A-e (= 1-5), sometimes with dot preceding mint mark, sometimes a second dot following the officina mark, sometimes a third dot in field or with all three dots horizontally in field. RIC vii, pp. 557-9, 113, 118, 123, 128, 133. LRBC I, 901, 906, 911, 916, 921. C 104. [Heraclea, AD 330-33]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

17692

Bc. Rev. — as previous, but without dots and with star following the officina mark (officinae A, G, and D = 1, 3, and 4 only recorded). RIC vii, p. 559, 138. LRBC I, 926. C 104. [Heraclea, AD 333-6]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

17693

Bc. Rev. — as 17668, but with mint mark CONS in ex. followed by officina mark D, S, Q, or I (= 4, 6, 9, or 10). RIC vii, p. 579, 6061. LRBC I, 1007. C 104. [Constantinople, AD 330-33]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

17694

Similar, but with dot following the officina mark and sometimes also with dot preceding the mint mark (officinae G, S, and I = 3, 6, and 10 recorded). RIC vii, pp. 581-2, 75 and 82. LRBC I, 1012 and 1019. C 104. [Constantinople, AD 333-5]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

17695

Bc. Rev. — as 17668, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark G, D, e, or S (= 3, 4, 5, or 6). RIC vii, p. 633, 191. LRBC I, 1119. C 104. [Nicomedia, AD 330-35]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

17696

B, b, c, or f. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark S M K in ex. followed by officina mark A-S (= 1-6), sometimes with dot preceding the mint mark or following the officina mark. RIC vii, pp. 654-5 and 657, 69-70, 84-6, and 99-101. LRBC I, 1216-17, 1227-9, and 1241-4. C 104. [Cyzicus, AD 330-35]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

17697

B, b or c. Rev. — as previous, but with star preceding the mint mark (officinae G, D, and S = 3, 4, and 6 recorded). RIC vii, p. 658, 113 and note. LRBC I, 1253-4. C 104. [Cyzicus, AD 335-6]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

17698 17698 Bb. Rev. — as 17668, but with mint mark S M AN in ex. followed by officina mark e, S, Z, H, or Q (= 5, 6, 7, 8, or 9). RIC vii, p. 693, 88. LRBC I, 1358. C 104. [Antioch, AD 330-33 and 335]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30) 17699

As previous, but with mint mark S M AL in ex. followed by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2). RIC vii, p. 711, 60. LRBC I, 1430. C 104. [Alexandria, AD 333-5]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

17700

Bb. Rev. GLORIA EXERCITVS, two soldiers stg. facing each other, each resting on spear and shield, one standard between them, mint and officina marks TR P or S (= 1 or 2) in ex. flanked by dots. RIC vii, p. 223, 592. LRBC I, 94. C 92 var. [Trier, AD 336-7]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30) LRBC 89 also lists a variant of this type lacking the dots flanking the mint and officina marks, but RIC vii (p. 160, note 1, and 586 note) doubts its existence.

CONSTANTIUS II CAESAR

141

17701

GLORIA EXERCITVS (cont.) Billon reduced centenionalis. As previous, but with mint mark LG in ex. preceded by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2) to l. of which is crescent or star. RIC vii, p. 141, 277 and 282. Bastien 264 and 269, 273 and 277. LRBC I, 230. C 92 var. [Lugdunum, AD 336]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

17702

Similar, but the officina mark is preceded by palm. RIC vii, p. 142, 287. Bastien 283 and VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30) 288. LRBC I, 234. C 92 var. [Lugdunum, AD 337].

17703

Bc. Rev. — as 17700, but with mint mark CONST preceded by officina mark S (= 2), and with Chi-Rho monogram on standard (= labarum). RIC vii, p. 276, 396. LRBC I, 400. EMA, p. 68, 50/3. C 92. [Constantina/Arles, AD 336]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

17704

Similar, but with X on standard (officinae P and S = 1 and 2 recorded). RIC vii, p. 277, 404. LRBC I, 407. EMA, p. 69, 51/3. C 92. [Constantina/Arles, AD 336-7]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

17705

As previous, but with O on standard. RIC vii, p. 278, 413. LRBC I, 412. EMA, p. 70, VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30) 53/2. C 92. [Constantina/Arles, AD 337].

17706

Bc. Rev. — as 17700, but with mint mark AQ followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2) and sometimes preceded by dot. RIC vii, p. 410, 145. LRBC I, 671 and 676. MA 431-2. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30) C 92. [Aquileia, AD 336-7].

17707

As previous, but with mint and officina marks R T (= 3) in ex. with wreath between. RIC vii, p. 344, 383. LRBC I, 560. C 92. [Rome, AD 336]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

17708

Similar, but with star instead of wreath between the mint and officina marks (officinae T and Q = 3 and 4 recorded). RIC vii, p. 344, 393. LRBC I, 568. C 92. [Rome, AD 336-7]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

17709

Similar, but with leaf instead of star between the mint and officina marks. RIC vii, p. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30) 346, 401. LRBC I, 574. C 92. [Rome, AD 337].

17710

Bb. Rev. — as 17700, but with mint mark SIS in ex. preceded by officina mark B-e (= 2-5). RIC vii, p. 458, 254. LRBC I, 756. C 92 var. [Siscia, AD 336]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

17711

Similar, but with star following the mint mark (officinae G = 3 only recorded). RIC vii, VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30) p. 460, 263. LRBC I, 761. C 92 var. [Siscia, AD 337].

17712

Bc. Rev. — as 17700, but with mint mark S M TS in ex. followed by officina mark G or D (= 3 or 4). RIC vii, p. 529, 224. LRBC I, 847. C 92. [Thessalonica, AD 336-7]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

17713

As previous, but with mint mark S M H in ex. followed by officina mark A-D (= 1-4). RIC vii, p. 561, 153. LRBC I, 937. C 92. [Heraclea, AD 336-7]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

17714

As previous, but with mint mark CONS in ex. followed by officina mark G, S, H, or Q (= 3, 6, 8, or 9) and sometimes also with dot at end of rev. legend. RIC vii, pp. 589-90, 139 and 151. LRBC I, 1028-9. C 92. [Constantinople, AD 336-7]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

17715

As previous, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark B, G, D, or S (= 2, 3, 4, or 6). RIC vii, p. 635, 201. LRBC I, 1127. C 92. [Nicomedia, AD 336-7]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

17716

B, b, c, or f. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark S M K in ex. followed by officina mark A-S (= 1-6) and sometimes with dot between the R and I of GLORIA. RIC vii, p. 659, 126-8 and 139-41. LRBC I, 1265-6. C 92 and var. [Cyzicus, AD 336-7]. VF £5 ($8) / EF £15 ($25)

142

Roman Coins and Their Values

17717

Billon reduced centenionalis. Bb. Rev. GLORIA EXERCITVS, as previous, but with mint mark S M AN in ex. followed by officina mark G-I (= 3-10). RIC vii, p. 697, 110. LRBC I, 1365. C 92 var. [Antioch, AD 336-7]. VF £5 ($8) / EF £15 ($25)

17718

As previous, but with mint mark S M AL in ex. followed by officina mark A-D (= 1-4). RIC vii, p. 712, 67. LRBC I, 1437. C 92 var. [Alexandria, AD 336-7]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

17719

Bc. Rev. SECVRITAS REI PVB, Securitas stg. facing, hd. r., legs crossed, resting on column and holding sceptre, mint and officina marks R P or S or e (= 1 or 2 or 5) in ex. with leaf between. RIC vii, p. 346, 403. LRBC I, 578. Cf. C 183. [Rome, AD 337]. VF £19 ($33) / EF £60 ($100)

Issues as Augustus, AD 337-361 17720

Gold aureus (c. 5.4 grams). K, diad., dr. and cuir. bust l. Rev. GLORIA ROMANORVM, Constantius II stg. in facing quadriga, hd. l., scattering coins from raised r. hand and holding eagle-tipped sceptre in l., mint mark TES in ex. RIC viii, p. 416, 145. C 137. Depeyrot, p. 296, 12. [Thessalonica, AD 351]. VF £4,550 ($8,000) / EF £11,500 ($20,000)

17721

As previous, but with mint mark S M ANT or S M AN, and sometimes with Chi-Rho monogram in r. field. RIC viii, p. 518, 77-8. C 137. Depeyrot, p. 297, 6-8. [Antioch, AD 351]. VF £4,550 ($8,000) / EF £11,500 ($20,000)

17722

Ff (wreath border). Rev. VICTORIAE DD NN AVGG, Victory stg. r., l. foot on globe, inscribing VOT / XX / MVLT / XXX on shield set on short column, mint mark TR in ex. (wreath border). RIC viii, p. 147, 126. C —. Depeyrot, p. 291, 5. [Trier, AD 346-8]. VF £1,700 ($3,000) / EF £4,300 ($7,500)

17722A

Obv. As previous. Rev. — Victory seated r. on cuirass and shield, inscribing VOT / XX / MVLT / XXX on shield set on l. knee and supported by Genius stg. l. before her, mint mark S M AQ in ex. (wreath border). RIC viii, —. MA 436. C —. Depeyrot, —. [Aquileia, AD 342-6]. VF £1,700 ($3,000) / EF £4,300 ($7,500)

17723

Similar, but with mint mark TES in ex. RIC viii, p. 409, 68. C —. Depeyrot, —. [Thessalonica, AD 342-6]. VF £1,700 ($3,000) / EF £4,300 ($7,500)

17724

Ff. Rev. — two Victories stg. facing each other, holding between them wreath encircling VOT / XX / MVLT / XXX, mint mark TR in ex. RIC viii, p. 147, 130. C 279. Depeyrot, p. 291, 6. [Trier, AD 346]. VF £1,700 ($3,000) / EF £4,300 ($7,500)

17725

 

17726

17725

Gold solidus (c. 4.5 grams). Gf. Rev. FELICITAS PERPETVA, Victory seated r., as 17723, but the shield is inscribed VOT / X / MVLT / XX, mint mark S M AQ in ex. RIC viii, p. 315, 5. MA 434. C 63. Depeyrot, p. 180, 1/2. [Aquileia, AD 337-40]. VF £350 ($600) / EF £1,000 ($1,750)

17726

D N CONSTANTIVS AVG, f. Rev. FELICITAS REI PVBLICE around wreath containing VOT / XV / MVLT / XX in four lines, mint mark CONS in ex. RIC viii, p. 447, 11-12. C 67. Depeyrot, p. 231, 1/10. [Constantinople, AD 337-40]. VF £350 ($600) / EF £1,000 ($1,750)

CONSTANTIUS II AUGUSTUS

17727

 

143

17728

17727

Gold solidus. J or K, h or diad. bust l., wearing consular robes and holding globe and sceptre. Rev. FELICITAS ROMANORVM, enthroned figures of Roma (on l., facing) and Constantinopolis (on r., turned to l.), holding between them shield inscribed VOT / XXXV / MVLT / XXXX in four lines, each holding sceptre in l. hand, Constantinopolis with r. foot on prow, mint mark R S M in ex. followed by officina mark P, B, T, Q, e, or S (= 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6) and palm. RIC viii, p. 277, 296-8. Cf. C 72. Depeyrot, pp. 146-7, VF £480 ($850) / EF £1,425 ($2,500) 15/1-3. [Rome, AD 357].

17728

Kf. Rev. — around wreath containing VOTIS / XV / MVLTIS / XX in four lines or VOTIS / XV / MVLTIS XX in three lines, mint mark S M AN in ex. followed by officina mark A-I (= 1-10). RIC viii, p. 513, 30-31. C 76. Depeyrot, p. 274, 5/8-9. VF £350 ($600) / EF £1,000 ($1,750) [Antioch, AD 337-42].

17729

Jf. Rev. GAVDIVM POPVLI ROMANI around wreath containing SIC / V / SIC / X in four lines, mint mark P ARL in ex. RIC viii, p. 207, 59. C —. Depeyrot, p. 132, 1/1. [Arles, AD 340-42]. VF £480 ($850) / EF £1,425 ($2,500) The vota numerals refer to Constantius’ younger brother, the co-emperor Constans, under whom the coin was struck.

17730

Gf. Rev. — as previous, but with SIC / X / SIC / XX within wreath, and with mint mark SIS followed by star. RIC viii, p. 350, 20A. Cf. C 82. Depeyrot, p. 200, 4/3. [Siscia, AD 337-40]. VF £350 ($600) / EF £1,000 ($1,750)

17731

G or CONSTANTIVS MAX AVG, f (sometimes also laureate). Rev. GLORIA CONSTANTI AVG, Constantius, in military attire, stg. facing, hd. l., holding standard inscribed VOT / XX and sceptre, captive at feet to r., mint mark SIS in ex. sometimes flanked by dots. RIC viii, p. 349, 5-7. C —. Depeyrot, p. 199, 1/3 and 3/3. [Siscia, AD 337-40]. VF £375 ($650) / EF £1,150 ($2,000)

17732

Kf. Rev. GLORIA REI PVBLICAE, Constantius on horseback pacing r., greeted by turreted city-goddess bowing l., holding torch (?) in her l. hand, mint mark S M AN in ex. followed by officina mark B, e, Z, Q, or I (= 2, 5, 7, 9, or 10). RIC viii, p. 518, 80. C 107. Depeyrot, p. 275, 6/2. [Antioch, AD 350]. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,700 ($3,000)

17733

Jh. Rev. — Roma and Constantinopolis, as 17727, but the shield is inscribed FEL / ICI / TER / V in four lines (officina S = 6 only recorded). RIC viii, p. 276, 294. C —. Depeyrot, p. 146, 14/2. [Rome, AD 355-7]. VF £480 ($850) / EF £1,425 ($2,500)

17734

K or D N CONSTANTIVS PERP AVG, f or h. Rev. — as previous, but the shield is inscribed VOT / XX / MVLT / XXX in four lines, and with mint mark R in ex., sometimes followed by officina mark P, B, S, or Z (= 1, 2, 6, or 7). RIC viii, p. 269, 225A and B, and 226-7. C 108. Depeyrot, pp. 144-5, 6/1-2 and 7/1-2. [Rome, AD 352-3]. VF £290 ($500) / EF £850 ($1,500)

17735

Kf. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark SIS in ex., sometimes preceded and followed by uncertain marks resembling P and P. RIC viii, p. 370, 297-8. C 108 var. Depeyrot, p. 204, 18/1 and 19/1. [Siscia, AD 350-51]. VF £290 ($500) / EF £850 ($1,500)

144

Roman Coins and Their Values

17736

GLORIA REI PVBLICAE (cont.) Gold solidus. Similar, but with mint mark SIRM in ex. RIC viii, p. 384, 1. C 108. Depeyrot, p. 206, 1/1-2. [Sirmium, AD 351-3]. VF £270 ($475) / EF £800 ($1,400)

17737

Similar, but with mint mark CONS in ex. RIC viii, p. 451, 57. C 108. Depeyrot, p. 231, VF £225 ($400) / EF £685 ($1,200) 2/2-3. [Constantinople, AD 348-53].

17738

Similar, but with mint mark S M N in ex., usually followed by officina mark B, T, C, e, or S (= 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6). RIC viii, p. 473, 29-33. C 108. Depeyrot, p. 264, 3/3-4 and 4/1. [Nicomedia, AD 348-53]. VF £200 ($350) / EF £575 ($1,000)

17739

Similar, but with mint mark S M K followed by officina mark Q (= 9) in ex. RIC viii, p. (Unique) 492, 38. C 108 var. Cf. Depeyrot, p. 270, 1/1. [Cyzicus, AD 348].

17740

 

17740

17740 Similar, but with mint mark S M AN in ex. followed by officina mark A-I (= 1-10) sometimes followed by dot. RIC viii, p. 518, 81-6. C 108. Depeyrot, p. 275, 6/3-4 and VF £175 ($300) / EF £520 ($900) 7/1. [Antioch, AD 348-53]. At Antioch, the details of the reverse design may show some variation from the products of other mints, such as Roma’s head turned slightly to one side and her right hand raised to the side of the shield instead of holding it from beneath. 17741

Kh. Rev. — Roma and Constantinopolis, as 17727, but the shield is inscribed VOT / XXX / MVLT / XXXX in four lines, and with mint mark S M LVG in ex. RIC viii, p. 190, 178. Bastien 227. C 112. Depeyrot, p. 126, 3/1. [Lugdunum, AD 353-4]. VF £290 ($500) / EF £850 ($1,500)

17742 17742 As previous, but with mint mark KONSTAN (the last three letters in monogram) in ex., sometimes preceded by dot, sometimes with palm or star in lower field between the figures. RIC viii, p. 221, 233, 234, 236, and 238. EMA 128/1, 129/1, and 130/1. C 112. Depeyrot, p. 133, 5/1, 6/1, and 7/1. [Constantia/Arles, AD 355-60]. VF £225 ($400) / EF £685 ($1,200) Following the death of Constantine II in 340 this mint reverted to its traditional name of Arelate, thus abandoning the title of Constantina which it had received in 328. However, in 353, following the downfall of the western usurper Magnentius, Constantius II restored the dynastic connection by naming the place Constantia. 17743

Similar, but with wreath instead of palm or star in lower rev. field, and sometimes also with two stars in upper rev. field. RIC viii, p. 225, 280. EMA 139/1-2. C 112 var. Depeyrot, p. 134, 8/1-2. [Constantia/Arles, AD 360-61]. VF £240 ($425) / EF £750 ($1,300)

17744

Similar, but without symbol in lower rev. field, and with eagle stg. on top of the inscribed shield (no stars in upper rev. field). RIC viii, —. EMA 140/1. C 112 var. Depeyrot, p. 134, 9/1. [Constantia/Arles, AD 361]. VF £290 ($500) / EF £850 ($1,500)

CONSTANTIUS II AUGUSTUS

145

17745

GLORIA REI PVBLICAE (cont.) Gold solidus. Kf. Rev. — Roma and Constantinopolis, as 17741, but with mint mark S M MED in ex. RIC viii, p. 233, 2. C 114 var. Cf. Depeyrot, p. 166, 1/1. [Milan, AD 354-7]. VF £375 ($650) / EF £1,150 ($2,000)

17746

Jh. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark P, B, T, or e (= 1, 2, 3, or 5), sometimes with star between or palm following. RIC viii, p. 269, 228-30. C 117. Depeyrot, p. 145, 8/1, 9/1, and 10/1. [Rome, AD 353-5]. VF £225 ($400) / EF £685 ($1,200)

17747

As previous, but with mint mark R S M in ex. followed by officina mark P, B, T, Q, e, S, or Z (= 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7) followed by star or palm, or with palm or dot before mint mark and palm following the officina mark. RIC viii, p. 276, 289-91 and 293. C 117. Depeyrot, pp. 145-6, 11/1, 12/1, 13/1, and 14/1. [Rome, AD 355-7]. VF £200 ($350) / EF £575 ($1,000)

17748

J or K, f or h. Rev. — Roma and Constantinopolis, as 17741, but with mint mark S M AQ in ex. RIC viii, p. 332, 179-81. MA 440-43. C 114 and 117 var. Depeyrot, p. 182, VF £240 ($425) / EF £750 ($1,300) 9/1-3. [Aquileia, AD 353-5]. The facing bust coins of this issue are considerably rarer than those with the profile bust and thus are worth significantly more.

17749

Kh. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark SIS (sometimes between two dots) in ex. RIC viii, p. 373, 320. C 112 var. Depeyrot, p. 204, 20/1 and 21/1. [Siscia, AD 353-5]. VF £290 ($500) / EF £850 ($1,500) Cohen also records the mint mark • S M SIS for this type but this has not been confirmed.

17750

K, f or h. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark SIRM in ex., preceded by dot, star, or dot within crescent, and sometimes also followed by palm, star, or C. RIC viii, p. 384, 1-9. C 112. Depeyrot, pp. 206-7, 2/1-2, 3/1, 4/1, 5/1, 6/1, and 7/1. [Sirmium, AD 355]. VF £225 ($400) / EF £685 ($1,200)

17751

K or D N CONSTANTIVS MAX AVGVSTVS, f or h. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark TES, usually flanked by stars, dots, or Christograms; or TESSU flanked by stars. RIC viii, p. 416, 147-8. 150, and 152-4. C 112 var. and 122. Depeyrot, pp. 216-17, 8/2-3, 9/1, 10/1, 11/1, and 12/1. [Thessalonica, AD 353-5]. VF £215 ($375) / EF £625 ($1,100) The facing bust coins of this issue are considerably rarer than those with the profile bust and thus are worth significantly more.

17752

D N CONSTANTIVS MAX AVGVSTVS, f. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark KTES or TES flanked by stars. RIC viii, p. 420, 193 and 195-6. C 122. Depeyrot, p. 217, VF £225 ($400) / EF £685 ($1,200) 13/1 and 14/1-2. [Thessalonica, AD 355-7].

17753

Kf. Rev. — as previous, but with mint and officina marks S M H S (= 6) in ex. RIC viii, p. 436, 81. C 114 var. Depeyrot, —. [Heraclea, AD 353]. (Unique)

17750

 

17751

146

Roman Coins and Their Values

17754 17754

Gold solidus. K (but usually ends AVGV), h. Rev. GLORIA REI PVBLICAE, as previous, but with mint mark CONS or CONS•. RIC viii, p. 455, 95-6 and 98. C 112 var. and 116. Depeyrot, pp. 231-2, 3/2-4 and 4/1. [Constantinople, AD 353-5]. VF £215 ($375) / EF £625 ($1,100)

17755

Similar, but with obv. Hf and mint mark CONS. RIC viii, —. C 119 var. Depeyrot, p. VF £240 ($425) / EF £750 ($1,300) 231, 3/1. [Constantinople, AD 353].

17756

K, f or h. Rev. — Roma and Constantinopolis, as 17741, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark P, B, T, C, e, or S (= 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6). RIC viii, p. 477, 74. C 112 and 114 var. Depeyrot, pp. 264-5, 5/1-2. [Nicomedia, AD 353-5]. VF £200 ($350) / EF £575 ($1,000) The profile bust coins of this issue are considerably rarer than those with the facing bust and thus are worth significantly more.

17757

Kh. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark S M K in ex. RIC viii, p. 492, 39. C 112 var. Cf. Depeyrot, p. 270, 2/1. [Cyzicus, AD 353-5]. VF £290 ($500) / EF £850 ($1,500)

17758

K, f or h. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark S M AN in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, G, D, e, Z, H, Q, or I (= 1-5 or 7-10) followed by dot. RIC viii, p. 519, 87-8 and p. 526, 162. C 112 and 114. Depeyrot, pp. 275-6, 7/2-3 and 9/1. [Antioch, AD 353-5]. VF £200 ($350) / EF £575 ($1,000) The profile bust coins of this issue are considerably rarer than those with the facing bust and thus are worth significantly more.

17759

Kh. Rev. — as previous, but with dot preceding the mint mark and usually also with dot following the mint mark (sometimes a third dot in lower field), or with no dots at all. RIC viii, p. 526, 165, 168, and 170. C 112. Depeyrot, p. 277, 10/1 and 11/1. [Antioch, VF £200 ($350) / EF £575 ($1,000) AD 355-7].

17760

H or K, f or h (sometimes with Christogram on shield). Rev. — Roma and Constantinopolis, as 17741, but Roma’s hd. is turned to r., Constantinopolis sometimes holds cornucopiae instead of sceptre in l. hand, and with mint mark TR in ex., sometimes followed by star. RIC viii, p. 166, 338-45. Cf. C 118-19. Depeyrot, p. VF £290 ($500) / EF £850 ($1,500) 112, 15/1-3 and 16/1-5. [Trier, AD 353-5].

17761

Kh. Rev. — as previous (Constantinopolis holds sceptre and with mint mark TR), but with captive instead of prow at feet of Constantinopolis. RIC viii, p. 166, 346. C —. VF £480 ($850) / EF £1,425 ($2,500) Depeyrot, p. 112, 15/4. [Trier, AD 353]. The captive on reverse is doubtless in commemoration of the defeat of Magnentius in the summer of AD 353.

17762

Kf. Rev. — Roma and Constantinopolis, as 17727 (VOT / XXXV / MVLT / XXXX in four lines on shield), but with mint mark S M AQ in ex. RIC viii, p. 335, 210. MA 444. C 123 var. Depeyrot, p. 182, 10/1. [Aquileia, AD 357-61]. VF £225 ($400) / EF £685 ($1,200)

17763

Kh. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark S M SIS in ex. either followed by dot or flanked by dots. RIC viii, p. 376, 357-8. C 124 var. Depeyrot, pp. 204-5, 22/1 and 23/1. VF £225 ($400) / EF £685 ($1,200) [Siscia, AD 357-61]. Cohen also records the mint mark S M SIS followed by star, but this has not been verified.

CONSTANTIUS II AUGUSTUS

147

17764 GLORIA REI PVBLICAE (cont.) 17764 Gold solidus. K, f or h. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark M SIR, SIRM, or SIRMS, sometimes preceded by dot or by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2), or followed by star or star within crescent, or flanked by dot and star, dot and palm, or two palms. RIC viii, pp. 388-9, 55-63. C 123-4. Depeyrot, pp. 207-8, 8/1, 9/1, 10/1-2, 11/1, 12/1, 13/1, 14/1, 15/1, and 16/1. [Sirmium, AD 357-61]. VF £200 ($350) / EF £575 ($1,000) Most coins of this type have a facing bust on the obverse; those with a profile bust are rarer and worth more than the values stated. 17765

He. Rev. — Roma and Constantinopolis, as 17727, but the shield is inscribed VOT / XXXX in two lines, and with mint mark SIRM flanked by stars in ex. RIC viii, p. 389, 65. C 126 var. Depeyrot, p. 208, 17/1. [Sirmium, AD 360-61]. VF £225 ($400) / EF £685 ($1,200)

17766 17766 As previous, but with mint mark TES flanked by stars in ex. RIC viii, p. 420, 198. Cf. C 125. Depeyrot, p. 217, 14/4. [Thessalonica, AD 360-61]. VF £215 ($375) / EF £625 ($1,100) 17767

Similar, but with mint mark CONS in ex. RIC viii, p. 459, 129. C 126 var. Depeyrot, p. VF £225 ($400) / EF £685 ($1,200) 232, 5/1. [Constantinople, AD 360-61].

17768

Similar, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark e, S, or I (= 5, 6, or 10), and the shield on rev. is encircled by wreath. RIC viii, p. 480, 100. C 126 var. Depeyrot, p. 265, 6/1. [Nicomedia, AD 360-61]. VF £215 ($375) / EF £625 ($1,100) As previous, but with mint mark ANT in ex. followed by officina mark A-I (= 1-10), sometimes with dot in lower rev. field. RIC viii, p. 526, 172-3. C 126. Depeyrot, p. 277, 12/1. [Antioch, AD 360-61]. VF £200 ($350) / EF £575 ($1,000)

17769

17770

Ic. Rev. SECVRITAS REI PVBLICAE, Securitas stg. facing, hd. r., r. hand on hd., l. elbow on column, mint mark TR in ex. RIC viii, p. 140, 2. C 185. Depeyrot, p. 106, 1/2. [Trier, AD 337-40]. VF £400 ($700) / EF £1,150 ($2,000)

17771

D N IVL CONSTANTIVS P F AVG, f. Rev. VRBS ROMA, Roma enthroned l., holding globe surmounted by Chi-Rho monogram and resting on spear, shield at side, mint mark R followed by officina mark Q (= 4) in ex. RIC viii, p. 261, 166. C —. Depeyrot, p. 144, (Unique) 3/1. [Rome, June AD 350]. This extremely rare type was issued under the pretender Nepotian, half-cousin of Constantius II, who was proclaimed emperor by the Roman mob in opposition to the newly-established regime of the western usurper Magnentius.

17772

G or I, c or f. Rev. VICTOR OMNIVM GENTIVM, Constantius II, in military attire, stg. l., holding standard and resting on shield, two suppliants kneeling before him on l., seated captive on r., mint mark TR in ex. RIC viii, p. 140, 5, 7 and 8. C 199. Depeyrot, p. 107, 3/2-3 and 4/1. [Trier, AD 337-40]. VF £480 ($850) / EF £1,425 ($2,500)

148

Roman Coins and Their Values

17773

Gold solidus. Ec. Rev. VICTORIA AVG, Victory advancing l., holding long staff surmounted by trophy in r. hand and palm-branch in l., star in l. field, mark of value LXXII in r., mint mark S M AN in ex., sometimes followed by dot, sometimes by officina mark A, e, Z, or I (= 1, 5, 7, or 10). RIC viii, p. 512, 4 and 7. Cf. C 200. Depeyrot, pp. 271-2, 1/2 and 2/2. [Antioch, AD 337-40]. VF £290 ($500) / EF £850 ($1,500) The numeral LXXII (= 72) in reverse field indicates the weight of the solidus as 1/72nd of a pound of gold.

17774

Ec. Rev. — Victory seated r. on cuirass and shield, inscribing VOT / XXX on shield set on l. knee and supported by Genius stg. l. before her, mint and officina marks S M AN B (= 2) in ex. RIC viii, p. 512, 9. C —. Cf. Depeyrot, p. 272, 3/1. [Antioch, AD 337-40]. VF £350 ($600) / EF £1,000 ($1,750) The vota (suscepta) xxx relates solely to the senior emperor, Constantine II (see also nos. 17776-7, 17779, and 17791).

17775

Hf. Rev. VICTORIA AVG NOSTRI, Constantius, in military attire, stg. facing, hd. l., holding globe and spear; before him, Victory advancing l., hd. r., her wings spread, holding wreath and palm, mint mark TR in ex. RIC viii, pp. 164-5, 329-31. C 207. Depeyrot, p. 111, 14/1-2. [Trier, AD 353]. VF £1,150 ($2,000) / EF £3,450 ($6,000) Kent (RIC viii, pp. 136-7) attributes these solidi, as well as bronzes with the large Christogram reverse, to the revolt of Poemenius in Trier during the closing phase of the regime of Magnentius and Decentius (July-August 353). That there was a revolt against the usurpers in the city on the Moselle seems certain, but these distinctive coin issues could just as easily belong to the period immediately following the recovery of the mint by the legitimate regime after Decentius’ suicide on 18 August (see also no. 18083).

17776

Ec. Rev. VICTORIA AVGVSTI, Victory with shield inscribed VOT / XXX, as 17774, but with dot following the officina mark (officinae G and e = 3 and 5 recorded). RIC viii, p. 512, 11. C 221. Depeyrot, p. 272, 4/2. [Antioch, AD 337-40]. VF £350 ($600) / EF £1,000 ($1,750) For this type and the next, see note following no. 17774.

17777

E or K, c or f. Rev. VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM, as previous (officinae A, B, G, e, S, Z, H, Q, and I = 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10 recorded). RIC viii, p. 513, 17-18 and 21. C 245. Depeyrot, p. 273, 4/8-9 and 12. [Antioch, AD 337-40]. VF £290 ($500) / EF £850 ($1,500)

17778

Kf. Rev. — Victory seated r., as 17774, but the shield is inscribed VOT / XV / MVLT / XX and sometimes with dot following the officina mark (officinae A, B, G, D, e, S, and Z = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 recorded). RIC viii, p. 513, 22 and 25. C 243. Depeyrot, pp. 273-4, 4/13 and 5/3. [Antioch, AD 337-42]. VF £225 ($400) / EF £685 ($1,200) A curious variant has the legend VOT / VX / MVLT / XV on the shield (RIC 27).

17779

Kf. Rev. — as previous, but the shield is inscribed VOT / XX / MVLT / XXX and no dot following the officina mark (officinae A, G, D, e, and S = 1, 3, 4, 5, and 6 recorded). RIC viii, p. 513, 24. C —. Depeyrot, p. 274, 5/2. [Antioch, AD 337-40]. VF £290 ($500) / EF £850 ($1,500) The vota again refer to the senior emperor, Constantine II, rather than to Constantius (see also nos. 17774, 17776-7, and 17791).

17778

CONSTANTIUS II AUGUSTUS

149

17780

Gold solidus. Kf. Rev. — Victory advancing l., holding wreath encircling the numeral XXV in r. hand and trophy and palm-branch in l., seated captive at feet to l., mint mark CONS in ex. RIC viii, p. 451, 55. C 237 var. Depeyrot, p. 231, 2/1. [Constantinople, AD 346]. VF £480 ($850) / EF £1,425 ($2,500)

17781

Kf. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark S M N followed by officina mark B, T, or S (= 2, 3, or 6). RIC viii, p. 473, 26. Cf. C 237. Depeyrot, p. 264, 3/1. [Nicomedia, AD 346]. VF £480 ($850) / EF £1,425 ($2,500)

17782

Kf. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark S M AN followed by officina mark D, Q, or I (= 4, 9, or 10). RIC viii, p. 518, 79. C 237 var. Depeyrot, p. 275, 6/1. [Antioch, AD 346]. VF £480 ($850) / EF £1,425 ($2,500) Depeyrot doubts the existence of the specimen from officina Q (9) cited by Kent from the British Museum.

17783

Ha. Rev. VICTORIA CONSTANTI AVG, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark CONS in ex. RIC viii, p. 447, 2. C —. Depeyrot, p. 231, 1 note. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,700 ($3,000) [Constantinople, AD 337].

17784

Gf. Rev. — Victory advancing l., holding long staff surmounted by trophy in r. hand and palm-branch in l., mint mark SIS between two dots in ex. RIC viii, p. 349, 8. C —. Depeyrot —, but cf. p. 199, series 3 (this type omitted in error?). [Siscia, AD 337]. VF £480 ($850) / EF £1,425 ($2,500)

17785

Hf. Rev. — Victory seated r. on cuirass and shield, inscribing VOT / X on shield set on l. knee and supported by Genius stg. l. before her, mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark T (= 3). RIC viii, p. 470, 1. C —. Depeyrot, p. 263, 1/1. [Nicomedia, AD 337-40]. VF £480 ($850) / EF £1,425 ($2,500)

17786

Jf. Rev. — as previous, but the shield is inscribed VOT / X / MVLT / XV and with mint mark M HR in ex. RIC viii, p. 430, 4. C —. Cf. Depeyrot, p. 229, 1 note. [Heraclea, AD 337-40]. VF £480 ($850) / EF £1,425 ($2,500) The existence of this type requires confirmation.

17787

D N CONSTANTIVS AVG, f. Rev. — as previous, but the shield is inscribed VOT / XV and the mint mark is sometimes preceded by dot. RIC viii, p. 430, 6-7. C 254. Depeyrot, p. 229, 1/4 and 2/1. [Heraclea, AD 337-40]. VF £480 ($850) / EF £1,425 ($2,500)

17788

As previous, but with mint mark S M HR preceded by dot. RIC viii, p. 430, 8. C 254. Depeyrot, p. 229, 3/1. [Heraclea, AD 337-40]. VF £480 ($850) / EF £1,425 ($2,500)

17789

H, e or f. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark S M H. RIC viii, p. 430, 9-10. C 255. Depeyrot, p. 230, 4/1-2. [Heraclea, AD 337-40]. VF £430 ($750) / EF £1,300 ($2,250)

17790 17790

H or D N CONSTANTIVS AVG, a, e, or f. Rev. — as 17787, but with mint mark CONS in ex. RIC viii, p. 447, 4-6 and 9. C 254-5. Cf. Depeyrot, p. 230, 1/4-5 and 8. [Constantinople, AD 337-40]. VF £350 ($600) / EF £1,000 ($1,750) RIC 9 (note) records a specimen with the erroneous reverse legend VICTORIA CONSTANTIVS AVG.

150

Roman Coins and Their Values

17791

Gold solidus. D N CONSTANTIVS AVG, f. Rev. — as previous, but the shield is inscribed VOT / XX / MVLT / XXX. RIC viii, p. 447, 10. C —. Depeyrot, p. 231, 1/9. [Constantinople, AD 337-40]. VF £430 ($750) / EF £1,300 ($2,250) The vota would appear to refer to the senior emperor, Constantine II, rather than to Constantius (see also nos. 17774, 17776-7, and 17779).

17792

Jf. Rev. VICTORIA DD NN AVG, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark SIS followed by star in ex. RIC viii, p. 351, 32. C —. Depeyrot, p. 200, 5/3. [Siscia, AD 337-40]. VF £290 ($500) / EF £850 ($1,500)

17793

Jf. Rev. — Victory seated r. on cuirass and shield, inscribing VOT / X / MVLT / XX on shield set on l. knee and supported by Genius stg. l. before her, mint mark SIS in ex. followed by star and sometimes preceded by dot. RIC viii, p. 351, 29-31. C 260. Depeyrot, pp. 200-01, 5/2 and 6/1. [Siscia, AD 337-40]. VF £240 ($425) / EF £720 ($1,250)

17794

Gf. Rev. VICTORIA DD NN AVGG, as previous, but the shield is inscribed SIC / X / SIC / XX and with mint mark SIS followed by star. RIC viii, p. 351, 24. C —. Cf. Depeyrot, p. 200, 4/4. [Siscia, AD 337-40]. VF £350 ($600) / EF £1,000 ($1,750)

17795

Jf. Rev. — Victory advancing l., holding long staff surmounted by trophy in r. hand and palm-branch in l., mint mark TR in ex. RIC viii, p. 146, 122. C 261. Depeyrot, p. 107, 4/3. [Trier, AD 342-3]. VF £215 ($375) / EF £625 ($1,100)

17796

G or J, f. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark TSe in ex. RIC viii, p. 402, 3 and 12. C 261 var. and 262. Depeyrot, pp. 213-14, 1/2 and 2/5. [Thessalonica, AD 337-40]. VF £290 ($500) / EF £850 ($1,500)

17797

Jf. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark TES. RIC viii, p. 404, 26-7. C 261 var. Cf. Depeyrot, p. 214, 4/2 (FL CL instead of FL IVL in error). [Thessalonica, AD 337-40]. VF £240 ($425) / EF £720 ($1,250)

17798

Jf. Rev. VICTORIAE D N AVG, two Victories stg. facing each other, holding between them wreath encircling VOTIS / XV / MVLTIS / XX, mint mark SIS followed by star in ex. RIC viii, p. 357, 117-18. C 275. Depeyrot, p. 201, 9/2. [Siscia, AD 337-40]. VF £350 ($600) / EF £1,000 ($1,750)

17799

As previous, but with mint mark •TSe or TES in ex. Cf. RIC viii, p. 403, 15 and p. 404, 30. C 275 var. Depeyrot, p. 214, 3/1 and 4/4. [Thessalonica, AD 337-40]. VF £350 ($600) / EF £1,000 ($1,750)

17800

Ff. Rev. — as previous, but with VOT / XXV / MVL / XXX within wreath, and with mint mark TES. RIC viii, p. 409, 75. C 276. Depeyrot, p. 215, 6/6. [Thessalonica, AD 350]. (Unique)

17793

17797

 

CONSTANTIUS II AUGUSTUS

17801

151

17805

17801

Gold solidus. Ff (wreath border). Rev. VICTORIAE DD NN AVGG, Victory seated r., as 17793 but the shield is inscribed VOT / XX / MVLT / XXX and with mint mark S M AQ in ex. (wreath border). RIC viii, p. 319, 44. MA 438. C 288. Depeyrot, p. 181, VF £290 ($500) / EF £850 ($1,500) 4/1. [Aquileia, AD 346-8].

17802

Obv. As previous. Rev. — two Victories, as 17798, but with VOT / XX / MVLT / XXX within wreath, and with mint mark TR in ex. (wreath border). RIC viii, p. 147, 128. C 280/81 var. Depeyrot, p. 108, 5/1. [Trier, AD 346-8]. VF £290 ($500) / EF £850 ($1,500) Depeyrot prefers to date this issue to AD 344 and the following to 345.

17803

Similar, but without wreath borders and sometimes with dot in rev. field. RIC viii, pp. 147-8, 132-3 and 137. C 280. Depeyrot, p. 108, 6/1-2. [Trier, AD 348-50]. VF £215 ($375) / EF £625 ($1,100)

17804

Jf. Rev. — two Victories, as 17798, but with VOT / XX / MVL / XXX within wreath, and with mint mark SIS in ex. flanked by stars or preceded by O surmounted by dot and followed by dot. RIC viii, p. 358, 119 and 122-3. C 283. Depeyrot, pp. 201-2, 8/1 and VF £240 ($425) / EF £720 ($1,250) 11/1. [Siscia, AD 342-6].

17805

Ff (wreath border). Rev. — two Victories, as 17802 (VOT / XX / MVLT / XXX within wreath), but with mint mark SIS in ex. flanked by stars or palms, or preceded by palm and followed by star, or preceded by O surmounted by dot and followed by dot (wreath border). RIC viii, p. 359, 131, 133, 135, and 137. C 281 var. Depeyrot, pp. 202-3, 12/1 VF £290 ($500) / EF £850 ($1,500) and 13/1, 14/1-2, and 15/1. [Siscia, AD 346-8].

17806

Hf. Rev. — as previous, but without wreath border, and the mint mark is preceded by officina mark A (= 1) and followed by star. RIC viii, p. 367, 259. C —. Depeyrot, p. 203, VF £350 ($600) / EF £1,000 ($1,750) 16/1. [Siscia, AD 350].

17807

Ff. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark TES in ex. RIC viii, p. 408, 63. C 280. VF £290 ($500) / EF £850 ($1,500) Depeyrot, p. 215, 5/1. [Thessalonica, AD 346].

17808 17809

17808 17809 As 17805, but with mint mark as previous. RIC viii, p. 409, 69-71. C 281. Depeyrot, p. VF £270 ($475) / EF £800 ($1,400) 215, 6/1-2. [Thessalonica, AD 346-8]. Jf. Rev. VIRTVS EXERCITVM, Constantius, in military attire, stg. l. between two seated captives, holding long staff surmounted by trophy and resting on shield, mint mark TES in ex. RIC viii, p. 404, 32. C —. Depeyrot, p. 214, 4/6. [Thessalonica, AD 337-40]. VF £350 ($600) / EF £1,000 ($1,750)

152

Roman Coins and Their Values

17810

Gold solidus. Ic. Rev. VIRTVS EXERCITVS GALL, Mars, in military attire, advancing r. between two seated captives, holding transverse spear in r. hand and trophy over shoulder with l., mint mark TR in ex. RIC viii, p. 140, 13. C 329. Depeyrot, p. 107, 2/2. [Trier, AD 337-40]. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,700 ($3,000)



NB Numerous gold multiples were issued during this reign with a wide variety of types: 1.5 solidi were struck at Trier, revs. GLORIA ROMANORVM, Roma l. (Depeyrot p. 291, 1-3) and GLORIA EXERCITVS, emperor with trophy and shield (RIC 119, at Arles and Rome, rev. FELIX ADVENTVS AVG N, emperor on horseback (RIC 227-8 and 287-8), at Milan, rev. DEBELLATOR HOSTIVM, emperor galloping over serpent (RIC 1), at Aquileia, rev. VIRTVS CONSTANTI AVG, emperor with labarum and captive (RIC 2), at Siscia, revs. VICTORIAE DD NN AVGG, Victory and Genius with shield (Depeyrot, p. 295, 1) and VICTORIAE DD NN AVGG, two Victories with wreath (RIC 111), at Thessalonica, revs. VIRTVS EXERCITVM, emperor between captives (RIC 22) and FELIX ADVENTVS AVG N, emperor on horseback (RIC 144), and at Antioch, revs. DD NN CONSTANTIVS ET CONSTANS AVGG, two emperors stg. in consular robes (RIC 75) and FELIX ADVENTVS AVG N, emperor on horseback (RIC 76); double solidi were struck at Trier, rev. VICTORIAE DD NN AVGG, Victory and Genius with shield (RIC 125), at Arles, rev. GLORIA REI PVBLICAE, Roma and Constantinopolis enthroned with shield (RIC 225-6), at Aquileia, rev. GLORIA ROMANORVM, two emperors in quadriga with soldiers (RIC 42), at Siscia, revs. GAVDIVM POPVLI ROMANI, two Genii with wreath (RIC 105) and OB VICTORIAM TRIVMPHALEN, two Victories with wreath (RIC 111A), at Thessalonica, rev. GLORIA ROMANORVM, Roma and Constantinopolis enthroned (RIC 142-3), and at Antioch, revs. GLORIA ROMANORVM, Roma seated with shield (RIC 1), Roma and Constantinopolis enthroned (RIC 72 and 161), and Constantinopolis enthroned (RIC 158); 4.5 solidi were struck at Rome, rev. GLORIA ROMANORVM, Constantinopolis enthroned (RIC 285-6), at Siscia, rev. VICTORIAE DD NN AVGG, two Victories with wreath (RIC 128), at Sirmium, rev. GLORIA ROMANORVM, Constantinopolis enthroned (RIC 54), at Thessalonica, revs. SALVS ET SPES REI PVBLICAE, three emperors standing (RIC 20) and GLORIA ROMANORVM, Constantinopolis enthroned (RIC 141), at Nicomedia, obv. facing military bust, rev. GLORIA ROMANORVM, Constantinopolis enthroned (RIC 99), at Antioch, rev. GLORIA ROMANORVM, Constantinopolis enthroned (RIC 69-70, 157 and 159-60); and 9 solidi were struck at Antioch, revs. DD NN CONSTANTIVS ET CONSTANS AVGG, two emperors in six-horse chariot flanked by flying Victories (RIC 67) and D N CONSTANTIVS VICTOR SEMPER AVG, similar, but one emperor only in chariot (RIC 68).

CONSTANTIUS II AUGUSTUS

153

17811

Gold semissis or half solidus (c. 2.25 grams). Gf. Rev. FELICITAS PERPETVA, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark S M AQ in ex. RIC viii, p. 315, 8. MA 435. C 60. Depeyrot, p. 180, 1/5. [Aquileia, AD 337-40]. VF £350 ($600) / EF £1,000 ($1,750)

17812

Gf. Rev. OB VICTORIAM TRIVMPHALEM, two Victories stg. facing each other, holding between them wreath encircling VOT / XV, mint mark SIS followed by star in ex. RIC viii, p. 358, 126. Cf. C 148. Depeyrot, p. 201, 9/3. [Siscia, AD 342]. VF £400 ($700) / EF £1,150 ($2,000)

17813

Ef. Rev. VICTORIA AVGVSTI N, Victory seated r. on cuirass, inscribing VOT / XXX on shield set on l. knee and supported by Genius stg. l. before her, mint mark S M N in ex. RIC viii, —. C —. Depeyrot, p. 264, 4/2. [Nicomedia, AD 353-5]. VF £350 ($600) / EF £1,000 ($1,750)

17814

Jf. Rev. VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark P ARL in ex. RIC viii, p. 207, 60. C —. Depeyrot, p. 132, 1/2. EMA 62/3. [Arles, AD 340]. VF £350 ($600) / EF £1,000 ($1,750) The existence of this type requires confirmation.

17815

Ef. Rev. — Victory seated r., as 17813, but with mint mark S M AN in ex. RIC viii, p. 519, 92. C 244. Depeyrot, p. 276, 8/1. [Antioch, AD 353-5]. VF £290 ($500) / EF £850 ($1,500)

17816

Hf. Rev. — as previous, but the shield is inscribed VOT / XXXX and with mint mark KONSTAN (TAN in monogram) in ex. RIC viii, —. C —. Depeyrot, p. 133, 5/2. EMA 128/3. [Constantia/Arles, AD 357-61]. VF £350 ($600) / EF £1,000 ($1,750) Following the death of Constantine II in 340 this mint reverted to its traditional name of Arelate, thus abandoning the title of Constantina which it had received in 328. However, in 353, following the downfall of the western usurper Magnentius, Constantius II restored the dynastic connection by naming the place Constantia.

17817

Ef. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark S M N in ex. RIC viii, p. 480, 101. C —. Depeyrot, p. 265, 7/1. [Nicomedia, AD 357-61]. VF £350 ($600) / EF £1,000 ($1,750)

17818

As previous, but with mint mark S M AN sometimes flanked by dots. RIC viii, pp. 519 and 526, 93 and 174-5. C —. Depeyrot, p. 278, 13/1 and 14/1. [Antioch, AD 357-61]. VF £290 ($500) / EF £850 ($1,500)

17819

K, diad. and cuir. bust r. Rev. VICTORIA CONSTANTI AVG, Victory seated r., as 17813, but the shield is inscribed VOT / XX / XX and with mint and officina marks R S M P (= 1) followed by palm in ex. RIC viii, p. 277, 299. C —. Depeyrot, p. 147, 15/4. VF £350 ($600) / EF £1,000 ($1,750) [Rome, AD 357].

17820

Gf. Rev. VICTORIA DD NN AVGG, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark TR in ex. RIC viii, p. 148, 139. C 265. Depeyrot, p. 109, 6/5-6. [Trier, AD 346]. VF £290 ($500) / EF £850 ($1,500)

17821

F or G, f. Rev. VICTORIAE DD NN AVGG, Victory seated r., as 17813, but the shield is inscribed VOT / XX / MVLT / XXX and with mint mark TES in ex. RIC viii, p. 409, 64. C —. Depeyrot, p. 215, 5/2-3. [Thessalonica, AD 346]. VF £350 ($600) / EF £1,000 ($1,750)

154

Roman Coins and Their Values

17822 17822

Gold semissis or half solidus. Hf. Rev. VICTORIAE DD NN AVGG, as previous, but the shield is inscribed VOT / XXX / MVLT / XXXX. RIC viii, p. 416, 155. C —. Depeyrot, p. 216, 10/3. [Thessalonica, AD 353-5]. VF £350 ($600) / EF £1,000 ($1,750)

17823

Gf (wreath border). Rev. — two Victories stg. facing each other, holding between them wreath encircling VOT / XX / MVLT / XXX, mint mark SIS preceded by palm and followed by star in ex. (wreath border). RIC viii, p. 359, 141A. Cf. C 285. Depeyrot, p. VF £350 ($600) / EF £1,000 ($1,750) 203, 14/4. [Siscia, AD 346-8].

17824

Gold 1.5-scripulum or 9-siliqua (c. 1.68 grams). Ff. FELICITAS PERPETVA, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark S M AQ in ex. RIC viii, —. MA 439. C —. Depeyrot, p. 180, 1/6. [Aquileia, AD 337-40]. VF £320 ($550) / EF £925 ($1,600)

17825

Ic. Rev. SECVRITAS REI PVBLICAE, Securitas stg. facing, hd. r., r. hand on hd., l. elbow on column, mint mark TR in ex. Cf. RIC viii, p. 140, 17 (misdescribed as a semissis). C —. Depeyrot, p. 107, 1/6. [Trier, AD 337-9]. VF £400 ($700) / EF £1,150 ($2,000)

17826

Gf. Rev. SIC / X / SIC / XX in four lines within wreath, mint mark SIS followed by star in ex. RIC viii, p. 352, 40. Cf. C 186. Depeyrot, p. 200, 5/7. [Siscia, AD 337-40]. VF £400 ($700) / EF £1,150 ($2,000)

17827

Ef. Rev. VICTORIA AVGVSTI, Victory seated r. on cuirass, inscribing VOT / XXX / MVLT / XXXX on shield set on l. knee and supported by Genius stg. l. before her, mint mark CONS in ex. RIC viii, p. 455, 99. C —. Depeyrot, p. 231, 3/6. [Constantinople, AD 353-5]. VF £290 ($500) / EF £850 ($1,500)

17828

As previous, but the shield is inscribed VOT / XXXX. RIC viii, p. 459, 130. C —. Depeyrot, p. 232, 5/3. [Constantinople, AD 357-61]. VF £290 ($500) / EF £850 ($1,500)

17829

Ef. Rev. VICTORIA AVGVSTI N, as previous, but the shield is inscribed VOT / XXX and with mint mark S M N in ex. RIC viii, p. 473, 36. C 227. Depeyrot, p. 264, 4/3. [Nicomedia, AD 353-5]. VF £290 ($500) / EF £850 ($1,500)

17830

Gf. Rev. VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark P ARL in ex. RIC viii, p. 207, 62. C 228 var. Depeyrot, p. 132, 1/4. EMA 62/4. [Arles, AD 340]. VF £290 ($500) / EF £850 ($1,500)

17831

As previous, but with mint mark R in ex. RIC viii, p. 270, 231. C 228. Depeyrot, p. 144, VF £250 ($450) / EF £750 ($1,300) 6/3. [Rome, AD 352-4].

17832

Similar, but with mint mark SIS followed by star in ex. RIC viii, —. C 228 var. Depeyrot, p. 201, 9/5. [Siscia, AD 345-7]. VF £290 ($500) / EF £850 ($1,500)

17833

E or H, f. Rev. — Victory seated r., as 17827, but the shield is inscribed VOT / XXX and with mint mark S M AN in ex. RIC viii, p. 519, 97. C —. Depeyrot, p. 276, 8/5-6. [Antioch, AD 353-5]. VF £250 ($450) / EF £750 ($1,300) The variety with obv. legend H is much rarer than E and is worth more than the value stated.

CONSTANTIUS II AUGUSTUS

155

17834

Gold 1.5-scripulum. Hf. Rev. — as previous, but the shield is inscribed VOT / XXXX and with mint mark KONSTAN (TAN in monogram) in ex. RIC viii, p. 222, 241. C 247. Depeyrot, p. 133, 5/4. EMA 128/4. [Constantia/Arles, AD 357-61]. VF £290 ($500) / EF £850 ($1,500) See note following no. 17816.

17835

Ef. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark S M N in ex. RIC viii, p. 481, 102. C 246. Depeyrot, p. 265, 7/2. [Nicomedia, AD 357-61]. VF £270 ($475) / EF £800 ($1,400)

17836

As previous, but with mint mark S M AN sometimes flanked by dots. RIC viii, pp. 519 and 527, 99, 177, and 179. C 246. Depeyrot, p. 278, 13/3 and 14/3. [Antioch, AD 357-61]. VF £250 ($450) / EF £750 ($1,300)

17837

Gf. Rev. VICTORIA CONSTANTI AVG, Victory seated r., as previous, but with mint mark S RM followed by palm in ex. RIC viii, p. 277, 300. C 256. Cf. Depeyrot, p. 147, 16/1. [Rome, AD 357]. VF £250 ($450) / EF £750 ($1,300)

17838

Gf. Rev. VICTORIA DD NN AVGG, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark TR in ex. RIC viii, —. C —. Depeyrot, p. 109, 6/8. [Trier, AD 345-7]. VF £290 ($500) / EF £850 ($1,500)

17839

Hf. Rev. VICTORIAE D N AVG, Victory seated r., as 17827, but with mint mark TES in ex. Cf. RIC viii, p. 420, 199 (misdescribed as a semissis). C 274. Cf. Depeyrot, p. 218, 15/1. [Thessalonica, AD 355-7]. VF £290 ($500) / EF £850 ($1,500)

17840

As previous, but with rev. legend VICTORIAE DD NN AVGG. RIC viii, p. 417, 157. C 290. Depeyrot, p. 217, 10/5. [Thessalonica, AD 353-5]. VF £250 ($450) / EF £750 ($1,300)

17841

Silver multiple of 4 siliquae or 3 light miliarenses (c. 13.5 grams). G or J, f. Rev. GAVDIVM POPVLI ROMANI around wreath containing SIC / X / SIC / XX in four lines, mint mark SIS in ex. either followed by dot within crescent or flanked by dots. RIC viii, p. 352, 42-4. RSC 84a and 85c-d. [Siscia, AD 340-42]. VF £3,450 ($6,000) / EF £10,250 ($18,000)

17842

FL IVL CONSTANTIVS PIVS FELIX AVG, f. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark TES in ex. RIC viii, p. 406, 44 and note. RSC 85a-b. [Thessalonica, AD 340-42]. VF £3,450 ($6,000) / EF £10,250 ($18,000)

17843

Jf. Rev. — as 17841, but the wreath contains SIC / XX / SIC / XXX in four lines, and the mint mark SIS is flanked by dots. RIC viii, p. 360, 145. RSC 87c. [Siscia, AD 342-3]. VF £3,750 ($6,500) / EF £11,500 ($20,000)

17844

Obv. As 17842. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark TES in ex. RIC viii, p. 409, 76. Cf. RSC 86 (rev. misdescribed). [Thessalonica, AD 342-3]. VF £3,750 ($6,500) / EF £11,500 ($20,000)

17845

Gf. Rev. TRIVMFATOR GENTIVM BARBARARVM, Constantius, in military attire, stg. l., holding standard with Chi-Rho monogram (labarum) in r. hand and spear in l., mint mark AQ preceded by star in ex. RIC viii, p. 320, 48. MA 445. RSC 191. [Aquileia, AD 342]. VF £3,750 ($6,500) / EF £11,500 ($20,000)

17846

Jf. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark SIS in ex., sometimes flanked by dots. RIC viii, p. 360, 146-7. RSC 193a-b. [Siscia, AD 342]. VF £3,450 ($6,000) / EF £10,250 ($18,000)

17835

156 17847

Roman Coins and Their Values Silver multiple of 4 siliquae. Obv. As 17842. Rev. TRIVMFATOR GENTIVM BARBARARVM, as previous, but the standard is not ornamented with Chi-Rho monogram, Constantius holds nothing in l. hand, and with mint mark TR in ex. RIC viii, p. 149, 144 and 146-7. RSC 194a and 194A. [Trier, AD 342]. VF £3,450 ($6,000) / EF £10,250 ($18,000) On the reverse of some specimens the emperor is shown standing to right with his head turned to left.

17848 17848 Similar, but Constantius rests l. hand on shield and with mint mark TES in ex. RIC viii, p. 410, 78-79. RSC 194b-c. [Thessalonica, AD 342]. VF £3,450 ($6,000) / EF £10,250 ($18,000) A much rarer obverse variety has the emperor’s bust to left, his right hand raised and holding globe in left (RIC 79A). 17849

Silver multiple of uncertain denomination. Kh. Rev. GLORIA ROMANORVM, Roma, on l., and Constantinopolis, on r., both stg. facing, Roma’s hd. turned to r., holding between them shield inscribed VOT / XXX / MVLT / XXXX in four lines resting on short column, mint mark R in ex. RIC viii, p. 270, 232. RSC 141. [Rome, AD 353]. (Unique)

17850

D N CONSTANTI AVGVSTI, dr. and cuir. bust r., wearing diad. and crested helmet studded with stars, and holding branch in r. hand and spear over shoulder in l. Rev. — as previous, but Roma’s hd. is facing. RIC viii, p. 270, 233. RSC 141†. [Rome, AD 353]. (Extremely rare)

17851

Silver heavy miliarensis (c. 5.4 grams). H or K, f. Rev. CONSTANTIVS AVG, four standards, mint mark CON in ex. preceded by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). RIC viii, p. 222, 243-6. RSC 7-8c. EMA 131/1-3. [Constantia/Arles, AD 355-8]. VF £480 ($850) / EF £1,425 ($2,500) This new denomination equates in weight to the gold aureus, just as the light miliarensis is the weight equivalent of the gold solidus. Following the death of Constantine II in 340 this mint reverted to its traditional name of Arelate, thus abandoning the title of Constantina which it had received in 328. However, in 353, following the downfall of the western usurper Magnentius, Constantius II restored the dynastic connection by naming the place Constantia.

17852

D N CONSTANTIVS MAX AVG, diad. and cuir. bust r. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark R in ex. flanked by stars. RIC viii, p. 271, 243. RSC 9a. [Rome, AD 357]. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,700 ($3,000)

17853

Similar, but with mint mark C in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, or Z (= 1, 2, or 7) with dot between. RIC viii, p. 459, 131. RSC 9b. [Constantinople, AD 355-8]. VF £520 ($900) / EF £1,575 ($2,750)

CONSTANTIUS II AUGUSTUS

157

17854

Silver heavy miliarensis. Gf. Rev. GAVDIVM POPVLI ROMANI around wreath containing SIC / X / SIC / XX, mint mark SIS in ex. followed by dot within crescent. RIC viii, p. 353, 48. RSC 83. [Siscia, AD 337-40]. VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £2,000 ($3,500)

17855

As previous, but the wreath contains SIC / XX / SIC / XXX flanked by palms, and the mint mark is sometimes followed by wreath instead of dot within crescent. RIC viii, p. 360, 150 and 152. RSC 87a-b. [Siscia, AD 3424-6]. VF £625 ($1,100) / EF £1,850 ($3,250)

17856

Hf. Rev. — as 17854, but the wreath contains VOTIS / XXX / MVLTIS / XXXX, and with mint mark SIRM in ex. flanked by dots. RIC viii, p. 385, 10. RSC 87A. [Sirmium, AD 355]. VF £720 ($1,250) / EF £2,150 ($3,750)

17857

Jf. Rev. TRIVMFATOR GENTIVM BARBARARVM, Constantius, in military attire, stg. l., holding standard in r. hand and resting on shield with l., mint mark TES in ex. RIC viii, p. 410, 82-4. RSC 192a-c and e. [Thessalonica, AD 342]. VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £2,000 ($3,500)

17858

Obv. As 17842. Rev. — as previous, but without shield at Constantius’ side and with mint mark TR in ex. Cf. RIC viii, p. 149, 150 (references are to the multiple of 3 light miliarenses). RSC 192G. [Trier, AD 342]. VF £720 ($1,250) / EF £2,150 ($3,750)

17859

Obv. As 17852. Rev. VICTORIA AVGVSTI, Victory stg. facing, hd. l., holding wreath in r. hand and shield in l. inscribed VOT / XXXX in two lines, mint mark C in ex. followed by officina mark IA (= 11) with dot between. RIC viii, p. 459, 132. RSC 220. [Constantinople, AD 357-61]. VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £2,000 ($3,500)

17860

Jf. Rev. VIRTVS DD NN AVGG, Constantius, in military attire, stg. l., holding standard with Chi-Rho monogram (labarum) in r. hand, l. hand at side, mint mark TR in ex. RIC viii, p. 150, 171. RSC 322. [Trier, AD 346-8]. VF £480 ($850) / EF £1,425 ($2,500)

17861

Jf. Rev. VIRTVS EXERCITVS, soldier stg. facing, hd. r., resting on spear and shield, mint mark TES in ex. RIC viii, p. 406, 47. RSC 325. [Thessalonica, AD 339-40]. VF £520 ($900) / EF £1,575 ($2,750)

17862

He. Rev. — three standards, mint mark TES in ex. RIC viii, pp. 417 and 420, 158 and 201. RSC 328A. [Thessalonica, AD 353-5]. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,700 ($3,000)

17857

17860

158

Roman Coins and Their Values

17863 17863

Silver light miliarensis (c. 4.5 grams). I, c or f. Rev. CONSTANTIVS AVG, four standards, mint mark S M TR in ex. RIC viii, p. 141, 22-3. RSC 5a-b. [Trier, AD 337-40]. VF £480 ($850) / EF £1,425 ($2,500) NB This denomination was introduced by Constantine I in AD 325. After the reform of Constantius II in 357 (whereby the weight of the siliqua was reduced to 2.25 grams) the light miliarensis became a double siliqua.

17864

No obv. legend, e (sometimes looking upwards). Rev. CONSTANTIVS AVGVSTVS, as previous, but with mint mark C in ex. followed by officina mark A or S (= 1 or 6) with dot between. RIC viii, pp. 447-8, 13-14. RSC 9c-d. [Constantinople, AD 337-8]. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,700 ($3,000)

17865

Jf. Rev. CONSTANTIVS P F AVG, three standards, mint mark TES in ex. RIC viii, p. 406, 50. RSC 22. [Thessalonica, AD 339-40]. VF £520 ($900) / EF £1,575 ($2,750)

17866

Gf. Rev. FELICITAS PERPETVA around wreath containing VOT / X / MVLT / XX, mint mark AQ preceded by star in ex. RIC viii, p. 321, 58. MA 447. RSC 65A. [Aquileia, AD 342-6]. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,700 ($3,000) The vota numerals refer to Constans, under whom this issue was made.

17867

As previous, but the wreath contains VOT / XX / MVLT / XXX, and without star preceding the mint mark. RIC viii, p. 321, 59. MA 448. RSC 65a. [Aquileia, AD 342-6]. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,700 ($3,000)

17868 Similar, but with officina mark S (= 2) following the mint mark. RIC viii, p. 321, 60. MA 449. RSC 65b. [Aquileia, AD 342-6]. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,700 ($3,000) 17869

Hf. Rev. FELICITAS ROMANORVM, archway, beneath which Constantius II and Constantius Gallus stand facing each other in military attire, each holding spear in r. hand, mint mark AQ in ex. RIC viii, p. 332, 182. MA 454. RSC 74a. [Aquileia, AD 352-4]. VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,600 ($4,500)

17870 17870 As previous, but with mint mark SIRM in ex., sometimes flanked by dots. RIC viii, p. 385, 11 and 13. RSC 74b-c. [Sirmium, AD 352-4]. VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,600 ($4,500) 17871

Similar, but with mint mark S M N in ex., sometimes preceded by dot. RIC viii, p. 477, 77 and 79. RSC 74d-e. [Nicomedia, AD 351-4]. VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,600 ($4,500)

17872

Similar, but with mint mark S M AN in ex. RIC viii, p. 520, 102. RSC 74f. [Antioch, AD 351-4]. VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,600 ($4,500)

CONSTANTIUS II AUGUSTUS

159

17873

Silver light miliarensis. Jf. Rev. GAVDIVM ROMANORVM, vexillum, inscribed VOT / X / MVLT / XV, with two captives seated back to back at base, mint mark TR in ex. RIC VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £2,000 ($3,500) viii, p. 149, 151. RSC 89A. [Trier, AD 342]. The existence of this type requires confirmation. For this type and the next, see note following no. 17866.

17874

As previous, but the vexillum is inscribed VOT / X / MVLT / XX. RIC viii, p. 149, VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,700 ($3,000) 156-7. RSC 89Ba-b. [Trier, AD 342-3].

17875 17875 Similar, but the vexillum is inscribed VOT / XX / MVLT / XXX. RIC viii, p. 149, 1535. RSC 89a-c. [Trier, AD 343]. VF £520 ($900) / EF £1,575 ($2,750) 17876

Jf Rev. TRIVMFATOR GENTIVM BARBARARVM, Constantius, in military attire, stg. l., holding standard in r. hand and resting on shield with l., mint mark TES in ex. RIC viii, p. 410, 87-9. RSC 192d and f. [Thessalonica, AD 342]. VF £625 ($1,100) / EF £1,850 ($3,250)

17877

Gf. Rev. VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark SIS in ex. followed by wreath or dot within crescent, usually with palm in l. field. RIC viii, p. 361, 155-6, 159, and 160. RSC 229a-d. [Siscia, AD 342-6]. VF £480 ($850) / EF £1,425 ($2,500)

17878

Hf. Rev. VICTORIA ROMANORVM, archway, beneath which Constantius II, in military attire, stands facing, hd. r., holding spear and globe, crowned by Victory advancing l., on r., also holding palm, mint mark S M AN in ex. RIC viii, pp. 520 and 527, 103 and 181. RSC 270. [Antioch, AD 352-6]. VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,600 ($4,500)

17879

Hf. Rev. VIRTVS EXERCITVM, soldier stg. facing, hd. r., resting on spear and shield, mint mark CON in ex. preceded by officina mark P (= 1). RIC viii, p. 226, 289. RSC 324A. EMA 141/1. [Constantia/Arles, AD 360-61]. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,700 ($3,000) Following the death of Constantine II in 340 this mint reverted to its traditional name of Arelate, thus abandoning the title of Constantina which it had received in 328. However, in 353, following the downfall of the western usurper Magnentius, Constantius II restored the dynastic connection by naming the place Constantia.

17880

Hf. Rev. VIRTVS EXERCITVS, as previous, but officinae S and T (= 2 and 3) also recorded. RIC viii, p. 223, 250 and 252. RSC 326h-i. EMA 131/6. [Constantia/Arles, AD 355-60]. VF £480 ($850) / EF £1,425 ($2,500)

17879

17880

160

Roman Coins and Their Values

17881

 

17882

17881

VIRTVS EXERCITVS (cont.) Silver light miliarensis. As previous, but with mint mark LVG in ex. RIC viii, p. 193, 208. Bastien 256. RSC 326g. [Lugdunum, AD 360-61]. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,700 ($3,000)

17882

H or D N CONSTANTIVS MAX AVG, f or diad. and cuir. bust r. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark R in ex., sometimes flanked by stars. RIC viii, p. 271, 238-9 and 244-6. RSC 326d-e and 327a-c. [Rome, AD 354-5]. VF £520 ($900) / EF £1,575 ($2,750)

17883

Hf. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark SIS in ex. RIC viii, p. 373, 323. RSC 326f. VF £520 ($900) / EF £1,575 ($2,750) [Siscia, AD 354-5].

17884

As previous, but with mint mark TES in ex. RIC viii, pp. 417 and 421, 160 and 203. VF £480 ($850) / EF £1,425 ($2,500) RSC 326j. [Thessalonica, AD 352-6].

17885

Similar, but with mint mark C in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, G, e, Z, H, Q, or I (= 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 8, 9, or 10) with dot between. RIC viii, p. 456, 100. RSC 326a. [Constantinople, AD 354-5]. VF £480 ($850) / EF £1,425 ($2,500)

17886

Similar, but with mint mark S M K in ex. sometimes followed by officina mark A (= 1). Cf. RIC viii, p. 493, 41-2. RSC 326b-c. [Cyzicus, AD 354-5]. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,700 ($3,000)

17887

Silver siliqua (c. 3.37 grams). No legend, e (looking upwards). Rev. CONSTANTIVS AVG, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark S M H in ex. RIC viii, VF £200 ($350) / EF £520 ($900) p. 431, 11. RSC 4a. [Heraclea, AD 337-40].



NB This weight standard for the siliqua, originating with the tetrarchic argenteus of Diocletian’s reform, was maintained by Constantius for the first two decades of his reign. However, in AD 357 the weight of the denomination was reduced by one-third to 2 scripula or 2.25 grams. Coins of this lighter standard, which was to become the norm for the subsequent late Roman silver coinage, are here listed separately under the heading of ‘silver reduced siliqua’.

17888

As previous, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark G (= 3). RIC viii, p. 471, 3. RSC 4b. [Nicomedia, AD 337-40]. VF £225 ($400) / EF £575 ($1,000) The existence of this type requires confirmation.

17889

Similar, but with mint mark S M K in ex. followed by dot. RIC viii, p. 489, 2. RSC 4c. VF £225 ($400) / EF £575 ($1,000) [Cyzicus, AD 337-40].

17890

Obv. As 17887. Rev. — three palm-branches stg. upright on exergual line, star above the central one, mint mark R in ex. RIC viii, p. 249, 1A. RSC 11. [Rome, AD 337-40]. VF £225 ($400) / EF £575 ($1,000) The existence of this type requires confirmation.

17884

 

17885

CONSTANTIUS II AUGUSTUS

161

17891

Silver siliqua. Gf. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark SIS in ex. sometimes followed by dot, sometimes flanked by dots, and sometimes followed by dot within crescent. RIC viii, p. 354, 60-64. RSC 10a-e. [Siscia, AD 337-40]. VF £175 ($320) / EF £460 ($800)

17892

Obv. As 17887. Rev. CONSTAN / TIVS / AVG in three lines within wreath, mint mark ANT below. RIC viii, p. 514, 34. RSC 11Aa. [Antioch, AD 337-40]. VF £290 ($500) / EF £720 ($1,250)

17893

As previous, but with mint mark ALE on rev. RIC viii, p. 538, 2. RSC 11Ab. [Alexandria, VF £290 ($500) / EF £720 ($1,250)

AD 337-40].

17894

Obv. As 17887, but hd. sometimes laur. Rev. CONSTANTIVS AVGVSTVS, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark C in ex. followed by officina mark A, G, S, or Z (= 1, 3, 6, or 7) with dot between. RIC viii, p. 448, 17-18A. RSC 12a-c. VF £160 ($280) / EF £400 ($700) [Constantinople, AD 337-40].

17895

Jf. Rev. FEL TEMP REPARATIO, Victory stg. r., l. foot on globe, inscribing VOT / XX on shield supported by kneeling figure, mint mark R in ex. RIC viii, p. 252, 59-60. VF £140 ($250) / EF £375 ($650) RSC 30. [Rome, AD 348]. This reverse legend is clearly to be associated with the celebration of Rome’s eleven hundredth anniversary on 21st April AD 348.

17896

G or H, f. Rev. FELICITAS PERPETVA, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and trophy, mint mark AQ in ex. sometimes preceded by star or followed by dot. RIC viii, p. 321, 64, 67, and 69-70. MA 450 and 452-3. RSC 61a-62†b. [Aquileia, AD 348-50]. VF £115 ($200) / EF £290 ($500)

17897

Gf. Rev. — as previous, but Victory holds palm instead of trophy, and with mint mark AQ preceded by star. RIC viii, p. 321, 66. MA 451. RSC 62A. [Aquileia, AD 348]. VF £125 ($220) / EF £320 ($550)

17898

D N CONSTANTIVS AVG, f. Rev. FELICITAS REI PVBLICE around wreath containing VOT / XV / MVLT / XX, mint mark C in ex. followed by officina mark A, S, H, I, or IA (= 1, 6, 8, 10, or 11) with dot between. RIC viii, p. 451, 58. RSC 68a. VF £200 ($350) / EF £520 ($900) [Constantinople, AD 340-42].

17899

Obv. As 17887. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark S M N in ex. RIC viii, p. 473, VF £225 ($400) / EF £575 ($1,000) 37. RSC 68b. [Nicomedia, AD 340-42].

