Roman Coins and Their Values: Volume 5 9781907427459, 1907427457

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Also published by Spink in this series by David R. Sear Roman Coins and Their Values, 5th Millennium Edition

Volume II – The Accession of Nerva to the overthrow of the Severan Dynasty AD 96 – AD 235 Volume III – The Accession of Maximinus I to the death of Carinus AD 235 – AD 285 Volume IV – The Tetrarchies and the rise of the house of Constantine AD 284 – AD 337 Front cover illustrations: Top left: Valentinian II. Gold solidus (20185 in this catalogue) Bottom left: Magnus Maximus. Gold solidus (20631 in this catalogue) Centre: Zeno. Gold solidus (21514 in this catalogue) Top right: Constantius II. Gold solidus (17764 in this catalogue)

Back cover illustrations: 1. Reverse of Magnus Maximus solidus 2. Obverse of Julian II Miliarense 3. Reverse of Theodosius II solidus 4. Obverse of Magnentius double maiorina 5. Reverse of Valens solidus 6. Reverse of Constantius II solidus 7. Obverse of Eugenius miliarense 8. Reverse of Magnentius centenionalis 9. Reverse of Magnentius double maiorina 10. Obverse of Constans billon maiorina

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Spink & Son Ltd 69 Southampton Row Bloomsbury London WC1B 4ET www.spink.com Email: [email protected]

ROMAN COINS AND THEIR VALUES V

AND THEIR VALUES V

Bottom Right: Valens. Gold solidus (19537 in this catalogue)

DAVID R SEAR

ROMAN COINS

Volume I – The Republic and the twelve Caesars 280 BC – AD 96

The most comprehensive catalogue of the series ever produced for the coin collector, this five volume work spans almost eight centuries of Roman currency, from its republican beginnings in the early 3rd century BC down to the barbarian conquest of the western provinces and the commencement of the sole eastern (Byzantine) empire in the late 5th century AD. In addition to detailed descriptions of nearly 4700 coins, this fifth and final volume in the series contains a wealth of biographical and detailed numismatic information, as well as notes on the historical significance of many of the individual types. Valuations are provided in a range of grades and in two currencies (British pounds and US dollars) and the work is fully illustrated throughout with high quality photographic images.

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DAVID R SEAR ISBN: 978-1-907427-45-9

9 781907 427459

Volume FIVE THE CHRISTIAN EMPIRE: THE LATER CONSTANTINIAN DYNASTY AND THE HOUSES OF VALENTINIAN AND THEODOSIUS AND THEIR SUCCESSORS, CONSTANTINE II TO ZENO, AD 337-491

ROMAN COINS AND THEIR VALUES Volume FIVE THE CHRISTIAN EMPIRE: THE LATER CONSTANTINIAN DYNASTY AND THE HOUSES OF VALENTINIAN AND THEODOSIUS AND THEIR SUCCESSORS, CONSTANTINE II TO ZENO, AD 337-491 DAVID R SEAR The current revision of this popular work marks a radical departure from the envisioned aims of the original edition. This fifth and final volume of the ‘Millennium edition’ contains a comprehensive listing of the Roman coinage of the period AD 337-491 together with background information on the history of each reign and the principal characteristics of its coinage. The catalogue is organized primarily by ruler with the issues then subdivided by denomination and by reverse legend and type. This arrangement combines the alphabetical ease of reference of Cohen’s work with the scholarship of RIC and other modern studies, which are normally based on classification by mint. As the eastern and western halves of the Empire gradually drifted apart politically and militarily in the fifth century, the imperial coinage becomes increasingly complex. There is a tendency for the standard works of reference to be very selective in their coverage of the series as a whole and in this volume an attempt has been made to present the material as clearly and concisely as possible, in order to facilitate ease of use by the collector. The century and a half covered by this volume, from the death of Constantine the Great to the death of the eastern emperor Zeno, witnessed the initial stages of the Christian Roman Empire in the eastern Mediterranean area and the final death throes of paganism. It also saw the total collapse of Roman authority in the Empire’s western provinces and its replacement by a patchwork of barbarian kingdoms. The imperial coinage similarly underwent many fundamental changes during this period and these are chronicled in detail in the text. For the succeeding coinage of the Eastern Empire, commencing with Anastasius I (AD 491-518), the reader is referred to the companion publication Byzantine Coins and Their Values (second revised edition, 1987). In a professional career spanning fifty-six years, David Sear has worked in London, Norwich, Bury St. Edmunds, and, over the past thirty-two years, in Los Angeles, both as a commercial numismatist and later a full-time author. Since his first publication on Roman coinage in 1964 he has produced a steady stream of handbooks intended specifically for the collector. These cover all aspects of ancient numismatics, from the beginnings of Greek coinage in the late 7th century BC to the capture of Constantinople by the Ottoman Turks in 1453. Future plans include a new volume of Roman Silver Coins to fill the current gap in the series between AD 269 and Diocletian’s currency reform in the 290s; a Beginner’s Guide to Collecting Greek and Roman Coins; and possibly revisions of some earlier titles.

ROMAN COINS AND THEIR VALUES

The Western Empress Licinia Eudoxia wife of Valentinian III depicted on a gold solidus minted in Ravenna in AD 439 (No. 21362 in catalogue; photo by Andrew Daneman)

ROMAN COINS AND THEIR VALUES

DAVID R. SEAR Volume IV V Volume The Christian Empire: Therise Later Constantinian Dynasty and The Tetrarchies and the of the House of Constantine the Houses of Valentinian ad and284–337 Theodosius and their successors, Constantine II to Zeno, Ad 337-491

LONDON LONDON 2014 2011

© 2014 Spink & Son Ltd 69 Southampton Row Bloomsbury London, WC1B 4ET ISBN 978-1-907427-45-9 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in any retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without prior permission of the publisher in writing.

Set in 8/9pt Times by Russell Whittle Printed and bound in Malta by Gutenberg Press Ltd.

INTRODUCTION The original edition published by 1964 and and The original edition of of Sear’s Sear’s Roman Roman Coins Coins and and Their Their Values Values was was published by Seaby Seaby in in 1964 subsequentlywent wentthrough throughfour four revisions (1970, 1974, and 1988). However, the publication of subsequently revisions (1970, 1974, 19811981 and 1988). However, the publication of Volume I of the ‘Millennium in 2000 markeddeparture a radicalfrom departure from the previousoftraditions of IVolume of the ‘Millennium Edition’ inEdition’ 2000 marked a radical the previous traditions this popular this popular work. An theanlistings and number of illustrations (now fully work. An expansion of expansion the listingsof and increase in an theincrease number in of the illustrations (now fully incorporated in incorporated in the text) necessitated a new multiple-volume format, likework the companion workOriginally on Greek the text) necessitated a new multiple-volume format, like the companion on Greek coins. coins. Originally envisioned as a two-volume work, it soon became apparent that additional volumes envisioned as a two-volume work, it soon became apparent that additional volumes would be required if would be required if justice were to be done to the enormity of the subject. That number has now justice weretotofive be done to the the subject. That hasthe now expanded to five in order to bring expanded in order to enormity bring theofseries down to thenumber death of eastern emperor Zeno in AD 491. the series down to the death of the of eastern emperor Zeno AD 491. Volume I covered a period approximately 375inyears, from the origins of the Roman coinage I covered a period approximately years, the origins of the Roman coinage in the in theVolume Republican period in the of opening decades375 of the 3rdfrom century BC down to the violent end of second Imperial the Flavian, in AD 96.3rd Volume extended of the series down coverage to the violent endImperial of the second Republican perioddynasty, in the opening decades of the centuryII BC from the dynasty, accessiontheofFlavian, Nerva, the ‘thirteenth Caesar’ and first of the ‘Adoptive’ emperors, down to the 96. Volume II extended coverage of the Imperial series from the Imperial in AD overthrow of the Severan dynasty in 235. It encompassed what may justifiably be termed the ‘golden accession of Nerva, the ‘thirteenth Caesar’ and first of the ‘Adoptive’ emperors, down to the overthrow of age’ of the Roman Imperial coinage. Volume III covered in detail the following half-century, a very the Severan dynasty in 235. It encompassed whatperilously may justifiably betotal termed the ‘golden under age’ ofthe thepressure Roman different period during which the Empire came close to disintegration Imperial coinage. Volume covered in detail the following half-century, a very different period during which of foreign invasions and III seemingly interminable civil war. the Empire came perilously close total disintegration underof theDiocletian pressure offollowing foreign invasions seemingly Volume IV commences withto the momentous accession the deathand of Numerian, son of Carus,civil latewar. in the year 284. The comprehensive reforms carriedofout by Diocletian during hisalltwo interminable Volume IV began with the momentous accession Diocletian in AD 284, with its decades rule brought about implications, radical changes in many of of theConstantine Empire’s administration and political, of military, and economic and closed withaspects the death the Great fifty-three finances. coinage of circa ADfor294 the last remnants ofsaw the Augustan currency system years later.His This was a reform tumultuous period thesaw imperial coinage, which the introduction of the gold swept and in itsin place a restored coinage ofofpure silver (usually termed and a large solidusaway denomination AD 310, the reintroduction silver coinage, and the rapidargenteus) decline of Diocletian’s billon piece (follis or nummus) replacing the hopelessly debased antoninianus which had characterized billon follis denomination from a coin of approximately 10 grams weight to one of only 3.50 grams, ultimately the coinage of the later 3rd century. In addition, the weight of the aureus was raised to a new standard of to be grams, replacedi.e. in 1/60th 318/19 of byathe billonofcentenionalis. 5.40 pound gold. The government of the vast Empire was also fundamentally Volume which covers theoffinal century a half ofinto the Roman coinage, commences the reformed withV,the subdivision many of theand provinces smallerimperial units and, from AD 293, the with sharing joint accession in 337 of the three(the surviving sons of Constantine the Great II, Constantius II, of responsibility by four rulers ‘Tetrarchy’), each accountable for — theConstantine administration and defence of aConstans. specified None portion of imperial territory. The two senior were to abdicate after twodynasty decades and of this trio was able to produce a male heir,Augusti thus condemning the Constantinian to of rule their places by the two junior who, (360-363) now promoted to theansenior imperial rank, an earlyand extinction. Its lasttaken representative was JulianCaesars the Apostate who made unsuccessful attempt would appoint theirand ownwith Caesars to maintain the structure of the finally tetrarchy. to restore paganism, his death on the battlefield Christianity triumphed as the Empire’s official Unfortunately for Diocletian, he was to live long enough to see his elaborate schemes unravel. religion. In the final decades of the fourth century, the division between the eastern and western halves of the By the beginning of the 4th century the economy of the Empire was suffering from rampant inflation. Empire became more marked. With thethrough death ofhisTheodosius in AD(AD 395300) that and, division became permanent, Diocletian attempted to remedy this Currency IEdict in the following year, though over the following six decades both halves remained under the rule of the descendants of the Theodosian a Price Edict which attempted, in minute detail, to regulate maximum prices and wages. The failure dynasty. deathsinofthe Theodosius and Valentinian III (ADand 450aand 455 respectively) it rapidly of these Following measures the resulted cessationIIof pure silver coinage progressive reduction in the weight standard billon Constantine I took the leadhad in gone effecting a remedy to this became clear that of thethe decline of follis. RomanLater, authority in the western provinces too far for the Western decline to in recover. the currency. 310 introduced at the Gallic mints then control a new Empire WithinInjust 21heyears of Valentinian’s assassination the under Empirehis ceased to exist in standard the West gold 476), coin, though the solidus. This was struck on aNepos) lightersurvived standardforthan the aureus (4.50 grams = 1/72nd of (AD the emperor in exile (Julius a further half decade. Italy itself was now a pound) and, the‘king’ downfall of Constantine’s rival in 324,by was issued throughout in the hands of following the barbarian Odovacar and later (493) he Licinius was supplanted Theoderic, founder of the Empire. The solidus was to have a long and illustrious history as the principal gold coin of the Ostrogothic kingdom in Italy. Fortunately, the Eastern Empire was saved from a similar fate by the wise the Christian Byzantine Empire. Between AD 307/8 and 325 Constantine issued virtually no silver policies Leo I (457-474) who countered experimental the threat of Germanic influence in the army by coinage,ofother than a few short-lived denominations. However, in gradually the year appointing following native Isaurians the highest military posts. Constantinople and theThe eastern provinces then went from his victory of to Licinius regular silver issues were resumed. principal denomination is strength usually to strength, culminating in Anastasius’ substantial enrichment of Diocletianic the imperial argenteus. treasury through his prudent referred to as a siliqua, though it was in effect a revival of the A slightly larger multiple, the of miliarensis, wasThis introduced the same ambitious time. Constantine follis in 318/19 management fiscal affairs. enabledatJustinian’s program abandoned of military the conquest (533-555) and replaced it with aofslightly billonlost denomination have borne name leading to the recovery some oflighter the territory to the Empirewhich in the appears previous to century, notablythe Italy and centenionalis. North Africa. As in the case of the solidus, all of the imperial mints adopted this denomination after 324. Only about a decade after its introduction, the weight of the centenionalis was reduced from 3 The imperial coinage during the period covered by this volume underwent many changes in continuation grams to 2.5 grams and a further reduction to 1.7 took place in the final year of Constantine’s reign. of the financial volatility that of hadthe characterized the erawas of Diocletian and Constantine Thebronze gold solidus of This was a clear indication volatility which to characterize the billonI.and coinage 4.40 the one stable element in the system, though forgery, debasement of the metal, and weight in thegrams laterremained 4th and 5th centuries.

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INTRODUCTION

reduction became painstakingly something of aconstructed problem in the final decades Constantinian This Diocletian’s tetrarchy systemofofthe government wasperiod. also to failnecessitated soon after his abdication an inevitable victim human ambition. The situation action on the partinof305, Valentinian and Valens that of guaranteed the purity of bothresulting gold andchaotic silver coinage put was into temporarily resolved in 313 when, withabout the downfall Maximinus II, the(obryzum government became a diarchy circulation. These issues, commencing AD 368, of were marked ‘OB’ or refined gold) in the with thegold western provincesand held‘PS’ by (pusulatum, Constantinerefined and thesilver) eastern by case Licinius. This uneasy state of affairs case of denominations, in the of silver denominations. This now lasted for 11 years until Constantine’s ambitions could tolerate it no longer. He eliminated his rival in became standard practice on the part of the imperial mints for centuries to come in the case of gold and well into a rapid series of campaigns culminating in the battle of Chrysopolis (18 September 324). Constantine the following for silver. The fractional gold denominations (semissis, or half solidus, and the was now ablecentury to oversee the adoption of Christianity as the new state religion throughout hisenigmatic Empire. 1.5-scripulum, 12 siliqua were never coined in quantity and have served some purpose. His conversionortook place piece) in connection with the critical battle ofmust the Milvian Bridge (28special October 312) In the early 380s latter was replaced byCross’ the more convenient tremissis, his or one-third solidus. The new coin when he had histhe famous ‘Vision of the to which he attributed victory over Maxentius. The old godsvery werepopular thus dealt deathblow Licinius’indownfall in 324, as evidenced by their virtual waspagan obviously and asoon came towith be produced much greater quantities, especially during the disappearance the imperial after coinage this date. It been is unclear what Constantine’s true fifth century andfrom beyond. In silver,coinage good quality had reintroduced by Constantine I inintentions the midwere for the imperial succession. His sudden unexpected death in 3.375 337 resulted in anwas explosive 320s following a hiatus of about two decades. The and Constantinian siliqua of c. grams, which merely situation which was to lead to the deaths of many members of the imperial family and was ultimately a revival of the argenteus of the tetrarchy period, remained in production under his sons for about two decades, to condemn the dynasty to an early extinction. His elevations of his three surviving sons (Constantine untilConstantius it was superseded Constantius by the reducedseemed siliqua of 2.25 grams (AD 357). Also struck in II, II, andunder Constans) to the II rank of Caesar to c. indicate a triple-division of imperial increasing or quantities was theinmiliarensis, worth double the reducedDelmatius siliqua. A heavy authority, triarchy. But 335 he alsonow promoted his half-nephew to themiliarensis, same rankweighing together c. 5.40Delmatius’ grams, wasbrother occasionally produced whilst half siliqua was of very infrequent (as(“King had been with Hanniballianus, who the received the unconventional title ofoccurrence Rex Regum of its predecessor thethe silver quinarius). In of theDiocletian’s fifth century tetrarchy the production of itsilver coinage was much reduced, Kings”). Despite abysmal failure system seemed as though Constantine was aiming form ofboth a revival, though comprising a single family. though issuesatofsome siliquae and versions of thenow miliarensis weremembers still madeoffrom time to time, Whatever especially the plan, it had in a disastrous outcome following the old emperor’s under Honorius the West and under his nephew Theodosius II in thedeath. East. Issues continued sporadically for Throughout thecentury catalogue, the early current markettimes. valuations have been expressed in two currencies, the remainder of the and into Byzantine pounds sterling and US dollars. The conversion rate has been complicated during the preparation of The billon and bronze denominations saw the most changes during the final century and a half of the this volume by the wild fluctuations occasioned by the global economic crisis. At the time the values Roman imperial being coinage. The sonsthe of dollar Constantine had inherited the diminutive reduced centenionalis were originally estimated had slipped to an exchange rate ofbillon approximately two to the in 337 and this remained in production for most the joint reign of Constantius II andthe Constans 340pound. However, more recently the dollar hasofstrengthened considerably against British (AD currency 350).because A majorofchange at theconversion time of the rate celebration eleven anniversary and this anoccurred approximate of $1.75oftoRome’s the pound hashundredth been adopted (though(AD the current ratethe is closer to centenionalis $1.60). For the majority ofby entries twodenomination, grades of preservation, ‘VF’ 348) when reduced was replaced a larger the billon usually maiorina. This(Very was Fine) ‘EF’ (Extremely have been Forsoon the sake of clarity, these appear each struck and in two versions (heavyFine) and light) thoughprovided. it, too, was reduced in size and weight andunder no longer catalogue entry. This Julian arrangement has yet theanother added reform advantage of when allowing more expressing had any silver content. carried out in 362 a large andflexibility impressiveinbillon double valuations for individual types and series which may only occur in lower grades by virtue of their place maiorina was introduced supplemented by a bronze centenionalis. Both denominations remained in issue of mintage or the circumstances of the issue. following Julian’s deathnot butpresent the double was abandoned in 365, early themint joint reign of Valentinian Another feature in maiorina earlier editions is the inclusion of inthe and date for each I and his brother Valens. However, the bronze of c.of 2.50 continued issue of andthe wasRoman struck type. Recent scholarship has improved ourcentenionalis understanding thegrams chronology of inmuch in unprecedented over thecollectors following decade and a half. Frombethis time aware on the Roman coinage and it isquantities important that and students should made of the billon more coinage precise ceased altogether, allon subsequent base metal of bronze no be silver content. thescientific emperor data now available this important topic.issues On abeing similar theme,with it will noticed thatIna379 more chronological hasI, now been adopted the presentation of the coinage, material,this though for ease of Gratian, son ofapproach Valentinian undertook a furtherinreform of the base metal time introducing reference Cohen’s alphabetical arrangement has generally been retained within each two new denominations to supplement the centenionales. He revived the maiorina of c. 4.50denominational grams and this listing. Thus, the coins issued in the names of deified emperors and empresses will be listeditsunder clearly circulated as a double centenionalis. A small half centenionalis (c. 1.25 grams) found also made first the reign of their issuer. Use of the index and the extensive cross-references provided in the text should appearance at this time and this was to become an important denomination in the following century when facilitate the easy location of any required type. it was more long commonly termedthe thehistorical nummus. background The only other significant to change in 395 around the I have considered information be ofoccurred prime importance in the time of the death of Theodosius I and accessions of and Arcadius in the coinage. East and Accordingly, Honorius in the West.fully The presentation of catalogue listings of the Greek, Roman, Byzantine I have maiorinathe wasbiographical now discontinued, lateratstrikings being exceptional in character connected with the revised sketches the commencement of each reign and usually under certain subsidiary headings. Additionally, readers noticeand thatsouthern much information added on the significance of special requirements of areas suchwill as Spain Crimea. Thehas fifthbeen century bronze coinage consisted individual types within and the catalogue itself andthe cross-references representations in the maincoin of centenionales half centenionales, latter becomingprovided dominanttoinsimilar the second half of the in otherwhen series. invariable aimtohas to enhance enjoyment thewas hobby of ancient coin century it isMy normally referred as a been nummus. It was thethe bronze coinageofthat radically reformed by collecting by drawing attention to its potential role as a natural gateway to the study of history. In the Anastasius I in AD 498 resulting in the introduction of a whole new range of denominations, being multiples case of Roman coins, this can lead to a fuller understanding and appreciation of a truly remarkable of the basic nummus. is at point that the Byzantine coinageculture. is generally held to commence. civilization which liesIt at thethis very foundations of our modern As we stand in the opening years Throughout the catalogue, market have been currencies, pounds of a new millennium, I believethe it iscurrent vital not onlyvaluations to look forward to expressed the futurein—two exciting as that may sterling andalso US to dollars. Marketaware fluctuations by past the global crisis us remain a problem in be — but be keenly of the occasioned events of the whicheconomic have brought to where we are calculating a satisfactory of exchange, but for thestill purposes catalogue the rateonofearly $1.7521st to thecentury pound today. Rome contributedrate hugely to that past and exertsofa this powerful influence society in Europe andbeen America — (though on our languages, our basic concepts of law and our used in Volume IV has retained the current figure is closer to $1.60). Forand the order, majority of on entries governmental institutions. usually Indeed,‘VF’ it is (Very hardlyFine) overstating case to quote words E.A. Freeman two grades of preservation, and ‘EF’the (Extremely Fine)the have been of provided. For the in hisofIntroduction to the English translation of Mommsen’s Historyhas ofthe Rome: historyofof Rome sake clarity, these appear under each catalogue entry. This arrangement added“The advantage allowing is the greatest of all historical subjects, for this simple reason, that the history of Rome is in truth the more flexibility in expressing valuations for individual types and series which may only occur in lower grades history of the world”. by virtue of their place of mintage orexpress the circumstances of the issue. In conclusion, I should like to my gratitude to all those individuals who so willingly gave of Another not present is the inclusion of the mintundertaking. and date for each type.I should Recent their time andfeature expertise in orderintoearlier assisteditions in the success of this ambitious Firstly,

INTRODUCTION

7

scholarship improved of the tochronology of the inRoman coinageofand it is like to thankhas those dealersour whounderstanding bravely responded my requestoftomuch participate the updating current market values providing their views on price levelsshould of certain basicaware types within the series. I am keenly important that by collectors, students, and archaeologists be made of the more precise data now aware that musttopic. frequently have impinged on other more pressing business commitments, and available onthis thiswork important it should serve an indication of the unselfish attitude of many professionals in the ancient coin trade I have longas considered the historical background information to be of prime importance in the presentation that they are prepared to make real sacrifices in the cause of disseminating information to collectors. of catalogue listings of Greek, Roman, and Byzantine coinage. Accordingly, I have fully revised the biographical The following is an alphabetical listing of those who cooperated in this project: Harlan Berk of Chicago, sketches at the commencement of each and under certain headings. Additionally, will IL.; Giulio Bernardi of Trieste, Italy;reign Dwayne Bridges of subsidiary The Roman Connection, Dallas,readers TX; Tom notice that much information has been added on the significance of individual coinDavisson types within the catalogue Cederlind of Portland, OR; Kirk Davis of Claremont, CA; Allan and Marnie of Cold Spring, itself cross-references similar in otherNumismatics, series. My invariable aim hasPA; been to MN; and Kenneth Dorney of provided Redding,toCA; Mattrepresentations Geary of Praetorian Philadelphia, Rob Golan ofthe Hillsborough, Goldberg of Beverly Hills, CA; Jonathanattention Kern oftoLexington, enhance enjoyment ofNC; the Ira hobby of ancient coin collecting by drawing its potentialKY; roleHerb as a Kreindler of Dixto Hills, NY;ofGavin Manton, formerly of Lennox Gallery Ltd.,toLondon; Chris Martin natural gateway the study history. In the case of Roman coins, this can lead a fuller understanding of C.J. Martin (Coins) Southgate, London; Marx M & R Coins, Worth, culture. IL; David and appreciation of a trulyLtd., remarkable civilization thatMichael lies at the veryof foundations of our modern As Miller of Hemel Hempstead, England; Wayne Phillips of Phillips Ranch, CA; Paul Rabin of Zürich, we stand in the opening years of a new millennium, I believe it is vital not only to look forward to the future Switzerland; Steve Rubinger of Antiqua Inc., Woodland Hills, CA; Dr. Arnold R. Saslow of Rare Coins — exciting asArts thatLtd., may South be — but also toNJ; be Fred keenlyShore awareofofSchwenksville, the events of thePA; pastHans which have brought us of to & Classical Orange, Voegtli, formerly where weund are Medaillen today. Rome contributed hugely to that past andWarden still exerts a powerful on earlyRick 21st Münzen AG, Basel, Switzerland; and Bill of New Hope, influence PA. In addition, century in Europe and AmericaInc., — on ourDiego, languages, basicprovided conceptsmany of laworiginal and order, and on our Ponteriosociety of Ponterio & Associates San CA our kindly photographs governmental Indeed, is hardly and overstating the case to words of PA E.A.kindly Freeman in his from his past institutions. auctions, and Victorit England Dawn Ahlgren ofquote CNG,the Lancaster, provided photocopiesto ofthe articles from their extensive library, History as did Andrea Bignasca of Antikenmuseum, Basel, Introduction English translation of Mommsen’s of Rome: “The history of Rome is the greatest Switzerland. sincereforthanks to them all! that the history of Rome is in truth the history of the world”. of all historicalMy subjects, this simple reason, Particular mention is due goodmy friend Barry of North who Hills,soCA, who, gave overofa In conclusion, I should liketotomy express gratitude to Rightman all those individuals willingly period of several years, has given unstintingly of his time and numismatic knowledge in categorizing their time and expertise in order to assist in the success of this ambitious undertaking. Firstly, I should like the enormous (but unsorted) photo library from which many of the illustrations for this book have been to thankand thosetodealers who bravely responded request to participate thenow updating of current market drawn; Andrew Daneman, formerly to ofmy Numismatic Fine Arts in and resident in Denmark, values providing their on price levels of certain basic types withininthe am keenly aware whose by unparalleled skill views as a numismatic photographer has contributed noseries. small Ipart to the visual that thisofwork must frequently havethanks impinged on other more business and it should impact these volumes. Special are also due to the pressing staff of the Britishcommitments, Museum’s Department of Coinsas and who generously of their time in providing additional illustrations coins serve anMedals indication ofgave the unselfish attitude of many professionals in the ancient coin tradeofthat theyfrom are the National Collection. As always, gratitude goes out toinformation my wife Margaret for herThe unfailing support prepared to make real sacrifices in themy cause of disseminating to collectors. following is an during the protracted process of thisincomplex revision; to Berk Heather DewhurstIL.; of Design to Print, alphabetical listing of creation those who cooperated this project: Harlan of Chicago, Giulio Bernardi for her prompt and accurate work in preparing the text for the printer; and finally to Philip Skingley of of Trieste, Italy; Dwayne Bridges of The Roman Connection, Dallas, TX; Tom Cederlind of Portland, Spink & Son’s Book Department for his untiring efforts in nursing this volume through to completion. OR; Kirk Davis of Claremont, CA; Allan and Marnie Davisson of Cold Spring, MN; Kenneth Dorney of Redding, CA; Matt Geary of Praetorian Numismatics, Philadelphia, PA; Rob Golan of Hillsborough, NC; Ira Goldberg of Beverly Hills, CA; Jonathan Kern of Lexington, KY; Herb Kreindler of Dix Hills, DAVID R. SEAR NY; Gavin Manton, formerly of Lennox Gallery Ltd., London; Chris Martin of C.J. Martin (Coins) Ltd., Los Angeles Southgate, London; Michael Marx of M & R Coins, Palos Park, IL; David Miller of Hemel Hempstead, England; Wayne Phillips of Phillips Ranch, CA; Paul Rabin of Zürich, Switzerland; Steve Rubinger of Antiqua Inc., Woodland Hills, CA; Dr. Arnold R. Saslow of Rare Coins & Classical Arts Ltd., South Orange, NJ; Fred Shore of Schwenksville, PA; Hans Voegtli, formerly of Münzen und Medaillen AG, Basel, Switzerland; and Bill Warden of New Hope, PA. In addition, Rick Ponterio of Ponterio & Associates Inc., San Diego, CA kindly provided many original photographs from his past auctions, and Victor England and Dawn Ahlgren of CNG, Lancaster, PA kindly provided photocopies of articles from their extensive library, as did Andrea Bignasca of Antikenmuseum, Basel, Switzerland. My sincere thanks to them all! Particular mention is due to my good friend Barry Rightman of North Hills, CA, who, over a period of several years, has given unstintingly of his time and numismatic knowledge in categorizing the enormous (but unsorted) photo library from which many of the illustrations for this book have been drawn; and to Andrew Daneman, formerly of Numismatic Fine Arts and now resident in Denmark, whose unparalleled skill as a numismatic photographer has contributed in no small part to the visual impact of these volumes. Special thanks are also due to the staff of the British Museum’s Department of Coins and Medals who gave generously of their time in providing additional illustrations of coins from the National Collection. As always, my gratitude goes out to my wife Margaret for her unfailing support during the protracted creation process of this complex revision; to Russ Whittle for his prompt and accurate work in preparing the text for the printer; and finally to Philip Skingley of Spink & Son’s Book Department for his untiring efforts in nursing this volume through to completion. David R. Sear Los Angeles

GLOSSARY (For a comprehensive treatment of this subject, see John Melville Jones, ‘A Dictionary of Ancient Roman Coins’) Abacus Acrostolium Adlocutio Adventus

Aegis

Aes Ancile Aplustre Apex Aquila Aspergillum Biga Billon

Binio Brockage

a wooden tablet with moveable counters used for making arithmetical calculations. It is often identified as the object appearing as an invariable attribute of Liberalitas. the prow-stem of a warship, i.e. the curved decorative extension of the stempost. (or allocutio), the act of addressing or haranguing a gathering of military personnel, the word normally accompanies a scene depicting the emperor atop a low platform. the arrival of an emperor in Rome or in one of the great provincial centres. Usually accompanying a depiction of him on horseback, but on the coinage of the much-travelled Hadrian also showing him as a standing figure, together with a personification of the region or city of his destination (ADVENTVI AVG GALLIAE, ADVENTVI AVG ALEXANDRIAE, etc.). See also Profectio. a small cloak, decorated with a gorgon’s head at the centre, associated in mythology with Zeus (Jupiter) and his daughter Athena (Minerva). It was employed as a decorative feature of the portrait busts of many of the Roman emperors, appearing first on the coinage under Nero. non-precious metal (copper, bronze, brass) used for the production of coinage (hence the abbreviation ‘Æ’). a shield of distinctive form (narrow central section of oval shape with broad curving extensions at top and bottom). It was a particular attribute of Juno Sospita and was associated with the Salian priesthood of Mars. the curved decorative extension of the stern-post of a warship, usually of spread form composed of several frond-like elements. the hat worn by certain Roman priests, originally referring to the rod or spike surmounting the headdress. (see Legionary eagle) a whisk or sprinkler associated with religious rituals, appearing on the coinage as a symbol of the Roman priesthood of the Pontifices (this word was not used by the ancient authors and is of relatively modern derivation). a chariot drawn by a team of two animals, usually horses. an impure alloy containing less than 50% of silver, sometimes declining to less than 5%. It is especially associated with the debased imperial tetradrachms of Alexandria and with the Roman antoninianus denomination in the 3rd century, though it is commonly encountered in the 4th century also. a double unit, a term most commonly applied to the gold multiple aurei of the 3rd century which frequently show the emperor with a radiate crown. a mis-struck piece resulting from the failure of the mint personnel to remove a coin which had stuck in the reverse or upper die after minting. As a result, the next blank to be struck received the impression of the obverse of the previous coin instead of that of the reverse die, thus producing a coin with two obverses (one of them incuse and a mirror version of the other). Brockages are most commonly encountered on denarii of the Roman Republic, but

GLOSSARY GLOSSARY

Caduceus Carpentum

Christogram Cippus Cista Cognomen

Congiarium

Conjoined Contorniate

Cornucopiae

Curule chair

Decastyle Decennalia

Decursio

9 9

occur also on coins of all denominations in the Imperial series. Reverse brockages are much rarer and more difficult to explain as they would require a new blank to be placed on top of an existing piece which had remained in the obverse or lower die after striking. the staff of Mercury, messenger of the gods, usually winged and ornamented with snakes. a two-wheeled enclosed carriage permission to use which in central Rome was initially granted only to married women and, from early Imperial times, was restricted to a very select few. Carpenta appear on coins of a number of empresses in the 1st and 2nd centuries AD, drawn by mules and most frequently in connection with posthumous honours. the Christian monogram, consisting of the Greek letters Chi and Rho (CR = [Khr]istos). a squared stone pillar, usually bearing a commemorative inscription and set up as a monument or boundary marker. (or cista mystica), a basket used for housing sacred snakes in connection with the initiation ceremony into the cult of Bacchus (Dionysus). one of the three principal elements of a Roman name (praenomen, nomen, cognomen) it indicated the family name of the individual (e.g. Gaius Julius CAESAR). Usually acquired by an ancestor as a nickname indicating a personal characteristic the cognomen was afterwards inherited, thus becoming a family designation. a ceremony in which the emperor distributed money to the citizenry. On the coinage of the 1st and 2nd centuries AD it is usually commemorated by an elaborate scene depicting the emperor atop a lofty platform, sometimes accompanied by the personification Liberalitas and with the legend CONGIARIVM or an abbreviated form (see also Liberalitas). (see Jugate) late Roman aes medallions which appear to have been produced in Rome in the late 4th and 5th centuries and are characterized by an incised border surrounding the obverse and reverse types. The designs are pagan and clearly betray a close connection with the circus and amphitheatre. They may well be associated with the anti-Christian sympathies of many of the late Roman aristocracy. Their purpose is unknown, though it has been speculated that they were used as entrance tokens, as counters in a board game, or as newyear’s gifts. Like the earlier non-monetary medallions they have been excluded from this catalogue as they do not form part of the Roman coinage. (plural cornuacopiae), the horn of plenty signifying prosperity, it is usually depicted overflowing with fruits and other agricultural produce. Although occasionally shown on its own, it more commonly appears as an attribute of an allegorical personification. a folding stool with curved legs, it was symbolic of the highest or ‘curule’ magistracies in Rome (consulship, praetorship, and curule aedileship). It was said to derive from the seat placed in the royal chariot from which the Etruscan kings dispensed justice. (see Tetrastyle) the tenth anniversary of an emperor’s rule, marked by the redemption of previous vows (vota soluta) and the undertaking of new ones (vota suscepta). It was often commemorated on the coinage by a depiction of the emperor sacrificing at an altar or by an inscription within a votive wreath. The quinquennalia (five years) and vicennalia (twenty years) were similarly celebrated, the latter of course far less frequently (see also Vota). a word used to describe rapid military manoeuvres, especially equestrian. Scenes of Nero galloping on horseback, accompanied by one or more of his soldiers, feature prominently on sestertii of AD 64–7.

10 10 Designatus

Diademed

Die

Distyle Equestrian

Exercitus

Exergue Fasces Field Flan Fourrée

Gens

GLOSSARY GLOSSARY qualifies an individual who has been elected to future office but has not yet taken up the appointment. Most commonly encountered on the Imperial coinage on issues belonging to the end of the year, just prior to the emperor’s assumption of a new consulship on January 1st (e.g. COS II DES III P P). wearing a form of head-dress indicating royalty. An eastern custom adopted by the Greek kings and queens of the Hellenistic age, the diadem is not generally worn by Roman emperors until the late Roman period, commencing with Constantine (though empresses are frequently depicted diademed at a much earlier period). The late Imperial diadem was usually ornamented with pearls and/or rosettes. the stamp from which a coin blank receives its design through the process of striking. Although very few have survived from ancient times, it seems clear that Greek and Roman dies were made of bronze or of iron and bore designs engraved usually in intaglio to produce a coin type in relief. The lower or anvil die would have received the obverse design and was engraved on the flat face of a cylinder which was then inserted into a circular aperture in an anvil block. The reverse die was engraved on the flat face of a cone or wedge. The top of this would have received the hammer blow after it had been placed above the heated blank which was resting on the anvil die. It has been estimated that this simple process could have produced at least ten thousand coins from a single pair of dies, possibly far more in the case of softer precious metals. (see Tetrastyle) relating to horse-riding, the word derives from the Latin equus (‘horse’) . In the Roman social order the Equites formed a class second only to the senators. They originated from men who were selected for their special military abilities and were provided with a horse for the service of the state in wartime. ‘army’. Encountered on Hadrian’s series of coins issued to honour the provincial armies throughout his Empire (EXERCITVS SYRIACVS, EXERC BRITANNICVS, etc.). More general types celebrate the military establishment with inscriptions such as GLORIA EXERCITVS and VIRTVS EXERCITI. Also used in appeals for loyalty during unsettled times (CONCORDIA EXERCITVVM, FIDES EXERCITVVM). the small space (generally on the reverse of a coin) below the principal type, from which it is usually separated by the ‘exergual’ line. On the later Roman coinage it was utilized for the main element of the mint mark. literally ‘faggots’, it was used to describe bundles of rods bound together which, accompanied by an axe, symbolize the authority of the highest Roman magistrates. the area surrounding the principal obverse or reverse type, in which may be placed subsidiary symbols or letters (often elements of the mint mark on coins of the later Empire). (also planchet), the metal blank of correct size and weight which has been prepared for striking between a pair of dies. a plated counterfeit coin with base metal core, usually in imitation of a silver denomination, though occasionally of gold. This normally indicates an unofficial product, though some fourrée appear to have been produced from official dies at the mint. a group of Roman families sharing a common nomen, indicated by the second element of a personal name. Thus, Gaius Julius Caesar and the Republican moneyer Lucius Julius Bursio both belonged to the Gens Julia, whilst Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus was a member of the Gens Pompeia (see also Nomen).

GLOSSARY GLOSSARY Graffiti Hexastyle Hybrid Incuse

Janiform Jugate Labarum Laureate Legend Legionary eagle Liberalitas

Lituus Lyre

Manus Dei

Mappa Mint mark Modius

Mule Mural crown Nimbate

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‘scratches’, letters and other marks scratched on the surface of a coin in ancient times to identify its owner. (see Tetrastyle) (also mule), a coin on which the obverse and reverse designs are incorrectly combined. a design which is recessed into the surface of the flan rather than protruding in relief. Although frequently encountered on Greek coins this characteristic is very rare in the Roman series, being confined to the legends on certain quadrigati and denarii of the Republican series. two heads joined back to back in the manner of the god Janus. (also conjoined), two or more heads placed side by side. Not commonly encountered on Roman coins, though it does appear in both the Republican and Imperial series. a late Roman military standard ornamented with the Christian monogram (Christogram). wearing a wreath composed of laurel leaves. Originally associated with the god Apollo, and the standard head-dress of the emperors until the late Roman period. the principal inscription appearing on the obverse and reverse of a coin, as opposed to a mint mark or mark of value. (also aquila), the principal standard of the Roman legion. Normally affixed to a spear, the eagle was usually made of silver, this being the metal visible at the greatest distance. a ceremony in which the emperor distributed money to the citizenry. On the coinage of the 2nd and 3rd centuries AD it is usually commemorated by an elaborate scene depicting the emperor atop a lofty platform, accompanied by the personification Liberalitas and with the legend LIBERALITAS or an abbreviated form. Sometimes the figure of Liberalitas appears alone (see also Congiarium). a short curving staff used in religious ceremonies of divination to mark out an area for the observation of birds. It appears on the coinage as a symbol of the Roman priesthood of the Augures. a string instrument with a rounded sound box at the bottom, traditionally made from the shell of a tortoise, and thin curving arms forming the uprights of the frame. It was believed to have been invented by the Greek god Hermes (Roman Mercury). ‘Hand of God’, a Christian image which appears on some coins from the late 4th century onwards in the form of a right hand holding a diadem above the emperor’s head. The symbolism indicates that the temporal ruler of the Empire is receiving divine sanction for his authority. originally the white napkin dropped by an emperor or magistrate as a starting signal at the Circus, in late Roman iconography it came to be a used as one of the principal attributes of the consuls. letters and symbols indicating the place of mintage of a coin and sometimes also the responsible workshop (officina) within the establishment. The precise form of the mark can often be a useful indication of chronology. a measure of wheat, or any dry or solid commodity, containing the third part of an amphora. In form it resembled an inverted bucket standing on three legs. Serapis is usually shown wearing it on his head to denote his portrayal as god of the corn supply. (see Hybrid) (see Turreted) wearing a nimbus or halo surrounding the head. Indicating an aura of glory or power, it was associated with the sun god Sol (Greek Helios) who was sometimes shown with a radiate nimbus in place of the usual radiate crown.

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Nomen

Obverse

Octastyle Officina

Orichalcum

Palladium

Parazonium Patera Petasus Pileus

Planchet Plated Praenomen

Profectio

GLOSSARY GLOSSARY Antoninus Pius was the first emperor to appear nimbate (on the reverse of a sestertius) and although seen more frequently in the late Roman period it was never a common iconographic feature. (see also Gens), one of the three principal elements of a Roman name (praenomen, nomen, cognomen) it indicated the clan to which the individual’s family belonged (e.g. Gaius JULIUS Caesar). It was borne also by women (with a feminine ending, e.g. JULIA). from the Latin obversus (‘turned towards’) the obverse is the ‘front’ of a coin bearing what is considered to be the more important of the two designs struck on a flan. The earliest Greek coins bore only a single type engraved on the lower (anvil) die, whilst the upper (punch) die consisted of a simple raised square. This effectively held the flan in place during striking and produced the well known incuse which typifies the reverses of the archaic Greek coinage. The anvil die thus came to be regarded as providing the chief element of a coin’s design. (see Tetrastyle) one of the separate workshops within a mint establishment. From the mid3rd century AD the products of an officina are often identified by a letter or numeral in the reverse field or exergue. Later, they are sometimes combined with the mint name, e.g. R P = 1st officina of Roma; ANT � = 4th officina of Antioch. brass, a yellowish alloy of copper with zinc. It was used extensively for coinage in the Imperial period, principally for the sestertius and dupondius denominations. As the dupondius was not significantly heavier than its half, the copper as, orichalcum was clearly more highly prized, perhaps being officially overvalued to the benefit of the government. a statue of Pallas-Athena (hence the name) reputedly stolen from Troy and subsequently brought to Italy by Aeneas. It was held in great reverence by the Romans who, because of its renowned protective powers, regarded it as the guardian of their city. a short sword or large dagger worn at the waist, it is usually depicted sheathed. a shallow bowl or dish without handles, it was frequently used in religious ceremonies for pouring libations or scattering grain and salt. It also served as a symbol of the priesthood of the Septemviri Epulones. a flat hat, with or without a brim, especially associated with Mercury (Greek Hermes), the messenger of the gods. When depicted on Roman coins the petasus of Mercury is normally winged as an indication of his swiftness. a conical felt hat associated with the Dioscuri (Castor and Pollux), twin sons of Jupiter; with Vulcan (Greek Hephaistos), god of iron and fire; and with Ulysses (Greek Odysseus), hero of Homer’s Odyssey. The pileus was also symbolic of freedom, as it was given to former slaves who had been granted their freedom, hence its use as a symbol of Libertas. (see Flan) (see Fourrée) one of the three principal elements of a Roman name (praenomen, nomen, cognomen) it indicated the personal name of the individual within his family (e.g. GAIUS Julius Caesar). It was selected from a relatively small number of recognized praenomina, the most common of which were Aulus (abbreviated A.), Decimus (D.), Gaius (C.), Gnaeus (Cn.), Lucius (L.), Marcus (M.), Publius (P.), Quintus (Q.), Servius (Ser.), Sextus (Sex.), Tiberius (Ti.), and Titus (T.). the departure of an emperor from Rome at the commencement of a journey or military campaign. He is usually shown mounted, though is sometimes on foot (see also Adventus).

GLOSSARY GLOSSARY Quadriga Quinquennalia Radiate

Redux

Reverse

Rostrum

Serratus

Signum Simpulum Sistrum Standard

Tetrastyle Thyrsus Togate Trident Triga Tripod

13 13

a chariot drawn by a team of four animals, usually horses. (see Decennalia) decorated with rays, like those of the sun, this term is usually applied to the spiky crown sometimes worn by emperors as an alternative to a wreath. Normally indicating a double denomination (dupondius = two asses, antoninianus = two denarii) it derives from the headdress of the sun-god Sol (Greek Helios) and implies an association of the emperor with the divinity. The equivalent attribute for empresses was a crescent moon behind the shoulders, symbolic of the goddess Luna (Greek Selene). ‘bringing back’, this epithet was often applied to the goddess Fortuna in the sense that she was being invoked to protect the emperor on his return journey to Rome, both by sea and by land (the former represented by Fortuna’s attribute of a rudder, the latter by a wheel placed beneath the seat of her throne or beside her standing figure). from the Latin reversus (‘turned away’) the reverse is the ‘back’ of a coin bearing what is considered to be the subordinate of the two designs struck on a flan. The earliest Greek coins bore only a single type engraved on the lower (anvil) die, whilst the upper (punch) die consisted of a simple raised square. This effectively held the flan in place during striking and produced the well known incuse which typifies the reverses of the archaic Greek coinage. The punch die thus came to be regarded as providing only the secondary element of a coin’s design. the beak or ram of a warship, often with three prongs (rostrum tridens). Those captured by C. Maenius from the fleet of the neighbouring city of Antium in 338 BC were used to adorn the speakers’ platform in the Roman Forum. Thus, this structure acquired the name rostra (‘beaks’), hence the word rostrum in modern English. serrati were Roman Republican denarii with notched or serrated edges, produced by chiselling the blank prior to striking. This practice was confined to specific issues and was especially common in the late 2nd century BC through the early decades of the 1st century. The reason for the contemporaneous production of serrati and regular denarii remains uncertain. (see Standard) an earthenware ladle with long handle used by the Pontifices for pouring wine at sacrifices. It appears on the coinage as a symbol of this important priesthood. a ceremonial rattle which appears as an attribute of the Egyptian goddess Isis. It is also held by the personification of the province Aegyptus on Hadrian’s coinage commemorating his visits to various parts of the Empire. a military ensign (signum) borne by a signifer as an emblem of a cohort within a legion. It took the form of a pole or spear surmounted by a hand and with additional decorations on the shaft, including phalerae (metal discs), wreaths, and emblems commemorating the battle honours won by the unit. used to describe a building (usually a temple) showing four columns along its façade. Also distyle (two columns), hexastyle (six columns), octastyle (eight columns), and decastyle (ten columns). the staff of Bacchus (Greek Dionysos) usually surmounted by a pine cone and wreathed with tendrils of vine or ivy. clad in a toga, the cloak worn by Roman citizens on formal occasions. a three-pronged fishing spear, the regular attribute of Neptune. a chariot drawn by a team of three animals, usually horses. a three-legged stand, usually serving to support a seat or a large bowl (cortina = Greek lebes). It was especially associated with Apollo, because the priestess of the god at Delphi transmitted prophecies while seated on a

14 14

Triskeles

Trophy Turreted Vexillum

Vicennalia Victimarius Vota

GLOSSARY GLOSSARY tripod. At Rome, it also served as a symbol of the priesthood of the Quindecimviri Sacris Faciundis, who had charge of the Sibylline oracles. (Latin triquetra), ‘three-legs’, a device comprising three human legs joined at the hip and radiating from a central point. On Roman coins it symbolizes Sicily. Because of its shape, the island was sometimes called Trinacria (‘three-cornered’). the arms of a vanquished enemy, attached to a vertical shaft with cross piece, set up to commemorate a notable victory and often appearing on coins with captives at its foot. wearing a crown in the form of a city wall with towers or battlements (normally an attribute of Cybele or a city goddess and often called a mural crown). a military standard consisting of a square-shaped piece of cloth bearing a device suspended from a cross bar attached to a pole. Originally a standard of the legionary cavalry, in Imperial times it was used by auxiliary cavalry units (alae) and was borne by the senior standard-bearer, the vexillarius. It was also used by detached units (vexillatio). Its primary function seems to have been that of a commander’s flag used for signalling. Miniature vexilla were awarded as military decorations. (see Decennalia) an attendant at a ceremonial sacrifice whose task was to slay the sacrificial animal. (plural of votum). A vow made to a god in order to obtain a divine favour stipulated in advance. The granting of the request obliged the vower to fulfil his promise. This usually took the form of a sacrifice to the deity or an offering to his (or her) temple. Public vota in Imperial times were normally for the welfare of the emperor over a stated period of time (five or ten years) and were regularly undertaken (vota suscepta) and hopefully paid (vota soluta). Sometimes they were more specific, relating to the safety of the emperor on a particularly hazardous journey or military campaign, or the current state of his health. The undertaking and fulfillment of these public vows was frequently recorded on the coinage and in the late Empire especially may provide useful evidence for the chronological arrangement of issues (see also Decennalia).

LEGEND ABBREVIATIONS Roman coin inscriptions contain numerous abbreviations which are rarely separated by punctuation marks. The following are amongst the commonest forms and collectors should try to familiarize themselves with these before attempting to transcribe legends. AVG

C or CAES

CONOB

COS

DN

DD NN III VIR/IIII VIR

= Augustus, the honorific title bestowed on Octavian by the Senate on 16 January 27 BC and thereafter adopted by all of his successors as an indication of their supreme authority. [On some earlier coins of the Imperatorial period the abbreviation ‘AVG’ may be used to designate membership of the Augures, one of Rome’s four principal priestly colleges]. = Caesar, originally a cognomen of the Julia gens. In 49 BC Gaius Julius Caesar (later dictator) initiated the period of civil conflict which led to the downfall of the Republic and the establishment of autocratic rule under his heir, Octavian (Augustus). After the extinction of the Julio-Claudian dynasty Caesar was adopted as an imperial title by their successors. It was also borne by the heir to the throne prior to his assumption of supreme authority. = Constantinopolis Obryza, ‘Pure Gold of Constantinople’. This form of mint mark, appearing in the exergues of late Roman and Byzantine solidi and fractional gold denominations, had its origins in the second half of the 4th century. ‘Obryza’, a word of obscure derivation, indicated that the gold from which the coin had been struck had been tested and was guaranteed pure. Initially, other mints employed a similar formula (ANTOB for Antioch, MDOB for Mediolanum, etc.) but eventually CONOB came to be utilized universally, without regard to the actual place of mintage. An important variation appearing at a number of western mints was COMOB. This may have had a slightly different meaning, the COM possibly indicating the office of Comes Auri (‘Count of Gold’), the official charged with the responsibility of supervising the Imperial gold supplies in the western provinces of the Empire (see also under MINTS AND MINT MARKS OF THE LATER ROMAN EMPIRE). = Consul, the highest annually elected magistracy of the Roman Republic. From 509 BC until the fall of the Republic two consuls were appointed each year to act as temporary heads of state. Consuls continued to hold office under the Imperial constitution and quite frequently the emperor himself, or his heir, occupied the position (see also under ‘DATING ROMAN IMPERIAL COINS’). = Dominus Noster, ‘Our Lord’. Introduced under the First Tetrarchy in the early years of the 4th century AD. Common after the middle of the century when it replaced IMP (erator) at the beginning of inscriptions. = Dominorum Nostrorum, the plural of Dominus Noster. = Triumvir/Quattuorvir, ‘One of Three/Four Men’. This title was used to describe the annual mint magistrates (usually three in number, but sometimes four) of the Republic and early Empire. This appointment formed an important step in the progression (cursus honorum) of a public career, possibly leading to an eventual consulate. The full title was Tres Viri/Quattuor Viri Aere Argento Auro Flando Feriundo (‘Three/Four Men for the Casting [and] Striking of Bronze, Silver [and] Gold’). This sometimes appears on the coinage, notably the reformed aes denominations of Augustus where it is rendered as III VIR A A A F F.

16 16 III VIR R P C

IMP

PERP or PP

PF

PM

PP

SC

SPQR

TR P

LEGEND ABBREVIATIONS LEGEND ABBREVIATIONS = Triumvir Reipublicae Constituendae, ‘One of Three Men for the Regulation of the Republic’. The title adopted in November of 43 BC by the three Caesarian leaders (Mark Antony, Octavian and Lepidus) when they formed the Second Triumvirate to oppose the tyrannicides Brutus and Cassius. = Imperator, ‘Commander’. Under the Republic it came to designate a victorious general whose success was enthusiastically acclaimed by his troops. For its later development as an Imperial title, see under ‘DATING ROMAN IMPERIAL COINS’. = Perpetuus, ‘Continuous’. In the early Empire this indicated the holding of a specific office for life, e.g. CENS(or) PERP(petuus) under Domitian. However, from the late 5th century into Byzantine times it replaced the traditional ‘P F’, standing on its own as an Imperial title immediately preceding that of Augustus. = Pius Felix, ‘Dutiful’ (to the gods, the State, and to one’s family) and ‘Happy’ (in good fortune and success). From the mid-3rd to the late 5th centuries AD these titles often immediately preceded that of Augustus, until superseded by ‘PP’ (Perpetuus). = Pontifex Maximus, ‘Greatest of the Pontifices’. The sixteen Pontifices formed one of the four senior colleges of priests in Rome and were charged with the supervision of ceremonies connected with the state religion. The head of the Pontifices was the Pontifex Maximus (a title still borne by the Pope today). Augustus received the title in 13 BC on the death of its last Republican holder, the former Triumvir Lepidus. Thereafter, it was normally assumed by each emperor at the time of his accession (see also under ‘DATING ROMAN IMPERIAL COINS’). = Pater Patriae, ‘Father of his Country’. Augustus received this title in 2 BC and it was subsequently adopted by most of his successors at the time of their accession (see also under ‘DATING ROMAN IMPERIAL COINS’). An earlier version (Parens Patriae) had been bestowed on Cicero after his exposure of the Catiline conspiracy in 63 BC and on Caesar in the final months of his life. = Senatus Consulto, ‘by Decree of the Senate’. Sometimes expressed more fully as EX S C. Referring to the authority by which the issue was made. Appears on most Imperial aes until the mid-3rd century, but also occasionally on precious metal issues of the Republic and early Empire. = Senatus Populusque Romanus, ‘The Roman Senate and People’. The traditional formula expressing the joint authority of the conscript fathers and the common citizenry. Although having little meaning in Imperial times it continues to appear quite regularly on the coinage down to the time of Constantine the Great. = Tribunicia Potestas, ‘Tribunician Power’. Established in the early days of the Republic, the office of Tribune of the Plebs ultimately carried with it wide ranging powers and protections, including inviolability of person. On 1 July 23 BC Augustus obtained a lifetime grant of the tribunician power, an important step in the establishment of an autocracy as it gave him the absolute right of veto as well as the authority to convene the Senate. The tribunician power was generally assumed at the commencement of each new reign, though some emperors had already received it during their predecessor’s reign (e.g. Tiberius, Titus, Marcus Aurelius, etc.). It is of special interest when followed by a numeral as this allows a coin to be assigned to its precise year of issue, the tribunician power being renewed annually for the purpose of regnal dating (see also under ‘DATING ROMAN IMPERIAL COINS’).

THE DENOMINATIONS OF THE ROMAN COINAGE The earliest coinage of central Italy, known as Aes Grave, was of bronze, the various pieces being cast and not struck. Previous to the currency of these, irregular lumps of bronze (Aes Rude) and cast bronze bars or ingots bearing designs on both sides (Aes Signatum) were in use, although these may have been used as bullion exchangeable by weight rather than as money. Aes Grave was first issued by the Roman Republic about 280 BC, but the Romans soon realized that in order to facilitate commerce with other Italian and and non-Italian states it was also necessary to have a more convenient coinage comprising silver denominations and struck bronzes. Accordingly, they introduced silver didrachms and bronze double litrae and litrae closely resembling the coinages of the cities of Magna Graecia. Some years later, between the First and Second Punic Wars, the coinage underwent certain modifications. This resulted in the introduction of a new series of Aes Grave, the standardized types of which were subsequently adopted as the norm for most of the later issues of Republican bronze; and a fundamental change in the design of the silver coinage, which saw the large scale production of quadrigatus-didrachms bearing a janiform head of the Dioscuri on obverse and Jupiter in a four-horse chariot (quadriga) on reverse. The following table shows the obverse types and relative values of the various bronze denominations, the common reverse type being the prow of a galley: As Semis Triens Quadrans Sextans Uncia

head of Janus head of Saturn head of Minerva head of Hercules head of Mercury head of Roma

mark of value I mark of value S mark of value 4 pellets mark of value 3 pellets mark of value 2 pellets mark of value pellet

= 12 unciae = 6 unciae = 4 unciae = 3 unciae = 2 unciae

(The mark of value is usually shown on both sides of the coin).

Struck bronze as of 211–206 BC (no. 627) In the closing years of the 3rd century BC the crisis of the Second Punic War was responsible for a complete restructuring of the Roman currency system. The Aes Grave underwent a rapid series of weight reductions and were gradually superseded by lighter struck bronze coins, the transition being complete by circa 211 BC. The same date also saw the abandonment of the silver quadrigatus-didrachm in favour of the denarius, a smaller and lighter piece valued at 10 asses (mark of value X). Seven decades later the denarius was re-tariffed at 16 asses (mark of value XVI), a value

18 18

THE DENOMINATIONS OF THE ROMAN COINAGE THE DENOMINATIONS OF THE ROMAN COINAGE

Aes Grave as of 225–217 BC (no. 570)

Silver didrachm of 280–275 BC (no. 22)

Silver quadrigatus-didrachm of 215–213 BC (No. 32)

Silver denarius of 206–194 BC (no. 54)

Silver victoriatus of 211–206 BC (no. 49)

Silver quinarius of 211–206 BC (no. 44)

Silver sestertius of 211–206 BC (no. 46)

Gold 60-as of 211–208 BC (no. 3)

THE DENOMINATIONS OF THE ROMAN COINAGE THE DENOMINATIONS OF THE ROMAN COINAGE

19 19

which it retained into the Imperial period. The denarius was destined to be the principal denomination of both the Republican and the Imperial monetary systems until its replacement by the double denarius (antoninianus) in the mid-3rd century AD. At the same time as the inauguration of the denarius (circa 211 BC) two fractional silver pieces were also introduced. However, the quinarius or half denarius (mark of value V = 5 asses) and the sestertius (mark of value IIS = 2 asses and a semis) were struck only for the first few years following the reform of circa 211 BC, though both were to be revived at a much later date. The victoriatus (so-called because of its reverse type of Victory crowning a trophy) was another new denomination resulting from the reform of circa 211 BC. In weight it was the same as the pre-reform drachm or half quadrigatus and was the equivalent of three-quarters of the denarius. Its primary purpose was for circulation amongst Greek communities, principally those of southern Italy, but with the expansion of Rome’s horizons following her victory over the Carthaginians in the Second Punic War the denomination gradually lost its importance and was finally discontinued about 170 BC.

Gold quinarius of Tiberius (no. 1761 var.)

Gold aureus of Brutus, 42 BC (no. 1430)

Gold coins were seldom issued and formed no part of the regular coinage in the Republican period. They were struck usually for military purposes at times of emergency and all types are now rare. In the period of civil strife following the assassination of Julius Caesar on the Ides of March, 44 BC, gold was issued by and for many of the contenders for political power, notably the Triumvirs Mark Antony and Octavian and the Republican leaders Brutus and Cassius. The gold issues of Octavian (later Augustus) eventually evolved into the first Roman Imperial gold coinage. No regular Republican bronze was issued after about 82 BC, but once Augustus had achieved supreme power and restored peace to the Roman world he resumed the large scale production of aes as part of his re-organization of the currency system (circa 18 BC). Authority for the minting of gold and silver was retained by Augustus, but the orichalcum (brass) and copper coins were issued under the nominal control of the Senate, as evidenced by the ubiquitous formula ‘S C’ (Senatus Consulto). Initially, the names of the responsible moneyers appeared prominently on the Augustan aes (as on the coinage of the Roman Republic), but this practice ceased after about 4 BC. Gold issues now became a regular part of the coinage and the various denominations of the reorganized system are shown in the following table: Gold aureus Gold quinarius Silver denarius Silver quinarius Brass sestertius Brass dupondius Copper as Brass semis Copper quadrans

= = = = = = = =

25 silver denarii 12�� silver denarii 16 copper asses 8 copper asses 4 copper asses 2 copper asses 4 copper quadrantes 2 copper quadrantes

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Copper as of Tiberius (no. 1770)

Copper quadrans of Augustus (no. 1693)

The dupondius and as, though of similar size, could be distinguished by the colour of the metal (yellow brass, red copper), the radiate head of the emperor only coming into use as a regular feature of the former coin at a later date. Other than a small early Augustan issue the silver quinarius was not struck during the Julio-Claudian period. It was revived by Galba in AD 68 and thereafter its production continued under the Flavian emperors and their successors.

Silver cistophorus of Claudius (no. 1838)

Brass semis of Nero (no. 1979)

At certain Asian mints – notably Ephesus and Pergamum – Augustus and some of his successors continued to strike the large silver pieces known as cistophori, equal in value to three denarii. Coins of this size and value, bearing as one of their types the Dionysiac snake-basket or cista mystica, had been the chief currency of the kingdom of Pergamum in Asia Minor (later the Roman province of Asia) from early in the 2nd century BC. Although in the Imperial period the types of the cistophorus were more in accord with the general style of Roman issues the coin was still recognizable to the people of provincia Asia and readily passed current. Nero (AD 54–68), who, with all his faults, was a man of innovation and artistic appreciation, took a keen interest in the Imperial coinage and this led him to institute the experimental issue of an as and a quadrans struck in orichalcum (brass) in addition to those of copper. Whether his ultimate intention was to discard copper altogether is uncertain, but with the exception of a few isolated issues the experiment did not survive his suicide in AD 68 which ended the Julio-Claudian dynasty. Brass sestertii of the 1st and 2nd centuries AD are amongst the most attractive of all the coins in the Roman series. They frequently bear interesting types which, because of the large size of the flan, are rendered in great detail, thus adding to the visual impact of these handsome pieces. When in the finest condition sestertii are much sought-after by collectors and consistently realize high prices. Although their smaller flans do not provide the same scope, the dupondii and asses also are

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Brass sestertius of Hadrian

Brass dupondius of Vespasian

Silver quinarius of Domitian

often beautiful examples of the Roman engraver’s art. In the 3rd century, however, the weight and the artistic level of the sestertius and its fractions underwent a decline. In fact, by the time the Emperor Trajan Decius (AD 249–51) introduced his experimental double sestertius, showing the emperor wearing a radiate crown, the coin weighed little more than many of the sestertii of the Julio-Claudian era. Although not continued by Decius’ immediate successors, the double sestertius was incorporated into his aes coinage by the Gallic usurper Postumus (AD 260–268).

Brass double sestertius of Trajan Decius

Gold aureus of Nero (no. 1927)

The weight of the aureus and the denarius, as well as the fineness of the latter, were reduced by Nero as part of his currency measures undertaken in AD 64. Successive emperors – always pressed for money – carried on the evil process until, by the reign of Caracalla, the denarius contained barely 40% silver. This emperor further debased the coinage by introducing a new denomination of similar metal which, although only equivalent in weight to about one and a half denarii, was

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Silver denarius of Trajan

Silver antoninianus of Pupienus

apparently officially tariffed as the equivalent of two. This new piece, which we know as an antoninianus (after Caracalla’s official name Antoninus), always shows the emperor wearing a radiate crown instead of the laurel-wreath of the denarius. In the case of empresses, the larger silver denomination is distinguished by the addition of a crescent placed beneath the bust.

Silver antoninianus of Otacilia Severa

Billon antoninianus of Aurelian

By the middle of the 3rd century the antoninianus had driven the denarius out of circulation. With the acute political and economic crisis which was afflicting the Empire at this time the antoninianus became increasingly debased until, by the latter part of the sole reign of Gallienus (AD 260–68), it was reduced to a mere base metal coin of diminished size with only a tiny silver content. Aurelian, in his reform of the coinage (circa AD 273), restored the antoninianus to something like its original size and fixed the silver content at about 5% (perhaps indicated by the ‘XXI’ mark which it frequently bore in the exergue). He also revived the denarius (struck in the same metal as the antoninianus) and attempted to reintroduce aes, principally asses. Prior to this reform antoniniani of Gallienus’ successor Claudius II Gothicus (AD 268–70) and of the Gallic usurper Tetricus (AD 270–73) had been extensively imitated by unofficial mints in the West, chiefly in Britain and Gaul. Although sometimes reasonably competent copies of the originals, many of these ‘barbarous radiates’ are quite grotesque as well as being much smaller than the officially minted coins. With Aurelian’s reconquest of the Gallic Empire and his subsequent measures to regularize the currency these imitations were demonetized and quickly disappeared from circulation.

Silver argenteus-siliqua of Diocletian

Billon follis of Diocletian

Thus, by the closing decades of the 3rd century, Rome’s Imperial coinage bore little resemblance to the system instituted by Augustus almost three centuries before. The silver coinage had become hopelessly debased; aes production had virtually ceased, despite Aurelian’s attempt to

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restore it in AD 273; and gold, though still retaining its fineness, was no longer struck on a consistent weight standard. The time was ripe for radical reform and, beginning about AD 294, the Emperor Diocletian undertook a series of measures with the object of restoring confidence in the Imperial coinage. The most important of the changes was the introduction of two new denominations: the siliqua (commonly referred to as the argenteus), a silver coin of approximately the same weight and fineness as the reformed Neronian denarius; and the follis, a large billon coin containing about 5% silver. Production of the antoninianus was now discontinued, though a coin of similar appearance remained in issue for about a decade following the reform. This piece no longer bore the mark ‘XXI’ on the reverse and it contained no trace of silver. It is referred to in this catalogue as a post-reform radiate.

Bronze post-reform radiate of Diocletian

Gold solidus of Constantine I

Constantine the Great (AD 307–37) made further changes to the monetary system. In place of the aureus, which was currently being struck at 60 to the pound of gold (5.4 grams), he introduced into the western provinces a new and lighter coin called the solidus, which was produced at 72 pieces to the pound (4.5 grams). With the defeat of Constantine’s eastern rival Licinius (AD 308–24) production of the solidus became universal throughout the Empire. The aureus was still occasionally struck thereafter, but its issue was generally confined to the celebration of special occasions. Two gold fractional denominations accompanied the solidus, though they were never produced in the same quantities as the larger piece. The semissis was the equivalent of a half solidus, while the 9–siliqua piece (also called the one and a half scripulum) was the equivalent of three-eighths of a solidus. Before the end of the 4th century this curious and seemingly inconvenient denomination was replaced by a one-third solidus or tremissis.

Silver argenteus-siliqua of Constantius II

Silver miliarensis of Constans

In AD 325 Constantine resumed production of the Diocletianic siliqua or argenteus which had lapsed after about AD 310. At the same time he introduced the larger silver miliarensis which was one-third heavier than the siliqua (four scruples instead of three) and the same weight as the gold solidus (4.5 grams). A few years later, after the death of Constantine, a heavier version of the miliarensis was introduced. This ‘heavy miliarensis’ was struck at 60 to the pound, the same weight as the old gold aureus (5.4 grams). Both versions of the miliarensis remained in issue over a considerable period of time, extending even into the Byzantine period. The siliqua, however, soon underwent some fundamental changes. About AD 357 Constantius II, the last surviving son of Constantine I, reduced the weight of the siliqua from 1/96 of a pound (3.375 grams or three

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scruples) to 1/144 pound (2.25 grams or two scruples). In consequence, the lighter version of the miliarensis now became a double siliqua.

Silver reduced siliqua of Julian II

Billon centenionalis of Constantine II

The late Roman bronze coinage presents many problems. The billon follis denomination, introduced by Diocletian in the final decade of the 3rd century, soon began to decline in size and weight. Its original weight of about 10 grams was, by circa AD 318, down to about one-third of that level and it became clear to Constantine that measures needed to be undertaken to stabilize the situation. Accordingly, a new billon coin, weighing a little over 3 grams, was introduced at this time at the mints under the western emperor’s control. This was extended to all the mints of the Empire after the defeat of Licinius in AD 324. The name of this new coin is not certainly known, though it appears likely that it was called a centenionalis (most cataloguers refer to it simply as ‘Æ 3’). In AD 330 the weight of the centenionalis itself began to decline, just as its predecessor had done, and by AD 336 its weight was down to a mere 1.7 grams. With the political troubles consequent on Constantine’s death in 337 remedial measures were delayed for more than a decade and it was not until about AD 348 that Constantius II and Constans reformed the bronze coinage by introducing

Billon maiorina of Constantius II

Billon half maiorina of Constans

several new denominations to replace the centenionalis – the billon maiorina, struck on two weight standards (5.2 grams and 4.5 grams) and a half maiorina, weighing about 2.6 grams. Once again, the nomenclature is not certain and the maiorina has frequently been referred to in previous catalogues as a centenionalis. Unfortunately, the new arrangement was destined to have the same chequered history as its predecessors, with a rapid decline in size and weight culminating in a tiny billon piece weighing only 1.9 grams by the end of Constantius’ reign in AD 361. The picture was further complicated by the issues of a western usurper Magnentius (AD 350–53) who, in obvious financial straits towards the end of his reign, attempted to replace the billon maiorina with a larger bronze piece. This initially weighed over 8 grams, but underwent a series of rapid reductions as the rebel regime neared its violent end. A final brave attempt to revive the ailing late Roman bronze coinage was made by Julian II late in his reign (AD 363). Interestingly, the introduction of a large billon piece weighing about 8.25 grams looks remarkably like an attempt to restore the Diocletianic follis, inviting speculation that the pagan emperor had the deliberate intention of reverting to the last coinage reform of preChristian times. The experiment was, of course, short-lived and the denomination was soon abandoned by his Christian successors. More lasting was another denomination introduced by Julian – a bronze ‘Æ 3’ weighing just under 3 grams and closely resembling the Constantinian billon centenionalis of AD 318. This revived centenionalis survived into the 5th century and although, like

THE DENOMINATIONS OF THE ROMAN COINAGE THE DENOMINATIONS OF THE ROMAN COINAGE

Billon restored follis of Julian II

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Bronze restored centenionalis of Julian II

other 4th century bronze denominations, its weight tended to decline with the passage of years there was actually an attempt to restore it to its original level in AD 395. Another bronze denomination which appeared in the closing decades of the 4th century was an ‘Æ 2’ introduced by the western emperor Gratian circa AD 379. Although struck in bronze rather than billon, this piece was otherwise reminiscent of the maiorina introduced three decades before and may be considered a revival of that denomination. It was to last until AD 395 when it was demonetized under the terms of a rescript preserved in the Codex Theodosianus (ix. 232), though there were still a few isolated

Bronze restored maiorina of Theodosius I

Bronze half centenionalis or nummus of Magnus Maximus

issues of ‘Æ 2s’ during the course of the 5th century. Also appearing about AD 379 was a new ‘Æ 4’ denomination, presumably representing the half of the revived centenionalis. This diminutive coin was to have a much longer history, eventually becoming the only bronze denomination in regular issue as the disastrous 5th century progressed. Also known as the nummus, the latest miserable examples of the ‘Æ 4’ frequently weigh less than 1 gram, being almost indistinguishable from imitations produced by the various barbarian tribes who were now invading and occupying former Roman territory. Unofficial ‘barbarous’ copies of late Roman bronze coinage had been produced from Constantinian times onwards, many of them imitated from the post-348 maiorinae of Constantius II with reverse legend FEL TEMP REPARATIO and type soldier spearing fallen horseman.

Gold semissis of Zeno

Gold tremissis of Leo I

In AD 498 the Emperor Anastasius carried out a sweeping reform of the bronze coinage. This introduced a whole new range of denominations, each being a multiple of the old nummus and bearing its mark value conspicuously on the reverse (e.g. M = 40 nummi, K = 20 nummi, I = 10

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nummi, etc.). As the introduction of these novel coins marks an almost complete break with the traditions of the Roman coinage, the Anastasian aes reform has been considered a convenient point at which to commence the Byzantine series, though no adjustments to the precious metal coinage were made at this time.

THE REVERSE TYPES OF THE IMPERIAL COINAGE Although most collectors of Roman Imperial coins begin by attempting to acquire a selection of portraits of the emperors and their families, it is in the remarkable array of reverse types that the unique interest and historical value of the series will be found. Moreover, a sound knowledge of these types will often make it possible to attribute a coin even when the legends are obscure (especially important when coins from excavations are being used as archaeological evidence).

I. DEITIES AND PERSONIFICATIONS In the following notes it is proposed briefly to outline the more important types (the chief deities of the Roman pantheon and a few other divinities which achieved great popularity in the Roman World) and their customary attributes, after which the principal personifications, which constitute the majority of the reverse types, will be dealt with.

As of Caracalla Aesculapius. The god of medicine and healing, he is shown as a man of mature years, holding a staff about which a snake twines. He is often accompanied by a small figure representing his attendant, Telesphorus. His image appears on Roman Provincial (‘Greek Imperial’) coins at a number of mints, including Epidaurus, where the great temple of Asklepios was situated, and Pergamum, where there was a celebrated sanctuary of the god (the Asklepieion) which was greatly embellished during the reign of Hadrian.

Antoninianus of Trebonianus Gallus (Apollo)

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Apollo. The sun-god, Apollo, was also god of music and the arts, of prophecy, and the protector of flocks and herds: he is usually depicted with a lyre. Amongst his titles are CONSERVATOR, PALATINVS (as protector of the imperial residence on the Palatine), and PROPVGNATOR. He appears at intervals on the Imperial coinage from Augustus to Carausius and then, like most pagan types, falls out of use in the 4th century. On Roman Provincial coins Apollo is a frequent type, appearing on the Alexandrian series as Apollo Aktios or Pythios, and on coins of Ephesus with the title Hikesios, indicating his role as protector of suppliants. On colonial bronzes of Apamea he is named APOLLO CLARIVS, after his sanctuary at Clarus near Colophon. More commonly encountered are depictions of the god without name or title.

Denarius of Septimius Severus Bacchus. Under his ancient Italian name of Liber, the god of wine occasionally appears as a coin type. He is generally shown holding a wine-cup and thyrsus and is accompanied by his attendant panther. Sometimes his head only is depicted, crowned with vine or ivy leaves. On a coin of Gallienus the panther appears on its own, with the legend LIBERO P CONS AVG. Few emperors, however, adopted Bacchus as a coin type. In the Roman Provincial series, however, Dionysos was a very popular type and occurs on the coins of many cities.

Dupondius of Claudius Ceres. In the 1st and 2nd centuries AD Ceres appears frequently as a coin type and is generally shown holding ears of corn to symbolize her function as presiding goddess of agriculture. Sometimes she bears a torch to signify her search in the darkness for her lost daughter Proserpina, who had been abducted to Hades by Pluto. The epithet most most commonly applied to her is Frugifera (‘bearing fruits’). On Roman Provincial coins she appears as the goddess Demeter, sometimes accompanied by her daughter Persephone (the Greek name for Proserpina).

Aureus of Julia Domna (Cybele)

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Cybele. Of Asian origin, the Mother of the Gods was not commonly depicted as a Roman coin type, except in the 2nd and early 3rd centuries AD. She is usually shown wearing a turreted crown and holding a tympanum (small drum or tambourine), and is either in a car drawn by lions or enthroned between the animals. The accompanying legend is normally MATER DEVM or MATRI MAGNAE, or a similar variant. Many Greek cities have Kybele on their coins during the Imperial period, her cult being very popular in Asia Minor.

Sestertius of Faustina Junior

Diana. The sister of Apollo, Diana was regarded as the moon-goddess and is sometimes represented with a lunar crescent above her forehead. When given the title of LVCIFERA (‘the lightbringer’) she is depicted holding a long torch, symbolic of moonlight. She was also protectress of the young and deity of the chase. In the latter role she is equipped with bow and arrows and is sometimes accompanied by a hound or deer. Her other titles include CONSERVATRIX and VICTRIX. As DIANA EPHESIA she appears as a cultus-figure on Asian cistophori of the reigns of Claudius and Hadrian. The most famous shrine of Diana (or Artemis as she was called by the Greeks) was the celebrated Artemision at Ephesus, one of the Seven Wonders of the World. It is mentioned in the Acts of the Apostles (19, 27) and some of the local issues of the city show the statue of Artemis Ephesia either alone or within a representation of the famed temple. The cult of Artemis Ephesia was widespread and was honoured on the coinages of many cities, utilizing similar types.

Follis of Maxentius The Dioscuri. The twins Castor and Pollux, sons of Jupiter and Leda, appear frequently on the Republican coinage and their mounted figures galloping side by side was selected as the exclusive type for the denarius during its initial phase of issue and the principal type for the first seven decades. Invariably, their headdress is the conical pileus, often surmounted by a star to denote divinity. In Imperial times, however, the Dioscuri are rarely featured. Castor alone stands beside his horse on gold of Commodus and silver of Geta, whilst both figures make a final appearance on the early 4th century coinage of Maxentius.

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On the Roman Provincial coinage the Dioskouroi appear on the issues of a number of cities, notably the Ionian mint of Phocaea, and sometimes they are represented solely by their pilei surmounted by stars.

Aureus of Carausius Hercules. Son of Jupiter by the mortal Alcmene, Hercules was a popular coin type from the 1st century AD until the time of Constantine the Great. He can always be recognized by his splendid physique and by his constant attributes of club and lion’s skin. Commodus, who regarded Hercules as his tutelary deity and even, in his final years, appears to have believed himself a reincarnation of the demi-god, struck many medallions and coins bearing either the figure of Hercules or types relating to him. At a later date, Postumus issued a series bearing types alluding to the various ‘labours’. The titles of Hercules are many, and include CONSERVATOR, DEFENSOR, ROMANVS, and VICTOR. Many Roman Provincial mints depicted Herakles, especially those named Heraclea after the demi-god. Under Antoninus Pius the mint of Alexandria issued a remarkable series of bronze hemidrachms illustrating the deity’s extraordinary exploits.

Small bronze of the time of Julian II Isis. Of purely Egyptian origin, Isis, the wife of Osiris, became one of the most popular deities with the Romans and even had several temples dedicated to her in the Imperial capital. She rarely appears, however, on the Imperial coinage, though she is sometimes shown in the company of Serapis. Her normal attribute is the sistrum (rattle), but on a coin of Julia Domna she nurses the infant Horus. Isis also appears on a number of Roman Provincial issues, especially, of course, on the coinage of Alexandria. Sometimes her head only is shown, and sometimes she is represented as Isis Pharia, holding a sail billowing in the wind, with or without a representation of the celebrated Pharos (lighthouse) of Alexandria.

As of Hadrian (Janus)

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Janus. Although the double head of Janus was the regular obverse type of the Republican as throughout almost the entire period of its issue, the deity very seldom appears on any of the issues of the emperors. He was the god of beginnings, looking both to past and future, and the first month of the year was named after him. He appears at infrequent intervals as a reverse type – a full-length figure holding a sceptre – and the Ianus Geminus (‘Twin Janus’) features on an extensive issue of aes under Nero. When there was peace throughout the Empire the doors of this small shrine were ceremonially closed – an event sufficiently rare to warrant commemoration on the coinage.

Aureus of Julia Soaemias Juno. The sister and consort of Jupiter is depicted as a tall matron, either seated or standing, holding a patera and a sceptre. She is frequently accompanied by a peacock and on certain posthumous issues of empresses the bird may appear alone, either standing or in flight, bearing the deceased Augusta to heaven (the same role fulfilled by Jupiter’s eagle in the case of deified emperors). The temple of Juno Moneta on the Capitoline Hill was of special importance from a numismatic standpoint as the Roman mint was established in its vicinity in Republican times. Eventually, this led to the use of the word moneta to mean ‘mint’ and later ‘money’, though its original meaning as an epithet of Juno is unknown. Her titles include REGINA, LVCINA (referring to her role as the presiding deity of childbirth), CONSERVATRIX, and VICTRIX. The representations of Hera on Roman Provincial issues are far less frequent than those of her consort Zeus, though she does appear at Chalcis in Euboea and at the Bithynian mint of Nicomedia. On an Alexandrian tetradrachm of Nero the veiled bust of Hera Argeia (Hera of Argos) is shown, identified by the accompanying legend HRA ARGEIA.

Sestertius of Domitian Jupiter. Jove, or Jupiter, Optimus Maximus (‘the Best and Greatest), is usually depicted as a tall bearded man in the prime of life, nude or semi-nude, holding a thunderbolt in his right hand and a sceptre in his left. Sometimes standing, sometimes enthroned, the figure of the Father of the Gods must have been a familiar sight to every Roman from the numerous statues erected in his honour in Rome and in all the principal cities of the Empire. On some coins he is depicted holding a small figure of Victory, or his attendant eagle, instead of a thunderbolt: often the eagle is shown standing at his feet. He may also be represented by an eagle alone, both on regular issues and on posthumous coins of deified emperors. The titles of Jupiter are numerous: they include CONSERVATOR, CVSTOS (Protector of the emperor), LIBERATOR, PROPVGNATOR, STATOR (the Stayer of armies about to flee), TONANS (the Thunderer), TVTATOR, and VICTOR. One unusual representation of the god is as a child seated on the back of the nymph Amalthea’s goat, with the legend IOVI CRESCENTI, “to the Growing Jupiter”. This appears on a coin of the young Caesar

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Valerian, son of Gallienus, and clearly implies a comparison between the young prince and the young god. On Roman Provincial coins representations of Zeus are legion and often are accompanied by one of his many titles, such as Kapetolios (referring to the Roman Capitoline Jupiter), Kasios (referring to his worship on Mount Casium in Syria), and Olympios (at Alexandria).

Antoninianus of Gallienus Luna. The moon-goddess is usually equated with Diana Lucifera and only appears with her own name on coins of Julia Domna and Gallienus. Her Greek counterpart, Selene, appears rather more frequently on the Roman Provincial coinage and sometimes her head is shown conjoined with that of the sun-god Sol. The crescent-moon, which is symbolic of Luna, sometimes occurs as a type, usually in association with a number of stars. In the 3rd century the crescent of Luna appears at the empress’s shoulders on the obverses of antoniniani and dupondii to indicate the double value of these denominations (cf. also under Sol).

Antoninianus of Elagabalus Mars. The god of war – always a popular deity with the Romans – appears frequently as a coin type down to the time of Constantine the Great. He is usually shown with his spear and shield, or with a trophy instead of the latter indicating success in a military campaign. He is sometimes nude, except for a helmet and cloak, and sometimes in full armour. When given the title of PACIFER he bears the olive-branch of Peace, though in this connection one remembers the words which Tacitus puts into the mouth of a British chieftain who, referring to the Romans, says ‘They make a desert and call it peace’. Amongst the other titles of Mars are CONSERVATOR, PROPVGNATOR (the Champion of Rome), VLTOR (the Avenger), and VICTOR. Mars, known to the Greeks as Ares, appears on a few Roman Provincial issues, but his name or titles are rarely given.

Sestertius of Herennius Etruscus (Mercury)

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Mercury. The messenger of the gods was reverenced as the patron of artists, orators, travellers, merchants and, curiously, thieves. He is one of the least frequent of the major deities to appear as a coin type in Imperial times, though his head had been the standard obverse type for the sextans and semuncia denominations on the Republican coinage. He is generally depicted wearing the winged cap or petasus and carrying a purse and a caduceus. The latter is occasionally used alone as a coin type, notably on the smaller denominations. On Roman Provincial coins the Greek Hermes was only adopted as a type by some half-dozen cities, appearing without name or title.

As of Claudius Minerva. The counterpart in Roman mythology of the Greek Pallas Athene, Minerva frequently appears on coins, particularly those of Domitian who regarded her as his special tutelary deity. A war-like goddess, she usually bears a spear and a shield and is equipped with helmet and aegis. Sometimes she holds a small figure of Victory or is accompanied by her attendant bird, the owl. Minerva guided men in the dangers of war, where victory is gained by prudence, courage, and perseverance. She was also goddess of wisdom and patroness of the arts. Amongst her titles are PACIFERA, bringer of Peace, and VICTRIX. On the Roman Provincial issues she is sometimes named as Athena, with perhaps an additional title such as Areia (at Pergamum), Ilias (at Ilium), and Argeia (at Alexandria).

Denarius of Claudius Nemesis. Originally associated with the concept of rightful apportionment, Nemesis came to be regarded as the avenger of crimes and punisher of wrong-doers. Her complex character led to many local interpretations of her role as a goddess and sometimes she was associated with other deities, such as Aequitas, Pax, and Victory, who appeared to be able to assist her in the fulfillment of her various functions. Nemesis makes comparatively few appearances on the Imperial coinage. When she does, she is depicted winged, holding a caduceus or olive-branch, and sometimes with a snake at her feet. A curious gesture especially associated with this goddess is the drawing out of a fold of drapery from her breast. This has been explained as expressing the idea of aversion by spitting upon her bosom inside the opened garment. It was said that humans could avoid her anger by making this same gesture.

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Depictions of Nemesis on the Roman Provincial coinage are rather more frequent. Here, she is not always winged and is typically shown holding a bridle or cubit-rule with a wheel at her feet. Occasionally, two Nemeses may appear standing face to face. This relates to a legend in which the twin Nemeses of Smyrna appeared in a vision to Alexander the Great commanding him to refound the city.

As of Agrippa Neptune. The god of the sea had appeared only infrequently on the later Republican coinage, the first occasion being on a silver quinarius of the moneyer L. Rubrius Dossenus in 87 BC. In Imperial times his depictions were more varied, though they remained sporadic. He is usually represented holding a dolphin and a trident, but sometimes holds an acrostolium (the prow ornament of a galley) instead of the former. The prow itself may be shown beside him, sometimes with his right foot resting on it. Poseidon, the Greek counterpart of Neptune, is of rare occurrence as a type on the Roman Provincial coinage. However, he does appear at Rhodes, with the name Poseidon Asphaleios (‘bringing safety’), and at Alexandria as Poseidon Isthmios (referring to the Isthmus of Corinth).

Sestertius of Nero Roma. The goddess who personified the city of Rome (and in a wider sense the Empire which she had conquered) is usually represented helmeted and in armour, holding a small figure of Victory, or a wreath, and a parazonium. She is often seated on a pile of arms representing the spoils of war. When the Roman Empire became Christian, the type continued in use as a personification of the city or the state, much as the figure of Britannia is regarded today. Roma also appears on the coinage of Alexandria, identified by the accompanying legend RWMH.

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Alexandrian tetradrachm of Hadrian Serapis. This deity was a creation of Ptolemy I of Egypt who wished to establish a cult in which his native Egyptian subjects and their new Greek rulers could participate together, thereby fostering a spirit of national unity. Thus, the Egyptians would be able to recognize the characteristics of Osiris and the Greeks would see Zeus, Hades, and Asklepios. The idea appears to have been a resounding success, as Serapis quickly became established as a major deity and later achieved enormous popularity in Rome and throughout the Empire, many splendid temples being erected in his honour. He appears intermittently on the Roman Imperial coinage from the time of Hadrian onwards and is usually shown raising his right hand and holding a sceptre. On his head he frequently wears a modius and the triple-headed dog Cerberus, guardian of the infernal regions, sometimes sits at his feet. Late in the 2nd century the Emperor Commodus invoke his special protection on a remarkable series inscribed SERAPIDI CONSERV AVG, and the early Severan emperors also showed great favour to the cult of Serapis, Septimius himself being of African birth. Serapis appears on the coins of a number of Roman Provincial mints, principally, of course, on those of Alexandria. Sometimes his bust is shown conjoined with that of the Egyptian goddess Isis, the consort of Osiris.

Antoninianus of Aurelian Sol. The sun-god frequently appears as a type during the 3rd century and the early decades of the 4th, down to the advent of Christianity under Constantine. He is usually depicted nude, or almost so, wearing a radiate crown and holding a globe or a whip. Sometimes he is shown in his chariot drawn by four lively horses and occasionally his bust only occurs as a type. His titles include COMES (‘Companion’) and INVICTVS (‘Unconquered’). When he is styled ORIENS, a name which properly refers to the eastern or rising sun, it may be taken as alluding to the rising fortunes of the emperor using the type. Helios, the Greek equivalent of Sol, appears in the Roman Provincial series on the coins of a number of Greek cities. Sometimes his head is shown conjoined with that of the moon-goddess Selene (Roman Luna). The radiate crown, which the emperor is usually shown wearing on the dupondius and antoninianus denominations (as well as the rare double sestertius), may be taken as an allusion to his position as the earthly personification of the sun-god. Similarly, from the time of Julia Domna to the end of the 3rd century, the empress is normally depicted on the same denominations with a crescent at her shoulders, this being a reference to the moon-goddess Luna. In both instances these distinctions also indicated the double value of the denomination (two asses, two denarii, and two sestertii respectively).

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Colonial bronze of Deultum in Thrace The Three Graces. The Gratiae, or Charites (Euphrosyne, Aglaia, and Thalia), were minor deities who personified the ideals of beauty, gentleness, and friendship. They were attendants of Aphrodite (Roman Venus) and they especially favoured poetry and the arts. Their images, consisting of a standing group of three nude female figures, do not appear on the Imperial coinage. However, the type was used by a number of mints in the Roman Provincial series, including Marcianopolis, Argos, Itanus, Naxos, and Magnesia ad Maeandrum, as well as the colonial mint of Deultum in Thrace. Statues of the Graces were popular throughout the Roman world and the Museum at Cyrene possesses one of the Hadrianic period. The type inspired Italian medallists as late as the 16th century.

Denarius of Julia, daughter of Titus Venus. The goddess of beauty and love was a favourite Roman coin type from Republican times until early in the 4th century. Amongst her titles are CAELESTIS, FELIX, GENETRIX, and VICTRIX, and she is usually depicted fully, or almost fully, clothed. Sometimes she holds an apple, sometimes a helmet and a sceptre, and occasionally she is accompanied by Cupid (Greek Eros). In those instances where she is shown semi-nude she is usually posed with her back modestly turned towards the spectator. Julius Caesar, who claimed descent from the goddess, depicted her on many of his coins, generally holding a small figure of Victory. On Roman Provincial coins the goddess Aphrodite was sometimes adopted as a coin type, often because in or near the issuing city there was an important temple dedicated to the deity. In a few cases, such as at Corinth and Cnidus, the representation of the goddess is known to have been copied from a statue for which the issuing city was famous.

As of Caligula (Vesta)

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Vesta. One of the most honoured deities of the Romans, Vesta was the special protectress of the family hearth and was worshipped as a goddess of the Roman state as well as by individuals as the guardian of family life. Following a number of appearances on the later Republican coinage (including a depiction of her temple in the Forum) she was represented on the coins of many emperors, from Caligula to Gallienus, as a matron holding a patera and a sceptre, or a torch, a simpulum, or the Palladium. The well-known as of Caligula, with a seated figure of the goddess, is perhaps one of the best examples of her image as a coin type. The distinctive circular temple of Vesta also appears from time to time, often in connection with its restoration following some disastrous fire. The titles of Vesta include MATER and SANCTA. Her Greek counterpart Hestia rarely appears on the Roman Provincial coinage, despite the universality of her cult in the Greek world. One of the few possible exceptions is the city of Maeonia in Lydia, where coins were issued depicting both the goddess and her temple (she is not named, however, and the identification has been contested).

Antoninianus of Valerian Vulcan. The Roman god of iron and fire was of Italic origin and was regarded as the chief deity of smiths and ironworkers. He seldom occurs as a coin type, but when featured he wears a conical hat (pileus) and holds attributes appropriate to the blacksmith’s trade, such as a hammer and tongs. His earliest appearance had been on bronze dodrantes of 127–126 BC on which his head was shown as the obverse type, wearing a pileus and with tongs over his shoulder. The last appearance was on antoniniani of the joint reign of Valerian and Gallienus, on which the god appears at work within a tetrastyle temple, accompanied by the legend DEO VOLKANO. These coins were minted in Gaul where the cult of Vulcan was especially popular. It was natural that the Roman Vulcan should be equated with the Greek Hephaistos, the son of Hera and Zeus and husband of Aphrodite. He appears at a number of Greek mints in the Roman Provincial series and is sometimes depicted seated on a rock, forging the shield of Achilles, as described by Homer. We can now proceed briefly to summarize the chief allegorical personifications which appear on the Imperial coinage. In the following list, the Latin name of each is given first, followed in brackets by the Greek equivalent (where used on a provincial issue). Then comes the closest English rendering of the name, and finally the attributes normally associated with the personification. Feminine names are listed first, in alphabetical order, followed by the masculine, which are far fewer in number.

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FEMALE

Abundantia (Severus Alexander)

Aequitas (Macrianus)

Aeternitas (Faustina Sr.)

Abundantia (Euthenia). Abundance, Plenty. Holds cornucopiae and corn-ears, or is shown emptying the former. Aequitas (Dikaiosyne). Equity, Fair Dealing. Holds scales and cornucopiae or sceptre. Aeternitas. Eternity, Stability. Holds globe, torch, phoenix, or sceptre, or the heads of the Sun and Moon.

Annona (Antoninus Pius)

Clementia (Hadrian)

Concordia (Julia Paula)

Annona. The Annual Grain Supply of Rome. Holds corn-ears and cornucopiae, usually with modius and ship’s prow beside her. Clementia. Clemency, Mercy. Holds branch and sceptre, and sometimes leans on a column. Concordia (Homonoia). Concord, Harmony. Holds patera and cornucopiae or sceptre. As Concordia Militum, holds two standards.

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Constantia (Claudius)

Fecunditas (Faustina Jr.)

Felicitas (Julia Mamaea)

Constantia. Constancy. Her right hand raised to her face. Sometimes in military attire, also holding spear. [Confined to the coinage of the reign of Claudius]. Fecunditas. Fertility (of an empress). Holds child, or children, and sceptre. Sometimes the children are depicted standing at her feet. Felicitas (Eutycheia). Happiness, Prosperity. Holds caduceus and cornucopiae or sceptre. Sometimes depicted leaning on a column.

Fides Militum (Maximinus I)

Fortuna (Domitian)

Hilaritas (Hadrian)

Fides. Good Faith, Loyalty, Trustworthiness. Holds patera and cornucopiae or corn-ears and basket of fruit. As Fides Militum, holds two standards or standard and sceptre. Fortuna (Tyche). Fortune. Holds rudder, sometimes resting on globe, and cornucopiae; a wheel may be shown beside her. Sometimes her attributes include an olive-branch or a patera. Hilaritas. Rejoicing. Holds long palm and cornucopiae, sceptre or patera; is sometimes accompanied by one or two children.

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Indulgentia (Antoninus Pius)

Justitia (Nerva)

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Laetitia (Gordian III)

Indulgentia. Indulgence, Mercy. Holds patera and sceptre. Justitia. Justice. Holds olive-branch, or patera, and sceptre; rarely (on posthumous coins of Constantine) she holds a pair of scales. Laetitia. Joy, Gladness. Holds wreath and sceptre, or occasionally rudder on globe in place of the latter, or may rest her left hand on an anchor.

Liberalitas (Severus Alexander)

Libertas (Claudius)

Moneta (Domitian)

Liberalitas. Liberality. Holds tessera (or abacus) and cornucopiae. Libertas (Eleutheria). Freedom, Liberty. Holds pileus (conical hat) and sceptre. Moneta. Mint, Money. Holds scales and cornucopiae. Sometimes represented as the Three Monetae (gold, silver and aes), each with a pile of metal (or coins) at her feet.

Nobilitas (Geta)

Ops (Antoninus Pius)

Pax (Severus Alexander)

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Nobilitas. Nobility, High Birth. Holds Palladium and sceptre. Ops. Power, Prosperity, Aid. Holds sceptre or corn-ears. [Confined to the coinages of Antoninus Pius and Pertinax]. Patientia. Endurance, Patience. Holds sceptre. Pax (Eirene). Peace. Holds olive-branch and sceptre, cornucopiae or caduceus.

Pietas (Julia Maesa)

Providentia (Caracalla)

Pudicitia (Herennia Etruscilla)

Pietas (Eusebeia). Piety, Dutifulness. Often veiled, holds patera and sceptre; sometimes shown sacrificing at an altar and holding a box of incense. ‘Roman piety unites in one whole, reverence for the gods, devotion to the Emperor, affection between the Augusti or between the Augustus and the people, tenderness of parents to sons, respect or affectionate care of the latter for their parents, and in general, love of one’s neighbour, or in one word Religion’ (Gnecchi). Providentia (Pronoia). Foreseeing. Holds rod, with which she sometimes points to a globe at her feet, and sceptre. In the 3rd century she is often shown holding the globe. The legend may also accompany types which express the concept of providentia in more symbolic ways. Pudicitia. Modesty, Chastity. Holds sceptre and is usually veiled.

Salus (Maximinus I)

Securitas (Antoninus Pius)

Salus (Hygieia). Health, Safety, Welfare. Holds sceptre and patera from which she feeds a snake coiled round an altar; or holds the snake in her arms and feeds it from the patera. Securitas. Security, Confidence. Holds patera or sceptre, and may be depicted leaning on a column, legs crossed; sometimes sits back at ease in a chair.

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Spes (Claudius)

Uberitas (Trajan Decius)

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Victoria (Antoninus Pius)

Spes (Elpis). Hope. Holds flower, and is usually shown walking and slightly raising the drapery of her dress behind. Uberitas or Ubertas. Fruitfulness, Abundance. Holds cornucopiae and purse or bunch of grapes (possibly even a cow’s udder). Victoria (Nike). Victory. Winged, holding a wreath and a palm; may be shown with a shield, which she sometimes inscribes, or erecting a trophy. MALE

Bonus Eventus (Antoninus Pius)

Genius (Hadrian)

Bonus Eventus. Good Outcome. Holds patera over altar, and cornucopiae. Genius. Spirit. Holds patera and cornucopiae, sometimes with altar at feet. Most frequently appears as Genius of the Roman People (GENIVS POPVLI ROMANI), but is represented in a variety of other forms, such as Genius of the Senate (bearded and togate), Genius of the Emperors (and Caesars), and Genius of the Army (with military standard). In the early 4th century he sometimes holds the head of Serapis.

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Honos (Marcus Aurelius)

Virtus (Hadrian)

Honos. Honour. Holds olive-branch or sceptre and cornucopiae. Sometimes appears in association with another male personification, Virtus. Virtus. Valour, Bravery. Usually depicted in complete armour, holding Victory or parazonium and spear, or with spear and shield. Sometimes appears in association with another male personification, Honos. It should be emphasized that the foregoing notes do not pretend to do anything like justice to the subject, about which, indeed, a lengthy book could be written. It is hoped, however, that the information provided, although brief, will be found of interest and may lead collectors of the series to study the subject in more detailed works.

II. REPRESENTATIONS OF THE EMPEROR AND HIS FAMILY In addition to monopolizing the obverses of Roman Imperial coins, the emperors and their families also make frequent appearances as reverse types.

Agrippa as a reverse type of Augustus

Nero on horseback

Augustus set the precedent by authorizing his representation as the victor of Actium and conqueror of Egypt riding in a triumphal quadriga on the reverse of a denarius issued in the autumn of 30 BC. Several other types of Augustus followed during his long reign, including several of 13 BC depicting both the emperor and his trusted friend and colleague, Marcus Agrippa. With the exception of Tiberius, the Julio-Claudian emperors made increasingly frequent appearances on the

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reverses of their coins. Nero, the last representative of the dynasty, is depicted distributing gifts to the people, haranguing his troops, taking part in military exercises on horseback, and even singing to his own accompaniment on a lyre, in the guise of Apollo.

Titus in triumphal procession

Domitian sacrificing during Secular Games

In the Flavian period, Vespasian and Titus appear most frequently in connection with two main themes – the quelling of the Jewish Revolt and the recovery of the Roman State following the Civil Wars of AD 68–69. Vespasian is shown raising a kneeling female figure (the State) on one of his aurei, and both father and son are depicted riding in their chariots in the triumphal procession which celebrated the victory in Judaea. Domitian appears as conqueror of the German tribes on a sestertius which shows him standing in military attire, a personification of the Rhine reclining at his feet. This emperor’s most interesting appearances, however, are in connection with the Secular Games of AD 88, when he is depicted as a participant in various ceremonies, often with the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus as a backdrop.

Hadrian arriving in Mauretania

Antoninus Pius crowning the king of Armenia

The Golden Age of Trajan, Hadrian, and the Antonine emperors produced a great variety of interesting reverse types depicting the emperor. Trajan, the great warrior, is shown at full gallop thrusting his spear at a Dacian enemy, whilst Hadrian’s famous peregrinations spanning his vast Empire are fully documented on the coinage. Antoninus’ stature as a statesmen is suitably illustrated by a sestertius which shows a togate figure of the emperor in the act of creating a new king of Armenia by placing a diadem on the head of the monarch. With the recurrence of bitter frontier wars under Marcus Aurelius, he, and his co-emperor Lucius Verus, are frequently depicted in military scenes. One type shows Aurelius standing amidst four standards, whilst on a coin of Verus the emperor spears a fallen eastern enemy as he gallops past. The first joint reign in the history of the Empire is commemorated by a type showing togate figures of the two emperors clasping right hands. The megalomania of Commodus is quite evident on several of his reverse types, as well as on the obverses which show his head clad in the lion’s skin of Hercules. A type common to both

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sestertius and as feature the emperor dressed as a priest and ploughing with a yoke of two oxen, symbolic of his insane notion to refound the city of Rome and give to it the new name of Colonia Lucia Antoniniana Commodiana.

Elagabalus as priest of the sungod

Severus Alexander in consular procession

The military anarchy which crippled the Empire for a large part of the 3rd century led to a decline in the representation of the emperor in any guise other than as commander-in-chief of the armed forces. Septimius Severus is shown togate, as Fundator Pacis (‘Founder of the Peace’), on one type, but he and his sons usually appear in scenes of military significance. Elagabalus, who was far from being a soldier, is often depicted in his role as Chief-Priest of the Syrian Sun-God, providing a brief interlude in this martial period. Elagabalus’ cousin and successor, Severus Alexander, wears the civilian toga while sacrificing over a tripod-altar, but most of his representations are military in character. Over the next few decades the Roman citizen, observing the reverses of the coins he handled, saw his ruler represented only in a few rather stereotyped poses, usually standing in military attire or mounted on horseback. Few other types break the monotony, although Gallienus, the type content of whose coinage is generally more interesting than that of other emperors of the period, is depicted in a greater variety of poses. In one of these, he raises a kneeling figure representing the Gallic provinces. Soon after this type was struck, however, the region was lost by Gallienus to the usurper Postumus and remained independent of the central government for the following fourteen years.

Magnus Maximus and Flavius Victor enthroned

Arcadius trampling on captive

Towards the end of the 3rd century successive emperors were often shown receiving a figure of Victory from the hands of Jupiter and this type continued in use into the early years of the 4th century. With the adoption of Christianity by Constantine and the subsequent slow demise of pagan traditions coin types in general became more limited in number and monotonous in content. The emperor usually appears as the champion of the new faith, holding a labarum (Christian standard) and a figure of Victory (which was now becoming equated with the Christian Angel). The VictoryAngel also appears on a series of later 4th century post-Constantinian gold solidi, hovering

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between two emperors enthroned side by side. By this time the Empire had become more or less permanently divided into eastern and western halves, with at least two emperors reigning simultaneously.

The grandsons of Augustus

The sisters of Caligula

Representations of empresses and princes (and in a few rare instances deceased parents) as reverse types occur throughout most of the period, although there were very few Imperial heirs (as opposed to youthful co-emperors) after the Caesarship of Julian II (AD 355–60). In the early Empire, the emperor’s relatives appeared most often on the reverses of his own coins, as their own coinages were very small, where they existed at all. Thus, we see Gaius and Lucius Caesars standing side by side on the reverse of their grandfather Augustus’ most prolific issue of aurei and denarii, and the Empress Livia seated on the reverse of her son Tiberius’ principal precious metal type (the ‘Tribute Penny’ of the Bible). Caligula, on one of his sestertii, has a most interesting reverse type depicting his three sisters, Agrippina, Drusilla and Julia. On the reverses of some of his aurei and denarii Claudius featured the portraits of his fourth wife, Agrippina, and his step-son, Nero; whilst the brief reign of Vitellius in AD 69 produced several interesting family types depicting the emperor’s young children and his deceased father, the celebrated Lucius Vitellius.