17900

Obv. As 17898. Rev. — as previous, but the wreath contains VOT / XX / MVLT / XXX, and with mint mark S M H in ex. RIC viii, p. 432, 40. RSC 70a. [Heraclea, AD 342-3]. VF £225 ($400) / EF £575 ($1,000)

17901

As previous, but with mint mark C in ex. followed by officina mark A-I (= 1-10) with dot between. RIC viii, p. 451, 59. RSC 70b. [Constantinople, AD 342-3]. VF £175 ($320) / EF £460 ($800)

17895

17901

162

Roman Coins and Their Values

17902

FELICITAS REI PVBLICE (cont.) Silver siliqua. Similar, but with mint mark S M K in ex. sometimes followed by H. RIC viii, p. 490, 3-3A. RSC 70c-d. [Cyzicus, AD 342-3]. VF £220 ($380) / EF £550 ($950)

17903

Obv. As 17887. Rev. — as 17900, but with mint mark S M N in ex. RIC viii, p. 473, VF £225 ($400) / EF £575 ($1,000) 38-9. RSC 70e-f. [Nicomedia, AD 342-3].

17904

Gf. Rev. GAVDIVM POPVLI ROMANI around wreath containing SIC / X / SIC / XX in four lines, mint mark SIS in ex. followed by dot within crescent. RIC viii, p. 354, VF £225 ($400) / EF £575 ($1,000) 71. RSC 84b. [Siscia, AD 338-40].

17905

Ic. Rev. PAX AVGVSTORVM, Constantius II, in military attire, stg. l., holding standard with Chi-Rho monogram (labarum), l. hand at side, mint mark TR in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). RIC viii, p. 142, 31. RSC 150. [Trier, AD 337-40]. VF £175 ($300) / EF £430 ($750)

17906

Jf. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark TR or TR P in ex. RIC viii, p. 150, 161-3 and 170. RSC 149a-d. [Trier, AD 342-3]. VF £140 ($250) / EF £375 ($650)

17907

Obv. As 17905. Rev. PRINCIPI IVVENTVTIS, Constantius II, in military attire, stg. r., holding spear and globe, his l. foot set on seated captive, mint mark TR in ex. sometimes followed by officina mark P (= 1). RIC viii, p. 142, 34 and 36. RSC 164Aa-b. [Trier, AD 337-40]. VF £175 ($300) / EF £430 ($750)

17908

G or J, f. Rev. VICTORIA AVGG NN, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark ARL in ex. preceded by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). RIC viii, p. 208, 64-6. RSC 211Aa-c. EMA 63/1-3. [Arles, AD 347-8]. VF £100 ($175) / EF £250 ($450) Depeyrot dates this issue to AD 340.

17909

Obv. As 17905. Rev. VICTORIA AVGVSTI, as previous, but with mint mark TR in ex. followed by officina mark P (= 1). RIC viii, p. 141, 27. RSC 214c. [Trier, AD 337-40]. VF £115 ($200) / EF £290 ($500)

17910

G or H, f. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark R in ex. RIC viii, p. 271, 240-42. VF £100 ($175) / EF £250 ($450) RSC 213b-214b. [Rome, AD 354-5].

17911

Hf. Rev. VICTORIA AVGVSTI N, as previous, but sometimes the mint mark is flanked by stars. RIC viii, p. 271, 247-8. RSC 225a-b. [Rome, AD 354-5]. VF £100 ($175) / EF £250 ($450)

17912

Gf. Rev. VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM, as previous, but with mint mark SIS in ex. followed by dot within crescent. RIC viii, p. 361, 162. RSC 230. [Siscia, AD 340]. VF £100 ($175) / EF £250 ($450)

17913

Gf. Rev. — as previous, but Victory holds wreath and trophy (mint mark is followed by dot within crescent, or flanked by dots, or is unaccompanied by symbols). RIC viii, pp. 362 and 368, 169-70, 174, 264, and 266. RSC 233a-d. [Siscia, AD 348-50]. VF £100 ($175) / EF £250 ($450) For this type and the next, the varieties with mint mark SIS and no symbols belong to the period following the death of Constans in January 350.

17914

Gf. Rev. — as previous, but Victory holds palm and trophy (mint mark followed by dot within crescent or unaccompanied by symbols). RIC viii, pp. 361 and 368, 164-5 and VF £100 ($175) / EF £250 ($450) 268. RSC 234Aa-c. [Siscia, AD 348-50].

17905

CONSTANTIUS II AUGUSTUS

163

17915

Silver siliqua. Gf. Rev. VICTORIA D N AVG, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, her r. foot trampling on seated captive, mint mark TES in ex. flanked by dots. RIC viii, p. 417, 162. RSC 258A. [Thessalonica, AD 353-4]. VF £125 ($220) / EF £320 ($550)

17916

Jf. Rev. VICTORIA DD NN AVGG, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark TR in ex. RIC viii, p. 151, 175. RSC 266. [Trier, AD 347-8]. VF £90 ($160) / EF £225 ($400)

17917

Hf. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark ARL in ex. preceded by officina mark P (= 1). RIC viii, p. 208, 69. RSC 259A. EMA 63/5. [Arles, AD 347-8]. VF £115 ($200) / EF £290 ($500) Depeyrot dates this issue to AD 340.

17918

Gf. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark TSe or TES in ex. RIC viii, pp. 405-6, 40 and 53. RSC 267b-c. [Thessalonica, AD 337-40]. VF £100 ($175) / EF £250 ($450)

17919

Jf. Rev. — Victory advancing l., hd. r., holding wreath and palm and dragging captive behind her by the hair, mint mark R in ex. RIC viii, p. 252, 64-6. RSC 268a-c. [Rome, VF £100 ($175) / EF £250 ($450) AD 347].

17920

Gf. Rev. — Victory advancing l., holding wreath and trophy, mint mark LG in ex. preceded by officina mark S (= 2), star in l. field. RIC viii, p. 179, 34-34A. Bastien 88. VF £115 ($200) / EF £290 ($500) RSC 263a-b. [Lugdunum, AD 348].

17921

Gf. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark TES in ex. RIC viii, p. 410, 93-5. RSC VF £90 ($160) / EF £225 ($400) 263c-e. [Thessalonica, AD 342-6].

17922

Gf. Rev. VICTORIAE D N AVG, two Victories stg. facing each other, holding between them wreath encircling VOT / X / MVLT / XV, mint mark AQ in ex. preceded by star. RIC viii, p. 320, 56. MA 446. RSC 275A. [Aquileia, AD 342-3]. VF £125 ($220) / EF £320 ($550) The vota numerals refer to Constans, under whom this issue was made.

17923

H, e or f. Rev. VOT / XXX / MVLT / XXXX in four lines within wreath, mint mark SIS in ex. RIC viii, p. 373, 324-5. RSC 336Ab-c. [Siscia, AD 353-5]. VF £75 ($130) / EF £175 ($325)

17924

Hf. Rev. VOT / XXX / MVLTIS / XXXX in four lines within wreath, mint mark R in ex. RIC viii, p. 270, 234-5. RSC 336Aa. [Rome, AD 353-5]. VF £80 ($140) / EF £200 ($350)

17921

17923

 

17926

164

Roman Coins and Their Values

17925

Silver siliqua. No legend, e (looking upwards). Rev. VOTIS / XV / MVLTIS / XX in four lines within wreath, mint mark ANT in ex. RIC viii, p. 514, 35. RSC 338A. [Antioch, AD 340-42]. VF £175 ($320) / EF £460 ($800)

17926

As previous, but with VOTIS / XX / MVLTIS / XXX within the wreath. RIC viii, p. 514, 36. RSC 339b. [Antioch, AD 342-3]. VF £175 ($320) / EF £460 ($800)

17927

He. Rev. As previous. RIC viii, p. 520, 105. RSC 339a. [Antioch, AD 350-53]. VF £80 ($140) / EF £200 ($350)

17928

H, e or f. Rev. VOTIS / XXV / MVLTIS / XXX in four lines within wreath, mint mark C in ex. followed by officina mark B, G, or H (= 2, 3, or 8) with dot between. RIC viii, p. 452, 60-61. RSC 340a and g. [Constantinople, AD 347-8]. VF £90 ($160) / EF £225 ($400)

17929

He. Rev. As previous, but with mint mark S M N in ex. RIC viii, p. 474, 40-41. RSC VF £90 ($160) / EF £225 ($400) 340b and e. [Nicomedia, AD 347-8].

17930

As previous, but with mint mark S M K in ex. RIC viii, p. 493, 43-4. RSC 340c and f. VF £90 ($160) / EF £225 ($400) [Cyzicus, AD 347-8].

17931

17931 As 17928, but with mint mark ANT in ex. RIC viii, p. 520, 106-7. RSC 340d and h. VF £85 ($150) / EF £215 ($375) [Antioch, AD 347-8].

17932

He. Rev. VOTIS / XXX / MVLTIS / XXXX in four lines within wreath, mint mark LVG in ex. RIC viii, p. 190, 180. Bastien 229. RSC 341a. [Lugdunum, AD 353-5]. VF £75 ($130) / EF £175 ($325)

17933

Hf. Rev. As previous, but with mint mark AR in ex. preceded by officina mark P (= 1). RIC viii, p. 218, 203. RSC 342-3b. EMA 120/1. [Arles, AD 353]. VF £80 ($140) / EF £200 ($350)

17934

As previous, but with mint mark CON in ex. preceded by officina mark P, S, or T (= 1, 2, or 3). RIC viii, pp. 218 and 223, 207-8 and 253-4. RSC 342-3c and 342-3aa. EMA 124/1-2 and 131/8-9. [Constantia/Arles, AD 353-7]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £175 ($300) Following the death of Constantine II in 340 this mint reverted to its traditional name of Arelate, thus abandoning the title of Constantina which it had received in 328. However, in 353, following the downfall of the western usurper Magnentius, Constantius II restored the dynastic connection by naming the place Constantia.

17935

H, e or f. Rev. As 17932, but with mint mark AQ in ex. RIC viii, p. 333, 183-4. MA 455-6. RSC 341b and 342-3d. [Aquileia, AD 353-5]. VF £80 ($140) / EF £200 ($350)

17936

Hf. Rev. As previous, but with mint mark SIRM in ex., sometimes preceded or followed by dot or followed by dot within crescent. RIC viii, p. 385, 15, 17, and 19-20. RSC 342VF £70 ($120) / EF £175 ($300) 3e-h. [Sirmium, AD 353-5].

17936

CONSTANTIUS II AUGUSTUS

165

17937

Silver siliqua. Similar, but the mint mark is flanked by dots. RIC viii, p. 389, 66. RSC 342-3i. [Sirmium, AD 355-7]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £175 ($300)

17938

He. Rev. As 17932, but with mint mark TES in ex. RIC viii, pp. 417 and 421, 163 and 205. RSC 341c. [Thessalonica, AD 353-7]. VF £80 ($140) / EF £200 ($350)

17939

Hf (rarely e). Rev. As previous, but with mint mark C in ex. followed by officina mark A-IA (= 1-11) with dot or palm between. RIC viii, p. 456, 101-4. RSC 341d and 342-3j, k, and x. [Constantinople, AD 353-5]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £175 ($300)

17940

H, e or f. Rev. As previous, but with mint mark S M N in ex. RIC viii, p. 478, 80-81. RSC 341e and 342-3l. [Nicomedia, AD 353-5]. F £80 ($140) / EF £200 ($350)

17941

17944

17941

Hf. Rev. As previous, but with mint mark S M K in ex. RIC viii, p. 493, 44A and 45. VF £85 ($150) / EF £215 ($375) RSC 342-3m and y. [Cyzicus, AD 353-5].

17942

As previous, but with mint mark ANT in ex. RIC viii, p. 520, 108. RSC 342-3p. VF £80 ($140) / EF £200 ($350) [Antioch, AD 353-5].

17943

Similar, but the mint mark is flanked by dots and is sometimes followed by officina mark Q (= 9). RIC viii, p. 527, 183-4. RSC 342-3n and o. [Antioch, AD 355-7]. VF £85 ($150) / EF £215 ($375)

17944

Hf. Rev. VOTIS / XXXV / MVLTIS / XXXX in four lines within wreath, mint mark AQ in ex. RIC viii, p. 335, 211. MA 457. RSC 343A. [Aquileia, AD 357]. VF £90 ($160) / EF £225 ($400)

17945

Silver half siliqua. Gf. Rev. VICTORIA DD NN AVGG, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark TR in ex. RIC viii, p. 151, 178. RSC 267a. [Trier, AD 347-8]. VF £290 ($500) / EF £720 ($1,250)

17946

Silver reduced siliqua (c. 2.25 grams). Hf. Rev. SPES REI PVBLICE, Constantius, helmeted and in military attire, stg. l., holding globe and resting on spear, mint mark TES in ex. RIC viii, p. 421, 207. RSC 187. [Thessalonica, AD 360-61]. VF £125 ($220) / EF £320 ($550)

17947

D N CONSTANTIVS PERP AVG, f. Rev. VICTORIA AVGVSTI, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark R in ex. RIC viii, p. 277, 301. RSC 213a. [Rome, AD 357]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £175 ($300)

17948

Hf. Rev. VICTORIA DD NN AVG, as previous, but with mint mark LVG in ex. RIC viii, p. 193, 210, 211, and 214. Bastien 258. RSC 259a-c. [Lugdunum, AD 360-61]. VF £50 ($80) / EF £130 ($200)

17946

17948

166

Roman Coins and Their Values

17949

Silver reduced siliqua. Hf. Rev. VOT / XXXX in two lines within wreath, mint mark C in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, G, e, Z, Q, or I (= 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 9, or 10) with dot between. RIC viii, p. 459, 134. RSC 337. [Constantinople, AD 357-61]. VF £65 ($110) / EF £155 ($275)

17950

Hf. Rev. VOTIS / XXX / MVLTIS / XXXX in four lines within wreath, mint mark LVG in ex. RIC viii, p. 193, 216-17. Bastien 260. RSC 342-3a and z. [Lugdunum, AD 360-61]. VF £45 ($80) / EF £115 ($200)

17951

As previous, but with mint mark CON in ex. preceded by officina mark P, S, or T (= 1, 2, or 3). RIC viii, pp. 224 and 226, 261 and 291. RSC 342-3r. EMA 133/1 and 141/3. VF £45 ($80) / EF £115 ($200) [Constantia/Arles, AD 357-61]. See note following no. 17934.

17952

Similar, but with mint mark R in ex. RIC viii, p. 277, 302-3. RSC 342-3s and dd. [Rome, AD 357]. VF £60 ($100) / EF £140 ($250)

17953

Similar, but with mint mark SIS in ex. RIC viii, p. 376, 360. RSC 342-3t. [Siscia, AD 357-61]. VF £50 ($90) / EF £130 ($225)

17954

Similar, but with mint mark SIRM in ex. RIC viii, p. 389, 68. RSC 342-3u. [Sirmium, AD 357-61]. VF £45 ($80) / EF £115 ($200)

17955

Similar, but with mint mark C in ex. followed by officina mark A-IA (= 1-11) with dot between. RIC viii, p. 459, 133. RSC 342-3v. [Constantinople, AD 357-61]. VF £45 ($80) / EF £115 ($200) The curious mint mark C • P has also been recorded (Freeman & Sear, Mail Bid Sale 4, 14 Jan. 1998, lot 423).

17953

17950

17954

17956 17957

 

17956

Similar, but with mint mark S M N in ex. RIC viii, p. 481, 103. RSC 342-3w. [Nicomedia, VF £50 ($90) / EF £130 ($225)

AD 357-61].

Similar, but with mint mark ANT in ex. RIC viii, p. 527, 186. RSC —. [Antioch, AD 357-61]. VF £50 ($90) / EF £130 ($225)

CONSTANTIUS II AUGUSTUS

167

PRE-REFORM BASE BILLON AND BRONZE COINAGE, AD 337-348 For the first eleven years of the joint reign of Constantius II and Constans the diminutive billon reduced centenionalis remained in issue, the principal types being GLORIA EXERCITVS, VICTORIAE DD AVGG Q NN, and VOT / XX / MVLT / XXX in wreath. However, in AD 348 an entirely new system was introduced comprising three denominations – heavy maiorina, light maiorina, and a fractional ‘Æ 3’. This major change appears to have been planned to coincide with the celebrations surrounding the eleven hundredth anniversary of the foundation of Rome. 17958

Billon reduced centenionalis. I, b or c. Rev. GLORIA EXERCITVS, two soldiers stg. facing each other, each resting on spear and shield, standard between them ornamented with cross, mint mark TR in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). RIC viii, p. 143, 39-40. LRBC I, 100-101. C 93. [Trier, AD 337-40]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)



NB This denomination remained in issue until the reform of AD 348 and it maintained the weight standard of c. 1.70 grams introduced by Constantine I in the final year of his reign (AD 336-7). These coins were finally demonetized in AD 353/4.

17959

As previous, but without cross on standard, and sometimes with dot preceding the mint mark or following the officina mark, or with dots on either side. RIC viii, p. 143, 45, 50-51, 58-9, and 70-71. LRBC I, 108 and 108a. C 93. [Trier, AD 337-40]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

17960

Obv. As 17958, but sometimes with legend G. Rev. — as previous, but with palm following the officina mark and sometimes also with dot preceding the mint mark. RIC viii, p. 144, 82-4 and 93-4. LRBC I, 126. C 93 and 100-101. [Trier, AD 337-40]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

17961

Obv. As previous, but sometimes with type f. Rev. — as previous, but with mint and officina marks TR P or TR S and sometimes with crescent following the officina mark. RIC viii, p. 144, 96-7, 101A, and 102. LRBC I, 130. C 93 and 100-101. [Trier, AD 340-42]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

17962

G, c or f. Rev. — as previous, but with M on standard. RIC viii, p. 145, 105 and 108-9. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30) LRBC I, 132. C 100-101. [Trier, AD 340-42].

17963

Gf. Rev. — as previous, but with G instead of M on standard, and dot instead of crescent sometimes following the officina mark. RIC viii, p. 145, 115-16 and 118. LRBC I, 135. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35) C 100. [Trier, AD 340-42].

17964

Ef. Rev. — as 17958, but with Chi-Rho monogram instead of cross on standard (= labarum), and with mint mark LG in ex. preceded by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). RIC viii, p. 178, 8. LRBC I, 242. Bastien 7 and 13. C 98. [Lugdunum, AD 337-40]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

17965

As previous, but with S instead of Chi-Rho monogram on standard and palm preceding the officina mark in ex. RIC viii, p. 178, 15. LRBC I, 248. Bastien 16 and 21. C 98 var. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35) [Lugdunum, AD 340].

17966

Similar, but without letter on standard. RIC viii, p. 178, 18. LRBC I (Addenda), 248a. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35) Bastien 24 and 27. C 98. [Lugdunum, AD 340].

17967

E or G, c or f. Rev. — as previous, but with Y on standard and without palm preceding the officina mark. RIC viii, p. 178, 21-3. LRBC I, 249-50. Bastien 29-31 and 34-6. C 98 VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30) var. and 101. [Lugdunum, AD 340-41].

17968

Gc. Rev. — as previous, but with I instead of Y on standard. RIC viii, p. 178, 26-7. LRBC I, 252. Bastien 39 and 41. C 101. [Lugdunum, AD 341-2]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

168

Roman Coins and Their Values

17969

Billon reduced centenionalis. I or L, c or f. Rev. GLORIA EXERCITVS, as 17958, but with O instead of cross on standard, and with mint mark CONST in ex. preceded by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). RIC viii, p. 205, 2-5. LRBC I, 417 and 428. EMA 54/2-5. C 93. [Constantina/Arles, AD 337-8]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35) Following the death of Constantine II in 340 this mint reverted to its traditional name of Arelate, thus abandoning the title of Constantina which it had received in 328. However, in 353, following the downfall of the western usurper Magnentius, Constantius II restored the dynastic connection by naming the place Constantia.

17970

Lf. Rev. — as previous, but with crescent instead of O on standard. RIC viii, p. 205, 12. LRBC I, 420. EMA 55/3. C —. [Constantina/Arles, AD 338-9]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

17971

Obv. As previous. Rev. — as previous, but with X instead of crescent on standard. RIC viii, p. 205, 22. LRBC I, 423. EMA 56/7. C —. [Constantina/Arles, AD 339]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

17972

Ic. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark CON instead of CONST in ex. RIC viii, p. 206, 46. LRBC I, 431. EMA 57/6. C 93. [Constantina/Arles, AD 340]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

17973

G or I, c or f. Rev. — as previous, but with N instead of X on standard. RIC viii, p. 206, 34-5. LRBC I, 434-5. EMA 58/4-5. C 93 and 100 var. [Constantina/Arles, AD 340]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

17974

Gf. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark ARL in ex. preceded by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). Cf. RIC viii, p. 206, 51. LRBC I, 436. EMA 59/1. C 100. [Arles, AD 340]. VF £8 ($13) / EF £23 ($40) This was the first issue following the downfall of Constantine II, hence the use of the mint mark ‘ARL’ in place of ‘CON’. RIC gives the letter on the standard as ‘M’ rather than ‘N’.

17975

As previous, but with I instead of N (or M) on standard. RIC viii, p. 206, 53-4. LRBC I, 438-9. EMA 60/1-2. C 100. [Arles, AD 340-41]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

17976

Similar, but with G instead of I on standard. RIC viii, p. 206, 56. LRBC I, 441. EMA 61/1. C 100 var. [Arles, AD 341-2]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

17977

Gc. Rev. — as 17958, but without letter or symbol on standard, and with mint mark AQ in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2) and usually preceded by dot. RIC viii, p. 316, 13 and 28. LRBC I, 681. MA 458 and 463. C 101. [Aquileia, AD 337-40]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

17978

As previous, but without dot preceding the mint mark, and with palm following the officina mark (officina S = 2 only recorded). RIC viii, p. 316, 16. LRBC I, 684. MA 459. C 101. [Aquileia, AD 337-40]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

17979

G, c or f. Rev. – as previous, but with two palms in field flanking the standard, and without palm following the officina mark (both officinae recorded). RIC viii, p. 316, 20-21. LRBC I, 687 and 687a. MA 460-61. C 100-101 var. [Aquileia, AD 337-40]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

17980

Gf. Rev. – as previous, but without the palms in field and with wreath on standard. RIC viii, p. 316, 26. LRBC I, 691. MA 462. C 100 var. [Aquileia, AD 337-40]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

CONSTANTIUS II AUGUSTUS

169

17981

GLORIA EXERCITVS (cont.) Billon reduced centenionalis. As previous, but with star instead of wreath on standard. RIC viii, p. 317, 31. LRBC I, 695. MA 465. C 100. [Aquileia, AD 340-41]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30) Officina T (= 3) may also exist for this type.

17982

As previous, but with Chi-Rho monogram instead of star on standard (= labarum); officina T (= 3) also recorded. RIC viii, p. 317, 33. LRBC I, 693. MA 466. C 100. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) [Aquileia, AD 341-2].

17983

D N FL CONSTANTIVS AVG, f. Rev. — as 17977, but with mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark P, S, or e (= 1, 2, or 5), star between. RIC viii, p. 250, 25. LRBC I, 614. C —. [Rome, AD 337-40]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

17984

As previous, but with palm instead of star between mint and officina marks, and officina S (= 2) only recorded. RIC viii, p. 250, 37. LRBC I, 624. C —. [Rome, AD 337-40]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

17985

Similar, but with crescent instead of palm between mint and officina marks. RIC viii, p. 251, 48. LRBC I, 609. C —. [Rome, AD 337-40]. VF £8 ($13) / EF £23 ($40)

17986

Similar, but the mint and officina marks are flanked by palms. RIC viii, p. 251, 51. LRBC I, 619. C —. [Rome, AD 337-40]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

17987

Similar, but with mint mark R • F • in ex. followed by officina mark S (= 2). RIC viii, p. 251, 57. LRBC I, 626. C —. [Rome, AD 340]. VF £8 ($13) / EF £23 ($40)

17988

CONSTANTIVS MAX AVG, f. Rev. — as 17958, but with annulet instead of cross on standard and with mint mark SIS in ex., preceded by officina mark B, G, or D (= 2, 3, or 4) and followed by star. RIC viii, p. 354, 75. LRBC I, 766. C 94. [Siscia, AD 337]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) The inappropriate attribution of the epithet ‘Maximus’ to the junior emperors Constantius II and Constans belongs to the opening phase of the triple reign and was quickly corrected.

17989

Gf. Rev. — as previous, but officina D not recorded and sometimes also with dot preceding the officina mark. RIC viii, pp. 354-5, 76 and 80. LRBC I, 767 and 777. C 100-101. [Siscia, AD 337-40]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

17990

As previous, but with Chi-Rho monogram instead of annulet on standard (= labarum), and the mint mark is sometimes followed by plain crescent or crescent containing dot (officinae A-e = 1-5 recorded). RIC viii, p. 355, 86, 91-2, and 97-8. LRBC I, 780 and 772-3. C 100. [Siscia, AD 337-40]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

17991

Similar, but the officina and mint marks are flanked by dots. RIC viii, p. 355, 101-2. LRBC I, 782-3. C 100. [Siscia, AD 337-40]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

17992

Gf. Rev. — as 17977, but with mint mark S M TS in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, G, or D (= 1, 2, 3, or 4). RIC viii, p. 407, 56. Cf. LRBC I, 855 (wrongly numbered ‘858’ in text). C 100-101. [Thessalonica, AD 337-40]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

17993

E or H, a, c, e, or f. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark S M H in ex. followed by officina mark A-e (= 1-5). RIC viii, pp. 431-2, 19-23 and 34-6. LRBC I, 949 and 953. C 95-7 and 102. [Heraclea, AD 337-40]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

17994

H, a or e. Rev. —as previous, but with mint mark CONS in ex. followed by officina mark A-I (= 1-10), though officina H (= 8) not recorded. RIC viii, pp. 449-50, 26-7 and 42-3. LRBC I, 1043 and 1055. C 102. [Constantinople, AD 337-40]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30) On some coins of this type there is a terminal dot at the end of the reverse legend.

170

Roman Coins and Their Values

17995

Billon reduced centenionalis. He. Rev. GLORIA EXERCITVS, as previous, but also with star on standard, and officinae A and H (= 1 and 8) not recorded. RIC viii, p. 450, 53. LRBC I, 1058. C 102 var. [Constantinople, AD 340]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

17996

E or H, a or e. Rev. — as 17977, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark A-S (= 1-6). RIC viii, pp. 471-2, 8-11 and 19-21. LRBC I, 1136-7 and 1139-41a. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30) C 95 and 102. [Nicomedia, AD 337-40].

17997

Gd (sometimes the laurel-wreath entwined with diadem). Rev. — (with dot between R and I of GLORIA), as previous, but with mint mark S M K in ex. followed by officina mark A-S (= 1-6). RIC viii, p. 490, 8-9. LRBC I, —. C —. [Cyzicus, AD 337-40]. VF £9 ($15) / EF £26 ($45)

17998

H, a or e. Rev. — as previous, but sometimes without the dot interrupting the legend. RIC viii, p. 490, 10 and 16-17. LRBC I, 1280-81. C 102. [Cyzicus, AD 337-40]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

17999

Ha. Rev. — as previous, but with dot either following the officina mint or, more rarely, preceding the mint mark (no dot interrupting the legend). RIC viii, p. 491, 21 and 23. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30) LRBC I, 1289. C 102 var. [Cyzicus, AD 337-40].

18000

As previous, but with small star (or X) following the officina mark. RIC viii, p. 491, 27. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35) LRBC I, 1293. C 102 var. [Cyzicus, AD 337-40].

18001

Similar, but with crescent instead of small star following the officina mark. RIC viii, p. 491, 32. LRBC I, 1297. C 102 var. [Cyzicus, AD 337-40]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

18002

E, c or f. Rev. — as 17977, but with mint mark S M AN in ex. followed by officina mark A-I (= 1-10) or BI, GI, or DI (= 12, 13, or 14). RIC viii, p. 515, 44-6 and 49. LRBC I, 1379-81. C 96-7. [Antioch, AD 337-42]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30) During the course of this issue the number of officinae was increased from ten to fifteen. Those with a laureate or rosette-diademed portrait all belong to the earlier part of the series, those which are pearl-diademed all belong to the latter part.

18003

E, e or f. Rev. — as previous, but with two dots in upper field above the standard (officinae A- eI = 1-15 recorded). RIC viii, p. 515, 52 and 54. LRBC I, 1386 and 1388. C 95 and 97. [Antioch, AD 337-40]. VF £5 ($8) / EF £15 ($25)

18004

E or H, e. Rev. — as 18002 (officina I = 10 not recorded). RIC viii, p. 515, 56-8. LRBC I, 1391-3. C 95 and 102. [Antioch, AD 340-41]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

18005

He. Rev. – as 18003 (officinae B, G, D, e, H, and Q = 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, and 9 recorded). RIC viii, p. 516, 60-61. LRBC I, —. C 102. [Antioch, AD 341-2]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35) At the commencement of this issue the number of officinae was reduced from fifteen to ten.

18006

CONSTANTIVS MAX AVG, c. Rev. — as 17977, but with mint mark S M AL in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, G, or D (=1, 2, 3, or 4), sometimes with S — R in field. RIC viii, p. 539, 6 and 14. LRBC I, 1448 and 1456. C 94. [Alexandria, AD 337-40]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65) The inappropriate attribution of the epithet ‘Maximus’ to the junior emperors Constantius II and Constans seems only to have been corrected after the death of Constantine II at this Constantian mint.

18007

E, c or f. Rev. — as previous (without S — R in field), rarely with dot following the officina mark. RIC viii, pp. 539-40, 18-19 and 23-4. LRBC I, 1458-60 and 1467. C 967. [Alexandria, AD 340-42]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

CONSTANTIUS II AUGUSTUS

171

18008

Billon reduced centenionalis. D N FL CONSTANTIVS AVG, f (sometimes cuir. only). Rev. SECVRITAS REI P (or REI PVB), Securitas stg. facing, legs crossed, hd. r., holding sceptre and resting on column, mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark P, S, or T (= 1, 2, or 3), leaf between. RIC viii, pp. 249-50, 6-7, 9, 12, and 15. LRBC I, 581-2, 585-6, and 591. C 182. [Rome, AD 337-40]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

18009

As previous, but with star instead of leaf between mint and officina marks, and officinae S and Q (= 2 and 4) recorded. RIC viii, p. 250, 22. LRBC I, 598. C 182. [Rome, AD 337VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) 40].

18010

Similar, but with palm instead of star between mint and officina marks, and officina S (= 2) only recorded. RIC viii, p. 250, 33. LRBC I, 603. C 182. [Rome, AD 337-40]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

18011

Similar, but with palm and dot between mint and officina marks. RIC viii, p. 250, 44. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) LRBC I, 603. C 182. [Rome, AD 337-40].

18012

He. Rev. VICT AVG, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark S M H in ex. followed by officina mark A or D (= 1 or 4). RIC viii, p. 433, 42. LRBC I, —. C VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90) 196. [Heraclea, AD 342].

18013

As previous, but with mint mark CONS in ex. followed by officina mark A, G, D, H, Q, or I (= 1, 3, 4, 8, 9, or 10), sometimes followed by dot. RIC viii, p. 452, 63 and 65. VF £16 ($27) / EF £45 ($80) LRBC I, 1061. C 196. [Constantinople, AD 342].

18014

Similar, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark D or e (= 4 or 5). RIC viii, p. 474, 46. LRBC I, 1146. C 196. [Nicomedia, AD 342]. VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

18015

Similar, but with mint mark S M K in ex. followed by officina mark B-S (= 2-6). RIC viii, p. 491, 36. LRBC I, 1300-01. C 196. [Cyzicus, AD 342]. VF £16 ($27) / EF £45 ($80)

18016

Similar, but with mint mark S M AN in ex. followed by officina mark A, G, e, or I = (1, 3, 5, or 10). RIC viii, p. 516, 65. LRBC I, 1395. C 196. [Antioch, AD 342]. VF £16 ($27) / EF £45 ($80)

18017

H, a or e. Rev. VICT AVGG, as 18012, but with mint mark S M AL in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, G, or D (= 1, 2, 3, or 4). RIC viii, p. 540, 29-30. LRBC I, 1470-71. VF £16 ($27) / EF £45 ($80) C —. [Alexandria, AD 342].

18018

Gf. Rev. VICTORIA AVGG, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark AQ in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). RIC viii, p. 322, 72. LRBC VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90) I, 697. MA 467. C 209 var. [Aquileia, AD 342].

18019

As previous, but with mint mark SIS in ex. preceded by officina mark A, B, D, or e (= 1, 2, 4, or 5), flanked by stars, Chi-Rho monogram in l. field. RIC viii, p. 362, 176. LRBC I, 785. C 209. [Siscia, AD 342]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £65 ($110)

18020

As 18018, but Victory’s hd. is turned to r. and she holds wreath in each hand, mint mark AQ in ex. followed by officina mark T (= 3). RIC viii, p. 322, 74. LRBC I, 699. VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90) MA 468. C 210 var. [Aquileia, AD 342].

18021

As previous, but with mint mark SIS in ex. preceded by officina mark A, G, D, or e (= 1, 3, 4, or 5), flanked by stars, Chi-Rho monogram in r. field. RIC viii, p. 362, 180. LRBC I, 788. Cf. C 210. [Siscia, AD 342]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £65 ($110)

18021A

Gc. Rev. VICTORIA AVGVSTORV, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark LG in ex. preceded by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). Cf. RIC viii, p. 180, 36 (AVGVSTORVM for AVGVSTORV). Cf. LRBC I, 254. Bastien 43 and 45. Cf. C 232. VF £23 ($40) / EF £70 ($120) [Lugdunum, AD 342].

172

Roman Coins and Their Values

18022

Billon reduced centenionalis. D N FL CONSTANTIVS AVG, f. Rev. VICTORIAE DD AVGG Q NN, two Victories stg. facing forwards, their hds. turned towards one another, each holding wreath and palm, mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark (uncertain but most likely S = 2). RIC viii, p. 253, 72. LRBC I, —. C —. [Rome, AD 342]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £30 ($50)

18023

Gf. Rev. — two Victories stg. facing each other, each holding wreath and palm, M in field between them, mint mark TR in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). RIC viii, p. 151, 180-81. LRBC I, 137. C 293. [Trier, AD 342-7]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

18024

As previous, but with leaf between the two Victories. RIC viii, p. 151, 183-4. LRBC I, VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30) 139. C 293 var. [Trier, AD 342-7].

18025

Similar, but with star between the two Victories. RIC viii, p. 151, 187. LRBC I, 141. C VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35) 293. [Trier, AD 342-7].

18026

Similar, but with C between the two Victories. RIC viii, p. 151, 190-91. LRBC I, 143. VF £8 ($13) / EF £23 ($40) C 293. [Trier, AD 342-7].

18027

Similar, but with D between the two Victories. RIC viii, p. 152, 193-4. LRBC I, 145-7. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30) C 293. [Trier, AD 342-7].

18028

Similar, but with e (rarely with dot beneath) between the two Victories. RIC viii, p. 152, 197 and 200. LRBC I, 152 and (Addenda) 155b. C 293 var. [Trier, AD 342-7]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

18029

Similar, but with palm between the two Victories, and sometimes with dot following the officina mark. RIC viii, p. 152, 203-4 and 207-8. LRBC I, 161 and (Addenda), 157aVF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30) b and 161a. C 293. [Trier, AD 347-8].

18030

G, c or f. Rev. — as 18023, but nothing in field between the two Victories, and with mint mark LG in ex. preceded by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). RIC viii, p. 180, 38-9. LRBC I, 256. Bastien 47-8 and 50-51. C 293. [Lugdunum, AD 342]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

18031

Gc. Rev. — as previous, but with star between the two Victories. RIC viii, p. 180, 42. LRBC I, 259. Bastien 53 and 55. C 293. [Lugdunum, AD 343-7]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

18032

As previous, but with S / T or (more rarely) T / S between the two Victories. RIC viii, p. 180, 45 and 49. LRBC I, 260 and 263. Bastien 57 and 59, 61 and 63. C 293. [Lugdunum, VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30) AD 343-7].

18033

Similar, but with P / O / L between the two Victories. RIC viii, p. 181, 52. LRBC I, 264. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35) Bastien 65 and 67. C 293 var. [Lugdunum, AD 343-7].

18034

Similar, but with PHI (?) monogram between the two Victories. RIC viii, p. 181, 55. LRBC I, 266. Bastien 69 and 71. C 293 var. [Lugdunum, AD 343-7]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

18035

Similar, but with HR monogram between the two Victories. RIC viii, p. 181, 59. LRBC I, 269. Bastien 73 and 75. C 293. [Lugdunum, AD 343-7]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

18036

Similar, but with E / V between the two Victories. RIC viii, p. 181, 62. LRBC I, 271. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35) Bastien 77 and 79. C 293 var. [Lugdunum, AD 343-7].

18037

Similar, but with palm between the two Victories. RIC viii, p. 181, 65. LRBC I, 273. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30) Bastien 81 and 84. C 293. [Lugdunum, AD 347-8].

18038

Gf. Rev. — as 18023, but with G in field between the two Victories, and with mint mark ARL in ex. preceded by officina mark P (= 1). RIC viii, p. 208, 72. LRBC I, 444. EMA 66/1. C 293 var. [Arles, AD 342-3]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

CONSTANTIUS II AUGUSTUS

173

18039

VICTORIAE DD AVGG Q NN (cont.) Billon reduced centenionalis. As previous, but with NEP monogram between the two Victories. RIC viii, p. 209, 76. LRBC I, 453. EMA 67/1. C 293. [Arles, AD 343-4]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

18040

Similar, but with MA monogram between the two Victories, and officina S (= 2) also recorded. RIC viii, p. 209, 78. LRBC I, 455. EMA 65/1. C 293. [Arles, AD 344-5]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

18041

Similar, but with P between the two Victories (officina P = 1 only recorded). RIC viii, p. 209, 83-4. LRBC I, 447-8. EMA 69/1. C 293. [Arles, AD 345-6]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

18042

Similar, but with PV between the two Victories. RIC viii, p. 209, 88. LRBC I, —. EMA 68/1. C 293 var. [Arles, AD 346]. VF £8 ($13) / EF £23 ($40)

18043

Similar, but with palm between the two Victories, and sometimes dot following the mint mark. RIC viii, p. 209, 90-91 and 95-6. LRBC I, 458 and 461. EMA 70/1-2 and 71/1. C 293. [Arles, AD 346-8]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

18044

Gf. Rev. — as 18023, but nothing in field between the two Victories, and with mint mark AQ in ex. followed by officina mark P, S, or T (= 1, 2, or 3). RIC viii, p. 322, 76. LRBC I, 701. MA 469. C 293. [Aquileia, AD 342-3]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

18045

Similar, but with dot preceding the mint mark. RIC viii, p. 322, 78. LRBC I, 703. MA 470. C 293. [Aquileia, AD 343-5]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

18046

As 18044, but with A between the two Victories, and officinae P and S (= 1 and 2) only recorded. RIC viii, p. 322, 80. LRBC I, 705. MA 471. C 293 var. [Aquileia, AD 345-6]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

18047

Similar, but with F between the two Victories. RIC viii, p. 322, 82. LRBC I (Addenda), 706a. MA 472. C 293. [Aquileia, AD 346]. VF £8 ($13) / EF £23 ($40)

18048

Similar, but with wreath between the two Victories, and officina P (= 1) only recorded. RIC viii, p. 322, 84. LRBC I, 708. MA 473. C 293 var. [Aquileia, AD 346]. VF £9 ($15) / EF £26 ($45)

18049

As 18044, but with palm between the two Victories. RIC viii, p. 322, 86. LRBC I, 710. MA 474. C 293. [Aquileia, AD 346-8]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

18050

Similar, but with dot following the officina mark, and officinae P and S (= 1 and 2) only recorded. RIC viii, p. 322, 90. LRBC I, 712. MA 476. C 293. [Aquileia, AD 348]. VF £8 ($13) / EF £23 ($40)

18051

D N FL CONSTANTIVS AVG or G, f. Rev. — as 18044, but with mint mark R followed by officina mark P (= 1). RIC viii, p. 253, 75-6. LRBC I (Addenda), 629b. C 293. [Rome, AD 342]. VF £8 ($13) / EF £23 ($40)

18052

Gf. Rev. — as previous, but with dot between mint and officina marks (officina S = 2 only recorded). RIC viii, p. 253, 79-80. LRBC I, 631-2. C 293. [Rome, AD 342]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

18053

Similar, but with oval shield (?) between mint and officina marks. RIC viii, p. 253, 823. LRBC I, 637. C 293. [Rome, AD 342-4]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

18054

Similar, but with two dots (• •) between mint and officina marks. RIC viii, p. 254, 85. LRBC I, 635. C 293. [Rome, AD 344-5]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

18055

Similar, but with wreath between mint and officina marks. RIC viii, p. 254, 87. LRBC I, 639. C 293. [Rome, AD 345]. VF £8 ($13) / EF £23 ($40)

174

Roman Coins and Their Values

18056

VICTORIAE DD AVGG Q NN (cont.) Billon reduced centenionalis. Similar, but with star between mint and officina marks (officinae T, Q, and e = 3, 4, and 5 also recorded). RIC viii, p. 254, 89. LRBC I, —. C 293. [Rome, AD 345]. VF £9 ($15) / EF £26 ($45)

18057

Similar, but with palm between mint and officina marks (officinae S and T = 2 and 3 recorded). RIC viii, p. 254, 91. LRBC I, 641. C 293. [Rome, AD 345-6]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

18058

Similar, but the palm is between the two Victories (officina S = 2 only recorded). RIC viii, p. 254, 93. LRBC I, 647. C 293. [Rome, AD 346-7]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

18059

Gf. Rev. — as 18044 (nothing in field), but with mint mark SIS in ex. preceded by officina mark A, B, D, or e (= 1, 2, 4, or 5). RIC viii, p. 363, 182. LRBC I, 790. C 293. [Siscia, AD 342-4]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

18060

Similar, but the officina and mint marks are flanked by dots (officinae A, G, D, and e = 1, 3, 4, and 5 recorded). RIC viii, p. 363, 184. LRBC I, 792. C 293. [Siscia, AD 344-5]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

18061

As 18059, but with star between the two Victories, and officinae D and e (= 4 and 5) only recorded. RIC viii, p. 363, 186. LRBC I, 794. C 293. [Siscia, AD 345]. VF £9 ($15) / EF £26 ($45)

18062

Similar, but with N between the two Victories (officina A = 1 also recorded). RIC viii, p. 363, 188. LRBC I, 796. C 293 var. [Siscia, AD 345]. VF £8 ($13) / EF £23 ($40)

18063

Similar, but with HR monogram between the two Victories, and officinae A-e (= 1-5) recorded. RIC viii, p. 363, 191. LRBC I, 798. C 293. [Siscia, AD 345-6]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

18064

Similar, but with palm between the two Victories. RIC viii, p. 363, 4. LRBC I, 800. C VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30) 293. [Siscia, AD 346-8].

18065

Gf. Rev. — as 18044 (nothing in field), but with mint mark S M TS in ex. followed by officina mark A-e (= 1-5). RIC viii, p. 411, 99. LRBC I, 859. C 293. [Thessalonica, AD 342-6]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

18066

Similar, but with palm between the two Victories, and officinae G, D, and e (= 3, 4 and 5) only recorded. RIC viii, p. 411, 102-4. LRBC I, 862. C 293. [Thessalonica, AD 346-8]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

18067

I, b or c. Rev. VIRTVS AVGG NN, soldier, helmeted, stg. facing, hd. r., resting on spear and shield, mint mark TR in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2) sometimes flanked by dots, sometimes with single dot following the officina mark. RIC viii, pp. 143-4, 53, 61, and 74-5. LRBC I, 109 and 116. C 303. [Trier, AD 337-40]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

18068

Similar, but with palm following the officina mark (P = 1 only recorded). RIC viii, p. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) 144, 88. LRBC I, 122. C 303. [Trier, AD 337-40].

18069

He. Rev. VOT / XV / MVLT / XX in four lines within wreath, mint mark S M AN in ex. followed by officina mark G, Q, or I (= 3, 9, or 10). RIC viii, p. 521, 114. LRBC I, VF £9 ($15) / EF £26 ($45) —. C 334. [Antioch, AD 342-6]. The vota numerals on this type and the next refer to Constantius’ younger brother, the co-emperor Constans.

18070

Similar, but with mint mark ANT instead of S M AN (officinae Z and Q = 7 and 9 recorded). RIC viii, p. 521, 119. LRBC I, —. C 334. [Antioch, AD 346-8]. VF £10 ($17) / EF £30 ($50)

CONSTANTIUS II AUGUSTUS

175

18071

Billon reduced centenionalis. He. Rev. VOT / XX / MVLT / XXX in four lines within wreath, mint mark S M H in ex. followed by officina mark A-e (= 1-5), sometimes with dot preceding the mint mark, sometimes also with dot following the officina mark. RIC viii, p. 433, 45-6, 54, and 59. LRBC I, 958 and 963. C 335. [Heraclea, AD 342-8]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

18072

Similar, but with mint mark CONS in ex. followed by officina mark A-IA (= 1-11), sometimes followed by dot or star. RIC viii, p. 453, 69, 72, and 76. LRBC I, 1064 and VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35) 1071. C 335. [Constantinople, AD 342-8].

18073

Similar, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark A-I (= 1-10, though officina H = 8 not recorded), sometimes flanked by dots or with dot following officina mark only. RIC viii, pp. 474-5, 49-50, 55, and 58-58A. LRBC I, 1149, 1153, and 1156. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35) C 335. [Nicomedia, AD 342-8].

18074

H, a or e. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark S M K in ex. followed by officina mark A-Q (= 1-9), rarely preceded by dot or with dot in r. field. RIC viii, pp. 493-4, 479, 55-6, and 60. LRBC I, 1305-7, 1312, and 1315. C 335. [Cyzicus, AD 342-8]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

18075

He. Rev. — as previous, but with star preceding the mint mark (officinae A, Z, and H = 1, 7, and 8 not recorded). RIC viii, pp. 494, 63. LRBC I, 1318. C 335. [Cyzicus, AD 342-8]. VF £8 ($13) / EF £23 ($40)

18076

Similar, but with mint mark S M AN in ex. followed by officina mark A-eI (= 1-15). RIC viii, p. 521, 113 and 114A. LRBC I, 1398. C 335. [Antioch, AD 342-6]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

18077

Similar, but with mint mark ANT instead of S M AN (officina Q = 9 not recorded). RIC viii, p. 521, 118. LRBC I, 1401. C 335. [Antioch, AD 346-8]. VF £8 ($13) / EF £23 ($40)

18078

Similar, but with mint mark S M AL in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, G, or D (= 1, 2, 3, or 4). RIC viii, p. 541, 33. LRBC I, 1474-5. C 335. [Alexandria, AD 342-4]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

18079

Similar, but with dot following the officina mark. RIC viii, p. 541, 36. LRBC I, 1478. C VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35) 335. [Alexandria, AD 344-6].

18080

Similar, but the dot is in rev. field to r. instead of following the officina mark (officinae B and D = 2 and 4 only recorded). RIC viii, p. 541, 39. LRBC I, —. C 335. [Alexandria, AD 346-7]. VF £8 ($13) / EF £23 ($40)

18081

As 18078, but with star following the officina mark (officina B = 2 only recorded). RIC viii, p. 541, 42. LRBC I, 1482. C 335. [Alexandria, AD 347-8]. VF £8 ($13) / EF £23 ($40)

18082

Billon of uncertain denomination = reduced half centenionalis? (c. 13 mm., 0.9 grams). Gf. Rev. VIRTVS AVGG, Constantius on horseback galloping r., thrusting with spear at fallen enemy beneath the hooves of his mount (no mint mark). RIC vii, p. VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350) 255, 103A. C —. [Rome, AD 348?]. This may be a small medallet.

POST-REFORM BASE BILLON AND BRONZE COINAGE, AD 348-361 The celebration of Rome’s eleven hundredth anniversary took place on 21st April AD 348 and the occasion was also marked by a major reform of the Empire’s billon and bronze coinage. In place of the reduced centenionalis of c. 1.70 grams three new denominations were introduced. The largest of these was the ‘heavy’ maiorina (sometimes marked ‘A’) with a silver content of about 2.5%

176

Roman Coins and Their Values

and an average weight for surviving specimens of c. 5.20 grams. The principal reverse types for this denomination were “soldier spearing fallen horseman” and “emperor on galley”. Next was the ‘light’ maiorina (sometimes marked ‘N’) weighing on average about 4.25-4.50 grams and with a significantly lower silver content of just over 1%. In fact, it is quite plausible that this denomination circulated as a half maiorina. Its commonest reverse types were “soldier dragging barbarian from hut” and “emperor with two captives”. The smallest denomination contained virtually no silver and specimens have an average weight of c. 2.40-2.60 grams. This 'Æ 3', usually with a distinctive depiction of a phoenix on the reverse, may have been a quarter maiorina. The accompanying legend for all three denominations was FEL(icium) TEMP(orum) REPARATIO, “The Restoration of Happy Times,” a sentiment clearly associated with Rome’s eleven hundredth anniversary. The phoenix on the smallest denomination was the symbol par excellence of renewal and obviously referred to the commencement of a new saeculum for the Eternal City. Unfortunately, the new system was not to be of long duration. The sudden downfall of the co-emperor Constans in the West (January, AD 350) and the usurpation of Magnentius had the effect of disrupting the Empire’s economy. The weight and silver content of the maiorina soon began to decline and in 353/4 a law was passed by Constantius actually demonetizing the silver-rich maiorinae and earlier Constantinian centenionales. In their place a new reduced maiorina was produced weighing only c. 2.50 grams and lacking any silver content. This led to a critical shortage of small change, especially in the western provinces, and there was much forgery at this time to make good the deficiency. A further reduction to c. 2.25 grams occurred about 356 and some coins of this issue were marked with the letter ‘M’, possibly denoting that they were tariffed at one-thousandth of the gold solidus. Finally, only about a decade after the introduction of the handsome maiorina series, the bronze issues of Constantius and his Caesar Julian were reduced to a diminutive coin of just 16 millimetres diameter weighing only c. 1.90 grams.

18083

 

18084

18083

Bronze reduced ‘double maiorina’ (c. 6.00 grams). Hf. Rev. SALVS AVG NOSTRI, large Chi-Rho monogram flanked by A and w, mint mark TR in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2) which is sometimes followed by star or with star in r. field. RIC viii, p. 165, 332-6. LRBC II, 67-9. Cf. C 176 (obv. misdescribed). [Trier, AD 353]. VF £48 ($85) / EF £140 ($250) Kent (RIC viii, pp. 136-7) attributes these bronzes, as well as solidi with the reverse VICTORIA AVG NOSTRI, to the revolt of Poemenius in Trier during the closing phase of the regime of Magnentius and Decentius (July-August 353). That there was a revolt against the usurpers in the city on the Moselle seems certain, but these distinctive coin issues could just as easily belong to the period immediately following the recovery of the mint by the legitimate regime after Decentius’ suicide on 18 August (see also no. 17775). Although resembling the heavy maiorinae of Constantius, these coins belong to the monetary system of the latter part of Magnentius’ usurpation. They contain no silver and their weight represents a decline in the initial standard of almost 9.00 grams for the ‘double maiorinae’ introduced late in 352.

18084

Billon heavy maiorina (c. 5.20 grams when introduced in AD 348). Hf (A behind bust, sometimes also with star before). Rev. CONCORDIA MILITVM, Constantius, in military attire, stg. l., star above hd., holding labarum in each hand, mint mark SIS in ex. preceded by officina mark A-e (= 1-5), the mint mark usually followed by star, or with dots or dot and star flanking the officina and mint marks, A in field to l. RIC viii, p. 369, 270, 273, 276, 280, 284, and 289. LRBC II, 1159, 1161, 1163, 1167, 1171, and 1175. C 3. [Siscia, AD 350]. VF £21 ($37) / EF £65 ($110)

CONSTANTIUS II AUGUSTUS

177

This type and no. 18089 were issued under the stop-gap emperor Vetranio who opposed Magnentius’ eastern advance before abdicating in favour of Constantius II on 25 December AD 350. The variety without a star on the obverse is clearly the earlier and was struck at a slightly reduced weight of c. 5.10 grams; the later variety, with a star before the emperor’s bust, shows a further weight reduction to c. 4.65 grams (see also nos. 18203 and 18258-62; and no. 18903 for the corresponding type in the name of Vetranio). 18085

Billon heavy maiorina. Hf (A behind bust). Rev. — as previous, but with III in field to l. and with crescent or dot following the mint mark, or with dots flanking the officina and mint marks. RIC viii, p. 371, 301-2, 307, and 310. LRBC II, 1183 and 1187-8. C 3. [Siscia, AD 351]. VF £21 ($37) / EF £65 ($110) Issued after the abdication of Vetranio and struck at a slightly improved weight of c. 5.00 grams.

18086 Obv. Similar. Rev. — as previous (with III in field to l.), but with mint mark SIRM in ex. preceded by star. RIC viii, p. 386, 21. LRBC II, 1584. C 3. [Sirmium, AD 351]. VF £21 ($37) / EF £65 ($110) This and the following type were struck at a reduced weight of c. 4.70 grams. After a 25-year hiatus, the mint of Sirmium was reactivated by Constantius in AD 351 utilizing a single officina withdrawn from Siscia. 18087

As previous, but with officina mark B (= 2) instead of star preceding the mint mark. RIC viii, p. 387, 28. LRBC II, —. C 3. [Sirmium, AD 351]. VF £23 ($40) / EF £70 ($120) Following the initial issue, a second officina was added to increase the capacity of the mint during this time of civil war.

18088

Similar, but with D instead of A behind obv. bust, and without III in rev. field (officinae A and B = 1 and 2 recorded). RIC viii, p. 387, 33. LRBC II, 1592. C 3 var. [Sirmium, VF £23 ($40) / EF £70 ($120) AD 352]. This issue saw a further weight reduction to c. 4.25 grams.

18089

Hf (A behind bust). Rev. –  as 18084, but with mint and officina marks TS G (= 3) flanked by dots, and with A — B in field. RIC viii, p. 414, 130. LRBC II, 1659. C 3. VF £23 ($40) / EF £70 ($120) [Thessalonica, AD 350]. This type and no. 18084 were issued under the stop-gap emperor Vetranio who opposed Magnentius’ eastern advance before abdicating in favour of Constantius II on 25 December AD 350 (see also nos. 18203 and 18258-62; and no. 18904 for the corresponding type in the name of Vetranio).

18090

Hf (sometimes with A behind bust). Rev. FEL TEMP REPARATIO, soldier rushing l., holding shield on l. arm and spearing fallen horseman whose mount has stumbled beneath him, shield on ground to r. (omitted at some mints), mint mark AMB in ex. RIC viii, p. 124, 46 and 48-9. LRBC II, 25-6. C 46. [Ambianum, AD 353]. VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90) This issue was struck at a reduced weight of c. 4.35 grams. The short-lived mint at Amiens was a creation of the usurper Magnentius whose birthplace it is reputed to have been. It was closed by Constantius immediately following this issue. The reverse type of “soldier spearing fallen horseman” exists in a number of variant forms, usually involving the details of the depiction of the vanquished cavalryman. No attempt is made in the following listings to differentiate between these varieties. It would seem that the form of the headdress often relates to contemporary events in the region of the issuing mint (e.g. at Antioch the horseman is shown bearded and wearing a diadem and almost certainly represents the Sasanid king).

18091

Hf (A behind bust). Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark TR in ex. followed by officina mark S (= 2) and sometimes with A in l. field. RIC viii, p. 157, 259 and 259A. VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90) LRBC II, 47. C 46. [Trier, AD 350]. This issue may belong either before or after the downfall of Constans. The weight of specimens averages just over 5 grams.

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Roman Coins and Their Values

18091A

Billon heavy maiorina. Hf. Rev. FEL TEMP REPARATIO, as previous, but officina P (= 1) also recorded and with star in field to r. (nothing to l.). RIC viii, p. 166, 348-9. LRBC II, 70-71. C 46 var. [Trier, AD 353]. VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90) Specimens of this variety have an average weight of about 4.75 grams.

18091B

Obv. As 18091. Rev. — as previous, but without star in field and the officina mark is sometimes followed by crescent. RIC viii, p. 167, 350-51 and 355-7. LRBC II, 72 and 75. C 46. [Trier, AD 353]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) Specimens of this variety have an average weight of about 4.25 grams.

18092

Hf. Rev. – as 18090, but with mint mark LG in ex. preceded by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2) and followed by star, sometimes also with A in l. field; or the star is in r. field and is sometimes accompanied by A in l. RIC viii, p. 182, 79, 81, and 83. LRBC II, 196, 198, and 200. Bastien 119, 121, and 122-4. C 44. [Lugdunum, AD 349]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

18093

Hf (A behind bust). Rev. — as previous, but the mint mark is sometimes followed by star or the officina mark is preceded by F (or both); always with A in l. field. RIC viii, p. 183, 100-103. LRBC II, 201, 203-4, and 206. Bastien 125-6, 128, 130, and 132. C 46. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65) [Lugdunum, AD 348-50].

18094

Hf. Rev. — as previous, but the officina mark is always preceded by F, and without A in l. field. RIC viii, p. 190, 183-4. LRBC II, 249-50. Bastien 232 and 236. C 46. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65) [Lugdunum, AD 353].

18095

Hf. Rev. — as 18090, but with mint mark ARL in ex. preceded by officina mark P (= 1) and followed by star, or (very rarely) without star and with A in l. field. RIC viii, p. 210, 102 and 103A. LRBC II, 407. EMA 73/1 and 74/1. C 44 var. [Arles, AD 348-9]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

18096

Hf (A behind bust). Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark ARL preceded by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2) and with A in l. field. RIC viii, p. 211, 118-22. LRBC II, 409-10. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65) EMA 80/1-2. C 46. [Arles, AD 349-50].

18097

As previous, but with mint mark AR preceded by officina mark P (= 1) and sometimes followed by star, sometimes with dot in r. field. RIC viii, pp. 213-14, 140-43. LRBC II, 422 and 424. EMA 85/1, 86/1, and 90/1. C 46. [Arles, AD 350-51]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) This and the following two types were issued under Magnentius at a time when the usurper was still hoping to gain recognition from the eastern emperor.

18098

Similar, but with mint mark AR or ARL in ex. preceded by officina mark P (= 1) and with L in r. field. RIC viii, p. 214, 144-5. LRBC II, —. EMA 87/1 and 88/1. C 46. [Arles, AD 350-51]. VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

18099

Similar, but with mint mark AR in ex. preceded by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2) and followed by dot and F. RIC viii, p. 214, 146-8. LRBC II, 430. EMA 89/1-2. C 46. [Arles, AD 350-51]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

18100

Hf. Rev. — as 18098, but without letter in field and officina S (= 2) also recorded. RIC viii, p. 219, 211-12 and 214. LRBC II, 452. EMA 121/1-2 and 122/1. C 46. [Arles, AD 353]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) Struck at a reduced weight of c. 4.35 grams, this was the last issue prior to the renaming of the mint as Constantia.

18101

Hg (but bust r.). Rev. — as 18090, but with mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark B (= 2) and with star in l. field. RIC viii, p. 257, 135A. LRBC II, —. C 50. [Rome, AD 350]. VF £22 ($38) / EF £65 ($110) Issued just prior to the downfall of Constans.

CONSTANTIUS II AUGUSTUS

179

18102

FEL TEMP REPARATIO (cont.) Billon heavy maiorina. Hg (but bust r., A behind). Rev. — as previous, but the mint mark is followed by officina mark P, B, T, Q, e, or S (= 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6) and with A in l. field. RIC viii, p. 262, 174. LRBC II, 631. C 49 var. [Rome, AD 350-51]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) This and the following type were issued under Magnentius at a time when the usurper was still hoping to gain recognition from the eastern emperor.

18103

Similar, but with • F • between the mint and officina marks. RIC viii, p. 263, 175-6. VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85) LRBC II, 633-4. C 49 var. [Rome, AD 350-51].

18104

Hf (A behind bust). Rev. — as 18101, but officina P (= 1) only recorded, and with III as well as star in l. field. RIC viii, p. 272, 249. LRBC II, 660. C 44. [Rome, AD 352-3]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100)

18105

Hf. Rev. — as previous, but officinae P, B, T, Q, e, and Z (= 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 7) recorded, and with S in l. field. RIC viii, p. 274, 266-7. LRBC II, 670-71. C 44 var. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65) [Rome, AD 352-3]. This and the following seven types were struck at a reduced weight of c. 4.25 grams.

18106

Similar, but with star between the mint and officina marks or following the officina mark (officina e = 5 not recorded). RIC viii, p. 274, 269, 269A, and 271. LRBC II, 673. C 44 var. [Rome, AD 352-3]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

18107

Hf (A behind bust). Rev. — as 18101, but officinae T and Q (= 3 and 4) recorded, and with G in l. field. RIC viii, pp. 272-3, 254. LRBC II, —. C 44. [Rome, AD 352-3]. VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

18108

Hf (B behind bust). Rev. — as previous, but with • S • between the mint and officina marks, and officina B (= 2) only recorded. RIC viii, p. 273, 255. LRBC II, —. C 44. VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85) [Rome, AD 352-3].

18109

Similar, but with wreath instead of • S • between the mint and officina marks, and officinae P, B, T, Q, e, S and Z (= 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7) recorded. RIC viii, p. 273, 2567. LRBC II, 662. C 44. [Rome, AD 352-3]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

18110

Hf (D behind bust). Rev. — as previous, but officinae e and Z (= 5 and 7) not recorded. RIC viii, p. 273, 259-60. LRBC II, 664-5. C 44. [Rome, AD 352-3]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

18111

Similar, but with • F • instead of wreath between the mint and officina marks (officina P = 1 only recorded). RIC viii, p. 273, 262. LRBC II, —. C 44. [Rome, AD 352-3]. VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

18112

Similar, but nothing between the mint and officina marks (officinae P, B, T and Q = 1, 2, 3, and 4 recorded). RIC viii, p. 273, 263-4. LRBC II, 667-8. C 44. [Rome, AD 352-3]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

18113

Hf. Rev. — as 18090, but with mint mark AQ in ex. followed by officina mark P, S, or T (= 1, 2, or 3) which is usually followed by dot, star in r. field (possibly sometimes omitted). RIC viii, pp. 323 and 329, 94-6 and 151-2. LRBC II, 889 and 892. MA 477-8. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65) C 44 var. [Aquileia, AD 348-51]. The issue of this type and the following appears to have extended into the early part of the reign of Magnentius when the usurper controlled the mint and was hoping to gain recognition from the eastern emperor.

18114

Hf (A behind bust). Rev. — as previous (dot following the officina mark), but without star in r. field and with A to l. RIC viii, pp. 324 and 329, 113 and 147. LRBC II, 893. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65) MA 486. C 46. [Aquileia, AD 349-51].

18115

Similar, but with crescent above the A in l. field (officina S = 2 only recorded). Cf. RIC viii, p. 324, 114 (dot omitted following the officina mark). LRBC II, —. MA —. Bastien (Magnence) p. 193, note 1. C 46. [Aquileia, AD 349-50]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

180

Roman Coins and Their Values

18116

FEL TEMP REPARATIO (cont.) Billon heavy maiorina. Similar, but without dot following the officina mark and without crescent above the A in l. field, wreath in r. (officina S = 2 only recorded). RIC viii, —. LRBC II, —. MA 487 (incorrectly citing RIC 114). C 46. [Aquileia, AD 349-50]. VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

18117

Similar, but with Chi-Rho monogram instead of A in l. field, nothing in r. (officina P = 1 only recorded). RIC viii, p. 324, 115. LRBC II, 919. MA 488. C 46. [Aquileia, AD 349-50]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100)

18118

As 18113, but with star in rev. field to l., nothing to r. RIC viii, p. 329, 153. LRBC II, VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65) 898. MA 492. C 46. [Aquileia, AD 350-51].

18119

Similar, but the mint and officina marks are flanked by palms, and with B or wreath as well as star in field to l. RIC viii, p. 330, 154-6. LRBC II, 903. MA 493-5. C 46. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) [Aquileia, AD 350-51].

18120

As 18114, but the dot following the officina mark is sometimes omitted, and with numeral LXXII (= 72) in rev. field to l. RIC viii, p. 333, 187-8 and 190-91. LRBC II, 920 and 922. MA 497-500. C 47. [Aquileia, AD 352-3]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100) The numeral in the reverse field on this type and the next records a reduction in the weight of the maiorina from 1/60th to 1/72nd of a pound (see also no. 18125, 18967-8, and 18970).

18121

As previous (without dot following the officina mark), but also with S, Chi-Rho monogram, or wreath in central rev. field. RIC viii, p. 333, 193, 195, and 197. LRBC II, 924, 926, and 928. MA 501-3. C 47. [Aquileia, AD 352-3]. VF £22 ($38) / EF £65 ($110)

18122

Hf. Rev. — as 18090, but with mint mark SIS in ex. preceded by officina mark A-e (= 1-5), star in r. field. RIC viii, p. 364, 210. LRBC II, 1148. C 44. [Siscia, AD 348-9]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

18123

Hf (A behind bust). Rev. — as previous, but with two dots flanking the officina and mint marks, A in l. field, and sometimes without the star in r. RIC viii, p. 367, 253 and 257. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65) LRBC II, 1152 and 1156. C 46. [Siscia, AD 349-50].

18124

Obv. Similar. Rev. — as 18122, but the issue is struck in only four officinae (A B, G, and D) and without star in field. RIC viii, p. 374, 332. LRBC II, 1202. C 46. [Siscia, AD 351-3]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65) Struck at a reduced weight of c. 4.70 grams.

18125

Similar, but the officina and mint marks are flanked by star and crescent, and with numeral LXXII (= 72) in field to l. (officinae A, B, and G only recorded). RIC viii, p. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100) 374, 334. LRBC II, 1204. C 47. [Siscia, AD 352-3]. The numeral in the reverse field records a reduction in the weight of the maiorina from 1/60th to 1/72nd of a pound (see also nos. 18120-21, 18967-8, and 18970). This and the following four types were struck at a reduced weight of c. 4.25 grams.

18126

Similar, but without LXXII in rev. field, and the officina and mint marks are flanked by star and crescent, dot and crescent, or dot and palm. RIC viii, p. 374, 336, 338, and 340. LRBC II, 1206, 1208, and 1210. C 46. [Siscia, AD 352-3]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

18127

Similar, but with II in rev. field to l., and the officina and mint marks are flanked by dot and palm or by two dots. RIC viii, p. 375, 342 and 344. LRBC II, 1212 and 1214. C 46. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65) [Siscia, AD 352-3].

18128

Similar, but with I in rev. field to l., and the mint mark is followed by • S •. RIC viii, p. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65) 375, 346. LRBC II, 1216. C 46. [Siscia, AD 352-3].

CONSTANTIUS II AUGUSTUS

181

18129

FEL TEMP REPARATIO (cont.) Billon heavy maiorina. Similar, but with D instead of A behind obv. bust, L in rev. field, and mint mark SIS in ex. preceded by officina mark B (= 2). RIC viii, p. 375, 349. VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85) LRBC II, —. C 46. [Siscia, AD 352-3].

18130

Hf (A behind bust). Rev. — as 18090, but with mint mark SIRM in ex. preceded by star and officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2). RIC viii, p. 387, 32. LRBC II, 1591. C 46. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) [Sirmium, AD 351]. Struck at a reduced weight of c. 4.70 grams. After a 25-year hiatus, the mint of Sirmium was reactivated by Constantius in AD 351 utilizing a single officina withdrawn from Siscia; a second officina was added shortly afterwards.

18131

Similar, but with D instead of A behind obv. bust, and without the star preceding the officina mark. RIC viii, p. 387, 35. LRBC II, 1594. C 46. [Sirmium, AD 352-3]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) This, and the following two types, saw a further weight reduction to c. 4.25 grams.

18132

As previous, but with variable letter or symbol in rev. field — L, A, star above A, or • S • above A. RIC viii, p. 387, 38, 40, 42, and 44. LRBC II, 1596-7, 1599, and 1601. C 46. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) [Sirmium, AD 352-3].

18133

Similar, but without D behind obv. bust, and with • S • in rev. field (officina A = 1 only recorded). RIC viii, p. 387, 47. LRBC II, —. C 46. [Sirmium, AD 352-3]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

18134

Hf. Rev. — as 18090, but with mint mark TS followed by officina mark A or D (= 1 or 3) and star. RIC viii, p. 412, 114. LRBC II, 1645. C 44 var. [Thessalonica, AD 348-50]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

18135

Hg (but bust r.). Rev. — as previous (officinae G, D, and e = 3, 4, and 5 recorded). RIC viii, p. 412, 115. LRBC II, 1646. C 50. [Thessalonica, AD 348-50]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100)

18136

Hf, or rarely c (A behind bust). Rev. — as previous, but without the star following the officina mark and with A in field to l. (officinae A-e = 1-5 recorded). RIC viii, pp. 412 and 414, 123 and 128-9. LRBC II, 1650-51 and 1655-6. C 46. [Thessalonica, AD 348-50]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) This issue appears to have continued under Vetranio who upheld the interests of the Constantinian dynasty following the death of Constans and the usurpation of Magnentius.

18137

Hf (A behind bust). Rev. — as previous, but with B or D in field to l. and star to r., and with dots flanking the mint and officina marks (officinae B-e = 2-5 recorded). RIC viii, p. 412, 134 and 137. LRBC II, 1662 and 1666. C 46. [Thessalonica, AD 350]. VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85) Issued under Vetranio.

18138

Hf. Rev. — as previous, but the mint and officina marks are flanked by stars or by star and dot; also with G in l. field and usually with star in r. (officinae A-e = 1-5 recorded). RIC viii, p. 418, 166, 171, and 176. LRBC II, 1670. C 46. [Thessalonica, AD 351-2]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

18139 18140

Hf (D behind bust). Rev. —  as previous, but without symbols flanking the mint and officina marks, and with nothing in field. RIC viii, p. 419, 180. LRBC II, 1675. C 46. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65) [Thessalonica, AD 352-3]. This and the following two types were struck at a reduced weight of c. 4.50 grams. Similar, but with II in rev. field to l. and star preceding the mint mark (officina e = 5 not recorded). RIC viii, p. 419, 182 and 184. LRBC II, 1677. C 44 and 46. [Thessalonica, AD 352-3]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

182

Roman Coins and Their Values

18141

FEL TEMP REPARATIO (cont.) Billon heavy maiorina. As 18139, but without letter behind obv. bust, and with • S • in rev. field to l. (officina e = 5 not recorded). RIC viii, p. 419, 185 and 187. LRBC II, 1679. C 44 var. and 46. [Thessalonica, AD 352-3]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

18142

Hf. Rev. — as 18090, but with mint mark S M H in ex. (no officina mark). RIC viii, p. 434, 61. LRBC II, —. C 44 var. [Heraclea, AD 348-51]. VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

18143

Similar, but with officina mark A or e (= 1 or 5) following the mint mark, and sometimes with star in rev. field to l. RIC viii, p. 434, 65 and 67. LRBC II, 1891. C 44 var. [Heraclea, AD 348-51]. VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

18144 Similar, but with G in rev. field to l., and sometimes with star following the officina mark (officinae A-e = 1-5 recorded). RIC viii, p. 436, 82-3 and 85. LRBC II, 1893 and 1895. C 46. [Heraclea, AD 351-2]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65) Struck at a reduced weight of c. 4.90 grams. 18145

Hf (D behind bust). Rev. — as previous, but with S instead of G in l. field. RIC viii, p. 436, 88. LRBC II, 1898. C 46. [Heraclea, AD 352-3]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)



This and the following type were struck at a further reduced weight of c. 4.25 grams.

18146

Similar, but without letter in rev. field. RIC viii, p. 436, 86. LRBC II, 1896. C 46. [Heraclea, AD 352-3]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

18147

Hf. Rev. — as 18090, but with mint mark CONS in ex. followed by officina mark e or S (= 5 or 6). RIC viii, p. 453, 78. LRBC II, 2022. C 44 var. [Constantinople, AD 34851]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

18148

Similar, but also with G in rev. field to l., and usually also with star following the officina mark (officinae A-IA = 1-11 recorded). RIC viii, p. 454, 79 and 81-2. LRBC II, 2024 and 2026. C 44 var. and 46. [Constantinople, AD 348-51]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

18149

Similar (without star following the officina mark), but with dot as well as G in rev. field to l. RIC viii, p. 456, 106. LRBC II, 2028. C 44 var. [Constantinople, AD 351-2]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

18150

Hf (D behind bust). Rev. — as previous. RIC viii, p. 457, 109. LRBC II, 2030. C 44. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65) [Constantinople, AD 352-3]. This and the following four types were struck at a reduced weight of c. 4.50 grams.

18151

Similar, but with A • in rev. field to l. (officinae A, D, Z, and Q = 1, 4, 7, and 9 not recorded). RIC viii, p. 457, 111. LRBC II, 2032. C 44. [Constantinople, AD 352-3]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

18152

Similar, but with B followed by dot or star in rev. field to l. (officinae S and Q = 6 and 9 not recorded). RIC viii, p. 457, 112 and 114. LRBC II, 2033 and 2035. C 44. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65) [Constantinople, AD 352-3].

18153

Hf. Rev. — as previous, but with e in rev. field to l. (officina A = 1 only recorded). RIC viii, p. 457, 115. Cf. LRBC II, 2036. C 44 var. [Constantinople, AD 352-3]. VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

18148

CONSTANTIUS II AUGUSTUS

183

18154

FEL TEMP REPARATIO (cont.) Billon heavy maiorina. Similar, but with • S • and star in rev. field to l. (all 11 officinae recorded, A-IA). RIC viii, p. 457, 116. LRBC II, 2037. C 44 var. [Constantinople, AD 352-3]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

18155

Hf. Rev. — as 18090, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, G, or D (= 1, 2, 3, or 4). RIC viii, p. 475, 60. LRBC II, 2295. C 44 var. [Nicomedia, AD 348-51]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

18156

Similar, but also with star in rev. field to l. (officinae A and D = 1 and 4 only recorded). RIC viii, p. 476, 62-3. Cf. LRBC II, 2297. C 44 var. and 46. [Nicomedia, AD 348-51]. VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

18157

Similar, but with F in rev. field to l. (officina B = 2 only recorded). RIC viii, p. 476, 65. LRBC II, —. C 44 var. [Nicomedia, AD 348-51]. VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

18158

Similar, but with nothing in rev. field and with star following the officina mark (officina A = 1 only recorded). RIC viii, p. 476, 66. LRBC II, 2299. C 46. [Nicomedia, AD 348-51]. VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

18159

Similar, but with G in rev. field to l., and sometimes with dot preceding the mint mark or (rarely) following the officina mark (officinae A-S = 1-6 recorded). RIC viii, p. 478, 84, 86, and 88. LRBC II, 2300 and 2302. C 46. [Nicomedia, AD 351-2]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

18160

Hf (D behind bust). Rev. — as 18155, but officinae e and S (= 5 and 6) also recorded. RIC viii, p. 479, 89. LRBC II, 2304. C 46. [Nicomedia, AD 352-3]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)



This and the following three types were struck at a reduced weight of c. 4.50 grams.

18161

Similar, but also with • S • in rev. field to l. (officinae B and G = 2 and 3 only recorded). RIC viii, p. 479, 91. LRBC II, 2306. C 46. [Nicomedia, AD 352-3]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

18162

As previous, but without D behind the obv. bust, and rarely also with star in rev. field to r. (all six officinae recorded, A-S). RIC viii, p. 479, 92 and 94. LRBC II, 2307. C 46. [Nicomedia, AD 352-3]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

18163

Hf (e behind bust). Rev. — as 18156 (officinae A and B = 1 and 2 only recorded). RIC viii, p. 479, 95. LRBC II, —. C 46 var. [Nicomedia, AD 352-3]. VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

18164

Hf. Rev. — as 18090, but with mint mark S M K in ex. followed by officina mark A-S (= 1-6). RIC viii, p. 494, 65. LRBC II, 2484. C 44 var. [Cyzicus, AD 348-51]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

18165

Similar, but also with star in rev. field to l., and sometimes with dot following the officina mark (officinae A, B, D, and e = 1, 2, 4, and 5 recorded). RIC viii, p. 494, 67 and 69. LRBC II, —. C 44 var. [Cyzicus, AD 348-51]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

18166

Similar, but with G instead of star in rev. field to l., and sometimes with dot preceding the mint mark. RIC viii, p. 497, 92-93A and 95-6. LRBC II, 2486 and 2488. C 46. [Cyzicus, AD 351-2]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

18167

Hf (D behind bust). Rev. — as 18164. RIC viii, p. 497, 98. LRBC II, 2490. C 46. [Cyzicus, AD 352-3]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)



This and the following two types were struck at a reduced weight of c. 4.50 grams.

18168

Similar, but with e behind obv. bust. RIC viii, p. 497, 100. LRBC II, 2492. C 46 var. [Cyzicus, AD 352-3]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

184 18169

18170

Roman Coins and Their Values FEL TEMP REPARATIO (cont.) Billon heavy maiorina. Hf. Rev. — as previous, but also with • S • in rev. field to l. RIC viii, p. 498, 102. LRBC II, 2494. C 46. [Cyzicus, AD 352-3]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65) Hf. Rev. — as 18090, but with mint mark AN in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, D,

e, Z, or Q (= 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, or 9), and with star in l. field. RIC viii, p. 522, 122-3. LRBC

II, 2620 and 2622. C 44 var. and 46. [Antioch, AD 348-51]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

18171

Similar, but with G instead of star in rev. field to l., and the number of officinae is expanded to fifteen, all of which are recorded (A-eI). RIC viii, p. 523, 132-3 and 135. LRBC II, 2623 and 2625. C 44 var. and 46. [Antioch, AD 351-2]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

18172

Hf (D behind bust). Rev. — as previous, but without G in field. RIC viii, p. 523, 138, 138A, and 140. LRBC II, 2627. C 44 and 46. [Antioch, AD 352-3]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65) This and the following type were struck at a reduced weight of c. 4.50 grams.

18173

Hf. Rev. — as previous, but usually with e or S in field to l. RIC viii, p. 524, 142-4, 146, 148, and 150. LRBC II, 2629 and 2631. C 44 var. and 46. [Antioch, AD 352-3]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

18174

Hf. Rev. — as 18090, but with mint mark ALE followed by officina mark A, B, or G (= 1, 2, or 3), sometimes with star in l. field. RIC viii, p. 541, 44 and 46-7. LRBC II, 2830 VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) and 2832. C 44 var. [Alexandria, AD 348-51].

18175

Similar, but with G in rev. field to l., and officina D (= 4 also recorded). RIC viii, p. 543, 72-3. LRBC II, 2836-7. C 46. [Alexandria, AD 351-2]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

18176

Hf (D behind bust). Rev. — as previous, but without G in field. RIC viii, p. 544, 75-6. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65) LRBC II, 2839-40. C 46. [Alexandria, AD 352-3]. This and the following type were struck at a reduced weight of c. 4.50 grams.

18177

Hf. Rev. — as previous, but with • S • in field to l. RIC viii, p. 544, 78. LRBC II, 2842. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65) C 46. [Alexandria, AD 352-3].

18178

Hf (sometimes with A behind bust). Rev. — Constantius stg. l. on galley steered by Victory seated in stern, holding phoenix on globe in his r. hand and labarum in l., mint mark TR in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2) and rarely preceded by dot, sometimes with A in l. field. RIC viii, pp. 153-4, 212, 214, 217, and 239. LRBC II, 40 VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65) and 44. C 35. [Trier, AD 348-9].

18179

Hf. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark LG in ex. preceded by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2), sometimes with star preceding the officina mark or following the mint mark, sometimes with star preceding the officina mark and dot following the mint mark (without A in field). RIC viii, p. 182, 69-70, 73, 75-6, and 78. LRBC II, 183-4, 187, 189-90, and 192. Bastien 90, 96, 102, 106, 111, and 114. C 35. [Lugdunum, AD 348-9]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

18174

CONSTANTIUS II AUGUSTUS

185

18180

FEL TEMP REPARATIO (cont.) Billon heavy maiorina. Hf. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark ARL in ex. preceded by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). RIC viii, p. 210, 99. LRBC II, 404. EMA 72/1. C 35. [Arles, AD 348-9]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

18181

Hf. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark P, B, T, Q, e, or S (= 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6), more rarely also with Greek letter-numeral A, B, G, D, e, or S (= 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6) in l. field. RIC viii, pp. 256-7, 107-8, 112, 115-16, 119-20, 123-4, 127-8, and 131-2. LRBC II, 606, 608, 610-11, 613-14, 617, 619-20, and 623. C VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65) 35. [Rome, AD 348-9].

18182

Hf (A behind bust). Rev. — as previous, but always with A in l. field. RIC viii, p. 259, VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) 148-50. LRBC II, 627. C 35. [Rome, AD 349].

18183

G or (rarely) H, f. Rev. – as previous, but with mint mark AQ in ex. followed by officina mark P, S, or T (= 1, 2, or 3) which is usually followed by dot, or, rarely, with the dot preceding the mint mark (without A in field). RIC viii, p. 323, 97-8. LRBC II, 890. MA 479-81. C 35. [Aquileia, AD 348-9]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

18184

Hf. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark SIS in ex. preceded by officina mark A-D (= 1-4) and followed by dot. RIC viii, p. 364, 197. Cf. LRBC II, 1139. C 35. [Siscia, AD 348-9]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

18185

Similar, but with letter-symbol following the dot after the mint mark (officinae A and e = 1 and 5 only recorded). RIC viii, p. 364, 200. LRBC II, 1141. C 35. [Siscia, AD 348-9]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

18186

Similar, but without dot following the mint mark and with R following the letter-symbol (officinae A and G = 1 and 3 only recorded). RIC viii, p. 364, 202-4. LRBC II, 1145-7. C 35. [Siscia, AD 348-9]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

18187

As 18184, but with R instead of dot following the mint mark (officinae A and B = 1 and 2 only recorded). RIC viii, p. 364, 208. LRBC II, —. C 35. [Siscia, AD 348-9]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

18188

Hf. Rev. — as 18178, but with mint mark TES in ex. followed by officina mark A-e = 1-5 (without A in field). RIC viii, p. 412, 107-8. LRBC II, 1637-8. C 35. [Thessalonica, AD 348-9]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

18189

Hg (but bust r.). Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark TS followed by officina mark

e (= 5) and star. RIC viii, p. 412, 112. LRBC II, 1643. C —. [Thessalonica, AD 348-9]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100)

18190

Hf. Rev. — as previous, but the mint and officina marks are flanked by stars or by star and dot; also with G in l. field and usually with star in r. (officinae A-e = 1-5 recorded). RIC viii, p. 418, 165, 168, and 174. LRBC II, 1668 and 1672. C 35. [Thessalonica, AD 351-2]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

18191

Hf. Rev. — as 18178, but with mint mark ALE in ex. followed by officina mark A, G, or D (= 1, 3, or 4) and with star in field to l. or to r. RIC viii, p. 542, 50 and 52. LRBC II, 2834. C 35. [Alexandria, AD 348-51]. VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

18192

Hf (sometimes with A behind bust). Rev. — as 18178, but Constantius holds Victory instead of phoenix on the globe. RIC viii, pp. 153-4, 218 and 241-2. LRBC II, 42 and 45. C 32. [Trier, AD 349-50]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

18193

Hf (A behind bust). Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark ARL in ex. preceded by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2) and always with A in l. field. RIC viii, p. 212, 125-126A. LRBC II, —. EMA 80/5-6. C 32. [Arles, AD 349-50]. VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

18194

Hf (A behind bust). Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark SIS in ex. preceded by dot and officina mark A-e (= 1-5) and followed by dot. RIC viii, p. 367, 251. LRBC II, 1150. C 32. [Siscia, AD 349-50]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

186

Roman Coins and Their Values

18195 18195

FEL TEMP REPARATIO (cont.) Billon heavy maiorina. Similar, but also with star in rev. field to r. (officinae A, G, and e = 1, 3, and 5 only recorded). RIC viii, p. 367, 255. LRBC II, 1154. C 32. [Siscia, AD 349-50]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

18196

As previous, but with III instead of A in rev. field to l., and the issue is struck in only four officinae (A B, G, and D). RIC viii, p. 374, 327-8. LRBC II, 1198. C 32. [Siscia, AD 351-3]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65) Struck at a reduced weight of c. 4.70 grams.

18197

Hf (A behind bust). Rev. — as 18192, but with mint and officina marks TS A (-e = 1-5) in ex. flanked by dots, and with B or D in field to l. and star to r. RIC viii, p. 414, 133 and 136. LRBC II, 1660 and 1665. C 32. [Thessalonica, AD 350]. VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85) Issued under Vetranio.

18198

Hf. Rev. — Constantius, in military attire, advancing l., holding Victory on globe and labarum, r. foot set on seated captive, mint mark TS in ex. followed by officina mark A, G, D, or e (= 1, 3, 4, or 5), the whole flanked by stars or by star and dot; also with G in l. field and star in r. RIC viii, p. 418, 172 and 178. LRBC II, 1671 and 1674. C 38. [Thessalonica, AD 351-2]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

18199

Hf. Rev. GLORIA ROMANORVM, Constantius, in military attire, on horseback galloping r., spearing barbarian who kneels l. in front of horse, shield and broken spear below, star in r. field, mint mark AR in ex. preceded by officina mark P (= 1). RIC viii, p. 214, 149. LRBC II, —. EMA 94/1 (‘confirmation required’). C —. [Arles, AD 350-51]. VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150) This and the following two types were issued under Magnentius at a time when the usurper was still hoping to gain recognition from the eastern emperor.

18200

Hg (but bust r., A behind). Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark P or Q? (= 1 or 4?) with • F • between, star in r. field. RIC viii, p. 263, VF £23 ($40) / EF £70 ($120) 181. Cf. LRBC II, 639. C 140. [Rome, AD 350].

18201 18201

Similar, but without the • F • between the mint and officina marks, and officinae P, B, T, Q, e, and S (= 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6) recorded. RIC viii, pp. 265-6, 195-6, 198-9, and VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85) 204-5. LRBC II, 636-7. C 140. [Rome, AD 350]. Most coins of this type were issued under Magnentius but a few may have been struck during the brief usurpation of Nepotian (3rd-30th June). Unfortunately, these cannot now be differentiated. The officinae properly assigned to Constantius in this series were 1, 2, and 3 (P, B, and T). Those from the other three (Q, e, and S) are hybrids.

CONSTANTIUS II AUGUSTUS 18202

187

Billon heavy maiorina. Hf (A behind bust). Rev. – Constantius, in military attire, stg. l., holding labarum in l. hand and with r. raising turreted kneeling female figure (Aquileia), mint mark AQ in ex. followed by officina mark T = 3. RIC viii, p. 333, 186. LRBC II, —. MA 496. C —. [Aquileia, AD 352]. VF £85 ($150) / EF £250 ($450) This rare type commemorates Magnentius’ evacuation of Italy in the late summer of AD 352 in the aftermath of his catastrophic defeat at Mursa in September of the previous year. It was struck at a reduced weight of c. 4.50 grams.

18203 18203

Hf (A behind bust, sometimes also with star before). Rev. HOC SIGNO VICTOR ERIS, Constantius (or Constantine I), in military attire, stg. l., holding labarum and spear, crowned by Victory stg. l. on r., also holding palm, mint mark SIS in ex. preceded by officina mark A-e (= 1-5), the mint mark usually followed by star, or with dots or dot and star flanking the officina and mint marks. RIC viii, p. 369, 272, 278, 282, 286, and 291. LRBC II, 1165, 1169, 1173, and 1177. C 142 var. [Siscia, AD 350]. VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150) This type was issued under the stop-gap emperor Vetranio who opposed Magnentius’ eastern advance before abdicating in favour of Constantius II on 25 December AD 350. The remarkable reverse legend (‘In this sign you will be the victor’), with its clear allusion to Constantine’s vision before his victory over Maxentius in AD 312, provides firm evidence of Vetranio’s loyalty to Constantius. The variety without a star on the obverse was clearly the earlier and was struck at a slightly reduced weight of c. 5.10 grams; the later variety, with a star before the emperor’s bust, shows a further weight reduction to c. 4.65 grams (see also nos. 18084, 18089, and 18258-62; and no. 18905 for the corresponding type in the name of Vetranio).

18204

Hf (A behind bust). Rev. — as previous, but with III in field to l. and with crescent or dot following the mint mark, or with two dots flanking the officina and mint marks. RIC viii, p. 371, 304-5, 309, and 311. LRBC II, 1185 and 1190. C 142. [Siscia, AD 351]. VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150) Issued after the abdication of Vetranio and struck at a slightly improved weight of c. 5.00 grams.

18205

Obv. Similar. Rev. — as previous (with III in field to l.), but with mint mark SIRM in ex. preceded by star. RIC viii, p. 386, 23. LRBC II, 1586. C 142. [Sirmium, AD 351]. VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150) This and the following type were struck at a reduced weight of c. 4.70 grams. After a 25-year hiatus, the mint of Sirmium was reactivated by Constantius in AD 351 utilizing a single officina withdrawn from Siscia.

18206

As previous, but with officina mark A (= 1) instead of star preceding the mint mark. RIC viii, p. 387, 30. LRBC II, 1590. C 142. [Sirmium, AD 351]. VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150)

18207

Hf. Rev. VICT DD NN AVG ET CAES, two Victories stg. facing each other, holding between them wreath encircling VOT / XXX in two lines, Chi-Rho monogram above, mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark T, Q, or e (= 3, 4, or 5) with star between. RIC viii, p. 272, 251-2. LRBC II, 658. C 198. [Rome, AD 352-3]. VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150) Struck at a reduced weight of c. 4.15 grams, this is an adaptation of a Magnentian type.

188

Roman Coins and Their Values

18208

Billon light maiorina (c. 4.25-4.50 grams and with a reduced silver content — possibly a half maiorina). Hg. Rev. FEL TEMP REPARATIO, soldier advancing r., looking back, leading small captive barbarian from hut beneath a tree and holding spear in l. hand, mint mark TR in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). RIC viii, p. 153, 220 and 222. LRBC II, 28 and 30. C 53. [Trier, AD 348-9]. VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

18209

As previous, but with mint mark ARL in ex. preceded by officina mark P (= 1). RIC viii, p. 210, 104 and 108. LRBC II, 400. EMA 75/1. C 53. [Arles, AD 348-9]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100)

18210 18210

As previous, but with mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark P, T, Q, e, or S (= 1, 3, 4, 5, or 6), usually with star between. RIC viii, p. 258, 137 and 139. LRBC II, 603. C 53. [Rome, AD 348-9]. VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

18211

Similar, but with N behind obv. bust and in rev. field, and very rarely with star between the mint and officina marks (officina B = 2 also recorded). RIC viii, pp. 259-60, 156-7 and 160. LRBC II, 593-4 and 600. C 53. [Rome, AD 349-50]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

18212

Gg. Rev. — as 18208, but with mint mark AQ in ex. followed by officina mark P, S, or T (= 1, 2, or 3) and dot. RIC viii, p. 323, 102 and 104. LRBC II, 885 and 887. MA 482-3. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) C 54. [Aquileia, AD 348-9].

18213

Hg. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark SIS in ex. preceded by officina mark B or D (= 2 or 4) and followed by letter-symbol and M. RIC viii, p. 365, 215-16. LRBC II, VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) 1120. C 53. [Siscia, AD 348-9].

18214

Similar, but the mint mark is followed by R and dot (officina e = 5 only recorded). RIC viii, p. 365, 221. LRBC II, —. C 53. [Siscia, AD 348-9]. VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

18215

As previous, but with mint mark TES in ex. followed by officina mark A, D, or e (= 1, 4, or 5). RIC viii, p. 412, 117. LRBC II, 1635. C 53. [Thessalonica, AD 348-9]. VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

18216

As previous, but with mint mark S M H in ex. followed by officina mark D (= 4), sometimes with star in l. field. RIC viii, p. 435, 70 and 73. LRBC II, 1885 and 1888. C VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90) 53. [Heraclea, AD 348-50].

18217

As previous, but with mint mark CONS in ex. followed by officina mark G, I, or IA (= 3, 10, or 11), sometimes followed by star and with G in l. field. RIC viii, p. 454, 85 and 91. LRBC II, 2011 and 2016. C 53. [Constantinople, AD 348-50]. VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

18218

As previous, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark B (= 2). RIC viii, p. 476, 69. LRBC II, 2290. C 53. [Nicomedia, AD 348-50]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

18219

As previous, but with mint mark S M K in ex. followed by officina mark D or S (= 4 or 6) and sometimes preceded by star or with star in l. field. RIC viii, pp. 495-6, 74, 78, VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90) and 87. LRBC II, —. C 53. [Cyzicus, AD 348-50]. These would appear to be hybrids with reverses proper to issues in the name of Constans.

CONSTANTIUS II AUGUSTUS

189

18220

FEL TEMP REPARATIO (cont.) Billon light maiorina. As previous, but with mint mark ALE in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, or G (= 1, 2, or 3), sometimes with star in l. field. RIC viii, p. 542, 58-9 and 66. LRBC II, 2818-19 and 2824. C 53. [Alexandria, AD 348-50]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

18221

Hg (N behind bust). Rev. — Constantius, nimbate and in military attire, galloping r., thrusting with spear and riding down two barbarians before him, one of whom is kneeling, mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark P, T, or e (= 1, 3, or 5), N in l. field. RIC viii, p. 259, 153-4. LRBC II, 589. Cf. C 51. [Rome, AD 349-50]. VF £26 ($45) / EF £72 ($125)

18222

Similar, but with dot between mint and officina marks (officinae P, T, and Q = 1, 3, and 4 recorded). RIC viii, p. 264, 184-5. LRBC II, 597. Cf. C 51. [Rome, AD 350-51]. VF £26 ($45) / EF £72 ($125) RIC places this issue early in the reign of Magnentius when he was still hoping to obtain recognition of his regime from Constantius. LRBC on the other hand dates it to the lifetime of Constans (see also nos. 18223 and 18226).

18223

Hg (N behind bust). Rev. — Constantius, in military attire, stg. l., holding standard/ labarum and resting on shield, two captives stg. facing each other on l., mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark P, B, T, Q, e, or S (= 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6), sometimes with dot between, N in l. field. RIC viii, p. 264, 187-90. LRBC II, 591-2 and 598-9. C 39. [Rome, AD 350]. VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85) See note following no. 18222.

18224

Hg. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark AQ in ex. followed by officina mark P, S, or T (= 1, 2, or 3) and dot. RIC viii, p. 324, 107. LRBC II, 884. MA 484. C 39. [Aquileia, AD 348-9]. VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

18225

Hg (N behind bust). Rev. — as 18223, but the captives are kneeling; mint mark as previous, but with star (or nothing) following the officina mark, N in l. field. RIC viii, p. 325, 119-20. LRBC II, 881 and 883. MA 489-90. C 39 var. [Aquileia, AD 349-50]. VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

18226

Similar, but with dot following the officina mark. RIC viii, p. 329, 149. LRBC II, —. VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90) MA 491. C 39 var. [Aquileia, AD 350-51]. See note following no. 18222.

18227

Hg. Rev. — as 18223, but with mint mark SIS in ex. preceded by officina mark A-e (= 1-5). RIC viii, p. 365, 223. LRBC II, 1115. C 39. [Siscia, AD 348-9]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

18228

Similar, but also with R following the mint mark, and with star in l. field. RIC viii, p. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) 365, 225. LRBC II, 1118. C 39. [Siscia, AD 348-9].

18229

As previous, but with mint mark S M H in ex. usually followed by officina mark A, B, G, or e (= 1, 2, 3, or 5) and sometimes with star in l. field. RIC viii, pp. 434-5, 63, 69, and 72. LRBC II, 1884 and 1887. C 41. [Heraclea, AD 348-51]. VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

18230

Similar, but with mint mark M H (officinae A and B = 1 and 2 only recorded). RIC viii, p. 435, 75. LRBC II, —. C 41. [Heraclea, AD 348-51]. VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

18231

Hg. Rev. — as 18223 or 18225, but with mint mark CONS in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, G, D, Z, H, Q, or IA (= 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 9, or 11) sometimes followed by star, or sometimes also with G in l. field. RIC viii, p. 454, 84, 87, and 89-90. LRBC II, 2010, 2013, 2015, and 2018. C 39 and 41. [Constantinople, AD 348-51]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

190

Roman Coins and Their Values

18232 18232

FEL TEMP REPARATIO (cont.) Billon light maiorina. As previous, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark A-S (= 1-6), sometimes with star in l. field. RIC viii, p. 476, 67-8 and 71. LRBC II, 2289 and 2292. C 39 and 41. [Nicomedia, AD 348-51]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

18233

Hg. Rev. — as 18225, but with mint mark S M K in ex. followed by officina mark A-S (= 1-6) and sometimes preceded by star or dot, or with star in l. field. RIC viii, pp. 4956, 70-71, 75, 80, and 83-4. LRBC II, 2474, 2478, 2476, and 2480. C 41. [Cyzicus, AD 348-51]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

18234

As previous, but with mint mark AN in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, G, D, e, Z, or H (= 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, or 8), sometimes with star in l. field. RIC viii, p. 522, 125 and 127. LRBC II, 2614 and 2616. C 41. [Antioch, AD 348-51]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

18235

As previous, but with mint mark ALE in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, G, or D (= 1, 2, 3, or 4), sometimes with star in l. field. RIC viii, p. 542, 54-5 and 62-3. LRBC II, 2814-5 and 2822. C 41. [Alexandria, AD 348-51]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

18236

Billon half maiorina (c. 2.20 grams). Hf. Rev. GLORIA ROMANORVM, Constantius, in military attire, stg. l., holding labarum and spear, mint mark SIS in ex. preceded by officina mark A-e (= 1-5). RIC viii, p. 370, 293. LRBC II, 1179. C 139. [Siscia, AD 350]. VF £23 ($40) / EF £70 ($120) This type, and no. 18240, were issued under the stop-gap emperor Vetranio who opposed Magnentius’ eastern advance before abdicating in favour of Constantius II on 25 December AD 350 (see also nos. 18084, 18089, and 18203). See nos. 18289 and 18307 for similar issues of later date, no. 18907 for the corresponding type in the name of Vetranio, and nos. 19023 and 19079 for similar issues in the names of Constantius Gallus and Julian II.

18237

Hf. Rev. VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM, Victory advancing l., holding wreath in each hand, mint mark SIS in ex. preceded by officina mark A or G (= 1 or 3). RIC viii, p. 372, 313. LRBC II, 1192. C —. [Siscia, AD 350-51]. VF £40 ($70) / EF £115 ($200)

18238

As previous, but with mint mark SIRM in ex. RIC viii, p. 386, 25. LRBC II, 1588. C —. [Sirmium, AD 351]. VF £40 ($70) / EF £115 ($200)

18239

Hf. Rev. VICTORIA CAESARIS, as previous, but Victory holds wreath and palm (officinae G, D, and e = 3, 4, and 5 recorded). RIC viii, p. 372, 315-16. LRBC II, 1194. C 249. [Siscia, AD 350-51]. VF £35 ($60) / EF £100 ($175)

18240

Hf. Rev. VIRTVS AVGVSTORVM, Constantius, in military attire, advancing r., holding spear and globe and trampling on captive seated at his feet, mint mark SIS in ex. preceded by officina mark A-e (= 1-5). RIC viii, p. 370, 295. LRBC II, 1181. C 310. [Siscia, AD 350]. VF £23 ($40) / EF £70 ($120) For the corresponding type in the name of Vetranio, see no. 18908.

18241

Bronze quarter maiorina? (c. 2.40-2.60 grams with no silver content). Hf. Rev. FEL TEMP REPARATIO, phoenix, rad., stg. r. on globe, mint mark TR in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2) usually followed by dot or star. RIC viii, p. 154, 231, 233, 235, and 237. LRBC II, 34 and 38. C 57. [Trier, AD 348-9]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

CONSTANTIUS II AUGUSTUS

191

18242

FEL TEMP REPARATIO (cont.) Bronze quarter maiorina? Similar, but the phoenix stands on pyre instead of globe, and the officina mark is followed by dot. RIC viii, p. 154, 227. LRBC II, 32. C 58. [Trier, AD 348-9]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

18243

As 18241, but with mint mark LG in ex. preceded by officina mark S (= 2) and sometimes followed by star. RIC viii, p. 183, 92-3. LRBC II, 182. Bastien 100 and 118. C 57. [Lugdunum, AD 348-9]. VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

18244

As previous, but with mint mark ARL in ex. preceded by officina mark P (= 1) and sometimes followed by palm or star. RIC viii, p. 211, 111-12 and 114. LRBC II, —. VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85) EMA 76/2, 77/3, and 78/1. C 57. [Arles, AD 348-9].

18245

As 18242, but with mint mark ARL in ex. preceded by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2) and followed by palm. RIC viii, p. 211, 110. LRBC II, —. EMA 77/1. C 58. [Arles, AD 348-9]. VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

18246

As previous, but with mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark P (= 1), star in l. field. RIC viii, p. 258, 141. LRBC II, 605. C 58. [Rome, AD 348-9]. VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

18247

Similar, but the phoenix stands on globe and sometimes without the star in l. field (officina S = 6 also recorded). RIC viii, p. 258, 142A and 144. LRBC II, —. C 57. VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90) [Rome, AD 348-9].

18248

Gf. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark AQ in ex. followed by officina mark S (= 2). RIC viii, p. 324, 110. LRBC II, —. MA 485. C 57. [Aquileia, AD 348-50]. VF £22 ($38) / EF £65 ($110)

18249

As 18242, but with mint mark SIS in ex. preceded by officina mark A-e (= 1-5) and sometimes followed by dot or by hook-shaped symbol. RIC viii, p. 366, 227, 231, and 235. LRBC II, 1123 and 1127. C 58. [Siscia, AD 348-9]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

18250

Similar, but the mint mark is followed by letter-symbol. RIC viii, p. 366, 240. LRBC II, VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) 1133. C 58. [Siscia, AD 348-9].

18251

As previous, but with mint mark SIRM in ex. RIC viii, p. 386, 26. LRBC II, —. C 58. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100) [Sirmium, AD 351]. Struck at a reduced weight of c. 2.20 grams.

18252

As 18241, but with mint mark S M H in ex. followed by officina mark B (= 2), star in r. field. RIC viii, p. 435, 79. LRBC II, —. C 57. [Heraclea, AD 348-51]. VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

18253

As previous, but with mint mark CONS in ex. followed by officina mark A, D, e, S, Z, Q, I, or IA (= 1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, or 11) usually followed by star, or (rarely) with star in r. field. RIC viii, p. 454, 93-4. LRBC II, 2019-20. C 57. [Constantinople, AD 348-51]. VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

18254

As previous, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, D, or S (= 1, 2, 4, or 6), sometimes with star in r. field. RIC viii, p. 476, 73-73B. LRBC II, 2294. VF £22 ($38) / EF £65 ($110) C 57. [Nicomedia, AD 348-51].

18255

As previous, but with mint mark S M K in ex. followed by officina mark A-S (= 1-6) and with star in r. field. RIC viii, p. 496, 89. LRBC II, 2483. C 57. [Cyzicus, AD 348-51]. VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

18256

As previous, but with mint mark AN in ex. followed officina mark A, B, G, e, Z, H, Q, or I (= 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 8, 9, or 10). RIC viii, p. 522, 129-30. LRBC II, 2618. C 57. [Antioch, AD 348-51]. VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

192

Roman Coins and Their Values

18257

FEL TEMP REPARATIO (cont.) Bronze quarter maiorina? As previous, but with mint mark ALE in ex. followed by officina mark D (= 4) and without star in field. RIC viii, p. 543, 69. LRBC II, 2827. C 57. [Alexandria, AD 348-51]. VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

18258

Hc. Rev. — Constantius stg. l. on galley steered by Victory seated in stern, holding phoenix on globe in his r. hand and labarum in l., mint mark LG in ex. preceded by officina mark S (= 2) which is sometimes preceded by star. RIC viii, p. 183, 95 and 97. LRBC II, 193. Bastien 98 and 107. C 37. [Lugdunum, AD 348-9]. VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

18259

Hf. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark ARL in ex. preceded by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2) and followed by dot. RIC viii, p. 211, 116. LRBC II, 406. EMA 79/1. C 36. VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85) [Arles, AD 348-9].

18260

As previous, but with mint mark SIS in ex. preceded by officina mark A-e (= 1-5) and sometimes followed by dot or by hook-shaped symbol. RIC viii, p. 366, 229, 233, and 237. LRBC II, 1125 and 1129. C 36. [Siscia, AD 348-9]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

18261

Similar, but the mint mark is followed by letter-symbol. RIC viii, p. 366, 243. LRBC II, VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) 1135. C 36. [Siscia, AD 348-9].

18262

Hf. Rev. — as 18258, but with mint mark TES in ex. followed by officina mark A, G, D, or e (= 1, 3, 4, or 5). RIC viii, p. 412, 119. LRBC II, 1641. C 36. [Thessalonica, AD 348-9]. VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

18263

Bronze reduced maiorina (c. 2.50 grams with no silver content). Hf. Rev. FEL TEMP REPARATIO, soldier rushing l., holding shield on l. arm and spearing fallen horseman whose mount has stumbled beneath him, shield on ground to r., mint mark TR in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2) and crescent. RIC viii, p. 167, 359. LRBC VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35) II, 76. C 47. [Trier, AD 353-6].

18264

As previous, but with mint mark LG in ex. preceded by F or G and by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). RIC viii, p. 191, 186-7, 189-90, and 193-4. LRBC II, 252-4. Bastien 234, VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35) 238, and 240-41. C 47. [Lugdunum, AD 353-6].

18265

As previous, but with mint mark CON in ex. preceded by officina mark P, S, or T (= 1, 2, or 3) and with D in l. field. RIC viii, p. 219, 215-16, 219-20, and 222. LRBC II, 455. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35) EMA 125/1-2. C 47. [Constantia/Arles, AD 353-5]. Following the death of Constantine II in 340 this mint reverted to its traditional name of Arelate, thus abandoning the title of Constantina which it had received in 328. However, in 353, following the downfall of the western usurper Magnentius, Constantius II restored the dynastic connection by naming the place Constantia.

18266

Similar, but without D in rev. field. RIC viii, p. 224, 266. LRBC II, 457. EMA 135/1. C VF £8 ($13) / EF £23 ($40) 47. [Constantia/Arles, AD 355-6].

18267

As 18263, but with mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark P, B, T, Q, e, S, or Z (= 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7), sometimes with star between or with star or palm following the officina mark. RIC viii, pp. 274-5 and 278, 272-3, 276-7, 280, 282-3, and 304-5. LRBC II, 670-3 note (p. 106), 674-5, 677-8, 680, and 682. C 47. [Rome, AD 353-6]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

18268

Similar, but with wreath (rarely palm) between the mint and officina marks. RIC viii, p. 278, 307 and 309-10. LRBC II, 687. C 47. [Rome, AD 355-6]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

18269

As 18263, but with mint mark AQ in ex. followed by officina mark P, S, or T (= 1, 2, or 3), sometimes with dot preceding the mint mark or following the officina mark or with dots flanking the mint and officina marks, sometimes with star following the officina mark, and sometimes with II in rev. field to l. RIC viii, pp. 334-5, 199, 201-2, 205, and 207-8. LRBC II, 930, 932, 934, and 943. MA 504-10. C 47. [Aquileia, AD 353-5]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

CONSTANTIUS II AUGUSTUS

193

18270

FEL TEMP REPARATIO (cont.) Bronze reduced maiorina. Similar, but with palm or dot following the officina mark, and with II and (usually) star (sometimes with dot beneath) in rev. field to l. RIC viii, pp. 335-6, 215 and 217. LRBC II, 936-7. MA 511-14. C 47. [Aquileia, AD 355-6]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

18271

As 18263, but with mint mark SIS in ex. preceded by officina mark A, B, G, or D (= 1, 2, 3, or 4) and sometimes followed by reversed Z. RIC viii, pp. 375 and 377, 350, 352-3, and 361-2. LRBC II, 1218, 1222, and 1228. C 47. [Siscia, AD 353-5]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

18272

Similar, but with D instead of reversed Z following the mint mark (officina A = 1 only recorded). RIC viii, p. 377, 364. LRBC II, 1231. C 47. [Siscia, AD 355-6]. VF £8 ($13) / EF £23 ($40)

18273

As previous, but with nothing following the mint mark and with dot between the officina and mint marks. RIC viii, p. 377, 367. LRBC II, 1225. C 47. [Siscia, AD 355-6]. VF £8 ($13) / EF £23 ($40)

18274

As 18263, but with mint mark SIRM or SIRM• in ex. preceded by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2), sometimes with EV in field. RIC viii, pp. 388-9, 48, 50, 52, and 69. LRBC II, VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30) 1603, 1605, and 1607. C 47. [Sirmium, AD 353-6].

18275

As previous, but with mint mark S M TS in ex., with officina mark A-e (= 1-5) either following the mint mark or in l. field. RIC viii, p. 419, 189 and 192. LRBC II, 1681 and 1683. C 47. [Thessalonica, AD 353-6]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

18276

As previous, but with mint mark S M H in ex. followed by officina mark A-e (= 1-5). RIC viii, p. 436, 90. LRBC II, 1900. C 47. [Heraclea, AD 353-6]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

18277

As previous, but with mint mark CONS in ex. followed by officina mark A-IA (= 1-11), sometimes with dot in l. field. RIC viii, p. 458, 118-19 and 121. LRBC II, 2039 and 2043. Cf. C 45 and 47. [Constantinople, AD 353-5]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

18278

Similar, but with X• in rev. field to l. (officinae S and Q = 6 and 9 not recorded). RIC viii, p. 458, 123. LRBC II, 2046. C 47. [Constantinople, AD 353-5]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

18279

Similar, but with e or (rarely) e• in rev. field to l. (officinae B, D, and Z = 2, 4, and 7 not recorded). RIC viii, p. 458, 126-7. LRBC II, 2045. C 47. [Constantinople, AD 353-5] VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

18280

Similar, but with C — A in rev. field (officinae A, G, e, S, H, and Q = 1, 3, 5, 6, 8, and 9 not recorded). RIC viii, p. 458, 128. LRBC II, 2048. C 47. [Constantinople, AD 353-5]. VF £8 ($13) / EF £23 ($40)

18281

Similar, but with star following the officina mark in ex. and nothing in rev. field (officina A = 1 only recorded). RIC viii, p. 458, 125. LRBC II, —. C 47. [Constantinople, AD 353-5]. VF £8 ($13) / EF £23 ($40)

18282

As previous, but with dot instead of star following the officina mark, and all 11 officinae (A-IA) recorded. RIC viii, p. 460, 135. LRBC II, 2041. C 47. [Constantinople, AD 355-6]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

18274

194

Roman Coins and Their Values

18283

FEL TEMP REPARATIO (cont.) Bronze reduced maiorina (c. 2.50 grams). As 18263, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark A-S (= 1-6), rarely with star in l. field. RIC viii, pp. 479 and 481, 96, 98, and 104. LRBC II, 2309 and 2311. C 47. [Nicomedia, AD 353-5]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

18284

Similar, but with A or (rarely) D in rev. field to l. (officina e = 5 not recorded) RIC viii, p. 482, 107 and 109. LRBC II, —. C 47. [Nicomedia, AD 355-6]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

18285

As 18263, but with mint mark S M K in ex. followed by officina mark A-S (= 1-6). RIC viii, pp. 498-9, 104-5, 108, and 110-11. LRBC II, 2496 and 2498. C 47. [Cyzicus, AD 353-5]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

18286

Similar, but with star in rev. field to l. RIC viii, p. 499, 113. LRBC II, 2500. C 47. [Cyzicus, AD 355-6]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

18287

As 18263, but with mint mark AN in ex. followed by officina mark A-eI (= 1-15). RIC viii, pp. 524 and 528, 153, 155, 187A, and 188. LRBC II, 2632-3 and 2634. Cf. C 45 and 47. [Antioch, AD 353-6]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

18288

As previous, but with mint mark ALE in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, G, or D (= 1, 2, 3, or 4). RIC viii, pp. 544-5, 80 and 82. LRBC II, 2844 and 2846. C 47. [Alexandria, AD 353-6]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

18289

Hf. Rev. GLORIA ROMANORVM, Constantius, in military attire, stg. l., holding labarum and spear, mint mark SIS in ex. preceded by officina mark A-D (= 1-4). RIC viii, p. 375, 355. LRBC II, 1220. C 139. [Siscia, AD 353-6]. VF £23 ($40) / EF £70 ($120) This reverse type had been introduced by Vetranio in AD 350 (see no. 18907). See also nos. 18236 and 18307, and nos. 19023 and 19079 for the corresponding issues in the names of Constantius Gallus and Julian II.

18290

Bronze reduced maiorina (c. 2.25 grams). Hf (M behind bust). Rev. FEL TEMP REPARATIO, soldier spearing fallen horseman, as 18263, but with mint mark LG in ex. preceded by G and by officina mark P (= 1). RIC viii, p. 191, 197. LRBC II, 259. Bastien 244. C 47. [Lugdunum, AD 356-8]. VF £9 ($15) / EF £26 ($45) The numeral ‘M’ first appeared on this denomination about AD 356 and is associated with a weight reduction of c. 0.25 grams. Its meaning is unclear though it could indicate that these coins were tariffed at 1,000 to the gold solidus. The importance of this change is clearly emphasized by the remarkable type having the mark of value as the principal element of its reverse design (see no. 18306).

18291

Hf. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark CON in ex. preceded by officina mark P, S, or T (= 1, 2, or 3) and with M in l. field. RIC viii, p. 224, 269 and 272. LRBC II, 458. EMA 136/1. C 47. [Constantia/Arles, AD 356-8]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

18292

As previous, but with mint and value marks R • M • in ex. followed by officina mark P, B, T, Q, e, S, or Z (= 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7). RIC viii, p. 278, 314. LRBC II, 684. C 47. [Rome, AD 356-8]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

18293

Similar, but without dots following the mint and value marks, and with star following the officina mark (officinae S and Z = 6 and 7 not recorded). RIC viii, p. 278, 316. LRBC II, 686. C 47. [Rome, AD 356-8]. VF £8 ($13) / EF £23 ($40)

18294

As 18290, but with mint mark AQ in ex. followed by officina mark P, S, or T (= 1, 2, or 3), sometimes with dot preceding the mint mark, sometimes with dots or dot and palm flanking the mint and officina marks, sometimes with palm following the officina mark, and sometimes with dot or star in rev. field. RIC viii, p. 336, 221-2, 224, 226, and 228. LRBC II, 945, 950, and 523. MA 515-20. C 47. [Aquileia, AD 356-8]. VF £9 ($15) / EF £26 ($45)

CONSTANTIUS II AUGUSTUS

195

18295

FEL TEMP REPARATIO (cont.) Bronze reduced maiorina (c. 2.25 grams). Similar, but also with M (sometimes accompanied by star) in rev. field to l., and sometimes with star and palm flanking the mint and officina marks. RIC viii, p. 336, 230-32. LRBC II, 938, 944, and 948. MA 520 and 522. C 47. [Aquileia, AD 356-8]. VF £9 ($15) / EF £26 ($45)

18296

Hf. Rev. — as 18290, but with mint mark SIS in ex. preceded by officina mark A, B, G, or D (= 1, 2, 3, or 4) and sometimes followed by D, L, Z (reversed), or wreath, M in l. field sometimes accompanied by dot. RIC viii, pp. 377-8, 369, 372, 375, 377, 379, and 381. LRBC II, 1234, 1236, 1238, and 1240. C 47. [Siscia, AD 356-8]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

18297

Similar, but officina D not recorded and with L instead of M in rev. field (nothing following the mint mark). RIC viii, p. 378, 383-4. LRBC II, 1242. C 47. [Siscia, AD 356-8]. VF £8 ($13) / EF £23 ($40)

18298

Hf. Rev. — as 18290, but with mint mark SIRM in ex. preceded by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2), sometimes flanked by dots or by dot and star, or with dot or star following the mint mark, M in l. field. RIC viii, p. 390, 71, 73, 75, 77, and 79. LRBC II, 1609-10 VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35) and 1612-13. C 47. [Sirmium, AD 356-8].

18299

As previous, but with mint mark S M TS in ex. followed by officina mark A-e (= 1-5), M in l. field. RIC viii, p. 421, 208 and 211. LRBC II, 1684 and 1687. Cf. C 45 and 47. [Thessalonica, AD 356-8]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

18300

As previous, but with mint mark S M H in ex. followed by officina mark A-e (= 1-5) and sometimes also by dot, M in l. field. RIC viii, p. 437, 93 and 96. LRBC II, 1902. C 47. [Heraclea, AD 356-8]. VF £8 ($13) / EF £23 ($40)

18301

As previous, but with mint mark CONS in ex. followed by officina mark A-IA (= 1-11) and sometimes also by dot, star, or palm, rarely with two dots in r. field, M between two dots in l. RIC viii, p. 460, 137, 139, 142, 144, 146, and 148. LRBC II, 2049. Cf. C 45 VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35) and 47. [Constantinople, AD 356-8].

18302

As previous, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark A-S (= 1-6), M in l. field. RIC viii, p. 482, 110. LRBC II, 2313. C 47. [Nicomedia, AD 356-8]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

18303

As previous, but with mint mark S M K in ex. followed by officina mark A-S (= 1-6), M between two dots in l. field (the r. dot on soldier’s spear). RIC viii, p. 499, 115. LRBC VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35) II, 2502. C 47. [Cyzicus, AD 356-8].

18304

As previous, but with mint mark AN in ex. followed by officina mark A-DI (= 1-14), M in l. field. RIC viii, p. 528, 190-91. LRBC II, 2637. Cf. C 45 and 47. [Antioch, AD 356-8]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

18305

As previous, but with mint mark ALE in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, G, or D (= 1, 2, 3, or 4). RIC viii, p. 545, 84. LRBC II, 2848. C 47. [Alexandria, AD 356-8]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

18306

Hf. Rev. — large M between two dots, a third dot at centre, mint mark R below followed by officina mark P (= 1). RIC viii, p. 278, 313. LRBC II, —. C —. [Rome, AD 356]. F £200 ($350) / VF £430 ($750)

18307

Hf. Rev. GLORIA ROMANORVM, Constantius, in military attire, stg. l., holding labarum and spear, mint mark SIS in ex. preceded by officina mark A, B, G, or D (= 1, 2, 3, or 4), dot between. Cf. RIC viii, p. 378, 386. LRBC II, 1226. C 139. [Siscia, AD 356-8]. VF £23 ($40) / EF £70 ($120) This reverse type had been introduced by Vetranio in AD 350 (see no. 18907). See also no. 18289.

196

Roman Coins and Their Values

18308

Bronze reduced maiorina (c. 1.90 grams). Hf. Rev. SPES REI PVBLICE, Constantius, helmeted and in military attire, stg. l., holding globe and resting on spear, mint mark S M TR in ex. followed by officina mark P (= 1). Cf. RIC viii, p. 168, 361 (‘confirmation required’). LRBC II, 77. C 188. [Trier, AD 358-61]. VF £10 ($18) / EF £30 ($50) The introduction of this reverse type marked the final reduction in the weight standard of the bronze coinage of Constantius II.

18309

As previous, but with mint mark LG in ex. preceded by M or R and by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). Cf. RIC viii, pp. 192 and 194, 201 and 222. LRBC II, 262 and 265. Bastien 249 and 251-2. C 188. [Lugdunum, AD 358-61]. VF £8 ($13) / EF £23 ($40)

18310

As previous, but with mint mark CON in ex. preceded by officina mark P, S, or T (= 1, 2, or 3), sometimes with VAL monogram in l. field. Cf. RIC viii, pp. 224-5, 275 and 277. LRBC II, 460-61. EMA 137/1 and 138/1. C 188. [Constantia/Arles, AD 358-60]. VF £8 ($13) / EF £23 ($40)

18311

Similar, but with star, crescent, or star within crescent in rev. field to l. Cf. RIC viii, p. 227, 298, 300, and 302. LRBC II, 463-4. EMA 142/1, 143/1, and 144/1. C 188. VF £8 ($13) / EF £23 ($40) [Constantia/Arles, AD 360-61].

18312

As 18308, but with mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark P, B, T, Q, e, S, or Z (= 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7), usually with wreath or star between. Cf. RIC viii, p. 279, 318, 320, and 322. LRBC II, 689 and 691. C 188. [Rome, AD 358-61]. VF £8 ($13) / EF £23 ($40)

18313

As previous, but with mint mark AQ in ex. followed by officina mark P, S, or T (= 1, 2, or 3), sometimes with dot preceding the mint mark or following the officina mark, sometimes the mint and officina marks flanked by dots or palms. RIC viii, pp. 336-7, 233, 235. 237, 239, and 241. LRBC II, 951, 953, and 955. MA 524-8. C 188. [Aquileia, AD 358-61]. VF £8 ($13) / EF £23 ($40)

18314

As previous, but with mint mark SIS in ex. preceded by officina mark A, B, G, or D (= 1, 2, 3, or 4), sometimes with dot preceding the officina mark or following the mint mark, sometimes with star following the mint mark or in r. field, sometimes with R or V or Z (reversed) following the mint mark, and sometimes with dots in l. and r. field or in r. field only. RIC viii, pp. 378-9, 390, 392-3, 395-6, 398, 400, 403, and 405-8. LRBC II, 1245-6, 1248, 1250, and 1252-4. C 188. [Siscia, AD 358-61]. VF £8 ($13) / EF £23 ($40)

18315

As previous, but with mint mark SIRM in ex. preceded by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2), sometimes with dot following the mint mark or in r. field, sometimes with S in l. field, sometimes flanked by dots or with horizontal dividing line. RIC viii, p. 390, 80, 82, 86, 88, and 90. LRBC II, 1615, and 1617-18. C 188. [Sirmium, AD 358-61]. VF £8 ($13) / EF £23 ($40)

18316

As previous, but with mint mark S M TS in ex. followed by officina mark A-D (= 1-4), sometimes with star in l. field. RIC viii, p. 422, 213 and 215. LRBC II, 1689 and 1691. VF £8 ($13) / EF £23 ($40) C 188. [Thessalonica, AD 358-61].

18317

As previous, but with mint mark S M H in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, G, or e (= 1, 2, 3, or 5). RIC viii, p. 437, 98. LRBC II, 1905. C 188. [Heraclea, AD 358-61]. VF £8 ($13) / EF £23 ($40)

18318

As previous, but with mint mark CONS in ex. followed by officina mark B-H, I, or IA (= 2-8, 10, or 11) sometimes followed by branch, or rarely with C or star in l. field. RIC viii, p. 461, 149, 151, 153, and 155. LRBC II, 2053. C 188. [Constantinople, AD 358-61]. VF £9 ($15) / EF £26 ($45)

CONSTANS

197

18319

SPES REI PVBLICE (cont.) Bronze reduced maiorina. As previous, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark A-D (= 1-4) or S (= 6). RIC viii, p. 482, 112. LRBC II, 2315. C 188. [Nicomedia, AD 358-61]. VF £8 ($13) / EF £23 ($40)

18320

As previous, but with mint mark S M K in ex. followed by officina mark A-S (= 1-6), sometimes with G or L in l. field. RIC viii, p. 499, 117, 119, and 121. LRBC II, 2504 and cf. 2506. C 188. [Cyzicus, AD 358-61]. VF £8 ($13) / EF £23 ($40)

18321

As previous, but with mint mark AN in ex. followed by officina mark A-H (= 1-8). RIC viii, p. 528, 193. LRBC II, 2638. C 188. [Antioch, AD 358-61]. VF £9 ($15) / EF £26 ($45)

18322

As previous, but with mint mark ALE in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, G, or D (= 1, 2, 3, or 4). RIC viii, p. 545, 87. LRBC II, 2850. C 188. [Alexandria, AD 358-61]. VF £8 ($13) / EF £23 ($40)

CONSTANS 9 Sep. AD 337-18 Jan. 350 18425 Flavius Julius Constans was the youngest of the four sons of Constantine the Great and was born to Fausta either in AD 320 or 323. Like his elder brother Constantius II, he was the grandson of both Maximian and Constantius I. His promotion to the rank of Caesar took place on Christmas Day 333 and less than four years later the death of his father and the murders of his cousins Delmatius and Hanniballianus left Constans master of a large territory which included the Balkans, Italy, and North Africa. The jealousy of his eldest brother Constantine II, who had been assigned the more peripheral western provinces of Britain, Spain, and Gaul, led to a deadly confrontation when the senior emperor invaded northern Italy in the spring of 340. However, the aggression had been anticipated by Constans who had placed an army in ambush along the invasion route near Aquileia. Constantine and his army were trapped and destroyed at the river Alsa and Constans inherited all his brother’s portion of the Empire. On the death of their father in 337, Constans had been the only one of the three surviving brothers to be baptised. His espousal of Christianity was extreme, almost to the point of fanaticism, and as time went by he began to reveal an unpleasant and hypocritical side to his character which manifested itself in an exaggerated intolerance of Jews, pagans, and violators of morality. Inevitably, this alienated him from many of his subjects. But his biggest mistake was his behaviour towards the army whose generals, as well as the common soldiers, were frequently treated with contempt. Constans’ meanness and avarice were likewise notorious and a culture of corruption and greed existed both in his own household and amongst his provincial appointees. Furthermore, the Christian writers of the time were outraged by his homosexual practices. Nonetheless, the western emperor did achieve some military successes in the early years of his reign, notably against the Sarmatians and the Franks, and in 343 he became the last legitimate emperor to visit Britain, remarkably crossing the Channel in mid-winter. His presence in the island province at this time was on the occasion of the 300th anniversary of the Claudian invasion and conquest, though this may have been purely coincidental. We can only speculate on what he achieved during his stay, but he was probably active along the northern frontier (Hadrian’s Wall) and was perhaps involved in the strengthening of city defences in the light of increasing barbarian incursions. The decade of joint rule of the two sons of Constantine I and Fausta came to an abrupt end early in AD 350. The unlikely setting for the coup-d'état was a birthday party at Augustodunum (Autun) given in honour of his son by Marcellinus, the comes sacrarum largitionum (“Count of the Sacred Largesses”), one of Constans’ principal officials. Marcellinus’ choice to replace Constans was the

198

Roman Coins and Their Values

distinguished soldier Flavius Magnus Magnentius, commander of the palatine units of the Ioviani and the Herculiani. During the course of the party, Magnentius suddenly appeared amongst the guests (many of whom were military officers) dressed in imperial attire. Because of the deeply-routed unpopularity of Constans, the usurper was immediately proclaimed emperor by the gathering and the uprising quickly spread throughout the city. Constans panicked and fled towards the Pyrenees, only to be overtaken and killed by troops led by the Master of the Cavalry, Gaiso, who was rewarded the following year by his appointment to the consulship. Constantius II, the only surviving son of Constantine I, was now technically master of the entire Empire, though most of the western provinces were in the hands of a powerful usurper. The legacy of Constans’ downfall was to be three and a half years of bitter civil war before Constantius, together with his Caesar Gallus, could exert authority over both East and West. His tenure of imperial power having been so much shorter than that of Constantius II (17 years as opposed to 37) it should hardly occasion surprise that the coinage of Constans is far less diverse than that of his elder brother. As Caesar under his father, his billon coins are restricted to the diminutive reduced centenionales introduced in AD 330. After his accession in 337, the coinage of Constans followed a similar pattern to those of his two brothers down to 340. The principal difference in the case of Constans was that he refused to issue coins commemorating the deification of his father (DIVVS CONSTANTINVS PATER AVGVSTORVM), this being unacceptable to his religious principles. The downfall of Constantine II gave Constans more territory and the control of additional mints. Over the following decade, until Constans’ downfall in 350, the coins of the two remaining imperial brothers proceeded in a harmonious manner, with each emperor producing coins in the name of the other at the mints under his control. The reform of the billon and bronze coinage in AD 348 was enacted Empire-wide, though there was an emphasis on the production of heavy maiorinae at Constans’ mints, whereas in the East Constantius issued mainly light maiorinae. The following are the principal forms of obverse legend, other varieties being given in full: As Caesar

A. CONSTANS NOB CAES B. FL CONSTANS NOB C C. FL CONSTANS NOB CAES D. FL CONSTANTIS BEA C E. FL CONSTANTIS BEA CAES F. FL IVL CONSTANS NOB C G. FL IVL CONSTANS NOB CAES

As Augustus

H. CONSTANS AVG I. CONSTANS AVGVSTVS J. CONSTANS P F AVG K. D N CONSTANS P F AVG L. D N FL CONSTANS AVG M. D N FL CONSTANS P F AVG N. FL IVL CONSTANS AVG O. FL IVL CONSTANS PERP AVG P. FL IVL CONSTANS P F AVG Q. IMP CONSTANS AVG

The following varieties of obverse type are represented by lower case letters, others being given in full:

a. Laur. hd. r. b. Laur. and cuir. bust r. c. Laur. and cuir. bust l. d. Laur., dr. and cuir. bust r. e. Laur., dr. and cuir. bust l. f. Diad. hd. r. g. Diad., dr. and cuir. bust r. (diadem sometimes entwined with laurel-wreath). h. Diad., dr. and cuir. bust l., holding globe. i. Diad., dr. and cuir. bust r., holding globe.

CONSTANS CAESAR

199

Issues as Caesar under Constantine I, 25 Dec. AD 333-22 May 337 (followed by an interregnum lasting until 9 Sept. during which he continued to hold the rank of Caesar) 18323

Gold aureus (c. 5.4 grams). Cd. Rev. No legend, Constans stg. in facing quadriga, hd. l., scattering coins from raised r. hand and holding eagle-tipped sceptre in l., mint mark CONS in ex. RIC vii, p. 585, 106. C —. Depeyrot, p. 118, 7/4. [Constantinople, AD 336]. VF £4,550 ($8,000) / EF £11,500 ($20,000)

18324

Gold solidus (c. 4.5 grams). Cd. Rev. CONSTANS NOB CAESAR, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark CONS in ex. Cf. RIC vii, p. 584, 97. Cf. C 6. Depeyrot, p. 117, 5/7. [Constantinople, AD 335]. VF £480 ($850) / EF £1,425 ($2,500)

18325

Fd. Rev. PRINCIPI IVVENTVTIS, Constans, in military attire, stg. l., holding standard and sceptre or spear, two additional standards to r., mint mark TR in ex. RIC vii, p. 221, 575-6. C 93. Depeyrot, p. 63, 37/5. [Trier, AD 335-6]. VF £375 ($650) / EF £1,150 ($2,000)

18326

Ed. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark SIS in ex. RIC vii, p. 454, 228. C 92. VF £480 ($850) / EF £1,425 ($2,500) Depeyrot, p. 102, 22/4. [Siscia, AD 334].

18327

Cg. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark TSe in ex. RIC vii, p. 528, 212. C 91. Depeyrot, p. 115, 16/6. [Thessalonica, AD 335]. VF £375 ($650) / EF £1,150 ($2,000)

18328

Cg. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark CONS in ex. RIC vii (Addenda), p. 719, 112A. C 91. Depeyrot, p. 118, 7/9. [Constantinople, AD 336]. VF £375 ($650) / EF £1,150 ($2,000) The variety IVVENTVTVS (sic) has also been recorded.

18329

C or D, d. Rev. — Constans, in military attire, stg. r., holding transverse spear and globe, mint mark SIS in ex. RIC vii, p. 457, 245-6. C —. Depeyrot, p. 103, 23/4-5. [Siscia, AD 335]. VF £430 ($750) / EF £1,300 ($2,250)

18330

Ce. Rev. VICTORIA CAESAR, Victory advancing l., holding trophy and palm, mint mark R in ex. RIC vii, —. C —. Depeyrot, p. 90, 22/2. [Rome, AD 335-6]. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,700 ($3,000)

18331

Fd. Rev. VICTORIA CAESAR NN, as previous, but with mint mark S M AN in ex. followed by dot, and with star in l. field and mark of value LXXII in r. RIC vii, p. 696, 104. C 143. Depeyrot, p. 148, 50/3. [Antioch, AD 336-7]. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,700 ($3,000) The numeral LXXII (= 72) in reverse field indicates the weight of the solidus as 1/72nd of a pound of gold.

18332

Cd. Rev. VICTORIA NOB CAESS, as previous, but with mint mark P R in ex. RIC vii, —. C —. Depeyrot, p. 90, 23/4. [Rome, AD 335-6]. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,700 ($3,000)

18328

200

Roman Coins and Their Values

18333

Gold 1.5-scripulum or 9-siliqua (c. 1.68 grams). Ce. Rev. PRINCIPI IVVENTVTIS, Constans, in military attire, stg. r., holding transverse spear and globe, mint mark S M N in ex. RIC vii, p. 632, 184. Cf. C 94 (misdescribed). Depeyrot, p. 131, 46/2. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,700 ($3,000) [Nicomedia, AD 335].

18334

Bd. Rev. VIRTVS CAESARVM NN, Constans, in military attire, stg. r. between two seated captives, resting on sceptre or spear and holding parazonium in l., his l. foot set on the captive to r., mint mark CONS in ex. RIC vii, p. 586, 121. C —. Depeyrot, p. 119, VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,700 ($3,000) 7/22. [Constantinople, AD 336-7].

18335

Silver miliarensis or 11/3 siliquae (c. 4.5 grams, weights variable, usually low). Gd. Rev. CONSTANS CAESAR, four standards, mint mark S M TR in ex. RIC vii, p. 222, VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,700 ($3,000) 585. RSC 5. [Trier, AD 336-7].

18336

Silver siliqua (c. 3.37 grams). No legend, f (looking upwards). Rev. — Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark S M AN in ex. RIC vii, p. 696, 107. VF £200 ($350) / EF £575 ($1,000) RSC 4. [Antioch, AD 336-7].

18337

Similar, but with mint mark C in ex. followed by dot and by officina mark D or IA (= 4 or 11). RIC vii, p. 588, 136. RSC 4†. [Constantinople, AD 337]. VF £175 ($300) / EF £520 ($900)

18338

Cd. Rev. VICTORIA CAESARVM, as 18336, but with mint mark SIS in ex. RIC vii, VF £155 ($275) / EF £460 ($800) p. 455, 233. RSC 143a. [Siscia, AD 334].

18339

As previous, but with obv. legend D. RIC vii, p. 455, 234. RSC 143b. [Siscia, AD 334]. VF £175 ($300) / EF £520 ($900)

18340

Billon reduced centenionalis. Gd. Rev. GLORIA EXERCITVS, two soldiers stg. facing each other, each resting on spear and shield, two standards between them, mint mark TR in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2), wreath or palm between the standards. RIC vii, p. 218, 552 and 560. LRBC I, 75 and 84. C 77. [Trier, AD 333-4]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)



NB In the last year of the reign of Constantine I (AD 336-7) there was a final reduction in the weight of the centenionalis from about 2.50 to 1.70 grams; this was clearly indicated on the GLORIA EXERCITVS coinage by a modification in the reverse design which saw the number of standards reduced from two to one.

18341

Fd. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark LG in ex. preceded by star and officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2), nothing between the standards. RIC vii, p. 139, 265. Bastien 252 and 258. LRBC I, 211. C 75. [Lugdunum, AD 334-5]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

18342

Fd. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark CONST in ex. preceded by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2), wreath containing dot between the standards. RIC vii, p. 274, 378. LRBC I, 381. EMA, p. 66, 47/4. C 75 var. [Constantina/Arles, AD 333-4]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

18343

Similar, but with Christogram between the standards (officina S = 2 only recorded). RIC vii, p. 275, 384. LRBC I, 387. EMA, p. 67, 48/4. C 75 var. [Constantina/Arles, AD 334]. VF £19 ($33) / EF £60 ($100)

18344

Similar, but with uncertain symbol resembling pine-tree between the standards (both officinae recorded). RIC vii, p. 276, 390. LRBC I, 394. EMA, p. 67, 49/4. Cf. C 76. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30) [Constantina/Arles, AD 335-6].

18339

CONSTANS CAESAR

201

18345

GLORIA EXERCITVS (cont.) Billon reduced centenionalis. Fe. Rev. — as 18340, but with mint mark AQ in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2), nothing between the standards. RIC vii, p. 407, 121. LRBC I, 653. MA 358. C —. [Aquileia, AD 334-5]. VF £8 ($13) / EF £23 ($40)

18346

Similar, but also with cross between the standards. RIC vii, p. 407, 127. LRBC I, 659. MA 359. C —. [Aquileia, AD 334-5]. VF £23 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

18347

Similar, but with F between the standards. RIC vii, p. 409, 134. LRBC I, 665. MA 360. VF £8 ($13) / EF £23 ($40) C —. [Aquileia, AD 335-6].

18348

Cd. Rev. — as 18340, but with mint and officina marks R P or R T (= 1 or 3) in ex. with wreath between, nothing between the standards. RIC vii, p. 339, 353. LRBC I, 545. C VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35) 71. [Rome, AD 333-5].

18349

Similar, but with star instead of wreath between the mint and officina marks. RIC vii, p. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35) 341, 367. LRBC I, 553. C 71. [Rome, AD 335-6].

18350

Dd. Rev. — as 18340, but with mint and officina marks A SIS, G SIS, or D SIS (= 1, 3, or 4) in ex. flanked by dots, nothing between the standards. RIC vii, p. 456, 238. LRBC VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35) I, 752. C 73 var. [Siscia, AD 334-5].

18351

Ad. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark S M TS in ex. followed by officina mark D (= 4). RIC vii, p. 526, 201. LRBC I, 843. C 69 var. [Thessalonica, AD 335-6]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

18352

CONSTANS IVN NOB C, d. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark S M H in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, or G (= 1, 2, or 3) and star. RIC vii, p. 560, 139. LRBC VF £19 ($33) / EF £60 ($100) I, 927. Cf. C 70. [Heraclea, AD 333-6].

18353

C (sometimes with I between FL and CONSTANS), e. Rev. — as previous, but with officina mark e (= 5). RIC vii, p. 560, 140-41. Cf. LRBC I, 928-9. C 72 and 74. [Heraclea, AD 333-6]. VF £9 ($15) / EF £26 ($45)

18354

Ce. Rev. — as 18340, but with mint mark CONS in ex. followed by officina mark Q or IA (= 9 or 11) and dot, sometimes also with dot preceding the mint mark, nothing between the standards. RIC vii, p. 582, 76 and 83. LRBC I, 1015 and 1020. C 72. VF £8 ($13) / EF £23 ($40) [Constantinople, AD 333-5].

18355

C or FL IVL CONSTANTIS NOB C, e. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark A, D, e, or S (= 1, 4, 5, or 6). RIC vii, p. 634, 192-3. LRBC I, 1122-3. C 72. [Nicomedia, AD 333-5]. VF £9 ($15) / EF £26 ($45)

18356

F, b, d, or g. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark S M K in ex. followed by officina mark A-S (= 1-6), sometimes with dot preceding the mint mark. RIC vii, pp. 655 and 657, 87-9 and 102-4. LRBC I, 1230 and 1245-6. C 75. [Cyzicus, AD 333-5]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

18357

F, d or g. Rev. — as previous, but with star preceding the mint mark (officina e not recorded). RIC vii, p. 658, 114-15. LRBC I, 1256. C 75. [Cyzicus, AD 335-6]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

18350

18358

Fb. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark S M AN in ex. followed by officina mark

e or H (= 5 or 8). RIC vii, p. 693, 89. LRBC I, 1361. C 75 var. [Antioch, AD 333-5].

VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

202

Roman Coins and Their Values

18359

Billon reduced centenionalis. As previous, but with mint mark S M AL in ex. followed by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2). RIC vii, p. 711, 61. LRBC I, 1433. C 75 var. [Alexandria, AD 333-5]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

18360

Gd. Rev. GLORIA EXERCITVS, two soldiers stg. facing each other, each resting on spear and shield, one standard between them, mint and officina marks TR P or S (= 1 or 2) in ex. flanked by dots. RIC vii, p. 223, 593. LRBC I, 95. C 52. [Trier, AD 336-7]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35) LRBC 90 also lists a variant of this type lacking the dots flanking the mint and officina marks, but RIC vii (p. 160, note 1, and 586 note) doubts its existence.

18361

Fd. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark LG in ex. preceded by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2) to l. of which is crescent or star. RIC vii, p. 141, 278. Bastien 265 and 270, 274 and 278. LRBC I, 227. C 50 var. [Lugdunum, AD 336]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

18362

Similar, but the officina mark is preceded by palm. RIC vii, —. Bastien 284 and 289. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35) LRBC I, 236. C 50 var. [Lugdunum, AD 337].

18363

Fd. Rev. – as 18360, but with mint mark CONST preceded by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2), and with Chi-Rho monogram on standard (= labarum). RIC vii, p. 276, 397. LRBC I, 401. EMA, p. 68, 50/4. Cf. C 64. [Constantina/Arles, AD 336]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

18364

Similar, but with X on standard (officina S = 2 only recorded). RIC vii, p. 277, 405. LRBC I, —. EM19A, p. 69, 51/4. C 50 var. [Constantina/Arles, AD 336-7]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

18365

As previous, but with O on standard and both officinae recorded. RIC vii, p. 278, 414. LRBC I, 413. EMA, p. 71, 53/3. C 50 var. [Constantina/Arles, AD 337]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

18366

Fe. Rev. — as 18360, but with mint mark AQ followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2) and sometimes preceded by dot. RIC vii, p. 410, 141 and 146. LRBC I, 672 and 677. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35) MA 361-2. C —. [Aquileia, AD 336-7].

18367

Cd. Rev. – as previous, but with mint and officina marks R P (= 1) in ex. with wreath between. RIC vii, p. 344, 384. LRBC I, 561. Cf. C 46. [Rome, AD 336]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

18368

Similar, but the mint and officina marks are also flanked by palms. RIC vii, p. 344, 389. VF £8 ($13) / EF £23 ($40) LRBC I, —. Cf. C 46. [Rome, AD 336].

18369

Similar to 18367, but with star instead of wreath between the mint and officina marks (officinae T and Q = 3 and 4 also recorded). RIC vii, p. 344, 394. LRBC I, 569. Cf. C VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35) 46. [Rome, AD 336-7].

18370

Dd. Rev. — as 18360, but with mint mark SIS in ex. preceded by officina mark A, B, D, or e (= 1, 2, 4, or 5). RIC vii, p. 458, 255. LRBC I, 757. C 48. [Siscia, AD 336]. VF £8 ($13) / EF £23 ($40)

18371

Similar, but sometimes with obv. legend FL CONSTANTIS NOB C, and with star following the mint mark on rev. (officina e = 5 not recorded). RIC vii, p. 460, 264-5. LRBC I, 762-3. C 48. [Siscia, AD 337]. VF £8 ($13) / EF £23 ($40)

18372

A or C, d. Rev. — as 18360, but with mint mark S M TS in ex. followed by officina mark D (= 4). RIC vii, p. 529, 225-6. LRBC I, 848-9. Cf. C 46 and 63. [Thessalonica, VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35) AD 336-7].

18373

G (but I for IVL), e. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark S M H in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, D, or e (= 1, 2, 4, or 5). RIC vii, p. 561, 154. LRBC I, 938. C 49. [Heraclea, AD 336-7]. VF £8 ($13) / EF £23 ($40)

CONSTANS AUGUSTUS

203

18374

GLORIA EXERCITVS (cont.) Billon reduced centenionalis. Ce. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark CONS in ex. followed by officina mark D, I, or IA (= 4, 10, or 11) and sometimes also with dot at end of legend. RIC vii, pp. 589-90, 140 and 152. LRBC I, 1030-31. Cf. C 47. [Constantinople, AD 336-7]. VF £8 ($13) / EF £23 ($40)

18375

As previous, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, D, e, or S (= 1, 2, 4, 5, or 6). RIC vii, p. 635, 202. LRBC I, 1128. Cf. C 47. [Nicomedia, AD 336-7]. VF £8 ($13) / EF £23 ($40)

18376

F, d or g. Rev. — as 18360, but with mint mark S M K in ex. followed by officina mark A-S (= 1-6) and sometimes with dot between the R and I of GLORIA. RIC vii, pp. 65960, 129-30 and 142-3. LRBC I, 1267-8. C 50. [Cyzicus, AD 336-7]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

18377

Fb. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark S M AN in ex. followed by officina mark Z, H, or Q (= 7, 8, or 9). RIC vii, p. 697, 111. LRBC I, 1366. C 50 var. [Antioch, AD 336-7]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £18 ($30)

18378

As previous, but with mint mark S M AL in ex. followed by officina mark A-D (= 1-4). RIC vii, p. 712, 68. LRBC I, 1438. C 50 var. [Alexandria, AD 336-7]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

18379

Cd. Rev. SECVRITAS REI PVB, Securitas stg. facing, hd. r., legs crossed, resting on column and holding sceptre, mint and officina marks R T or Q or e (= 3, 4, or 5) in ex. with leaf between. RIC vii, p. 346, 404. LRBC I, 579. Cf. C 103. [Rome, AD 337]. VF £19 ($33) / EF £60 ($100)

Issues as Augustus, AD 337-350 18380

Gold aureus (c. 5.4 grams). FL IVL CONSTANS PIVS FELIX AVG, g. Rev. GAVDIVM POPVLI ROMANI around wreath containing SIC / V / SIC / X, mint mark TSe in ex. RIC viii, p. 402, 7. C 32. Depeyrot, p. 295, 1. [Thessalonica, AD 337-40]. VF £1,700 ($3,000) / EF £4,300 ($7,500)

18381

Ig (wreath border). Rev. VICTORIAE DD NN AVGG, Victory stg. r., l. foot on globe, inscribing VOT / X / MVLT / XX on shield set on short column, mint mark TR in ex. (wreath border). RIC viii, p. 147, 127. C —. Depeyrot, p. 291, 5. [Trier, AD 346-8]. VF £1,700 ($3,000) / EF £4,300 ($7,500)

18382

Pg. Rev. — two Victories stg. facing each other, holding between them wreath encircling VOT / X / MVLT / XX, mint mark S M AQ in ex. RIC viii, p. 318, 37. MA 371. C 167. Depeyrot, p. 294, 4-5. [Aquileia, AD 342-3]. VF £1,700 ($3,000) / EF £4,300 ($7,500)

18383

Ig (wreath border). Rev. — as previous, but with wreath border. RIC viii, —. MA —. C —. Depeyrot, p. 294, 4-5. [Aquileia, AD 346-8]. VF £1,700 ($3,000) / EF £4,300 ($7,500)

18384

Gold solidus (c. 4.5 grams). Pg. Rev. FELICITAS PERPETVA, Constantine II, nimbate, enthroned facing on podium inscribed VOT V, his r. hand raised, flanked by seated figures of Constantius II and Constans, their hds. turned towards their elder brother and each holding mappa, mint mark SIS in ex. followed by star. RIC viii, p. 350, 18A. C 27. Depeyrot, p. 200, 4/1. [Siscia, AD 337]. VF £1,575 ($2,750) / EF £4,550 ($8,000)

18385

Og. Rev. FELICITAS REI PVBLICE around wreath containing VOT / XV / MVLT / XX, mint mark CONS in ex. RIC viii, p. 451, 56. C —. Depeyrot, p. 231, 2/2. [Constantinople, AD 346-7]. VF £775 ($1,350) / EF £2,300 ($4,000)

204

Roman Coins and Their Values

18386

Gold solidus. Pg. Rev. GAVDIVM POPVLI ROMANI around wreath containing SIC / V / SIC / X, mint mark SIS followed by star in ex. RIC viii, p. 350, 22. C 36 var. Depeyrot, p. 200, 4/5. [Siscia, AD 337-40]. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,700 ($3,000)

18387

As previous, but with mint mark TSe in ex. RIC viii, p. 402, 8-9. C 36. Depeyrot, p. 213, 2/1. [Thessalonica, AD 337-40]. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,700 ($3,000)

18388

Similar, but the wreath contains VOT / V / MVLT / X. RIC viii, p. 402, 10. C 41. Depeyrot, p. 214, 2/2. [Thessalonica, AD 337-40]. VF £480 ($850) / EF £1,425 ($2,500)

18389

As previous, but with mint mark M HR in ex. RIC viii, p. 429, 1. C 41 var. Depeyrot, p. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,700 ($3,000) 229, 1/1. [Heraclea, AD 337-40].