Hostilian as ‘Prince of the Youth’

Faustina Junior as ‘Mother of the Camps’

From the Flavian period, the princes (or ‘Caesars’) began issuing substantial coinages in their own right, and from the early part of the 2nd century the empresses also were given a much larger share of the total output of the mint. The Caesars, where they appear on the reverses of their own coins, are usually represented as ‘Prince of the Youth’ (PRINCEPS IVVENTVTIS). The Caesar Marcus Aurelius, who served an unprecedented term of over two decades as heir under Antoninus Pius (AD 139–161) was accorded an extensive coinage of his own, and additionally his head appears as the reverse type on a whole range of denominations of Antoninus himself. Empresses appear in a variety of roles as reverse types, often in the guise of some female deity. Faustina Junior, wife of

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Marcus Aurelius, features on a number of types as ‘Mother of the Camps’ (MATER CASTRORVM), a reference to her devotion to the interests of the soldiers during her husband’s arduous military campaigns, the hardships of many of which she shared. Another reverse type seen frequently on the coinages of empresses, particularly in the early decades of the 3rd century, shows the Augusta and the Augustus clasping hands, often in commemoration of the actual imperial nuptials.

Septimius Severus and his family Before closing this brief survey of imperial representations as reverse types, mention should be made of the uniquely extensive series of ‘dynastic coins’ issued under Septimius Severus (AD 193–211). These depict his wife, Julia Domna, his daughter-in-law, Plautilla, and his two sons, Caracalla and Geta, as well as himself. All these pieces are in the aureus and denarius denominations and all are rare or very rare. The obverses usually show a single bust, though occasionally two are represented, whilst the reverses have one, two, or even three imperial portraits. Perhaps the most celebrated coin in this series is the aureus of Severus issued in AD 201 displaying as its reverse type a remarkable facing portrait of the empress between the confronted busts of her two sons. But despite the seeming promise of continuity, this phase of the Severan dynasty was destined to be extinct within a mere sixteen years of this issue.

III. TYPES OF MILITARY CONQUEST AND VICTORY During the five centuries of its existence the Roman Empire was involved in numerous wars and campaigns, some expansionist, some defensive, and some domestic. Many of these were commemorated on the coinage, one of the earliest instances being a type of Octavian (Augustus) with crocodile reverse and legend AEGYPTO CAPTA. This refers to the defeat of Antony and Cleopatra in 30 BC and the subsequent annexation of the former Ptolemaic kingdom to the Empire of Rome.

Claudius triumphing for his British conquest

Captive Judaea (Vespasian)

Captive Germania (Domitian)

The invasion of Britain in AD 43 was well recorded on the gold and silver coinage of Claudius, with a type depicting the arch erected in Rome to commemorate the conquest. The great Jewish Revolt, which began under Nero in AD 66, was a serious embarrassment to the Romans, coming, as it did, at a time of acute political upheaval in the Empire which saw the rapid succession of four

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emperors during the years AD 68 and 69. The rebellion in Judaea was actually crushed by the general Vespasian and his son Titus who used their success in this campaign to seize the Imperial throne and establish a new dynasty, the Flavian. Vespasian gave great publicity to his victory in the East on a large output of coins in all metals, known collectively as the ‘Judaea Capta’ series. One of the commonest types appears on aurei and denarii and depicts a captive Judaea seated at the foot of a Roman trophy. The German wars of Vespasian’s younger son, Domitian, are also commemorated by a large number of types, one of which shows a female German captive in despair seated upon a shield.

Captive Dacia (Trajan)

Captive Armenia (Lucius Verus)

Pile of Sarmatian arms (Marcus Aurelius)

Trajan’s expansionist policy in the early 2nd century led to prolonged campaigns in several widely separated theatres of war. Undoubtedly, his greatest achievement was the conquest of Dacia. This received considerable publicity on the coinage, with no fewer than twelve main types alluding to the event. The eastern wars of AD 163–5 also received extensive notice on the coinages of the joint emperors Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus. A notable type in this series shows captive Armenia seated amidst arms. Much of the final decade of Aurelius’ rule was taken up with warfare on the harsh northern frontier, and a sestertius struck in AD 177 depicts a large pile of arms, symbolic of the successful conclusion of the German and Sarmatian Wars.

Commemoration of victory in northern Britain (Caracalla) and in Germany (Maximinus I) Septimius Severus’ numerous campaigns in both the East and West are well documented on the Imperial coinage, but perhaps the series of greatest interest to British students is the one which commemorates the events of AD 208–11. During this period Severus and his elder son Caracalla campaigned on the northern frontier in Britain and restored Hadrian’s Wall, which appears to have suffered damage in the troubled period more than a decade before. Caracalla’s Parthian ‘war’ received some notice on the coinage, and even Macrinus’ inglorious encounter with Artaban of Parthia was celebrated as a VICTORIA PARTHICA on coins of all metals. More deserving of

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commemoration were Maximinus’ victories in Germany in AD 235 and aes of the following year shows the emperor being crowned by Victory. The second half of the 3rd century was a disastrous period for Roman arms, with large parts of the Empire succumbing to foreign attack and much of what remained being rent by internal rebellion. Miraculously, however, the situation was restored by a succession of short-lived but very strong military rulers, known collectively as the ‘Illyrian’ emperors, foremost amongst whom were Claudius Gothicus (AD 268–70), Aurelian (270–75) and Probus (276–82). A coin of this period struck by Aurelian’s ephemeral successor, Tacitus, celebrates a victory over the Goths with the inscription VICTORIA GOTTHI.

Victory over the Goths (Tacitus)

Captive Alamanni (Crispus)

In the 4th century commemorative reverse types became increasingly rare. One of the last to be issued depicts a personification of the Alamanni (a confederation of Germanic tribes) seated in captivity at the foot of a trophy. This appears on a gold solidus of Crispus Caesar, eldest son of Constantine, issued at Trier in AD 319–20. The young prince had led a successful campaign against the Alamanni in 318. A similar contemporary type bears the legend FRANCIA instead of ALAMANNIA and records success against the Franci (Franks), another Germanic people who were later to conquer Gaul and give it the name of France.

IV. LEGIONARY TYPES, ETC The ‘legionary’ series forms a compact group within the Roman coinage, most of it having being issued by just five rulers over a period of about 325 years, from the battle of Actium to the late 3rd century AD. Those of Mark Antony (issued 32–31 BC) and Septimius Severus (AD 193) are similar in that both have the same basic reverse type – a legionary eagle between two standards. In contrast, the later 3rd century issues of Gallienus, Victorinus and Carausius interestingly bear the actual badges of the various legions, e.g. a lion for the IIII Flavia and a capricorn for the XXII Primigenia. The primary reason for the issue of these exceptional types was to inspire the loyalty of the troops whose legions were being honoured. Curiously, in some cases those troops appear not to have been under the command of the emperor issuing the coins. In such instances it must be assumed that what we are seeing is a very artful use of the propaganda value of the coinage, i.e. an attempt to win over the loyalty of an opponent’s army by means of flattery.

Standards of Legio XIV Gemina (Severus)

Badge of Legio XXII Primigenia (Gallienus)

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Another series of exceptional interest is the ‘Army’ coinage produced by Hadrian (AD 117–38) in the closing years of his reign. This honoured the army comprising the legionary garrison of each military province (EXERC BRITANNICVS, EXERCITVS SYRIACVS, etc.) and was mostly confined to the large sestertius denomination. It was connected with the emperor’s keen interest in the military establishment, and in particular the strengthening of the defences of the frontier regions (the policy which led to the construction of Hadrian’s Wall in Britain and the German limes). These coins, all of which are very rare today, depict the emperor addressing his soldiers from a platform, or saluting them whilst mounted on horseback. Related types of Hadrian and Antoninus Pius refer to military discipline and are inscribed DISCIPLINA AVG. In addition to calls for allegiance and discipline aimed at specific legions and armies there were also pleas for loyalty addressed to the military in general. This sometimes came at times when that loyalty was in doubt. Thus, on coins of Nerva (AD 96–8), whose brief regime was very unpopular with the soldiers, we see clasped hands holding a legionary eagle set on a prow, accompanied by the legend CONCORDIA EXERCITVVM; whilst much later, the short-lived Gallic usurper Marius (AD 268) used a similar type on his coinage, though on this occasion clasped hands only were shown encircled by the legend CONCORDIA MILITVM. The ‘valour of the soldiers’ (VIRTVS MILITVM) was proclaimed on a large issue of silver argentei, or siliquae, issued under the rulers of the First Tetrarchy at the end of the 3rd century; and the ‘renown of the army’ (GLORIA EXERCITVS) was celebrated on an extensive series of small billon centenionales introduced in the closing phase of Constantine’s reign and carried on for some years after his death by his sons.

Appeal for loyalty to the military (Nerva)

Captured German shields (Domitian)

Many other types of military and naval significance may be found amongst the reverses of the Roman coinage. Noteworthy are a denarius of Octavian (Augustus) displaying a naval trophy; a dupondius of Domitian depicting two German shields crossed over a vexillum, trumpets and spears; and a coin of Trajan, of the same denomination, with a fine representation of a cuirass (body-armour). Naval power, in the form of a war-galley, was featured in the later 3rd century on coins of the Gallic usurper Postumus and on those of the British usurpers Carausius and Allectus.

V. GEOGRAPHICAL TYPES The Roman Empire was a unique association of peoples and cultures, such as the Mediterranean World had never seen before and has not witnessed since. What had formerly been a patchwork of Hellenistic monarchies, independent city states and Celtic tribes was miraculously transformed by the genius of Rome and her code of laws into one great political entity, and held together not so much by force of arms as by the Pax Romana. Female personifications of many of the provinces within this vast State were depicted on several coin series during the Imperial period, and even particular cities and rivers receive occasional notice (the latter normally appearing as a bearded male figure in a reclining attitude).

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Denarii of Augustus and Galba featuring the city of Emerita and heads of the ‘Three Gauls’ An early denarius of Augustus’ reign shows the city gate and defensive walls of Emerita in Spain, a colony which was founded in 25 BC and populated by Roman soldiers whose term of service had expired (emeritus). Galba, in AD 68, issued a remarkable type showing three small female heads accompanied by the legend TRES GALLIAE. These represented the three great divisions of the province of Gaul – Narbonensis, Aquitania and Lugdunensis –in recognition of the support which he received from the western provinces during his revolt against Nero’s tyrannical rule. Dacia, the province added to the Empire by Trajan, is commemorated on sestertii and dupondii of that emperor, identified by the legend DACIA AVGVST PROVINCIA. The type shows Dacia seated on a rock, accompanied by two children, symbolic of future generations of Dacians who could now look forward to an era of peace under the protection of omnipotent Rome.

Germany, Cappadocia, Egypt and the Nile, all featured on the coinage of Hadrian The coinage of Hadrian provides us with a far more complete geographical survey of the Roman World than that of any other emperor. His extensive travels all over his vast Empire were commemorated on several remarkable series of coins, mostly issued towards the end of his reign when he had finally returned to Italy. In addition to honouring most of the provinces, two cities (Alexandria and Nicomedia) receive special attention, as does the River Nile (NILVS). The following is a list of the provinces whose personifications appear on Hadrian’s coinage: Britain; Spain; Gaul; Germany; Italy; Sicily; Noricum; Dacia; Macecdonia; Moesia; Thrace; Achaea; Asia; Bithynia; Phrygia; Cilicia; Cappadocia; Judaea; Arabia; Egypt; Africa; Mauretania. Hadrian’s successor, Antoninus Pius, also issued a ‘provincial’ series of coins, in this case to celebrate the remission of half of the aurum coronarium (‘crown-gold’). This was a demand made by the emperor on the communities of the Empire (and sometimes even on foreign states) at the time of his accession and on certain anniversaries of his rule. Antoninus’ remission of half of this burdensome tax at the time he came to the throne was greeted with much enthusiasm and led to the production of an extensive series of aes coinage depicting crown-bearing personifications of various provinces (and even of the Parthian kingdom). The advancement of the Roman frontier in Britain to the line of the new Antonine Wall prompted the issue of several attractive Britannia types on sestertii of AD 143. This was followed more than a decade later by another type (mostly on asses) depicting the personification of the island province in an attitude of dejection and commemorating the quelling of a serious tribal uprising. An elegant personification of Italy, seated on a globe, appeared on a variety of denominations in AD 140, possibly in anticipation of the celebration of Rome’s 900th anniversary in 147.

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Britannia and Asia on sestertii of Antoninus Pius Geographical types are less commonly encountered on coins struck in the second half of the 2nd century. Marcus Aurelius has an as showing a reclining figure of the River Tiber, whilst Commodus issued two sestertius types, one with Italia seated on a large globe, the other a very rare depiction of a standing Britannia. At the very end of the century, Clodius Albinus, in rebellion against Septimius Severus, struck a denarius featuring the Genius of the City of Lugdunum in Gaul.

Genius of Lugdunum (Clodius Albinus)

Dacia and the Pannoniae on sestertii of Trajan Decius

During the course of the 3rd century there was a continued decline in the frequency of geographical references on the Imperial coinage. Septimius Severus makes mention of Italy, Africa and Carthage, and half-way through the century Trajan Decius honours the provinces of Dacia and the two Pannoniae with standing figures of their personifications. Dacia appears again on coins of Claudius Gothicus and Aurelian, and the Pannonian provinces are commemorated by Quintillus, Aurelian and Julian. The city of Siscia receives special notice on antoniniani of both Gallienus and Probus, and a reclining figure of the Rhine is depicted on coins of the Gallic usurper Postumus. Britannia makes her final appearance on the Roman coinage clasping hands with the late 3rd century rebel Carausius, who had succeeded in temporarily detaching the island-province from the rule of the central government. The late Roman coinage of the 4th and 5th centuries contain very few geographical references amongst their reverse types. Africa and Carthage occur on folles of several of the emperors and usurpers in the early years of the century, and one of the last types of any geographical significance is found on the Constantinopolitan silver and billon coinage of the unfortunate young prince Hanniballianus (AD 335–7). This shows a reclining figure of the river-god Euphrates and its appearance at this time is made all the more remarkable by comparison with the general lack of imagination being shown in the selection of reverse types in the closing years of Constantine’s reign.

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Africa (Diocletian)

The Euphrates (Hanniballianus)

VI. ARCHITECTURAL TYPES The Romans were great builders, a fact attested by the many splendid examples of their architecture which are still to be seen in countries all over the Mediterranean World and in northern Europe. Many of the emperors took a special pride in adorning the capital, and other cities, with edifices which were not only functional (such as the great market of Nero and Trajan’s Basilica Ulpia), but often possessed considerable architectural merit as well. Doubtless, Rome’s autocrats were also well aware of the excellent potential for long-term survival of such structures and saw them as a means of perpetuating their prestige in people’s minds. A number of these buildings were displayed on the coins (usually at the time of their construction or renovation) and these reverse types form one of the most sought-after groups within the Roman coinage. Augustus issued a number of architectural types, a very early example being the temple of Divus Julius depicted on aurei and denarii of 36 BC, when the building was still under construction. Also appearing on his pre-27 BC coinage is a representation of the Curia Julia (the Senate House in the Forum) which was dedicated by Augustus on 28 August 29 BC. On the later Augustan coinage a variety of architectural types are featured, mostly on denarii: these include the Arcus Augusti, which replaced the earlier Actian arch; the temples of Jupiter Tonans and of Mars Ultor (both on the Capitol); the Porta Fontinalis and part of Rome’s Servian Wall; and another depiction of a citygate and defensive walls, this time of the colonial foundation of Emerita in Spain. The celebrated Altar of Lugdunum, dedicated by the emperor in 10 BC, forms the sole reverse type of the Lugdunese aes coinage which was produced in considerable quantity in the latter part of the reign.

Temple of Divus Julius (Octavian)

The ‘Twin Janus’ (Nero)

The Colosseum (Titus)

As one of his sestertius types Tiberius has a depiction of the temple of Concord in the Forum. This building was used to house antique sculpture and is shown adorned with a variety of statues. Caligula features an elaborate representation of the temple of Divus Augustus, also on a sestertius; whilst Claudius shows the arch spanning the Via Flaminia which was constructed to commemorate

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his conquest of Britain. Nero, last of the Julio-Claudian emperors, has a number of architectural types which are depicted principally on his handsome aes coinage: the Macellum Magnum, or Great Market, which was completed in AD 59; the celebrated Ianus Geminus (‘Twin Janus’), the doors of which were closed with great ceremony to celebrate peace throughout the Empire; an elaborate arch which has since disappeared without trace, probably the one erected to commemorate Corbulo’s eastern victories; a remarkable aerial view of the harbour of Ostia, improved under Claudius and Nero; and (on precious metal only) the domed temple of Vesta in the Forum, restored by Nero following its destruction in the great fire of AD 64. Later emperors eagerly continued the tradition of architectural reverse types. The great Flavian Amphitheatre, known today as the Colosseum, appears on a sestertius of Titus under whom the famous edifice was completed and dedicated. A cistophorus of Domitian shows the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus, together with the legend CAPIT RESTIT, a reference to that emperor’s rebuilding of the famous temple following the devastating fire of AD 80. Domitian also has a rare series of denarii depicting various temples, identified by Hill as those of Serapis, Cybele, Minerva Chalcidica, and Jupiter Victor, in addition to the Capitoline temple itself. Trajan’s coinage has many types of architectural interest, such as the Circus Maximus, restored by Trajan circa AD 103; Trajan’s celebrated Forum and Basilica; Trajan’s Column, erected to commemorate the conquest of Dacia; the ‘Danube’ bridge (in all probability the Pons Sublicius in Rome); a triumphal arch inscribed I o M; and two octastyle temples, one of which may be that of Divus Nerva.

Trajan’s Column (Trajan)

The ‘Danube’ bridge (Trajan)

Temple of Roma (Antoninus Pius)

The great temple of Venus and Roma, designed by Hadrian himself, appears both on the coinage of its architect’s reign and on that of his successor, Antoninus Pius, under whom it was completed. Antoninus also depicts the temple of Divus Augustus, in commemoration of his restoration of the famous edifice (now disappeared without trace). The temple which Antoninus built in honour of his wife Faustina (later dedicated to his memory also) is shown on denarii of the deified empress. The ruins of the shell of this structure, enclosing the church of S. Lorenzo in Miranda, are still to be seen in the Roman Forum. A temple of Mercury, of very unusual form, appears on a sestertius of Marcus Aurelius, accompanied by the legend RELIG AVG; whilst a coin of Commodus of the same denomination features a distyle shrine of Janus. The famous Arch of Severus, which still stands in all its ancient majesty in the Roman Forum, is depicted on the coinages of both Septimius and Caracalla. A representation of the Circus Maximus, very similar to the one of Trajan, occurs also on sestertii of Caracalla struck in AD 213 to commemorate yet another restoration of the structure. Under Severus Alexander several fine architectural types appear, including the Colosseum on an aureus and aes of AD 223; the Nymphaeum (a monumental fountain at the terminal of the Aqua Alexandrina) the ruins of which may still be seen in the Piazza Vittorio Emanuele II; and a very elaborate depiction of the Temple of Jupiter Ultor (or Victor). Throughout the remainder of the 3rd century architectural reverses occur rather less frequently and are confined in the main to conventional representations of temples, often containing a statue

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Temple of Faustina (Faustina Senior)

Circus Maximus (Caracalla)

Temple of Juno Martialis (Volusian)

of Roma. Exceptions to this include a very interesting circular temple dedicated to Juno Martialis, appearing on coins of Trebonianus Gallus and his son Volusian; and a triumphal arch on aes of the Gallic usurper Postumus. With the advent of Christianity as the official state religion in the early part of the 4th century pagan temple types disappear entirely from the coinage. The only subsequent reverses which have any claim to be architectural are the ‘camp gate’ types, usually on small billon and bronze denominations of the Constantinian era and later; the plan of a military camp on billon centenionales of Thessalonica; a bridge over a river on a reduced centenionalis of Constantinople; and a distyle shrine with arched roof which occurs on silver miliarenses under a number of emperors from Constantine to Valentinian and Valens.

VII. ANIMALS, ETC For several centuries before the rise of Rome there had been a tradition of featuring animals, birds, fish and insects (as well as various mythological beasts) on the coinages of many of the Greek citystates. Rome inherited this tradition, and although the representation of fauna is less frequent and varied than on coins of the Greek series, they nevertheless form a most appealing group within the Roman coinage.

Crocodile and heifer on the coinage of Augustus

Capricorn (Vespasian)

Eagle (Domitian)

Crocodile, heifer, bull, wild boar, lion attacking stag, eagle, crab and butterfly, capricorn, Pegasus and Sphinx all appear on the coinage of Augustus, who was the inheritor of the late Republican tradition of great diversity in the selection of coin types. However, during the course of his long reign that tradition was gradually superseded by a more conservative approach to the type content of the new Imperial coinage. Accordingly, the coinages of the later Julio-Claudian emperors feature virtually no representations of animals, other than the elephants drawing the car of

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Divus Augustus on a sestertius issued by Tiberius, and the eagle appearing on the reverse of a Divus Augustus as. The Flavian revival of earlier coin types led to a reintroduction of the tradition of animal depiction on the Imperial coinage. A particularly interesting reverse of this period shows a goat being milked by a goat-herd and another has a sow with its young.

Sow (Antoninus Pius) In the 2nd century the Pegasus and the griffin appear on several aes denominations of Hadrian, whilst his successor Antoninus Pius struck asses showing an elephant and a sow suckling its young beneath an oak tree, both types probably having reference to the celebrations connected with the 900th anniversay of the foundation of Rome. An attractive representation of a dove appears on an aureus of Antoninus’ daughter, the younger Faustina, and elephants occur on an as of Commodus and a denarius of Septimius Severus.

Elephant, lion and stag on the coinage of Philip I

Hippopotamus (Otacilia Severa)

The ‘king of beasts’ is depicted on the coinage of Caracalla, wearing a radiate crown and holding a thunderbolt in its jaws, and several decades later the lion reappears as part of the ‘Saeculares’ series of Philip I. Similarly, the elephant was popular as a coin type during the first half of the 3rd century, appearing on pieces of Caracalla, Geta, and Philip I. To celebrate Rome’s thousandth anniversary in AD 247–8 Philip I staged magnificent games in which many wild beasts were exhibited in the arena of the Colosseum. This resulted in a series of coins featuring the hippopotamus, antelope, stag, and goat, in addition to the lion already mentioned. The city’s emblem, the she-wolf suckling the twins Romulus and Remus, also appears as part of this series. A few years later, during the sole reign of Gallienus (AD 260–68), an extensive series of ‘animal’ reverses was featured on the debased antoninianus denomination. Subsequent to this date such types appear far less frequently and are, in the main, restricted to the ‘legionary badge’ issues of the usurpers Victorinus in Gaul and Carausius in Britain. The charismatic British usurper also has types showing the milking of a cow, a griffin, and the traditional wolf and twins device. In the late Empire, the wolf and twins appear on coins of another usurper, Maxentius (AD 306–12), whose policy was to try to revive the past glories of the Imperial capital; and several decades later on small billon pieces (reduced centenionales) of the time of Constantine and his successors. In the mid-4th century a phoenix is shown on half maiorinae of Constantius II and

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Phoenix (Constans)

Bull (Julian II)

Constans; and a very fine representation of a bull, sometimes accompanied by an eagle, occurs on large billon pieces of Julian II towards the end of his short reign (AD 360–63). One of the last animal representations on the Roman coinage is on a tiny bronze nummus of the eastern Emperor Leo I (AD 457–74) where a lion appears as a punning allusion to the emperor’s name.

VIII. TYPES OF PROPAGANDA There can be little doubt that the emperors of Rome were fully aware of the value of the Imperial coinage as a tool of propaganda, it being one of the most effective means of mass communication available to them. Everyone, from the provincial governor down to the peasant working the land, was likely to take notice of the ever-changing messages appearing as reverse types on the money which they were daily handling. The government of the day was thus able to present itself and its achievements in surprising detail to almost all of the inhabitants of the vast Empire. However, as it was a means of communication on which the government had a complete monopoly, the propaganda sometimes only told half the truth or was even, on occasions, a complete misrepresentation of reality. A very large proportion of reverses could be included under the heading of ‘Types of Propaganda’. Even the ubiquitous personifications were often intended to proclaim the virtues of the emperor or the good fortune of the age which was lucky enough to witness his enlightened rule. In this brief survey, therefore, mention is made only of those types which have a specific message to convey regarding the wisdom, beneficence and achievements of the emperor. Augustus early established the propaganda role for the Imperial coinage when he gave extensive coverage to his victory over Cleopatra’s Egyptian kingdom which left him sole master of the State and provided the financial resources to carry through his program of reforms. A decade later he produced a whole range of types on his precious metal coinage designed to extract the maximum publicity value from his great diplomatic achievement which led to the restoration in 20 BC of the Roman standards of Crassus and Antony captured years before by the Parthians. An elegant sestertius type of Tiberius proclaims the munificence of the emperor in a reference to the restoration, at his own expense, of several cities in western Asia Minor which had been badly damaged by a severe earthquake in AD 17. Nero publicized his care for the annual corn supply from Egypt on a very attractive sestertius type showing an artistic grouping of Annona standing before a seated Ceres, with a ship’s stern in the background. The enlightenment and benevolence of Nerva’s brief rule is amply attested by his choice of coin types. One sestertius shows two mules and a cart, with a legend referring to the measures taken by the emperor to transfer the cost of Imperial posting on the main roads in Italy from the taxpayer to the exchequer. Another represents a distribution scene, or Congiarium, depicting the emperor bestowing gifts on the citizenry; whilst others commemorate a special distribution of corn to the urban poor, and the correction of abuses in the collection of the poll tax levied on Jews (fiscus Iudaicus).

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Restoration of the Roman standards (Augustus)

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Care for Rome’s corn supply (Nero)

Funding of Imperial posting, corn distribution to the poor, and reform of Jewish poll tax, all on sestertii of Nerva A further example of the humanitarianism of this period is to be found on coins of Trajan publicizing the Alimenta system. Under this scheme wealthy philanthropists (including emperors from the time of Nerva) made substantial gifts to communities, both in Italy and the provinces, for the purpose of providing sustenance for needy children through agricultural investment. Trajan’s successor, Hadrian, in an attempt to gain popularity after having come to the throne under somewhat dubious circumstances, made a grand gesture of cancelling all debts due to the state treasury – a sum equivalent to many millions of pounds. Not surprisingly, this extraordinary act of liberality received full publicity on the coinage, with a remarkable sestertius type showing a lictor setting fire to a heap of documents in the presence of three joyful citizens. The notes and bonds were, in fact, publicly destroyed in Trajan’s Forum. The orphanage for girls which Antoninus Pius founded in honour of his deceased wife (Puellae Faustinianae) is recorded on posthumous aurei and denarii of Faustina Senior. Antoninus’ great stature as a statesman is portrayed on a sestertius type where he is shown bestowing a new king on the Quadi, a barbarian tribe who inhabited territory on the left bank of the Danube. In addition to those already mentioned there are so many other examples of propaganda types on the Roman Imperial coinage that it is simply not possible to do justice to the topic in an article of this scope. It is hoped, however, that many readers will be sufficiently stimulated to pursue on their own the study of this fascinating subject. In the later period the types are generally of a less specific nature, as typified by the antoniniani of the joint Emperors Balbinus and Pupienus (AD 238). These all feature clasped right hands accompanied by one of six different forms of legend (e.g. AMOR MVTVVS AVG, CARITAS MVTVA AVGG, etc.) the common aim being to create a public impression of perfect harmony between the ill-matched and, ultimately, ill-fated rulers.

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The Alimenta system (Trajan)

Cancellation of public debts (Hadrian) and appointment of barbarian king (Antoninus Pius)

Harmony of the joint emperors (Balbinus)

IX. POSTHUMOUS TYPES Some of the emperors and empresses were publicly deified following their deaths, i.e. placed among the official gods of the State, and in most cases commemorative coins were produced in their honour by their immediate successors. The reverse types of these issues form a distinctive group within the Imperial coinage, the same basic types often being repeated through many series of posthumous coins.

Divus Augustus asses struck under Tiberius

The honours paid to Rome’s first emperor, Augustus, were of an extraordinary nature and all four of his Julio-Claudian successors struck issues in commemoration of ‘Divus Augustus’ (Nero only on the Alexandrian coinage). The most extensive of these series was produced under Tiberius and has a wide variety of reverse types, including a thunderbolt, an eagle, the shrine of Vesta on the Palatine, and the altar of Providentia. The eagle and the altar were to become popular types on future posthumous issues.

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Aurei and denarii struck under Nero in honour of Divus Claudius show an elaborate funerary vehicle drawn by four horses; whilst an intriguing precious metal type produced in AD 80 for Divus Vespasian has two capricorns back to back supporting a shield inscribed S C, a design recalling one of the sestertius types of Divus Augustus. A rare aureus type of Divus Trajan depicts a radiate phoenix, the fabulous bird which was regarded as a symbol of immortality.

Denarii of Divus Claudius and Divus Vespasian Despite the alleged strained relationship between Hadrian and his wife Sabina, an interesting coinage was produced in her honour following her death and deification in AD 136. A sestertius type shows the new goddess being borne aloft by an eagle. Subsequently, this was to become a popular theme on the posthumous coinages of both emperors and empresses, though in the case of the latter a peacock (symbolic of Juno) usually took the place of Jupiter’s eagle. Another posthumous type which achieved popularity during the course of the 2nd century was the so-called ‘funeral pyre’ (more accurately the crematorium in which the pyre was placed). This pyramidal structure surmounted by a facing quadriga occurs commonly from the time of the coinage of Divus Antoninus Pius onwards. Fragmentary remains of the crematorium of Marcus Aurelius were discovered in the Campus Martius in 1908 and lie below the present Chamber of Deputies.

Denarii of Divus Antoninus Pius and Diva Faustina Senior Antoninus Pius himself had issued an extensive posthumous coinage in honour of his wife, the elder Faustina, who predeceased him by two decades. In many respects this coinage is unique, both in its large volume and in the diversity of reverse types, many of which would seem to be more in keeping with the coinage of a living empress. Ceres, Juno, Venus, Vesta, and Pietas are amongst a surprising variety of goddesses and personifications making their appearance on this series, the later issues of which probably coincide with various anniversaries of Faustina’s deification (fifth, tenth, etc.). The earlier issues are more obviously connected with the apotheosis of the empress, viz a funerary car drawn by elephants, an empty throne with peacock beneath, and a flying Victory carrying Faustina to heaven. The type of an empty throne was revived by Caracalla and Geta on a denarius issued for their deceased and deified father, Septimius Severus, in AD 211. In this case, however, a wreath is shown on the seat to represent the departed Augustus. During the 3rd century the posthumous coinages settled down into a regular and predictable pattern, generally utilizing only a few basic types – an eagle or a large altar for emperors, and a peacock (either standing or bearing the new deity to heaven) for empresses. An intriguing series of antoniniani issued by Trajan Decius in AD 250–51 honours the memories of many of the deified emperors dating back to Augustus, each having two reverse types (eagle and altar). In AD 317–18 Constantine the Great issued from several of his mints a series of small bronzes, probably representing two denominations (reduced folles and half folles),

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Diva Paulina borne aloft to heaven in honour of the deified emperors Claudius II Gothicus (a claimed ancestor), his father Constantius I Chlorus, and father-in-law Maximian. The reverses of these coins exhibit three different types (emperor seated on curule chair, eagle, and lion) and their purpose seems to have been to establish in the public mind Constantine’s superior imperial ‘pedigree’ at a time of intense rivalry with his eastern colleague Licinius.

Antoniniani issued by Trajan Decius in honour of Divus Titus and Divus Nerva With the advent of Christianity the posthumous coinages inevitably cease, the last emperor to be accorded these honours being Constantine himself (died AD 337). His issues, produced under his three sons, were all of the tiny reduced centenionalis denomination (‘Æ 4’) and were of two main types: one showing a standing figure of the emperor, veiled and togate; the other depicting him in a quadriga being borne aloft to heaven, where the hand of God (manus Dei) is extended to greet him.

X. OTHER TYPES The nine categories of reverse types which have been covered in this brief survey certainly comprise the bulk of the Roman Imperial coinage. There are, however, a number of types which do not classify satisfactorily under any of these groups, and these are described under the following five subheadings.

The Julian comet (Augustus)

Star (Faustina Senior)

Crescent moon and star (Hadrian)

1. Heavenly Bodies. Objects such as stars and crescent moons make fairly regular appearances on the Imperial coinage. A more unusual representation, on a denarius of Augustus, shows the sidus

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Iulium, the comet with flaming tail which appeared in the heavens shortly after Caesar’s assassination and was taken as a sign of the late dictator’s divinity. The type depicting a group of stars around a crescent moon was quite popular in the 2nd century and appears on issues of Hadrian, Faustina Senior and Junior, Pescennius Niger, Septimius Severus, and Julia Domna. The type of a single star continued to appear well into the 4th century, the latest example being on silver of Julian II. 2. Inscriptions. It was not unusual, especially in the early Empire, for inscriptions to appear in place of pictorial types on the reverses of coins. The practice was especially common on aes denominations and had its origin in the Augustan currency reform of circa 18 BC, when sestertii and dupondii (and later asses also) were introduced showing the moneyer’s name around a large ‘S C’ as their reverse type. This was later replaced by an Imperial inscription normally giving the name and titles of the emperor, though sometimes of some other member of the Imperial family. The type was used up until the end of the 1st century AD but does not appear after the reign of Nerva. Another form of epigraphic reverse, showing the inscription in several lines across the field (usually enclosed by a wreath), first appeared under Augustus and became popular from the time of

Drusus, son of Tiberius

Trajan, ‘Best of Princes’

Caligula. It continued in use right up until the end of the Roman period in the late 5th century and even extended into early Byzantine times. In the 1st century S P Q R P P OB C S and EX S C OB CIVES SERVATOS are typical examples of the legends shown in this way; and the 2nd century saw the use of inscriptions such as S P Q R OPTIMO PRINCIPI, PRIMI DECENNALES COS III, and VOTA PVBLICA. During the 3rd century the legend VOTIS DECENNALIBVS appeared quite regularly, whilst in the Constantinian era the trend was towards inscriptions giving the emperor’s name. Later 4th and 5th

Votive inscription (Trajan Decius)

Votive inscription (Constantius II)

century epigraphic reverses are confined almost exclusively to commemoration of the vows undertaken for various periods of the emperor’s rule, e.g. VOT V, VOT V MVLT X, VOTIS XXX MVLTIS XXXX, etc. This type of reverse extended into early Byzantine times, though ultimately the numerals came to be reproduced mechanically from earlier issues without regard to their true meaning. The latest examples appear on Carthaginian silver coins of Justinian I (AD 527–65).

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3. Mythological Types. These are rare on the Imperial coinage, except for the representations of the she-wolf suckling the twins Romulus and Remus (this type occurs on the coinages of many of the emperors from Vespasian to Constantine). A denarius of Augustus depicts the fate of Tarpeia, the Roman traitress, who admitted the Sabines to the citadel in return for the promise of gold. Instead of giving her their armlets the enemy soldiers, disgusted at her treachery, cast their shields

Aeneas (Antoninus Pius)

Tarpeia (Augustus)

Wolf and twins (Maxentius) upon her and crushed her to death. An interesting reverse of Antoninus Pius shows a striding figure of the Trojan prince Aeneas, bearing his aged father Anchises on his shoulders and leading his son Ascanius by the hand. This formed part of a series produced in anticipation of the upcoming 900th anniversary of Rome. 4. Nautical Types. Representations of ships are not uncommon on the Roman coinage and there are even two instances of a ‘bird’s-eye’ view of the harbour installations at Ostia (on sestertii of Nero and Trajan). The galley type which appears frequently on the coinage of Hadrian is commemorative of the emperor’s numerous voyages during his Empire-wide travels. Similar depictions, though not always so finely rendered, appear on the coins of many of Hadrian’s successors (Marcus

Ostia harbour (Nero)

Galley (Hadrian)

Aurelius and Lucius Verus, Commodus, Caracalla, Elagabalus, Postumus, etc.). Especially noteworthy are the galleys shown on the coinages of the British usurpers Carausius and Allectus (AD 287–296) whose regimes depended so heavily on naval power. Even as late as the reign of Theodosius the Great (379–95) there is a type on the maiorina (‘Æ 2’) denomination which shows the emperor standing on a galley with Victory at the helm. One other type which has claim to be included under this heading is the ‘dolphin entwined around anchor’ reverse which occurs on aurei and denarii of Titus and Domitian.

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5. Symbolic Types. These appear sporadically throughout the entire period of the Roman Imperial coinage and usually have some religious association. Exceptions to this are types such as the pileus or felt cap, symbolic of liberty, on quadrantes of Caligula; and four young boys at play, representing spring, summer, autumn, and winter, on the coins of several of the emperors from Commodus to Constantine. The thunderbolt, however, which sometimes appears on its own as a reverse type,

Emblems of the priesthoods (Augustus)

Thunderbolt (Antoninus Pius)

does have religious significance, it being symbolic of Jupiter, the chief deity in the Roman pantheon. More obviously of a religious nature are the types which depict various groups of emblems symbolic of the Roman priesthoods, such as the simpulum, lituus, tripod, patera, aspergillum, apex, sacrificial knife, axe, and jug. An early denarius of Nero (under Claudius) shows the first four of these symbols, each one representing one of the priestly colleges (the Pontifices, the Augures, the Quindecimviri Sacris Faciundis, and the Septemviri Epulones) to which the young Nero was admitted in AD 51. This type of reverse, which appeared quite frequently up to the end of the 3rd century, was superseded from the time of Constantine by types alluding to Christianity, the new state religion of the Roman Empire. The first representation of the labarum (the Christian standard) occurs on Constantinopolitan centenionales of Constantine issued in AD 327, whilst a large Christogram appears in the 350s as the main type on coins of the western usurpers Magnentius and Decentius, and on subsequent issues of Constantius II. The Cross, the supreme symbol of the Christian faith, became popular as a reverse type in the 5th century and occurs most frequenty on the gold tremissis denomination.

Christogram (Magnentius)

Cross (Romulus Augustus)

The foregoing notes can make no claim to completeness in describing the various aspects of Roman Imperial reverse types. The topic is so vast that the author can only hope to have stimulated the reader sufficiently to encourage further study in more detailed works. Collectors may also have found here some challenging new themes for the formation of a collection.

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THE REVERSE TYPES OF THE IMPERIAL COINAGE THE REVERSE TYPES OF THE IMPERIAL COINAGE

Before concluding this section of the introductory material brief mention should be made of the typology of the pre-Imperial Republican series which spans the first two and a half centuries of the Roman coinage. Although Republican coins exhibit an enormous variety of imagery, especially in their later stages, there are few consistent themes which can be traced throughout the series as a whole. The reason for this may be sought in the nature of the issuing authority, for under the Republican constitution responsibility for coin production was in the hands of the annually elected mint magistrates, or moneyers. Initially, during the 3rd century BC, there was little originality shown in the selection of types and the entire process would seem to have been under the control of the Senate as a whole, with the moneyers serving merely in an administrative capacity. Soon after the currency reform of circa 211 BC, however, the moneyers’ names began to appear on the coins, initially as monograms but soon evolving into longer forms which make identification easier. At this stage the typology of the standard silver coin (denarius) is monotonous and clearly under rigid control (head of Roma/Dioscuri galloping) with just occasional variations in the standard design, such as the introduction of the ‘Luna in biga’ reverse in the first decade of the 2nd century BC and the ‘Victory in biga’ type in the years before the middle of the century. Around 140 BC, however, there is a clear and dramatic change, with a whole new range of types suddenly appearing. Obviously, some reassessment of the moneyer’s role had taken place and his authority had been expanded to include participation in the selection of the design of the coins being struck in his name. This resulted in an explosion of diversity in the types of the denarius, many of them making reference to the ancestral history of the individual moneyers. Thus, the types produced by the mint in one year frequently bore no resemblance to those that had preceded them or those that were to follow. Although adding immeasurably to the interest of the series as a whole, this development precludes the possibility of any kind of ordered categorization, there being nothing governing the type selection other than the individual whim of the moneyer. This situation continued to the very end of the series, though with the rise of powerful individuals such as Sulla, Pompey, and Caesar in the final decades of the Republic the selection of types often began to serve the political agendas of the Imperators rather than the vanity of the moneyers. With the triumph of the principle of autocratic rule in the person of Caesar’s heir, Octavian, the prerogative of coinage passed under an entirely new authority and one which would certainly not brook interference from any other source. The Imperial coinage was, from first to last, a jealously guarded and vital publicity tool of the emperor. A series closely related to the Roman Imperial coinage is the Roman Provincial coinage, often referred to as ‘Greek Imperial’. Issued from hundreds of mints in Europe, Asia Minor, the Levant, Egypt and North Africa, these coinages served the needs of many local communities, especially in the East, over the first three centuries of the Empire’s existence. They exhibit an extraordinary diversity of reverse types many of which make reference to topics of local interest, such as noted architectural features of the city and local festivals and associated games. The names of civic and provincial officials appear quite frequently on these issues, making the series as a whole an invaluable resource for students of Roman provincial administration. With the notable exception of the Alexandrian coinage of Egypt, these issues fall outside the scope of the present work and the reader is referred to the author’s companion volume Greek Imperial Coins and Their Values as well as to the magisterial new series Roman Provincial Coinage.

COUNTERMARKS ON THE AES COINAGE OF THE EARLY EMPIRE During the Julio-Claudian period and up to the opening months of Vespasian’s reign the practice of countermarking brass and copper coins was quite widespread. These overstrikings served three main purposes: to extend the area in which the coin would be accepted as currency; to prolong the useful life of a coin which had been in circulation over an extended period of time; and to denote that a new authority was converting someone else’s issue into its own. To the first category belong countermarks of the reigns of Augustus and Tiberius which were intended for the use of Roman troops engaged on campaigns, principally in Germany. These

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include overstrikings such as AVG (with AV in monogram form), AV (in monogram), and IMP (in monogram), all of the time of Augustus; and TIB, TIB IMP (IMP in monogram), and TIB AV (AV in monogram) from the reign of Tiberius. Claudius seems to have followed a similar practice at the time of his invasion of Britain in AD 43, applying countermarks such as TI AV (AV in monogram), T C IMP (MP in monogram), and TI CLAV IM (LAV in monogram). Countermarks extending the period of circulation of old coins belong mainly to the early years of Nero’s reign, when no new aes coinage was being produced by the Rome mint. The purpose of this was to withdraw those pieces which had become too worn for continued use and to countermark (usually with ‘NCAPR’) coins which were still in good enough condition to remain in circulation for a few years more. A particularly interesting countermark of this period has been noted on a very worn sestertius. It contains the legend ‘DVP’ thus indicating that the piece was being officially authorized to remain in circulation, though only at half of its original value. In the period of civil strife at the end of Nero’s reign and immediately following his death, countermarks such as SPQR, PR, and VITE (VIT in monogram) were employed. The first two were used by Vindex, leader of the anti-Nero uprising in Gaul, and the third was the mark of the Emperor Vitellius. Vindex countermarked dupondii and asses of Nero, whilst Vitellius used only his sestertii. Vespasian, the ruler who eventually emerged victorious from the chaos of the civil wars and went on to found the Flavian dynasty, also countermarked dupondii and asses of Nero with a monogram of his name. The same emperor was also responsible for a remarkable series of countermarks on silver coins of the Republic and early Empire, possibly applied at the Antioch mint. Being without the facilities to produce a regular coinage to publicize his regime in the early days of his revolt against Vitellius, he adopted the expedient of marking with the legend ‘IMP VESP’ as many denarii as he could lay his hands on. Countermarks were rarely applied on Roman coins after this period, but in the Roman Provincial (‘Greek Imperial’) series they occur quite frequently well into the 3rd century, possibly even as late as the reign of Aurelian (AD 270–75).

ROMAN MINTS FROM AUGUSTUS TO THE REFORM OF DIOCLETIAN The chaotic monetary system which Octavian inherited on gaining supreme power in 30 BC was the result of decades of civil strife and the eclipse of the Senate as the supreme authority in the Roman World. In the days of the Republic the issue of coinage was entirely in the hands of the Senate, who annually appointed the monetary magistrates to superintend the operations of the mint. Rome itself was the principal mint, but sometimes, under special circumstances, establishments were utilized in other locations, not always in Italy, though still under the control of the Roman Senate. In the final half century before the overthrow of the Republican constitution a new minting authority appeared in the Roman World – the Imperator. These powerful military commanders in the field assumed the right to produce coinage, and although at first they applied to the Senate for permission to strike money for the payment of their troops this irksome formality was quickly dispensed with. These ‘military coinages’ gradually started appearing in various parts of the Roman World quite independently of all Senatorial authority. As a final blow, early in 49 BC the Senate was obliged to flee to Greece at the time of the war between Caesar and Pompey, thus leaving control of the mint of Rome entirely in the hands of Caesar. Following the dictator’s assassination on the Ides of March, 44 BC, the Senate looked forward to a restoration of many of the prerogatives it had surrendered during the previous half decade, including its control over the operations of the mint. However, Caesar’s youthful heir, Octavian, quickly took charge of the situation in Rome, thereby putting paid to the Senate’s hopes of a revival of their authority. Coinage from the Capitoline mint ceased altogether in 40 BC and thereafter all the currency needs of the State were provided by military establishments under the control of the Triumvirs Octavian and Mark Antony.

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Once Octavian – now called Augustus – had firmly established his constitutional position, in the years following his victory over Antony and Cleopatra, he turned his attention to the muchneeded reorganization of the coinage. About 19 BC minting of aurei and denarii in Rome was resumed after more than two decades, and soon afterwards aes coinage was instituted as a regular part of the currency system. However, the new precious metal coinage from Rome was destined to be short-lived and ceased altogether after 12 BC. Augustus had other plans for the creation of a new mint establishment to produce his regular gold and silver issues. A number of provincial mints had been active from the mid-twenties down to about 16 BC, notably in Spain, but the city selected was Lugdunum, the provincial capital of Gaul, where a mint was opened in 15 BC. It soon became the only mint striking in the precious metals and was destined to retain this monopoly down to the time of Nero’s currency reform in AD 64. Additionally, the Gallic mint had a substantial output of aes, in various denominations, commencing in 10 BC and extending down to the early years of Tiberius’ reign. These depicted on the reverse the celebrated ‘Altar of Lugdunum’ dedicated by Augustus in 10 BC. Another Gallic mint, Nemausus, was also active at this time (and earlier) in the production of dupondii bearing the heads of Augustus and Agrippa on obverse. In the East, the great Asian cities of Ephesus and Pergamum produced large issues of silver cistophori (= 3 denarii) in the 20s BC, though this coinage ceased after 18 BC and was not revived until the reign of Claudius. The mint system established by Augustus continued with little change down to the time of the reform enacted by Nero in AD 64. A notable addition was the mint of Caesarea in Cappadocia where silver drachms (and later didrachms and hemidrachms also) were produced from the closing years of Tiberius’ reign. Nero’s reform saw the return of precious metal minting to Rome for the first time in three-quarters of a century. Lugdunum continued as an important mint, but now striking aes denominations to supplement the output of Rome. The Civil Wars of AD 68–9 occasioned the opening of many new temporary mints, as the various contestants for power required plentiful supplies of coined money to secure the loyalty of their troops. Tarraco, Narbo, Vienne, Nemausus, Lugdunum, Carthage, and an uncertain location in Lower Germany, are all credited with having been Imperial mints at this time. In the East, the revolt of Vespasian against Vitellius’ regime led to the opening of other temporary mints, such as Alexandria, Tyre, Antioch, Ephesus, and Aquileia, though none of these was destined to survive for long into the Flavian period. Once Vespasian had emerged as the victor from this complicated series of internal conflicts Rome soon resumed its dominant place as the provider of the Empire’s currency. Lugdunum still struck sporadically in aes throughout the reign; Ephesus seems to have had a late output of denarii in AD 76; and Samosata in Commagene produced a series of orichacum denominations (dupondius, as, and semis) spanning most of the reign. With the return to more settled conditions, the coinages of the reigns of Vespasian’s sons, Titus (AD 79–81) and Domitian (81–96), belong almost entirely to Rome, though silver cistophori were produced in Asia, probably at Ephesus. Throughout most of the 2nd century the mint of Rome exercised a virtual monopoly in the production of the regular Roman coinage. Cistophori were still struck at various mints in Asia Minor down to the time of Hadrian, whose output was on an impressive scale, but thereafter production ceases (except for an isolated late issue under Septimius Severus). This period of stability came to an end in the final decade of the century when the Empire was again plunged into civil war through the rivalries of Septimius Severus, Pescennius Niger, and Clodius Albinus. Antioch, the Syrian capital and third city of the Empire, produced coinage for Niger, as did Alexandria and Caesarea; whilst Albinus utilized Lugdunum for his independent coinage between AD 195 and 197. Following the defeat of Niger in 194 or 195 Antioch was disgraced for having served as the seat of opposition to Severus. Accordingly, when coinage was subsequently struck for Severus in Syria this was produced at Emesa, the home of Severus’ wife Julia Domna, and later at Laodicea (Alexandria and other eastern mints may also have participated in this coinage). Laodicea was the last of the temporary mints to cease production of Roman denominations under Severus, following the Imperial family’s return to Rome after an extended absence in the East (AD 203). Rome, meanwhile, was continuing its steady output of all denominations, and after 203 regained its monopoly of production of the Imperial coinage following a decade of turbulence. For the next fifteen years Rome remained the sole mint, but with Elagabalus’ revolt against Macrinus in AD 218 production of aurei and denarii recommenced in Syria. Antioch was the

ROMAN MINTS ROMAN MINTS

67 67

probable mint for these issues which extended intermittently into the early years of Severus Alexander. After this, and until the reign of Gordian III (AD 238–44), Rome again struck alone, but this was to be the final period of mint monopoly which the Imperial capital was destined to enjoy. In addition to striking all denominations at Rome, Gordian issued some of his antoniniani from at least two other mints. Because of his extensive military operations in the East the Syrian capital of Antioch was, undoubtedly, responsible for part of this provincial coinage. The Balkan mint of Viminacium is the other suggested mint-place for a number of types which clearly are of a style distinct from those attributed to Antioch. The Antiochene issues of antoniniani continued under Philip (244–9), Trajan Decius (249–51), and Trebonianus Gallus (251–3); whilst Aemilian (253) issued all of his coins at Rome, with the sole exception of a number of rare antoniniani struck at some unidentified mint in the Balkans. The joint reign of Valerian and Gallienus (AD 253–60) saw some important developments significant of the future move towards total decentralization of the Imperial mint system. A new western mint, probably at Cologne, was opened at this time and another new establishment, located either at Cyzicus in Asia Minor or at Emesa in Syria, commenced operation. Other than the products of Rome, precise mint identification at this time remains problematic because of the lack of explicit mint marks. Antioch certainly seems to have maintained its output of coinage and a Balkan mint, perhaps at Viminacium, seems also to have been active. A notable policy change at this time was the decision to allow provincial mints to strike gold on a regular basis, a precedent which was followed in varying degrees by most of Valerian’s successors. This was by no means the first time that mints other than Rome had produced coinage in gold, but from this point on such issues become a normal feature of the Imperial coinage and serve to emphasize the dwindling importance of the capital as the coining centre of the Empire. During the troubled sole reign of Gallienus (AD 260–68) the beleaguered emperor was forced to revise his father’s mint arrangements, due to considerable losses of territory in both the eastern and western halves of the Empire. In the West, the rebellion of Postumus in Gaul (AD 260) meant that the newly-opened mint at Cologne was lost to the central government and to take its place Gallienus opened a new mint at Siscia (Sisak, Croatia). Mediolanum (Milan) also seems to have become active at this time, producing antoniniani and gold. In the East, the capture of Valerian by Sapor of Persia in AD 260 inaugurated a period of about twelve years during which Rome exercised very little authority in the eastern provinces, the real power being in the hands of Odenathus and Zenobia, rulers of the desert kingdom of Palmyra. During this period Gallienus certainly produced substantial issues of coinage in the East which are generally assigned to Antioch, though given the prevailing political and military situation in the region it would, perhaps, be preferable to attribute them to Cyzicus. It is possible that other subsidiary mints were also operating at this time in western Asia Minor. Claudius II Gothicus (AD 268–70), the successor of Gallienus, continued to use all of the mints already in operation and available to the central government (Rome, Milan, Siscia, and Cyzicus), whilst antoniniani were also struck in his name at Antioch, the Palmyrene rulers having decided to adopt a more conciliatory attitude towards the new regime in Rome. Aurelian (AD 270–75), the great restorer of Rome’s fortunes in the later 3rd century and reformer of the currency, seems to have issued coins from at least eleven mints: Rome; Cologne, Trier, and Lugdunum (the Gallic provinces having been recovered in AD 273); Milan; Ticinum (opened by Aurelian at the time of the currency reform in 273/4 to replace Milan as the northern Italian mint); Siscia; Serdica (another creation of Aurelian); Cyzicus; Antioch (Palmyra having been conquered in 272); and Tripolis in Phoenicia (also opened by Aurelian). Gold was issued at seven of these mints. The Gallic Empire of Postumus had pursued its own policies from AD 260, though Gallienus’ recently created mint at Cologne appears to have been retained as the principal source of coinage throughout the thirteen years of the rebel state’s existence. Postumus (AD 260–68) seems to have used a secondary Gallic mint for some of his extensive aes issues, and a number of antoniniani and aurei may also be attributed to Milan. The rare coinage of the usurper Laelianus (268) was struck in Lower Germany, either at Moguntiacum (Mainz) or Trier. Postumus’ short-lived successor Marius (AD 268) struck most of his coinage at Cologne, though the products of a secondary mint are clearly identifiable and the establishment was probably located at Trier. The final two rulers of the Gallic Empire, Victorinus (268–70) and Tetricus (270–73), would seem to have retained this two-mint system (Cologne and Trier) down to the end of the state’s

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independent existence. Aurelian assumed control of the ‘rebel’ mints on his defeat of Tetricus in 273, but soon replaced them with a new establishment at Lugdunum. The final two decades of the period covered by this survey (Tacitus to Diocletian’s currency reform, mid-270s to mid-290s) saw few changes in the mint system established by Aurelian. Two new mints appear under Diocletian in the pre-reform period; one of them (Trier) a revival of an establishment utilized by the Gallic usurpers in the late 260s and early 270s; the other (Heraclea in Thrace) an entirely new creation. The independent British Empire of Carausius (AD 287–93) and his successor Allectus (293–6) brought into being several new mints, though only one of these (London) was destined to survive the restoration of the rule of the central government by the Caesar Constantius Chlorus. Camulodunum (Colchester) is usually regarded as the site of the second mint in Britain, though Clausentum (Bitterne) also has its supporters. Products of this mint are usually marked ‘C’ or ‘CL’ and the matter cannot be regarded as having been satisfactorily settled. Certain coins of Carausius show a distinctive style and may represent activity on the part of a mint in northwestern Gaul where the usurper’s naval superiority allowed him to control some territory, at least in the earlier part of his reign. Rotomagus (Rouen) has been postulated on the basis of local finds, but the attribution can only be regarded as conjectural.

MINTS AND MINT MARKS OF THE LATER ROMAN EMPIRE

Carthage: follis of Diocletian from the first officina

Alexandria: follis of Galeria Valeria from the third officina

Siscia: maiorina of Constantius II from the first officina

Treveri: solidus of Valentinian I from the third officina

Roman Imperial coins began to bear mint marks about the middle of the 3rd century, though the practice had occurred much earlier on denarii and aurei of Ephesus issued during the reign of Vespasian (AD 69–79). The marks which began to appear – principally on antoniniani – from the closing years of Philip I’s reign are seldom self-explanatory, normally identifying only the specific workshop or officina within the mint. Presumably, these were placed on the coins so that there

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might be some accountability on the part of mint officials and workers. Coins of less than standard weight or fineness could be traced back to those responsible for their production and the culprits suitably dealt with. With the advent of the monetary reform of Diocletian in the final decade of the 3rd century the name of the mint city itself customarily becomes an integral part of the mint mark, though it is sometimes abbreviated to a single initial letter, e.g. H = Heraclea, N = Nicomedia. A mint mark is normally placed in the exergual space on the reverse side of the coin and may be composed of up to three elements: firstly, a letter or letters indicating Pecunia (P), Sacra Moneta (SM), or simply Moneta (M); secondly, a letter or letters identifying the mint city, such as LON for Londinium; and finally, a letter or letters showing which of the mint’s workshops or officinae had produced the coin. At the western mints the officina letters are usually Latin – P, S, T and Q standing for Prima, Secunda, Tertia and Quarta. In the East, however, the system of Greek letter-numerals prevailed, the comparable officina letters being A, B, G and D. Thus, a coin of Alexandria may may bear the mint mark SMALB showing that it was struck in the second officina. Some eastern mints had many officinae. Antioch, for example, had fifteen (IE) under Constantius II, and Constantinople eleven (IA). Certain mints sometimes omit the prefix letter or letters, an example being Trier where the commonest forms of mint mark are TRP and TRS. Where PTR and STR occur the prefix letters are officina marks placed before instead of after the mint letters. Sometimes the officina letter appears in the field rather than the exergue. A small mint, such as London, may have no indication of officina (presumably because the mint establishment comprised a single workshop only). Many of the London issues of the Constantinian period are signed simply PLN or PLON. Under Valentinian I and Valens the letters PS (on silver) and OB (on gold) make their first appearance. These are abbreviations for pusulatum (‘pure silver’) and obryza (‘pure gold’) and they follow the mint letters, e.g. TRPS and TROB. Eventually, the form CONOB came to be utilized universally, without regard to the place of mintage, the actual mint letters sometimes appearing as a secondary element in the field. An important variation used at a number of western mints was COMOB. This may have had a slightly different meaning, the COM possibly indicating the office of Comes Auri (‘Count of Gold’), the official charged with the responsibility of supervising the Imperial gold supplies in the western provinces of the Empire. In addition to the mint and officina letters, symbols, such as a wreath, a crescent, or a palmbranch, are sometimes found in the exergue or in the reverse field. Of rarer occurrence are letters or symbols appearing in the obverse field, usually behind the ruler’s head. All of these denote the specific issue to which the coin belongs. There follows a list of the mints employed at various times from Diocletian’s reform down to the end of the Roman period about two centuries later. To list all the complex mint signatures would be a task beyond the scope of this work. However, most of the commoner mint marks are included, though all reference to symbols and officina letters has, of necessity, been omitted. Nevertheless, it is anticipated that the details provided will be sufficient to enable collectors to identify the mints of most of the late Roman coins he or she is likely to encounter. Alexandria (Egypt): ALE, SMAL. Operational for Roman currency from ca. AD 294. Finally closed under Leo I (AD 457–74). Ambianum, more correctly Civitas Ambianensium, previously Samarobriva (Amiens, France): AMB. Briefly operational under the usurper Magnentius (a native of the city), AD 350–53. Antioch-on-the-Orontes (Antakyé, Turkey): AN, ANT, ANTOB, SMAN. Operational down to the time of Zeno, the final issues being of the usurper Leontius (AD 484–8). Aquileia (Udine, Veneto, Italy): AQ, AQVIL, AQOB, AQPS, SMAQ. Operational from ca. Finally closed in the early years of Valentinian III, soon after AD 425.

AD

294.

Arelate/Constantina (Arles, France): A, AR, ARL, CON, CONST, KON, KONSTAN. Operational from AD 313 (establishment transferred from Ostia). Finally closed ca. AD 476. (In AD 328 the name of Arelate was changed to Constantina in honour of Constantine II. After his death in 340 the name reverted to Arelate, but in 353 Constantius II changed it back to Constantina. During the 5th century Arelate seems again to have been generally preferred).

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Barcino (Barcelona, Spain): SMBA. Briefly operational under the usurper Maximus, AD 410–11. Camulodunum or Clausentum (Colchester or Bitterne near Southampton): C, CL. Briefly operational under the usurpers Carausius and Allectus, AD 287–96. Carthage (near Tunis, Tunisia): K, PK, KART. Operational AD 296–307 and 308–11. Constantinople (Istanbul, Turkey): C, CP, CON, CONS, CONSP, CONOB. Operational from (establishment transferred from Ticinum).

AD

326

Cyzicus (Belkis or Balkiz, Turkey): CM, CVZ, CVZIC, CVZIKEN, K, KV, MK, MKV, SMK. Finally closed under Zeno (AD 474–91). Heraclea (Eregli, Turkey): H, HT, HERAC, HERACL, SMH, SMHT. Operational from ca. Finally closed under Leo I (AD 457–74).

AD

291.

(The old Greek city of Perinthus on the European coast of the Propontis, its name was changed to Heraclea some time during the course of the 3rd century AD). Londinium (London): L, ML, MLL, MLN, MSL, PLN, PLON, AVG, AVGOB, AVGPS. Operational 287–325, and for a brief period under the usurper Magnus Maximus (AD 383–8).

AD

Lugdunum (Lyon, France): LG, LP, LVG, LVGD, LVGPS, PL, PLG. Finally closed under Honorius, ca. 418.

AD

Mediolanum (Milan, Italy): MD, MDOB, MDPS, MED. Operational intermittently from ca. down to the reign of Zeno (AD 474–91). Nicomedia (Ismit, Turkey): MN, NIC, NICO, NIK, SMN. Operational from ca. reign of Zeno (AD 474–91).

AD

AD

352

294 down to the

Ostia (the port of Rome): MOST, POST. Operational under the usurper Maxentius and for a brief period under Constantine, AD 308/9–313. Ravenna (Italy): RV, RVPS. Established by Honorius ca. AD 402 and operational down to the time of Zeno (AD 474–91). Roma: CORMOB, R, RM, RMPS, ROMA, ROMOB, SMR, VRBrROM. Operational down to the time of Zeno (AD 474–91). Serdica (Sophia, Bulgaria): SMSD, SER. Operational briefly ca. AD 303–8 and again in 313–14. Sirmium (Sremska Mitrovica, Yugoslavia): SIRM, SIROB, SM (?). Operational only sporadically, from AD 320–26, 351–64, 379, and possibly also in 393–5. Siscia (Sisak, Croatia, Yugoslavia): SIS, SISC, SISCPS, SM (?). Finally closed in the early 390s, or possibly as late as the reign of Honorius, after the death of Arcadius in AD 408. Thessalonica (Thessaloniki, Greece): CHES, COM, COMOB, CONOB, SMTS, TS, TES, TESA, TESOB, THES, THS, THSOB. Operational from ca. AD 298/9 and finally closed under Zeno (AD 474–91). Ticinum (Pavia, Italy): SMT, T. Finally closed Constantinople).

AD

326 (establishment then transferred to

Treveri, more correctly Augusta Treverorum (Trier, Germany): SMTR, TR, TRE, TRIOB, TRMS, TROB, TROBS, TRPS. Operational from ca. AD 291. Finally closed under Valentinian III in the late 420s. The following mints were reopened in Byzantine times: Alexandria (ca. AD 538); Antioch (ca. AD 498); Carthage (ca. AD 534); Cyzicus (ca. AD 518); Nicomedia (ca. AD 498); Ravenna (ca. AD 555); Rome (ca. AD 552); and Thessalonica (ca. AD 518).

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DATING ROMAN IMPERIAL COINS DATING ROMAN IMPERIAL COINS

DATING ROMAN IMPERIAL COINS The ability to date with a surprising degree of precision many of the coins struck under the Roman Empire provides the student of this remarkably varied series yet another theme for the formation of a collection. Many people collect Roman Imperial coins in order to assemble a ‘portrait gallery’ of emperors and empresses; others form their collections on the basis of illustrating the bewildering variety of deities, architectural themes, or commemorations of military campaigns appearing as reverse types; whilst some collectors are attracted by the diversity of mints, scattered throughout the Mediterranean world and northern Europe, at which the Imperial coinage was produced over more than half a millennium. A collection formed on the basis of important dates in Roman history is, however, one theme which most numismatists have probably overlooked and it can be most rewarding. Thus, one might acquire a coin of AD 70, the year of the capture of Jerusalem by Titus; one of AD 79, which saw the famous eruption of Vesuvius which buried Pompeii and Herculaneum; a coin of Hadrian of the year in which construction began on Hadrian’s Wall following the emperor’s visit to the province (AD 122); and a coin of Constantine, the first Christian emperor, struck in the year in which he experienced his celebrated ‘vision of the Cross’ (AD 312). The scope for such a collection is obviously very great, and it has the added advantage of encouraging the collector to undertake his or her own research in order to discover the significance of coins already acquired before pursuing the process further. One reason for the neglect of this approach is that many collectors are unaware of how to set about dating Roman Imperial coins. It is hoped, therefore, that the following notes, together with the tables of ‘Principal Chronological Criteria’ appearing in each of the two volumes in this work, will provide much of the necessary information. Users of this new Millennium Edition will also notice that in the catalogue entries much fuller information has been provided on the place and time of mintage of each individual type, thus increasing the awareness of chronology. Tribunicia Potestas (the tribunician power, usually TR P on the coins). The tribunes of the people were first appointed in the early days of the Republic to protect the rights of the lower classes (plebeians) against the powerful aristocrats (patricians). From these humble beginnings the power of the tribunes gradually increased until, under the pretext of defending the rights of the people, they were able to do virtually anything they pleased. This almost unlimited power was drastically curtailed in later Republican times, notably by Sulla, and although many of the rights and privileges of the tribunes were restored after the dictator’s death, a few decades later they were again deprived of power by Julius Caesar. Augustus, in establishing the constitutional basis for his new Imperial rule, quickly realized the advantages to be gained through possession of the power of the tribunes. An added attraction was its popularity with the people, in sharp contrast to the hated titles of rex and dictator. Accordingly, in 23 BC he had the tribunician power conferred on him for life, thus gathering into his hands many important prerogatives previously enjoyed by the tribunes of the people. He was now empowered to convene and dismiss both the Senate and the Assembly of the People and also to veto any order of the Senate. In addition, the tribunician power rendered his person sacred and inviolable, a valuable asset for an autocrat. As the emperor wished the tribunician power to be regarded as the basis for his authority it was natural that he should introduce the custom of reckoning the years of his reign by the date of its symbolic annual renewal. The precedent having thus been instituted, this became the normal practice of Augustus’ successors and the number of annual renewals of the tribunician power, appearing regularly in the inscriptions on the coinage, provide valuable evidence in establishing the numismatic chronology of each reign. The method employed for selecting the actual date of this annual renewal seems to have varied from reign to reign. Some emperors used the day of its initial conferment (June 27th in the case of Augustus), whilst others preferred the traditional Republican date for the appointment of the tribunes (December 10th). Yet another practice was to renew on January 1st, thus making the tribunician year coincide with the calendar year. Imperator (usually IMP on the coins). This title, originally meaning ‘commander’ and used to

DATING ROMAN IMPERIAL COINS DATING ROMAN IMPERIAL COINS

73 73

describe a victorious general, was utilized in several different ways in Imperial times. One use was as a praenomen or personal name of the emperor, by virtue of his supreme command over all the legions, auxiliaries, and naval officers comprising the Empire’s armed forces. From the reign of Vespasian it was normally placed before all the other names and titles of the emperor and at about the same time it replaced princeps as the popular designation of the emperor. Another use of ‘imperator’ was to enumerate the victories of the emperor during the course of his reign. Whenever a Roman army achieved some outstanding military success the emperor received an imperatorial acclamation, regardless of whether or not he was personally in command. The numbers of these acclamations are sometimes included in coin inscriptions and when they are frequent, as in the cases of Domitian, Marcus Aurelius, and the early years of Septimius Severus, they can provide valuable chronological evidence. Consul (usually COS on the coins). The annual office of consul was established immediately after the abolition of the monarchy in Rome in 510 BC and was the highest of the annual magistracies. There were two colleagues in the consulship and during their year of office they wielded an almost regal power over the government of the Republic, only exceeded by that of a dictator appointed on rare occasions in cases of extreme national crisis. Their authority, however, was considerably diminished by the appointment of the tribunes of the people, who were the only magistrates not subject to the consuls. During the final half century of the Republic’s existence their influence was frequently compromised by the authority of the powerful military commanders in the field, the imperators. Nevertheless, being the supreme magistrates of the State, the power of the Consuls remained considerable as long as the Republic endured Under the Empire consuls continued to be appointed. However, although all the grandeur of the office was retained, the holders of the consulship no longer exercised any of the political power of their Republican predecessors. Quite frequently, more than one pair of consuls were appointed for each year and from the reign of Vespasian it was normal for at least five pairs to hold office annually. The emperor himself would sometimes hold the consulship. If he did so frequently, and advertised the fact regularly on his coins, then it can be a useful indicator of date. In this respect the Flavian emperors were especially helpful: Vespasian held the consulship eight times in ten years; Titus eight times in twelve years; and Domitian seventeen times in twenty-seven years. In marked contrast, Hadrian only held the consulship three times, in the first three years of his 21–year reign. In consequence, the inscription COS III for Hadrian covers the long period AD 119–138. Pontifex Maximus (usually P M on the coins). The Pontifex Maximus was the head of the Pontifices, one of the four senior colleges of priests in Rome, who were charged with the supervision of ceremonies connected with the state religion (interestingly, in a remarkable example of long-term continuity this title is still borne by the Pope today). It was a dignity which, once conferred, was held for life and Augustus did not receive it until after the death of Lepidus (Caesar’s successor as Pontifex Maximus) in 13 BC. Thereafter, it became one of the titles normally assumed by the emperors at the time of their accession. Prior to the brief rule of Balbinus and Pupienus in AD 238 the title of Pontifex Maximus always went to the senior emperor in the case of a joint reign, the title of Pontifex going to the junior partner (this lesser designation usually also applied to the Caesar, or heir to the throne). Balbinus and Pupienus set a precedent for succeeding emperors by sharing the office of Pontifex Maximus. Pater Patriae (usually P P on the coins). This title of honour, meaning “Father of his Country”, was conferred on Augustus in 2 BC and was subsequently assumed by most, but not all, of his successors at the time of their accession. Tiberius steadfastly refused the title and some emperors, such as Hadrian and Marcus Aurelius, only accepted it after they had reigned for a number of years. Thus, coins of Hadrian containing P P in their obverse or reverse legends must be dated subsequent to AD 128, at least eleven years after the commencement of his reign. Armeniacus, Britannicus, Germanicus, Parthicus, etc. (usually abbreviated to ARM, BRIT, GERM, PARTH, etc. on the coins). These were titles awarded in commemoration of military victories achieved over foreign enemies. The following will serve as an example in the use of the tables of ‘Principal Chronological Criteria’ appearing in each of the two volumes in this catalogue. A sestertius of Commodus (AD

74 74

DATING ROMAN IMPERIAL COINS DATING ROMAN IMPERIAL COINS

177–192) bears the legends M COMMODVS ANT P FELIX AVG BRIT (on obverse) and P M TR P XI IMP VII COS V P P S C (on reverse). Referring to the tables it will be seen that the eleventh year of Commodus’ tribunician power spanned the years AD 185–186. As Commodus seems to have renewed his tribunician power on December 10th it is obviously more likely that this piece was struck in 186. However, in order to confirm this some title must be found on the coin to verify the attribution. If we look at the obverse legend we will find that the titles Pius (P), Britannicus (BRIT) and Felix were bestowed on Commodus in AD 183, 184 and 185 respectively and thus provide no assistance in confirming the coin to AD 186. Turning to the reverse legend, we see that Commodus bears the title Pontifex Maximus (P M), but according to the table we see that he achieved this status in 180, on the death of his father Marcus Aurelius. His seventh imperatorial acclamation (IMP VII) was in 184 and probably records victories of the Roman governor Ulpius Marcellus in northern Britain; whilst the title of Pater Patriae (P P) had been bestowed on him as early as AD 177. This leaves us with COS V which, on checking, we will find is the only title which can securely attribute our coin to AD 186 – the year which saw the remarkable mutiny instigated by the army deserter Maternus on the Rhine frontier which was to spread throughout Gaul and into Spain. Many issues, of course, do not bear strings of titles enabling them do be dated with great precision, and the coinages of empresses lack all such indications. However, over recent decades much work has been done by scholars on establishing the chronological sequence of issues within specific periods, and in this connection collectors and students are strongly recommended to the works of Dr. Philip V. Hill (‘The Undated Coins of Rome, A.D. 98–148’ and ‘The Coinage of Septimius Severus and his Family of the Mint of Rome, A.D. 193–217’, both published by Spink & Son).

ABBREVIATIONS cuir. diad. dr. ex. gm. hd. l.

= = = = = = =

cuirassed diademed draped exergue grammes head left

laur. mm. Obv. r. rad. Rev. stg.

= = = = = = =

laureate millimetres obverse right radiate reverse standing

CONDITIONS OF COINS IN ORDER OF MERIT Abbreviation FDC

English mint state

French fleur-de-coin

German stempelglanz

extremely fine

superbe

vorzüglich

very fine

tres beau

sehr schon

fine

beau

schon

good EF EF nearly EF good VF VF nearly VF good F F nearly F fair

fair

tres bien conservé

sehr gut erhalten

M

mediocre

bien conservé

gut erhalten

ROMAN IMPERIAL COINAGE, 27 BC-AD 491 (Continued from Vol. IV)

Principal references: Askew = G. Askew, The Coinage of Roman Britain. 2nd edition. London, 1980. Baldus = H.R. Baldus, Uranius Antoninus, Münzprägung und Geschichte. Bonn, 1971. Bastien = P. Bastien, Le Monnayage de Bronze de Postume. Wetteren, 1967. P. Bastien, The Iantinum Mint. ANS Museum Notes, vol. 25. New York, 1980. P. Bastien, Le Monnayage de lʼAtelier de Lyon, Dioclétien et ses Corégents avant la Réforme Monétaire (285-294). Wetteren, 1972; also Supplement (P. Bastien, M. Amandry, G. Gauthier), Wetteren, 1989. P. Bastien, Le Monnayage de lʼAtelier de Lyon, De la Réforme Monétaire de Dioclétien à la Fermeture Temporaire de lʼAtelier en 316 (294-316). Wetteren, 1980. P. Bastien, Le Monnayage de lʼAtelier de Lyon, De la Réouverture de lʼAtelier en 318 à la Mort de Constantin (318-337). Wetteren, 1982. P. Bastien, Coins with a Double Effigy Issued by Licinius at Nicomedia, Cyzicus, and Antioch. Numismatic Chronicle, 7th series, vol. XIII, pp. 87-97. London, 1973. BMCG = R.S. Poole, A Catalogue of the Greek Coins in the British Museum, Alexandria and the Nomes. London, 1892. BMCG/Christiansen = E. Christiansen, Coins of Alexandria and the Nomes, a Supplement to the British Museum Catalogue. London, 1991. BMCRE = H. Mattingly, R.A.G. Carson, Coins of the Roman Empire in the British Museum, vols. I-VI. London, 1923-62. BMCRR = H.A. Grueber, Coins of the Roman Republic in the British Museum. London, 1910. C = H. Cohen, Description Historique des Monnaies Frappées sous l’Empire Romain, vols. I-VIII. 2nd edition. Paris, 1880-92. Calicó = X. Calicó, The Roman Aurei. Barcelona, 2003. CBN = J.-B. Giard, Catalogue des Monnaies de l’Empire Romain, vols. I-III (Augustus to Nerva). Paris, 1976-2001. S. Estiot, Catalogue des Monnaies de l’Empire Romain, vol. XII, part 1 (Aurelian to Florian). Paris, 2004. Cologne = A. Geissen, W. Weiser, Katalog Alexandrinischer Kaisermünzen der Sammlung des Instituts für Altertumskunde der Universitat zu Koln. Opladen, 1974-83. CSS = P.V. Hill, The Coinage of Septimius Severus and his Family of the Mint of Rome, A.D. 193217. London, 1977. Curtis = J.W. Curtis, The Tetradrachms of Roman Egypt. Chicago, 1957. Dattari = G. Dattari, Numi Augg. Alexandrini. Cairo, 1901. Depeyrot = G. Depeyrot, Les Monnaies dʼOr de Diocletien à Constantin I (284-337).Wetteren, 1995. G. Depeyrot, Les Monnaies dʼOr de Constantin II à Zenon (337-491). Wetteren, 1996. DOC = P. Grierson and M. Mays, Catalogue of Late Roman Coins in the Dumbarton Oaks Collection and in the Whittemore Collection, Washington, D.C., 1992. EMA = G. Depeyrot, Les Emissions Monétaires dʼArles (Quatrième-Cinquième Siècles). Wetteren, 1996. Emmett = K. Emmett, Alexandrian Coins. Lodi, 2001. Gilljam = H.H. Gilljam, Antoniniani und aurei des Ulpius Cornelius Laelianus, Gegenkaiser des Postumus. Cologne, 1982. Gnecchi = F. Gnecchi, I Medaglioni Romani, vols. I-III. Milan, 1912.

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Göbl = R. Göbl, Regalianus und Dryantilla. Vienna, 1970. Hunter = A.S. Robertson, Roman Imperial Coins in the Hunter Coin Cabinet, University of Glasgow, vols. I-V. Oxford, 1962-82. King = C.E. King, Roman Quinarii from the Republic to Diocletian and the Tetrarchy. Oxford, 2007. Lacam = G. Lacam, La fin de l’empire romain et le monnayageor en Italie, 455-93. Luzern/Paris, 1983. LRBC = R.A.G. Carson, P.V. Hill, and J.P.C. Kent, Late Roman Bronze Coinage, A.D. 324-498. London, 1972. Mazzini = G. Mazzini, Monete Imperiali Romane. Milan, 1957-8. Metcalf = Wm. E. Metcalf, The Cistophori of Hadrian. New York, 1980. Milne = J.G. Milne, Catalogue of Alexandrian Coins, University of Oxford, Ashmolean Museum. Oxford, 1971. MA = R. Paolucci, A. Zub, La Monetazione di Aquileia Romana. Padua, 2000. MIR = W. Szaivert, Moneta Imperii Romani, vol. 18 (Marcus Aurelius, Lucius Verus and Commodus). Vienna, 1986. M. Alram, Moneta Imperii Romani, vol. 27 (Maximinus I Thrax). Vienna, 1989. R. Göbl, Moneta Imperii Romani, vol. 47 (Aurelian). Vienna, 1995. MIRB = W. Hahn, Moneta Imperii Romani Byzantini. Vienna, 1989. MM = P. Bastien, Le Monnayage de Magnence (350-353). Wetteren, 1964. MPN = R.F. Bland, A.M. Burnett, S. Bendall, The Mints of Pescennius Niger. Numismatic Chronicle, vol. 147. London, 1987. MR = Ranieri, E., La Monetazione di Ravenna Antica. Bologna, 2006. Pink = K. Pink, Der Aufbau der römischen Münzprägung in der Kaiserzeit, VI/1 Probus, in Numismatische Zeitschrift, Vol. 73, pp. 13-74. Vienna, 1949. K. Pink, Der Aufbau der römischen Münzprägung in der Kaiserzeit, VI/2 Carus und Söhne, in Numismatische Zeitschrift, Vol. 80, pp. 5-67. Vienna, 1963. Ratto = R. Ratto, Monnaies Byzantines (auction catalogue). Lugano, 1930. RIC = H. Mattingly and E.A. Sydenham, P.H. Webb, J.W.E. Pearce, P.M. Bruun, C.H.V. Sutherland, J.P.C. Kent, The Roman Imperial Coinage, vols. I-X. London, 1923-94. RPC = A. Burnett, M. Amandry, P.P. Ripolles, I. Carradice, Roman Provincial Coinage, vols. I-II. London and Paris, 1992-9. RSC = H.A. Seaby, C.E. King, Roman Silver Coins, vols. I-V. London, 1952-87. Shiel = N. Shiel, The Episode of Carausius and Allectus. Oxford, 1977. Schulte = B. Schulte, Die Goldprägung der gallischen Kaiser von Postumus bis Tetricus. Frankfurt-am-Main, 1983. T = M. Thirion, Le Monnayage d’Elagabale (218-222). Brussels and Amsterdam, 1968. Tolstoi = J. Tolstoi, Monnaies Byzantines. St. Petersburg, 1912. Toynbee = J.M.C. Toynbee, Roman Medallions. New York, 1944. UB = Ulrich-Bansa, Moneta Mediolanensis (352-498). Venice, 1949. UCR = P.V. Hill, The Dating and Arrangement of the Undated Coins of Rome, A.D. 98-148. London, 1970. Van Heesch = J. Van Heesch, The Last Civic Coinages and the Religious Policy of Maximinus Daza. Numismatic Chronicle, Vol. 153, pp. 65-75. London, 1993. Waage = D.B. Waage, Antioch-On-The-Orontes, vol. IV, part 2. Princeton, 1952. Webb = P.H. Webb, The Reign and Coinage of Carausius. London, 1908. P.H. Webb, The Coinage of Allectus. London, 1906.

THE CHRISTIAN EMPIRE: THE LATER CONSTANTINIAN DYNASTY AND THE HOUSES OF VALENTINIAN AND THEODOSIUS AND THEIR SUCCESSORS, CONSTANTINE II TO ZENO, AD 337-491

CONSTANTINE II 9 Sep. AD 337-Mar./Apr. 340 17373 Flavius Claudius Constantinus (Constantine II), the second of the four sons of Constantine I, was born in Arelate (Arles) in February of AD 317. He was almost immediately raised to the rank of Caesar (1 March) at a meeting between Constantine I and Licinius at Serdica following the conclusion of the first of the two civil wars between the emperors of East and West. On the same occasion, the elevations of Constantine’s eldest son Crispus and Licinius’ son Licinius Junior were also celebrated. Constantine II is sometimes described as the eldest of three sons of Constantine I and Fausta. However, it seems clear that he was illegitimate as Fausta gave birth to Constantius II in early August of 317, only six months after the birth of Constantine II. Additional evidence is provided by Fausta’s coinage which depicts her holding just two children in her arms (Constantius II and Constans). Although only 9 years of age at the time of the execution of his half-brother Crispus, in 326, Constantine Junior (as he is normally styled on his coins) thereby became the senior heir to his father’s throne. Two years later, he was honoured by his native city of Arles when it changed its name to Constantina. The city retained this title until 340 when, on the defeat of Constantine II by his halfbrother Constans, the name reverted to its original form. Needless to say, the young Constantine’s military experience was very limited, though he had revealed some aptitude for soldiering during Crispus’ German campaigns in AD 323 and showed definite promise almost a decade later when he campaigned with his father on the Danube frontier. At the time of Constantine I’s death in 337 his eldest son was still only 20 years of age, his half-brothers Constantius II and Constans being 19 and 17 respectively. Also to be considered in the succession were their two cousins, Delmatius Caesar and Hanniballianus Rex, who had been elevated by Constantine towards the end of AD 335. A curious 3-month ‘interregnum’ followed the emperor’s death in May, 337, and by the time Constantine’s three sons had assumed the full imperial rank of Augusti in September their two cousins had been murdered as part of a general massacre of the descendants of Constantius I and Theodora. This heinous act helped to condemn the dynasty to an early extinction as none of Constantine’s sons was destined to produce any male offspring. It has been suggested that an acknowledgement of the collective guilt of the three emperors appears to have found expression in the production of a posthumous coinage honouring Theodora, as well as a parallel series in the name of their own grandmother Helena. However, hoard evidence would seem to contradict this theory and to indicate that these issues began immediately following the old emperor’s sudden demise (cf. RIC viii, p. 79) and may even have been planned by him. Theodora is not known to have borne the title of Augusta during her lifetime so the honour appears to have been bestowed posthumously, as in the case of the first century empress Antonia, mother of Claudius. It would have been ironic indeed if this bestowal had been at the hands of the murderers of so many of her descendants. Although technically the senior of the three emperors, Constantine II received as his territorial share of the Empire only the western provinces of Britain, Spain and Gaul which were relatively remote from the principal centres of political power. His high-handed action in revoking the exile of the anti-Arian Bishop Athanasius and ordering his restoration to the see of Alexandria contributed to his alienation from his two younger half-brothers which further weakened his position in the triarchy. Frustrated in his efforts to extend his realm through face-to-face negotiations with his co-rulers in 338, Constantine II took matters into his own hands and rashly invaded northern Italy in the spring

of 340. This was the territory of Constans and although the emperor was absent in the Balkans at the time the invader was trapped in an ambush near Aquileia and met his death at the age of only 23. This was followed by a reassignment of imperial territories between the two remaining brothers, Constans in effect becoming emperor of the West and Constantius II ruler of the eastern provinces. This arrangement worked well for the following decade and presaged the future division of the Empire which was to typify the dynasties of Valentinian and Theodosius. During the brief reign of Constantine II there was little in the way of innovation in the currency system. An exception was the introduction of a heavier version of the silver miliarensis equivalent in weight to the gold aureus (c. 5.4 grams). The bulk of Constantine II’s coinage was, of course, issued during the two decades that he bore the rank of Caesar under his father. His much scarcer issues as Augustus are sometimes confused with coins of Constantine I as the title ‘IVN’ (= Junior), which had characterized his earlier coinage, was now normally omitted from the inscriptions. In cases where doubt exists, the more youthful portrait of Constantine II usually provides sufficient evidence of identity. The following are the principal forms of obverse legend, other varieties being given in full: As Caesar

A. CONSTANTINVS IVN N C B. CONSTANTINVS IVN NOB C C. CONSTANTINVS IVN NOB CAES D. D N CONSTANTINVS IVN NOB CAES E. D N FL CL CONSTANTINVS NOB C F. FL CL CONSTANTINVS IVN N C G. FL CL CONSTANTINVS IVN NOB C

As Augustus

H. CONSTANTINVS AVG I. CONSTANTINVS IVN AVG J. CONSTANTINVS P F AVG K. D N CONSTANTINVS P F AVG L. FL CL CONSTANTINVS AVG M. FL CL CONSTANTINVS P F AVG N. IMP CONSTANTINVS AVG O. VIC CONSTANTINVS AVG

The following varieties of obverse type are represented by lower case letters, others being given in full:

a. Bare hd. r. b. Bare-headed, dr. and/or cuir. bust r. c. Laur. hd. r. d. Laur., dr. and/or cuir. bust r. e. Laur., dr. and/or cuir. bust l. f. Diad. hd. r. g. Diad., dr. and/or cuir. bust r. h. Rad., dr. and/or cuir. bust r. i. Rad., dr. and/or cuir. bust l. j. Helmeted and cuir. bust l. k. Laur. and cuir. half-length bust l., holding globe surmounted by Victory. l. Laur. bust r., wearing consular robes and holding eagle-tipped sceptre. m. Laur. bust l., wearing consular robes and holding eagle-tipped sceptre. n. Laur. and diad. hd. r. o. Cuir. bust r., laur. and diad. p. Dr. and cuir. bust r., laur. and diad.

CONSTANTINE II CAESAR

79

Issues as Caesar under Constantine I, 1 Mar. AD 317-22 May 337 (followed by an interregnum lasting until 9 Sept. during which he continued to hold the rank of Caesar) 17001

Gold aureus (c. 5.4 grams, weights variable). Fc. Rev. CONSTANTINI CAES around wreath enclosing VOTIS X in two lines, mint mark TR below. RIC vii, p. 210, 494. C 63. Depeyrot, p. 62, 34/1. [Trier, AD 326]. VF £1,600 ($2,800) / EF £4,300 ($7,500)

17002

Ed (dr. and cuir.). Rev. SOLI INVICTO, Sol stg. l. in long robe, raising r. hand and holding globe in l., mint and officina marks S M N D (= 4) in ex. RIC vii, —. C —. VF £2,300 ($4,000) / EF £5,700 ($10,000) Depeyrot —. [Nicomedia, AD 319]. This curious type was issued by Licinius, hence the denomination (see also no. 16634 of Crispus).

17003

Dd. Rev. VICTORIA AVG ET CAESS NN, Victory advancing l. between two captives, holding wreath and palm, mint mark SIRM in ex. RIC vii, p. 473, 36. C —. Depeyrot, p. 105, 7/1. [Sirmium, AD 323-4]. VF £1,300 ($2,250) / EF £3,750 ($6,500)

17004

Gold solidus (c. 4.5 grams). Ca. Rev. CLARITAS REI PVBLICAE, Sol stg. l., raising r. hand and holding globe in l., mint mark • S M • TS • in ex. RIC vii, p. 500, 9. C 49. Depeyrot, p. 111, 8/2. [Thessalonica, AD 317]. VF £925 ($1,600) / EF £2,850 ($5,000)

17005

Cf. Rev. CONSTANTINVS CAES, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark CONS in ex. RIC vii, p. 569, 3. C —. Depeyrot, p. 116, 1/3. [Constantinople, AD 326]. VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £2,000 ($3,500) It is possible that the obverse of this type has been misdescribed and should be without legend and with the diademed head looking upwards, as on the equivalent issues in the names of Constantine I (no. 15636) and Constantius II (no. 17550).

17006

Cd (dr. and cuir.). Rev. — as previous. RIC vii, p. 580, 69 (AD 333). Cf. C 71 (obv. misdescribed). Depeyrot, p. 116, 3/4 (AD 330). [Constantinople, AD 330 or 333]. VF £480 ($850) / EF £1,425 ($2,500)

17007

No legend, f (looking upwards). Rev. CONSTANTINVS CAESAR, as previous, but with mint mark S M T in ex. RIC vii, p. 385, 195. C 75. Depeyrot, p. 74, 19/4. [Ticinum, AD 326]. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,700 ($3,000)

17008

As previous, but with mint mark SIRM in ex. RIC vii, p. 477, 64. C 75 var. Depeyrot, VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,700 ($3,000) p. 107, 10/3. [Sirmium, AD 325-6].

17009

Similar, but with mint mark S M TS. RIC vii, p. 517, 147. C 75. Depeyrot, p. 113, 12/2. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,700 ($3,000) [Thessalonica, AD 326].

17010

Similar, but with mint mark N. RIC vii, p. 618, 112. C 75. Cf. Depeyrot, p. 129, 38/4 (obv. misdescribed). [Nicomedia, AD 325-6]. VF £480 ($850) / EF £1,425 ($2,500)

17011

Bd (cuir. or dr. and cuir.). Rev. — as 17005. RIC vii, p. 577, 47-8. C 77. Depeyrot, p. VF £480 ($850) / EF £1,425 ($2,500) 116, 3/2-3. [Constantinople, AD 330].

17010

80

Roman Coins and Their Values

17012

17017

17012

Gold solidus. Similar, but with obv. legend C and the bust is always laur. and cuir. RIC vii, p. 584, 93-4. Cf. C 78 (obv. misdescribed). Depeyrot, p. 117, 5/2-3. [Constantinople, VF £430 ($750) / EF £1,300 ($2,250) AD 335].

17013

Dd (dr. and cuir.). Rev. FELIX PROCESSVS COS II, Constantine II, togate, stg. l., holding globe and short sceptre, mint mark SIRM in ex. RIC vii—. C —. Depeyrot, p. VF £1,600 ($2,800) / EF £4,300 ($7,500) 104, 4/2. [Sirmium, AD 321].

17014

Cd (dr. and cuir.). Rev. FELIX PROCESSVS COS III, as previous. RIC vii, —. C —. Depeyrot, p. 106, 9/3. [Sirmium, AD 324]. VF £1,600 ($2,800) / EF £4,300 ($7,500)

17015

Fc. Rev. GAVDIVM ROMANORVM (around), ALAMANNIA (in ex.), Alamannia, as mourning captive, seated l. on ground, hd. resting on r. hand, trophy and arms behind (no mint mark). RIC vii, p. 213, 516. C 108 var. Depeyrot —. [Trier, AD 328-9]. VF £1,150 ($2,000) / EF £3,450 ($6,000)

17016

Similar, but also with mint mark TR below ALAMANNIA in ex. RIC vii, p. 216, 535 (AD 332-3). C 108. Cf. Depeyrot, p. 62, 36/2 (AD 328-9). [Trier, AD 328-9 or 332-3]. VF £1,150 ($2,000) / EF £3,450 ($6,000)

17017

As 17015, but with SARMATIA instead of ALAMANNIA in ex. and Sarmatia seated. RIC vii, p. 196, 364. C —. Cf. Depeyrot, p. 61, 29/1 (GLORIA for GAVDIVM, in VF £1,025 ($1,800) / EF £3,150 ($5,500) error). [Trier, AD 323].

17018

Similar, but also with mint mark TR below SARMATIA in ex. RIC vii, —. C —. VF £1,250 ($2,200) / EF £3,750 ($6,500) Depeyrot, p. 61, 30/1. [Trier, AD 322].

17019

Fc. Rev. PRINCIPI IVVENTVTIS, Constantine II, in military attire, stg. r., holding transverse spear and globe, mint mark P TR in ex. RIC vii, pp. 178 and 204, 188 and 447. C 142. Depeyrot, pp. 59 and 61, 24/4 and 31/1. [Trier, AD 317 and 324]. VF £480 ($850) / EF £1,425 ($2,500) On this type the rev. legend is divided PRINCIPI IV—VENTVTIS. The earlier issue has a dot following PRINCIPI.

17020

Similar, but with mint mark TR instead of P TR. RIC vii, p. 211, 500. C 142 var. VF £430 ($750) / EF £1,300 ($2,250) Depeyrot, p. 62, 32/4. [Trier, AD 326].

17021

As 17019. RIC vii, p. 208, 472. C 142. Depeyrot, p. 62, 33/1. [Trier, AD 326]. VF £480 ($850) / EF £1,425 ($2,500) On this type the rev. legend is divided PRINCIPI I—VVENTVTIS.

17022

Cd (dr. and cuir.). Rev. — as 17019, but with mint mark S M T in ex. RIC vii, p. 375, 107. C —. Depeyrot, p. 73, 17/8. [Ticinum, AD 320]. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,700 ($3,000)

17023

B, laur., dr. and cuir. bust l. (or r.), his r. hand raised, holding globe in l. Rev. — as 17019, but with mint mark S M AN in ex., sometimes followed by dot. RIC vii, pp. 684-5, 44 and 47. C 144. Cf. Depeyrot, p. 146, 39/6-7 and 40/2. [Antioch, AD 324]. VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,600 ($4,500)

17024

D, type as previous. Rev. — as previous, but with star in field to l. (no dot in ex.). RIC vii, —. C —. Depeyrot, p. 147, 43/2. [Antioch, AD 324-5]. VF £925 ($1,600) / EF £2,850 ($5,000)

CONSTANTINE II CAESAR

81

17025

PRINCIPI IVVENTVTIS (cont.) Gold solidus. As previous, but with obv. type d (dr. and cuir.). RIC vii, p. 685, 51. C 147. Depeyrot, p. 147, 43/1. [Antioch, AD 324-5]. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,700 ($3,000)

17026

Bd (dr. and cuir.). Rev. — Constantine II, in military attire, stg. l., hd. r., holding standard and sceptre or spear, another standard to r., mint mark AQ in ex. RIC vii (Addenda), p. 715, 117A. MA 314. C 155 var. Cf. Depeyrot, p. 94, 12/3 (S M AQ in error, should belong to series 9 or 11). [Aquileia, AD 319-20]. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,700 ($3,000)

17027

As previous, but with mint mark SIRM in ex. RIC vii, p. 476, 58. C 155 var. Depeyrot, VF £480 ($850) / EF £1,425 ($2,500) p. 106, 9/4. [Sirmium, AD 324].

17028

As previous, but with mint and officina marks S M TS A (= 1) or G (= 3) or D (= 4) in ex. RIC vii, p. 514, 132. C 155. Depeyrot, p. 112, 10/2. [Thessalonica, AD 324]. VF £480 ($850) / EF £1,425 ($2,500)

17029

As previous, but with mint mark S M N in ex., sometimes followed by officina marks G (= 3), K (= ?), M (= 7), or N (= ?). RIC vii, p. 613, 71-5. C 155. Depeyrot, p. 127, 34/2 and 35/1. [Nicomedia, AD 324-5]. VF £430 ($750) / EF £1,300 ($2,250)

17030

  

17031

17030

As previous, but with mint mark S M K in ex., sometimes followed by officina mark e (= 5). RIC vii, p. 649, 41. C 155 var. Depeyrot, pp. 136-7, 16/3 and 17/1. [Cyzicus, AD 324-5]. VF £480 ($850) / EF £1,425 ($2,500)

17031

B or C, g. Rev. — Constantine II, in military attire, stg. l., holding standard and sceptre or spear, two additional standards to r., mint mark TR in ex. RIC vii, p. 221, 572-3. C 149 and 150 var. Depeyrot, p. 63, 37/1-2. [Trier, AD 335-6]. VF £430 ($750) / EF £1,300 ($2,250)

17032

Cd (dr. and cuir.). Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark SIS in ex. RIC vii, p. 454, 226. C 149 var. Depeyrot, p. 102, 22/2. [Siscia, AD 334]. VF £520 ($900) / EF £1,575 ($2,750)

17033 17033

Dd (dr. and cuir.). Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark SIRM in ex. RIC vii, p. 468, 7. C 154. Depeyrot, p. 104, 2/4. [Sirmium, AD 320]. VF £480 ($850) / EF £1,425 ($2,500)

17034

Cd (cuir.). Rev. — as previous, but the mint mark is flanked by dots. Cf. RIC vii, p. 473, 41 (misdescribed and misplaced, see p. 717). C —. Depeyrot, p. 105, 5/3. [Sirmium, AD 321-2]. VF £520 ($900) / EF £1,575 ($2,750)

17035

Cd (dr. and cuir.). Rev. — as 17033. RIC vii, p. 473, 40. C —. Depeyrot, p. 106, 7/4. VF £480 ($850) / EF £1,425 ($2,500) [Sirmium, AD 323-4].

82

Roman Coins and Their Values

17036

Gold solidus. Bg (dr. and cuir.). Rev. PRINCIPI IVVENTVTIS, as 17031, but with mint mark TS in ex. RIC vii, p. 525, 190. C 151 var. Depeyrot, p. 114, 15/3. [Thessalonica, AD 332]. VF £375 ($650) / EF £1,150 ($2,000)

17037

Similar, but with mint mark TS followed by e in ex. RIC vii, p. 528, 209. C 151. Depeyrot, p. 114, 16/3. [Thessalonica, AD 335]. VF £430 ($750) / EF £1,300 ($2,250)

17038

B or C, d (cuir.). Rev. — as 17031, but with mint mark CONS in ex. RIC vii, p. 585, 109 and 111. C 149-50 var. Depeyrot, p. 118, 7/5 and 7. [Constantinople, AD 336-7]. VF £375 ($650) / EF £1,150 ($2,000)

17039

Dd (dr. and cuir.). Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark S M AN in ex. RIC vii, p. 684, 45. C 154 var. Depeyrot, p. 146, 39/8. [Antioch, AD 324]. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,700 ($3,000)

17040

Bd (dr. and cuir.). Rev. — as previous. RIC vii, p. 694, 94. C 150 var. Depeyrot, p. 147, 45/2. [Antioch, AD 335-6]. VF £480 ($850) / EF £1,425 ($2,500)

17041

Bd (cuir.). Rev. — Constantine II, in military attire, stg. l., holding vexillum, inscribed VOT / XX in two lines, and spear, mint mark SIS in ex. RIC vii, p. 451, 209. C —. VF £480 ($850) / EF £1,425 ($2,500) Depeyrot, p. 102, 20/1. [Siscia, AD 336-7].

17042

Cd (dr. and cuir.). Rev. — as previous, but the mint mark is flanked by palms. RIC vii, —. C —. Depeyrot, p. 102, 21/1. [Siscia, AD 336-7]. VF £520 ($900) / EF £1,575 ($2,750)

17043

Fc. Rev. SECVRITAS REI PVBLICAE, Securitas stg. facing, hd. r., her legs crossed, r. hand on hd., resting l. arm on column, mint mark P TR in ex. RIC vii, p. 186, 248. C 179. Depeyrot, p. 60, 27/5. [Trier, AD 320]. VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £2,000 ($3,500)

17044

Cd (dr. and cuir.). Rev. VICTORIA CAESAR NN, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark S M H in ex. RIC vii, p. 555, 101. C —. Cf. Depeyrot, p. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,700 ($3,000) 116, 4/2. [Heraclea, AD 328-9].

17045

Bd (dr. and cuir.). Rev. — Victory advancing l., holding trophy and palm, star in l. field, mark of value LXXII (= 72) in r., mint mark S M AN • in ex. RIC vii, —. Cf. C 203 (incomplete and inaccurate description). Depeyrot, —. [Antioch, AD 335-6]. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,700 ($3,000) The numeral LXXII (= 72) in reverse field indicates the weight of the solidus as 1/72nd of a pound of gold.

17046

— — Rev. VICTORIA CAESARVM, as 17044, but with mint mark SIS in ex. RIC vii, p. 457, 248. C 204 var. Depeyrot, p. 103, 23/7. [Siscia, AD 335]. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,700 ($3,000)

17047

Similar, but obv. hd. sometimes diad. instead of laur., and with mint mark M TS in ex. RIC vii, p. 522, 177-8. C 204. Depeyrot, p. 114, 14/4-5. [Thessalonica, AD 330-31]. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,700 ($3,000)

17048

Dd (dr. and cuir.). Rev. VICTORIA CONSTANTINI CAES, Victory seated r. on cuirass and shield, inscribing VOT / X on shield set on knee, mint mark SIRM in ex. RIC vii, p. 471, 25. C 208. Depeyrot, p. 105, 4/7. [Sirmium, AD 321]. VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £2,000 ($3,500)

17041

17045

CONSTANTINE II CAESAR

83

17049

Gold solidus. Cd (dr. and cuir.). Rev. — as previous, but the inscribed shield is supported by winged Genius, and sometimes with dots on either side of the mint mark. RIC vii, pp. 471-2, 27 and 34. C —. Depeyrot, p. 105, 5/2 and 6/4. [Sirmium, AD 321]. VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £2,000 ($3,500)

17050

Cd (cuir.). Rev. VICTORIA CONSTANTINI CAESAR, as previous, but with VOT / XX on shield and with mint mark CONS in ex. RIC vii, p. 586, 116. C —. Depeyrot, p. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,700 ($3,000) 119, 7/16. [Constantinople, AD 336-7].

17051

Cd (dr. and cuir.). Rev. VICTORIA NOB CAESS, Victory stg. facing, hd. l., holding standard in each hand, mint mark P R in ex. RIC vii, p. 337, 340. C —. Depeyrot, p. 90, VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £2,000 ($3,500) 21/1. [Rome, AD 335].

17052

B or C, d (dr. and cuir.). Rev. — Victory advancing l., holding trophy and palm, mint mark as previous. RIC vii, p. 342, 374-5. C —. Depeyrot, p. 90, 23/2-3. [Rome, AD 336]. VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £2,000 ($3,500)

17053

Bd (dr. and cuir.). Rev. VIRTVS CAESARI N, prince on horseback galloping r., spearing enemy kneeling before him and holding shield, another enemy on ground beneath horse, mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark M (= 7). RIC vii, —. C —. Depeyrot, VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,600 ($4,500) p. 128, 35/7. [Nicomedia, AD 325]. This type is a hybrid with a reverse proper to Crispus (see Volume IV, no. 16665).

17054

Bd (cuir.). Rev. VIRTVS CONSTANTINI CAES, Constantine II, in military attire, advancing r., dragging captive by the hair with r. hand and holding trophy over shoulder with l., mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark C or M (= 4 or 7). RIC vii, p. 632, 181. C —. Depeyrot, p. 130, 44/3. [Nicomedia, AD 335]. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,700 ($3,000)

17055

— — Rev. VIRTVS CONSTANTINI CAVS (sic), Constantine II, in military attire, advancing r., trampling on captive and holding transverse spear in r. hand and trophy over shoulder with l., mint mark S M N in ex. RIC vii, p. 617, 105. C 243. Depeyrot, p. VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £2,000 ($3,500) 128, 36/4. [Nicomedia, AD 325].

17056

C (but CAESAR for CAES), e (dr. and cuir.). Rev. VIRTVS EXERCITVS GALL, Mars advancing r. between two seated captives, holding transverse spear in r. hand and trophy over shoulder with l., mint mark • S M • TS • in ex. RIC vii, p. 501, 17. C 263. Depeyrot, p. 112, 8/9. [Thessalonica, AD 317]. VF £925 ($1,600) / EF £2,850 ($5,000)



NB Gold multiples were issued in a variety of denominations and types in the name of Constantine II Caesar: 1.5 solidi were struck at Trier, rev. GLORIA ROMANORVM, Roma seated (RIC 567) and PRINCIPIA IVVENTVTIS, SARMATIA in ex., prince with foot on captive (RIC 358, 360, and 446), at Sirmium, rev. PRINCIPI IVVENTVTIS, prince with three standards (RIC 2) and VIRTVS AVG ET CAESS NN, Mars advancing, spurning captive (RIC 30), at Thessalonica, rev. VBIQVE VICTORES, prince between seated captives (RIC 164), and at Nicomedia, rev. VIRTVS AVG ET CAESS NN, prince erecting trophy between captives (RIC 57), VOTIS X CAESS NN in wreath (RIC 118), VIRTVS CONSTANTINI CAES, prince advancing between captives (RIC 134 — possibly a double solidus) and FELICITAS ROMANORVM, emperor and two

 

84

Roman Coins and Their Values princes under arch (RIC 169); double solidi at Trier, rev. GLORIA ROMANORVM, Roma seated (RIC 565) and PRINCIPIA IVVENTVTIS, SARMATIA in ex., prince with foot on captive (RIC 359, 361, and 533), at Thessalonica, rev. VOTIS X CAES N across field (RIC 166-7), and at Nicomedia, rev. SECVRITAS PERPETVAE, prince erecting trophy (RIC 54) and VOTIS X CAESS NN in wreath (RIC 119-20); triple solidi at Trier, rev. PRINCIPIA IVVENTVTIS, SARMATIA in ex., prince with foot on captive (RIC 532), and at Thessalonica, rev. VOTIS DECENN D N CONSTANTINI CAES, two Genii with garland (RIC 165); 4.5 solidi at Thessalonica, rev. PRINCIPI IVVENTVTIS, prince with two standards (RIC 138), and at Constantinople, rev. similar but three standards (RIC 65); and 9 solidi at Constantinople, rev. SALVS ET SPES REI PVBLICAE, rev. emperor enthroned between stg. figures of two princes (RIC 45), and at Nicomedia, rev. FELICITAS PERPETVA AVG ET CAESS NN, same type (RIC 174).