18390

J, diad., dr. and cuir. bust l. Rev. GLORIA EXERCITVS, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, captive at feet to l., mint mark S M AQ in ex. RIC viii, —. MA 366. C —. Depeyrot, p. 180, 1/3. [Aquileia, AD 337-40]. VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,600 ($4,500)

18391

Og. Rev. GLORIA REI PVBLICAE, enthroned figures of Roma (on l., facing) and Constantinopolis (on r., turned to l.), holding between them shield inscribed VOT / XX / MVLT / XXX in four lines, each holding sceptre in l. hand, Constantinopolis with r. foot on prow, mint and officina marks S M N S (= 6) in ex. RIC viii, p. 473, 34. C 79. Depeyrot, p. 264, 3/5. [Nicomedia, AD 346-7]. VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £2,000 ($3,500) The vota numerals refer to Constantius II, under whom the coins were struck.

18392

Pg. Rev. OB VICTORIAM TRIVMFALEM, two Victories stg. facing each other, holding between them wreath encircling VOT / X / MVLT / XV, mint mark TR in ex. RIC viii, p. 146, 124. C 88. Depeyrot, p. 108, 4/4. [Trier, AD 342-3]. VF £290 ($500) / EF £850 ($1,500)

18393

Similar, but with mint mark S M AQ in ex. RIC viii, p. 318, 38-9. MA 372-3. C 88. Depeyrot, p. 181, 3/1. [Aquileia, AD 342-3]. VF £290 ($500) / EF £850 ($1,500)

18394

Pg. Rev. OB VICTORIAM TRIVMPHALEM, as previous, but with MVL for MVLT and with mint mark SIS in ex. followed by star and sometimes preceded by dot. RIC viii, p. 357, 113, 114A, and 115. Cf. C 90. Depeyrot, pp. 201-2, 9/1 and 10/1. [Siscia, VF £290 ($500) / EF £850 ($1,500) AD 342-3].

18395

Similar, but the wreath on rev. is inscribed VOT / X / MVL / XX. RIC viii, p. 357, 116. Cf. C 89. Depeyrot, —. [Siscia, AD 342-3]. VF £290 ($500) / EF £850 ($1,500)

18396

Nd. Rev. SECVRITAS REI PVBLICAE, Securitas stg. facing, hd. r., r. hand on hd., l. elbow on column, mint mark TR in ex. RIC viii, p. 140, 3. C 104. Depeyrot, p. 106, 1/3. [Trier, AD 337-40]. VF £350 ($600) / EF £1,000 ($1,750)

18397

Jg. Rev. SPES REI PVBLICAE, Constans, in military attire, stg. l., holding labarum and spear, crowned by Victory stg. l. behind him, also holding palm, mint mark SIS in ex. sometimes flanked by dots. RIC viii, p. 349, 10-11. C 109. Depeyrot, p. 199, 1/5 and 3/5. [Siscia, AD 337-40]. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,700 ($3,000)

18392

 

18394

CONSTANS AUGUSTUS

205

18398

Gold solidus. Similar, but with obv. legend CONSTANS MAX AVG. RIC viii, p. 349, 9. C 108. Depeyrot, p. 199, 1/4. [Siscia, AD 337]. VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £2,000 ($3,500)

18399

Nd. Rev. VICTOR OMNIVM GENTIVM, Constans, in military attire, stg. l., holding standard and resting on shield, two suppliants kneeling before him on l., seated captive on r., mint mark TR in ex. RIC viii, p. 140, 6 and 11. C 121. Depeyrot, p. 107, 3/4. VF £520 ($900) / EF £1,575 ($2,750) [Trier, AD 337-40].

18400

Similar, but with obv. J, diad., dr. and cuir. bust l., the diadem entwined with laurelwreath. RIC viii, p. 140, 9-10. C 120. Depeyrot, p. 107, 4/2. [Trier, AD 337-40]. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,700 ($3,000)

18401

Hd. Rev. VICTORIA AVG, Victory advancing l., holding long staff surmounted by trophy in r. hand and palm-branch in l., star in l. field, mark of value LXXII in r., mint mark S M AN in ex., sometimes followed by dot, sometimes by officina mark D, e, or Q (= 4, 5, or 9). RIC viii, p. 512, 5 and 8. C —. Depeyrot, pp. 271-2, 1/3 and 2/3. [Antioch, AD 337-40]. VF £350 ($600) / EF £1,000 ($1,750) The numeral LXXII (= 72) in reverse field indicates the weight of the solidus as 1/72nd of a pound of gold.

18402

Hd. Rev. VICTORIA AVGVSTI, Victory seated r. on cuirass and shield, inscribing VOT / XXX on shield set on l. knee and supported by Genius stg. l. before her, mint and officina marks S M AN D (= 4) in ex. with dot following the officina mark. RIC viii, p. 512, 12. C —. Depeyrot, p. 272, 4/3. [Antioch, AD 337-40]. VF £375 ($650) / EF £1,150 ($2,000) On this type and the next, the vota (suscepta) xxx relates solely to the senior emperor, Constantine II.

18403

Hg. Rev. VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM, as previous (officinae B, G, D, e, H, Q, and I = 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 9, and 10 recorded). RIC viii, p. 513, 19. C 142. Depeyrot, p. 273, 4/10. [Antioch, AD 337-40]. VF £350 ($600) / EF £1,000 ($1,750)

18404

Og. Rev. — Victory seated r., as 18402, but the shield is inscribed VOT / V / MVLT / X and without dot following the officina mark (officinae S-I = 6-10 recorded). RIC viii, p. 513, 29. C 140. Depeyrot, p. 274, 5/7. [Antioch, AD 337-42]. VF £290 ($500) / EF £850 ($1,500)

18405

Similar, but the shield is inscribed VOT / XV / MVLT / XX, and officinae S, Z, and H (= 6, 7, and 8) recorded. RIC viii, p. 513, 26. C —. Depeyrot, p. 274, 5/4. [Antioch, AD 337-42]. VF £350 ($600) / EF £1,000 ($1,750) On this type and the next, the vota numerals would appear to refer to Constantius II, under whom the coins were struck. A curious variant has the legend VOT / VX / MVLT / XV on the shield (RIC 28).

18401

 

18403

18404

206

Roman Coins and Their Values

18406

Gold solidus. Og. Rev. — Victory advancing l., trampling on captive and holding wreath containing XXV in r. hand and trophy and palm-branch in l., mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark B, C, or S (= 2, 4, or 6). RIC viii, p. 473, 27-8. C 139. Depeyrot, p. 264, 3/2. [Nicomedia, AD 346-7]. VF £480 ($850) / EF £1,425 ($2,500)

18407

Kg. Rev. — VICTORIA CONSTANTIS AVG, Victory seated r., as 18402, but the shield is inscribed VOT / V and with mint and officina marks S M N T (= 3) in ex. RIC viii, p. 471, 2. C —. Depeyrot, p. 263, 1/2 and note. [Nicomedia, AD 337-40]. VF £430 ($750) / EF £1,300 ($2,250)

18408

 

18410

18408

Pg. Rev. — Victory seated r., as 18404 (VOT / V / MVLT / X on shield), but with mint mark SIS in ex. followed by star. RIC viii, p. 351, 34-5. C 147. Depeyrot, p. 200, 5/4. VF £375 ($650) / EF £1,150 ($2,000) [Siscia, AD 337-40].

18409

Pg. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark M HR in ex. RIC viii, p. 430, 5. C 147 var. Depeyrot, p. 229, 1/3. [Heraclea, AD 337-40]. VF £375 ($650) / EF £1,150 ($2,000)

18410

K, a or f. Rev. — Victory seated r., as 18402, but the shield is inscribed VOT / X and with mint mark CONS in ex. RIC viii, p. 447, 7-8. C 146. Cf. Depeyrot, p. 230, 1/6-7 (rev. misdescribed). [Constantinople, AD 337-40]. VF £375 ($650) / EF £1,150 ($2,000)

18411

Pg. Rev. — Victory advancing r., holding shield inscribed VOT / V / MVLT / X and trampling on captive at her feet, mint mark as previous. RIC viii, p. 352, 37-8. C 145 var. Cf. Depeyrot, p. 200, 5/6 (rev. misdescribed). [Siscia, AD 337-40]. VF £375 ($650) / EF £1,150 ($2,000)

18412

Pg. Rev. – as previous, but with mint mark M HR in ex. RIC viii, p. 430, 3. C 145. Cf. Depeyrot, p. 229, 1 note. [Heraclea, AD 337-40]. VF £480 ($850) / EF £1,425 ($2,500) The existence of this type requires confirmation.

18413

Pg. Rev. VICTORIA D N CONSTANTIS AVG, Victory seated r., as 18408. RIC viii, p. 351, 36. C —. Depeyrot, p. 200, 5/5. [Siscia, AD 337-40]. VF £430 ($750) / EF £1,300 ($2,250)

18414

Pg. Rev. VICTORIA DD NN AVGG, Victory advancing l., holding long staff surmounted by trophy and palm, mint mark S M AQ in ex. RIC viii, p. 318, 40. MA 374. C 153 var. Depeyrot, p. 181, 3/2. [Aquileia, AD 342-3]. VF £430 ($750) / EF £1,300 ($2,250)

18415

As previous, but with mint mark SIS in ex. RIC viii, p. 352, 39. C 153 var. Depeyrot, p. VF £430 ($750) / EF £1,300 ($2,250) 201, 7/1. [Siscia, AD 337-40].

18416

J or P, g. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark TSe in ex. RIC viii, p. 402, 4-5 and 13. C 153 var. Depeyrot, pp. 213-14, 1/3 and 2/3. [Thessalonica, AD 337-40]. VF £290 ($500) / EF £850 ($1,500)

CONSTANS AUGUSTUS

18417

207

18419

18417

Gold solidus. Pg. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark TES. RIC viii, p. 404, 28-9. C 153. Depeyrot, p. 214, 4/3. [Thessalonica, AD 340-42]. VF £270 ($475) / EF £800 ($1,400)

18418

Pg. Rev. VICTORIA DDD NNN AVG, Victory advancing r., holding shield inscribed VOT / V / MVLT / X and trampling on captive at her feet, mint mark M HR in ex. RIC viii, p. 430, 2. Cf. C 159 (rev. misdescribed). Depeyrot, p. 229, 1/2. [Heraclea, AD 33740]. VF £480 ($850) / EF £1,425 ($2,500)

18419

Pg. Rev. VICTORIAE D N AVG, two Victories stg. facing each other, holding between them wreath encircling VOT / V / MVLT / X, mint mark S M AQ in ex., sometimes with star in field. RIC viii, p. 315, 6-7. MA 367-8. C —. Cf. Depeyrot, p. 180, 1/4 and 2/1 (rev. misdescribed). [Aquileia, AD 337-40]. VF £350 ($600) / EF £1,000 ($1,750)

18420

As previous, but with wreath encircling VOTIS / V / MVLTIS / X on rev., and mint mark TES in ex. RIC viii, p. 404, 31. C —. Depeyrot, p. 214, 4/5. [Thessalonica, AD 337-40]. VF £350 ($600) / EF £1,000 ($1,750)

18421

Pg. Rev. VICTORIAE DD NN AVGG, two Victories stg. facing each other, holding between them wreath encircling VOT / V / MVL / X, mint mark SIS in ex. preceded by O surmounted by dot and followed by dot. RIC viii, p. 357, 112. C —. Depeyrot, p. VF £375 ($650) / EF £1,150 ($2,000) 201, 8/4. [Siscia, AD 337-40].

18422

As previous, but with wreath encircling VOT / X / MVL / XX on rev., and sometimes the mint mark is flanked by stars. RIC viii, p. 358, 120 and 124-5. Cf. C 173. Depeyrot, pp. 201-2, 8/3 and 11/2. [Siscia, AD 342-6]. VF £320 ($550) / EF £925 ($1,600)

18423

Ig (wreath border). Rev. — as previous, but with wreath encircling VOT / X / MVLT / XX, and with mint mark TR in ex. (wreath border). RIC viii, p. 147, 129. C 171 var. Depeyrot, p. 108, 5/2. [Trier, AD 346-8]. VF £350 ($600) / EF £1,000 ($1,750)

18424

Similar, but without wreath borders and sometimes with dot in rev. field. RIC viii, p. 148, 135-6 and 138. C 171. Depeyrot, p. 108, 6/3-4. [Trier, AD 348-50]. VF £270 ($475) / EF £800 ($1,400)

18425

As 18423 (wreath borders), but with mint mark S M AQ in ex. RIC viii, p. 319, 45. MA 377. Cf. C 171. Depeyrot, p. 181, 4/2. [Aquileia, AD 346-8]. VF £290 ($500) / EF £850 ($1,500)

18426

Similar, but with mint mark SIS in ex. preceded by O surmounted by dot and followed by dot. RIC viii, p. 359, 132. C —. Depeyrot, p. 202, 12/2. [Siscia, AD 346-8]. VF £290 ($500) / EF £850 ($1,500)

18424

 

18425

208

Roman Coins and Their Values

18427

VICTORIAE DD NN AVGG / VOT / X / MVLT / XX (cont.) Gold solidus. As previous, but the mint mark is flanked by palms or by stars, or preceded by palm and followed by star. RIC viii, p. 359, 134, 136, and 138-9. Cf. C 171. Depeyrot, p. 203, 13/2, 14/3, and 15/3. [Siscia, AD 346-8]. VF £350 ($600) / EF £1,000 ($1,750)

18428

As 18423 (wreath borders), but with mint mark TES in ex. RIC viii, p. 409, 72-4. Cf. C 171. Depeyrot, p. 215, 6/3-4. [Thessalonica, AD 346-8]. VF £290 ($500) / EF £850 ($1,500)

18429

As 18424 (regular borders), but with wreath encircling VOT / XV / MVLT / XX on rev., and with mint mark S M AQ in ex. RIC viii, p. 319, 46. MA 378. C —. Depeyrot, p. 181, 5/1. [Aquileia, AD 346-7]. VF £430 ($750) / EF £1,300 ($2,250)

18430

Pg. Rev. VICTORIAE DDD NNN AVGGG, two Victories stg. facing each other, holding between them wreath encircling VOT / V / MVLT / X, mint mark TSe in ex. RIC viii, p. 403, 14. C —. Depeyrot, p. 214, 2/6. [Thessalonica, AD 337-40]. VF £480 ($850) / EF £1,425 ($2,500)

18431

 

18432

18431

Pg. Rev. VIRTVS EXERCITVM, Constans, in military attire, stg. l. between two seated captives, holding long staff surmounted by trophy and resting on shield, mint mark TES in ex. RIC viii, p. 404, 33-5. C 191. Depeyrot, p. 214, 4/7. [Thessalonica, AD 337-40]. VF £290 ($500) / EF £850 ($1,500)

18432

Nd. Rev. VIRTVS EXERCITVS GALL, Mars, in military attire, advancing r. between two seated captives, holding transverse spear in r. hand and trophy over shoulder with l., mint mark TR in ex. RIC viii, p. 140, 14. C 194. Depeyrot, p. 107, 2/3. [Trier, AD 337-40]. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,700 ($3,000) NB A few gold multiples were issued during this reign: 1.5 solidi were struck at Aquileia, revs. VIRTVS CONSTANTIS AVG, emperor with captive (RIC 3) and VICTORIAE DD NN AVGG, two Victories supporting wreath (RIC 43), at Siscia, revs. GLORIA REI PVBLICAE, Constantius II and Constans enthroned in consular robes (RIC 106) and VICTORIAE DD NN AVGG, two Victories supporting wreath (RIC 110), and at Thessalonica, rev. VIRTVS EXERCITVM, emperor between two captives (RIC 23-4); double solidi were struck at Trier, rev. GLORIA EXERCITVS, emperor with trophy and shield (RIC 120), at Aquileia, revs. GAVDIVM POPVLI ROMANI, emperor crowned by Victory (RIC 1-1A) and VICTORIAE DD NN AVGG, two Victories supporting wreath (RIC 36), at Siscia, rev. VICTORIAE DD NN AVGG, two Victories supporting wreath (RIC 107-8), at Thessalonica, rev. FELICITAS PERPETVA VOT V, Constantine II, Constantius II, and Constans enthroned (RIC 18), and at Antioch, rev. GLORIA ROMANORVM, Roma seated (RIC 74); triple solidi were struck at Thessalonica, rev. VICTORIAE DD NN AVGG, two Victories supporting wreath (RIC 62); 4.5 solidi were struck at Thessalonica, revs. SALVS ET SPES REI PVBLICAE, Constantine II stg. between his two brothers (RIC 21) and FELICIA DECENNALIA, two genii supporting wreath (RIC 60), and at Antioch, rev. GLORIA ROMANORVM, Constantinopolis enthroned (RIC 71); and 9 solidi were struck at Aquileia, rev. VICTORIA AVGVSTI NOSTRI, emperor dragging captive with kneeling female before (RIC 35).

18433

Gold semissis or half solidus (c. 2.25 grams). Pg. Rev. GAVDIVM POPVLI ROMANI, around wreath containing SIC / V / SIC / X, mint mark P ARL in ex. RIC viii, p. 207, 61. C 37. Depeyrot, p. 132, 1/3. EMA 62/2. [Arles, AD 340]. VF £480 ($850) / EF £1,425 ($2,500)

CONSTANS AUGUSTUS

209

18434

Gold semissis. Pg. Rev. VICTORIA CONSTANTIS AVG, Victory seated r. on cuirass and shield, inscribing VOT / XV on shield set on l. knee and supported by Genius stg. l. before her, mint mark S M AQ in ex. RIC viii, p. 318, 41. MA 375. C 148. Depeyrot, p. 181, 3/3. [Aquileia, AD 346-7]. VF £350 ($600) / EF £1,000 ($1,750)

18435

Jg. Rev. VICTORIA DD NN AVGG, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark TR in ex. RIC viii, p. 148, 140. C 150. Depeyrot, p. 109, 6/7. [Trier, AD 3467]. VF £290 ($500) / EF £850 ($1,500)

18436

Jg (wreath border). Rev. VICTORIAE DD NN AVGG, two Victories stg. facing each other, holding between them wreath encircling VOT / X / MVLT / XX, mint mark SIS in ex. flanked by palm and star (wreath border). RIC viii, p. 359, 142-3. C 172, 175. VF £350 ($600) / EF £1,000 ($1,750) Depeyrot, p. 203, 14/5. [Siscia, AD 347-8].

18437

I or J, g. Rev. — Victory seated r., as 18434, but the shield is inscribed VOT / X / MVLT / XX and with mint mark TES in ex. RIC viii, p. 409, 65-6. C 166. Depeyrot, p. 215, 5/4-5. [Thessalonica, AD 342-6]. VF £290 ($500) / EF £850 ($1,500)

18438

Gold 1.5-scripulum or 9-siliqua (c. 1.68 grams). Pg. Rev. GAVDIVM POPVLI ROMANI around wreath containing SIC / V / SIC / X, mint mark TSe in ex. RIC viii, p. 403, 16-17. C 37 var. Depeyrot, p. 214, 2/7. [Thessalonica, AD 337-40]. VF £400 ($700) / EF £1,150 ($2,000)

18439

N, d or g. Rev. SECVRITAS REI PVBLICAE, Securitas stg. facing, hd. r., r. hand on hd., l. elbow on column, mint mark TR in ex. RIC viii, p. 141, 19. C 105. Depeyrot, p. VF £400 ($700) / EF £1,150 ($2,000) 107, 1/7-8. [Trier, AD 337-9].

18440

Jg. Rev. VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark P ARL in ex. RIC viii, p. 207, 63. C —. Depeyrot, p. 132, 1/5. EMA 62/5. [Arles, AD 340]. VF £290 ($500) / EF £850 ($1,500)

18441

As previous, but with mint mark SIS followed by star in ex. RIC viii, p. 358, 127. C —. Depeyrot, p. 201, 9/4. [Siscia, AD 345-7]. VF £290 ($500) / EF £850 ($1,500)

18442

Similar, but the mint mark is flanked by palm and star, and the obverse and reverse types are enclosed by wreath border. RIC viii, p. 359, 144. Cf. C 134 (inaccurate and incomplete description). Depeyrot, p. 203, 14/6. [Siscia, AD 347-8]. VF £350 ($600) / EF £1,000 ($1,750)

18443

Jg. Rev. VICTORIA DD NN AVGG, as 18440, but with mint mark TR in ex. RIC viii, p. 148, 141-3. C 150. Depeyrot, p. 109, 6/9-11. [Trier, AD 345-7]. VF £270 ($475) / EF £800 ($1,400)

18444

As previous, but with mint mark TSe in ex. RIC viii, p. 402, 6. C 150 var. Depeyrot, p. 213, 1/4. [Thessalonica, AD 337-40]. VF £290 ($500) / EF £850 ($1,500)

18445

Similar, but with mint mark TES. RIC viii, p. 404, 37. C 150 var. Depeyrot, p. 215, 4/10. VF £290 ($500) / EF £850 ($1,500) [Thessalonica, AD 337-40].

18446

Silver multiple of 4 siliquae or 3 light miliarenses (c. 13.5 grams). Pg. Rev. FELICITAS PERPETVA, Constantine II, nimbate, enthroned facing, on raised base inscribed VOT V, his r. hand raised, between seated facing figures of Constantius II and Constans, their hds. turned inwards towards their elder brother and each holding mappa, mint mark SIS in ex. followed by dot within crescent. RIC viii, p. 352, 41. RSC 28a. [Siscia, AD 338]. VF £5,700 ($10,000) / EF £17,250 ($30,000)

18447

Pg. Rev. GAVDIVM POPVLI ROMANI around wreath containing SIC / V / SIC / X in four lines, mint mark SIS in ex. either followed by dot within crescent or flanked by dots. RIC viii, p. 352, 45-6. RSC 34a-b. [Siscia, AD 337-40]. VF £3,450 ($6,000) / EF £10,250 ($18,000)

210

Roman Coins and Their Values

18448

Silver multiple of 4 siliquae. FL IVL CONSTANS PIVS FELIX AVG, g. Rev. GAVDIVM POPVLI ROMANI, as previous, but with mint mark TES in ex. RIC viii, p. 406, 45. RSC 33. [Thessalonica, AD 337-40]. VF £3,450 ($6,000) / EF £10,250 ($18,000)

18449

As previous, but the wreath contains SIC / XX / SIC / XXX in four lines. RIC viii, p. 409, 77. RSC 40A. [Thessalonica, AD 342-3]. VF £3,750 ($6,500) / EF £11,500 ($20,000) The vota numerals refer to the senior emperor, Constantius II.

18450

Pg. Rev. — as previous, but the wreath contains VOT / V / MVLT / X in four lines, and with mint mark AQ in ex. RIC viii, p. 320, 47. MA 379. RSC 41. [Aquileia, AD 337-40]. VF £3,750 ($6,500) / EF £11,500 ($20,000)

18451

Pg. Rev. TRIVMFATOR GENTIVM BARBARARVM, Constans, in military attire, stg. l., holding standard with Chi-Rho monogram (labarum) in r. hand and spear (or sceptre) in l., mint mark AQ preceded by star in ex. RIC viii, —. Cf. MA 380. RSC 112b. [Aquileia, AD 342]. VF £3,750 ($6,500) / EF £11,500 ($20,000) RIC 49 records an unconfirmed variant with obv. legend FL IVL CONSTANS PIVS FELIX AVG.

18452

As previous, but with mint mark SIS flanked by dots in ex. RIC viii, p. 360, 148. RSC VF £3,450 ($6,000) / EF £10,250 ($18,000) 112a. [Siscia, AD 342].

18453

Obv. As 18448. Rev. — as previous, but the standard is not ornamented with Chi-Rho monogram, Constantius holds nothing in l. hand, and with mint mark TR in ex. RIC viii, p. 149, 145 and 148-149A. RSC 113a-d. [Trier, AD 342]. VF £3,450 ($6,000) / EF £10,250 ($18,000) On the reverse of some specimens the emperor is shown standing to right with his head turned to left.

18454

Similar, but Constantius rests l. hand on shield and with mint mark TES in ex. RIC viii, p. 410, 80-81. RSC 114a-b. [Thessalonica, AD 342]. VF £3,750 ($6,500) / EF £11,500 ($20,000)

18451

18452

CONSTANS AUGUSTUS

211

18455

Silver heavy miliarensis (c. 5.4 grams). Pg. Rev. CONSTANS AVG, four standards, mint mark SIS in ex. flanked by dots. RIC viii, p. 353, 50. RSC 2Ab. [Siscia, AD 337-40]. VF £775 ($1,350) / EF £2,300 ($4,000) This new denomination equates in weight to the gold aureus, just as the light miliarensis is the weight equivalent of the gold solidus (see no. 18463).

18456

Pg. Rev. GAVDIVM POPVLI ROMANI around wreath containing SIC / V / SIC / X in four lines, mint mark SIS in ex. followed by dot within crescent. RIC viii, p. 353, 49. RSC 35a. [Siscia, AD 337-40]. VF £720 ($1,250) / EF £2,150 ($3,750)

18457

As previous, but the wreath contains SIC / X / SIC / XX flanked by palms, and the mint mark is sometimes preceded by dot and/or followed by wreath instead of followed by dot within crescent. RIC viii, p. 360, 149, 151, and 153. RSC 40a-c. [Siscia, AD 342-6]. VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £2,000 ($3,500)

18458

Jg. Rev. GLORIA EXERCITVS, four standards, mint mark TSe in ex. RIC viii, p. 405, 38. RSC 45A. [Thessalonica, AD 337-40]. VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,600 ($4,500)

18459

Pg. Rev. TRIVMFATOR GENTIVM BARBARARVM, Constans, in military attire, stg. l., holding standard in r. hand and resting on shield with l., mint mark TES in ex. RIC viii, p. 410, 85-6. RSC 115a-b. [Thessalonica, AD 342]. VF £720 ($1,250) / EF £2,150 ($3,750)

18460

Pg. Rev. VICTORIAE DD NN AVGG, Victory seated r. on cuirass, inscribing VOT / X / MVLT / XV on shield set on l. knee, mint mark AQ in ex. preceded by star. RIC viii, p. 320, 50. MA 381 and 390 (misdescribed). RSC 163. [Aquileia, AD 342]. VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £2,000 ($3,500)

18461

As previous, but Victory inscribes VOT / X / MVLT / XX on the shield. RIC viii, p. 320, 51. MA 382. RSC 163Aa. [Aquileia, AD 346]. VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £2,000 ($3,500) A variety (RIC 52) lacking the star before the mint mark requires confirmation.

18462

Kg. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark AQ in ex. RIC viii, p. 320, 57A. MA 389. RSC 164b. [Aquileia, AD 346]. VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £2,000 ($3,500)

18463

Similar, but the mint mark is preceded by numeral LX. RIC viii, p. 320, 57. MA 388. RSC 164a. [Aquileia, AD 346]. VF £775 ($1,350) / EF £2,300 ($4,000) The numeral 60 (LX) in the mint mark refers to the weight standard of this denomination, i.e. 1/60th of a pound (see also no. 18761).

18464

Pg. Rev. VIRTVS DD NN AVGG, Constans, in military attire, stg. l., holding standard with Chi-Rho monogram (labarum) in r. hand, l. hand at side, mint mark TR in ex. RIC viii, p. 150, 172-4. RSC 189a-c. [Trier, AD 346-8]. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,700 ($3,000)

18465

As previous, but Constans rests l. hand on shield, and with mint mark LG in ex. preceded by officina mark P (= 1). RIC viii, p. 179, 33. Bastien 87. RSC 189d. [Lugdunum, AD 348]. VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £2,000 ($3,500)

18465

212

18466

Roman Coins and Their Values

18466 Silver heavy miliarensis. Pg. Rev. VIRTVS EXERCITVS, soldier stg. facing, hd. r., resting on spear and shield, mint mark TES in ex. RIC viii, p. 406, 48. RSC 193. VF £625 ($1,100) / EF £1,850 ($3,250) [Thessalonica, AD 339-40].

18467

Of. Rev. — three standards, mint mark S M K in ex. followed by officina mark B (= 2). RIC viii, p. 492, 39A. RSC 193A. [Cyzicus, AD 348-50]. VF £775 ($1,350) / EF £2,300 ($4,000)

18468

Silver light miliarensis (c. 4.5 grams). Nd. Rev. CONSTANS AVG, four standards, mint mark S M TR in ex. RIC viii, p. 141, 24. RSC 2Aa. [Trier, AD 337-40]. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,700 ($3,000)

18469

Pg. Rev. CONSTANS P F AVG, three standards, mint mark TES in ex. RIC viii, p. 406, VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,700 ($3,000) 51. RSC 3. [Thessalonica, AD 339-40].

18470

Pg. Rev. FELICITAS PERPETVA, three emperors enthroned facing, similar to 18446, but with mint mark TES in ex. RIC viii, p. 406, 52. RSC 28b. [Thessalonica, AD 338]. VF £2,000 ($3,500) / EF £4,300 ($7,500)

18471

18472

  18471 18472A Pg. Rev. GAVDIVM POPVLI ROMANI around wreath containing SIC / V / SIC / X in four lines, mint mark SIS in ex. followed by dot within crescent. RIC viii, p. 353, VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,700 ($3,000) 51-2. RSC 35b-c. [Siscia, AD 337-40]. As previous, but with mint mark TSe in ex. RIC viii, p. 405, 42. RSC 35d. [Thessalonica,

AD 337-40]. VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £2,000 ($3,500)

18472A

As previous, but with VOT / V / MVLT / X within the wreath on rev. RIC viii, —. RSC —. [Thessalonica, AD 340-42]. VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £2,000 ($3,500)

18473

As 18471, but the wreath contains SIC / X / SIC / XX flanked by palms, and the mint mark is followed by wreath. RIC viii, p. 361, 154. RSC 40d. [Siscia, AD 342-6]. VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £2,000 ($3,500)

18474

Pg. Rev. GAVDIVM ROMANORVM, vexillum, inscribed VOT / V / MVLT / X, with two captives seated back to back at base, mint mark TR in ex. RIC viii, p. 149, 160. RSC VF £625 ($1,100) / EF £1,850 ($3,250) 45c. [Trier, AD 342].

18475

As previous, but the vexillum is inscribed VOT / X / MVLT / XV. RIC viii, p. 149, 152. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,700 ($3,000) RSC 44. [Trier, AD 342-3].

CONSTANS AUGUSTUS

18476

213

  18476 18477 Silver heavy miliarensis. Similar, but the vexillum is inscribed VOT / X / MVLT / XX. RIC VF £520 ($900) / EF £1,575 ($2,750) viii, p. 149, 158-9. RSC 45a-b. [Trier, AD 343].

18477

Pg. Rev. TRIVMFATOR GENTIVM BARBARARVM, Constans, in military attire, stg. l., holding standard in r. hand and resting on shield with l., mint mark TES in ex. RIC viii, p. 410, 90-92. RSC 115c-e. [Thessalonica, AD 342]. VF £625 ($1,100) / EF £1,850 ($3,250)

18478

Pg. Rev. VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark SIS in ex. followed by wreath or dot within crescent, sometimes with palm in l. field. RIC viii, p. 361, 157-8, 159A, and 161. RSC 135a-d. [Siscia, AD 342-6]. VF £520 ($900) / EF £1,575 ($2,750)

18479

Kg. Rev. VICTORIAE DD NN AVGG, Victory seated r. on cuirass, inscribing VOT / X / MVLT / XX on shield set on l. knee, mint mark AQ in ex. sometimes followed by officina mark S (= 2). RIC viii, p. 321, 62-3. MA 391-2. RSC 164d-e. [Aquileia, AD 346]. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,700 ($3,000)

18480

Kg. Rev. VIRTVS EXERCITVM, four standards, the two central ones inscribed A and w, Chi-Rho monogram above and between them, mint mark R in ex. RIC viii, p. 252, 71. RSC 192. [Rome, AD 348-50]. VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,600 ($4,500)

18481

Silver siliqua (c. 3.37 grams). No legend, f (looking upwards). Rev. CONSTANS AVG, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark S M H in ex. RIC viii, VF £200 ($350) / EF £520 ($900) p. 431, 12. RSC 2B. [Heraclea, AD 337-40].

18478

18482

 

18483

18482

J or P, g. Rev. — three palm-branches stg. upright on exergual line, star above the central one, mint mark SIS in ex. sometimes flanked by dots, sometimes followed by dot within crescent, and sometimes preceded by dot and followed by dot within crescent. RIC viii, VF £175 ($320) / EF £460 ($800) p. 354, 65-9. RSC 1a-f. [Siscia, AD 337-40].

18483

Obv. As 18481. Rev. CONS / TANS / AVG in three lines within wreath, mint mark ANT below. RIC viii, —. RSC 2b. [Antioch, AD 337-40]. VF £290 ($500) / EF £720 ($1,250)

214

Roman Coins and Their Values

18484

Silver siliqua. As previous, but the legend is divided CONSTANS / AVG in two lines, and with mint mark ALE in ex. RIC viii, p. 539, 3. RSC 2a. [Alexandria, AD 337-40]. VF £290 ($500) / EF £720 ($1,250)

18485

Obv. As 18481, but hd. sometimes laur. Rev. CONSTANS AVGVSTVS, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark C in ex. followed by officina mark I or IA (= 10 or 11) with dot between. RIC viii, p. 448, 19-20. RSC 2Ca-b. [Constantinople, AD 337-40]. VF £160 ($280) / EF £400 ($700)

18486

Pg. Rev. FEL TEMP REPARATIO, Victory stg. r., l. foot on globe, inscribing VOT / XX on shield supported by kneeling figure, mint mark R in ex. RIC viii, p. 252, 61-3. VF £140 ($250) / EF £375 ($650) RSC 8a-b. [Rome, AD 348]. This reverse legend is clearly to be associated with the celebration of Rome’s eleven hundredth anniversary on 21st April AD 348.

18487

K or P, g. Rev. FELICITAS PERPETVA, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and trophy, mint mark AQ in ex. sometimes preceded by star or followed by dot. RIC viii, p. 321, 65, 68, and 71. MA 393-5. Cf. RSC 24a-25 (rev. of 25 misdescribed). [Aquileia, AD 348-50]. VF £115 ($200) / EF £290 ($500)

18488

Pg. Rev. FL IVL CONSTANS P F AVGG, Victory advancing l., hd. r., holding wreath and palm and dragging captive behind her by the hair, mint mark R in ex. RIC viii, p. VF £175 ($300) / EF £430 ($750) 252, 70. RSC 30. [Rome, AD 347]. The curious rev. legend is the result of a die-engraver’s error: it should read VICTORIA DD NN AVGG (see no. 18501).

18489

Pg. Rev. GAVDIVM POPVLI ROMANI around wreath containing SIC / V / SIC / X in four lines, mint mark SIS in ex. followed by dot within crescent. RIC viii, p. 354, VF £225 ($400) / EF £575 ($1,000) 72-3. RSC 38a and c. [Siscia, AD 338-40].

18490

As previous, but with mint mark TSe on rev. RIC viii, p. 405, 43. RSC 38b. VF £225 ($400) / EF £575 ($1,000) [Thessalonica, AD 338-40].

18491

As previous, but the wreath contains SIC / X / SIC / XX and with mint mark TR in ex. RIC viii, p. 150, 169. RSC 40e. [Trier, AD 342-3]. VF £225 ($400) / EF £575 ($1,000)

18492

Na. Rev. PAX AVGVSTORVM, Constans, in military attire, stg. l., holding standard with Chi-Rho monogram (labarum), l. hand at side, mint mark TR in ex. followed by officina mark P (= 1). RIC viii, p. 142, 32. RSC 90A. [Trier, AD 337-40]. VF £175 ($300) / EF £430 ($750)

18493

Na. Rev. PRINCIPI IVVENTVTIS, Constans, in military attire, stg. r., holding spear and globe, his l. foot set on seated captive, mint mark TR in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). RIC viii, p. 142, 35. RSC 96. [Trier, AD 337-40]. VF £175 ($300) / EF £430 ($750)

18494

Jg. Rev. VICTORIA AVGG NN, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark ARL in ex. preceded by officina mark P (= 1). RIC viii, p. 208, 67-8. RSC 129a-b. VF £100 ($175) / EF £250 ($450) EMA 63/4. [Arles, AD 347-8]. Depeyrot dates this issue to AD 340.

18495

Pg. Rev. VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM, as previous, but with mint mark SIS in ex. followed by dot within crescent. RIC viii, p. 361, 163. RSC 136. [Siscia, AD 340]. VF £100 ($175) / EF £250 ($450)

18493

 

18495

CONSTANS AUGUSTUS

18496

 

215

18497

18496

Silver siliqua. Similar, but Victory holds wreath and trophy. RIC viii, p. 362, 171-3. VF £100 ($175) / EF £250 ($450) RSC 138a-c. [Siscia, AD 348-50].

18497

Similar, but Victory holds palm and trophy. RIC viii, p. 361, 166-8. RSC 137a-c. [Siscia, AD 348-50]. VF £100 ($175) / EF £250 ($450)

18498

Pg. Rev. VICTORIA DD NN AVGG, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark TR in ex. RIC viii, p. 151, 176-7. RSC 152a-b. [Trier, AD 347-8]. VF £90 ($160) / EF £225 ($400)

18499

Hf. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark ARL in ex. preceded by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). RIC viii, p. 208, 70. RSC 151b-c. EMA 63/6. [Arles, AD 347-8]. VF £115 ($200) / EF £290 ($500) Depeyrot dates this issue to AD 340.

18500

Jg. Rev. – as previous, but with mint mark TSe or TES. RIC viii, pp. 405-6, 41 and 54. RSC 156a-b. [Thessalonica, AD 337-40]. VF £100 ($175) / EF £250 ($450)

18501

Pg. Rev. — Victory dragging captive, as 18488, mint mark R in ex. RIC viii, p. 252, 67-9. RSC 158a-c. [Rome, AD 347]. VF £100 ($175) / EF £250 ($450)

18502

Jg. Rev. — Victory advancing l., holding wreath and trophy, mint mark LG in ex. preceded by officina mark P (= 1), palm in l. field. RIC viii, p. 180, 35. Bastien 89. RSC VF £115 ($200) / EF £290 ($500) 155a. [Lugdunum, AD 348].

18503

As previous, but with mint mark TES in ex. (nothing in rev. field). RIC viii, p. 410, 96-8. VF £90 ($160) / EF £225 ($400) RSC 155b-d. [Thessalonica, AD 342-6].

18504

Pg. Rev. VICTORIAE D N AVG, two Victories stg. facing each other, holding between them wreath encircling VOT / V / MVLT / X, mint mark TR in ex. RIC viii, p. 150, VF £115 ($200) / EF £290 ($500) 164-5. RSC 161a-b. [Trier, AD 342].

18505

As previous, but with mint mark AQ in ex. Cf. RIC viii, p. 320, 52A (with star preceding mint mark, in error). MA 383. Cf. RSC 161c. [Aquileia, AD 342]. VF £125 ($220) / EF £320 ($550)

18498

18502

 

18503

216

Roman Coins and Their Values

18506

Silver siliqua. As 18504, but the wreath contains VOT / X / MVLT / XV. RIC viii, p. 150, 166-7. RSC 160b-c. [Trier, AD 342-3]. VF £115 ($200) / EF £290 ($500)

18507

As previous, but with mint mark AQ in ex., sometimes preceded by star. RIC viii, p. 320, 53-5. MA 384-6. RSC 160d-f. [Aquileia, AD 342-3]. VF £125 ($220) / EF £320 ($550)

18508

As 18504, but the wreath contains VOT / X / MVLT / XX. RIC viii, p. 150, 168. RSC 162. [Trier, AD 343]. VF £115 ($200) / EF £290 ($500)

18509

As previous, but with mint mark AQ in ex. preceded by star. RIC viii, —. MA 387. RSC —. [Aquileia, AD 343]. VF £125 ($220) / EF £320 ($550)

18510

Kf. Rev. VOTIS / XXV / MVLTIS / XXX in four lines within wreath, mint mark S M N in ex. RIC viii, p. 474, 42-4. RSC 199a-c. [Nicomedia, AD 347-8]. VF £100 ($175) / EF £250 ($450) The vota numerals refer to Constantius II, under whom the coins were struck.

18511

Silver half siliqua. Kg. Rev. VICTORIA DD NN AVGG, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark TR in ex. RIC viii, p. 151, 179. Cf. RSC 151a (rev. misdescribed). [Trier, AD 347-8]. VF £290 ($500) / EF £720 ($1,250)

PRE-REFORM BASE BILLON AND BRONZE COINAGE, AD 337-348 For the first eleven years of the joint reign of Constantius II and Constans the diminutive billon reduced centenionalis remained in issue, the principal types being GLORIA EXERCITVS, VICTORIAE DD AVGG Q NN, and VOT / XX / MVLT / XXX in wreath. However, in AD 348 an entirely new system was introduced comprising three denominations – heavy maiorina, light maiorina, and a fractional 'Æ 3'. This major change appears to have been planned to coincide with the celebrations surrounding the eleven hundredth anniversary of the foundation of Rome. 18512

Billon reduced centenionalis. Nd. Rev. GLORIA EXERCITVS, two soldiers stg. facing each other, each resting on spear and shield, standard between them ornamented with cross, mint mark TR in ex. followed by officina mark S (= 2). RIC viii, p. 143, 41. LRBC I, 103. C 57 var. [Trier, AD 337-40]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)



NB This denomination remained in issue until the reform of AD 348 and it maintained the weight standard of c. 1.70 grams introduced by Constantine I in the final year of his reign (AD 336-7).

18513

As previous, but without cross on standard, and sometimes with dot preceding the mint mark or following the officina mark, or with dots on either side (officina mark P = 1 also recorded). RIC viii, pp. 143-4, 46, 52, 60, and 72. LRBC I, 110. C 57. [Trier, AD 337-40]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

18514

Nd or Jg. Rev. — as previous, but with palm following the officina mark and sometimes also with dot preceding the mint mark. RIC viii, p. 144, 85-6 and 95. LRBC I, 127. C 54 and 57. [Trier, AD 337-40]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

18515

J, d or g. Rev. — as previous, but with mint and officina marks TR P or TR S and sometimes with crescent following the officina mark. RIC viii, p. 144, 98-9 and 103-4. LRBC I, 131. C 54. [Trier, AD 340-42]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

18516

J or (rarely) N, d or g. Rev. — as previous, but with M on standard. RIC viii, p. 145, 106-7 and 110-14. Cf. LRBC I, 133-4. C 57 var. and 65. [Trier, AD 340-42]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

18517

Jg. Rev. – as previous, but with G instead of M on standard (no symbol following the officina mark). RIC viii, p. 145, 117. LRBC I, 136. C 65. [Trier, AD 340-42]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

CONSTANS AUGUSTUS

217

18518

GLORIA EXERCITVS (cont.) Billon reduced centenionalis. H, g or (rarely) diad. and cuir. bust r. Rev. — as 18512, but with Chi-Rho monogram instead of cross on standard (= labarum), and with mint mark LG in ex. preceded by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). RIC viii, p. 178, 9-11. LRBC I, 243-4. Bastien 8 and 14. C 67. [Lugdunum, AD 337-40]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

18519

Jg. Rev. – as previous, but with S instead of Chi-Rho monogram on standard and palm preceding the officina mark in ex. RIC viii, p. 178, 16. LRBC I, —. Bastien 18 and 22. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35) C 65 var. [Lugdunum, AD 340].

18520

Similar, but without letter on standard. RIC viii, p. 178, 19. LRBC I (Addenda), 248b. VF £8 ($13) / EF £23 ($40) Bastien 25 and 28. C 54. [Lugdunum, AD 340]. Bastien (p. 186, note 4) doubts that any true examples of this type have been recorded.

18521

J, g or (rarely) d. Rev. — as previous, but with Y on standard and without palm preceding the officina mark. RIC viii, p. 178, 24-5. LRBC I, 251 and 251a. Bastien 32-3 VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30) and 38. C 65. [Lugdunum, AD 340-41].

18522

Jg. Rev. — as previous, but with I instead of Y on standard. RIC viii, p. 178, 29-30. LRBC I, 253 and 253a. Bastien 40 and 42. C 65. [Lugdunum, AD 341-2]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

18523

Qg. Rev. — as 18512, but with O instead of cross on standard, and with mint mark CONST in ex. preceded by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). RIC viii, p. 205, 6-7. LRBC I, 418. EMA 54/6-7. C —. [Constantina/Arles, AD 337-8]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

18524

As previous, but with crescent instead of O on standard. RIC viii, p. 205, 13. LRBC I, 421. Cf. EMA 55/4 (obv. misdescribed). C —. [Constantina/Arles, AD 338-9]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

18525

Similar, but with X instead of crescent on standard. RIC viii, p. 205, 23. LRBC I, 424. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35) EMA 56/8. C —. [Constantina/Arles, AD 339].

18526

N, b or d. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark CON instead of CONST in ex. RIC viii, p. 206, 49-50. LRBC I, 432 var. EMA 57/9. C 57 var. [Constantina/Arles, AD 340]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

18527

Jg. Rev. – as previous, but with N instead of X on standard. RIC viii, p. 206, 37. LRBC I, —. EMA 58/7. C 65 var. [Constantina/Arles, AD 340]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

18528

As previous, but with mint mark ARL in ex. preceded by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). Cf. RIC viii, p. 206, 52. LRBC I, 437. EMA 59/2. C 65. [Arles, AD 340]. VF £9 ($15) / EF £26 ($45) This was the first issue following the downfall of Constantine II, hence the use of the mint mark ‘ARL’ in place of ‘CON’, but the existence of this type in the name of Constans does require confirmation. RIC gives the letter on the standard as ‘M’ rather than ‘N’.

18529

As previous, but with I instead of N (or M) on standard. RIC viii, p. 206, 55. LRBC I, VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35) 440. EMA 60/3. C 65. [Arles, AD 340-41].

18530

Similar, but with G instead of I on standard. RIC viii, p. 206, 57-8. LRBC I, 442-3. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30) EMA 61/2. C 65. [Arles, AD 341-2].

18529

218

Roman Coins and Their Values

18531

GLORIA EXERCITVS (cont.) Billon reduced centenionalis. J, e or g. Rev. — as 18512, but without letter or symbol on standard, and with mint mark AQ in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2) and sometimes preceded by dot. RIC viii, p. 316, 14 and 30. LRBC I, 682 and 692c. MA VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35) 396 and 400. C 54. [Aquileia, AD 337-40].

18532

As previous, but with two palms in field flanking the standard (no dot preceding the mint mark). RIC viii, p. 316, 22-3. LRBC I, 688 and 688a. MA 397-8. Cf. C 68. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30) [Aquileia, AD 337-40].

18533

Jg. Rev. – as previous, but without the palms in field and with wreath on standard. RIC viii, p. 316, 27. LRBC I, 692. MA 399. C 54 var. [Aquileia, AD 337-40]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

18534

As previous, but with star instead of wreath on standard. RIC viii, p. 317, 32. LRBC I, VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30) 696. MA 401. C 54 var. [Aquileia, AD 340-41]. Officina T (= 3) may also exist for this type.

18535

As previous, but with Chi-Rho monogram instead of star on standard (= labarum); officina T (= 3) also recorded. RIC viii, p. 317, 34. LRBC I, 694. MA 402. C 65. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) [Aquileia, AD 341-2].

18536

Lg. Rev. – as 18531, but with mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark S or Q (= 2 or 4) with leaf between. RIC viii, p. 249, 3. LRBC I, —. C 62. [Rome, AD 337-40]. VF £8 ($13) / EF £23 ($40)

18537

As previous, but with star instead of leaf between mint and officina marks, and all five officinae (P, S, T, Q, and e) are recorded. RIC viii, p. 250, 26. LRBC I, 615. C 62. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30) [Rome, AD 337-40].

18538

Similar, but with palm (rarely followed by dot) instead of star between mint and officina marks (officinae P and S not recorded). RIC viii, p. 250, 38 and 46A. LRBC I, 625. C VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35) 62. [Rome, AD 337-40].

18539

Similar, but with crescent instead of palm between mint and officina marks (officina T not recorded). RIC viii, p. 251, 49. LRBC I, 610. C 62. [Rome, AD 337-40]. VF £8 ($13) / EF £23 ($40)

18540

Similar, but the mint and officina marks are flanked by palms (officina P not recorded). RIC viii, p. 251, 52. LRBC I, 620. C 62. [Rome, AD 337-40]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

18541

Similar, but with mint mark R • F • in ex. followed by officina mark P, T, Q or e (= 1, 3, 4, or 5). RIC viii, p. 251, 58. LRBC I, 627. C 62. [Rome, AD 340]. VF £8 ($13) / EF £23 ($40)

18542

CONSTANS MAX AVG, g. Rev. — as 18512, but with annulet instead of cross on standard and with mint mark SIS in ex., preceded by officina mark A, B, or D (= 1, 2, or 4) and followed by star. RIC viii, p. 354, 77. LRBC I, 768. C 56. [Siscia, AD 337]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) The inappropriate attribution of the epithet ‘Maximus’ to the junior emperors Constantius II and Constans belongs to the opening phase of the triple reign and was quickly corrected.

18543

Jg. Rev. — as previous, but sometimes also with dot preceding the officina mark (officina G = 3 also recorded). RIC viii, pp. 354-5, 78 and 81. LRBC I, 769 and 778. C VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35) 54. [Siscia, AD 337-40].

18544

As previous, but the officina and mint marks are flanked by dots, and officina B (= 2) only recorded. RIC viii, p. 355, 84. LRBC I, —. C 54. [Siscia, AD 337-40]. VF £8 ($13) / EF £23 ($40) The existence of this type requires confirmation.

CONSTANS AUGUSTUS

219

18545

GLORIA EXERCITVS (cont.) Billon reduced centenionalis. As previous, but with Chi-Rho monogram instead of annulet on standard (= labarum), and officinae A-e = 1-5 recorded. RIC viii, p. 355, VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65) 103-4. LRBC 784. C 65. [Siscia, AD 337-40].

18546

As previous, but with nothing preceding the officina mark, and the mint mark is sometimes followed by plain crescent or crescent containing dot. RIC viii, p. 355, 87-8, 93-4, and 99-100. LRBC 781 and 774-5. C 65. [Siscia, AD 337-40]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

18547

Jg. Rev. — as 18531, but with mint mark S M TS in ex. followed by officina mark A-e (= 1-5). RIC viii, p. 407, 57. LRBC I, 856. C 54. [Thessalonica, AD 337-40]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

18548

H, c, e, or diad., dr. and cuir. bust l. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark S M H in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, D, or e (= 1, 2, 4, or 5), rarely followed by dot. RIC viii, p. 431, 24-7 and 30. LRBC I, 950-52. C —. [Heraclea, AD 337-40]. VF £9 ($15) / EF £26 ($45)

18549

Similar, but with obv. Kf and officinae A, B, G, and e = 1, 2, 3, and 5 recorded (no dot following the officina mark). RIC viii, p. 432, 37-9. LRBC I, 954. C 60. [Heraclea, AD 337-40]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

18550

K, a or f. Rev. —as 18531, but with mint mark CONS in ex. followed by officina mark G, D, e, S, H, Q, I, or IA (= 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, or 11). RIC viii, pp. 449-50, 28-30 and 44-5. LRBC I, 1044-5 and 1056-7. C 59-60. [Constantinople, AD 337-40]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30) On some coins of this type there is a terminal dot at the end of the reverse legend.

18551

Kf. Rev. — as previous, but also with star on standard, and officinae Q and I (= 9 and 10) only recorded. RIC viii, p. 450, 54. LRBC I, 1059. C 60 var. [Constantinople, AD 340]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

18552

K, a or f. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark A-S (= 1-6). RIC viii, p. 471, 12-15. LRBC I, 1142-4. C 59-60. [Nicomedia, AD 337-40]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

18553

Similar, but with obv. Hf and officinae e and S (= 5 and 6) not recorded. RIC viii, p. 472, 22-4. LRBC I, 1138. C 53 var. [Nicomedia, AD 337-40]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

18554

J, e or diad., dr. and cuir. bust l. (sometimes the diadem entwined with laurel-wreath). Rev. — (with dot between R and I of GLORIA), as 18531, but with mint mark S M K in ex. followed by officina mark A-S (= 1-6). RIC viii, p. 490, 11-13. LRBC I, 1284-5. VF £9 ($15) / EF £26 ($45) C —. [Cyzicus, AD 337-40].

18555

Ka. Rev. — as previous, but sometimes without the dot interrupting the legend. RIC viii, p. 490, 14 and 18. LRBC I, 1283 and 1286. C 59. [Cyzicus, AD 337-40]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

18556

Similar, but with star at end of rev. legend, and officinae A, B, and G (= 1, 2, and 3) only recorded (no dot interrupting the rev. legend). RIC viii, p. 491, 29. LRBC I, —. C 59. [Cyzicus, AD 337-40]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

18546

220

Roman Coins and Their Values

18557

GLORIA EXERCITVS (cont.) Billon reduced centenionalis. Similar, but with dot either following the officina mint or, more rarely, preceding the mint mark (all six officinae recorded, no star at end of rev. legend). RIC viii, p. 491, 22 and 24. LRBC I, 1290. C 59. [Cyzicus, AD 337-40]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

18558

Similar, but with small star (or X) following the officina mark. RIC viii, p. 491, 28. LRBC I, 1294. C 59. [Cyzicus, AD 337-40]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

18559

Similar, but with crescent instead of small star following the officina mark, or, more rarely, with crescent preceding the mint mark (officina A not recorded). RIC viii, p. 491, 33-4. LRBC I, 1298. C 59. [Cyzicus, AD 337-40]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

18560

H, d or g. Rev. — as 18531, but with mint mark S M AN in ex. followed by officina mark A, D, Q, or I (= 1, 4, 9, or 10). RIC viii, p. 515, 47-8 and 50. LRBC I, 1382 and 1384. C 53. [Antioch, AD 337-42]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30) Those specimens with a laureate portrait all belong to the earlier part of this series, whilst those with a pearl-diadem all belong to the latter part.

18561

H, f or g. Rev. — as previous, but with two dots in upper field above the standard (officinae Q, I, IG, and Ie = 9, 10, 13, and 15 recorded). RIC viii, p. 515, 53 and 55. LRBC I, 1387 and 1389. C 53. [Antioch, AD 337-40]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

18562

Kf. Rev. — as 18560 (officina I = 10 only recorded). RIC viii, p. 515, 59. LRBC I, 1393a. C 60. [Antioch, AD 337-40]. VF £8 ($13) / EF £23 ($40)

18563

Similar, but with rev. as 18561 (officinae Z, Q, and I = 7, 9, and 10 recorded). RIC viii, p. 516, 62-3. LRBC I, 1390. C 60. [Antioch, AD 337-40]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

18564

CONSTANS MAX AVG, d. Rev. — as 18531, but with mint mark S M AL in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, G, or D (=1, 2, 3, or 4), sometimes with S — R in field. RIC viii, p. 539, 7 and 15. Cf. LRBC I, 1449 and 1457. C 56 var. [Alexandria, AD 337-40]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65) The inappropriate attribution of the epithet ‘Maximus’ to the junior emperors Constantius II and Constans seems only to have been corrected after the death of Constantine II at this Constantian mint.

18565

H, d or g. Rev. — as previous (without S — R in field), sometimes with dot following the officina mark. RIC viii, pp. 539-40, 20-21 and 25-25A. LRBC I, 1463-5 and 1468. C 53. [Alexandria, AD 340-42]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

18566

Lf (sometimes cuir. only). Rev. SECVRITAS REI P (or REI PVB), Securitas stg. facing, legs crossed, hd. r., holding sceptre and resting on column, mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark P, S, T, Q or e (= 1-5), leaf between. RIC viii, pp. 249-50, 8, 10-11, 13, and 16. LRBC I, 584, 587-8 (and note), and 592. C 102. [Rome, AD 337-40]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

18567

As previous, but with star instead of leaf between mint and officina marks. RIC viii, p. 250, 23. LRBC I, 599. C 102. [Rome, AD 337-40]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

18568

Similar, but with palm instead of star between mint and officina marks (officina e = 5 not recorded). RIC viii, p. 250, 34-5. LRBC I, 604. C 102. [Rome, AD 337-40]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

18569

Similar, but with palm and dot between mint and officina marks (officinae T and Q = 3 and 4 only recorded). RIC viii, p. 250, 45. LRBC I, 604. C 102. [Rome, AD 337-40] VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

18570

Kf. Rev. VICT AVG, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark S M H in ex. followed by officina mark A or G (= 1 or 3). RIC viii, p. 433, 43. LRBC I, 956. C 119. [Heraclea, AD 342]. VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

CONSTANS AUGUSTUS

221

18571

Billon reduced centenionalis. As previous, but with mint mark CONS in ex. followed by officina mark S-IA (= 6-11), sometimes followed by dot. RIC viii, p. 452, 64-64A, and 66. LRBC I, 1062. C 119. [Constantinople, AD 342]. VF £16 ($27) / EF £45 ($80)

18572

Similar, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark B or D (= 2 or 4). RIC viii, p. 474, 47. LRBC I, 1147. C 119. [Nicomedia, AD 342]. VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

18573

Similar, but with mint mark S M K in ex. followed by officina mark A-S (= 1-6). RIC viii, p. 491, 37. Cf. LRBC I, 1302-3. C 119. [Cyzicus, AD 342]. VF £16 ($27) / EF £45 ($80)

18574

Similar, but with mint mark S M AN in ex. followed by officina mark A, G, D, H, Q, or I = (1, 3, 4, 8, 9, or 10). RIC viii, p. 516, 66. LRBC I, 1396. C 119. [Antioch, AD 342]. VF £16 ($27) / EF £45 ($80)

18575

Kf. Rev. VICT AVGG, as 18570, but with mint mark S M AL in ex. followed by officina mark B, G, or D (= 2, 3, or 4). RIC viii, p. 540, 31. LRBC I, 1472. C —. [Alexandria, AD 342]. VF £16 ($27) / EF £45 ($80)

18576

Jg. Rev. VICTORIA AVGG, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark AQ in ex. followed by officina mark P, S, or T (= 1, 2, or 3). RIC viii, p. 322, 73. LRBC I, 698. MA 403. C 127 var. [Aquileia, AD 342]. VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

18577

As previous, but with mint mark SIS in ex. preceded by officina mark A, B, G, or e (= 1, 2, 3, or 5), flanked by stars, usually with Chi-Rho monogram in l. field. RIC viii, p. 362, 175 and 177-8. LRBC I, 786-7. C 127. [Siscia, AD 342]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £65 ($110)

18578

As 18576, but Victory’s hd. is turned to r. and she holds wreath in each hand. RIC viii, p. 322, 75. LRBC I, 700. MA 404. C 128 var. [Aquileia, AD 342]. VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

18579

As previous, but with mint mark SIS in ex. preceded by officina mark A-e (= 1-5), flanked by stars, Chi-Rho monogram in r. field. RIC viii, p. 362, 181. LRBC I, 789. C 128. [Siscia, AD 342]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £65 ($110)

18580

Jg. Rev. VICTORIA AVGG NN, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm (no mint mark). RIC viii, p. 255, 103. LRBC I, 634. C —. [Rome, AD 348?]. VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150)

18581

Jg. Rev. VICTORIA AVGVSTORV, as previous, but with mint mark LG in ex. preceded by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). Cf. RIC viii, p. 180, 37 (AVGVSTORVM for AVGVSTORV). Cf. LRBC I, 255. Bastien 44 and 46. C —. [Lugdunum, AD 342] VF £23 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

18582

Lg. Rev. VICTORIAE DD AVGG Q NN, two Victories stg. facing forwards, their hds. turned towards one another, each holding wreath and palm, mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark P, S, T, Q, or e (= 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5), sometimes with crescent between. RIC viii, p. 253, 73-4. LRBC I 628-9. C —. [Rome, AD 342]. VF £8 ($13) / EF £23 ($40)

18583

Jg. Rev. — two Victories stg. facing each other, each holding wreath and palm, M in field between them, mint mark TR in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). RIC viii, p. 151, 182. LRBC I, 138. C 179. [Trier, AD 342-7]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

18584

As previous, but with leaf between the two Victories. RIC viii, p. 151, 185-6. LRBC I, 140. C 179. [Trier, AD 342-7]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

222

Roman Coins and Their Values

18585

VICTORIAE DD AVGG Q NN (cont.) Billon reduced centenionalis. Similar, but with star between the two Victories. RIC viii, p. 151, 188-9. LRBC I, 142. C 179 var. [Trier, AD 342-7]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

18586

Similar, but with C between the two Victories. RIC viii, p. 151, 192. LRBC I, 144. C 179 var. [Trier, AD 342-7]. VF £8 ($13) / EF £23 ($40)

18587

Similar, but with D between the two Victories. RIC viii, p. 152, 195-6. LRBC I, 148-50. C 179. [Trier, AD 342-7]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

18588

Similar, but with e (rarely with dot beneath) between the two Victories. RIC viii, p. 152, 198-9 and 201-2. LRBC I, 153-7. C 179. [Trier, AD 342-7]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

18589

Similar, but with palm between the two Victories, and sometimes with dot following the officina mark. RIC viii, p. 152, 205-6 and 209-10. LRBC I, 158-60 and 162-7. C 179. [Trier, AD 347-8]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

18590

Kg. Rev. — as previous (with dot following the officina mark). RIC viii, p. 152, 211. LRBC I, 168. C —. [Trier, AD 348]. VF £9 ($15) / EF £26 ($45)

18591

Jg. Rev. — as 18583, but nothing in field between the two Victories, and with mint mark LG in ex. preceded by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). RIC viii, p. 180, 40-41. LRBC I, 257 and 258. Bastien 49 and 52. C 176. [Lugdunum, AD 342]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

18592

As previous, but with star between the two Victories. RIC viii, p. 180, 44. LRBC I, —. Bastien 54 and 56. C 179 var. [Lugdunum, AD 343-7]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

18593

Similar, but with S / T or T / S between the two Victories. RIC viii, p. 180, 47-8 and 50-51. LRBC I, 261 and 262. Bastien 58 and 60, 62 and 64. C 179 var. [Lugdunum, AD 343-7]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

18594

Similar, but with P / O / L between the two Victories (officina P = 1 only recorded). RIC viii, p. 181, 54-54A. LRBC I, 265. Bastien 66. C 179 var. [Lugdunum, AD 343-7]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

18595

Similar, but with PHI (?) monogram between the two Victories (both officinae recorded). RIC viii, p. 181, 57-8. LRBC I, 267 and 268. Bastien 70 and 72. C 179 var. [Lugdunum, AD 343-7]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

18596

Similar, but with HR monogram between the two Victories. RIC viii, p. 181, 60-61. LRBC I, 270. Bastien 74 and 76. C 179. [Lugdunum, AD 343-7]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

18597

Similar, but with E / V between the two Victories. RIC viii, p. 181, 63-4. LRBC I, 272. Bastien 78 and 80. C 179 var. [Lugdunum, AD 343-7]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

18598

Similar, but with palm between the two Victories (rarely with obv. type d). RIC viii, p. 181, 67-8. LRBC I, 274 and 274a. Bastien 82-3 and 85. C 179. [Lugdunum, AD 347-8]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

18599

Jg. Rev. — as 18583, but with G in field between the two Victories, and with mint mark ARL in ex. preceded by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). RIC viii, p. 208, 73-4. LRBC I, 445. EMA 66/2. C 179 var. [Arles, AD 342-3]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

18600

As previous, but with NEP monogram between the two Victories. RIC viii, p. 209, 77. LRBC I, 454. EMA 67/2. C 179 var. [Arles, AD 343-4]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

18601

Similar, but with MA monogram between the two Victories. RIC viii, p. 209, 79-82. LRBC I, 456 and 457. EMA 65/2-3. C 179. [Arles, AD 344-5]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

CONSTANS AUGUSTUS

223

18602

VICTORIAE DD AVGG Q NN (cont.) Billon reduced centenionalis. Similar, but with P between the two Victories. RIC viii, p. 209, 85-7. LRBC I, 449 and 450. EMA 69/2. C 179 var. [Arles, AD 345-6]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

18603

Similar, but with PV between the two Victories (officina S = 2 only recorded). RIC viii, p. 209, 89. LRBC I, —. EMA 68/2. C 179 var. [Arles, AD 346]. VF £8 ($13) / EF £23 ($40)

18604

Similar, but with palm between the two Victories, and sometimes dot following the mint mark (both officinae recorded). RIC viii, p. 209, 92-3 and 97. LRBC I, 459-60 and 462. EMA 70/3-4 and 71/2. C 179. [Arles, AD 346-8]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

18605

Kg. Rev. — as previous. RIC viii, p. 209, 94 and 98. LRBC I, 463. EMA 70/5 and 71/3. C 179. [Arles, AD 348]. VF £9 ($15) / EF £26 ($45)

18606

Jg. Rev. — as 18583, but nothing in field between the two Victories, and with mint mark AQ in ex. followed by officina mark P, S, or T (= 1, 2, or 3). RIC viii, p. 322, 77. LRBC I, 702. MA 405. C 176. [Aquileia, AD 342-3]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

18607

Similar, but with dot preceding the mint mark. RIC viii, p. 322, 79. LRBC I, 704. MA 406. C 176. [Aquileia, AD 343-5]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

18608

As 18606, but with A between the two Victories. RIC viii, p. 322, 81. LRBC I, 706. MA 407. C 179 var. [Aquileia, AD 345-6]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

18609

Similar, but with F between the two Victories. RIC viii, p. 322, 83. LRBC I, 707. MA 408. C 179 var. [Aquileia, AD 346]. VF £8 ($13) / EF £23 ($40)

18610

Similar, but with wreath between the two Victories, and officina S (= 2) only recorded. RIC viii, p. 322, 85. LRBC I, 709. MA 409. C 179 var. [Aquileia, AD 346]. F £9 ($15) / EF £26 ($45)

18611

As 18606, but with palm between the two Victories. RIC viii, p. 322, 87. LRBC I, 711. MA 410. C 179. [Aquileia, AD 346-7]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

18612

Similar, but with dot preceding the mint mark (officina S = 2 only recorded) or following the officina mark (all three officinae recorded). RIC viii, p. 322, 89 and 91-2. LRBC I, 713 and 713a. MA 411-13. C 179. [Aquileia, AD 347-8]. VF £8 ($13) / EF £23 ($40)

18613

Kg. Rev. — as previous (dot following the officina mark, officinae P and S = 1 and 2 recorded). RIC viii, p. 322, 93. LRBC I, —. MA 414. C —. [Aquileia, AD 348]. VF £9 ($15) / EF £26 ($45)

18614

L or J, g. Rev. — as 18606, but with mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark P, T, or e (= 1, 3, or 5). RIC viii, p. 253, 77-8. LRBC I 630. C 176 and 177. [Rome, AD 342]. VF £8 ($13) / EF £23 ($40)

18615

Jg. Rev. — as previous, but with dot between mint and officina marks (all five officinae recorded). RIC viii, p. 253, 81. LRBC I, 633. C 176. [Rome, AD 342]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

18616

As previous, but with oval shield (?) between mint and officina marks. RIC viii, p. 253, 84. LRBC I, 638. C 176. [Rome, AD 342-4]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

18617

Similar, but with two dots (• •) between mint and officina marks (officina T = 3 not recorded). RIC viii, p. 254, 86. LRBC I, 636. C 176. [Rome, AD 344-5]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

18618

Similar, but with wreath between mint and officina marks (all five officinae recorded). RIC viii, p. 254, 88. LRBC I, 640. C 176. [Rome, AD 345]. VF £8 ($13) / EF £23 ($40)

224

Roman Coins and Their Values

18619

VICTORIAE DD AVGG Q NN (cont.) Billon reduced centenionalis. Similar, but with star between mint and officina marks (officinae P and e = 1 and 5 recorded). RIC viii, p. 254, 90. LRBC I, —. C 176. [Rome, AD 345]. VF £9 ($15) / EF £26 ($45)

18620

Similar, but with palm between mint and officina marks (all five officinae recorded). RIC viii, p. 254, 92. LRBC I, 642. C 176. [Rome, AD 345-6]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

18621

Similar, but the palm is between the two Victories (rarely with dot between the mint and officina marks). RIC viii, p. 254, 94 and 98. LRBC I, 648-9. C 179. [Rome, AD 346-7]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

18622

Similar, but with two palms between the two Victories (no dot between the mint and officina marks). RIC viii, p. 254, 95. LRBC I, 643. C 179 var. [Rome, AD 347-8]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

18623

Similar, but with wreath, sometimes surmounted by palm, between the two Victories (officinae P , T, and Q = 1, 3, and 4 recorded). RIC viii, p. 254, 96-7. LRBC I, 644. C VF £9 ($15) / EF £26 ($45) 179 var. [Rome, AD 348].

18624

Similar, but with star between the two Victories and dot between the mint and officina marks (officina P = 1 only recorded). RIC viii, p. 254, 99. LRBC I, —. C 179 var. VF £9 ($15) / EF £26 ($45) [Rome, AD 348].

18625

Similar, but with leaf between the two Victories and dot between the mint and officina marks (officinae P , T, Q, and e = 1, 3, 4, and 5 recorded). RIC viii, p. 255, 100. LRBC I, 646. C 179. [Rome, AD 348]. VF £8 ($13) / EF £23 ($40)

18626

Similar, but the leaf is between the mint and officina marks (instead of dot), and all five officinae recorded. RIC viii, p. 255, 101. LRBC I, 645. C 176. [Rome, AD 348]. VF £8 ($13) / EF £23 ($40)

18627

Similar, but with mint mark R F (possibly R B) in ex. followed by officina mark S (= 2). RIC viii, p. 255, 102. LRBC I, —. C 176. [Rome, AD 348]. VF £9 ($15) / EF £26 ($45)

18628

Jg. Rev. — as 18606 (nothing in field), but with mint mark SIS in ex. preceded by officina mark A, B, G, or e (= 1, 2, 3, or 5). RIC viii, p. 363, 183. LRBC I, 791. C 176. [Siscia, AD 342-4]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

18629

Similar, but the officina and mint marks are flanked by dots. RIC viii, p. 363, 185. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30) LRBC I, 793. C 176. [Siscia, AD 344-5].

18630

As 18628, but with star between the two Victories, and officinae A, B, and G (= 1, 2, and 3) recorded. RIC viii, p. 363, 187. LRBC I, 795. C 179 var. [Siscia, AD 345]. VF £9 ($15) / EF £26 ($45)

18631

Similar, but with N between the two Victories. RIC viii, p. 363, 189. LRBC I, 797. C VF £8 ($13) / EF £23 ($40) 179. [Siscia, AD 345]. The variety with S in rev. field (RIC 190) is not represented in any of the principal collections and requires confirmation.

18632

Similar, but with HR monogram between the two Victories (all five officinae recorded). RIC viii, p. 363, 192-3. LRBC I, 799. C 179. [Siscia, AD 345-6]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

CONSTANS AUGUSTUS

225

18633 18633

Billon reduced centenionalis. Similar, but with palm between the two Victories (officina D = 4 not recorded). RIC viii, p. 363, 195-6. LRBC I, 801. C 179. [Siscia, AD 346-8]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

18634

Jg. Rev. — as 18606 (nothing in field), but with mint mark S M TS in ex. followed by officina mark A-e (= 1-5). RIC viii, p. 411, 100-01. LRBC I, 860-61. C 176. [Thessalonica, AD 342-6]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

18635

Similar, but with palm between the two Victories, and officinae A, B, and G (= 1, 2 and 3) only recorded. RIC viii, p. 411, 105-6. LRBC I, 863-4. C 179. [Thessalonica, AD 346-8]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

18636

N, b or d. Rev. VIRTVS AVGG NN, soldier, helmeted, stg. facing, hd. r., resting on spear and shield, mint mark TR in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2) sometimes flanked by dots, sometimes with single dot following the officina mark. RIC viii, pp. 143-4, 54, 62, and 76-7. LRBC I, 111 and 117-18. Cf. C 183 (incomplete VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) description). [Trier, AD 337-40].

18637

Similar, but with palm following the officina mark (P = 1 only recorded). RIC viii, p. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) 144, 89. LRBC I, 123. Cf. C 183. [Trier, AD 337-40].

18638

Jg. Rev. — as 18636, the mint mark followed by officina mark P (= 1) only and no dots. RIC viii, p. 144, 100-01. LRBC I, —. C —. [Trier, AD 340-42]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

18639

Kf. Rev. VOT / XV / MVLT / XX in four lines within wreath, mint mark S M AN in ex. followed by officina mark B, G, Z, Q, or I (= 2, 3, 7, 9, or 10). RIC viii, p. 521, 116. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30) LRBC I, 1399. C 196. [Antioch, AD 342-6].

18640

Similar, but with mint mark ANT instead of S M AN (officinae G, Q, and I = 3, 9, and 10 recorded). RIC viii, p. 521, 120. LRBC I, —. C 196. [Antioch, AD 346-8]. VF £9 ($15) / EF £26 ($45)

18641

Kf. Rev. VOT / XX / MVLT / XXX in four lines within wreath, mint mark S M H in ex. followed by officina mark A-e (= 1-5), sometimes flanked by dots, or with dot preceding the mint mark or following the officina mark. RIC viii, p. 433, 47-8, 55, and 60. LRBC I, 959, 964, and 968. C 197. [Heraclea, AD 342-8]. VF £8 ($13) / EF £23 ($40) The vota numerals on this and the following nine types refer to Constans’ elder brother Constantius II.

18642

Similar, but with mint mark CONS in ex. followed by officina mark A, G, e, S, H, I, or IA (= 1, 3, 5, 6, 8, 10, or 11), sometimes followed by dot or star. RIC viii, p. 453, 70, 73-4, and 77. LRBC I, 1065, 1069, and 1072. C 197. [Constantinople, AD 342-8]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

18643

Similar, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark A-I (= 1-10), sometimes flanked by dots or with dot following officina mark only. RIC viii, p. 475, 51-2, 56, and 59. LRBC I, 1150, 1154, and 1157. C 197. [Nicomedia, AD 342-8]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

18644

K, a or f. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark S M K in ex. followed by officina mark A-I (= 1-10), sometimes preceded by dot or with dot in r. field. RIC viii, pp. 493-4, 50-52, 57-8, and 61. LRBC I, 1308-9 and 1313. C 197. [Cyzicus, AD 342-8]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

226

Roman Coins and Their Values

18645

VOT / XX / MVLT / XXX (cont.) Billon reduced centenionalis. Kf. Rev. — as previous, but with star preceding the mint mark (officinae G, H, Q, and I = 3 and 8-10 not recorded). RIC viii, pp. 494, 64. LRBC I, 1319. C 197. [Cyzicus, AD 342-8]. VF £8 ($13) / EF £23 ($40)

18646

Similar, but with mint mark S M AN in ex. followed by officina mark G, Z, or DI (= 3, 7, or 14). RIC viii, p. 521, 115. LRBC I, —. C 197. [Antioch, AD 342-6]. VF £9 ($15) / EF £26 ($45)

18647

Similar, but with mint mark S M AL in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, G, or D (= 1, 2, 3, or 4). RIC viii, p. 541, 34. LRBC I, 1476. C 197. [Alexandria, AD 342-4]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

18648

Similar, but with dot following the officina mark. RIC viii, p. 541, 37. LRBC I, 1479. C VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35) 197. [Alexandria, AD 344-6].

18649

Similar, but the dot is in rev. field to r. instead of following the officina mark (officina D = 4 not recorded). RIC viii, p. 541, 40. LRBC I, 1481. C 197. [Alexandria, AD 346-7]. VF £8 ($13) / EF £23 ($40)

18650

As 18647, but with star following the officina mark (officina B = 2 only recorded). RIC viii, p. 541, 43. LRBC I, 1483. C 197. [Alexandria, AD 347-8]. VF £8 ($13) / EF £23 ($40)

POST-REFORM BASE BILLON AND BRONZE COINAGE, AD 348-350 The celebration of Rome’s eleven hundredth anniversary took place on 21st April AD 348 and the occasion was also marked by a major reform of the Empire’s billon and bronze coinage. In place of the reduced centenionalis of c. 1.70 grams three new denominations were introduced. The largest of these was the ‘heavy’ maiorina (sometimes marked ‘A’) with a silver content of about 2.5% and an average weight for surviving specimens of c. 5.20 grams. The principal reverse types for this denomination were “emperor on galley” and “soldier spearing fallen horseman”. Next was the ‘light’ maiorina (sometimes marked ‘N’) weighing on average about 4.25-4.50 grams and with a significantly lower silver content of just over 1%. In fact, it is quite plausible that this denomination circulated as a half maiorina. Its commonest reverse types were “soldier dragging barbarian from hut” and “emperor with two captives”. The smallest denomination contained virtually no silver and specimens have an average weight of c. 2.40-2.60 grams. This ‘Æ 3’, usually with a distinctive depiction of a phoenix on the reverse, may have been a quarter maiorina. The accompanying legend for all three denominations was FEL(icium) TEMP(orum) REPARATIO, “The Restoration of Happy Times,” a sentiment clearly associated with Rome’s eleven hundredth anniversary. The phoenix on the smallest denomination was the symbol par excellence of renewal and obviously referred to the commencement of a new saeculum for the Eternal City. 18651

Billon heavy maiorina (c. 5.20 grams). Kg (sometimes with A behind bust). Rev. FEL TEMP REPARATIO, Constans stg. l. on galley steered by Victory seated in stern, holding phoenix on globe in his r. hand and labarum in l., mint mark TR in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2), sometimes with A in l. field. RIC viii, pp. 153-4, 213, 215-16, and 240. LRBC II, 41. C 9. [Trier, AD 348-9]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

18652

Kg. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark LG in ex. preceded by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2), sometimes with star preceding the officina mark and sometimes also with dot following the mint mark (without A in field). RIC viii, p. 182, 71-2, 74, and 77. LRBC II, 185-6, 188, and 191. Bastien 91, 97, 103, and 112. C 9. [Lugdunum, AD 348-9]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

18653

As previous, but with mint mark ARL in ex. preceded by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). RIC viii, p. 210, 100. LRBC II, 405. EMA 72/2. C 9. [Arles, AD 348-9]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65) A variety with A in reverse field (RIC 101) requires confirmation.

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227

18654

FEL TEMP REPARATIO (cont.) Billon heavy maiorina. As previous, but with mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark P, B, T, Q, e, or S (= 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6), more rarely also with Greek letter-numeral A, B, G, D, e, S, or Z (= 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7) in l. field. RIC viii, pp. 256-7, 109-11, 113-14, 117-18, 121-2, 125-6, 129-30, and 133-5. LRBC II, 607, 609, 612, 615-16, 618, 621-2, and 624-5. C 9. [Rome, AD 348-9]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

18655

Similar, but also with A behind obv. bust and with A in rev. field to l. RIC viii, p. 259, VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) 151-2. LRBC II, 628-9. C 9. [Rome, AD 349].

18656

Kg. Rev. –  as previous (though without A in field), but with mint mark AQ in ex. followed by officina mark P, S, or T (= 1, 2, or 3) which is followed by dot (rarely, the dot precedes the mint mark). RIC viii, p. 323, 99. LRBC II, 891. MA 415-16. C 9. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65) [Aquileia, AD 348-9].

18657

Kg. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark SIS in ex. preceded by officina mark A-e (= 1-5) and followed by dot. RIC viii, p. 364, 198. LRBC II, 1140. C 9. [Siscia, AD 3489]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

18658

Similar, but with letter-symbol following the dot after the mint mark (the dot sometimes omitted, officinae A, G, and e = 1, 3, and 5 only recorded). RIC viii, p. 364, 199 and 201. LRBC II, 1142. C 9. [Siscia, AD 348-9]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

18659

Similar, but without dot following the mint mark and with R or M following the lettersymbol (all five officinae recorded). RIC viii, p. 364, 205-7. LRBC II, 1147a. C 9. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) [Siscia, AD 348-9].

18660

As 18657, but with R instead of dot following the mint mark (officinae B and D = 2 and 4 only recorded). RIC viii, p. 364, 209. LRBC II, 144. C 9. [Siscia, AD 348-9]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

18661

Kg. Rev. — as 18651, but with mint mark TES in ex. followed by officina mark A-e = 1-5 (without A in field). RIC viii, p. 412, 109-11. LRBC II, 1639-40. C 9. [Thessalonica, VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65) AD 348-9].

18662

Ki. Rev. – as previous, but with mint mark TS followed by officina mark A (= 1) and star. RIC viii, p. 412, 113. LRBC II, 1644. C —. [Thessalonica, AD 348-9]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100)

18663

Kg. Rev. – as previous, but with mint mark S M H in ex., sometimes followed by officina mark A (= 1) and sometimes with star in field. RIC viii, p. 434, 62, 66, and 68. LRBC II, 1890 and 1892. C 9. [Heraclea, AD 348-50]. VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

18664

As previous, but with mint mark CONS in ex. followed by officina mark B, G, or I (= 2, 3, or 10), S in field. RIC viii, p. 454, 80 and 83. Cf. LRBC II, 2025 and 2027 (G instead VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85) of S in rev. field). C 9. [Constantinople, AD 348-50].

18665

As previous, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark A (= 1), sometimes with star in field. RIC viii, pp. 475-6, 61 and 64. LRBC II, 2296 and 2298. VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85) C 9. [Nicomedia, AD 348-50].

18666

As previous, but with mint mark S M K in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, e, or S (= 1, 2, 5, or 6), usually with star in field. RIC viii, pp. 494-5, 66 and 68. LRBC II, 2485. C 9. [Cyzicus, AD 348-50]. VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

18667

As previous, but with mint mark AN in ex. followed by officina mark A, G, D, e, or S (= 1, 3, 4, 5, or 6), usually with star in field. RIC viii, p. 522, 121 and 124. LRBC II, 2621. C 9. [Antioch, AD 348-50]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

18668

As previous, but with mint mark ALE in ex. followed by officina mark A or D (= 1 or 4), sometimes with star in field. RIC viii, pp. 541-2, 45, 51, and 53. LRBC II, 2831 and VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85) 2835. C 9. [Alexandria, AD 348-50].

228

Roman Coins and Their Values

18669

FEL TEMP REPARATIO (cont.) Billon heavy maiorina. Kg (sometimes with A behind bust). Rev. — as 18651, but Constans holds Victory instead of phoenix on the globe. RIC viii, pp. 153-4, 219-219A and 243-243A. LRBC II, 43 and 46-46a. C 11 and 13. [Trier, AD 349-50]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65) RIC 244 records a specimen lacking an officina mark following the mint mark (a dieengraver’s error).

18670

Kg (A behind bust). Rev. – as previous, but with mint mark LG in ex. preceded by star and officina mark P (= 1), or more rarely with F preceding the officina mark and star sometimes following the mint mark, A in l. field. RIC viii, pp. 183-4, 105-6. LRBC II, 205 and 207. Bastien 127, 129 and 131. C 13. [Lugdunum, AD 349-50]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

18671

As previous, but with mint mark ARL in ex. preceded by officina mark S (= 2). RIC viii, p. 212, 127-8. LRBC II, 412-13. EMA 80/7-8. C 13. [Arles, AD 349-50]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

18672

As previous, but with mint mark AQ in ex. followed by officina mark P, S, or T (= 1, 2, or 3) followed by dot. RIC viii, p. 324, 117-18. LRBC II, 894-5. MA 425-6. C 13. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65) [Aquileia, AD 349-50].

18673

As previous, but with mint mark SIS in ex. preceded by dot and officina mark A-e (= 1-5) and followed by dot. RIC viii, p. 367, 252. LRBC II, 1151. C 13. [Siscia, AD 349-50]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

18674

As previous, but also with star in rev. field to r. (officinae D = 4 not recorded). RIC viii, p. 367, 256. LRBC II, 1155. C 13. [Siscia, AD 349-50]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

18675

As previous, but with mint mark TS in ex. followed by officina mark A-e (= 1-5). RIC viii, p. 412, 122. LRBC II, 1649. C 13. [Thessalonica, AD 349-50]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

18676

Kg. Rev. — soldier rushing l., holding shield on l. arm and spearing fallen horseman whose mount has stumbled beneath him, shield on ground to r., mint mark LG in ex. preceded by officina mark P (= 1) and followed by star, or with star in r. field. RIC viii, p. 182, 80 and 82. LRBC II, 197 and 199. Bastien 117 and 120. Cf. C 15 (obv. misdescribed). [Lugdunum, AD 349]. VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

18677

As previous, but with mint mark ARL in ex. preceded by officina mark S (= 2) and followed by star. RIC viii, p. 210, 103. LRBC II, 408. EMA 73/2. Cf. C 15. [Arles, AD 348-9]. VF £18 ($32) / EF £55 ($95)

18678

Kg (A behind bust). Rev. — as previous, but without star following the mint mark and with A in l. field (officina mark P = 1 only recorded). RIC viii, p. 211, 123. LRBC II, —. EMA 80/3. Cf. C 17. [Arles, AD 349-50]. VF £22 ($38) / EF £65 ($110) The existence of this type requires confirmation.

18679

Ki. Rev. — as 18676, but with mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark B (= 2) and with star in l. field. RIC viii, p. 257, 136. LRBC II, —. C —. [Rome, AD 350]. VF £22 ($38) / EF £65 ($110) Issued just prior to the downfall of Constans.

18674

CONSTANS AUGUSTUS

229

18680

FEL TEMP REPARATIO (cont.) Billon heavy maiorina. Obv. As 18678. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark AQ in ex. followed by officina mark T (= 3) and with Chi-Rho monogram in l. field. RIC viii, p. 324, 116. LRBC II, —. MA 424. C —. [Aquileia, AD 349-50]. VF £23 ($40) / EF £72 ($125)

18681

Kg. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark SIS in ex. preceded by officina mark A-e (= 1-5), star in r. field. RIC viii, p. 364, 211. LRBC II, 1149. Cf. C 15. [Siscia, AD 348-9]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

18682 18682

Obv. As 18678. Rev. — as previous, but with two dots flanking the officina and mint marks, A in l. field, and sometimes without the star in r. RIC viii, p. 367, 254 and 258. LRBC II, 1153 and 1158. Cf. C 17. [Siscia, AD 349-50]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

18683

As 18679, but with mint mark TS in ex. followed by officina mark A-e (= 1-5) followed by star. RIC viii, p. 412, 115. LRBC II, 1646. C —. [Thessalonica, AD 348-50]. VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

18684

Kg. Rev. — as 18676, but with mint mark ALE in ex. followed by officina mark A or D (= 1 or 4), star in l. field. RIC viii, p. 541, 48-9. LRBC II, 2833. Cf. C 15. [Alexandria, AD 348-50]. VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

18685

Billon light maiorina (c. 4.25-4.50 grams and with a reduced silver content — possibly a half maiorina). Kh. Rev. FEL TEMP REPARATIO, soldier advancing r., looking back, leading small captive barbarian from hut beneath a tree and holding spear in l. hand, mint mark TR in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2) and rarely also by dot. RIC viii, p. 153, 221 and 223-5. LRBC II, 29, 30a, and 31. C 18-19. [Trier, AD 348-9]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

18686

As previous, but with mint mark LG in ex. preceded by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2), sometimes preceded by star and/or followed by dot. RIC viii, p. 182, 84-9. LRBC II, 178-81. Bastien 93, 99, 105, 108, 110, and 113. C 18-19. [Lugdunum, AD 348-9]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

18687

As previous, but with mint mark ARL in ex. preceded by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). RIC viii, p. 210, 105-6. LRBC II, 401. EMA 75/2. C 18-19. [Arles, AD 348-9]. VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

18688

As previous, but with mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark P, B, T, Q, e, or S (= 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6), usually with star between. RIC viii, p. 258, 138 and 140. LRBC II, 602 and 604. C 18-19. [Rome, AD 348-9]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

18689

Similar, but with N behind obv. bust and in rev. field, and very rarely with star between the mint and officina marks. RIC viii, pp. 259-60, 158-9 and 161. LRBC II, 595-7 and VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) 601. C —. [Rome, AD 349-50].

230

18690

Roman Coins and Their Values

18690 FEL TEMP REPARATIO (cont.) Billon light maiorina. As 18685, but with mint mark AQ in ex. followed by officina mark P, S, or T (= 1, 2, or 3) and usually by dot. RIC viii, p. 323, 101, 103, and 106. LRBC II, 886 and 888. MA 417-19. C 18-19. [Aquileia, AD 348-9]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

18691

As previous, but with mint mark SIS in ex. preceded by officina mark B or D (= 2 or 4) and followed by letter-symbol and M. RIC viii, p. 365, 217-18. LRBC II, 1121-2. C VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) 18-19. [Siscia, AD 348-9].

18692

Similar, but without the letter-symbol following the mint mark. RIC viii, p. 365, 219-20. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) LRBC II, 1117. C 18-19. [Siscia, AD 348-9].

18693

Similar, but with R• instead of M following mint mark (officinae A, G, and e = 1, 3, and 5 recorded). RIC viii, p. 365, 222. LRBC II, —. C 18-19. [Siscia, AD 348-9]. VF £16 ($27) / EF £45 ($80)

18694

As 18685, but with mint mark TES in ex. followed by officina mark A-e (= 1-5). RIC viii, p. 412, 118. LRBC II, 1636. C 18-19. [Thessalonica, AD 348-9]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

18695

As previous, but with mint mark S M H in ex. followed by officina mark A, G, D, or e (= 1, 3, 4, or 5), sometimes with star in l. field or following the officina mark. RIC viii, p. 435, 71, 74, and 78. LRBC II, 1886 and 1889. C 18-19. [Heraclea, AD 348-50]. VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

18696

Similar, but with mint mark M H followed by officina mark D or e (= 4 or 5). RIC viii, p. 435, 77. LRBC II, —. C 18-19. [Heraclea, AD 348-50]. VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90) As 18685, but with mint mark CONS in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, G, D, e, S, H, I, or IA (= 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, or 11), sometimes followed by star and sometimes also with G in l. field. RIC viii, p. 454, 86, 88, and 92. LRBC II, 2012, 2014, and 2017. C 18-19. [Constantinople, AD 348-50]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

18697

18698

As previous, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, G, or D (= 1, 2, 3, or 4). RIC viii, p. 476, 70. LRBC II, 2291. C 18-19. [Nicomedia, AD 348-50]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

18699

As previous, but with mint mark S M K in ex. followed by officina mark A-S (= 1-6) and sometimes preceded by star or dot, or with star in l. field. RIC viii, pp. 495-6, 72-3, 79, 81-2, and 85-6. LRBC II, 2475, 2477, and 2481. C 18-19. [Cyzicus, AD 348-50]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

18700

18700 As previous, but with mint mark AN in ex. followed by officina mark A-S, Q, or I (= 1-6, 9, or 10), sometimes with star in l. field. RIC viii, p. 522, 126 and 128. LRBC II, VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) 2615 and 2617. C 18-19. [Antioch, AD 348-50].

CONSTANS AUGUSTUS

231

18701

FEL TEMP REPARATIO (cont.) Billon light maiorina. As previous, but with mint mark ALE in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, G, or D (= 1, 2, 3, or 4), sometimes with star in l. field. RIC viii, p. 542, 60-61 and 67-8. LRBC II, 2820-21 and 2825-6. C 18-19. [Alexandria, AD 348-50]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

18702

Kh (N behind bust). Rev. — Constans, nimbate and in military attire, galloping r., thrusting with spear and riding down two barbarians before him, one of whom is kneeling, mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 6), N in r. field. RIC viii, p. 259, 155. LRBC II, 590. C 20. [Rome, AD 349-50]. VF £26 ($45) / EF £72 ($125)

18703

18703 Kh. Rev. — Constans, in military attire, stg. l., holding standard/labarum and resting on shield, two captives stg. facing each other on l., mint mark SIS in ex. preceded by officina mark A-e (= 1-5). RIC viii, p. 365, 224. LRBC II, 1116. C 14. [Siscia, AD 348-9]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

18704

Similar, but also with R following the mint mark, and with star in l. field. RIC viii, p. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) 365, 226. LRBC II, 1119. C 14. [Siscia, AD 348-9].

18705

As 18703, but with mint mark S M K in ex. preceded by star and followed by officina mark B, D, or e (2, 4, or 5). RIC viii, p. 496, 76. LRBC II, —. C 14. [Cyzicus, AD 348-50]. VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

18706

As previous, but with mint mark ALE in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, G, or D (= 1, 2, 3, or 4), sometimes with star in l. field. RIC viii, p. 542, 56-7 and 64-5. LRBC II, VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) 2816-17 and 2823. C 14. [Alexandria, AD 348-50].

18707

Bronze quarter maiorina? (c. 2.40-2.60 grams with no silver content). Kg. Rev. FEL TEMP REPARATIO, phoenix, rad., stg. r. on globe, mint mark TR in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2) usually followed by dot or star. RIC viii, p. 154, 232, 234, and 236. LRBC II, 35, 37, and 39. C 21. [Trier, AD 348-9]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

18708

Similar, but the phoenix stands on pyre instead of globe, and the officina mark may also be followed by dot within crescent. RIC viii, p. 154, 226 and 228-30. LRBC II, 33 and VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) 36. C 22. [Trier, AD 348-9].

18709

As 18707, but with mint mark LG in ex. preceded by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2), the globe flanked by palms. RIC viii, —. LRBC II, —. Bastien 95 and 101. C 21. VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90) [Lugdunum, AD 348].

18710

As 18708, but with mint mark LG in ex. preceded by officina mark P (= 1) and sometimes followed by star. RIC viii, p. 183, 90-91. LRBC II, —. Bastien 94 and 116. VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90) C 21. [Lugdunum, AD 348-9].

18711

As 18707, but with mint mark ARL in ex. preceded by officina mark S (= 2) and followed by palm or star. RIC viii, p. 211, 113 and 115. LRBC II, —. EMA 77/4 and VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85) 78/2. C 21. [Arles, AD 348-9].

18712

As 18708, but with mint mark ARL in ex. preceded by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). RIC viii, p. 211, 109. LRBC II, 402. EMA 76/1. C 22. [Arles, AD 348-9]. VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

232

Roman Coins and Their Values

18713

FEL TEMP REPARATIO (cont.) Billon quarter maiorina? As 18707, but with mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark P, T, or Q (= 1, 3, or 4), sometimes with star in l. field. RIC viii, p. 258, 143 and 145. LRBC II, —. C 21. [Rome, AD 348-9]. VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

18714

As 18708, but with mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark e or S (= 5 or 6), star in l. field. RIC viii, p. 258, 142. LRBC II, —. C 22. [Rome, AD 348-9]. VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

18715

As 18707, but with mint mark AQ in ex. followed by officina mark T (= 3) and dot. RIC viii, p. 324, 111. LRBC II, —. MA 422. C 21. [Aquileia, AD 348-9]. VF £22 ($38) / EF £65 ($110)

18716

As 18708, but with mint mark AQ in ex. followed by officina mark P, S, or T (= 1, 2, or 3) and dot. RIC viii, p. 324, 112. LRBC II, —. MA 423. C 22. [Aquileia, AD 348-9]. VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

18717

18717 As previous, but with mint mark SIS in ex. preceded by officina mark A-e (= 1-5) and sometimes followed by dot or by hook-shaped symbol. RIC viii, p. 366, 228, 232, and 236. LRBC II, 1124 and 1128. C 22. [Siscia, AD 348-9]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

18718

Similar, but the mint mark is followed by letter-symbol, or the letter-symbol is in r. field. RIC viii, p. 366, 241-2 and 247. LRBC II, 1131 and 1134. C 22. [Siscia, AD 349-50]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

18719

Similar, but the letter-symbol replaces the officina mark before the mint mark. RIC viii, p. 366, 249. LRBC II, 1137. C 22. [Siscia, AD 349-50]. VF £16 ($27) / EF £45 ($80)

18720

As 18707, but with mint mark S M H in ex. followed by officina mark D (= 4), star in r. field. RIC viii, p. 435, 80. LRBC II, —. C 21. [Heraclea, AD 348-50]. VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

18721

As previous, but with mint mark S M K in ex. followed by officina mark B, G, or D (= 2, 3, or 4), sometimes with star in r. field. RIC viii, p. 496, 88 and 90. LRBC II, 2482. C 21. [Cyzicus, AD 348-50]. VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

18722

Similar, but the phoenix stands on a pyre, and officinae D and S (= 4 and 6) recorded (star in r. field). RIC viii, p. 496, 91. LRBC II, —. C 22. [Cyzicus, AD 348-50]. VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

18723

As 18707, but with mint mark AN in ex. followed by officina mark G, D, Q, or I (= 3, 4, 9, or 10), star in r. field. RIC viii, p. 522, 131. LRBC II, 2619. C 21. [Antioch, AD 348-50]. VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

18724

As previous, but with mint mark ALE in ex. followed by officina mark A or D (= 1 or 4) and sometimes with star in r. field. RIC viii, p. 543, 70-71. LRBC II, 2828-9. C 21. [Alexandria, AD 348-50]. VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

18725

Kg. Rev. — Constans stg. l. on galley steered by Victory seated in stern, holding phoenix on globe in his r. hand and labarum in l., mint mark LG in ex. preceded by officina mark P (= 1) which is sometimes preceded or (rarely) followed by star. RIC viii, p. 183, 96 and 98-9. LRBC II, 194-5. Bastien 92, 104, and 115. C 10. [Lugdunum, AD 348-9]. VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

MAGNENTIUS

233

18726

FEL TEMP REPARATIO (cont.) Billon quarter maiorina? As previous, but with mint mark ARL in ex. preceded by officina mark S (= 2) and followed by dot. RIC viii, p. 211, 117. LRBC II, 406a. EMA 79/2. C 10. [Arles, AD 348-9]. VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

18727

As previous, but with mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark P, T, Q, or e (= 1, 3, 4, or 5). RIC viii, p. 258, 146-7. LRBC II, 626. C 10. [Rome, AD 348-9]. VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

18728

As previous, but with mint mark AQ in ex. followed by officina mark S (= 2) and sometimes also by dot. RIC viii, p. 324, 108-9. LRBC II, —. MA 420-21. C 10. VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90) [Aquileia, AD 348-9].

18729

As previous, but with mint mark SIS in ex. preceded by officina mark A-e (= 1-5) and sometimes followed by dot or by hook-shaped symbol. RIC viii, p. 366, 230, 234, and 238-9. LRBC II, 1126 and 1130. C 10. [Siscia, AD 348-9]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

18730

Similar, but the mint mark is followed by letter-symbol (sometimes also by dot), or the letter-symbol is in r. field. RIC viii, p. 366, 244-6 and 248. LRBC II, 1132 and 1136. C VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) 10. [Siscia, AD 348-9].

18731

Similar, but the letter-symbol replaces the officina mark before the mint mark. RIC viii, p. 366, 250. LRBC II, 1138. C 10. [Siscia, AD 348-9]. VF £16 ($27) / EF £45 ($80)

18732

As 18725, but with mint mark TES in ex. followed by officina mark A-e (= 1-5). RIC viii, p. 412, 120-21. LRBC II, 1642. C 10. [Thessalonica, AD 348-9]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

MAGNENTIUS 18 Jan. AD 350-10 Aug. 353 18780 The unpopular rule of Constans in the western provinces was brought to an abrupt end early in AD 350 when the field commander (comes rei militaris) Flavius Magnus Magnentius was proclaimed emperor at the Gallic city of Augustodunum (Autun). The unlikely occasion was a birthday party staged by Constans’ finance minister Marcellinus in honour of his son to which a large number of dignitaries had been invited, including many prominent military officers. Marcellinus had laid his plans carefully and at a given signal Magnentius suddenly appeared amongst the gathering dressed in imperial robes. He was enthusiastically acclaimed as Augustus in opposition to the hated Constans and the news quickly spread throughout the city. Seized with panic, Constans fled in the direction of Spain but was overtaken and murdered by supporters of the usurper. Magnentius was born about AD 303 at Ambianum (Amiens). His father is believed to have been British while his mother was of Frankish origin. He joined the Roman army during the reign of Constantine I and rose through the ranks to head the elite legions known as the Ioviani and the Herculiani (a curious survival of pagan nomenclature from the period of the First Tetrarchy). It is hard to tell to what extent the coup had been pre-planned, but with the rapid removal of Constans from the political scene the western provinces quickly fell into line in their support of Magnentius’ regime. It is unlikely that he ever envisaged contesting mastery of the entire Empire with Constantius II. His ambition seems to have been limited to becoming the legitimate colleague of the eastern emperor, in the same way that Constans had been. In any case, any eastern advance into the Danubian

234

Roman Coins and Their Values

provinces had been checked by the proclamation at Mursa (in modern Croatia) on 1 March of another pretender, Vetranio, who, after some initial hesitation, had decided to support the cause of the legitimate eastern emperor who was currently occupied on the Persian front. Three months later (3 June) Magnentius had to contend with yet another rival claimant when Nepotian, a relative of Constantius, was proclaimed emperor in Rome. However, support for Nepotian was not widespread and Magnentius had little difficulty in re-establishing control over the old imperial capital. The early months of the regime were spent in trying to negotiate a division of territory with Constantius II, who was still absent on the eastern frontier. But as the year progressed it became increasingly clear that the eastern emperor was simply stalling for time in order to allow him to settle with the Persians before returning to deal in person with the rebel regime in the West. By the autumn, Constantius was back in the Balkans and on Christmas Day 350 Vetranio formally abdicated in the eastern emperor’s presence at Naissus (modern Nis in Serbia). Preparations for war between Constantius and Magnentius now proceeded apace. In March, 351, Constantius elevated his cousin Gallus to the rank of Caesar in order to maintain an imperial presence in the East. In response, Magnentius bestowed the same rank on his relative Decentius (a younger brother or cousin) with the task of defending the Rhine frontier where the German tribes had been stirred up by Constantius. When hostilities commenced, the first blood went to Magnentius whose numerically superior Gallic legions inflicted a defeat on Constantius’ army at Atrans, on the border of Italy and Noricum. Refusing offers of negotiation, Magnentius now advanced into the Danubian provinces and captured the important mint city of Siscia and advanced as far as Sirmium before establishing himself at Mursa Major. This was the high point of Magnentius’ imperial adventure as on 28 September he suffered a crushing defeat, losing a major portion of his army. The battle of Mursa Major was not just catastrophic for the ambitions of Magnentius but was a crippling blow for the entire Roman army. With total casualties numbering about 50,000 men, this, and the battle of Adrianople 27 years later (in which the emperor Valens lost his life) were probably largely responsible for the terminal decline of Roman military power in the 5th century. Following Mursa, Magnentius was never again able to challenge Constantius in the field. The eastern emperor, also seriously weakened, could not take immediate advantage of his victory by delivering the death blow to his rival. But by the late summer of 352 Magnentius found himself unable to retain control of Italy and was forced to withdraw to Gaul. Here, at Mons Seleucus in Gallia Narbonensis, the western usurper suffered his final defeat. He fled to Lugdunum where he committed suicide on 10 August 353, Decentius following suit about a week later at Sens. The coinage of Magnentius and his Caesar Decentius is of considerable interest. A total of seven mints were employed — Trier, Ambianum, Lugdunum, Arles, Aquileia, Rome, and a brief issue from Siscia. Early in his reign, the usurper made a concerted effort to gain the recognition of Constantius by striking an extensive issue of billon coins in the name of the eastern emperor. When it became clear that such an arrangement was not going to be possible these issues ceased. After his defeat at Mursa in 351 Magnentius found himself in a much weakened position and his withdrawal from Italy late in the following year was followed by a remarkable reform of the coinage. Under this, the fullweight solidus of 24 siliquae was replaced by a light-weight version apparently struck on a 21-siliqua standard of c. 3.94 grams. The usurper was clearly in severe financial straits, a fact also evidenced by his introduction of a new bronze denomination characterized by the appearance of a large ChiRho monogram (Christogram) as its reverse type. When first introduced, these large and handsome ‘double maiorinae’, weighing circa 8.00-9.00 grams, appeared to represent an improvement on the standards of the existing coinage. However, this was far from the reality as these pieces contained no silver and even their weight standard was rapidly lowered, initially to about 6.50-7.00 grams and finally to circa 4.00-4.50 grams. Interestingly, although he bore the rank of Augustus throughout his usurpation, the portrait of Magnentius is normally depicted as bareheaded, without wreath or diadem. In the early issues, this may have been intended as a conciliatory gesture to Constantius II whose recognition as an imperial colleague he was seeking: thereafter, it merely became the accepted norm for the usurper’s effigy. Another possibility is that as he was of partly barbarian origin it was felt that Magnentius should not be depicted wearing the imperial headdress.

MAGNENTIUS

235

Obverse legends represented by capital letters:

A. D N MAG MAGNENTIVS P F AVG B. D N MAGNENTIO PERPETVO AVG C. D N MAGNENTIVS AVG D. D N MAGNENTIVS P F AVG E. FL MAGNENTIVS P F AVG F. FL MAGNENTIVS TR P F AVG G. IM CAE MAGNENTIVS AVG H. IMP CAES MAGNENTIVS AVG I. MAG MAGNENTIVS AVG J. MAGNENTIVS AVG

Obverse types represented by lower case letters:

a. Bareheaded, dr. and cuir. bust r. b. Diad., dr. and cuir. bust r.

18733

Gold solidus (c. 4.5 grams). Da. Rev. BIS RESTITVTA LIBERTAS, Victory stg. r., facing Libertas stg. l., holding between them long shaft surmounted by trophy, Victory also holds palm-branch over l. shoulder and Libertas holds transverse sceptre in l. hand, mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark P (= 1). RIC viii, p. 261, 168. MM 470. Depeyrot, p. 144, 4/1. C —. [Rome, AD 350]. (Unique) This type commemorates the recovery of Rome for Magnentius following the brief revolt of Nepotian (3-30 June 350).

18734

D (sometimes AG for AVG), b. Rev. GLORIA ET REPARATIO TEMPORVM, Magnentius, in military attire, stg. l., holding Victory on globe and standard, mint mark P AR in ex. RIC viii, p. 212, 129-30. MM 229. Depeyrot, p. 132, 2/2. Cf. EMA 82/2-3. VF £1,575 ($2,750) / EF £4,300 ($7,500) C 15. [Arles, AD 350].

18735

Fa. Rev. RESTITVTOR LIBERTATIS, as previous, but the standard has Chi-Rho monogram (labarum), mint mark S M AQ in ex. RIC viii, p. 326, 124. MM 301. Depeyrot, p. 181, 6/1. MA 531. C 28. [Aquileia, AD 350]. VF £1,425 ($2,500) / EF £4,000 ($7,000)

18736

Ga. Rev. VICTORIA AVG LIB ROMANOR, Victory and Libertas, as 18733, but with mint mark TR (rarely TR P) in ex. RIC viii, pp. 155-6, 247-51 and 253-4. MM 3-7 and 12-17. Depeyrot, pp. 109-10, 7/1, 8/1, and 9/1. C 46. [Trier, AD 350-51]. VF £775 ($1,350) / EF £2,300 ($4,000)

18737

Similar, but with obv. legend D (mint mark TR). RIC viii, pp. 156 and 159, 252 and 276-7. MM 45-6. Depeyrot, pp. 109-10, 8/2, 9/2, and 10/1. C 48. [Trier, AD 351-2].4 VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,600 ($4,500)

18738

As 18736, but with mint mark P AR in ex. RIC viii, p. 213, 132. MM 250. Depeyrot, p. 132, VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,600 ($4,500) 2/4. EMA 101/1. C 46. [Arles, AD 350-51].

18739

Similar, but with obv. legend C. Cf. RIC viii, p. 213, 131 (obv. misdescribed). Cf. MM 251. Cf. Depeyrot, p. 132, 3/1 (but see pl. V). Cf. EMA 112/1. C 46. [Arles, AD 350-51]. VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,600 ($4,500)

18736

236

Roman Coins and Their Values

18740 18740

VICTORIA AVG LIB ROMANOR (cont.) Gold solidus. G (but IMP for IM), a. Rev. — as 18736, but with mint mark R in ex., sometimes followed by officina mark P, B, Q, or S (= 1, 2, 4, or 6) and rarely with dot between. RIC viii, pp. 260-61, 162-4. MM 385-8, 392, and 387 note. Depeyrot, p. 143, VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,600 ($4,500) 1/1 and 2/1. C —. [Rome, AD 350].

18741

Da. Rev. – as previous (officinae P, B, and T = 1, 2, and 3 recorded, no dot between mint and officina marks). RIC viii, p. 261, 169-70. MM 471, 472 bis, and 473. Depeyrot, p. VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,600 ($4,500) 144, 4/2. C 48. [Rome, AD 350-51].

18742

Ha. Rev. – as 18736, but with mint mark S M AQ in ex. RIC viii, p. 326, 125-6. MM 304-5. Depeyrot, p. 181, 6/2. MA 532. C 47. [Aquileia, AD 350]. VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,600 ($4,500)

18743

Da. Rev. – as previous, but sometimes with dot preceding the mint mark. RIC viii, p. 327, 132-7. MM 343-4. Depeyrot, p. 182, 7/1 and 8/1. MA 540-45. C 48. [Aquileia, AD 351-2]. VF £775 ($1,350) / EF £2,300 ($4,000)

18744

E (but AG for AVG), b. Rev. VICTORIAE AVG, two Victories stg. facing each other, holding between them wreath encircling S RP, mint mark P AR in ex. RIC viii, —. MM —. Cf. Depeyrot, p. 132, 2/1. Cf. EMA 82/1. C —. [Arles, AD 350]. VF £1,700 ($3,000) / EF £4,550 ($8,000)



NB A few gold multiples were issued in the name of Magnentius: 1.25 solidi were struck at Trier, rev. VICTORIA AVG LIB ROMANOR, Victory and Libertas (RIC 246) and at Aquileia, rev. VOT V MVLT X in wreath (RIC 131); 1.5 solidi were struck at Trier, rev. VICTORIA AVG LIB ROMANOR, Victory and Libertas (RIC 245) and at Aquileia, rev. VIRTVS AVGVSTI NOSTRI, emperor with kneeling captive (RIC 130); double solidi were struck at Trier, rev. GLORIA ROMANORVM, Roma seated (RIC 272) and at Aquileia, rev. VIRTVS AVGVSTI NOSTRI, emperor dragging captive (RIC 123 and 129); and triple solidi were struck at Aquileia, rev. LIBERATOR REI PVBLICAE, emperor on horseback, welcomed by bowing female figure (RIC 122 and 127-8).

18745

Gold light-weight solidus (c. 3.94 grams). Ca. Rev. VICT AVG LIB ROM ORB, Victory and Libertas, as 18736 (mint mark TR). RIC viii, p. 161, 295. MM 74. Depeyrot, VF £1,050 ($1,850) / EF £3,150 ($5,500) p. 111, 13/1. C 36 var. [Trier, AD 352-3].

18746

As previous, but with mint mark N LVG in ex. RIC viii, p. 185, 119. MM 201. Depeyrot, p. 126, 1/2. Bastien 193. C 36. [Lugdunum, AD 352-3]. VF £950 ($1,650) / EF £2,850 ($5,000)

MAGNENTIUS

237

18747

Gold light-weight solidus. As previous, but with mint mark N AR in ex. Cf. RIC viii, p. 214, 159 (obv. misdescribed). MM 276. Cf. Depeyrot, p. 133, 4/2. Cf. EMA 113/2. C VF £950 ($1,650) / EF £2,850 ($5,000) 36. [Arles, AD 352-3].

18748

As 18745, but with rev. legend VICT CAES LIB ROM ORB. RIC viii, p. 161, 296. MM 76. Depeyrot, p. 111, 13/2. C 40. [Trier, AD 352-3]. VF £1,050 ($1,850) / EF £3,150 ($5,500) This is a hybrid with a reverse proper to Decentius.

18749

Da. Rev. VICTORIA AVG LIB ROMANOR, as 18745. RIC viii, p. 160, 285-6 and 290-91. MM 77, 79, and 81. Depeyrot, p. 110-11, 11/1 and 12/1. C 48. [Trier, AD 352-3]. VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,600 ($4,500)

18750

Ga. Rev. – as 18746. RIC viii, p. 185, 118. MM 202. Depeyrot, p. 126, 1/1. Bastien 194. VF £1,050 ($1,850) / EF £3,150 ($5,500) C 46 var. [Lugdunum, AD 352-3].

18751

As previous, but with mint mark N AR in ex. RIC viii, p. 214, 158. MM 277. Depeyrot, p. 133, 4/1. EMA 113/1. C 46. [Arles, AD 352-3]. VF £1,050 ($1,850) / EF £3,150 ($5,500)

18752

Obv. As 18739. Rev. — as 18745, but with mint mark R followed by officina mark Q (= 4). RIC viii, p. 261, 165. MM 390. Cf. Depeyrot, p. 143, 2/1 (not described as lightweight despite recorded weight of 4.07 grams). C —. [Rome, AD 350]. VF £1,050 ($1,850) / EF £3,150 ($5,500)

18753

As 18741 (officinae P, B, and e = 1, 2, and 5 recorded). RIC viii, p. 262, 171. MM 472 and 474. Cf. Depeyrot, p. 144, 4/2 (not described as light-weight despite recorded weights of 4.07 and 3.89 grams). C 48. [Rome, AD 350-51]. VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,600 ($4,500)

18754

Gold semissis or half solidus (c. 2.25 grams). Ha. Rev. FELICITAS PERPETVA, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark S M AQ in ex. RIC viii, —. MM —. Depeyrot, —. MA 533. C —. [Aquileia, AD 350]. VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,600 ($4,500)

18755

Ja. Rev. VICTORIA DD NN AVGG, as previous, but with mint mark TR. RIC viii, p. 159, 281. MM 49. Depeyrot, p. 110, 10/4. C 65. [Trier, AD 351]. VF £775 ($1,350) / EF £2,300 ($4,000)

18756

Gold 1.5-scripulum or 9-siliqua (c. 1.68 grams). Ca. Rev. FELICITAS PERPETVA, Victory advancing l., as 18754. RIC viii, p. 327, 138. MM 345. Depeyrot, p. 182, 7/2. VF £775 ($1,350) / EF £2,300 ($4,000) MA 546. C 2. [Aquileia, AD 351].

18757

Silver multiple of 4 siliquae or 3 light miliarenses (c. 13.5 grams, weights variable). Ga. Re. SECVRITAS REI PVBLICAE, Securitas stg. facing, hd. r., her legs crossed, r. hand on hd., resting l. arm on column, mint mark TR in ex. RIC viii, p. 156, 255. MM 8. RSC 34b. [Trier, AD 350]. VF £8,500 ($15,000) / EF £23,000 ($40,000)

18758

Similar, but with obv. legend D. RIC viii, p. 161, 299. MM 53. RSC 34a. [Trier, AD 352]. VF £8,500 ($15,000) / EF £23,000 ($40,000)

18759

Da. Rev. TRIVMFATOR GENTIVM BARBARARVM, Magnentius, in military attire, stg. l., holding standard with Chi-Rho monogram (labarum) in r. hand and spear (or sceptre) in l., mint mark AQ in ex. preceded by star and officina mark T (= 3) and followed by dot. RIC viii, p. 328, 141. MM 346. MA 549. RSC 35. [Aquileia, AD 351]. VF £11,500 ($20,000) / EF £28,500 ($50,000)

18756

238

Roman Coins and Their Values

18760

Silver heavy miliarensis (c. 5.4 grams, weights variable). Da. Rev. AEQVITAS AVG NOSTRI, Aequitas stg. l., holding scales and cornucopiae, mint mark TR in ex. RIC viii, p. 162, 300. MM 56. RSC 1A. [Trier, AD 352]. VF £2,000 ($3,500) / EF £5,200 ($9,000)

18761

Da. Rev. FELICITAS PERPETVA around wreath containing VOT / V / MVLT / X in four lines, mint mark SIS in ex. preceded by numeral LX and followed by dot. RIC viii, p. 328, 142. MM 350. MA 550. RSC 3A. [Siscia, AD 351]. VF £1,700 ($3,000) / EF £4,300 ($7,500) The numeral 60 (LX) in the mint mark refers to the weight standard of this denomination, i.e. 1/60th of a pound (see also no. 18463).

18762 18762

Da. Rev. VICTORIAE DD NN AVGG, Victory seated r. on cuirass and shield, inscribing VOT / V / MVLT / X on shield set on knee, mint mark AR in ex. preceded by officina mark P (= 1). RIC viii, p. 215, 160. MM 252. EMA 102/1. RSC 65Ab. [Arles, AD 351-2]. VF £1,475 ($2,600) / EF £3,750 ($6,500)

18763

Silver light miliarensis (c. 4.5 grams, weights variable). Da. Rev. PRINCIPI IVVENTVTIS, prince, in military attire, stg. r., holding transverse spear and globe, mint mark TR in ex. RIC viii, p. 162, 302. MM 37. RSC 26A. [Trier, AD 352]. VF £1,700 ($3,000) / EF £4,300 ($7,500) This reverse type is more appropriate to the Caesar Decentius, for whom it was also struck (see no. 18851).

18764

Da. Rev. VICTORIAE DD NN AVGG, Victory seated r., as 18762, but with mint mark LG in ex. preceded by officina mark P (= 1) and dot. RIC viii, p. 184, 107. MM 172. Bastien 156. RSC 65Aa. [Lugdunum, AD 350-51]. VF £1,250 ($2,200) / EF £3,150 ($5,500)

18765

As previous, but with mint mark AQ in ex., sometimes preceded by star and sometimes also followed by dot. RIC viii, p. 328, 143-5. MM 347-9. MA 551-3. RSC 65Ac-e. [Aquileia, AD 351]. VF £1,150 ($2,000) / EF £2,850 ($5,000)

18766

Da. Rev. VICTORIAE DD NN AVG ET CAE, two Victories stg. facing each other, holding between them wreath encircling VOT / V / MVL / X, mint mark AR in ex. preceded by officina mark P (= 1). RIC viii, p. 215, 161. MM 254. Cf. EMA 102/2 (rev. misdescribed). RSC 66. [Arles, AD 351-2]. VF £1,250 ($2,200) / EF £3,150 ($5,500)

18767

Ga. Rev. VIRTVS AVG NOSTRI, Magnentius, in military attire, stg. l., holding globe and sceptre, captive kneeling r. at feet, mint mark TR in ex. RIC viii, p. 157, 257. MM 19. RSC 75. [Trier, AD 350]. VF £1,375 ($2,400) / EF £3,450 ($6,000)

18768

Silver siliqua (c. 3.37 grams, weights variable). Da. Rev. FELICITAS PERPETVA, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and trophy, mint mark LVG in ex. RIC viii, p. 186, 120. MM 173. Bastien 157. RSC 3a. [Lugdunum, AD 351-2]. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,425 ($2,500)

18769

Ca. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark AR in ex. preceded by officina mark P (= 1). RIC viii, p. 215, 163. MM 253. EMA 102/3. RSC 3e. [Arles, AD 351-2]. VF £625 ($1,100) / EF £1,575 ($2,750)

MAGNENTIUS

239

18770

Silver siliqua. Ea. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark AQ in ex. followed by dot or star. RIC viii, p. 327, 139-40. MM 305 bis and ter. MA 547-8. RSC 3c-d. [Aquileia, AD 351]. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,425 ($2,500)

18771

Similar, but with obv. legend D and without symbol following the mint mark. RIC viii, p. 328, 146. MM 351. MA 554. Cf. RSC 3b (obv. wrongly described). [Aquileia, AD 351]. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,425 ($2,500)

18772

Ga. Rev. VIRTVS EXERCITI, soldier stg. facing, hd. r., resting on spear and shield, mint mark TR in ex. RIC viii, pp. 156-7, 256 and 258. MM 9 and 18. RSC 82. [Trier, AD 350]. VF £520 ($900) / EF £1,300 ($2,250)

18773

Similar, but with obv. legend D. RIC viii, p. 162, 304. MM 54. RSC 81. [Trier, AD 352]. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,425 ($2,500)

18774

Bronze ‘double maiorina’ (c. 8-9 grams). Da. Rev. SALVS DD NN AVG ET CAES, large Chi-Rho monogram flanked by A and w, mint mark AMB in ex., sometimes followed by dot or palm or preceded by dot. RIC viii, p. 123, 34 and 36-8. MM 135-8. LRBC II, 19-20 and 22. C 30. [Ambianum, AD 352-3]. VF £140 ($250) / EF £430 ($750) The short-lived mint at Amiens was a creation of Magnentius whose birthplace it is reputed to have been. It was closed by Constantius II soon after his reconquest of the western provinces in August of 353.

18775

As previous, but with mint mark TR in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). RIC viii, p. 163, 318. MM 84. LRBC II, 62. C 30. [Trier, AD 352-3]. VF £140 ($250) / EF £430 ($750)

18776

As previous, but with mint mark LG in ex. preceded by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2) which is usually preceded by L or R. RIC viii, p. 188, 153-4. MM 203 and 206. LRBC II, 236. Bastien 195-8 and 200. C 30. [Lugdunum, AD 352-3]. VF £140 ($250) / EF £430 ($750)

18777

As previous, but with mint mark AR in ex. preceded by officina mark P, S, or T (= 1, 2, or 3). RIC viii, p. 217, 188. MM 278, 280, and 282. LRBC II, 445. EMA 114/1. C 30. [Arles, AD 352-3]. VF £155 ($275) / EF £460 ($800)

18778

Bronze reduced ‘double maiorina’ (first reduction, c. 6.5-7 grams). As 18774, but the mint mark AMB is sometimes followed by dot, or palm, or crescent. RIC viii, p. 123, 39, 41, and 43-4. MM 139, 141, 143, and 145. LRBC II, 19-20 and 22-3. C 31. [Ambianum, AD 353]. VF £65 ($110) / EF £185 ($325)

18779

As 18775, but sometimes with dot following the officina mark. RIC viii, p. 164, 320-21 and 323. MM 88, 90, 92, and 94. LRBC II, 62 and 66. C 31. [Trier, AD 353]. VF £60 ($100) / EF £175 ($300)

18780

As 18776, but the officina mark is preceded by L or P and sometimes with dot following the mint mark LG. RIC viii, p. 188, 156, 158, and 160. MM 208, 210, and 212-13. LRBC II, 236, 242, and 244. Bastien 202, 204, and 206-7. C 31. [Lugdunum, AD 353]. VF £60 ($100) / EF £175 ($300) The curious mint mark S P R LG has also been recorded (RIC 162, MM p. 182, note).

18772

 

18774

240

Roman Coins and Their Values

18781

SALVS DD NN AVG ET CAES (cont.) Bronze reduced ‘double maiorina’ (first reduction). As 18777, but sometimes the officina mark is preceded by S and sometimes the mint mark is followed by dot. RIC viii, p. 217, 194, 196, 198, and 200. MM 284-6, 288, 295-6, and 297a. LRBC II, 445 and 447. EMA 115/3, 116/1, 117/1, and 118/1. C 31. [Arles, AD 353]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350) A rare variety has dots following the S and the officina mark (RIC 200, MM p. 191 note and p. 325, 297a).

18782

As 18777, but the Chi-Rho monogram and A and w are enclosed within wreath. RIC viii, p. 217, 192. MM 291 and 293. LRBC II, 443. EMA 115/1. C 29. [Arles, AD 353]. VF £140 ($250) / EF £430 ($750)

18783

Bronze reduced ‘double maiorina’ (second reduction, c. 4-4.5 grams). As 18774, but the mint mark AMB is flanked by dot within crescent and wreath or Q, and with star in upper l. field. RIC viii, p. 123, 45. MM 147. LRBC II, 24. C 32. [Ambianum, AD 353]. VF £48 ($85) / EF £140 ($250)

18784

As 18775, but sometimes with palms in lower field either side of the base of the ChiRho monogram. RIC viii, p. 164, 325 and 327. MM 96 and 100. LRBC II, 65. C 32. VF £48 ($85) / EF £140 ($250) [Trier, AD 353].

18785

As 18780 (officina mark preceded by L or P), but not recorded with dot following the mint mark. RIC viii, pp. 188-9, 163 and 167. MM 215 and 218. LRBC II, 238 and 242. Bastien 210, 212, and 214. C 32. [Lugdunum, AD 353]. VF £48 ($85) / EF £140 ($250)

18786

Similar, but with S — star in lower rev. field either side of the base of the Chi-Rho monogram, and the officina mark is usually preceded by P, R, or F. RIC viii, p. 189, 170, 172, 174, and 176. MM 220, 222, 224, and p. 183, note 2. LRBC II, 247. Bastien 218VF £48 ($85) / EF £140 ($250) 19, 221, 223, and 225. C 32. [Lugdunum, AD 353].

18787

As 18777, but the officina mark is preceded by L. RIC viii, p. 217, 201. MM 298-9. LRBC II, 449. EMA 119/1. C 32. [Arles, AD 353]. VF £48 ($85) / EF £140 ($250)

18788

Billon heavy maiorina (declining from c. 5.20 grams). Ga (A behind bust). Rev. FEL TEMP REPARATIO, Magnentius stg. l. on galley steered by Victory seated in stern, holding Victory on globe in his r. hand and labarum in l., mint mark TR in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2), A in l. field. RIC viii, p. 157, 260. MM 10-11. LRBC VF £37 ($65) / EF £115 ($200) II, 48. C 11. [Trier, AD 350].

18789

Db (A behind bust). Rev. – Magnentius, in military attire, stg. l., holding labarum in r. hand and supporting fold of cloak with l., mint mark LG in ex. preceded by F and officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2), A in l. field. RIC viii, p. 184, 108. MM 148-9. LRBC II, VF £48 ($85) / EF £140 ($250) 208. Bastien 133-4. C 13. [Lugdunum, AD 350].

18790

Obv. As previous. Rev. — soldier rushing l., holding shield on l. arm and spearing fallen horseman whose mount has stumbled beneath him, shield on ground to r. (omitted at some mints), mint mark ARL in ex. preceded by officina mark S (= 2), A in l. field. RIC viii, p. 213, 133. MM 228. LRBC II, 414. EMA 81/1. C —. [Arles, AD 350]. VF £60 ($100) / EF £175 ($300)

MAGNENTIUS

241

18791 18791

Billon heavy maiorina. Ga (rarely with A behind bust). Rev. FELICITAS REI PVBLICE, Magnentius, in military attire, stg. l., holding Victory on globe and labarum, mint mark TR in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2) which is sometimes followed by dot, crescent, or dot within crescent, usually with A in r. field (sometimes in l.). RIC viii, p. 158, 260A-268. MM 20-31. LRBC II, 49-52. C 5. [Trier, AD 350]. VF £35 ($60) / EF £100 ($175) Bastien (MM, p.161, note 1) records a specimen of this type with a diademed imperial bust instead of bareheaded — possibly irregular.

18792

Db. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark LG in ex., usually preceded by F or R and by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). RIC viii, p. 185, 109 and 112. MM 150 and 152-5. LRBC II, 209-11. Bastien 135-40. C 7. [Lugdunum, AD 350]. VF £35 ($60) / EF £100 ($175)

18793

Bb. Rev. — as previous, but emperor holds plain standard instead of labarum, and with mint mark AR preceded by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). RIC viii, p. 213, 134-5. MM 232. LRBC II, 417-18. EMA 83/1-2. Cf. C 9. [Arles, AD 350]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350)

18794

Similar, but with obv. legend D and sometimes with F in rev. field to l. RIC viii, p. 213, 136-9. MM 230-31 and 233-4. LRBC II, 415-16 and 419-20. EMA 83/3-4 and 84/1-2. C 7. [Arles, AD 350]. VF £37 ($65) / EF £115 ($200)

18795

Db. Rev. GLORIA ROMANORVM, Magnentius, in military attire, on horse rearing r., holding shield on l. arm and about to spear barbarian who kneels l. beneath horse’s forelegs, shield and broken spear beneath horse, mint mark AM or AMB in ex. followed by palm. RIC viii, p. 121, 1-2. MM 102-3. LRBC II, 1-2. C 22. [Ambianum, AD 350]. VF £48 ($85) / EF £140 ($250)

18796

Similar, but with obv. type a and with A behind bust (mint mark AMB followed by palm). RIC viii, p. 121, 3. MM 104. LRBC II, 3. C 20. [Ambianum, AD 350]. VF £43 ($75) / EF £130 ($225)

18797

As previous, but the horse is galloping and the barbarian kneels before it. RIC viii, p. 122, 4. MM 104. LRBC II, 4. C 20. [Ambianum, AD 350-51]. VF £35 ($60) / EF £100 ($175)

18798

Da (A behind bust). Rev. – as previous, but the emperor is sometimes nimbate, and with mint mark TR in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2) which is usually followed by dot or crescent. RIC viii, p. 158, 269-71. MM 32-5. LRBC II, 53-5. C 20. VF £35 ($60) / EF £100 ($175) [Trier, AD 350-51].

18798

242

Roman Coins and Their Values

18799

GLORIA ROMANORVM (cont.) Billon heavy maiorina. As previous, but the emperor has no shield on l. arm and is not nimbate, and with mint mark LG in ex. preceded by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2) which is preceded by R and sometimes also by crescent, or with dot following the mint mark. RIC viii, p. 185, 115-17. MM 160-65. LRBC II, 214-16. Bastien 141-6. C 20. [Lugdunum, AD 350-51]. VF £35 ($60) / EF £100 ($175)

18800

As previous, but with mint mark AR or ARL in ex. preceded by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2) which is sometimes preceded by F, the mint mark sometimes followed by dot, < L, or F, sometimes with L in l. field, always with star in r. RIC viii, p. 214, 150-57. MM 240-47. LRBC II, 421, 423, 424a (Addenda), 425, 426-7, and 429. EMA 92/1, 93/1, 94/2, 95/1, 96/1, 97/1, 98/1, and 99/1. C 20. [Arles, AD 350-51]. VF £35 ($60) / EF £100 ($175)

18801

As previous, but with mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark P, T, Q, e, or S (= 1, 3, 4, 5, or 6), star in r. field. RIC viii, pp. 265 and 267, 197 and 209. MM 452, 455, 457-8, and 460. LRBC II, 638. C 20. [Rome, AD 350-51]. VF £35 ($60) / EF £100 ($175)

18802

As previous, but on rev. the emperor is nimbate, and with mint mark AQ in ex. followed by officina mark P, S, or T (= 1, 2, or 3), sometimes with dot following the officina mark or with palms flanking the mint and officina marks, star in r. field sometimes accompanied by wreath, sometimes with B in l. field. RIC viii, p. 330, 158-62. MM 316, 318, 320-21, 324-6, 328, 330, 332, 334, and 336. LRBC II, 899, 901-2, 904, and 906. VF £35 ($60) / EF £100 ($175) MA 557-61. C 20. [Aquileia, AD 350-51].

18803

Obv. As 18798. Rev. — Magnentius, in military attire, stg. l. between two captives, holding Victory on globe and labarum, mint mark AQ in ex. followed by officina mark P, S, or T (= 1, 2, or 3) and dot, A in r. field. RIC viii, p. 329, 148. MM 307. LRBC II, VF £43 ($75) / EF £130 ($225) 896. MA 555. C 18. [Aquileia, AD 350].

18804

Obv. As previous. Rev. RENOBATIO VRBIS ROME, Roma seated l., holding Victory on globe and resting on spear, shield at her side, mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark P, B, T, Q, or S (= 1, 2, 3, 4, or 6). RIC viii, p. 267, 207. MM 464-7 and VF £100 ($175) / EF £300 ($525) 469. LRBC II, 648. C 27. [Rome, AD 351].

18805

— Rev. VRBS ROMA, as previous (officinae Q, e, and S = 4, 5, and 6 only recorded). RIC viii, p. 266, 206. MM 461-3. LRBC II, 647. Cf. C 86. [Rome, AD 350]. VF £85 ($150) / EF £250 ($450)

18806

— Rev. VICT DD NN AVG ET CAES, two Victories stg. facing each other, holding between them wreath encircling VOT / V / MVLT / X, mint mark LG in ex. preceded by R and officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). RIC viii, p. 188, 151. MM 192-3. LRBC II, VF £35 ($60) / EF £100 ($175) 233. Bastien 185-6. C 41. [Lugdunum, AD 351].

18807

Da (B behind bust). Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark P, T, Q, e, or Z (= 1, 3, 4, 5, or 7), usually with star in lower central field. RIC viii, p. 268, 214 and 216. MM 480, 482-3, 486, 488-90, and 493. LRBC II, 650 and 652. C 41. [Rome, AD 351-2]. VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150)

18808

Similar, but with G instead of B behind obv. bust, and always with star in rev. field. RIC viii, p. 268, 218. MM 494, 496, 498-9, and 501. LRBC II, 654. C —. [Rome, AD 351-2]. VF £32 ($55) / EF £90 ($160)

18809

As previous, but with Chi-Rho monogram above the wreath on rev., and the star is between the mint and officina marks instead of in field. RIC viii, p. 268, 222. MM 507, 510, 512-13, and 516. LRBC II, —. C —. [Rome, AD 352]. VF £37 ($65) / EF £115 ($200)

MAGNENTIUS

243

18810

Billon heavy maiorina. Da (A behind bust). Rev. VICTORIA AVG ET CAES, Magnentius, in military attire, stg. r., l. foot set on captive, holding labarum and spear, mint mark SIS in ex. preceded by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2), III in l. field, VAL monogram in r. RIC viii, p. 372, 318. MM 517 and 519. LRBC II, 1196. Cf. C 45 (inaccurately described). [Siscia, AD 351]. VF £85 ($150) / EF £250 ($450)

18811

G (but IMP for IM), a. Rev. VICTORIA AVG LIB ROMANOR, as previous, but Magnentius holds standard and laurel-branch, and with mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark P, B, T, Q, e, or S (= 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6), sometimes with dot between. RIC viii, p. 263, 177 and note. MM 394, 396, 398, 400, 402, 404, 406-7, and 410. LRBC II, 632. C 56. [Rome, AD 350]. VF £37 ($65) / EF £115 ($200)

18812 18812 Similar, but with F flanked by dots between the mint and officina marks, and usually with A in rev. field to l. RIC viii, p. 263, 179 and 182. MM 412, 415, 418, 421, 424, 427, VF £37 ($65) / EF £115 ($200) and 427a. LRBC II, 635. C 56. [Rome, AD 350]. 18813

G (but IMP for IM), a. Rev. — Magnentius, in military attire, stg. l., r. foot set on captive, holding globe surmounted by eagle in r. hand and resting on spear held in l., mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark P (= 1). RIC viii, p. 263, 178. MM 404a. LRBC II, —. C 59. [Rome, AD 350]. VF £60 ($100) / EF £175 ($300)

18814

Similar, but with F flanked by dots between the mint and officina marks, and usually with A in rev. field to l. (officinae P, B, Q, and e = 1, 2, 4, and 5 recorded). RIC viii, p. 263, 180 and 183. MM 413, 416, 422, 425, and 428a. LRBC II, —. C 59. [Rome, AD 350]. VF £60 ($100) / EF £175 ($300)

18815

Da (A behind bust). Rev. VICTORIAE DD NN AVG ET CAE, two Victories stg. facing each other, holding between them wreath encircling VOT / V / MVLT / X which is resting on short column, mint mark AMB in ex. sometimes followed by palm. RIC viii, p. 122, 5 and 7. MM 105 and 107. LRBC II, 5 and 7. C 70. [Ambianum, AD 351-2]. VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150)

18816

As previous, but without the supporting column on rev., and the mint mark is followed by palm and sometimes also preceded by dot, or with star following the mint mark, which is sometimes also preceded by dot. RIC viii, p. 122, 9, 11, 13, 14, 16, and 17. MM 111, 113, 115, and 117. LRBC II, 8 and 10. C 68 var. [Ambianum, AD 351-2]. VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150)

18817

Similar, but the wreath held by the two Victories is surmounted by P-headed cross (Christogram) and the mint mark is sometimes followed by I, or by crescent, or by dot within crescent, or by star; sometimes (when followed by crescent or dot within crescent) the mint mark is also preceded by star. RIC viii, pp. 122-3, 20, 22-3, 25, 27, 29, and 31. MM 121, 123, 125, 127, 129, 131, and 133. LRBC II, 12-13, 15, and 17. Cf. C 69. [Ambianum, AD 352]. VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150)

18818

As 18815, but with mint mark TR in ex. followed by officina mark P or S = 1 or 2 (rarely followed by crescent in officina S only). RIC viii, p. 162, 307 and 309. MM 39 and 44. LRBC II, 56. C 70. [Trier, AD 351-2]. VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150)

244 18819

Roman Coins and Their Values VICTORIAE DD NN AVG ET CAE (cont.) Billon heavy maiorina. As previous, but with mint mark LG in ex. preceded by R and officina mark P (= 1), sometimes with S—V in lower central field. RIC viii, p. 186, 121 and 123. MM 166, 169, and 171. LRBC II, 217 and 219. Bastien 147, 149, 151, and 153. C 70. [Lugdunum, AD 351-2]. VF £35 ($60) / EF £100 ($175)

18820

 

18821

18820

As 18816, but with mint mark LG in ex. preceded by R or L and officina mark P (= 1) and sometimes followed by dot, SV or SP in lower central field, the former sometimes accompanied by star or by one or two dots. RIC viii, pp. 186-7, 126, 128, 130, 132-3, 136, 138, and 140. MM 174, 174b, 176, 178, 180, 182, 184, 186, and 190. LRBC II, 221, 223, 225, and 227. Bastien 158, 160, 163, 165, 167, 169, 177, 179, and 181. C 68 VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150) var. [Lugdunum, AD 351-2].

18821

As 18817, but the Christogram surmounting the wreath on rev. has the form of a ChiRho monogram instead of a P-headed cross, and with mint mark LG in ex. preceded by R or L and officina mark P (= 1), and with SP in lower central field. RIC viii, pp. 188, 145 and 147. MM 194 and 196. LRBC II, 229 and 231. Bastien 187 and 189. Cf. C 69. VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150) [Lugdunum, AD 352].

18822

As 18816, but the wreath encircles VOT / V / MVL / X, and with mint mark AR in ex. preceded by officina mark P (= 1), F, IS (sometimes with e or C above), or AC in lower central field. RIC viii, p. 216, 175, 177, 179, and 181. MM 265, 266, 268, and 269a. LRBC II, 437. EMA 107/3, 109/2, and 110/1. C 68. [Arles, AD 351-2]. VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150)

18823

As previous, but the wreath held by the two Victories is surmounted by Chi-Rho monogram, and with I in lower central field. RIC viii, p. 217, 184. MM 272. LRBC II, 441. EMA 111/1. Cf. C 69. [Arles, AD 352]. VF £35 ($60) / EF £100 ($175)

18824

Da (A behind bust). Rev. VICTORIAE DD NN AVG ET CAES, two Victories stg. facing each other, holding between them wreath encircling VOT / V / MVLT / X which is resting on short column, mint mark TR in ex. followed by officina mark P (= 1). RIC viii, p. 162, 306. MM 40. LRBC II, —. C 70. [Trier, AD 351-2]. VF £37 ($65) / EF £115 ($200)

18825

As previous, but without the supporting column on rev. (officina S = 2 also recorded). RIC viii, p. 163, 312. MM 64 and 67. LRBC II, 58. C 68 var. [Trier, AD 351-2]. VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150)

18826

Similar, but the wreath held by the two Victories is surmounted by Chi-Rho monogram. RIC viii, p. 163, 315. MM 70 and 72. LRBC II, 60. Cf. C 69. [Trier, AD 352]. VF £35 ($60) / EF £100 ($175)

18827

As 18825, but with mint mark AQ in ex. followed by officina mark S or T (= 2 or 3). RIC viii, p. 331, 167. MM 361-2. LRBC II, 907. MA 564. C 68 var. [Aquileia, AD 351-2]. VF £35 ($60) / EF £100 ($175)

18828

Similar, but with AC in lower central field on rev. (officina T = 3 only recorded). RIC viii, p. 331, 169. MM 365. Cf. LRBC II, 911. MA 565. C 68 var. [Aquileia, AD 351-2]. VF £37 ($65) / EF £115 ($200)

MAGNENTIUS

245

18829

VICTORIAE DD NN AVG ET CAE (cont.) Billon heavy maiorina. As 18827, but the mint and officina marks are flanked by palms (officinae P, S, and T = 1, 2, and 3 recorded). RIC viii, p. 331, 170. MM 366, 368, and 370. LRBC II, 909. MA 566. C 68 var. [Aquileia, AD 351-2]. VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150)

18830

As previous, but without the palms flanking the mint and officina marks and with star, usually surmounted by dot, in lower central field. RIC viii, p. 331, 171A and 173. MM 372, 378, 380, and 382. LRBC II, 913. MA 567-8. C 68 var. [Aquileia, AD 351-2]. VF £35 ($60) / EF £100 ($175)

18831

Similar, but the wreath held by the two Victories is surmounted by Chi-Rho monogram (the star surmounted by dot, officina P = 1 only recorded). RIC viii, p. 331, 175. MM 384. Cf. LRBC II, 915. MA 569. Cf. C 69. [Aquileia, AD 352]. VF £37 ($65) / EF £115 ($200)

18832

As 18824, but the wreath encircles VOT / V / MVL / X, and with mint mark AR in ex. preceded by F and officina mark P (= 1). RIC viii, p. 216, 164. MM 248. LRBC II, 431. EMA 100/1. C 68. [Arles, AD 351-2]. VF £35 ($60) / EF £100 ($175)

18833

As previous, but without the supporting column on rev. (officina S = 2 also recorded), sometimes also with dot in lower central field. RIC viii, p. 216, 167 and 169. MM 256-7 and 259. LRBC II, 433. EMA 104/1 and 105/1. C 68. [Arles, AD 351-2]. VF £35 ($60) / EF £100 ($175)

18834

Similar, but without the F preceding the officina mark (officina P = 1 only recorded), and with I or F in lower central field. RIC viii, p. 216, 171 and 173. MM 261 and 263. LRBC II, 435. EMA 106/1 and 107/1. C 68. [Arles, AD 351-2]. VF £35 ($60) / EF £100 ($175)

18835

Similar, but with AC or IS in lower central field on rev. RIC viii, p. 216, 175A and 176. MM 265a and p. 188, note. LRBC II, —. EMA 108/1 and 109/1. C 68. [Arles, AD 351-2]. VF £37 ($65) / EF £115 ($200)

18836

Billon light maiorina (declining from c. 4.50 grams). Da (N behind bust). Rev. GLORIA ROMANORVM, soldier advancing r., looking back, holding spear and bow in l. hand and with r. dragging captive by the hair, mint mark AQ in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2) and dot, N in r. field. RIC viii, p. 329, 150. MM 312-14. LRBC II, 897. MA 556. Cf. C 19. [Aquileia, AD 350]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350)

18837

G (but IMP for IM), a (N behind bust). Rev. VICTORIA AVG LIB ROMANOR, Victory stg. r., facing Libertas stg. l., holding between them long shaft surmounted by trophy, Victory also holds palm-branch over l. shoulder and Libertas holds transverse sceptre in l. hand, mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark P, T, e, or S (= 1, 3, 5, or 6). RIC viii, p. 264, 191-2. MM 435-6, 438, and 440-42. LRBC II, 640-41. Cf. C 50. [Rome, AD 350]. VF £60 ($100) / EF £175 ($300)

18838

Obv. As previous. Rev. — Magnentius, in military attire, stg. facing, hd. r., his r. hand raised to the banner of labarum on l. and holding olive-branch in l., captive kneeling on ground to r., mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark P, B, or Q (= 1, 2, or 4), N in l. field. RIC viii, p. 264, 193. MM 429-30 and 432. LRBC II, 642. Cf. C 54. [Rome, AD 350]. VF £60 ($100) / EF £175 ($300)

246

Roman Coins and Their Values

18839

Billon half maiorina (c. 2.50 grams). Ia. Rev. BEATITVDO PVBLICA, Magnentius, in consular attire, seated l. on curule chair, his r. hand raised, holding sceptre in l., mint mark AQ in ex. followed by officina mark P, S, or T (= 1, 2, or 3) and sometimes preceded by star. RIC viii, p. 331, 164-6. MM 353 and 355-6. LRBC II, 917. MA 562-3. C 1. [Aquileia, AD 351]. VF £175 ($300) / EF £430 ($750)



NB Some specimens of the maiorina types, especially two Victories holding votive wreath, are struck on small flans which fall well short of the normal weight. While it is possible that some of these coins may be half denominations it seems likely that the majority are merely irregular issues: because of the difficulty in differentiation these have been omitted from the listings. True half maiorinae would, of course, be considerably rarer than their full-weight counterparts.

18840

Da. Rev. VIRTVS EXERCITVS, Magnentius, in military attire, stg. l., holding globe and sceptre, mint mark AQ in ex. followed by officina mark P or T (= 1 or 3). RIC viii, p. 331, 177. MM 359a-b. LRBC II, —. MA 570. Cf. C 83. [Aquileia, AD 351-2]. VF £140 ($250) / EF £350 ($600)

18841

Billon half light maiorina? (c. 1.80 grams). G (but IMP for IM), a. Rev. GLORIA ROMANORVM, two Victories stg. facing each other, holding between them shield inscribed VOT / X, no mint mark. RIC viii, p. 265, 194. MM, p. 207, note 1. LRBC II, (Two known) —. C —. [Rome, AD 350].

DECENTIUS Caesar under Magnentius, 15 Mar. AD 351-18 Aug. 353 18882 Magnus Decentius, a brother or cousin of the western usurper Magnentius, was elevated to the rank of Caesar at Milan in the spring of AD 351. The appointment was in answer to the similar advancement of Constantius Gallus at Sirmium by his half-cousin, the eastern emperor Constantius II. In the early months of his usurpation, Magnentius had hoped to come to an accommodation with Constantius over the division of the Empire. However, as the year progressed, it became increasingly apparent that the eastern emperor had no intention of coming to terms with his brother’s supplanter and the elevations of Gallus and Decentius clearly marked the final break. Decentius’ designated role as Magnentius’ imperial colleague was to defend the German frontier, while the emperor himself confronted the threat of invasion from the East. This was vital in view of Constantius’ dangerous policy of stirring up the Germanic tribes along the Rhine in the hope of distracting the attention of the rebel regime. With inadequate forces at his disposal, Decentius could achieve little more than react to the increasingly frequent barbarian incursions into his province and on more than one occasion he came close to being overwhelmed. Meanwhile, Magnentius achieved early success against the forces of Constantius at Atrans (modern Trojane in modern Slovenia) and even occupied Siscia for a short period. However, in September of 351 he was disastrously defeated at Mursa, after which he was never able to recover sufficiently to seriously challenge the eastern emperor on the battlefield. But the forces of Constantius had also been seriously weakened in this costly engagement which prevented him from being able to put a swift end to the western usurpation. Instead, the influence of Magnentius and Decentius was gradually diminished over the following two years. Italy was abandoned in the late summer of 352 and Spain and North Africa soon slipped from the rebels’ grasp. The end came in the summer of 353 when Magnentius, besieged in Lugdunum following a final military reverse, committed suicide. News of Magnentius’ death reached Decentius about a week later. He was encamped at Agedincum (modern Sens) about 110 km southeast of Paris and, realizing that his position was now hopeless, he took his own life on 18 August. The coinage of Decentius follows a similar course to that of the later issues of Magnentius. His

DECENTIUS

247

portrait is shown bareheaded and his somewhat uncouth features plainly reveal the close relationship of the two rulers. The following obverse legends are represented by capital letters:

A. D N DECENTIVS CAESAR B. D N DECENTIVS FORT CAES C. D N DECENTIVS NOB CAES D. MAG DECENTIVS NOB CAES

The following obverse types are represented by lower case letters:

a. Bareheaded, dr. and cuir. bust r. b. Bareheaded and cuir. bust r.