17057

Gold semissis or half solidus (c. 2.25 grams). Bd. Rev. PRINCIPI IVVENTVTIS, Constantine II, in military attire, stg. r., holding transverse spear and globe, mint mark TR in ex. RIC vii, —. C —. Cf. Depeyrot, p. 59, 26/2 (obv. misdescribed). [Trier, AD 317]. VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £2,000 ($3,500)

17058

Similar, but with mint mark N on rev. RIC vii, p. 619, 114-15. C. —. Depeyrot, p. 129, VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,700 ($3,000) 38/6. [Nicomedia, AD 326].

17058A

As previous, but with mint mark S M N in ex. RIC vii, p. 632, 183. C. —. Depeyrot, p. VF £625 ($1,100) / EF £1,850 ($3,250) 131, 46/1. [Nicomedia, AD 335].

17059

Gold 1.5-scripulum or 9-siliqua (c. 1.68 grams). Bd. Rev. GAVDIVM ROMANORVM (around), SARMATIA (in ex.), Sarmatia, as mourning captive, seated l. on ground, hd. resting on r. hand, trophy and arms behind (no mint mark). RIC vii, p. 197, 367. C 111. Cf. Depeyrot, p. 61, 29/2 (GLORIA for GAVDIVM, in error). [Trier, AD 323]. VF £775 ($1,350) / EF £2,300 ($4,000)

17060

Bd. Rev. PRINCIPI IVVENTVTIS, prince stg., as 17057. RIC vii, p. 179, 199. C 146. Cf. Depeyrot, p. 59, 26/3 (obv. misdescribed). [Trier, AD 317]. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,700 ($3,000)

17061

Cg. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark TS in ex. RIC vii, p. 525, 192. C 146. Depeyrot, VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,700 ($3,000) p. 114, 15/5. [Thessalonica, AD 332]. Bd. Rev. PRINCIPIA IVVENTVTIS COSS IIII, Constantine II, togate, seated l. on curule chair, holding globe and short sceptre, mint mark TR in ex. RIC vii, p. 213, 517. C —. Cf. Depeyrot, p. 63, 36/4 (COS IIII for COS IIII, in error). [Trier, AD 328-9]. VF £775 ($1,350) / EF £2,300 ($4,000)

17058A

17062

17064

17063

Bd. Rev. VBIQVE VICTORES, Constantine, in military attire, stg. r. between two seated captives, holding transverse spear and globe, mint mark TR in ex. RIC vii, p. 179, 198. C 190. Depeyrot, p. 59, 26/7. [Trier, AD 317]. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,700 ($3,000)

17064

B or C, d. Rev. VICTORIA CONSTANTINI CAES, Victory seated r. on cuirass, holding shield inscribed VOT / XX supported by Genius, mint mark CONS in ex. RIC vii, p. 586, 119-20. C 210-11. Cf. Depeyrot, p. 119, 7/20-21 (rev. misdescribed). VF £480 ($850) / EF £1,425 ($2,500) [Constantinople, AD 336-7].

17065

Silver multiple of 4 siliquae or 3 miliarenses (c. 13.5 grams). CAESAR, a. Rev. X•X within laurel-wreath, mint mark LVG below. RIC vii, p. 141, 284. Bastien 280. RSC VF £3,750 ($6,500) / EF £11,500 ($20,000) 280Aa. [Lugdunum, AD 336-7].

CONSTANTINE II CAESAR

85

17066

Silver multiple of 4 siliquae. Similar, but with mint mark CONST on rev. RIC vii, p. 278, 411. RSC 280Ad. EMA 52/2 [Constantina/Arles, AD 336-7]. VF £3,750 ($6,500) / EF £11,500 ($20,000)

17067

Similar, but with mint mark AQ on rev. RIC vii, p. 409, 138. MA 316. RSC 280Ae. VF £3,750 ($6,500) / EF £11,500 ($20,000) [Aquileia, AD 336-7].

17068

Similar, but with mint mark SIS on rev. RIC vii, p. 459, 260. RSC 280Ab. [Siscia, AD 336-7]. VF £3,750 ($6,500) / EF £11,500 ($20,000)

17069

Similar, but without mint mark. RIC vii, p. 634, 198. RSC 280Ac. [Nicomedia, AD 336-7]. VF £3,750 ($6,500) / EF £11,500 ($20,000)

17070

Silver multiple of 2 argentei (?). B, rad., dr. and cuir. bust l., raising r. hand and holding globe in l. Rev. VOTA ORBIS ET VRBIS SEN ET P R, cippus, inscribed XX / XXX / AVG in three lines, set on ornamented square base, stars in field to l. and to r., mint and officina marks AQ S (= 2) in ex. RIC vii, p. 403, 84. MA 315. RSC 265Ab. [Aquileia, AD 320-21]. F £1,150 ($2,000) / VF £2,850 ($5,000) This and the following type were issued to celebrate Constantine’s 15th anniversary of rule (quindecennalia). Similar types were struck also in the names of Licinius (see no. 15143), Constantine himself (see nos. 15818-20), and Crispus Caesar (see nos. 16672-3).

17068





NB This is an experimental denomination or small medallion.

17071

Obv. Similar, but holding Victory on globe in r. hand and mappa in l. Rev. — as previous, but the altar is inscribed XX / XXX / MVL / FEL in four lines and is surmounted by fire, mint mark SIS in ex. RIC vii (Addenda), p. 716, 158B. RSC 265Aa. [Siscia, AD 320-21]. F £1,150 ($2,000) / VF £2,850 ($5,000)

17072

Silver miliarensis or 11/3 siliquae (c. 4.5 grams, weights variable). Bd. Rev. CONSTANTINVS CAESAR, four standards, mint mark S M TR in ex. RIC vii, p. VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,600 ($4,500) 222, 581. RSC 80a. [Trier, AD 336-7].

17073

No legend, f (looking upwards). Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark CONST in ex. RIC vii, p. 278, 409. RSC 81a. Cf. EMA 52/3 (misdescribed). [Constantina/Arles, AD 336-7]. VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,600 ($4,500)

17074

Similar, but with mint mark S M H on rev. RIC vii, p. 555, 104. RSC 81b. [Heraclea, VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,600 ($4,500)

AD 329].

86

Roman Coins and Their Values

17075 17075

Silver miliarensis. Similar, but with mint and officina marks CONS or CONST H, Q or I (= 8, 9 or 10) sometimes flanked by dots. RIC vii, pp. 578 and 587, 55 and 124. RSC VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,600 ($4,500) 81c and d. [Constantinople, AD 333-5].

17076

As 17072, but with mint and officina marks CONS S (= 6) on rev. RIC vii, p. 587, 123. VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,600 ($4,500) RSC 80b. [Constantinople, AD 335].

17077

Bd. Rev. CONSTANTINVS IVN NOB C, four standards, mint mark S M H in ex. RIC vii, p. 560, 148. RSC 81Aa. [Heraclea, AD 336-7]. VF £1,000 ($1,750) / EF £2,850 ($5,000)

17078

Similar, but with obv. as 17073. RIC vii, p. 560, 149. RSC 81Ab. [Heraclea, AD 336-7]. VF £1,000 ($1,750) / EF £2,850 ($5,000)

17079

Bd. Rev. FELICITAS ROMANORVM, archway, beneath which Constantine I stands l., in military attire, between similar, but shorter, figures of two of his sons, each resting on spear, mint mark THES in ex. RIC vii (Addenda), p. 718, 140C. RSC 105Ac. VF £1,000 ($1,750) / EF £2,850 ($5,000) [Thessalonica, AD 325].

17079A

Dd. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark SIRM in ex. RIC vii, —. RSC —. [Sirmium, AD 325]. VF £1,150 ($2,000) / EF £3,450 ($6,000)

17080

Dd. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark S M N in ex. RIC vii, p. 623, 142. RSC 105Ad. [Nicomedia, AD 326-7]. VF £1,000 ($1,750) / EF £2,850 ($5,000)

17081

As 17079, but Constantine stands amidst three of his sons (one to l., two to r.) and with mint mark S M R in ex. RIC vii, p. 327, 275. RSC 105Aa. [Rome, AD 326]. VF £1,025 ($1,800) / EF £3,150 ($5,500)

17079A

17082 17083

Similar, but with mint mark S M K on rev. RIC vii, p. 650, 42. RSC 105Ab. [Cyzicus, VF £1,025 ($1,800) / EF £3,150 ($5,500)

AD 325].

Bd. Rev. FIDIS MILITVM (sic), three standards, mint mark P R in ex. RIC vii, p. 342, 376. RSC 107A. [Rome, AD 336]. VF £1,425 ($2,500) / EF £4,300 ($7,500) Its unusually high weight (c. 6 grams) indicates that this type represents a higher denomination (perhaps a double siliqua) or that it is a small medallion.

17084

Bd. Rev. GLORIA EXERCITVS, female figure stg. l., legs crossed, resting on column and holding laurel-branch and sceptre, mint mark TS or TSe in ex. RIC vii, pp. 526 and 529, 196 and 219. RSC 112a and 112e. [Thessalonica, AD 335-6]. VF £775 ($1,350) / EF £2,300 ($4,000)

17085

Similar, but with mint and officina marks CONS G or S (= 3 or 6) in ex., sometimes flanked by dots. RIC vii, p. 587, 129 and (Addenda), p. 718, 57A. RSC 112b and c. [Constantinople, AD 333-5]. VF £775 ($1,350) / EF £2,300 ($4,000)

CONSTANTINE II CAESAR

87

17086

Silver miliarensis. Similar, but with mint and officina marks C e (= 5) in ex. with dot between. RIC vii, p. 588, 133. RSC 112d. [Constantinople, AD 337]. VF £775 ($1,350) / EF £2,300 ($4,000)

17087

Silver siliqua (c. 3.37 grams). No legend, f (looking upwards). Rev. Rev. CONSTANTINVS CAES, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint and officina marks CONS Z or Q (= 7 or 9) in ex. RIC vii, p. 587, 127. RSC 72. VF £175 ($320) / EF £460 ($800) [Constantinople, AD 335].

17088

Obv. As previous. Rev. CONSTANTINVS CAESAR, as previous, but with mint mark R in ex. RIC vii, p. 343, 378. RSC 76a. [Rome, AD 336-7]. VF £175 ($320) / EF £460 ($800)

17089

Similar, but with mint mark TS or TSe in ex. RIC vii, pp. 526 and 528, 194 and 215. RSC 76b-c. [Thessalonica, AD 335-6]. VF £175 ($300) / EF £430 ($750)

17090 17090 Similar, but with mint and officina marks C G or Z (= 3 or 7) in ex. with dot between. RIC vii (Addenda), p. 719, 135A. RSC 76d. [Constantinople, AD 337]. VF £175 ($320) / EF £460 ($800) 17091

Similar, but with mint mark N in ex. RIC vii, p. 619, 117. RSC 76e. [Nicomedia, AD 326]. VF £175 ($320) / EF £460 ($800)

17092

Similar, but obv. hd. laur. instead of diad., and with mint mark S M AN in ex. RIC vii, p. 696, 106. RSC 76f. [Antioch, AD 336-7]. VF £175 ($320) / EF £460 ($800)

17093

Obv. As 17087. Rev. CONSTANTINVS CAESAR, three palm-branches stg. upright on exergual line, star above the central one, mint mark M T in ex. RIC vii, p. 383, 184. RSC 82a. [Ticinum, AD 324-5]. VF £225 ($400) / EF £575 ($1,000)

17094

Similar, but with mint mark R on rev. RIC vii, p. 343, 380. RSC 82b. [Rome, AD 336-7]. VF £225 ($400) / EF £575 ($1,000)

17095

Similar, but with mint mark S M TS or TS on rev. RIC vii, p. 526, 195. RSC 82c. [Thessalonica, AD 326-7, 335]. VF £225 ($400) / EF £575 ($1,000)

17096

Cg. Rev. VICTORIA CAESAR NN, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark M TS in ex. RIC vii, p. 523, 182. RSC 203A. [Thessalonica, AD 330-31]. VF £205 ($360) / EF £520 ($900)

17097

Bd. Rev. VICTORIA CAESARVM, as previous, but with mint mark SIS in ex. RIC vii, p. 452, 212. RSC 204A. [Siscia, AD 326-7]. VF £205 ($360) / EF £520 ($900)

17098

Billon reduced follis. B or C, d. Rev. CLARITAS REI PVB, Sol stg. l., raising r. hand and holding globe in l., mint mark ARL in ex. preceded by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2), C — S in field. RIC vii, p. 248, 140-41. EMA 11/3-4. C 44, 46. [Arles, AD 317-18]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

17099

Cd. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark ARL in ex. followed by officina mark B or G (= 2 or 3) and with R — S in field. RIC vii, p. 243, 104-5. EMA 12/1 and 3. C 46. [Arles, AD 318]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

88 17100

17101

17102 17103

Roman Coins and Their Values Billon reduced follis. Cd. Rev. CLARITAS REI PVB, as previous, but the mint mark is preceded by officina mark S (= 2). RIC vii, p. 246, 118-19. EMA 13/1-2. C 46. [Arles, AD 318]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) B or C, d. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark A in ex. preceded by officina mark S (= 2), star within crescent between. RIC vii, p. 250, 156-8. EMA 14/1-3. C 44, 46. [Arles, AD 318]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) Bd. Rev. — as previous, but also with P in l. or r. field. RIC vii, p. 251, 166 and 171. EMA 15/1 and 16/1. C 44. [Arles, AD 318]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) Cd. Rev. — as 17101, but with officina mark P (= 1) instead of S, and with captive seated r. instead of star within crescent between officina and mint marks. RIC vii, p. 253, 181-2. EMA 18/1-2. C 46. [Arles, AD 318]. VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

17104

Cd. Rev. — Sol advancing l., raising r. hand and holding globe in l. (sometimes under l. arm), mint mark ARL in ex. preceded by officina mark S (= 2) and with R — S in field. RIC vii, p. 246, 120-21. EMA 13/3-4. C 47. [Arles, AD 318]. VF £17 ($30) / EF £48 ($85)

17105

Similar, but Sol holds globe and whip in l. hand. RIC vii, p. 246, 122. EMA 13/5. C 48. [Arles, AD 318]. VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

17106

Ad. Rev. CLARITAS REI PVBLICAE, Sol stg. l., raising r. hand and holding globe in l., mint mark P LN in ex., S — P in field. RIC vii, p. 103, 104. C 52. [London, AD 317]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

17107

Cd. Rev. — as previous, but without letters in rev. field and with crescent to l. RIC vii, p. 105, 131. C 50. [London, AD 318]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

17108

F, b or d. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark TR in ex. preceded by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2), sometimes with dot before, and with T — F in field. RIC vii, p. 175, 147-9 and 153-5. C 53. [Trier, AD 317]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

17109

Fb. Rev. — as previous, but with F — T instead of T — F in field. RIC vii, p. 177, 17981 and 183. C 53. [Trier, AD 317-18]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) Cd. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark SIS in ex. preceded by officina mark A-e (= 1-5). RIC vii, p. 428, 37. C 50. [Siscia, AD 317]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) Cd. Rev. — as previous, but with mint and officina marks • TS • A (or B) • (= 1 or 2) in ex. RIC vii, p. 502, 23. C 50. [Thessalonica, AD 317-18]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

17110 17111

17112

Fb. Rev. — Sol advancing l., raising r. hand and holding globe and whip in l., mint mark TR in ex. preceded by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2) and with T — F in field. RIC vii, p. 173, 125-6. Cf. C 60 (‘holding whip’). [Trier, AD 317]. VF £22 ($38) / EF £65 ($110)

17113

Similar, but with officina mark A (= 1) only preceded by dot. RIC vii, p. 175, 147 and 149. Cf. C 60 (‘holding whip’). [Trier, AD 317]. VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90) Cb. Rev. — as 17112, but with mint and officina mark R S (= 2) in ex. and A in l. field. RIC vii, p. 307, 85. Cf. C 58 (‘holding whip’). [Rome, AD 317]. VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

17114

17115

Cd. Rev. — similar, but officina P (= 1) and with wreath instead of A in l. field. RIC vii, p. 309, 98. Cf. C 59 (‘holding whip’). [Rome, AD 317-18]. VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

17116

Similar, but with T within the wreath in rev. field to l. RIC vii, p. 312, 130. Cf. C 59 (‘holding whip’). [Rome, AD 318]. VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90) Be. Rev. — as 17112, but with mint and officina marks AQ T (= 3) in ex., nothing in field. RIC vii, p. 394, 19. MA 321. C —. [Aquileia, AD 317]. VF £19 ($33) / EF £60 ($100)

17117

CONSTANTINE II CAESAR

89

17118

Billon reduced follis. Cd. Rev. — Sol advancing l., raising r. hand and holding whip in l., mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark P, S, T, or Q (= 1, 2, 3, or 4), A in l. field. RIC vii, p. 307, 84. C 59. [Rome, AD 317]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

17119

C, b or d. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark T in ex. preceded by officina mark P, S, or T (= 1, 2, or 3), P in l. field. RIC vii, p. 372, 80-81. C 58-9. [Ticinum, AD 317-18]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

17120

A, B (sometimes NB for NOB), or C, d. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark AQ in ex. followed by officina mark T (= 3). RIC vii, p. 394, 15-18. MA 317-20. Cf. C 55-7, VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) 59. [Aquileia, AD 317].

17121

B (but NB for NOB), d. Rev. — as previous, but Sol holds nothing in l. hand. RIC vii, VF £17 ($30) / EF 48 ($85) p. 394, 20. MA 322. C —. [Aquileia, AD 317].

17122

Cd. Rev. — Sol advancing r., raising r. hand and holding whip in l., mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark P (= 1), T within wreath in field to l. RIC vii, p. 312, 129. C VF £17 ($30) / EF 48 ($85) —. [Rome, AD 318].

17123

Cb. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark T in ex. preceded by officina mark P or T (= 1 or 3). RIC vii, p. 370, 66. C —. [Ticinum, AD 317]. VF £17 ($30) / EF 48 ($85) Ed. Rev. IOVI CONSERVATORI, Jupiter stg. l., holding Victory on globe and eagletipped sceptre, another eagle at feet to l., captive seated on ground to r., mint mark S M H in ex. followed by officina mark A or G (= 1 or 3), mark of value (?) X / IIG in r. field. RIC vii, p. 548, 55. C 133. [Heraclea, AD 318-24]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) It has been suggested that the curious numerical formula in the reverse field indicates a revaluation of the follis from 25 to 121/2 denarii (cf. Carson, “Coins of the Roman Empire”, p. 167). The revised chronology of this series is based on Pierre Bastien’s article “Coins with a Double Effigy Issued by Licinius at Nicomedia, Cyzicus, and Antioch” (Numismatic Chronicle 1973, pp. 87-97). See also the three following and nos. 15222-6, 15407-11, 15484-7, 15949-53, and 16683-6 in Volume IV.

17119

17124

17120

17125 17125

As previous, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark A, G, or D (= 1, 3, or 4). RIC vii, p. 608, 50. C 133. [Nicomedia, AD 318-24]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

17126

As previous, but with mint mark S M K in ex. followed by officina mark A-D (= 1-4). VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) RIC vii, p. 646, 19. C 133. [Cyzicus, AD 318-24].

17127

As previous, but with mint mark S M AL in ex. followed by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2). RIC vii, p. 708, 31. C 133. [Alexandria, AD 318-24]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

17128

F CL CONSTANTINVS NOV CS (sic), e. Rev. IOVI CONSERVATORI AVGG, Jupiter stg. l., holding Victory on globe and resting on sceptre, mint mark S M N in ex., officina mark B (= 2) in r. field, palm in l. RIC vii, p. 604, 28. C —. [Nicomedia, AD 317]. VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150)

90

Roman Coins and Their Values

17129

Billon reduced follis. CONSTANTINVS NOB CAES, e. Rev. IOVI CONSERVATORI CAES, as previous, but with star above the officina mark. RIC vii, p. 604, 30. C —. [Nicomedia, AD 317]. VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150)

17130

E, laur. and dr. bust l., holding mappa in r. hand and globe and sceptre in l. Rev. IOVI CONSERVATORI CAESS, as previous, but with mint mark S M K in ex., wreath in l. field, and officina mark A-H (= 1-8) in r. RIC vii, p. 644, 12. C —. [Cyzicus, AD 317-18]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

17131

As previous, but with captive at feet of Jupiter to l., mint mark S M ANT in ex., and officina mark A-G, V, AI, or GI (= 1-3, 6, 11, or 13) in r. field. RIC vii, p. 680, 30. C 136. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) [Antioch, AD 317-18].

17132

FL CL CONSTANTINVS NOB CAES, c. Rev. — as previous, but with eagle instead of captive at feet of Jupiter to l., and with mint mark ALE in ex., K in l. field, and wreath and X above officina mark B (= 2) in r. RIC vii, —. C —. (Seen by author, Sept. 2005). VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150) [Alexandria, AD 317].

17133

Obv. As 17130. Rev. — Jupiter stg. l., holding globe and resting on sceptre, mint mark S M AL in ex., crescent in l. field, officina mark A or B (= 1or 2) in r. RIC vii, p. 707, 26. C 135. [Alexandria, AD 317-18]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

17134

Fb. Rev. PRINCIPI IVVENTVTIS, Constantine II, in military attire, stg. r., holding transverse spear and globe, mint mark TR in ex. preceded by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2), sometimes with dot before, and with T — F in field. RIC vii, p. 175, 143-5. C 143. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65) [Trier, AD 317].

17135

Similar, but with F — T instead of T — F in rev. field. RIC vii, p. 177, 169-71. C 143. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65) [Trier, AD 317-18].

17136

Fd. Rev. PRINCIPIA IVVENTVTIS, Mars stg. r., resting on spear and shield, mint mark P LN in ex., crescent in l. field. RIC vii, p. 105, 136. Cf. C 158 (PRINCIPI, in VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90) error). [London, AD 318].

17137

C, b or d. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2), A in l. field. RIC vii, p. 308, 91-2. C —. [Rome, AD 317]. VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

17138

Cb. Rev. — similar, but Mars stg. l. and with officina mark T (= 3). RIC vii, p. 308, 94. VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90) C —. [Rome, AD 317].

17139

E, d or laur. and dr. bust l., holding mappa in r. hand and globe and sceptre in l. Rev. PROVIDENTIAE CAESS, Jupiter stg. l., holding Victory on globe and resting on sceptre, mint mark S M N in ex., officina mark A-Z (= 1-7) with dot above in r. field, palm in l. RIC vii, p. 605, 35-6. C 161-2. [Nicomedia, AD 317-20]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

17140

E, laur. and dr. bust l., holding mappa in r. hand and globe and sceptre in l. Rev. — threeturreted gateway of military camp, mint mark M H T in ex. followed by officina mark A or e (= 1 or 5), sometimes with dots either side of the mint and officina marks. RIC vii, p. 545, 20 and 26. C 107. [Heraclea, AD 317]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

17135

CONSTANTINE II CAESAR

91

17141

Billon reduced follis. Similar, but with mint mark S M H in ex. followed by officina mark A, D, or e (= 1, 4, or 5), sometimes with dot preceding the mint mark, or with one or two dots in r. field. RIC vii, pp. 546-7, 32, 37, and 46. C 107. [Heraclea, AD 317-18]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

17142

A or F, d. Rev. SOLI INVICTO COMITI, Sol stg. l., raising r. hand and holding globe in l., mint mark P LN in ex. and S — P in field. RIC vii, pp. 104, 117-18. C 183, 186. VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85) [London, AD 317].

17143

F, d. Rev. — Rev. — as previous, but also with + below the S in l. field. RIC vii, p. 104, VF £19 ($33) / EF £60 ($100) 123. C 186. [London, AD 317]. It is tempting to regard the cross in reverse field as an early instance of Christian symbolism on the Constantinian coinage.

17144

A, C, or F, d. Rev. — as 17142, but with crescent in rev. field to l. and sometimes also with star to r. RIC vii, pp. 105-6, 145-7 and 153. C 183-4, 186. [London, AD 318]. VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

17145

Billon half follis. Bd. Rev. VICTORIA CAESS, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm (no mint mark). RIC vii, p. 313, 142. C —. [Rome, AD 318]. VF £85 ($150) / EF £250 ($450)

17146

Billon centenionalis. B or C, d. Rev. ALAMANNIA DEVICTA, Victory advancing r., holding trophy and palm, captive at feet, mint mark •SIRM• in ex. RIC vii, p. 475, VF £23 ($40) / EF £72 ($125) 50-51. C 1-2. [Sirmium, AD 324-5]. This type commemorates Crispus’ military successes in his campaigns against the Alamanni on the Rhine frontier. Constantine II, although only a child at the time, accompanied his half-brother and showed considerable interest in the enterprise.

17147

Ai. Rev. BEAT TRANQLITAS (sic), altar, inscribed VOT / IS / XX in three lines, surmounted by globe with three stars above, mint mark P LON in ex., P — A in field. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) RIC vii, p. 111, 219. C 8. [London, AD 321].

17148

Similar, but with F — B in rev. field. RIC vii, p. 113, 255, 257. C 8. [London, AD 322-3]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65) This type and the next exhibit many varieties of obverse bust.

17149

A, j or helmeted and cuir. bust r. Rev. — as previous, but without letters in field. RIC VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65) vii, p. 115, 286-7. C 9-10. [London, AD 322-3].

17150

Ai. Rev. BEATA TRANQVILLITAS, globe on altar, all as 17147. Cf. RIC vii, p. 111, 216 (BEAT in error?). Cf. C 5, 16. [London, AD 321-2]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

17151

Similar, but without letters in rev. field. RIC vii, p. 112, 236. C 16. [London, AD 321-2]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

17149

17151

92

Roman Coins and Their Values

17152

17154

17152

Billon centenionalis. B, laur. and dr. bust l., holding Victory on globe in r. hand and mappa in l. Rev. BEATA TRANQVILLITAS, globe on altar, as 17147, but with mint mark TR in ex. preceded by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2), no letters in field. RIC vii, VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) p. 191, 312. C 23. [Trier, AD 321]. The ‘Beata Tranquillitas’ coinage of Trier exhibits many variations of obverse type of which only a representative selection is included here.

17153

Similar, but the altar inscription on rev. is divided VO / TIS / XX. RIC vii, p. 192, 327. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) C 23. [Trier, AD 321].

17154

As previous, but with dot following the mint mark. RIC vii, p. 194, 353. C 23. [Trier, VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

AD 322].

17155

As previous, but also with dot preceding the officina mark. RIC vii, p. 198, 382. C 23. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) [Trier, AD 322-3].

17156

Similar, but with obv. legend A and type laur. and cuir. bust l., spear and shield on l. arm and holding hd. of horse by bridle with r. hand (officina P = 1 only recorded). RIC vii, VF £350 ($600) / EF £685 ($1,200) p. 198, 388. C 15. [Trier, AD 322-3].

17157

B, helmeted and cuir. bust r. Rev. — as 17153, but the officina and mint marks are flanked by dot and crescent. RIC vii, p. 199, 408. C 25. [Trier, AD 323]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

17158

Ad. Rev. — as 17153, but with mint mark P LG in ex. and C — R in field. RIC vii, p. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60) 132, 148. Bastien 105. C 11. [Lugdunum, AD 321].

17159

D N CONSTANTINO IVN N C, c. Rev. — as 17147, but with mint mark P LG in ex., no letters in field. RIC vii, p. 134, 205. Bastien 162. C 28 var. [Lugdunum, AD 323]. VF £14 ($24) / EF £40 ($70)

17160

Cc. Rev. CAESARVM NOSTRORVM • around VOT / V in two lines (no mint mark). VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90) RIC vii, p. 508, 87. C —. [Thessalonica, AD 320].

17161

B or C, c. Rev. — as previous (no dot between M and C of inscription), but with mint mark TS VI below with officina mark B (= 2) between. RIC vii, p. 509, 94-5. C —. VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90) [Thessalonica, AD 320]. The numeral VI appearing after the mint and officina marks on this, and other Thessalonican types spanning the years 320-24, would appear to refer in some way to the value of this new denomination. Carson (“Coins of the Roman Empire”, p. 239) suggests that “Constantine felt obliged to match the Licinian 6-scrupula standard of his folles and this indeed may be the significance of the numeral VI attached to the signature of the mint of Thessalonica”. However, this fails to explain the numeral VII which occurs on some issues (e.g. no. 17176).

17158

CONSTANTINE II CAESAR

93

17162

Billon centenionalis. Cc. Rev. CAESARVM NOSTRORVM • around VO / TIS / V / Q • A (= officina 4 and mint mark) in four lines. RIC vii, p. 257, 212. EMA, p. 47, 25/5. C 35. [Arles, AD 320]. VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

17163

Similar, but also with dots preceding the officina mark and following the mint mark. RIC vii, —. EMA, p. 47, 26/4. C 35. [Arles, AD 320]. VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

17164

As 17162, but without dot between M and C of rev. inscription, and the officina and mint marks are below an exergual line and have no dot between them. RIC vii, p. 258, 222. EMA, p. 48, 27/7. C 35. [Arles, AD 320]. VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

17165

Cc. Rev. CAESARVM NOSTRORVM around VOT / IS / V in three lines, mint and officina marks • e SIS • (= 5th officina) below. RIC vii, p. 442, 144. C 35. [Siscia, AD 320]. VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

17166

Bc. Rev. CAESARVM NOSTRORVM around wreath enclosing VOT / V in two lines, mint mark AR below, no officina mark. RIC vii, p. 259, 227. C 31. EMA, p. 49, 29/5. [Arles, AD 321]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

17167

Similar, but with mint mark A on rev. preceded by officina mark T or Q (= 3 or 4). RIC vii, p. 259, 232. C 31. EMA, p. 48, 28/5. [Arles, AD 320-21]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

17168

Similar, but with crescent, sometimes containing star, between officina and mint marks. RIC vii, p. 260, 237 and 243. C 31. EMA, p. 50, 30/5 and 31/5. [Arles, AD 321-22]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

17169

B, c, d or e. Rev. — as 17166, but with mint mark AQ below the wreath, followed by officina mark T (= 3). RIC vii, p. 402, 74-7. MA 329-32. C 31-3. [Aquileia, AD 320-21]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

17170

17170 B, d or e. Rev. — as previous, but the mint and officina marks are flanked by dots. Cf. RIC vii, p. 404, 93-6 (NOB CAES in error). MA 335-8. C 32-3. [Aquileia, AD 321]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

17171

Bd. Rev. — as 17166, but with mint mark R below the wreath followed by officina mark T or Q (= 3 or 4) with erwc (the first three letters in monogram) between. RIC vii, p. 320, 231. C 32. [Rome, AD 320-21]. VF £22 ($38) / EF £65 ($110) The Greek lettering incorporated in this intriguing mint mark is meant to equate to the Latin AMOR (love) which is ROMA reversed.

17172

Similar, but without the erwc between the mint and officina marks on rev. (officinae S and Q = 2 and 4 recorded). RIC vii, p. 321, 236. C 32. [Rome, AD 321]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

17173

Cc. Rev. — as 17166, but with mint mark SIS below the wreath, no officina mark. RIC VF £14 ($24) / EF £40 ($70) vii, p. 442, 146. C —. [Siscia, AD 320].

17174

B or C, c. Rev. — as previous, but the mint mark SIS is preceded by officina mark G or

e (= 3 or 5). RIC vii, p. 443, 156-8. C 31. [Siscia, AD 320].

VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

94

17175

Roman Coins and Their Values

17175 Billon centenionalis. Bc. Rev. CAESARVM NOSTRORVM, as previous, but with star following the mint mark, and officinae A-e (= 1-5) recorded. RIC vii, p. 444, 163VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60) 4. C 31. [Siscia, AD 320-21].

17176

Bc. Rev. — as 17166, but with mint mark TS VII below the wreath, with officina mark B (= 2) between. RIC vii, p. 510, 100. C 31. [Thessalonica, AD 320]. VF £14 ($24) / EF £40 ($70) See note following no. 17161.

17177

Similar, but with VI instead of VII in mint mark. RIC vii, p. 511, 108. C 31. VF £14 ($24) / EF £40 ($70) [Thessalonica, AD 320].

17178

B, c or e. Rev. — as previous, but also with star accompanying the votive inscription within the wreath. RIC vii, p. 512, 115-16. C 31, 33. [Thessalonica, AD 320]. VF £14 ($24) / EF £40 ($70)

17179

Be. Rev. — as 17177, but with star in the small wreath or medallion connecting the upper ends of the votive wreath, and officina D (= 4) also recorded. RIC vii, p. 512, 120. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60) C 33. [Thessalonica, AD 320-21].

17180

Bc. Rev. CAESARVM NOSTRORVM around wreath enclosing VOT / X in two lines, mint mark P LON below followed by crescent. RIC vii, p. 115, 292. C 38. [London, AD 323-4]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

17181

B, c or (rarely) d. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark TR below the wreath, preceded by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2) and sometimes followed by crescent. RIC vii, p. 202, 433-4 and 441. C 38-9. [Trier, AD 323-4]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

17182

Bc. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark P LG below the wreath followed by crescent. RIC vii, p. 135, 211. Bastien 169. C 38. [Lugdunum, AD 323-4]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

17183

B, c or e. Rev. — as previous, but with C instead of crescent following the mint mark. RIC vii, p. 135, 217-18. Bastien 179, 181a-d. C 38, 40. [Lugdunum, AD 323-4]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

17184

B, d or e. Rev. — as previous, but with dot above the votive numeral X or with dots on either side, sometimes with a third dot above. RIC vii, p. 135, 221. Bastien 180, 181e-i. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65) C 39-40. [Lugdunum, AD 323-4].

17185

Bc. Rev. — as 17180, but with mint mark P LG R below the wreath. RIC vii, —. Bastien VF £14 ($24) / EF £40 ($70) 183. C 38. [Lugdunum, AD 323-4].

17186

Bc. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark A below the wreath preceded by officina mark Q (= 4) with crescent containing star between. Cf. RIC vii, p. 260, 245 (VOT V in error). C 38. EMA, p. 51, 31/7. [Arles, AD 321-2]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

17187

B, c or d. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark ARL followed by officina mark Q (= 4). RIC vii, p. 261, 249-51. C 38-9. EMA, p. 52, 32/6-8. [Arles, AD 321-2]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

CONSTANTINE II CAESAR

95

17188

CAESARVM NOSTRORVM (cont.) Billon centenionalis. B, c, d or e. Rev. CAESARVM NOSTRORVM, as previous, but with mint mark AR preceded by officina mark T or Q (= 3 or 4) with star between. RIC vii, pp. 261-2, 255-6 and 261-3. C 38-40. EMA, p. 52, 33/8-12. [Arles, AD 322-4]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65) A much rarer obverse variant has a consular bust holding eagle-tipped sceptre and globe surmounted by Victory (EMA 33/13).

17189

B, d or e. Rev. — as 17180, but with mint and officina marks AQ T (= 3) flanked by dots below the wreath. RIC vii, p. 405, 101-3. MA 339-41. C 39-40. [Aquileia, AD 321]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

17190

B, c, d or e. Rev. — As previous, but the votive inscription is flanked by two palms and without the dots flanking the mint and officina marks (officina S = 2 also recorded). RIC vii, pp. 405-6, 111-15. MA 342-6. C 38-40. [Aquileia, AD 322]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

17191

B, c or d. Rev. — as 17180, but with mint mark R below the wreath followed by officina mark T (= 3). RIC vii, pp. 321-2, 241-3. C 38-9. [Rome, AD 321] VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60) A much rarer obverse variant has CONSTANTINVS NOB C, laur. bust l., wearing consular robes and holding eagle-tipped sceptre (RIC 244).

17192

Bc. Rev. — as previous, but the votive inscription is flanked by two palms. RIC vii, p. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65) 322, 247. C 41. [Rome, AD 322].

17193

Bc. Rev. — as 17180, but with mint mark SIS below the wreath preceded by officina mark A-e (= 1-5) and followed by star. RIC vii, p. 444, 166-7. C 38. [Siscia, AD 320-21]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

17194

  17196 17194 Similar, but the mint mark is followed by double-crescent, thunderbolt, palm, wreath, or radiate semicircle. RIC vii, pp. 445-6, 170, 173, 176, 179, 182. C 38. [Siscia, AD 321-4]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

17195

Be. Rev. — as 17180, but with mint mark TS VI below the wreath, with officina mark B (= 2) between, and with star in the small wreath, or medallion, connecting the upper ends of the votive wreath. RIC vii, p. 512, 122. C 40. [Thessalonica, AD 320-21]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

17196

Similar, but without the small star at the top of the votive wreath and officina D (= 4) also recorded. RIC vii, p. 513, 128. C 40. [Thessalonica, AD 324]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

17197

No obv. legend, e. Rev. CONSTAN / TINVS / CAESAR in three lines across field, star above, mint mark TR below preceded by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). RIC vii, p. 210, VF £48 ($85) / EF £140 ($250) 489. LRBC I, 20. Cf. C 83. [Trier, AD 326].

17198

As previous, but with mint mark S M R followed by officina mark S (= 2). RIC vii, p. VF £48 ($85) / EF £140 ($250) 329, 285. LRBC I, 508. C 83 var. [Rome, AD 326].

17199

As previous, but with mint mark SIS preceded by officina mark e (= 5). RIC vii, p. 448, 191. LRBC I, 719. Cf. C 86 (bust diad.). [Siscia, AD 325]. VF £48 ($85) / EF £140 ($250)

96

Roman Coins and Their Values

17200

Billon centenionalis. As previous, but with mint mark S M TS followed by officina mark A or D (= 1 or 4). RIC vii, p. 516, 143. LRBC I, 816. C 83 var. [Thessalonica, AD 325]. VF £48 ($85) / EF £140 ($250)

17201

As previous, but with mint mark CONS followed by officina mark B (= 2). RIC vii, p. 571, 14. LRBC I, 973. C 83 var. [Constantinople, AD 326-7]. VF £48 ($85) / EF £140 ($250)

17201A

As previous, but with mint mark S M N followed by officina mark (unrecorded). RIC vii, —. LRBC I, 1078. C 83 var. [Nicomedia, AD 324-5]. VF £50 ($90) / EF £155 ($275)

17202

As previous, but with mint mark S M K followed by officina mark e (= 5). RIC vii, p. 648, 32. LRBC I, 1164. C 83. [Cyzicus, AD 325-6]. VF £48 ($85) / EF £140 ($250)

17203

  17203 17203 As previous, but with mint mark S M ANT followed by officina mark A, B, D, e, S, or H (= 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, or 8), sometimes with dot beneath. RIC vii, pp. 686-7, 54 and 59. LRBC I, 1325 and 1338. C 83. [Antioch, AD 324-5]. VF £48 ($85) / EF £140 ($250)

17204

No obv. legend, e. Rev. CONSTAN / TINVS / IVN NOB C or CONSTA / NTINVS / IVN NOB C in three lines across field, wreath above, mint mark S M R below followed by officina mark T (= 3). RIC vii, p. 329, 282-3. Cf. LRBC I, 509 (star for wreath on rev., in error). C 87. [Rome, AD 326]. VF £50 ($90) / EF £155 ($275)

17205

Bd. Rev. DOMINOR NOSTROR CAESS around wreath enclosing VOT / V in two lines, mint mark T below preceded by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). RIC vii, p. 380, 154. C 97. [Ticinum, AD 320-21]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

17206

As previous, but with VOT / X instead of VOT / V within the wreath, and with officinae S and T (= 2 and 3) preceding the mint mark. RIC vii, p. 380, 161-2. LRBC I, 471. C 98. [Ticinum, AD 320-21]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

17207

Similar, but with dot accompanying the votive inscription within the wreath. RIC vii, p. 381, 165-6. LRBC I, 478. C 98 var. [Ticinum, AD 321-2]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

17208

Similar, but with crescent instead of dot accompanying the votive inscription within the wreath, and with officinae P, S, T, or Q (= 1, 2, 3, or 4) preceding the mint mark. RIC vii, p. 381, 172. LRBC I, 484. C 99. [Ticinum, AD 322-5]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

17209

As previous, but with VOT / XX instead of VOT / X within the wreath. RIC vii, p. 382, 176. LRBC I, 493. C 101. [Ticinum, AD 325]. VF £14 ($24) / EF £40 ($70)

17210

Similar, but with crescent above the votive inscription and H below, and officina mark T (= 3) only recorded. RIC vii, p. 384, 188. LRBC I, 494. C —. [Ticinum, AD 325]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

17211

Bd. Rev. DOMINOR NOSTROR CAESS around wreath enclosing VOT / V in two lines, mint mark S M H below followed by officina mark G or D (= 3 or 4), sometimes also with star accompanying the votive inscription within the wreath. RIC vii, p. 549, 59 and 63. C 97. [Heraclea, AD 324]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

CONSTANTINE II CAESAR

97

17212

Billon centenionalis. As previous, but with VOT / X instead of VOT / V within the wreath, and with officina D (= 4) only recorded. RIC vii, p. 549, 62. C 98. [Heraclea, AD 324]. VF £14 ($24) / EF £40 ($70)

17213

C, d or rad. hd. r. Rev. DOMINORVM NOSTRORVM CAESS around wreath enclosing VOT / V in two lines and star, mint mark T below preceded by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). RIC vii, p. 379, 138-9. C 102. [Ticinum, AD 320]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)



PROVIDENTIAE CAES • (see nos. 17247-9).

17214

17214 Bd. Rev. PROVIDENTIAE CAESS, two-turreted gateway of military camp, star above, mint mark P LON in ex. RIC vii, p. 116, 296. LRBC I, 5-6. C 164. [London, AD 324-5]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65) The mint of London was closed in the year following the introduction of this type, a victim of Constantine’s vastly expanded minting capacity following his victory over the eastern emperor Licinius in 324.

17215

B, d or e. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark TR in ex. preceded by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). RIC vii, p. 205, 453-5. LRBC I, 18-19. C 164-5. [Trier, AD 324-5]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

17216

Be. Rev. — as previous, but the mint mark is followed by crescent, usually containing dot. RIC vii, pp. 206 and 209, 463 and 479. LRBC I, 33. C 165. [Trier, AD 325-6]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

17217

Be. Rev. — as 17215, but with mint mark TRE instead of TR and sometimes the officina mark is preceded by dot. RIC vii, pp. 212-13, 505 and 512. LRBC I, 39 and 45. C 165. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60) [Trier, AD 327-8].

17218

B, d or e. Rev. — 17214, but with mint mark P LG in ex. RIC vii, p. 137, 229-31. LRBC I, 172-3. Bastien 188-9. C 164-5. [Lugdunum, AD 324-5]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

17219

Be. Rev. — as previous, but also with dot under the arch of the gateway. RIC vii, p. 137, 231 note. LRBC I, —. Bastien 196. C 165. [Lugdunum, AD 325]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

17220

B, d or e. Rev. — as 17214, but with mint mark AR in ex. preceded by officina mark T or Q (= 3 or 4) and star, and sometimes followed by dot. RIC vii, pp. 263-4, 272-4 and 282. LRBC I, 282-4. EMA 34/10-12, 35/4. C 164-5. [Arles, AD 324-5]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

17221

Be. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark ARL (with crescent between the first two letters) preceded by officina mark T or Q (= 3 or 4). RIC vii, p. 265, 289. LRBC I, 296. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60) EMA 36/4. C 165. [Arles, AD 325-6].

17222

Similar, but with mint mark ARL preceded by officina mark T (= 3) and with S — F in field. RIC vii, p. 267, 302. LRBC I, 305. EMA 37/2. C 165. [Arles, AD 326-7]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

17223

Similar, but the officina mark follows instead of precedes the mint mark. RIC vii, p. 268, 311. LRBC I, 323. EMA 38/3. C 165. [Arles, AD 327-8]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

98

Roman Coins and Their Values

17224

PROVIDENTIAE CAESS (cont.) Billon centenionalis. Similar, but with mint mark CONST in ex. preceded by officina mark T (= 3) and with S — F in field. RIC vii, p. 269, 319. LRBC I, 330. EMA 39/2. C 165. [Constantina/Arles, AD 328]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60) In AD 328 the name of this mint was changed to Constantina in honour of the Caesar Constantine Junior, the emperor’s eldest surviving son. Following Constantine II’s death in battle in 340 the name of the city reverted to Arelate, but thirteen years later, after the downfall of the western usurper Magnentius, Constantius II restored the dynastic connection by naming the place Constantia.

17225

Similar, but with T — F instead of S — F in field and with officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2) preceding the mint mark. RIC vii, p. 269, 328-9. LRBC I, 343-4. EMA 40/4-5. C 165. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65) [Constantina/Arles, AD 329].

17226

Bd. Rev. — as 17214, but with mint mark T preceded by officina mark P-Q (= 1-4) with crescent between. RIC vii, p. 386, 200. LRBC I, —. C 164. [Ticinum, AD 326]. VF £14 ($24) / EF £40 ($70)

17227

Similar, but with palm instead of crescent between officina and mint marks (officina Q = 4 not recorded). RIC vii, p. 387, 207. LRBC I, 499. C 164. [Ticinum, AD 326]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

17228

Be. Rev. — as 17214, but with mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark T or Q (= 3 or 4). RIC vii, p. 325, 267. LRBC I, 507. C 165. [Rome, AD 324-5]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

17229

Similar, but with wreath between the mint and officina marks. RIC vii, p. 330, 289. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60) LRBC I, 518. C 165. [Rome, AD 326].

17230

Similar, but with mint mark R F followed by officina mark T (= 3). RIC vii, p. 335, 323. LRBC I, 529. C 165. [Rome, AD 329]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

17231

As previous, but also with palms flanking the mint and officina marks. RIC vii, p. 335, 325. LRBC I, —. C 165. [Rome, AD 329]. VF £14 ($24) / EF £40 ($70)

17232

Bc. Rev. — as 17214, but with mint mark SIS in ex. preceded by officina mark D or e (= 4 or 5). RIC vii, p. 446, 185. LRBC I, 718. C 163. [Siscia, AD 324-5]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

17233

Similar, but with wreath following the mint mark and officina mark D (= 4) preceding it. RIC vii, p. 448, 194. LRBC I, 733. C 163. [Siscia, AD 325]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

17234

Similar, but with dots preceding the officina mark (D or e = 4 or 5) and following the mint mark. RIC vii, p. 450, 202. LRBC I, 726. C 163. [Siscia, AD 326-7]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

17235

Similar, but no dots and with double crescent following the mint mark. RIC vii, p. 452, VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60) 216. LRBC I, 739. C 163. [Siscia, AD 328-9].

17236

Be. Rev. — as 17214, but with mint mark S M TS in ex. followed by officina mark B, D, or e (= 2, 4, or 5). RIC vii, p. 519, 157. LRBC I, 815. C 165. [Thessalonica, AD 326-8]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

17237

Similar, but the officina mark is in rev. field to r. (D = 4 only recorded). RIC vii, p. 521, VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65) 171. LRBC I, 833. C 165. [Thessalonica, AD 328].

17238

Bd. Rev. — as 17214, but with mint mark S M H in ex. followed by officina mark A-e (= 1-5). RIC vii, p. 551, 77. LRBC I, 871. C 164. [Heraclea, AD 325-6]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

17239

Similar, but with dot following the officina mark in ex. RIC vii, p. 552, 83. LRBC I, VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65) 877. C 164. [Heraclea, AD 326].

CONSTANTINE II CAESAR

99

17240

PROVIDENTIAE CAESS (cont.) Billon centenionalis. Similar, but also with dot preceding the mint mark. RIC vii, p. 553, 88. LRBC I, 884. C 164. [Heraclea, AD 326-7]. VF £14 ($24) / EF £40 ($70)

17241

As 17238, but with dot in rev. field (usually to l., rarely to r.). RIC vii, p. 554, 96 and 98. Cf. LRBC I, 877 note and 890. C 164. [Heraclea, AD 327-9]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

17242

Similar, but with star instead of dot in rev. field to l. RIC vii, p. 556, 107. Cf. LRBC I, 895. C 164. [Heraclea, AD 329-30]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

17243

Bd. Rev. — as 17214, but with mint mark CONS in ex. and officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2) in l. field. RIC vii, p. 571, 9. LRBC I, 972. C 164. [Constantinople, AD 326]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

17244

Similar, but with officina mark G (= 3) in rev. field. RIC vii, pp. 572-3, 20 and 27. LRBC I, 980 and 997. C 164. [Constantinople, AD 327-8]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

17245

As previous, but with star (or dot) following the mint mark in ex. RIC vii, p. 575, 39. LRBC I, 1000 and 1003. C 164. [Constantinople, AD 328-9]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

17246

Be. Rev. — as 17214, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark A-D (= 1-4). RIC vii, p. 615, 93. LRBC I, 1112. C 165. [Nicomedia, AD 324-5]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

17247

B, d or e. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark M N followed by officina mark B, G, or S = 2, 3, or 6 (sometimes the legend ends CAES • instead of CAESS). RIC vii, pp. 620-21, 123 and 126-7. LRBC I, 1097 and 1104-5. C 164-5. [Nicomedia, AD 325-6]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

17248

Bd. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark N followed by officina mark G = 3 (the legend always ends CAES •). RIC vii, p. 624, 146. LRBC I, 1088. C 164. [Nicomedia, VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65) AD 326-7].

17249

Similar, but with mint mark S M N followed by officina mark A-S (= 1-6). RIC vii, p. 626, 157. LRBC I, 1077. C 164. [Nicomedia, AD 328-9]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

17250

Be. Rev. — as 17214, but with mint mark S M K in ex. followed by officina mark A-S (= 1-6). RIC vii, p. 647, 26. LRBC I, 1163. C 165. [Cyzicus, AD 324-5]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60) NB On the issues of this mint the Caesar’s laurel wreath often resembles a pearl diadem.

17251

Similar, but with dot following the officina mark on rev. RIC vii, p. 649, 37. LRBC I, 1174 and 1192. C 165. [Cyzicus, AD 325-6]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

17252

Similar, but also with dot preceding the mint mark, and officinae G and D (= 3 and 4) only recorded. RIC vii, p. 650, 47. LRBC I, 1182. C 165. [Cyzicus, AD 326-7]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

17253

As 17250, but with dot in rev. field to l., and officina S (= 6) not recorded. RIC vii, p. 651, 52. LRBC I, 1196. C 165. [Cyzicus, AD 327-8]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

17254

As 17250, but the obv. bust is cuir. instead of dr. and cuir., and officinae G, e, and S (= 3, 5, and 6) only recorded. RIC vii, p. 653, 63. LRBC I, 1196. C 165. [Cyzicus, AD 329-30]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

17255

Be. Rev. — as 17214, but with mint mark S M ANT in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, G, D, e, S, H, or I (= 1-6, 8, or 10). RIC vii, p. 688, 65. LRBC I, 1337, 1346, and 1353. C 165. [Antioch, AD 325-6]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

17256

Similar, but also with dot under the arch of the gateway. RIC vii, p. 690, 73. LRBC I, VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60) 1324. C 165. [Antioch, AD 326-7].

100

Roman Coins and Their Values

17257

Billon centenionalis. Be. Rev. PROVIDENTIAE CAESS, as 17214, but with mint mark S M AL in ex. followed by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2). RIC vii, p. 709, 36. LRBC I, 1404. C 165. [Alexandria, AD 325-6]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

17258

Similar, but also with wreath in rev. field to l. (officina A = 1 only recorded). RIC vii, p. 710, 42. LRBC I, 1410. C 165. [Alexandria, AD 327-8]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

17259

As previous, but the officina mark (A or B = 1 or 2) is in rev. field to r. instead of in ex. RIC vii, p. 710, 46. LRBC I, 1414. C 165. [Alexandria, AD 327-8]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

17260

As previous, but the officina mark is in Latin numerals (I or II = 1 or 2) and sometimes also with dot following the mint mark in ex. RIC vii, pp. 710-11, 51 and 55. LRBC I, VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65) 1420 and 1425. C 165. [Alexandria, AD 329-30].

17261

Bd. Rev. ROMAE AETERNAE, Roma seated r., holding on her knees shield inscribed X / V in two lines, another shield at her side, mint mark R followed by officina mark P, S, T, or Q (= 1, 2, 3, or 4) in ex., P — R in field. RIC vii, p. 315, 155-6. C 171. [Rome, AD 318-19]. VF £19 ($33) / EF £60 ($100)

17262

Similar, but without P — R across rev. field and with mint and officina marks R and P, S, T, or Q (= 1, 2, 3, or 4) in ex. with erwc (the first three letters in monogram) between. RIC vii, p. 317, 200. C 171. [Rome, AD 320]. VF £23 ($40) / EF £70 ($120) The Greek lettering incorporated in this intriguing mint mark is meant to equate to the Latin AMOR (love) which is ROMA reversed.

17263

Bd. Rev. SAECVLI FELICITAS, garlanded cippus surmounted by shield inscribed AVG, mint mark R followed by officina mark P (= 1) in ex., P — R in field. RIC vii, p. 315, 163. C 174. [Rome, AD 318-19]. VF £60 ($100) / EF £175 ($300)

17264

Bc. Rev. SARMATIA DEVICTA, Victory advancing r., holding trophy and palm, captive at feet, mint mark TR in ex. preceded by officina mark P (= 1) and followed by crescent. RIC vii, p. 202, 438. C 177. [Trier, AD 323-4]. VF £40 ($70) / EF £115 ($200) This series commemorates Constantine the Great’s success in his Danubian campaign against the Sarmatians in 322 just prior to the outbreak of the second civil war with Licinius.

17265

A, B, or C, d. Rev. VICT LAETAE PRINC PERP, two Victories stg. facing each other, holding between them shield, inscribed VOT / P R in two lines, resting on altar inscribed either I or S, mint mark SIS in ex. preceded by officina mark A-e (= 1-5), sometimes between two dots, sometimes followed by star. RIC vii, pp. 435-6, 90-92 and 99. C 191-2. [Siscia, AD 319-20]. VF £23 ($40) / EF £70 ($120) The letter ‘I’ on the altar occurs at officinae A and B, ‘S’ at officinae G, D, and e. The meaning of these letters is unclear. The reverse type is based on the Constantinian prototype struck in a superior alloy at Trier seven years before (see Volume IV, no. 15859).

17266

Bd. Rev. VICTORIA CAESS NN, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint and officina marks • TS • B • (= 2) in ex. RIC vii, p. 506, 65. C 202. [Thessalonica, VF £26 ($45) / EF £80 ($140) AD 319].

17267

D N CONSTANTINO IVN NOB C, d. Rev. VICTORIAE LAET PRINC PERP, as 17265, but the altar is of varying design, the ornamentation often including X or star, and with two captives seated back to back in ex. RIC vii, p. 127, 76-7. Bastien 13-14. C VF £19 ($33) / EF £60 ($100) —. [Lugdunum, AD 319-20].

17262

CONSTANTINE II CAESAR

101

17268

Billon centenionalis. Similar, but with mint mark P — L either side of the seated captives in ex. RIC vii, p. 128, 90. Bastien 27. C —. [Lugdunum, AD 320]. VF £19 ($33) / EF £60 ($100)

17269

Bc. Rev. — as 17265, but the altar is ornamented with star and with mint mark ARL in ex. preceded by officina mark T or Q (= 3 or 4). RIC vii, p. 256, 200. EMA, p. 45, 23/4. VF £23 ($40) / EF £70 ($120) C 216. [Arles, AD 319-20].

17270

17277

17270

A or F, d or i. Rev. VICTORIAE LAETAE PRINC PERP, two Victories stg. facing each other, holding between them shield, inscribed VOT / P R in two lines, resting on altar ornamented with wreath, mint mark P LN in ex. RIC vii, p. 108, 180-82. C 219 and VF £19 ($33) / EF £60 ($100) 224. [London, AD 319-20].

17271

F, helmeted, dr. and cuir. bust l. or r. Rev. — as previous, but the altar is ornamented with star, and with mint mark TR in ex. preceded by officina mark S (= 2). RIC vii, p. VF £19 ($33) / EF £60 ($100) 183, 219-20. C —. [Trier, AD 319].

17272

Obv. As 17267. Rev. — as previous, but the altar is plain or ornamented with diamond pattern (◊), and with mint mark A in ex. preceded by officina mark P (= 1) and star within crescent. RIC vii, —. EMA, p. 43, 19/6. C 223. [Arles, AD 319]. VF £23 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

17273

Bh. Rev. — as previous, but the altar is ornamented with C, and with mint mark T in ex. preceded by officina mark P or T (= 1 or 3). RIC vii, p. 373, 95. Cf. C 221 (bust laur., in VF £19 ($33) / EF £60 ($100) error?). [Ticinum, AD 319].

17274

Cd. Rev. — as previous, but the altar is plain but garlanded, and with mint mark SIS in ex. preceded by officina mark B (= 2). RIC vii, p. 432, 58. C 222. [Siscia, AD 318-19]. VF £23 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

17275

Similar, but with dot following the mint mark, and officinae A, G, D, and e (= 1, 3, 4, and 5) also recorded (altar sometimes ornamented with a variety of patterns). RIC vii, VF £19 ($33) / EF £60 ($100) p. 433, 71-2. C 222. [Siscia, AD 319].

17276

Similar, but the altar is ornamented with I or S (officinae B and e = 2 and 5 recorded). RIC vii, p. 434, 80. C 222 var. [Siscia, AD 319]. VF £22 ($38) / EF £65 ($110)

17277

Bd. Rev. VIRT EXERC, X-shaped plan of Roman camp (?) with Sol stg. l. at the centre, his r. hand raised, holding globe in l., mint mark and officina marks • TS • B • (= 2) in ex. RIC vii, p. 507, 71. C 230. [Thessalonica, AD 319]. VF £140 ($250) / EF £350 ($600) The traditional explanation of this curious reverse type as a ‘plan of a camp’ seems unsatisfactory. The legend certainly indicates a military connection and perhaps the elaborate quadruple X-shape is intended to represent a series of defensive ditches. Carson (“Coins of the Roman Empire”, p. 166) comes up with an alternative theory that “it is perhaps better to be regarded as a bird’s eye view of a monumental stepped-base surmounted by figure of Sol”. See also Volume IV, nos. 15364, 15458, 16305, and 16831.

17278

Bd. Rev. VIRTVS AVGG, three-turreted gateway of military camp, sometimes without doors, sometimes with doors closed, mint mark R followed by officina mark S, T, or Q (= 2, 3, or 4) in ex., P — R in field. RIC vii, p. 316, 173 and 183. C 231. [Rome, AD 318-19]. VF £19 ($33) / EF £60 ($100)

102

Roman Coins and Their Values

17279

Billon centenionalis. B, d or e. Rev. VIRTVS CAESS, four-turreted gateway of military camp, star above, the doors wide open, mint mark ARL in ex. (with crescent between the first two letters) preceded by officina mark T or Q (= 3 or 4). RIC vii, p. 265, 294-5. LRBC I, 297. EMA 36/9-10. C 239. [Arles, AD 325-6]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

17280

Be. Rev. — as previous, but without the crescent in the mint mark and with S — F in field. RIC vii, p. 267, 305. LRBC I, 306. EMA 37/5. C 239. [Arles, AD 326-7]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

17281

Similar, but the officina mark follows instead of precedes the mint mark (officina T = 3 only recorded). RIC vii, p. 268, 315. LRBC I, 324. EMA 38/7. C 239. [Arles, AD 327] .VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

17282

Similar, but with mint mark CONST in ex. preceded by officina mark T or Q (= 3 or 4), S — F in field. RIC vii, p. 269, 322. LRBC I, 331. EMA 39/5. C 239. [Constantina/ Arles, AD 328-9]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60) In AD 328 the name of this mint was changed to Constantina in honour of Constantine II, the eldest surviving son of Constantine I. Following the young emperor’s death in battle in 340 the name of the city reverted to Arelate, but thirteen years later, after the downfall of the western usurper Magnentius, Constantius II restored the dynastic connection by naming the place Constantia.

17283

B, d or f. Rev. — as previous, but with T — F instead of S — F in field, and sometimes the gateway is without doors (officina P = 1 only recorded). RIC vii, p. 270, 333-4 and 338. LRBC I, 345-7. EMA 40/9-10. C 239-40. [Constantina/Arles, AD 329-30]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

17284

Ai. Rev. VIRTVS EXERCIT, trophy, with two captives seated back to back at base, mint mark P LON in ex. RIC vii, p. 109, 184. C 262. [London, AD 320]. VF £23 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

17285

As previous, but with mint mark TR in ex. preceded by dot (sometimes omitted) and officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2), sometimes with star in l. field. RIC vii, pp. 186-7, 257 and 265. C 262. [Trier, AD 320]. VF £19 ($33) / EF £60 ($100)

17286

Similar, but with T — F in rev. field (officina S = 2 only recorded). RIC vii, p. 189, 290. C 262. [Trier, AD 320-21]. VF £19 ($33) / EF £60 ($100)

17287

D N CONSTANTINO IVN N C, d. Rev. — as 17284, but with mint mark P LG in ex. and A — S in field. RIC vii, p. 129, 105. Bastien 47. C 260. [Lugdunum, AD 320]. VF £19 ($33) / EF £60 ($100)

17288

B, e or k. Rev. — vexillum, inscribed VOT / X in two lines, with two captives seated back to back at base, mint mark AQ followed by officina mark T (= 3) in ex., S — F in field. RIC vii, p. 399, 45-6. C 246. MA 323-4. [Aquileia, AD 320]. VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

17289

Bd. Rev. — as previous, but the mint and officina marks are flanked by dots. RIC vii, —. C 248. MA 326. [Aquileia, AD 320]. VF £19 ($33) / EF £60 ($100)

17290 17290

B or C, e or k. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark SIS in ex. preceded by officina mark A, B, G, or e (= 1, 2, 3, or 5) and followed by star, S — F in field. RIC vii, p. 438, 116-18. C 246. [Siscia, AD 320]. VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

CONSTANTINE II CAESAR

103

17291

VIRTVS EXERCIT (cont.) Billon centenionalis. Bk. Rev. — as previous, but also with HL monogram in r. field and sometimes with star and crescent instead of star following mint mark in ex. RIC vii, pp. 439-40, 126 and 133. C 246. [Siscia, AD 320]. VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

17292

Ai. Rev. — as 17288, but the vexillum is inscribed VOT / XX and with mint mark P LON in ex. RIC vii, p. 109, 190. C 252. [London, AD 320-21]. VF £15 ($26) / EF £45 ($80)

17293

Similar, but with mint mark P LN in ex. RIC vii, p. 110, 198. C 252. [London, AD 320-21]. VF £15 ($26) / EF £45 ($80)

17294

A, B, or F, i or k. Rev. — as 17292, but with mint mark TR in ex. preceded by dot (sometimes omitted) and officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2), sometimes with star in l. field. RIC vii, pp. 186 and 188, 257 and 273-8. C 250-52. [Trier, AD 320]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

17295

A or B, i or k. Rev. — as previous, but with T — F in rev. field (no star). RIC vii, p. 190, VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) 300-02. C 252. [Trier, AD 320-21].

17296

D N CONSTANTINO IVN N C, c or d. Rev. — as 17292, but with mint mark P LG in ex. and A — S in field. RIC vii, p. 130, 111-12. Bastien 57-8 and 55-6. C 259. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) [Lugdunum, AD 320].

17297

Similar, but obv. legend A also recorded, and with C — R instead of A — S in rev. field. RIC vii, p. 130, 122-4. Bastien 73, 75, and 77. C 259. [Lugdunum, AD 321]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

17298

B or F, d or e. Rev. – as 17292, but with mint mark ARL in ex. preceded by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). RIC vii, p. 257, 204 and 207. C 258. EMA, p. 46, 24/4 and 5. [Arles, VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90) AD 320].

17299

Bk. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark T in ex. preceded by officina mark P, S, or T (= 1, 2, or 3), sometimes with star, crescent, or dot between, and with Christogram (Chi-Rho monogram) in l. field and sometimes with star in r. RIC vii, pp. 377-8, 121, VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350) 126, and 129. C 256. [Ticinum, AD 319-20]. The Christogram in rev. field is an early reference to Constantine’s espousal of Christianity in AD 312 (see also nos. 17301 and 17304 below, and Volume IV, nos. 15294, 15374, 15377A, 15379A, 15472, 15474, 16324 and 16853).

17300

Bk. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark AQ in ex. followed by officina mark T (= 3), and with S — F in field. RIC vii, p. 400, 56. MA 327. C —. [Aquileia, AD 320]. VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

17301

Similar, but without the S — F in rev. field and with Christogram (Chi-Rho monogram) to l. RIC vii, p. 401, 62. MA 328. C 256. [Aquileia, AD 320]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350) See note following no. 17299.

17302

Be. Rev. — as 17292, but with mint and officina marks • TS • B • (= 2) in ex. RIC vii, VF £15 ($26) / EF £45 ($80) p. 507, 74. C —. [Thessalonica, AD 320].

17294

17303

Similar, but also with S — F in rev. field. RIC vii, p. 508, 80-81. C —. [Thessalonica, VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

AD 320].

104

Roman Coins and Their Values

17304

Billon centenionalis. Bk. Rev. VIRTVS EXERCIT, as 17302, but also with Christogram (Chi-Rho monogram) in rev. field to l. RIC vii, p. 508, 83. C 256. [Thessalonica, AD 320]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350) See note following no. 17299.

17305

Bd. Rev. VOT • V • / MVLT • X • / CAESS in three lines above mint and officina marks • TS • B • (= 2), all within wreath. RIC vii, p. 504, 45. C 273. [Thessalonica, AD 318-19]. VF £23 ($40) / EF £70 ($120) There are several varieties of obv. type for this issue.

17306

Bd. Rev. VOT X / ET XV F in two lines above mint and officina marks R P (or S or T = 1, 2, or 3) with erwc (the first three letters in monogram) between, all within wreath. RIC vii, p. 318, 206. C 276. [Rome, AD 320]. VF £37 ($65) / EF £115 ($200) The Greek lettering incorporated in this intriguing mint mark is meant to equate to the Latin AMOR (love) which is ROMA reversed.

17307

Similar, but without erwc between the mint and officina marks (officinae S and Q = 2 and 4 recorded). RIC vii, p. 318, 209. C 276. [Rome, AD 320]. VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150)

17308

Bd. Rev. VOT / XV in two lines with dot at centre, above mint and officina marks R P (= 1), all within wreath. RIC vii, p. 318, 210. C —. [Rome, AD 320]. VF £35 ($60) / EF £100 ($175)

17309

Bd. Rev. VOT / XV / FEL / XX in four lines above mint and officina marks R T (= 3), all within wreath. RIC vii, p. 319, 218. C —. [Rome, AD 320]. VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150) Another variety (RIC 224) has the reverse legend divided VOT / XV FEL / XX in three lines with the mint and officina marks (R P = 1) following XX on the third line.

17310

Billon half centenionalis (?). B, laur. bust r., with aegis on chest. Rev. VBERTAS SAECVLI, the three Monetae stg. side by side, each holding scales and cornucopiae, mint mark TR in ex. preceded by officina mark S (= 2). RIC vii, p. 193, 336. Cf. C 188. [Trier, AD 321-2]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350) This may be a small medallet.

17311

Fd. Rev. VOT V CAESS NN within wreath (no mint mark). RIC vii, p. 193, 340. C —. [Trier, AD 321-2]. VF £48 ($85) / EF £140 ($250)

17312

Billon reduced centenionalis. No legend, f (looking upwards). Rev. CONSTANTINVS CAES, Roma seated l., holding Victory on globe in r. hand and transverse spear in l., shield at side, mint mark ROM in ex. RIC vii, p. 347, 409. LRBC I, 551. C 73-4. [Rome, AD 337]. VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150) NB The weight of the centenionalis was maintained at c. 3 grams down to AD 330 when it was reduced to about 2.5 grams. There was a final reduction to 1.70 grams in the last year of Constantine I’s reign; this was clearly indicated on the GLORIA EXERCITVS coinage by a modification in the reverse design which saw the number of standards reduced from two to one.



17313

Bd. Rev. GLORIA EXERCITVS, two soldiers stg. facing each other, each resting on spear and shield, two standards between them, mint mark TR in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2) sometimes to r. of which is dot. RIC vii, pp. 214-15, 520 and 527. LRBC I, 49 and 56. C 122. [Trier, AD 330-31]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

17314 Similar, but with dot between the mint and officina marks, or with star following the officina mark. RIC vii, pp. 216-17, 539 and 545. LRBC I, 63 and 68. C 122. [Trier, AD 332-3]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

CONSTANTINE II CAESAR

105

17315

GLORIA EXERCITVS (cont.) Billon reduced centenionalis. A or B, d. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark TR in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2) and with wreath or palm between the two standards. RIC vii, p. 218, 550 and 556-7. LRBC I, 73 and 81-2. C 127. [Trier, AD 333-4]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

17316

Bd. Rev. — as 17313, but with mint mark LG in ex. preceded by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). RIC vii, p. 138, 238. Bastien 199 and 204. LRBC I, 181. C 122. [Lugdunum, VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30) AD 330].

17317

Similar, but the officina mark is preceded by crescent or by dot within crescent. RIC vii, p. 138, 249 and 254. Bastien 209 and 214, 219 and 224. LRBC I, 193 and 198. C 122. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30) [Lugdunum, AD 331].

17318

Similar, but the officina mark is preceded by dot or (very rarely) by wreath. RIC vii, p. 138, 244. Bastien 230 and 235, 240 and 245. LRBC I, 187. C 122. [Lugdunum, AD 332]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

17319

Similar, but the officina mark is preceded by star or (very rarely) by palm. RIC vii, pp. 139-40, 263 and 268. Bastien 250 and 256. LRBC I, 203, 208, and 213. C 122. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30) [Lugdunum, AD 334-5].

17320

Bd. Rev. — as 17313, but with mint mark CONST in ex. preceded by officina mark P (= 1). RIC vii, —. LRBC I, —. EMA, p. 62, 41/3. C 122. [Constantina/Arles, AD 330]. VF £8 ($13) / EF £23 ($40)

17321

Similar, but also with star in rev. field, either above or between the standards, and officina S (= 2) also recorded. RIC vii, p. 271, 346 and 350. LRBC I, 353. EMA, p. 62, VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30) 42/2. C 127. [Constantina/Arles, AD 330-31].

17322

Similar, but with crescent between the standards. RIC vii, p. 272, 354. LRBC I, 358. EMA, p. 63, 43/2. C 127. [Constantina/Arles, AD 331]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

17323

A or B, d. Rev. — as previous, but with palm between the standards. RIC vii, p. 273, 359 and 365-6. LRBC I, 363 and 368-9. EMA, pp. 64-5, 44/2 and 45/3-4. C 127. [Constantina/Arles, AD 332-3]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

17324

Ad. Rev. — as previous, but with wreath (sometimes containing dot) between the standards. RIC vii, p. 274, 371 and 376. LRBC I, 374 and 379. EMA, pp. 65-6, 46/2 and VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30) 47/2. C 126. [Constantina/Arles, AD 333-4].

17325

Similar, but with Christogram between the standards. RIC vii, p. 275, 382. LRBC I, 385. EMA, p. 66, 48/2. C 128 var. [Constantina/Arles, AD 334]. VF £19 ($33) / EF £60 ($100)

17326

Similar, but with uncertain symbol resembling pine-tree between the standards (officina P = 1 only recorded). RIC vii, p. 276, 388. LRBC I, 392. EMA, p. 67, 49/2. C VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35) 126. [Constantina/Arles, AD 335-6].

17327

Bd. Rev. — 17313, but with mint mark AQ in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2), sometimes with cross between the standards. RIC vii, p. 407, 119 and 125. LRBC I, 651 and 657. MA 347-8. C 127. [Aquileia, AD 334-5]. Without cross VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35), with cross VF £19 ($33) / EF £60 ($100)

17328

Similar, but with F between the standards. RIC vii, p. 409, 132. LRBC I, 663. MA 349. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35) C —. [Aquileia, AD 335-6].

17329

Bd. Rev. — as 17313, but with mint mark R F in ex. followed by officina mark S or T (= 2 or 3). RIC vii, p. 336, 328. LRBC I, 532. C 122. [Rome, AD 330]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

106

Roman Coins and Their Values

17330

GLORIA EXERCITVS (cont.) Billon reduced centenionalis. Similar, but with mint mark R B instead of R F (officina S = 2 only recorded). RIC vii, p. 336, 336. LRBC I, 538. C 122. [Rome, AD 330-31]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

17331

Similar, but with mint and officina marks R S or R T (= 2 or 3) in ex. with wreath between. RIC vii, p. 339, 351. LRBC I, 543. C 122. [Rome, AD 333-5]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

17332

A or B, d. Rev. — as previous, but with star instead of wreath between the mint and officina marks (officina S = 2 only recorded). RIC vii, p. 341, 364-5. LRBC I, 549-50. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35) C 122 and 124. [Rome, AD 335-6].

17333

Bd. Rev. — as 17313, but with mint mark SIS in ex. preceded by officina mark A, D, or e (= 1, 4, or 5). RIC vii, p. 453, 220. LRBC I, 743. C 122. [Siscia, AD 330-33]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

17334

Similar, but with dots preceding the officina mark and following the mint mark (officinae A, G, D, and e = 1, 3, 4, and 5 recorded). RIC vii, p. 455, 236. LRBC I, 748. C 122. [Siscia, AD 334-5]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

17335

Bd. Rev. — as 17313, but with mint mark S M TS in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, or G (= 1, 2, or 3). RIC vii, p. 524, 184. LRBC I, 836. C 122. [Thessalonica, AD 330-33]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30) A later variety of this type (AD 335-6) has the reverse legend divided GLORI—A EXER—CITVS instead of GLOR—IA EXERC—ITVS (RIC 199, LRBC 841).

17336

Bd. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark S M H in ex. followed by officina mark A-D (= 1-4), sometimes with dot preceding mint mark, sometimes a second dot following the officina mark, sometimes a third dot in field or with all three dots horizontally in field. RIC vii, pp. 557-9, 112, 117, 122, 127, 132. LRBC I, 899-900, 905, 910, 915, 920. C VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35) 122. [Heraclea, AD 330-33].

17337

Similar, but without dots and with star following the officina mark. RIC vii, p. 559, 137. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35) LRBC I, 925. C 122. [Heraclea, AD 333-6].

17338

Bd. Rev. — as 17313, but with mint mark CONS in ex. followed by officina mark A, G, S, Q, or I (= 1, 3, 6, 9, or 10). RIC vii, p. 579, 60. LRBC I, 1006. C 122. [Constantinople, AD 330-33]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

17339

Similar, but with dot following the officina mark and sometimes also with dot preceding the mint mark (officinae A, B, G, H, and Q = 1, 2, 3, 8, and 9 recorded). RIC vii, pp. 581-2, 74 and 81. LRBC I, 1011 and 1018. C 122. [Constantinople, AD 333-5]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

17340

Bd. Rev. — as 17313, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark A-S (= 1-6). RIC vii, p. 633, 189. LRBC I, 1118. C 122. [Nicomedia, AD 330-35]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

17341

B, d or g. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark S M K in ex. followed by officina mark A-S (= 1-6), sometimes with dot preceding the mint mark or following the officina mark. RIC vii, pp. 653-4 and 655-6, 67-8, 80-83, and 96-8. LRBC I, 1214-15, 1223-6, VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35) and 1237-40. C 122. [Cyzicus, AD 330-35].

17335

CONSTANTINE II CAESAR

107

17342

GLORIA EXERCITVS (cont.) Billon reduced centenionalis. Bd. Rev. — as previous, but with star preceding the mint mark (officina S = 6 not recorded). RIC vii, p. 658, 112. LRBC I, 1252. C 122. [Cyzicus, AD 335-6]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

17343

Bd. Rev. — as 17313, but with mint mark S M AN in ex. followed by officina mark e, S, Z, H, or Q (= 5, 6, 7, 8, or 9). RIC vii, p. 693, 87. LRBC I, 1357. C 122. [Antioch, AD 330-33 and 335]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

17344

Bd. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark S M AL in ex. followed by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2). RIC vii, p. 711, 59. LRBC I, 1429. C 122. [Alexandria, AD 333-5]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

17345

Ad. Rev. GLORIA EXERCITVS, two soldiers stg. facing each other, each resting on spear and shield, one standard between them, mint mark TR in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2), usually with dots on either side. RIC vii, p. 223, 586 and 591. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30) LRBC I, 88 and 93. C 113. [Trier, AD 336-7].

17346

Bd. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark LG in ex. preceded by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2) usually to l. of which is crescent or star. RIC vii, pp. 140-141, 271, 276, and 281. Bastien 263 and 268, 272 and 276. LRBC I, 226 and 229. C 114. [Lugdunum, AD 336]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

17347

Similar, but the officina mark is preceded by palm. RIC vii, p. 142, 286. Bastien 282 and VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30) 287. LRBC I, 232. C 114. [Lugdunum, AD 337].

17348

Ad. Rev. — as 17345, but with mint mark CONST preceded by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2), and with Christogram on standard (= labarum). RIC vii, p. 276, 395. LRBC I, 399. EMA, p. 68, 50/2. C 119. [Constantina/Arles, AD 336]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

17349

Similar, but with X on standard (officina P = 1 only recorded). RIC vii, p. 277, 403. LRBC I, 406. EMA, p. 69, 51/2. C 113. [Constantina/Arles, AD 336-7]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

17350

As previous, but with O on standard. RIC vii, p. 278, 412. LRBC I, 411. EMA, p. 70, VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30) 53/1. C 113. [Constantina/Arles, AD 337].

17351

Bd. Rev. — as 17345, but with mint mark AQ followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2) and sometimes preceded by dot. RIC vii, p. 410, 140 and 144. LRBC I, 670 and 675. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30) MA 350-51. C 114. [Aquileia, AD 336-7].

17352

Ad. Rev. — as previous, but with mint and officina marks R S or T (= 2 or 3) in ex. with wreath between. RIC vii, p. 344, 382. LRBC I, 559. C 113. [Rome, AD 336]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

17353

Similar, but the mint and officina marks are also flanked by palms (officina S = 2 only recorded). RIC vii, p. 344, 388. LRBC I, —. C 113. [Rome, AD 336]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

17354

As 17352, but with star instead of wreath between the mint and officina marks. RIC vii, VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30) p. 344, 392. LRBC I, 567. C 113. [Rome, AD 336-7].

17355

Bd. Rev. — as 17345, but with mint mark SIS in ex. preceded by officina mark e (= 5). RIC vii, p. 458, 253. LRBC I, 755. C 114. [Siscia, AD 336]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

17343

108

Roman Coins and Their Values

17356

GLORIA EXERCITVS (cont.) Billon reduced centenionalis. Similar, but with star following the mint mark (officinae A, B, and e = 1, 2, and 5 recorded). RIC vii, p. 460, 262. LRBC I, 760. C 114. [Siscia, AD 337]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

17357

Bd. Rev. — as 17345, but with mint mark S M TS in ex. followed by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2). RIC vii, p. 529, 223. LRBC I, 846. C 114. [Thessalonica, AD 336-7]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

17358

Bd. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark S M H followed by officina mark A-D (= 1-4). RIC vii, p. 561, 151-2. LRBC I, 935-6. C 114. [Heraclea, AD 336-7]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

17359

Bd. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark CONS in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, Q, or I (= 1, 2, 9, or 10) and sometimes also with dot at end of legend. RIC vii, pp. 589-90, 138 and 150. LRBC I, 1026-7. C 114. [Constantinople, AD 336-7]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

17360

Bd. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, G, or S (= 1, 2, 3, or 6). RIC vii, p. 635, 200. LRBC I, 1126. C 114. [Nicomedia, AD 336-7]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

17361

B, d or g. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark S M K in ex. followed by officina mark A-S (= 1-6) and sometimes with dot between the R and I of GLORIA. RIC vii, p. 659, 123-5 and 136-8. LRBC I, 1263-4. C 114. [Cyzicus, AD 336-7]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

17362

Bd. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark S M AN in ex. followed by officina mark e, S, Z, H, or Q (= 5, 6, 7, 8, or 9). RIC vii, p. 697, 109. LRBC I, 1364. C 114. [Antioch, AD 336-7]. VF £5 ($8) / EF £15 ($25)

17363

Bd. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark S M AL in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, G, or D (= 1, 2, 3, or 4). RIC vii, p. 712, 66. LRBC I, 1436. C 114. [Alexandria, AD 336-7]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

17364

Ad. Rev. SECVRITAS REI PVB, Securitas stg. facing, hd. r., legs crossed, resting on column and holding sceptre, mint and officina marks R S (= 2) in ex. with leaf between. RIC vii, p. 346, 402. LRBC I, 577. C —. [Rome, AD 337]. VF £19 ($33) / EF £60 ($100)

17365

Gold solidus. Jo. Rev. GAVDIVM POPVLI ROMANI, Victory seated r. on cuirass, inscribing VOT / XX / MVLT / XXX on shield set on l. knee and supported by Genius stg. l. before her, mint mark S M AQ in ex. RIC viii, p. 315, 4. MA 352. C —. Depeyrot, p. 180, 1/1. [Aquileia, AD 337-40]. VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £2,000 ($3,500)

17366

Jp. Rev. — around wreath enclosing SIC / XX / SIC / XXX in four lines, mint mark SIS followed by star below. RIC viii, p. 350, 20. Cf. C (Constantine I) 160 (obv. misdescribed). Depeyrot, p. 200, 4/2. [Siscia, AD 337-40]. VF £775 ($1,350) / EF £2,300 ($4,000)

17367

Lp. Rev. SECVRITAS REI PVBLICAE, Securitas stg. facing, hd. r., r. hand on hd., l. elbow on column, mint mark TR in ex. RIC viii, p. 139, 1. C 180 (= Constantine I 498). Depeyrot, p. 106, 1/1. [Trier, AD 337-40]. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,700 ($3,000)

17368

Lp. Rev. VICTOR OMNIVM GENTIVM, Constantine II, in military attire, stg. l., holding standard and resting on shield, two suppliants kneeling before him on l., seated captive on r., mint mark TR in ex. RIC viii, p. 140, 4. C 195. Depeyrot, p. 107, 3/1. [Trier, AD 337-40]. VF £775 ($1,350) / EF £2,300 ($4,000)

Issues as Augustus, A

337-340

CONSTANTINE II AUGUSTUS

109

17369

Gold solidus. Hp. Rev. VICTORIA AVG, Victory advancing l., holding long staff surmounted by trophy in r. hand and palm-branch in l., star in l. field, mark of value LXXII in r., mint mark S M AN in ex., sometimes followed by dot, sometimes by officina mark D or S (= 4 or 6). RIC viii, p. 512, 3 and 6. C (Constantine I) 579. Depeyrot, pp. 271-2, 1/1 and 2/1. [Antioch, AD 337-40]. VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £2,000 ($3,500) The numeral LXXII (= 72) in reverse field indicates the weight of the solidus as 1/72nd of a pound of gold.

17370

Hd. Rev. VICTORIA AVGVSTI, Victory seated r. on cuirass and shield, inscribing VOT / XXX on shield set on l. knee and supported by Genius stg. l. before her, mint and officina marks S M AN A (= 1) followed by dot in ex. RIC viii, p. 512, 10. C —. Depeyrot, p. 272, 4/1. [Antioch, AD 337-40]. VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £2,000 ($3,500)

17371

Similar, but sometimes with obv. type g and with rev. legend VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM (officinae A, B, D, e, S, and H = 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, and 8 recorded). RIC viii, p. 512, 13-16. C (Constantine I) 598. Depeyrot, p. 273, 4/4-7. [Antioch, AD 337-40]. VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £2,000 ($3,500) A very rare variant has the obverse type diademed, draped and cuirassed bust left.

17372

FL IVL CONSTANTINVS PERP AVG, g. Rev. — as previous, but officina mark not recorded. RIC viii, p. 513, 20. C —. Depeyrot, p. 273, 4/11. [Antioch, AD 340]. VF £720 ($1,250) / EF £2,150 ($3,750) The use of the name Julius (IVL) instead of Claudius (CL) in the obverse legend is a surprising error.

17373

Similar, but on rev. the shield is inscribed VOT / XX / MVLT / XXX (officinae A, e, S, and Z = 1, 5, 6, and 7 recorded). RIC viii, p. 513, 23. C —. Depeyrot, p. 274, 5/1. [Antioch, AD 337-40]. VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £2,000 ($3,500)

17374

Kn. Rev. VICTORIA CONSTANTINI AVG, Victory seated r., as 17370, but with VOT / XX on shield and with mint mark CONS in ex. RIC viii, p. 447, 3. Cf. C 207 (obv. misdescribed). Depeyrot, p. 230, 1/3. [Constantinople, AD 337-40]. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,700 ($3,000)

17375

CONSTANTINVS MAX AVG, p. Rev. — as 17370, but with mint mark SIS in ex., sometimes preceded and followed by dot. RIC viii, p. 348, 1-2. C —. Depeyrot, p. 199, 1/1 and 3/1. [Siscia, AD 337-8]. VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £2,000 ($3,500) This type is identical to an issue of Constantine I (cf. Volume IV, no. 15754 = RIC vii, 243 and 257), the only means of differentiation being the more youthful portrait of Constantine II. See also the following.

17376

Obv. As previous. Rev. — Victory advancing r., holding shield inscribed VOT / XXX, her l. foot trampling on captive seated on ground to r., mint mark SIS in ex. RIC viii, p. 349, 3. C —. Depeyrot, p. 199, 1/2. [Siscia, AD 337-8]. VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £2,000 ($3,500) This type is identical to an issue of Constantine I (cf. Volume IV, no. 15748 = RIC vii, 244), the only means of differentiation being the more youthful portrait of Constantine II.

17373

17374

110

Roman Coins and Their Values

17377 17377

17378

17380A

Gold solidus. Jp. Rev. VICTORIA CONSTANTINI AVG, as previous, but with dots preceding and following the mint mark. RIC viii, p. 349, 4. C —. Depeyrot, p. 199, 3/2. VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £2,000 ($3,500) [Siscia, AD 338-40]. Kn. Rev. — Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark CONS in ex. RIC viii, —. C —. Depeyrot, p. 230, 1/2. [Constantinople, AD 337-40]. VF £775 ($1,350) / EF £2,300 ($4,000)

17379

Mp. Rev. VICTORIA DD NN AVG, Victory seated r., as 17375, but the shield is inscribed SIC / XX / SIC / XXX and the mint mark is followed by star. RIC viii, p. 351, 28. C —. Cf. Depeyrot, p. 201, 5/note. [Siscia, AD 338-40]. VF £775 ($1,350) / EF £2,300 ($4,000)

17380

J or M, p. Rev. VICTORIA DD NN AVGG, Victory advancing l., holding long staff surmounted by trophy in r. hand and palm-branch in l., mint mark TSe or TES in ex. RIC viii, pp. 402 and 404, 2, 11, and 25. C 212. Depeyrot, pp. 213-14, 1/1, 2/4, and 4/1. [Thessalonica, AD 337-40]. VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £2,000 ($3,500)

17380A

Mg. Rev. VICTORIA DDD NNN AVG, Victory seated r., as 17379. RIC viii, —. C —. Depeyrot —. [Siscia, AD 338-40]. VF £775 ($1,350) / EF £2,300 ($4,000)

17381

Mp. Rev. VICTORIA DDD NNN AVGGG, two Victories stg. facing each other, holding between them shield inscribed VOTIS / XX / MVLTIS / XXX, mint mark SIS followed by star in ex. RIC viii, p. 351, 26. C —. Depeyrot —. [Siscia, AD 338-40]. VF £775 ($1,350) / EF £2,300 ($4,000)

17382

Similar, but with VICTORIAE for VICTORIA on rev. and sometimes VOT for VOTIS on shield. RIC viii, p. 351, 27. C 215. Depeyrot, p. 200, 5/1. [Siscia, AD 338-40]. VF £600 ($1,200) / EF £1,750 ($3,500)

17383

Lp. Rev. VIRTVS EXERCITVS GALL, Mars advancing r., carrying transverse spear and trophy over l. shoulder, captives seated on ground to l. and to r., mint mark TR in ex. RIC viii, p. 140, 12. Cf. C 264. Depeyrot, p. 107, 2/1. [Trier, AD 337-40]. VF £775 ($1,350) / EF £2,300 ($4,000) The appearance of the pagan god of war at this late date is remarkable. NB There are also gold multiples (1.5 solidi) from Thessalonica, rev. GLORIA EXERCITVS, emperor standing, holding trophy and shield (RIC 1), and from Antioch, rev. FELIX ADVENTVS AVG N, emperor on horseback (RIC 2).



17384

Gold semissis or half solidus (c. 2.25 grams). Lp. Rev. SECVRITAS REI PVBLICAE, Securitas stg. facing, hd. r., r. hand on hd., l. elbow on column, mint mark TR in ex. RIC viii, p. 140, 16. C —. Depeyrot, p. 106, 1/4. [Trier, AD 337-40]. VF £775 ($1,350) / EF £2,300 ($4,000)

17385

Jg. Rev. VICTORIA DD NN AVGG, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark TES in ex. RIC viii, p. 404, 36. Cf. C (Constantine I) 621 (obv. misdescribed). Depeyrot, p. 214, 4/8. [Thessalonica, AD 339-40]. VF £775 ($1,350) / EF £2,300 ($4,000)

17386

Gold 1.5-scripulum or 9-siliqua (c. 1.68 grams). Nd. Rev. SECVRITAS REI PVBLICAE, Securitas stg., as 17384, mint mark TR in ex. RIC viii, p. 141, 18. Cf. C (Constantine I) 500 (obv. misdescribed). Depeyrot, p. 106, 1/5. [Trier, AD 337-40]. VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £2,000 ($3,500)

CONSTANTINE II AUGUSTUS

111

17387

Gold 1.5-scripulum. Hp. Rev. VICTORIA CONSTANTINI AVG, Victory seated r. on cuirass and shield, inscribing VOT / XXX on shield set on l. knee and supported by Genius stg. l. before her, mint mark SIS followed by dot in ex. RIC viii, p. 349, 12 (= RIC vii, p. 458, 258). C —. Depeyrot, p. 199, 2/1. [Siscia, AD 338-40]. VF £775 ($1,350) / EF £2,300 ($4,000) This type was listed in Volume IV (no. 15801) as a coin of Constantine I. An attribution to the brief reign of Constantine II now seems preferable.

17388

Jg. Rev. VICTORIA DD NN AVGG, all as 17385. RIC viii, —. Cf. C (Constantine I) 621 (obv. misdescribed). Depeyrot, p. 214, 4/9. [Thessalonica, AD 339-40]. VF £775 ($1,350) / EF £2,300 ($4,000)

17389

Silver heavy miliarensis (c. 5.4 grams, weights variable). Jp. Rev. GAVDIVM POPVLI ROMANI around wreath containing SIC / XX / SIC / XXX in four lines, mint mark SIS followed by dot within crescent below. RIC viii, p. 353, 47. RSC 108Aa. VF £1,425 ($2,500) / EF £4,300 ($7,500) Gnecchi 18. [Siscia, AD 338-40]. This new denomination equates in weight to the gold aureus, just as the light miliarensis is the weight equivalent of the gold solidus.

17390

Jp. Rev. PAX AETERNA AVG, Pax stg. facing, hd. l., legs crossed, holding olivebranch and sceptre and resting l. elbow on column, mint mark • SIS • in ex. RIC viii, p. 353, 46A. RSC 138A. Gnecchi —. [Siscia, AD 338-40]. VF £1,425 ($2,500) / EF £4,300 ($7,500)

17391

Mp. Rev. VIRTVS EXERCITVS, soldier stg. facing, hd. r., resting on spear and shield, mint mark TES in ex. RIC viii, p. 406, 46. RSC 262A. Gnecchi —. [Thessalonica, AD 339-40]. VF £1,250 ($2,200) / EF £3,750 ($6,500)

17392

Silver light miliarensis or 11/3 siliquae (c. 4.5 grams, weights variable). H, g or p. Rev. CONSTANTINVS AVG, four standards, mint mark S M TR in ex. RIC viii, p. 141, 20-21. RSC 68A. Gnecchi 6. [Trier, AD 337-40]. VF £1,000 ($1,750) / EF £2,850 ($5,000)



NB This denomination was introduced by Constantine I in AD 325. After the reform of Constantius II in 357 (whereby the weight of the siliqua was reduced to 2.25 grams) the light miliarensis became a double siliqua.

17393

Mp. Rev. CONSTANTINVS P F AVG, three standards, mint mark TES in ex. RIC viii, p. 406, 49. RSC 87A. Gnecchi —. [Thessalonica, AD 339-40]. VF £1,150 ($2,000) / EF £3,450 ($6,000)

17394

Silver siliqua (c. 3.37 grams). No legend, c or f (looking upwards, pearl-diad.). Rev. CONSTAN / TINVS / AVG in three lines within wreath, mint mark ANT below. RIC viii, p. 514, 32-3. RSC 69a-b. [Antioch, AD 337-40]. VF £290 ($500) / EF £720 ($1,250)

17391

 

17392

112

Roman Coins and Their Values

17395

 

17396

17395

Silver siliqua. Similar, but obv. type c not recorded, and with mint mark ALE on rev. RIC viii, p. 538, 1. RSC 69c. [Alexandria, AD 337-40]. VF £290 ($500) / EF £720 ($1,250)

17396

No legend, f (looking upwards, laur. and rosette-diad.). Rev. CONSTANTINVS AVG, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark R in ex. RIC viii, p. 248, 1. VF £225 ($400) / EF £575 ($1,000) RSC 69Ae. [Rome, AD 337-40].

17397

CONSTANTINVS MAX AVG, p. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark SIS in ex. RIC viii, p. 353, 57. RSC 69Ag. [Siscia, AD 337-8]. VF £200 ($350) / EF £520 ($900)

17398

Jp. Rev. — as previous, but sometimes with dots either side of the mint mark. RIC viii, p. 353, 58-9. RSC 69Ah-i. [Siscia, AD 338-40]. VF £175 ($320) / EF £460 ($800) See Volume IV, nos. 15843-4, for other siliquae of Siscia, some specimens of which may belong to the reign of Constantine II (cf. RIC viii, p. 353, 53-6). The only means of differentiation would be the more youthful portrait of Constantine II.

17399

Obv. As 17396. Rev. — as 17396, but with mint mark S M K followed by star. RIC viii, VF £250 ($450) / EF £625 ($1,100) p. 489, 1. RSC 69Af. [Cyzicus, AD 337-40].

17400

Obv. Similar, but sometimes rosette-diad. only. Rev. CONSTANTINVS AVGVSTVS, Victory l., as 17396, but with mint mark C in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, D, e, H, or Q (= 1, 2, 4, 5, 8, or 9) and with dot between. RIC viii, p. 448, 15-16. RSC 70a-b. [Constantinople, AD 337-40]. VF £175 ($300) / EF £430 ($750)

17401

Jp. Rev. GAVDIVM POPVLI ROMANI around wreath containing SIC / XX / SIC / XXX in four lines, mint mark SIS followed by dot within crescent below. RIC viii, p. VF £250 ($450) / EF £625 ($1,100) 354, 70. RSC 108Ab. [Siscia, AD 338-40].

17402

Np. Rev. PAX AVGVSTORVM, Constantine II, in military attire, stg. l., holding standard with Chi-Rho monogram (labarum), l. hand at side, mint and officina marks TR P (= 1) in ex. RIC viii, p. 142, 30. RSC 138B. [Trier, AD 337-40]. VF £195 ($340) / EF £480 ($850)

17403

Np. Rev. PRINCIPI IVVENTVTIS, Constantine II, in military attire, stg. r., holding spear and globe, his l. foot set on seated captive, mint and officina marks TR S (= 2) in ex. RIC viii, p. 142, 33. RSC 142A. [Trier, AD 337-40]. VF £195 ($340) / EF £480 ($850)

17404

N, g or p. Rev. VICTORIA AVGG NN, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark TR followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2) in ex. RIC viii, p. 141, 28-9. VF £175 ($320) / EF £460 ($800) RSC 197Aa-b. [Trier, AD 337-40].

CONSTANTINE II AUGUSTUS

17405

 

113

17405A

17405

Silver siliqua. Similar, but with rev. legend VICTORIA AVGVSTI. RIC viii, p. 141, VF £175 ($320) / EF £460 ($800) 25-6. RSC 199Aa-b. [Trier, AD 337-40].

17405A

Jg. Rev. VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM, Victory advancing l., as 17404, but with mint mark SIS in ex. followed by dot within crescent. RIC viii, —. RSC —. (Specimen seen Feb. 2008). [Siscia, AD 340]. VF £225 ($400) / EF £575 ($1,000)

17406

Jo. Rev. VICTORIA DD NN AVGG, Victory advancing l., as 17404, but with mint mark S M AQ in ex. RIC viii, p. 316, 9. MA 353. RSC 212a. [Aquileia, AD 337-40]. VF £200 ($350) / EF £520 ($900)

17407

Jg. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark TSe in ex. RIC viii, p. 405, 39. RSC 212b. [Thessalonica, AD 337-9]. VF £220 ($380) / EF £540 ($950)

17408

Billon reduced centenionalis. Hg. Rev. GLORIA EXERCITVS, two soldiers stg. facing each other, each resting on spear and shield, standard between them ornamented with cross, mint mark TR in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). RIC viii, p. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) 143, 38. LRBC I, 99. C 117 var. [Trier, AD 337-40].

17409

Hp. Rev. — as previous, but without cross on standard, and usually with dots on either side of the mint and officina marks, or with single dot following the officina mark. RIC viii, p. 143, 49, 57, and 69. LRBC I, 107. C 117. [Trier, AD 337-40]. VF £8 ($13) / EF £23 ($40)

17410

H, d or g. Rev. — as previous, but with palm following the officina mark. RIC viii, p. VF £8 ($13) / EF £23 ($40) 144, 80-81. LRBC I, 124-5. C 117. [Trier, AD 337-40].

17411

I, d or p. Rev. — as 17408, but with Chi-Rho monogram instead of cross on standard (= labarum), and with mint mark LG in ex. preceded by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). RIC viii, p. 178, 4-5. LRBC I, 239-40. Bastien 5, 11. C 121. [Lugdunum, AD 337-8]. VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

17412

Similar, but with obv. CONSTANTINVS MAX AVG, g or p. RIC viii, p. 178, 6-7. LRBC VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) I, 241. Bastien 6, 12. C —. [Lugdunum, AD 337-8].

17413

Obv. As previous (type p). Rev. — as 17411, but with S instead of Chi-Rho monogram on standard, and palm preceding the officina mark in ex. (S = 2 only recorded). RIC viii, p. 178, 13. LRBC I, 246. Bastien 15, 19. C —. [Lugdunum, AD 340]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

17414

Jp. Rev. — as previous (officinae P = 1 only recorded). RIC viii, p. 178, 14. LRBC I, VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35) 247. Bastien 16, 20. C —. [Lugdunum, AD 340].

17415

Np. Rev. — as 17408, but with O instead of cross on standard, and with mint mark CONST in ex. preceded by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). RIC viii, p. 205, 1. LRBC I, 416. EMA, p. 70, 54/1. C —. [Constantina/Arles, AD 337-8]. VF £8 ($13) / EF £23 ($40)

17416

N, d or p. Rev. — as previous, but with crescent instead of O on standard. RIC viii, p. 205, 10-11. LRBC I, 419. EMA, p. 71, 55/1-2. C —. [Constantina/Arles, AD 338-9]. VF £8 ($13) / EF £23 ($40)

17417

Similar, but with X instead of crescent on standard. RIC viii, p. 205, 18-19. Cf. LRBC I, 425. EMA, p. 72, 56/3-4. C —. [Constantina/Arles, AD 339]. VF £8 ($13) / EF £23 ($40)

114

Roman Coins and Their Values

17418

GLORIA EXERCITVS (cont.) Billon reduced centenionalis. H or N, g, o, or p. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark CON in ex. preceded by officina mark P (= 1). RIC viii, p. 206, 43-5. LRBC I, 430. EMA, p. 73, 57/3. C 117. [Constantina/Arles, AD 340]. VF £8 ($13) / EF £23 ($40)

17419

Hp. Rev. — as previous, but with N instead of X on standard. RIC viii, p. 206, 33. LRBC I, —. Cf. EMA, p. 73, 58/3 (obv. misdescribed). C 117. [Constantina/Arles, AD 340]. VF £8 ($13) / EF £23 ($40)

17420

Oo. Rev. — as 17409, but with mint and officina marks R P (= 1) in ex. with leaf between. RIC viii, p. 249, 2. LRBC I, —. C 118. [Rome, AD 337-40]. VF £9 ($15) / EF £26 ($45) The form of obverse legend VIC CONSTANTINVS AVG is unique to the Rome mint (see also the three following and nos. 17447 and 17450-53).

17421

As previous, but with star instead of leaf between the mint and officina marks, and officinae T and Q (= 3 and 4) also recorded. RIC viii, p. 250, 24. LRBC I, 613. C 118. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35) [Rome, AD 337-40].

17422

Similar, but with palm instead of star between the mint and officina marks (officinae P and T = 1 and 3 recorded). RIC viii, p. 250, 36. LRBC I, 623. C 118. [Rome, AD 337-40]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

17423

Similar, but with palms either side of the mint and officina marks (officinae P and Q = 1 and 4 recorded). RIC viii, p. 251, 50. LRBC I, 618. C 118. [Rome, AD 337-40]. VF £8 ($13) / EF £23 ($40)

17424

J, d or o. Rev. — as 17409, but with mint and officina marks AQ P or S (= 1 or 2) in ex. preceded by dot. RIC viii, p. 316, 11-12. LRBC I, 680, 680a. MA 354. C —. [Aquileia, VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35) AD 337-40].

17425

As previous, but without dot preceding the mint mark, and with two palms in upper field flanking the banner of the standard. RIC viii, p. 316, 18-19. LRBC I, 686, 686a. MA 355-6. Cf. C (Constantine I) 252. [Aquileia, AD 337-40]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

17426

Similar, but without palms in rev. field and the standard is ornamented with wreath. RIC viii, p. 316, 25. LRBC I, 690. MA 357. C —. [Aquileia, AD 337-40]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

17427

Similar, but without wreath on the standard (officina P = 1 only recorded). RIC viii, p. 316, 27A. LRBC I, 692a. MA, p. 109, note. C —. [Aquileia, AD 337-40]. VF £8 ($13) / EF £23 ($40)

17428

CONSTANTINVS MAX AVG, p. Rev. — as 17408, but with annulet instead of cross on standard and with mint mark SIS in ex., preceded by officina mark A-e (= 1-5) and followed by star. RIC viii, p. 354, 74. Cf. LRBC I, 759 and 765. Cf. C (Constantine I) 250. [Siscia, AD 337-40]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30) It is difficult to differentiate between coins of this issue and those struck for Constantine I at the end of his reign (see Volume IV, no. 16368A).

17429

As previous, but also with dot preceding the officina mark (only officinae A and B = 1 and 2 recorded). RIC viii, p. 355, 79. LRBC I, 776. Cf. C (Constantine I) 250. [Siscia, AD 337-40]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

17430

Similar, but with crescent containing dot instead of star following the mint mark. RIC viii, p. 355, 82. LRBC I, —. Cf. C (Constantine I) 250. [Siscia, AD 337-40]. VF £8 ($13) / EF £23 ($40)

17431

Obv. As 17428. Rev. — as 17408, but with Chi-Rho monogram instead of cross on standard (= labarum), and with mint mark SIS in ex. preceded by officina mark A, B, D, or e (= 1, 2, 4, or 5). RIC viii, p. 355, 85. LRBC I, 779. Cf. C (Constantine I) 251. [Siscia, AD 337-40]. VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

CONSTANTINE II AUGUSTUS

115

17432

GLORIA EXERCITVS (cont.) Billon reduced centenionalis. Obv. Similar, but sometimes type g. Rev. — as previous, but also with crescent (sometimes containing dot) following the mint mark (officinae A-e = 1-5 recorded). RIC viii, p. 355, 89-90 and 95-6. LRBC I, 770-71. Cf. C VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90) (Constantine I) 251. [Siscia, AD 337-40].