18842

Gold solidus (c. 4.5 grams). Ba. Rev. VICTORIA AVG LIB ROMANOR, Victory stg. r., facing Libertas stg. l., holding between them long shaft surmounted by trophy, Victory also holds palm-branch over l. shoulder and Libertas holds transverse sceptre in l. hand, mint mark TR in ex. RIC viii, p. 159, 278. MM 63. Depeyrot, p. 110, 10/2. C —. [Trier, AD 351-2]. VF £2,000 ($3,500) / EF £5,200 ($9,000)

18843

18843

 

18844 MAG DECENTIVS N CS, a. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark R followed by officina mark P, e, or S (= 1, 5, or 6), sometimes with dot between. RIC viii, p. 262, 172-3. MM 475-7. Depeyrot, p. 144, 4/3 and 5/1. C 27. [Rome, AD 351-2]. VF £2,300 ($4,000) / EF £5,700 ($10,000)

18844

Ba. Rev. VICTORIA CAES LIB ROMANOR, as 18842. RIC viii, p. 159, 279-80. MM 47-8. Depeyrot, p. 110, 10/3. C 31. [Trier, AD 351-2]. VF £1,700 ($3,000) / EF £4,550 ($8,000)



NB some very rare gold multiples were issued at Trier in the name of Decentius: 1.5 solidi, rev. VICTORIA AVG LIB ROMANOR, Victory and Libertas (RIC 275); and double solidi, rev. GLORIA ROMANORVM, Roma seated (RIC 273-4, one with consular bust holding eagle-tipped sceptre).

18845

Gold light-weight solidus (c. 3.94 grams). Ba. Rev. VICT CAES LIB ROM ORB, as previous. RIC viii, p. 161, 297. MM 75. Depeyrot, p. 111, 13/3. C 19. [Trier, AD 352-3]. VF £1,700 ($3,000) / EF £4,550 ($8,000)

18846

Ba. Rev. VICTORIA AVG LIB ROMANOR, as previous. RIC viii, p. 160, 287-8 and 292. MM 78 and 80. Depeyrot, pp. 110-11, 11/2 and 12/2. C —. [Trier, AD 352-3]. VF £1,700 ($3,000) / EF £4,550 ($8,000)

18847

Ba. Rev. VICTORIA CAES LIB ROMANOR, as previous. RIC viii, p. 160, 289 and 293-4. MM 82-3. Depeyrot, p. 111, 11/3 and 12/3. C 31. [Trier, AD 352-3]. VF £1,700 ($3,000) / EF £4,550 ($8,000)

248

Roman Coins and Their Values

18848 18848

Gold semissis or half solidus (c. 2.25 grams). DECENTIVS FOR CAES, a. Rev. VICTORIA D N CAES, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark TR in ex. RIC viii, p. 160, 282. MM 51. Depeyrot, p. 110, 10/5. C —. [Trier, AD 351]. VF £1,700 ($3,000) / EF £4,550 ($8,000)

18849

Gold 1.5-scripulum or 9-siliqua (c. 1.68 grams). As previous RIC viii, p. 160, 284. MM 52. Depeyrot, p. 110, 10/6. Cf. C 32 (rev. misdescribed). [Trier, AD 351]. VF £1,700 ($3,000) / EF £4,550 ($8,000)

18850

Silver heavy miliarensis (c. 5.4 grams, weights variable). Ba. Rev. AEQVITAS AVG NOSTRI, Aequitas stg. l., holding scales and cornucopiae, mint mark TR in ex. RIC viii, p. 162, 301. MM 57. RSC 1. [Trier, AD 352]. VF £3,450 ($6,000) / EF £8,500 ($15,000)

18851

Silver light miliarensis (c. 4.5 grams, weights variable). Ba. Rev. PRINCIPI IVVENTVTIS, prince, in military attire, stg. r., holding transverse spear and globe, mint mark TR in ex. RIC viii, p. 162, 303. MM 58. RSC 6. [Trier, AD 352]. VF £2,850 ($5,000) / EF £7,200 ($12,500)

18852

Cb. Rev. PRINCITI (sic) IVVENTVTIS, as previous. RIC viii, p. 161, 298. MM 38. VF £2,850 ($5,000) / EF £7,200 ($12,500) RSC 7. [Trier, AD 351].

18853

 

18854

18853

Ab. Rev. VICTORIAE DD NN AVG ET CAE, two Victories stg. facing each other, holding between them wreath encircling VOT / V / MVL / X, mint mark AR in ex. preceded by officina mark S (= 2) e / IS in lower central field. RIC viii, p. 215, 162. MM 255. Cf. EMA 103/1 (misdescribed as an issue of Magnentius, but see pl. 4). RSC 35. [Arles, AD 351-2]. VF £2,300 ($4,000) / EF £5,700 ($10,000)

18854

Silver siliqua (c. 3.37 grams, weights variable). Ba. Rev. VIRTVS EXERCITI, soldier stg. facing, hd. r., resting on spear and shield, mint mark TR in ex. RIC viii, p. 162, 305. MM 55. RSC 49. [Trier, AD 352]. VF £1,425 ($2,500) / EF £3,750 ($6,500)

18855

Bronze ‘double maiorina’ (c. 8-9 grams). Ab. Rev. SALVS DD NN AVG ET CAES, large Chi-Rho monogram flanked by A and w, mint mark AMB in ex. RIC viii, p. 123, 35. MM 135a. LRBC II, —. C 9. [Ambianum, AD 352-3]. (Confirmation required for this full-weight issue) The short-lived mint at Amiens was a creation of Magnentius whose birthplace it is reputed to have been. It was closed by Constantius II soon after his reconquest of the western provinces in August of 353.

18856

Ba. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark TR in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). RIC viii, p. 163, 319. MM 85 and 87. LRBC II, 63. C 13. [Trier, AD 352-3]. VF £140 ($250) / EF £430 ($750)

DECENTIUS

249

18857

Bronze ‘double maiorina’. Cb. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark LG in ex. preceded by officina mark S (= 2) which is preceded by L. RIC viii, p. 188, 155. MM 205. LRBC II, 237. Bastien 199. C 11. [Lugdunum, AD 352-3]. VF £155 ($275) / EF £480 ($850)

18858

A, a or b. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark AR in ex. preceded by officina mark S or T (= 2 or 3). RIC viii, p. 217, 189 and 190-91. MM 281, 283, and 283a. LRBC II, 446. EMA 114/2-3. C 9. [Arles, AD 352-3]. VF £155 ($275) / EF £480 ($850)

18859

Bronze reduced ‘double maiorina’ (first reduction, c. 6.5-7 grams). As 18855, but the mint mark AMB is sometimes followed by dot. RIC viii, p. 123, 40 and 42. MM 140 and 142. LRBC II, 21. C 10. [Ambianum, AD 353]. VF £72 ($125) / EF £215 ($375)

18860 18860 As 18856, but sometimes with dot following the officina mark. RIC viii, p. 164, 322 and 324. MM 89, 91, 93, and 95. LRBC II, 63. C —. [Trier, AD 353]. VF £65 ($110) / EF £185 ($325) 18861

As 18857, but the officina mark is preceded by L or P and sometimes with dot following the mint mark LG. RIC viii, p. 188, 157, 159, and 161. MM 209, 211, and 214. LRBC II, 237, 243, and 245. Bastien 203, 205, and 208. C 12. [Lugdunum, AD 353]. VF £65 ($110) / EF £185 ($325)

18862

As 18858 (obv. type b), but sometimes the officina mark is preceded by S and sometimes the mint mark is followed by dot. RIC viii, p. 217, 195, 197, and 199. MM 287, 290, and 297. LRBC II, 448. EMA 115/4, 116/2, and 117/2. C 10. [Arles, AD 353]. VF £72 ($125) / EF £215 ($375)

18863

As 18858 (obv. type b), but the Chi-Rho monogram and A and w are enclosed within wreath (officinae P and T = 1 and 3 recorded). RIC viii, p. 217, 193. MM 292 and 294. LRBC II, 444. EMA 115/2. C —. [Arles, AD 353]. VF £140 ($250) / EF £430 ($750)

18864

Bronze reduced ‘double maiorina’ (second reduction, c. 4-4.5 grams). As 18856, but rarely with palms in lower field either side of the base of the Chi-Rho monogram. RIC viii, p. 164, 326 and 327A. MM 97 and 99. LRBC II, 64. C —. [Trier, AD 353]. VF £55 ($95) / EF £155 ($275)

18865

As 18861 (officina mark preceded by L or P), but officina P = 1 also recorded. RIC viii, pp. 188-9, 164 and 168. MM 217, 219, and note 1. LRBC II, 239 and 243. Bastien 211, 213, 215, and 217. C 12. [Lugdunum, AD 353]. VF £55 ($95) / EF £155 ($275)

18866

Similar, but with S — star in lower rev. field either side of the base of the Chi-Rho monogram, and the officina mark is preceded by P or F (officina P not recorded). RIC viii, p. 189, 171 and 175. MM 221 and 225. LRBC II, 246 and 248. Bastien 220 and 224. C 12. [Lugdunum, AD 353]. VF £55 ($95) / EF £155 ($275)

18867

As 18862, but the officina mark is preceded by L (no dot following the mint mark and officina T = 3 only recorded). RIC viii, p. 217, 202. MM 300. LRBC II, —. EMA 119/2. C 10. [Arles, AD 353]. VF £60 ($100) / EF £175 ($300)

18868

Billon maiorina (declining from c. 5.20 grams). Db. Rev. GLORIA ROMANORVM, Decentius, in military attire, on horse galloping r., about to spear barbarian who kneels l. before the horse, shield and divided spear beneath, mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark B or S (= 2 or 6), star in r. field. RIC viii, p. 267, 210. MM 478-9. LRBC II, —. C 4. [Rome, AD 351]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350)

250

Roman Coins and Their Values

18869

Billon maiorina. MAG DECENTIVS N CS, b. Rev. RENOBATIO VRBIS ROME, Roma seated l., holding Victory on globe and resting on spear, shield at her side, mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark B or e (= 2 or 5). RIC viii, p. 267, 208. MM 465 and 468. LRBC II, 649. Cf. C 8. [Rome, AD 351]. VF £125 ($220) / EF £375 ($650)

18870

Cb. Rev. VICT DD NN AVG ET CAES, two Victories stg. facing each other, holding between them wreath encircling VOT / V / MVLT / X, mint mark LG in ex. preceded by R and officina mark S (= 2). RIC viii, p. 188, 152. MM 193a. LRBC II, 235. Bastien VF £48 ($85) / EF £140 ($250) 186, note. Cf. C 20. [Lugdunum, AD 351]. The existence of this type requires confirmation.

18871

Db (usually with B behind bust). Rev. – as previous, but with mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark B, e, or S (= 2, 5, or 6), usually with star in lower central field. RIC viii, p. 268, 212-13, 215, and 217. MM 481, 485 (and note), 487, and 491-2. VF £35 ($60) / EF £100 ($175) LRBC II, 651 and 653. C 21. [Rome, AD 351-2].

18872

Similar, but with G instead of B behind obv. bust, and always with star in rev. field (officinae B, T, and S = 2, 3, and 6 recorded). RIC viii, p. 268, 219. MM 495, 497, and VF £37 ($65) / EF £115 ($200) 500. LRBC II, 655. C 21. [Rome, AD 351-2].

18873

As previous (sometimes with MAGNVS for MAG), but with Chi-Rho monogram above the wreath on rev., and the star is between the mint and officina marks instead of in field (officinae P, B, T, and S = 1, 2, 3, and 6 recorded). RIC viii, p. 268, 223-4. MM 508-9, 511, and 515 (and note). LRBC II, —. C 22. [Rome, AD 352]. VF £43 ($75) / EF £130 ($225)

18874

Ca (A behind bust). Rev. VICTORIA AVG ET CAES, Decentius, in military attire, stg. r., l. foot set on captive, holding labarum and spear, mint mark SIS in ex. preceded by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2), III in l. field, VAL monogram in r. RIC viii, p. 372, 319. MM 518 and 520. LRBC II, 1197. C 25. [Siscia, AD 351]. VF £100 ($175) / EF £290 ($500)

18875

Cb. Rev. VICTORIAE DD NN AVG ET CAE, two Victories stg. facing each other, holding between them wreath encircling VOT / V / MVLT / X which is resting on short column, mint mark AMB in ex. sometimes followed by palm. RIC viii, p. 122, 6 and 8. MM 106 and 108. LRBC II, 6. C 43. [Ambianum, AD 351-2]. VF £35 ($60) / EF £100 ($175)

18876

As previous, but without the supporting column on rev., and the mint mark is usually followed by palm or (more rarely) by crescent. RIC viii, p. 122, 10, 12, and 18. MM 110, 112, and 120. LRBC II, 9. C 33. [Ambianum, AD 351-2]. VF £35 ($60) / EF £100 ($175)

18877

Similar, but the wreath held by the two Victories is surmounted by P-headed cross (Christogram) and the mint mark is followed by crescent or by dot within crescent, or (rarely) by star, and is sometimes also preceded by star. RIC viii, pp. 122-3, 24, 26, 28, 30, and 32. MM 126, 130, 132, and 134. LRBC II, 14, 16, and 18. C —. [Ambianum, AD 352]. VF £35 ($60) / EF £100 ($175)

18878

As previous, but with A behind obv. bust, and the mint mark is preceded by star and followed by dot within crescent. RIC viii, p. 123, 33 (citing specimen in the British Museum). MM 134a (‘confirmation required’). LRBC II, —. Cf. C 41. [Ambianum, AD 352]. VF £43 ($75) / EF £130 ($225)

18879

As 18875, but with mint mark TR in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). RIC viii, p. 162, 308. MM 41 and 43. LRBC II, 57. C 43. [Trier, AD 351-2]. VF £35 ($60) / EF £100 ($175)

DECENTIUS

251

18880

Billon maiorina. Ba (A behind bust). Rev. — as previous, but without the supporting column. RIC viii, p. 163, 314. MM 66 and 69. LRBC II, —. C —. [Trier, AD 351-2]. VF £37 ($65) / EF £115 ($200)

18881

As 18875, but with mint mark LG in ex. preceded by R and officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2), sometimes with S—V in lower central field. RIC viii, p. 186, 122 and 124. MM 167-8 and 170. LRBC II, 218 and 220. Bastien 148, 150, and 154. C 43. [Lugdunum, AD 351-2]. VF £35 ($60) / EF £100 ($175)

18882

18882 As 18876, but with mint mark LG in ex. preceded by R or L and officina mark S (= 2) and sometimes followed by dot, SV or SP in lower central field, the former sometimes accompanied by star or dot. RIC viii, pp. 186-7, 127, 129, 131, 134-5, 137, 139, and 141. MM 175, 177, 179, 181, 183, 187, 189, and 191. LRBC II, 222, 224, 226, and 228. Bastien 161, 164, 166, 173, 176, 178, 180, and 182. C 33. [Lugdunum, AD 351-2]. VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150)

18883

As 18877, but the Christogram surmounting the wreath on rev. has the form of a ChiRho monogram instead of a P-headed cross, and with mint mark LG in ex. preceded by R or L and officina mark S (= 2), and with SP in lower central field. RIC viii, pp. 188, 146 and 148. MM 195 and 197. LRBC II, 230 and 232. Bastien 188 and 191. Cf. C 43. [Lugdunum, AD 352]. VF £35 ($60) / EF £100 ($175)

18884

Ab (A behind bust). Rev. — as 18876, but the wreath encircles VOT / V / MVL / X, and with mint mark AR in ex. preceded by officina mark S (= 2), IS (sometimes with e or C above) in lower central field. RIC viii, p. 216, 178, 180, and 182. MM 267, 269, and 269b. LRBC II, 438. EMA 109/3 and 110/3 and note. C —. [Arles, AD 351-2]. VF £35 ($60) / EF £100 ($175)

18885

As previous, but the wreath held by the two Victories is surmounted by Chi-Rho monogram, and with I or e/IS in lower central field. RIC viii, p. 217, 183, 185, and 187. MM 271, 273, and 275. LRBC II, 442. EMA 111/2. Cf. C 39. [Arles, AD 352]. VF £37 ($65) / EF £115 ($200)

18886

Ba (A behind bust). Rev. VICTORIAE DD NN AVG ET CAES, two Victories stg. facing each other, holding between them wreath encircling VOT / V / MVLT / X, mint mark TR in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). RIC viii, p. 163, 313. MM 65 and 68. LRBC II, 59. C 37. [Trier, AD 351-2]. VF £37 ($65) / EF £115 ($200)

18887

Similar, but the wreath held by the two Victories is surmounted by Chi-Rho monogram. RIC viii, p. 163, 316. MM 71 and 73. LRBC II, 61. C 37. [Trier, AD 352]. VF £37 ($65) / EF £115 ($200)

18888

As 18886, but with mint mark AQ in ex. followed by officina mark S (= 2). RIC viii, p. 331, 168. MM 362b. LRBC II, 908. MA 571. C 37. [Aquileia, AD 351-2]. VF £37 ($65) / EF £115 ($200)

18889

Similar, but the mint and officina marks are flanked by palms (officinae P, S, and T = 1, 2, and 3 recorded). RIC viii, p. 331, 171. MM 367, 369, and 371. LRBC II, 910. MA 572. C 37. [Aquileia, AD 351-2]. VF £35 ($60) / EF £100 ($175)

252

Roman Coins and Their Values

18890

VICTORIAE DD NN AVG ET CAES (cont.) Billon maiorina. Similar, but without the palms flanking the mint and officina marks and with star, usually surmounted by dot, in lower central field. RIC viii, p. 331, 172 and 174. MM 375, 379, 381, and 383. LRBC II, 914. MA 573-4. C 37. [Aquileia, AD 351-2]. VF £35 ($60) / EF £100 ($175)

18891

As previous, but the wreath held by the two Victories is surmounted by Chi-Rho monogram (the star surmounted by dot, officina P = 1 only recorded). RIC viii, p. 331, 176. MM 384a. Cf. LRBC II, 916. MA 575. C 37. [Aquileia, AD 352]. VF £43 ($75) / EF £130 ($225)

18892

Ab (rarely a, A behind bust). Rev. – as 18886, but the wreath is resting on short column and encircles VOT / V / MVL / X, and with mint mark AR in ex. preceded by F and officina mark S (= 2). RIC viii, p. 216, 165-6. MM 249 and 249a. LRBC II, 432. Cf. EMA 100/2-3. C —. [Arles, AD 351-2]. VF £37 ($65) / EF £115 ($200) Bastien (p. 186, note 1) records that Vienna has a specimen of this type corresponding in weight to a double maiorina.

18893

Ab (A behind bust). Rev. — as previous, but without the supporting column and sometimes also with dot in lower central field. RIC viii, p. 216, 168 and 170. MM 258 and 260. LRBC II, —. EMA 104/2 and 105/2. C —. [Arles, AD 351-2]. VF £37 ($65) / EF £115 ($200)

18894

Similar, but without the F preceding the officina mark and with I or F in lower central field. RIC viii, p. 216, 172 and 174. MM 262 and 264. LRBC II, 436. EMA 106/2 and VF £35 ($60) / EF £100 ($175) 107/2. C —. [Arles, AD 351-2].

18895

Billon half maiorina (c. 2.50 grams). Ba. Rev. VIRTVS EXERCITVS, Decentius, in military attire, stg. l., holding globe and sceptre, mint mark AQ in ex. followed by officina mark S (= 2). RIC viii, p. 331, 178. MM 359. LRBC II, 918. MA 576. Cf. C 50 VF £175 ($300) / EF £430 ($750) (misdescribed). [Aquileia, AD 351-2].



NB Some specimens of the maiorina coinage with two Victories holding votive wreath are struck on small flans which fall well short of the normal weight. While it is possible that some of these coins may be half denominations it seems likely that the majority are merely irregular issues: because of the difficulty in differentiation these have been omitted from the listings. True half maiorinae would, of course, be considerably rarer than their full-weight counterparts.

VETRANIO 1 Mar.-25 Dec. AD 350 18900 Vetranio, an experienced officer whose military career stretched back to the reign of Constantine I, was, at the time of the overthrow of Constans in late January 350, serving as Magister Peditum (Master of Infantry) in Illyricum. The usurpation of Magnentius placed Vetranio in a difficult position and he and the Praetorian Prefect Vulcacius Rufinus were at first undecided as to whether they should support the new western regime or defend the interests of the eastern emperor Constantius, who was currently engaged in a campaign against the Sasanid Persians. Wisely, as it turned out, he chose the latter option and at Mursa on 1 March he was proclaimed emperor by Constantius’ sister Constantina in order to give him the necessary legitimacy to actively oppose Magnentius. At this time, the western usurper was still hoping for a reconciliation with Constantius and in consequence he refrained from attacking Vetranio. The latter steadfastly maintained that he had no imperial ambitions himself and

VETRANIO

253

fully intended to abdicate as soon as it was feasible for him to do so. With the return of Constantius to the west in the autumn, the two imperial colleagues united their forces and Vetranio pledged his allegiance to the House of Constantine. At Naissus, on Christmas Day 350 (the 17th anniversary of Constans’ Caesarship), he formally abdicated and a grateful Constantius granted him a vast estate near Prusa in Bithynia where he lived out his remaining six years in luxurious retirement. The coinage of Vetranio was mostly produced at the Balkan mint of Siscia with more restricted issues from Thessalonica in Macedonia. Coins were issued in all metals and Vetranio also struck in the name of Constantius, whose interests he was protecting. Several of his reverse types were quite innovative, notably the HOC SIGNO VICTOR ERIS (“In this sign shalt thou conquer”), a reference to Constantine’s celebrated Vision of the Cross just prior to the battle of the Milvian Bridge in AD 312. It also served to emphasize Vetranio’s loyalty to the reigning dynasty. Unless otherwise stated, the obverse is D N VETRANIO P F AVG, laur., dr. and cuir bust r.

18896 18896

 

18897

Gold solidus. Rev. SALVATOR REPVBLICAE, Vetranio (or Constantine I), in military attire, stg. l., holding labarum and spear, crowned by Victory stg. l. behind him, also holding palm, mint mark SIS in ex. RIC viii, p. 367, 260. C 7. Depeyrot, p. 204, 17/1. [Siscia]. VF £14,300 ($25,000) / EF £43,000 ($75,000) An unique variant in Budapest has the obv. type laur. and cuir. bust r., holding spear and shield (Depeyrot 17/2).

18897 Rev. VIRTVS EXERCITVM, Vetranio, in military attire, stg. facing, hd. l., holding spear in l. hand, trophy to l. with captive seated l. at base, mint mark TES in ex. RIC viii, p. 413, 124. C —. Depeyrot, p. 216, 7/1. [Thessalonica]. VF £14,300 ($25,000) / EF £43,000 ($75,000) 18898

Silver heavy miliarensis (c. 5.4 grams, weights variable). Rev. GAVDIVM POPVLI ROMANI around wreath containing VOT / V / MVL / X flanked by two palm branches, mint mark SIS in ex. RIC viii, p. 368, 261. RSC 2A. [Siscia]. VF £4,550 ($8,000) / EF £12,850 ($22,500)

18899

18901

18899 Rev. VIRTVS EXERCITVM, Vetranio, in military attire, stg. l., holding labarum and resting on shield, mint and officina marks TS A (= 1) in ex. RIC viii, p. 413, 125. RSC 12A. [Thessalonica]. VF £3,750 ($6,500) / EF £10,000 ($17,500) 18900

Silver light miliarensis (c. 4.5 grams, weights variable). Rev. VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark SIS in ex. sometimes followed by wreath, palm in l. field. RIC viii, p. 368, 262-3. RSC 10a-b. [Siscia]. VF £3,150 ($5,500) / EF £8,500 ($15,000)

18901

Silver siliqua (c. 3.37 grams, weights variable). Rev. — Victory advancing l., holding wreath and trophy, mint mark SIS in ex. sometimes followed by dot within crescent. RIC viii, p. 368, 265 and 267. RSC 9a-b. [Siscia]. VF £2,000 ($3,500) / EF £5,700 ($10,000)

254

Roman Coins and Their Values

18902

 

18903

18902

Silver siliqua. Similar, but Victory holds palm instead of wreath, and mint mark SIS only recorded. RIC viii, p. 368, 269. RSC 8. [Siscia]. VF £2,000 ($3,500) / EF £5,700 ($10,000)

18903

Billon maiorina (declining from c. 5.20 to 4.65 grams). A behind bust, sometimes also with star before. Rev. CONCORDIA MILITVM, Vetranio, in military attire, stg. l., star above hd., holding labarum in each hand, mint mark SIS in ex. preceded by officina mark A-e (= 1-5), the mint mark usually followed by star, or with dots or dot and star flanking the officina and mint marks. RIC viii, p. 271, 274, 277, 281, 285, and 290. LRBC II, 1160, 1162, 1164, 1168, 1172, and 1176. C 1. [Siscia]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350) The variety without a star on the obverse is clearly the earlier and was struck at a slightly reduced weight of c. 5.10 grams; the later variety, with a star before the emperor’s bust, shows a further weight reduction to c. 4.65 grams (see no. 18084 for the corresponding type issued by Vetranio in the name of Constantius II).

18904

Obv. bust diad. instead of laur. Rev. – as previous, but with mint and officina marks TS A or D (= 1 or 4) flanked by dots, and with A — B or A — D in field. RIC viii, p. 414, 131 and 135. LRBC II, 1657 and 1663. C 1. [Thessalonica]. VF £72 ($125) / EF £215 ($375) See no. 18089 for the corresponding type issued by Vetranio in the name of Constantius II.

18905

Obv. As 18903. Rev. HOC SIGNO VICTOR ERIS, Vetranio (or Constantine I), in military attire, stg. l., holding labarum and spear, crowned by Victory stg. l. behind him, also holding palm, mint mark SIS in ex. preceded by officina mark A-e (= 1-5), the mint mark followed by star, or with dots or dot and star flanking the officina and mint marks. RIC viii, p. 369, 275, 279, 283, 287-8, and 292. LRBC II, 1166, 1170, 1174, and 1178. C 4. [Siscia]. VF £75 ($130) / EF £225 ($400) The remarkable reverse legend (‘In this sign you will be the victor’), with its clear allusion to Constantine’s vision before his victory over Maxentius in AD 312, provides firm evidence of Vetranio’s loyalty to Constantius. The variety without a star on the obverse is clearly the earlier and was struck at a slightly reduced weight of c. 5.10 grams; the later variety, with a star before the emperor’s bust, shows a further weight reduction to c. 4.65 grams (see no. 18203 for the corresponding type issued by Vetranio in the name of Constantius II; see also no. 18922 for a revival of the type on a solidus of Constantius Gallus).

18906

Obv. bust sometimes diad. instead of laur. Rev. VIRTVS EXERCITVM, Vetranio stg., as 18899, but officina D (= 4) also recorded. RIC viii, p. 414, 126-7. LRBC II, 1653-4. C 12. [Thessalonica]. VF £85 ($150) / EF £250 ($450)

18905

NEPOTIAN 18907

255

Billon half maiorina (c. 2.20 to 2.60 grams). Rev. GLORIA ROMANORVM, Vetranio, in military attire, stg. l., holding labarum and spear, mint mark SIS in ex. preceded by officina mark A-e (= 1-5). RIC viii, p. 370, 294. LRBC II, 1180. C 3. [Siscia]. VF £50 ($90) / EF £155 ($275) See no. 18236 for the corresponding type issued by Vetranio in the name of Constantius II.

18908 18908 Rev. VIRTVS AVGVSTORVM, Vetranio, in military attire, advancing r., holding spear and globe and trampling on captive seated at his feet, mint mark SIS in ex. preceded by officina mark A-e (= 1-5). RIC viii, p. 370, 296. LRBC II, 1182. Cf. C 11 (VICTORIA instead of VIRTVS, in error). [Siscia]. VF £50 ($90) / EF £155 ($275) See no. 18240 for the corresponding type issued by Vetranio in the name of Constantius II. 18909 Rev. VIRTVS EXERCITVM, Vetranio stg., as 18899, but with mint mark TES in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, G, or D (= 1, 2, 3, or 4). RIC viii, p. 414, 138. LRBC VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350) II, 1652. C 13. [Thessalonica].

NEPOTIAN 3-30 Jun. AD 350 18912 The brief revolt in Rome of Julius Nepotianus (also called Flavius Popilius Nepotianus Constantinus) was against the rule of Magnentius who had recently usurped the throne of the western emperor Constans. Nepotian was a member of the Constantinian dynasty, being the son of Eutropia, sister of Constantine I, and possibly of Virius Nepotianus, consul in AD 336. He was thus on the illfated side of the family, those descended from Constantius I and Theodora, and was cousin to Delmatius, Hanniballianus, Constantius Gallus, and Julian. The rebellion was not well conceived as Nepotian had no regular troops at his disposal, merely the mob that had proclaimed him emperor. These men were no match for the soldiers under the command of Magnentius’ Magister Officiorum, Marcellinus, who speedily put a brutal end to the uprising. Nepotian and his mother Eutropia and the ringleaders of the mob were all arrested and put to death, thus ending the rebellion that had lasted barely four weeks. Had he prevailed, it is not known whether Nepotian would have surrendered his throne to Constantius II, as Vetranio did six months later, but he did strike coins in his half-cousin’s name. Vetranio’s rare coinage was limited to the mint of Rome and comprises gold solidi and billon maiorinae only.

256

Roman Coins and Their Values

18910

 

18911

18910

Gold solidus. D N IVL NEPOTIANVS P F AVG, diad., dr. and cuir. bust r. Rev. VRBS ROMA, Roma enthroned l., holding globe surmounted by Chi-Rho monogram and resting on spear, shield at side, mint and officina marks R P (= 1) in ex. RIC viii, p. 261, 167. C 2. Depeyrot, p. 144, 3/2. [Rome]. VF £26,000 ($45,000) / EF £72,000 ($125,000)

18911

Billon maiorina. FL POP NEPOTIANVS P F AVG, bareheaded, dr. and cuir. bust r. Rev. GLORIA ROMANORVM, Nepotian, in military attire, on horseback galloping r., spearing barbarian who kneels l. before horse, shield and broken spear below, star in r. field, mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark Q, e, or S (= 4, 5, or 6). RIC viii, p. 265, 200. LRBC II, 643. C 1. [Rome]. VF £2,300 ($4,000) / EF £5,200 ($9,000)

18912

Obv. Similar. Rev. VRBS ROMA, Roma enthroned l., holding Victory on globe and resting on spear, shield at side, mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark P, T, Q, e, or S (= 1, 3, 4, 5, or 6). RIC viii, p. 266, 202. LRBC II, 645. C 3. [Rome]. VF £2,000 ($3,500) / EF £4,550 ($8,000)

18913

FL NEP CONSTANTINVS AVG, laur. and diad., dr. and cuir. bust r. Rev. — as previous (officinae Q, e, and S = 4, 5, and 6 only recorded). RIC viii, p. 266, 203. LRBC II, 644. C 4. [Rome]. VF £2,300 ($4,000) / EF £5,200 ($9,000)

CONSTANTIUS GALLUS Caesar under Constantius II, 15 Mar. AD 351-winter 354 18937 Flavius Claudius Gallus (later Flavius Claudius Constantius Gallus) was born in Etruria in AD 325/6. He was the son of Julius Constantius, half-brother of Constantine I, by his first wife Galla and like Nepotian was on the side of the family descended from Constantius I and Theodora. Being a sickly child and not expected to live long, he was spared when the majority of his closest relatives were murdered following the death of Constantine I in 337. His fellow survivors were his halfbrother Julian and his cousin Nepotian, both of whom were considered too young to be a political threat to the three sons of Constantine. When the western emperor Constans was overthrown by Magnentius in 350, Constantius II found himself in need of a colleague to watch over the security of the eastern Empire while he himself focused on the defeat of the usurpers in the West. Accordingly, Gallus was elevated to the rank of Caesar at Sirmium in mid-March 351 and the name Constantius was added to his name, after which he was officially styled Flavius Claudius Constantius. At the same time he was married to the emperor’s sister Constantina, the widow of Hanniballianus, and he then hurried eastward to take up residence at Antioch. Unfortunately, the new Caesar proved himself unworthy of the trust placed in him by Constantius II. He behaved with excessive cruelty in his administration of the East and became the object of hatred amongst the citizens of the eastern Empire. The emperor realized that this situation could not be allowed to continue for long and in the year following the final defeat of Magnentius and Decentius, Gallus was summoned to the court at Milan. He probably believed that he was going to be promoted to be co-emperor in the West and so gave no thought to raising the standards of rebellion. However, on the course of his journey he was arrested while still in Pannonia. He was taken to Istria

CONSTANTIUS GALLUS

257

where he was tried, stripped of his imperial rank, and executed in accordance with emperor’s orders (winter, AD 354). About a year later, his half-brother Julian was appointed Caesar in his place. The coinage of Constantius Gallus follows a similar pattern to that of the emperor. Issues were made in all metals, gold and silver being scarce or rare, while the billon maiorinae and bronze reduced maiorinae are mostly common. The following obverse legends are represented by capital letters:

A. D N CONSTANTIVS IVN NOB C B. D N CONSTANTIVS NOB CAES C. D N FL CL CONSTANTIVS NOB CAES

The following obverse types are represented by lower case letters:

a. Bare hd. r. b. Bareheaded, dr. and cuir. bust r.

18914

Gold solidus (c. 4.5 grams). Bb. Rev. GLORIA REI PVBLICAE, enthroned figures of Roma (on l., facing, hd. r.) and Constantinopolis (on r., turned to l.), holding between them shield inscribed VOT / V / MVLT / X in four lines, each holding sceptre in l. hand, Constantinopolis with r. foot on prow, mint mark TR in ex. RIC viii, p. 166, 347. C 25. Depeyrot, p. 112, 15/5. [Trier, AD 353-4]. VF £950 ($1,650) / EF £2,850 ($5,000)

18915

As previous, but Roma’s hd. is facing, and with mint mark S M LVG in ex. RIC viii, p. 190, 179. Bastien 228. C 25. Depeyrot, p. 126, 3/2. [Lugdunum, AD 353-4]. VF £950 ($1,650) / EF £2,850 ($5,000)

18916

Cb. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark SIS in ex. RIC viii, p. 373, 321. C 26. Depeyrot, p. 204, 20/2. [Siscia, AD 353-4]. VF £1,050 ($1,850) / EF £3,150 ($5,500)

18917

B (rarely A), b. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark TES in ex., usually flanked by stars or dots. RIC viii, p. 416, 149 and 151. C 25. Depeyrot, p. 216, 8/4-5, 9/2, and 10/2. VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,600 ($4,500) [Thessalonica, AD 353-4].

18918

Cb. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark CONS in ex. RIC viii, p. 455, 97. C 26 var. Depeyrot, p. 231, 3/5. [Constantinople, AD 353-4]. VF £1,050 ($1,850) / EF £3,150 ($5,500)

18919

Cb. Rev. — as previous, but the shield is inscribed VO / TIS / V in three lines, and with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark B, T, C, or S (= 2, 3, 4, or 6). RIC viii, p. 477, 75. C 24. Depeyrot, p. 265, 5/3. [Nicomedia, AD 353-4]. VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,600 ($4,500)

18920

Bb. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark S M AN in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, or Q (= 1, 2, or 9) and dot. RIC viii, p. 519, 89-90. C —. Depeyrot, p. 276, 7/4. VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,600 ($4,500) [Antioch, AD 353-4]. RIC records two varieties of this type, one showing the prince with short hair (RIC 89), the other showing long hair (RIC 90).

18921

Bb. Rev. — as previous, but Roma and Constantinopolis hold between them wreath containing star instead of votive shield (officinae A, D, Z, Q, and I = 1, 4, 7, 9, and 10 recorded). RIC viii, p. 519, 91. C 22. Depeyrot, p. 276, 7/5. [Antioch, AD 353-4]. VF £950 ($1,650) / EF £2,850 ($5,000)

18917

 

18920

258

Roman Coins and Their Values

18922

Gold solidus. Ab. Rev. HOC SIGNO VICTOR ERIS, Constantius Gallus (or Constantine I), in military attire, stg. l., holding labarum and spear, crowned by Victory stg. l. behind him, also holding palm, mint mark TES in ex. flanked by stars. RIC viii, p. 416, 146. C 33. Depeyrot, p. 216, 8/1. [Thessalonica, AD 351 or 353]. VF £1,700 ($3,000) / EF £4,550 ($8,000) The remarkable reverse legend (‘In this sign you will be the victor’), with its clear allusion to Constantine’s vision before his victory over Maxentius in AD 312, had been introduced on billon maiorinae by Vetranio in AD 350 (see no. 18905). This revival of the type on a gold solidus may commemorate Gallus’ elevation to imperial status in 351 or, alternatively, the defeat of Magnentius two years later).



NB A few gold multiples, now of great rarity, were issued in the name of Constantius Gallus: double solidi were struck at Thessalonica and at Antioch, rev. GLORIA ROMANORVM, Roma and Constantinopolis enthroned (RIC 139 and 73); and 4.5 solidi were struck at Antioch, rev. GLORIA ROMANORVM, Constantinopolis enthroned (RIC 71A).

18923

Gold semissis or half solidus (c. 2.25 grams). CONSTANTIVS CAE, b. Rev. GLORIA REI PVBLICAE, Victory seated r. on cuirass, holding wreath containing star on l. knee, the wreath also supported by Genius stg. l. before her, mint mark S M AN in ex. RIC viii, p. 519, 96. Cf. C 21. Cf. Depeyrot, p. 276, 8/4. [Antioch, AD 353-4]. VF £775 ($1,350) / EF £2,300 ($4,000)

18924

B or CONSTANTIVS NOB CAES, b. Rev. VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM, as previous, but instead of wreath, Victory holds shield inscribed VO / TIS / V in three lines on l. knee. RIC viii, p. 519, 94-5. Cf. C 42. Depeyrot, p. 276, 8/2-3. [Antioch, AD 353-4]. VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £2,000 ($3,500)

18925

Bb. Rev. VICTORIAE DD NN AVGG, as previous, but the shield is inscribed VOT / V / MVLT / X in four lines, and with mint mark TES in ex. RIC viii, p. 416, 156. C —. Depeyrot, p. 217, 10/4. [Thessalonica, AD 353-4]. VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £2,000 ($3,500)

18926

Gold 1.5-scripulum or 9-siliqua (c. 1.68 grams). As 18923. RIC viii, p. 519, 101. Cf. C 21. Cf. Depeyrot, p. 276, 8/9. [Antioch, AD 353-4]. VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £2,000 ($3,500)

18927

As 18924, but with obv. legend CONSTANTIVS CAE. RIC viii, p. 519, 100. Cf. C 41. Depeyrot, p. 276, 8/8. [Antioch, AD 353-4]. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,700 ($3,000)

18928

Silver heavy miliarensis (c. 5.4 grams). Bb. Rev. GLORIA EXERCITVS, four standards, mint mark S M N in ex. RIC viii, p. 477, 76. RSC 20. [Nicomedia, AD 353-4]. VF £2,000 ($3,500) / EF £5,200 ($9,000)

CONSTANTIUS GALLUS

259

18929

Silver heavy miliarensis. Ba. Rev. VIRTVS EXERCITVS, three standards, mint mark KONSTAN (TAN in monogram) in ex. RIC viii, p. 218, 206. EMA 123/1. RSC 50c. [Arles, AD 353-4]. VF £2,300 ($4,000) / EF £5,700 ($10,000) Following the death of Constantine II in 340 this mint reverted to its traditional name of Arelate, thus abandoning the title of Constantina which it had received in 328. However, in 353, following the downfall of the western usurper Magnentius, Constantius II restored the dynastic connection by naming the place Constantia.

18930

As previous, but with mint mark TES in ex. RIC viii, p. 417, 159. RSC 50b. VF £2,000 ($3,500) / EF £5,200 ($9,000) [Thessalonica, AD 353-4].

18931

Ca. Rev. — as previous, but with mint and officina marks S M K D (= 4) in ex. RIC viii, p. 492, 40. RSC 50a. [Cyzicus, AD 353-4]. VF £2,300 ($4,000) / EF £5,700 ($10,000)

18932

Silver light miliarensis (c. 4.5 grams). Ba. Rev. FELICITAS ROMANORVM, archway, beneath which Constantius II and Constantius Gallus stand facing each other in military attire, each holding spear in r. hand, mint mark SIRM in ex., sometimes flanked by dots. RIC viii, p. 385, 12 and 14. RSC 19b-c. [Sirmium, AD 353-4]. VF £1,850 ($3,250) / EF £4,550 ($8,000) The mint of Sirmium was reopened by Constantius II in 351 as a result of early reverses in the war with Magnentius that threatened the security of Siscia.

18933

Cb. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark S M N in ex. RIC viii, p. 477, 78. RSC 19a. VF £2,000 ($3,500) / EF £5,200 ($9,000) [Nicomedia, AD 353-4].

18934

Bb. Rev. VICTORIA ROMANORVM, archway, beneath which Constantius Gallus, in military attire, stands facing, hd. r., holding spear and globe, crowned by Victory advancing l., on r., also holding palm, mint mark S M AN in ex. RIC viii, p. 520, 104. RSC 47A. [Antioch, AD 352-4]. VF £2,000 ($3,500) / EF £5,200 ($9,000)

18935

FL IVL CONSTANTIVS NOB CAES, b. Rev. VIRTVS EXERCITVS, soldier stg. facing, hd. r., resting on spear and shield, mint mark TES in ex. RIC viii, p. 415, 140. VF £2,300 ($4,000) / EF £5,700 ($10,000) RSC 50A. [Thessalonica, AD 351]. This incorrect form of the Caesar’s name (Julius for Claudius) presumably belongs to the initial issue for Gallus at Thessalonica following his elevation to imperial rank. The mistake was quickly discovered and the erroneous legend was replaced by D N CONSTANTIVS NOB CAES (see also nos. 18958 and 19002).

18936

Similar, but with obv. legend B. RIC viii, p. 417, 161. Cf. RSC 50d (rev. wrongly VF £2,000 ($3,500) / EF £5,200 ($9,000) described). [Thessalonica, AD 352-4].

18937

Silver siliqua (c. 3.37 grams). Ab. Rev. VICTORIA CAESARIS, Victory advancing l., holding palm and trophy, mint mark SIS in ex. RIC viii, p. 371, 299. RSC 45. [Siscia, VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,425 ($2,500) AD 351].

18938

Ab. Rev. VOT / V / MVLT / X in four lines within wreath, mint mark SIS in ex. RIC viii, p. 373, 326. RSC 53. [Siscia, AD 353-4]. VF £460 ($800) / EF £1,150 ($2,000)

18939

Bb. Rev. VO / TIS / V in three lines within wreath, mint mark ANT in ex. RIC viii, p. VF £400 ($700) / EF £1,000 ($1,750) 520, 109. RSC 53A. [Antioch, AD 353-4].

18932

260

Roman Coins and Their Values

18940

Silver siliqua. Ba. Rev. VOTIS / V / MVLTIS / X in four lines within wreath, mint mark AQ in ex. RIC viii, p. 333, 185. MA 577. RSC 56a. [Aquileia, AD 353-4]. VF £400 ($700) / EF £1,000 ($1,750)

18941

Ab. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark SIS in ex. RIC viii, p. 371, 300. RSC 58b. [Siscia, AD 351]. VF £460 ($800) / EF £1,150 ($2,000)

18942

As 18940, but with mint mark SIRM in ex., sometimes preceded by dot. RIC viii, p. 385, 16 and 18. RSC 56b-c. [Sirmium, AD 353-4]. VF £350 ($600) / EF £850 ($1,500)

18943

As previous, but with mint mark TES in ex. RIC viii, p. 417, 164. RSC 56d. [Thessalonica, AD 353-4]. VF £400 ($700) / EF £1,000 ($1,750)

18944

Cb. Rev. — as 18940, but with mint mark C in ex. followed by officina mark G or e (= 3 or 5) with dot between. RIC viii, p. 456, 105. RSC 58a. [Constantinople, AD 353-4]. VF £400 ($700) / EF £1,000 ($1,750)

18942

18945

 

18943

As 18940, but with mint mark S M N in ex. RIC viii, p. 478, 83. RSC 56e. [Nicomedia, VF £460 ($800) / EF £1,150 ($2,000)

AD 353-4].

18946

Similar, but with obv. legend C. RIC viii, p. 478, 82. RSC 57. [Nicomedia, AD 353-4]. VF £460 ($800) / EF £1,150 ($2,000)

18947

Ba. Rev. No legend, star within wreath, mint mark LVG in ex. RIC viii, p. 190, 181-2. Bastien 231. RSC 61a. [Lugdunum, AD 353-4]. VF £460 ($800) / EF £1,150 ($2,000)

18948

As previous, but with mint mark AR in ex. preceded by officina mark P (= 1). RIC viii, p. 218, 204-5. RSC 61b. EMA 120/2. [Arles, AD 353]. VF £520 ($900) / EF £1,300 ($2,250)

18949

As previous, but with mint mark CON in ex. preceded by officina mark T (= 3). RIC viii, p. 218, 210. RSC 61c. EMA 124/4. [Constantia/Arles, AD 353-4]. VF £460 ($800) / EF £1,150 ($2,000) Following the death of Constantine II in 340 this mint reverted to its traditional name of Arelate, thus abandoning the title of Constantina which it had received in 328. However, in 353, following the downfall of the western usurper Magnentius, Constantius II restored the dynastic connection by naming the place Constantia.

18950

Similar, but with obv. type b (officina P = 1 also recorded). RIC viii, p. 218, 209. RSC 61f. EMA 124/3. [Constantia/Arles, AD 353-4]. VF £460 ($800) / EF £1,150 ($2,000)

18951

18951 As 18947, but with mint mark R in ex. RIC viii, p. 270, 237. RSC 61d. [Rome, AD 353-4]. VF £520 ($900) / EF £1,300 ($2,250)

CONSTANTIUS GALLUS 18952

261

Silver siliqua. Similar, but with obv. legend C. RIC viii, p. 270, 236. RSC 62. [Rome, VF £520 ($900) / EF £1,300 ($2,250)

AD 353-4].

18953

As 18947, but with mint mark ANT in ex. RIC viii, p. 520, 110. RSC 61e. [Antioch, AD 353-4]. VF £460 ($800) / EF £1,150 ($2,000)

18954

Billon maiorina (declining from c. 5.20-4.25 grams). Ab (A behind bust). Rev. CONCORDIA MILITVM, Constantius Gallus, in military attire, stg. l., star above hd., holding labarum in each hand, mint mark SIS in ex. preceded by officina mark A-e (= 1-5), the mint mark usually followed by crescent or sometimes by dot, III in field to l. RIC viii, p. 371, 303 and 308. LRBC II, 1184 and 1189. C 2. [Siscia, AD 351]. VF £37 ($65) / EF £115 ($200) This type was introduced by the stop-gap emperor Vetranio who opposed Magnentius’ eastern advance before abdicating in favour of Constantius II on 25 December AD 350. After Vetranio’s abdication, the issue was continued briefly in the name of Constantius II and, from 15 March 351, in the name of the new Caesar Constantius Gallus.

18955

As previous, but with mint mark SIRM in ex. preceded by star, III in field to l. RIC viii, p. 386, 22. LRBC II, 1585. C 2. [Sirmium, AD 351]. VF £35 ($60) / EF £100 ($175) After a 25-year hiatus, the mint of Sirmium was reactivated by Constantius II in AD 351 utilizing a single officina withdrawn from Siscia.

18956

As previous, but with officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2) instead of star preceding the mint mark. RIC viii, p. 387, 29. LRBC II, 1589. C 2. [Sirmium, AD 351]. VF £37 ($65) / EF £115 ($200) Following the initial issue, a second officina was added to increase the capacity of the mint during this time of civil war.

18957

Similar, but with D instead of A behind obv. bust, and without III in rev. field. RIC viii, p. 387, 34. LRBC II, 1593. C 2 var. [Sirmium, AD 352]. VF £37 ($65) / EF £115 ($200)

18958

FL IVL CONSTANTIVS NOB CAES, b (no letter behind bust). Rev. — as 18954, but with mint and officina marks TS e (= 5) in ex. flanked by stars, and with G instead of III in l. field. RIC viii, p. 418, 167. LRBC II, 1667. Cf. C 3. [Thessalonica, AD 351]. VF £43 ($75) / EF £130 ($225) This incorrect form of the Caesar’s name (Julius for Claudius) presumably belongs to the initial issue for Gallus at Thessalonica following his elevation to imperial rank. The mistake was quickly discovered and the erroneous legend was replaced by D N CONSTANTIVS NOB CAES (see also nos. 18935 and 19002).

18959

Bb. Rev. FEL TEMP REPARATIO, soldier rushing l., holding shield on l. arm and spearing fallen horseman whose mount has stumbled beneath him, shield on ground to r., mint mark AMB in ex. RIC viii, p. 124, 47. LRBC II, 27. C 17. [Ambianum, AD 353]. VF £26 ($45) / EF £80 ($140) The short-lived mint at Amiens was a creation of the usurper Magnentius whose birthplace it is reputed to have been. It was closed by Constantius immediately following this issue.

18960

Bb (A behind bust). Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark TR in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). RIC viii, p. 167, 354. LRBC II, 74a. Cf. C 17. [Trier, AD 353]. VF £23 ($40) / EF £70 ($120) A very rare variant has the obv. legend D N CONSTANTIVS FORT CAES (RIC 352).

18961

Cb. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark LG in ex. preceded by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2) which is preceded by F. RIC viii, p. 190, 185. LRBC II, 251. Bastien 233 and VF £26 ($45) / EF £80 ($140) 237. C 11. [Lugdunum, AD 353].

18962

Bb. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark ARL preceded by officina mark P or T (= 1 or 3). RIC viii, p. 219, 213. LRBC II, 454. EMA 121/3. C 17. [Arles, AD 353]. VF £23 ($40) / EF £70 ($120) This was the final issue prior to the renaming of the mint as Constantia.

262

Roman Coins and Their Values

18963

FEL TEMP REPARATIO (cont.) Billon maiorina. Cb (B behind bust). Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark R followed by officina mark e, S, or Z (= 5, 6, or 7) with wreath between, and with G in l. field. RIC viii, p. 273, 258. LRBC II, 663. C 8. [Rome, AD 352-3]. VF £23 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

18964

Similar, but with D instead of B behind bust. RIC viii, p. 273, 261. LRBC II, 666. C 8 VF £26 ($45) / EF £80 ($140) var. [Rome, AD 352-3].

18965

As previous, but nothing between the mint and officina marks (officinae P and S = 1 and 6 recorded). RIC viii, p. 273, 265. LRBC II, 669. C 8 var. [Rome, AD 352-3]. VF £26 ($45) / EF £80 ($140)

18966

Cb. Rev. – as previous, but sometimes with star between the mint and officina marks, and with S instead of G in l. field (officinae P, T, e, S and Z = 1, 3, 5, 6, and 7 recorded). RIC viii, p. 274, 268 and 270. LRBC II, 672. C 8. [Rome, AD 352-3]. VF £23 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

18967

Ab (A behind bust). Rev. — as 18959, but with mint mark AQ in ex. followed by officina mark P, S, or T (= 1, 2, or 3) which is sometimes followed by dot, numeral LXXII in l. field. RIC viii, p. 333, 189 and 192. LRBC II, 921 and 923. MA 578-9. C VF £35 ($60) / EF £100 ($175) —. [Aquileia, AD 352-3]. The numeral in the reverse field on this type and the next records a reduction in the weight of the maiorina from 1/60th to 1/72nd of a pound (see also nos. 18120-21, 18125, and 18970).

18968

As previous (without dot following the officina mark), but also with S (sometimes with dot beneath), Chi-Rho monogram, or wreath in central rev. field. RIC viii, p. 333, 194, 196, and 198. LRBC II, 925, 927, and 929. MA 580-83. C 15 var. [Aquileia, AD 352-3]. VF £35 ($60) / EF £100 ($175)

18969

Ab (A behind bust). Rev. — as 18959, but with mint mark SIS in ex. preceded by officina mark A, B, G, or D (= 1, 2, 3, or 4). RIC viii, p. 374, 333. LRBC II, 1203. C 13. VF £23 ($40) / EF £70 ($120) [Siscia, AD 351-3].

18970

Similar, but the officina and mint marks are flanked by star and crescent, and with numeral LXXII (= 72) in field to l. RIC viii, p. 374, 335. LRBC II, 1205. C 15 var. VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150) [Siscia, AD 352-3]. See note following no. 18967.

18971

Similar, but without LXXII in rev. field, and the officina and mint marks are flanked by star and crescent, dot and crescent, or dot and palm. RIC viii, p. 374, 337, 339, and 341. LRBC II, 1207, 1209, and 1211. C 13. [Siscia, AD 352-3]. VF £23 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

18972

Similar, but with II in rev. field to l., and the officina and mint marks are flanked by dot and palm or by two dots. RIC viii, p. 375, 343 and 345. LRBC II, 1213 and 1215. C 13. VF £23 ($40) / EF £70 ($120) [Siscia, AD 352-3].

18973

Similar, but with I in rev. field to l., and the mint mark is followed by • S •. RIC viii, p. VF £23 ($40) / EF £70 ($120) 375, 347. LRBC II, 1217. C 13. [Siscia, AD 352-3].

18974

Ab (D behind bust). Rev. — as 18959, but with mint mark SIRM in ex. preceded by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2). RIC viii, p. 387, 36. LRBC II, 1595. C 13. [Sirmium, AD 352-3]. VF £26 ($45) / EF £80 ($140)

18975

As previous, but with variable letter or symbol in rev. field — L, A, star, star above A, • S •, or • S • above A. RIC viii, p. 387, 37, 39, 41, 43, and 45-6. LRBC II, 1598, 1600, VF £23 ($40) / EF £70 ($120) and 1602. C 13. [Sirmium, AD 352-3].

CONSTANTIUS GALLUS

263

18976

FEL TEMP REPARATIO (cont.) Billon maiorina. Bb. Rev. — as 18959, but with mint mark TS in ex. followed by officina mark G or e (= 3 or 5), the whole flanked by star and dot; also with G and star in l. and r. fields. RIC viii, p. 418, 177. LRBC II, 1673. C 17. [Thessalonica, AD 351-2]. VF £26 ($45) / EF £80 ($140)

18977

Bb (D behind bust). Rev. — as previous, but without symbols flanking the mint and officina marks, and with nothing in field (officina A = 1 also recorded). RIC viii, p. 419, 181. LRBC II, 1676. C 17. [Thessalonica, AD 352-3]. VF £23 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

18978

Similar, but with II in rev. field to l. and star preceding the mint mark (officina e = 5 only recorded). RIC viii, p. 419, 183 and 184A. LRBC II, 1678. C 7 var. and 17. [Thessalonica, AD 352-3]. VF £23 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

18979

As 18977, but without letter behind obv. bust, and with • S • in rev. field to l. (officinae A and e = 1 and 5 recorded). RIC viii, p. 419, 186 and 188. LRBC II, 1680. C 7 var. and 17. [Thessalonica, AD 352-3]. VF £23 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

18980

D N CONSTANTIVS NOB C, b. Rev. — as 18959, but with mint mark S M H in ex. followed by officina mark A-e (= 1-5), G in field to l. RIC viii, p. 436, 84. LRBC II, 1894. C 16. [Heraclea, AD 351-2]. VF £23 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

18981

Similar, but with D behind obv. bust, and with S instead of G in rev. field. RIC viii, p. 436, 89. LRBC II, 1899. C 16 var. [Heraclea, AD 352-3]. VF £23 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

18982

As previous, but without letter in rev. field. RIC viii, p. 436, 87. LRBC II, 1897. C 16 VF £23 ($40) / EF £70 ($120) var. [Heraclea, AD 352-3].

18983

Cb. Rev. – as 18959, but with mint mark CONS in ex. followed by officina mark A-IA (= 1-11), G • in l. field. RIC viii, p. 456, 107. LRBC II, 2029. C 8. [Constantinople, AD 351-2]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £65 ($110)

18984

Similar, but also with D behind obv. bust (officinae A, B, and e = 1, 2, and 5 not recorded). RIC viii, p. 457, 110. LRBC II, 2031. C 8 var. [Constantinople, AD 352-3]. VF £23 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

18985

As previous, but with B • instead of G • in rev. field (officinae D, Z, Q, and I = 4, 7, 9, and 10 not recorded). RIC viii, p. 457, 113. LRBC II, 2034. C 8 var. [Constantinople, AD 352-3]. VF £23 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

18986

As 18983, but with • S • and star in rev. field to l. RIC viii, p. 457, 117. LRBC II, 2038. VF £20 ($35) / EF £65 ($110) C 8. [Constantinople, AD 352-3].

18987

Cb. Rev. – as 18959, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark A-S (= 1-6), sometimes with dot preceding the mint mark, G in field to l. RIC viii, p. 478, 85 and 87. LRBC II, 2301 and 2303. C 11. [Nicomedia, AD 351-2]. VF £23 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

18988

Cb (D behind bust). Rev. — as previous, but without dot preceding the mint mark and without letter in field. RIC viii, p. 479, 90. LRBC II, 2305. C 11. [Nicomedia, AD 352-3]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £65 ($110)

18989

Cb. Rev. – as previous, but with • S • in l. field. RIC viii, p. 479, 93. LRBC II, 2308. C VF £23 ($40) / EF £70 ($120) 11. [Nicomedia, AD 352-3].

18990

Cb. Rev. — as 18959, but with mint mark S M K in ex. followed by officina mark A-S (= 1-6) and sometimes preceded by dot, G in l. field. RIC viii, p. 497, 94 and 97. LRBC VF £20 ($35) / EF £65 ($110) II, 2487 and 2489. C 11. [Cyzicus, AD 351-2].

18991

Cb (D behind bust). Rev. — as previous, but without dot preceding the mint mark and without letter in field. RIC viii, p. 497, 99. LRBC II, 2491. C 11. [Cyzicus, AD 352-3]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £65 ($110)

264

Roman Coins and Their Values

18992

FEL TEMP REPARATIO (cont.) Billon maiorina. As previous, but with e instead of D behind obv. bust. RIC viii, p. 497, 101. LRBC II, 2493. C 12. [Cyzicus, AD 352-3]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £65 ($110)

18993

Cb. Rev. — as previous but with • S • in l. field. RIC viii, p. 498, 103. LRBC II, 2495. VF £20 ($35) / EF £65 ($110) C 11. [Cyzicus, AD 352-3].

18994

 

19001

18994

Bb. Rev. — as 18959, but with mint mark AN in ex. followed by officina mark A-eI (= 1-15, officina D = 4 not recorded), G in l. field. RIC viii, p. 523, 134 and 137. LRBC II, 2624 and 2626. C 7 var. and 17. [Antioch, AD 351-2]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £65 ($110)

18995

Bb (D behind bust). Rev. — as previous, but without letter in field (officinae B, D, BI, DI, and eI = 2, 4, 12, 14, and 15 not recorded). RIC viii, p. 523, 139 and 141. LRBC II, 2628. C 7 var. and 17. [Antioch, AD 352-3]. VF £23 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

18996

Bb. Rev. — as previous, but with e or S in l. field (officinae D, e, Q, DI, and eI = 4, 5, 9, 14, and 15 not recorded). RIC viii, p. 524, 145, 147, 149, and 151. LRBC II, 2630. C VF £23 ($40) / EF £70 ($120) 7 var. and 17. [Antioch, AD 352-3].

18997

Bb. Rev. — as 18959, but with mint mark ALE in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, G, or D (= 1, 2, 3, or 4), G in l. field. RIC viii, p. 543, 74. LRBC II, 2838. C 17. VF £20 ($35) / EF £65 ($110) [Alexandria, AD 351-2].

18998

As previous, but with D behind obv. bust and without letter in rev. field. RIC viii, p. 544, VF £20 ($35) / EF £65 ($110) 77. LRBC II, 2841. C 17. [Alexandria, AD 352-3].

18999

As 18997, but with • S • instead of G in rev. field. RIC viii, p. 544, 79. LRBC II, 2843. VF £20 ($35) / EF £65 ($110) C 17. [Alexandria, AD 352-3].

19000

Ab (A behind bust). Rev. — Constantius Gallus stg. l. on galley steered by Victory seated in stern, holding Victory on globe in his r. hand and labarum in l., mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark e, S, or Z (= 5, 6, or 7), III in field to l., star to r. RIC viii, p. 272, 250. LRBC II, 661. C 5. [Rome, AD 352-3]. VF £43 ($75) / EF £130 ($225)

19001

As previous, but with mint mark SIS in ex. preceded by officina mark A, B, G, or D (= 1, 2, 3, or 4), the officina mark sometimes preceded by star or with dot following the mint mark, III in l. field, star in r. RIC viii, p. 374, 329-31. LRBC II, 1199-1201. C 5. [Siscia, VF £35 ($60) / EF £100 ($175) AD 351-3].

19002

B or FL IVL CONSTANTIVS NOB CAES, b. Rev. — as 19000, but Constantius Gallus holds phoenix instead of Victory on the globe, and with mint mark TS in ex. followed by officina mark D or e (= 4 or 5), the whole flanked by stars or by star and dot; also with G and star in l. and r. fields. RIC viii, p. 418, 169-70 and 175. LRBC II, 1669. C —. [Thessalonica, AD 351-2]. VF £37 ($65) / EF £115 ($200) VF £43 ($75) / EF £130 ($225) The incorrect form of the Caesar’s name (Julius for Claudius) presumably belongs to the initial issue for Gallus at Thessalonica following his elevation to imperial rank. The mistake was quickly discovered and the erroneous legend was replaced by D N CONSTANTIVS NOB CAES (see also nos. 18935 and 18958).

CONSTANTIUS GALLUS

265

19003

Billon maiorina. Bb. Rev. — Constantius Gallus, in military attire, advancing l., holding Victory on globe and labarum, r. foot set on seated captive, mint mark TS in ex. followed by officina mark D or e (= 4 or 5), the whole flanked by stars or by star and dot; also with G in l. field and star in r. RIC viii, p. 418, 173 and 179. LRBC II, 1671. C —. [Thessalonica, AD 351-2]. VF £37 ($65) / EF £115 ($200)

19004

Ab (A behind bust). Rev. HOC SIGNO VICTOR ERIS, Constantius Gallus (or Constantine I), in military attire, stg. l., holding labarum and spear, crowned by Victory stg. l. on r., also holding palm, mint mark SIS in ex. preceded by officina mark A-e (= 1-5), the mint mark usually followed by crescent, or with dots flanking the officina and mint marks, III in field to l. RIC viii, p. 371, 306 and 312. LRBC II, 1191. C 34. [Siscia, AD 351]. VF £60 ($100) / EF £175 ($300) This type was introduced by the stop-gap emperor Vetranio who opposed Magnentius’ eastern advance before abdicating in favour of Constantius II on 25 December AD 350. The remarkable reverse legend (‘In this sign you will be the victor’), with its clear allusion to Constantine’s vision before his victory over Maxentius in AD 312, provides firm evidence of Vetranio’s loyalty to Constantius. After Vetranio’s abdication, the issue was continued briefly in the name of Constantius II and, from 15 March 351, in the name of the new Caesar Constantius Gallus.

19005

Obv. Similar. Rev. — as previous (with III in field to l.), but with mint mark SIRM in ex. preceded by star. RIC viii, p. 386, 24. LRBC II, 1587. C 34. [Sirmium, AD 351]. VF £60 ($100) / EF £175 ($300) After a 25-year hiatus, the mint of Sirmium was reactivated by Constantius II in AD 351 utilizing a single officina withdrawn from Siscia.

19006

As previous, but with officina mark A (= 1) instead of star preceding the mint mark. RIC viii, p. 387, 31. LRBC II, —. C 34. [Sirmium, AD 351]. VF £60 ($100) / EF £175 ($300)

19007

Cb. Rev. VICT DD NN AVG ET CAES, two Victories stg. facing each other, holding between them wreath encircling VOT / V / MVLT / X in four lines, Chi-Rho monogram above, mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark Q (= 4) with star between. RIC viii, p. 272, 253. LRBC II, 659. C 37. [Rome, AD 352-3]. VF £48 ($85) / EF £140 ($250) Struck at a reduced weight of c. 4.15 grams, this is an adaptation of a Magnentian type.

19008

Bronze quarter maiorina? (c. 2.20-2.60 grams with no silver content). Ab. Rev. FEL TEMP REPARATIO, phoenix, rad., stg. r. on pyre, mint mark SIRM in ex. RIC viii, p. VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350) 386, 27. LRBC II, —. C —. [Sirmium, AD 351].

19009

Bb. Rev. — as previous, but the phoenix stands on globe instead of pyre, and with mint and officina marks AN Z (= 7) in ex., star in r. field. RIC viii, p. 523, 137A. LRBC II, VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350) —. C —. [Antioch, AD 351].

19010

Bronze reduced maiorina (c. 2.50 grams with no silver content). Bb. Rev. FEL TEMP REPARATIO, soldier rushing l., holding shield on l. arm and spearing fallen horseman whose mount has stumbled beneath him, shield on ground to r., mint mark LG in ex. preceded by F or G and by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). RIC viii, p. 191, 188 and 191-2. LRBC II, 255. Bastien 235 and 242. C 18. [Lugdunum, AD 353-4]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £40 ($70)

19011

Bb. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark CON in ex. preceded by officina mark P, S, or T (= 1, 2, or 3) and with D in l. field. RIC viii, p. 219, 217-18, 221, and 223. LRBC II, 456. EMA 125/3. C 18. [Constantia/Arles, AD 353-4]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £40 ($70) Following the death of Constantine II in 340 this mint reverted to its traditional name of Arelate, thus abandoning the title of Constantina which it had received in 328. However, in 353, following the downfall of the western usurper Magnentius, Constantius II restored the dynastic connection by naming the place Constantia.

266

Roman Coins and Their Values

19012

FEL TEMP REPARATIO (cont.) Bronze reduced maiorina. B or C, b. Rev. — as 19010, but with mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark B, e, or S (= 2, 5, or 6), sometimes with star between or with star or palm following the officina mark. RIC viii, pp. 274-5, 274-5, 278-9, 281, and 284. LRBC II, 676, 679, 681, and cf. 674-9 note (p. 106). C 12 and 18. [Rome, AD 353-4]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £40 ($70)

19013

Ab. Rev. — as 19010, but with mint mark AQ in ex. followed by officina mark P, S, or T (= 1, 2, or 3), sometimes with dot preceding the mint mark or following the officina mark or with dots flanking the mint and officina marks, sometimes with II in rev. field to l. RIC viii, p. 334, 200, 203-204A, 206, and 209. LRBC II, 931, 933, and 935. MA 584-8. C 14. [Aquileia, AD 353-4]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

19014

As previous, but with mint mark SIS in ex. preceded by officina mark A, B, G, or D (= 1, 2, 3, or 4) and sometimes followed by reversed Z. RIC viii, p. 375, 351 and 354. LRBC II, 1219 and 1223. C 14. [Siscia, AD 353-4]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

19015

As previous, but with mint mark SIRM or SIRM• in ex. preceded by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2), sometimes with EV in field. RIC viii, p. 388, 49, 51, and 53. LRBC II, 1604, 1606, and 1608. C 14. [Sirmium, AD 353-4]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

19016

Bb. Rev. – as 19010, but with mint mark S M TS in ex. and officina mark A, G, or e (= 1, 3, or 5) in l. field. RIC viii, p. 419, 190-91. LRBC II, 1682. C 18. [Thessalonica, AD 353-4]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

19017

B (but C for CAES), b. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark S M H in ex. followed by officina mark A-e (= 1-5). RIC viii, p. 436, 91. LRBC II, 1901. Cf. C 16. [Heraclea, AD 353-4]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

19018

Cb. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark CONS in ex. followed by officina mark A-IA (= 1-11), sometimes with dot or X and dot in l. field. RIC viii, p. 458, 120, 122, and 124. LRBC II, 2040, 2044, and 2047. C 12. [Constantinople, AD 353-4]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

19019

As previous, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark A-S (= 1-6). RIC viii, p. 479, 97. LRBC II, 2310. C 12. [Nicomedia, AD 353-4]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65) C or D N CONSTANTIVS NOB CS, b. Rev. — as 19010, but with mint mark S M K in ex. followed by officina mark A-S (= 1-6). RIC viii, p. 498, 106-7 and 109. LRBC II, 2497. C 12 and cf. 16. [Cyzicus, AD 353-4]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

19018

19020

19021

Bb. Rev. – as previous, but with mint mark AN in ex. followed by officina mark A-eI (= 1-15, though officinae B and Q = 2 and 9 have not been recorded). RIC viii, p. 524, 154 and 156. LRBC II, 2633. C 7 var. and 18. [Antioch, AD 353-4]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

19022

As previous, but with mint mark ALE in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, G, or D (= 1, 2, 3, or 4). RIC viii, pp. 544, 81. LRBC II, 2845. C 18. [Alexandria, AD 353-4]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

19023

Ab. Rev. GLORIA ROMANORVM, Constantius Gallus, in military attire, stg. l., holding labarum and spear, mint mark SIS in ex. preceded by officina mark A-D (= 1-4). RIC viii, p. 375, 356. LRBC II, 1221. Cf. C 32. [Siscia, AD 353-4]. VF £35 ($60) / EF £105 ($180) This reverse type had been introduced by Vetranio in AD 350 (see no. 18907). See no. 18289 for the corresponding issue of Constantius II, and no. 19079 for a similar issue in the name of Julian II.

JULIAN II, ‘THE APOSTATE’

267

JULIAN II, ‘THE APOSTATE’ Feb. AD 360-26 Jun. 363 19151 Flavius Claudius Julianus was one of the more colourful imperial personalities of the later 4th century. He is usually referred to as ‘Julian II’ though his only predecessors bearing this name were Julian of Pannonia (AD 284-5) who, as a provincial usurper, should not be numbered in the listing of Roman emperors, and Didius Julianus who ruled briefly in AD 193 but is never referred to as Julian I. Nevertheless, the traditional convention has been followed here. Julian’s strong pagan beliefs had their origins in the tragic circumstances of his childhood. Born in Constantinople in AD 332, Julian was the son of Julius Constantius, half-brother of Constantine I, by his second wife Basilina who was a devout Christian. On the death of Constantine I in AD 337, the five-year-old Julian was spared the massacre of the descendants of Constantius I and Theodora that was to condemn the dynasty to an early extinction. In addition to Julian, the only male survivors of his side of the family were his half-brother Constantius Gallus and his cousin Nepotian. This act of cruelty on the part of the late emperor’s sons convinced Julian to reject Christianity and instead seek the teachings of classical scholars. The two brothers were kept very much in the political background and even spent six years in exile at the remote imperial estate of Macellum in Cappadocia. The elevation of his half-brother Gallus to the rank of Caesar in AD 351 led to more freedom for Julian. Taking full advantage of this, he studied under the foremost philosophers of the day, including Aedisius and Chrysanthius at Pergamum and Maximus at Ephesus, as well as the renowned rhetorician Eusebius at Pergamum. It was at this time that he fully converted to paganism. With the disgrace and downfall of Constantius Gallus in 354, Julian was summoned to the imperial court at Milan. Constantius II clearly regarded him with some suspicion, though through the good offices of the emperor’s wife Eusebia Julian was allowed to resume his studies in Athens. But late in the following year Constantius, realizing that he was in need of assistance in the administration of his vast empire, recalled Julian to Milan where, on November 6th, he was proclaimed Caesar and given responsibility for the defence of Gaul. The dynastic bond was further strengthened at this time with the marriage of the new Caesar to Constantius’ sister, Helena the Younger. Although lacking previous military experience, Julian soon showed that he had a natural aptitude for warfare and achieved a great victory over the Alamanni at Strasbourg (summer, AD 357). Perhaps jealous of his cousin’s unexpected military prowess, Constantius withheld both pay and donatives to Julian’s troops to the extent that the Caesar had to face a sedition while wintering at Lutetia (Paris) in 358/9. Further successes against the Alamanni followed in 359 and an alarmed Constantius, always suspicious by nature, demanded that Julian should send a large contingent of his troops to the East to assist in the upcoming war against the Sasanid Persians. At this point the Gallic army mutinied and proclaimed Julian emperor. How reluctant he was to accept his elevation is unclear, but he did attempt to gain his cousin’s recognition in order to avoid a civil war and he did continue striking coins in Constantius’ name at the mints under his control. In the summer of AD 361 Constantius decided to march West to confront his rival. He had only reached as far as Mopsucrenae in Cilicia when he suddenly fell ill and died on November 3rd. On his deathbed he had little choice but to name Julian, the only surviving male representative of the House of Constantine, as his successor. Julian’s brief reign was a time of considerable turmoil. Fortunately, civil war had been averted by the timely death of Constantius and after a short stay in Constantinople Julian marched east to Antioch to begin preparations for the continuation of his cousin’s Persian War. While in the Syrian capital the new emperor initiated his attempt to restore the worship of the pagan gods. However, in this endeavour he was bitterly opposed by the Antiochenes who even insulted his appearance when he grew a long beard in the pagan style. This prompted Julian’s celebrated satirical text the ‘Misopogon’,

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Roman Coins and Their Values

or Beard-Hater’, which fortunately has survived to modern times. The process of Christianization in the Roman Empire had already gone too far to be reversed and the emperor’s attempts were assuredly doomed to failure. During Julian’s stay in the city the celebrated temple of Apollo at Daphne, a suburb of Antioch, was mysteriously burned to the ground and in early March of 363 the pagan emperor left the Syrian capital an embittered man. Initially the campaign against the Persians went well with a string of victories along the Roman line of advance. Encouraged by these successes, Julian decided to attack the enemy capital of Ctesiphon but found that his forces were unequal to such a massive siege. In mid-June he ordered a withdrawal along the Tigris but just ten days later he was mortally wounded in a skirmish with the enemy at a place with the unlikely name of Phrygia. It is certainly possible that a devout Christian officer had taken advantage of the inevitable confusion during the combat to strike the fatal blow against his pagan emperor. The following day the Christian Jovian was chosen as Julian’s successor by the army and the pagan revival collapsed with the death of its last imperial exponent. In the final year of his reign, Julian enacted a series of much-needed reforms aimed at addressing waste and corruption in the imperial administration. In addition, he gave his attention to the deplorable state of the billon and bronze coinage. Under Constantius II, the ‘reduced maiorina’ had sunk to the level of a diminutive bronze piece weighing c. 2.00 grams and production of this denomination had continued under Julian down to the time of his reform in 362. At this point he instituted a splendid new large billon piece, possibly a double maiorina, with an unorthodox reverse type (a bull). Also introduced at this time was a denomination of similar size and weight to the Constantinian centenionalis (c. 3.00 grams), though struck in bronze instead of billon. The terms ‘double maiorina’ and ‘centenionalis’ are used in the following listings though their actual names are uncertain and their relationship to one another cannot be determined with any certainty. The significance of the bull on the double maiorina has long been a subject of scholarly debate, the most plausible explanations being that it is symbolic of the emperor as guardian of his people, or that it commemorates his (presumed) natal sign Taurus (cf. RIC viii, pp. 46-7). Another feature of these newly introduced denominations was the expansion of many of the mintmarks (e.g. AQVIL for Aquileia) and, in the case of the Lugdunese maiorinae, the officina marks as well (LVGD OFF P and LVGD OFF S). The following obverse legends are represented by capital letters: As Caesar

A. D N CL IVLIANVS NOB CAES B. D N IVLIANVS NOB C C. D N IVLIANVS NOB CAES D. FL CL IVLIANVS NOB CAES

As Augustus

E. D N FL CL IVLIANVS P F AVG F. D N IVLIANVS P F AVG G. FL CL IVLIANVS P F AVG H. FL CL IVLIANVS PP AVG

The following obverse types are represented by lower case letters (some late busts show the emperor bearded):

a. Bareheaded, dr. and cuir. bust r. b. Diad., dr. and cuir. bust r. c. Helmeted and cuir. bust l., holding spear and shield.

JULIAN II, ‘THE APOSTATE’

269

Issues as Caesar under Constantius II, 6 Nov. AD 355-Feb. 360

19024 19024

Gold solidus (c. 4.5 grams). D N CL IVLIANVS N C, bareheaded and cuir. bust r. Rev. FEL TEMP REPARATIO, enthroned figures of Roma (on l., facing, hd. r.) and Constantinopolis (on r., turned to l.), holding between them shield ornamented with star, each holding sceptre in l. hand, Constantinopolis with r. foot on prow, mint mark R S M in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 6), the whole flanked by palms or with palm or star following the officina mark. RIC viii, p. 276, 292 and 295. C 8. Depeyrot, pp. 145-6, 11/2, 13/2, and 14/3. [Rome, AD 355-7]. VF £775 ($1,350) / EF £2,300 ($4,000)

19025

Da. Rev. GLORIA REI PVBLICAE, as previous, but instead of star the shield is inscribed VO / TIS / V, palm or star in lower central field, and with mint mark KONSTAN in ex. (the last three letters in monogram) sometimes preceded by dot. RIC viii, p. 221, 235, 237, and 239. EMA 129/2, and 130/2. C 25. Depeyrot, p. 133, 6/2 and 7/2. [Constantia/Arles, AD 355-60]. VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £2,000 ($3,500)

19026

Aa. Rev. — as previous, but the shield is inscribed VOT / V / MVLT / X, and with mint mark TES in ex. preceded by K or flanked by stars or Christograms (no symbol in field). RIC viii, p. 420, 194 and 197. C —. Depeyrot, p. 217, 13/2 and 14/3. [Thessalonica, AD 355-60]. VF £775 ($1,350) / EF £2,300 ($4,000)

19027

D N IVLIANVS NOB CAVS (sic), a. Rev. — as 19024 (star on shield), but with mint mark CONS in ex. RIC viii, —. C 24. Depeyrot, p. 232, 5/2. [Constantinople, AD 358-60]. VF £775 ($1,350) / EF £2,300 ($4,000) The curious engraver’s error in the obverse legend is found also at Antioch (see following).

19028

Ca. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark S M AN in ex. followed by officina mark A-I (= 1-10, but officina Q = 9 not recorded), sometimes the whole flanked by dots or with dot following the officina mark, sometimes also with dot in lower central field. RIC viii, p. 526, 163-4, 166-7, 169, and 171. C 23. Depeyrot, p. 277, 9/2, 10/2, and 11/2. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,700 ($3,000) [Antioch, AD 355-60]. The obverse error NOB CAVS for NOB CAES has been recorded on some dies of this type (e.g. Mazzini 5, p. 209, 23v./a and pl. LVI).



NB A few gold multiples, now of great rarity, were issued in the name of Julian II as Caesar at Constantia/Arles: double solidi, rev. GLORIA ROMANORVM, Roma and Constantinopolis enthroned (RIC 231-2); and triple solidi, rev. GLORIA REI PVBLICAE, Victory and Genius stg. with votive shield (RIC 230 [in EMA, p. 97, 126/1, Depeyrot calls this a quadruple solidus with rev. Roma and Constantinopolis]).

19028A

 

19028B

270

Roman Coins and Their Values

19029

Gold semissis or half solidus (c. 2.25 grams). Da. Rev. VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM, Victory seated r. on cuirass, inscribing VOT / V on shield set on l. knee and supported by Genius stg. l. before her, mint mark KONSTAN in ex. (the last three letters in monogram). RIC viii, p. 221, 240. EMA 128/5. C 55. Depeyrot, p. 133, 5/3. [Constantia/ VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £2,000 ($3,500) Arles, AD 355-60].

19030

IVLIANVS CAES, a. Rev. — as previous, but with star instead of votive inscription on the shield, and with mint mark S M AN in ex. sometimes flanked by dots. RIC viii, p. 526, 176. C 56. Depeyrot, p. 278, 13/2 and 14/2. [Antioch, AD 355-60]. VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £2,000 ($3,500)

19031

Gold 1.5-scripulum or 9-siliqua (c. 1.68 grams). As 19029. RIC viii, p. 222, 242. EMA 128/6. C —. Depeyrot, p. 133, 5/5. [Constantia/Arles, AD 355-60]. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,700 ($3,000)

19032

Aa. Rev. VICTORIA IVLIANI NOB CAES, Victory seated r., as 19029, but the shield is inscribed VOT / V / MVLT / X, and with mint mark TES in ex. RIC viii, p. 420, 200. C —. Cf. Depeyrot, p. 218, 15/2 (rev. misdescribed). [Thessalonica, AD 355-60]. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,700 ($3,000)

19033 19033

As 19030. RIC viii, p. 527, 178 and 180. C —. Depeyrot, p. 278, 13/4 and 14/4. [Antioch, AD 355-60]. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,700 ($3,000)

19034

Silver heavy miliarensis (c. 5.4 grams). Da. Rev. D N IVLIANVS CAES, three standards, mint mark CON in ex. preceded by officina mark T (= 3). RIC viii, p. 222, 247. EMA 131/4. RSC 7. [Arles, AD 355-7]. VF £1,250 ($2,200) / EF £3,150 ($5,500)

19035

As previous, but with rev. legend D N IVLIANVS NOB CAES. RIC viii, p. 222, 2489. EMA 131/5. RSC 6. [Arles, AD 355-7]. VF £1,250 ($2,200) / EF £3,150 ($5,500)

19036

A, bare hd. r. Rev. VIRTVS EXERCITVS, three standards, mint mark TES in ex. RIC viii, p. 420, 202. RSC 74Aa. [Thessalonica, AD 355-7]. VF £1,475 ($2,600) / EF £3,750 ($6,500)

19037

Silver light miliarensis (c. 4.5 grams). Ca. Rev. VICTORIA ROMANORVM, archway, beneath which Julian, in military attire, stands facing, hd. r., holding spear and globe, crowned by Victory advancing l., on r., also holding palm, mint mark S M AN in ex. RIC viii, p. 527, 182. RSC 63A. [Antioch, AD 355-6]. VF £1,375 ($2,400) / EF £3,450 ($6,000)

19038

Da. Rev. VIRTVS EXERCITVS, soldier stg. facing, hd. r., resting on spear and shield, mint mark CON in ex. preceded by officina mark S (= 2). RIC viii, p. 223, 251. RSC 73. EMA 131/7. [Constantia/Arles, AD 355-7]. VF £1,025 ($1,800) / EF £2,600 ($4,500)

19039

Aa. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark TES in ex. RIC viii, p. 421, 204. Cf. RSC 74Ab (misdescribed). [Thessalonica, AD 355-7]. VF £1,150 ($2,000) / EF £2,850 ($5,000)

19040

Silver siliqua (c. 3.37 grams). Ca. Rev. VO / TIS / V in wreath, mint mark S M N in ex. RIC viii, p. 481, 102A. RSC 154A. [Nicomedia, AD 355-7]. VF £225 ($400) / EF £575 ($1,000)

JULIAN II, ‘THE APOSTATE’

271



NB This weight standard for the siliqua, originating with the tetrarchic argenteus of Diocletian’s reform, was maintained by Constantius II for the first two decades of his reign. However, in AD 357 the weight of the denomination was reduced by one-third to 2 scripula or 2.25 grams. Coins of this lighter standard, which was to become the norm for the subsequent late Roman silver coinage, are here listed separately under the heading of ‘silver reduced siliqua’.

19041

Ba. Rev. VOTIS / V / MVLTIS / X in wreath, mint mark SIRM flanked by dots in ex. RIC viii, p. 389, 67. RSC 154c. [Sirmium, AD 355-7]. VF £175 ($300) / EF £430 ($750)

19042

A, bare hd. r. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark TES in ex. RIC viii, p. 389, 67. VF £200 ($350) / EF £480 ($850) RSC 154c. [Thessalonica, AD 355-7].

19043

19043

 

19044 C or D, a. Rev. No legend, star within wreath, mint mark CON in ex. preceded by officina mark T (= 3). RIC viii, p. 223, 255-6. RSC 170 and 172a. EMA 131/10-11. VF £250 ($450) / EF £625 ($1,100) [Constantia/Arles, AD 357].

19044

D N CL IVLIANVS N C, bareheaded and cuir. bust r. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark R flanked by dots in ex. RIC viii, —. RSC 172e. [Rome, AD 357]. VF £290 ($500) / EF £720 ($1,250) Probably struck on the occasion of Constantius’ celebration of his thirty-fifth anniversary in Rome from 28 April until 29 May.

19045

Ca. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark ANT flanked by dots in ex. RIC viii, p. 527, VF £290 ($500) / EF £720 ($1,250) 185. RSC 172d. [Antioch, AD 357].

19046

Silver reduced siliqua (c. 2.25 grams). Ca. Rev. VOTIS / V / MVLTIS / X in wreath, mint mark CON in ex. preceded by officina mark P, S, or T (= 1, 2, or 3). RIC viii, p. 224, 263-5. RSC 154b. EMA 133/2. [Constantia/Arles, AD 357-60]. VF £50 ($90) / EF £130 ($225)

19047

Ca. Rev. No legend, star within wreath, mint mark CON in ex. preceded by officina mark P (= 1). RIC viii, p. 223, 257. RSC 172b. EMA 132/1. [Constantia/Arles, AD 357]. VF £200 ($350) / EF £520 ($900)

19046

19048 19049

As previous, but with mint mark ANT in ex. RIC viii, p. 527, 187. RSC 172c. [Antioch, VF £185 ($320) / EF £460 ($800)

AD 357].

Bronze reduced maiorina (c. 2.50 grams). IMP IVLIANVS NOB CAES, a. Rev. FEL TEMP REPARATIO, soldier rushing l., holding shield on l. arm and spearing fallen horseman whose mount has stumbled beneath him, shield on ground to r., mint mark LG in ex. preceded by G and by officina mark S (= 2). RIC viii, p. 191, 195. LRBC II, VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85) 258. Bastien 243. C 21. [Lugdunum, AD 355-6].

272

Roman Coins and Their Values

19050

FEL TEMP REPARATIO (cont.) Bronze reduced maiorina (c. 2.50 grams). C or D, a. Rev. – as previous, but with mint mark CON in ex. preceded by officina mark T (= 3). RIC viii, p. 224, 267-8. LRBC II, —. EMA 134/2 and 135/2. C 10 and 14. [Constantia/Arles, AD 355-6]. VF £18 ($32) / EF £55 ($95)

19051

D N CL IVLIANVS N C, bareheaded and cuir. bust r. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark S (= 6), wreath or palm between, or with palm following the officina mark. RIC viii, p. 278, 306, 308, and 311. LRBC II, 683 and 688. C 18. [Rome, AD 355-6]. VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

19052

Ca. Rev. – as previous, but with mint mark AQ in ex. followed by officina mark T (= 3), II in field to l., sometimes with star to r., sometimes with palm or dot following the officina mark. RIC viii, pp. 335-6, 213-14, 216, and 218. Cf. LRBC II, 939 and 941. MA 590-92. C 14. [Aquileia, AD 355-6]. VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

19053

Similar, but with star instead of II in rev. field to l., and the mint and officina marks are flanked by dots. RIC viii, p. 336, 219. LRBC II, 947. MA 593. C 14. [Aquileia, AD 3556]. VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

19054

Similar, but with star within crescent instead of star in rev. field, and without dots flanking the mint and officina marks. RIC viii, p. 336, 220. Cf. LRBC II, 949. MA 594. C 14. [Aquileia, AD 355-6]. VF £18 ($32) / EF £55 ($95)

19055

B or C, a. Rev. — as 19049, but with mint mark SIS in ex. preceded by officina mark A, B, or D (= 1, 2, or 4) and followed by D or reversed Z. RIC viii, p. 377, 363 and 365-6. LRBC II, 1229, and 1232-3. C 13 and 14. [Siscia, AD 355-6]. VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

19056

Ba. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark SIRM in ex. preceded by officina mark B (= 2) and followed by dot. RIC viii, p. 389, 70. LRBC II, —. C 13. [Sirmium, AD 355-6]. VF £18 ($32) / EF £55 ($95)

19057

Aa. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark S M H in ex. followed by officina mark G (= 3) and with e in field to l. RIC viii, p. 437, 92. LRBC II, —. C 19. [Heraclea, AD 355-6]. VF £18 ($32) / EF £55 ($95)

19058

Aa. Rev. – as previous, but with mint mark CONS in ex. followed by officina mark A or H (= 1 or 8) and dot, nothing in field. RIC viii, p. 460, 136. LRBC II, —. C 19. [Constantinople, AD 355-6]. VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

19059

C (sometimes CAESAR for CAES), a (bust sometimes to left). Rev. – as previous, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark e (= 5), sometimes with A in l. field. RIC viii, pp. 481-2, 105-6 and 108. LRBC II, 2312. C 14. [Nicomedia, AD 355-6]. VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

19060

D N FL CL IVLIANVS NOB CS, a. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark S M K in ex. followed by officina mark D (= 4), sometimes with star in l. field. RIC viii, p. 499, 112 and 114. LRBC II, 2499 and 2501. C 16. [Cyzicus, AD 355-6]. VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

19061

Ca. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark AN in ex. followed by officina mark D, e, H, AI, GI, DI, or eI (= 4, 5, 8, 11, 13, 14, or 15). RIC viii, p. 528, 189. LRBC II, 2636. C 14. [Antioch, AD 355-6]. VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

19062

Ca. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark ALE in ex. followed by officina mark D (= 4). RIC viii, p. 545, 83. LRBC II, 2847. C 14. [Alexandria, AD 355-6]. VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

JULIAN II, ‘THE APOSTATE’

273

19063

Bronze reduced maiorina (c. 2.25 grams). IMP IVLIANVS NOB CAES or FL CL IVLIANVS NOB C, a (M behind bust). Rev. FEL TEMP REPARATIO, soldier spearing fallen horseman, as 19049, but with mint mark LG in ex. preceded by G or M and by officina mark S (= 2). RIC viii, p. 191, 198-200. LRBC II, 260-61. Bastien 245-6 and 248. C 9 and 21. [Lugdunum, AD 356-8]. VF £18 ($32) / EF £55 ($95) The numeral ‘M’ first appeared on this denomination about AD 356 and is associated with a weight reduction of c. 0.25 grams. Its meaning is unclear though it could indicate that these coins were tariffed at 1,000 to the gold solidus. The importance of this change is clearly emphasized by the remarkable type having the mark of value as the principal element of its reverse design (see no. 18306 of Constantius II).

19064

C or D, a. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark CON in ex. preceded by officina mark P, S, or T (= 1, 2, or 3) and with M in l. field. RIC viii, p. 224, 270-71 and 273-4. LRBC II, 459. Cf. EMA 136/2. C 10 and 14. [Constantia/Arles, AD 356-8]. VF £18 ($32) / EF £55 ($95)

19065

D N CL IVLIANVS N C, bareheaded and cuir. bust r. Rev. – as previous, but with mint and value marks R • M • in ex. followed by officina mark e or S (= 5 or 6). RIC viii, p. 278, 315. LRBC II, 685. C 18. [Rome, AD 356-8]. VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

19066

Similar, but without dots following the mint and value marks, and with star following the officina mark (officina S = 6 only recorded). RIC viii, p. 278, 317. LRBC II, —. C VF £18 ($32) / EF £55 ($95) 18. [Rome, AD 356-8].

19067

Ca (M behind bust). Rev. – as 19063, but with mint mark AQ in ex. followed by officina mark T (= 3), sometimes with dot preceding the mint mark, sometimes with dots or dot and palm flanking the mint and officina marks, sometimes with palm following the officina mark, and sometimes with dot or star in rev. field. RIC viii, p. 336, 223, 225, 227, and 229. LRBC II, 940 and 946. MA 595 and 597-9. C 14. [Aquileia, AD 356-8]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

19068

Similar, but the M is in rev. field to l. instead of on obv., and with palm following the officina mark. RIC viii, —. LRBC II, —. MA 596. C 14. [Aquileia, AD 356-8]. VF £18 ($32) / EF £55 ($95)

19069

B or C, a. Rev. — as 19063, but with mint mark SIS in ex. preceded by officina mark A, B, G, or D (= 1, 2, 3, or 4) and sometimes followed by D, L, Z (reversed), or wreath, M in l. field sometimes accompanied by dot. RIC viii, pp. 377-8, 370-71, 373-4, 376, 378, 380, and 382. LRBC II, 1235, 1237, 1239, and 1241. C 13-14. [Siscia, AD 356-8]. VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

19070

Ba. Rev. — as previous, but with L instead of M in rev. field (officina D = 4 only recorded, nothing following the mint mark). RIC viii, p. 378, 385. LRBC II, 1243. C VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85) 13. [Siscia, AD 356-8].

19071

Ba. Rev. — as 19063, but with mint mark SIRM in ex. preceded by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2), sometimes flanked by dots, or with dot or star following the mint mark, M in l. field. RIC viii, p. 390, 72, 74, 76, and 78. LRBC II, 1611 and 1614. C 13. [Sirmium, AD 356-8]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

19071A

Similar, but with u instead of M in rev. field (officina B = 2 only recorded). RIC viii, —. LRBC II, —. C 13. (Seen by author, Dec. 2012). [Sirmium, AD 356-8]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100)

19072

Aa. Rev. — as 19063, but with mint mark S M TS in ex. followed by officina mark A or

e (= 1 or 5), M in l. field. RIC viii, p. 421, 209-10 and 212. LRBC II, 1685-6 and 1688. C 19. [Thessalonica, AD 356-8].

VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

274

Roman Coins and Their Values

19073

FEL TEMP REPARATIO (cont.) Bronze reduced maiorina (c. 2.25 grams). A or C, a. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark S M H in ex. followed by officina mark B, G, or D (= 2, 3, or 4) and sometimes also by dot, M in l. field. RIC viii, p. 437, 94-5 and 97. LRBC II, 1903-4. C 14 and 19. [Heraclea, AD 356-8]. VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

19074

Aa. Rev. — as 19063, but with mint mark CONS in ex. followed by officina mark A-IA (= 1-11) and sometimes also by dot, star, or palm, M between two dots in l. field. RIC viii, p. 460, 138, 140-41, 143, 145, 145A, and 147. LRBC II, 2051. C 19. [Constantinople, AD 356-8]. VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

19075

C (but CAESAR for CAES), a. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark A, e, or S (= 1, 5, or 6), M in l. field. RIC viii, p. 482, 111. LRBC II, 2314. C —. [Nicomedia, AD 356-8]. VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

19076

Obv. As 19060. Rev. — as 19063, but with mint mark S M K in ex. followed by officina mark D (= 4), M between two dots in l. field (the r. dot on soldier’s spear). RIC viii, p. VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85) 499, 116. LRBC II, 2503. C 16. [Cyzicus, AD 356-8].

19077

Ca. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark AN in ex. followed by officina mark I or GI (= 10 or 13), M in l. field. RIC viii, p. 528, 192. LRBC II, —. C 14. [Antioch, AD 356-8]. VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

19078

As previous, but with mint mark ALE in ex. followed by officina mark D (= 4). RIC viii, p. 545, 85-6. LRBC II, 2849. C 14. [Alexandria, AD 356-8]. VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

19079

Ca. Rev. GLORIA ROMANORVM, Julian, in military attire, stg. l., holding labarum and spear, mint mark SIS in ex. preceded by officina mark D (= 4), dot between or with reversed Z following the mint mark. RIC viii, p. 378, 388-9. LRBC II, 1227 and 1230. VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150) C —. [Siscia, AD 356-8]. This reverse type had been introduced by Vetranio in AD 350 (see no. 18907). See nos. 18289 and 18307 for the corresponding issues of Constantius II, and no. 19023 for a similar issue in the name of Constantius Gallus.

19080

Bronze reduced maiorina (c. 1.90 grams). D (but C for CAES), a. Rev. SPES REI PVBLICE, Julian, helmeted and in military attire, stg. l., holding globe and resting on spear, mint mark LG in ex. preceded by M or R and by officina mark S (= 2). Cf. RIC viii, p. 192, 202. LRBC II, 263. Bastien 250 and 253. C 41. [Lugdunum, AD 358-60]. VF £18 ($32) / EF £55 ($95) The introduction of this reverse type in AD 358 marked the final reduction in the weight standard of the bronze coinage of Constantius II.

19081

Ca. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark CON in ex. preceded by officina mark T (= 3), sometimes with VAL monogram in l. field. Cf. RIC viii, pp. 224-5, 276 and 278-9. LRBC II, 462. EMA 137/2 and 138/2. C 43. [Constantia/Arles, AD 358-60]. VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

19082

Obv. As 19065. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark P, e, or S (= 1, 5, or 6) with wreath or star between. Cf. RIC viii, p. 279, 319 and 321. LRBC II, 690 and 692. C 44. [Rome, AD 358-60]. VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

19083

Ca. Rev. – as previous, but with mint mark AQ in ex. followed by officina mark P, S, or T (= 1, 2, or 3), sometimes with dot preceding the mint mark or following the officina mark, sometimes the mint and officina marks flanked by dots. RIC viii, pp. 336-7, 234, 236, 238, and 240. LRBC II, 952, 954, and 956. MA 600-03. C 43. [Aquileia, AD 358-60]. VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

JULIAN II, ‘THE APOSTATE’ 19084

275

Bronze reduced maiorina (c. 1.90 grams). Ba. Rev. – as previous, but with mint mark SIS in ex. preceded by officina mark A, B, or D (= 1, 2, or 4), sometimes with dot preceding the officina mark or following the mint mark, sometimes with star following the mint mark or in r. field, sometimes with V following the mint mark, and sometimes with dot in r. field. RIC viii, p. 378, 391, 394, 397, 399, 401-2, and 404. LRBC II, 1244, 1247, 1249, and 1251. C 42. [Siscia, AD 358-60]. VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

19085 19085

As previous, but with mint mark SIRM in ex. preceded by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2), sometimes with dot following the mint mark or in r. field, sometimes with S in l. field, sometimes flanked by dots or with horizontal dividing line. RIC viii, p. 390, 81, 83-5, 87, 89, and 91. LRBC II, 1616. C 42. [Sirmium, AD 358-60]. VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

19086

Aa. Rev. — as 19080, but with mint mark S M TS in ex. followed by officina mark e (= 5), sometimes with star in l. field. RIC viii, p. 422, 214 and 216. LRBC II, 1690 and 1692. C 45. [Thessalonica, AD 358-60]. VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

19087

A or C, a. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark S M H in ex. followed by officina mark G or D (= 3 or 4). RIC viii, p. 437, 99-100. LRBC II, 1906. C 43 and 45. [Heraclea, AD 358-60]. VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

19088

Aa. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark CONS in ex. followed by officina mark A-I (= 1-10) sometimes followed by branch, or rarely with C in l. field. RIC viii, p. 461, 150, 152, and 154. LRBC II, 2054-5. C 45. [Constantinople, AD 358-60]. VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

19089

C (but CAESAR for CAES), a. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark e (= 5). RIC viii, p. 482, 113-14. LRBC II, 2316. C —. [Nicomedia, AD 358-60]. VF £18 ($32) / EF £55 ($95)

19090

Obv. As 19060. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark S M K in ex. followed by officina mark A- e (= 1-5), sometimes with G or L in l. field. RIC viii, p. 499, 118, 120, and 122. LRBC II, 2505 and cf. 2507. Cf. C 47. [Cyzicus, AD 358-60]. VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

19091

Ca. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark AN in ex. followed by officina mark H, AI, or GI (= 8, 11, or 13). RIC viii, p. 528, 194. LRBC II, 2639. C 43. [Antioch, AD 358-60]. VF £18 ($32) / EF £55 ($95)

19092

As previous, but with mint mark ALE in ex. followed by officina mark D (= 4). RIC viii, p. 545, 88. LRBC II, 2851. C 43. [Alexandria, AD 358-60]. VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

Issues as Augustus, AD 360-363 19093

Gold solidus (c. 4.5 grams). FL CL IVLIANVS PER AVG, b. Rev. GLORIA REI PVBLICAE, enthroned figures of Roma (on l., facing, hd. r.) and Constantinopolis (on r., turned to l.), holding between them shield inscribed VOTIS / V / MVLTIS / X, each holding sceptre in l. hand, Constantinopolis with r. foot on prow, mint mark TR in ex. followed by dot. RIC viii, p. 168, 362. C 28. Depeyrot, p. 112, 17/1. [Trier, AD 360]. VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £2,000 ($3,500)

276

Roman Coins and Their Values

19094

Gold solidus. Hb. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark LVG in ex. RIC viii, p. 192, 205-6. Bastien 255. C 30. Depeyrot, p. 126, 4/1-2. [Lugdunum, AD 360]. VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £2,000 ($3,500)

19094A

Similar, but the shield is inscribed VOTIS / X / MVLTIS / XX. RIC viii, p. 194, 225A. Bastien 273. C —. Depeyrot, p. 126, 5/1. [Lugdunum, AD 361]. VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,600 ($4,500)

19095

19097   19095 FL CL IVLIANVS PERP AVG, b. Rev. — as 19093, but with mint mark KONSTAN (TAN in monogram) in ex., and the shield is inscribed VOT / V / MVLT / X (sometimes with stars either side of V) and sometimes with eagle on top of shield or on exergual line. RIC viii, pp. 225-6, 281-7. EMA 139/3-5 and 140/2-6. C 27. Depeyrot, p. 134, 8/3VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £2,000 ($3,500) 4 and 9/2-6. [Constantia/Arles, AD 360].

19096

Hb. Rev. VIRTVS EXERC GALL, soldier advancing r., hd. l., holding trophy in l. hand and dragging captive by the hair with r., mint mark LVG in ex. Cf. RIC viii, p. 194, 226 (mistakenly describing an ancient imitation with star in rev. field). Bastien 267. C —. Depeyrot, p. 127, 6/1. [Lugdunum, AD 361]. VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,600 ($4,500)

19097

H (sometimes ending P F P AVG), b. Rev. — as previous, but also with eagle stg. r., hd. l., wreath in beak in r. field, and with mint mark KONSTAN (TAN in monogram) in ex. RIC viii, p. 227, 303-4. EMA 145/1-2. C 75. Depeyrot, p. 135, 10/1-2. [Constantia/ VF £775 ($1,350) / EF £2,300 ($4,000) Arles, AD 362-3]. Kent (RIC viii, p. 202) suggests that the eagle (of Jupiter) in the reverse field may be evidence of lingering pagan sympathies at the Arles mint (see also nos. 19117, 19126, and 19149).

19098

Hb. Rev. VIRTVS EXERCITVS ROMANI, as 19096, but with mint mark SIRM in ex. followed by star. RIC viii, p. 391, 92. C 77 var. Depeyrot, p. 208, 18/1. [Sirmium, AD 362]. VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,600 ($4,500)

19099

As previous, but with mint mark TES in ex. usually followed by wreath or (very rarely) preceded by star and followed by wreath and palm. RIC viii, p. 422, 217-18. C 77. Depeyrot, p. 218, 16/1, 17/1, and 19/1. [Thessalonica, AD 362-3]. VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £2,000 ($3,500)

19100

Hb. Rev. VIRTVS EXERCITVS ROMANORVM, as 19096, but with mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark P, B, T, Q, or e (= 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5), the whole rarely flanked by palms. RIC viii, p. 279, 323-4. C 78 var. Depeyrot, p. 147, 17/1 and 18/1. [Rome, AD 362-3]. VF £775 ($1,350) / EF £2,300 ($4,000)

19101

Similar, but with EXERICTVS (sic) for EXERCITVS, and with mint mark VRB•ROM• in ex. followed by officina mark B (= 2). RIC viii, —. C —. Depeyrot, p. VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,600 ($4,500) 147, 19/1. [Rome, AD 362-3].

19100

 

19102

JULIAN II, ‘THE APOSTATE’

277

19102

Gold solidus. Hb. Rev. VIRTVS EXERCITVS ROMANORVM, as 19096, but with mint mark SIRM in ex., usually followed by wreath and sometimes also preceded by star, palm, or dot, sometimes also with dot following the wreath. RIC viii, p. 391, 93100. C 78. Depeyrot, pp. 208-9, 19/1, 20/1, 21/1, and 22/1. [Sirmium, AD 362-3]. VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £2,000 ($3,500)

19103

As previous, but with mint mark TES in ex. flanked by dots. RIC viii, p. 422, 219. C 78 var. Depeyrot, p. 218, 18/1. [Thessalonica, AD 362-3]. VF £775 ($1,350) / EF £2,300 ($4,000)

19104

  19104 19107 G or H, b. Rev. — as 19096, but with mint mark CONSP (rarely CONS) in ex., sometimes flanked by palms. RIC viii, p. 462, 156-8. C 78-9. Cf. Depeyrot, p. 232, 6/1, VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £2,000 ($3,500) 7/1, and 8/1. [Constantinople, AD 362-3].

19105

Hb. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark NIK in ex. followed by officina mark e or I (= 5 or 10). RIC viii, p. 483, 115. C 80. Depeyrot, p. 265, 8/1. [Nicomedia, AD 362-3]. VF £775 ($1,350) / EF £2,300 ($4,000)

19106

G or H, b. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark ANT in ex. followed by officina mark A-I (= 1-10). RIC viii, p. 530, 195-203. C 78-80. Depeyrot, p. 278, 15/1-2. [Antioch, AD 362-3]. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,700 ($3,000)

19107

G, diad. bust l., wearing consular robes and holding mappa and sceptre. Rev. — Julian, in consular robes, enthroned facing, holding mappa and sceptre, mint mark ANT in ex. followed by officina mark A (= 1). RIC viii, p. 530, 204. C —. Depeyrot, p. 279, 16/1. VF £2,000 ($3,500) / EF £5,700 ($10,000) [Antioch, AD 363]. This and the following type celebrate Julian’s fourth consulship assumed at Antioch in January AD 363.

19108

Similar to previous, but the obv. legend is sometimes preceded by D N, and on rev. Julian is stg. to l. in consular robes, holding mappa and sceptre (officinae B and G = 2 and 3 recorded). RIC viii, p. 530, 205-6. C —. Depeyrot, p. 279, 16/2 and 4. [Antioch, AD 363]. VF £1,700 ($3,000) / EF £5,200 ($9,000) A rarer variant has the obv. type to right (Depeyrot, p. 279, 16/3, officina B = 2 only recorded).

19109

Gold semissis or half solidus (c. 2.25 grams). Hb. Rev. VICTORIA DD NN AVG, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark LVG in ex. RIC viii, —. Bastien, p. 263. C —. Depeyrot, p. 127, 5/2. [Lugdunum, AD 361]. VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £2,000 ($3,500) This appears to have been struck from siliqua dies (see no. 19121).

19110

Hb. Rev. VICTORIAE DD NN AVGG, Victory seated r. on cuirass, inscribing VOT / X on shield set on l. knee and supported by Genius stg. l. before her, mint mark LVG in ex. RIC viii, p. 193, 207. Bastien 274. C —. Depeyrot, p. 127, 5/3. [Lugdunum, AD 360-61]. VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £2,000 ($3,500)

19111

Gold 1.5-scripulum or 9-siliqua (c. 1.68 grams). Fb. Rev. VICTORIAAVGVSTORVM, Victory seated r., as previous, but with mint mark KONSTAN in ex. (the last three letters in monogram) in ex. RIC viii, p. 226, 288. EMA 145/3. C —. Depeyrot, p. 135, 10/3. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,700 ($3,000) [Constantia/Arles, AD 362-3].

19112

IVLIANVS AVG, b. Rev. VICTORIA ROMANORVM, as previous, but the shield is inscribed VOT / XX, and with mint mark ANT in ex. RIC viii, p. 530, 297-8. C 62. Depeyrot, p. 279, 17/1. [Antioch, AD 362-3]. VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £2,000 ($3,500)

278

Roman Coins and Their Values

19113

Gold 1.5-scripulum. Hb. Rev. VICTORIAE D N AVG, as previous, but the shield is inscribed VOTIS / V / MVLTIS / X, and with mint mark TES in ex. RIC viii, p. 423, 220. C 66. Depeyrot, p. 218, 19/2. [Thessalonica, AD 362-3]. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,700 ($3,000)



NB Kent (RIC viii, p. 228, 305) records a silver heavy miliarensis of Constantia/Arles from an early seventeenth century source, rev. FIDES EXERCITVVM, three standards: confirmation is required.

19114

19115

  19114 19116 Silver light miliarensis (c. 4.5 grams). Gb. Rev. VICTORIA ROMANORVM, archway, beneath which Julian, in military attire, stands facing, hd. r., holding spear and globe, crowned by Victory advancing l., on r., also holding palm, mint mark SIRM preceded by star in ex. RIC viii, p. 392, 104. RSC 63a. [Sirmium, AD 362-3]. VF £1,250 ($2,200) / EF £3,150 ($5,500) As previous, but with mint mark ANT in ex. RIC viii, p. 531, 210. RSC 63b. [Antioch, VF £1,375 ($2,400) / EF £3,450 ($6,000)

AD 362-3].

19116

Fb. Rev. VIRTVS EXERCITVM, soldier stg. facing, hd. r., resting on spear and shield, mint mark CON in ex. preceded by officina mark S or T (= 2 or 3). RIC viii, p. 226, 290. RSC 71A. Cf. EMA 141/2. [Constantia/Arles, AD 360-61]. VF £1,025 ($1,800) / EF £2,600 ($4,500)

19117

Eb. Rev. VIRTVS EXERCITVS, as previous, but with eagle stg. r., hd. l., wreath in beak in r. field, and officina P (= 1) also recorded. RIC viii, p. 228, 306-8. RSC 72a. VF £925 ($1,600) / EF £2,300 ($4,000) EMA 147/1. [Constantia/Arles, AD 361-3]. See note following no. 19097.

19118

FL CL IVLIANVS PERP AVG, b. Rev. — as previous, but without eagle in field, and with mint mark LVG in ex. RIC viii, p. 193, 209. Bastien 257. RSC 72c. [Lugdunum, VF £1,025 ($1,800) / EF £2,600 ($4,500) AD 360-61].

19119

Hb. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark SIRM flanked by dots. RIC viii, p. 392, VF £925 ($1,600) / EF £2,300 ($4,000) 101. RSC 72b. [Sirmium, AD 361-2].

19120

Silver heavy siliqua (c. 3.37 grams). Hb. Rev. VICTORIA AVGVSTI N, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark R in ex. RIC viii, p. 280, 325-6. RSC VF £225 ($400) / EF £575 ($1,000) 54a-b. [Sirmium, AD 361-2]. NB The old Constantinian siliqua of 1/96th of a pound was still occasionally struck after AD 357 when it was replaced in general circulation by the reduced siliqua of 1/144th of a pound.



19121

19122

Silver siliqua (c. 2.25 grams). Hb. Rev. VICTORIA DD NN AVG, as previous, but with mint mark LVG in ex. RIC viii, p. 193, 212-13 and 215-215A. Bastien 259. RSC VF £50 ($80) / EF £130 ($200) 58a-d. [Lugdunum, AD 360-61]. NB This lighter version of the siliqua became the standard silver coin following the Constantian reform of AD 357. In consequence, in this catalogue it is referred to simply as a ‘silver siliqua’ from the reign of Julian onwards. Hb. Rev. VOT / V / MVLT / X in four lines within wreath, mint mark LVG in ex., sometimes preceded by officina mark P (= 1) and followed by star. RIC viii, p. 195, 229-30. Bastien 270 and 272. RSC 142a-b. [Lugdunum, AD 361]. VF £60 ($100) / EF £140 ($250)

JULIAN II, ‘THE APOSTATE’

279

19123

Silver siliqua. Hb. Rev. VOT / X / MVLT / XX in four lines within wreath, mint mark LVG in ex., usually preceded by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). RIC viii, p. 195, 231-3. Bastien 275-7. RSC 146a-c. [Lugdunum, AD 361-2]. VF £50 ($80) / EF £130 ($200)

19124

Eb. Rev. As previous, but the mint mark is always preceded by the officina mark. RIC viii, p. 195, 234. Bastien 278-9. RSC 148a. [Lugdunum, AD 361-2]. VF £50 ($90) / EF £130 ($225)

19125

As previous, but with mint mark LVGD preceded by officina mark S (= 2), and with star within the small medallion at the top of the wreath on rev. RIC viii, p. 195, 235. Bastien 281. RSC 148b. [Lugdunum, AD 362]. VF £60 ($100) / EF £140 ($250)

19126

19126   19127 Eb. Rev. As 19123, but with mint mark CONST in ex. preceded by officina mark P, S, or T (= 1, 2, or 3), and with eagle or (rarely) large dot within the small medallion at the top of the wreath. RIC viii, p. 228, 309-12. RSC 148c and e. EMA 147/2-3. [Constantia/ VF £50 ($80) / EF £130 ($200) Arles, AD 361-2]. See note following no. 19097.

19127

As previous, but with mint mark CP in ex. followed by dot and by officina mark A, B, G, or D (= 1, 2, 3, or 4). RIC viii, p. 462, 159. RSC 148d. [Constantinople, AD 362-3]. VF £60 ($100) / EF £140 ($250)

19128

Gb. Rev. As previous, but with mint mark ANT in ex. RIC viii, p. 531, 213-14. RSC VF £60 ($100) / EF £140 ($250) 147a. [Antioch, AD 362-3].

19129

D N CL IVLIANVS AVG or FL CL IVLIANVS AVG, b. Rev. VOTIS / V / MVLTIS / X in four lines within wreath, mint mark TR in ex. sometimes followed by palm. RIC viii, p. 168, 363-5. RSC 157a-b and 164b. [Trier, AD 361-2]. VF £50 ($80) / EF £130 ($200)

19130

Hb. Rev. As previous, but with mint mark LVG in ex. RIC viii, p. 193, 218-19. Bastien 261. RSC 163a and c. [Lugdunum, AD 360-61]. VF £50 ($80) / EF £130 ($200)

19131

Similar, but the mint mark is preceded by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). RIC viii, p. 195, 227. Bastien 268-9. RSC 163b. [Lugdunum, AD 361-2]. VF £50 ($80) / EF £130 ($200)

19132

F or D N CL IVLIANVS AVG, b. Rev. As 19129, but with mint mark CON in ex. preceded by officina mark P, S, or T (= 1, 2, or 3). RIC viii, p. 227, 295-7. RSC 157c and 161. EMA 141/7-8. [Constantia/Arles, AD 360-61]. VF £50 ($80) / EF £130 ($200)

19133

H or (rarely) G, b. Rev. As previous, but with mint mark SIRM in ex. RIC viii, p. 392, VF £50 ($90) / EF £130 ($225) 102-3. RSC 159 and 164a. [Sirmium, AD 361-2].

19134

Hb. Rev. As previous, but with mint mark TES in ex. RIC viii, p. 423, 221. RSC 163d. [Thessalonica, AD 361-2]. VF £85 ($150) / EF £200 ($350)

19135

Gb. Rev. VOTIS / X / MVLTIS / XX in four lines within wreath, mint mark ANT in ex. RIC viii, p. 531, 211-12. RSC 164A. [Antioch, AD 362-3]. VF £65 ($110) / EF £155 ($275)

19129

 

19130

280 19136

Roman Coins and Their Values Silver half siliqua (c. 1.12 grams). Gf. Rev. VICTORIA PERPETV, Victory stg. facing, hd. l., holding wreath and trophy, mint mark TR in ex. Cf. RIC viii, p. 169, 366. Cf. RSC 61. [Trier, AD 360-61]. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,425 ($2,500) The reverse type appears to be misdescribed in the standard works. The style is unusual and Kent (RIC viii, p. 169, note) thinks that it may be an irregular issue based on the FELICITAS PERPETVA siliquae of Aquileia of Constantius II and Constans (see nos. 17896 and 18487).

PRE-REFORM BRONZE COINAGE, AD 360/61-362 19137

Bronze reduced maiorina (c. 1.90 grams). Hb. Rev. SPES REI PVBLICE, Julian, helmeted and in military attire, stg. l., holding globe and resting on spear, mint mark LG in ex. preceded by R and by officina mark S (= 2). RIC viii, p. 194, 223-4. LRBC II, 266. Bastien 262. C 50. [Lugdunum, AD 360-61]. VF £18 ($32) / EF £55 ($95)

19138

Similar, but with mint mark LVG in ex. preceded or followed by officina mark S (= 2), sometimes with star following the mint mark when it is preceded by the officina mark. RIC viii, —. LRBC II, —. Bastien 264 and 266. C 50. [Lugdunum, AD 361]. VF £18 ($32) / EF £55 ($95)

19139

Fb. Rev. — as 19137, but with mint mark CON in ex. preceded by officina mark T (= 3), crescent or star in l. field. RIC viii, p. 227, 299 and 301. LRBC II, 465. EMA 142/2 VF £18 ($32) / EF £55 ($95) and 143/2. C 48. [Constantia/Arles, AD 360-61].

19140

Gb. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark CON[S] in ex. followed by uncertain officina mark. RIC viii, p. 462, 160. LRBC II, —. C 49. [Constantinople, AD 361-2]. VF £18 ($32) / EF £55 ($95)

19141

F or H, b. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark A or e (= 1 or 5). RIC viii, p. 483, 116-17. LRBC II, —. C 48 and 50. [Nicomedia, VF £18 ($32) / EF £55 ($95) AD 361-2].

19142

Eb. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark S M K in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, G, D, or e (= 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5). RIC viii, p. 500, 123-4. LRBC II, —. C 51. [Cyzicus, VF £18 ($32) / EF £55 ($95) AD 361-2].

19143

Fb. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark ALE in ex. followed by officina mark B or G (= 2 or 3). RIC viii, p. 545, 89. LRBC II, 2852. C 48. [Alexandria, AD 361-2]. VF £18 ($32) / EF £55 ($95)

POST-REFORM BASE BILLON AND BRONZE COINAGE, AD 362-363 19144

Billon double maiorina (c. 8.25 grams). Eb. Rev. SECVRITAS REI PVB, bull stg. r., two stars above, mint mark LVGD in ex. preceded by palm and officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). RIC viii, p. 195, 238. LRBC II, 269. Bastien 288-9. C 38. [Lugdunum, AD 362]. VF £200 ($200) / EF £375 ($650)

19145

Similar, but with mint and officina marks LVGD OFF P (= 1) or S (= 2) in ex., rarely with dot in r. field or to r. of the exergual line. RIC viii, p. 195, 236-7. LRBC II, 268. VF £90 ($160) / EF £320 ($550) Bastien 284-7. C 38. [Lugdunum, AD 362-3].

19146

Eb. Rev. — as 19144, but with mint mark CON in ex. preceded by officina mark P, S, or T (= 1, 2, or 3), wreath in field to r. or club following the mint mark. RIC viii, p. 229, 313-16. LRBC II, 467. EMA 148/1 and 149/1. C 38. [Constantia/Arles, AD 362]. VF £200 ($200) / EF £375 ($650)

19147

Similar, but with mint mark CONST in ex. preceded by officina mark S = 2 (no symbol). RIC viii, p. 229, 317. LRBC II, —. EMA 150/1. C 38. [Constantia/Arles, AD 362]. VF £200 ($200) / EF £375 ($650)

JULIAN II, ‘THE APOSTATE’

281

19148 19148

Billon double maiorina. As previous, but with eagle stg. r., hd. l., wreath in beak in rev. field to r., sometimes with dot following the mint mark, and rarely with mint mark CONS instead of CONST in ex. (officinae P, S, and T = 1, 2, and 3 recorded). RIC viii, p. 229, 318-23. LRBC II, 468-9. EMA 151/1, 152/1, and 153/1. C 39. [Constantia/ VF £100 ($175) / EF £350 ($600) Arles, AD 362-3]. See note following no. 19097.

19149

Eb. Rev. — as 19144, but with mint mark AQVIL in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2), sometimes with dot preceding the mint mark. RIC viii, p. 337, 242-3. LRBC II, 957 and 959. MA 604-5. C 38. [Aquileia, AD 362-3]. VF £90 ($160) / EF £320 ($550)

19150

Eb. Rev. – as previous, but with mint mark SIS in ex. preceded by officina mark A, B, G, or D (= 1, 2, 3, or 4), the whole flanked by palms and the mint mark sometimes also followed by dot, or with star preceding the officina mark and palm following the mint mark. RIC viii, p. 380, 411-13. LRBC II, 1257 and 1259. C 38. [Siscia, AD 362]. VF £100 ($175) / EF £350 ($600)

19151

Similar, but with mint mark SISC preceded by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2), the whole flanked by palms or by palm and wreath, or with palm following the mint mark only. RIC viii, p. 380, 417-19. LRBC II, 1261 and 1263. C 38. [Siscia, AD 362-3]. VF £90 ($160) / EF £320 ($550)

19152

Eb. Rev. — as 19144, but with mint mark SIRM in ex. preceded by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2), the whole flanked by star and wreath or by star and palm, or with wreath following the mint mark only. RIC viii, p. 392, 105-7. LRBC II, 1620-22. C 38. [Sirmium, AD 362-3]. VF £90 ($160) / EF £320 ($550)

19153

Eb. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark TES in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, G, or D (= 1, 2, 3, or 4), the whole flanked by two palms, by palm and dot, or by palm and star preceding the mint mark and dot and palm following the officina mark. RIC viii, p. 423, 224-6. LRBC II, 1695-6. C 38. [Thessalonica, AD 362-3]. VF £100 ($175) / EF £350 ($600)

19154

Eb. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark S M H in ex. followed by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2). RIC viii, p. 438, 101. LRBC II, —. C 38. [Heraclea, AD 362]. VF £200 ($200) / EF £375 ($650)

19152

282

Roman Coins and Their Values

19155

SECVRITAS REI PVB (cont.) Billon double maiorina. Similar, but with mint mark HERACL followed by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2), usually with dots flanking the mint mark and sometimes with a third dot beneath. RIC viii, p. 438, 102-4. LRBC II, 1907 and 1910. C 38. [Heraclea, AD 362-3]. VF £100 ($175) / EF £350 ($600)

19156

Eb. Rev. — as 19144, but with mint mark CONS in ex. followed by officina mark A (= 1), the whole flanked by palms. RIC viii, —. LRBC II, —. C 38. (Seen by author, June VF £100 ($175) / EF £350 ($600) 1995). [Constantinople, AD 362].

19157

Similar, but with mint mark CONSP followed by officina mark A, B, G, or D (= 1, 2, 3, or 4), the whole flanked by dot and palm or (more rarely) by two palms, usually with dot in lower r. field following the inscription. RIC viii, pp. 462-3, 162-4. LRBC II, 2058-9. VF £90 ($160) / EF £320 ($550) C 38. [Constantinople, AD 362-3].

19158

Eb. Rev. — as 19144, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark A (= 1), the whole sometimes flanked by palms. RIC viii, p. 483, 118-19. LRBC II, 2317. C VF £200 ($200) / EF £375 ($650) 38. [Nicomedia, AD 362].

19159

Similar, but with mint mark NIK followed by officina mark A, B, or G (= 1, 2, or 3), the whole flanked by palms (sometimes also with dot following the officina mark), or with star following the officina mark. RIC viii, p. 484, 120-22. LRBC II, 2318-19. C 38. [Nicomedia, AD 362-3]. VF £100 ($175) / EF £350 ($600)

19160

Eb. Rev. — as 19144, but with mint mark S M K in ex. followed by officina mark B (= 2). RIC viii, p. 500, 128. LRBC II, —. C 38. [Cyzicus, AD 362]. VF £200 ($200) / EF £375 ($650)

19161

Similar, but with mint mark CVZ (or less frequently CVZIC or CVZICEN) followed by officina mark A, B, or G (= 1, 2, or 3). RIC viii, p. 500, 125-7. LRBC II, 2508-9 and VF £90 ($160) / EF £320 ($550) 2511. C 38. [Cyzicus, AD 362-3].

19157

19162

19163

19162 Eb. Rev. — as 19144, but with mint mark ANT in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, G, or D (= 1, 2, 3, or 4), the whole flanked by palms. RIC viii, p. 532, 216-17. LRBC II, VF £90 ($160) / EF £320 ($550) 2640-41. C 38. [Antioch, AD 362-3]. Similar, but with mint mark S M ANT instead of ANT (officinae A and D = 1 and 4 only recorded), the whole flanked by palms. RIC viii, p. 532, 218. LRBC II, —. C 38. [Antioch, AD 363]. VF £200 ($200) / EF £375 ($650)

JULIAN II, ‘THE APOSTATE’

283

19164

Bronze centenionalis (c. 2.95 grams). Ec. Rev. VOT / X / MVLT / XX in four lines within wreath, mint mark LVGD in ex. preceded by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). RIC viii, p. 196, 239. LRBC II, 270. Bastien 282-3. C 151. [Lugdunum, AD 362-3]. VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

19165

As previous, but with mint mark CONST in ex. preceded by officina mark P, S, or T (= 1, 2, or 3). RIC viii, p. 229, 324-6. LRBC II, 470-71. EMA 154/1. C 151. [Constantia/ VF £21 ($36) / EF £65 ($110) Arles, AD 362-3].

19166

As previous, but with mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark P, B, T, or Q (= 1, 2, 3, or 4) with star between. RIC viii, p. 280, 328. LRBC II, 694. C 151. [Rome, AD 362]. VF £19 ($33) / EF £60 ($100)

19167

Similar, but with mint mark ROMA followed by officina mark P-Q, as previous, but with dot between. RIC viii, p. 280, 330. LRBC II, p. 106, 694-5 note. C 151. [Rome, AD 362]. VF £19 ($33) / EF £60 ($100)

19168

19168 Similar, but with mint mark VRB • ROM • followed by officina mark P-Q. RIC viii, p. VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90) 280, 329. LRBC II, 695. C 151. [Rome, AD 362-3].

19169

Ec. Rev. — as 19164, but with mint mark AQVIL in ex. followed by officina mark P, S, or T (= 1, 2, or 3), sometimes with dot below the votive inscription. RIC viii, p. 337, 244-5. LRBC II, 958. MA 606-7. C 151. [Aquileia, AD 362-3]. VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

19170

As previous, but with mint mark SIS preceded by officina mark A, B, G, or D (= 1, 2, 3, or 4), the whole usually flanked by two palms or, more rarely, by star and palm. RIC viii, p. 380, 414-16. LRBC II, 1255-6 and 1258. C 151. [Siscia, AD 362]. VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

19171

Similar, but with mint mark SISC preceded by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2), the whole usually flanked by palm and dot or by two palms. RIC viii, p. 380, 420-22. LRBC II, 1260 and 1262. C 151. [Siscia, AD 362-3]. VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

19172

19172

 

19174 Ec. Rev. — as 19164, but with mint mark SIRM in ex. preceded by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2). RIC viii, p. 393, 108. LRBC II, 1619. C 151. [Sirmium, AD 362-3]. VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

19173

As previous, but with mint mark TES in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, G, or D (= 1, 2, 3, or 4), the whole flanked by two palms, sometimes with star below the votive inscription. RIC viii, p. 423, 227-8. LRBC II, 1697. C 151. [Thessalonica, AD 362-3]. VF £18 ($32) / EF £55 ($95)

19174

As previous, but with mint mark HERACL followed by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2), usually with dot between. RIC viii, p. 438, 105-6. LRBC II, 1908-9. C 151. [Heraclea, AD 362-3]. VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

284

Roman Coins and Their Values

19175

Bronze centenionalis. Ec. Rev. — as 19164, but with mint mark CONS in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, or D (= 1, 2, or 4), the whole flanked by palms. RIC viii, p. 463, 165. LRBC II, —. C 151. [Constantinople, AD 362]. VF £19 ($33) / EF £60 ($100)

19176

Similar, but with mint mark CONSP followed by officina mark A, B, G, or D (= 1, 2, 3, or 4), the whole flanked by two palms or by dot and palm. RIC viii, p. 463, 166-7. VF £18 ($32) / EF £55 ($95) LRBC II, 2060. C 151. [Constantinople, AD 362-3].

19177

Ec. Rev. — as 19164, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark G (= 3). RIC viii, p. 484, 122A. LRBC II, —. C 151. [Nicomedia, AD 362]. VF £19 ($33) / EF £60 ($100)

19178

Similar, but with mint mark NIK followed by officina mark A, B, or G (= 1, 2, or 3), the whole sometimes flanked by palms, or with dot in lower l. field. RIC viii, p. 484, 123-5. VF £18 ($32) / EF £55 ($95) LRBC II, 2320. C 151. [Nicomedia, AD 362-3].

19179

Ec. Rev. — as 19164, but with mint mark S M K followed by officina mark B or G (= 2 or 3). RIC viii, p. 501, 131. LRBC II, —. C 151. [Cyzicus, AD 362]. VF £19 ($33) / EF £60 ($100)

19180

Similar, but with mint mark CVZ or CVZIC followed by officina mark A, B, or G (= 1, 2, or 3). RIC viii, p. 501, 129-30. LRBC II, 2510 and 2512. C 151. [Cyzicus, AD 362VF £18 ($32) / EF £55 ($95) 3].

19181

Ec. Rev. — as 19164, but with mint mark ANT in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, G, or D (= 1, 2, 3, or 4), the whole usually flanked by palms. RIC viii, p. 532, 219-20. VF £18 ($32) / EF £55 ($95) LRBC II, 2642-3. C 151. [Antioch, AD 362-3].

19182

Similar, but with mint mark S M ANT instead of ANT (officinae A and G = 1 and 3 only recorded), the whole flanked by palms. RIC viii, p. 532, 221. LRBC II, 2644. C 151. VF £19 ($33) / EF £60 ($100) [Antioch, AD 363].

19183

Ec. Rev. — as 19164, but with mint mark ALE in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, or G (= 1, 2, or 3), the whole usually flanked by palms. RIC viii, p. 546, 90-91. LRBC VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90) II, 2853-4. C 151. [Alexandria, AD 362-3].

19184

Bronze half centenionalis? (c. 1.50 grams). Hb. Rev. VIRT EXERC ROMANOR, soldier advancing r., hd. l., holding trophy in l. hand and dragging captive by the hair with r., mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark P, B, T, Q, or Z (= 1, 2, 3, 4, or 7) with wreath between. RIC viii, p. 280, 327. LRBC II, 693. Cf. C 82 (misdescribed). VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150) [Rome, AD 362].

JOVIAN 27 Jun. AD 363-17 Feb. 364 19195 The brief reign of Flavius Jovianus saw the immediate abandonment of his predecessor’s policy of pagan revival and the reinstatement of Christianity as the officially sanctioned state religion. Born at Singidunum (Belgrade) about AD 330/31, Jovian was the son of Varronianus, comes domesticorum (commander of the corps of imperial bodyguards) under Constantius II, and was himself promoted to that post under Julian. Following Julian’s death in combat during his Persian campaign, the army first offered the throne to the elderly praetorian prefect Saturninius Secundus Salutius who declined the honour on the grounds of ill-health and advanced age. Their next choice was Jovian and, despite being unequal to such a heavy responsibility, he accepted the crown. For the first time in seven decades no representative of the House of Constantius and Constantine held imperial office.

JOVIAN

285

Jovian’s first act was to conclude a disgraceful peace with the Persians which, though it enabled him to extricate his demoralized army virtually intact from foreign territory, obliged the Romans to make significant territorial concessions. These included the provinces beyond the Tigris acquired by Galerius during Diocletian’s reign, the frontier fortress-towns of Nisibis and Singara, and a large portion of Armenia. After a short stay in Antioch restoring the privileged position of the Christian Church, the new emperor set out for the West in order to assert his authority in the European provinces. He got no further than the small town of Dadastana in Bithynia where he was discovered dead in his bed, supposedly having succumbed to noxious fumes from a brazier placed in his room to provide warmth (17 Feb. AD 364). Jovian’s reign provided a brief intermission between two great imperial dynasties, those of Constantine and of Valentinian and Theodosius. Though he had little opportunity to make a significant mark on history, his accession marked the final blow to the hopes of pagan sympathizers. Also, he was the last emperor to succeed to a united Empire and to rule alone throughout his reign. The coinage of Jovian follows the same pattern as that of his predecessor, though the important mint of Trier was inactive during this reign. The curious ‘bull’ reverse on his predecessor’s double maiorinae was replaced by a more conventional standing figure of the emperor, while Julian’s ‘military’ obverse on the centenionales was changed to a normal diademed bust, albeit sometimes turned to left. The following obverse legends are represented by capital letters:

A. D N IOVIANVS P F AVG B. D N IOVIANVS P F P AVG C. D N IOVIANVS P F PP AVG D. D N IOVIANVS P F PERP AVG E. D N IOVIANVS PEP AVG

The following obverse types are represented by lower case letters:

a. Diad., dr. and cuir. bust r. b. Diad., dr. and cuir. bust l.

19185

Gold solidus. Aa. Rev. GLORIA REI PVBLICAE, enthroned figures of Roma facing (on l.) and Constantinopolis l. (on r.), holding between them shield inscribed VOT / V / MVLT / X, each holding sceptre in l. hand, Constantinopolis with r. foot on prow, mint mark TES in ex. flanked by palm and star. RIC viii, p. 424, 231. Cf. C 3 (reverse inaccurately described). Depeyrot, p. 219, 22/2. [Thessalonica]. VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,600 ($4,500)

19186

D (but PER for PERP), a. Rev. SECVRIT REI PVBLICAE, enthroned figures of Roma and Constantinopolis, as previous, but with mint and officina marks S M N S (= 6) in ex. RIC viii, —. C —. Depeyrot, p. 266, 9/3. [Nicomedia]. VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,600 ($4,500)

19187

Aa. Rev. SECVRITAS REI PVBLICAE, as previous, but with mint mark LVG in ex. sometimes followed by star. RIC viii, p. 196, 240. Bastien 1 and (Supplement I) 1a. C 9 var. Depeyrot, p. 127, 7/1 and 8/1. [Lugdunum]. VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,600 ($4,500)

19188

Aa. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark KONSTAN (the last three letters in monogram) in ex. RIC viii, p. 230, 327. EMA 155/1. C 9 var. Depeyrot, p. 135, 11/1. (Unique) [Constantia/Arles].

19189

Da. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark CONSP in ex. RIC viii, p. 464, 170. C 10. Depeyrot, p. 233, 9/2. [Constantinople]. VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £2,000 ($3,500)

19190

Ea. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark

e, S, or I (= 5, 6, or 10). RIC viii, p. 485, 126. C —. Depeyrot, pp. 265-6, 9/1-2.

[Nicomedia]. VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £2,000 ($3,500) The variant SECORITAS for SECVRITAS is recorded by Depeyrot (p. 266, 9/3 note).

286

Roman Coins and Their Values

19191

Gold solidus. Ea. Rev. — as 19185, but with MVL for MVLT on shield, and with mint mark R S M in ex. followed by officina mark T or Q (= 3 or 4). RIC viii, p. 281, 331. Cf. C 8 and 11. Depeyrot, p. 147, 20/1. [Rome]. VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,600 ($4,500)

19192

Da. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark CONSP in ex. RIC viii, p. 464, 169. C 10 var. Depeyrot, p. 233, 9/1. [Constantinople]. VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £2,000 ($3,500)

19193

19193 A, B, or E, a. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark ANT in ex. followed by officina mark A-I (= 1-10). RIC viii, p. 532, 222-4. C 8-9. Depeyrot, p. 279, 18/1-2. [Antioch]. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,700 ($3,000) The variant SECORITAS for SECVRITAS is recorded by Depeyrot (p. 279, 18/2 note).

19194

Ba. Rev. SECVRITAS REI PVBLICE (sic), as 19185, but with mint mark S M AQ in ex. RIC viii, p. 338, 246. Cf. MA 608 (REI PVBLICAE, in error). C 12 var. Cf. Depeyrot, p. 182, 11/1. [Aquileia]. VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,600 ($4,500)

19195

Ba. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark SIRM in ex. followed by palm, or flanked by star and dot, or (most frequently) by dot and palm. Cf. RIC viii, p. 393, 113-14 (mint mark misdescribed) and 115-16. C 12. Depeyrot, pp. 209-10, 23/4-5, 24/2, and 25/1. [Sirmium]. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,700 ($3,000)

19196

Ca. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark TES in ex. flanked by palm and star. RIC viii, p. 424, 232. C 13 var. Depeyrot, p. 219, 22/3. [Thessalonica]. VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,600 ($4,500)

19197

Similar, but with mint mark S M TES. RIC viii, p. 424, 233. C 13. Depeyrot, p. 219, 23/1. [Thessalonica]. VF £775 ($1,350) / EF £2,300 ($4,000)

19198

19198 A or B, a. Rev. — Jovian, in military attire, stg. l., holding labarum and globe, captive seated on ground to l., mint mark SIRM in ex. followed by palm, or (more frequently) flanked by star and dot. RIC viii, p. 393, 109-12. C 16-17. Depeyrot, p. 209, 23/1-3 and 24/1. [Sirmium]. VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £2,000 ($3,500)

19199

Aa. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark TES in ex. flanked by star and dot. RIC viii, p. 424, 229. C 16. Depeyrot, p. 219, 20/1. [Thessalonica]. VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,600 ($4,500)



NB A gold multiple of 9 solidi, of extreme rarity, was issued in the name of Jovian at Constantinople, rev. GAVDIVM ROMANORVM, Constantinopolis (Cohen and Gnecchi say Jovian) enthroned l., extending hand to kneeling suppliant, Victory facing in background (RIC 168, Cohen 2, Gnecchi 1).

19200

Gold 1.5-scripulum or 9-siliqua (c. 1.68 grams). Aa. Rev. VICTORIA AVGVSTI, Victory seated r. on cuirass, inscribing VOT / V / MVL / X on shield set on l. knee and supported by Genius stg. l. before her, mint mark CONSP in ex. RIC viii, p. 464, 171. C —. Depeyrot, p. 233, 9/3. [Constantinople]. VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £2,000 ($3,500)

JOVIAN

287

19201

Silver heavy miliarensis (c. 5.4 grams). Ea. Rev. VOTIS / V / MVLTIS / X in four lines within wreath, mint mark ANT in ex. RIC viii, p. 533, 225. Cf. RSC 39 (wrong obv. legend). [Antioch]. VF £2,300 ($4,000) / EF £5,700 ($10,000)

19202

Silver light miliarensis (c. 4.5 grams). Ea. Rev. GLORIA ROMANORVM, archway, beneath which Jovian, in military attire, stands facing, hd. r., holding spear and globe, mint mark ANT in ex. RIC viii, p. 533, 226. RSC 4. [Antioch]. VF £1,700 ($3,000) / EF £4,300 ($7,500)

19203

Aa. Rev. RESTITVTOR REI P, Jovian, in military attire, stg. facing, hd. r., holding labarum and Victory on globe, mint mark CONST in ex. preceded by officina mark P (= 1). RIC viii, p. 230, 328. RSC 7. EMA 156/1. [Constantia/Arles]. VF £2,000 ($3,500) / EF £4,850 ($8,500)

19204

Silver heavy siliqua (c. 3.37 grams). Aa. Rev. VOT / V / MVLT / X in four lines within wreath, mint mark CONST in ex. preceded by officina mark S (= 2). RIC viii, p. 230, 329. RSC 33Aa. EMA 156/2. [Constantia/Arles]. VF £200 ($350) / EF £520 ($900)

19205

As previous, but with mint mark S M N in ex. RIC viii, —. RSC 33Af. [Nicomedia]. VF £200 ($350) / EF £520 ($900)

19202

19206

 

19207

19206

Silver siliqua (c. 2.25 grams). Aa. Rev. VOT / V / MVL / X in four lines within wreath, mint mark CP in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, G, or D (= 1, 2, 3, or 4), usually with dot between. RIC viii, p. 464, 172-3. RSC 33a-b. [Constantinople]. VF £105 ($180) / EF £250 ($450)

19207

Aa. Rev. VOT / V / MVLT / X in four lines within wreath, mint mark CONST in ex. preceded by officina mark P, S, or T (= 1, 2, or 3). RIC viii, p. 230, 331-2. RSC 33Ab. EMA 156/4. [Constantia/Arles]. VF £115 ($200) / EF £290 ($500)

19208

As previous, but with mint mark CP in ex. followed by officina mark D (= 4), dot between. RIC viii, p. 464, 174. RSC 33Ad. [Constantinople]. VF £105 ($180) / EF £250 ($450)

19209

19209 As previous, but with mint mark S M N in ex. RIC viii, p. 485, 127. RSC 33Ae. [Nicomedia]. VF £105 ($180) / EF £250 ($450)

288

Roman Coins and Their Values

19210 19210

Silver siliqua. As previous, but with mint mark ANT in ex. RIC viii, p. 533, 227. RSC 33Ag. [Antioch]. VF £105 ($180) / EF £250 ($450)

19211

Aa. Rev. VOT / X / MVLT / XX in four lines within wreath, mint mark CONST in ex. preceded by officina mark S or T (= 2 or 3). RIC viii, p. 230, 330. RSC 38. EMA 156/3. [Constantia/Arles]. VF £115 ($200) / EF £290 ($500)

19212

Aa. Rev. VOTIS / V / MVLTIS / X in four lines within wreath, mint mark SIRM in ex. Cf. RIC viii, p. 394, 117 (rev. misdescribed). Cf. RSC 33Ac (misnumbered, should be 40). [Sirmium]. VF £115 ($200) / EF £290 ($500)

19213

19213 Billon double maiorina (c. 8.25 grams). Ca. Rev. VICTORIA ROMANORVM, Jovian, in military attire, stg. facing, hd. r., holding standard and Victory on globe, mint mark TES in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, G, or D (= 1, 2, 3, or 4), the whole sometimes flanked by dots. RIC viii, pp. 424-5, 234-8. LRBC II, 1698 and 1700. C 23. [Thessalonica]. F £60 ($100) / VF £140 ($250) / EF £480 ($850)

19214 19214

Aa. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark CONSP followed by officina mark A, B, G, or D (= 1, 2, 3, or 4). RIC viii, p. 465, 175-7. LRBC II, 2061-2. C 22. [Constantinople]. F £60 ($100) / VF £140 ($250) / EF £480 ($850)

19215

As previous, but with mint mark ANT in ex. followed by A, B, G, or D (= 1, 2, 3, or 4). RIC viii, p. 533, 228-9. LRBC II, 2645-6. C 22. [Antioch]. F £60 ($100) / VF £140 ($250) / EF £480 ($850)

19216

Bronze centenionalis (c. 2.95 grams). Aa. Rev. RESTITVTOR REI P, Jovian, in military attire, stg. facing, hd. r., holding labarum and Victory on globe, mint mark CONST in ex. preceded by officina mark P (= 1). RIC viii, p. 231, 335. LRBC II, 473. Cf. EMA 157/2 (rev. misdescribed). C —. [Constantia/Arles]. (Unique)

JOVIAN

289

19217

Bronze centenionalis. Aa. Rev. VOT / V in two lines within wreath, mint mark SISC in ex. preceded by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2) which is sometimes preceded by crescent. RIC viii, p. 381, 423-4. LRBC II, 1266. C 31. [Siscia]. F £10 ($18) / VF £26 ($45) / EF £72 ($125)

19218

Ab. Rev. As previous, but with mint mark HERAC in ex. followed by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2), sometimes with dot between. RIC viii, p. 439, 108-9. LRBC II, 1912. C 32. [Heraclea]. F £10 ($18) / VF £26 ($45) / EF £72 ($125)

19219

As previous, but with mint mark CONSP in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, G, or D (= 1, 2, 3, or 4). RIC viii, p. 465, 178. LRBC II, 2063. C 32. [Constantinople]. F £10 ($18) / VF £26 ($45) / EF £72 ($125)

19220

As 19217, but with mint mark S M K in ex. followed by officina mark A (= 1). RIC viii, p. 501, 133. LRBC II, —. C 31. [Cyzicus]. F £14 ($24) / VF £35 ($60) / EF £85 ($150) Confirmation of the existence of this type is required.