17433

Jp. Rev. — as 17409, but with mint mark S M TS in ex. followed by officina mark A-D (= 1-4). RIC viii, p. 407, 55. LRBC I, 854. C —. [Thessalonica, AD 337-40]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

17434

H, d or laur. and diad hd. r. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark S M H followed by officina mark A-e (= 1-5). RIC viii, p. 431, 15-16. LRBC I, 944-5. Cf. C 117. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35) [Heraclea, AD 337-40].

17435

CONSTANTINVS V M AVG, p or laur. and diad. hd. r. Rev. — as previous. RIC viii, p. 431, 17-18. LRBC I, 947. C —. [Heraclea, AD 337-40]. VF £10 ($17) / EF £30 ($50) The ‘V M’ in this unusual obverse legend has been interpreted as ‘Victor Maximus’ or, perhaps less likely, ‘Venerandae Memoriae’.

17436

K, laur. and diad. hd. r. Rev. — as previous, but officina e (= 5) only recorded. RIC viii, p. 432, 33. LRBC I, 946. Cf. C (Constantine I) 249. [Heraclea, AD 337-40]. VF £8 ($13) / EF £23 ($40)

17437

K, c, f, or laur. and diad. hd. r. Rev. — as 17409, but with mint mark CONS in ex. followed by officina mark B, G, D, H, Q, or I (= 2, 3, 4, 8, 9, or 10). RIC viii, pp. 449-50, 23-5 and 40-41. LRBC I, 1042 and 1053-4. Cf. C (Constantine I) 249. [Constantinople, AD 337-40]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35) On some coins of this type there is a terminal dot at the end of the reverse legend.

17438

As previous, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, D, e, or S (= 1, 2, 4, 5, or 6). RIC viii, p. 471, 5-7. LRBC I, 1133-5. Cf. C (Constantine I) 249. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35) [Nicomedia, AD 337-40].

17439

J or K, c, f, or e. Rev. — as 17409, but with mint mark S M K in ex. followed by officina mark A-S (= 1-6), sometimes with dot between R and I of GLORIA. RIC viii, p. 490, 5-7 and 15. LRBC I, 1275 and 1278. Cf. C (Constantine I) 247 and 249. [Cyzicus, AD 337-40]. VF £8 ($13) / EF £23 ($40)

17440

Kc. Rev. — as previous, but with dot following the officina mark (no dot in legend). RIC viii, p. 491, 20. LRBC I, 1288. Cf. C (Constantine I) 249. [Cyzicus, AD 337-40]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

17441

As previous, but with small star (or X) following the officina mark (officinae B and D not recorded for this issue). RIC viii, p. 491, 26. LRBC I, 1292. Cf. C (Constantine I) VF £8 ($13) / EF £23 ($40) 249. [Cyzicus, AD 337-40].

17442

Similar, but with crescent instead of small star following the officina mark (all six officinae recorded for this issue). RIC viii, p. 491, 31. LRBC I, 1296. Cf. C (Constantine VF £8 ($13) / EF £23 ($40) I) 249. [Cyzicus, AD 337-40].

17443

H, d, g, or p. Rev. — as 17409, but with mint mark S M AN in ex. followed by officina mark A-S or Q (= 1-6 or 9). RIC viii, p. 515, 40-43. LRBC I, 1375-8. C 117. [Antioch, VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35) AD 337-40].

116

Roman Coins and Their Values

17444

Billon reduced centenionalis. Hg. Rev. GLORIA EXERCITVS, as previous, but also with two dots in upper field either side of top of standard (officinae expanded to fifteen, of which all but 3 (G), 8 (H), and 15 (eI) have been recorded for this type. RIC viii, p. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35) 515, 51. LRBC I, 1385. C 117. [Antioch, AD 337-40].

17445

CONSTANTINVS MAX AVG, d. Rev. — as 17409, but with mint mark S M AL in ex. followed by officina mark A-D (= 1-4), S — R in field. RIC viii, p. 539, 5. LRBC I, VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35) 1446. C —. [Alexandria, AD 337-40].

17446

As previous, but without S — R in rev. field. RIC viii, p. 539, 13. LRBC I, 1455. C —. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35) [Alexandria, AD 337-40].

17447

Oo. Rev. VICTORIA AVG, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm (no mint mark). RIC viii, p. 251, 56. Cf. LRBC I, 590. C —. [Rome, AD 337-40]. VF £19 ($33) / EF £60 ($100) See note following no. 17420.

17448

Hp. Rev. VIRTVS AVGG NN, soldier, helmeted, stg. facing, hd. r., resting on spear and shield, mint mark TR in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). RIC viii, p. 144, VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) 73. LRBC I, 115. C —. [Trier, AD 337-40].

17449

Similar, but with palm following the officina mark (S = 2 only recorded). RIC viii, p. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) 144, 87. LRBC I, 121. C —. [Trier, AD 337-40].

17450

Oo. Rev. VIRTVS AVGVSTI, emperor, bare-headed and in military attire, stg. facing, hd. r., resting on spear and shield, mint and officina marks R P or T (= 1 or 3) in ex. with leaf between. RIC viii, pp. 249-50, 4 and 14. LRBC I, 580 and 589. C 233. [Rome, AD 337-40]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65) See note following no. 17420.

17451

Similar, but with star instead of leaf between the mint and officina marks. RIC viii, p. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65) 250, 21. LRBC I, 597. C 233. [Rome, AD 337-40].

17452

Similar, but with palm (sometimes followed by dot) instead of star between the mint and officina marks. RIC viii, p. 250, 32 and 43. LRBC I, 602. C 233. [Rome, AD 337-40]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

17453

Similar, but with crescent instead of palm between the mint and officina marks (officina P = 1 only recorded). RIC viii, p. 251, 47. LRBC I, 608. C 233. [Rome, AD 337-40]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

Divus Constantine I Issues of Constantine II and Constantius II in honour of their deceased father Constantine I († AD 337)

The death of Constantine I on 22 May AD 337 was followed by an extensive posthumous coinage from mints in the territories of his two eldest surviving sons, most of it styling the late emperor as ‘Divus Constantinus’. The pagan practice of enrolling a deceased member of the imperial family amongst the gods would seem to be quite out of place in the case of the first Christian emperor and Constantine was, in fact, the last ruler to be so honoured. His youngest son Constans, the most rigidly Catholic of the new emperors, seems to have taken this view and in consequence no consecration coins were issued at any of the mints under his control. Issues of ‘Divus Constantinus’ coinage continued at some mints as late as AD 348.

Divus Constantine I

117

17454 17454

Gold solidus. DIVVS CONSTANTINVS AVG PATER AVGG, veiled hd. of Constantine I r. Rev. No legend, veiled figure of Constantine in quadriga galloping upwards to r., his r. hand raised towards the hand of God (Manus Dei) which emerges from clouds above, mint mark CONS in ex. RIC viii, pp. 446-7, 1. C —. Depeyrot, p. VF £5,700 ($10,000) / EF £14,300 ($25,000) 230, 1/1. [Constantinople, AD 337]. Constantine’s funeral took place in the Church of the Twelve Apostles in Constantinople, the city he had founded eleven years before and which bore his name.

17455

Billon reduced centenionalis. DIVO CONSTANTINO P, veiled and dr. (or dr. and cuir.) bust of Constantine I r. Rev. AETERNA PIETAS, Constantine, in military attire, stg. l., holding globe and spear, mint mark TR in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2), cross in r. field. RIC viii, p. 143, 37. LRBC I, 98. C —. [Trier, AD 337-40]. VF £35 ($60) / EF £100 ($175)

17456

Obv. Similar, but bust also laur. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark LG in ex. preceded by officina mark P (= 1), Christogram (Chi-Rho monogram) in l. field. RIC viii, p. 178, 3. LRBC I, 238a. Bastien 4. C —. [Lugdunum, AD 337-8]. VF £35 ($60) / EF £100 ($175)

17457

Obv. As 17455 or 17456. Rev. — Constantine, in military attire, stg. r., holding spear and globe, mint mark as previous, but officina S (= 2) also recorded, Christogram (ChiRho monogram) in r. field. RIC viii, p. 178, 1-2. LRBC I, 238. Bastien 3, 9. Cf. C 13. VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150) [Lugdunum, AD 337-8].

17458

Obv. As 17455. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark CONST in ex. preceded by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2), X in r. field. RIC viii, p. 205, 17. LRBC I, 422. EMA, p. VF £35 ($60) / EF £100 ($175) 72, 56/1. Cf. C 13. [Constantina/Arles, AD 339].

17459

Similar, but with mint mark CON instead of CONST in ex. (the X sometimes in l. field). RIC viii, p. 206, 40-41. LRBC I, 429. EMA, p. 73, 57/1. Cf. C 13. [Constantina/Arles, AD 340]. VF £35 ($60) / EF £100 ($175)

17460

Similar, but with N instead of X in rev. field (to r.). RIC viii, p. 206, 32. LRBC I, 433. EMA, VF £35 ($60) / EF £100 ($175) p. 74, 58/1. Cf. C 13. [Constantina/Arles, AD 340].

17461

DV CONSTANTINVS PT AVGG, veiled hd. or veiled and dr. bust of Constantine I r. Rev. IVST VEN MEM, Justitia or Aequitas stg. l., holding scales in r. hand, mint mark S M H in ex. followed by officina mark e (= 5). RIC viii, p. 433, 41. LRBC I, 955. Cf. C 313 (obv. misdescribed). [Heraclea, AD 345-7]. VF £22 ($38) / EF £65 ($110)

17462

Similar, but with mint mark CONS in ex. followed by officina mark A, e, or I (= 1, 5, or 10). RIC viii, p. 452, 62. LRBC I, 1060. Cf. C 313. [Constantinople, AD 342]. VF £22 ($38) / EF £65 ($110)

17463

Similar, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark D (= 4). RIC viii, p. 474, 45. LRBC I, 1145. Cf. C 313. [Nicomedia, AD 342]. VF £22 ($38) / EF £65 ($110)

17464

Similar, but with mint mark S M K in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, or G (= 1, 2, or 3). RIC viii, p. 491, 35. LRBC I, 1299. C 314. [Cyzicus, AD 342-7]. VF £22 ($38) / EF £65 ($110) On this variety and the next the reverse legend sometimes reads IVST VEM NEM in error.

118

Roman Coins and Their Values

17465

Billon reduced centenionalis. Similar, but with mint mark S M AN followed by officina mark A, B, e, Z, H, or I (= 1, 2, 5, 7, 8, or 10). RIC viii, p. 516, 64. LRBC I, 1394. Cf. C 313. [Antioch, AD 342-7] VF £22 ($38) / EF £65 ($110)

17466

Obv. As 17461. Rev. IVST VENER MEMOR, Justitia or Aequitas, winged, stg. l., holding scales and transverse sceptre, mint mark S M AL in ex. followed by officina mark A-D (= 1-4). RIC viii, p. 540, 28. LRBC I, 1469. Cf. C 315 (misdescribed). [Alexandria, AD 345-7]. VF £22 ($38) / EF £65 ($110)

17467

— Rev. VN — MR either side of Constantine, veiled and togate, stg. r., mint mark S M H in ex. followed by officina mark A, G, or e (= 1, 3, or 5), sometimes with dot preceding the mint mark, or following the officina mark, or both. RIC viii, p. 433, 44, 51, 53, and 58. LRBC I, 957, 962, and 967. C 716. [Heraclea, AD 342-8]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

17468

Similar, but with mint mark CONS in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, G, D, or H (= 1, 2, 3, 4, or 8), sometimes with dot or star in r. field. RIC viii, p. 453, 68, 71, and 75. LRBC I, 1063, 1068, and 1070. C 716. [Constantinople, AD 342-8]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

17469

Similar, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark A-I (= 1-10), sometimes with dots flanking the mint and officina marks, or with single dot following the officina mark. RIC viii, pp. 474-5, 48, 54, and 57. LRBC I, 1148, 1152, and 1155. C VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) 716. [Nicomedia, AD 342-8].

17470

Similar, but with mint mark S M K in ex. followed by officina mark A-I (= 1-10), sometimes with dot or star preceding the mint mark, or with dot in r. field. RIC viii, pp. 493-4, 46, 54, 59, and 62. LRBC I, 1304, 1311, 1314, and 1317. C 716. [Cyzicus, AD 342-8]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

17471

Similar, but with mint mark S M AN followed by officina mark A-Q (= 1-9). RIC viii, p. 521, 112. LRBC I, 1397. C 716. [Antioch, AD 342-8]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £40 ($70)

17472

Similar, but with mint mark ANT in ex. followed by officina mark D, S, or Z (= 4, 6, or 7). RIC viii, p. 521, 112. LRBC I, 1397. C 716. [Antioch, AD 342-8]. VF £16 ($27) / EF £45 ($80)

17473

Similar, but with mint mark S M AL in ex. followed by officina mark A-D (= 1-4) which is sometimes followed by dot. RIC viii, p. 541, 32 and 35. LRBC I, 1473 and 1477. C VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65) 716. [Alexandria, AD 342-8].

17474

Similar, but the dot is in r. field instead of following the officina mark. RIC viii, p. 541, VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) 38. LRBC I, 1480. C 716. [Alexandria, AD 342-8].

17475

Similar, but with star following the officina mark in ex. (no dot in field). RIC viii, p. VF £16 ($27) / EF £45 ($80) 541, 41. LRBC I, —. C 716. [Alexandria, AD 342-8].

17476

DIV CONSTANTINVS PT AVGG, veiled and dr. (or dr. and cuir.) bust of Constantine I r. Rev. No legend, veiled figure of Constantine in quadriga galloping upwards to r., his r. hand raised towards the hand of God (Manus Dei) which emerges from clouds above, mint mark TR in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2) and sometimes preceded by dot. RIC viii, p. 143, 44 and 68. Cf. LRBC I, 106 and 114. C 760. [Trier, AD 337-40]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

17468

Divus Constantine I

119

17477

Billon reduced centenionalis. DIVO CONSTANTINO P, type as previous. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark LG in ex. preceded by officina mark P (= 1). RIC viii, —. LRBC I, —. Bastien 2*. C —. [Lugdunum, AD 338-9]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

17478

DIVO CONSTANTINO AVG, type as 17476, but bust also laur. Rev. — as previous. RIC viii, —. LRBC I, —. Bastien 2. C 761 var. [Lugdunum, AD 338-9]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

17479

Obv. Similar, but bust not laur. Rev. — as previous, but with palm preceding the officina mark (officina S = 2 also recorded). Cf. RIC viii, p. 178, 17 (obv. misdescribed). LRBC I, —. Bastien 23 and 26. C 761. [Lugdunum, AD 340]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

17480

Obv. As 17477. Rev. — as 17476, but with mint mark CONST in ex. preceded by officina mark S (= 2), and with X in field. RIC viii, —. LRBC I, —. EMA, p. 72, 56/2. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) C —. [Constantina/Arles, AD 339].

17481

Similar, but with mint mark CON instead of CONST (officina P = 1 also recorded). RIC viii, p. 206, 42. LRBC I, —. EMA, p. 73, 57/2. C —. [Constantina/Arles, AD 340]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

17482

Similar, but with N instead of X in rev. field (officina P = 1 only recorded). RIC viii, —. LRBC I, —. EMA, p. 74, 58/2. C —. [Constantina/Arles, AD 340]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

17483

DV CONSTANTINVS PT AVGG, type as 17476. Rev. — as 17476, but with mint mark S M H in ex. usually followed by officina mark A, B, G, or e (= 1, 2, 3, or 5). RIC viii, p. 431, 13-14. LRBC I, 943 and note. C 760. [Heraclea, AD 337-40]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

17484

Obv. Similar. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark CONS in ex. sometimes followed by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2). RIC viii, pp. 449-50, 37 and 39. LRBC I, 1041 and VF £10 ($18) / EF £32 ($55) note. C 760. [Constantinople, AD 337-40].

17485

Similar, but also with star in rev. field (officinae A and D = 1 and 4 recorded). RIC viii, p. 450, 52. LRBC I, 1057a. C 760. [Constantinople, AD 337-40]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

17486

As 17483, but with mint mark S M N in ex. usually followed by officina mark A-e (= 1-5) which is sometimes followed by dot. RIC viii, pp. 471-2, 4, 18, and 25. LRBC I, 1132 and note. C 760. [Nicomedia, AD 337-40]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

17487

Similar, but with mint mark S M K in ex. followed by officina mark A-S (= 1-6) which is sometimes followed by dot, small star (or X), or crescent. RIC viii, pp. 490-91, 4, 19, 25, and 30. LRBC I, 1273, 1287, 1291, and 1295. C 760. [Cyzicus, AD 337-40]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

17488

Similar, but with mint mark S M AN in ex. followed by officina mark A-I (= 1=10), often with star in rev. field. RIC viii, p. 515, 37 and 39. LRBC I, 1372 and 1374. C 760. VF £10 ($18) / EF £32 ($55) [Antioch, AD 337-40].

17489

Similar, but with mint mark S M AL in ex. followed by officina mark A-D (=1-4) which is sometimes followed by dot, S — R in field. RIC viii, p. 539, 4. LRBC I, 1445. C 760. VF £10 ($18) / EF £32 ($55) [Alexandria, AD 339-40].

17486

120

Roman Coins and Their Values

17490

Billon reduced centenionalis. Similar, but without S — R in rev. field, and sometimes with dot following the officina mark. RIC viii, pp. 539-40, 12 and 22. LRBC I, 1454 and 1466. C 760. [Alexandria, AD 339-40]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

Theodora Issues of the three sons of Constantine I in honour of their deceased grandmother Helena († AD 329)

The sudden death of Constantine I in May, AD 337, saw the commencement of a remarkable series of billon reduced centenionales issued in the names of the two wives of the late emperor’s father, Constantius I (AD 305-6). The reason for this enigmatic issue remains uncertain, but the numismatic evidence clearly indicates that the series was initiated immediately following Constantine’s death (cf. RIC viii, p. 79). This would appear to rule out the theory that the production of these coins represented an act of contrition on the part of Constantine’s three sons for the massacre of most of Theodora’s descendants during the 3-month ‘interregnum’, May-September 337. The concept may even have been of Constantine’s own devising and to have been associated with his complex and curiously confusing arrangements for the succession. Helena had died about eight years before this issue while the date of Theodora’s death is uncertain. The entire series was produced by just three mints: Trier, in the territory of Constantine II; Rome, in that of Constans; and Constantinople, which was probably under the control of Constantius II. 17491

Billon reduced centenionalis. FL IVL HELENAE AVG, dr. bust of Helena right, her hair elaborately dressed. Rev. PAX PVBLICA, Pax stg. l., holding olive-branch and transverse sceptre, mint mark TR in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2), cross in l. field. RIC viii, p. 143, 42. LRBC I, 104. C 5. [Trier, AD 337-40]. VF £35 ($60) / EF £100 ($175)

17492

Similar, but without cross in rev. field. RIC viii, p. 144, 78. LRBC I, 119. C 4. [Trier, AD 337-40]. VF £19 ($33) / EF £60 ($100)

17493

Similar, but with dot preceding the mint mark or following the officina mark, or both. RIC viii, p. 143, 47, 55, and 63. LRBC I, 112. C 4. [Trier, AD 337-40]. VF £19 ($33) / EF £60 ($100)

17494

Similar, but with palm following the officina mark (no dots). RIC viii, p. 144, 90. LRBC I, 128. C 4. [Trier, AD 337-40]. VF £19 ($33) / EF £60 ($100)

17495

As 17492, but with mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark P or e (= 1 or 5) with star between. RIC viii, p. 250, 27. LRBC I, 616. C 4. [Rome, AD 337-40]. VF £24 ($42) / EF £72 ($125)

17496

Similar, but without star between the mint and officina marks which are flanked by palms (officina e = 5 only recorded). RIC viii, p. 251, 53. LRBC I, 621. C 4. [Rome, AD 337-40]. VF £24 ($42) / EF £72 ($125)

17497

As 17492, but with dot at end of rev. legend and with mint mark CONS followed by officina mark A or e (= 1 or 5). RIC viii, p. 449, 33-5. LRBC I, 1046-47a. C 4. VF £22 ($38) / EF £65 ($110) [Constantinople, AD 337-40].

17498

Similar, but without dot at end of rev. legend (officinae e and Q = 5 and 9 recorded, sometimes officina mark omitted). RIC viii, pp. 449-50, 38 and 48-9. LRBC I, —. C 4. [Constantinople, AD 337-40]. VF £22 ($38) / EF £65 ($110)

17497

Theodora

121

Issues of the three sons of Constantine I in honour of Theodora, second wife of their grandfather Constantius I Flavia Maximiana Theodora was the daughter of Diocletian’s praetorian prefect Afranius Hanniballianus and step-daughter of the western emperor Maximian (AD 286-305). When the career of Constantius, the future western emperor, was being advanced in the late 280s he was obliged to repudiate his first wife Helena, mother of Constantine I, and to marry Theodora in order to strengthen the dynastic ties of the First Tetrarchy. She bore six children to Constantius, three sons and three daughters, and her descendants included the Caesar Delmatius (AD 335-7), the Rex Hanniballianus (335-7), the ephemeral emperor Nepotian (350), the Caesar Constantius Gallus (351-4), and most notably the emperor Julian II (Caesar 355-60, Augustus 360-363). Only the last three named survived the brutal massacre of her family which took place during the summer following the death of Constantine I in May 337. Ironically, the sole coinage in Theodora’s name belongs to this same period and was issued in conjunction with a similar series in the name of Helena (see above for the possible reasons for these issues). Theodora is not known to have received the title of Augusta during her lifetime though it does appear on this coinage which is almost certainly posthumous (the date of her death is unknown). 17499

Billon reduced centenionalis. FL MAX THEODORAE AVG, dr. bust of Theodora right, her hair elaborately dressed. Rev. PIETAS ROMANA, Pietas stg. facing, hd. r., holding infant at her breast, mint mark TR in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2), cross in l. field. RIC viii, p. 143, 43. LRBC I, 105. C 5. [Trier, AD 337-40]. VF £37 ($65) / EF £115 ($200)

17500

Similar, but without cross in rev. field. RIC viii, p. 144, 79. LRBC I, 120. C 4. [Trier, AD 337-40]. VF £23 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

17501

Similar, but with dot preceding the mint mark or following the officina mark, or both. RIC viii, p. 143, 48, 56, and 65. LRBC I, 113. C 4. [Trier, AD 337-40]. VF £23 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

17502

Similar, but with palm following the officina mark (no dots). RIC viii, p. 144, 91. LRBC VF £23 ($40) / EF £70 ($120) I, 129. C 4. [Trier, AD 337-40].

17503

As 17500, but with mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark e (= 5) with star between. RIC viii, p. 250, 28. LRBC I, 617. C 4. [Rome, AD 337-40]. VF £26 ($45) / EF £80 ($140)

17504

Similar, but without star between the mint and officina marks which are flanked by palms (officina e = 5 only recorded). RIC viii, p. 251, 54. LRBC I, 622. C 4. [Rome, AD 337-40]. VF £26 ($45) / EF £80 ($140)

17505

As 17500, but with dot at end of rev. legend and with mint mark CONS followed by officina mark e (= 5). RIC viii, p. 449, 36. LRBC I, 1050. C 4. [Constantinople, AD 337-40]. VF £24 ($43) / EF £75 ($130)

17506

Similar, but without dot at end of rev. legend. RIC viii, p. 450, 50-51. LRBC I, 1048-9. VF £24 ($43) / EF £75 ($130) C 4. [Constantinople, AD 337-40].

17501

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Roman Coins and Their Values

Issues of the sons of Constantine I in honour of the two imperial capitals of Constantinople and Rome Constantine’s new eastern capital of Constantinopolis, on the site of ancient Byzantium, was solemnly dedicated by its founder on 11 May AD 330. This was followed by the initiation of two new series of reduced centenionales from mints throughout the Empire, honouring both the new city and the old imperial capital on the Tiber (see Volume IV, nos. 16444-532). These remained in issue down to the death of the emperor in AD 337. Under his sons, their production was continued on a somewhat diminished scale and with some variation of types. Also included here, though probably belonging to the reign of Constantine I, are scarce silver and billon issues which were omitted from RIC VII but which, in all probability, were associated with the dedication of Constantinople in 330. Specimens of both issues normally weigh about 1 gram though their denominations are uncertain. They may have been intended for distribution to the populace during the festivities in the city and may not have formed part of the regular currency system. Examples of the silver types exist in a variety of styles, some of which clearly belong to later periods. It seems a reasonable assumption that they were revived to commemorate the centenary of the city’s foundation in AD 430 (under Theodosius II) and the bicentenary in AD 530 (under Justinian I).

Constantinopolis 17507

Silver of uncertain denomination (c. 11-12 mm., 1 gram). No legend, dr. bust of Constantinopolis r. (or l.), wearing crested helmet. Rev. Large K (= Constantinopolis). Cf. Kent, in Essays Presented to Humphrey Sutherland, p. 112 and pl. 13, 28. RIC vii, —. RIC viii, —. RSC —. [Constantinople, AD 330]. VF £225 ($400) / EF £575 ($1,000) Later issues of this type date probably to the 5th and 6th centuries (see introductory note above). For the equivalent issue in honour of Roma, see no. 17529.

17508

Billon reduced centenionalis. CONSTANTINOPOLIS, bust of Constantinopolis l., wearing laur. helmet and imperial robes and holding sceptre over l. shoulder. Rev. No legend, Victory stg. l., r. foot set on ship’s prow, holding transverse sceptre in r. hand and resting l. on shield, mint mark CONST in ex. preceded by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2), O in l. field. RIC viii, p. 205, 9. LRBC I, 415. EMA 54/9. C 21. [Constantina/ Arles, AD 337-8]. VF £9 ($15) / EF £26 ($45) This type was in issue at the time of Constantine I’s death (see also Vol. IV, no. 16459).

17509

As previous, but with crescent instead of O in rev. field to l. RIC viii, p. 205, 16. LRBC I, —. EMA 55/7. C 21. [Constantina/Arles, AD 338-9]. VF £9 ($15) / EF £26 ($45)

17510

Similar, but with X instead of crescent in rev. field. RIC viii, p. 205, 26. LRBC I, 410. EMA 56/11. C 21. [Constantina/Arles, AD 339]. VF £9 ($15) / EF £26 ($45) This type has also been attributed to the end of the reign of Constantine I (see Vol. IV, no. 16458).

17511

Similar, but with mint mark CON in ex. preceded by officina mark P (= 1), and with N instead of X in rev. field. RIC viii, p. 206, 39. LRBC I, —. EMA 58/9. C 21. [Constantina/Arles, AD 340]. VF £10 ($17) / EF £30 ($50)

17512

Constantinopolis / Victory, as 17508, but with mint and officina marks R e (= 5) in ex. with leaf between. RIC viii, p. 250, 18. LRBC I, 594. C 21. [Rome, AD 337-40]. VF £8 ($15) / EF £23 ($45)

17513

Similar, but on rev. Victory holds wreath and palm. RIC viii, p. 250, 19. LRBC I, 595. C —. [Rome, AD 337-40]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

17514

As 17512, but with star instead of leaf between mint and officina marks. RIC viii, p. 250, 30. LRBC I, —. C 21. [Rome, AD 337-40]. VF £8 ($15) / EF £23 ($45)

17515

Similar, but with palm instead of star between mint and officina marks. RIC viii, p. 250, 40. LRBC I, 607. C 21. [Rome, AD 337-40]. VF £8 ($15) / EF £23 ($45)

Constantinopolis

123

17516

Billon reduced centenionalis. Constantinopolis / Victory, as 17508, but with mint mark S M AN in ex. followed by officina mark I (= 10), and with star in rev. field. RIC viii, p. 515, 38. LRBC I, —. C 21. [Antioch, AD 337-40]. VF £10 ($18) / EF £32 ($55)

17517

Similar, but with two dots instead of star in rev. field, or with dots preceding mint mark and following officina mark. RIC viii, p. 515, 55A and 38 note. LRBC I, —. C 21. VF £10 ($18) / EF £32 ($55) [Antioch, AD 337-40].

17518

Constantinopolis / Victory, as 17508, but with mint mark S M AL in ex. followed by officina mark A-D (= 1-4) and with S — R in rev. field, sometimes with dot following the officina mark. RIC viii, p. 539, 9 and 11. LRBC I, 1451 and 1453. C 21. [Alexandria, AD 337-40]. VF £8 ($13) / EF £23 ($40)

17519

Similar, but without the S — R in rev. field. RIC viii, pp. 539-40, 17 and 27. LRBC I, 1441 and 1444. C 21. [Alexandria, AD 337-40 and later]. VF £8 ($13) / EF £23 ($40) The variety of this type without dot following the officina mark is difficult to distinguish from a similar issue belonging to the final year of Constantine I’s reign (see Vol. IV, no. 16482).

17520

Obv. As 17508. Rev. GLORIA EXERCITVS, two soldiers stg. facing each other, each resting on spear and shield, standard between them, mint mark S M TS in ex. followed by officina mark e (= 5). RIC viii, p. 407, 59. LRBC I, 858. C 4 var. [Thessalonica, AD 337-40]. VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

17521

CONSTANTINOPOLI, type as 17508. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark S M H in ex. followed by officina mark A-e (= 1-5), rarely followed by dot. RIC viii, p. 431, 29 and 32. LRBC I, 942. C 5 var. [Heraclea, AD 337-40]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65) This type is listed also in Vol. IV (no. 16483) where it is dated AD 336-7. It seems likely that the issue continued under the sons of Constantine, hence its appearance here. See also the two following.

17522

As previous, but with mint mark CONS in ex. followed by officina mark e, S, Z, H, or IA (= 5, 6, 7, 8, or 11). RIC viii, pp. 449-50, 32 and 47. LRBC I, 1039-40. C 5 var. [Constantinople, AD 337-40]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65) On some coins of this type there is a terminal dot at the end of the reverse legend. See also the note following the preceding entry, this type being identical to no. 16484 in Vol. IV.

17523

Similar, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark D (= 4). RIC viii, p. 472, 17. LRBC I, 1131. C 5. [Nicomedia, AD 337-40]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) See note following no. 17521, this type being identical to no. 16485 in Vol. IV.

17524 17524

CONSTANTINOPOLIS, cuir. bust of Constantinopolis r., laur. or diad. Rev. P — R in field, Pax stg. l., holding olive-branch and transverse sceptre (no mint mark). RIC viii, p. 256, 105-6. Cf. LRBC I, 612. C 8. [Rome, AD 348]. VF £60 ($100) / EF £175 ($300)

17525

Obv. As 17508. Rev. VICTORIA AVG, Victory stg. l., r. foot on prow, holding wreath and palm, mint and officina marks R e (= 5) in ex. with leaf between. RIC viii, p. 250, VF £19 ($33) / EF £60 ($100) 20. LRBC I, 596. C 12. [Rome, AD 337-40].

17526

As previous, but with star instead of leaf between mint and officina marks. RIC viii, p. 250, 31. LRBC I, 601. C 12. [Rome, AD 337-40]. VF £19 ($33) / EF £60 ($100)

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17527

Billon reduced centenionalis. Obv. As 17521. Rev. VOT / XX / MVLT / XXX in four lines within wreath, mint mark S M H in ex. (sometimes preceded by dot) followed by officina mark G, D, or e (= 3, 4, or 5). RIC viii, p. 433, 50 and 57. LRBC I, 966 and (Addenda), 961. Cf. C 20. [Heraclea, AD 342-8]. VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

17528

As previous, but with mint mark S M K in ex. followed by officina mark S (= 6). RIC viii, p. 494, 53. LRBC I, 1310. Cf. C 20 var. [Cyzicus, AD 342-8]. VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

Roma 17529

Silver of uncertain denomination (c. 11-12 mm., 1 gram). No legend, dr. bust of Roma r., wearing crested helmet. Rev. Large P (= Roma). Cf. Kent, in Essays Presented to Humphrey Sutherland, p. 112 and pl. 13, 29. RIC vii, —. RIC viii, —. C 3. VF £225 ($400) / EF £575 ($1,000) [Constantinople, AD 330]. Later issues of this type date probably to the 5th and 6th centuries (see introductory note above) and on some of these the letter on reverse appears as ‘R’ instead of ‘P’. For the equivalent issue in honour of Constantinopolis, see no. 17507.

17530

Billon reduced centenionalis. VRBS ROMA, helmeted bust of Roma l., wearing imperial robes. Rev. No legend, she-wolf stg. l., suckling the twins Romulus and Remus, two stars above, mint mark CONST in ex. preceded by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2), O in upper field. RIC viii, p. 205, 8. LRBC I, 414. EMA 54/8. C 17. [Constantina/ VF £9 ($15) / EF £26 ($45) Arles, AD 337-8]. This type was in issue at the time of Constantine I’s death (see also Vol. IV, no. 16502).

17531

As previous, but with crescent instead of O in upper rev. field. RIC viii, p. 205, 15. LRBC I, —. EMA 55/6. C 21. [Constantina/Arles, AD 338-9]. VF £9 ($15) / EF £26 ($45)

17532

Similar, but with X instead of crescent in upper rev. field. RIC viii, p. 205, 25. LRBC I, VF £9 ($15) / EF £26 ($45) 409. EMA 56/10. C 21. [Constantina/Arles, AD 339]. This type has also been attributed to the end of the reign of Constantine I (see Vol. IV, no. 16501).

17533

Similar, but the mint mark is CON instead of CONST and with N instead of X in upper rev. field. RIC viii, p. 206, 38. LRBC I, —. EMA 58/8. C 21. [Constantina/Arles, AD 340]. VF £10 ($17) / EF £30 ($50)

17534

VRBS ROMA BEATA, type as 17530. Rev. As 17530, but with mint and officina marks R Q (= 4) in ex. with leaf between, and with wreath between the two stars in upper field. RIC viii, p. 250, 17. LRBC I, 593. Cf. C 23 (rev. misdescribed). [Rome, AD 337-40]. VF £21 ($36) / EF £65 ($110)

17535

As previous, but with star instead of leaf between mint and officina marks. RIC viii, p. 250, 29. LRBC I, 600. Cf. C 23. [Rome, AD 337-40]. VF £21 ($36) / EF £65 ($110)

17536

Similar, but with palm instead of star between mint and officina marks. RIC viii, p. 250, VF £21 ($36) / EF £65 ($110) 39. LRBC I, 605. Cf. C 23. [Rome, AD 337-40].

17537

Similar, but with palms either side of the mint and officina marks instead of single palm between them. RIC viii, p. 251, 55. LRBC I, —. Cf. C 23. [Rome, AD 337-40]. VF £23 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

17538

Roma / wolf and twins, as 17530, but with mint mark S M AL in ex. followed by officina mark A-D (= 1-4) and with S — R in rev. field, sometimes with dot following the officina mark. RIC viii, p. 539, 8 and 10. LRBC I, 1450 and 1452. C 17. [Alexandria, AD 337-40]. VF £8 ($13) / EF £23 ($40)

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125

17539

Billon reduced centenionalis. Similar, but without the S — R in rev. field. RIC viii, pp. 539-40, 16 and 26. LRBC I, 1440 and 1443. C 127. [Alexandria, AD 337-40 and later]. VF £8 ($13) / EF £23 ($40) The variety of this type without dot following the officina mark is difficult to distinguish from a similar issue belonging to the final year of Constantine I’s reign (see Vol. IV, no. 16528).

17540

Obv. As 17530. Rev. GLORIA EXERCITVS, two soldiers stg. facing each other, each resting on spear and shield, standard between them, mint mark S M TS in ex. followed by officina mark e (= 5). RIC viii, p. 407, 58. LRBC I, 857. C 1 var. [Thessalonica, AD 337-40]. VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

17541

As previous, but with mint mark S M H in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, D, or e (= 1, 2, 4, or 5), rarely followed by dot. RIC viii, p. 431, 28 and 31. LRBC I, 941. Cf. C 1. [Heraclea, AD 337-40]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65) This type is listed also in Vol. IV (no. 16529) where it is dated AD 336-7. It seems likely that the issue continued under the sons of Constantine, hence its appearance here. See also the two following.

17542

Similar, but with mint mark CONS in ex. followed by officina mark B, G, e, S, or Z (= 2, 3, 5, 6, 7). RIC viii, pp. 449-50, 31 and 46. LRBC I, 1037-8. C 1. [Constantinople, AD 337-40]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65) On some coins of this type there is a terminal dot at the end of the reverse legend. See also the note following the preceding entry, this type being identical to no. 16530 in Vol. IV.

17543

Similar, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark B (= 2). RIC viii, p. 472, 16. LRBC I, 1130. Cf. C 1. [Nicomedia, AD 337-40]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) See note following no. 17541, this type being identical to no. 16531 in Vol. IV.

17544

ROMA, helmeted bust of Roma r., wearing imperial robes. Rev. Rev. P — R in field, helmeted military figure stg. facing, hd. r., resting on spear and shield (no mint mark). RIC viii, p. 256, 104. LRBC I, 611. C 4. [Rome, AD 348]. VF £60 ($100) / EF £175 ($300)

17545

Obv. As 17530. Rev. VOT / XX / MVLT / XXX in four lines within wreath, mint mark S M H in ex. (sometimes preceded by dot) followed by officina mark A, B, or G (= 1, 2, or 3). RIC viii, p. 433, 49 and 56. LRBC I, 960 and 965. C 10. [Heraclea, AD 342-8]. VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

17546

As previous, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark B, D, H, or Q (= 2, 4, 8, or 9). RIC viii, p. 475, 53. LRBC I, 1151. C 10. [Nicomedia, AD 342-8]. VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

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Roman Coins and Their Values

Populus Romanus

17547 17547

Billon of uncertain denomination = half centenionalis? (c. 13-14 mm., 1 gram). POP ROMANVS, laur. and dr. bust of the Roman People l., cornucopiae over shoulder behind. Rev. No legend, bridge with tower at each end (the Milvian Bridge?), river flowing beneath, mint mark CONS above officina mark A-IA (= 1-11) between the towers. RIC viii, p. 448, 21. LRBC I, 1066. C 1. [Constantinople, AD 330]. VF £24 ($42) / EF £72 ($125) This type and the following were issued from all 11 officinae of the Constantinople mint. LRBC dated them to the period AD 341-346 and they were omitted from RIC vii. However, hoard evidence indicates that they belong to an earlier period and it now seems likely that they should be associated with the dedication of Constantinople in 330. On this occasion they may have served as donative pieces together with the two contemporary silver types (see nos. 17507 and 17529). For the sake of completeness Kent included them in RIC viii although he regarded them as pre-dating the period covered by that volume.

17548

Obv. As previous. Rev. — star above mint mark CONS followed by officina mark A-IA (= 1-11), all within wreath. RIC viii, p. 448, 22. LRBC I, 1067. C 2. [Constantinople, AD 330]. VF £21 ($37) / EF £65 ($110) The star is probably symbolic of Constantine’s new city on the Bosporus. The rivercrossing, depicted on the other type, doubtless represents Rome’s Milvian Bridge over the Tiber, the site of Constantine’s victory over Maxentius in AD 312 following his famous ‘vision of the cross’ which changed the entire subsequent history of the Empire. The two types together thus celebrate the twin capitals of the Roman people.

CONSTANTIUS II 9 Sep. AD 337-3 Nov. 361 17750 Flavius Julius Constantius (Constantius II) was the longest surviving of the four sons of Constantine the Great. Born on 7 August AD 317, he was the elder of the two sons of Constantine and Fausta and thus the grandson of both Maximian and Constantius I. He was officially acclaimed Caesar at the age of seven (8 November 324), immediately following the downfall of the Licinii, in which rank he joined his half-brothers Crispus and Constantine II. On the execution of Crispus in 326 the young Constantius temporarily took his place in Gaul but was soon transferred to the East which was to be the setting for his future imperial career. Still only in his twentieth year at the time of his father’s death and recently married to a cousin (daughter of Julius Constantius), Constantius II presided over the old emperor’s funeral in Constantinople and took as his share of the Empire the wealthy eastern provinces. There is no way of knowing the degree of his culpability in the massacre of the descendants of Constantius I and Theodora, which included his cousins the Caesar Delmatius and the Rex Hanniballianus, but the episode seems to have heightened his naturally suspicious nature and made him extremely wary of the ambitions and loyalties of those around him. The new eastern emperor had inherited a daunting array of problems, both domestically and in the realm of foreign affairs. Just prior to his death, Constantine I was actively planning a campaign against the Sasanid Persians and his son was now faced with the wrath of the powerful king Shapur

CONSTANTIUS II

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II (309-379). The indecisive war dragged on for many years but a temporary peace was patched up about 350 and held for most of the following decade. Even though the imperial brothers had rid themselves of the perceived danger posed by the descendants of Theodora, it soon became evident that a triarchy was going to be no more successful in the peaceful governance of the Empire than had been the tetrarchy of the early part of the 4th century. Rivalries and disagreements over religious matters soon resulted in a strained relationship between the three brothers, especially between Constantine II and Constans, and a meeting in the Balkans in 338 did nothing to resolve their differences. Finally, in the spring of 340 Constantine II launched an invasion of Constans’ territory with the idea of adding Italy and Africa to his domain. However, his youngest brother had anticipated this move and had already assembled an army in the area with the professed intention of providing additional troops for Constantius’ Persian campaign. Constantine was ambushed near Aquileia and perished in the ensuing fighting. This left Constans sole master of the western half of the Empire; it was probably at this time that he ceded Thrace, and with it the eastern capital of Constantinople, to Constantius. The decade-long joint reign of the brothers Constantius II and Constans (AD 340-350) was generally a settled period for the Empire, other than the eastern emperor’s long series of campaigns against the Persians and his younger brother’s war against the Franks in 341 and military operations in northern Britain in 343. This all changed early in 350 with the proclamation of a rival western emperor, Flavius Magnus Magnentius, at Augustodunum (Autun). Because of his extreme unpopularity, especially with the army, Constans fell an easy victim to this uprising and Magnentius was left as master of the western provinces. Clearly, Constantius could not condone this usurpation and he was obliged to wind up operations against the Persians and move west to confront his rival. Meanwhile, the military situation in the Balkans required the urgent presence of an emperor and as Constantius was unable to reach the area before the autumn, the emperor’s sister Constantina took the bold step of proclaiming the elderly general Vetranio to oppose the eastern advance of Magnentius (1 March). Later, following the arrival of Constantius from the East, Vetranio abdicated: it was clearly never his intention to oppose the legitimate emperor. Another uprising occurred in Rome on 3 June when Constantius’ cousin Nepotian, a descendant of Theodora and survivor of the family massacre 13 years before, raised the standards of rebellion against Magnentius. However, he had no regular troops at his disposal and Rome was quickly retaken for Magnentius by the Magister Officiorum Marcellinus (30 June). The civil war between Constantius and Magnentius took three years to resolve and the Roman army sustained enormous losses on both sides, a major setback that was to cost the Romans dearly in future conflicts with foreign invaders. The usurper suffered a serious check to his ambitions as early as the autumn of 351 when a great battle was fought at Mursa in Pannonia. Thereafter, Magnentius was always on the defensive and the collapse of his regime became only a matter of time. The end came in the summer of 353. With Italy, Sicily, North Africa and Spain lost to his control, Magnentius was now confined to Gaul and following the defeat of the remainder of his army at the battle of Mons Seleucus the usurper chose to take his own life at Lugdunum (Lyon). For the first time in his 16-year reign Constantius II was master of the entire Empire. During the final phase of his reign, with pressures on the frontiers constantly increasing, Constantius found himself in need of imperial colleagues to assist in the government and defence of his vast Empire. Unfortunately, none of Constantine I’s sons had produced male heirs and Constantius was obliged to turn to the other side of the family — the descendants of Constantius I and Theodora. Ironically, the massacre of 337, in which he must have played a leading part, left Constantius with few choices. Only two sons of Julius Constantius, half-brother of Constantine I, had survived the purge: the elder, Constantius Gallus, was just twelve at the time and in poor health; the younger, Julian (his half-brother), was merely a child and thus not considered to pose a threat to the succession of Helena’s grandsons. Following the downfall of Constans and the usurpation of Magnentius in 350 Constantius decided to elevate Constantius Gallus (now aged 26) to the rank of Caesar (15 March 351). With Constantius II engaged in the long task of reconquering the western provinces, the new Caesar was installed at Antioch with authority over the East. Unfortunately, he proved to be a miserable failure in this role and his brutal behaviour revealed a vicious streak in his character which greatly concerned the emperor. With the downfall of Magnentius Constantius could focus his attention on his troublesome and potentially dangerous junior colleague. Gallus was summoned to attend the emperor at Milan and, believing that he was about to be promoted, he proceeded with all haste to Italy. He never reached his destination but was instead arrested and taken to an island off the Istrian coast where he was stripped of his imperial rank, tried, and executed (late 354).

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Other than Constantius himself, this left Gallus’ half-brother Julian as the sole direct male descendant of the house of Constantine. On 6 November 355, the 23-year-old Julian was given the rank of Caesar at Milan and placed in command of the army in Gaul. He surprised the emperor by revealing remarkable military talents but inevitably this led to the arousal of Constantius’ suspicion regarding his loyalty. Meanwhile, Constantius was obliged to return to the East to counter renewed aggression on the part of the Persians. Fighting eventually ground to a halt on the eastern front but in the winter of 359/60 Constantius demanded the transfer of a large portion of Julian’s army to the East for service in the Persian War. Julian’s Gallic legions refused to obey this command and they proclaimed him emperor in their winter quarters at Paris (February 360). It thus became clear that there would be a military trial of strength between the two cousins for supremacy in the Roman world. Constantius left Antioch in the autumn of 361 and headed west to confront his erstwhile partner in government. But he had travelled only as far as Cilicia when he fell seriously ill. On 3 November he died at Mopsucrenae having been baptized on his deathbed: no doubt with great reluctance, he had been obliged to name Julian as his successor. His third wife, Faustina, was pregnant at the time and later gave birth to a daughter, Constantia, who married the emperor Gratian in 374 and died early in 383, the last direct descendant of the house of Constantine. The 44-year-old Constantius II was the only one of the sons of Constantine I to die in his bed. The reign of Constantius II is of considerable numismatic interest. For more than a decade after his accession in 337 the currency system established by his father remained unchanged, but in the latter part of the joint reign with his brother Constans (348) there was a fundamental overhaul of the billon and bronze coinage coinciding with Rome’s eleven hundredth anniversary. The diminutive billon reduced centenionalis was discontinued and in its place three new denominations were introduced. The largest of these, the billon heavy maiorina or ‘large Æ 2’ (weighing about 5.25 grams), the billon light maiorina or ‘small Æ 2’ (c. 4.25 grams), and a smaller bronze piece of uncertain name (‘Æ 3’) weighing about 2.40 grams. This system did not long survive as the usurpation of Magnentius in 350 and the subsequent civil wars led to a rapid decline in the fineness of the maiorina. In 353/4 it was discontinued altogether, being replaced by a smaller ‘Æ 3’ denomination similar in size, weight, and metal content to the smallest coin of the 348 reform. In the closing years of Constantius’ reign the decline in the bronze coinage continued, firstly a series with the mark of value ‘M’ on reverse weighing about 2.25 grams, and finally the ‘SPES REI PVBLICE’ series weighing c. 1.90 grams or less. Another significant reform undertaken towards the close of Constantius’ reign (c. 357) involved the silver siliqua which had, from tetrarchic times, been struck on a theoretical standard of 1/96th of a pound (= 3 scripula = 3.375 grams). Constantius abandoned this standard and instead issued ‘reduced siliquae’ weighing 2.25 grams (= 2 scripula) or 1/144th of a pound. Thereafter, this became the standard silver denomination, though over the decades its weight tended to decline. The new siliqua now stood in a much more convenient relationship to the miliarensis of 4 scripula. The following are the principal forms of obverse legend, other varieties being given in full: As Caesar A. CONSTANTIVS NOB CAES B. FL IVL CONSTANTIVS NOB C C. FL IVL CONSTANTIVS NOB CAES D. IVL CONSTANTIVS IVN NOB C As Augustus

E. CONSTANTIVS AVG F. CONSTANTIVS AVGVSTVS G. CONSTANTIVS P F AVG H. D N CONSTANTIVS P F AVG I. FL IVL CONSTANTIVS AVG J. FL IVL CONSTANTIVS P F AVG K. FL IVL CONSTANTIVS PERP AVG L. IMP CONSTANTIVS AVG

CONSTANTIUS II CAESAR

129

The following varieties of obverse type are represented by lower case letters, others being given in full:

a. Laur. hd. r. b. Laur. and cuir. bust r. c. Laur., dr. and cuir. bust r. d. Laur., dr. and cuir. bust l. e. Diad. hd. r. f. Diad., dr. and cuir. bust r. (diadem sometimes entwined with laurel-wreath). g. Diad., dr. and cuir. bust l., holding globe. h. Helmeted and cuir. bust three-quarter face to r., holding spear and shield.

Issues as Caesar under Constantine I, 8 Nov. AD 324-22 May 337 (followed by an interregnum lasting until 9 Sept. during which he continued to hold the rank of Caesar) 17549

Gold aureus (c. 5.4 grams). D N CONSTANTIVS NOB CAES, e (looking upwards). Rev. No legend, Constantius II stg. in facing quadriga, hd. l., scattering coins from raised r. hand and holding eagle-tipped sceptre in l., mint mark CONS in ex. RIC vii, p. 585, 105. C —. Depeyrot, p. 118, 7/3. [Constantinople, AD 336]. VF £4,550 ($8,000) / EF £11,500 ($20,000)

17550

Gold solidus (c. 4.5 grams). No legend, e (looking upwards). Rev. CONSTANTIVS CAES, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark CONS in ex. Cf. RIC vii, p. 569, 3 note. C —. Depeyrot, p. 116, 1/2. [Constantinople, AD 326]. VF £600 ($1,050) / EF £1,825 ($3,200)

17551

Bd. Rev. — as previous. RIC vii, —. C —. Depeyrot, pl. 17, 3/6. [Constantinople, AD 330]. VF £480 ($850) / EF £1,425 ($2,500)

17552

Obv. As 17550. Rev. CONSTANTIVS CAESAR, as previous, but with mint mark TR in ex. RIC vii, p. 211, 499. C 14. Depeyrot, p. 61, 32/3. [Trier, AD 326]. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,700 ($3,000)

17553

As previous, but with mint mark S M T in ex. RIC vii, p. 385, 196. C 14. Depeyrot, p. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,700 ($3,000) 74, 19/5. [Ticinum, AD 326].

17554

As previous, but with mint mark SIRM in ex. RIC vii, p. 477, 65. C 14 var. Depeyrot, VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,700 ($3,000) p. 107, 10/4. [Sirmium, AD 325-6].

17555

As previous, but with mint mark S M TS in ex. RIC vii, p. 517, 148. C 14 var. Depeyrot, VF £520 ($900) / EF £1,600 ($2,800) p. 113, 12/3. [Thessalonica, AD 326].

17556

Bd. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark CONS in ex. RIC vii, p. 581, 70-71. C 16 var. Cf. Depeyrot, pp. 116-17, 3/5-6. [Constantinople, AD 330]. VF £430 ($750) / EF £1,250 ($2,200)

17557

As previous, but with mint mark CONS • in ex. RIC vii, p. 577, 50. C 16 var. Depeyrot, VF £480 ($850) / EF £1,425 ($2,500) p. 117, 4/1. [Constantinople, AD 330].

17558

As 17556, but with obv. legend C. RIC vii, p. 584, 95-6. C 16. Depeyrot, p. 117, 5/4-5. VF £430 ($750) / EF £1,250 ($2,200) [Constantinople, AD 335].

17554

 

17558

130

Roman Coins and Their Values

17559

Gold solidus. Obv. As 17550. Rev. CONSTANTIVS CAESAR, as previous, but with mint mark N in ex. RIC vii, p. 619, 113. C 14. Cf. Depeyrot, p. 129, 38/5 (obv. misdescribed). [Nicomedia, AD 325-6]. VF £480 ($850) / EF £1,425 ($2,500)

17560

Ca. Rev. DEBELLATORI GENTIVM BARBARARVM (around), GOTHIA (in ex.), soldier stg. r., presenting kneeling captive to Constantius II, in military attire, stg. l., his r. hand extended, mint mark TR in ex. below the inscription. RIC vii, p. 216, 534. C —. Cf. Depeyrot, p. 62, 36/1. [Trier, AD 328-9]. VF £2,850 ($5,000) / EF £8,500 ($15,000)

17561

A or C, a. Rev. PRINCIPI IVVENTVTIS, Constantius II, in military attire, stg. r., holding transverse spear and globe, mint mark P TR in ex. RIC vii, p. 204, 448. C 156. VF £375 ($650) / EF £1,150 ($2,000) Depeyrot, p. 61, 31/2-4. [Trier, AD 324].

17562 17562

Ca. Rev. — as previous, but sometimes with mint mark TR instead of P TR in ex. RIC vii, pp. 208 and 211, 473-474A and 501. C 155. Depeyrot, p. 62, 32/5 and 33/2. [Trier, AD 326]. VF £375 ($650) / EF £1,150 ($2,000)

17563

Bc. Rev. — Constantius II, in military attire, stg. l., holding standard and sceptre or spear, two additional standards to r., mint mark TR in ex. RIC vii, —. C 162 var. VF £375 ($650) / EF £1,150 ($2,000) Depeyrot, p. 63, 37/3. [Trier, AD 335-6].

17564

Bb. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark SIS in ex. RIC vii, p. 454, 227. C 162 var. VF £375 ($650) / EF £1,150 ($2,000) Depeyrot, p. 102, 22/3. [Siscia, AD 334].

17565

Bf. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark M TS in ex. RIC vii, p. 522, 176. C 162 var. Depeyrot, p. 114, 14/3. [Thessalonica, AD 330-31]. VF £375 ($650) / EF £1,150 ($2,000)

17566

Similar, but with mint mark TS. RIC vii, p. 525, 191. C 162. Depeyrot, p. 114, 15/4. VF £350 ($600) / EF £1,025 ($1,800) [Thessalonica, AD 332].

17567

Similar, but sometimes with obv. type c, and with mint mark TSe in ex. RIC vii, p. 528, 210-11. C 162. Cf. Depeyrot, pp. 114-15, 16/4-5. [Thessalonica, AD 335]. VF £375 ($650) / EF £1,150 ($2,000)

17568

Cd. Rev. — as 17563, but with mint mark CONS in ex. RIC vii, p. 585, 112. C 163. Depeyrot, p. 118, 7/8. [Constantinople, AD 336]. VF £350 ($600) / EF £1,025 ($1,800)

17569

Bc. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark S M AN in ex. RIC vii, p. 694, 95. C 162 var. Depeyrot, p. 147, 45/3. [Antioch, AD 335-6]. VF £375 ($650) / EF £1,150 ($2,000)

17570

Bc. Rev. — Constantius II, in military attire, stg. l., hd. r., holding standard and sceptre or spear, another standard to r., mint mark S M T in ex. RIC vii, p. 383, 181. Cf. C 158 (obv. misdescribed). Depeyrot, p. 73, 18/3. [Ticinum, AD 324-5]. VF £375 ($650) / EF £1,150 ($2,000)

17571

As previous, but with mint mark SIRM in ex. RIC vii, p. 476, 59. Cf. C 158 var. VF £375 ($650) / EF £1,150 ($2,000) Depeyrot, p. 106, 9/5. [Sirmium, AD 324].

17572

As previous, but with mint and officina marks S M TS A (= 1) or D (= 4) or e (= 5) in ex. RIC vii, p. 514, 133. Cf. C 158 var. Depeyrot, p. 112, 10/3. [Thessalonica, AD 324]. VF £375 ($650) / EF £1,150 ($2,000)

CONSTANTIUS II CAESAR

131

17573

Gold solidus. As previous, but with mint mark S M N in ex., sometimes followed by officina mark G (= 3). RIC vii, p. 613, 76. Cf. C 158 var. Depeyrot, p. 127, 34/3 and 35/2. [Nicomedia, AD 324-5]. VF £375 ($650) / EF £1,150 ($2,000)

17574

As previous, but with mint mark S M K in ex. followed by officina mark e (= 5). RIC vii, p. 646, 21. Cf. C 158 var. Depeyrot, p. 136, 16/2. [Cyzicus, AD 324]. VF £375 ($650) / EF £1,150 ($2,000)

17575

Cc. Rev. PRINCIPIA IVVENTVTIS, Constantius II, in military attire, stg. l., holding standard and sceptre, another standard to r., mint mark S M AQ in ex. RIC vii, p. 406, 117. MA 427. Cf. C 159 (PRINCIPI for PRINCIPIA, in error). Depeyrot, p. 94, 12/2. [Aquileia, AD 324-5]. VF £480 ($850) / EF £1,425 ($2,500)

17576

Ac. Rev. VICTORIA CAESAR NN, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark S M H in ex. RIC vii, p. 555, 102. C —. Cf. Depeyrot, p. 116, 4/3. [Heraclea, AD 328-9]. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,700 ($3,000)

17577

A or B, c. Rev. — Victory advancing l., holding trophy and palm, star in rev. field to l., mark of value LXXII to r., mint mark S M AN followed by dot in ex. RIC vii, p. 696, 102-3. C —. Depeyrot, p. 148, 50/1-2. [Antioch, AD 336-7]. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,700 ($3,000) The numeral LXXII (= 72) in reverse field indicates the weight of the solidus as 1/72nd of a pound of gold.

17578

Bf. Rev. VICTORIA CONSTANTI CAES, Victory seated r. on cuirass and shield, inscribing VOT / XV on shield supported by winged Genius, mint mark CONS in ex. RIC vii, p. 581, 72. C 258. Cf. Depeyrot, p. 117, 5/10 (reverse type misdescribed). VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £2,000 ($3,500) [Constantinople, AD 335].

17579

Cd. Rev. VICTORIA CONSTANTI CAESAR, Victory advancing l., holding trophy and palm, mint mark CONS in ex. RIC vii, p. 586, 115. C —. Cf. Depeyrot, p. 118, 7/15 (reverse misdescribed). [Constantinople, AD 336-7]. VF £480 ($850) / EF £1,425 ($2,500)

17580

Cc. Rev. VICTORIA NOB CAESS, Victory stg. facing, hd. l., holding standard in each hand, mint mark P R in ex. RIC vii, p. 337, 341. C —. Depeyrot, p. 90, 21/2. [Rome, AD 335]. VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £2,000 ($3,500)

17581

Bc. Rev. VIRTVS CONSTANTI CAES, Constantius II, in military attire, advancing r., trampling on captive and holding transverse spear in r. hand and trophy over shoulder with l., mint mark S M N in ex. RIC vii, p. 617, 106. C 319. Cf. Depeyrot, p. 128, 36/5 (CONSTANTINI for CONSTANTI on reverse). [Nicomedia, AD 325]. VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £2,000 ($3,500)

17582

Bc. Rev. — Constantius II, in military attire, advancing r., dragging captive by the hair with r. hand and holding trophy over shoulder with l., mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark P (= 1). RIC vii, p. 632, 182. C —. Cf. Depeyrot, p. 130, 44/4 (AVG for CAES on reverse). [Nicomedia, AD 335]. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,700 ($3,000)



NB Gold multiples were issued in a variety of denominations and types in the name of Constantius II Caesar: 1.5 solidi were struck at Trier, rev. PRINCIPI IVVENTVTIS, prince standing (RIC 471 and 495-6) and GLORIA ROMANORVM, Roma seated (RIC 568), and at Nicomedia, rev. VIRTVS CONSTANTI CAES, prince between two captives

17577

132

Roman Coins and Their Values (RIC 135-7); double solidi at Trier, rev. AETERNA GLORIA SENAT P Q R, emperor and prince in facing elephant quadriga (RIC 468), PRINCIPI IVVENTVTIS, prince standing (RIC 470), and GLORIA ROMANORVM, Roma seated (RIC 566), and at Nicomedia, rev. SECVRITAS PERPETVAE, prince erecting trophy (RIC 55); 4.5 solidi at Trier, rev. PIETAS AVGVSTI NOSTRI, emperor raising turreted kneeling female (RIC 570), and at Constantinople, rev. PRINCIPI IVVENTVTIS, prince with standards (RIC 66); 9 solidi at Constantinople, rev. SALVS ET SPES REI PVBLICAE, emperor enthroned between two princes (RIC 88) and SECVRITAS PERPETVA, emperor enthroned amidst four princes (RIC 89); and 30 solidi at Constantinople, rev. GAVDIVM ROMANORVM, crowned figures of emperor between two princes (RIC 42).

17583

Gold semissis or half solidus (c. 2.25 grams). Ac. Rev. PRINCIPI IVVENTVTIS, Constantius II, in military attire, stg. r., holding transverse spear and globe (no mint mark). RIC vii, —. C —. Depeyrot, p. 74, 20/3. [Ticinum, AD 326]. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,700 ($3,000)

17584

Gold 1.5-scripulum or 9-siliqua (c. 1.68 grams). Bc. Rev. PRINCIPI IVVENTVTIS, Constantius II, in military attire, stg. r., holding transverse spear and globe, mint mark TR in ex. RIC vii, —. Cf. C 154. Depeyrot, p. 62, 32/9. [Trier, AD 326]. VF £480 ($850) / EF £1,425 ($2,500)

17585

Bf. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark TS in ex. RIC vii, p. 525, 193. C —. Depeyrot, p. 114, 15/6. [Thessalonica, AD 332]. VF £480 ($850) / EF £1,425 ($2,500)

17586

Bd. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark N in ex. RIC vii, p. 619, 116. C 153. Depeyrot, p. 129, 38/9. [Nicomedia, AD 326]. VF £430 ($750) / EF £1,250 ($2,200)

17587

Silver miliarensis or 11/3 siliquae (c. 4.5 grams, weights variable, usually low). Cc. Rev. CONSTANTIVS CAES, four standards, mint and officina marks CONS I (= 10) in ex. RIC vii, p. 587, 125. RSC 18A. [Constantinople, AD 335]. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,700 ($3,000)

17588

A or B, b or c. Rev. CONSTANTIVS CAESAR, four standards, mint mark S M TR in ex. RIC vii, p. 222, 582-3. RSC 17a and e. [Trier, AD 336-7]. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,700 ($3,000) A rarer variety has obverse A, laur., dr. and cuir. bust r., holding spear and globe (RIC 584).

17589

CONSTANTIVS NOB C, b. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark SIS in ex. RIC vii, VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £2,000 ($3,500) p. 452, 211. RSC 17d. [Siscia, AD 326-7].

17590

Similar, but with obv. legend B and type b or c. RIC vii, p. 455, 231-2. RSC 17 and 17b. VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £2,000 ($3,500) [Siscia, AD 334].

17591

Bb. Rev. — as previous, but with mint and officina marks CONS I (= 10) in ex. flanked by dots. RIC vii, p. 578, 56. RSC 17c. [Constantinople, AD 333-4]. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,700 ($3,000)

17592

No legend, e (looking upwards). Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark S M N in ex. RIC vii, p. 614, 87. RSC 17f. [Nicomedia, AD 324-5]. VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £2,000 ($3,500)

17593

Ab. Rev. FELICITAS ROMANORVM, archway, beneath which Constantine I stands l., in military attire, amidst similar, but shorter, figures of three of his sons (one to l., two to r.), each resting on spear, mint mark S M K in ex. RIC vii, p. 650, 43. RSC 75. VF £775 ($1,350) / EF £2,300 ($4,000) [Cyzicus, AD 325].

17594

B, laur. and cuir. bust l. Rev. — as previous, but Constantine stands between two sons, and with mint mark S M N in ex. RIC vii, p. 623, 143. RSC 75†. [Nicomedia, AD 326-7]. VF £775 ($1,350) / EF £2,300 ($4,000)

CONSTANTIUS II CAESAR

133

17595

Silver miliarensis. Bc. Rev. GLORIA EXERCITVS, female figure stg. l., legs crossed, resting on column and holding laurel-branch and sceptre, mint mark TSe in ex. RIC vii (Addenda), p. 718, 220A. RSC 91a. [Thessalonica, AD 335-6]. VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £2,000 ($3,500)

17596

Bc. Rev. — as previous, but with mint and officina marks CONS S or I (= 6 or 10) in ex. flanked by dots. RIC vii, p. 578, 57. RSC 91b. [Constantinople, AD 333-4]. VF £625 ($1,100) / EF £1,850 ($3,250)

17597

Similar, but without dots in ex. and officina I not recorded. RIC vii, p. 587, 130. RSC VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £2,000 ($3,500) 91c. [Constantinople, AD 335].

17598

Similar, but with mint and officina marks C G (= 3) with dot between. RIC vii, p. 588, VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £2,000 ($3,500) 134. RSC 91d. [Constantinople, AD 337].

17599

Silver siliqua (c. 3.37 grams). No legend, e (looking upwards). Rev. CONSTANTIVS CAES, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint and officina marks CONS S (= 6) in ex. RIC vii, p. 587, 128. RSC 15Aa var. [Constantinople, AD 335]. VF £155 ($275) / EF £400 ($700)

17600

As previous, but also with M in rev. field to l. RIC vii (Addenda), p. 719, 131B. Cf. VF £155 ($275) / EF £400 ($700) RSC 15Aa-b. [Constantinople, AD 336].

17600A

Obv. Similar. Rev. As previous, but with mint mark R in ex. RIC vii, —. RSC —. VF £175 ($300) / EF £430 ($750) [Rome, AD 336-7].

17600A

17601 17602

17607

As previous but with mint mark TSe in ex. RIC vii, p. 528, 216. RSC 15a. [Thessalonica, VF £155 ($275) / EF £400 ($700) As previous, but with mint mark S M H in ex. RIC vii, p. 560, 146. RSC 15b. [Heraclea, VF £155 ($275) / EF £400 ($700) AD 336-7].

AD 335-6].

17603

Similar, but with mint and officina marks CONS I (= 10) in ex. RIC vii (Addenda), p. VF £155 ($275) / EF £400 ($700) 719, 127A. RSC 15c. [Constantinople, AD 335].

17604

Obv. As 17599. Rev. — three palm-branches stg. upright on exergual line, star above the central one, mint mark R in ex. RIC vii, p. 343, 379. RSC 19. [Rome, AD 336-7]. VF £200 ($350) / EF £520 ($900)

17605

— Rev. CONSTANTIVS NOB CAES, as previous, but with mint mark N. RIC vii, p. VF £200 ($350) / EF £520 ($900) 633, 187. RSC 19A. [Nicomedia, AD 336-7].

17606

Bc. Rev. PRINCIPI IVVENTVTIS, Constantius II, in military attire, stg. l., hd. r., holding standard and sceptre or spear, another standard to r., mint mark SIRM in ex. RIC vii, p. 469, 16. RSC 160A. [Sirmium, AD 324]. VF £225 ($400) / EF £575 ($1,000)

17607

Bb. Rev. VICTORIA CAESARVM, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark SIS in ex. RIC vii, p. 452, 213. RSC 250. [Siscia, AD 324]. VF £175 ($320) / EF £460 ($800)

17608

Billon centenionalis. B or IVL CONSTANTIVS NOB C, c or d. Rev. CAESARVM NOSTRORVM around wreath enclosing VOT / V in two lines, mint mark TS VI below the wreath, with officina mark e (= 5) between. RIC vii, p. 513, 129-30. C —. VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150) [Thessalonica, AD 324]. This must have been one of the very earliest issues in the name of the Caesar Constantius following his appointment late in 324.

134 17609

Roman Coins and Their Values Billon centenionalis. No legend, b or d. Rev. CONSTAN / TIVS / CAESAR in three lines across field, star above, mint mark TR below preceded by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). RIC vii, p. 210, 490-91. LRBC I, 23-4. C 20. [Trier, AD 326]. VF £48 ($85) / EF £140 ($250)

17610

  17610 17614 As previous, but obv. type d only recorded, and with mint mark S M R followed by officina mark P or Q (= 1 or 4). RIC vii, p. 329, 286. LRBC I, 512. C 20. [Rome, AD 326]. VF £48 ($85) / EF £140 ($250)

17611

As previous, but with mint mark SIS preceded by officina mark e (= 5). RIC vii, p. 448, 192. LRBC I, 721. C 20. [Siscia, AD 325]. VF £48 ($85) / EF £140 ($250)

17612

As previous, but with mint mark S M TS followed by officina mark A (= 1). RIC vii, p. 516, 144. LRBC I, 819. C 20. [Thessalonica, AD 325]. VF £48 ($85) / EF £140 ($250)

17613

As previous, but with mint mark S M K followed by officina mark e (= 5). RIC vii, p. 648, 33. LRBC I, 1167. C 20. [Cyzicus, AD 325-6]. VF £48 ($85) / EF £140 ($250)

17614

As previous, but with mint mark S M ANT followed by officina mark A, D, S, or H (= 1, 4, 6, or 8), sometimes with dot beneath, sometimes also with dot between TI and VS on the second line. RIC vii, pp. 686-7, 55 and 60. LRBC I, 1327 and 1340. C 20. [Antioch, VF £43 ($75) / EF £130 ($225) AD 324-5].

17615

Obv. As previous. Rev. CONSTAN / TIVS / NOB CAES in three lines across field, wreath above, mint mark S M R on rev. followed by officina mark Q (= 4). RIC vii, p. 329, 284. Cf. LRBC I, 513 (star instead of wreath on reverse, in error). C 21. [Rome, AD 326]. VF £48 ($85) / EF £140 ($250)



PROVIDENTIAE CAES • (see nos. 17648-50).

17616

Bd. Rev. PROVIDENTIAE CAESS, two-turreted gateway of military camp, star above, mint mark P LON in ex. RIC vii, p. 116, 298. LRBC I, 8. Cf. C 167 (CAES on rev.). [London, AD 324-5]. VF £19 ($33) / EF £60 ($100) A rarer variety has the obverse legend FLA CONSTANTIVS NOB C (RIC 297). The mint of London was closed in the year following the introduction of this reverse type, a victim of Constantine’s vastly expanded minting capacity following his victory over the eastern emperor Licinius in 324.

17617

A or B, c or d. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark TR in ex. preceded by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). RIC vii, p. 205, 456-7. LRBC I, 21-2. Cf. C 167 and 173. [Trier, AD 324-5]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

17618

Bd. Rev. — as previous, but the mint mark is followed by crescent, usually containing dot. RIC vii, pp. 206 and 209, 464 and 480. LRBC I, 34. Cf. C 167. [Trier, AD 325-6]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

17619

Bd. Rev. — as 17617, but with mint mark TRE instead of TR and sometimes the officina mark is preceded by dot. RIC vii, pp. 212-13, 506 and 514. LRBC I, 40 and 46. Cf. C VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60) 167. [Trier, AD 327-8]. A much rarer obverse variety has laureate and draped bust left, holding shield (RIC 507).

17618

CONSTANTIUS II CAESAR

135

17620

PROVIDENTIAE CAES (cont.) Billon centenionalis. A or B, c or d. Rev. —17616, but with mint mark P LG in ex. RIC vii, p. 137, 232-3. LRBC I, 174-6. Bastien 190-91. Cf. C 167 and 173. [Lugdunum, AD 324-5]. VF £14 ($24) / EF £40 ($70)

17621

Bd. Rev. — as previous, but also with dot under the arch of the gateway. RIC vii, p. 137, 232 note. LRBC I, —. Bastien 197. Cf. C 167. [Lugdunum, AD 325]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

17622

B (sometimes IVL omitted), c. Rev. — as 17616, but with mint mark AR in ex. preceded by officina mark T or Q (= 3 or 4) and star, and sometimes followed by dot. RIC vii, pp. 263-4, 275-6 and 282. LRBC I, 285-6. EMA 34/13-14, 35/5-6. Cf. C 168 and 171. [Arles, AD 324-5]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

17623

Bd. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark ARL (with crescent between the first two letters) preceded by officina mark Q (= 4). RIC vii, p. 265, 290. LRBC I, 298. EMA 36/5. Cf. C 167. [Arles, AD 325-6]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

17624

Similar, but with mint mark ARL (without crescent) and with S — F in field. RIC vii, p. 267, 303. LRBC I, 307. EMA 37/2. Cf. C 167. [Arles, AD 326-7]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

17625

Similar, but the officina mark follows instead of precedes the mint mark. RIC vii, p. 268, 312. LRBC I, 325. EMA 38/4. Cf. C 167. [Arles, AD 327-8]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

17626

Similar, but with mint mark CONST in ex. preceded by officina mark T or Q (= 3 or 4) and with S — F in field. RIC vii, p. 269, 320. LRBC I, 332. EMA 39/3. Cf. C 167. [Constantina/Arles, AD 328]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60) In AD 328 the name of this mint was changed to Constantina in honour of the Caesar Constantine Junior, the emperor’s eldest surviving son. Following Constantine II’s death in battle in 340 the name of the city reverted to Arelate, but thirteen years later, after the downfall of the western usurper Magnentius, Constantius II restored the dynastic connection by naming the place Constantia.

17627

Similar, but with T — F instead of S — F in field and with officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2) preceding the mint mark. RIC vii, p. 269, 330. LRBC I, 348. EMA 40/6. Cf. C 167. [Constantina/Arles, AD 329]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

17628

Bd. Rev. — as 17616, but with mint mark T in ex. preceded by officina mark P, S, or Q (= 1, 2, or 4). RIC vii, p. 385, 189. LRBC I, 473. Cf. C 167. [Ticinum, AD 325]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

17629

Similar, but with crescent between the officina and mint marks (officina T = 3 also recorded). RIC vii, p. 386, 201. LRBC I, 486. Cf. C 167. [Ticinum, AD 326]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

17630

As 17628, but with palm between the officina and mint marks. RIC vii, p. 387, 208. VF £14 ($24) / EF £40 ($70) LRBC I, 500. Cf. C 167. [Ticinum, AD 326].

17631

FL VAL CONSTANTIVS NOB C, c or d. Rev. — as 17616, but with mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark Q (= 4). RIC vii, p. 325, 268-9. LRBC I, 510-11. Cf. C 172. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65) [Rome, AD 324-5]. The remarkable use of the name Valerius (VAL) instead of the usual Julius (IVL) in the obverse legend is peculiar to this mint.

17632

Similar, but with wreath between the mint and officina marks (officina T = 3 also recorded). RIC vii, p. 330, 290. LRBC I, 519. Cf. C 172. [Rome, AD 326]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

136

Roman Coins and Their Values

17633

PROVIDENTIAE CAES (cont.) Billon centenionalis. Similar, but with mint mark R F followed by officina mark T or Q (= 3 or 4). RIC vii, p. 335, 324. LRBC I, 530. Cf. C 172. [Rome, AD 329]. VF £14 ($24) / EF £40 ($70)

17634

As previous, but also with palms flanking the mint and officina marks (officina Q = 4 only recorded). RIC vii, p. 335, 326. LRBC I, —. Cf. C 172. [Rome, AD 329]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

17635

Bd. Rev. — as 17616, but with mint mark SIS in ex. preceded by officina mark D (= 4). RIC vii, p. 446, 186. LRBC I, 720. Cf. C 167. [Siscia, AD 324-5]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

17636

Similar, but with wreath following the mint mark and officina marks D or e (= 4 or 5) preceding it. RIC vii, p. 448, 195. LRBC I, 734. Cf. C 167. [Siscia, AD 325]. VF £14 ($24) / EF £40 ($70)

17637

Similar, but with dots preceding the officina mark and following the mint mark. RIC vii, p. 450, 203. LRBC I, 727. Cf. C 167. [Siscia, AD 326-7]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

17638

Similar, but no dots and with double crescent following the mint mark. RIC vii, p. 452, VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60) 217. LRBC I, 740. Cf. C 167. [Siscia, AD 328-9].

17639

Bc. Rev. — as 17616, but with mint mark S M TS in ex. followed by officina mark B, D, or e (= 2, 4, or 5). RIC vii, p. 519, 158. LRBC I, 817. Cf. C 168. [Thessalonica, AD 326-8]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

17640

Similar, but the officina mark is in rev. field to r. (B = 2 only recorded). RIC vii, p. 521, 172. LRBC I, 834. Cf. C 168. [Thessalonica, AD 328]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

17641

Bd. Rev. — as 17616, but with mint mark S M H in ex. followed by officina mark B-e (= 2-5). RIC vii, p. 551, 78. LRBC I, 872. Cf. C 167. [Heraclea, AD 325-6]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

17642

Similar, but with dot following the officina mark (A = 1 also recorded). RIC vii, p. 552, 84. LRBC I, 878. Cf. C 167. [Heraclea, AD 326]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

17643

Similar, but the dot is in rev. field to l. RIC vii, p. 554, 97. Cf. LRBC I, 891. Cf. C 167. [Heraclea, AD 327-9]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

17644

Similar, but with star instead of dot in rev. field to l. RIC vii, p. 556, 108. Cf. LRBC I, 896. Cf. C 167. [Heraclea, AD 329-30]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

17645

B, c or d. Rev. — as 17616, but with mint mark CONS in ex. and officina mark A, G, or S (= 1, 3, or 6) in l. field. RIC vii, pp. 571-3, 10, 21, and 28. LRBC I, 974, 981-2, and 998. Cf. C 167-8. [Constantinople, AD 326-8]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

17646

Bc. Rev. — as previous, but with star (or dot) following the mint mark (officina S = 6 only recorded). RIC vii, p. 575, 40. LRBC I, 1001 and 1004. Cf. C 168. [Constantinople, AD 328-9]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

17647

Bd. Rev. — as 17616, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark B or D (= 2 or 4). RIC vii, p. 615, 94. LRBC I, 1080. Cf. C 167. [Nicomedia, AD 324-5]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

17638

CONSTANTIUS II CAESAR

137

PROVIDENTIAE CAES (cont.) 17648 Billon centenionalis. As previous, but with mint mark M N followed by officina mark A, B, G, D, or S = 1, 2, 3, 4, or 6 (sometimes the rev. legend ends CAES • instead of CAESS). RIC vii, pp. 620-21, 124 and 128. LRBC I, 1098-9. C 167. [Nicomedia, AD 325-6]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60) 17649

Similar, but with mint mark N followed by officina mark B, G, D, or S = 2, 3, 4, or 6 (the legend always ends CAES •). RIC vii, p. 624, 147. Cf. LRBC I, 1090. C 167. [Nicomedia, AD 326-7]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

17650

Similar, but with mint mark S M N followed by officina mark B, D, e, or S (= 2, 4, 5, or 6). RIC vii, p. 626, 158. LRBC I, 1081 and 1114. C 167. [Nicomedia, AD 328-9]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

17651

Bd. Rev. — as 17616, but with mint mark S M K in ex. followed by officina mark A-S (= 1-6). RIC vii, p. 647, 27. LRBC I, 1166. Cf. C 167. [Cyzicus, AD 324-5]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)



NB On the issues of this mint the Caesar’s laurel wreath often resembles a pearl diadem.

17652

Similar, but with dot following the officina mark on rev. RIC vii, p. 649, 38. LRBC I, 1175 and 1193. Cf. C 167. [Cyzicus, AD 325-6]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

17653

Similar, but also with dot preceding the mint mark, and officinae G and D (= 3 and 4) only recorded. RIC vii, p. 650, 48. LRBC I, 1183. Cf. C 167. [Cyzicus, AD 326-7]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

17654

As 17651, but with dot in rev. field to l., and only officinae A, B, and G (= 1, 2, and 3) recorded. RIC vii, p. 651, 53. LRBC I, 1198. Cf. C 167. [Cyzicus, AD 327-8]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

17655

As 17651, but the obv. bust is cuir. instead of dr. and cuir., and officinae G, D, and e (= 3, 4, and 5) only recorded. RIC vii, p. 653, 64. Cf. LRBC I, 1198. Cf. C 167. [Cyzicus, AD 329-30]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

17656

Bd. Rev. — as 17616, but with mint mark S M ANT in ex. followed by officina mark A, G, D, e, S, H, or I (= 1, 3-6, 8, or 10). RIC vii, p. 688, 66. LRBC I, 1339 and 1354. Cf. C 167. [Antioch, AD 325-6]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

17657

Similar, but also with dot under the arch of the gateway (officinae A, D, S, Z, H, and I = 1, 4, 6, 7, 8, and 10 recorded). RIC vii, p. 690, 74. LRBC I, 1326. Cf. C 167. [Antioch, AD 326-7]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

17658

Bd. Rev. — as 17616, but with mint mark S M AL in ex. followed by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2). RIC vii, p. 709, 37. LRBC I, 1405. Cf. C 167. [Alexandria, AD 325-6]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

17659

Similar, but also with wreath in rev. field to l. (officina A = 1 only recorded). RIC vii, p. 710, 43. LRBC I, 1411. Cf. C 167. [Alexandria, AD 327-8]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

17660

As previous, but the officina mark (A or B = 1 or 2) is in rev. field to r. instead of in ex. RIC vii, p. 710, 47. LRBC I, 1415. Cf. C 167. [Alexandria, AD 327-8]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

17661

As previous, but the officina mark is in Latin numerals (I or II = 1 or 2) and sometimes also with dot following the mint mark in ex. RIC vii, pp. 710-11, 52 and 56. LRBC I, 1421 and 1426. Cf. C 167. [Alexandria, AD 329-30]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

17662

B, c or d. Rev. VIRTVS CAESS, four-turreted gateway of military camp, star above, the doors wide open, mint mark ARL in ex. (with crescent between the first two letters) preceded by officina mark T or Q (= 3 or 4). RIC vii, p. 265, 296-7. LRBC I, 298a-299. EMA 36/11-12. C 314. [Arles, AD 325-6]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

138

Roman Coins and Their Values

17663

Billon centenionalis. Bd. Rev. VIRTVS CAESS, as previous, but without the crescent in the mint mark and with S — F in field (officina Q = 4 only recorded). RIC vii, p. 267, 306. LRBC I, 308. EMA 37/6. C 314. [Arles, AD 326-7]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

17664

Similar, but the officina mark follows instead of precedes the mint mark. RIC vii, p. 268, 316. LRBC I, 324326. EMA 38/8. C 314. [Arles, AD 327]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

17665

Similar, but with mint mark CONST in ex. preceded by officina mark T or Q (= 3 or 4), S — F in field. RIC vii, p. 269, 323. LRBC I, 333. EMA 39/6. C 314. [Constantina/ VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60) Arles, AD 328-9]. In AD 328 the name of this mint was changed to Constantina in honour of Constantine II, the eldest surviving son of Constantine I. Following the young emperor’s death in battle in 340 the name of the city reverted to Arelate, but thirteen years later, after the downfall of the western usurper Magnentius, Constantius II restored the dynastic connection by naming the place Constantia.

17666

Similar, but with T — F instead of S — F in rev. field, and sometimes the gateway is without doors (officina P = 1 only recorded). RIC vii, p. 270, 335 and 339. LRBC I, 349-50. EMA 40/11. C 314. [Constantina/Arles, AD 329-30]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

17667

Billon reduced centenionalis. No legend, e (looking upwards). Rev. CONSTANTIVS CAES, Roma seated l., holding Victory on globe in r. hand and transverse spear in l., shield at side, mint mark ROM in ex. RIC vii, p. 347, 410. LRBC I, —. Cf. C 13 VF £35 ($60) / EF £105 ($180) (obverse misdescribed). [Rome, AD 337].



NB The weight of the centenionalis was maintained at c. 3 grams down to AD 330 when it was reduced to about 2.5 grams. There was a final reduction to 1.70 grams in the last year of Constantine I’s reign; this was clearly indicated on the GLORIA EXERCITVS coinage by a modification in the reverse design which saw the number of standards reduced from two to one.

17668

Bb. Rev. GLORIA EXERCITVS, two soldiers stg. facing each other, each resting on spear and shield, two standards between them, mint mark TR in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2) sometimes to r. of which is dot. RIC vii, pp. 214-15, 521 and 528. LRBC I, 50 and 57. C 104. [Trier, AD 330-31]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

17669

Similar, but with dot (or rarely star) between the mint and officina marks, or with star following the officina mark. RIC vii, p. 217, 540 and 546. LRBC I, 64 and 69. C 104. [Trier, AD 332-3]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

17670

B, b or c. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark TR in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2) and with wreath or palm between the two standards. RIC vii, p. 218, 551 and 558-9. LRBC I, 74 and 83. C 105. [Trier, AD 333-4]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

17671

Bb. Rev. — as 17668, but with mint mark LG in ex. preceded by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). RIC vii, p. 138, 240. Bastien 200. LRBC I, 182. C 104. [Lugdunum, AD 330]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

17672

Similar, but the officina mark is preceded by crescent or by dot within crescent. RIC vii, p. 138, 250 and 255. Bastien 210 and 215, 220 and 225. LRBC I, 194 and 199. C 104. [Lugdunum, AD 331]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

17673

Similar, but the officina mark is preceded by dot or (very rarely) by wreath. RIC vii, pp. 138-9, 245 and 258. Bastien 231 and 236, 241 and 246. LRBC I, 188 and 218. C 104. [Lugdunum, AD 332]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

17674

Similar, but the officina mark is preceded by star or (very rarely) by palm. RIC vii, pp. 139-40, 264 and 269. Bastien 251 and 257. LRBC I, 204, 209, and 214. C 104. [Lugdunum, AD 334-5]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

CONSTANTIUS II CAESAR

139

17675

GLORIA EXERCITVS (cont.) Billon reduced centenionalis. Bb. Rev. — as 17668, but with mint mark CONST in ex. preceded by officina mark S (= 2). RIC vii, p. 270, 342. LRBC I, —. Cf. EMA, p. 62, 41/2 (obv. misdescribed). C 104. [Constantina/Arles, AD 330]. VF £8 ($13) / EF £23 ($40)

17676

B, b or c. Rev. — as previous, but also with star in rev. field, either above or between the standards, and officina P (= 1) also recorded. RIC vii, p. 271, 347-8. LRBC I, 354. EMA, pp. 62-3, 42/3-4. C 105. [Constantina/Arles, AD 330-31]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

17677

Similar, but with crescent between the standards (officina S = 2 only recorded). RIC vii, p. 272, 355. LRBC I, 359. EMA, p. 63, 43/3-4. C 105 var. [Constantina/Arles, AD 331]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

17678

Similar, but with palm between the standards (both officinae recorded). RIC vii, p. 273, 360-61 and 367. LRBC I, 364 and 370. EMA, pp. 64-5, 44/3-4 and 45/5. C 105. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30) [Constantina/Arles, AD 332-3].

17679

Bc. Rev. — as previous, but with wreath (sometimes containing dot) between the standards (both officinae recorded). RIC vii, p. 274, 372 and 377. LRBC I, 375 and 380. EMA, pp. 65-6, 46/3 and 47/3. C 105. [Constantina/Arles, AD 333-4]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

17680

Similar, but with Christogram between the standards (officina S = 2 only recorded). RIC vii, p. 275, 383. LRBC I, 386. EMA, p. 66, 48/3. C 105 var. [Constantina/Arles, VF £19 ($33) / EF £60 ($100) AD 334].

17681

Similar, but with uncertain symbol resembling pine-tree between the standards (both officinae recorded). RIC vii, p. 276, 389. LRBC I, 393. EMA, p. 67, 49/3. C 105. [Constantina/Arles, AD 335-6]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

17682

Bc. Rev. — 17668, but with mint mark AQ in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2), sometimes with cross between the standards. RIC vii, p. 407, 120 and 126. LRBC I, 652 and 658. MA 428-9. C 104-5. [Aquileia, AD 334-5]. Without cross VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35), with cross VF £19 ($33) / EF £60 ($100)

17683

Similar, but with F between the standards. RIC vii, p. 409, 133. LRBC I, 664. MA 430. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35) C 105 var. [Aquileia, AD 335-6].

17684

B, b or c. Rev. — as 17668, but with mint mark R F in ex. followed by officina mark T (= 3). RIC vii, p. 336, 329-30. LRBC I, 533-4. C 104. [Rome, AD 330]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

17685

Bc. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark R B instead of R F. RIC vii, p. 336, 337. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30) LRBC I, 539. C 104. [Rome, AD 330-31].

17686

Similar, but with mint and officina marks R S or R T (= 2 or 3) in ex. with wreath between. RIC vii, p. 339, 352. LRBC I, 544. C 104. [Rome, AD 333-5]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

17687

Similar, but with star instead of wreath between the mint and officina marks (officina T = 3 only recorded). RIC vii, p. 341, 366. LRBC I, 552. C 104. [Rome, AD 335-6]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

17688

Bb. Rev. — as 17668, but with mint mark SIS in ex. preceded by officina mark A, G, D, or e (= 1, 3, 4, or 5). RIC vii, p. 453, 221. LRBC I, 744. C 104. [Siscia, AD 330-33] VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

17689

Similar, but with dots preceding the officina mark and following the mint mark. RIC vii, p. 456, 237. LRBC I, 749. C 104. [Siscia, AD 334-5]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

140

Roman Coins and Their Values

17690

Billon reduced centenionalis. B, b or c. Rev. GLORIA EXERCITVS, as 17668, but with mint mark S M TS in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, or G (= 1, 2, or 3). RIC vii, p. 524, 185-6. LRBC I, 837-837a. C 104. [Thessalonica, AD 330-33]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30) A later variety of this type (AD 335-6) has the reverse legend divided GLORI—A EXER—CITVS instead of GLOR—IA EXERC—ITVS (RIC 200, LRBC 842).

17691

As previous, but with mint mark S M H in ex. followed by officina mark A-e (= 1-5), sometimes with dot preceding mint mark, sometimes a second dot following the officina mark, sometimes a third dot in field or with all three dots horizontally in field. RIC vii, pp. 557-9, 113, 118, 123, 128, 133. LRBC I, 901, 906, 911, 916, 921. C 104. [Heraclea, AD 330-33]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

17692

Bc. Rev. — as previous, but without dots and with star following the officina mark (officinae A, G, and D = 1, 3, and 4 only recorded). RIC vii, p. 559, 138. LRBC I, 926. C 104. [Heraclea, AD 333-6]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

17693

Bc. Rev. — as 17668, but with mint mark CONS in ex. followed by officina mark D, S, Q, or I (= 4, 6, 9, or 10). RIC vii, p. 579, 6061. LRBC I, 1007. C 104. [Constantinople, AD 330-33]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

17694

Similar, but with dot following the officina mark and sometimes also with dot preceding the mint mark (officinae G, S, and I = 3, 6, and 10 recorded). RIC vii, pp. 581-2, 75 and 82. LRBC I, 1012 and 1019. C 104. [Constantinople, AD 333-5]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

17695

Bc. Rev. — as 17668, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark G, D, e, or S (= 3, 4, 5, or 6). RIC vii, p. 633, 191. LRBC I, 1119. C 104. [Nicomedia, AD 330-35]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

17696

B, b, c, or f. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark S M K in ex. followed by officina mark A-S (= 1-6), sometimes with dot preceding the mint mark or following the officina mark. RIC vii, pp. 654-5 and 657, 69-70, 84-6, and 99-101. LRBC I, 1216-17, 1227-9, and 1241-4. C 104. [Cyzicus, AD 330-35]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

17697

B, b or c. Rev. — as previous, but with star preceding the mint mark (officinae G, D, and S = 3, 4, and 6 recorded). RIC vii, p. 658, 113 and note. LRBC I, 1253-4. C 104. [Cyzicus, AD 335-6]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

17698 17698 Bb. Rev. — as 17668, but with mint mark S M AN in ex. followed by officina mark e, S, Z, H, or Q (= 5, 6, 7, 8, or 9). RIC vii, p. 693, 88. LRBC I, 1358. C 104. [Antioch, AD 330-33 and 335]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30) 17699

As previous, but with mint mark S M AL in ex. followed by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2). RIC vii, p. 711, 60. LRBC I, 1430. C 104. [Alexandria, AD 333-5]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

17700

Bb. Rev. GLORIA EXERCITVS, two soldiers stg. facing each other, each resting on spear and shield, one standard between them, mint and officina marks TR P or S (= 1 or 2) in ex. flanked by dots. RIC vii, p. 223, 592. LRBC I, 94. C 92 var. [Trier, AD 336-7]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30) LRBC 89 also lists a variant of this type lacking the dots flanking the mint and officina marks, but RIC vii (p. 160, note 1, and 586 note) doubts its existence.

CONSTANTIUS II CAESAR

141

17701

GLORIA EXERCITVS (cont.) Billon reduced centenionalis. As previous, but with mint mark LG in ex. preceded by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2) to l. of which is crescent or star. RIC vii, p. 141, 277 and 282. Bastien 264 and 269, 273 and 277. LRBC I, 230. C 92 var. [Lugdunum, AD 336]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

17702

Similar, but the officina mark is preceded by palm. RIC vii, p. 142, 287. Bastien 283 and VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30) 288. LRBC I, 234. C 92 var. [Lugdunum, AD 337].

17703

Bc. Rev. — as 17700, but with mint mark CONST preceded by officina mark S (= 2), and with Chi-Rho monogram on standard (= labarum). RIC vii, p. 276, 396. LRBC I, 400. EMA, p. 68, 50/3. C 92. [Constantina/Arles, AD 336]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

17704

Similar, but with X on standard (officinae P and S = 1 and 2 recorded). RIC vii, p. 277, 404. LRBC I, 407. EMA, p. 69, 51/3. C 92. [Constantina/Arles, AD 336-7]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

17705

As previous, but with O on standard. RIC vii, p. 278, 413. LRBC I, 412. EMA, p. 70, VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30) 53/2. C 92. [Constantina/Arles, AD 337].

17706

Bc. Rev. — as 17700, but with mint mark AQ followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2) and sometimes preceded by dot. RIC vii, p. 410, 145. LRBC I, 671 and 676. MA 431-2. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30) C 92. [Aquileia, AD 336-7].

17707

As previous, but with mint and officina marks R T (= 3) in ex. with wreath between. RIC vii, p. 344, 383. LRBC I, 560. C 92. [Rome, AD 336]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

17708

Similar, but with star instead of wreath between the mint and officina marks (officinae T and Q = 3 and 4 recorded). RIC vii, p. 344, 393. LRBC I, 568. C 92. [Rome, AD 336-7]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

17709

Similar, but with leaf instead of star between the mint and officina marks. RIC vii, p. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30) 346, 401. LRBC I, 574. C 92. [Rome, AD 337].

17710

Bb. Rev. — as 17700, but with mint mark SIS in ex. preceded by officina mark B-e (= 2-5). RIC vii, p. 458, 254. LRBC I, 756. C 92 var. [Siscia, AD 336]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

17711

Similar, but with star following the mint mark (officinae G = 3 only recorded). RIC vii, VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30) p. 460, 263. LRBC I, 761. C 92 var. [Siscia, AD 337].

17712

Bc. Rev. — as 17700, but with mint mark S M TS in ex. followed by officina mark G or D (= 3 or 4). RIC vii, p. 529, 224. LRBC I, 847. C 92. [Thessalonica, AD 336-7]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

17713

As previous, but with mint mark S M H in ex. followed by officina mark A-D (= 1-4). RIC vii, p. 561, 153. LRBC I, 937. C 92. [Heraclea, AD 336-7]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

17714

As previous, but with mint mark CONS in ex. followed by officina mark G, S, H, or Q (= 3, 6, 8, or 9) and sometimes also with dot at end of rev. legend. RIC vii, pp. 589-90, 139 and 151. LRBC I, 1028-9. C 92. [Constantinople, AD 336-7]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

17715

As previous, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark B, G, D, or S (= 2, 3, 4, or 6). RIC vii, p. 635, 201. LRBC I, 1127. C 92. [Nicomedia, AD 336-7]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

17716

B, b, c, or f. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark S M K in ex. followed by officina mark A-S (= 1-6) and sometimes with dot between the R and I of GLORIA. RIC vii, p. 659, 126-8 and 139-41. LRBC I, 1265-6. C 92 and var. [Cyzicus, AD 336-7]. VF £5 ($8) / EF £15 ($25)

142

Roman Coins and Their Values

17717

Billon reduced centenionalis. Bb. Rev. GLORIA EXERCITVS, as previous, but with mint mark S M AN in ex. followed by officina mark G-I (= 3-10). RIC vii, p. 697, 110. LRBC I, 1365. C 92 var. [Antioch, AD 336-7]. VF £5 ($8) / EF £15 ($25)

17718

As previous, but with mint mark S M AL in ex. followed by officina mark A-D (= 1-4). RIC vii, p. 712, 67. LRBC I, 1437. C 92 var. [Alexandria, AD 336-7]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

17719

Bc. Rev. SECVRITAS REI PVB, Securitas stg. facing, hd. r., legs crossed, resting on column and holding sceptre, mint and officina marks R P or S or e (= 1 or 2 or 5) in ex. with leaf between. RIC vii, p. 346, 403. LRBC I, 578. Cf. C 183. [Rome, AD 337]. VF £19 ($33) / EF £60 ($100)

Issues as Augustus, AD 337-361 17720

Gold aureus (c. 5.4 grams). K, diad., dr. and cuir. bust l. Rev. GLORIA ROMANORVM, Constantius II stg. in facing quadriga, hd. l., scattering coins from raised r. hand and holding eagle-tipped sceptre in l., mint mark TES in ex. RIC viii, p. 416, 145. C 137. Depeyrot, p. 296, 12. [Thessalonica, AD 351]. VF £4,550 ($8,000) / EF £11,500 ($20,000)

17721

As previous, but with mint mark S M ANT or S M AN, and sometimes with Chi-Rho monogram in r. field. RIC viii, p. 518, 77-8. C 137. Depeyrot, p. 297, 6-8. [Antioch, AD 351]. VF £4,550 ($8,000) / EF £11,500 ($20,000)

17722

Ff (wreath border). Rev. VICTORIAE DD NN AVGG, Victory stg. r., l. foot on globe, inscribing VOT / XX / MVLT / XXX on shield set on short column, mint mark TR in ex. (wreath border). RIC viii, p. 147, 126. C —. Depeyrot, p. 291, 5. [Trier, AD 346-8]. VF £1,700 ($3,000) / EF £4,300 ($7,500)

17722A

Obv. As previous. Rev. — Victory seated r. on cuirass and shield, inscribing VOT / XX / MVLT / XXX on shield set on l. knee and supported by Genius stg. l. before her, mint mark S M AQ in ex. (wreath border). RIC viii, —. MA 436. C —. Depeyrot, —. [Aquileia, AD 342-6]. VF £1,700 ($3,000) / EF £4,300 ($7,500)

17723

Similar, but with mint mark TES in ex. RIC viii, p. 409, 68. C —. Depeyrot, —. [Thessalonica, AD 342-6]. VF £1,700 ($3,000) / EF £4,300 ($7,500)

17724

Ff. Rev. — two Victories stg. facing each other, holding between them wreath encircling VOT / XX / MVLT / XXX, mint mark TR in ex. RIC viii, p. 147, 130. C 279. Depeyrot, p. 291, 6. [Trier, AD 346]. VF £1,700 ($3,000) / EF £4,300 ($7,500)

17725

 

17726

17725

Gold solidus (c. 4.5 grams). Gf. Rev. FELICITAS PERPETVA, Victory seated r., as 17723, but the shield is inscribed VOT / X / MVLT / XX, mint mark S M AQ in ex. RIC viii, p. 315, 5. MA 434. C 63. Depeyrot, p. 180, 1/2. [Aquileia, AD 337-40]. VF £350 ($600) / EF £1,000 ($1,750)

17726

D N CONSTANTIVS AVG, f. Rev. FELICITAS REI PVBLICE around wreath containing VOT / XV / MVLT / XX in four lines, mint mark CONS in ex. RIC viii, p. 447, 11-12. C 67. Depeyrot, p. 231, 1/10. [Constantinople, AD 337-40]. VF £350 ($600) / EF £1,000 ($1,750)

CONSTANTIUS II AUGUSTUS

17727

 

143

17728

17727

Gold solidus. J or K, h or diad. bust l., wearing consular robes and holding globe and sceptre. Rev. FELICITAS ROMANORVM, enthroned figures of Roma (on l., facing) and Constantinopolis (on r., turned to l.), holding between them shield inscribed VOT / XXXV / MVLT / XXXX in four lines, each holding sceptre in l. hand, Constantinopolis with r. foot on prow, mint mark R S M in ex. followed by officina mark P, B, T, Q, e, or S (= 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6) and palm. RIC viii, p. 277, 296-8. Cf. C 72. Depeyrot, pp. 146-7, VF £480 ($850) / EF £1,425 ($2,500) 15/1-3. [Rome, AD 357].

17728

Kf. Rev. — around wreath containing VOTIS / XV / MVLTIS / XX in four lines or VOTIS / XV / MVLTIS XX in three lines, mint mark S M AN in ex. followed by officina mark A-I (= 1-10). RIC viii, p. 513, 30-31. C 76. Depeyrot, p. 274, 5/8-9. VF £350 ($600) / EF £1,000 ($1,750) [Antioch, AD 337-42].

17729

Jf. Rev. GAVDIVM POPVLI ROMANI around wreath containing SIC / V / SIC / X in four lines, mint mark P ARL in ex. RIC viii, p. 207, 59. C —. Depeyrot, p. 132, 1/1. [Arles, AD 340-42]. VF £480 ($850) / EF £1,425 ($2,500) The vota numerals refer to Constantius’ younger brother, the co-emperor Constans, under whom the coin was struck.

17730

Gf. Rev. — as previous, but with SIC / X / SIC / XX within wreath, and with mint mark SIS followed by star. RIC viii, p. 350, 20A. Cf. C 82. Depeyrot, p. 200, 4/3. [Siscia, AD 337-40]. VF £350 ($600) / EF £1,000 ($1,750)

17731

G or CONSTANTIVS MAX AVG, f (sometimes also laureate). Rev. GLORIA CONSTANTI AVG, Constantius, in military attire, stg. facing, hd. l., holding standard inscribed VOT / XX and sceptre, captive at feet to r., mint mark SIS in ex. sometimes flanked by dots. RIC viii, p. 349, 5-7. C —. Depeyrot, p. 199, 1/3 and 3/3. [Siscia, AD 337-40]. VF £375 ($650) / EF £1,150 ($2,000)

17732

Kf. Rev. GLORIA REI PVBLICAE, Constantius on horseback pacing r., greeted by turreted city-goddess bowing l., holding torch (?) in her l. hand, mint mark S M AN in ex. followed by officina mark B, e, Z, Q, or I (= 2, 5, 7, 9, or 10). RIC viii, p. 518, 80. C 107. Depeyrot, p. 275, 6/2. [Antioch, AD 350]. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,700 ($3,000)

17733

Jh. Rev. — Roma and Constantinopolis, as 17727, but the shield is inscribed FEL / ICI / TER / V in four lines (officina S = 6 only recorded). RIC viii, p. 276, 294. C —. Depeyrot, p. 146, 14/2. [Rome, AD 355-7]. VF £480 ($850) / EF £1,425 ($2,500)

17734

K or D N CONSTANTIVS PERP AVG, f or h. Rev. — as previous, but the shield is inscribed VOT / XX / MVLT / XXX in four lines, and with mint mark R in ex., sometimes followed by officina mark P, B, S, or Z (= 1, 2, 6, or 7). RIC viii, p. 269, 225A and B, and 226-7. C 108. Depeyrot, pp. 144-5, 6/1-2 and 7/1-2. [Rome, AD 352-3]. VF £290 ($500) / EF £850 ($1,500)

17735

Kf. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark SIS in ex., sometimes preceded and followed by uncertain marks resembling P and P. RIC viii, p. 370, 297-8. C 108 var. Depeyrot, p. 204, 18/1 and 19/1. [Siscia, AD 350-51]. VF £290 ($500) / EF £850 ($1,500)

144

Roman Coins and Their Values

17736

GLORIA REI PVBLICAE (cont.) Gold solidus. Similar, but with mint mark SIRM in ex. RIC viii, p. 384, 1. C 108. Depeyrot, p. 206, 1/1-2. [Sirmium, AD 351-3]. VF £270 ($475) / EF £800 ($1,400)

17737

Similar, but with mint mark CONS in ex. RIC viii, p. 451, 57. C 108. Depeyrot, p. 231, VF £225 ($400) / EF £685 ($1,200) 2/2-3. [Constantinople, AD 348-53].

17738

Similar, but with mint mark S M N in ex., usually followed by officina mark B, T, C, e, or S (= 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6). RIC viii, p. 473, 29-33. C 108. Depeyrot, p. 264, 3/3-4 and 4/1. [Nicomedia, AD 348-53]. VF £200 ($350) / EF £575 ($1,000)

17739

Similar, but with mint mark S M K followed by officina mark Q (= 9) in ex. RIC viii, p. (Unique) 492, 38. C 108 var. Cf. Depeyrot, p. 270, 1/1. [Cyzicus, AD 348].

17740

 

17740

17740 Similar, but with mint mark S M AN in ex. followed by officina mark A-I (= 1-10) sometimes followed by dot. RIC viii, p. 518, 81-6. C 108. Depeyrot, p. 275, 6/3-4 and VF £175 ($300) / EF £520 ($900) 7/1. [Antioch, AD 348-53]. At Antioch, the details of the reverse design may show some variation from the products of other mints, such as Roma’s head turned slightly to one side and her right hand raised to the side of the shield instead of holding it from beneath. 17741

Kh. Rev. — Roma and Constantinopolis, as 17727, but the shield is inscribed VOT / XXX / MVLT / XXXX in four lines, and with mint mark S M LVG in ex. RIC viii, p. 190, 178. Bastien 227. C 112. Depeyrot, p. 126, 3/1. [Lugdunum, AD 353-4]. VF £290 ($500) / EF £850 ($1,500)

17742 17742 As previous, but with mint mark KONSTAN (the last three letters in monogram) in ex., sometimes preceded by dot, sometimes with palm or star in lower field between the figures. RIC viii, p. 221, 233, 234, 236, and 238. EMA 128/1, 129/1, and 130/1. C 112. Depeyrot, p. 133, 5/1, 6/1, and 7/1. [Constantia/Arles, AD 355-60]. VF £225 ($400) / EF £685 ($1,200) Following the death of Constantine II in 340 this mint reverted to its traditional name of Arelate, thus abandoning the title of Constantina which it had received in 328. However, in 353, following the downfall of the western usurper Magnentius, Constantius II restored the dynastic connection by naming the place Constantia. 17743

Similar, but with wreath instead of palm or star in lower rev. field, and sometimes also with two stars in upper rev. field. RIC viii, p. 225, 280. EMA 139/1-2. C 112 var. Depeyrot, p. 134, 8/1-2. [Constantia/Arles, AD 360-61]. VF £240 ($425) / EF £750 ($1,300)

17744

Similar, but without symbol in lower rev. field, and with eagle stg. on top of the inscribed shield (no stars in upper rev. field). RIC viii, —. EMA 140/1. C 112 var. Depeyrot, p. 134, 9/1. [Constantia/Arles, AD 361]. VF £290 ($500) / EF £850 ($1,500)

CONSTANTIUS II AUGUSTUS

145

17745

GLORIA REI PVBLICAE (cont.) Gold solidus. Kf. Rev. — Roma and Constantinopolis, as 17741, but with mint mark S M MED in ex. RIC viii, p. 233, 2. C 114 var. Cf. Depeyrot, p. 166, 1/1. [Milan, AD 354-7]. VF £375 ($650) / EF £1,150 ($2,000)

17746

Jh. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark P, B, T, or e (= 1, 2, 3, or 5), sometimes with star between or palm following. RIC viii, p. 269, 228-30. C 117. Depeyrot, p. 145, 8/1, 9/1, and 10/1. [Rome, AD 353-5]. VF £225 ($400) / EF £685 ($1,200)

17747

As previous, but with mint mark R S M in ex. followed by officina mark P, B, T, Q, e, S, or Z (= 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7) followed by star or palm, or with palm or dot before mint mark and palm following the officina mark. RIC viii, p. 276, 289-91 and 293. C 117. Depeyrot, pp. 145-6, 11/1, 12/1, 13/1, and 14/1. [Rome, AD 355-7]. VF £200 ($350) / EF £575 ($1,000)

17748

J or K, f or h. Rev. — Roma and Constantinopolis, as 17741, but with mint mark S M AQ in ex. RIC viii, p. 332, 179-81. MA 440-43. C 114 and 117 var. Depeyrot, p. 182, VF £240 ($425) / EF £750 ($1,300) 9/1-3. [Aquileia, AD 353-5]. The facing bust coins of this issue are considerably rarer than those with the profile bust and thus are worth significantly more.

17749

Kh. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark SIS (sometimes between two dots) in ex. RIC viii, p. 373, 320. C 112 var. Depeyrot, p. 204, 20/1 and 21/1. [Siscia, AD 353-5]. VF £290 ($500) / EF £850 ($1,500) Cohen also records the mint mark • S M SIS for this type but this has not been confirmed.

17750

K, f or h. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark SIRM in ex., preceded by dot, star, or dot within crescent, and sometimes also followed by palm, star, or C. RIC viii, p. 384, 1-9. C 112. Depeyrot, pp. 206-7, 2/1-2, 3/1, 4/1, 5/1, 6/1, and 7/1. [Sirmium, AD 355]. VF £225 ($400) / EF £685 ($1,200)

17751

K or D N CONSTANTIVS MAX AVGVSTVS, f or h. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark TES, usually flanked by stars, dots, or Christograms; or TESSU flanked by stars. RIC viii, p. 416, 147-8. 150, and 152-4. C 112 var. and 122. Depeyrot, pp. 216-17, 8/2-3, 9/1, 10/1, 11/1, and 12/1. [Thessalonica, AD 353-5]. VF £215 ($375) / EF £625 ($1,100) The facing bust coins of this issue are considerably rarer than those with the profile bust and thus are worth significantly more.

17752

D N CONSTANTIVS MAX AVGVSTVS, f. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark KTES or TES flanked by stars. RIC viii, p. 420, 193 and 195-6. C 122. Depeyrot, p. 217, VF £225 ($400) / EF £685 ($1,200) 13/1 and 14/1-2. [Thessalonica, AD 355-7].

17753

Kf. Rev. — as previous, but with mint and officina marks S M H S (= 6) in ex. RIC viii, p. 436, 81. C 114 var. Depeyrot, —. [Heraclea, AD 353]. (Unique)

17750

 

17751

146

Roman Coins and Their Values

17754 17754

Gold solidus. K (but usually ends AVGV), h. Rev. GLORIA REI PVBLICAE, as previous, but with mint mark CONS or CONS•. RIC viii, p. 455, 95-6 and 98. C 112 var. and 116. Depeyrot, pp. 231-2, 3/2-4 and 4/1. [Constantinople, AD 353-5]. VF £215 ($375) / EF £625 ($1,100)

17755

Similar, but with obv. Hf and mint mark CONS. RIC viii, —. C 119 var. Depeyrot, p. VF £240 ($425) / EF £750 ($1,300) 231, 3/1. [Constantinople, AD 353].

17756

K, f or h. Rev. — Roma and Constantinopolis, as 17741, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark P, B, T, C, e, or S (= 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6). RIC viii, p. 477, 74. C 112 and 114 var. Depeyrot, pp. 264-5, 5/1-2. [Nicomedia, AD 353-5]. VF £200 ($350) / EF £575 ($1,000) The profile bust coins of this issue are considerably rarer than those with the facing bust and thus are worth significantly more.

17757

Kh. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark S M K in ex. RIC viii, p. 492, 39. C 112 var. Cf. Depeyrot, p. 270, 2/1. [Cyzicus, AD 353-5]. VF £290 ($500) / EF £850 ($1,500)

17758

K, f or h. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark S M AN in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, G, D, e, Z, H, Q, or I (= 1-5 or 7-10) followed by dot. RIC viii, p. 519, 87-8 and p. 526, 162. C 112 and 114. Depeyrot, pp. 275-6, 7/2-3 and 9/1. [Antioch, AD 353-5]. VF £200 ($350) / EF £575 ($1,000) The profile bust coins of this issue are considerably rarer than those with the facing bust and thus are worth significantly more.

17759

Kh. Rev. — as previous, but with dot preceding the mint mark and usually also with dot following the mint mark (sometimes a third dot in lower field), or with no dots at all. RIC viii, p. 526, 165, 168, and 170. C 112. Depeyrot, p. 277, 10/1 and 11/1. [Antioch, VF £200 ($350) / EF £575 ($1,000) AD 355-7].

17760

H or K, f or h (sometimes with Christogram on shield). Rev. — Roma and Constantinopolis, as 17741, but Roma’s hd. is turned to r., Constantinopolis sometimes holds cornucopiae instead of sceptre in l. hand, and with mint mark TR in ex., sometimes followed by star. RIC viii, p. 166, 338-45. Cf. C 118-19. Depeyrot, p. VF £290 ($500) / EF £850 ($1,500) 112, 15/1-3 and 16/1-5. [Trier, AD 353-5].

17761

Kh. Rev. — as previous (Constantinopolis holds sceptre and with mint mark TR), but with captive instead of prow at feet of Constantinopolis. RIC viii, p. 166, 346. C —. VF £480 ($850) / EF £1,425 ($2,500) Depeyrot, p. 112, 15/4. [Trier, AD 353]. The captive on reverse is doubtless in commemoration of the defeat of Magnentius in the summer of AD 353.

17762

Kf. Rev. — Roma and Constantinopolis, as 17727 (VOT / XXXV / MVLT / XXXX in four lines on shield), but with mint mark S M AQ in ex. RIC viii, p. 335, 210. MA 444. C 123 var. Depeyrot, p. 182, 10/1. [Aquileia, AD 357-61]. VF £225 ($400) / EF £685 ($1,200)

17763

Kh. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark S M SIS in ex. either followed by dot or flanked by dots. RIC viii, p. 376, 357-8. C 124 var. Depeyrot, pp. 204-5, 22/1 and 23/1. VF £225 ($400) / EF £685 ($1,200) [Siscia, AD 357-61]. Cohen also records the mint mark S M SIS followed by star, but this has not been verified.

CONSTANTIUS II AUGUSTUS

147

17764 GLORIA REI PVBLICAE (cont.) 17764 Gold solidus. K, f or h. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark M SIR, SIRM, or SIRMS, sometimes preceded by dot or by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2), or followed by star or star within crescent, or flanked by dot and star, dot and palm, or two palms. RIC viii, pp. 388-9, 55-63. C 123-4. Depeyrot, pp. 207-8, 8/1, 9/1, 10/1-2, 11/1, 12/1, 13/1, 14/1, 15/1, and 16/1. [Sirmium, AD 357-61]. VF £200 ($350) / EF £575 ($1,000) Most coins of this type have a facing bust on the obverse; those with a profile bust are rarer and worth more than the values stated. 17765

He. Rev. — Roma and Constantinopolis, as 17727, but the shield is inscribed VOT / XXXX in two lines, and with mint mark SIRM flanked by stars in ex. RIC viii, p. 389, 65. C 126 var. Depeyrot, p. 208, 17/1. [Sirmium, AD 360-61]. VF £225 ($400) / EF £685 ($1,200)

17766 17766 As previous, but with mint mark TES flanked by stars in ex. RIC viii, p. 420, 198. Cf. C 125. Depeyrot, p. 217, 14/4. [Thessalonica, AD 360-61]. VF £215 ($375) / EF £625 ($1,100) 17767

Similar, but with mint mark CONS in ex. RIC viii, p. 459, 129. C 126 var. Depeyrot, p. VF £225 ($400) / EF £685 ($1,200) 232, 5/1. [Constantinople, AD 360-61].

17768

Similar, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark e, S, or I (= 5, 6, or 10), and the shield on rev. is encircled by wreath. RIC viii, p. 480, 100. C 126 var. Depeyrot, p. 265, 6/1. [Nicomedia, AD 360-61]. VF £215 ($375) / EF £625 ($1,100) As previous, but with mint mark ANT in ex. followed by officina mark A-I (= 1-10), sometimes with dot in lower rev. field. RIC viii, p. 526, 172-3. C 126. Depeyrot, p. 277, 12/1. [Antioch, AD 360-61]. VF £200 ($350) / EF £575 ($1,000)

17769

17770

Ic. Rev. SECVRITAS REI PVBLICAE, Securitas stg. facing, hd. r., r. hand on hd., l. elbow on column, mint mark TR in ex. RIC viii, p. 140, 2. C 185. Depeyrot, p. 106, 1/2. [Trier, AD 337-40]. VF £400 ($700) / EF £1,150 ($2,000)

17771

D N IVL CONSTANTIVS P F AVG, f. Rev. VRBS ROMA, Roma enthroned l., holding globe surmounted by Chi-Rho monogram and resting on spear, shield at side, mint mark R followed by officina mark Q (= 4) in ex. RIC viii, p. 261, 166. C —. Depeyrot, p. 144, (Unique) 3/1. [Rome, June AD 350]. This extremely rare type was issued under the pretender Nepotian, half-cousin of Constantius II, who was proclaimed emperor by the Roman mob in opposition to the newly-established regime of the western usurper Magnentius.

17772

G or I, c or f. Rev. VICTOR OMNIVM GENTIVM, Constantius II, in military attire, stg. l., holding standard and resting on shield, two suppliants kneeling before him on l., seated captive on r., mint mark TR in ex. RIC viii, p. 140, 5, 7 and 8. C 199. Depeyrot, p. 107, 3/2-3 and 4/1. [Trier, AD 337-40]. VF £480 ($850) / EF £1,425 ($2,500)

148

Roman Coins and Their Values

17773

Gold solidus. Ec. Rev. VICTORIA AVG, Victory advancing l., holding long staff surmounted by trophy in r. hand and palm-branch in l., star in l. field, mark of value LXXII in r., mint mark S M AN in ex., sometimes followed by dot, sometimes by officina mark A, e, Z, or I (= 1, 5, 7, or 10). RIC viii, p. 512, 4 and 7. Cf. C 200. Depeyrot, pp. 271-2, 1/2 and 2/2. [Antioch, AD 337-40]. VF £290 ($500) / EF £850 ($1,500) The numeral LXXII (= 72) in reverse field indicates the weight of the solidus as 1/72nd of a pound of gold.

17774

Ec. Rev. — Victory seated r. on cuirass and shield, inscribing VOT / XXX on shield set on l. knee and supported by Genius stg. l. before her, mint and officina marks S M AN B (= 2) in ex. RIC viii, p. 512, 9. C —. Cf. Depeyrot, p. 272, 3/1. [Antioch, AD 337-40]. VF £350 ($600) / EF £1,000 ($1,750) The vota (suscepta) xxx relates solely to the senior emperor, Constantine II (see also nos. 17776-7, 17779, and 17791).

17775

Hf. Rev. VICTORIA AVG NOSTRI, Constantius, in military attire, stg. facing, hd. l., holding globe and spear; before him, Victory advancing l., hd. r., her wings spread, holding wreath and palm, mint mark TR in ex. RIC viii, pp. 164-5, 329-31. C 207. Depeyrot, p. 111, 14/1-2. [Trier, AD 353]. VF £1,150 ($2,000) / EF £3,450 ($6,000) Kent (RIC viii, pp. 136-7) attributes these solidi, as well as bronzes with the large Christogram reverse, to the revolt of Poemenius in Trier during the closing phase of the regime of Magnentius and Decentius (July-August 353). That there was a revolt against the usurpers in the city on the Moselle seems certain, but these distinctive coin issues could just as easily belong to the period immediately following the recovery of the mint by the legitimate regime after Decentius’ suicide on 18 August (see also no. 18083).

17776

Ec. Rev. VICTORIA AVGVSTI, Victory with shield inscribed VOT / XXX, as 17774, but with dot following the officina mark (officinae G and e = 3 and 5 recorded). RIC viii, p. 512, 11. C 221. Depeyrot, p. 272, 4/2. [Antioch, AD 337-40]. VF £350 ($600) / EF £1,000 ($1,750) For this type and the next, see note following no. 17774.

17777

E or K, c or f. Rev. VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM, as previous (officinae A, B, G, e, S, Z, H, Q, and I = 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10 recorded). RIC viii, p. 513, 17-18 and 21. C 245. Depeyrot, p. 273, 4/8-9 and 12. [Antioch, AD 337-40]. VF £290 ($500) / EF £850 ($1,500)

17778

Kf. Rev. — Victory seated r., as 17774, but the shield is inscribed VOT / XV / MVLT / XX and sometimes with dot following the officina mark (officinae A, B, G, D, e, S, and Z = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 recorded). RIC viii, p. 513, 22 and 25. C 243. Depeyrot, pp. 273-4, 4/13 and 5/3. [Antioch, AD 337-42]. VF £225 ($400) / EF £685 ($1,200) A curious variant has the legend VOT / VX / MVLT / XV on the shield (RIC 27).

17779

Kf. Rev. — as previous, but the shield is inscribed VOT / XX / MVLT / XXX and no dot following the officina mark (officinae A, G, D, e, and S = 1, 3, 4, 5, and 6 recorded). RIC viii, p. 513, 24. C —. Depeyrot, p. 274, 5/2. [Antioch, AD 337-40]. VF £290 ($500) / EF £850 ($1,500) The vota again refer to the senior emperor, Constantine II, rather than to Constantius (see also nos. 17774, 17776-7, and 17791).

17778

CONSTANTIUS II AUGUSTUS

149

17780

Gold solidus. Kf. Rev. — Victory advancing l., holding wreath encircling the numeral XXV in r. hand and trophy and palm-branch in l., seated captive at feet to l., mint mark CONS in ex. RIC viii, p. 451, 55. C 237 var. Depeyrot, p. 231, 2/1. [Constantinople, AD 346]. VF £480 ($850) / EF £1,425 ($2,500)

17781

Kf. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark S M N followed by officina mark B, T, or S (= 2, 3, or 6). RIC viii, p. 473, 26. Cf. C 237. Depeyrot, p. 264, 3/1. [Nicomedia, AD 346]. VF £480 ($850) / EF £1,425 ($2,500)

17782

Kf. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark S M AN followed by officina mark D, Q, or I (= 4, 9, or 10). RIC viii, p. 518, 79. C 237 var. Depeyrot, p. 275, 6/1. [Antioch, AD 346]. VF £480 ($850) / EF £1,425 ($2,500) Depeyrot doubts the existence of the specimen from officina Q (9) cited by Kent from the British Museum.

17783

Ha. Rev. VICTORIA CONSTANTI AVG, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark CONS in ex. RIC viii, p. 447, 2. C —. Depeyrot, p. 231, 1 note. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,700 ($3,000) [Constantinople, AD 337].

17784

Gf. Rev. — Victory advancing l., holding long staff surmounted by trophy in r. hand and palm-branch in l., mint mark SIS between two dots in ex. RIC viii, p. 349, 8. C —. Depeyrot —, but cf. p. 199, series 3 (this type omitted in error?). [Siscia, AD 337]. VF £480 ($850) / EF £1,425 ($2,500)

17785

Hf. Rev. — Victory seated r. on cuirass and shield, inscribing VOT / X on shield set on l. knee and supported by Genius stg. l. before her, mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark T (= 3). RIC viii, p. 470, 1. C —. Depeyrot, p. 263, 1/1. [Nicomedia, AD 337-40]. VF £480 ($850) / EF £1,425 ($2,500)

17786

Jf. Rev. — as previous, but the shield is inscribed VOT / X / MVLT / XV and with mint mark M HR in ex. RIC viii, p. 430, 4. C —. Cf. Depeyrot, p. 229, 1 note. [Heraclea, AD 337-40]. VF £480 ($850) / EF £1,425 ($2,500) The existence of this type requires confirmation.

17787

D N CONSTANTIVS AVG, f. Rev. — as previous, but the shield is inscribed VOT / XV and the mint mark is sometimes preceded by dot. RIC viii, p. 430, 6-7. C 254. Depeyrot, p. 229, 1/4 and 2/1. [Heraclea, AD 337-40]. VF £480 ($850) / EF £1,425 ($2,500)

17788

As previous, but with mint mark S M HR preceded by dot. RIC viii, p. 430, 8. C 254. Depeyrot, p. 229, 3/1. [Heraclea, AD 337-40]. VF £480 ($850) / EF £1,425 ($2,500)

17789

H, e or f. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark S M H. RIC viii, p. 430, 9-10. C 255. Depeyrot, p. 230, 4/1-2. [Heraclea, AD 337-40]. VF £430 ($750) / EF £1,300 ($2,250)

17790 17790

H or D N CONSTANTIVS AVG, a, e, or f. Rev. — as 17787, but with mint mark CONS in ex. RIC viii, p. 447, 4-6 and 9. C 254-5. Cf. Depeyrot, p. 230, 1/4-5 and 8. [Constantinople, AD 337-40]. VF £350 ($600) / EF £1,000 ($1,750) RIC 9 (note) records a specimen with the erroneous reverse legend VICTORIA CONSTANTIVS AVG.

150

Roman Coins and Their Values

17791

Gold solidus. D N CONSTANTIVS AVG, f. Rev. — as previous, but the shield is inscribed VOT / XX / MVLT / XXX. RIC viii, p. 447, 10. C —. Depeyrot, p. 231, 1/9. [Constantinople, AD 337-40]. VF £430 ($750) / EF £1,300 ($2,250) The vota would appear to refer to the senior emperor, Constantine II, rather than to Constantius (see also nos. 17774, 17776-7, and 17779).

17792

Jf. Rev. VICTORIA DD NN AVG, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark SIS followed by star in ex. RIC viii, p. 351, 32. C —. Depeyrot, p. 200, 5/3. [Siscia, AD 337-40]. VF £290 ($500) / EF £850 ($1,500)

17793

Jf. Rev. — Victory seated r. on cuirass and shield, inscribing VOT / X / MVLT / XX on shield set on l. knee and supported by Genius stg. l. before her, mint mark SIS in ex. followed by star and sometimes preceded by dot. RIC viii, p. 351, 29-31. C 260. Depeyrot, pp. 200-01, 5/2 and 6/1. [Siscia, AD 337-40]. VF £240 ($425) / EF £720 ($1,250)

17794

Gf. Rev. VICTORIA DD NN AVGG, as previous, but the shield is inscribed SIC / X / SIC / XX and with mint mark SIS followed by star. RIC viii, p. 351, 24. C —. Cf. Depeyrot, p. 200, 4/4. [Siscia, AD 337-40]. VF £350 ($600) / EF £1,000 ($1,750)

17795

Jf. Rev. — Victory advancing l., holding long staff surmounted by trophy in r. hand and palm-branch in l., mint mark TR in ex. RIC viii, p. 146, 122. C 261. Depeyrot, p. 107, 4/3. [Trier, AD 342-3]. VF £215 ($375) / EF £625 ($1,100)

17796

G or J, f. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark TSe in ex. RIC viii, p. 402, 3 and 12. C 261 var. and 262. Depeyrot, pp. 213-14, 1/2 and 2/5. [Thessalonica, AD 337-40]. VF £290 ($500) / EF £850 ($1,500)

17797

Jf. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark TES. RIC viii, p. 404, 26-7. C 261 var. Cf. Depeyrot, p. 214, 4/2 (FL CL instead of FL IVL in error). [Thessalonica, AD 337-40]. VF £240 ($425) / EF £720 ($1,250)

17798

Jf. Rev. VICTORIAE D N AVG, two Victories stg. facing each other, holding between them wreath encircling VOTIS / XV / MVLTIS / XX, mint mark SIS followed by star in ex. RIC viii, p. 357, 117-18. C 275. Depeyrot, p. 201, 9/2. [Siscia, AD 337-40]. VF £350 ($600) / EF £1,000 ($1,750)

17799

As previous, but with mint mark •TSe or TES in ex. Cf. RIC viii, p. 403, 15 and p. 404, 30. C 275 var. Depeyrot, p. 214, 3/1 and 4/4. [Thessalonica, AD 337-40]. VF £350 ($600) / EF £1,000 ($1,750)

17800

Ff. Rev. — as previous, but with VOT / XXV / MVL / XXX within wreath, and with mint mark TES. RIC viii, p. 409, 75. C 276. Depeyrot, p. 215, 6/6. [Thessalonica, AD 350]. (Unique)

17793

17797

 

CONSTANTIUS II AUGUSTUS

17801

151

17805

17801

Gold solidus. Ff (wreath border). Rev. VICTORIAE DD NN AVGG, Victory seated r., as 17793 but the shield is inscribed VOT / XX / MVLT / XXX and with mint mark S M AQ in ex. (wreath border). RIC viii, p. 319, 44. MA 438. C 288. Depeyrot, p. 181, VF £290 ($500) / EF £850 ($1,500) 4/1. [Aquileia, AD 346-8].

17802

Obv. As previous. Rev. — two Victories, as 17798, but with VOT / XX / MVLT / XXX within wreath, and with mint mark TR in ex. (wreath border). RIC viii, p. 147, 128. C 280/81 var. Depeyrot, p. 108, 5/1. [Trier, AD 346-8]. VF £290 ($500) / EF £850 ($1,500) Depeyrot prefers to date this issue to AD 344 and the following to 345.

17803

Similar, but without wreath borders and sometimes with dot in rev. field. RIC viii, pp. 147-8, 132-3 and 137. C 280. Depeyrot, p. 108, 6/1-2. [Trier, AD 348-50]. VF £215 ($375) / EF £625 ($1,100)

17804

Jf. Rev. — two Victories, as 17798, but with VOT / XX / MVL / XXX within wreath, and with mint mark SIS in ex. flanked by stars or preceded by O surmounted by dot and followed by dot. RIC viii, p. 358, 119 and 122-3. C 283. Depeyrot, pp. 201-2, 8/1 and VF £240 ($425) / EF £720 ($1,250) 11/1. [Siscia, AD 342-6].

17805

Ff (wreath border). Rev. — two Victories, as 17802 (VOT / XX / MVLT / XXX within wreath), but with mint mark SIS in ex. flanked by stars or palms, or preceded by palm and followed by star, or preceded by O surmounted by dot and followed by dot (wreath border). RIC viii, p. 359, 131, 133, 135, and 137. C 281 var. Depeyrot, pp. 202-3, 12/1 VF £290 ($500) / EF £850 ($1,500) and 13/1, 14/1-2, and 15/1. [Siscia, AD 346-8].

17806

Hf. Rev. — as previous, but without wreath border, and the mint mark is preceded by officina mark A (= 1) and followed by star. RIC viii, p. 367, 259. C —. Depeyrot, p. 203, VF £350 ($600) / EF £1,000 ($1,750) 16/1. [Siscia, AD 350].

17807

Ff. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark TES in ex. RIC viii, p. 408, 63. C 280. VF £290 ($500) / EF £850 ($1,500) Depeyrot, p. 215, 5/1. [Thessalonica, AD 346].

17808 17809

17808 17809 As 17805, but with mint mark as previous. RIC viii, p. 409, 69-71. C 281. Depeyrot, p. VF £270 ($475) / EF £800 ($1,400) 215, 6/1-2. [Thessalonica, AD 346-8]. Jf. Rev. VIRTVS EXERCITVM, Constantius, in military attire, stg. l. between two seated captives, holding long staff surmounted by trophy and resting on shield, mint mark TES in ex. RIC viii, p. 404, 32. C —. Depeyrot, p. 214, 4/6. [Thessalonica, AD 337-40]. VF £350 ($600) / EF £1,000 ($1,750)

152

Roman Coins and Their Values

17810

Gold solidus. Ic. Rev. VIRTVS EXERCITVS GALL, Mars, in military attire, advancing r. between two seated captives, holding transverse spear in r. hand and trophy over shoulder with l., mint mark TR in ex. RIC viii, p. 140, 13. C 329. Depeyrot, p. 107, 2/2. [Trier, AD 337-40]. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,700 ($3,000)



NB Numerous gold multiples were issued during this reign with a wide variety of types: 1.5 solidi were struck at Trier, revs. GLORIA ROMANORVM, Roma l. (Depeyrot p. 291, 1-3) and GLORIA EXERCITVS, emperor with trophy and shield (RIC 119, at Arles and Rome, rev. FELIX ADVENTVS AVG N, emperor on horseback (RIC 227-8 and 287-8), at Milan, rev. DEBELLATOR HOSTIVM, emperor galloping over serpent (RIC 1), at Aquileia, rev. VIRTVS CONSTANTI AVG, emperor with labarum and captive (RIC 2), at Siscia, revs. VICTORIAE DD NN AVGG, Victory and Genius with shield (Depeyrot, p. 295, 1) and VICTORIAE DD NN AVGG, two Victories with wreath (RIC 111), at Thessalonica, revs. VIRTVS EXERCITVM, emperor between captives (RIC 22) and FELIX ADVENTVS AVG N, emperor on horseback (RIC 144), and at Antioch, revs. DD NN CONSTANTIVS ET CONSTANS AVGG, two emperors stg. in consular robes (RIC 75) and FELIX ADVENTVS AVG N, emperor on horseback (RIC 76); double solidi were struck at Trier, rev. VICTORIAE DD NN AVGG, Victory and Genius with shield (RIC 125), at Arles, rev. GLORIA REI PVBLICAE, Roma and Constantinopolis enthroned with shield (RIC 225-6), at Aquileia, rev. GLORIA ROMANORVM, two emperors in quadriga with soldiers (RIC 42), at Siscia, revs. GAVDIVM POPVLI ROMANI, two Genii with wreath (RIC 105) and OB VICTORIAM TRIVMPHALEN, two Victories with wreath (RIC 111A), at Thessalonica, rev. GLORIA ROMANORVM, Roma and Constantinopolis enthroned (RIC 142-3), and at Antioch, revs. GLORIA ROMANORVM, Roma seated with shield (RIC 1), Roma and Constantinopolis enthroned (RIC 72 and 161), and Constantinopolis enthroned (RIC 158); 4.5 solidi were struck at Rome, rev. GLORIA ROMANORVM, Constantinopolis enthroned (RIC 285-6), at Siscia, rev. VICTORIAE DD NN AVGG, two Victories with wreath (RIC 128), at Sirmium, rev. GLORIA ROMANORVM, Constantinopolis enthroned (RIC 54), at Thessalonica, revs. SALVS ET SPES REI PVBLICAE, three emperors standing (RIC 20) and GLORIA ROMANORVM, Constantinopolis enthroned (RIC 141), at Nicomedia, obv. facing military bust, rev. GLORIA ROMANORVM, Constantinopolis enthroned (RIC 99), at Antioch, rev. GLORIA ROMANORVM, Constantinopolis enthroned (RIC 69-70, 157 and 159-60); and 9 solidi were struck at Antioch, revs. DD NN CONSTANTIVS ET CONSTANS AVGG, two emperors in six-horse chariot flanked by flying Victories (RIC 67) and D N CONSTANTIVS VICTOR SEMPER AVG, similar, but one emperor only in chariot (RIC 68).

CONSTANTIUS II AUGUSTUS

153

17811

Gold semissis or half solidus (c. 2.25 grams). Gf. Rev. FELICITAS PERPETVA, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark S M AQ in ex. RIC viii, p. 315, 8. MA 435. C 60. Depeyrot, p. 180, 1/5. [Aquileia, AD 337-40]. VF £350 ($600) / EF £1,000 ($1,750)

17812

Gf. Rev. OB VICTORIAM TRIVMPHALEM, two Victories stg. facing each other, holding between them wreath encircling VOT / XV, mint mark SIS followed by star in ex. RIC viii, p. 358, 126. Cf. C 148. Depeyrot, p. 201, 9/3. [Siscia, AD 342]. VF £400 ($700) / EF £1,150 ($2,000)

17813

Ef. Rev. VICTORIA AVGVSTI N, Victory seated r. on cuirass, inscribing VOT / XXX on shield set on l. knee and supported by Genius stg. l. before her, mint mark S M N in ex. RIC viii, —. C —. Depeyrot, p. 264, 4/2. [Nicomedia, AD 353-5]. VF £350 ($600) / EF £1,000 ($1,750)

17814

Jf. Rev. VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark P ARL in ex. RIC viii, p. 207, 60. C —. Depeyrot, p. 132, 1/2. EMA 62/3. [Arles, AD 340]. VF £350 ($600) / EF £1,000 ($1,750) The existence of this type requires confirmation.

17815

Ef. Rev. — Victory seated r., as 17813, but with mint mark S M AN in ex. RIC viii, p. 519, 92. C 244. Depeyrot, p. 276, 8/1. [Antioch, AD 353-5]. VF £290 ($500) / EF £850 ($1,500)

17816

Hf. Rev. — as previous, but the shield is inscribed VOT / XXXX and with mint mark KONSTAN (TAN in monogram) in ex. RIC viii, —. C —. Depeyrot, p. 133, 5/2. EMA 128/3. [Constantia/Arles, AD 357-61]. VF £350 ($600) / EF £1,000 ($1,750) Following the death of Constantine II in 340 this mint reverted to its traditional name of Arelate, thus abandoning the title of Constantina which it had received in 328. However, in 353, following the downfall of the western usurper Magnentius, Constantius II restored the dynastic connection by naming the place Constantia.

17817

Ef. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark S M N in ex. RIC viii, p. 480, 101. C —. Depeyrot, p. 265, 7/1. [Nicomedia, AD 357-61]. VF £350 ($600) / EF £1,000 ($1,750)

17818

As previous, but with mint mark S M AN sometimes flanked by dots. RIC viii, pp. 519 and 526, 93 and 174-5. C —. Depeyrot, p. 278, 13/1 and 14/1. [Antioch, AD 357-61]. VF £290 ($500) / EF £850 ($1,500)

17819

K, diad. and cuir. bust r. Rev. VICTORIA CONSTANTI AVG, Victory seated r., as 17813, but the shield is inscribed VOT / XX / XX and with mint and officina marks R S M P (= 1) followed by palm in ex. RIC viii, p. 277, 299. C —. Depeyrot, p. 147, 15/4. VF £350 ($600) / EF £1,000 ($1,750) [Rome, AD 357].

17820

Gf. Rev. VICTORIA DD NN AVGG, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark TR in ex. RIC viii, p. 148, 139. C 265. Depeyrot, p. 109, 6/5-6. [Trier, AD 346]. VF £290 ($500) / EF £850 ($1,500)

17821

F or G, f. Rev. VICTORIAE DD NN AVGG, Victory seated r., as 17813, but the shield is inscribed VOT / XX / MVLT / XXX and with mint mark TES in ex. RIC viii, p. 409, 64. C —. Depeyrot, p. 215, 5/2-3. [Thessalonica, AD 346]. VF £350 ($600) / EF £1,000 ($1,750)

154

Roman Coins and Their Values

17822 17822

Gold semissis or half solidus. Hf. Rev. VICTORIAE DD NN AVGG, as previous, but the shield is inscribed VOT / XXX / MVLT / XXXX. RIC viii, p. 416, 155. C —. Depeyrot, p. 216, 10/3. [Thessalonica, AD 353-5]. VF £350 ($600) / EF £1,000 ($1,750)

17823

Gf (wreath border). Rev. — two Victories stg. facing each other, holding between them wreath encircling VOT / XX / MVLT / XXX, mint mark SIS preceded by palm and followed by star in ex. (wreath border). RIC viii, p. 359, 141A. Cf. C 285. Depeyrot, p. VF £350 ($600) / EF £1,000 ($1,750) 203, 14/4. [Siscia, AD 346-8].

17824

Gold 1.5-scripulum or 9-siliqua (c. 1.68 grams). Ff. FELICITAS PERPETVA, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark S M AQ in ex. RIC viii, —. MA 439. C —. Depeyrot, p. 180, 1/6. [Aquileia, AD 337-40]. VF £320 ($550) / EF £925 ($1,600)

17825

Ic. Rev. SECVRITAS REI PVBLICAE, Securitas stg. facing, hd. r., r. hand on hd., l. elbow on column, mint mark TR in ex. Cf. RIC viii, p. 140, 17 (misdescribed as a semissis). C —. Depeyrot, p. 107, 1/6. [Trier, AD 337-9]. VF £400 ($700) / EF £1,150 ($2,000)

17826

Gf. Rev. SIC / X / SIC / XX in four lines within wreath, mint mark SIS followed by star in ex. RIC viii, p. 352, 40. Cf. C 186. Depeyrot, p. 200, 5/7. [Siscia, AD 337-40]. VF £400 ($700) / EF £1,150 ($2,000)

17827

Ef. Rev. VICTORIA AVGVSTI, Victory seated r. on cuirass, inscribing VOT / XXX / MVLT / XXXX on shield set on l. knee and supported by Genius stg. l. before her, mint mark CONS in ex. RIC viii, p. 455, 99. C —. Depeyrot, p. 231, 3/6. [Constantinople, AD 353-5]. VF £290 ($500) / EF £850 ($1,500)

17828

As previous, but the shield is inscribed VOT / XXXX. RIC viii, p. 459, 130. C —. Depeyrot, p. 232, 5/3. [Constantinople, AD 357-61]. VF £290 ($500) / EF £850 ($1,500)

17829

Ef. Rev. VICTORIA AVGVSTI N, as previous, but the shield is inscribed VOT / XXX and with mint mark S M N in ex. RIC viii, p. 473, 36. C 227. Depeyrot, p. 264, 4/3. [Nicomedia, AD 353-5]. VF £290 ($500) / EF £850 ($1,500)

17830

Gf. Rev. VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark P ARL in ex. RIC viii, p. 207, 62. C 228 var. Depeyrot, p. 132, 1/4. EMA 62/4. [Arles, AD 340]. VF £290 ($500) / EF £850 ($1,500)

17831

As previous, but with mint mark R in ex. RIC viii, p. 270, 231. C 228. Depeyrot, p. 144, VF £250 ($450) / EF £750 ($1,300) 6/3. [Rome, AD 352-4].

17832

Similar, but with mint mark SIS followed by star in ex. RIC viii, —. C 228 var. Depeyrot, p. 201, 9/5. [Siscia, AD 345-7]. VF £290 ($500) / EF £850 ($1,500)

17833

E or H, f. Rev. — Victory seated r., as 17827, but the shield is inscribed VOT / XXX and with mint mark S M AN in ex. RIC viii, p. 519, 97. C —. Depeyrot, p. 276, 8/5-6. [Antioch, AD 353-5]. VF £250 ($450) / EF £750 ($1,300) The variety with obv. legend H is much rarer than E and is worth more than the value stated.

CONSTANTIUS II AUGUSTUS

155

17834

Gold 1.5-scripulum. Hf. Rev. — as previous, but the shield is inscribed VOT / XXXX and with mint mark KONSTAN (TAN in monogram) in ex. RIC viii, p. 222, 241. C 247. Depeyrot, p. 133, 5/4. EMA 128/4. [Constantia/Arles, AD 357-61]. VF £290 ($500) / EF £850 ($1,500) See note following no. 17816.

17835

Ef. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark S M N in ex. RIC viii, p. 481, 102. C 246. Depeyrot, p. 265, 7/2. [Nicomedia, AD 357-61]. VF £270 ($475) / EF £800 ($1,400)

17836

As previous, but with mint mark S M AN sometimes flanked by dots. RIC viii, pp. 519 and 527, 99, 177, and 179. C 246. Depeyrot, p. 278, 13/3 and 14/3. [Antioch, AD 357-61]. VF £250 ($450) / EF £750 ($1,300)

17837

Gf. Rev. VICTORIA CONSTANTI AVG, Victory seated r., as previous, but with mint mark S RM followed by palm in ex. RIC viii, p. 277, 300. C 256. Cf. Depeyrot, p. 147, 16/1. [Rome, AD 357]. VF £250 ($450) / EF £750 ($1,300)

17838

Gf. Rev. VICTORIA DD NN AVGG, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark TR in ex. RIC viii, —. C —. Depeyrot, p. 109, 6/8. [Trier, AD 345-7]. VF £290 ($500) / EF £850 ($1,500)

17839

Hf. Rev. VICTORIAE D N AVG, Victory seated r., as 17827, but with mint mark TES in ex. Cf. RIC viii, p. 420, 199 (misdescribed as a semissis). C 274. Cf. Depeyrot, p. 218, 15/1. [Thessalonica, AD 355-7]. VF £290 ($500) / EF £850 ($1,500)

17840

As previous, but with rev. legend VICTORIAE DD NN AVGG. RIC viii, p. 417, 157. C 290. Depeyrot, p. 217, 10/5. [Thessalonica, AD 353-5]. VF £250 ($450) / EF £750 ($1,300)

17841

Silver multiple of 4 siliquae or 3 light miliarenses (c. 13.5 grams). G or J, f. Rev. GAVDIVM POPVLI ROMANI around wreath containing SIC / X / SIC / XX in four lines, mint mark SIS in ex. either followed by dot within crescent or flanked by dots. RIC viii, p. 352, 42-4. RSC 84a and 85c-d. [Siscia, AD 340-42]. VF £3,450 ($6,000) / EF £10,250 ($18,000)

17842

FL IVL CONSTANTIVS PIVS FELIX AVG, f. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark TES in ex. RIC viii, p. 406, 44 and note. RSC 85a-b. [Thessalonica, AD 340-42]. VF £3,450 ($6,000) / EF £10,250 ($18,000)

17843

Jf. Rev. — as 17841, but the wreath contains SIC / XX / SIC / XXX in four lines, and the mint mark SIS is flanked by dots. RIC viii, p. 360, 145. RSC 87c. [Siscia, AD 342-3]. VF £3,750 ($6,500) / EF £11,500 ($20,000)

17844

Obv. As 17842. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark TES in ex. RIC viii, p. 409, 76. Cf. RSC 86 (rev. misdescribed). [Thessalonica, AD 342-3]. VF £3,750 ($6,500) / EF £11,500 ($20,000)

17845

Gf. Rev. TRIVMFATOR GENTIVM BARBARARVM, Constantius, in military attire, stg. l., holding standard with Chi-Rho monogram (labarum) in r. hand and spear in l., mint mark AQ preceded by star in ex. RIC viii, p. 320, 48. MA 445. RSC 191. [Aquileia, AD 342]. VF £3,750 ($6,500) / EF £11,500 ($20,000)

17846

Jf. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark SIS in ex., sometimes flanked by dots. RIC viii, p. 360, 146-7. RSC 193a-b. [Siscia, AD 342]. VF £3,450 ($6,000) / EF £10,250 ($18,000)

17835

156 17847

Roman Coins and Their Values Silver multiple of 4 siliquae. Obv. As 17842. Rev. TRIVMFATOR GENTIVM BARBARARVM, as previous, but the standard is not ornamented with Chi-Rho monogram, Constantius holds nothing in l. hand, and with mint mark TR in ex. RIC viii, p. 149, 144 and 146-7. RSC 194a and 194A. [Trier, AD 342]. VF £3,450 ($6,000) / EF £10,250 ($18,000) On the reverse of some specimens the emperor is shown standing to right with his head turned to left.

17848 17848 Similar, but Constantius rests l. hand on shield and with mint mark TES in ex. RIC viii, p. 410, 78-79. RSC 194b-c. [Thessalonica, AD 342]. VF £3,450 ($6,000) / EF £10,250 ($18,000) A much rarer obverse variety has the emperor’s bust to left, his right hand raised and holding globe in left (RIC 79A). 17849

Silver multiple of uncertain denomination. Kh. Rev. GLORIA ROMANORVM, Roma, on l., and Constantinopolis, on r., both stg. facing, Roma’s hd. turned to r., holding between them shield inscribed VOT / XXX / MVLT / XXXX in four lines resting on short column, mint mark R in ex. RIC viii, p. 270, 232. RSC 141. [Rome, AD 353]. (Unique)

17850

D N CONSTANTI AVGVSTI, dr. and cuir. bust r., wearing diad. and crested helmet studded with stars, and holding branch in r. hand and spear over shoulder in l. Rev. — as previous, but Roma’s hd. is facing. RIC viii, p. 270, 233. RSC 141†. [Rome, AD 353]. (Extremely rare)

17851

Silver heavy miliarensis (c. 5.4 grams). H or K, f. Rev. CONSTANTIVS AVG, four standards, mint mark CON in ex. preceded by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). RIC viii, p. 222, 243-6. RSC 7-8c. EMA 131/1-3. [Constantia/Arles, AD 355-8]. VF £480 ($850) / EF £1,425 ($2,500) This new denomination equates in weight to the gold aureus, just as the light miliarensis is the weight equivalent of the gold solidus. Following the death of Constantine II in 340 this mint reverted to its traditional name of Arelate, thus abandoning the title of Constantina which it had received in 328. However, in 353, following the downfall of the western usurper Magnentius, Constantius II restored the dynastic connection by naming the place Constantia.

17852

D N CONSTANTIVS MAX AVG, diad. and cuir. bust r. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark R in ex. flanked by stars. RIC viii, p. 271, 243. RSC 9a. [Rome, AD 357]. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,700 ($3,000)

17853

Similar, but with mint mark C in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, or Z (= 1, 2, or 7) with dot between. RIC viii, p. 459, 131. RSC 9b. [Constantinople, AD 355-8]. VF £520 ($900) / EF £1,575 ($2,750)

CONSTANTIUS II AUGUSTUS

157

17854

Silver heavy miliarensis. Gf. Rev. GAVDIVM POPVLI ROMANI around wreath containing SIC / X / SIC / XX, mint mark SIS in ex. followed by dot within crescent. RIC viii, p. 353, 48. RSC 83. [Siscia, AD 337-40]. VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £2,000 ($3,500)

17855

As previous, but the wreath contains SIC / XX / SIC / XXX flanked by palms, and the mint mark is sometimes followed by wreath instead of dot within crescent. RIC viii, p. 360, 150 and 152. RSC 87a-b. [Siscia, AD 3424-6]. VF £625 ($1,100) / EF £1,850 ($3,250)

17856

Hf. Rev. — as 17854, but the wreath contains VOTIS / XXX / MVLTIS / XXXX, and with mint mark SIRM in ex. flanked by dots. RIC viii, p. 385, 10. RSC 87A. [Sirmium, AD 355]. VF £720 ($1,250) / EF £2,150 ($3,750)

17857

Jf. Rev. TRIVMFATOR GENTIVM BARBARARVM, Constantius, in military attire, stg. l., holding standard in r. hand and resting on shield with l., mint mark TES in ex. RIC viii, p. 410, 82-4. RSC 192a-c and e. [Thessalonica, AD 342]. VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £2,000 ($3,500)

17858

Obv. As 17842. Rev. — as previous, but without shield at Constantius’ side and with mint mark TR in ex. Cf. RIC viii, p. 149, 150 (references are to the multiple of 3 light miliarenses). RSC 192G. [Trier, AD 342]. VF £720 ($1,250) / EF £2,150 ($3,750)

17859

Obv. As 17852. Rev. VICTORIA AVGVSTI, Victory stg. facing, hd. l., holding wreath in r. hand and shield in l. inscribed VOT / XXXX in two lines, mint mark C in ex. followed by officina mark IA (= 11) with dot between. RIC viii, p. 459, 132. RSC 220. [Constantinople, AD 357-61]. VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £2,000 ($3,500)

17860

Jf. Rev. VIRTVS DD NN AVGG, Constantius, in military attire, stg. l., holding standard with Chi-Rho monogram (labarum) in r. hand, l. hand at side, mint mark TR in ex. RIC viii, p. 150, 171. RSC 322. [Trier, AD 346-8]. VF £480 ($850) / EF £1,425 ($2,500)

17861

Jf. Rev. VIRTVS EXERCITVS, soldier stg. facing, hd. r., resting on spear and shield, mint mark TES in ex. RIC viii, p. 406, 47. RSC 325. [Thessalonica, AD 339-40]. VF £520 ($900) / EF £1,575 ($2,750)

17862

He. Rev. — three standards, mint mark TES in ex. RIC viii, pp. 417 and 420, 158 and 201. RSC 328A. [Thessalonica, AD 353-5]. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,700 ($3,000)

17857

17860

158

Roman Coins and Their Values

17863 17863

Silver light miliarensis (c. 4.5 grams). I, c or f. Rev. CONSTANTIVS AVG, four standards, mint mark S M TR in ex. RIC viii, p. 141, 22-3. RSC 5a-b. [Trier, AD 337-40]. VF £480 ($850) / EF £1,425 ($2,500) NB This denomination was introduced by Constantine I in AD 325. After the reform of Constantius II in 357 (whereby the weight of the siliqua was reduced to 2.25 grams) the light miliarensis became a double siliqua.

17864

No obv. legend, e (sometimes looking upwards). Rev. CONSTANTIVS AVGVSTVS, as previous, but with mint mark C in ex. followed by officina mark A or S (= 1 or 6) with dot between. RIC viii, pp. 447-8, 13-14. RSC 9c-d. [Constantinople, AD 337-8]. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,700 ($3,000)

17865

Jf. Rev. CONSTANTIVS P F AVG, three standards, mint mark TES in ex. RIC viii, p. 406, 50. RSC 22. [Thessalonica, AD 339-40]. VF £520 ($900) / EF £1,575 ($2,750)

17866

Gf. Rev. FELICITAS PERPETVA around wreath containing VOT / X / MVLT / XX, mint mark AQ preceded by star in ex. RIC viii, p. 321, 58. MA 447. RSC 65A. [Aquileia, AD 342-6]. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,700 ($3,000) The vota numerals refer to Constans, under whom this issue was made.

17867

As previous, but the wreath contains VOT / XX / MVLT / XXX, and without star preceding the mint mark. RIC viii, p. 321, 59. MA 448. RSC 65a. [Aquileia, AD 342-6]. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,700 ($3,000)

17868 Similar, but with officina mark S (= 2) following the mint mark. RIC viii, p. 321, 60. MA 449. RSC 65b. [Aquileia, AD 342-6]. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,700 ($3,000) 17869

Hf. Rev. FELICITAS ROMANORVM, archway, beneath which Constantius II and Constantius Gallus stand facing each other in military attire, each holding spear in r. hand, mint mark AQ in ex. RIC viii, p. 332, 182. MA 454. RSC 74a. [Aquileia, AD 352-4]. VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,600 ($4,500)

17870 17870 As previous, but with mint mark SIRM in ex., sometimes flanked by dots. RIC viii, p. 385, 11 and 13. RSC 74b-c. [Sirmium, AD 352-4]. VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,600 ($4,500) 17871

Similar, but with mint mark S M N in ex., sometimes preceded by dot. RIC viii, p. 477, 77 and 79. RSC 74d-e. [Nicomedia, AD 351-4]. VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,600 ($4,500)

17872

Similar, but with mint mark S M AN in ex. RIC viii, p. 520, 102. RSC 74f. [Antioch, AD 351-4]. VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,600 ($4,500)

CONSTANTIUS II AUGUSTUS

159

17873

Silver light miliarensis. Jf. Rev. GAVDIVM ROMANORVM, vexillum, inscribed VOT / X / MVLT / XV, with two captives seated back to back at base, mint mark TR in ex. RIC VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £2,000 ($3,500) viii, p. 149, 151. RSC 89A. [Trier, AD 342]. The existence of this type requires confirmation. For this type and the next, see note following no. 17866.

17874

As previous, but the vexillum is inscribed VOT / X / MVLT / XX. RIC viii, p. 149, VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,700 ($3,000) 156-7. RSC 89Ba-b. [Trier, AD 342-3].

17875 17875 Similar, but the vexillum is inscribed VOT / XX / MVLT / XXX. RIC viii, p. 149, 1535. RSC 89a-c. [Trier, AD 343]. VF £520 ($900) / EF £1,575 ($2,750) 17876

Jf Rev. TRIVMFATOR GENTIVM BARBARARVM, Constantius, in military attire, stg. l., holding standard in r. hand and resting on shield with l., mint mark TES in ex. RIC viii, p. 410, 87-9. RSC 192d and f. [Thessalonica, AD 342]. VF £625 ($1,100) / EF £1,850 ($3,250)

17877

Gf. Rev. VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark SIS in ex. followed by wreath or dot within crescent, usually with palm in l. field. RIC viii, p. 361, 155-6, 159, and 160. RSC 229a-d. [Siscia, AD 342-6]. VF £480 ($850) / EF £1,425 ($2,500)

17878

Hf. Rev. VICTORIA ROMANORVM, archway, beneath which Constantius II, in military attire, stands facing, hd. r., holding spear and globe, crowned by Victory advancing l., on r., also holding palm, mint mark S M AN in ex. RIC viii, pp. 520 and 527, 103 and 181. RSC 270. [Antioch, AD 352-6]. VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,600 ($4,500)

17879

Hf. Rev. VIRTVS EXERCITVM, soldier stg. facing, hd. r., resting on spear and shield, mint mark CON in ex. preceded by officina mark P (= 1). RIC viii, p. 226, 289. RSC 324A. EMA 141/1. [Constantia/Arles, AD 360-61]. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,700 ($3,000) Following the death of Constantine II in 340 this mint reverted to its traditional name of Arelate, thus abandoning the title of Constantina which it had received in 328. However, in 353, following the downfall of the western usurper Magnentius, Constantius II restored the dynastic connection by naming the place Constantia.

17880

Hf. Rev. VIRTVS EXERCITVS, as previous, but officinae S and T (= 2 and 3) also recorded. RIC viii, p. 223, 250 and 252. RSC 326h-i. EMA 131/6. [Constantia/Arles, AD 355-60]. VF £480 ($850) / EF £1,425 ($2,500)

17879

17880

160

Roman Coins and Their Values

17881

 

17882

17881

VIRTVS EXERCITVS (cont.) Silver light miliarensis. As previous, but with mint mark LVG in ex. RIC viii, p. 193, 208. Bastien 256. RSC 326g. [Lugdunum, AD 360-61]. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,700 ($3,000)

17882

H or D N CONSTANTIVS MAX AVG, f or diad. and cuir. bust r. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark R in ex., sometimes flanked by stars. RIC viii, p. 271, 238-9 and 244-6. RSC 326d-e and 327a-c. [Rome, AD 354-5]. VF £520 ($900) / EF £1,575 ($2,750)

17883

Hf. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark SIS in ex. RIC viii, p. 373, 323. RSC 326f. VF £520 ($900) / EF £1,575 ($2,750) [Siscia, AD 354-5].

17884

As previous, but with mint mark TES in ex. RIC viii, pp. 417 and 421, 160 and 203. VF £480 ($850) / EF £1,425 ($2,500) RSC 326j. [Thessalonica, AD 352-6].

17885

Similar, but with mint mark C in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, G, e, Z, H, Q, or I (= 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 8, 9, or 10) with dot between. RIC viii, p. 456, 100. RSC 326a. [Constantinople, AD 354-5]. VF £480 ($850) / EF £1,425 ($2,500)

17886

Similar, but with mint mark S M K in ex. sometimes followed by officina mark A (= 1). Cf. RIC viii, p. 493, 41-2. RSC 326b-c. [Cyzicus, AD 354-5]. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,700 ($3,000)

17887

Silver siliqua (c. 3.37 grams). No legend, e (looking upwards). Rev. CONSTANTIVS AVG, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark S M H in ex. RIC viii, VF £200 ($350) / EF £520 ($900) p. 431, 11. RSC 4a. [Heraclea, AD 337-40].



NB This weight standard for the siliqua, originating with the tetrarchic argenteus of Diocletian’s reform, was maintained by Constantius for the first two decades of his reign. However, in AD 357 the weight of the denomination was reduced by one-third to 2 scripula or 2.25 grams. Coins of this lighter standard, which was to become the norm for the subsequent late Roman silver coinage, are here listed separately under the heading of ‘silver reduced siliqua’.

17888

As previous, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark G (= 3). RIC viii, p. 471, 3. RSC 4b. [Nicomedia, AD 337-40]. VF £225 ($400) / EF £575 ($1,000) The existence of this type requires confirmation.

17889

Similar, but with mint mark S M K in ex. followed by dot. RIC viii, p. 489, 2. RSC 4c. VF £225 ($400) / EF £575 ($1,000) [Cyzicus, AD 337-40].

17890

Obv. As 17887. Rev. — three palm-branches stg. upright on exergual line, star above the central one, mint mark R in ex. RIC viii, p. 249, 1A. RSC 11. [Rome, AD 337-40]. VF £225 ($400) / EF £575 ($1,000) The existence of this type requires confirmation.

17884

 

17885

CONSTANTIUS II AUGUSTUS

161

17891

Silver siliqua. Gf. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark SIS in ex. sometimes followed by dot, sometimes flanked by dots, and sometimes followed by dot within crescent. RIC viii, p. 354, 60-64. RSC 10a-e. [Siscia, AD 337-40]. VF £175 ($320) / EF £460 ($800)

17892

Obv. As 17887. Rev. CONSTAN / TIVS / AVG in three lines within wreath, mint mark ANT below. RIC viii, p. 514, 34. RSC 11Aa. [Antioch, AD 337-40]. VF £290 ($500) / EF £720 ($1,250)

17893

As previous, but with mint mark ALE on rev. RIC viii, p. 538, 2. RSC 11Ab. [Alexandria, VF £290 ($500) / EF £720 ($1,250)

AD 337-40].

17894

Obv. As 17887, but hd. sometimes laur. Rev. CONSTANTIVS AVGVSTVS, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark C in ex. followed by officina mark A, G, S, or Z (= 1, 3, 6, or 7) with dot between. RIC viii, p. 448, 17-18A. RSC 12a-c. VF £160 ($280) / EF £400 ($700) [Constantinople, AD 337-40].

17895

Jf. Rev. FEL TEMP REPARATIO, Victory stg. r., l. foot on globe, inscribing VOT / XX on shield supported by kneeling figure, mint mark R in ex. RIC viii, p. 252, 59-60. VF £140 ($250) / EF £375 ($650) RSC 30. [Rome, AD 348]. This reverse legend is clearly to be associated with the celebration of Rome’s eleven hundredth anniversary on 21st April AD 348.

17896

G or H, f. Rev. FELICITAS PERPETVA, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and trophy, mint mark AQ in ex. sometimes preceded by star or followed by dot. RIC viii, p. 321, 64, 67, and 69-70. MA 450 and 452-3. RSC 61a-62†b. [Aquileia, AD 348-50]. VF £115 ($200) / EF £290 ($500)

17897

Gf. Rev. — as previous, but Victory holds palm instead of trophy, and with mint mark AQ preceded by star. RIC viii, p. 321, 66. MA 451. RSC 62A. [Aquileia, AD 348]. VF £125 ($220) / EF £320 ($550)

17898

D N CONSTANTIVS AVG, f. Rev. FELICITAS REI PVBLICE around wreath containing VOT / XV / MVLT / XX, mint mark C in ex. followed by officina mark A, S, H, I, or IA (= 1, 6, 8, 10, or 11) with dot between. RIC viii, p. 451, 58. RSC 68a. VF £200 ($350) / EF £520 ($900) [Constantinople, AD 340-42].

17899

Obv. As 17887. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark S M N in ex. RIC viii, p. 473, VF £225 ($400) / EF £575 ($1,000) 37. RSC 68b. [Nicomedia, AD 340-42].

17900

Obv. As 17898. Rev. — as previous, but the wreath contains VOT / XX / MVLT / XXX, and with mint mark S M H in ex. RIC viii, p. 432, 40. RSC 70a. [Heraclea, AD 342-3]. VF £225 ($400) / EF £575 ($1,000)

17901

As previous, but with mint mark C in ex. followed by officina mark A-I (= 1-10) with dot between. RIC viii, p. 451, 59. RSC 70b. [Constantinople, AD 342-3]. VF £175 ($320) / EF £460 ($800)

17895

17901

162

Roman Coins and Their Values

17902

FELICITAS REI PVBLICE (cont.) Silver siliqua. Similar, but with mint mark S M K in ex. sometimes followed by H. RIC viii, p. 490, 3-3A. RSC 70c-d. [Cyzicus, AD 342-3]. VF £220 ($380) / EF £550 ($950)

17903

Obv. As 17887. Rev. — as 17900, but with mint mark S M N in ex. RIC viii, p. 473, VF £225 ($400) / EF £575 ($1,000) 38-9. RSC 70e-f. [Nicomedia, AD 342-3].

17904

Gf. Rev. GAVDIVM POPVLI ROMANI around wreath containing SIC / X / SIC / XX in four lines, mint mark SIS in ex. followed by dot within crescent. RIC viii, p. 354, VF £225 ($400) / EF £575 ($1,000) 71. RSC 84b. [Siscia, AD 338-40].

17905

Ic. Rev. PAX AVGVSTORVM, Constantius II, in military attire, stg. l., holding standard with Chi-Rho monogram (labarum), l. hand at side, mint mark TR in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). RIC viii, p. 142, 31. RSC 150. [Trier, AD 337-40]. VF £175 ($300) / EF £430 ($750)

17906

Jf. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark TR or TR P in ex. RIC viii, p. 150, 161-3 and 170. RSC 149a-d. [Trier, AD 342-3]. VF £140 ($250) / EF £375 ($650)

17907

Obv. As 17905. Rev. PRINCIPI IVVENTVTIS, Constantius II, in military attire, stg. r., holding spear and globe, his l. foot set on seated captive, mint mark TR in ex. sometimes followed by officina mark P (= 1). RIC viii, p. 142, 34 and 36. RSC 164Aa-b. [Trier, AD 337-40]. VF £175 ($300) / EF £430 ($750)

17908

G or J, f. Rev. VICTORIA AVGG NN, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark ARL in ex. preceded by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). RIC viii, p. 208, 64-6. RSC 211Aa-c. EMA 63/1-3. [Arles, AD 347-8]. VF £100 ($175) / EF £250 ($450) Depeyrot dates this issue to AD 340.

17909

Obv. As 17905. Rev. VICTORIA AVGVSTI, as previous, but with mint mark TR in ex. followed by officina mark P (= 1). RIC viii, p. 141, 27. RSC 214c. [Trier, AD 337-40]. VF £115 ($200) / EF £290 ($500)

17910

G or H, f. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark R in ex. RIC viii, p. 271, 240-42. VF £100 ($175) / EF £250 ($450) RSC 213b-214b. [Rome, AD 354-5].

17911

Hf. Rev. VICTORIA AVGVSTI N, as previous, but sometimes the mint mark is flanked by stars. RIC viii, p. 271, 247-8. RSC 225a-b. [Rome, AD 354-5]. VF £100 ($175) / EF £250 ($450)

17912

Gf. Rev. VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM, as previous, but with mint mark SIS in ex. followed by dot within crescent. RIC viii, p. 361, 162. RSC 230. [Siscia, AD 340]. VF £100 ($175) / EF £250 ($450)

17913

Gf. Rev. — as previous, but Victory holds wreath and trophy (mint mark is followed by dot within crescent, or flanked by dots, or is unaccompanied by symbols). RIC viii, pp. 362 and 368, 169-70, 174, 264, and 266. RSC 233a-d. [Siscia, AD 348-50]. VF £100 ($175) / EF £250 ($450) For this type and the next, the varieties with mint mark SIS and no symbols belong to the period following the death of Constans in January 350.

17914

Gf. Rev. — as previous, but Victory holds palm and trophy (mint mark followed by dot within crescent or unaccompanied by symbols). RIC viii, pp. 361 and 368, 164-5 and VF £100 ($175) / EF £250 ($450) 268. RSC 234Aa-c. [Siscia, AD 348-50].

17905

CONSTANTIUS II AUGUSTUS

163

17915

Silver siliqua. Gf. Rev. VICTORIA D N AVG, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, her r. foot trampling on seated captive, mint mark TES in ex. flanked by dots. RIC viii, p. 417, 162. RSC 258A. [Thessalonica, AD 353-4]. VF £125 ($220) / EF £320 ($550)

17916

Jf. Rev. VICTORIA DD NN AVGG, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark TR in ex. RIC viii, p. 151, 175. RSC 266. [Trier, AD 347-8]. VF £90 ($160) / EF £225 ($400)

17917

Hf. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark ARL in ex. preceded by officina mark P (= 1). RIC viii, p. 208, 69. RSC 259A. EMA 63/5. [Arles, AD 347-8]. VF £115 ($200) / EF £290 ($500) Depeyrot dates this issue to AD 340.

17918

Gf. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark TSe or TES in ex. RIC viii, pp. 405-6, 40 and 53. RSC 267b-c. [Thessalonica, AD 337-40]. VF £100 ($175) / EF £250 ($450)

17919

Jf. Rev. — Victory advancing l., hd. r., holding wreath and palm and dragging captive behind her by the hair, mint mark R in ex. RIC viii, p. 252, 64-6. RSC 268a-c. [Rome, VF £100 ($175) / EF £250 ($450) AD 347].

17920

Gf. Rev. — Victory advancing l., holding wreath and trophy, mint mark LG in ex. preceded by officina mark S (= 2), star in l. field. RIC viii, p. 179, 34-34A. Bastien 88. VF £115 ($200) / EF £290 ($500) RSC 263a-b. [Lugdunum, AD 348].

17921

Gf. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark TES in ex. RIC viii, p. 410, 93-5. RSC VF £90 ($160) / EF £225 ($400) 263c-e. [Thessalonica, AD 342-6].

17922

Gf. Rev. VICTORIAE D N AVG, two Victories stg. facing each other, holding between them wreath encircling VOT / X / MVLT / XV, mint mark AQ in ex. preceded by star. RIC viii, p. 320, 56. MA 446. RSC 275A. [Aquileia, AD 342-3]. VF £125 ($220) / EF £320 ($550) The vota numerals refer to Constans, under whom this issue was made.

17923

H, e or f. Rev. VOT / XXX / MVLT / XXXX in four lines within wreath, mint mark SIS in ex. RIC viii, p. 373, 324-5. RSC 336Ab-c. [Siscia, AD 353-5]. VF £75 ($130) / EF £175 ($325)

17924

Hf. Rev. VOT / XXX / MVLTIS / XXXX in four lines within wreath, mint mark R in ex. RIC viii, p. 270, 234-5. RSC 336Aa. [Rome, AD 353-5]. VF £80 ($140) / EF £200 ($350)

17921

17923

 

17926

164

Roman Coins and Their Values

17925

Silver siliqua. No legend, e (looking upwards). Rev. VOTIS / XV / MVLTIS / XX in four lines within wreath, mint mark ANT in ex. RIC viii, p. 514, 35. RSC 338A. [Antioch, AD 340-42]. VF £175 ($320) / EF £460 ($800)

17926

As previous, but with VOTIS / XX / MVLTIS / XXX within the wreath. RIC viii, p. 514, 36. RSC 339b. [Antioch, AD 342-3]. VF £175 ($320) / EF £460 ($800)

17927

He. Rev. As previous. RIC viii, p. 520, 105. RSC 339a. [Antioch, AD 350-53]. VF £80 ($140) / EF £200 ($350)

17928

H, e or f. Rev. VOTIS / XXV / MVLTIS / XXX in four lines within wreath, mint mark C in ex. followed by officina mark B, G, or H (= 2, 3, or 8) with dot between. RIC viii, p. 452, 60-61. RSC 340a and g. [Constantinople, AD 347-8]. VF £90 ($160) / EF £225 ($400)

17929

He. Rev. As previous, but with mint mark S M N in ex. RIC viii, p. 474, 40-41. RSC VF £90 ($160) / EF £225 ($400) 340b and e. [Nicomedia, AD 347-8].

17930

As previous, but with mint mark S M K in ex. RIC viii, p. 493, 43-4. RSC 340c and f. VF £90 ($160) / EF £225 ($400) [Cyzicus, AD 347-8].

17931

17931 As 17928, but with mint mark ANT in ex. RIC viii, p. 520, 106-7. RSC 340d and h. VF £85 ($150) / EF £215 ($375) [Antioch, AD 347-8].

17932

He. Rev. VOTIS / XXX / MVLTIS / XXXX in four lines within wreath, mint mark LVG in ex. RIC viii, p. 190, 180. Bastien 229. RSC 341a. [Lugdunum, AD 353-5]. VF £75 ($130) / EF £175 ($325)

17933

Hf. Rev. As previous, but with mint mark AR in ex. preceded by officina mark P (= 1). RIC viii, p. 218, 203. RSC 342-3b. EMA 120/1. [Arles, AD 353]. VF £80 ($140) / EF £200 ($350)

17934

As previous, but with mint mark CON in ex. preceded by officina mark P, S, or T (= 1, 2, or 3). RIC viii, pp. 218 and 223, 207-8 and 253-4. RSC 342-3c and 342-3aa. EMA 124/1-2 and 131/8-9. [Constantia/Arles, AD 353-7]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £175 ($300) Following the death of Constantine II in 340 this mint reverted to its traditional name of Arelate, thus abandoning the title of Constantina which it had received in 328. However, in 353, following the downfall of the western usurper Magnentius, Constantius II restored the dynastic connection by naming the place Constantia.

17935

H, e or f. Rev. As 17932, but with mint mark AQ in ex. RIC viii, p. 333, 183-4. MA 455-6. RSC 341b and 342-3d. [Aquileia, AD 353-5]. VF £80 ($140) / EF £200 ($350)

17936

Hf. Rev. As previous, but with mint mark SIRM in ex., sometimes preceded or followed by dot or followed by dot within crescent. RIC viii, p. 385, 15, 17, and 19-20. RSC 342VF £70 ($120) / EF £175 ($300) 3e-h. [Sirmium, AD 353-5].

17936

CONSTANTIUS II AUGUSTUS

165

17937

Silver siliqua. Similar, but the mint mark is flanked by dots. RIC viii, p. 389, 66. RSC 342-3i. [Sirmium, AD 355-7]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £175 ($300)

17938

He. Rev. As 17932, but with mint mark TES in ex. RIC viii, pp. 417 and 421, 163 and 205. RSC 341c. [Thessalonica, AD 353-7]. VF £80 ($140) / EF £200 ($350)

17939

Hf (rarely e). Rev. As previous, but with mint mark C in ex. followed by officina mark A-IA (= 1-11) with dot or palm between. RIC viii, p. 456, 101-4. RSC 341d and 342-3j, k, and x. [Constantinople, AD 353-5]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £175 ($300)

17940

H, e or f. Rev. As previous, but with mint mark S M N in ex. RIC viii, p. 478, 80-81. RSC 341e and 342-3l. [Nicomedia, AD 353-5]. F £80 ($140) / EF £200 ($350)

17941

17944

17941

Hf. Rev. As previous, but with mint mark S M K in ex. RIC viii, p. 493, 44A and 45. VF £85 ($150) / EF £215 ($375) RSC 342-3m and y. [Cyzicus, AD 353-5].

17942

As previous, but with mint mark ANT in ex. RIC viii, p. 520, 108. RSC 342-3p. VF £80 ($140) / EF £200 ($350) [Antioch, AD 353-5].

17943

Similar, but the mint mark is flanked by dots and is sometimes followed by officina mark Q (= 9). RIC viii, p. 527, 183-4. RSC 342-3n and o. [Antioch, AD 355-7]. VF £85 ($150) / EF £215 ($375)

17944

Hf. Rev. VOTIS / XXXV / MVLTIS / XXXX in four lines within wreath, mint mark AQ in ex. RIC viii, p. 335, 211. MA 457. RSC 343A. [Aquileia, AD 357]. VF £90 ($160) / EF £225 ($400)

17945

Silver half siliqua. Gf. Rev. VICTORIA DD NN AVGG, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark TR in ex. RIC viii, p. 151, 178. RSC 267a. [Trier, AD 347-8]. VF £290 ($500) / EF £720 ($1,250)

17946

Silver reduced siliqua (c. 2.25 grams). Hf. Rev. SPES REI PVBLICE, Constantius, helmeted and in military attire, stg. l., holding globe and resting on spear, mint mark TES in ex. RIC viii, p. 421, 207. RSC 187. [Thessalonica, AD 360-61]. VF £125 ($220) / EF £320 ($550)

17947

D N CONSTANTIVS PERP AVG, f. Rev. VICTORIA AVGVSTI, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark R in ex. RIC viii, p. 277, 301. RSC 213a. [Rome, AD 357]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £175 ($300)

17948

Hf. Rev. VICTORIA DD NN AVG, as previous, but with mint mark LVG in ex. RIC viii, p. 193, 210, 211, and 214. Bastien 258. RSC 259a-c. [Lugdunum, AD 360-61]. VF £50 ($80) / EF £130 ($200)

17946

17948

166

Roman Coins and Their Values

17949

Silver reduced siliqua. Hf. Rev. VOT / XXXX in two lines within wreath, mint mark C in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, G, e, Z, Q, or I (= 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 9, or 10) with dot between. RIC viii, p. 459, 134. RSC 337. [Constantinople, AD 357-61]. VF £65 ($110) / EF £155 ($275)

17950

Hf. Rev. VOTIS / XXX / MVLTIS / XXXX in four lines within wreath, mint mark LVG in ex. RIC viii, p. 193, 216-17. Bastien 260. RSC 342-3a and z. [Lugdunum, AD 360-61]. VF £45 ($80) / EF £115 ($200)

17951

As previous, but with mint mark CON in ex. preceded by officina mark P, S, or T (= 1, 2, or 3). RIC viii, pp. 224 and 226, 261 and 291. RSC 342-3r. EMA 133/1 and 141/3. VF £45 ($80) / EF £115 ($200) [Constantia/Arles, AD 357-61]. See note following no. 17934.

17952

Similar, but with mint mark R in ex. RIC viii, p. 277, 302-3. RSC 342-3s and dd. [Rome, AD 357]. VF £60 ($100) / EF £140 ($250)

17953

Similar, but with mint mark SIS in ex. RIC viii, p. 376, 360. RSC 342-3t. [Siscia, AD 357-61]. VF £50 ($90) / EF £130 ($225)

17954

Similar, but with mint mark SIRM in ex. RIC viii, p. 389, 68. RSC 342-3u. [Sirmium, AD 357-61]. VF £45 ($80) / EF £115 ($200)

17955

Similar, but with mint mark C in ex. followed by officina mark A-IA (= 1-11) with dot between. RIC viii, p. 459, 133. RSC 342-3v. [Constantinople, AD 357-61]. VF £45 ($80) / EF £115 ($200) The curious mint mark C • P has also been recorded (Freeman & Sear, Mail Bid Sale 4, 14 Jan. 1998, lot 423).

17953

17950

17954

17956 17957

 

17956

Similar, but with mint mark S M N in ex. RIC viii, p. 481, 103. RSC 342-3w. [Nicomedia, VF £50 ($90) / EF £130 ($225)

AD 357-61].

Similar, but with mint mark ANT in ex. RIC viii, p. 527, 186. RSC —. [Antioch, AD 357-61]. VF £50 ($90) / EF £130 ($225)

CONSTANTIUS II AUGUSTUS

167

PRE-REFORM BASE BILLON AND BRONZE COINAGE, AD 337-348 For the first eleven years of the joint reign of Constantius II and Constans the diminutive billon reduced centenionalis remained in issue, the principal types being GLORIA EXERCITVS, VICTORIAE DD AVGG Q NN, and VOT / XX / MVLT / XXX in wreath. However, in AD 348 an entirely new system was introduced comprising three denominations – heavy maiorina, light maiorina, and a fractional ‘Æ 3’. This major change appears to have been planned to coincide with the celebrations surrounding the eleven hundredth anniversary of the foundation of Rome. 17958

Billon reduced centenionalis. I, b or c. Rev. GLORIA EXERCITVS, two soldiers stg. facing each other, each resting on spear and shield, standard between them ornamented with cross, mint mark TR in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). RIC viii, p. 143, 39-40. LRBC I, 100-101. C 93. [Trier, AD 337-40]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)



NB This denomination remained in issue until the reform of AD 348 and it maintained the weight standard of c. 1.70 grams introduced by Constantine I in the final year of his reign (AD 336-7). These coins were finally demonetized in AD 353/4.

17959

As previous, but without cross on standard, and sometimes with dot preceding the mint mark or following the officina mark, or with dots on either side. RIC viii, p. 143, 45, 50-51, 58-9, and 70-71. LRBC I, 108 and 108a. C 93. [Trier, AD 337-40]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

17960

Obv. As 17958, but sometimes with legend G. Rev. — as previous, but with palm following the officina mark and sometimes also with dot preceding the mint mark. RIC viii, p. 144, 82-4 and 93-4. LRBC I, 126. C 93 and 100-101. [Trier, AD 337-40]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

17961

Obv. As previous, but sometimes with type f. Rev. — as previous, but with mint and officina marks TR P or TR S and sometimes with crescent following the officina mark. RIC viii, p. 144, 96-7, 101A, and 102. LRBC I, 130. C 93 and 100-101. [Trier, AD 340-42]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

17962

G, c or f. Rev. — as previous, but with M on standard. RIC viii, p. 145, 105 and 108-9. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30) LRBC I, 132. C 100-101. [Trier, AD 340-42].

17963

Gf. Rev. — as previous, but with G instead of M on standard, and dot instead of crescent sometimes following the officina mark. RIC viii, p. 145, 115-16 and 118. LRBC I, 135. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35) C 100. [Trier, AD 340-42].

17964

Ef. Rev. — as 17958, but with Chi-Rho monogram instead of cross on standard (= labarum), and with mint mark LG in ex. preceded by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). RIC viii, p. 178, 8. LRBC I, 242. Bastien 7 and 13. C 98. [Lugdunum, AD 337-40]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

17965

As previous, but with S instead of Chi-Rho monogram on standard and palm preceding the officina mark in ex. RIC viii, p. 178, 15. LRBC I, 248. Bastien 16 and 21. C 98 var. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35) [Lugdunum, AD 340].

17966

Similar, but without letter on standard. RIC viii, p. 178, 18. LRBC I (Addenda), 248a. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35) Bastien 24 and 27. C 98. [Lugdunum, AD 340].

17967

E or G, c or f. Rev. — as previous, but with Y on standard and without palm preceding the officina mark. RIC viii, p. 178, 21-3. LRBC I, 249-50. Bastien 29-31 and 34-6. C 98 VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30) var. and 101. [Lugdunum, AD 340-41].

17968

Gc. Rev. — as previous, but with I instead of Y on standard. RIC viii, p. 178, 26-7. LRBC I, 252. Bastien 39 and 41. C 101. [Lugdunum, AD 341-2]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

168

Roman Coins and Their Values

17969

Billon reduced centenionalis. I or L, c or f. Rev. GLORIA EXERCITVS, as 17958, but with O instead of cross on standard, and with mint mark CONST in ex. preceded by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). RIC viii, p. 205, 2-5. LRBC I, 417 and 428. EMA 54/2-5. C 93. [Constantina/Arles, AD 337-8]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35) Following the death of Constantine II in 340 this mint reverted to its traditional name of Arelate, thus abandoning the title of Constantina which it had received in 328. However, in 353, following the downfall of the western usurper Magnentius, Constantius II restored the dynastic connection by naming the place Constantia.

17970

Lf. Rev. — as previous, but with crescent instead of O on standard. RIC viii, p. 205, 12. LRBC I, 420. EMA 55/3. C —. [Constantina/Arles, AD 338-9]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

17971

Obv. As previous. Rev. — as previous, but with X instead of crescent on standard. RIC viii, p. 205, 22. LRBC I, 423. EMA 56/7. C —. [Constantina/Arles, AD 339]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

17972

Ic. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark CON instead of CONST in ex. RIC viii, p. 206, 46. LRBC I, 431. EMA 57/6. C 93. [Constantina/Arles, AD 340]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

17973

G or I, c or f. Rev. — as previous, but with N instead of X on standard. RIC viii, p. 206, 34-5. LRBC I, 434-5. EMA 58/4-5. C 93 and 100 var. [Constantina/Arles, AD 340]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

17974

Gf. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark ARL in ex. preceded by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). Cf. RIC viii, p. 206, 51. LRBC I, 436. EMA 59/1. C 100. [Arles, AD 340]. VF £8 ($13) / EF £23 ($40) This was the first issue following the downfall of Constantine II, hence the use of the mint mark ‘ARL’ in place of ‘CON’. RIC gives the letter on the standard as ‘M’ rather than ‘N’.

17975

As previous, but with I instead of N (or M) on standard. RIC viii, p. 206, 53-4. LRBC I, 438-9. EMA 60/1-2. C 100. [Arles, AD 340-41]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

17976

Similar, but with G instead of I on standard. RIC viii, p. 206, 56. LRBC I, 441. EMA 61/1. C 100 var. [Arles, AD 341-2]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

17977

Gc. Rev. — as 17958, but without letter or symbol on standard, and with mint mark AQ in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2) and usually preceded by dot. RIC viii, p. 316, 13 and 28. LRBC I, 681. MA 458 and 463. C 101. [Aquileia, AD 337-40]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

17978

As previous, but without dot preceding the mint mark, and with palm following the officina mark (officina S = 2 only recorded). RIC viii, p. 316, 16. LRBC I, 684. MA 459. C 101. [Aquileia, AD 337-40]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

17979

G, c or f. Rev. – as previous, but with two palms in field flanking the standard, and without palm following the officina mark (both officinae recorded). RIC viii, p. 316, 20-21. LRBC I, 687 and 687a. MA 460-61. C 100-101 var. [Aquileia, AD 337-40]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

17980

Gf. Rev. – as previous, but without the palms in field and with wreath on standard. RIC viii, p. 316, 26. LRBC I, 691. MA 462. C 100 var. [Aquileia, AD 337-40]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

CONSTANTIUS II AUGUSTUS

169

17981

GLORIA EXERCITVS (cont.) Billon reduced centenionalis. As previous, but with star instead of wreath on standard. RIC viii, p. 317, 31. LRBC I, 695. MA 465. C 100. [Aquileia, AD 340-41]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30) Officina T (= 3) may also exist for this type.

17982

As previous, but with Chi-Rho monogram instead of star on standard (= labarum); officina T (= 3) also recorded. RIC viii, p. 317, 33. LRBC I, 693. MA 466. C 100. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) [Aquileia, AD 341-2].

17983

D N FL CONSTANTIVS AVG, f. Rev. — as 17977, but with mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark P, S, or e (= 1, 2, or 5), star between. RIC viii, p. 250, 25. LRBC I, 614. C —. [Rome, AD 337-40]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

17984

As previous, but with palm instead of star between mint and officina marks, and officina S (= 2) only recorded. RIC viii, p. 250, 37. LRBC I, 624. C —. [Rome, AD 337-40]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

17985

Similar, but with crescent instead of palm between mint and officina marks. RIC viii, p. 251, 48. LRBC I, 609. C —. [Rome, AD 337-40]. VF £8 ($13) / EF £23 ($40)

17986

Similar, but the mint and officina marks are flanked by palms. RIC viii, p. 251, 51. LRBC I, 619. C —. [Rome, AD 337-40]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

17987

Similar, but with mint mark R • F • in ex. followed by officina mark S (= 2). RIC viii, p. 251, 57. LRBC I, 626. C —. [Rome, AD 340]. VF £8 ($13) / EF £23 ($40)

17988

CONSTANTIVS MAX AVG, f. Rev. — as 17958, but with annulet instead of cross on standard and with mint mark SIS in ex., preceded by officina mark B, G, or D (= 2, 3, or 4) and followed by star. RIC viii, p. 354, 75. LRBC I, 766. C 94. [Siscia, AD 337]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) The inappropriate attribution of the epithet ‘Maximus’ to the junior emperors Constantius II and Constans belongs to the opening phase of the triple reign and was quickly corrected.

17989

Gf. Rev. — as previous, but officina D not recorded and sometimes also with dot preceding the officina mark. RIC viii, pp. 354-5, 76 and 80. LRBC I, 767 and 777. C 100-101. [Siscia, AD 337-40]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

17990

As previous, but with Chi-Rho monogram instead of annulet on standard (= labarum), and the mint mark is sometimes followed by plain crescent or crescent containing dot (officinae A-e = 1-5 recorded). RIC viii, p. 355, 86, 91-2, and 97-8. LRBC I, 780 and 772-3. C 100. [Siscia, AD 337-40]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

17991

Similar, but the officina and mint marks are flanked by dots. RIC viii, p. 355, 101-2. LRBC I, 782-3. C 100. [Siscia, AD 337-40]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

17992

Gf. Rev. — as 17977, but with mint mark S M TS in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, G, or D (= 1, 2, 3, or 4). RIC viii, p. 407, 56. Cf. LRBC I, 855 (wrongly numbered ‘858’ in text). C 100-101. [Thessalonica, AD 337-40]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

17993

E or H, a, c, e, or f. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark S M H in ex. followed by officina mark A-e (= 1-5). RIC viii, pp. 431-2, 19-23 and 34-6. LRBC I, 949 and 953. C 95-7 and 102. [Heraclea, AD 337-40]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

17994

H, a or e. Rev. —as previous, but with mint mark CONS in ex. followed by officina mark A-I (= 1-10), though officina H (= 8) not recorded. RIC viii, pp. 449-50, 26-7 and 42-3. LRBC I, 1043 and 1055. C 102. [Constantinople, AD 337-40]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30) On some coins of this type there is a terminal dot at the end of the reverse legend.

170

Roman Coins and Their Values

17995

Billon reduced centenionalis. He. Rev. GLORIA EXERCITVS, as previous, but also with star on standard, and officinae A and H (= 1 and 8) not recorded. RIC viii, p. 450, 53. LRBC I, 1058. C 102 var. [Constantinople, AD 340]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

17996

E or H, a or e. Rev. — as 17977, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark A-S (= 1-6). RIC viii, pp. 471-2, 8-11 and 19-21. LRBC I, 1136-7 and 1139-41a. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30) C 95 and 102. [Nicomedia, AD 337-40].

17997

Gd (sometimes the laurel-wreath entwined with diadem). Rev. — (with dot between R and I of GLORIA), as previous, but with mint mark S M K in ex. followed by officina mark A-S (= 1-6). RIC viii, p. 490, 8-9. LRBC I, —. C —. [Cyzicus, AD 337-40]. VF £9 ($15) / EF £26 ($45)

17998

H, a or e. Rev. — as previous, but sometimes without the dot interrupting the legend. RIC viii, p. 490, 10 and 16-17. LRBC I, 1280-81. C 102. [Cyzicus, AD 337-40]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

17999

Ha. Rev. — as previous, but with dot either following the officina mint or, more rarely, preceding the mint mark (no dot interrupting the legend). RIC viii, p. 491, 21 and 23. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30) LRBC I, 1289. C 102 var. [Cyzicus, AD 337-40].

18000

As previous, but with small star (or X) following the officina mark. RIC viii, p. 491, 27. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35) LRBC I, 1293. C 102 var. [Cyzicus, AD 337-40].

18001

Similar, but with crescent instead of small star following the officina mark. RIC viii, p. 491, 32. LRBC I, 1297. C 102 var. [Cyzicus, AD 337-40]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

18002

E, c or f. Rev. — as 17977, but with mint mark S M AN in ex. followed by officina mark A-I (= 1-10) or BI, GI, or DI (= 12, 13, or 14). RIC viii, p. 515, 44-6 and 49. LRBC I, 1379-81. C 96-7. [Antioch, AD 337-42]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30) During the course of this issue the number of officinae was increased from ten to fifteen. Those with a laureate or rosette-diademed portrait all belong to the earlier part of the series, those which are pearl-diademed all belong to the latter part.

18003

E, e or f. Rev. — as previous, but with two dots in upper field above the standard (officinae A- eI = 1-15 recorded). RIC viii, p. 515, 52 and 54. LRBC I, 1386 and 1388. C 95 and 97. [Antioch, AD 337-40]. VF £5 ($8) / EF £15 ($25)

18004

E or H, e. Rev. — as 18002 (officina I = 10 not recorded). RIC viii, p. 515, 56-8. LRBC I, 1391-3. C 95 and 102. [Antioch, AD 340-41]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

18005

He. Rev. – as 18003 (officinae B, G, D, e, H, and Q = 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, and 9 recorded). RIC viii, p. 516, 60-61. LRBC I, —. C 102. [Antioch, AD 341-2]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35) At the commencement of this issue the number of officinae was reduced from fifteen to ten.

18006

CONSTANTIVS MAX AVG, c. Rev. — as 17977, but with mint mark S M AL in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, G, or D (=1, 2, 3, or 4), sometimes with S — R in field. RIC viii, p. 539, 6 and 14. LRBC I, 1448 and 1456. C 94. [Alexandria, AD 337-40]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65) The inappropriate attribution of the epithet ‘Maximus’ to the junior emperors Constantius II and Constans seems only to have been corrected after the death of Constantine II at this Constantian mint.

18007

E, c or f. Rev. — as previous (without S — R in field), rarely with dot following the officina mark. RIC viii, pp. 539-40, 18-19 and 23-4. LRBC I, 1458-60 and 1467. C 967. [Alexandria, AD 340-42]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

CONSTANTIUS II AUGUSTUS

171

18008

Billon reduced centenionalis. D N FL CONSTANTIVS AVG, f (sometimes cuir. only). Rev. SECVRITAS REI P (or REI PVB), Securitas stg. facing, legs crossed, hd. r., holding sceptre and resting on column, mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark P, S, or T (= 1, 2, or 3), leaf between. RIC viii, pp. 249-50, 6-7, 9, 12, and 15. LRBC I, 581-2, 585-6, and 591. C 182. [Rome, AD 337-40]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

18009

As previous, but with star instead of leaf between mint and officina marks, and officinae S and Q (= 2 and 4) recorded. RIC viii, p. 250, 22. LRBC I, 598. C 182. [Rome, AD 337VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) 40].

18010

Similar, but with palm instead of star between mint and officina marks, and officina S (= 2) only recorded. RIC viii, p. 250, 33. LRBC I, 603. C 182. [Rome, AD 337-40]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

18011

Similar, but with palm and dot between mint and officina marks. RIC viii, p. 250, 44. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) LRBC I, 603. C 182. [Rome, AD 337-40].

18012

He. Rev. VICT AVG, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark S M H in ex. followed by officina mark A or D (= 1 or 4). RIC viii, p. 433, 42. LRBC I, —. C VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90) 196. [Heraclea, AD 342].

18013

As previous, but with mint mark CONS in ex. followed by officina mark A, G, D, H, Q, or I (= 1, 3, 4, 8, 9, or 10), sometimes followed by dot. RIC viii, p. 452, 63 and 65. VF £16 ($27) / EF £45 ($80) LRBC I, 1061. C 196. [Constantinople, AD 342].

18014

Similar, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark D or e (= 4 or 5). RIC viii, p. 474, 46. LRBC I, 1146. C 196. [Nicomedia, AD 342]. VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

18015

Similar, but with mint mark S M K in ex. followed by officina mark B-S (= 2-6). RIC viii, p. 491, 36. LRBC I, 1300-01. C 196. [Cyzicus, AD 342]. VF £16 ($27) / EF £45 ($80)

18016

Similar, but with mint mark S M AN in ex. followed by officina mark A, G, e, or I = (1, 3, 5, or 10). RIC viii, p. 516, 65. LRBC I, 1395. C 196. [Antioch, AD 342]. VF £16 ($27) / EF £45 ($80)

18017

H, a or e. Rev. VICT AVGG, as 18012, but with mint mark S M AL in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, G, or D (= 1, 2, 3, or 4). RIC viii, p. 540, 29-30. LRBC I, 1470-71. VF £16 ($27) / EF £45 ($80) C —. [Alexandria, AD 342].

18018

Gf. Rev. VICTORIA AVGG, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark AQ in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). RIC viii, p. 322, 72. LRBC VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90) I, 697. MA 467. C 209 var. [Aquileia, AD 342].

18019

As previous, but with mint mark SIS in ex. preceded by officina mark A, B, D, or e (= 1, 2, 4, or 5), flanked by stars, Chi-Rho monogram in l. field. RIC viii, p. 362, 176. LRBC I, 785. C 209. [Siscia, AD 342]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £65 ($110)

18020

As 18018, but Victory’s hd. is turned to r. and she holds wreath in each hand, mint mark AQ in ex. followed by officina mark T (= 3). RIC viii, p. 322, 74. LRBC I, 699. VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90) MA 468. C 210 var. [Aquileia, AD 342].

18021

As previous, but with mint mark SIS in ex. preceded by officina mark A, G, D, or e (= 1, 3, 4, or 5), flanked by stars, Chi-Rho monogram in r. field. RIC viii, p. 362, 180. LRBC I, 788. Cf. C 210. [Siscia, AD 342]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £65 ($110)

18021A

Gc. Rev. VICTORIA AVGVSTORV, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark LG in ex. preceded by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). Cf. RIC viii, p. 180, 36 (AVGVSTORVM for AVGVSTORV). Cf. LRBC I, 254. Bastien 43 and 45. Cf. C 232. VF £23 ($40) / EF £70 ($120) [Lugdunum, AD 342].

172

Roman Coins and Their Values

18022

Billon reduced centenionalis. D N FL CONSTANTIVS AVG, f. Rev. VICTORIAE DD AVGG Q NN, two Victories stg. facing forwards, their hds. turned towards one another, each holding wreath and palm, mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark (uncertain but most likely S = 2). RIC viii, p. 253, 72. LRBC I, —. C —. [Rome, AD 342]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £30 ($50)

18023

Gf. Rev. — two Victories stg. facing each other, each holding wreath and palm, M in field between them, mint mark TR in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). RIC viii, p. 151, 180-81. LRBC I, 137. C 293. [Trier, AD 342-7]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

18024

As previous, but with leaf between the two Victories. RIC viii, p. 151, 183-4. LRBC I, VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30) 139. C 293 var. [Trier, AD 342-7].

18025

Similar, but with star between the two Victories. RIC viii, p. 151, 187. LRBC I, 141. C VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35) 293. [Trier, AD 342-7].

18026

Similar, but with C between the two Victories. RIC viii, p. 151, 190-91. LRBC I, 143. VF £8 ($13) / EF £23 ($40) C 293. [Trier, AD 342-7].

18027

Similar, but with D between the two Victories. RIC viii, p. 152, 193-4. LRBC I, 145-7. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30) C 293. [Trier, AD 342-7].

18028

Similar, but with e (rarely with dot beneath) between the two Victories. RIC viii, p. 152, 197 and 200. LRBC I, 152 and (Addenda) 155b. C 293 var. [Trier, AD 342-7]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

18029

Similar, but with palm between the two Victories, and sometimes with dot following the officina mark. RIC viii, p. 152, 203-4 and 207-8. LRBC I, 161 and (Addenda), 157aVF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30) b and 161a. C 293. [Trier, AD 347-8].

18030

G, c or f. Rev. — as 18023, but nothing in field between the two Victories, and with mint mark LG in ex. preceded by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). RIC viii, p. 180, 38-9. LRBC I, 256. Bastien 47-8 and 50-51. C 293. [Lugdunum, AD 342]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

18031

Gc. Rev. — as previous, but with star between the two Victories. RIC viii, p. 180, 42. LRBC I, 259. Bastien 53 and 55. C 293. [Lugdunum, AD 343-7]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

18032

As previous, but with S / T or (more rarely) T / S between the two Victories. RIC viii, p. 180, 45 and 49. LRBC I, 260 and 263. Bastien 57 and 59, 61 and 63. C 293. [Lugdunum, VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30) AD 343-7].

18033

Similar, but with P / O / L between the two Victories. RIC viii, p. 181, 52. LRBC I, 264. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35) Bastien 65 and 67. C 293 var. [Lugdunum, AD 343-7].

18034

Similar, but with PHI (?) monogram between the two Victories. RIC viii, p. 181, 55. LRBC I, 266. Bastien 69 and 71. C 293 var. [Lugdunum, AD 343-7]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

18035

Similar, but with HR monogram between the two Victories. RIC viii, p. 181, 59. LRBC I, 269. Bastien 73 and 75. C 293. [Lugdunum, AD 343-7]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

18036

Similar, but with E / V between the two Victories. RIC viii, p. 181, 62. LRBC I, 271. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35) Bastien 77 and 79. C 293 var. [Lugdunum, AD 343-7].

18037

Similar, but with palm between the two Victories. RIC viii, p. 181, 65. LRBC I, 273. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30) Bastien 81 and 84. C 293. [Lugdunum, AD 347-8].

18038

Gf. Rev. — as 18023, but with G in field between the two Victories, and with mint mark ARL in ex. preceded by officina mark P (= 1). RIC viii, p. 208, 72. LRBC I, 444. EMA 66/1. C 293 var. [Arles, AD 342-3]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

CONSTANTIUS II AUGUSTUS

173

18039

VICTORIAE DD AVGG Q NN (cont.) Billon reduced centenionalis. As previous, but with NEP monogram between the two Victories. RIC viii, p. 209, 76. LRBC I, 453. EMA 67/1. C 293. [Arles, AD 343-4]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

18040

Similar, but with MA monogram between the two Victories, and officina S (= 2) also recorded. RIC viii, p. 209, 78. LRBC I, 455. EMA 65/1. C 293. [Arles, AD 344-5]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

18041

Similar, but with P between the two Victories (officina P = 1 only recorded). RIC viii, p. 209, 83-4. LRBC I, 447-8. EMA 69/1. C 293. [Arles, AD 345-6]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

18042

Similar, but with PV between the two Victories. RIC viii, p. 209, 88. LRBC I, —. EMA 68/1. C 293 var. [Arles, AD 346]. VF £8 ($13) / EF £23 ($40)

18043

Similar, but with palm between the two Victories, and sometimes dot following the mint mark. RIC viii, p. 209, 90-91 and 95-6. LRBC I, 458 and 461. EMA 70/1-2 and 71/1. C 293. [Arles, AD 346-8]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

18044

Gf. Rev. — as 18023, but nothing in field between the two Victories, and with mint mark AQ in ex. followed by officina mark P, S, or T (= 1, 2, or 3). RIC viii, p. 322, 76. LRBC I, 701. MA 469. C 293. [Aquileia, AD 342-3]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

18045

Similar, but with dot preceding the mint mark. RIC viii, p. 322, 78. LRBC I, 703. MA 470. C 293. [Aquileia, AD 343-5]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

18046

As 18044, but with A between the two Victories, and officinae P and S (= 1 and 2) only recorded. RIC viii, p. 322, 80. LRBC I, 705. MA 471. C 293 var. [Aquileia, AD 345-6]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

18047

Similar, but with F between the two Victories. RIC viii, p. 322, 82. LRBC I (Addenda), 706a. MA 472. C 293. [Aquileia, AD 346]. VF £8 ($13) / EF £23 ($40)

18048

Similar, but with wreath between the two Victories, and officina P (= 1) only recorded. RIC viii, p. 322, 84. LRBC I, 708. MA 473. C 293 var. [Aquileia, AD 346]. VF £9 ($15) / EF £26 ($45)

18049

As 18044, but with palm between the two Victories. RIC viii, p. 322, 86. LRBC I, 710. MA 474. C 293. [Aquileia, AD 346-8]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

18050

Similar, but with dot following the officina mark, and officinae P and S (= 1 and 2) only recorded. RIC viii, p. 322, 90. LRBC I, 712. MA 476. C 293. [Aquileia, AD 348]. VF £8 ($13) / EF £23 ($40)

18051

D N FL CONSTANTIVS AVG or G, f. Rev. — as 18044, but with mint mark R followed by officina mark P (= 1). RIC viii, p. 253, 75-6. LRBC I (Addenda), 629b. C 293. [Rome, AD 342]. VF £8 ($13) / EF £23 ($40)

18052

Gf. Rev. — as previous, but with dot between mint and officina marks (officina S = 2 only recorded). RIC viii, p. 253, 79-80. LRBC I, 631-2. C 293. [Rome, AD 342]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

18053

Similar, but with oval shield (?) between mint and officina marks. RIC viii, p. 253, 823. LRBC I, 637. C 293. [Rome, AD 342-4]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

18054

Similar, but with two dots (• •) between mint and officina marks. RIC viii, p. 254, 85. LRBC I, 635. C 293. [Rome, AD 344-5]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

18055

Similar, but with wreath between mint and officina marks. RIC viii, p. 254, 87. LRBC I, 639. C 293. [Rome, AD 345]. VF £8 ($13) / EF £23 ($40)

174

Roman Coins and Their Values

18056

VICTORIAE DD AVGG Q NN (cont.) Billon reduced centenionalis. Similar, but with star between mint and officina marks (officinae T, Q, and e = 3, 4, and 5 also recorded). RIC viii, p. 254, 89. LRBC I, —. C 293. [Rome, AD 345]. VF £9 ($15) / EF £26 ($45)

18057

Similar, but with palm between mint and officina marks (officinae S and T = 2 and 3 recorded). RIC viii, p. 254, 91. LRBC I, 641. C 293. [Rome, AD 345-6]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

18058

Similar, but the palm is between the two Victories (officina S = 2 only recorded). RIC viii, p. 254, 93. LRBC I, 647. C 293. [Rome, AD 346-7]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

18059

Gf. Rev. — as 18044 (nothing in field), but with mint mark SIS in ex. preceded by officina mark A, B, D, or e (= 1, 2, 4, or 5). RIC viii, p. 363, 182. LRBC I, 790. C 293. [Siscia, AD 342-4]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

18060

Similar, but the officina and mint marks are flanked by dots (officinae A, G, D, and e = 1, 3, 4, and 5 recorded). RIC viii, p. 363, 184. LRBC I, 792. C 293. [Siscia, AD 344-5]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

18061

As 18059, but with star between the two Victories, and officinae D and e (= 4 and 5) only recorded. RIC viii, p. 363, 186. LRBC I, 794. C 293. [Siscia, AD 345]. VF £9 ($15) / EF £26 ($45)

18062

Similar, but with N between the two Victories (officina A = 1 also recorded). RIC viii, p. 363, 188. LRBC I, 796. C 293 var. [Siscia, AD 345]. VF £8 ($13) / EF £23 ($40)

18063

Similar, but with HR monogram between the two Victories, and officinae A-e (= 1-5) recorded. RIC viii, p. 363, 191. LRBC I, 798. C 293. [Siscia, AD 345-6]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

18064

Similar, but with palm between the two Victories. RIC viii, p. 363, 4. LRBC I, 800. C VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30) 293. [Siscia, AD 346-8].

18065

Gf. Rev. — as 18044 (nothing in field), but with mint mark S M TS in ex. followed by officina mark A-e (= 1-5). RIC viii, p. 411, 99. LRBC I, 859. C 293. [Thessalonica, AD 342-6]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

18066

Similar, but with palm between the two Victories, and officinae G, D, and e (= 3, 4 and 5) only recorded. RIC viii, p. 411, 102-4. LRBC I, 862. C 293. [Thessalonica, AD 346-8]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

18067

I, b or c. Rev. VIRTVS AVGG NN, soldier, helmeted, stg. facing, hd. r., resting on spear and shield, mint mark TR in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2) sometimes flanked by dots, sometimes with single dot following the officina mark. RIC viii, pp. 143-4, 53, 61, and 74-5. LRBC I, 109 and 116. C 303. [Trier, AD 337-40]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

18068

Similar, but with palm following the officina mark (P = 1 only recorded). RIC viii, p. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) 144, 88. LRBC I, 122. C 303. [Trier, AD 337-40].

18069

He. Rev. VOT / XV / MVLT / XX in four lines within wreath, mint mark S M AN in ex. followed by officina mark G, Q, or I (= 3, 9, or 10). RIC viii, p. 521, 114. LRBC I, VF £9 ($15) / EF £26 ($45) —. C 334. [Antioch, AD 342-6]. The vota numerals on this type and the next refer to Constantius’ younger brother, the co-emperor Constans.

18070

Similar, but with mint mark ANT instead of S M AN (officinae Z and Q = 7 and 9 recorded). RIC viii, p. 521, 119. LRBC I, —. C 334. [Antioch, AD 346-8]. VF £10 ($17) / EF £30 ($50)

CONSTANTIUS II AUGUSTUS

175

18071

Billon reduced centenionalis. He. Rev. VOT / XX / MVLT / XXX in four lines within wreath, mint mark S M H in ex. followed by officina mark A-e (= 1-5), sometimes with dot preceding the mint mark, sometimes also with dot following the officina mark. RIC viii, p. 433, 45-6, 54, and 59. LRBC I, 958 and 963. C 335. [Heraclea, AD 342-8]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

18072

Similar, but with mint mark CONS in ex. followed by officina mark A-IA (= 1-11), sometimes followed by dot or star. RIC viii, p. 453, 69, 72, and 76. LRBC I, 1064 and VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35) 1071. C 335. [Constantinople, AD 342-8].

18073

Similar, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark A-I (= 1-10, though officina H = 8 not recorded), sometimes flanked by dots or with dot following officina mark only. RIC viii, pp. 474-5, 49-50, 55, and 58-58A. LRBC I, 1149, 1153, and 1156. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35) C 335. [Nicomedia, AD 342-8].

18074

H, a or e. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark S M K in ex. followed by officina mark A-Q (= 1-9), rarely preceded by dot or with dot in r. field. RIC viii, pp. 493-4, 479, 55-6, and 60. LRBC I, 1305-7, 1312, and 1315. C 335. [Cyzicus, AD 342-8]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

18075

He. Rev. — as previous, but with star preceding the mint mark (officinae A, Z, and H = 1, 7, and 8 not recorded). RIC viii, pp. 494, 63. LRBC I, 1318. C 335. [Cyzicus, AD 342-8]. VF £8 ($13) / EF £23 ($40)

18076

Similar, but with mint mark S M AN in ex. followed by officina mark A-eI (= 1-15). RIC viii, p. 521, 113 and 114A. LRBC I, 1398. C 335. [Antioch, AD 342-6]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

18077

Similar, but with mint mark ANT instead of S M AN (officina Q = 9 not recorded). RIC viii, p. 521, 118. LRBC I, 1401. C 335. [Antioch, AD 346-8]. VF £8 ($13) / EF £23 ($40)

18078

Similar, but with mint mark S M AL in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, G, or D (= 1, 2, 3, or 4). RIC viii, p. 541, 33. LRBC I, 1474-5. C 335. [Alexandria, AD 342-4]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

18079

Similar, but with dot following the officina mark. RIC viii, p. 541, 36. LRBC I, 1478. C VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35) 335. [Alexandria, AD 344-6].