19221

As previous, but with mint mark ANT followed by officina mark A, B, G, or D (= 1, 2, 3, or 4). RIC viii, p. 534, 230-31. LRBC II, 2647. C 31. [Antioch]. F £10 ($18) / VF £26 ($45) / EF £72 ($125)

19222

As previous, but with mint mark ALE in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, or G (= 1, 2, or 3). RIC viii, p. 546, 92. LRBC II, 2855. C 31. [Alexandria]. F £10 ($18) / VF £26 ($45) / EF £72 ($125)

19223

Aa. Rev. VOT / V / MVLT / X in four lines within wreath, mint mark LVG in ex. preceded by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2) and followed by star. RIC viii, p. 196, 241. LRBC II, 272. Bastien 2-3. C 35. [Lugdunum]. F £10 ($18) / VF £26 ($45) / EF £72 ($125)

19224

As previous, but with mint mark CONST in ex. preceded by officina mark P, S, or T (= 1, 2, or 3). RIC viii, p. 231, 333-4. LRBC II, 472. EMA 157/1. C 35. [Constantia/ Arles]. F £14 ($24) / VF £35 ($60) / EF £85 ($150)

19225

As previous, but with mint mark ROMA followed by officina mark P-Q (= 1-4) with dot between. RIC viii, p. 281, 334. LRBC II, 697. C 35. [Rome]. F £14 ($24) / VF £35 ($60) / EF £85 ($150)

19226

Similar, but with mint mark VRB • ROM • followed by officina mark P-Q. RIC viii, p. 281, 333. LRBC II, 696. C 35. [Rome]. F £10 ($18) / VF £26 ($45) / EF £72 ($125)

19227

As 19223, but with mint mark AQVIL in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). RIC viii, p. 338, 247. LRBC II, 960. MA 609. C 35. [Aquileia]. F £10 ($18) / VF £26 ($45) / EF £72 ($125)

19228

As previous, but with mint mark SISC in ex. preceded by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2). RIC viii, p. 381, 425-6. LRBC II, 1267. C 35. [Siscia]. F £10 ($18) / VF £26 ($45) / EF £72 ($125)

19229

As previous, but with mint mark SIRM in ex. preceded by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2). RIC viii, p. 394, 118-20. LRBC II, 1623-4. C 35. [Sirmium]. F £10 ($18) / VF £26 ($45) / EF £72 ($125)

19229

290

Roman Coins and Their Values

19230

Bronze centenionalis. Ca. Rev. As 19223, but with mint mark TES in ex. followed by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2). RIC viii, p. 425, 239. LRBC II, 1699. Cf. C 36. [Thessalonica]. F £10 ($18) / VF £26 ($45) / EF £72 ($125)

19231

Ab. Rev. As previous, but with mint mark HERAC in ex. followed by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2), sometimes with dot between. RIC viii, p. 439, 110-11. LRBC II, 1913-14. C 34. [Heraclea]. F £10 ($18) / VF £26 ($45) / EF £72 ($125)

19232

19232 As previous, but with mint mark CONSP in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, G, or D (= 1, 2, 3, or 4). RIC viii, p. 465, 179. LRBC II, 2064. C 34. [Constantinople]. F £10 ($18) / VF £26 ($45) / EF £72 ($125)

19233

As 19223, but with mint mark NIK in ex. followed by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2). RIC viii, p. 485, 128. LRBC II, —. C 35. [Nicomedia]. F £14 ($24) / VF £35 ($60) / EF £85 ($150)

19234

Similar, but with mint mark S M N followed by officina mark A or G (= 1 or 3). RIC viii, p. 485, 129. LRBC II, —. C 35. [Nicomedia]. F £14 ($24) / VF £35 ($60) / EF £85 ($150)

19235

As 19223 , but with mint mark S M K in ex. followed by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2). RIC viii, p. 501, 132. LRBC II, 2513. C 35. [Cyzicus]. F £10 ($18) / VF £26 ($45) / EF £72 ($125)

19236

As previous, but with mint mark ANT followed by officina mark A, B, G, or D (= 1, 2, 3, or 4). RIC viii, p. 534, 232-3. LRBC II, 2648. C 35. [Antioch]. F £10 ($18) / VF £26 ($45) / EF £72 ($125)

19237

Aa. Rev. VOT / X / MVLT / XX in four lines within wreath, mint mark VRB • ROM • followed by uncertain officina mark. RIC viii, p. 281, 332. LRBC II, —. C —. [Rome]. F £23 ($40) / VF £60 ($100) / EF £140 ($250)

19238

Bronze half centenionalis? (c. 1.50 grams). Aa. Rev. VICTORIA AVGVSTI N, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark R in ex. RIC viii, p. 281, 335. LRBC II, —. C 21. [Rome]. F £32 ($55) / VF £80 ($140) / EF £200 ($350)

VALENTINIAN I 26 Feb. AD 364-17 Nov. 375 19272 Following the sudden and expected death of Jovian on 17 Feb. AD 364 there was a brief delay in naming a successor. Over a 10-day period, the senior officers of the army discussed the merits of several candidates while they advanced from Dadastana to Nicaea in Bithynia. Their choice ultimately fell on the 43-year-old Flavius Valentinianus, son of Gratianus the elder and a native of Cibalae in Pannonia, who had served as a military tribune under Constantius II in Mesopotamia in 360/361. Banished to Egypt by Julian for refusing to sacrifice to the pagan gods, Valentinian was recalled by Jovian who sent him on several dangerous diplomatic missions from which he was

VALENTINIAN I

291

fortunate to escape with his life. As the eastern and western halves of the Empire were now showing clear signs of divergence, the new emperor quickly made the decision to formalize the separation of the two entities by appointing his brother Valens as emperor in the East (28 March 364) with his capital at Constantinople. Valentinian himself fixed his residence at Milan rather than Rome as it was closer to the threatened northern frontiers. The wisdom of this quickly became clear when he had to confront a constant barrage of barbarian aggression across the Rhine and Danube frontiers. Britain suffered a catastrophic attack in the winter of AD 367/8 when it was invaded simultaneously on several fronts by Picts, Attacotti, Scotti, and Saxons in what has become known as the ‘Barbarian Conspiracy’. With Valentinian himself fully engaged with military operations in Gaul, the desperate situation in Britain was temporarily relieved by vigorous action on the part of Count Theodosius, father of the future emperor Theodosius I. However, the severe blow to the island-province was eventually to prove fatal and this episode marked the beginning of the process by which Britannia was gradually lost to the Empire over the following four decades. Late in AD 375, Valentinian died of a stroke induced by rage at the insolent attitude of a delegation of barbarian Quadi that had come to discuss terms at the fortress of Brigetio (modern Szöny in Hungary). Valentinian was the last strong and truly effective emperor in the West and his death ushered in a century of decline that was to result in the extinction of the Western Empire in AD 476. He was twice married, first to Marina Severa, who bore him his elder son Gratian in AD 359, and then to Justina, the widow of Magnentius, by whom he fathered Valentinian II in 371. Clearly wishing to establish a dynastic succession, Valentinian raised the 8-year-old Gratian to the rank of co-emperor in the West in 367 and the army proclaimed the 4-year-old Valentinian II just five days after his father’s death. Despite their preoccupation with frontier wars and the usurpation of Procopius in the East, Valentinian and Valens found time to devote considerable attention to the Empire’s finances and the minting of the imperial coinage. In AD 366-7 an important reform of the tax-collection system was enacted whereby payments to the imperial treasuries could no longer be made in coin but instead had to be in the form of officially certified gold and silver bars which were guaranteed to be of the highest quality metal (‘obryzum’ in the case of gold, ‘pusulatum’ in the case of silver). These were produced by melting down the existing coinage and refining the metal thus obtained to its purest form for subsequent coin production. Such a measure was necessary because of the quantity of underweight and counterfeit coinage that was in circulation, much of it produced in inferior metal. Some mint staff had become very corrupt by this time and the problem had become so acute that the anonymous author of the “De Rebus Bellicis” had recommended isolating all the monetarii on an island in order to prevent their frauds. The new system ensured that the treasury was never ‘short-changed’ and had the added advantage of restoring both public and foreign confidence in the precious metal coinage for centuries to come. New arrangements were also put in place for the minting of gold and silver denominations. Previously, this had been in the hands of the Monetae Publicae, mints ultimately modelled on that of Rome, which had gradually come into being to meet specific currency needs in different parts of the Empire. Some had become long-term establishments, while others (e.g. Ostia, Carthage, and Ambianum) only operated over brief periods of time. Valentinian’s reform aimed at limiting the activities of the Monetae Publicae to the production of base metal coinage, while gold and silver denominations became the prerogative of potentially mobile minting establishments operating in the environs of the imperial palaces, wherever the emperor happened to be in residence. These ‘court’ mints, are often referred to as Comitatensian or Palatine establishments, a reference to their status as a technical division of the palatine office of the Comes Sacrarum Largitionum, or Master of the Sacred Disbursements (i.e. Imperial Treasurer). The products of these Comitatensian mints normally bear as an element of their mint marks the letters ‘OB’ (obryzum = refined gold) or ‘PS’ (pusulatum = refined silver). In the West, the mint was often defined by the letters ‘COM’ (= Comitatus), sometimes augmented by an indication of the geographical location of the court (e.g. ‘RV’ = Ravenna), though in the fifth century this was frequently omitted. In the East, the emperor seldom left Constantinople so both the Moneta Publica and the Moneta Comitatensis were located in the same city, though demonstrably not in the same location (see M. F. Hendy “Aspects of Coin Production and Fiscal Administration in the Late Roman and Early Byzantine Period” in Numismatic Chronicle, 1972, p. 131). In base metal issues, the large ‘double maiorina’ denomination, introduced by Julian in 362 and continued under Jovian, was abandoned early in the new joint reign. This marked the end of the base billon coinage, all subsequent imperial base metal issues being of bronze

292

Roman Coins and Their Values

devoid of silver content. The Æ 3 ‘centenionales’ of Valentinian and Valens were produced in huge quantities and bore a bewildering variety of mint marks. Unless otherwise stated, the obverse legend is D N VALENTINIANVS P F AVG and the type is diad., dr. and cuirassed bust r. 19239

Gold aureus (c. 5.4 grams). Diad., dr. and cuir. bust l. Rev. GLORIA ROMANORVM, Valentinian I stg. in facing quadriga, scattering coins from his raised r. hand and holding Victory on globe in l., mint mark CONSP in ex. RIC ix, p. 209, 1. C —. Depeyrot, p. 296, 10. [Constantinople, AD 364]. VF £5,700 ($10,000) / EF £17,250 ($30,000)

19240

Gold solidus (c. 4.5 grams). Rev. GLORIA REI PVBLICAE, enthroned figures of Roma facing (on l.) and Constantinopolis l. (on r.), holding between them shield inscribed VOT / V / MVLT / X, each holding sceptre in l. hand, Constantinopolis with r. foot on prow, mint mark S M NM in ex. or S M N followed by officina mark B, Q, or I (= 2, 9, or 10) and sometimes preceded by palm. RIC ix, p. 253, 13a. C —. Depeyrot, pp. 269-70, 23/1-2 and 24/1. [Nicomedia, AD 368]. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,700 ($3,000)

19241

Rev. — as previous, but the shield is inscribed VOT / X / MVLT / XV and with mint mark TR OB in ex. RIC ix, p. 15, 12a. C —. Cf. Depeyrot, p. 115, 28/1 (MVLT XX, in VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,700 ($3,000) error). [Trier, AD 368-9].

19242 19242 Rev. GLORIA ROMANORVM, enthroned figures of Roma and Constantinopolis, as previous, but the shield is inscribed VOT / X / MVL / XX and is surmounted by Christogram, and with mint mark AN OB in ex. followed by officina mark B, G, e, Z, H, Q, and I (= 2, 3, 5, 7, 8, 9, and 10). RIC ix, p. 276, 15a-16a. Cf. C 5. Depeyrot, p. VF £480 ($850) / EF £1,425 ($2,500) 286, 38/1-2. [Antioch, AD 373-4]. 19243

Similar, but with mint mark P AN OB in ex. followed by officina mark B, G, e, or Q (= 2, 3, 5, or 9). RIC ix, p. 276, 16b. Cf. C 5. Depeyrot, p. 287, 40/1-2. [Antioch, AD 373-4]. VF £480 ($850) / EF £1,425 ($2,500)

19244 Rev. RESTITVTOR REI PVBLICAE, Valentinian, in military attire, stg. facing, hd. r., holding labarum and Victory on globe, mint mark TR in ex., sometimes followed by dot, star, wreath, or palm, sometimes flanked by dots or by dot and palm. RIC ix, p. 13, 1a-b. C 28. Depeyrot, pp. 113-14, 18/1, 19/1, 20/1, 21/1, 22/1-2, 24/1, and 25/1. [Trier, AD 364]. VF £240 ($425) / EF £720 ($1,250)

NB In the Restitutor Rei Publicae series, the labarum is sometimes ornamented with a Chi-Rho monogram, sometimes with a plain cross or a star symbol. These varieties are not differentiated in the following listings.

19245

Similar, but with mint mark S M TR in ex. RIC ix, p. 16, 14a. C 28. Depeyrot, p. 114, 26/1. [Trier, AD 367]. VF £240 ($425) / EF £720 ($1,250)

19246

As previous, but with mint mark S M LVG in ex. RIC ix, p. 42, 1a-b. Bastien 4-5. C 28. Depeyrot, pp. 127-8, 9/1 and 10/1. [Lugdunum, AD 365-6]. VF £240 ($425) / EF £720 ($1,250)

19247

Similar, but with dot following the mint mark, or (rarely) with star following the mint mark or in l. field. RIC ix, p. 42, 1a. Bastien 24, 33, and 35. C 28. Depeyrot, p. 128, 11/1, VF £240 ($425) / EF £720 ($1,250) 12/1 and 13/1. [Lugdunum, AD 366].

VALENTINIAN I

293

19248

RESTITVTOR REI PVBLICAE (cont.) Gold solidus. As 19244, but with mint mark CONST in ex. RIC ix, —. EMA 158/1. C —. Depeyrot, p. 135, 12/1. [Constantia/Arles, AD 365]. VF £375 ($650) / EF £1,150 ($2,000)

19249

Similar, but with mint mark KONSTAN in ex. (the last three letters in monogram) and sometimes REI PVBLICAE ends Æ, rarely also with star or palm in l. field. RIC ix, p. 61, 1a-b and e-f. EMA 159/1 and 160/1. C 28. Depeyrot, pp. 135-6, 13/1, 14/1, 15/1, and 16/1. [Constantia/Arles, AD 365-6]. VF £200 ($350) / EF £575 ($1,000)

19250

As 19244, but with mint mark MED in exergue, rarely followed by dot. RIC ix, p. 75, 2a and d. C 28. Depeyrot, pp. 166-7, 3/1 and 5/1. [Milan, AD 364-5]. VF £240 ($425) / EF £720 ($1,250)

19251

As previous, but with mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark P, T, or Q (= 1, 3, or 4), the whole sometimes flanked by dot and palm, or followed by palm or wreath. RIC ix, pp. 116-17, 2a and b. C 28. Depeyrot, pp. 148-9, 21/1-2, 23/1-2, 27/1, and 28/1. [Rome, AD 364]. VF £240 ($425) / EF £720 ($1,250)

19252 19252 Similar, but with mint mark S M R in ex. followed by officina mark P or T (= 1 or 3), sometimes with star or S in r. field. RIC ix, p. 116, 2a. C 29. Depeyrot, p. 150, 29/1, VF £290 ($500) / EF £850 ($1,500) 30/1, and 31/1. [Rome, AD 365]. 19253

As 19244, but with mint mark S M AQ in ex., rarely followed by officina mark P (= 1). RIC ix, p. 94, 2a and b. MA 611-12. C 28. Depeyrot, p. 183, 12/1-2 and 13/1. [Aquileia, VF £290 ($500) / EF £850 ($1,500) AD 364].

19254

As previous, but with mint mark SIRM in ex., usually preceded by star. RIC ix, p. 158, 1a. C 28. Depeyrot, p. 210, 26/1 and 27/1. [Sirmium, AD 364]. VF £240 ($425) / EF £720 ($1,250)

19255

As 19244, but with mint mark S M TES in ex. RIC ix, p. 173, 2a. C 28. Depeyrot, p. VF £240 ($425) / EF £720 ($1,250) 219, 24/1. [Thessalonica, AD 364].

19256

As previous, but with mint mark S M H in ex. followed by officina mark A (= 1). RIC ix, p. 191, 1a. C 28 var. Depeyrot, p. 230, 5/1. [Heraclea, AD 364]. VF £350 ($600) / EF £1,000 ($1,750)

19257

As 19244, but with mint mark CONSP in ex., usually followed by star. RIC ix, pp. 20910, 3a and b. C 28. Depeyrot, p. 233, 10/1-2 and 11/1-2. [Constantinople, AD 364]. VF £240 ($425) / EF £720 ($1,250)

19258

Similar, but with mint mark CONS in ex. followed by wreath, or flanked by dot and palm or by star and wreath. Cf. RIC ix, pp. 209 and 217, 3a and 25a. C 28 var. Depeyrot, pp. 234-6, 16/1, 20/1, and 21/1. [Constantinople, AD 366-7]. VF £240 ($425) / EF £720 ($1,250)

19259

As 19244, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark B, e, S, Q, or I (= 2, 5, 6, 9, or 10). RIC ix, p. 250, 2b. C 28. Depeyrot, p. 266, 10/1. [Nicomedia, AD 364]. VF £200 ($350) / EF £575 ($1,000) See also no. 19261 dated to AD 367, which is identical except for the form of the emperor’s headdress. On the earlier variety, Valentinian wears a rosette diadem, while on the later issue he has a diadem of pearls.

294

Roman Coins and Their Values



RESTITVTOR REI PVBLICAE (cont.)

19260

Gold solidus. Similar, but with dot following the officina mark or in lower rev. field to r., or with dots flanking the mint and officina marks (officinae e and I = 5 and 10 only recorded). RIC ix, p. 250, 2b. C 28. Depeyrot, pp. 266-7, 11/1, 12/1, and 13/1. VF £215 ($375) / EF £625 ($1,100) [Nicomedia, AD 364-5].

19261

19261   19262 As 19259, but the emperor’s diadem is ornamented with pearls instead of rosettes, and sometimes with M instead of officina mark following the mint mark. RIC ix, pp. 25051, 2a and e. C 25 and 28. Depeyrot, p. 268, 18/1. [Nicomedia, AD 367]. VF £200 ($350) / EF £575 ($1,000)

19262

As 19244, but with mint mark S M K in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, or G (= 1, 2, or 3) and sometimes preceded by star. RIC ix, p. 239, 2a and b. C 28. Depeyrot, p. VF £290 ($500) / EF £850 ($1,500) 271, 3/1 and 4/1-2. [Cyzicus, AD 364-5].

19263

As previous, but with mint mark ANT in ex. followed by officina mark G, D, e, S, Z, H, or I (= 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, or 10), P-headed cross (Christogram) in l. field. RIC ix, p. 272, 2a and b. C 27. Depeyrot, p. 279, 19/1. [Antioch, AD 364]. VF £240 ($425) / EF £720 ($1,250)

19264

Similar, but the mint and officina marks are flanked by stars, and with plain cross instead of Christogram in rev. field to l. (officinae A-I = 1-10 recorded). RIC ix, p. 272, 2a and b. C 26. Depeyrot, p. 280, 20/1. [Antioch, AD 364]. VF £200 ($350) / EF £575 ($1,000)

19265

Similar, but without the cross in rev. field (officina I = 10 only recorded). RIC ix, p. 272, 2b. C 28. Depeyrot, p. 280, 21/1. [Antioch, AD 364]. VF £240 ($425) / EF £720 ($1,250)

19266

Similar, but with single star following the officina mark (officinae A, B, G, e, S, H, Q, and I = 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 8, 9, and 10 recorded). RIC ix, p. 272, 2a and b. C 28. Depeyrot, p. 281, 22/1. [Antioch, AD 365]. VF £215 ($375) / EF £625 ($1,100)

19267

Similar, but without the star following the officina mark (officinae G and I = 3 and 10 only recorded). RIC ix, p. 272, 2b. C 28. Depeyrot, p. 281, 23/1. [Antioch, AD 365]. VF £215 ($375) / EF £625 ($1,100) See also no. 19270 dated to AD 367, which is identical except for the form of the emperor’s headdress. On the earlier variety, Valentinian wears a rosette diadem, while on the later issue he has a diadem of pearls.

19268

Similar, but with dots flanking the mint and officina marks, or (more rarely) single dot preceding the mint mark, or dot and star flanking the mint and officina marks (all ten officinae A-I recorded). RIC ix, p. 272, 2a and b. C 28. Depeyrot, pp. 281-2, 24/1, 25/1, VF £215 ($375) / EF £625 ($1,100) and 26/1-2. [Antioch, AD 366].

19269

As previous, but with dot following the officina mark. RIC ix, p. 272, 2a and b. C 28. Depeyrot, pp. 282-3, 27/1-2. [Antioch, AD 366-7]. VF £200 ($350) / EF £575 ($1,000) Depeyrot (p. 283, 29/1) records a variety from the 10th officina (I) with crescent instead of dot following the officina mark, but the coin may be irregular.

19270

As 19267, but the emperor’s diadem is ornamented with pearls instead of rosettes (officinae A-I = 1-10 recorded). RIC ix, p. 272, 2a and b. C 28. Depeyrot, p. 284, 30/1. VF £200 ($350) / EF £575 ($1,000) [Antioch, AD 367].

VALENTINIAN I 19271

19272

295

Gold solidus. Diad. bust l., wearing consular robes and holding mappa and sceptre. Rev. SALVS REI P, Valentinian I, in military attire, stg. facing, hd. r., holding labarum and Victory on globe, his r. foot set on kneeling captive, mint mark S M SISC in ex. followed by palm, star in r. field. RIC ix, p. 145, 1a. C 32. Depeyrot, p. 205, 27/1. [Siscia, AD 365]. VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,600 ($4,500)

  19273 19272 As previous, but with mint mark S M TES in ex., one or two stars in r. field. RIC ix, p. 173, 3a. C 32. Depeyrot, p. 221, 30/1 and 31/1. [Thessalonica, AD 365]. VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,600 ($4,500)

19273 Rev. SPES R P, Valentinian I and Valens, sometimes nimbate, enthroned facing, each holding globe and sceptre, small figure of Gratian stg. facing between them, sometimes holding labarum, shield inscribed VOT / V / MVL / X in field above, mint mark ANT in ex. followed by officina mark A, G, e, or I (= 1, 3, 5, or 10) and by cross. RIC ix, p. 277, 20a and d. C —. Depeyrot, pp. 284-5, 32/1-3. [Antioch, AD 368]. VF £1,250 ($2,200) / EF £3,750 ($6,500) 19274 Rev. TRIVMFATOR GENT BARB, Valentinian I, in military attire, stg. facing, hd. l., holding labarum and globe, captive at feet to l., mint mark TR • OB in ex. RIC ix, p. 16, 15. C 38. Depeyrot, p. 117, 37/1. [Trier, AD 370]. VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,600 ($4,500) 19275 Rev. VICTORES AVGVSTI, Valentinian I (on l.) and Gratian, a shorter figure (on r.), enthroned facing side by side, supporting globe between them, Victory flying l. above, palm between the emperors’ legs, mint mark TR OB in ex. RIC ix, p. 16, 16a. C 40 var. VF £775 ($1,350) / EF £2,300 ($4,000) Depeyrot, p. 116, 32/1. [Trier, AD 369].

19276

19277

19276 Similar, but with obv. type helmeted and cuir. bust l., the helmet ornamented with four stars, holding spear and shield before him, and with mint mark TR • OB in ex. RIC ix, p. 16, 16b. C 39. Depeyrot, p. 117, 36/1-2. [Trier, AD 370]. VF £950 ($1,650) / EF £2,850 ($5,000) Similar, but with mint mark TR • OB • in ex. RIC ix, p. 16, 16b. C 39 var. Depeyrot, p. VF £950 ($1,650) / EF £2,850 ($5,000) 118, 39/1. [Trier, AD 371].

19278 Rev. VICTORIA AVGG, Valentinian I and Valens enthroned facing side by side, their l. legs undraped, supporting globe between them, upper part of Victory hovering facing in background, palm between the emperors’ legs, mint mark TR OB • in ex. RIC ix, p. 16, 17a. C 43 var. Depeyrot, p. 115, 30/1. [Trier, AD 368]. VF £290 ($500) / EF £850 ($1,500) 19279

Similar, but in ex., mint mark TR • OB • preceded by star. RIC ix, p. 16, 17a var. C 43 var. Depeyrot, p. 117, 34/1. [Trier, AD 369]. VF £290 ($500) / EF £850 ($1,500)

296

Roman Coins and Their Values

19280

Gold solidus. Similar, but the mint mark is not preceded by star. RIC ix, p. 16, 17a. C 43 var. Depeyrot, p. 118, 40/1-2. [Trier, AD 371-2]. VF £240 ($425) / EF £720 ($1,250) See also no. 19282, dated to AD 372, which is identical except for the form of the emperor’s headdress. On the earlier variety, Valentinian wears a pearl diadem, while on the later issue he has a diadem of rosettes.

19281

As previous, but with star between the emperors’ knees on rev. RIC ix, —. C —. Depeyrot, p. 118, 41/1. [Trier, AD 372]. VF £330 ($575) / EF £1,000 ($1,750) This variety, with star above the palm on reverse, does not appear to have been recognized before Depeyrot’s 1996 publication.

19282

  19282 19283 As 19280, but the emperor’s diadem is ornamented with rosettes instead of pearls. RIC ix, p. 16, 17b. C 43 var. Depeyrot, p. 119, 42/1. [Trier, AD 372]. VF £240 ($425) / EF £720 ($1,250)

19283

As 19278, but with mint mark TR OB in ex. followed by officina mark C, S, or T (= 1, 2, or 3). RIC ix, p. 16, 17b. C 43. Depeyrot, p. 119, 43/1. [Trier, AD 373-5]. VF £200 ($350) / EF £575 ($1,000)

19284

As 19278, but without palm between the emperors’ legs and the figure on r. also holds mappa, mint mark SISC in ex. flanked by wreath and dot. RIC ix, p. 145, 2a. C 43 var. Depeyrot, p. 205, 24/1. [Siscia, AD 364]. VF £290 ($500) / EF £850 ($1,500)

19285

Similar, but with mint mark SISC in ex. preceded by officina mark A (= 1) and with two stars in upper field above the throne uprights. RIC ix, p. 145, 2a. C 44. Depeyrot, p. 205, 26/1. [Siscia, AD 364]. VF £240 ($425) / EF £720 ($1,250)

19286

As 19284, but with mint mark S M TES in ex. RIC ix, p. 174, 4a. C 43. Depeyrot, p. 220, 25/1. [Thessalonica, AD 364]. VF £240 ($425) / EF £720 ($1,250)

19287

Similar, but with mint mark TES in ex. followed by dot or flanked by stars (sometimes with a third star between the emperors’ legs). RIC ix, p. 174, 4a. C 43. Depeyrot, p. 220, 26/1, 27/1, and 28/1. [Thessalonica, AD 364]. VF £290 ($500) / EF £850 ($1,500)

19288 Rev. VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM, Victory seated r. on cuirass, inscribing VOT / V / MVL / X on shield set on square base, mint mark COMIT M in ex. (MIT in monogram) followed by star, O — B in field. RIC ix, p. 217, 26a var. (cf. 26b for this mintmark). C 48 var. Cf. Depeyrot, p. 236, 26/1. [Constantinople, AD 368]. VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £2,000 ($3,500) This rare and interesting mint mark dates from the time of the inauguration of the Comitatensian (Palatine) mint in the Eastern Empire. 19289

Similar, but with mint mark CONS in ex. followed by star, O — B in field. RIC ix, p. 217, 26a. C 48. Depeyrot, p. 237, 27/1. [Constantinople, AD 368]. VF £480 ($850) / EF £1,425 ($2,500)

19290

Similar, but the shield is inscribed VOT / X / MVLT / XX and rests on Victory’s l. knee instead of square base, mint mark CON OB in ex., large Chi-Rho monogram in lower r. field. RIC ix, —. C 49 var. Depeyrot, p. 237, 28/1. [Constantinople, AD 373-5]. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,700 ($3,000)

VALENTINIAN I 19291

19292

19293

297

Gold solidus. As previous, but the shield is inscribed VOT / X / MVL / XX and with mint mark AN OB in ex. followed by officina mark B, e, S, Z, Q, or I (= 2, 5, 6, 7, 9, or 10), large Chi-Rho monogram in r. field. RIC ix, p. 277, 22a-b. Cf. C 49. Depeyrot, p. VF £480 ($850) / EF £1,425 ($2,500) 287, 38/5. [Antioch, AD 373-5].

19292 Similar, but with mint mark P AN OB in ex. followed by officina mark A, G, D, S, Q, or I (= 1, 3, 4, 6, 9, or 10). RIC ix, p. 277, 22a. Cf. C 49. Depeyrot, p. 288, 40/5-6. [Antioch, AD 373-5]. VF £480 ($850) / EF £1,425 ($2,500) Similar, but with mint mark K AN OB in ex. followed by officina mark B (= 2). RIC ix, —. Cf. C 49 var. Depeyrot, p. 288, 41/3. [Antioch, AD 373-5]. VF £480 ($850) / EF £1,425 ($2,500)

19294 Rev. VIRTVS ROMANORVM, Valentinian I and Valens, both in military attire, stg. facing, theirs hds. turned towards each other, holding between them Victory on globe, holding wreath in each hand, and each resting on spear, mint mark CONSP in ex. RIC ix, p. 210, 5a. C 60. Depeyrot, p. 233, 10/3. [Constantinople, AD 364]. VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £2,000 ($3,500) 19295

Similar, but with mint mark CONS in ex. flanked by two palms. RIC ix, p. 210, 5a. C 60. Depeyrot, p. 235, 17/1. [Constantinople, AD 366-7]. VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £2,000 ($3,500)

19296

Diad. bust l., wearing consular robes and holding mappa and sceptre. Rev. VOTA PVBLICA, Valentinian I and Valens, both nimbate and in consular robes, enthroned facing side by side, each holding mappa, etc., mint mark S M TR in ex. RIC ix, p. 17, 18b. C —. Depeyrot, p. 115, 27/2. [Trier, AD 368]. VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,600 ($4,500) NB On the Vota Publica series, the enthroned emperors may be shown holding a variety of objects in addition to the mappa, e.g. a sceptre, a globe, a globus cruciger, or a second mappa; sometimes the other hand is shown simply resting on the knee.



19297

Similar, but with obv. legend D N VALENTINIANVS AVG. RIC ix, p. 17, 18a. C —. VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,600 ($4,500) Depeyrot, p. 115, 27/1. [Trier, AD 368].

19298

As previous, but with mint mark MED in ex. RIC ix, p. 76, 3a. C —. Depeyrot, p. 167, VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,600 ($4,500) 4/1. [Milan, AD 365].

19299

As 19296, but with captives at the feet of both emperors, to l. and to r., and with mint mark CONS in ex. RIC ix, —. C 67. Depeyrot, p. 234, 13/1. [Constantinople, AD 365]. VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,600 ($4,500)

19300

19300 Similar, but the mint mark is flanked by star and wreath. RIC ix, p. 217, 29a. C 67-8. Depeyrot, p. 236, 22/1. [Constantinople, AD 368]. VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,600 ($4,500)

298

Roman Coins and Their Values

19301

Gold solidus. As 19296, but in ex. two captives kneeling head to head, dividing the mint and officina marks S — N — Q (or I) = 9 (or 10). RIC ix, p. 254, 16a. Cf. C 66 (obv. misdescribed). Depeyrot, p. 268, 19/1. [Nicomedia, AD 368]. VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,600 ($4,500)

19302

Similar, but with mint and officina marks S — MN (ligatured) — e (= 5). RIC ix, —. C —. Depeyrot, p. 269, 22/1. [Nicomedia, AD 368]. VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,600 ($4,500)

19303

As 19299, but with mint mark ANT in ex. followed by officina mark A or G (= 1 or 3) and by cross. RIC ix, p. 278, 23a. C 67-8 var. Depeyrot, p. 284, 31/1. [Antioch, AD 368]. VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,600 ($4,500)

19304

Rev. — similar to 19296, but the emperor on r. holds globe and sceptre, upper part of Victory hovering facing in background and with palm between the emperors’ legs, mint mark TR OB in ex. flanked by star and dot. RIC ix, —. C —. Depeyrot, p. 116, 31/1. VF £480 ($850) / EF £1,425 ($2,500) [Trier, AD 369].



NB A few gold multiples were issued in the name of Valentinian I: 1.5 solidi were struck at Trier, revs. FELIX ADVENTVS AVG N and FELIX ADVENTVS AVGGG, emperor on horseback (RIC 34 and 8a), at Milan, rev. FELIX ADVENTVS AVG M, emperor on horseback (RIC 1), at Aquileia, rev. FELIX ADVENTVS AVG M, emperor on horseback (RIC 1), and at Thessalonica, rev. VICTORIA D N AVGVSTI, Victory seated with Genius (RIC 20); double solidi at Trier, rev. GLORIA ROMANORVM, Roma and Constantinopolis enthroned (RIC 11a) and at Antioch, rev. GLORIA ROMANORVM, Roma and Constantinopolis enthroned (Depeyrot, p. 298); triple solidi at Trier, revs. GLORIA REI PVBLICAE, Victory stg. with Genius (RIC 9 and Depeyrot, p. 292) and GLORIA ROMANORVM, Roma and Constantinopolis enthroned (RIC 10), and at Antioch, rev. GLORIA REI PVBLICAE, emperor stg. (RIC 1); 4.5 solidi at Thessalonica, rev. VICTORIA D N AVGVSTI, emperor stg., crowned by Victory (RIC 19, weight 28.8 grams, with ring), and at Antioch, rev. GLORIA ROMANORVM, Constantinopolis enthroned (RIC 13); and an 18-solidus piece at Constantinople, rev. VIRTVS DD NN AVGVSTORVM, emperor dragging captive and holding labarum, Victory hovering in background, female figure kneeling at his feet, arms in exergue (Vasic, Gold and Silver Coins of Late Antiquity in the National Museum, Belgrade, 308).

19305

Gold semissis or half solidus (c. 2.25 grams). Rev. GLORIA ROMANORVM, Victory seated r. on cuirass, inscribing V/ X on shield set on l. knee and supported by Genius stg. l. before her, mint mark S M N in ex. RIC ix, —. C —. Depeyrot, p. 270, VF £375 ($650) / EF £1,150 ($2,000) 25/1. [Nicomedia, AD 368].

19305

19306 Rev. RESTITVTOR REI PVBLIC, Valentinian, in military attire, stg. facing, hd. r., holding labarum and Victory on globe, mint mark LVG in ex. RIC ix, —. Bastien 7. C —. Depeyrot, p. 129, 16/5. [Lugdunum, AD 365-6]. Depeyrot considers this type to be an ancient imitation. 19307 Rev. VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM, Victory seated, as 19305, but she inscribes VOT / V / MVLT / X on shield, mint mark TR OB in ex. RIC ix, —. C —. Depeyrot, p. 116, VF £375 ($650) / EF £1,150 ($2,000) 32/2. [Trier, AD 368]. 19308

As previous, but Victory inscribes VOT / X / MVL / XX on shield, mint mark ANT in ex. RIC ix, p. 278, 24a. C —. Depeyrot, p. 285, 34/1. [Antioch, AD 368]. VF £375 ($650) / EF £1,150 ($2,000)

VALENTINIAN I 19309

299

Gold semissis. (AV for AVG in obv. legend). Rev. VICTORIA DD NN AVG, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark LVG in ex., star in l. field. RIC ix, p. 42, 2. Bastien 37. C 54. Cf. Depeyrot, p. 129, 14/1. [Lugdunum, AD 365-6]. VF £375 ($650) / EF £1,150 ($2,000)

19310 Rev. VICTORIAE D N AVG, Victory seated, as 19307, but with mint mark TES OB in ex. RIC ix, p. 177, 23. C —. Cf. Depeyrot, p. 221, 32/1 (VICTORIA in error). VF £375 ($650) / EF £1,150 ($2,000) [Thessalonica, AD 368].

19311 19311 Rev. VIRTVS AVGVSTI, Valentinian, in military attire, stg. r., holding labarum and Victory on globe, his l. foot set on captive, mint mark CONS in ex. followed by palm. RIC ix, —. C —. Depeyrot, p. 235, 19/1. [Constantinople, AD 367]. VF £375 ($650) / EF £1,150 ($2,000) 19312

Gold 1.5-scripulum or 9-siliqua (c. 1.68 grams). Rev. PAX PERPETVA, Victory seated r. on cuirass, inscribing VOT / V / MVL (or MVLT) / X on shield set on l. knee and supported by Genius stg. l. before her, mint mark TES or TES • in ex. RIC ix, p. 174, 5. C 15. Depeyrot, pp. 220-21, 26/2 and 29/2. [Thessalonica, AD 364]. VF £350 ($600) / EF £1,000 ($1,750)

19313

Rev. — Victory stg. facing, holding wreath in each hand, mint mark TES in ex. RIC ix, —. C 16 var. Cf. Depeyrot, p. 221, 29/1 (rev. misdescribed). [Thessalonica, AD 364]. VF £350 ($600) / EF £1,000 ($1,750)

19314

Similar, but with mint mark TES OB in ex. RIC ix, p. 177, 24a. C 16. Cf. Depeyrot, p. 221, 32/2 (rev. misdescribed). [Thessalonica, AD 368]. VF £350 ($600) / EF £1,000 ($1,750)

19315 Rev. VICTORIA AVG, Victory seated r. on cuirass, inscribing VOT / V / MVLT / X on shield set on l. knee and supported by Genius stg. l. before her, mint mark CONS in ex. flanked by star and wreath. RIC ix, p. 217, 30a. C 41. Depeyrot, p. 236, 24/1. [Constantinople, AD 368]. VF £350 ($600) / EF £1,000 ($1,750) 19316 Rev. VICTORIA AVGVSTI N, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark R in ex. RIC ix, p. 117, 4a. C —. Depeyrot, p. 148, 22/1. [Rome, AD 364]. VF £350 ($600) / EF £1,000 ($1,750) 19317 Rev. VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM, as previous, but the mint mark is flanked by dot and palm. Cf. RIC ix, p. 117, 5 (mint mark misdescribed). C —. Depeyrot, p. 149, 27/3. [Rome, AD 364]. VF £350 ($600) / EF £1,000 ($1,750) 19318

Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark TR • OB in ex. RIC ix, p. 18, 21a. C —. Depeyrot, p. 117, 36/4. [Trier, AD 370]. VF £350 ($600) / EF £1,000 ($1,750)

19319

VALENTINIANVS AVG. Rev. — Victory seated r., as 19315, but with VOT / V on shield and with mint mark ANT in ex. RIC ix, p. 273, 3a. C 47. Cf. Depeyrot, p. 285, 33/1 (obv. misdescribed). [Antioch, AD 364]. VF £350 ($600) / EF £1,000 ($1,750)

19320

Rev. — as previous, but with VOT / X / MVL / XX on shield. RIC ix, —. C —. Depeyrot, p. 285, 34/3. [Antioch, AD 368]. VF £350 ($600) / EF £1,000 ($1,750)

300 19321

Roman Coins and Their Values Silver multiple of 6 reduced siliquae or 3 light miliarenses (c. 13.5 grams). Rev. TRIVMFATOR GENT BARB, Valentinian, in military attire, stg. facing, hd. l., holding labarum and globe, kneeling captive at feet to l., mint mark SISC P in ex., sometimes preceded by dot. RIC ix, p. 146, 8. RSC 38Aa-b. [Siscia, AD 370]. VF £6,800 ($12,000) / EF £17,250 ($30,000)

19322 Rev. VIRTVS ROMANI EXERCITVS, Valentinian, in military attire, stg. facing, hd. l., holding labarum and resting on shield, mint mark S M TES in ex. RIC ix, p. 174, 7. VF £6,800 ($12,000) / EF £17,250 ($30,000) RSC 59. [Thessalonica, AD 364-7].



NB A very large silver multiple of 48 reduced siliquae or 24 light miliarenses has also been recorded. Minted at Antioch about AD 368, it has the standard obverse (though with half-length bust) and reverse type VOTIS / X / MVLTIS / XX within wreath, mint mark AN. Weighing one-third of a pound, it has the distinction of being the largest Roman silver coin known (seen by author, August, 2003).

19323

Silver heavy miliarensis (c. 5.4 grams). Rev. SALVS REI PVBLICAE, four standards, mint mark LVG in ex. RIC ix, p. 43, 3a. Bastien 30. RSC 34a. [Lugdunum, AD 366]. VF £1,025 ($1,800) / EF £2,600 ($4,500)

19324

As previous, but with mint mark CON in ex. preceded by officina mark T (= 3) and followed by star. RIC ix, p. 62, 3a. RSC 34b. EMA 163/1. [Constantia/Arles, AD 366]. VF £1,025 ($1,800) / EF £2,600 ($4,500)

19325 19325 Rev. SECVRITAS REI P, Valentinian I and Valens, both in military attire, stg. facing, theirs hds. turned towards each other, each resting on labarum and holding between them Victory on globe who crowns each of them with wreath, mint mark CONSP in ex. followed by officina mark B (= 2). RIC ix, p. 210, 8. RSC 35. [Constantinople, AD 364]. VF £1,475 ($2,600) / EF £3,750 ($6,500)

VALENTINIAN I 19326

301

Silver heavy miliarensis. Diad. and cuir. bust r. Rev. VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM, Victory advancing r., hd. l., dragging captive by the hair with r. hand and carrying trophy over shoulder with l., mint mark ROMA in ex. RIC ix, p. 117, 6a. RSC 50. [Rome, AD 364-7]. VF £1,700 ($3,000) / EF £4,300 ($7,500)

19327 Rev. VICTORIA D N AVG, Victory stg. facing, hd. l., holding wreath in r. hand and staff in l. surmounted by shield inscribed VOT / X / MVLT / XX, crouching captives on ground on either side, mint mark CONS in ex. followed by officina mark A (= 1), the whole flanked by palm and wreath, Chi-Rho monogram in l. field, star in r. RIC ix, p. 218, 31. RSC 53B. [Constantinople, AD 368]. VF £1,475 ($2,600) / EF £3,750 ($6,500) 19328 Rev. VOT / V / MVL / X in wreath, mint mark TES in ex. RIC ix, p. 175, 9. RSC 69B. [Thessalonica, AD 364-7]. VF £1,250 ($2,200) / EF £3,150 ($5,500) 19329 Rev. VOT / V / MVLT / X in wreath, mint mark S M AQ in ex. RIC ix, p. 94, 3a. MA 613. RSC 70A. [Aquileia, AD 364-7]. VF £1,250 ($2,200) / EF £3,150 ($5,500) 19330

Diad., dr. and cuir. bust l. Rev. VOTIS / V / MVLTIS / X in wreath, mint mark S M TR in ex. RIC ix, p. 18, 23a. RSC 77. [Trier, AD 364-7]. VF £1,250 ($2,200) / EF £3,150 ($5,500)

19331

Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark TR PS • in ex. RIC ix, p. 18, 23b. RSC 78a. [Trier, AD 368]. VF £925 ($1,600) / EF £2,300 ($4,000)

19332

Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark LVG in ex. RIC ix, p. 43, 4. Bastien 19. RSC 78b. [Lugdunum, AD 365-6]. VF £1,150 ($2,000) / EF £2,850 ($5,000)

19333

Rev. – as previous, but with mint mark S • M • L • A • P in ex. followed by palm. RIC ix, p. 45, 16a. Bastien 59. RSC 78c. [Lugdunum, AD 368]. VF £1,250 ($2,200) / EF £3,150 ($5,500) The unusual form of the mint marks on this, and the following three types, relates to the initiation of Comitatensian (court mint) issues at Lugdunum and Arles in AD 368. The ‘A P’ stands for argentum pusulatum which was soon changed to ‘PS’ (see also nos. 19350, 19630-32, 19645, 19648, 19942-3, 19949, and 19958).

19334

Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark S M K A P in ex. (sometimes with dot in central field below the ‘V’). RIC ix, p. 65, 11a and c. Cf. RSC 78d-e (obv. type misdescribed on 78d). EMA 178/1. [Constantia/Arles, AD 368]. VF £1,250 ($2,200) / EF £3,150 ($5,500)

19333

19335 Rev. VOTIS / X / MVLTIS / XV in wreath, mint mark as 19333. RIC ix, p. 45, 17a. Bastien 65. RSC 80a. [Lugdunum, AD 368-9]. VF £1,250 ($2,200) / EF £3,150 ($5,500) 19336

Diad. and cuir. bust r. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark as 19334. RIC ix, p. 65, 12. RSC 80b. EMA 178/4. [Constantia/Arles, AD 368-9]. VF £1,250 ($2,200) / EF £3,150 ($5,500)

19337 Rev. VOTIS / XV / MVLTIS / XX in wreath, mint mark SISC P in ex. preceded by dot. RIC ix, p. 147, 9a. RSC 80A. [Siscia, AD 373-4]. VF £1,025 ($1,800) / EF £2,600 ($4,500)

302

Roman Coins and Their Values

  19339 Silver light miliarensis (c. 4.5 grams). Rev. GLORIA ROMANORVM, archway, beneath which Valentinian, in military attire, stands facing, hd. r., holding transverse spear and globe, mint mark ANT in ex. RIC ix, p. 273, 4a. RSC 9. [Antioch, AD 364]. VF £1,025 ($1,800) / EF £2,600 ($4,500) 19338

19338

19339

Rev. — Valentinian and Valens, both in military attire, stg. facing, their hds. turned to face one another, each holding labarum in r. hand and globe in l. (or globe in r. hand and labarum in l.), mint mark SIS in ex. flanked by dot and star. RIC ix, pp. 145-6, 3a and 4. VF £1,150 ($2,000) / EF £2,850 ($5,000) RSC 10a-b. [Siscia, AD 364-7].

19340

Rev. — archway, beneath which Valentinian and Valens, both in military attire, stg. facing, their hds. turned to face one another, the one on l. holding sceptre in r. hand and globe in l., the other vice versa, mint mark CONS in ex. followed by officina mark A (= 1). RIC ix, p. 211, 9. RSC 10Aa. [Constantinople, AD 364-7]. VF £1,250 ($2,200) / EF £3,150 ($5,500)

19341

Rev. – as previous, but the emperor on l. holds globe in r. hand and sceptre in l., the other vice versa, and with mint mark ANT in ex. RIC ix, pp. 273 and 279, 5 and 30. VF £1,150 ($2,000) / EF £2,850 ($5,000) RSC 10Ab. [Antioch, AD 369].

19342

Similar, but with star following the mint mark. RIC ix, p. 279, 30. RSC 10Ac. [Antioch, AD 374]. VF £1,150 ($2,000) / EF £2,850 ($5,000)

19343

Diad. and cuir. bust r. Rev. RESTITVTOR REI P, Valentinian, in military attire, stg. facing, hd. l., holding Victory on globe and labarum, mint and officina marks R P (= 1) in ex. Cf. RIC ix, p. 118, 7a (rev. misdescribed). Cf. RSC 17. [Rome, AD 364-7]. VF £1,250 ($2,200) / EF £3,150 ($5,500)

19344 Rev. RESTITVTOR REI PVBLICAE, Valentinian, in military attire, stg. facing, hd. r., holding labarum and Victory on globe, mint mark LVG in ex. RIC ix, p. 43, 5. Bastien VF £1,150 ($2,000) / EF £2,850 ($5,000) 8. RSC 22a. [Lugdunum, AD 365-6]. 19345

Diad. and cuir. bust r. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark ANT in ex. followed by officina mark A or S (= 1 or 6), sometimes with cross in l. field. RIC ix, p. 273, 6. RSC VF £1,150 ($2,000) / EF £2,850 ($5,000) 22b-c. [Antioch, AD 364-7].

19346

Diad., dr. and cuir. bust l. Rev. SECVRITAS REI PVBLICAE, Victory stg. l., r. foot on enemy, holding wreath and trophy, mint mark S M N in ex. RIC ix, p. 251, 3a. RSC VF £1,250 ($2,200) / EF £3,150 ($5,500) 36. [Nicomedia, AD 364-7].

19347 Rev. VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM, Victory stg. r., l. foot on globe, inscribing VOT / V / MVLT / X on shield set on cippus, mint mark S M TR in ex. RIC ix, p. 18, 24a. RSC VF £1,150 ($2,000) / EF £2,850 ($5,000) 51a. [Trier, AD 364-7]. 19348

Similar, but with obv. type diad., dr. and cuir. bust l. RIC ix, p. 18, 24b. RSC 51c. [Trier, VF £1,150 ($2,000) / EF £2,850 ($5,000)

AD 364-7].

VALENTINIAN I

19349

303

19352

19349

Silver light miliarensis. Diad. and cuir. bust r. Rev. – as previous, but with mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark P, B, T, or Q (= 1, 2, 3, or 4). Cf. RIC ix, p. 118, 8a (obv. misdescribed). Cf. RSC 51b. [Rome, AD 364-7]. VF £925 ($1,600) / EF £2,300 ($4,000)

19350

Rev. — as 19347, but Victory inscribes VOT / X / MVLT / XV on shield and with mint mark S M K A P in ex., sometimes preceded by : and with dots between the letters. RIC ix, p. 65, 13a-b. RSC 52a-b. Cf. EMA 179/1 and 180/1. [Constantia/Arles, AD 368]. VF £1,150 ($2,000) / EF £2,850 ($5,000) The unusual form of this mint mark relates to the initiation of the Comitatensian (court mint) issues at Arles in AD 368. The ‘A P’ stands for argentum pusulatum which was soon changed to ‘PS’ (see also nos. 19334, 19336, 19631, 19648, 19943, and 19958).

19351

Diad. and cuir. bust r. Rev. VICTORIA D N AVG, Valentinian, in military attire, stg. l., holding Victory on globe and resting on standard, his r. foot set on captive, another captive behind, mint mark CONS in ex. flanked by star and wreath. RIC ix, p. 218, 32. VF £1,250 ($2,200) / EF £3,150 ($5,500) RSC 53A. [Constantinople, AD 367-8].

19352

— Rev. VICTORIAS AVGVSTORVM, two Victories stg. facing each other, holding between them shield inscribed VOT / V, mint mark CONSP in ex. followed by officina mark D (= 4). RIC ix, p. 211, 10. RSC 52A. [Constantinople, AD 364-7]. VF £1,250 ($2,200) / EF £3,150 ($5,500)

19353 Rev. VIRTVS EXERCITVS, Valentinian, in military attire, stg. facing, hd. l., holding standard/labarum and resting on shield, mint mark S M TR in ex. RIC ix, p. 19, 26a. VF £1,150 ($2,000) / EF £2,850 ($5,000) RSC 58a. [Trier, AD 367-8].

19354

 

19355

19354

Similar, but with mint mark TR PS • in ex. RIC ix, p. 19, 26a. RSC 58b. [Trier, AD 368]. VF £925 ($1,600) / EF £2,300 ($4,000)

19355

Rev. — as 19353, but with mint mark SISC P in ex. preceded by dot. RIC ix, p. 147, VF £925 ($1,600) / EF £2,300 ($4,000) 10a. RSC 58d. [Siscia, AD 368].

19356

Diad., dr. and cuir. bust l. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark TES in ex. RIC ix, p. 175, 11a. RSC 58c. [Thessalonica, AD 367-8]. VF £1,025 ($1,800) / EF £2,600 ($4,500)

304

Roman Coins and Their Values

19357 19357

 

19359

Silver light miliarensis. Rev. — soldier stg. facing, hd. r., resting on spear and shield, mint mark TES in ex. RIC ix, p. 175, 10a. RSC — (illustrated on p. 152 but description omitted in error). [Thessalonica, AD 364-7]. VF £1,150 ($2,000) / EF £2,850 ($5,000)

19358 Rev. VIRTVS EXSERCITI, Valentinian, in military attire, stg. r., foot on captive, holding spear and globe, mint mark CONS in ex. followed by officina mark A (= 1), the whole flanked by palm and wreath, Chi-Rho monogram in r. field. RIC ix, p. 218, 33. VF £1,475 ($2,600) / EF £3,750 ($6,500) RSC 56A. [Constantinople, AD 368]. 19359

Silver heavy siliqua (c. 3.37 grams). Rev. VOT / V in wreath, sometimes with dot at centre, mint mark CONS or CONSP in ex., sometimes preceded by dot and followed by officina mark A, B, or D (= 1, 2, or 4). RIC ix, p. 211, 11a and f-g. RSC 69a and c-e. VF £200 ($350) / EF £520 ($900) [Constantinople, AD 364-7].

19359A

Similar, but with obv. type diad., dr. and cuir. bust l. (officina A = 1 only recorded). RIC ix, p. 211, 11b. Cf. RSC 69b (obv. type misdescribed). [Constantinople, AD 364-7]. VF £225 ($500) / EF £575 ($1,250)

19360 Rev. VOT / V / MVLTIS / X in wreath, mint mark S M N in ex. RIC ix, p. 254, 19a. VF £270 ($475) / EF £685 ($1,200) RSC 72b. [Nicomedia, AD 367]. 19361 Rev. VOT / X / MVLT / XX in wreath, mint mark CONS in ex. followed by dot. RIC ix, p. 218, 34a. RSC 73A. [Constantinople, AD 373-4]. VF £270 ($475) / EF £685 ($1,200) 19362 Rev. VOT / VX / MVLT / XX in wreath, mint mark CONS in ex. preceded by dot. RIC ix, p. 218, 35. RSC 75. [Constantinople, AD 373-4]. VF £270 ($475) / EF £685 ($1,200) 19363

Silver siliqua (c. 2.25 grams). Rev. RESTITVTOR REI P, Valentinian, in military attire, stg. facing, hd. r., holding standard/labarum and Victory on globe, mint mark TR in ex. RIC ix, p. 13, 2. RSC 18-19a. [Trier, AD 364-7]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £175 ($300)

19364

As previous, but with mint mark LVG in ex. preceded by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). RIC ix, p. 43, 6a-b and d. Bastien 10 and 12. Cf. RSC 18-19c. [Lugdunum, AD 365-6]. VF £50 ($90) / EF £130 ($225)

19365

Similar, but with dot following the mint mark. RIC ix, p. 43, 6b-c. Bastien 26 and 28. VF £50 ($90) / EF £130 ($225) RSC 18-19d. [Lugdunum, AD 366].

19366

As 19363, but with mint mark CONST in ex. preceded by officina mark P or T (= 1 or 3), star in l. or r. field. RIC ix, pp. 62-3, 6a and c. RSC 18-19e and f. EMA 165/1 and VF £50 ($90) / EF £130 ($225) 166/1. [Constantia/Arles, AD 364-7].

19364

VALENTINIAN I

305

19367 19367

Silver siliqua. Similar, but with mint mark CONST in ex. and OF — I (or II or III = officina 1, 2, or 3) in field, sometimes with star above the officina numeral in r. field. RIC ix, pp. 62-3, 6a and c. RSC 18-19g-h. EMA 167/1 and 168/1. [Constantia/Arles, AD 364-7]. VF £50 ($90) / EF £130 ($225)

19367A

Similar, but with mint mark CON in ex. and with dot beneath the officina numeral in r. field (officinae II and III = 2 and 3 only recorded). RIC ix, p. 63, 6a-b. RSC 18-19i. VF £50 ($90) / EF £130 ($225) EMA 169/1. [Constantia/Arles, AD 364-7].

19368

As 19363, but with mint mark S M AQ in ex. RIC ix, p. 94, 4a. MA 614. RSC 18-19j. [Aquileia, AD 364-7]. VF £65 ($110) / EF £155 ($275)

19369

As previous, but with mint mark TES in ex. RIC ix, p. 175, 12a. RSC 18-19k. [Thessalonica, AD 364-7]. VF £60 ($100) / EF £140 ($250) A rarer variety has an officina mark following the mint mark, but the officina number is unattested (probably A = 1).

19370

As previous, but with mint mark CP in ex. followed by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2) with dot between. RIC ix, p. 212, 12. RSC 18-19m. [Constantinople, AD 364-5 and 366-7]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £175 ($300)

19371

As previous, but with mint mark S M N in ex. RIC ix, p. 251, 4a. RSC 18-19n. VF £60 ($100) / EF £140 ($250) [Nicomedia, AD 364-5 and 366-7].

19372

As previous, but with mint mark ANT in ex. RIC ix, p. 273, 7a. RSC 18-19o. [Antioch, AD 364-7]. VF £50 ($90) / EF £130 ($225)

19373 Rev. RESTITVTOR REI PVBLICAE, as 19363, but with mint mark NIK in ex. followed by officina mark e (= 5). RIC ix, p. 251, 5. RSC 23. [Nicomedia, AD 364-7]. VF £80 ($140) / EF £200 ($350)

19374 19374 Rev. VRBS ROMA, Roma enthroned l., holding Victory on globe and resting on spear or sceptre, mint mark TR PS in ex., sometimes followed by dot. RIC ix, p. 19, 27a and VF £50 ($90) / EF £130 ($225) d. RSC 81a, d, and e. [Trier, AD 368-75]. 19375

As previous, but with mint mark LVG in ex. preceded by officina mark S (= 2). RIC ix, p. 44, 9a. Bastien 18. RSC 81b. [Lugdunum, AD 365-6]. VF £60 ($100) / EF £140 ($250)

19376

As previous, but with mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark P, T, or Q (= 1, 3, or 4). RIC ix, p. 119, 11a. RSC 81c. [Rome, AD 364-7]. VF £60 ($100) / EF £140 ($250)

19377 Rev. VIRTVS EXERCITVS, Valentinian, in military attire, stg. facing, hd. l., holding globe and spear, mint mark TES in ex. RIC ix, p. 175, 13. RSC 58A. [Thessalonica, AD 364-7]. VF £105 ($180) / EF £250 ($450)

306

Roman Coins and Their Values

19378

Silver siliqua. Rev. VOT / V in wreath, sometimes with dot at centre, mint mark C in ex. followed by officina mark A or D (= 1 or 4) with dot between. RIC ix, p. 212, 13a. RSC 69Ac. [Constantinople, AD 364-7]. VF £50 ($90) / EF £130 ($225)

19379

Similar, but with mint mark CP in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, G, or D (= 1, 2, 3, or 4), usually with dot between. RIC ix, pp. 212-13, 13a and g. RSC 69Aa-b and f. VF £45 ($80) / EF £115 ($200) [Constantinople, AD 364-7].

19380

Similar, but with mint mark CONS in ex. followed by officina mark A (= 1), the whole sometimes flanked by dots. RIC ix, p. 212, 13a. RSC 69Ad-e. [Constantinople, AD 364-7]. VF £50 ($90) / EF £130 ($225)

19381 Rev. VOT / V / MVLT / X in wreath, mint mark S M AQ in ex. RIC ix, p. 95, 5. MA VF £70 ($120) / EF £175 ($300) 615. RSC 70a. [Aquileia, AD 364-7].

19382

19383

19384

  19382 19386 As previous, but sometimes with dot at centre of reverse and with mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark B or T (= 2 or 3). RIC ix, p. 118, 10a-b. RSC 70b and f. [Rome, AD 364-7]. VF £60 ($100) / EF £140 ($250) As 19381, but with mint mark C in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, or G (= 1, 2, or 3) with dot between, the whole flanked by star and wreath. RIC ix, p. 218, 36a-b. RSC VF £60 ($100) / EF £140 ($250) 70c and e. [Constantinople, AD 368-9]. As previous, but with mint mark S M N in ex. RIC ix, p. 254, 20a. RSC 70d. [Nicomedia, VF £60 ($100) / EF £140 ($250)

AD 368-9].

19385 Rev. VOT / V / MVLTIS / X in wreath, mint mark as previous. RIC ix, p. 255, 21a. VF £65 ($110) / EF £155 ($275) RSC 72a. [Nicomedia, AD 368-9]. 19386 Rev. VOT / X / MVL / XX in wreath, mint mark AN or ANT in ex., sometimes followed by star or crescent. RIC ix, p. 279, 33a. RSC 72Aa-d. [Antioch, AD 373-4]. VF £50 ($90) / EF £130 ($225) 19387 Rev. VOT / X / MVLT / XX in wreath, mint mark SISC P in ex., Chi-Rho monogram in circular ornament at top of wreath. RIC ix, p. 147, 12a. RSC 73a. [Siscia, AD 373-4]. VF £65 ($110) / EF £155 ($275) 19388

As previous, but with mint mark C S in ex. with Chi-Rho monogram between, the whole flanked by palm and wreath. RIC ix, p. 219, 37a. RSC 73b. [Constantinople, AD 373-4]. VF £60 ($100) / EF £140 ($250)

19389

As previous, but with mint mark S M N in ex. RIC ix, p. 255, 22a. RSC — (omitted in VF £65 ($110) / EF £155 ($275) error). [Nicomedia, AD 373-4].

19390

As previous, but with mint mark ANT in ex., sometimes flanked by dot and star. RIC ix, VF £50 ($90) / EF £130 ($225) p. 280, 34a. RSC 73c-d. [Antioch, AD 373-4].

19391

Similar, but the mint mark is followed by officina mark G, D, Z, or H (= 3, 4, 7, or 8) and preceded by one or two dots. RIC ix, p. 280, 34a. RSC 73e-f. [Antioch, AD 373-4]. VF £50 ($90) / EF £130 ($225) The mark • AN H has also been recorded (RIC 34a.8).

19392 Rev. VOT / VX / MVLT / XX in wreath, mint mark C S in ex. with Chi-Rho monogram between. RIC ix, p. 219, 38a. RSC 75A. [Constantinople, AD 373-4]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £175 ($300)

VALENTINIAN I

307

19393

Silver siliqua. Rev. VOTIS / V / MVLTIS / X in wreath, mint mark TR in ex. RIC ix, p. 13, 3. RSC 79b. [Trier, AD 364-7]. VF £80 ($140) / EF £200 ($350)

19394

As previous, but with mint mark SIRM in ex. RIC ix, p. 158, 2. RSC 79a. [Sirmium, AD 364]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £175 ($300)

19395

Billon double maiorina (c. 8.25 grams). Rev. RESTITVTOR REI PVBLICAE, Valentinian, in military attire, stg. facing, hd. r., holding standard/labarum and Victory on globe, mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark P, T, or Q (= 1, 3, or 4). RIC ix, p. 119, 14a. LRBC II, 698. C 30. [Rome, AD 364-5]. F £115 ($200) / VF £290 ($500) / EF £685 ($1,200)

19396

As previous, but with mint mark S M AQ in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). RIC ix, p. 95, 6a. LRBC II, 961. MA 616. C 30. [Aquileia, AD 364-5]. F £115 ($200) / VF £290 ($500) / EF £685 ($1,200)

19397

As previous, but with mint mark SIRM preceded by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2). RIC ix, p. 158, 3. LRBC II, 1626. Cf. C 31. [Sirmium, AD 364-5]. F £130 ($225) / VF £320 ($550) / EF £800 ($1,400)

19398

As previous, but with mint mark TES followed by officina mark A (= 1). RIC ix, p. 176, 15. LRBC II, 1701. C 30 var. [Thessalonica, AD 364-5]. F £140 ($250) / VF £350 ($600) / EF £850 ($1,500)

19399

As previous, but with mint mark S M H followed by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2). RIC ix, p. 191, 2. LRBC II, 1915. C 30 var. [Heraclea, AD 364-5]. F £140 ($250) / VF £350 ($600) / EF £850 ($1,500)

19400

As previous, but with mint mark CONSP followed by officina mark A, B, G, or D (= 1, 2, 3, or 4). RIC ix, p. 214, 15. LRBC II, 2065. C 30 var. [Constantinople, AD 364-5] F £130 ($225) / VF £320 ($550) / EF £800 ($1,400)

19400

19401

19402

19401 As previous, but with mint mark S M N followed by officina mark A, B, or G (= 1, 2, or 3). RIC ix, p. 251, 7a. LRBC II, 2321. C 30. [Nicomedia, AD 364-5]. F £115 ($200) / VF £290 ($500) / EF £685 ($1,200) As previous, but with mint mark S M K followed by officina mark G (= 3). RIC ix, p. 240, 5. LRBC II, 2514. C 30 var. [Cyzicus, AD 364-5]. F £140 ($250) / VF £350 ($600) / EF £850 ($1,500)

308

Roman Coins and Their Values

19403

Billon double maiorina. As previous, but with mint mark ANT followed by officina mark D (= 4). RIC ix, p. 274, 9a. LRBC II, 2649. C 30 var. [Antioch, AD 364-5]. F £130 ($225) / VF £320 ($550) / EF £800 ($1,400)

19404

Bronze double centenionalis or maiorina (c. 4.50 grams). Rev. GLORIA ROMANORVM, two-turreted gateway of military camp, S above, mint mark S M TR in ex. RIC ix, p. 19, 29a. LRBC II, 88. C 13. [Trier, AD 368]. F £290 ($500) / VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £1,700 ($3,000) Although sometimes described as a small medal, this very rare type seems to have formed part of the regular coinage. It may represent a short-lived attempt by Valentinian I, soon after the elevation of Gratian in AD 367, to revive the maiorina denomination abandoned by Constantius II in the 350s. In 379, the maiorina was reintroduced by Gratian and remained in issue until the death of Theodosius I in 395 (see also nos. 19712 and 19995).

19405

Bronze centenionalis (c. 2.50 grams). Rev. FELICITAS ROMANORVM, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark S M AQ in ex. followed by officina mark P (= 1). Cf. RIC ix, p. 97, 16a (misattributed to Valentinian II). LRBC II, 1007. F £23 ($40) / VF £60 ($100) / EF £140 ($250) MA 635. C. —. [Aquileia, AD 367].

19406

Rev. GLORIA ROMANORVM, Valentinian, in military attire, advancing r., hd. l., dragging captive by the hair with r. hand and holding labarum in l., mint mark TR in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2) which is sometimes followed by star or crescent, sometimes with star in r. field. RIC ix, p. 14, 5a-b. LRBC II, 78-9 and 83-4. C 12. [Trier, AD 365-7]. F £6 ($10) / VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

19407

Similar, but sometimes with dot following the officina mark, sometimes with star in l. field, and sometimes with D in l. field and palm in r. RIC ix, p. 20, 30a. LRBC II, 92, 99, 105, 115, and 122. C 12. [Trier, AD 367-75]. F £6 ($10) / VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

19408

As 19406, but with mint mark LVG in ex. preceded by officina mark S (= 2), nothing in field. RIC ix, p. 44, 10a. LRBC II, 275. Bastien 22. C 12. [Lugdunum, AD 365-6]. F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

19409

As previous, but without S preceding the mint mark and with officina mark O—F II (= 2) in field. RIC ix, p. 44, 10a. LRBC II, 279. Bastien 40. C 12. [Lugdunum, AD 366-7]. F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

19410

Similar, but the mint mark is followed by officina mark S (= 2), either with dot between or with star following the S. RIC ix, p. 44, 10a. LRBC II, 281 and 284. Bastien 44 and F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) 46. C 12. [Lugdunum, AD 366-7]. The duplication of the officina mark (S and OF II) on this series seems redundant.

19411

Similar, but with mint mark LVG V in ex., sometimes followed by officina mark S (= 2). RIC ix, p. 44, 10a. LRBC II, 287 and 290. Bastien 49 and 54. C 12. [Lugdunum, AD 366-7]. F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

19412

Similar, but with mint mark LVG A instead of LVG V (always followed by officina mark S). RIC ix, p. 44, 10a. LRBC II, 293. Bastien 57. C 12. [Lugdunum, AD 366-7]. F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

19413

Similar, but with mint mark LVG in ex. followed by officina mark S (= 2) and A. RIC ix, p. 46, 20a. LRBC II, 300. Bastien 72. C 12. [Lugdunum, AD 367-75]. F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

19414

Similar, but with D instead of A following the officina mark in ex. RIC ix, p. 46, 20a. LRBC II, 307. Bastien 79. C 12. [Lugdunum, AD 367-75]. F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

VALENTINIAN I

309

19415

GLORIA ROMANORVM (cont.) Bronze centenionalis. Similar, but with P instead of D following the officina mark in ex. RIC ix, p. 46, 20a. LRBC II, 311. Bastien 82. C 12. [Lugdunum, AD 367-75]. F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

19416

Similar, but with R instead of P following the officina mark in ex. RIC ix, p. 46, 20a. LRBC II, 313. Bastien 86. C 12. [Lugdunum, AD 367-75]. F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

19417

Similar, but with mint mark LVG A (no officina mark in ex.). RIC ix, p. 46, 20a. LRBC II, 296. Bastien 89. C 12. [Lugdunum, AD 367-75]. F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

19418

Similar, but with mint mark LVG in ex. followed by officina mark P (rarely) or S (= 1 or 2), which is sometimes followed by dot. RIC ix, p. 46, 20a. LRBC II, 317 and 321. Bastien 94, 95 and 100. C 12. [Lugdunum, AD 367-75]. F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) The appearance of the marks of both officinae (P and OF II) on this type and the next awaits a satisfactory explanation (see also no. 19425).

19419

Similar, but with dot within crescent in rev. field to r., below the F of O—F II (no dot following the S in ex.). RIC ix, p. 46, 20a. LRBC II, 338. Bastien 104-5. C 12. F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) [Lugdunum, AD 367-75].

19420

Similar, but with palm instead of dot within crescent in rev. field to r., and sometimes with dot following the officina mark in ex. (officina S = 2 only recorded; sometimes the palm is below the II of O—F II). RIC ix, p. 46, 20a. LRBC II, 330 and 334. Bastien 111, 116, and 118. C 12. [Lugdunum, AD 367-75]. F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

19421

Similar, but with mint mark LVG in ex. followed by officina mark S (= 2) and by A, star in rev. field to r., below the F of O—F II. RIC ix, —. LRBC II, 325. Bastien 122. C 12. F £6 ($10) / VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85) [Lugdunum, AD 367-75].

19422

Similar, but with S instead of star in rev. field to r., below the II of O—F II. RIC ix, —. LRBC II, 324. Bastien 123. C 12. [Lugdunum, AD 367-75]. F £6 ($10) / VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

19423

Similar, but without the A following the officina mark in ex. and sometimes with dot in its place, the S in rev. field is sometimes below the F and sometimes below the II of O—F II. RIC ix, p. 46, 20a. LRBC II, 342 and 346. Bastien 130 and 135-6. C 12. F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) [Lugdunum, AD 367-75].

19424

Similar, but with R S in rev. field to r. below the F II of O—F II. RIC ix, p. 46, 20a. Cf. LRBC II, 350. Bastien 140. C 12. [Lugdunum, AD 367-75]. F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

19425

Similar, but with R and TE monogram instead of R S in rev. field to r. (officina P = 1 also recorded). RIC ix, p. 46, 20a. Cf. LRBC II, 354. Bastien 145-6. C 12. [Lugdunum, AD 367-75]. F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) See note following no. 19418.

19426

As 19406, but with mint mark CONST in ex. preceded by officina mark P or T (= 1 or 3). RIC ix, p. 64, 7a-c. LRBC II, —. EMA 171/3. C 12. [Constantia/Arles, AD 364]. F £6 ($10) / VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

19427

Similar, but with mint mark CON instead of CONST in ex., and with A or B in rev. field to r. (officinae S and T = 2 and 3 recorded). RIC ix, p. 64, 7a-c. LRBC II, 493-4. EMA 172/1 and 173/1. C 12. [Constantia/Arles, AD 364]. F £6 ($10) / VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

310

Roman Coins and Their Values

19428

GLORIA ROMANORVM (cont.) Bronze centenionalis. Similar, but without officina mark preceding the mint mark and with OF — I, II, or III (= 1, 2, or 3) in rev. field, dot below the officina numeral. RIC ix, p. 64, 7a-c. LRBC II, 487-8. EMA 176/1. C 12. [Constantia/Arles, AD 364-7]. F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

19429

Similar, but with mint mark CONST or (very rarely) CON P and without dot below the officina numeral. RIC ix, p. 64, 7a-c. LRBC II, 479 and 484. EMA 174/1 and 175/1. C F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) 12. [Constantia/Arles, AD 364-7].

19429A

Similar, but with mint mark CON or CON * in ex. RIC ix, p. 66, 16a. LRBC II, 512 and 518-19. EMA 183/1 and 184/1. C 12. [Constantia/Arles, AD 367-70]. F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

19430

Similar, but with mint mark CON in ex. preceded by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2) and with N in rev. field to r. RIC ix, p. 66, 16a. LRBC II, 506. EMA 182/1. C 12. F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) [Constantia/Arles, AD 370].

19431

Similar, but with mint mark CON in ex. preceded by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2) and sometimes with dot in rev. field to r. RIC ix, p. 66, 16a. LRBC II, 498/500 and 525. EMA 186/1 and 188/1. C 12. [Constantia/Arles, AD 371-5]. F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) Depeyrot suggests that the latest issues of this type may have been struck in the name of Valentinian II.

19432

As 19406, but with mint mark S M AQ in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2), letter (A, B, or E) in field to r. RIC ix, p. 95, 7a. LRBC II, 965, 969, and 980. MA F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) 618-20. C 12. [Aquileia, AD 365-7].

19433

Similar, but with P-headed cross (Christogram) instead of letter in rev. field to r. RIC ix, p. 95, 7a. LRBC II, 984. MA 621. C 12. [Aquileia, AD 365-7]. F £7 ($12) / VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100)

19434

Similar, but with symbol (palm, dot within crescent, or star within crescent) in rev. field to r. RIC ix, p. 95, 7a. LRBC II, 988 and 996. MA 622-4. C 12. [Aquileia, AD 365-7]. F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

19435

Similar, but with star preceding the mint mark and nothing in rev. field. RIC ix, p. 95, 7a. LRBC II, 1003. MA 625. C 12. [Aquileia, AD 365-7]. F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

19436

Similar, but without star preceding the mint mark, and B with dot beneath in rev. field to r. RIC ix, p. 95, 7a. LRBC II, 973. MA 636. C 12. [Aquileia, AD 367-75]. F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

19437

Similar, but with wreath instead of B and dot in rev. field to r. RIC ix, p. 96, 11a. LRBC II, 1028. MA 637. C 12. [Aquileia, AD 367-75]. F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

19438

Similar, but with star instead of wreath in rev. field to r. RIC ix, p. 96, 11a. LRBC II, 1032. MA 641. C 12. [Aquileia, AD 367-75]. F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

19439

Similar, but with two dots in rev. field, one to l. and the other to r. RIC ix, —. LRBC II, —. MA 642. C 12. [Aquileia, AD 367-75]. F £6 ($10) / VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

19440

Similar, but with dot and star in rev. field, to l. and to r. RIC ix, —. Cf. LRBC II, 1038. MA 649. C 12. [Aquileia, AD 375]. F £7 ($12) / VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100)

VALENTINIAN I

311

19441

GLORIA ROMANORVM (cont.) Bronze centenionalis. Similar, but nothing in rev. field and sometimes with dot preceding the mint mark or with dots flanking the mint and officina marks. RIC ix, p. 96, 11a. LRBC II, 1011, 1017, and 1023. MA 638-40. C 12. [Aquileia, AD 367-75]. F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

19442

As 19406, but with mint mark S M R in ex. followed by officina mark P, T, or Q (= 1, 3, or 4). RIC ix, p. 119, 15a. LRBC II, 702. C 12. [Rome, AD 365-7]. F £6 ($10) / VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

19443

Similar, but with mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark P, B, T, or Q (= 1, 2, 3, or 4). RIC ix, p. 119, 15a. LRBC II, 706. C 12. [Rome, AD 365-7]. F £6 ($10) / VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

19444

Similar, but with mint mark R • in ex. followed by officina mark PRIMA, SECVNDA, TERTIA, or QVARTA (= 1, 2, 3, or 4). RIC ix, p. 121, 23a. LRBC II, 715. C 12. [Rome, AD 367-72]. F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

19445

Similar, but with mint mark S M R in ex. followed by officina mark P, B, or Q (= 1, 2, or 4) with leaf between the M and R. RIC ix, p. 121, 23a. LRBC II, 721. C 12. [Rome, AD 372-5]. F £6 ($10) / VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

19446

As 19406, but with mint mark SISC in ex. preceded by officina mark A (= 1) or, more rarely, by B (= 2). RIC ix, p. 146, 5a. LRBC II, 1271. C 12. [Siscia, AD 365]. F £6 ($10) / VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

19447

Similar, but the mint mark is preceded by officina mark G (= 3) which is sometimes preceded by D, dot, or palm; sometimes with star, or star / A, or star / A / dot in r. field; a rare occurrence of officina D (= 4) has also been recorded. RIC ix, p. 146, 5a. LRBC II, 1275, 1279, 1283-4, 1286, 1290, 1294, and 1298. C 12. [Siscia, AD 365-7]. F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

19448

Similar, but the mint mark is preceded by o