18080

Similar, but the dot is in rev. field to r. instead of following the officina mark (officinae B and D = 2 and 4 only recorded). RIC viii, p. 541, 39. LRBC I, —. C 335. [Alexandria, AD 346-7]. VF £8 ($13) / EF £23 ($40)

18081

As 18078, but with star following the officina mark (officina B = 2 only recorded). RIC viii, p. 541, 42. LRBC I, 1482. C 335. [Alexandria, AD 347-8]. VF £8 ($13) / EF £23 ($40)

18082

Billon of uncertain denomination = reduced half centenionalis? (c. 13 mm., 0.9 grams). Gf. Rev. VIRTVS AVGG, Constantius on horseback galloping r., thrusting with spear at fallen enemy beneath the hooves of his mount (no mint mark). RIC vii, p. VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350) 255, 103A. C —. [Rome, AD 348?]. This may be a small medallet.

POST-REFORM BASE BILLON AND BRONZE COINAGE, AD 348-361 The celebration of Rome’s eleven hundredth anniversary took place on 21st April AD 348 and the occasion was also marked by a major reform of the Empire’s billon and bronze coinage. In place of the reduced centenionalis of c. 1.70 grams three new denominations were introduced. The largest of these was the ‘heavy’ maiorina (sometimes marked ‘A’) with a silver content of about 2.5%

176

Roman Coins and Their Values

and an average weight for surviving specimens of c. 5.20 grams. The principal reverse types for this denomination were “soldier spearing fallen horseman” and “emperor on galley”. Next was the ‘light’ maiorina (sometimes marked ‘N’) weighing on average about 4.25-4.50 grams and with a significantly lower silver content of just over 1%. In fact, it is quite plausible that this denomination circulated as a half maiorina. Its commonest reverse types were “soldier dragging barbarian from hut” and “emperor with two captives”. The smallest denomination contained virtually no silver and specimens have an average weight of c. 2.40-2.60 grams. This 'Æ 3', usually with a distinctive depiction of a phoenix on the reverse, may have been a quarter maiorina. The accompanying legend for all three denominations was FEL(icium) TEMP(orum) REPARATIO, “The Restoration of Happy Times,” a sentiment clearly associated with Rome’s eleven hundredth anniversary. The phoenix on the smallest denomination was the symbol par excellence of renewal and obviously referred to the commencement of a new saeculum for the Eternal City. Unfortunately, the new system was not to be of long duration. The sudden downfall of the co-emperor Constans in the West (January, AD 350) and the usurpation of Magnentius had the effect of disrupting the Empire’s economy. The weight and silver content of the maiorina soon began to decline and in 353/4 a law was passed by Constantius actually demonetizing the silver-rich maiorinae and earlier Constantinian centenionales. In their place a new reduced maiorina was produced weighing only c. 2.50 grams and lacking any silver content. This led to a critical shortage of small change, especially in the western provinces, and there was much forgery at this time to make good the deficiency. A further reduction to c. 2.25 grams occurred about 356 and some coins of this issue were marked with the letter ‘M’, possibly denoting that they were tariffed at one-thousandth of the gold solidus. Finally, only about a decade after the introduction of the handsome maiorina series, the bronze issues of Constantius and his Caesar Julian were reduced to a diminutive coin of just 16 millimetres diameter weighing only c. 1.90 grams.

18083

 

18084

18083

Bronze reduced ‘double maiorina’ (c. 6.00 grams). Hf. Rev. SALVS AVG NOSTRI, large Chi-Rho monogram flanked by A and w, mint mark TR in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2) which is sometimes followed by star or with star in r. field. RIC viii, p. 165, 332-6. LRBC II, 67-9. Cf. C 176 (obv. misdescribed). [Trier, AD 353]. VF £48 ($85) / EF £140 ($250) Kent (RIC viii, pp. 136-7) attributes these bronzes, as well as solidi with the reverse VICTORIA AVG NOSTRI, to the revolt of Poemenius in Trier during the closing phase of the regime of Magnentius and Decentius (July-August 353). That there was a revolt against the usurpers in the city on the Moselle seems certain, but these distinctive coin issues could just as easily belong to the period immediately following the recovery of the mint by the legitimate regime after Decentius’ suicide on 18 August (see also no. 17775). Although resembling the heavy maiorinae of Constantius, these coins belong to the monetary system of the latter part of Magnentius’ usurpation. They contain no silver and their weight represents a decline in the initial standard of almost 9.00 grams for the ‘double maiorinae’ introduced late in 352.

18084

Billon heavy maiorina (c. 5.20 grams when introduced in AD 348). Hf (A behind bust, sometimes also with star before). Rev. CONCORDIA MILITVM, Constantius, in military attire, stg. l., star above hd., holding labarum in each hand, mint mark SIS in ex. preceded by officina mark A-e (= 1-5), the mint mark usually followed by star, or with dots or dot and star flanking the officina and mint marks, A in field to l. RIC viii, p. 369, 270, 273, 276, 280, 284, and 289. LRBC II, 1159, 1161, 1163, 1167, 1171, and 1175. C 3. [Siscia, AD 350]. VF £21 ($37) / EF £65 ($110)

CONSTANTIUS II AUGUSTUS

177

This type and no. 18089 were issued under the stop-gap emperor Vetranio who opposed Magnentius’ eastern advance before abdicating in favour of Constantius II on 25 December AD 350. The variety without a star on the obverse is clearly the earlier and was struck at a slightly reduced weight of c. 5.10 grams; the later variety, with a star before the emperor’s bust, shows a further weight reduction to c. 4.65 grams (see also nos. 18203 and 18258-62; and no. 18903 for the corresponding type in the name of Vetranio). 18085

Billon heavy maiorina. Hf (A behind bust). Rev. — as previous, but with III in field to l. and with crescent or dot following the mint mark, or with dots flanking the officina and mint marks. RIC viii, p. 371, 301-2, 307, and 310. LRBC II, 1183 and 1187-8. C 3. [Siscia, AD 351]. VF £21 ($37) / EF £65 ($110) Issued after the abdication of Vetranio and struck at a slightly improved weight of c. 5.00 grams.

18086 Obv. Similar. Rev. — as previous (with III in field to l.), but with mint mark SIRM in ex. preceded by star. RIC viii, p. 386, 21. LRBC II, 1584. C 3. [Sirmium, AD 351]. VF £21 ($37) / EF £65 ($110) This and the following type were struck at a reduced weight of c. 4.70 grams. After a 25-year hiatus, the mint of Sirmium was reactivated by Constantius in AD 351 utilizing a single officina withdrawn from Siscia. 18087

As previous, but with officina mark B (= 2) instead of star preceding the mint mark. RIC viii, p. 387, 28. LRBC II, —. C 3. [Sirmium, AD 351]. VF £23 ($40) / EF £70 ($120) Following the initial issue, a second officina was added to increase the capacity of the mint during this time of civil war.

18088

Similar, but with D instead of A behind obv. bust, and without III in rev. field (officinae A and B = 1 and 2 recorded). RIC viii, p. 387, 33. LRBC II, 1592. C 3 var. [Sirmium, VF £23 ($40) / EF £70 ($120) AD 352]. This issue saw a further weight reduction to c. 4.25 grams.

18089

Hf (A behind bust). Rev. –  as 18084, but with mint and officina marks TS G (= 3) flanked by dots, and with A — B in field. RIC viii, p. 414, 130. LRBC II, 1659. C 3. VF £23 ($40) / EF £70 ($120) [Thessalonica, AD 350]. This type and no. 18084 were issued under the stop-gap emperor Vetranio who opposed Magnentius’ eastern advance before abdicating in favour of Constantius II on 25 December AD 350 (see also nos. 18203 and 18258-62; and no. 18904 for the corresponding type in the name of Vetranio).

18090

Hf (sometimes with A behind bust). Rev. FEL TEMP REPARATIO, soldier rushing l., holding shield on l. arm and spearing fallen horseman whose mount has stumbled beneath him, shield on ground to r. (omitted at some mints), mint mark AMB in ex. RIC viii, p. 124, 46 and 48-9. LRBC II, 25-6. C 46. [Ambianum, AD 353]. VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90) This issue was struck at a reduced weight of c. 4.35 grams. The short-lived mint at Amiens was a creation of the usurper Magnentius whose birthplace it is reputed to have been. It was closed by Constantius immediately following this issue. The reverse type of “soldier spearing fallen horseman” exists in a number of variant forms, usually involving the details of the depiction of the vanquished cavalryman. No attempt is made in the following listings to differentiate between these varieties. It would seem that the form of the headdress often relates to contemporary events in the region of the issuing mint (e.g. at Antioch the horseman is shown bearded and wearing a diadem and almost certainly represents the Sasanid king).

18091

Hf (A behind bust). Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark TR in ex. followed by officina mark S (= 2) and sometimes with A in l. field. RIC viii, p. 157, 259 and 259A. VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90) LRBC II, 47. C 46. [Trier, AD 350]. This issue may belong either before or after the downfall of Constans. The weight of specimens averages just over 5 grams.

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Roman Coins and Their Values

18091A

Billon heavy maiorina. Hf. Rev. FEL TEMP REPARATIO, as previous, but officina P (= 1) also recorded and with star in field to r. (nothing to l.). RIC viii, p. 166, 348-9. LRBC II, 70-71. C 46 var. [Trier, AD 353]. VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90) Specimens of this variety have an average weight of about 4.75 grams.

18091B

Obv. As 18091. Rev. — as previous, but without star in field and the officina mark is sometimes followed by crescent. RIC viii, p. 167, 350-51 and 355-7. LRBC II, 72 and 75. C 46. [Trier, AD 353]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) Specimens of this variety have an average weight of about 4.25 grams.

18092

Hf. Rev. – as 18090, but with mint mark LG in ex. preceded by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2) and followed by star, sometimes also with A in l. field; or the star is in r. field and is sometimes accompanied by A in l. RIC viii, p. 182, 79, 81, and 83. LRBC II, 196, 198, and 200. Bastien 119, 121, and 122-4. C 44. [Lugdunum, AD 349]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

18093

Hf (A behind bust). Rev. — as previous, but the mint mark is sometimes followed by star or the officina mark is preceded by F (or both); always with A in l. field. RIC viii, p. 183, 100-103. LRBC II, 201, 203-4, and 206. Bastien 125-6, 128, 130, and 132. C 46. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65) [Lugdunum, AD 348-50].

18094

Hf. Rev. — as previous, but the officina mark is always preceded by F, and without A in l. field. RIC viii, p. 190, 183-4. LRBC II, 249-50. Bastien 232 and 236. C 46. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65) [Lugdunum, AD 353].

18095

Hf. Rev. — as 18090, but with mint mark ARL in ex. preceded by officina mark P (= 1) and followed by star, or (very rarely) without star and with A in l. field. RIC viii, p. 210, 102 and 103A. LRBC II, 407. EMA 73/1 and 74/1. C 44 var. [Arles, AD 348-9]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

18096

Hf (A behind bust). Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark ARL preceded by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2) and with A in l. field. RIC viii, p. 211, 118-22. LRBC II, 409-10. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65) EMA 80/1-2. C 46. [Arles, AD 349-50].

18097

As previous, but with mint mark AR preceded by officina mark P (= 1) and sometimes followed by star, sometimes with dot in r. field. RIC viii, pp. 213-14, 140-43. LRBC II, 422 and 424. EMA 85/1, 86/1, and 90/1. C 46. [Arles, AD 350-51]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) This and the following two types were issued under Magnentius at a time when the usurper was still hoping to gain recognition from the eastern emperor.

18098

Similar, but with mint mark AR or ARL in ex. preceded by officina mark P (= 1) and with L in r. field. RIC viii, p. 214, 144-5. LRBC II, —. EMA 87/1 and 88/1. C 46. [Arles, AD 350-51]. VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

18099

Similar, but with mint mark AR in ex. preceded by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2) and followed by dot and F. RIC viii, p. 214, 146-8. LRBC II, 430. EMA 89/1-2. C 46. [Arles, AD 350-51]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

18100

Hf. Rev. — as 18098, but without letter in field and officina S (= 2) also recorded. RIC viii, p. 219, 211-12 and 214. LRBC II, 452. EMA 121/1-2 and 122/1. C 46. [Arles, AD 353]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) Struck at a reduced weight of c. 4.35 grams, this was the last issue prior to the renaming of the mint as Constantia.

18101

Hg (but bust r.). Rev. — as 18090, but with mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark B (= 2) and with star in l. field. RIC viii, p. 257, 135A. LRBC II, —. C 50. [Rome, AD 350]. VF £22 ($38) / EF £65 ($110) Issued just prior to the downfall of Constans.

CONSTANTIUS II AUGUSTUS

179

18102

FEL TEMP REPARATIO (cont.) Billon heavy maiorina. Hg (but bust r., A behind). Rev. — as previous, but the mint mark is followed by officina mark P, B, T, Q, e, or S (= 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6) and with A in l. field. RIC viii, p. 262, 174. LRBC II, 631. C 49 var. [Rome, AD 350-51]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) This and the following type were issued under Magnentius at a time when the usurper was still hoping to gain recognition from the eastern emperor.

18103

Similar, but with • F • between the mint and officina marks. RIC viii, p. 263, 175-6. VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85) LRBC II, 633-4. C 49 var. [Rome, AD 350-51].

18104

Hf (A behind bust). Rev. — as 18101, but officina P (= 1) only recorded, and with III as well as star in l. field. RIC viii, p. 272, 249. LRBC II, 660. C 44. [Rome, AD 352-3]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100)

18105

Hf. Rev. — as previous, but officinae P, B, T, Q, e, and Z (= 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 7) recorded, and with S in l. field. RIC viii, p. 274, 266-7. LRBC II, 670-71. C 44 var. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65) [Rome, AD 352-3]. This and the following seven types were struck at a reduced weight of c. 4.25 grams.

18106

Similar, but with star between the mint and officina marks or following the officina mark (officina e = 5 not recorded). RIC viii, p. 274, 269, 269A, and 271. LRBC II, 673. C 44 var. [Rome, AD 352-3]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

18107

Hf (A behind bust). Rev. — as 18101, but officinae T and Q (= 3 and 4) recorded, and with G in l. field. RIC viii, pp. 272-3, 254. LRBC II, —. C 44. [Rome, AD 352-3]. VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

18108

Hf (B behind bust). Rev. — as previous, but with • S • between the mint and officina marks, and officina B (= 2) only recorded. RIC viii, p. 273, 255. LRBC II, —. C 44. VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85) [Rome, AD 352-3].

18109

Similar, but with wreath instead of • S • between the mint and officina marks, and officinae P, B, T, Q, e, S and Z (= 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7) recorded. RIC viii, p. 273, 2567. LRBC II, 662. C 44. [Rome, AD 352-3]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

18110

Hf (D behind bust). Rev. — as previous, but officinae e and Z (= 5 and 7) not recorded. RIC viii, p. 273, 259-60. LRBC II, 664-5. C 44. [Rome, AD 352-3]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

18111

Similar, but with • F • instead of wreath between the mint and officina marks (officina P = 1 only recorded). RIC viii, p. 273, 262. LRBC II, —. C 44. [Rome, AD 352-3]. VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

18112

Similar, but nothing between the mint and officina marks (officinae P, B, T and Q = 1, 2, 3, and 4 recorded). RIC viii, p. 273, 263-4. LRBC II, 667-8. C 44. [Rome, AD 352-3]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

18113

Hf. Rev. — as 18090, but with mint mark AQ in ex. followed by officina mark P, S, or T (= 1, 2, or 3) which is usually followed by dot, star in r. field (possibly sometimes omitted). RIC viii, pp. 323 and 329, 94-6 and 151-2. LRBC II, 889 and 892. MA 477-8. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65) C 44 var. [Aquileia, AD 348-51]. The issue of this type and the following appears to have extended into the early part of the reign of Magnentius when the usurper controlled the mint and was hoping to gain recognition from the eastern emperor.

18114

Hf (A behind bust). Rev. — as previous (dot following the officina mark), but without star in r. field and with A to l. RIC viii, pp. 324 and 329, 113 and 147. LRBC II, 893. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65) MA 486. C 46. [Aquileia, AD 349-51].

18115

Similar, but with crescent above the A in l. field (officina S = 2 only recorded). Cf. RIC viii, p. 324, 114 (dot omitted following the officina mark). LRBC II, —. MA —. Bastien (Magnence) p. 193, note 1. C 46. [Aquileia, AD 349-50]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

180

Roman Coins and Their Values

18116

FEL TEMP REPARATIO (cont.) Billon heavy maiorina. Similar, but without dot following the officina mark and without crescent above the A in l. field, wreath in r. (officina S = 2 only recorded). RIC viii, —. LRBC II, —. MA 487 (incorrectly citing RIC 114). C 46. [Aquileia, AD 349-50]. VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

18117

Similar, but with Chi-Rho monogram instead of A in l. field, nothing in r. (officina P = 1 only recorded). RIC viii, p. 324, 115. LRBC II, 919. MA 488. C 46. [Aquileia, AD 349-50]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100)

18118

As 18113, but with star in rev. field to l., nothing to r. RIC viii, p. 329, 153. LRBC II, VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65) 898. MA 492. C 46. [Aquileia, AD 350-51].

18119

Similar, but the mint and officina marks are flanked by palms, and with B or wreath as well as star in field to l. RIC viii, p. 330, 154-6. LRBC II, 903. MA 493-5. C 46. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) [Aquileia, AD 350-51].

18120

As 18114, but the dot following the officina mark is sometimes omitted, and with numeral LXXII (= 72) in rev. field to l. RIC viii, p. 333, 187-8 and 190-91. LRBC II, 920 and 922. MA 497-500. C 47. [Aquileia, AD 352-3]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100) The numeral in the reverse field on this type and the next records a reduction in the weight of the maiorina from 1/60th to 1/72nd of a pound (see also no. 18125, 18967-8, and 18970).

18121

As previous (without dot following the officina mark), but also with S, Chi-Rho monogram, or wreath in central rev. field. RIC viii, p. 333, 193, 195, and 197. LRBC II, 924, 926, and 928. MA 501-3. C 47. [Aquileia, AD 352-3]. VF £22 ($38) / EF £65 ($110)

18122

Hf. Rev. — as 18090, but with mint mark SIS in ex. preceded by officina mark A-e (= 1-5), star in r. field. RIC viii, p. 364, 210. LRBC II, 1148. C 44. [Siscia, AD 348-9]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

18123

Hf (A behind bust). Rev. — as previous, but with two dots flanking the officina and mint marks, A in l. field, and sometimes without the star in r. RIC viii, p. 367, 253 and 257. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65) LRBC II, 1152 and 1156. C 46. [Siscia, AD 349-50].

18124

Obv. Similar. Rev. — as 18122, but the issue is struck in only four officinae (A B, G, and D) and without star in field. RIC viii, p. 374, 332. LRBC II, 1202. C 46. [Siscia, AD 351-3]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65) Struck at a reduced weight of c. 4.70 grams.

18125

Similar, but the officina and mint marks are flanked by star and crescent, and with numeral LXXII (= 72) in field to l. (officinae A, B, and G only recorded). RIC viii, p. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100) 374, 334. LRBC II, 1204. C 47. [Siscia, AD 352-3]. The numeral in the reverse field records a reduction in the weight of the maiorina from 1/60th to 1/72nd of a pound (see also nos. 18120-21, 18967-8, and 18970). This and the following four types were struck at a reduced weight of c. 4.25 grams.

18126

Similar, but without LXXII in rev. field, and the officina and mint marks are flanked by star and crescent, dot and crescent, or dot and palm. RIC viii, p. 374, 336, 338, and 340. LRBC II, 1206, 1208, and 1210. C 46. [Siscia, AD 352-3]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

18127

Similar, but with II in rev. field to l., and the officina and mint marks are flanked by dot and palm or by two dots. RIC viii, p. 375, 342 and 344. LRBC II, 1212 and 1214. C 46. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65) [Siscia, AD 352-3].

18128

Similar, but with I in rev. field to l., and the mint mark is followed by • S •. RIC viii, p. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65) 375, 346. LRBC II, 1216. C 46. [Siscia, AD 352-3].

CONSTANTIUS II AUGUSTUS

181

18129

FEL TEMP REPARATIO (cont.) Billon heavy maiorina. Similar, but with D instead of A behind obv. bust, L in rev. field, and mint mark SIS in ex. preceded by officina mark B (= 2). RIC viii, p. 375, 349. VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85) LRBC II, —. C 46. [Siscia, AD 352-3].

18130

Hf (A behind bust). Rev. — as 18090, but with mint mark SIRM in ex. preceded by star and officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2). RIC viii, p. 387, 32. LRBC II, 1591. C 46. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) [Sirmium, AD 351]. Struck at a reduced weight of c. 4.70 grams. After a 25-year hiatus, the mint of Sirmium was reactivated by Constantius in AD 351 utilizing a single officina withdrawn from Siscia; a second officina was added shortly afterwards.

18131

Similar, but with D instead of A behind obv. bust, and without the star preceding the officina mark. RIC viii, p. 387, 35. LRBC II, 1594. C 46. [Sirmium, AD 352-3]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) This, and the following two types, saw a further weight reduction to c. 4.25 grams.

18132

As previous, but with variable letter or symbol in rev. field — L, A, star above A, or • S • above A. RIC viii, p. 387, 38, 40, 42, and 44. LRBC II, 1596-7, 1599, and 1601. C 46. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) [Sirmium, AD 352-3].

18133

Similar, but without D behind obv. bust, and with • S • in rev. field (officina A = 1 only recorded). RIC viii, p. 387, 47. LRBC II, —. C 46. [Sirmium, AD 352-3]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

18134

Hf. Rev. — as 18090, but with mint mark TS followed by officina mark A or D (= 1 or 3) and star. RIC viii, p. 412, 114. LRBC II, 1645. C 44 var. [Thessalonica, AD 348-50]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

18135

Hg (but bust r.). Rev. — as previous (officinae G, D, and e = 3, 4, and 5 recorded). RIC viii, p. 412, 115. LRBC II, 1646. C 50. [Thessalonica, AD 348-50]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100)

18136

Hf, or rarely c (A behind bust). Rev. — as previous, but without the star following the officina mark and with A in field to l. (officinae A-e = 1-5 recorded). RIC viii, pp. 412 and 414, 123 and 128-9. LRBC II, 1650-51 and 1655-6. C 46. [Thessalonica, AD 348-50]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) This issue appears to have continued under Vetranio who upheld the interests of the Constantinian dynasty following the death of Constans and the usurpation of Magnentius.

18137

Hf (A behind bust). Rev. — as previous, but with B or D in field to l. and star to r., and with dots flanking the mint and officina marks (officinae B-e = 2-5 recorded). RIC viii, p. 412, 134 and 137. LRBC II, 1662 and 1666. C 46. [Thessalonica, AD 350]. VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85) Issued under Vetranio.

18138

Hf. Rev. — as previous, but the mint and officina marks are flanked by stars or by star and dot; also with G in l. field and usually with star in r. (officinae A-e = 1-5 recorded). RIC viii, p. 418, 166, 171, and 176. LRBC II, 1670. C 46. [Thessalonica, AD 351-2]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

18139 18140

Hf (D behind bust). Rev. —  as previous, but without symbols flanking the mint and officina marks, and with nothing in field. RIC viii, p. 419, 180. LRBC II, 1675. C 46. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65) [Thessalonica, AD 352-3]. This and the following two types were struck at a reduced weight of c. 4.50 grams. Similar, but with II in rev. field to l. and star preceding the mint mark (officina e = 5 not recorded). RIC viii, p. 419, 182 and 184. LRBC II, 1677. C 44 and 46. [Thessalonica, AD 352-3]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

182

Roman Coins and Their Values

18141

FEL TEMP REPARATIO (cont.) Billon heavy maiorina. As 18139, but without letter behind obv. bust, and with • S • in rev. field to l. (officina e = 5 not recorded). RIC viii, p. 419, 185 and 187. LRBC II, 1679. C 44 var. and 46. [Thessalonica, AD 352-3]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

18142

Hf. Rev. — as 18090, but with mint mark S M H in ex. (no officina mark). RIC viii, p. 434, 61. LRBC II, —. C 44 var. [Heraclea, AD 348-51]. VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

18143

Similar, but with officina mark A or e (= 1 or 5) following the mint mark, and sometimes with star in rev. field to l. RIC viii, p. 434, 65 and 67. LRBC II, 1891. C 44 var. [Heraclea, AD 348-51]. VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

18144 Similar, but with G in rev. field to l., and sometimes with star following the officina mark (officinae A-e = 1-5 recorded). RIC viii, p. 436, 82-3 and 85. LRBC II, 1893 and 1895. C 46. [Heraclea, AD 351-2]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65) Struck at a reduced weight of c. 4.90 grams. 18145

Hf (D behind bust). Rev. — as previous, but with S instead of G in l. field. RIC viii, p. 436, 88. LRBC II, 1898. C 46. [Heraclea, AD 352-3]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)



This and the following type were struck at a further reduced weight of c. 4.25 grams.

18146

Similar, but without letter in rev. field. RIC viii, p. 436, 86. LRBC II, 1896. C 46. [Heraclea, AD 352-3]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

18147

Hf. Rev. — as 18090, but with mint mark CONS in ex. followed by officina mark e or S (= 5 or 6). RIC viii, p. 453, 78. LRBC II, 2022. C 44 var. [Constantinople, AD 34851]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

18148

Similar, but also with G in rev. field to l., and usually also with star following the officina mark (officinae A-IA = 1-11 recorded). RIC viii, p. 454, 79 and 81-2. LRBC II, 2024 and 2026. C 44 var. and 46. [Constantinople, AD 348-51]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

18149

Similar (without star following the officina mark), but with dot as well as G in rev. field to l. RIC viii, p. 456, 106. LRBC II, 2028. C 44 var. [Constantinople, AD 351-2]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

18150

Hf (D behind bust). Rev. — as previous. RIC viii, p. 457, 109. LRBC II, 2030. C 44. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65) [Constantinople, AD 352-3]. This and the following four types were struck at a reduced weight of c. 4.50 grams.

18151

Similar, but with A • in rev. field to l. (officinae A, D, Z, and Q = 1, 4, 7, and 9 not recorded). RIC viii, p. 457, 111. LRBC II, 2032. C 44. [Constantinople, AD 352-3]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

18152

Similar, but with B followed by dot or star in rev. field to l. (officinae S and Q = 6 and 9 not recorded). RIC viii, p. 457, 112 and 114. LRBC II, 2033 and 2035. C 44. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65) [Constantinople, AD 352-3].

18153

Hf. Rev. — as previous, but with e in rev. field to l. (officina A = 1 only recorded). RIC viii, p. 457, 115. Cf. LRBC II, 2036. C 44 var. [Constantinople, AD 352-3]. VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

18148

CONSTANTIUS II AUGUSTUS

183

18154

FEL TEMP REPARATIO (cont.) Billon heavy maiorina. Similar, but with • S • and star in rev. field to l. (all 11 officinae recorded, A-IA). RIC viii, p. 457, 116. LRBC II, 2037. C 44 var. [Constantinople, AD 352-3]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

18155

Hf. Rev. — as 18090, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, G, or D (= 1, 2, 3, or 4). RIC viii, p. 475, 60. LRBC II, 2295. C 44 var. [Nicomedia, AD 348-51]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

18156

Similar, but also with star in rev. field to l. (officinae A and D = 1 and 4 only recorded). RIC viii, p. 476, 62-3. Cf. LRBC II, 2297. C 44 var. and 46. [Nicomedia, AD 348-51]. VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

18157

Similar, but with F in rev. field to l. (officina B = 2 only recorded). RIC viii, p. 476, 65. LRBC II, —. C 44 var. [Nicomedia, AD 348-51]. VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

18158

Similar, but with nothing in rev. field and with star following the officina mark (officina A = 1 only recorded). RIC viii, p. 476, 66. LRBC II, 2299. C 46. [Nicomedia, AD 348-51]. VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

18159

Similar, but with G in rev. field to l., and sometimes with dot preceding the mint mark or (rarely) following the officina mark (officinae A-S = 1-6 recorded). RIC viii, p. 478, 84, 86, and 88. LRBC II, 2300 and 2302. C 46. [Nicomedia, AD 351-2]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

18160

Hf (D behind bust). Rev. — as 18155, but officinae e and S (= 5 and 6) also recorded. RIC viii, p. 479, 89. LRBC II, 2304. C 46. [Nicomedia, AD 352-3]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)



This and the following three types were struck at a reduced weight of c. 4.50 grams.

18161

Similar, but also with • S • in rev. field to l. (officinae B and G = 2 and 3 only recorded). RIC viii, p. 479, 91. LRBC II, 2306. C 46. [Nicomedia, AD 352-3]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

18162

As previous, but without D behind the obv. bust, and rarely also with star in rev. field to r. (all six officinae recorded, A-S). RIC viii, p. 479, 92 and 94. LRBC II, 2307. C 46. [Nicomedia, AD 352-3]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

18163

Hf (e behind bust). Rev. — as 18156 (officinae A and B = 1 and 2 only recorded). RIC viii, p. 479, 95. LRBC II, —. C 46 var. [Nicomedia, AD 352-3]. VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

18164

Hf. Rev. — as 18090, but with mint mark S M K in ex. followed by officina mark A-S (= 1-6). RIC viii, p. 494, 65. LRBC II, 2484. C 44 var. [Cyzicus, AD 348-51]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

18165

Similar, but also with star in rev. field to l., and sometimes with dot following the officina mark (officinae A, B, D, and e = 1, 2, 4, and 5 recorded). RIC viii, p. 494, 67 and 69. LRBC II, —. C 44 var. [Cyzicus, AD 348-51]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

18166

Similar, but with G instead of star in rev. field to l., and sometimes with dot preceding the mint mark. RIC viii, p. 497, 92-93A and 95-6. LRBC II, 2486 and 2488. C 46. [Cyzicus, AD 351-2]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

18167

Hf (D behind bust). Rev. — as 18164. RIC viii, p. 497, 98. LRBC II, 2490. C 46. [Cyzicus, AD 352-3]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)



This and the following two types were struck at a reduced weight of c. 4.50 grams.

18168

Similar, but with e behind obv. bust. RIC viii, p. 497, 100. LRBC II, 2492. C 46 var. [Cyzicus, AD 352-3]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

184 18169

18170

Roman Coins and Their Values FEL TEMP REPARATIO (cont.) Billon heavy maiorina. Hf. Rev. — as previous, but also with • S • in rev. field to l. RIC viii, p. 498, 102. LRBC II, 2494. C 46. [Cyzicus, AD 352-3]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65) Hf. Rev. — as 18090, but with mint mark AN in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, D,

e, Z, or Q (= 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, or 9), and with star in l. field. RIC viii, p. 522, 122-3. LRBC

II, 2620 and 2622. C 44 var. and 46. [Antioch, AD 348-51]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

18171

Similar, but with G instead of star in rev. field to l., and the number of officinae is expanded to fifteen, all of which are recorded (A-eI). RIC viii, p. 523, 132-3 and 135. LRBC II, 2623 and 2625. C 44 var. and 46. [Antioch, AD 351-2]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

18172

Hf (D behind bust). Rev. — as previous, but without G in field. RIC viii, p. 523, 138, 138A, and 140. LRBC II, 2627. C 44 and 46. [Antioch, AD 352-3]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65) This and the following type were struck at a reduced weight of c. 4.50 grams.

18173

Hf. Rev. — as previous, but usually with e or S in field to l. RIC viii, p. 524, 142-4, 146, 148, and 150. LRBC II, 2629 and 2631. C 44 var. and 46. [Antioch, AD 352-3]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

18174

Hf. Rev. — as 18090, but with mint mark ALE followed by officina mark A, B, or G (= 1, 2, or 3), sometimes with star in l. field. RIC viii, p. 541, 44 and 46-7. LRBC II, 2830 VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) and 2832. C 44 var. [Alexandria, AD 348-51].

18175

Similar, but with G in rev. field to l., and officina D (= 4 also recorded). RIC viii, p. 543, 72-3. LRBC II, 2836-7. C 46. [Alexandria, AD 351-2]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

18176

Hf (D behind bust). Rev. — as previous, but without G in field. RIC viii, p. 544, 75-6. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65) LRBC II, 2839-40. C 46. [Alexandria, AD 352-3]. This and the following type were struck at a reduced weight of c. 4.50 grams.

18177

Hf. Rev. — as previous, but with • S • in field to l. RIC viii, p. 544, 78. LRBC II, 2842. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65) C 46. [Alexandria, AD 352-3].

18178

Hf (sometimes with A behind bust). Rev. — Constantius stg. l. on galley steered by Victory seated in stern, holding phoenix on globe in his r. hand and labarum in l., mint mark TR in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2) and rarely preceded by dot, sometimes with A in l. field. RIC viii, pp. 153-4, 212, 214, 217, and 239. LRBC II, 40 VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65) and 44. C 35. [Trier, AD 348-9].

18179

Hf. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark LG in ex. preceded by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2), sometimes with star preceding the officina mark or following the mint mark, sometimes with star preceding the officina mark and dot following the mint mark (without A in field). RIC viii, p. 182, 69-70, 73, 75-6, and 78. LRBC II, 183-4, 187, 189-90, and 192. Bastien 90, 96, 102, 106, 111, and 114. C 35. [Lugdunum, AD 348-9]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

18174

CONSTANTIUS II AUGUSTUS

185

18180

FEL TEMP REPARATIO (cont.) Billon heavy maiorina. Hf. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark ARL in ex. preceded by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). RIC viii, p. 210, 99. LRBC II, 404. EMA 72/1. C 35. [Arles, AD 348-9]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

18181

Hf. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark P, B, T, Q, e, or S (= 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6), more rarely also with Greek letter-numeral A, B, G, D, e, or S (= 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6) in l. field. RIC viii, pp. 256-7, 107-8, 112, 115-16, 119-20, 123-4, 127-8, and 131-2. LRBC II, 606, 608, 610-11, 613-14, 617, 619-20, and 623. C VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65) 35. [Rome, AD 348-9].

18182

Hf (A behind bust). Rev. — as previous, but always with A in l. field. RIC viii, p. 259, VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) 148-50. LRBC II, 627. C 35. [Rome, AD 349].

18183

G or (rarely) H, f. Rev. – as previous, but with mint mark AQ in ex. followed by officina mark P, S, or T (= 1, 2, or 3) which is usually followed by dot, or, rarely, with the dot preceding the mint mark (without A in field). RIC viii, p. 323, 97-8. LRBC II, 890. MA 479-81. C 35. [Aquileia, AD 348-9]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

18184

Hf. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark SIS in ex. preceded by officina mark A-D (= 1-4) and followed by dot. RIC viii, p. 364, 197. Cf. LRBC II, 1139. C 35. [Siscia, AD 348-9]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

18185

Similar, but with letter-symbol following the dot after the mint mark (officinae A and e = 1 and 5 only recorded). RIC viii, p. 364, 200. LRBC II, 1141. C 35. [Siscia, AD 348-9]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

18186

Similar, but without dot following the mint mark and with R following the letter-symbol (officinae A and G = 1 and 3 only recorded). RIC viii, p. 364, 202-4. LRBC II, 1145-7. C 35. [Siscia, AD 348-9]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

18187

As 18184, but with R instead of dot following the mint mark (officinae A and B = 1 and 2 only recorded). RIC viii, p. 364, 208. LRBC II, —. C 35. [Siscia, AD 348-9]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

18188

Hf. Rev. — as 18178, but with mint mark TES in ex. followed by officina mark A-e = 1-5 (without A in field). RIC viii, p. 412, 107-8. LRBC II, 1637-8. C 35. [Thessalonica, AD 348-9]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

18189

Hg (but bust r.). Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark TS followed by officina mark

e (= 5) and star. RIC viii, p. 412, 112. LRBC II, 1643. C —. [Thessalonica, AD 348-9]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100)

18190

Hf. Rev. — as previous, but the mint and officina marks are flanked by stars or by star and dot; also with G in l. field and usually with star in r. (officinae A-e = 1-5 recorded). RIC viii, p. 418, 165, 168, and 174. LRBC II, 1668 and 1672. C 35. [Thessalonica, AD 351-2]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

18191

Hf. Rev. — as 18178, but with mint mark ALE in ex. followed by officina mark A, G, or D (= 1, 3, or 4) and with star in field to l. or to r. RIC viii, p. 542, 50 and 52. LRBC II, 2834. C 35. [Alexandria, AD 348-51]. VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

18192

Hf (sometimes with A behind bust). Rev. — as 18178, but Constantius holds Victory instead of phoenix on the globe. RIC viii, pp. 153-4, 218 and 241-2. LRBC II, 42 and 45. C 32. [Trier, AD 349-50]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

18193

Hf (A behind bust). Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark ARL in ex. preceded by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2) and always with A in l. field. RIC viii, p. 212, 125-126A. LRBC II, —. EMA 80/5-6. C 32. [Arles, AD 349-50]. VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

18194

Hf (A behind bust). Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark SIS in ex. preceded by dot and officina mark A-e (= 1-5) and followed by dot. RIC viii, p. 367, 251. LRBC II, 1150. C 32. [Siscia, AD 349-50]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

186

Roman Coins and Their Values

18195 18195

FEL TEMP REPARATIO (cont.) Billon heavy maiorina. Similar, but also with star in rev. field to r. (officinae A, G, and e = 1, 3, and 5 only recorded). RIC viii, p. 367, 255. LRBC II, 1154. C 32. [Siscia, AD 349-50]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

18196

As previous, but with III instead of A in rev. field to l., and the issue is struck in only four officinae (A B, G, and D). RIC viii, p. 374, 327-8. LRBC II, 1198. C 32. [Siscia, AD 351-3]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65) Struck at a reduced weight of c. 4.70 grams.

18197

Hf (A behind bust). Rev. — as 18192, but with mint and officina marks TS A (-e = 1-5) in ex. flanked by dots, and with B or D in field to l. and star to r. RIC viii, p. 414, 133 and 136. LRBC II, 1660 and 1665. C 32. [Thessalonica, AD 350]. VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85) Issued under Vetranio.

18198

Hf. Rev. — Constantius, in military attire, advancing l., holding Victory on globe and labarum, r. foot set on seated captive, mint mark TS in ex. followed by officina mark A, G, D, or e (= 1, 3, 4, or 5), the whole flanked by stars or by star and dot; also with G in l. field and star in r. RIC viii, p. 418, 172 and 178. LRBC II, 1671 and 1674. C 38. [Thessalonica, AD 351-2]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

18199

Hf. Rev. GLORIA ROMANORVM, Constantius, in military attire, on horseback galloping r., spearing barbarian who kneels l. in front of horse, shield and broken spear below, star in r. field, mint mark AR in ex. preceded by officina mark P (= 1). RIC viii, p. 214, 149. LRBC II, —. EMA 94/1 (‘confirmation required’). C —. [Arles, AD 350-51]. VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150) This and the following two types were issued under Magnentius at a time when the usurper was still hoping to gain recognition from the eastern emperor.

18200

Hg (but bust r., A behind). Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark P or Q? (= 1 or 4?) with • F • between, star in r. field. RIC viii, p. 263, VF £23 ($40) / EF £70 ($120) 181. Cf. LRBC II, 639. C 140. [Rome, AD 350].

18201 18201

Similar, but without the • F • between the mint and officina marks, and officinae P, B, T, Q, e, and S (= 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6) recorded. RIC viii, pp. 265-6, 195-6, 198-9, and VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85) 204-5. LRBC II, 636-7. C 140. [Rome, AD 350]. Most coins of this type were issued under Magnentius but a few may have been struck during the brief usurpation of Nepotian (3rd-30th June). Unfortunately, these cannot now be differentiated. The officinae properly assigned to Constantius in this series were 1, 2, and 3 (P, B, and T). Those from the other three (Q, e, and S) are hybrids.

CONSTANTIUS II AUGUSTUS 18202

187

Billon heavy maiorina. Hf (A behind bust). Rev. – Constantius, in military attire, stg. l., holding labarum in l. hand and with r. raising turreted kneeling female figure (Aquileia), mint mark AQ in ex. followed by officina mark T = 3. RIC viii, p. 333, 186. LRBC II, —. MA 496. C —. [Aquileia, AD 352]. VF £85 ($150) / EF £250 ($450) This rare type commemorates Magnentius’ evacuation of Italy in the late summer of AD 352 in the aftermath of his catastrophic defeat at Mursa in September of the previous year. It was struck at a reduced weight of c. 4.50 grams.

18203 18203

Hf (A behind bust, sometimes also with star before). Rev. HOC SIGNO VICTOR ERIS, Constantius (or Constantine I), in military attire, stg. l., holding labarum and spear, crowned by Victory stg. l. on r., also holding palm, mint mark SIS in ex. preceded by officina mark A-e (= 1-5), the mint mark usually followed by star, or with dots or dot and star flanking the officina and mint marks. RIC viii, p. 369, 272, 278, 282, 286, and 291. LRBC II, 1165, 1169, 1173, and 1177. C 142 var. [Siscia, AD 350]. VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150) This type was issued under the stop-gap emperor Vetranio who opposed Magnentius’ eastern advance before abdicating in favour of Constantius II on 25 December AD 350. The remarkable reverse legend (‘In this sign you will be the victor’), with its clear allusion to Constantine’s vision before his victory over Maxentius in AD 312, provides firm evidence of Vetranio’s loyalty to Constantius. The variety without a star on the obverse was clearly the earlier and was struck at a slightly reduced weight of c. 5.10 grams; the later variety, with a star before the emperor’s bust, shows a further weight reduction to c. 4.65 grams (see also nos. 18084, 18089, and 18258-62; and no. 18905 for the corresponding type in the name of Vetranio).

18204

Hf (A behind bust). Rev. — as previous, but with III in field to l. and with crescent or dot following the mint mark, or with two dots flanking the officina and mint marks. RIC viii, p. 371, 304-5, 309, and 311. LRBC II, 1185 and 1190. C 142. [Siscia, AD 351]. VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150) Issued after the abdication of Vetranio and struck at a slightly improved weight of c. 5.00 grams.

18205

Obv. Similar. Rev. — as previous (with III in field to l.), but with mint mark SIRM in ex. preceded by star. RIC viii, p. 386, 23. LRBC II, 1586. C 142. [Sirmium, AD 351]. VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150) This and the following type were struck at a reduced weight of c. 4.70 grams. After a 25-year hiatus, the mint of Sirmium was reactivated by Constantius in AD 351 utilizing a single officina withdrawn from Siscia.

18206

As previous, but with officina mark A (= 1) instead of star preceding the mint mark. RIC viii, p. 387, 30. LRBC II, 1590. C 142. [Sirmium, AD 351]. VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150)

18207

Hf. Rev. VICT DD NN AVG ET CAES, two Victories stg. facing each other, holding between them wreath encircling VOT / XXX in two lines, Chi-Rho monogram above, mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark T, Q, or e (= 3, 4, or 5) with star between. RIC viii, p. 272, 251-2. LRBC II, 658. C 198. [Rome, AD 352-3]. VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150) Struck at a reduced weight of c. 4.15 grams, this is an adaptation of a Magnentian type.

188

Roman Coins and Their Values

18208

Billon light maiorina (c. 4.25-4.50 grams and with a reduced silver content — possibly a half maiorina). Hg. Rev. FEL TEMP REPARATIO, soldier advancing r., looking back, leading small captive barbarian from hut beneath a tree and holding spear in l. hand, mint mark TR in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). RIC viii, p. 153, 220 and 222. LRBC II, 28 and 30. C 53. [Trier, AD 348-9]. VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

18209

As previous, but with mint mark ARL in ex. preceded by officina mark P (= 1). RIC viii, p. 210, 104 and 108. LRBC II, 400. EMA 75/1. C 53. [Arles, AD 348-9]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100)

18210 18210

As previous, but with mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark P, T, Q, e, or S (= 1, 3, 4, 5, or 6), usually with star between. RIC viii, p. 258, 137 and 139. LRBC II, 603. C 53. [Rome, AD 348-9]. VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

18211

Similar, but with N behind obv. bust and in rev. field, and very rarely with star between the mint and officina marks (officina B = 2 also recorded). RIC viii, pp. 259-60, 156-7 and 160. LRBC II, 593-4 and 600. C 53. [Rome, AD 349-50]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

18212

Gg. Rev. — as 18208, but with mint mark AQ in ex. followed by officina mark P, S, or T (= 1, 2, or 3) and dot. RIC viii, p. 323, 102 and 104. LRBC II, 885 and 887. MA 482-3. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) C 54. [Aquileia, AD 348-9].

18213

Hg. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark SIS in ex. preceded by officina mark B or D (= 2 or 4) and followed by letter-symbol and M. RIC viii, p. 365, 215-16. LRBC II, VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) 1120. C 53. [Siscia, AD 348-9].

18214

Similar, but the mint mark is followed by R and dot (officina e = 5 only recorded). RIC viii, p. 365, 221. LRBC II, —. C 53. [Siscia, AD 348-9]. VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

18215

As previous, but with mint mark TES in ex. followed by officina mark A, D, or e (= 1, 4, or 5). RIC viii, p. 412, 117. LRBC II, 1635. C 53. [Thessalonica, AD 348-9]. VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

18216

As previous, but with mint mark S M H in ex. followed by officina mark D (= 4), sometimes with star in l. field. RIC viii, p. 435, 70 and 73. LRBC II, 1885 and 1888. C VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90) 53. [Heraclea, AD 348-50].

18217

As previous, but with mint mark CONS in ex. followed by officina mark G, I, or IA (= 3, 10, or 11), sometimes followed by star and with G in l. field. RIC viii, p. 454, 85 and 91. LRBC II, 2011 and 2016. C 53. [Constantinople, AD 348-50]. VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

18218

As previous, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark B (= 2). RIC viii, p. 476, 69. LRBC II, 2290. C 53. [Nicomedia, AD 348-50]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

18219

As previous, but with mint mark S M K in ex. followed by officina mark D or S (= 4 or 6) and sometimes preceded by star or with star in l. field. RIC viii, pp. 495-6, 74, 78, VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90) and 87. LRBC II, —. C 53. [Cyzicus, AD 348-50]. These would appear to be hybrids with reverses proper to issues in the name of Constans.

CONSTANTIUS II AUGUSTUS

189

18220

FEL TEMP REPARATIO (cont.) Billon light maiorina. As previous, but with mint mark ALE in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, or G (= 1, 2, or 3), sometimes with star in l. field. RIC viii, p. 542, 58-9 and 66. LRBC II, 2818-19 and 2824. C 53. [Alexandria, AD 348-50]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

18221

Hg (N behind bust). Rev. — Constantius, nimbate and in military attire, galloping r., thrusting with spear and riding down two barbarians before him, one of whom is kneeling, mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark P, T, or e (= 1, 3, or 5), N in l. field. RIC viii, p. 259, 153-4. LRBC II, 589. Cf. C 51. [Rome, AD 349-50]. VF £26 ($45) / EF £72 ($125)

18222

Similar, but with dot between mint and officina marks (officinae P, T, and Q = 1, 3, and 4 recorded). RIC viii, p. 264, 184-5. LRBC II, 597. Cf. C 51. [Rome, AD 350-51]. VF £26 ($45) / EF £72 ($125) RIC places this issue early in the reign of Magnentius when he was still hoping to obtain recognition of his regime from Constantius. LRBC on the other hand dates it to the lifetime of Constans (see also nos. 18223 and 18226).

18223

Hg (N behind bust). Rev. — Constantius, in military attire, stg. l., holding standard/ labarum and resting on shield, two captives stg. facing each other on l., mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark P, B, T, Q, e, or S (= 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6), sometimes with dot between, N in l. field. RIC viii, p. 264, 187-90. LRBC II, 591-2 and 598-9. C 39. [Rome, AD 350]. VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85) See note following no. 18222.

18224

Hg. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark AQ in ex. followed by officina mark P, S, or T (= 1, 2, or 3) and dot. RIC viii, p. 324, 107. LRBC II, 884. MA 484. C 39. [Aquileia, AD 348-9]. VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

18225

Hg (N behind bust). Rev. — as 18223, but the captives are kneeling; mint mark as previous, but with star (or nothing) following the officina mark, N in l. field. RIC viii, p. 325, 119-20. LRBC II, 881 and 883. MA 489-90. C 39 var. [Aquileia, AD 349-50]. VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

18226

Similar, but with dot following the officina mark. RIC viii, p. 329, 149. LRBC II, —. VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90) MA 491. C 39 var. [Aquileia, AD 350-51]. See note following no. 18222.

18227

Hg. Rev. — as 18223, but with mint mark SIS in ex. preceded by officina mark A-e (= 1-5). RIC viii, p. 365, 223. LRBC II, 1115. C 39. [Siscia, AD 348-9]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

18228

Similar, but also with R following the mint mark, and with star in l. field. RIC viii, p. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) 365, 225. LRBC II, 1118. C 39. [Siscia, AD 348-9].

18229

As previous, but with mint mark S M H in ex. usually followed by officina mark A, B, G, or e (= 1, 2, 3, or 5) and sometimes with star in l. field. RIC viii, pp. 434-5, 63, 69, and 72. LRBC II, 1884 and 1887. C 41. [Heraclea, AD 348-51]. VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

18230

Similar, but with mint mark M H (officinae A and B = 1 and 2 only recorded). RIC viii, p. 435, 75. LRBC II, —. C 41. [Heraclea, AD 348-51]. VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

18231

Hg. Rev. — as 18223 or 18225, but with mint mark CONS in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, G, D, Z, H, Q, or IA (= 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 9, or 11) sometimes followed by star, or sometimes also with G in l. field. RIC viii, p. 454, 84, 87, and 89-90. LRBC II, 2010, 2013, 2015, and 2018. C 39 and 41. [Constantinople, AD 348-51]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

190

Roman Coins and Their Values

18232 18232

FEL TEMP REPARATIO (cont.) Billon light maiorina. As previous, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark A-S (= 1-6), sometimes with star in l. field. RIC viii, p. 476, 67-8 and 71. LRBC II, 2289 and 2292. C 39 and 41. [Nicomedia, AD 348-51]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

18233

Hg. Rev. — as 18225, but with mint mark S M K in ex. followed by officina mark A-S (= 1-6) and sometimes preceded by star or dot, or with star in l. field. RIC viii, pp. 4956, 70-71, 75, 80, and 83-4. LRBC II, 2474, 2478, 2476, and 2480. C 41. [Cyzicus, AD 348-51]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

18234

As previous, but with mint mark AN in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, G, D, e, Z, or H (= 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, or 8), sometimes with star in l. field. RIC viii, p. 522, 125 and 127. LRBC II, 2614 and 2616. C 41. [Antioch, AD 348-51]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

18235

As previous, but with mint mark ALE in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, G, or D (= 1, 2, 3, or 4), sometimes with star in l. field. RIC viii, p. 542, 54-5 and 62-3. LRBC II, 2814-5 and 2822. C 41. [Alexandria, AD 348-51]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

18236

Billon half maiorina (c. 2.20 grams). Hf. Rev. GLORIA ROMANORVM, Constantius, in military attire, stg. l., holding labarum and spear, mint mark SIS in ex. preceded by officina mark A-e (= 1-5). RIC viii, p. 370, 293. LRBC II, 1179. C 139. [Siscia, AD 350]. VF £23 ($40) / EF £70 ($120) This type, and no. 18240, were issued under the stop-gap emperor Vetranio who opposed Magnentius’ eastern advance before abdicating in favour of Constantius II on 25 December AD 350 (see also nos. 18084, 18089, and 18203). See nos. 18289 and 18307 for similar issues of later date, no. 18907 for the corresponding type in the name of Vetranio, and nos. 19023 and 19079 for similar issues in the names of Constantius Gallus and Julian II.

18237

Hf. Rev. VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM, Victory advancing l., holding wreath in each hand, mint mark SIS in ex. preceded by officina mark A or G (= 1 or 3). RIC viii, p. 372, 313. LRBC II, 1192. C —. [Siscia, AD 350-51]. VF £40 ($70) / EF £115 ($200)

18238

As previous, but with mint mark SIRM in ex. RIC viii, p. 386, 25. LRBC II, 1588. C —. [Sirmium, AD 351]. VF £40 ($70) / EF £115 ($200)

18239

Hf. Rev. VICTORIA CAESARIS, as previous, but Victory holds wreath and palm (officinae G, D, and e = 3, 4, and 5 recorded). RIC viii, p. 372, 315-16. LRBC II, 1194. C 249. [Siscia, AD 350-51]. VF £35 ($60) / EF £100 ($175)

18240

Hf. Rev. VIRTVS AVGVSTORVM, Constantius, in military attire, advancing r., holding spear and globe and trampling on captive seated at his feet, mint mark SIS in ex. preceded by officina mark A-e (= 1-5). RIC viii, p. 370, 295. LRBC II, 1181. C 310. [Siscia, AD 350]. VF £23 ($40) / EF £70 ($120) For the corresponding type in the name of Vetranio, see no. 18908.

18241

Bronze quarter maiorina? (c. 2.40-2.60 grams with no silver content). Hf. Rev. FEL TEMP REPARATIO, phoenix, rad., stg. r. on globe, mint mark TR in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2) usually followed by dot or star. RIC viii, p. 154, 231, 233, 235, and 237. LRBC II, 34 and 38. C 57. [Trier, AD 348-9]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

CONSTANTIUS II AUGUSTUS

191

18242

FEL TEMP REPARATIO (cont.) Bronze quarter maiorina? Similar, but the phoenix stands on pyre instead of globe, and the officina mark is followed by dot. RIC viii, p. 154, 227. LRBC II, 32. C 58. [Trier, AD 348-9]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

18243

As 18241, but with mint mark LG in ex. preceded by officina mark S (= 2) and sometimes followed by star. RIC viii, p. 183, 92-3. LRBC II, 182. Bastien 100 and 118. C 57. [Lugdunum, AD 348-9]. VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

18244

As previous, but with mint mark ARL in ex. preceded by officina mark P (= 1) and sometimes followed by palm or star. RIC viii, p. 211, 111-12 and 114. LRBC II, —. VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85) EMA 76/2, 77/3, and 78/1. C 57. [Arles, AD 348-9].

18245

As 18242, but with mint mark ARL in ex. preceded by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2) and followed by palm. RIC viii, p. 211, 110. LRBC II, —. EMA 77/1. C 58. [Arles, AD 348-9]. VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

18246

As previous, but with mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark P (= 1), star in l. field. RIC viii, p. 258, 141. LRBC II, 605. C 58. [Rome, AD 348-9]. VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

18247

Similar, but the phoenix stands on globe and sometimes without the star in l. field (officina S = 6 also recorded). RIC viii, p. 258, 142A and 144. LRBC II, —. C 57. VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90) [Rome, AD 348-9].

18248

Gf. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark AQ in ex. followed by officina mark S (= 2). RIC viii, p. 324, 110. LRBC II, —. MA 485. C 57. [Aquileia, AD 348-50]. VF £22 ($38) / EF £65 ($110)

18249

As 18242, but with mint mark SIS in ex. preceded by officina mark A-e (= 1-5) and sometimes followed by dot or by hook-shaped symbol. RIC viii, p. 366, 227, 231, and 235. LRBC II, 1123 and 1127. C 58. [Siscia, AD 348-9]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

18250

Similar, but the mint mark is followed by letter-symbol. RIC viii, p. 366, 240. LRBC II, VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) 1133. C 58. [Siscia, AD 348-9].

18251

As previous, but with mint mark SIRM in ex. RIC viii, p. 386, 26. LRBC II, —. C 58. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100) [Sirmium, AD 351]. Struck at a reduced weight of c. 2.20 grams.

18252

As 18241, but with mint mark S M H in ex. followed by officina mark B (= 2), star in r. field. RIC viii, p. 435, 79. LRBC II, —. C 57. [Heraclea, AD 348-51]. VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

18253

As previous, but with mint mark CONS in ex. followed by officina mark A, D, e, S, Z, Q, I, or IA (= 1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, or 11) usually followed by star, or (rarely) with star in r. field. RIC viii, p. 454, 93-4. LRBC II, 2019-20. C 57. [Constantinople, AD 348-51]. VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

18254

As previous, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, D, or S (= 1, 2, 4, or 6), sometimes with star in r. field. RIC viii, p. 476, 73-73B. LRBC II, 2294. VF £22 ($38) / EF £65 ($110) C 57. [Nicomedia, AD 348-51].

18255

As previous, but with mint mark S M K in ex. followed by officina mark A-S (= 1-6) and with star in r. field. RIC viii, p. 496, 89. LRBC II, 2483. C 57. [Cyzicus, AD 348-51]. VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

18256

As previous, but with mint mark AN in ex. followed officina mark A, B, G, e, Z, H, Q, or I (= 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 8, 9, or 10). RIC viii, p. 522, 129-30. LRBC II, 2618. C 57. [Antioch, AD 348-51]. VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

192

Roman Coins and Their Values

18257

FEL TEMP REPARATIO (cont.) Bronze quarter maiorina? As previous, but with mint mark ALE in ex. followed by officina mark D (= 4) and without star in field. RIC viii, p. 543, 69. LRBC II, 2827. C 57. [Alexandria, AD 348-51]. VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

18258

Hc. Rev. — Constantius stg. l. on galley steered by Victory seated in stern, holding phoenix on globe in his r. hand and labarum in l., mint mark LG in ex. preceded by officina mark S (= 2) which is sometimes preceded by star. RIC viii, p. 183, 95 and 97. LRBC II, 193. Bastien 98 and 107. C 37. [Lugdunum, AD 348-9]. VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

18259

Hf. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark ARL in ex. preceded by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2) and followed by dot. RIC viii, p. 211, 116. LRBC II, 406. EMA 79/1. C 36. VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85) [Arles, AD 348-9].

18260

As previous, but with mint mark SIS in ex. preceded by officina mark A-e (= 1-5) and sometimes followed by dot or by hook-shaped symbol. RIC viii, p. 366, 229, 233, and 237. LRBC II, 1125 and 1129. C 36. [Siscia, AD 348-9]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

18261

Similar, but the mint mark is followed by letter-symbol. RIC viii, p. 366, 243. LRBC II, VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) 1135. C 36. [Siscia, AD 348-9].

18262

Hf. Rev. — as 18258, but with mint mark TES in ex. followed by officina mark A, G, D, or e (= 1, 3, 4, or 5). RIC viii, p. 412, 119. LRBC II, 1641. C 36. [Thessalonica, AD 348-9]. VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

18263

Bronze reduced maiorina (c. 2.50 grams with no silver content). Hf. Rev. FEL TEMP REPARATIO, soldier rushing l., holding shield on l. arm and spearing fallen horseman whose mount has stumbled beneath him, shield on ground to r., mint mark TR in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2) and crescent. RIC viii, p. 167, 359. LRBC VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35) II, 76. C 47. [Trier, AD 353-6].

18264

As previous, but with mint mark LG in ex. preceded by F or G and by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). RIC viii, p. 191, 186-7, 189-90, and 193-4. LRBC II, 252-4. Bastien 234, VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35) 238, and 240-41. C 47. [Lugdunum, AD 353-6].

18265

As previous, but with mint mark CON in ex. preceded by officina mark P, S, or T (= 1, 2, or 3) and with D in l. field. RIC viii, p. 219, 215-16, 219-20, and 222. LRBC II, 455. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35) EMA 125/1-2. C 47. [Constantia/Arles, AD 353-5]. Following the death of Constantine II in 340 this mint reverted to its traditional name of Arelate, thus abandoning the title of Constantina which it had received in 328. However, in 353, following the downfall of the western usurper Magnentius, Constantius II restored the dynastic connection by naming the place Constantia.

18266

Similar, but without D in rev. field. RIC viii, p. 224, 266. LRBC II, 457. EMA 135/1. C VF £8 ($13) / EF £23 ($40) 47. [Constantia/Arles, AD 355-6].

18267

As 18263, but with mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark P, B, T, Q, e, S, or Z (= 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7), sometimes with star between or with star or palm following the officina mark. RIC viii, pp. 274-5 and 278, 272-3, 276-7, 280, 282-3, and 304-5. LRBC II, 670-3 note (p. 106), 674-5, 677-8, 680, and 682. C 47. [Rome, AD 353-6]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

18268

Similar, but with wreath (rarely palm) between the mint and officina marks. RIC viii, p. 278, 307 and 309-10. LRBC II, 687. C 47. [Rome, AD 355-6]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

18269

As 18263, but with mint mark AQ in ex. followed by officina mark P, S, or T (= 1, 2, or 3), sometimes with dot preceding the mint mark or following the officina mark or with dots flanking the mint and officina marks, sometimes with star following the officina mark, and sometimes with II in rev. field to l. RIC viii, pp. 334-5, 199, 201-2, 205, and 207-8. LRBC II, 930, 932, 934, and 943. MA 504-10. C 47. [Aquileia, AD 353-5]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

CONSTANTIUS II AUGUSTUS

193

18270

FEL TEMP REPARATIO (cont.) Bronze reduced maiorina. Similar, but with palm or dot following the officina mark, and with II and (usually) star (sometimes with dot beneath) in rev. field to l. RIC viii, pp. 335-6, 215 and 217. LRBC II, 936-7. MA 511-14. C 47. [Aquileia, AD 355-6]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

18271

As 18263, but with mint mark SIS in ex. preceded by officina mark A, B, G, or D (= 1, 2, 3, or 4) and sometimes followed by reversed Z. RIC viii, pp. 375 and 377, 350, 352-3, and 361-2. LRBC II, 1218, 1222, and 1228. C 47. [Siscia, AD 353-5]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

18272

Similar, but with D instead of reversed Z following the mint mark (officina A = 1 only recorded). RIC viii, p. 377, 364. LRBC II, 1231. C 47. [Siscia, AD 355-6]. VF £8 ($13) / EF £23 ($40)

18273

As previous, but with nothing following the mint mark and with dot between the officina and mint marks. RIC viii, p. 377, 367. LRBC II, 1225. C 47. [Siscia, AD 355-6]. VF £8 ($13) / EF £23 ($40)

18274

As 18263, but with mint mark SIRM or SIRM• in ex. preceded by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2), sometimes with EV in field. RIC viii, pp. 388-9, 48, 50, 52, and 69. LRBC II, VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30) 1603, 1605, and 1607. C 47. [Sirmium, AD 353-6].

18275

As previous, but with mint mark S M TS in ex., with officina mark A-e (= 1-5) either following the mint mark or in l. field. RIC viii, p. 419, 189 and 192. LRBC II, 1681 and 1683. C 47. [Thessalonica, AD 353-6]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

18276

As previous, but with mint mark S M H in ex. followed by officina mark A-e (= 1-5). RIC viii, p. 436, 90. LRBC II, 1900. C 47. [Heraclea, AD 353-6]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

18277

As previous, but with mint mark CONS in ex. followed by officina mark A-IA (= 1-11), sometimes with dot in l. field. RIC viii, p. 458, 118-19 and 121. LRBC II, 2039 and 2043. Cf. C 45 and 47. [Constantinople, AD 353-5]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

18278

Similar, but with X• in rev. field to l. (officinae S and Q = 6 and 9 not recorded). RIC viii, p. 458, 123. LRBC II, 2046. C 47. [Constantinople, AD 353-5]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

18279

Similar, but with e or (rarely) e• in rev. field to l. (officinae B, D, and Z = 2, 4, and 7 not recorded). RIC viii, p. 458, 126-7. LRBC II, 2045. C 47. [Constantinople, AD 353-5] VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

18280

Similar, but with C — A in rev. field (officinae A, G, e, S, H, and Q = 1, 3, 5, 6, 8, and 9 not recorded). RIC viii, p. 458, 128. LRBC II, 2048. C 47. [Constantinople, AD 353-5]. VF £8 ($13) / EF £23 ($40)

18281

Similar, but with star following the officina mark in ex. and nothing in rev. field (officina A = 1 only recorded). RIC viii, p. 458, 125. LRBC II, —. C 47. [Constantinople, AD 353-5]. VF £8 ($13) / EF £23 ($40)

18282

As previous, but with dot instead of star following the officina mark, and all 11 officinae (A-IA) recorded. RIC viii, p. 460, 135. LRBC II, 2041. C 47. [Constantinople, AD 355-6]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

18274

194

Roman Coins and Their Values

18283

FEL TEMP REPARATIO (cont.) Bronze reduced maiorina (c. 2.50 grams). As 18263, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark A-S (= 1-6), rarely with star in l. field. RIC viii, pp. 479 and 481, 96, 98, and 104. LRBC II, 2309 and 2311. C 47. [Nicomedia, AD 353-5]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

18284

Similar, but with A or (rarely) D in rev. field to l. (officina e = 5 not recorded) RIC viii, p. 482, 107 and 109. LRBC II, —. C 47. [Nicomedia, AD 355-6]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

18285

As 18263, but with mint mark S M K in ex. followed by officina mark A-S (= 1-6). RIC viii, pp. 498-9, 104-5, 108, and 110-11. LRBC II, 2496 and 2498. C 47. [Cyzicus, AD 353-5]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

18286

Similar, but with star in rev. field to l. RIC viii, p. 499, 113. LRBC II, 2500. C 47. [Cyzicus, AD 355-6]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

18287

As 18263, but with mint mark AN in ex. followed by officina mark A-eI (= 1-15). RIC viii, pp. 524 and 528, 153, 155, 187A, and 188. LRBC II, 2632-3 and 2634. Cf. C 45 and 47. [Antioch, AD 353-6]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

18288

As previous, but with mint mark ALE in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, G, or D (= 1, 2, 3, or 4). RIC viii, pp. 544-5, 80 and 82. LRBC II, 2844 and 2846. C 47. [Alexandria, AD 353-6]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

18289

Hf. Rev. GLORIA ROMANORVM, Constantius, in military attire, stg. l., holding labarum and spear, mint mark SIS in ex. preceded by officina mark A-D (= 1-4). RIC viii, p. 375, 355. LRBC II, 1220. C 139. [Siscia, AD 353-6]. VF £23 ($40) / EF £70 ($120) This reverse type had been introduced by Vetranio in AD 350 (see no. 18907). See also nos. 18236 and 18307, and nos. 19023 and 19079 for the corresponding issues in the names of Constantius Gallus and Julian II.

18290

Bronze reduced maiorina (c. 2.25 grams). Hf (M behind bust). Rev. FEL TEMP REPARATIO, soldier spearing fallen horseman, as 18263, but with mint mark LG in ex. preceded by G and by officina mark P (= 1). RIC viii, p. 191, 197. LRBC II, 259. Bastien 244. C 47. [Lugdunum, AD 356-8]. VF £9 ($15) / EF £26 ($45) The numeral ‘M’ first appeared on this denomination about AD 356 and is associated with a weight reduction of c. 0.25 grams. Its meaning is unclear though it could indicate that these coins were tariffed at 1,000 to the gold solidus. The importance of this change is clearly emphasized by the remarkable type having the mark of value as the principal element of its reverse design (see no. 18306).

18291

Hf. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark CON in ex. preceded by officina mark P, S, or T (= 1, 2, or 3) and with M in l. field. RIC viii, p. 224, 269 and 272. LRBC II, 458. EMA 136/1. C 47. [Constantia/Arles, AD 356-8]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

18292

As previous, but with mint and value marks R • M • in ex. followed by officina mark P, B, T, Q, e, S, or Z (= 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7). RIC viii, p. 278, 314. LRBC II, 684. C 47. [Rome, AD 356-8]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

18293

Similar, but without dots following the mint and value marks, and with star following the officina mark (officinae S and Z = 6 and 7 not recorded). RIC viii, p. 278, 316. LRBC II, 686. C 47. [Rome, AD 356-8]. VF £8 ($13) / EF £23 ($40)

18294

As 18290, but with mint mark AQ in ex. followed by officina mark P, S, or T (= 1, 2, or 3), sometimes with dot preceding the mint mark, sometimes with dots or dot and palm flanking the mint and officina marks, sometimes with palm following the officina mark, and sometimes with dot or star in rev. field. RIC viii, p. 336, 221-2, 224, 226, and 228. LRBC II, 945, 950, and 523. MA 515-20. C 47. [Aquileia, AD 356-8]. VF £9 ($15) / EF £26 ($45)

CONSTANTIUS II AUGUSTUS

195

18295

FEL TEMP REPARATIO (cont.) Bronze reduced maiorina (c. 2.25 grams). Similar, but also with M (sometimes accompanied by star) in rev. field to l., and sometimes with star and palm flanking the mint and officina marks. RIC viii, p. 336, 230-32. LRBC II, 938, 944, and 948. MA 520 and 522. C 47. [Aquileia, AD 356-8]. VF £9 ($15) / EF £26 ($45)

18296

Hf. Rev. — as 18290, but with mint mark SIS in ex. preceded by officina mark A, B, G, or D (= 1, 2, 3, or 4) and sometimes followed by D, L, Z (reversed), or wreath, M in l. field sometimes accompanied by dot. RIC viii, pp. 377-8, 369, 372, 375, 377, 379, and 381. LRBC II, 1234, 1236, 1238, and 1240. C 47. [Siscia, AD 356-8]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

18297

Similar, but officina D not recorded and with L instead of M in rev. field (nothing following the mint mark). RIC viii, p. 378, 383-4. LRBC II, 1242. C 47. [Siscia, AD 356-8]. VF £8 ($13) / EF £23 ($40)

18298

Hf. Rev. — as 18290, but with mint mark SIRM in ex. preceded by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2), sometimes flanked by dots or by dot and star, or with dot or star following the mint mark, M in l. field. RIC viii, p. 390, 71, 73, 75, 77, and 79. LRBC II, 1609-10 VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35) and 1612-13. C 47. [Sirmium, AD 356-8].

18299

As previous, but with mint mark S M TS in ex. followed by officina mark A-e (= 1-5), M in l. field. RIC viii, p. 421, 208 and 211. LRBC II, 1684 and 1687. Cf. C 45 and 47. [Thessalonica, AD 356-8]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

18300

As previous, but with mint mark S M H in ex. followed by officina mark A-e (= 1-5) and sometimes also by dot, M in l. field. RIC viii, p. 437, 93 and 96. LRBC II, 1902. C 47. [Heraclea, AD 356-8]. VF £8 ($13) / EF £23 ($40)

18301

As previous, but with mint mark CONS in ex. followed by officina mark A-IA (= 1-11) and sometimes also by dot, star, or palm, rarely with two dots in r. field, M between two dots in l. RIC viii, p. 460, 137, 139, 142, 144, 146, and 148. LRBC II, 2049. Cf. C 45 VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35) and 47. [Constantinople, AD 356-8].

18302

As previous, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark A-S (= 1-6), M in l. field. RIC viii, p. 482, 110. LRBC II, 2313. C 47. [Nicomedia, AD 356-8]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

18303

As previous, but with mint mark S M K in ex. followed by officina mark A-S (= 1-6), M between two dots in l. field (the r. dot on soldier’s spear). RIC viii, p. 499, 115. LRBC VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35) II, 2502. C 47. [Cyzicus, AD 356-8].

18304

As previous, but with mint mark AN in ex. followed by officina mark A-DI (= 1-14), M in l. field. RIC viii, p. 528, 190-91. LRBC II, 2637. Cf. C 45 and 47. [Antioch, AD 356-8]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

18305

As previous, but with mint mark ALE in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, G, or D (= 1, 2, 3, or 4). RIC viii, p. 545, 84. LRBC II, 2848. C 47. [Alexandria, AD 356-8]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

18306

Hf. Rev. — large M between two dots, a third dot at centre, mint mark R below followed by officina mark P (= 1). RIC viii, p. 278, 313. LRBC II, —. C —. [Rome, AD 356]. F £200 ($350) / VF £430 ($750)

18307

Hf. Rev. GLORIA ROMANORVM, Constantius, in military attire, stg. l., holding labarum and spear, mint mark SIS in ex. preceded by officina mark A, B, G, or D (= 1, 2, 3, or 4), dot between. Cf. RIC viii, p. 378, 386. LRBC II, 1226. C 139. [Siscia, AD 356-8]. VF £23 ($40) / EF £70 ($120) This reverse type had been introduced by Vetranio in AD 350 (see no. 18907). See also no. 18289.

196

Roman Coins and Their Values

18308

Bronze reduced maiorina (c. 1.90 grams). Hf. Rev. SPES REI PVBLICE, Constantius, helmeted and in military attire, stg. l., holding globe and resting on spear, mint mark S M TR in ex. followed by officina mark P (= 1). Cf. RIC viii, p. 168, 361 (‘confirmation required’). LRBC II, 77. C 188. [Trier, AD 358-61]. VF £10 ($18) / EF £30 ($50) The introduction of this reverse type marked the final reduction in the weight standard of the bronze coinage of Constantius II.

18309

As previous, but with mint mark LG in ex. preceded by M or R and by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). Cf. RIC viii, pp. 192 and 194, 201 and 222. LRBC II, 262 and 265. Bastien 249 and 251-2. C 188. [Lugdunum, AD 358-61]. VF £8 ($13) / EF £23 ($40)

18310

As previous, but with mint mark CON in ex. preceded by officina mark P, S, or T (= 1, 2, or 3), sometimes with VAL monogram in l. field. Cf. RIC viii, pp. 224-5, 275 and 277. LRBC II, 460-61. EMA 137/1 and 138/1. C 188. [Constantia/Arles, AD 358-60]. VF £8 ($13) / EF £23 ($40)

18311

Similar, but with star, crescent, or star within crescent in rev. field to l. Cf. RIC viii, p. 227, 298, 300, and 302. LRBC II, 463-4. EMA 142/1, 143/1, and 144/1. C 188. VF £8 ($13) / EF £23 ($40) [Constantia/Arles, AD 360-61].

18312

As 18308, but with mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark P, B, T, Q, e, S, or Z (= 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7), usually with wreath or star between. Cf. RIC viii, p. 279, 318, 320, and 322. LRBC II, 689 and 691. C 188. [Rome, AD 358-61]. VF £8 ($13) / EF £23 ($40)

18313

As previous, but with mint mark AQ in ex. followed by officina mark P, S, or T (= 1, 2, or 3), sometimes with dot preceding the mint mark or following the officina mark, sometimes the mint and officina marks flanked by dots or palms. RIC viii, pp. 336-7, 233, 235. 237, 239, and 241. LRBC II, 951, 953, and 955. MA 524-8. C 188. [Aquileia, AD 358-61]. VF £8 ($13) / EF £23 ($40)

18314

As previous, but with mint mark SIS in ex. preceded by officina mark A, B, G, or D (= 1, 2, 3, or 4), sometimes with dot preceding the officina mark or following the mint mark, sometimes with star following the mint mark or in r. field, sometimes with R or V or Z (reversed) following the mint mark, and sometimes with dots in l. and r. field or in r. field only. RIC viii, pp. 378-9, 390, 392-3, 395-6, 398, 400, 403, and 405-8. LRBC II, 1245-6, 1248, 1250, and 1252-4. C 188. [Siscia, AD 358-61]. VF £8 ($13) / EF £23 ($40)

18315

As previous, but with mint mark SIRM in ex. preceded by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2), sometimes with dot following the mint mark or in r. field, sometimes with S in l. field, sometimes flanked by dots or with horizontal dividing line. RIC viii, p. 390, 80, 82, 86, 88, and 90. LRBC II, 1615, and 1617-18. C 188. [Sirmium, AD 358-61]. VF £8 ($13) / EF £23 ($40)

18316

As previous, but with mint mark S M TS in ex. followed by officina mark A-D (= 1-4), sometimes with star in l. field. RIC viii, p. 422, 213 and 215. LRBC II, 1689 and 1691. VF £8 ($13) / EF £23 ($40) C 188. [Thessalonica, AD 358-61].

18317

As previous, but with mint mark S M H in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, G, or e (= 1, 2, 3, or 5). RIC viii, p. 437, 98. LRBC II, 1905. C 188. [Heraclea, AD 358-61]. VF £8 ($13) / EF £23 ($40)

18318

As previous, but with mint mark CONS in ex. followed by officina mark B-H, I, or IA (= 2-8, 10, or 11) sometimes followed by branch, or rarely with C or star in l. field. RIC viii, p. 461, 149, 151, 153, and 155. LRBC II, 2053. C 188. [Constantinople, AD 358-61]. VF £9 ($15) / EF £26 ($45)

CONSTANS

197

18319

SPES REI PVBLICE (cont.) Bronze reduced maiorina. As previous, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark A-D (= 1-4) or S (= 6). RIC viii, p. 482, 112. LRBC II, 2315. C 188. [Nicomedia, AD 358-61]. VF £8 ($13) / EF £23 ($40)

18320

As previous, but with mint mark S M K in ex. followed by officina mark A-S (= 1-6), sometimes with G or L in l. field. RIC viii, p. 499, 117, 119, and 121. LRBC II, 2504 and cf. 2506. C 188. [Cyzicus, AD 358-61]. VF £8 ($13) / EF £23 ($40)

18321

As previous, but with mint mark AN in ex. followed by officina mark A-H (= 1-8). RIC viii, p. 528, 193. LRBC II, 2638. C 188. [Antioch, AD 358-61]. VF £9 ($15) / EF £26 ($45)

18322

As previous, but with mint mark ALE in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, G, or D (= 1, 2, 3, or 4). RIC viii, p. 545, 87. LRBC II, 2850. C 188. [Alexandria, AD 358-61]. VF £8 ($13) / EF £23 ($40)

CONSTANS 9 Sep. AD 337-18 Jan. 350 18425 Flavius Julius Constans was the youngest of the four sons of Constantine the Great and was born to Fausta either in AD 320 or 323. Like his elder brother Constantius II, he was the grandson of both Maximian and Constantius I. His promotion to the rank of Caesar took place on Christmas Day 333 and less than four years later the death of his father and the murders of his cousins Delmatius and Hanniballianus left Constans master of a large territory which included the Balkans, Italy, and North Africa. The jealousy of his eldest brother Constantine II, who had been assigned the more peripheral western provinces of Britain, Spain, and Gaul, led to a deadly confrontation when the senior emperor invaded northern Italy in the spring of 340. However, the aggression had been anticipated by Constans who had placed an army in ambush along the invasion route near Aquileia. Constantine and his army were trapped and destroyed at the river Alsa and Constans inherited all his brother’s portion of the Empire. On the death of their father in 337, Constans had been the only one of the three surviving brothers to be baptised. His espousal of Christianity was extreme, almost to the point of fanaticism, and as time went by he began to reveal an unpleasant and hypocritical side to his character which manifested itself in an exaggerated intolerance of Jews, pagans, and violators of morality. Inevitably, this alienated him from many of his subjects. But his biggest mistake was his behaviour towards the army whose generals, as well as the common soldiers, were frequently treated with contempt. Constans’ meanness and avarice were likewise notorious and a culture of corruption and greed existed both in his own household and amongst his provincial appointees. Furthermore, the Christian writers of the time were outraged by his homosexual practices. Nonetheless, the western emperor did achieve some military successes in the early years of his reign, notably against the Sarmatians and the Franks, and in 343 he became the last legitimate emperor to visit Britain, remarkably crossing the Channel in mid-winter. His presence in the island province at this time was on the occasion of the 300th anniversary of the Claudian invasion and conquest, though this may have been purely coincidental. We can only speculate on what he achieved during his stay, but he was probably active along the northern frontier (Hadrian’s Wall) and was perhaps involved in the strengthening of city defences in the light of increasing barbarian incursions. The decade of joint rule of the two sons of Constantine I and Fausta came to an abrupt end early in AD 350. The unlikely setting for the coup-d'état was a birthday party at Augustodunum (Autun) given in honour of his son by Marcellinus, the comes sacrarum largitionum (“Count of the Sacred Largesses”), one of Constans’ principal officials. Marcellinus’ choice to replace Constans was the

198

Roman Coins and Their Values

distinguished soldier Flavius Magnus Magnentius, commander of the palatine units of the Ioviani and the Herculiani. During the course of the party, Magnentius suddenly appeared amongst the guests (many of whom were military officers) dressed in imperial attire. Because of the deeply-routed unpopularity of Constans, the usurper was immediately proclaimed emperor by the gathering and the uprising quickly spread throughout the city. Constans panicked and fled towards the Pyrenees, only to be overtaken and killed by troops led by the Master of the Cavalry, Gaiso, who was rewarded the following year by his appointment to the consulship. Constantius II, the only surviving son of Constantine I, was now technically master of the entire Empire, though most of the western provinces were in the hands of a powerful usurper. The legacy of Constans’ downfall was to be three and a half years of bitter civil war before Constantius, together with his Caesar Gallus, could exert authority over both East and West. His tenure of imperial power having been so much shorter than that of Constantius II (17 years as opposed to 37) it should hardly occasion surprise that the coinage of Constans is far less diverse than that of his elder brother. As Caesar under his father, his billon coins are restricted to the diminutive reduced centenionales introduced in AD 330. After his accession in 337, the coinage of Constans followed a similar pattern to those of his two brothers down to 340. The principal difference in the case of Constans was that he refused to issue coins commemorating the deification of his father (DIVVS CONSTANTINVS PATER AVGVSTORVM), this being unacceptable to his religious principles. The downfall of Constantine II gave Constans more territory and the control of additional mints. Over the following decade, until Constans’ downfall in 350, the coins of the two remaining imperial brothers proceeded in a harmonious manner, with each emperor producing coins in the name of the other at the mints under his control. The reform of the billon and bronze coinage in AD 348 was enacted Empire-wide, though there was an emphasis on the production of heavy maiorinae at Constans’ mints, whereas in the East Constantius issued mainly light maiorinae. The following are the principal forms of obverse legend, other varieties being given in full: As Caesar

A. CONSTANS NOB CAES B. FL CONSTANS NOB C C. FL CONSTANS NOB CAES D. FL CONSTANTIS BEA C E. FL CONSTANTIS BEA CAES F. FL IVL CONSTANS NOB C G. FL IVL CONSTANS NOB CAES

As Augustus

H. CONSTANS AVG I. CONSTANS AVGVSTVS J. CONSTANS P F AVG K. D N CONSTANS P F AVG L. D N FL CONSTANS AVG M. D N FL CONSTANS P F AVG N. FL IVL CONSTANS AVG O. FL IVL CONSTANS PERP AVG P. FL IVL CONSTANS P F AVG Q. IMP CONSTANS AVG

The following varieties of obverse type are represented by lower case letters, others being given in full:

a. Laur. hd. r. b. Laur. and cuir. bust r. c. Laur. and cuir. bust l. d. Laur., dr. and cuir. bust r. e. Laur., dr. and cuir. bust l. f. Diad. hd. r. g. Diad., dr. and cuir. bust r. (diadem sometimes entwined with laurel-wreath). h. Diad., dr. and cuir. bust l., holding globe. i. Diad., dr. and cuir. bust r., holding globe.

CONSTANS CAESAR

199

Issues as Caesar under Constantine I, 25 Dec. AD 333-22 May 337 (followed by an interregnum lasting until 9 Sept. during which he continued to hold the rank of Caesar) 18323

Gold aureus (c. 5.4 grams). Cd. Rev. No legend, Constans stg. in facing quadriga, hd. l., scattering coins from raised r. hand and holding eagle-tipped sceptre in l., mint mark CONS in ex. RIC vii, p. 585, 106. C —. Depeyrot, p. 118, 7/4. [Constantinople, AD 336]. VF £4,550 ($8,000) / EF £11,500 ($20,000)

18324

Gold solidus (c. 4.5 grams). Cd. Rev. CONSTANS NOB CAESAR, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark CONS in ex. Cf. RIC vii, p. 584, 97. Cf. C 6. Depeyrot, p. 117, 5/7. [Constantinople, AD 335]. VF £480 ($850) / EF £1,425 ($2,500)

18325

Fd. Rev. PRINCIPI IVVENTVTIS, Constans, in military attire, stg. l., holding standard and sceptre or spear, two additional standards to r., mint mark TR in ex. RIC vii, p. 221, 575-6. C 93. Depeyrot, p. 63, 37/5. [Trier, AD 335-6]. VF £375 ($650) / EF £1,150 ($2,000)

18326

Ed. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark SIS in ex. RIC vii, p. 454, 228. C 92. VF £480 ($850) / EF £1,425 ($2,500) Depeyrot, p. 102, 22/4. [Siscia, AD 334].

18327

Cg. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark TSe in ex. RIC vii, p. 528, 212. C 91. Depeyrot, p. 115, 16/6. [Thessalonica, AD 335]. VF £375 ($650) / EF £1,150 ($2,000)

18328

Cg. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark CONS in ex. RIC vii (Addenda), p. 719, 112A. C 91. Depeyrot, p. 118, 7/9. [Constantinople, AD 336]. VF £375 ($650) / EF £1,150 ($2,000) The variety IVVENTVTVS (sic) has also been recorded.

18329

C or D, d. Rev. — Constans, in military attire, stg. r., holding transverse spear and globe, mint mark SIS in ex. RIC vii, p. 457, 245-6. C —. Depeyrot, p. 103, 23/4-5. [Siscia, AD 335]. VF £430 ($750) / EF £1,300 ($2,250)

18330

Ce. Rev. VICTORIA CAESAR, Victory advancing l., holding trophy and palm, mint mark R in ex. RIC vii, —. C —. Depeyrot, p. 90, 22/2. [Rome, AD 335-6]. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,700 ($3,000)

18331

Fd. Rev. VICTORIA CAESAR NN, as previous, but with mint mark S M AN in ex. followed by dot, and with star in l. field and mark of value LXXII in r. RIC vii, p. 696, 104. C 143. Depeyrot, p. 148, 50/3. [Antioch, AD 336-7]. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,700 ($3,000) The numeral LXXII (= 72) in reverse field indicates the weight of the solidus as 1/72nd of a pound of gold.

18332

Cd. Rev. VICTORIA NOB CAESS, as previous, but with mint mark P R in ex. RIC vii, —. C —. Depeyrot, p. 90, 23/4. [Rome, AD 335-6]. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,700 ($3,000)

18328

200

Roman Coins and Their Values

18333

Gold 1.5-scripulum or 9-siliqua (c. 1.68 grams). Ce. Rev. PRINCIPI IVVENTVTIS, Constans, in military attire, stg. r., holding transverse spear and globe, mint mark S M N in ex. RIC vii, p. 632, 184. Cf. C 94 (misdescribed). Depeyrot, p. 131, 46/2. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,700 ($3,000) [Nicomedia, AD 335].

18334

Bd. Rev. VIRTVS CAESARVM NN, Constans, in military attire, stg. r. between two seated captives, resting on sceptre or spear and holding parazonium in l., his l. foot set on the captive to r., mint mark CONS in ex. RIC vii, p. 586, 121. C —. Depeyrot, p. 119, VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,700 ($3,000) 7/22. [Constantinople, AD 336-7].

18335

Silver miliarensis or 11/3 siliquae (c. 4.5 grams, weights variable, usually low). Gd. Rev. CONSTANS CAESAR, four standards, mint mark S M TR in ex. RIC vii, p. 222, VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,700 ($3,000) 585. RSC 5. [Trier, AD 336-7].

18336

Silver siliqua (c. 3.37 grams). No legend, f (looking upwards). Rev. — Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark S M AN in ex. RIC vii, p. 696, 107. VF £200 ($350) / EF £575 ($1,000) RSC 4. [Antioch, AD 336-7].

18337

Similar, but with mint mark C in ex. followed by dot and by officina mark D or IA (= 4 or 11). RIC vii, p. 588, 136. RSC 4†. [Constantinople, AD 337]. VF £175 ($300) / EF £520 ($900)

18338

Cd. Rev. VICTORIA CAESARVM, as 18336, but with mint mark SIS in ex. RIC vii, VF £155 ($275) / EF £460 ($800) p. 455, 233. RSC 143a. [Siscia, AD 334].

18339

As previous, but with obv. legend D. RIC vii, p. 455, 234. RSC 143b. [Siscia, AD 334]. VF £175 ($300) / EF £520 ($900)

18340

Billon reduced centenionalis. Gd. Rev. GLORIA EXERCITVS, two soldiers stg. facing each other, each resting on spear and shield, two standards between them, mint mark TR in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2), wreath or palm between the standards. RIC vii, p. 218, 552 and 560. LRBC I, 75 and 84. C 77. [Trier, AD 333-4]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)



NB In the last year of the reign of Constantine I (AD 336-7) there was a final reduction in the weight of the centenionalis from about 2.50 to 1.70 grams; this was clearly indicated on the GLORIA EXERCITVS coinage by a modification in the reverse design which saw the number of standards reduced from two to one.

18341

Fd. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark LG in ex. preceded by star and officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2), nothing between the standards. RIC vii, p. 139, 265. Bastien 252 and 258. LRBC I, 211. C 75. [Lugdunum, AD 334-5]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

18342

Fd. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark CONST in ex. preceded by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2), wreath containing dot between the standards. RIC vii, p. 274, 378. LRBC I, 381. EMA, p. 66, 47/4. C 75 var. [Constantina/Arles, AD 333-4]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

18343

Similar, but with Christogram between the standards (officina S = 2 only recorded). RIC vii, p. 275, 384. LRBC I, 387. EMA, p. 67, 48/4. C 75 var. [Constantina/Arles, AD 334]. VF £19 ($33) / EF £60 ($100)

18344

Similar, but with uncertain symbol resembling pine-tree between the standards (both officinae recorded). RIC vii, p. 276, 390. LRBC I, 394. EMA, p. 67, 49/4. Cf. C 76. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30) [Constantina/Arles, AD 335-6].

18339

CONSTANS CAESAR

201

18345

GLORIA EXERCITVS (cont.) Billon reduced centenionalis. Fe. Rev. — as 18340, but with mint mark AQ in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2), nothing between the standards. RIC vii, p. 407, 121. LRBC I, 653. MA 358. C —. [Aquileia, AD 334-5]. VF £8 ($13) / EF £23 ($40)

18346

Similar, but also with cross between the standards. RIC vii, p. 407, 127. LRBC I, 659. MA 359. C —. [Aquileia, AD 334-5]. VF £23 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

18347

Similar, but with F between the standards. RIC vii, p. 409, 134. LRBC I, 665. MA 360. VF £8 ($13) / EF £23 ($40) C —. [Aquileia, AD 335-6].

18348

Cd. Rev. — as 18340, but with mint and officina marks R P or R T (= 1 or 3) in ex. with wreath between, nothing between the standards. RIC vii, p. 339, 353. LRBC I, 545. C VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35) 71. [Rome, AD 333-5].

18349

Similar, but with star instead of wreath between the mint and officina marks. RIC vii, p. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35) 341, 367. LRBC I, 553. C 71. [Rome, AD 335-6].

18350

Dd. Rev. — as 18340, but with mint and officina marks A SIS, G SIS, or D SIS (= 1, 3, or 4) in ex. flanked by dots, nothing between the standards. RIC vii, p. 456, 238. LRBC VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35) I, 752. C 73 var. [Siscia, AD 334-5].

18351

Ad. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark S M TS in ex. followed by officina mark D (= 4). RIC vii, p. 526, 201. LRBC I, 843. C 69 var. [Thessalonica, AD 335-6]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

18352

CONSTANS IVN NOB C, d. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark S M H in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, or G (= 1, 2, or 3) and star. RIC vii, p. 560, 139. LRBC VF £19 ($33) / EF £60 ($100) I, 927. Cf. C 70. [Heraclea, AD 333-6].

18353

C (sometimes with I between FL and CONSTANS), e. Rev. — as previous, but with officina mark e (= 5). RIC vii, p. 560, 140-41. Cf. LRBC I, 928-9. C 72 and 74. [Heraclea, AD 333-6]. VF £9 ($15) / EF £26 ($45)

18354

Ce. Rev. — as 18340, but with mint mark CONS in ex. followed by officina mark Q or IA (= 9 or 11) and dot, sometimes also with dot preceding the mint mark, nothing between the standards. RIC vii, p. 582, 76 and 83. LRBC I, 1015 and 1020. C 72. VF £8 ($13) / EF £23 ($40) [Constantinople, AD 333-5].

18355

C or FL IVL CONSTANTIS NOB C, e. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark A, D, e, or S (= 1, 4, 5, or 6). RIC vii, p. 634, 192-3. LRBC I, 1122-3. C 72. [Nicomedia, AD 333-5]. VF £9 ($15) / EF £26 ($45)

18356

F, b, d, or g. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark S M K in ex. followed by officina mark A-S (= 1-6), sometimes with dot preceding the mint mark. RIC vii, pp. 655 and 657, 87-9 and 102-4. LRBC I, 1230 and 1245-6. C 75. [Cyzicus, AD 333-5]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

18357

F, d or g. Rev. — as previous, but with star preceding the mint mark (officina e not recorded). RIC vii, p. 658, 114-15. LRBC I, 1256. C 75. [Cyzicus, AD 335-6]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

18350

18358

Fb. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark S M AN in ex. followed by officina mark

e or H (= 5 or 8). RIC vii, p. 693, 89. LRBC I, 1361. C 75 var. [Antioch, AD 333-5].

VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

202

Roman Coins and Their Values

18359

Billon reduced centenionalis. As previous, but with mint mark S M AL in ex. followed by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2). RIC vii, p. 711, 61. LRBC I, 1433. C 75 var. [Alexandria, AD 333-5]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

18360

Gd. Rev. GLORIA EXERCITVS, two soldiers stg. facing each other, each resting on spear and shield, one standard between them, mint and officina marks TR P or S (= 1 or 2) in ex. flanked by dots. RIC vii, p. 223, 593. LRBC I, 95. C 52. [Trier, AD 336-7]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35) LRBC 90 also lists a variant of this type lacking the dots flanking the mint and officina marks, but RIC vii (p. 160, note 1, and 586 note) doubts its existence.

18361

Fd. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark LG in ex. preceded by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2) to l. of which is crescent or star. RIC vii, p. 141, 278. Bastien 265 and 270, 274 and 278. LRBC I, 227. C 50 var. [Lugdunum, AD 336]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

18362

Similar, but the officina mark is preceded by palm. RIC vii, —. Bastien 284 and 289. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35) LRBC I, 236. C 50 var. [Lugdunum, AD 337].

18363

Fd. Rev. – as 18360, but with mint mark CONST preceded by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2), and with Chi-Rho monogram on standard (= labarum). RIC vii, p. 276, 397. LRBC I, 401. EMA, p. 68, 50/4. Cf. C 64. [Constantina/Arles, AD 336]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

18364

Similar, but with X on standard (officina S = 2 only recorded). RIC vii, p. 277, 405. LRBC I, —. EM19A, p. 69, 51/4. C 50 var. [Constantina/Arles, AD 336-7]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

18365

As previous, but with O on standard and both officinae recorded. RIC vii, p. 278, 414. LRBC I, 413. EMA, p. 71, 53/3. C 50 var. [Constantina/Arles, AD 337]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

18366

Fe. Rev. — as 18360, but with mint mark AQ followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2) and sometimes preceded by dot. RIC vii, p. 410, 141 and 146. LRBC I, 672 and 677. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35) MA 361-2. C —. [Aquileia, AD 336-7].

18367

Cd. Rev. – as previous, but with mint and officina marks R P (= 1) in ex. with wreath between. RIC vii, p. 344, 384. LRBC I, 561. Cf. C 46. [Rome, AD 336]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

18368

Similar, but the mint and officina marks are also flanked by palms. RIC vii, p. 344, 389. VF £8 ($13) / EF £23 ($40) LRBC I, —. Cf. C 46. [Rome, AD 336].

18369

Similar to 18367, but with star instead of wreath between the mint and officina marks (officinae T and Q = 3 and 4 also recorded). RIC vii, p. 344, 394. LRBC I, 569. Cf. C VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35) 46. [Rome, AD 336-7].

18370

Dd. Rev. — as 18360, but with mint mark SIS in ex. preceded by officina mark A, B, D, or e (= 1, 2, 4, or 5). RIC vii, p. 458, 255. LRBC I, 757. C 48. [Siscia, AD 336]. VF £8 ($13) / EF £23 ($40)

18371

Similar, but sometimes with obv. legend FL CONSTANTIS NOB C, and with star following the mint mark on rev. (officina e = 5 not recorded). RIC vii, p. 460, 264-5. LRBC I, 762-3. C 48. [Siscia, AD 337]. VF £8 ($13) / EF £23 ($40)

18372

A or C, d. Rev. — as 18360, but with mint mark S M TS in ex. followed by officina mark D (= 4). RIC vii, p. 529, 225-6. LRBC I, 848-9. Cf. C 46 and 63. [Thessalonica, VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35) AD 336-7].

18373

G (but I for IVL), e. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark S M H in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, D, or e (= 1, 2, 4, or 5). RIC vii, p. 561, 154. LRBC I, 938. C 49. [Heraclea, AD 336-7]. VF £8 ($13) / EF £23 ($40)

CONSTANS AUGUSTUS

203

18374

GLORIA EXERCITVS (cont.) Billon reduced centenionalis. Ce. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark CONS in ex. followed by officina mark D, I, or IA (= 4, 10, or 11) and sometimes also with dot at end of legend. RIC vii, pp. 589-90, 140 and 152. LRBC I, 1030-31. Cf. C 47. [Constantinople, AD 336-7]. VF £8 ($13) / EF £23 ($40)

18375

As previous, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, D, e, or S (= 1, 2, 4, 5, or 6). RIC vii, p. 635, 202. LRBC I, 1128. Cf. C 47. [Nicomedia, AD 336-7]. VF £8 ($13) / EF £23 ($40)

18376

F, d or g. Rev. — as 18360, but with mint mark S M K in ex. followed by officina mark A-S (= 1-6) and sometimes with dot between the R and I of GLORIA. RIC vii, pp. 65960, 129-30 and 142-3. LRBC I, 1267-8. C 50. [Cyzicus, AD 336-7]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

18377

Fb. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark S M AN in ex. followed by officina mark Z, H, or Q (= 7, 8, or 9). RIC vii, p. 697, 111. LRBC I, 1366. C 50 var. [Antioch, AD 336-7]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £18 ($30)

18378

As previous, but with mint mark S M AL in ex. followed by officina mark A-D (= 1-4). RIC vii, p. 712, 68. LRBC I, 1438. C 50 var. [Alexandria, AD 336-7]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

18379

Cd. Rev. SECVRITAS REI PVB, Securitas stg. facing, hd. r., legs crossed, resting on column and holding sceptre, mint and officina marks R T or Q or e (= 3, 4, or 5) in ex. with leaf between. RIC vii, p. 346, 404. LRBC I, 579. Cf. C 103. [Rome, AD 337]. VF £19 ($33) / EF £60 ($100)

Issues as Augustus, AD 337-350 18380

Gold aureus (c. 5.4 grams). FL IVL CONSTANS PIVS FELIX AVG, g. Rev. GAVDIVM POPVLI ROMANI around wreath containing SIC / V / SIC / X, mint mark TSe in ex. RIC viii, p. 402, 7. C 32. Depeyrot, p. 295, 1. [Thessalonica, AD 337-40]. VF £1,700 ($3,000) / EF £4,300 ($7,500)

18381

Ig (wreath border). Rev. VICTORIAE DD NN AVGG, Victory stg. r., l. foot on globe, inscribing VOT / X / MVLT / XX on shield set on short column, mint mark TR in ex. (wreath border). RIC viii, p. 147, 127. C —. Depeyrot, p. 291, 5. [Trier, AD 346-8]. VF £1,700 ($3,000) / EF £4,300 ($7,500)

18382

Pg. Rev. — two Victories stg. facing each other, holding between them wreath encircling VOT / X / MVLT / XX, mint mark S M AQ in ex. RIC viii, p. 318, 37. MA 371. C 167. Depeyrot, p. 294, 4-5. [Aquileia, AD 342-3]. VF £1,700 ($3,000) / EF £4,300 ($7,500)

18383

Ig (wreath border). Rev. — as previous, but with wreath border. RIC viii, —. MA —. C —. Depeyrot, p. 294, 4-5. [Aquileia, AD 346-8]. VF £1,700 ($3,000) / EF £4,300 ($7,500)

18384

Gold solidus (c. 4.5 grams). Pg. Rev. FELICITAS PERPETVA, Constantine II, nimbate, enthroned facing on podium inscribed VOT V, his r. hand raised, flanked by seated figures of Constantius II and Constans, their hds. turned towards their elder brother and each holding mappa, mint mark SIS in ex. followed by star. RIC viii, p. 350, 18A. C 27. Depeyrot, p. 200, 4/1. [Siscia, AD 337]. VF £1,575 ($2,750) / EF £4,550 ($8,000)

18385

Og. Rev. FELICITAS REI PVBLICE around wreath containing VOT / XV / MVLT / XX, mint mark CONS in ex. RIC viii, p. 451, 56. C —. Depeyrot, p. 231, 2/2. [Constantinople, AD 346-7]. VF £775 ($1,350) / EF £2,300 ($4,000)

204

Roman Coins and Their Values

18386

Gold solidus. Pg. Rev. GAVDIVM POPVLI ROMANI around wreath containing SIC / V / SIC / X, mint mark SIS followed by star in ex. RIC viii, p. 350, 22. C 36 var. Depeyrot, p. 200, 4/5. [Siscia, AD 337-40]. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,700 ($3,000)

18387

As previous, but with mint mark TSe in ex. RIC viii, p. 402, 8-9. C 36. Depeyrot, p. 213, 2/1. [Thessalonica, AD 337-40]. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,700 ($3,000)

18388

Similar, but the wreath contains VOT / V / MVLT / X. RIC viii, p. 402, 10. C 41. Depeyrot, p. 214, 2/2. [Thessalonica, AD 337-40]. VF £480 ($850) / EF £1,425 ($2,500)

18389

As previous, but with mint mark M HR in ex. RIC viii, p. 429, 1. C 41 var. Depeyrot, p. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,700 ($3,000) 229, 1/1. [Heraclea, AD 337-40].

18390

J, diad., dr. and cuir. bust l. Rev. GLORIA EXERCITVS, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, captive at feet to l., mint mark S M AQ in ex. RIC viii, —. MA 366. C —. Depeyrot, p. 180, 1/3. [Aquileia, AD 337-40]. VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,600 ($4,500)

18391

Og. Rev. GLORIA REI PVBLICAE, enthroned figures of Roma (on l., facing) and Constantinopolis (on r., turned to l.), holding between them shield inscribed VOT / XX / MVLT / XXX in four lines, each holding sceptre in l. hand, Constantinopolis with r. foot on prow, mint and officina marks S M N S (= 6) in ex. RIC viii, p. 473, 34. C 79. Depeyrot, p. 264, 3/5. [Nicomedia, AD 346-7]. VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £2,000 ($3,500) The vota numerals refer to Constantius II, under whom the coins were struck.

18392

Pg. Rev. OB VICTORIAM TRIVMFALEM, two Victories stg. facing each other, holding between them wreath encircling VOT / X / MVLT / XV, mint mark TR in ex. RIC viii, p. 146, 124. C 88. Depeyrot, p. 108, 4/4. [Trier, AD 342-3]. VF £290 ($500) / EF £850 ($1,500)

18393

Similar, but with mint mark S M AQ in ex. RIC viii, p. 318, 38-9. MA 372-3. C 88. Depeyrot, p. 181, 3/1. [Aquileia, AD 342-3]. VF £290 ($500) / EF £850 ($1,500)

18394

Pg. Rev. OB VICTORIAM TRIVMPHALEM, as previous, but with MVL for MVLT and with mint mark SIS in ex. followed by star and sometimes preceded by dot. RIC viii, p. 357, 113, 114A, and 115. Cf. C 90. Depeyrot, pp. 201-2, 9/1 and 10/1. [Siscia, VF £290 ($500) / EF £850 ($1,500) AD 342-3].

18395

Similar, but the wreath on rev. is inscribed VOT / X / MVL / XX. RIC viii, p. 357, 116. Cf. C 89. Depeyrot, —. [Siscia, AD 342-3]. VF £290 ($500) / EF £850 ($1,500)

18396

Nd. Rev. SECVRITAS REI PVBLICAE, Securitas stg. facing, hd. r., r. hand on hd., l. elbow on column, mint mark TR in ex. RIC viii, p. 140, 3. C 104. Depeyrot, p. 106, 1/3. [Trier, AD 337-40]. VF £350 ($600) / EF £1,000 ($1,750)

18397

Jg. Rev. SPES REI PVBLICAE, Constans, in military attire, stg. l., holding labarum and spear, crowned by Victory stg. l. behind him, also holding palm, mint mark SIS in ex. sometimes flanked by dots. RIC viii, p. 349, 10-11. C 109. Depeyrot, p. 199, 1/5 and 3/5. [Siscia, AD 337-40]. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,700 ($3,000)

18392

 

18394

CONSTANS AUGUSTUS

205

18398

Gold solidus. Similar, but with obv. legend CONSTANS MAX AVG. RIC viii, p. 349, 9. C 108. Depeyrot, p. 199, 1/4. [Siscia, AD 337]. VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £2,000 ($3,500)

18399

Nd. Rev. VICTOR OMNIVM GENTIVM, Constans, in military attire, stg. l., holding standard and resting on shield, two suppliants kneeling before him on l., seated captive on r., mint mark TR in ex. RIC viii, p. 140, 6 and 11. C 121. Depeyrot, p. 107, 3/4. VF £520 ($900) / EF £1,575 ($2,750) [Trier, AD 337-40].

18400

Similar, but with obv. J, diad., dr. and cuir. bust l., the diadem entwined with laurelwreath. RIC viii, p. 140, 9-10. C 120. Depeyrot, p. 107, 4/2. [Trier, AD 337-40]. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,700 ($3,000)

18401

Hd. Rev. VICTORIA AVG, Victory advancing l., holding long staff surmounted by trophy in r. hand and palm-branch in l., star in l. field, mark of value LXXII in r., mint mark S M AN in ex., sometimes followed by dot, sometimes by officina mark D, e, or Q (= 4, 5, or 9). RIC viii, p. 512, 5 and 8. C —. Depeyrot, pp. 271-2, 1/3 and 2/3. [Antioch, AD 337-40]. VF £350 ($600) / EF £1,000 ($1,750) The numeral LXXII (= 72) in reverse field indicates the weight of the solidus as 1/72nd of a pound of gold.

18402

Hd. Rev. VICTORIA AVGVSTI, Victory seated r. on cuirass and shield, inscribing VOT / XXX on shield set on l. knee and supported by Genius stg. l. before her, mint and officina marks S M AN D (= 4) in ex. with dot following the officina mark. RIC viii, p. 512, 12. C —. Depeyrot, p. 272, 4/3. [Antioch, AD 337-40]. VF £375 ($650) / EF £1,150 ($2,000) On this type and the next, the vota (suscepta) xxx relates solely to the senior emperor, Constantine II.

18403

Hg. Rev. VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM, as previous (officinae B, G, D, e, H, Q, and I = 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 9, and 10 recorded). RIC viii, p. 513, 19. C 142. Depeyrot, p. 273, 4/10. [Antioch, AD 337-40]. VF £350 ($600) / EF £1,000 ($1,750)

18404

Og. Rev. — Victory seated r., as 18402, but the shield is inscribed VOT / V / MVLT / X and without dot following the officina mark (officinae S-I = 6-10 recorded). RIC viii, p. 513, 29. C 140. Depeyrot, p. 274, 5/7. [Antioch, AD 337-42]. VF £290 ($500) / EF £850 ($1,500)

18405

Similar, but the shield is inscribed VOT / XV / MVLT / XX, and officinae S, Z, and H (= 6, 7, and 8) recorded. RIC viii, p. 513, 26. C —. Depeyrot, p. 274, 5/4. [Antioch, AD 337-42]. VF £350 ($600) / EF £1,000 ($1,750) On this type and the next, the vota numerals would appear to refer to Constantius II, under whom the coins were struck. A curious variant has the legend VOT / VX / MVLT / XV on the shield (RIC 28).

18401

 

18403

18404

206

Roman Coins and Their Values

18406

Gold solidus. Og. Rev. — Victory advancing l., trampling on captive and holding wreath containing XXV in r. hand and trophy and palm-branch in l., mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark B, C, or S (= 2, 4, or 6). RIC viii, p. 473, 27-8. C 139. Depeyrot, p. 264, 3/2. [Nicomedia, AD 346-7]. VF £480 ($850) / EF £1,425 ($2,500)

18407

Kg. Rev. — VICTORIA CONSTANTIS AVG, Victory seated r., as 18402, but the shield is inscribed VOT / V and with mint and officina marks S M N T (= 3) in ex. RIC viii, p. 471, 2. C —. Depeyrot, p. 263, 1/2 and note. [Nicomedia, AD 337-40]. VF £430 ($750) / EF £1,300 ($2,250)

18408

 

18410

18408

Pg. Rev. — Victory seated r., as 18404 (VOT / V / MVLT / X on shield), but with mint mark SIS in ex. followed by star. RIC viii, p. 351, 34-5. C 147. Depeyrot, p. 200, 5/4. VF £375 ($650) / EF £1,150 ($2,000) [Siscia, AD 337-40].

18409

Pg. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark M HR in ex. RIC viii, p. 430, 5. C 147 var. Depeyrot, p. 229, 1/3. [Heraclea, AD 337-40]. VF £375 ($650) / EF £1,150 ($2,000)

18410

K, a or f. Rev. — Victory seated r., as 18402, but the shield is inscribed VOT / X and with mint mark CONS in ex. RIC viii, p. 447, 7-8. C 146. Cf. Depeyrot, p. 230, 1/6-7 (rev. misdescribed). [Constantinople, AD 337-40]. VF £375 ($650) / EF £1,150 ($2,000)

18411

Pg. Rev. — Victory advancing r., holding shield inscribed VOT / V / MVLT / X and trampling on captive at her feet, mint mark as previous. RIC viii, p. 352, 37-8. C 145 var. Cf. Depeyrot, p. 200, 5/6 (rev. misdescribed). [Siscia, AD 337-40]. VF £375 ($650) / EF £1,150 ($2,000)

18412

Pg. Rev. – as previous, but with mint mark M HR in ex. RIC viii, p. 430, 3. C 145. Cf. Depeyrot, p. 229, 1 note. [Heraclea, AD 337-40]. VF £480 ($850) / EF £1,425 ($2,500) The existence of this type requires confirmation.

18413

Pg. Rev. VICTORIA D N CONSTANTIS AVG, Victory seated r., as 18408. RIC viii, p. 351, 36. C —. Depeyrot, p. 200, 5/5. [Siscia, AD 337-40]. VF £430 ($750) / EF £1,300 ($2,250)

18414

Pg. Rev. VICTORIA DD NN AVGG, Victory advancing l., holding long staff surmounted by trophy and palm, mint mark S M AQ in ex. RIC viii, p. 318, 40. MA 374. C 153 var. Depeyrot, p. 181, 3/2. [Aquileia, AD 342-3]. VF £430 ($750) / EF £1,300 ($2,250)

18415

As previous, but with mint mark SIS in ex. RIC viii, p. 352, 39. C 153 var. Depeyrot, p. VF £430 ($750) / EF £1,300 ($2,250) 201, 7/1. [Siscia, AD 337-40].

18416

J or P, g. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark TSe in ex. RIC viii, p. 402, 4-5 and 13. C 153 var. Depeyrot, pp. 213-14, 1/3 and 2/3. [Thessalonica, AD 337-40]. VF £290 ($500) / EF £850 ($1,500)

CONSTANS AUGUSTUS

18417

207

18419

18417

Gold solidus. Pg. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark TES. RIC viii, p. 404, 28-9. C 153. Depeyrot, p. 214, 4/3. [Thessalonica, AD 340-42]. VF £270 ($475) / EF £800 ($1,400)

18418

Pg. Rev. VICTORIA DDD NNN AVG, Victory advancing r., holding shield inscribed VOT / V / MVLT / X and trampling on captive at her feet, mint mark M HR in ex. RIC viii, p. 430, 2. Cf. C 159 (rev. misdescribed). Depeyrot, p. 229, 1/2. [Heraclea, AD 33740]. VF £480 ($850) / EF £1,425 ($2,500)

18419

Pg. Rev. VICTORIAE D N AVG, two Victories stg. facing each other, holding between them wreath encircling VOT / V / MVLT / X, mint mark S M AQ in ex., sometimes with star in field. RIC viii, p. 315, 6-7. MA 367-8. C —. Cf. Depeyrot, p. 180, 1/4 and 2/1 (rev. misdescribed). [Aquileia, AD 337-40]. VF £350 ($600) / EF £1,000 ($1,750)

18420

As previous, but with wreath encircling VOTIS / V / MVLTIS / X on rev., and mint mark TES in ex. RIC viii, p. 404, 31. C —. Depeyrot, p. 214, 4/5. [Thessalonica, AD 337-40]. VF £350 ($600) / EF £1,000 ($1,750)

18421

Pg. Rev. VICTORIAE DD NN AVGG, two Victories stg. facing each other, holding between them wreath encircling VOT / V / MVL / X, mint mark SIS in ex. preceded by O surmounted by dot and followed by dot. RIC viii, p. 357, 112. C —. Depeyrot, p. VF £375 ($650) / EF £1,150 ($2,000) 201, 8/4. [Siscia, AD 337-40].

18422

As previous, but with wreath encircling VOT / X / MVL / XX on rev., and sometimes the mint mark is flanked by stars. RIC viii, p. 358, 120 and 124-5. Cf. C 173. Depeyrot, pp. 201-2, 8/3 and 11/2. [Siscia, AD 342-6]. VF £320 ($550) / EF £925 ($1,600)

18423

Ig (wreath border). Rev. — as previous, but with wreath encircling VOT / X / MVLT / XX, and with mint mark TR in ex. (wreath border). RIC viii, p. 147, 129. C 171 var. Depeyrot, p. 108, 5/2. [Trier, AD 346-8]. VF £350 ($600) / EF £1,000 ($1,750)

18424

Similar, but without wreath borders and sometimes with dot in rev. field. RIC viii, p. 148, 135-6 and 138. C 171. Depeyrot, p. 108, 6/3-4. [Trier, AD 348-50]. VF £270 ($475) / EF £800 ($1,400)

18425

As 18423 (wreath borders), but with mint mark S M AQ in ex. RIC viii, p. 319, 45. MA 377. Cf. C 171. Depeyrot, p. 181, 4/2. [Aquileia, AD 346-8]. VF £290 ($500) / EF £850 ($1,500)

18426

Similar, but with mint mark SIS in ex. preceded by O surmounted by dot and followed by dot. RIC viii, p. 359, 132. C —. Depeyrot, p. 202, 12/2. [Siscia, AD 346-8]. VF £290 ($500) / EF £850 ($1,500)

18424

 

18425

208

Roman Coins and Their Values

18427

VICTORIAE DD NN AVGG / VOT / X / MVLT / XX (cont.) Gold solidus. As previous, but the mint mark is flanked by palms or by stars, or preceded by palm and followed by star. RIC viii, p. 359, 134, 136, and 138-9. Cf. C 171. Depeyrot, p. 203, 13/2, 14/3, and 15/3. [Siscia, AD 346-8]. VF £350 ($600) / EF £1,000 ($1,750)

18428

As 18423 (wreath borders), but with mint mark TES in ex. RIC viii, p. 409, 72-4. Cf. C 171. Depeyrot, p. 215, 6/3-4. [Thessalonica, AD 346-8]. VF £290 ($500) / EF £850 ($1,500)

18429

As 18424 (regular borders), but with wreath encircling VOT / XV / MVLT / XX on rev., and with mint mark S M AQ in ex. RIC viii, p. 319, 46. MA 378. C —. Depeyrot, p. 181, 5/1. [Aquileia, AD 346-7]. VF £430 ($750) / EF £1,300 ($2,250)

18430

Pg. Rev. VICTORIAE DDD NNN AVGGG, two Victories stg. facing each other, holding between them wreath encircling VOT / V / MVLT / X, mint mark TSe in ex. RIC viii, p. 403, 14. C —. Depeyrot, p. 214, 2/6. [Thessalonica, AD 337-40]. VF £480 ($850) / EF £1,425 ($2,500)

18431

 

18432

18431

Pg. Rev. VIRTVS EXERCITVM, Constans, in military attire, stg. l. between two seated captives, holding long staff surmounted by trophy and resting on shield, mint mark TES in ex. RIC viii, p. 404, 33-5. C 191. Depeyrot, p. 214, 4/7. [Thessalonica, AD 337-40]. VF £290 ($500) / EF £850 ($1,500)

18432

Nd. Rev. VIRTVS EXERCITVS GALL, Mars, in military attire, advancing r. between two seated captives, holding transverse spear in r. hand and trophy over shoulder with l., mint mark TR in ex. RIC viii, p. 140, 14. C 194. Depeyrot, p. 107, 2/3. [Trier, AD 337-40]. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,700 ($3,000) NB A few gold multiples were issued during this reign: 1.5 solidi were struck at Aquileia, revs. VIRTVS CONSTANTIS AVG, emperor with captive (RIC 3) and VICTORIAE DD NN AVGG, two Victories supporting wreath (RIC 43), at Siscia, revs. GLORIA REI PVBLICAE, Constantius II and Constans enthroned in consular robes (RIC 106) and VICTORIAE DD NN AVGG, two Victories supporting wreath (RIC 110), and at Thessalonica, rev. VIRTVS EXERCITVM, emperor between two captives (RIC 23-4); double solidi were struck at Trier, rev. GLORIA EXERCITVS, emperor with trophy and shield (RIC 120), at Aquileia, revs. GAVDIVM POPVLI ROMANI, emperor crowned by Victory (RIC 1-1A) and VICTORIAE DD NN AVGG, two Victories supporting wreath (RIC 36), at Siscia, rev. VICTORIAE DD NN AVGG, two Victories supporting wreath (RIC 107-8), at Thessalonica, rev. FELICITAS PERPETVA VOT V, Constantine II, Constantius II, and Constans enthroned (RIC 18), and at Antioch, rev. GLORIA ROMANORVM, Roma seated (RIC 74); triple solidi were struck at Thessalonica, rev. VICTORIAE DD NN AVGG, two Victories supporting wreath (RIC 62); 4.5 solidi were struck at Thessalonica, revs. SALVS ET SPES REI PVBLICAE, Constantine II stg. between his two brothers (RIC 21) and FELICIA DECENNALIA, two genii supporting wreath (RIC 60), and at Antioch, rev. GLORIA ROMANORVM, Constantinopolis enthroned (RIC 71); and 9 solidi were struck at Aquileia, rev. VICTORIA AVGVSTI NOSTRI, emperor dragging captive with kneeling female before (RIC 35).

18433

Gold semissis or half solidus (c. 2.25 grams). Pg. Rev. GAVDIVM POPVLI ROMANI, around wreath containing SIC / V / SIC / X, mint mark P ARL in ex. RIC viii, p. 207, 61. C 37. Depeyrot, p. 132, 1/3. EMA 62/2. [Arles, AD 340]. VF £480 ($850) / EF £1,425 ($2,500)

CONSTANS AUGUSTUS

209

18434

Gold semissis. Pg. Rev. VICTORIA CONSTANTIS AVG, Victory seated r. on cuirass and shield, inscribing VOT / XV on shield set on l. knee and supported by Genius stg. l. before her, mint mark S M AQ in ex. RIC viii, p. 318, 41. MA 375. C 148. Depeyrot, p. 181, 3/3. [Aquileia, AD 346-7]. VF £350 ($600) / EF £1,000 ($1,750)

18435

Jg. Rev. VICTORIA DD NN AVGG, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark TR in ex. RIC viii, p. 148, 140. C 150. Depeyrot, p. 109, 6/7. [Trier, AD 3467]. VF £290 ($500) / EF £850 ($1,500)

18436

Jg (wreath border). Rev. VICTORIAE DD NN AVGG, two Victories stg. facing each other, holding between them wreath encircling VOT / X / MVLT / XX, mint mark SIS in ex. flanked by palm and star (wreath border). RIC viii, p. 359, 142-3. C 172, 175. VF £350 ($600) / EF £1,000 ($1,750) Depeyrot, p. 203, 14/5. [Siscia, AD 347-8].

18437

I or J, g. Rev. — Victory seated r., as 18434, but the shield is inscribed VOT / X / MVLT / XX and with mint mark TES in ex. RIC viii, p. 409, 65-6. C 166. Depeyrot, p. 215, 5/4-5. [Thessalonica, AD 342-6]. VF £290 ($500) / EF £850 ($1,500)

18438

Gold 1.5-scripulum or 9-siliqua (c. 1.68 grams). Pg. Rev. GAVDIVM POPVLI ROMANI around wreath containing SIC / V / SIC / X, mint mark TSe in ex. RIC viii, p. 403, 16-17. C 37 var. Depeyrot, p. 214, 2/7. [Thessalonica, AD 337-40]. VF £400 ($700) / EF £1,150 ($2,000)

18439

N, d or g. Rev. SECVRITAS REI PVBLICAE, Securitas stg. facing, hd. r., r. hand on hd., l. elbow on column, mint mark TR in ex. RIC viii, p. 141, 19. C 105. Depeyrot, p. VF £400 ($700) / EF £1,150 ($2,000) 107, 1/7-8. [Trier, AD 337-9].

18440

Jg. Rev. VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark P ARL in ex. RIC viii, p. 207, 63. C —. Depeyrot, p. 132, 1/5. EMA 62/5. [Arles, AD 340]. VF £290 ($500) / EF £850 ($1,500)

18441

As previous, but with mint mark SIS followed by star in ex. RIC viii, p. 358, 127. C —. Depeyrot, p. 201, 9/4. [Siscia, AD 345-7]. VF £290 ($500) / EF £850 ($1,500)

18442

Similar, but the mint mark is flanked by palm and star, and the obverse and reverse types are enclosed by wreath border. RIC viii, p. 359, 144. Cf. C 134 (inaccurate and incomplete description). Depeyrot, p. 203, 14/6. [Siscia, AD 347-8]. VF £350 ($600) / EF £1,000 ($1,750)

18443

Jg. Rev. VICTORIA DD NN AVGG, as 18440, but with mint mark TR in ex. RIC viii, p. 148, 141-3. C 150. Depeyrot, p. 109, 6/9-11. [Trier, AD 345-7]. VF £270 ($475) / EF £800 ($1,400)

18444

As previous, but with mint mark TSe in ex. RIC viii, p. 402, 6. C 150 var. Depeyrot, p. 213, 1/4. [Thessalonica, AD 337-40]. VF £290 ($500) / EF £850 ($1,500)

18445

Similar, but with mint mark TES. RIC viii, p. 404, 37. C 150 var. Depeyrot, p. 215, 4/10. VF £290 ($500) / EF £850 ($1,500) [Thessalonica, AD 337-40].

18446

Silver multiple of 4 siliquae or 3 light miliarenses (c. 13.5 grams). Pg. Rev. FELICITAS PERPETVA, Constantine II, nimbate, enthroned facing, on raised base inscribed VOT V, his r. hand raised, between seated facing figures of Constantius II and Constans, their hds. turned inwards towards their elder brother and each holding mappa, mint mark SIS in ex. followed by dot within crescent. RIC viii, p. 352, 41. RSC 28a. [Siscia, AD 338]. VF £5,700 ($10,000) / EF £17,250 ($30,000)

18447

Pg. Rev. GAVDIVM POPVLI ROMANI around wreath containing SIC / V / SIC / X in four lines, mint mark SIS in ex. either followed by dot within crescent or flanked by dots. RIC viii, p. 352, 45-6. RSC 34a-b. [Siscia, AD 337-40]. VF £3,450 ($6,000) / EF £10,250 ($18,000)

210

Roman Coins and Their Values

18448

Silver multiple of 4 siliquae. FL IVL CONSTANS PIVS FELIX AVG, g. Rev. GAVDIVM POPVLI ROMANI, as previous, but with mint mark TES in ex. RIC viii, p. 406, 45. RSC 33. [Thessalonica, AD 337-40]. VF £3,450 ($6,000) / EF £10,250 ($18,000)

18449

As previous, but the wreath contains SIC / XX / SIC / XXX in four lines. RIC viii, p. 409, 77. RSC 40A. [Thessalonica, AD 342-3]. VF £3,750 ($6,500) / EF £11,500 ($20,000) The vota numerals refer to the senior emperor, Constantius II.

18450

Pg. Rev. — as previous, but the wreath contains VOT / V / MVLT / X in four lines, and with mint mark AQ in ex. RIC viii, p. 320, 47. MA 379. RSC 41. [Aquileia, AD 337-40]. VF £3,750 ($6,500) / EF £11,500 ($20,000)

18451

Pg. Rev. TRIVMFATOR GENTIVM BARBARARVM, Constans, in military attire, stg. l., holding standard with Chi-Rho monogram (labarum) in r. hand and spear (or sceptre) in l., mint mark AQ preceded by star in ex. RIC viii, —. Cf. MA 380. RSC 112b. [Aquileia, AD 342]. VF £3,750 ($6,500) / EF £11,500 ($20,000) RIC 49 records an unconfirmed variant with obv. legend FL IVL CONSTANS PIVS FELIX AVG.

18452

As previous, but with mint mark SIS flanked by dots in ex. RIC viii, p. 360, 148. RSC VF £3,450 ($6,000) / EF £10,250 ($18,000) 112a. [Siscia, AD 342].

18453

Obv. As 18448. Rev. — as previous, but the standard is not ornamented with Chi-Rho monogram, Constantius holds nothing in l. hand, and with mint mark TR in ex. RIC viii, p. 149, 145 and 148-149A. RSC 113a-d. [Trier, AD 342]. VF £3,450 ($6,000) / EF £10,250 ($18,000) On the reverse of some specimens the emperor is shown standing to right with his head turned to left.

18454

Similar, but Constantius rests l. hand on shield and with mint mark TES in ex. RIC viii, p. 410, 80-81. RSC 114a-b. [Thessalonica, AD 342]. VF £3,750 ($6,500) / EF £11,500 ($20,000)

18451

18452

CONSTANS AUGUSTUS

211

18455

Silver heavy miliarensis (c. 5.4 grams). Pg. Rev. CONSTANS AVG, four standards, mint mark SIS in ex. flanked by dots. RIC viii, p. 353, 50. RSC 2Ab. [Siscia, AD 337-40]. VF £775 ($1,350) / EF £2,300 ($4,000) This new denomination equates in weight to the gold aureus, just as the light miliarensis is the weight equivalent of the gold solidus (see no. 18463).

18456

Pg. Rev. GAVDIVM POPVLI ROMANI around wreath containing SIC / V / SIC / X in four lines, mint mark SIS in ex. followed by dot within crescent. RIC viii, p. 353, 49. RSC 35a. [Siscia, AD 337-40]. VF £720 ($1,250) / EF £2,150 ($3,750)

18457

As previous, but the wreath contains SIC / X / SIC / XX flanked by palms, and the mint mark is sometimes preceded by dot and/or followed by wreath instead of followed by dot within crescent. RIC viii, p. 360, 149, 151, and 153. RSC 40a-c. [Siscia, AD 342-6]. VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £2,000 ($3,500)

18458

Jg. Rev. GLORIA EXERCITVS, four standards, mint mark TSe in ex. RIC viii, p. 405, 38. RSC 45A. [Thessalonica, AD 337-40]. VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,600 ($4,500)

18459

Pg. Rev. TRIVMFATOR GENTIVM BARBARARVM, Constans, in military attire, stg. l., holding standard in r. hand and resting on shield with l., mint mark TES in ex. RIC viii, p. 410, 85-6. RSC 115a-b. [Thessalonica, AD 342]. VF £720 ($1,250) / EF £2,150 ($3,750)

18460

Pg. Rev. VICTORIAE DD NN AVGG, Victory seated r. on cuirass, inscribing VOT / X / MVLT / XV on shield set on l. knee, mint mark AQ in ex. preceded by star. RIC viii, p. 320, 50. MA 381 and 390 (misdescribed). RSC 163. [Aquileia, AD 342]. VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £2,000 ($3,500)

18461

As previous, but Victory inscribes VOT / X / MVLT / XX on the shield. RIC viii, p. 320, 51. MA 382. RSC 163Aa. [Aquileia, AD 346]. VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £2,000 ($3,500) A variety (RIC 52) lacking the star before the mint mark requires confirmation.

18462

Kg. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark AQ in ex. RIC viii, p. 320, 57A. MA 389. RSC 164b. [Aquileia, AD 346]. VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £2,000 ($3,500)

18463

Similar, but the mint mark is preceded by numeral LX. RIC viii, p. 320, 57. MA 388. RSC 164a. [Aquileia, AD 346]. VF £775 ($1,350) / EF £2,300 ($4,000) The numeral 60 (LX) in the mint mark refers to the weight standard of this denomination, i.e. 1/60th of a pound (see also no. 18761).

18464

Pg. Rev. VIRTVS DD NN AVGG, Constans, in military attire, stg. l., holding standard with Chi-Rho monogram (labarum) in r. hand, l. hand at side, mint mark TR in ex. RIC viii, p. 150, 172-4. RSC 189a-c. [Trier, AD 346-8]. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,700 ($3,000)

18465

As previous, but Constans rests l. hand on shield, and with mint mark LG in ex. preceded by officina mark P (= 1). RIC viii, p. 179, 33. Bastien 87. RSC 189d. [Lugdunum, AD 348]. VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £2,000 ($3,500)

18465

212

18466

Roman Coins and Their Values

18466 Silver heavy miliarensis. Pg. Rev. VIRTVS EXERCITVS, soldier stg. facing, hd. r., resting on spear and shield, mint mark TES in ex. RIC viii, p. 406, 48. RSC 193. VF £625 ($1,100) / EF £1,850 ($3,250) [Thessalonica, AD 339-40].

18467

Of. Rev. — three standards, mint mark S M K in ex. followed by officina mark B (= 2). RIC viii, p. 492, 39A. RSC 193A. [Cyzicus, AD 348-50]. VF £775 ($1,350) / EF £2,300 ($4,000)

18468

Silver light miliarensis (c. 4.5 grams). Nd. Rev. CONSTANS AVG, four standards, mint mark S M TR in ex. RIC viii, p. 141, 24. RSC 2Aa. [Trier, AD 337-40]. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,700 ($3,000)

18469

Pg. Rev. CONSTANS P F AVG, three standards, mint mark TES in ex. RIC viii, p. 406, VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,700 ($3,000) 51. RSC 3. [Thessalonica, AD 339-40].

18470

Pg. Rev. FELICITAS PERPETVA, three emperors enthroned facing, similar to 18446, but with mint mark TES in ex. RIC viii, p. 406, 52. RSC 28b. [Thessalonica, AD 338]. VF £2,000 ($3,500) / EF £4,300 ($7,500)

18471

18472

  18471 18472A Pg. Rev. GAVDIVM POPVLI ROMANI around wreath containing SIC / V / SIC / X in four lines, mint mark SIS in ex. followed by dot within crescent. RIC viii, p. 353, VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,700 ($3,000) 51-2. RSC 35b-c. [Siscia, AD 337-40]. As previous, but with mint mark TSe in ex. RIC viii, p. 405, 42. RSC 35d. [Thessalonica,

AD 337-40]. VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £2,000 ($3,500)

18472A

As previous, but with VOT / V / MVLT / X within the wreath on rev. RIC viii, —. RSC —. [Thessalonica, AD 340-42]. VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £2,000 ($3,500)

18473

As 18471, but the wreath contains SIC / X / SIC / XX flanked by palms, and the mint mark is followed by wreath. RIC viii, p. 361, 154. RSC 40d. [Siscia, AD 342-6]. VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £2,000 ($3,500)

18474

Pg. Rev. GAVDIVM ROMANORVM, vexillum, inscribed VOT / V / MVLT / X, with two captives seated back to back at base, mint mark TR in ex. RIC viii, p. 149, 160. RSC VF £625 ($1,100) / EF £1,850 ($3,250) 45c. [Trier, AD 342].

18475

As previous, but the vexillum is inscribed VOT / X / MVLT / XV. RIC viii, p. 149, 152. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,700 ($3,000) RSC 44. [Trier, AD 342-3].

CONSTANS AUGUSTUS

18476

213

  18476 18477 Silver heavy miliarensis. Similar, but the vexillum is inscribed VOT / X / MVLT / XX. RIC VF £520 ($900) / EF £1,575 ($2,750) viii, p. 149, 158-9. RSC 45a-b. [Trier, AD 343].

18477

Pg. Rev. TRIVMFATOR GENTIVM BARBARARVM, Constans, in military attire, stg. l., holding standard in r. hand and resting on shield with l., mint mark TES in ex. RIC viii, p. 410, 90-92. RSC 115c-e. [Thessalonica, AD 342]. VF £625 ($1,100) / EF £1,850 ($3,250)

18478

Pg. Rev. VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark SIS in ex. followed by wreath or dot within crescent, sometimes with palm in l. field. RIC viii, p. 361, 157-8, 159A, and 161. RSC 135a-d. [Siscia, AD 342-6]. VF £520 ($900) / EF £1,575 ($2,750)

18479

Kg. Rev. VICTORIAE DD NN AVGG, Victory seated r. on cuirass, inscribing VOT / X / MVLT / XX on shield set on l. knee, mint mark AQ in ex. sometimes followed by officina mark S (= 2). RIC viii, p. 321, 62-3. MA 391-2. RSC 164d-e. [Aquileia, AD 346]. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,700 ($3,000)

18480

Kg. Rev. VIRTVS EXERCITVM, four standards, the two central ones inscribed A and w, Chi-Rho monogram above and between them, mint mark R in ex. RIC viii, p. 252, 71. RSC 192. [Rome, AD 348-50]. VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,600 ($4,500)

18481

Silver siliqua (c. 3.37 grams). No legend, f (looking upwards). Rev. CONSTANS AVG, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark S M H in ex. RIC viii, VF £200 ($350) / EF £520 ($900) p. 431, 12. RSC 2B. [Heraclea, AD 337-40].

18478

18482

 

18483

18482

J or P, g. Rev. — three palm-branches stg. upright on exergual line, star above the central one, mint mark SIS in ex. sometimes flanked by dots, sometimes followed by dot within crescent, and sometimes preceded by dot and followed by dot within crescent. RIC viii, VF £175 ($320) / EF £460 ($800) p. 354, 65-9. RSC 1a-f. [Siscia, AD 337-40].

18483

Obv. As 18481. Rev. CONS / TANS / AVG in three lines within wreath, mint mark ANT below. RIC viii, —. RSC 2b. [Antioch, AD 337-40]. VF £290 ($500) / EF £720 ($1,250)

214

Roman Coins and Their Values

18484

Silver siliqua. As previous, but the legend is divided CONSTANS / AVG in two lines, and with mint mark ALE in ex. RIC viii, p. 539, 3. RSC 2a. [Alexandria, AD 337-40]. VF £290 ($500) / EF £720 ($1,250)

18485

Obv. As 18481, but hd. sometimes laur. Rev. CONSTANS AVGVSTVS, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark C in ex. followed by officina mark I or IA (= 10 or 11) with dot between. RIC viii, p. 448, 19-20. RSC 2Ca-b. [Constantinople, AD 337-40]. VF £160 ($280) / EF £400 ($700)

18486

Pg. Rev. FEL TEMP REPARATIO, Victory stg. r., l. foot on globe, inscribing VOT / XX on shield supported by kneeling figure, mint mark R in ex. RIC viii, p. 252, 61-3. VF £140 ($250) / EF £375 ($650) RSC 8a-b. [Rome, AD 348]. This reverse legend is clearly to be associated with the celebration of Rome’s eleven hundredth anniversary on 21st April AD 348.

18487

K or P, g. Rev. FELICITAS PERPETVA, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and trophy, mint mark AQ in ex. sometimes preceded by star or followed by dot. RIC viii, p. 321, 65, 68, and 71. MA 393-5. Cf. RSC 24a-25 (rev. of 25 misdescribed). [Aquileia, AD 348-50]. VF £115 ($200) / EF £290 ($500)

18488

Pg. Rev. FL IVL CONSTANS P F AVGG, Victory advancing l., hd. r., holding wreath and palm and dragging captive behind her by the hair, mint mark R in ex. RIC viii, p. VF £175 ($300) / EF £430 ($750) 252, 70. RSC 30. [Rome, AD 347]. The curious rev. legend is the result of a die-engraver’s error: it should read VICTORIA DD NN AVGG (see no. 18501).

18489

Pg. Rev. GAVDIVM POPVLI ROMANI around wreath containing SIC / V / SIC / X in four lines, mint mark SIS in ex. followed by dot within crescent. RIC viii, p. 354, VF £225 ($400) / EF £575 ($1,000) 72-3. RSC 38a and c. [Siscia, AD 338-40].

18490

As previous, but with mint mark TSe on rev. RIC viii, p. 405, 43. RSC 38b. VF £225 ($400) / EF £575 ($1,000) [Thessalonica, AD 338-40].

18491

As previous, but the wreath contains SIC / X / SIC / XX and with mint mark TR in ex. RIC viii, p. 150, 169. RSC 40e. [Trier, AD 342-3]. VF £225 ($400) / EF £575 ($1,000)

18492

Na. Rev. PAX AVGVSTORVM, Constans, in military attire, stg. l., holding standard with Chi-Rho monogram (labarum), l. hand at side, mint mark TR in ex. followed by officina mark P (= 1). RIC viii, p. 142, 32. RSC 90A. [Trier, AD 337-40]. VF £175 ($300) / EF £430 ($750)

18493

Na. Rev. PRINCIPI IVVENTVTIS, Constans, in military attire, stg. r., holding spear and globe, his l. foot set on seated captive, mint mark TR in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). RIC viii, p. 142, 35. RSC 96. [Trier, AD 337-40]. VF £175 ($300) / EF £430 ($750)

18494

Jg. Rev. VICTORIA AVGG NN, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark ARL in ex. preceded by officina mark P (= 1). RIC viii, p. 208, 67-8. RSC 129a-b. VF £100 ($175) / EF £250 ($450) EMA 63/4. [Arles, AD 347-8]. Depeyrot dates this issue to AD 340.

18495

Pg. Rev. VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM, as previous, but with mint mark SIS in ex. followed by dot within crescent. RIC viii, p. 361, 163. RSC 136. [Siscia, AD 340]. VF £100 ($175) / EF £250 ($450)

18493

 

18495

CONSTANS AUGUSTUS

18496

 

215

18497

18496

Silver siliqua. Similar, but Victory holds wreath and trophy. RIC viii, p. 362, 171-3. VF £100 ($175) / EF £250 ($450) RSC 138a-c. [Siscia, AD 348-50].

18497

Similar, but Victory holds palm and trophy. RIC viii, p. 361, 166-8. RSC 137a-c. [Siscia, AD 348-50]. VF £100 ($175) / EF £250 ($450)

18498

Pg. Rev. VICTORIA DD NN AVGG, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark TR in ex. RIC viii, p. 151, 176-7. RSC 152a-b. [Trier, AD 347-8]. VF £90 ($160) / EF £225 ($400)

18499

Hf. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark ARL in ex. preceded by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). RIC viii, p. 208, 70. RSC 151b-c. EMA 63/6. [Arles, AD 347-8]. VF £115 ($200) / EF £290 ($500) Depeyrot dates this issue to AD 340.

18500

Jg. Rev. – as previous, but with mint mark TSe or TES. RIC viii, pp. 405-6, 41 and 54. RSC 156a-b. [Thessalonica, AD 337-40]. VF £100 ($175) / EF £250 ($450)

18501

Pg. Rev. — Victory dragging captive, as 18488, mint mark R in ex. RIC viii, p. 252, 67-9. RSC 158a-c. [Rome, AD 347]. VF £100 ($175) / EF £250 ($450)

18502

Jg. Rev. — Victory advancing l., holding wreath and trophy, mint mark LG in ex. preceded by officina mark P (= 1), palm in l. field. RIC viii, p. 180, 35. Bastien 89. RSC VF £115 ($200) / EF £290 ($500) 155a. [Lugdunum, AD 348].

18503

As previous, but with mint mark TES in ex. (nothing in rev. field). RIC viii, p. 410, 96-8. VF £90 ($160) / EF £225 ($400) RSC 155b-d. [Thessalonica, AD 342-6].

18504

Pg. Rev. VICTORIAE D N AVG, two Victories stg. facing each other, holding between them wreath encircling VOT / V / MVLT / X, mint mark TR in ex. RIC viii, p. 150, VF £115 ($200) / EF £290 ($500) 164-5. RSC 161a-b. [Trier, AD 342].

18505

As previous, but with mint mark AQ in ex. Cf. RIC viii, p. 320, 52A (with star preceding mint mark, in error). MA 383. Cf. RSC 161c. [Aquileia, AD 342]. VF £125 ($220) / EF £320 ($550)

18498

18502

 

18503

216

Roman Coins and Their Values

18506

Silver siliqua. As 18504, but the wreath contains VOT / X / MVLT / XV. RIC viii, p. 150, 166-7. RSC 160b-c. [Trier, AD 342-3]. VF £115 ($200) / EF £290 ($500)

18507

As previous, but with mint mark AQ in ex., sometimes preceded by star. RIC viii, p. 320, 53-5. MA 384-6. RSC 160d-f. [Aquileia, AD 342-3]. VF £125 ($220) / EF £320 ($550)

18508

As 18504, but the wreath contains VOT / X / MVLT / XX. RIC viii, p. 150, 168. RSC 162. [Trier, AD 343]. VF £115 ($200) / EF £290 ($500)

18509

As previous, but with mint mark AQ in ex. preceded by star. RIC viii, —. MA 387. RSC —. [Aquileia, AD 343]. VF £125 ($220) / EF £320 ($550)

18510

Kf. Rev. VOTIS / XXV / MVLTIS / XXX in four lines within wreath, mint mark S M N in ex. RIC viii, p. 474, 42-4. RSC 199a-c. [Nicomedia, AD 347-8]. VF £100 ($175) / EF £250 ($450) The vota numerals refer to Constantius II, under whom the coins were struck.

18511

Silver half siliqua. Kg. Rev. VICTORIA DD NN AVGG, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark TR in ex. RIC viii, p. 151, 179. Cf. RSC 151a (rev. misdescribed). [Trier, AD 347-8]. VF £290 ($500) / EF £720 ($1,250)

PRE-REFORM BASE BILLON AND BRONZE COINAGE, AD 337-348 For the first eleven years of the joint reign of Constantius II and Constans the diminutive billon reduced centenionalis remained in issue, the principal types being GLORIA EXERCITVS, VICTORIAE DD AVGG Q NN, and VOT / XX / MVLT / XXX in wreath. However, in AD 348 an entirely new system was introduced comprising three denominations – heavy maiorina, light maiorina, and a fractional 'Æ 3'. This major change appears to have been planned to coincide with the celebrations surrounding the eleven hundredth anniversary of the foundation of Rome. 18512

Billon reduced centenionalis. Nd. Rev. GLORIA EXERCITVS, two soldiers stg. facing each other, each resting on spear and shield, standard between them ornamented with cross, mint mark TR in ex. followed by officina mark S (= 2). RIC viii, p. 143, 41. LRBC I, 103. C 57 var. [Trier, AD 337-40]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)



NB This denomination remained in issue until the reform of AD 348 and it maintained the weight standard of c. 1.70 grams introduced by Constantine I in the final year of his reign (AD 336-7).

18513

As previous, but without cross on standard, and sometimes with dot preceding the mint mark or following the officina mark, or with dots on either side (officina mark P = 1 also recorded). RIC viii, pp. 143-4, 46, 52, 60, and 72. LRBC I, 110. C 57. [Trier, AD 337-40]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

18514

Nd or Jg. Rev. — as previous, but with palm following the officina mark and sometimes also with dot preceding the mint mark. RIC viii, p. 144, 85-6 and 95. LRBC I, 127. C 54 and 57. [Trier, AD 337-40]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

18515

J, d or g. Rev. — as previous, but with mint and officina marks TR P or TR S and sometimes with crescent following the officina mark. RIC viii, p. 144, 98-9 and 103-4. LRBC I, 131. C 54. [Trier, AD 340-42]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

18516

J or (rarely) N, d or g. Rev. — as previous, but with M on standard. RIC viii, p. 145, 106-7 and 110-14. Cf. LRBC I, 133-4. C 57 var. and 65. [Trier, AD 340-42]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

18517

Jg. Rev. – as previous, but with G instead of M on standard (no symbol following the officina mark). RIC viii, p. 145, 117. LRBC I, 136. C 65. [Trier, AD 340-42]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

CONSTANS AUGUSTUS

217

18518

GLORIA EXERCITVS (cont.) Billon reduced centenionalis. H, g or (rarely) diad. and cuir. bust r. Rev. — as 18512, but with Chi-Rho monogram instead of cross on standard (= labarum), and with mint mark LG in ex. preceded by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). RIC viii, p. 178, 9-11. LRBC I, 243-4. Bastien 8 and 14. C 67. [Lugdunum, AD 337-40]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

18519

Jg. Rev. – as previous, but with S instead of Chi-Rho monogram on standard and palm preceding the officina mark in ex. RIC viii, p. 178, 16. LRBC I, —. Bastien 18 and 22. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35) C 65 var. [Lugdunum, AD 340].

18520

Similar, but without letter on standard. RIC viii, p. 178, 19. LRBC I (Addenda), 248b. VF £8 ($13) / EF £23 ($40) Bastien 25 and 28. C 54. [Lugdunum, AD 340]. Bastien (p. 186, note 4) doubts that any true examples of this type have been recorded.

18521

J, g or (rarely) d. Rev. — as previous, but with Y on standard and without palm preceding the officina mark. RIC viii, p. 178, 24-5. LRBC I, 251 and 251a. Bastien 32-3 VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30) and 38. C 65. [Lugdunum, AD 340-41].

18522

Jg. Rev. — as previous, but with I instead of Y on standard. RIC viii, p. 178, 29-30. LRBC I, 253 and 253a. Bastien 40 and 42. C 65. [Lugdunum, AD 341-2]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

18523

Qg. Rev. — as 18512, but with O instead of cross on standard, and with mint mark CONST in ex. preceded by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). RIC viii, p. 205, 6-7. LRBC I, 418. EMA 54/6-7. C —. [Constantina/Arles, AD 337-8]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

18524

As previous, but with crescent instead of O on standard. RIC viii, p. 205, 13. LRBC I, 421. Cf. EMA 55/4 (obv. misdescribed). C —. [Constantina/Arles, AD 338-9]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

18525

Similar, but with X instead of crescent on standard. RIC viii, p. 205, 23. LRBC I, 424. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35) EMA 56/8. C —. [Constantina/Arles, AD 339].

18526

N, b or d. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark CON instead of CONST in ex. RIC viii, p. 206, 49-50. LRBC I, 432 var. EMA 57/9. C 57 var. [Constantina/Arles, AD 340]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

18527

Jg. Rev. – as previous, but with N instead of X on standard. RIC viii, p. 206, 37. LRBC I, —. EMA 58/7. C 65 var. [Constantina/Arles, AD 340]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

18528

As previous, but with mint mark ARL in ex. preceded by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). Cf. RIC viii, p. 206, 52. LRBC I, 437. EMA 59/2. C 65. [Arles, AD 340]. VF £9 ($15) / EF £26 ($45) This was the first issue following the downfall of Constantine II, hence the use of the mint mark ‘ARL’ in place of ‘CON’, but the existence of this type in the name of Constans does require confirmation. RIC gives the letter on the standard as ‘M’ rather than ‘N’.

18529

As previous, but with I instead of N (or M) on standard. RIC viii, p. 206, 55. LRBC I, VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35) 440. EMA 60/3. C 65. [Arles, AD 340-41].

18530

Similar, but with G instead of I on standard. RIC viii, p. 206, 57-8. LRBC I, 442-3. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30) EMA 61/2. C 65. [Arles, AD 341-2].

18529

218

Roman Coins and Their Values

18531

GLORIA EXERCITVS (cont.) Billon reduced centenionalis. J, e or g. Rev. — as 18512, but without letter or symbol on standard, and with mint mark AQ in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2) and sometimes preceded by dot. RIC viii, p. 316, 14 and 30. LRBC I, 682 and 692c. MA VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35) 396 and 400. C 54. [Aquileia, AD 337-40].

18532

As previous, but with two palms in field flanking the standard (no dot preceding the mint mark). RIC viii, p. 316, 22-3. LRBC I, 688 and 688a. MA 397-8. Cf. C 68. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30) [Aquileia, AD 337-40].

18533

Jg. Rev. – as previous, but without the palms in field and with wreath on standard. RIC viii, p. 316, 27. LRBC I, 692. MA 399. C 54 var. [Aquileia, AD 337-40]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

18534

As previous, but with star instead of wreath on standard. RIC viii, p. 317, 32. LRBC I, VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30) 696. MA 401. C 54 var. [Aquileia, AD 340-41]. Officina T (= 3) may also exist for this type.

18535

As previous, but with Chi-Rho monogram instead of star on standard (= labarum); officina T (= 3) also recorded. RIC viii, p. 317, 34. LRBC I, 694. MA 402. C 65. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) [Aquileia, AD 341-2].

18536

Lg. Rev. – as 18531, but with mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark S or Q (= 2 or 4) with leaf between. RIC viii, p. 249, 3. LRBC I, —. C 62. [Rome, AD 337-40]. VF £8 ($13) / EF £23 ($40)

18537

As previous, but with star instead of leaf between mint and officina marks, and all five officinae (P, S, T, Q, and e) are recorded. RIC viii, p. 250, 26. LRBC I, 615. C 62. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30) [Rome, AD 337-40].

18538

Similar, but with palm (rarely followed by dot) instead of star between mint and officina marks (officinae P and S not recorded). RIC viii, p. 250, 38 and 46A. LRBC I, 625. C VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35) 62. [Rome, AD 337-40].

18539

Similar, but with crescent instead of palm between mint and officina marks (officina T not recorded). RIC viii, p. 251, 49. LRBC I, 610. C 62. [Rome, AD 337-40]. VF £8 ($13) / EF £23 ($40)

18540

Similar, but the mint and officina marks are flanked by palms (officina P not recorded). RIC viii, p. 251, 52. LRBC I, 620. C 62. [Rome, AD 337-40]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

18541

Similar, but with mint mark R • F • in ex. followed by officina mark P, T, Q or e (= 1, 3, 4, or 5). RIC viii, p. 251, 58. LRBC I, 627. C 62. [Rome, AD 340]. VF £8 ($13) / EF £23 ($40)

18542

CONSTANS MAX AVG, g. Rev. — as 18512, but with annulet instead of cross on standard and with mint mark SIS in ex., preceded by officina mark A, B, or D (= 1, 2, or 4) and followed by star. RIC viii, p. 354, 77. LRBC I, 768. C 56. [Siscia, AD 337]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) The inappropriate attribution of the epithet ‘Maximus’ to the junior emperors Constantius II and Constans belongs to the opening phase of the triple reign and was quickly corrected.

18543

Jg. Rev. — as previous, but sometimes also with dot preceding the officina mark (officina G = 3 also recorded). RIC viii, pp. 354-5, 78 and 81. LRBC I, 769 and 778. C VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35) 54. [Siscia, AD 337-40].

18544

As previous, but the officina and mint marks are flanked by dots, and officina B (= 2) only recorded. RIC viii, p. 355, 84. LRBC I, —. C 54. [Siscia, AD 337-40]. VF £8 ($13) / EF £23 ($40) The existence of this type requires confirmation.

CONSTANS AUGUSTUS

219

18545

GLORIA EXERCITVS (cont.) Billon reduced centenionalis. As previous, but with Chi-Rho monogram instead of annulet on standard (= labarum), and officinae A-e = 1-5 recorded. RIC viii, p. 355, VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65) 103-4. LRBC 784. C 65. [Siscia, AD 337-40].

18546

As previous, but with nothing preceding the officina mark, and the mint mark is sometimes followed by plain crescent or crescent containing dot. RIC viii, p. 355, 87-8, 93-4, and 99-100. LRBC 781 and 774-5. C 65. [Siscia, AD 337-40]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

18547

Jg. Rev. — as 18531, but with mint mark S M TS in ex. followed by officina mark A-e (= 1-5). RIC viii, p. 407, 57. LRBC I, 856. C 54. [Thessalonica, AD 337-40]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

18548

H, c, e, or diad., dr. and cuir. bust l. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark S M H in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, D, or e (= 1, 2, 4, or 5), rarely followed by dot. RIC viii, p. 431, 24-7 and 30. LRBC I, 950-52. C —. [Heraclea, AD 337-40]. VF £9 ($15) / EF £26 ($45)

18549

Similar, but with obv. Kf and officinae A, B, G, and e = 1, 2, 3, and 5 recorded (no dot following the officina mark). RIC viii, p. 432, 37-9. LRBC I, 954. C 60. [Heraclea, AD 337-40]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

18550

K, a or f. Rev. —as 18531, but with mint mark CONS in ex. followed by officina mark G, D, e, S, H, Q, I, or IA (= 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, or 11). RIC viii, pp. 449-50, 28-30 and 44-5. LRBC I, 1044-5 and 1056-7. C 59-60. [Constantinople, AD 337-40]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30) On some coins of this type there is a terminal dot at the end of the reverse legend.

18551

Kf. Rev. — as previous, but also with star on standard, and officinae Q and I (= 9 and 10) only recorded. RIC viii, p. 450, 54. LRBC I, 1059. C 60 var. [Constantinople, AD 340]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

18552

K, a or f. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark A-S (= 1-6). RIC viii, p. 471, 12-15. LRBC I, 1142-4. C 59-60. [Nicomedia, AD 337-40]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

18553

Similar, but with obv. Hf and officinae e and S (= 5 and 6) not recorded. RIC viii, p. 472, 22-4. LRBC I, 1138. C 53 var. [Nicomedia, AD 337-40]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

18554

J, e or diad., dr. and cuir. bust l. (sometimes the diadem entwined with laurel-wreath). Rev. — (with dot between R and I of GLORIA), as 18531, but with mint mark S M K in ex. followed by officina mark A-S (= 1-6). RIC viii, p. 490, 11-13. LRBC I, 1284-5. VF £9 ($15) / EF £26 ($45) C —. [Cyzicus, AD 337-40].

18555

Ka. Rev. — as previous, but sometimes without the dot interrupting the legend. RIC viii, p. 490, 14 and 18. LRBC I, 1283 and 1286. C 59. [Cyzicus, AD 337-40]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

18556

Similar, but with star at end of rev. legend, and officinae A, B, and G (= 1, 2, and 3) only recorded (no dot interrupting the rev. legend). RIC viii, p. 491, 29. LRBC I, —. C 59. [Cyzicus, AD 337-40]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

18546

220

Roman Coins and Their Values

18557

GLORIA EXERCITVS (cont.) Billon reduced centenionalis. Similar, but with dot either following the officina mint or, more rarely, preceding the mint mark (all six officinae recorded, no star at end of rev. legend). RIC viii, p. 491, 22 and 24. LRBC I, 1290. C 59. [Cyzicus, AD 337-40]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

18558

Similar, but with small star (or X) following the officina mark. RIC viii, p. 491, 28. LRBC I, 1294. C 59. [Cyzicus, AD 337-40]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

18559

Similar, but with crescent instead of small star following the officina mark, or, more rarely, with crescent preceding the mint mark (officina A not recorded). RIC viii, p. 491, 33-4. LRBC I, 1298. C 59. [Cyzicus, AD 337-40]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

18560

H, d or g. Rev. — as 18531, but with mint mark S M AN in ex. followed by officina mark A, D, Q, or I (= 1, 4, 9, or 10). RIC viii, p. 515, 47-8 and 50. LRBC I, 1382 and 1384. C 53. [Antioch, AD 337-42]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30) Those specimens with a laureate portrait all belong to the earlier part of this series, whilst those with a pearl-diadem all belong to the latter part.

18561

H, f or g. Rev. — as previous, but with two dots in upper field above the standard (officinae Q, I, IG, and Ie = 9, 10, 13, and 15 recorded). RIC viii, p. 515, 53 and 55. LRBC I, 1387 and 1389. C 53. [Antioch, AD 337-40]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

18562

Kf. Rev. — as 18560 (officina I = 10 only recorded). RIC viii, p. 515, 59. LRBC I, 1393a. C 60. [Antioch, AD 337-40]. VF £8 ($13) / EF £23 ($40)

18563

Similar, but with rev. as 18561 (officinae Z, Q, and I = 7, 9, and 10 recorded). RIC viii, p. 516, 62-3. LRBC I, 1390. C 60. [Antioch, AD 337-40]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

18564

CONSTANS MAX AVG, d. Rev. — as 18531, but with mint mark S M AL in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, G, or D (=1, 2, 3, or 4), sometimes with S — R in field. RIC viii, p. 539, 7 and 15. Cf. LRBC I, 1449 and 1457. C 56 var. [Alexandria, AD 337-40]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65) The inappropriate attribution of the epithet ‘Maximus’ to the junior emperors Constantius II and Constans seems only to have been corrected after the death of Constantine II at this Constantian mint.

18565

H, d or g. Rev. — as previous (without S — R in field), sometimes with dot following the officina mark. RIC viii, pp. 539-40, 20-21 and 25-25A. LRBC I, 1463-5 and 1468. C 53. [Alexandria, AD 340-42]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

18566

Lf (sometimes cuir. only). Rev. SECVRITAS REI P (or REI PVB), Securitas stg. facing, legs crossed, hd. r., holding sceptre and resting on column, mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark P, S, T, Q or e (= 1-5), leaf between. RIC viii, pp. 249-50, 8, 10-11, 13, and 16. LRBC I, 584, 587-8 (and note), and 592. C 102. [Rome, AD 337-40]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

18567

As previous, but with star instead of leaf between mint and officina marks. RIC viii, p. 250, 23. LRBC I, 599. C 102. [Rome, AD 337-40]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

18568

Similar, but with palm instead of star between mint and officina marks (officina e = 5 not recorded). RIC viii, p. 250, 34-5. LRBC I, 604. C 102. [Rome, AD 337-40]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

18569

Similar, but with palm and dot between mint and officina marks (officinae T and Q = 3 and 4 only recorded). RIC viii, p. 250, 45. LRBC I, 604. C 102. [Rome, AD 337-40] VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

18570

Kf. Rev. VICT AVG, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark S M H in ex. followed by officina mark A or G (= 1 or 3). RIC viii, p. 433, 43. LRBC I, 956. C 119. [Heraclea, AD 342]. VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

CONSTANS AUGUSTUS

221

18571

Billon reduced centenionalis. As previous, but with mint mark CONS in ex. followed by officina mark S-IA (= 6-11), sometimes followed by dot. RIC viii, p. 452, 64-64A, and 66. LRBC I, 1062. C 119. [Constantinople, AD 342]. VF £16 ($27) / EF £45 ($80)

18572

Similar, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark B or D (= 2 or 4). RIC viii, p. 474, 47. LRBC I, 1147. C 119. [Nicomedia, AD 342]. VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

18573

Similar, but with mint mark S M K in ex. followed by officina mark A-S (= 1-6). RIC viii, p. 491, 37. Cf. LRBC I, 1302-3. C 119. [Cyzicus, AD 342]. VF £16 ($27) / EF £45 ($80)

18574

Similar, but with mint mark S M AN in ex. followed by officina mark A, G, D, H, Q, or I = (1, 3, 4, 8, 9, or 10). RIC viii, p. 516, 66. LRBC I, 1396. C 119. [Antioch, AD 342]. VF £16 ($27) / EF £45 ($80)

18575

Kf. Rev. VICT AVGG, as 18570, but with mint mark S M AL in ex. followed by officina mark B, G, or D (= 2, 3, or 4). RIC viii, p. 540, 31. LRBC I, 1472. C —. [Alexandria, AD 342]. VF £16 ($27) / EF £45 ($80)

18576

Jg. Rev. VICTORIA AVGG, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark AQ in ex. followed by officina mark P, S, or T (= 1, 2, or 3). RIC viii, p. 322, 73. LRBC I, 698. MA 403. C 127 var. [Aquileia, AD 342]. VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

18577

As previous, but with mint mark SIS in ex. preceded by officina mark A, B, G, or e (= 1, 2, 3, or 5), flanked by stars, usually with Chi-Rho monogram in l. field. RIC viii, p. 362, 175 and 177-8. LRBC I, 786-7. C 127. [Siscia, AD 342]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £65 ($110)

18578

As 18576, but Victory’s hd. is turned to r. and she holds wreath in each hand. RIC viii, p. 322, 75. LRBC I, 700. MA 404. C 128 var. [Aquileia, AD 342]. VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

18579

As previous, but with mint mark SIS in ex. preceded by officina mark A-e (= 1-5), flanked by stars, Chi-Rho monogram in r. field. RIC viii, p. 362, 181. LRBC I, 789. C 128. [Siscia, AD 342]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £65 ($110)

18580

Jg. Rev. VICTORIA AVGG NN, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm (no mint mark). RIC viii, p. 255, 103. LRBC I, 634. C —. [Rome, AD 348?]. VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150)

18581

Jg. Rev. VICTORIA AVGVSTORV, as previous, but with mint mark LG in ex. preceded by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). Cf. RIC viii, p. 180, 37 (AVGVSTORVM for AVGVSTORV). Cf. LRBC I, 255. Bastien 44 and 46. C —. [Lugdunum, AD 342] VF £23 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

18582

Lg. Rev. VICTORIAE DD AVGG Q NN, two Victories stg. facing forwards, their hds. turned towards one another, each holding wreath and palm, mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark P, S, T, Q, or e (= 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5), sometimes with crescent between. RIC viii, p. 253, 73-4. LRBC I 628-9. C —. [Rome, AD 342]. VF £8 ($13) / EF £23 ($40)

18583

Jg. Rev. — two Victories stg. facing each other, each holding wreath and palm, M in field between them, mint mark TR in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). RIC viii, p. 151, 182. LRBC I, 138. C 179. [Trier, AD 342-7]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

18584

As previous, but with leaf between the two Victories. RIC viii, p. 151, 185-6. LRBC I, 140. C 179. [Trier, AD 342-7]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

222

Roman Coins and Their Values

18585

VICTORIAE DD AVGG Q NN (cont.) Billon reduced centenionalis. Similar, but with star between the two Victories. RIC viii, p. 151, 188-9. LRBC I, 142. C 179 var. [Trier, AD 342-7]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

18586

Similar, but with C between the two Victories. RIC viii, p. 151, 192. LRBC I, 144. C 179 var. [Trier, AD 342-7]. VF £8 ($13) / EF £23 ($40)

18587

Similar, but with D between the two Victories. RIC viii, p. 152, 195-6. LRBC I, 148-50. C 179. [Trier, AD 342-7]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

18588

Similar, but with e (rarely with dot beneath) between the two Victories. RIC viii, p. 152, 198-9 and 201-2. LRBC I, 153-7. C 179. [Trier, AD 342-7]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

18589

Similar, but with palm between the two Victories, and sometimes with dot following the officina mark. RIC viii, p. 152, 205-6 and 209-10. LRBC I, 158-60 and 162-7. C 179. [Trier, AD 347-8]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

18590

Kg. Rev. — as previous (with dot following the officina mark). RIC viii, p. 152, 211. LRBC I, 168. C —. [Trier, AD 348]. VF £9 ($15) / EF £26 ($45)

18591

Jg. Rev. — as 18583, but nothing in field between the two Victories, and with mint mark LG in ex. preceded by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). RIC viii, p. 180, 40-41. LRBC I, 257 and 258. Bastien 49 and 52. C 176. [Lugdunum, AD 342]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

18592

As previous, but with star between the two Victories. RIC viii, p. 180, 44. LRBC I, —. Bastien 54 and 56. C 179 var. [Lugdunum, AD 343-7]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

18593

Similar, but with S / T or T / S between the two Victories. RIC viii, p. 180, 47-8 and 50-51. LRBC I, 261 and 262. Bastien 58 and 60, 62 and 64. C 179 var. [Lugdunum, AD 343-7]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

18594

Similar, but with P / O / L between the two Victories (officina P = 1 only recorded). RIC viii, p. 181, 54-54A. LRBC I, 265. Bastien 66. C 179 var. [Lugdunum, AD 343-7]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

18595

Similar, but with PHI (?) monogram between the two Victories (both officinae recorded). RIC viii, p. 181, 57-8. LRBC I, 267 and 268. Bastien 70 and 72. C 179 var. [Lugdunum, AD 343-7]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

18596

Similar, but with HR monogram between the two Victories. RIC viii, p. 181, 60-61. LRBC I, 270. Bastien 74 and 76. C 179. [Lugdunum, AD 343-7]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

18597

Similar, but with E / V between the two Victories. RIC viii, p. 181, 63-4. LRBC I, 272. Bastien 78 and 80. C 179 var. [Lugdunum, AD 343-7]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

18598

Similar, but with palm between the two Victories (rarely with obv. type d). RIC viii, p. 181, 67-8. LRBC I, 274 and 274a. Bastien 82-3 and 85. C 179. [Lugdunum, AD 347-8]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

18599

Jg. Rev. — as 18583, but with G in field between the two Victories, and with mint mark ARL in ex. preceded by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). RIC viii, p. 208, 73-4. LRBC I, 445. EMA 66/2. C 179 var. [Arles, AD 342-3]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

18600

As previous, but with NEP monogram between the two Victories. RIC viii, p. 209, 77. LRBC I, 454. EMA 67/2. C 179 var. [Arles, AD 343-4]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

18601

Similar, but with MA monogram between the two Victories. RIC viii, p. 209, 79-82. LRBC I, 456 and 457. EMA 65/2-3. C 179. [Arles, AD 344-5]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

CONSTANS AUGUSTUS

223

18602

VICTORIAE DD AVGG Q NN (cont.) Billon reduced centenionalis. Similar, but with P between the two Victories. RIC viii, p. 209, 85-7. LRBC I, 449 and 450. EMA 69/2. C 179 var. [Arles, AD 345-6]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

18603

Similar, but with PV between the two Victories (officina S = 2 only recorded). RIC viii, p. 209, 89. LRBC I, —. EMA 68/2. C 179 var. [Arles, AD 346]. VF £8 ($13) / EF £23 ($40)

18604

Similar, but with palm between the two Victories, and sometimes dot following the mint mark (both officinae recorded). RIC viii, p. 209, 92-3 and 97. LRBC I, 459-60 and 462. EMA 70/3-4 and 71/2. C 179. [Arles, AD 346-8]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

18605

Kg. Rev. — as previous. RIC viii, p. 209, 94 and 98. LRBC I, 463. EMA 70/5 and 71/3. C 179. [Arles, AD 348]. VF £9 ($15) / EF £26 ($45)

18606

Jg. Rev. — as 18583, but nothing in field between the two Victories, and with mint mark AQ in ex. followed by officina mark P, S, or T (= 1, 2, or 3). RIC viii, p. 322, 77. LRBC I, 702. MA 405. C 176. [Aquileia, AD 342-3]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

18607

Similar, but with dot preceding the mint mark. RIC viii, p. 322, 79. LRBC I, 704. MA 406. C 176. [Aquileia, AD 343-5]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

18608

As 18606, but with A between the two Victories. RIC viii, p. 322, 81. LRBC I, 706. MA 407. C 179 var. [Aquileia, AD 345-6]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

18609

Similar, but with F between the two Victories. RIC viii, p. 322, 83. LRBC I, 707. MA 408. C 179 var. [Aquileia, AD 346]. VF £8 ($13) / EF £23 ($40)

18610

Similar, but with wreath between the two Victories, and officina S (= 2) only recorded. RIC viii, p. 322, 85. LRBC I, 709. MA 409. C 179 var. [Aquileia, AD 346]. F £9 ($15) / EF £26 ($45)

18611

As 18606, but with palm between the two Victories. RIC viii, p. 322, 87. LRBC I, 711. MA 410. C 179. [Aquileia, AD 346-7]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

18612

Similar, but with dot preceding the mint mark (officina S = 2 only recorded) or following the officina mark (all three officinae recorded). RIC viii, p. 322, 89 and 91-2. LRBC I, 713 and 713a. MA 411-13. C 179. [Aquileia, AD 347-8]. VF £8 ($13) / EF £23 ($40)

18613

Kg. Rev. — as previous (dot following the officina mark, officinae P and S = 1 and 2 recorded). RIC viii, p. 322, 93. LRBC I, —. MA 414. C —. [Aquileia, AD 348]. VF £9 ($15) / EF £26 ($45)

18614

L or J, g. Rev. — as 18606, but with mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark P, T, or e (= 1, 3, or 5). RIC viii, p. 253, 77-8. LRBC I 630. C 176 and 177. [Rome, AD 342]. VF £8 ($13) / EF £23 ($40)

18615

Jg. Rev. — as previous, but with dot between mint and officina marks (all five officinae recorded). RIC viii, p. 253, 81. LRBC I, 633. C 176. [Rome, AD 342]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

18616

As previous, but with oval shield (?) between mint and officina marks. RIC viii, p. 253, 84. LRBC I, 638. C 176. [Rome, AD 342-4]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

18617

Similar, but with two dots (• •) between mint and officina marks (officina T = 3 not recorded). RIC viii, p. 254, 86. LRBC I, 636. C 176. [Rome, AD 344-5]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

18618

Similar, but with wreath between mint and officina marks (all five officinae recorded). RIC viii, p. 254, 88. LRBC I, 640. C 176. [Rome, AD 345]. VF £8 ($13) / EF £23 ($40)

224

Roman Coins and Their Values

18619

VICTORIAE DD AVGG Q NN (cont.) Billon reduced centenionalis. Similar, but with star between mint and officina marks (officinae P and e = 1 and 5 recorded). RIC viii, p. 254, 90. LRBC I, —. C 176. [Rome, AD 345]. VF £9 ($15) / EF £26 ($45)

18620

Similar, but with palm between mint and officina marks (all five officinae recorded). RIC viii, p. 254, 92. LRBC I, 642. C 176. [Rome, AD 345-6]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

18621

Similar, but the palm is between the two Victories (rarely with dot between the mint and officina marks). RIC viii, p. 254, 94 and 98. LRBC I, 648-9. C 179. [Rome, AD 346-7]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

18622

Similar, but with two palms between the two Victories (no dot between the mint and officina marks). RIC viii, p. 254, 95. LRBC I, 643. C 179 var. [Rome, AD 347-8]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

18623

Similar, but with wreath, sometimes surmounted by palm, between the two Victories (officinae P , T, and Q = 1, 3, and 4 recorded). RIC viii, p. 254, 96-7. LRBC I, 644. C VF £9 ($15) / EF £26 ($45) 179 var. [Rome, AD 348].

18624

Similar, but with star between the two Victories and dot between the mint and officina marks (officina P = 1 only recorded). RIC viii, p. 254, 99. LRBC I, —. C 179 var. VF £9 ($15) / EF £26 ($45) [Rome, AD 348].

18625

Similar, but with leaf between the two Victories and dot between the mint and officina marks (officinae P , T, Q, and e = 1, 3, 4, and 5 recorded). RIC viii, p. 255, 100. LRBC I, 646. C 179. [Rome, AD 348]. VF £8 ($13) / EF £23 ($40)

18626

Similar, but the leaf is between the mint and officina marks (instead of dot), and all five officinae recorded. RIC viii, p. 255, 101. LRBC I, 645. C 176. [Rome, AD 348]. VF £8 ($13) / EF £23 ($40)

18627

Similar, but with mint mark R F (possibly R B) in ex. followed by officina mark S (= 2). RIC viii, p. 255, 102. LRBC I, —. C 176. [Rome, AD 348]. VF £9 ($15) / EF £26 ($45)

18628

Jg. Rev. — as 18606 (nothing in field), but with mint mark SIS in ex. preceded by officina mark A, B, G, or e (= 1, 2, 3, or 5). RIC viii, p. 363, 183. LRBC I, 791. C 176. [Siscia, AD 342-4]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

18629

Similar, but the officina and mint marks are flanked by dots. RIC viii, p. 363, 185. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30) LRBC I, 793. C 176. [Siscia, AD 344-5].

18630

As 18628, but with star between the two Victories, and officinae A, B, and G (= 1, 2, and 3) recorded. RIC viii, p. 363, 187. LRBC I, 795. C 179 var. [Siscia, AD 345]. VF £9 ($15) / EF £26 ($45)

18631

Similar, but with N between the two Victories. RIC viii, p. 363, 189. LRBC I, 797. C VF £8 ($13) / EF £23 ($40) 179. [Siscia, AD 345]. The variety with S in rev. field (RIC 190) is not represented in any of the principal collections and requires confirmation.

18632

Similar, but with HR monogram between the two Victories (all five officinae recorded). RIC viii, p. 363, 192-3. LRBC I, 799. C 179. [Siscia, AD 345-6]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

CONSTANS AUGUSTUS

225

18633 18633

Billon reduced centenionalis. Similar, but with palm between the two Victories (officina D = 4 not recorded). RIC viii, p. 363, 195-6. LRBC I, 801. C 179. [Siscia, AD 346-8]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

18634

Jg. Rev. — as 18606 (nothing in field), but with mint mark S M TS in ex. followed by officina mark A-e (= 1-5). RIC viii, p. 411, 100-01. LRBC I, 860-61. C 176. [Thessalonica, AD 342-6]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

18635

Similar, but with palm between the two Victories, and officinae A, B, and G (= 1, 2 and 3) only recorded. RIC viii, p. 411, 105-6. LRBC I, 863-4. C 179. [Thessalonica, AD 346-8]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

18636

N, b or d. Rev. VIRTVS AVGG NN, soldier, helmeted, stg. facing, hd. r., resting on spear and shield, mint mark TR in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2) sometimes flanked by dots, sometimes with single dot following the officina mark. RIC viii, pp. 143-4, 54, 62, and 76-7. LRBC I, 111 and 117-18. Cf. C 183 (incomplete VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) description). [Trier, AD 337-40].

18637

Similar, but with palm following the officina mark (P = 1 only recorded). RIC viii, p. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) 144, 89. LRBC I, 123. Cf. C 183. [Trier, AD 337-40].

18638

Jg. Rev. — as 18636, the mint mark followed by officina mark P (= 1) only and no dots. RIC viii, p. 144, 100-01. LRBC I, —. C —. [Trier, AD 340-42]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

18639

Kf. Rev. VOT / XV / MVLT / XX in four lines within wreath, mint mark S M AN in ex. followed by officina mark B, G, Z, Q, or I (= 2, 3, 7, 9, or 10). RIC viii, p. 521, 116. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30) LRBC I, 1399. C 196. [Antioch, AD 342-6].

18640

Similar, but with mint mark ANT instead of S M AN (officinae G, Q, and I = 3, 9, and 10 recorded). RIC viii, p. 521, 120. LRBC I, —. C 196. [Antioch, AD 346-8]. VF £9 ($15) / EF £26 ($45)

18641

Kf. Rev. VOT / XX / MVLT / XXX in four lines within wreath, mint mark S M H in ex. followed by officina mark A-e (= 1-5), sometimes flanked by dots, or with dot preceding the mint mark or following the officina mark. RIC viii, p. 433, 47-8, 55, and 60. LRBC I, 959, 964, and 968. C 197. [Heraclea, AD 342-8]. VF £8 ($13) / EF £23 ($40) The vota numerals on this and the following nine types refer to Constans’ elder brother Constantius II.

18642

Similar, but with mint mark CONS in ex. followed by officina mark A, G, e, S, H, I, or IA (= 1, 3, 5, 6, 8, 10, or 11), sometimes followed by dot or star. RIC viii, p. 453, 70, 73-4, and 77. LRBC I, 1065, 1069, and 1072. C 197. [Constantinople, AD 342-8]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

18643

Similar, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark A-I (= 1-10), sometimes flanked by dots or with dot following officina mark only. RIC viii, p. 475, 51-2, 56, and 59. LRBC I, 1150, 1154, and 1157. C 197. [Nicomedia, AD 342-8]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

18644

K, a or f. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark S M K in ex. followed by officina mark A-I (= 1-10), sometimes preceded by dot or with dot in r. field. RIC viii, pp. 493-4, 50-52, 57-8, and 61. LRBC I, 1308-9 and 1313. C 197. [Cyzicus, AD 342-8]. VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35)

226

Roman Coins and Their Values

18645

VOT / XX / MVLT / XXX (cont.) Billon reduced centenionalis. Kf. Rev. — as previous, but with star preceding the mint mark (officinae G, H, Q, and I = 3 and 8-10 not recorded). RIC viii, pp. 494, 64. LRBC I, 1319. C 197. [Cyzicus, AD 342-8]. VF £8 ($13) / EF £23 ($40)

18646

Similar, but with mint mark S M AN in ex. followed by officina mark G, Z, or DI (= 3, 7, or 14). RIC viii, p. 521, 115. LRBC I, —. C 197. [Antioch, AD 342-6]. VF £9 ($15) / EF £26 ($45)

18647

Similar, but with mint mark S M AL in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, G, or D (= 1, 2, 3, or 4). RIC viii, p. 541, 34. LRBC I, 1476. C 197. [Alexandria, AD 342-4]. VF £6 ($10) / EF £17 ($30)

18648

Similar, but with dot following the officina mark. RIC viii, p. 541, 37. LRBC I, 1479. C VF £7 ($12) / EF £20 ($35) 197. [Alexandria, AD 344-6].

18649

Similar, but the dot is in rev. field to r. instead of following the officina mark (officina D = 4 not recorded). RIC viii, p. 541, 40. LRBC I, 1481. C 197. [Alexandria, AD 346-7]. VF £8 ($13) / EF £23 ($40)

18650

As 18647, but with star following the officina mark (officina B = 2 only recorded). RIC viii, p. 541, 43. LRBC I, 1483. C 197. [Alexandria, AD 347-8]. VF £8 ($13) / EF £23 ($40)

POST-REFORM BASE BILLON AND BRONZE COINAGE, AD 348-350 The celebration of Rome’s eleven hundredth anniversary took place on 21st April AD 348 and the occasion was also marked by a major reform of the Empire’s billon and bronze coinage. In place of the reduced centenionalis of c. 1.70 grams three new denominations were introduced. The largest of these was the ‘heavy’ maiorina (sometimes marked ‘A’) with a silver content of about 2.5% and an average weight for surviving specimens of c. 5.20 grams. The principal reverse types for this denomination were “emperor on galley” and “soldier spearing fallen horseman”. Next was the ‘light’ maiorina (sometimes marked ‘N’) weighing on average about 4.25-4.50 grams and with a significantly lower silver content of just over 1%. In fact, it is quite plausible that this denomination circulated as a half maiorina. Its commonest reverse types were “soldier dragging barbarian from hut” and “emperor with two captives”. The smallest denomination contained virtually no silver and specimens have an average weight of c. 2.40-2.60 grams. This ‘Æ 3’, usually with a distinctive depiction of a phoenix on the reverse, may have been a quarter maiorina. The accompanying legend for all three denominations was FEL(icium) TEMP(orum) REPARATIO, “The Restoration of Happy Times,” a sentiment clearly associated with Rome’s eleven hundredth anniversary. The phoenix on the smallest denomination was the symbol par excellence of renewal and obviously referred to the commencement of a new saeculum for the Eternal City. 18651

Billon heavy maiorina (c. 5.20 grams). Kg (sometimes with A behind bust). Rev. FEL TEMP REPARATIO, Constans stg. l. on galley steered by Victory seated in stern, holding phoenix on globe in his r. hand and labarum in l., mint mark TR in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2), sometimes with A in l. field. RIC viii, pp. 153-4, 213, 215-16, and 240. LRBC II, 41. C 9. [Trier, AD 348-9]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

18652

Kg. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark LG in ex. preceded by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2), sometimes with star preceding the officina mark and sometimes also with dot following the mint mark (without A in field). RIC viii, p. 182, 71-2, 74, and 77. LRBC II, 185-6, 188, and 191. Bastien 91, 97, 103, and 112. C 9. [Lugdunum, AD 348-9]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

18653

As previous, but with mint mark ARL in ex. preceded by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). RIC viii, p. 210, 100. LRBC II, 405. EMA 72/2. C 9. [Arles, AD 348-9]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65) A variety with A in reverse field (RIC 101) requires confirmation.

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227

18654

FEL TEMP REPARATIO (cont.) Billon heavy maiorina. As previous, but with mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark P, B, T, Q, e, or S (= 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6), more rarely also with Greek letter-numeral A, B, G, D, e, S, or Z (= 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7) in l. field. RIC viii, pp. 256-7, 109-11, 113-14, 117-18, 121-2, 125-6, 129-30, and 133-5. LRBC II, 607, 609, 612, 615-16, 618, 621-2, and 624-5. C 9. [Rome, AD 348-9]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

18655

Similar, but also with A behind obv. bust and with A in rev. field to l. RIC viii, p. 259, VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) 151-2. LRBC II, 628-9. C 9. [Rome, AD 349].

18656

Kg. Rev. –  as previous (though without A in field), but with mint mark AQ in ex. followed by officina mark P, S, or T (= 1, 2, or 3) which is followed by dot (rarely, the dot precedes the mint mark). RIC viii, p. 323, 99. LRBC II, 891. MA 415-16. C 9. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65) [Aquileia, AD 348-9].

18657

Kg. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark SIS in ex. preceded by officina mark A-e (= 1-5) and followed by dot. RIC viii, p. 364, 198. LRBC II, 1140. C 9. [Siscia, AD 3489]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

18658

Similar, but with letter-symbol following the dot after the mint mark (the dot sometimes omitted, officinae A, G, and e = 1, 3, and 5 only recorded). RIC viii, p. 364, 199 and 201. LRBC II, 1142. C 9. [Siscia, AD 348-9]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

18659

Similar, but without dot following the mint mark and with R or M following the lettersymbol (all five officinae recorded). RIC viii, p. 364, 205-7. LRBC II, 1147a. C 9. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) [Siscia, AD 348-9].

18660

As 18657, but with R instead of dot following the mint mark (officinae B and D = 2 and 4 only recorded). RIC viii, p. 364, 209. LRBC II, 144. C 9. [Siscia, AD 348-9]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

18661

Kg. Rev. — as 18651, but with mint mark TES in ex. followed by officina mark A-e = 1-5 (without A in field). RIC viii, p. 412, 109-11. LRBC II, 1639-40. C 9. [Thessalonica, VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65) AD 348-9].

18662

Ki. Rev. – as previous, but with mint mark TS followed by officina mark A (= 1) and star. RIC viii, p. 412, 113. LRBC II, 1644. C —. [Thessalonica, AD 348-9]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100)

18663

Kg. Rev. – as previous, but with mint mark S M H in ex., sometimes followed by officina mark A (= 1) and sometimes with star in field. RIC viii, p. 434, 62, 66, and 68. LRBC II, 1890 and 1892. C 9. [Heraclea, AD 348-50]. VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

18664

As previous, but with mint mark CONS in ex. followed by officina mark B, G, or I (= 2, 3, or 10), S in field. RIC viii, p. 454, 80 and 83. Cf. LRBC II, 2025 and 2027 (G instead VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85) of S in rev. field). C 9. [Constantinople, AD 348-50].

18665

As previous, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark A (= 1), sometimes with star in field. RIC viii, pp. 475-6, 61 and 64. LRBC II, 2296 and 2298. VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85) C 9. [Nicomedia, AD 348-50].

18666

As previous, but with mint mark S M K in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, e, or S (= 1, 2, 5, or 6), usually with star in field. RIC viii, pp. 494-5, 66 and 68. LRBC II, 2485. C 9. [Cyzicus, AD 348-50]. VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

18667

As previous, but with mint mark AN in ex. followed by officina mark A, G, D, e, or S (= 1, 3, 4, 5, or 6), usually with star in field. RIC viii, p. 522, 121 and 124. LRBC II, 2621. C 9. [Antioch, AD 348-50]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

18668

As previous, but with mint mark ALE in ex. followed by officina mark A or D (= 1 or 4), sometimes with star in field. RIC viii, pp. 541-2, 45, 51, and 53. LRBC II, 2831 and VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85) 2835. C 9. [Alexandria, AD 348-50].

228

Roman Coins and Their Values

18669

FEL TEMP REPARATIO (cont.) Billon heavy maiorina. Kg (sometimes with A behind bust). Rev. — as 18651, but Constans holds Victory instead of phoenix on the globe. RIC viii, pp. 153-4, 219-219A and 243-243A. LRBC II, 43 and 46-46a. C 11 and 13. [Trier, AD 349-50]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65) RIC 244 records a specimen lacking an officina mark following the mint mark (a dieengraver’s error).

18670

Kg (A behind bust). Rev. – as previous, but with mint mark LG in ex. preceded by star and officina mark P (= 1), or more rarely with F preceding the officina mark and star sometimes following the mint mark, A in l. field. RIC viii, pp. 183-4, 105-6. LRBC II, 205 and 207. Bastien 127, 129 and 131. C 13. [Lugdunum, AD 349-50]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

18671

As previous, but with mint mark ARL in ex. preceded by officina mark S (= 2). RIC viii, p. 212, 127-8. LRBC II, 412-13. EMA 80/7-8. C 13. [Arles, AD 349-50]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

18672

As previous, but with mint mark AQ in ex. followed by officina mark P, S, or T (= 1, 2, or 3) followed by dot. RIC viii, p. 324, 117-18. LRBC II, 894-5. MA 425-6. C 13. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65) [Aquileia, AD 349-50].

18673

As previous, but with mint mark SIS in ex. preceded by dot and officina mark A-e (= 1-5) and followed by dot. RIC viii, p. 367, 252. LRBC II, 1151. C 13. [Siscia, AD 349-50]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

18674

As previous, but also with star in rev. field to r. (officinae D = 4 not recorded). RIC viii, p. 367, 256. LRBC II, 1155. C 13. [Siscia, AD 349-50]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

18675

As previous, but with mint mark TS in ex. followed by officina mark A-e (= 1-5). RIC viii, p. 412, 122. LRBC II, 1649. C 13. [Thessalonica, AD 349-50]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

18676

Kg. Rev. — soldier rushing l., holding shield on l. arm and spearing fallen horseman whose mount has stumbled beneath him, shield on ground to r., mint mark LG in ex. preceded by officina mark P (= 1) and followed by star, or with star in r. field. RIC viii, p. 182, 80 and 82. LRBC II, 197 and 199. Bastien 117 and 120. Cf. C 15 (obv. misdescribed). [Lugdunum, AD 349]. VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

18677

As previous, but with mint mark ARL in ex. preceded by officina mark S (= 2) and followed by star. RIC viii, p. 210, 103. LRBC II, 408. EMA 73/2. Cf. C 15. [Arles, AD 348-9]. VF £18 ($32) / EF £55 ($95)

18678

Kg (A behind bust). Rev. — as previous, but without star following the mint mark and with A in l. field (officina mark P = 1 only recorded). RIC viii, p. 211, 123. LRBC II, —. EMA 80/3. Cf. C 17. [Arles, AD 349-50]. VF £22 ($38) / EF £65 ($110) The existence of this type requires confirmation.

18679

Ki. Rev. — as 18676, but with mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark B (= 2) and with star in l. field. RIC viii, p. 257, 136. LRBC II, —. C —. [Rome, AD 350]. VF £22 ($38) / EF £65 ($110) Issued just prior to the downfall of Constans.

18674

CONSTANS AUGUSTUS

229

18680

FEL TEMP REPARATIO (cont.) Billon heavy maiorina. Obv. As 18678. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark AQ in ex. followed by officina mark T (= 3) and with Chi-Rho monogram in l. field. RIC viii, p. 324, 116. LRBC II, —. MA 424. C —. [Aquileia, AD 349-50]. VF £23 ($40) / EF £72 ($125)

18681

Kg. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark SIS in ex. preceded by officina mark A-e (= 1-5), star in r. field. RIC viii, p. 364, 211. LRBC II, 1149. Cf. C 15. [Siscia, AD 348-9]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

18682 18682

Obv. As 18678. Rev. — as previous, but with two dots flanking the officina and mint marks, A in l. field, and sometimes without the star in r. RIC viii, p. 367, 254 and 258. LRBC II, 1153 and 1158. Cf. C 17. [Siscia, AD 349-50]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

18683

As 18679, but with mint mark TS in ex. followed by officina mark A-e (= 1-5) followed by star. RIC viii, p. 412, 115. LRBC II, 1646. C —. [Thessalonica, AD 348-50]. VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

18684

Kg. Rev. — as 18676, but with mint mark ALE in ex. followed by officina mark A or D (= 1 or 4), star in l. field. RIC viii, p. 541, 48-9. LRBC II, 2833. Cf. C 15. [Alexandria, AD 348-50]. VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

18685

Billon light maiorina (c. 4.25-4.50 grams and with a reduced silver content — possibly a half maiorina). Kh. Rev. FEL TEMP REPARATIO, soldier advancing r., looking back, leading small captive barbarian from hut beneath a tree and holding spear in l. hand, mint mark TR in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2) and rarely also by dot. RIC viii, p. 153, 221 and 223-5. LRBC II, 29, 30a, and 31. C 18-19. [Trier, AD 348-9]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

18686

As previous, but with mint mark LG in ex. preceded by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2), sometimes preceded by star and/or followed by dot. RIC viii, p. 182, 84-9. LRBC II, 178-81. Bastien 93, 99, 105, 108, 110, and 113. C 18-19. [Lugdunum, AD 348-9]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

18687

As previous, but with mint mark ARL in ex. preceded by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). RIC viii, p. 210, 105-6. LRBC II, 401. EMA 75/2. C 18-19. [Arles, AD 348-9]. VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

18688

As previous, but with mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark P, B, T, Q, e, or S (= 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6), usually with star between. RIC viii, p. 258, 138 and 140. LRBC II, 602 and 604. C 18-19. [Rome, AD 348-9]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

18689

Similar, but with N behind obv. bust and in rev. field, and very rarely with star between the mint and officina marks. RIC viii, pp. 259-60, 158-9 and 161. LRBC II, 595-7 and VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) 601. C —. [Rome, AD 349-50].

230

18690

Roman Coins and Their Values

18690 FEL TEMP REPARATIO (cont.) Billon light maiorina. As 18685, but with mint mark AQ in ex. followed by officina mark P, S, or T (= 1, 2, or 3) and usually by dot. RIC viii, p. 323, 101, 103, and 106. LRBC II, 886 and 888. MA 417-19. C 18-19. [Aquileia, AD 348-9]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

18691

As previous, but with mint mark SIS in ex. preceded by officina mark B or D (= 2 or 4) and followed by letter-symbol and M. RIC viii, p. 365, 217-18. LRBC II, 1121-2. C VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) 18-19. [Siscia, AD 348-9].

18692

Similar, but without the letter-symbol following the mint mark. RIC viii, p. 365, 219-20. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) LRBC II, 1117. C 18-19. [Siscia, AD 348-9].

18693

Similar, but with R• instead of M following mint mark (officinae A, G, and e = 1, 3, and 5 recorded). RIC viii, p. 365, 222. LRBC II, —. C 18-19. [Siscia, AD 348-9]. VF £16 ($27) / EF £45 ($80)

18694

As 18685, but with mint mark TES in ex. followed by officina mark A-e (= 1-5). RIC viii, p. 412, 118. LRBC II, 1636. C 18-19. [Thessalonica, AD 348-9]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

18695

As previous, but with mint mark S M H in ex. followed by officina mark A, G, D, or e (= 1, 3, 4, or 5), sometimes with star in l. field or following the officina mark. RIC viii, p. 435, 71, 74, and 78. LRBC II, 1886 and 1889. C 18-19. [Heraclea, AD 348-50]. VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

18696

Similar, but with mint mark M H followed by officina mark D or e (= 4 or 5). RIC viii, p. 435, 77. LRBC II, —. C 18-19. [Heraclea, AD 348-50]. VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90) As 18685, but with mint mark CONS in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, G, D, e, S, H, I, or IA (= 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, or 11), sometimes followed by star and sometimes also with G in l. field. RIC viii, p. 454, 86, 88, and 92. LRBC II, 2012, 2014, and 2017. C 18-19. [Constantinople, AD 348-50]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

18697

18698

As previous, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, G, or D (= 1, 2, 3, or 4). RIC viii, p. 476, 70. LRBC II, 2291. C 18-19. [Nicomedia, AD 348-50]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

18699

As previous, but with mint mark S M K in ex. followed by officina mark A-S (= 1-6) and sometimes preceded by star or dot, or with star in l. field. RIC viii, pp. 495-6, 72-3, 79, 81-2, and 85-6. LRBC II, 2475, 2477, and 2481. C 18-19. [Cyzicus, AD 348-50]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

18700

18700 As previous, but with mint mark AN in ex. followed by officina mark A-S, Q, or I (= 1-6, 9, or 10), sometimes with star in l. field. RIC viii, p. 522, 126 and 128. LRBC II, VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) 2615 and 2617. C 18-19. [Antioch, AD 348-50].

CONSTANS AUGUSTUS

231

18701

FEL TEMP REPARATIO (cont.) Billon light maiorina. As previous, but with mint mark ALE in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, G, or D (= 1, 2, 3, or 4), sometimes with star in l. field. RIC viii, p. 542, 60-61 and 67-8. LRBC II, 2820-21 and 2825-6. C 18-19. [Alexandria, AD 348-50]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

18702

Kh (N behind bust). Rev. — Constans, nimbate and in military attire, galloping r., thrusting with spear and riding down two barbarians before him, one of whom is kneeling, mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 6), N in r. field. RIC viii, p. 259, 155. LRBC II, 590. C 20. [Rome, AD 349-50]. VF £26 ($45) / EF £72 ($125)

18703

18703 Kh. Rev. — Constans, in military attire, stg. l., holding standard/labarum and resting on shield, two captives stg. facing each other on l., mint mark SIS in ex. preceded by officina mark A-e (= 1-5). RIC viii, p. 365, 224. LRBC II, 1116. C 14. [Siscia, AD 348-9]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

18704

Similar, but also with R following the mint mark, and with star in l. field. RIC viii, p. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) 365, 226. LRBC II, 1119. C 14. [Siscia, AD 348-9].

18705

As 18703, but with mint mark S M K in ex. preceded by star and followed by officina mark B, D, or e (2, 4, or 5). RIC viii, p. 496, 76. LRBC II, —. C 14. [Cyzicus, AD 348-50]. VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

18706

As previous, but with mint mark ALE in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, G, or D (= 1, 2, 3, or 4), sometimes with star in l. field. RIC viii, p. 542, 56-7 and 64-5. LRBC II, VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) 2816-17 and 2823. C 14. [Alexandria, AD 348-50].

18707

Bronze quarter maiorina? (c. 2.40-2.60 grams with no silver content). Kg. Rev. FEL TEMP REPARATIO, phoenix, rad., stg. r. on globe, mint mark TR in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2) usually followed by dot or star. RIC viii, p. 154, 232, 234, and 236. LRBC II, 35, 37, and 39. C 21. [Trier, AD 348-9]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

18708

Similar, but the phoenix stands on pyre instead of globe, and the officina mark may also be followed by dot within crescent. RIC viii, p. 154, 226 and 228-30. LRBC II, 33 and VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) 36. C 22. [Trier, AD 348-9].

18709

As 18707, but with mint mark LG in ex. preceded by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2), the globe flanked by palms. RIC viii, —. LRBC II, —. Bastien 95 and 101. C 21. VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90) [Lugdunum, AD 348].

18710

As 18708, but with mint mark LG in ex. preceded by officina mark P (= 1) and sometimes followed by star. RIC viii, p. 183, 90-91. LRBC II, —. Bastien 94 and 116. VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90) C 21. [Lugdunum, AD 348-9].

18711

As 18707, but with mint mark ARL in ex. preceded by officina mark S (= 2) and followed by palm or star. RIC viii, p. 211, 113 and 115. LRBC II, —. EMA 77/4 and VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85) 78/2. C 21. [Arles, AD 348-9].

18712

As 18708, but with mint mark ARL in ex. preceded by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). RIC viii, p. 211, 109. LRBC II, 402. EMA 76/1. C 22. [Arles, AD 348-9]. VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

232

Roman Coins and Their Values

18713

FEL TEMP REPARATIO (cont.) Billon quarter maiorina? As 18707, but with mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark P, T, or Q (= 1, 3, or 4), sometimes with star in l. field. RIC viii, p. 258, 143 and 145. LRBC II, —. C 21. [Rome, AD 348-9]. VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

18714

As 18708, but with mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark e or S (= 5 or 6), star in l. field. RIC viii, p. 258, 142. LRBC II, —. C 22. [Rome, AD 348-9]. VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

18715

As 18707, but with mint mark AQ in ex. followed by officina mark T (= 3) and dot. RIC viii, p. 324, 111. LRBC II, —. MA 422. C 21. [Aquileia, AD 348-9]. VF £22 ($38) / EF £65 ($110)

18716

As 18708, but with mint mark AQ in ex. followed by officina mark P, S, or T (= 1, 2, or 3) and dot. RIC viii, p. 324, 112. LRBC II, —. MA 423. C 22. [Aquileia, AD 348-9]. VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

18717

18717 As previous, but with mint mark SIS in ex. preceded by officina mark A-e (= 1-5) and sometimes followed by dot or by hook-shaped symbol. RIC viii, p. 366, 228, 232, and 236. LRBC II, 1124 and 1128. C 22. [Siscia, AD 348-9]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

18718

Similar, but the mint mark is followed by letter-symbol, or the letter-symbol is in r. field. RIC viii, p. 366, 241-2 and 247. LRBC II, 1131 and 1134. C 22. [Siscia, AD 349-50]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

18719

Similar, but the letter-symbol replaces the officina mark before the mint mark. RIC viii, p. 366, 249. LRBC II, 1137. C 22. [Siscia, AD 349-50]. VF £16 ($27) / EF £45 ($80)

18720

As 18707, but with mint mark S M H in ex. followed by officina mark D (= 4), star in r. field. RIC viii, p. 435, 80. LRBC II, —. C 21. [Heraclea, AD 348-50]. VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

18721

As previous, but with mint mark S M K in ex. followed by officina mark B, G, or D (= 2, 3, or 4), sometimes with star in r. field. RIC viii, p. 496, 88 and 90. LRBC II, 2482. C 21. [Cyzicus, AD 348-50]. VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

18722

Similar, but the phoenix stands on a pyre, and officinae D and S (= 4 and 6) recorded (star in r. field). RIC viii, p. 496, 91. LRBC II, —. C 22. [Cyzicus, AD 348-50]. VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

18723

As 18707, but with mint mark AN in ex. followed by officina mark G, D, Q, or I (= 3, 4, 9, or 10), star in r. field. RIC viii, p. 522, 131. LRBC II, 2619. C 21. [Antioch, AD 348-50]. VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

18724

As previous, but with mint mark ALE in ex. followed by officina mark A or D (= 1 or 4) and sometimes with star in r. field. RIC viii, p. 543, 70-71. LRBC II, 2828-9. C 21. [Alexandria, AD 348-50]. VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

18725

Kg. Rev. — Constans stg. l. on galley steered by Victory seated in stern, holding phoenix on globe in his r. hand and labarum in l., mint mark LG in ex. preceded by officina mark P (= 1) which is sometimes preceded or (rarely) followed by star. RIC viii, p. 183, 96 and 98-9. LRBC II, 194-5. Bastien 92, 104, and 115. C 10. [Lugdunum, AD 348-9]. VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

MAGNENTIUS

233

18726

FEL TEMP REPARATIO (cont.) Billon quarter maiorina? As previous, but with mint mark ARL in ex. preceded by officina mark S (= 2) and followed by dot. RIC viii, p. 211, 117. LRBC II, 406a. EMA 79/2. C 10. [Arles, AD 348-9]. VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

18727

As previous, but with mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark P, T, Q, or e (= 1, 3, 4, or 5). RIC viii, p. 258, 146-7. LRBC II, 626. C 10. [Rome, AD 348-9]. VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

18728

As previous, but with mint mark AQ in ex. followed by officina mark S (= 2) and sometimes also by dot. RIC viii, p. 324, 108-9. LRBC II, —. MA 420-21. C 10. VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90) [Aquileia, AD 348-9].

18729

As previous, but with mint mark SIS in ex. preceded by officina mark A-e (= 1-5) and sometimes followed by dot or by hook-shaped symbol. RIC viii, p. 366, 230, 234, and 238-9. LRBC II, 1126 and 1130. C 10. [Siscia, AD 348-9]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

18730

Similar, but the mint mark is followed by letter-symbol (sometimes also by dot), or the letter-symbol is in r. field. RIC viii, p. 366, 244-6 and 248. LRBC II, 1132 and 1136. C VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) 10. [Siscia, AD 348-9].

18731

Similar, but the letter-symbol replaces the officina mark before the mint mark. RIC viii, p. 366, 250. LRBC II, 1138. C 10. [Siscia, AD 348-9]. VF £16 ($27) / EF £45 ($80)

18732

As 18725, but with mint mark TES in ex. followed by officina mark A-e (= 1-5). RIC viii, p. 412, 120-21. LRBC II, 1642. C 10. [Thessalonica, AD 348-9]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

MAGNENTIUS 18 Jan. AD 350-10 Aug. 353 18780 The unpopular rule of Constans in the western provinces was brought to an abrupt end early in AD 350 when the field commander (comes rei militaris) Flavius Magnus Magnentius was proclaimed emperor at the Gallic city of Augustodunum (Autun). The unlikely occasion was a birthday party staged by Constans’ finance minister Marcellinus in honour of his son to which a large number of dignitaries had been invited, including many prominent military officers. Marcellinus had laid his plans carefully and at a given signal Magnentius suddenly appeared amongst the gathering dressed in imperial robes. He was enthusiastically acclaimed as Augustus in opposition to the hated Constans and the news quickly spread throughout the city. Seized with panic, Constans fled in the direction of Spain but was overtaken and murdered by supporters of the usurper. Magnentius was born about AD 303 at Ambianum (Amiens). His father is believed to have been British while his mother was of Frankish origin. He joined the Roman army during the reign of Constantine I and rose through the ranks to head the elite legions known as the Ioviani and the Herculiani (a curious survival of pagan nomenclature from the period of the First Tetrarchy). It is hard to tell to what extent the coup had been pre-planned, but with the rapid removal of Constans from the political scene the western provinces quickly fell into line in their support of Magnentius’ regime. It is unlikely that he ever envisaged contesting mastery of the entire Empire with Constantius II. His ambition seems to have been limited to becoming the legitimate colleague of the eastern emperor, in the same way that Constans had been. In any case, any eastern advance into the Danubian

234

Roman Coins and Their Values

provinces had been checked by the proclamation at Mursa (in modern Croatia) on 1 March of another pretender, Vetranio, who, after some initial hesitation, had decided to support the cause of the legitimate eastern emperor who was currently occupied on the Persian front. Three months later (3 June) Magnentius had to contend with yet another rival claimant when Nepotian, a relative of Constantius, was proclaimed emperor in Rome. However, support for Nepotian was not widespread and Magnentius had little difficulty in re-establishing control over the old imperial capital. The early months of the regime were spent in trying to negotiate a division of territory with Constantius II, who was still absent on the eastern frontier. But as the year progressed it became increasingly clear that the eastern emperor was simply stalling for time in order to allow him to settle with the Persians before returning to deal in person with the rebel regime in the West. By the autumn, Constantius was back in the Balkans and on Christmas Day 350 Vetranio formally abdicated in the eastern emperor’s presence at Naissus (modern Nis in Serbia). Preparations for war between Constantius and Magnentius now proceeded apace. In March, 351, Constantius elevated his cousin Gallus to the rank of Caesar in order to maintain an imperial presence in the East. In response, Magnentius bestowed the same rank on his relative Decentius (a younger brother or cousin) with the task of defending the Rhine frontier where the German tribes had been stirred up by Constantius. When hostilities commenced, the first blood went to Magnentius whose numerically superior Gallic legions inflicted a defeat on Constantius’ army at Atrans, on the border of Italy and Noricum. Refusing offers of negotiation, Magnentius now advanced into the Danubian provinces and captured the important mint city of Siscia and advanced as far as Sirmium before establishing himself at Mursa Major. This was the high point of Magnentius’ imperial adventure as on 28 September he suffered a crushing defeat, losing a major portion of his army. The battle of Mursa Major was not just catastrophic for the ambitions of Magnentius but was a crippling blow for the entire Roman army. With total casualties numbering about 50,000 men, this, and the battle of Adrianople 27 years later (in which the emperor Valens lost his life) were probably largely responsible for the terminal decline of Roman military power in the 5th century. Following Mursa, Magnentius was never again able to challenge Constantius in the field. The eastern emperor, also seriously weakened, could not take immediate advantage of his victory by delivering the death blow to his rival. But by the late summer of 352 Magnentius found himself unable to retain control of Italy and was forced to withdraw to Gaul. Here, at Mons Seleucus in Gallia Narbonensis, the western usurper suffered his final defeat. He fled to Lugdunum where he committed suicide on 10 August 353, Decentius following suit about a week later at Sens. The coinage of Magnentius and his Caesar Decentius is of considerable interest. A total of seven mints were employed — Trier, Ambianum, Lugdunum, Arles, Aquileia, Rome, and a brief issue from Siscia. Early in his reign, the usurper made a concerted effort to gain the recognition of Constantius by striking an extensive issue of billon coins in the name of the eastern emperor. When it became clear that such an arrangement was not going to be possible these issues ceased. After his defeat at Mursa in 351 Magnentius found himself in a much weakened position and his withdrawal from Italy late in the following year was followed by a remarkable reform of the coinage. Under this, the fullweight solidus of 24 siliquae was replaced by a light-weight version apparently struck on a 21-siliqua standard of c. 3.94 grams. The usurper was clearly in severe financial straits, a fact also evidenced by his introduction of a new bronze denomination characterized by the appearance of a large ChiRho monogram (Christogram) as its reverse type. When first introduced, these large and handsome ‘double maiorinae’, weighing circa 8.00-9.00 grams, appeared to represent an improvement on the standards of the existing coinage. However, this was far from the reality as these pieces contained no silver and even their weight standard was rapidly lowered, initially to about 6.50-7.00 grams and finally to circa 4.00-4.50 grams. Interestingly, although he bore the rank of Augustus throughout his usurpation, the portrait of Magnentius is normally depicted as bareheaded, without wreath or diadem. In the early issues, this may have been intended as a conciliatory gesture to Constantius II whose recognition as an imperial colleague he was seeking: thereafter, it merely became the accepted norm for the usurper’s effigy. Another possibility is that as he was of partly barbarian origin it was felt that Magnentius should not be depicted wearing the imperial headdress.

MAGNENTIUS

235

Obverse legends represented by capital letters:

A. D N MAG MAGNENTIVS P F AVG B. D N MAGNENTIO PERPETVO AVG C. D N MAGNENTIVS AVG D. D N MAGNENTIVS P F AVG E. FL MAGNENTIVS P F AVG F. FL MAGNENTIVS TR P F AVG G. IM CAE MAGNENTIVS AVG H. IMP CAES MAGNENTIVS AVG I. MAG MAGNENTIVS AVG J. MAGNENTIVS AVG

Obverse types represented by lower case letters:

a. Bareheaded, dr. and cuir. bust r. b. Diad., dr. and cuir. bust r.

18733

Gold solidus (c. 4.5 grams). Da. Rev. BIS RESTITVTA LIBERTAS, Victory stg. r., facing Libertas stg. l., holding between them long shaft surmounted by trophy, Victory also holds palm-branch over l. shoulder and Libertas holds transverse sceptre in l. hand, mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark P (= 1). RIC viii, p. 261, 168. MM 470. Depeyrot, p. 144, 4/1. C —. [Rome, AD 350]. (Unique) This type commemorates the recovery of Rome for Magnentius following the brief revolt of Nepotian (3-30 June 350).

18734

D (sometimes AG for AVG), b. Rev. GLORIA ET REPARATIO TEMPORVM, Magnentius, in military attire, stg. l., holding Victory on globe and standard, mint mark P AR in ex. RIC viii, p. 212, 129-30. MM 229. Depeyrot, p. 132, 2/2. Cf. EMA 82/2-3. VF £1,575 ($2,750) / EF £4,300 ($7,500) C 15. [Arles, AD 350].

18735

Fa. Rev. RESTITVTOR LIBERTATIS, as previous, but the standard has Chi-Rho monogram (labarum), mint mark S M AQ in ex. RIC viii, p. 326, 124. MM 301. Depeyrot, p. 181, 6/1. MA 531. C 28. [Aquileia, AD 350]. VF £1,425 ($2,500) / EF £4,000 ($7,000)

18736

Ga. Rev. VICTORIA AVG LIB ROMANOR, Victory and Libertas, as 18733, but with mint mark TR (rarely TR P) in ex. RIC viii, pp. 155-6, 247-51 and 253-4. MM 3-7 and 12-17. Depeyrot, pp. 109-10, 7/1, 8/1, and 9/1. C 46. [Trier, AD 350-51]. VF £775 ($1,350) / EF £2,300 ($4,000)

18737

Similar, but with obv. legend D (mint mark TR). RIC viii, pp. 156 and 159, 252 and 276-7. MM 45-6. Depeyrot, pp. 109-10, 8/2, 9/2, and 10/1. C 48. [Trier, AD 351-2].4 VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,600 ($4,500)

18738

As 18736, but with mint mark P AR in ex. RIC viii, p. 213, 132. MM 250. Depeyrot, p. 132, VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,600 ($4,500) 2/4. EMA 101/1. C 46. [Arles, AD 350-51].

18739

Similar, but with obv. legend C. Cf. RIC viii, p. 213, 131 (obv. misdescribed). Cf. MM 251. Cf. Depeyrot, p. 132, 3/1 (but see pl. V). Cf. EMA 112/1. C 46. [Arles, AD 350-51]. VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,600 ($4,500)

18736

236

Roman Coins and Their Values

18740 18740

VICTORIA AVG LIB ROMANOR (cont.) Gold solidus. G (but IMP for IM), a. Rev. — as 18736, but with mint mark R in ex., sometimes followed by officina mark P, B, Q, or S (= 1, 2, 4, or 6) and rarely with dot between. RIC viii, pp. 260-61, 162-4. MM 385-8, 392, and 387 note. Depeyrot, p. 143, VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,600 ($4,500) 1/1 and 2/1. C —. [Rome, AD 350].

18741

Da. Rev. – as previous (officinae P, B, and T = 1, 2, and 3 recorded, no dot between mint and officina marks). RIC viii, p. 261, 169-70. MM 471, 472 bis, and 473. Depeyrot, p. VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,600 ($4,500) 144, 4/2. C 48. [Rome, AD 350-51].

18742

Ha. Rev. – as 18736, but with mint mark S M AQ in ex. RIC viii, p. 326, 125-6. MM 304-5. Depeyrot, p. 181, 6/2. MA 532. C 47. [Aquileia, AD 350]. VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,600 ($4,500)

18743

Da. Rev. – as previous, but sometimes with dot preceding the mint mark. RIC viii, p. 327, 132-7. MM 343-4. Depeyrot, p. 182, 7/1 and 8/1. MA 540-45. C 48. [Aquileia, AD 351-2]. VF £775 ($1,350) / EF £2,300 ($4,000)

18744

E (but AG for AVG), b. Rev. VICTORIAE AVG, two Victories stg. facing each other, holding between them wreath encircling S RP, mint mark P AR in ex. RIC viii, —. MM —. Cf. Depeyrot, p. 132, 2/1. Cf. EMA 82/1. C —. [Arles, AD 350]. VF £1,700 ($3,000) / EF £4,550 ($8,000)



NB A few gold multiples were issued in the name of Magnentius: 1.25 solidi were struck at Trier, rev. VICTORIA AVG LIB ROMANOR, Victory and Libertas (RIC 246) and at Aquileia, rev. VOT V MVLT X in wreath (RIC 131); 1.5 solidi were struck at Trier, rev. VICTORIA AVG LIB ROMANOR, Victory and Libertas (RIC 245) and at Aquileia, rev. VIRTVS AVGVSTI NOSTRI, emperor with kneeling captive (RIC 130); double solidi were struck at Trier, rev. GLORIA ROMANORVM, Roma seated (RIC 272) and at Aquileia, rev. VIRTVS AVGVSTI NOSTRI, emperor dragging captive (RIC 123 and 129); and triple solidi were struck at Aquileia, rev. LIBERATOR REI PVBLICAE, emperor on horseback, welcomed by bowing female figure (RIC 122 and 127-8).

18745

Gold light-weight solidus (c. 3.94 grams). Ca. Rev. VICT AVG LIB ROM ORB, Victory and Libertas, as 18736 (mint mark TR). RIC viii, p. 161, 295. MM 74. Depeyrot, VF £1,050 ($1,850) / EF £3,150 ($5,500) p. 111, 13/1. C 36 var. [Trier, AD 352-3].

18746

As previous, but with mint mark N LVG in ex. RIC viii, p. 185, 119. MM 201. Depeyrot, p. 126, 1/2. Bastien 193. C 36. [Lugdunum, AD 352-3]. VF £950 ($1,650) / EF £2,850 ($5,000)

MAGNENTIUS

237

18747

Gold light-weight solidus. As previous, but with mint mark N AR in ex. Cf. RIC viii, p. 214, 159 (obv. misdescribed). MM 276. Cf. Depeyrot, p. 133, 4/2. Cf. EMA 113/2. C VF £950 ($1,650) / EF £2,850 ($5,000) 36. [Arles, AD 352-3].

18748

As 18745, but with rev. legend VICT CAES LIB ROM ORB. RIC viii, p. 161, 296. MM 76. Depeyrot, p. 111, 13/2. C 40. [Trier, AD 352-3]. VF £1,050 ($1,850) / EF £3,150 ($5,500) This is a hybrid with a reverse proper to Decentius.

18749

Da. Rev. VICTORIA AVG LIB ROMANOR, as 18745. RIC viii, p. 160, 285-6 and 290-91. MM 77, 79, and 81. Depeyrot, p. 110-11, 11/1 and 12/1. C 48. [Trier, AD 352-3]. VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,600 ($4,500)

18750

Ga. Rev. – as 18746. RIC viii, p. 185, 118. MM 202. Depeyrot, p. 126, 1/1. Bastien 194. VF £1,050 ($1,850) / EF £3,150 ($5,500) C 46 var. [Lugdunum, AD 352-3].

18751

As previous, but with mint mark N AR in ex. RIC viii, p. 214, 158. MM 277. Depeyrot, p. 133, 4/1. EMA 113/1. C 46. [Arles, AD 352-3]. VF £1,050 ($1,850) / EF £3,150 ($5,500)

18752

Obv. As 18739. Rev. — as 18745, but with mint mark R followed by officina mark Q (= 4). RIC viii, p. 261, 165. MM 390. Cf. Depeyrot, p. 143, 2/1 (not described as lightweight despite recorded weight of 4.07 grams). C —. [Rome, AD 350]. VF £1,050 ($1,850) / EF £3,150 ($5,500)

18753

As 18741 (officinae P, B, and e = 1, 2, and 5 recorded). RIC viii, p. 262, 171. MM 472 and 474. Cf. Depeyrot, p. 144, 4/2 (not described as light-weight despite recorded weights of 4.07 and 3.89 grams). C 48. [Rome, AD 350-51]. VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,600 ($4,500)

18754

Gold semissis or half solidus (c. 2.25 grams). Ha. Rev. FELICITAS PERPETVA, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark S M AQ in ex. RIC viii, —. MM —. Depeyrot, —. MA 533. C —. [Aquileia, AD 350]. VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,600 ($4,500)

18755

Ja. Rev. VICTORIA DD NN AVGG, as previous, but with mint mark TR. RIC viii, p. 159, 281. MM 49. Depeyrot, p. 110, 10/4. C 65. [Trier, AD 351]. VF £775 ($1,350) / EF £2,300 ($4,000)

18756

Gold 1.5-scripulum or 9-siliqua (c. 1.68 grams). Ca. Rev. FELICITAS PERPETVA, Victory advancing l., as 18754. RIC viii, p. 327, 138. MM 345. Depeyrot, p. 182, 7/2. VF £775 ($1,350) / EF £2,300 ($4,000) MA 546. C 2. [Aquileia, AD 351].

18757

Silver multiple of 4 siliquae or 3 light miliarenses (c. 13.5 grams, weights variable). Ga. Re. SECVRITAS REI PVBLICAE, Securitas stg. facing, hd. r., her legs crossed, r. hand on hd., resting l. arm on column, mint mark TR in ex. RIC viii, p. 156, 255. MM 8. RSC 34b. [Trier, AD 350]. VF £8,500 ($15,000) / EF £23,000 ($40,000)

18758

Similar, but with obv. legend D. RIC viii, p. 161, 299. MM 53. RSC 34a. [Trier, AD 352]. VF £8,500 ($15,000) / EF £23,000 ($40,000)

18759

Da. Rev. TRIVMFATOR GENTIVM BARBARARVM, Magnentius, in military attire, stg. l., holding standard with Chi-Rho monogram (labarum) in r. hand and spear (or sceptre) in l., mint mark AQ in ex. preceded by star and officina mark T (= 3) and followed by dot. RIC viii, p. 328, 141. MM 346. MA 549. RSC 35. [Aquileia, AD 351]. VF £11,500 ($20,000) / EF £28,500 ($50,000)

18756

238

Roman Coins and Their Values

18760

Silver heavy miliarensis (c. 5.4 grams, weights variable). Da. Rev. AEQVITAS AVG NOSTRI, Aequitas stg. l., holding scales and cornucopiae, mint mark TR in ex. RIC viii, p. 162, 300. MM 56. RSC 1A. [Trier, AD 352]. VF £2,000 ($3,500) / EF £5,200 ($9,000)

18761

Da. Rev. FELICITAS PERPETVA around wreath containing VOT / V / MVLT / X in four lines, mint mark SIS in ex. preceded by numeral LX and followed by dot. RIC viii, p. 328, 142. MM 350. MA 550. RSC 3A. [Siscia, AD 351]. VF £1,700 ($3,000) / EF £4,300 ($7,500) The numeral 60 (LX) in the mint mark refers to the weight standard of this denomination, i.e. 1/60th of a pound (see also no. 18463).

18762 18762

Da. Rev. VICTORIAE DD NN AVGG, Victory seated r. on cuirass and shield, inscribing VOT / V / MVLT / X on shield set on knee, mint mark AR in ex. preceded by officina mark P (= 1). RIC viii, p. 215, 160. MM 252. EMA 102/1. RSC 65Ab. [Arles, AD 351-2]. VF £1,475 ($2,600) / EF £3,750 ($6,500)

18763

Silver light miliarensis (c. 4.5 grams, weights variable). Da. Rev. PRINCIPI IVVENTVTIS, prince, in military attire, stg. r., holding transverse spear and globe, mint mark TR in ex. RIC viii, p. 162, 302. MM 37. RSC 26A. [Trier, AD 352]. VF £1,700 ($3,000) / EF £4,300 ($7,500) This reverse type is more appropriate to the Caesar Decentius, for whom it was also struck (see no. 18851).

18764

Da. Rev. VICTORIAE DD NN AVGG, Victory seated r., as 18762, but with mint mark LG in ex. preceded by officina mark P (= 1) and dot. RIC viii, p. 184, 107. MM 172. Bastien 156. RSC 65Aa. [Lugdunum, AD 350-51]. VF £1,250 ($2,200) / EF £3,150 ($5,500)

18765

As previous, but with mint mark AQ in ex., sometimes preceded by star and sometimes also followed by dot. RIC viii, p. 328, 143-5. MM 347-9. MA 551-3. RSC 65Ac-e. [Aquileia, AD 351]. VF £1,150 ($2,000) / EF £2,850 ($5,000)

18766

Da. Rev. VICTORIAE DD NN AVG ET CAE, two Victories stg. facing each other, holding between them wreath encircling VOT / V / MVL / X, mint mark AR in ex. preceded by officina mark P (= 1). RIC viii, p. 215, 161. MM 254. Cf. EMA 102/2 (rev. misdescribed). RSC 66. [Arles, AD 351-2]. VF £1,250 ($2,200) / EF £3,150 ($5,500)

18767

Ga. Rev. VIRTVS AVG NOSTRI, Magnentius, in military attire, stg. l., holding globe and sceptre, captive kneeling r. at feet, mint mark TR in ex. RIC viii, p. 157, 257. MM 19. RSC 75. [Trier, AD 350]. VF £1,375 ($2,400) / EF £3,450 ($6,000)

18768

Silver siliqua (c. 3.37 grams, weights variable). Da. Rev. FELICITAS PERPETVA, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and trophy, mint mark LVG in ex. RIC viii, p. 186, 120. MM 173. Bastien 157. RSC 3a. [Lugdunum, AD 351-2]. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,425 ($2,500)

18769

Ca. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark AR in ex. preceded by officina mark P (= 1). RIC viii, p. 215, 163. MM 253. EMA 102/3. RSC 3e. [Arles, AD 351-2]. VF £625 ($1,100) / EF £1,575 ($2,750)

MAGNENTIUS

239

18770

Silver siliqua. Ea. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark AQ in ex. followed by dot or star. RIC viii, p. 327, 139-40. MM 305 bis and ter. MA 547-8. RSC 3c-d. [Aquileia, AD 351]. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,425 ($2,500)

18771

Similar, but with obv. legend D and without symbol following the mint mark. RIC viii, p. 328, 146. MM 351. MA 554. Cf. RSC 3b (obv. wrongly described). [Aquileia, AD 351]. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,425 ($2,500)

18772

Ga. Rev. VIRTVS EXERCITI, soldier stg. facing, hd. r., resting on spear and shield, mint mark TR in ex. RIC viii, pp. 156-7, 256 and 258. MM 9 and 18. RSC 82. [Trier, AD 350]. VF £520 ($900) / EF £1,300 ($2,250)

18773

Similar, but with obv. legend D. RIC viii, p. 162, 304. MM 54. RSC 81. [Trier, AD 352]. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,425 ($2,500)

18774

Bronze ‘double maiorina’ (c. 8-9 grams). Da. Rev. SALVS DD NN AVG ET CAES, large Chi-Rho monogram flanked by A and w, mint mark AMB in ex., sometimes followed by dot or palm or preceded by dot. RIC viii, p. 123, 34 and 36-8. MM 135-8. LRBC II, 19-20 and 22. C 30. [Ambianum, AD 352-3]. VF £140 ($250) / EF £430 ($750) The short-lived mint at Amiens was a creation of Magnentius whose birthplace it is reputed to have been. It was closed by Constantius II soon after his reconquest of the western provinces in August of 353.

18775

As previous, but with mint mark TR in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). RIC viii, p. 163, 318. MM 84. LRBC II, 62. C 30. [Trier, AD 352-3]. VF £140 ($250) / EF £430 ($750)

18776

As previous, but with mint mark LG in ex. preceded by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2) which is usually preceded by L or R. RIC viii, p. 188, 153-4. MM 203 and 206. LRBC II, 236. Bastien 195-8 and 200. C 30. [Lugdunum, AD 352-3]. VF £140 ($250) / EF £430 ($750)

18777

As previous, but with mint mark AR in ex. preceded by officina mark P, S, or T (= 1, 2, or 3). RIC viii, p. 217, 188. MM 278, 280, and 282. LRBC II, 445. EMA 114/1. C 30. [Arles, AD 352-3]. VF £155 ($275) / EF £460 ($800)

18778

Bronze reduced ‘double maiorina’ (first reduction, c. 6.5-7 grams). As 18774, but the mint mark AMB is sometimes followed by dot, or palm, or crescent. RIC viii, p. 123, 39, 41, and 43-4. MM 139, 141, 143, and 145. LRBC II, 19-20 and 22-3. C 31. [Ambianum, AD 353]. VF £65 ($110) / EF £185 ($325)

18779

As 18775, but sometimes with dot following the officina mark. RIC viii, p. 164, 320-21 and 323. MM 88, 90, 92, and 94. LRBC II, 62 and 66. C 31. [Trier, AD 353]. VF £60 ($100) / EF £175 ($300)

18780

As 18776, but the officina mark is preceded by L or P and sometimes with dot following the mint mark LG. RIC viii, p. 188, 156, 158, and 160. MM 208, 210, and 212-13. LRBC II, 236, 242, and 244. Bastien 202, 204, and 206-7. C 31. [Lugdunum, AD 353]. VF £60 ($100) / EF £175 ($300) The curious mint mark S P R LG has also been recorded (RIC 162, MM p. 182, note).

18772

 

18774

240

Roman Coins and Their Values

18781

SALVS DD NN AVG ET CAES (cont.) Bronze reduced ‘double maiorina’ (first reduction). As 18777, but sometimes the officina mark is preceded by S and sometimes the mint mark is followed by dot. RIC viii, p. 217, 194, 196, 198, and 200. MM 284-6, 288, 295-6, and 297a. LRBC II, 445 and 447. EMA 115/3, 116/1, 117/1, and 118/1. C 31. [Arles, AD 353]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350) A rare variety has dots following the S and the officina mark (RIC 200, MM p. 191 note and p. 325, 297a).

18782

As 18777, but the Chi-Rho monogram and A and w are enclosed within wreath. RIC viii, p. 217, 192. MM 291 and 293. LRBC II, 443. EMA 115/1. C 29. [Arles, AD 353]. VF £140 ($250) / EF £430 ($750)

18783

Bronze reduced ‘double maiorina’ (second reduction, c. 4-4.5 grams). As 18774, but the mint mark AMB is flanked by dot within crescent and wreath or Q, and with star in upper l. field. RIC viii, p. 123, 45. MM 147. LRBC II, 24. C 32. [Ambianum, AD 353]. VF £48 ($85) / EF £140 ($250)

18784

As 18775, but sometimes with palms in lower field either side of the base of the ChiRho monogram. RIC viii, p. 164, 325 and 327. MM 96 and 100. LRBC II, 65. C 32. VF £48 ($85) / EF £140 ($250) [Trier, AD 353].

18785

As 18780 (officina mark preceded by L or P), but not recorded with dot following the mint mark. RIC viii, pp. 188-9, 163 and 167. MM 215 and 218. LRBC II, 238 and 242. Bastien 210, 212, and 214. C 32. [Lugdunum, AD 353]. VF £48 ($85) / EF £140 ($250)

18786

Similar, but with S — star in lower rev. field either side of the base of the Chi-Rho monogram, and the officina mark is usually preceded by P, R, or F. RIC viii, p. 189, 170, 172, 174, and 176. MM 220, 222, 224, and p. 183, note 2. LRBC II, 247. Bastien 218VF £48 ($85) / EF £140 ($250) 19, 221, 223, and 225. C 32. [Lugdunum, AD 353].

18787

As 18777, but the officina mark is preceded by L. RIC viii, p. 217, 201. MM 298-9. LRBC II, 449. EMA 119/1. C 32. [Arles, AD 353]. VF £48 ($85) / EF £140 ($250)

18788

Billon heavy maiorina (declining from c. 5.20 grams). Ga (A behind bust). Rev. FEL TEMP REPARATIO, Magnentius stg. l. on galley steered by Victory seated in stern, holding Victory on globe in his r. hand and labarum in l., mint mark TR in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2), A in l. field. RIC viii, p. 157, 260. MM 10-11. LRBC VF £37 ($65) / EF £115 ($200) II, 48. C 11. [Trier, AD 350].

18789

Db (A behind bust). Rev. – Magnentius, in military attire, stg. l., holding labarum in r. hand and supporting fold of cloak with l., mint mark LG in ex. preceded by F and officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2), A in l. field. RIC viii, p. 184, 108. MM 148-9. LRBC II, VF £48 ($85) / EF £140 ($250) 208. Bastien 133-4. C 13. [Lugdunum, AD 350].

18790

Obv. As previous. Rev. — soldier rushing l., holding shield on l. arm and spearing fallen horseman whose mount has stumbled beneath him, shield on ground to r. (omitted at some mints), mint mark ARL in ex. preceded by officina mark S (= 2), A in l. field. RIC viii, p. 213, 133. MM 228. LRBC II, 414. EMA 81/1. C —. [Arles, AD 350]. VF £60 ($100) / EF £175 ($300)

MAGNENTIUS

241

18791 18791

Billon heavy maiorina. Ga (rarely with A behind bust). Rev. FELICITAS REI PVBLICE, Magnentius, in military attire, stg. l., holding Victory on globe and labarum, mint mark TR in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2) which is sometimes followed by dot, crescent, or dot within crescent, usually with A in r. field (sometimes in l.). RIC viii, p. 158, 260A-268. MM 20-31. LRBC II, 49-52. C 5. [Trier, AD 350]. VF £35 ($60) / EF £100 ($175) Bastien (MM, p.161, note 1) records a specimen of this type with a diademed imperial bust instead of bareheaded — possibly irregular.

18792

Db. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark LG in ex., usually preceded by F or R and by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). RIC viii, p. 185, 109 and 112. MM 150 and 152-5. LRBC II, 209-11. Bastien 135-40. C 7. [Lugdunum, AD 350]. VF £35 ($60) / EF £100 ($175)

18793

Bb. Rev. — as previous, but emperor holds plain standard instead of labarum, and with mint mark AR preceded by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). RIC viii, p. 213, 134-5. MM 232. LRBC II, 417-18. EMA 83/1-2. Cf. C 9. [Arles, AD 350]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350)

18794

Similar, but with obv. legend D and sometimes with F in rev. field to l. RIC viii, p. 213, 136-9. MM 230-31 and 233-4. LRBC II, 415-16 and 419-20. EMA 83/3-4 and 84/1-2. C 7. [Arles, AD 350]. VF £37 ($65) / EF £115 ($200)

18795

Db. Rev. GLORIA ROMANORVM, Magnentius, in military attire, on horse rearing r., holding shield on l. arm and about to spear barbarian who kneels l. beneath horse’s forelegs, shield and broken spear beneath horse, mint mark AM or AMB in ex. followed by palm. RIC viii, p. 121, 1-2. MM 102-3. LRBC II, 1-2. C 22. [Ambianum, AD 350]. VF £48 ($85) / EF £140 ($250)

18796

Similar, but with obv. type a and with A behind bust (mint mark AMB followed by palm). RIC viii, p. 121, 3. MM 104. LRBC II, 3. C 20. [Ambianum, AD 350]. VF £43 ($75) / EF £130 ($225)

18797

As previous, but the horse is galloping and the barbarian kneels before it. RIC viii, p. 122, 4. MM 104. LRBC II, 4. C 20. [Ambianum, AD 350-51]. VF £35 ($60) / EF £100 ($175)

18798

Da (A behind bust). Rev. – as previous, but the emperor is sometimes nimbate, and with mint mark TR in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2) which is usually followed by dot or crescent. RIC viii, p. 158, 269-71. MM 32-5. LRBC II, 53-5. C 20. VF £35 ($60) / EF £100 ($175) [Trier, AD 350-51].

18798

242

Roman Coins and Their Values

18799

GLORIA ROMANORVM (cont.) Billon heavy maiorina. As previous, but the emperor has no shield on l. arm and is not nimbate, and with mint mark LG in ex. preceded by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2) which is preceded by R and sometimes also by crescent, or with dot following the mint mark. RIC viii, p. 185, 115-17. MM 160-65. LRBC II, 214-16. Bastien 141-6. C 20. [Lugdunum, AD 350-51]. VF £35 ($60) / EF £100 ($175)

18800

As previous, but with mint mark AR or ARL in ex. preceded by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2) which is sometimes preceded by F, the mint mark sometimes followed by dot, < L, or F, sometimes with L in l. field, always with star in r. RIC viii, p. 214, 150-57. MM 240-47. LRBC II, 421, 423, 424a (Addenda), 425, 426-7, and 429. EMA 92/1, 93/1, 94/2, 95/1, 96/1, 97/1, 98/1, and 99/1. C 20. [Arles, AD 350-51]. VF £35 ($60) / EF £100 ($175)

18801

As previous, but with mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark P, T, Q, e, or S (= 1, 3, 4, 5, or 6), star in r. field. RIC viii, pp. 265 and 267, 197 and 209. MM 452, 455, 457-8, and 460. LRBC II, 638. C 20. [Rome, AD 350-51]. VF £35 ($60) / EF £100 ($175)

18802

As previous, but on rev. the emperor is nimbate, and with mint mark AQ in ex. followed by officina mark P, S, or T (= 1, 2, or 3), sometimes with dot following the officina mark or with palms flanking the mint and officina marks, star in r. field sometimes accompanied by wreath, sometimes with B in l. field. RIC viii, p. 330, 158-62. MM 316, 318, 320-21, 324-6, 328, 330, 332, 334, and 336. LRBC II, 899, 901-2, 904, and 906. VF £35 ($60) / EF £100 ($175) MA 557-61. C 20. [Aquileia, AD 350-51].

18803

Obv. As 18798. Rev. — Magnentius, in military attire, stg. l. between two captives, holding Victory on globe and labarum, mint mark AQ in ex. followed by officina mark P, S, or T (= 1, 2, or 3) and dot, A in r. field. RIC viii, p. 329, 148. MM 307. LRBC II, VF £43 ($75) / EF £130 ($225) 896. MA 555. C 18. [Aquileia, AD 350].

18804

Obv. As previous. Rev. RENOBATIO VRBIS ROME, Roma seated l., holding Victory on globe and resting on spear, shield at her side, mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark P, B, T, Q, or S (= 1, 2, 3, 4, or 6). RIC viii, p. 267, 207. MM 464-7 and VF £100 ($175) / EF £300 ($525) 469. LRBC II, 648. C 27. [Rome, AD 351].

18805

— Rev. VRBS ROMA, as previous (officinae Q, e, and S = 4, 5, and 6 only recorded). RIC viii, p. 266, 206. MM 461-3. LRBC II, 647. Cf. C 86. [Rome, AD 350]. VF £85 ($150) / EF £250 ($450)

18806

— Rev. VICT DD NN AVG ET CAES, two Victories stg. facing each other, holding between them wreath encircling VOT / V / MVLT / X, mint mark LG in ex. preceded by R and officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). RIC viii, p. 188, 151. MM 192-3. LRBC II, VF £35 ($60) / EF £100 ($175) 233. Bastien 185-6. C 41. [Lugdunum, AD 351].

18807

Da (B behind bust). Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark P, T, Q, e, or Z (= 1, 3, 4, 5, or 7), usually with star in lower central field. RIC viii, p. 268, 214 and 216. MM 480, 482-3, 486, 488-90, and 493. LRBC II, 650 and 652. C 41. [Rome, AD 351-2]. VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150)

18808

Similar, but with G instead of B behind obv. bust, and always with star in rev. field. RIC viii, p. 268, 218. MM 494, 496, 498-9, and 501. LRBC II, 654. C —. [Rome, AD 351-2]. VF £32 ($55) / EF £90 ($160)

18809

As previous, but with Chi-Rho monogram above the wreath on rev., and the star is between the mint and officina marks instead of in field. RIC viii, p. 268, 222. MM 507, 510, 512-13, and 516. LRBC II, —. C —. [Rome, AD 352]. VF £37 ($65) / EF £115 ($200)

MAGNENTIUS

243

18810

Billon heavy maiorina. Da (A behind bust). Rev. VICTORIA AVG ET CAES, Magnentius, in military attire, stg. r., l. foot set on captive, holding labarum and spear, mint mark SIS in ex. preceded by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2), III in l. field, VAL monogram in r. RIC viii, p. 372, 318. MM 517 and 519. LRBC II, 1196. Cf. C 45 (inaccurately described). [Siscia, AD 351]. VF £85 ($150) / EF £250 ($450)

18811

G (but IMP for IM), a. Rev. VICTORIA AVG LIB ROMANOR, as previous, but Magnentius holds standard and laurel-branch, and with mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark P, B, T, Q, e, or S (= 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6), sometimes with dot between. RIC viii, p. 263, 177 and note. MM 394, 396, 398, 400, 402, 404, 406-7, and 410. LRBC II, 632. C 56. [Rome, AD 350]. VF £37 ($65) / EF £115 ($200)

18812 18812 Similar, but with F flanked by dots between the mint and officina marks, and usually with A in rev. field to l. RIC viii, p. 263, 179 and 182. MM 412, 415, 418, 421, 424, 427, VF £37 ($65) / EF £115 ($200) and 427a. LRBC II, 635. C 56. [Rome, AD 350]. 18813

G (but IMP for IM), a. Rev. — Magnentius, in military attire, stg. l., r. foot set on captive, holding globe surmounted by eagle in r. hand and resting on spear held in l., mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark P (= 1). RIC viii, p. 263, 178. MM 404a. LRBC II, —. C 59. [Rome, AD 350]. VF £60 ($100) / EF £175 ($300)

18814

Similar, but with F flanked by dots between the mint and officina marks, and usually with A in rev. field to l. (officinae P, B, Q, and e = 1, 2, 4, and 5 recorded). RIC viii, p. 263, 180 and 183. MM 413, 416, 422, 425, and 428a. LRBC II, —. C 59. [Rome, AD 350]. VF £60 ($100) / EF £175 ($300)

18815

Da (A behind bust). Rev. VICTORIAE DD NN AVG ET CAE, two Victories stg. facing each other, holding between them wreath encircling VOT / V / MVLT / X which is resting on short column, mint mark AMB in ex. sometimes followed by palm. RIC viii, p. 122, 5 and 7. MM 105 and 107. LRBC II, 5 and 7. C 70. [Ambianum, AD 351-2]. VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150)

18816

As previous, but without the supporting column on rev., and the mint mark is followed by palm and sometimes also preceded by dot, or with star following the mint mark, which is sometimes also preceded by dot. RIC viii, p. 122, 9, 11, 13, 14, 16, and 17. MM 111, 113, 115, and 117. LRBC II, 8 and 10. C 68 var. [Ambianum, AD 351-2]. VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150)

18817

Similar, but the wreath held by the two Victories is surmounted by P-headed cross (Christogram) and the mint mark is sometimes followed by I, or by crescent, or by dot within crescent, or by star; sometimes (when followed by crescent or dot within crescent) the mint mark is also preceded by star. RIC viii, pp. 122-3, 20, 22-3, 25, 27, 29, and 31. MM 121, 123, 125, 127, 129, 131, and 133. LRBC II, 12-13, 15, and 17. Cf. C 69. [Ambianum, AD 352]. VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150)

18818

As 18815, but with mint mark TR in ex. followed by officina mark P or S = 1 or 2 (rarely followed by crescent in officina S only). RIC viii, p. 162, 307 and 309. MM 39 and 44. LRBC II, 56. C 70. [Trier, AD 351-2]. VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150)

244 18819

Roman Coins and Their Values VICTORIAE DD NN AVG ET CAE (cont.) Billon heavy maiorina. As previous, but with mint mark LG in ex. preceded by R and officina mark P (= 1), sometimes with S—V in lower central field. RIC viii, p. 186, 121 and 123. MM 166, 169, and 171. LRBC II, 217 and 219. Bastien 147, 149, 151, and 153. C 70. [Lugdunum, AD 351-2]. VF £35 ($60) / EF £100 ($175)

18820

 

18821

18820

As 18816, but with mint mark LG in ex. preceded by R or L and officina mark P (= 1) and sometimes followed by dot, SV or SP in lower central field, the former sometimes accompanied by star or by one or two dots. RIC viii, pp. 186-7, 126, 128, 130, 132-3, 136, 138, and 140. MM 174, 174b, 176, 178, 180, 182, 184, 186, and 190. LRBC II, 221, 223, 225, and 227. Bastien 158, 160, 163, 165, 167, 169, 177, 179, and 181. C 68 VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150) var. [Lugdunum, AD 351-2].

18821

As 18817, but the Christogram surmounting the wreath on rev. has the form of a ChiRho monogram instead of a P-headed cross, and with mint mark LG in ex. preceded by R or L and officina mark P (= 1), and with SP in lower central field. RIC viii, pp. 188, 145 and 147. MM 194 and 196. LRBC II, 229 and 231. Bastien 187 and 189. Cf. C 69. VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150) [Lugdunum, AD 352].

18822

As 18816, but the wreath encircles VOT / V / MVL / X, and with mint mark AR in ex. preceded by officina mark P (= 1), F, IS (sometimes with e or C above), or AC in lower central field. RIC viii, p. 216, 175, 177, 179, and 181. MM 265, 266, 268, and 269a. LRBC II, 437. EMA 107/3, 109/2, and 110/1. C 68. [Arles, AD 351-2]. VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150)

18823

As previous, but the wreath held by the two Victories is surmounted by Chi-Rho monogram, and with I in lower central field. RIC viii, p. 217, 184. MM 272. LRBC II, 441. EMA 111/1. Cf. C 69. [Arles, AD 352]. VF £35 ($60) / EF £100 ($175)

18824

Da (A behind bust). Rev. VICTORIAE DD NN AVG ET CAES, two Victories stg. facing each other, holding between them wreath encircling VOT / V / MVLT / X which is resting on short column, mint mark TR in ex. followed by officina mark P (= 1). RIC viii, p. 162, 306. MM 40. LRBC II, —. C 70. [Trier, AD 351-2]. VF £37 ($65) / EF £115 ($200)

18825

As previous, but without the supporting column on rev. (officina S = 2 also recorded). RIC viii, p. 163, 312. MM 64 and 67. LRBC II, 58. C 68 var. [Trier, AD 351-2]. VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150)

18826

Similar, but the wreath held by the two Victories is surmounted by Chi-Rho monogram. RIC viii, p. 163, 315. MM 70 and 72. LRBC II, 60. Cf. C 69. [Trier, AD 352]. VF £35 ($60) / EF £100 ($175)

18827

As 18825, but with mint mark AQ in ex. followed by officina mark S or T (= 2 or 3). RIC viii, p. 331, 167. MM 361-2. LRBC II, 907. MA 564. C 68 var. [Aquileia, AD 351-2]. VF £35 ($60) / EF £100 ($175)

18828

Similar, but with AC in lower central field on rev. (officina T = 3 only recorded). RIC viii, p. 331, 169. MM 365. Cf. LRBC II, 911. MA 565. C 68 var. [Aquileia, AD 351-2]. VF £37 ($65) / EF £115 ($200)

MAGNENTIUS

245

18829

VICTORIAE DD NN AVG ET CAE (cont.) Billon heavy maiorina. As 18827, but the mint and officina marks are flanked by palms (officinae P, S, and T = 1, 2, and 3 recorded). RIC viii, p. 331, 170. MM 366, 368, and 370. LRBC II, 909. MA 566. C 68 var. [Aquileia, AD 351-2]. VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150)

18830

As previous, but without the palms flanking the mint and officina marks and with star, usually surmounted by dot, in lower central field. RIC viii, p. 331, 171A and 173. MM 372, 378, 380, and 382. LRBC II, 913. MA 567-8. C 68 var. [Aquileia, AD 351-2]. VF £35 ($60) / EF £100 ($175)

18831

Similar, but the wreath held by the two Victories is surmounted by Chi-Rho monogram (the star surmounted by dot, officina P = 1 only recorded). RIC viii, p. 331, 175. MM 384. Cf. LRBC II, 915. MA 569. Cf. C 69. [Aquileia, AD 352]. VF £37 ($65) / EF £115 ($200)

18832

As 18824, but the wreath encircles VOT / V / MVL / X, and with mint mark AR in ex. preceded by F and officina mark P (= 1). RIC viii, p. 216, 164. MM 248. LRBC II, 431. EMA 100/1. C 68. [Arles, AD 351-2]. VF £35 ($60) / EF £100 ($175)

18833

As previous, but without the supporting column on rev. (officina S = 2 also recorded), sometimes also with dot in lower central field. RIC viii, p. 216, 167 and 169. MM 256-7 and 259. LRBC II, 433. EMA 104/1 and 105/1. C 68. [Arles, AD 351-2]. VF £35 ($60) / EF £100 ($175)

18834

Similar, but without the F preceding the officina mark (officina P = 1 only recorded), and with I or F in lower central field. RIC viii, p. 216, 171 and 173. MM 261 and 263. LRBC II, 435. EMA 106/1 and 107/1. C 68. [Arles, AD 351-2]. VF £35 ($60) / EF £100 ($175)

18835

Similar, but with AC or IS in lower central field on rev. RIC viii, p. 216, 175A and 176. MM 265a and p. 188, note. LRBC II, —. EMA 108/1 and 109/1. C 68. [Arles, AD 351-2]. VF £37 ($65) / EF £115 ($200)

18836

Billon light maiorina (declining from c. 4.50 grams). Da (N behind bust). Rev. GLORIA ROMANORVM, soldier advancing r., looking back, holding spear and bow in l. hand and with r. dragging captive by the hair, mint mark AQ in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2) and dot, N in r. field. RIC viii, p. 329, 150. MM 312-14. LRBC II, 897. MA 556. Cf. C 19. [Aquileia, AD 350]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350)

18837

G (but IMP for IM), a (N behind bust). Rev. VICTORIA AVG LIB ROMANOR, Victory stg. r., facing Libertas stg. l., holding between them long shaft surmounted by trophy, Victory also holds palm-branch over l. shoulder and Libertas holds transverse sceptre in l. hand, mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark P, T, e, or S (= 1, 3, 5, or 6). RIC viii, p. 264, 191-2. MM 435-6, 438, and 440-42. LRBC II, 640-41. Cf. C 50. [Rome, AD 350]. VF £60 ($100) / EF £175 ($300)

18838

Obv. As previous. Rev. — Magnentius, in military attire, stg. facing, hd. r., his r. hand raised to the banner of labarum on l. and holding olive-branch in l., captive kneeling on ground to r., mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark P, B, or Q (= 1, 2, or 4), N in l. field. RIC viii, p. 264, 193. MM 429-30 and 432. LRBC II, 642. Cf. C 54. [Rome, AD 350]. VF £60 ($100) / EF £175 ($300)

246

Roman Coins and Their Values

18839

Billon half maiorina (c. 2.50 grams). Ia. Rev. BEATITVDO PVBLICA, Magnentius, in consular attire, seated l. on curule chair, his r. hand raised, holding sceptre in l., mint mark AQ in ex. followed by officina mark P, S, or T (= 1, 2, or 3) and sometimes preceded by star. RIC viii, p. 331, 164-6. MM 353 and 355-6. LRBC II, 917. MA 562-3. C 1. [Aquileia, AD 351]. VF £175 ($300) / EF £430 ($750)



NB Some specimens of the maiorina types, especially two Victories holding votive wreath, are struck on small flans which fall well short of the normal weight. While it is possible that some of these coins may be half denominations it seems likely that the majority are merely irregular issues: because of the difficulty in differentiation these have been omitted from the listings. True half maiorinae would, of course, be considerably rarer than their full-weight counterparts.

18840

Da. Rev. VIRTVS EXERCITVS, Magnentius, in military attire, stg. l., holding globe and sceptre, mint mark AQ in ex. followed by officina mark P or T (= 1 or 3). RIC viii, p. 331, 177. MM 359a-b. LRBC II, —. MA 570. Cf. C 83. [Aquileia, AD 351-2]. VF £140 ($250) / EF £350 ($600)

18841

Billon half light maiorina? (c. 1.80 grams). G (but IMP for IM), a. Rev. GLORIA ROMANORVM, two Victories stg. facing each other, holding between them shield inscribed VOT / X, no mint mark. RIC viii, p. 265, 194. MM, p. 207, note 1. LRBC II, (Two known) —. C —. [Rome, AD 350].

DECENTIUS Caesar under Magnentius, 15 Mar. AD 351-18 Aug. 353 18882 Magnus Decentius, a brother or cousin of the western usurper Magnentius, was elevated to the rank of Caesar at Milan in the spring of AD 351. The appointment was in answer to the similar advancement of Constantius Gallus at Sirmium by his half-cousin, the eastern emperor Constantius II. In the early months of his usurpation, Magnentius had hoped to come to an accommodation with Constantius over the division of the Empire. However, as the year progressed, it became increasingly apparent that the eastern emperor had no intention of coming to terms with his brother’s supplanter and the elevations of Gallus and Decentius clearly marked the final break. Decentius’ designated role as Magnentius’ imperial colleague was to defend the German frontier, while the emperor himself confronted the threat of invasion from the East. This was vital in view of Constantius’ dangerous policy of stirring up the Germanic tribes along the Rhine in the hope of distracting the attention of the rebel regime. With inadequate forces at his disposal, Decentius could achieve little more than react to the increasingly frequent barbarian incursions into his province and on more than one occasion he came close to being overwhelmed. Meanwhile, Magnentius achieved early success against the forces of Constantius at Atrans (modern Trojane in modern Slovenia) and even occupied Siscia for a short period. However, in September of 351 he was disastrously defeated at Mursa, after which he was never able to recover sufficiently to seriously challenge the eastern emperor on the battlefield. But the forces of Constantius had also been seriously weakened in this costly engagement which prevented him from being able to put a swift end to the western usurpation. Instead, the influence of Magnentius and Decentius was gradually diminished over the following two years. Italy was abandoned in the late summer of 352 and Spain and North Africa soon slipped from the rebels’ grasp. The end came in the summer of 353 when Magnentius, besieged in Lugdunum following a final military reverse, committed suicide. News of Magnentius’ death reached Decentius about a week later. He was encamped at Agedincum (modern Sens) about 110 km southeast of Paris and, realizing that his position was now hopeless, he took his own life on 18 August. The coinage of Decentius follows a similar course to that of the later issues of Magnentius. His

DECENTIUS

247

portrait is shown bareheaded and his somewhat uncouth features plainly reveal the close relationship of the two rulers. The following obverse legends are represented by capital letters:

A. D N DECENTIVS CAESAR B. D N DECENTIVS FORT CAES C. D N DECENTIVS NOB CAES D. MAG DECENTIVS NOB CAES

The following obverse types are represented by lower case letters:

a. Bareheaded, dr. and cuir. bust r. b. Bareheaded and cuir. bust r.

18842

Gold solidus (c. 4.5 grams). Ba. Rev. VICTORIA AVG LIB ROMANOR, Victory stg. r., facing Libertas stg. l., holding between them long shaft surmounted by trophy, Victory also holds palm-branch over l. shoulder and Libertas holds transverse sceptre in l. hand, mint mark TR in ex. RIC viii, p. 159, 278. MM 63. Depeyrot, p. 110, 10/2. C —. [Trier, AD 351-2]. VF £2,000 ($3,500) / EF £5,200 ($9,000)

18843

18843

 

18844 MAG DECENTIVS N CS, a. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark R followed by officina mark P, e, or S (= 1, 5, or 6), sometimes with dot between. RIC viii, p. 262, 172-3. MM 475-7. Depeyrot, p. 144, 4/3 and 5/1. C 27. [Rome, AD 351-2]. VF £2,300 ($4,000) / EF £5,700 ($10,000)

18844

Ba. Rev. VICTORIA CAES LIB ROMANOR, as 18842. RIC viii, p. 159, 279-80. MM 47-8. Depeyrot, p. 110, 10/3. C 31. [Trier, AD 351-2]. VF £1,700 ($3,000) / EF £4,550 ($8,000)



NB some very rare gold multiples were issued at Trier in the name of Decentius: 1.5 solidi, rev. VICTORIA AVG LIB ROMANOR, Victory and Libertas (RIC 275); and double solidi, rev. GLORIA ROMANORVM, Roma seated (RIC 273-4, one with consular bust holding eagle-tipped sceptre).

18845

Gold light-weight solidus (c. 3.94 grams). Ba. Rev. VICT CAES LIB ROM ORB, as previous. RIC viii, p. 161, 297. MM 75. Depeyrot, p. 111, 13/3. C 19. [Trier, AD 352-3]. VF £1,700 ($3,000) / EF £4,550 ($8,000)

18846

Ba. Rev. VICTORIA AVG LIB ROMANOR, as previous. RIC viii, p. 160, 287-8 and 292. MM 78 and 80. Depeyrot, pp. 110-11, 11/2 and 12/2. C —. [Trier, AD 352-3]. VF £1,700 ($3,000) / EF £4,550 ($8,000)

18847

Ba. Rev. VICTORIA CAES LIB ROMANOR, as previous. RIC viii, p. 160, 289 and 293-4. MM 82-3. Depeyrot, p. 111, 11/3 and 12/3. C 31. [Trier, AD 352-3]. VF £1,700 ($3,000) / EF £4,550 ($8,000)

248

Roman Coins and Their Values

18848 18848

Gold semissis or half solidus (c. 2.25 grams). DECENTIVS FOR CAES, a. Rev. VICTORIA D N CAES, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark TR in ex. RIC viii, p. 160, 282. MM 51. Depeyrot, p. 110, 10/5. C —. [Trier, AD 351]. VF £1,700 ($3,000) / EF £4,550 ($8,000)

18849

Gold 1.5-scripulum or 9-siliqua (c. 1.68 grams). As previous RIC viii, p. 160, 284. MM 52. Depeyrot, p. 110, 10/6. Cf. C 32 (rev. misdescribed). [Trier, AD 351]. VF £1,700 ($3,000) / EF £4,550 ($8,000)

18850

Silver heavy miliarensis (c. 5.4 grams, weights variable). Ba. Rev. AEQVITAS AVG NOSTRI, Aequitas stg. l., holding scales and cornucopiae, mint mark TR in ex. RIC viii, p. 162, 301. MM 57. RSC 1. [Trier, AD 352]. VF £3,450 ($6,000) / EF £8,500 ($15,000)

18851

Silver light miliarensis (c. 4.5 grams, weights variable). Ba. Rev. PRINCIPI IVVENTVTIS, prince, in military attire, stg. r., holding transverse spear and globe, mint mark TR in ex. RIC viii, p. 162, 303. MM 58. RSC 6. [Trier, AD 352]. VF £2,850 ($5,000) / EF £7,200 ($12,500)

18852

Cb. Rev. PRINCITI (sic) IVVENTVTIS, as previous. RIC viii, p. 161, 298. MM 38. VF £2,850 ($5,000) / EF £7,200 ($12,500) RSC 7. [Trier, AD 351].

18853

 

18854

18853

Ab. Rev. VICTORIAE DD NN AVG ET CAE, two Victories stg. facing each other, holding between them wreath encircling VOT / V / MVL / X, mint mark AR in ex. preceded by officina mark S (= 2) e / IS in lower central field. RIC viii, p. 215, 162. MM 255. Cf. EMA 103/1 (misdescribed as an issue of Magnentius, but see pl. 4). RSC 35. [Arles, AD 351-2]. VF £2,300 ($4,000) / EF £5,700 ($10,000)

18854

Silver siliqua (c. 3.37 grams, weights variable). Ba. Rev. VIRTVS EXERCITI, soldier stg. facing, hd. r., resting on spear and shield, mint mark TR in ex. RIC viii, p. 162, 305. MM 55. RSC 49. [Trier, AD 352]. VF £1,425 ($2,500) / EF £3,750 ($6,500)

18855

Bronze ‘double maiorina’ (c. 8-9 grams). Ab. Rev. SALVS DD NN AVG ET CAES, large Chi-Rho monogram flanked by A and w, mint mark AMB in ex. RIC viii, p. 123, 35. MM 135a. LRBC II, —. C 9. [Ambianum, AD 352-3]. (Confirmation required for this full-weight issue) The short-lived mint at Amiens was a creation of Magnentius whose birthplace it is reputed to have been. It was closed by Constantius II soon after his reconquest of the western provinces in August of 353.

18856

Ba. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark TR in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). RIC viii, p. 163, 319. MM 85 and 87. LRBC II, 63. C 13. [Trier, AD 352-3]. VF £140 ($250) / EF £430 ($750)

DECENTIUS

249

18857

Bronze ‘double maiorina’. Cb. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark LG in ex. preceded by officina mark S (= 2) which is preceded by L. RIC viii, p. 188, 155. MM 205. LRBC II, 237. Bastien 199. C 11. [Lugdunum, AD 352-3]. VF £155 ($275) / EF £480 ($850)

18858

A, a or b. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark AR in ex. preceded by officina mark S or T (= 2 or 3). RIC viii, p. 217, 189 and 190-91. MM 281, 283, and 283a. LRBC II, 446. EMA 114/2-3. C 9. [Arles, AD 352-3]. VF £155 ($275) / EF £480 ($850)

18859

Bronze reduced ‘double maiorina’ (first reduction, c. 6.5-7 grams). As 18855, but the mint mark AMB is sometimes followed by dot. RIC viii, p. 123, 40 and 42. MM 140 and 142. LRBC II, 21. C 10. [Ambianum, AD 353]. VF £72 ($125) / EF £215 ($375)

18860 18860 As 18856, but sometimes with dot following the officina mark. RIC viii, p. 164, 322 and 324. MM 89, 91, 93, and 95. LRBC II, 63. C —. [Trier, AD 353]. VF £65 ($110) / EF £185 ($325) 18861

As 18857, but the officina mark is preceded by L or P and sometimes with dot following the mint mark LG. RIC viii, p. 188, 157, 159, and 161. MM 209, 211, and 214. LRBC II, 237, 243, and 245. Bastien 203, 205, and 208. C 12. [Lugdunum, AD 353]. VF £65 ($110) / EF £185 ($325)

18862

As 18858 (obv. type b), but sometimes the officina mark is preceded by S and sometimes the mint mark is followed by dot. RIC viii, p. 217, 195, 197, and 199. MM 287, 290, and 297. LRBC II, 448. EMA 115/4, 116/2, and 117/2. C 10. [Arles, AD 353]. VF £72 ($125) / EF £215 ($375)

18863

As 18858 (obv. type b), but the Chi-Rho monogram and A and w are enclosed within wreath (officinae P and T = 1 and 3 recorded). RIC viii, p. 217, 193. MM 292 and 294. LRBC II, 444. EMA 115/2. C —. [Arles, AD 353]. VF £140 ($250) / EF £430 ($750)

18864

Bronze reduced ‘double maiorina’ (second reduction, c. 4-4.5 grams). As 18856, but rarely with palms in lower field either side of the base of the Chi-Rho monogram. RIC viii, p. 164, 326 and 327A. MM 97 and 99. LRBC II, 64. C —. [Trier, AD 353]. VF £55 ($95) / EF £155 ($275)

18865

As 18861 (officina mark preceded by L or P), but officina P = 1 also recorded. RIC viii, pp. 188-9, 164 and 168. MM 217, 219, and note 1. LRBC II, 239 and 243. Bastien 211, 213, 215, and 217. C 12. [Lugdunum, AD 353]. VF £55 ($95) / EF £155 ($275)

18866

Similar, but with S — star in lower rev. field either side of the base of the Chi-Rho monogram, and the officina mark is preceded by P or F (officina P not recorded). RIC viii, p. 189, 171 and 175. MM 221 and 225. LRBC II, 246 and 248. Bastien 220 and 224. C 12. [Lugdunum, AD 353]. VF £55 ($95) / EF £155 ($275)

18867

As 18862, but the officina mark is preceded by L (no dot following the mint mark and officina T = 3 only recorded). RIC viii, p. 217, 202. MM 300. LRBC II, —. EMA 119/2. C 10. [Arles, AD 353]. VF £60 ($100) / EF £175 ($300)

18868

Billon maiorina (declining from c. 5.20 grams). Db. Rev. GLORIA ROMANORVM, Decentius, in military attire, on horse galloping r., about to spear barbarian who kneels l. before the horse, shield and divided spear beneath, mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark B or S (= 2 or 6), star in r. field. RIC viii, p. 267, 210. MM 478-9. LRBC II, —. C 4. [Rome, AD 351]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350)

250

Roman Coins and Their Values

18869

Billon maiorina. MAG DECENTIVS N CS, b. Rev. RENOBATIO VRBIS ROME, Roma seated l., holding Victory on globe and resting on spear, shield at her side, mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark B or e (= 2 or 5). RIC viii, p. 267, 208. MM 465 and 468. LRBC II, 649. Cf. C 8. [Rome, AD 351]. VF £125 ($220) / EF £375 ($650)

18870

Cb. Rev. VICT DD NN AVG ET CAES, two Victories stg. facing each other, holding between them wreath encircling VOT / V / MVLT / X, mint mark LG in ex. preceded by R and officina mark S (= 2). RIC viii, p. 188, 152. MM 193a. LRBC II, 235. Bastien VF £48 ($85) / EF £140 ($250) 186, note. Cf. C 20. [Lugdunum, AD 351]. The existence of this type requires confirmation.

18871

Db (usually with B behind bust). Rev. – as previous, but with mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark B, e, or S (= 2, 5, or 6), usually with star in lower central field. RIC viii, p. 268, 212-13, 215, and 217. MM 481, 485 (and note), 487, and 491-2. VF £35 ($60) / EF £100 ($175) LRBC II, 651 and 653. C 21. [Rome, AD 351-2].

18872

Similar, but with G instead of B behind obv. bust, and always with star in rev. field (officinae B, T, and S = 2, 3, and 6 recorded). RIC viii, p. 268, 219. MM 495, 497, and VF £37 ($65) / EF £115 ($200) 500. LRBC II, 655. C 21. [Rome, AD 351-2].

18873

As previous (sometimes with MAGNVS for MAG), but with Chi-Rho monogram above the wreath on rev., and the star is between the mint and officina marks instead of in field (officinae P, B, T, and S = 1, 2, 3, and 6 recorded). RIC viii, p. 268, 223-4. MM 508-9, 511, and 515 (and note). LRBC II, —. C 22. [Rome, AD 352]. VF £43 ($75) / EF £130 ($225)

18874

Ca (A behind bust). Rev. VICTORIA AVG ET CAES, Decentius, in military attire, stg. r., l. foot set on captive, holding labarum and spear, mint mark SIS in ex. preceded by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2), III in l. field, VAL monogram in r. RIC viii, p. 372, 319. MM 518 and 520. LRBC II, 1197. C 25. [Siscia, AD 351]. VF £100 ($175) / EF £290 ($500)

18875

Cb. Rev. VICTORIAE DD NN AVG ET CAE, two Victories stg. facing each other, holding between them wreath encircling VOT / V / MVLT / X which is resting on short column, mint mark AMB in ex. sometimes followed by palm. RIC viii, p. 122, 6 and 8. MM 106 and 108. LRBC II, 6. C 43. [Ambianum, AD 351-2]. VF £35 ($60) / EF £100 ($175)

18876

As previous, but without the supporting column on rev., and the mint mark is usually followed by palm or (more rarely) by crescent. RIC viii, p. 122, 10, 12, and 18. MM 110, 112, and 120. LRBC II, 9. C 33. [Ambianum, AD 351-2]. VF £35 ($60) / EF £100 ($175)

18877

Similar, but the wreath held by the two Victories is surmounted by P-headed cross (Christogram) and the mint mark is followed by crescent or by dot within crescent, or (rarely) by star, and is sometimes also preceded by star. RIC viii, pp. 122-3, 24, 26, 28, 30, and 32. MM 126, 130, 132, and 134. LRBC II, 14, 16, and 18. C —. [Ambianum, AD 352]. VF £35 ($60) / EF £100 ($175)

18878

As previous, but with A behind obv. bust, and the mint mark is preceded by star and followed by dot within crescent. RIC viii, p. 123, 33 (citing specimen in the British Museum). MM 134a (‘confirmation required’). LRBC II, —. Cf. C 41. [Ambianum, AD 352]. VF £43 ($75) / EF £130 ($225)

18879

As 18875, but with mint mark TR in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). RIC viii, p. 162, 308. MM 41 and 43. LRBC II, 57. C 43. [Trier, AD 351-2]. VF £35 ($60) / EF £100 ($175)

DECENTIUS

251

18880

Billon maiorina. Ba (A behind bust). Rev. — as previous, but without the supporting column. RIC viii, p. 163, 314. MM 66 and 69. LRBC II, —. C —. [Trier, AD 351-2]. VF £37 ($65) / EF £115 ($200)

18881

As 18875, but with mint mark LG in ex. preceded by R and officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2), sometimes with S—V in lower central field. RIC viii, p. 186, 122 and 124. MM 167-8 and 170. LRBC II, 218 and 220. Bastien 148, 150, and 154. C 43. [Lugdunum, AD 351-2]. VF £35 ($60) / EF £100 ($175)

18882

18882 As 18876, but with mint mark LG in ex. preceded by R or L and officina mark S (= 2) and sometimes followed by dot, SV or SP in lower central field, the former sometimes accompanied by star or dot. RIC viii, pp. 186-7, 127, 129, 131, 134-5, 137, 139, and 141. MM 175, 177, 179, 181, 183, 187, 189, and 191. LRBC II, 222, 224, 226, and 228. Bastien 161, 164, 166, 173, 176, 178, 180, and 182. C 33. [Lugdunum, AD 351-2]. VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150)

18883

As 18877, but the Christogram surmounting the wreath on rev. has the form of a ChiRho monogram instead of a P-headed cross, and with mint mark LG in ex. preceded by R or L and officina mark S (= 2), and with SP in lower central field. RIC viii, pp. 188, 146 and 148. MM 195 and 197. LRBC II, 230 and 232. Bastien 188 and 191. Cf. C 43. [Lugdunum, AD 352]. VF £35 ($60) / EF £100 ($175)

18884

Ab (A behind bust). Rev. — as 18876, but the wreath encircles VOT / V / MVL / X, and with mint mark AR in ex. preceded by officina mark S (= 2), IS (sometimes with e or C above) in lower central field. RIC viii, p. 216, 178, 180, and 182. MM 267, 269, and 269b. LRBC II, 438. EMA 109/3 and 110/3 and note. C —. [Arles, AD 351-2]. VF £35 ($60) / EF £100 ($175)

18885

As previous, but the wreath held by the two Victories is surmounted by Chi-Rho monogram, and with I or e/IS in lower central field. RIC viii, p. 217, 183, 185, and 187. MM 271, 273, and 275. LRBC II, 442. EMA 111/2. Cf. C 39. [Arles, AD 352]. VF £37 ($65) / EF £115 ($200)

18886

Ba (A behind bust). Rev. VICTORIAE DD NN AVG ET CAES, two Victories stg. facing each other, holding between them wreath encircling VOT / V / MVLT / X, mint mark TR in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). RIC viii, p. 163, 313. MM 65 and 68. LRBC II, 59. C 37. [Trier, AD 351-2]. VF £37 ($65) / EF £115 ($200)

18887

Similar, but the wreath held by the two Victories is surmounted by Chi-Rho monogram. RIC viii, p. 163, 316. MM 71 and 73. LRBC II, 61. C 37. [Trier, AD 352]. VF £37 ($65) / EF £115 ($200)

18888

As 18886, but with mint mark AQ in ex. followed by officina mark S (= 2). RIC viii, p. 331, 168. MM 362b. LRBC II, 908. MA 571. C 37. [Aquileia, AD 351-2]. VF £37 ($65) / EF £115 ($200)

18889

Similar, but the mint and officina marks are flanked by palms (officinae P, S, and T = 1, 2, and 3 recorded). RIC viii, p. 331, 171. MM 367, 369, and 371. LRBC II, 910. MA 572. C 37. [Aquileia, AD 351-2]. VF £35 ($60) / EF £100 ($175)

252

Roman Coins and Their Values

18890

VICTORIAE DD NN AVG ET CAES (cont.) Billon maiorina. Similar, but without the palms flanking the mint and officina marks and with star, usually surmounted by dot, in lower central field. RIC viii, p. 331, 172 and 174. MM 375, 379, 381, and 383. LRBC II, 914. MA 573-4. C 37. [Aquileia, AD 351-2]. VF £35 ($60) / EF £100 ($175)

18891

As previous, but the wreath held by the two Victories is surmounted by Chi-Rho monogram (the star surmounted by dot, officina P = 1 only recorded). RIC viii, p. 331, 176. MM 384a. Cf. LRBC II, 916. MA 575. C 37. [Aquileia, AD 352]. VF £43 ($75) / EF £130 ($225)

18892

Ab (rarely a, A behind bust). Rev. – as 18886, but the wreath is resting on short column and encircles VOT / V / MVL / X, and with mint mark AR in ex. preceded by F and officina mark S (= 2). RIC viii, p. 216, 165-6. MM 249 and 249a. LRBC II, 432. Cf. EMA 100/2-3. C —. [Arles, AD 351-2]. VF £37 ($65) / EF £115 ($200) Bastien (p. 186, note 1) records that Vienna has a specimen of this type corresponding in weight to a double maiorina.

18893

Ab (A behind bust). Rev. — as previous, but without the supporting column and sometimes also with dot in lower central field. RIC viii, p. 216, 168 and 170. MM 258 and 260. LRBC II, —. EMA 104/2 and 105/2. C —. [Arles, AD 351-2]. VF £37 ($65) / EF £115 ($200)

18894

Similar, but without the F preceding the officina mark and with I or F in lower central field. RIC viii, p. 216, 172 and 174. MM 262 and 264. LRBC II, 436. EMA 106/2 and VF £35 ($60) / EF £100 ($175) 107/2. C —. [Arles, AD 351-2].

18895

Billon half maiorina (c. 2.50 grams). Ba. Rev. VIRTVS EXERCITVS, Decentius, in military attire, stg. l., holding globe and sceptre, mint mark AQ in ex. followed by officina mark S (= 2). RIC viii, p. 331, 178. MM 359. LRBC II, 918. MA 576. Cf. C 50 VF £175 ($300) / EF £430 ($750) (misdescribed). [Aquileia, AD 351-2].



NB Some specimens of the maiorina coinage with two Victories holding votive wreath are struck on small flans which fall well short of the normal weight. While it is possible that some of these coins may be half denominations it seems likely that the majority are merely irregular issues: because of the difficulty in differentiation these have been omitted from the listings. True half maiorinae would, of course, be considerably rarer than their full-weight counterparts.

VETRANIO 1 Mar.-25 Dec. AD 350 18900 Vetranio, an experienced officer whose military career stretched back to the reign of Constantine I, was, at the time of the overthrow of Constans in late January 350, serving as Magister Peditum (Master of Infantry) in Illyricum. The usurpation of Magnentius placed Vetranio in a difficult position and he and the Praetorian Prefect Vulcacius Rufinus were at first undecided as to whether they should support the new western regime or defend the interests of the eastern emperor Constantius, who was currently engaged in a campaign against the Sasanid Persians. Wisely, as it turned out, he chose the latter option and at Mursa on 1 March he was proclaimed emperor by Constantius’ sister Constantina in order to give him the necessary legitimacy to actively oppose Magnentius. At this time, the western usurper was still hoping for a reconciliation with Constantius and in consequence he refrained from attacking Vetranio. The latter steadfastly maintained that he had no imperial ambitions himself and

VETRANIO

253

fully intended to abdicate as soon as it was feasible for him to do so. With the return of Constantius to the west in the autumn, the two imperial colleagues united their forces and Vetranio pledged his allegiance to the House of Constantine. At Naissus, on Christmas Day 350 (the 17th anniversary of Constans’ Caesarship), he formally abdicated and a grateful Constantius granted him a vast estate near Prusa in Bithynia where he lived out his remaining six years in luxurious retirement. The coinage of Vetranio was mostly produced at the Balkan mint of Siscia with more restricted issues from Thessalonica in Macedonia. Coins were issued in all metals and Vetranio also struck in the name of Constantius, whose interests he was protecting. Several of his reverse types were quite innovative, notably the HOC SIGNO VICTOR ERIS (“In this sign shalt thou conquer”), a reference to Constantine’s celebrated Vision of the Cross just prior to the battle of the Milvian Bridge in AD 312. It also served to emphasize Vetranio’s loyalty to the reigning dynasty. Unless otherwise stated, the obverse is D N VETRANIO P F AVG, laur., dr. and cuir bust r.

18896 18896

 

18897

Gold solidus. Rev. SALVATOR REPVBLICAE, Vetranio (or Constantine I), in military attire, stg. l., holding labarum and spear, crowned by Victory stg. l. behind him, also holding palm, mint mark SIS in ex. RIC viii, p. 367, 260. C 7. Depeyrot, p. 204, 17/1. [Siscia]. VF £14,300 ($25,000) / EF £43,000 ($75,000) An unique variant in Budapest has the obv. type laur. and cuir. bust r., holding spear and shield (Depeyrot 17/2).

18897 Rev. VIRTVS EXERCITVM, Vetranio, in military attire, stg. facing, hd. l., holding spear in l. hand, trophy to l. with captive seated l. at base, mint mark TES in ex. RIC viii, p. 413, 124. C —. Depeyrot, p. 216, 7/1. [Thessalonica]. VF £14,300 ($25,000) / EF £43,000 ($75,000) 18898

Silver heavy miliarensis (c. 5.4 grams, weights variable). Rev. GAVDIVM POPVLI ROMANI around wreath containing VOT / V / MVL / X flanked by two palm branches, mint mark SIS in ex. RIC viii, p. 368, 261. RSC 2A. [Siscia]. VF £4,550 ($8,000) / EF £12,850 ($22,500)

18899

18901

18899 Rev. VIRTVS EXERCITVM, Vetranio, in military attire, stg. l., holding labarum and resting on shield, mint and officina marks TS A (= 1) in ex. RIC viii, p. 413, 125. RSC 12A. [Thessalonica]. VF £3,750 ($6,500) / EF £10,000 ($17,500) 18900

Silver light miliarensis (c. 4.5 grams, weights variable). Rev. VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark SIS in ex. sometimes followed by wreath, palm in l. field. RIC viii, p. 368, 262-3. RSC 10a-b. [Siscia]. VF £3,150 ($5,500) / EF £8,500 ($15,000)

18901

Silver siliqua (c. 3.37 grams, weights variable). Rev. — Victory advancing l., holding wreath and trophy, mint mark SIS in ex. sometimes followed by dot within crescent. RIC viii, p. 368, 265 and 267. RSC 9a-b. [Siscia]. VF £2,000 ($3,500) / EF £5,700 ($10,000)

254

Roman Coins and Their Values

18902

 

18903

18902

Silver siliqua. Similar, but Victory holds palm instead of wreath, and mint mark SIS only recorded. RIC viii, p. 368, 269. RSC 8. [Siscia]. VF £2,000 ($3,500) / EF £5,700 ($10,000)

18903

Billon maiorina (declining from c. 5.20 to 4.65 grams). A behind bust, sometimes also with star before. Rev. CONCORDIA MILITVM, Vetranio, in military attire, stg. l., star above hd., holding labarum in each hand, mint mark SIS in ex. preceded by officina mark A-e (= 1-5), the mint mark usually followed by star, or with dots or dot and star flanking the officina and mint marks. RIC viii, p. 271, 274, 277, 281, 285, and 290. LRBC II, 1160, 1162, 1164, 1168, 1172, and 1176. C 1. [Siscia]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350) The variety without a star on the obverse is clearly the earlier and was struck at a slightly reduced weight of c. 5.10 grams; the later variety, with a star before the emperor’s bust, shows a further weight reduction to c. 4.65 grams (see no. 18084 for the corresponding type issued by Vetranio in the name of Constantius II).

18904

Obv. bust diad. instead of laur. Rev. – as previous, but with mint and officina marks TS A or D (= 1 or 4) flanked by dots, and with A — B or A — D in field. RIC viii, p. 414, 131 and 135. LRBC II, 1657 and 1663. C 1. [Thessalonica]. VF £72 ($125) / EF £215 ($375) See no. 18089 for the corresponding type issued by Vetranio in the name of Constantius II.

18905

Obv. As 18903. Rev. HOC SIGNO VICTOR ERIS, Vetranio (or Constantine I), in military attire, stg. l., holding labarum and spear, crowned by Victory stg. l. behind him, also holding palm, mint mark SIS in ex. preceded by officina mark A-e (= 1-5), the mint mark followed by star, or with dots or dot and star flanking the officina and mint marks. RIC viii, p. 369, 275, 279, 283, 287-8, and 292. LRBC II, 1166, 1170, 1174, and 1178. C 4. [Siscia]. VF £75 ($130) / EF £225 ($400) The remarkable reverse legend (‘In this sign you will be the victor’), with its clear allusion to Constantine’s vision before his victory over Maxentius in AD 312, provides firm evidence of Vetranio’s loyalty to Constantius. The variety without a star on the obverse is clearly the earlier and was struck at a slightly reduced weight of c. 5.10 grams; the later variety, with a star before the emperor’s bust, shows a further weight reduction to c. 4.65 grams (see no. 18203 for the corresponding type issued by Vetranio in the name of Constantius II; see also no. 18922 for a revival of the type on a solidus of Constantius Gallus).

18906

Obv. bust sometimes diad. instead of laur. Rev. VIRTVS EXERCITVM, Vetranio stg., as 18899, but officina D (= 4) also recorded. RIC viii, p. 414, 126-7. LRBC II, 1653-4. C 12. [Thessalonica]. VF £85 ($150) / EF £250 ($450)

18905

NEPOTIAN 18907

255

Billon half maiorina (c. 2.20 to 2.60 grams). Rev. GLORIA ROMANORVM, Vetranio, in military attire, stg. l., holding labarum and spear, mint mark SIS in ex. preceded by officina mark A-e (= 1-5). RIC viii, p. 370, 294. LRBC II, 1180. C 3. [Siscia]. VF £50 ($90) / EF £155 ($275) See no. 18236 for the corresponding type issued by Vetranio in the name of Constantius II.

18908 18908 Rev. VIRTVS AVGVSTORVM, Vetranio, in military attire, advancing r., holding spear and globe and trampling on captive seated at his feet, mint mark SIS in ex. preceded by officina mark A-e (= 1-5). RIC viii, p. 370, 296. LRBC II, 1182. Cf. C 11 (VICTORIA instead of VIRTVS, in error). [Siscia]. VF £50 ($90) / EF £155 ($275) See no. 18240 for the corresponding type issued by Vetranio in the name of Constantius II. 18909 Rev. VIRTVS EXERCITVM, Vetranio stg., as 18899, but with mint mark TES in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, G, or D (= 1, 2, 3, or 4). RIC viii, p. 414, 138. LRBC VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350) II, 1652. C 13. [Thessalonica].

NEPOTIAN 3-30 Jun. AD 350 18912 The brief revolt in Rome of Julius Nepotianus (also called Flavius Popilius Nepotianus Constantinus) was against the rule of Magnentius who had recently usurped the throne of the western emperor Constans. Nepotian was a member of the Constantinian dynasty, being the son of Eutropia, sister of Constantine I, and possibly of Virius Nepotianus, consul in AD 336. He was thus on the illfated side of the family, those descended from Constantius I and Theodora, and was cousin to Delmatius, Hanniballianus, Constantius Gallus, and Julian. The rebellion was not well conceived as Nepotian had no regular troops at his disposal, merely the mob that had proclaimed him emperor. These men were no match for the soldiers under the command of Magnentius’ Magister Officiorum, Marcellinus, who speedily put a brutal end to the uprising. Nepotian and his mother Eutropia and the ringleaders of the mob were all arrested and put to death, thus ending the rebellion that had lasted barely four weeks. Had he prevailed, it is not known whether Nepotian would have surrendered his throne to Constantius II, as Vetranio did six months later, but he did strike coins in his half-cousin’s name. Vetranio’s rare coinage was limited to the mint of Rome and comprises gold solidi and billon maiorinae only.

256

Roman Coins and Their Values

18910

 

18911

18910

Gold solidus. D N IVL NEPOTIANVS P F AVG, diad., dr. and cuir. bust r. Rev. VRBS ROMA, Roma enthroned l., holding globe surmounted by Chi-Rho monogram and resting on spear, shield at side, mint and officina marks R P (= 1) in ex. RIC viii, p. 261, 167. C 2. Depeyrot, p. 144, 3/2. [Rome]. VF £26,000 ($45,000) / EF £72,000 ($125,000)

18911

Billon maiorina. FL POP NEPOTIANVS P F AVG, bareheaded, dr. and cuir. bust r. Rev. GLORIA ROMANORVM, Nepotian, in military attire, on horseback galloping r., spearing barbarian who kneels l. before horse, shield and broken spear below, star in r. field, mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark Q, e, or S (= 4, 5, or 6). RIC viii, p. 265, 200. LRBC II, 643. C 1. [Rome]. VF £2,300 ($4,000) / EF £5,200 ($9,000)

18912

Obv. Similar. Rev. VRBS ROMA, Roma enthroned l., holding Victory on globe and resting on spear, shield at side, mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark P, T, Q, e, or S (= 1, 3, 4, 5, or 6). RIC viii, p. 266, 202. LRBC II, 645. C 3. [Rome]. VF £2,000 ($3,500) / EF £4,550 ($8,000)

18913

FL NEP CONSTANTINVS AVG, laur. and diad., dr. and cuir. bust r. Rev. — as previous (officinae Q, e, and S = 4, 5, and 6 only recorded). RIC viii, p. 266, 203. LRBC II, 644. C 4. [Rome]. VF £2,300 ($4,000) / EF £5,200 ($9,000)

CONSTANTIUS GALLUS Caesar under Constantius II, 15 Mar. AD 351-winter 354 18937 Flavius Claudius Gallus (later Flavius Claudius Constantius Gallus) was born in Etruria in AD 325/6. He was the son of Julius Constantius, half-brother of Constantine I, by his first wife Galla and like Nepotian was on the side of the family descended from Constantius I and Theodora. Being a sickly child and not expected to live long, he was spared when the majority of his closest relatives were murdered following the death of Constantine I in 337. His fellow survivors were his halfbrother Julian and his cousin Nepotian, both of whom were considered too young to be a political threat to the three sons of Constantine. When the western emperor Constans was overthrown by Magnentius in 350, Constantius II found himself in need of a colleague to watch over the security of the eastern Empire while he himself focused on the defeat of the usurpers in the West. Accordingly, Gallus was elevated to the rank of Caesar at Sirmium in mid-March 351 and the name Constantius was added to his name, after which he was officially styled Flavius Claudius Constantius. At the same time he was married to the emperor’s sister Constantina, the widow of Hanniballianus, and he then hurried eastward to take up residence at Antioch. Unfortunately, the new Caesar proved himself unworthy of the trust placed in him by Constantius II. He behaved with excessive cruelty in his administration of the East and became the object of hatred amongst the citizens of the eastern Empire. The emperor realized that this situation could not be allowed to continue for long and in the year following the final defeat of Magnentius and Decentius, Gallus was summoned to the court at Milan. He probably believed that he was going to be promoted to be co-emperor in the West and so gave no thought to raising the standards of rebellion. However, on the course of his journey he was arrested while still in Pannonia. He was taken to Istria

CONSTANTIUS GALLUS

257

where he was tried, stripped of his imperial rank, and executed in accordance with emperor’s orders (winter, AD 354). About a year later, his half-brother Julian was appointed Caesar in his place. The coinage of Constantius Gallus follows a similar pattern to that of the emperor. Issues were made in all metals, gold and silver being scarce or rare, while the billon maiorinae and bronze reduced maiorinae are mostly common. The following obverse legends are represented by capital letters:

A. D N CONSTANTIVS IVN NOB C B. D N CONSTANTIVS NOB CAES C. D N FL CL CONSTANTIVS NOB CAES

The following obverse types are represented by lower case letters:

a. Bare hd. r. b. Bareheaded, dr. and cuir. bust r.

18914

Gold solidus (c. 4.5 grams). Bb. Rev. GLORIA REI PVBLICAE, enthroned figures of Roma (on l., facing, hd. r.) and Constantinopolis (on r., turned to l.), holding between them shield inscribed VOT / V / MVLT / X in four lines, each holding sceptre in l. hand, Constantinopolis with r. foot on prow, mint mark TR in ex. RIC viii, p. 166, 347. C 25. Depeyrot, p. 112, 15/5. [Trier, AD 353-4]. VF £950 ($1,650) / EF £2,850 ($5,000)

18915

As previous, but Roma’s hd. is facing, and with mint mark S M LVG in ex. RIC viii, p. 190, 179. Bastien 228. C 25. Depeyrot, p. 126, 3/2. [Lugdunum, AD 353-4]. VF £950 ($1,650) / EF £2,850 ($5,000)

18916

Cb. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark SIS in ex. RIC viii, p. 373, 321. C 26. Depeyrot, p. 204, 20/2. [Siscia, AD 353-4]. VF £1,050 ($1,850) / EF £3,150 ($5,500)

18917

B (rarely A), b. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark TES in ex., usually flanked by stars or dots. RIC viii, p. 416, 149 and 151. C 25. Depeyrot, p. 216, 8/4-5, 9/2, and 10/2. VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,600 ($4,500) [Thessalonica, AD 353-4].

18918

Cb. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark CONS in ex. RIC viii, p. 455, 97. C 26 var. Depeyrot, p. 231, 3/5. [Constantinople, AD 353-4]. VF £1,050 ($1,850) / EF £3,150 ($5,500)

18919

Cb. Rev. — as previous, but the shield is inscribed VO / TIS / V in three lines, and with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark B, T, C, or S (= 2, 3, 4, or 6). RIC viii, p. 477, 75. C 24. Depeyrot, p. 265, 5/3. [Nicomedia, AD 353-4]. VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,600 ($4,500)

18920

Bb. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark S M AN in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, or Q (= 1, 2, or 9) and dot. RIC viii, p. 519, 89-90. C —. Depeyrot, p. 276, 7/4. VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,600 ($4,500) [Antioch, AD 353-4]. RIC records two varieties of this type, one showing the prince with short hair (RIC 89), the other showing long hair (RIC 90).

18921

Bb. Rev. — as previous, but Roma and Constantinopolis hold between them wreath containing star instead of votive shield (officinae A, D, Z, Q, and I = 1, 4, 7, 9, and 10 recorded). RIC viii, p. 519, 91. C 22. Depeyrot, p. 276, 7/5. [Antioch, AD 353-4]. VF £950 ($1,650) / EF £2,850 ($5,000)

18917

 

18920

258

Roman Coins and Their Values

18922

Gold solidus. Ab. Rev. HOC SIGNO VICTOR ERIS, Constantius Gallus (or Constantine I), in military attire, stg. l., holding labarum and spear, crowned by Victory stg. l. behind him, also holding palm, mint mark TES in ex. flanked by stars. RIC viii, p. 416, 146. C 33. Depeyrot, p. 216, 8/1. [Thessalonica, AD 351 or 353]. VF £1,700 ($3,000) / EF £4,550 ($8,000) The remarkable reverse legend (‘In this sign you will be the victor’), with its clear allusion to Constantine’s vision before his victory over Maxentius in AD 312, had been introduced on billon maiorinae by Vetranio in AD 350 (see no. 18905). This revival of the type on a gold solidus may commemorate Gallus’ elevation to imperial status in 351 or, alternatively, the defeat of Magnentius two years later).



NB A few gold multiples, now of great rarity, were issued in the name of Constantius Gallus: double solidi were struck at Thessalonica and at Antioch, rev. GLORIA ROMANORVM, Roma and Constantinopolis enthroned (RIC 139 and 73); and 4.5 solidi were struck at Antioch, rev. GLORIA ROMANORVM, Constantinopolis enthroned (RIC 71A).

18923

Gold semissis or half solidus (c. 2.25 grams). CONSTANTIVS CAE, b. Rev. GLORIA REI PVBLICAE, Victory seated r. on cuirass, holding wreath containing star on l. knee, the wreath also supported by Genius stg. l. before her, mint mark S M AN in ex. RIC viii, p. 519, 96. Cf. C 21. Cf. Depeyrot, p. 276, 8/4. [Antioch, AD 353-4]. VF £775 ($1,350) / EF £2,300 ($4,000)

18924

B or CONSTANTIVS NOB CAES, b. Rev. VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM, as previous, but instead of wreath, Victory holds shield inscribed VO / TIS / V in three lines on l. knee. RIC viii, p. 519, 94-5. Cf. C 42. Depeyrot, p. 276, 8/2-3. [Antioch, AD 353-4]. VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £2,000 ($3,500)

18925

Bb. Rev. VICTORIAE DD NN AVGG, as previous, but the shield is inscribed VOT / V / MVLT / X in four lines, and with mint mark TES in ex. RIC viii, p. 416, 156. C —. Depeyrot, p. 217, 10/4. [Thessalonica, AD 353-4]. VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £2,000 ($3,500)

18926

Gold 1.5-scripulum or 9-siliqua (c. 1.68 grams). As 18923. RIC viii, p. 519, 101. Cf. C 21. Cf. Depeyrot, p. 276, 8/9. [Antioch, AD 353-4]. VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £2,000 ($3,500)

18927

As 18924, but with obv. legend CONSTANTIVS CAE. RIC viii, p. 519, 100. Cf. C 41. Depeyrot, p. 276, 8/8. [Antioch, AD 353-4]. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,700 ($3,000)

18928

Silver heavy miliarensis (c. 5.4 grams). Bb. Rev. GLORIA EXERCITVS, four standards, mint mark S M N in ex. RIC viii, p. 477, 76. RSC 20. [Nicomedia, AD 353-4]. VF £2,000 ($3,500) / EF £5,200 ($9,000)

CONSTANTIUS GALLUS

259

18929

Silver heavy miliarensis. Ba. Rev. VIRTVS EXERCITVS, three standards, mint mark KONSTAN (TAN in monogram) in ex. RIC viii, p. 218, 206. EMA 123/1. RSC 50c. [Arles, AD 353-4]. VF £2,300 ($4,000) / EF £5,700 ($10,000) Following the death of Constantine II in 340 this mint reverted to its traditional name of Arelate, thus abandoning the title of Constantina which it had received in 328. However, in 353, following the downfall of the western usurper Magnentius, Constantius II restored the dynastic connection by naming the place Constantia.

18930

As previous, but with mint mark TES in ex. RIC viii, p. 417, 159. RSC 50b. VF £2,000 ($3,500) / EF £5,200 ($9,000) [Thessalonica, AD 353-4].

18931

Ca. Rev. — as previous, but with mint and officina marks S M K D (= 4) in ex. RIC viii, p. 492, 40. RSC 50a. [Cyzicus, AD 353-4]. VF £2,300 ($4,000) / EF £5,700 ($10,000)

18932

Silver light miliarensis (c. 4.5 grams). Ba. Rev. FELICITAS ROMANORVM, archway, beneath which Constantius II and Constantius Gallus stand facing each other in military attire, each holding spear in r. hand, mint mark SIRM in ex., sometimes flanked by dots. RIC viii, p. 385, 12 and 14. RSC 19b-c. [Sirmium, AD 353-4]. VF £1,850 ($3,250) / EF £4,550 ($8,000) The mint of Sirmium was reopened by Constantius II in 351 as a result of early reverses in the war with Magnentius that threatened the security of Siscia.

18933

Cb. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark S M N in ex. RIC viii, p. 477, 78. RSC 19a. VF £2,000 ($3,500) / EF £5,200 ($9,000) [Nicomedia, AD 353-4].

18934

Bb. Rev. VICTORIA ROMANORVM, archway, beneath which Constantius Gallus, in military attire, stands facing, hd. r., holding spear and globe, crowned by Victory advancing l., on r., also holding palm, mint mark S M AN in ex. RIC viii, p. 520, 104. RSC 47A. [Antioch, AD 352-4]. VF £2,000 ($3,500) / EF £5,200 ($9,000)

18935

FL IVL CONSTANTIVS NOB CAES, b. Rev. VIRTVS EXERCITVS, soldier stg. facing, hd. r., resting on spear and shield, mint mark TES in ex. RIC viii, p. 415, 140. VF £2,300 ($4,000) / EF £5,700 ($10,000) RSC 50A. [Thessalonica, AD 351]. This incorrect form of the Caesar’s name (Julius for Claudius) presumably belongs to the initial issue for Gallus at Thessalonica following his elevation to imperial rank. The mistake was quickly discovered and the erroneous legend was replaced by D N CONSTANTIVS NOB CAES (see also nos. 18958 and 19002).

18936

Similar, but with obv. legend B. RIC viii, p. 417, 161. Cf. RSC 50d (rev. wrongly VF £2,000 ($3,500) / EF £5,200 ($9,000) described). [Thessalonica, AD 352-4].

18937

Silver siliqua (c. 3.37 grams). Ab. Rev. VICTORIA CAESARIS, Victory advancing l., holding palm and trophy, mint mark SIS in ex. RIC viii, p. 371, 299. RSC 45. [Siscia, VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,425 ($2,500) AD 351].

18938

Ab. Rev. VOT / V / MVLT / X in four lines within wreath, mint mark SIS in ex. RIC viii, p. 373, 326. RSC 53. [Siscia, AD 353-4]. VF £460 ($800) / EF £1,150 ($2,000)

18939

Bb. Rev. VO / TIS / V in three lines within wreath, mint mark ANT in ex. RIC viii, p. VF £400 ($700) / EF £1,000 ($1,750) 520, 109. RSC 53A. [Antioch, AD 353-4].

18932

260

Roman Coins and Their Values

18940

Silver siliqua. Ba. Rev. VOTIS / V / MVLTIS / X in four lines within wreath, mint mark AQ in ex. RIC viii, p. 333, 185. MA 577. RSC 56a. [Aquileia, AD 353-4]. VF £400 ($700) / EF £1,000 ($1,750)

18941

Ab. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark SIS in ex. RIC viii, p. 371, 300. RSC 58b. [Siscia, AD 351]. VF £460 ($800) / EF £1,150 ($2,000)

18942

As 18940, but with mint mark SIRM in ex., sometimes preceded by dot. RIC viii, p. 385, 16 and 18. RSC 56b-c. [Sirmium, AD 353-4]. VF £350 ($600) / EF £850 ($1,500)

18943

As previous, but with mint mark TES in ex. RIC viii, p. 417, 164. RSC 56d. [Thessalonica, AD 353-4]. VF £400 ($700) / EF £1,000 ($1,750)

18944

Cb. Rev. — as 18940, but with mint mark C in ex. followed by officina mark G or e (= 3 or 5) with dot between. RIC viii, p. 456, 105. RSC 58a. [Constantinople, AD 353-4]. VF £400 ($700) / EF £1,000 ($1,750)

18942

18945

 

18943

As 18940, but with mint mark S M N in ex. RIC viii, p. 478, 83. RSC 56e. [Nicomedia, VF £460 ($800) / EF £1,150 ($2,000)

AD 353-4].

18946

Similar, but with obv. legend C. RIC viii, p. 478, 82. RSC 57. [Nicomedia, AD 353-4]. VF £460 ($800) / EF £1,150 ($2,000)

18947

Ba. Rev. No legend, star within wreath, mint mark LVG in ex. RIC viii, p. 190, 181-2. Bastien 231. RSC 61a. [Lugdunum, AD 353-4]. VF £460 ($800) / EF £1,150 ($2,000)

18948

As previous, but with mint mark AR in ex. preceded by officina mark P (= 1). RIC viii, p. 218, 204-5. RSC 61b. EMA 120/2. [Arles, AD 353]. VF £520 ($900) / EF £1,300 ($2,250)

18949

As previous, but with mint mark CON in ex. preceded by officina mark T (= 3). RIC viii, p. 218, 210. RSC 61c. EMA 124/4. [Constantia/Arles, AD 353-4]. VF £460 ($800) / EF £1,150 ($2,000) Following the death of Constantine II in 340 this mint reverted to its traditional name of Arelate, thus abandoning the title of Constantina which it had received in 328. However, in 353, following the downfall of the western usurper Magnentius, Constantius II restored the dynastic connection by naming the place Constantia.

18950

Similar, but with obv. type b (officina P = 1 also recorded). RIC viii, p. 218, 209. RSC 61f. EMA 124/3. [Constantia/Arles, AD 353-4]. VF £460 ($800) / EF £1,150 ($2,000)

18951

18951 As 18947, but with mint mark R in ex. RIC viii, p. 270, 237. RSC 61d. [Rome, AD 353-4]. VF £520 ($900) / EF £1,300 ($2,250)

CONSTANTIUS GALLUS 18952

261

Silver siliqua. Similar, but with obv. legend C. RIC viii, p. 270, 236. RSC 62. [Rome, VF £520 ($900) / EF £1,300 ($2,250)

AD 353-4].

18953

As 18947, but with mint mark ANT in ex. RIC viii, p. 520, 110. RSC 61e. [Antioch, AD 353-4]. VF £460 ($800) / EF £1,150 ($2,000)

18954

Billon maiorina (declining from c. 5.20-4.25 grams). Ab (A behind bust). Rev. CONCORDIA MILITVM, Constantius Gallus, in military attire, stg. l., star above hd., holding labarum in each hand, mint mark SIS in ex. preceded by officina mark A-e (= 1-5), the mint mark usually followed by crescent or sometimes by dot, III in field to l. RIC viii, p. 371, 303 and 308. LRBC II, 1184 and 1189. C 2. [Siscia, AD 351]. VF £37 ($65) / EF £115 ($200) This type was introduced by the stop-gap emperor Vetranio who opposed Magnentius’ eastern advance before abdicating in favour of Constantius II on 25 December AD 350. After Vetranio’s abdication, the issue was continued briefly in the name of Constantius II and, from 15 March 351, in the name of the new Caesar Constantius Gallus.

18955

As previous, but with mint mark SIRM in ex. preceded by star, III in field to l. RIC viii, p. 386, 22. LRBC II, 1585. C 2. [Sirmium, AD 351]. VF £35 ($60) / EF £100 ($175) After a 25-year hiatus, the mint of Sirmium was reactivated by Constantius II in AD 351 utilizing a single officina withdrawn from Siscia.

18956

As previous, but with officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2) instead of star preceding the mint mark. RIC viii, p. 387, 29. LRBC II, 1589. C 2. [Sirmium, AD 351]. VF £37 ($65) / EF £115 ($200) Following the initial issue, a second officina was added to increase the capacity of the mint during this time of civil war.

18957

Similar, but with D instead of A behind obv. bust, and without III in rev. field. RIC viii, p. 387, 34. LRBC II, 1593. C 2 var. [Sirmium, AD 352]. VF £37 ($65) / EF £115 ($200)

18958

FL IVL CONSTANTIVS NOB CAES, b (no letter behind bust). Rev. — as 18954, but with mint and officina marks TS e (= 5) in ex. flanked by stars, and with G instead of III in l. field. RIC viii, p. 418, 167. LRBC II, 1667. Cf. C 3. [Thessalonica, AD 351]. VF £43 ($75) / EF £130 ($225) This incorrect form of the Caesar’s name (Julius for Claudius) presumably belongs to the initial issue for Gallus at Thessalonica following his elevation to imperial rank. The mistake was quickly discovered and the erroneous legend was replaced by D N CONSTANTIVS NOB CAES (see also nos. 18935 and 19002).

18959

Bb. Rev. FEL TEMP REPARATIO, soldier rushing l., holding shield on l. arm and spearing fallen horseman whose mount has stumbled beneath him, shield on ground to r., mint mark AMB in ex. RIC viii, p. 124, 47. LRBC II, 27. C 17. [Ambianum, AD 353]. VF £26 ($45) / EF £80 ($140) The short-lived mint at Amiens was a creation of the usurper Magnentius whose birthplace it is reputed to have been. It was closed by Constantius immediately following this issue.

18960

Bb (A behind bust). Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark TR in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). RIC viii, p. 167, 354. LRBC II, 74a. Cf. C 17. [Trier, AD 353]. VF £23 ($40) / EF £70 ($120) A very rare variant has the obv. legend D N CONSTANTIVS FORT CAES (RIC 352).

18961

Cb. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark LG in ex. preceded by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2) which is preceded by F. RIC viii, p. 190, 185. LRBC II, 251. Bastien 233 and VF £26 ($45) / EF £80 ($140) 237. C 11. [Lugdunum, AD 353].

18962

Bb. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark ARL preceded by officina mark P or T (= 1 or 3). RIC viii, p. 219, 213. LRBC II, 454. EMA 121/3. C 17. [Arles, AD 353]. VF £23 ($40) / EF £70 ($120) This was the final issue prior to the renaming of the mint as Constantia.

262

Roman Coins and Their Values

18963

FEL TEMP REPARATIO (cont.) Billon maiorina. Cb (B behind bust). Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark R followed by officina mark e, S, or Z (= 5, 6, or 7) with wreath between, and with G in l. field. RIC viii, p. 273, 258. LRBC II, 663. C 8. [Rome, AD 352-3]. VF £23 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

18964

Similar, but with D instead of B behind bust. RIC viii, p. 273, 261. LRBC II, 666. C 8 VF £26 ($45) / EF £80 ($140) var. [Rome, AD 352-3].

18965

As previous, but nothing between the mint and officina marks (officinae P and S = 1 and 6 recorded). RIC viii, p. 273, 265. LRBC II, 669. C 8 var. [Rome, AD 352-3]. VF £26 ($45) / EF £80 ($140)

18966

Cb. Rev. – as previous, but sometimes with star between the mint and officina marks, and with S instead of G in l. field (officinae P, T, e, S and Z = 1, 3, 5, 6, and 7 recorded). RIC viii, p. 274, 268 and 270. LRBC II, 672. C 8. [Rome, AD 352-3]. VF £23 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

18967

Ab (A behind bust). Rev. — as 18959, but with mint mark AQ in ex. followed by officina mark P, S, or T (= 1, 2, or 3) which is sometimes followed by dot, numeral LXXII in l. field. RIC viii, p. 333, 189 and 192. LRBC II, 921 and 923. MA 578-9. C VF £35 ($60) / EF £100 ($175) —. [Aquileia, AD 352-3]. The numeral in the reverse field on this type and the next records a reduction in the weight of the maiorina from 1/60th to 1/72nd of a pound (see also nos. 18120-21, 18125, and 18970).

18968

As previous (without dot following the officina mark), but also with S (sometimes with dot beneath), Chi-Rho monogram, or wreath in central rev. field. RIC viii, p. 333, 194, 196, and 198. LRBC II, 925, 927, and 929. MA 580-83. C 15 var. [Aquileia, AD 352-3]. VF £35 ($60) / EF £100 ($175)

18969

Ab (A behind bust). Rev. — as 18959, but with mint mark SIS in ex. preceded by officina mark A, B, G, or D (= 1, 2, 3, or 4). RIC viii, p. 374, 333. LRBC II, 1203. C 13. VF £23 ($40) / EF £70 ($120) [Siscia, AD 351-3].

18970

Similar, but the officina and mint marks are flanked by star and crescent, and with numeral LXXII (= 72) in field to l. RIC viii, p. 374, 335. LRBC II, 1205. C 15 var. VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150) [Siscia, AD 352-3]. See note following no. 18967.

18971

Similar, but without LXXII in rev. field, and the officina and mint marks are flanked by star and crescent, dot and crescent, or dot and palm. RIC viii, p. 374, 337, 339, and 341. LRBC II, 1207, 1209, and 1211. C 13. [Siscia, AD 352-3]. VF £23 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

18972

Similar, but with II in rev. field to l., and the officina and mint marks are flanked by dot and palm or by two dots. RIC viii, p. 375, 343 and 345. LRBC II, 1213 and 1215. C 13. VF £23 ($40) / EF £70 ($120) [Siscia, AD 352-3].

18973

Similar, but with I in rev. field to l., and the mint mark is followed by • S •. RIC viii, p. VF £23 ($40) / EF £70 ($120) 375, 347. LRBC II, 1217. C 13. [Siscia, AD 352-3].

18974

Ab (D behind bust). Rev. — as 18959, but with mint mark SIRM in ex. preceded by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2). RIC viii, p. 387, 36. LRBC II, 1595. C 13. [Sirmium, AD 352-3]. VF £26 ($45) / EF £80 ($140)

18975

As previous, but with variable letter or symbol in rev. field — L, A, star, star above A, • S •, or • S • above A. RIC viii, p. 387, 37, 39, 41, 43, and 45-6. LRBC II, 1598, 1600, VF £23 ($40) / EF £70 ($120) and 1602. C 13. [Sirmium, AD 352-3].

CONSTANTIUS GALLUS

263

18976

FEL TEMP REPARATIO (cont.) Billon maiorina. Bb. Rev. — as 18959, but with mint mark TS in ex. followed by officina mark G or e (= 3 or 5), the whole flanked by star and dot; also with G and star in l. and r. fields. RIC viii, p. 418, 177. LRBC II, 1673. C 17. [Thessalonica, AD 351-2]. VF £26 ($45) / EF £80 ($140)

18977

Bb (D behind bust). Rev. — as previous, but without symbols flanking the mint and officina marks, and with nothing in field (officina A = 1 also recorded). RIC viii, p. 419, 181. LRBC II, 1676. C 17. [Thessalonica, AD 352-3]. VF £23 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

18978

Similar, but with II in rev. field to l. and star preceding the mint mark (officina e = 5 only recorded). RIC viii, p. 419, 183 and 184A. LRBC II, 1678. C 7 var. and 17. [Thessalonica, AD 352-3]. VF £23 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

18979

As 18977, but without letter behind obv. bust, and with • S • in rev. field to l. (officinae A and e = 1 and 5 recorded). RIC viii, p. 419, 186 and 188. LRBC II, 1680. C 7 var. and 17. [Thessalonica, AD 352-3]. VF £23 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

18980

D N CONSTANTIVS NOB C, b. Rev. — as 18959, but with mint mark S M H in ex. followed by officina mark A-e (= 1-5), G in field to l. RIC viii, p. 436, 84. LRBC II, 1894. C 16. [Heraclea, AD 351-2]. VF £23 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

18981

Similar, but with D behind obv. bust, and with S instead of G in rev. field. RIC viii, p. 436, 89. LRBC II, 1899. C 16 var. [Heraclea, AD 352-3]. VF £23 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

18982

As previous, but without letter in rev. field. RIC viii, p. 436, 87. LRBC II, 1897. C 16 VF £23 ($40) / EF £70 ($120) var. [Heraclea, AD 352-3].

18983

Cb. Rev. – as 18959, but with mint mark CONS in ex. followed by officina mark A-IA (= 1-11), G • in l. field. RIC viii, p. 456, 107. LRBC II, 2029. C 8. [Constantinople, AD 351-2]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £65 ($110)

18984

Similar, but also with D behind obv. bust (officinae A, B, and e = 1, 2, and 5 not recorded). RIC viii, p. 457, 110. LRBC II, 2031. C 8 var. [Constantinople, AD 352-3]. VF £23 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

18985

As previous, but with B • instead of G • in rev. field (officinae D, Z, Q, and I = 4, 7, 9, and 10 not recorded). RIC viii, p. 457, 113. LRBC II, 2034. C 8 var. [Constantinople, AD 352-3]. VF £23 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

18986

As 18983, but with • S • and star in rev. field to l. RIC viii, p. 457, 117. LRBC II, 2038. VF £20 ($35) / EF £65 ($110) C 8. [Constantinople, AD 352-3].

18987

Cb. Rev. – as 18959, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark A-S (= 1-6), sometimes with dot preceding the mint mark, G in field to l. RIC viii, p. 478, 85 and 87. LRBC II, 2301 and 2303. C 11. [Nicomedia, AD 351-2]. VF £23 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

18988

Cb (D behind bust). Rev. — as previous, but without dot preceding the mint mark and without letter in field. RIC viii, p. 479, 90. LRBC II, 2305. C 11. [Nicomedia, AD 352-3]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £65 ($110)

18989

Cb. Rev. – as previous, but with • S • in l. field. RIC viii, p. 479, 93. LRBC II, 2308. C VF £23 ($40) / EF £70 ($120) 11. [Nicomedia, AD 352-3].

18990

Cb. Rev. — as 18959, but with mint mark S M K in ex. followed by officina mark A-S (= 1-6) and sometimes preceded by dot, G in l. field. RIC viii, p. 497, 94 and 97. LRBC VF £20 ($35) / EF £65 ($110) II, 2487 and 2489. C 11. [Cyzicus, AD 351-2].

18991

Cb (D behind bust). Rev. — as previous, but without dot preceding the mint mark and without letter in field. RIC viii, p. 497, 99. LRBC II, 2491. C 11. [Cyzicus, AD 352-3]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £65 ($110)

264

Roman Coins and Their Values

18992

FEL TEMP REPARATIO (cont.) Billon maiorina. As previous, but with e instead of D behind obv. bust. RIC viii, p. 497, 101. LRBC II, 2493. C 12. [Cyzicus, AD 352-3]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £65 ($110)

18993

Cb. Rev. — as previous but with • S • in l. field. RIC viii, p. 498, 103. LRBC II, 2495. VF £20 ($35) / EF £65 ($110) C 11. [Cyzicus, AD 352-3].

18994

 

19001

18994

Bb. Rev. — as 18959, but with mint mark AN in ex. followed by officina mark A-eI (= 1-15, officina D = 4 not recorded), G in l. field. RIC viii, p. 523, 134 and 137. LRBC II, 2624 and 2626. C 7 var. and 17. [Antioch, AD 351-2]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £65 ($110)

18995

Bb (D behind bust). Rev. — as previous, but without letter in field (officinae B, D, BI, DI, and eI = 2, 4, 12, 14, and 15 not recorded). RIC viii, p. 523, 139 and 141. LRBC II, 2628. C 7 var. and 17. [Antioch, AD 352-3]. VF £23 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

18996

Bb. Rev. — as previous, but with e or S in l. field (officinae D, e, Q, DI, and eI = 4, 5, 9, 14, and 15 not recorded). RIC viii, p. 524, 145, 147, 149, and 151. LRBC II, 2630. C VF £23 ($40) / EF £70 ($120) 7 var. and 17. [Antioch, AD 352-3].

18997

Bb. Rev. — as 18959, but with mint mark ALE in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, G, or D (= 1, 2, 3, or 4), G in l. field. RIC viii, p. 543, 74. LRBC II, 2838. C 17. VF £20 ($35) / EF £65 ($110) [Alexandria, AD 351-2].

18998

As previous, but with D behind obv. bust and without letter in rev. field. RIC viii, p. 544, VF £20 ($35) / EF £65 ($110) 77. LRBC II, 2841. C 17. [Alexandria, AD 352-3].

18999

As 18997, but with • S • instead of G in rev. field. RIC viii, p. 544, 79. LRBC II, 2843. VF £20 ($35) / EF £65 ($110) C 17. [Alexandria, AD 352-3].

19000

Ab (A behind bust). Rev. — Constantius Gallus stg. l. on galley steered by Victory seated in stern, holding Victory on globe in his r. hand and labarum in l., mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark e, S, or Z (= 5, 6, or 7), III in field to l., star to r. RIC viii, p. 272, 250. LRBC II, 661. C 5. [Rome, AD 352-3]. VF £43 ($75) / EF £130 ($225)

19001

As previous, but with mint mark SIS in ex. preceded by officina mark A, B, G, or D (= 1, 2, 3, or 4), the officina mark sometimes preceded by star or with dot following the mint mark, III in l. field, star in r. RIC viii, p. 374, 329-31. LRBC II, 1199-1201. C 5. [Siscia, VF £35 ($60) / EF £100 ($175) AD 351-3].

19002

B or FL IVL CONSTANTIVS NOB CAES, b. Rev. — as 19000, but Constantius Gallus holds phoenix instead of Victory on the globe, and with mint mark TS in ex. followed by officina mark D or e (= 4 or 5), the whole flanked by stars or by star and dot; also with G and star in l. and r. fields. RIC viii, p. 418, 169-70 and 175. LRBC II, 1669. C —. [Thessalonica, AD 351-2]. VF £37 ($65) / EF £115 ($200) VF £43 ($75) / EF £130 ($225) The incorrect form of the Caesar’s name (Julius for Claudius) presumably belongs to the initial issue for Gallus at Thessalonica following his elevation to imperial rank. The mistake was quickly discovered and the erroneous legend was replaced by D N CONSTANTIVS NOB CAES (see also nos. 18935 and 18958).

CONSTANTIUS GALLUS

265

19003

Billon maiorina. Bb. Rev. — Constantius Gallus, in military attire, advancing l., holding Victory on globe and labarum, r. foot set on seated captive, mint mark TS in ex. followed by officina mark D or e (= 4 or 5), the whole flanked by stars or by star and dot; also with G in l. field and star in r. RIC viii, p. 418, 173 and 179. LRBC II, 1671. C —. [Thessalonica, AD 351-2]. VF £37 ($65) / EF £115 ($200)

19004

Ab (A behind bust). Rev. HOC SIGNO VICTOR ERIS, Constantius Gallus (or Constantine I), in military attire, stg. l., holding labarum and spear, crowned by Victory stg. l. on r., also holding palm, mint mark SIS in ex. preceded by officina mark A-e (= 1-5), the mint mark usually followed by crescent, or with dots flanking the officina and mint marks, III in field to l. RIC viii, p. 371, 306 and 312. LRBC II, 1191. C 34. [Siscia, AD 351]. VF £60 ($100) / EF £175 ($300) This type was introduced by the stop-gap emperor Vetranio who opposed Magnentius’ eastern advance before abdicating in favour of Constantius II on 25 December AD 350. The remarkable reverse legend (‘In this sign you will be the victor’), with its clear allusion to Constantine’s vision before his victory over Maxentius in AD 312, provides firm evidence of Vetranio’s loyalty to Constantius. After Vetranio’s abdication, the issue was continued briefly in the name of Constantius II and, from 15 March 351, in the name of the new Caesar Constantius Gallus.

19005

Obv. Similar. Rev. — as previous (with III in field to l.), but with mint mark SIRM in ex. preceded by star. RIC viii, p. 386, 24. LRBC II, 1587. C 34. [Sirmium, AD 351]. VF £60 ($100) / EF £175 ($300) After a 25-year hiatus, the mint of Sirmium was reactivated by Constantius II in AD 351 utilizing a single officina withdrawn from Siscia.

19006

As previous, but with officina mark A (= 1) instead of star preceding the mint mark. RIC viii, p. 387, 31. LRBC II, —. C 34. [Sirmium, AD 351]. VF £60 ($100) / EF £175 ($300)

19007

Cb. Rev. VICT DD NN AVG ET CAES, two Victories stg. facing each other, holding between them wreath encircling VOT / V / MVLT / X in four lines, Chi-Rho monogram above, mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark Q (= 4) with star between. RIC viii, p. 272, 253. LRBC II, 659. C 37. [Rome, AD 352-3]. VF £48 ($85) / EF £140 ($250) Struck at a reduced weight of c. 4.15 grams, this is an adaptation of a Magnentian type.

19008

Bronze quarter maiorina? (c. 2.20-2.60 grams with no silver content). Ab. Rev. FEL TEMP REPARATIO, phoenix, rad., stg. r. on pyre, mint mark SIRM in ex. RIC viii, p. VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350) 386, 27. LRBC II, —. C —. [Sirmium, AD 351].

19009

Bb. Rev. — as previous, but the phoenix stands on globe instead of pyre, and with mint and officina marks AN Z (= 7) in ex., star in r. field. RIC viii, p. 523, 137A. LRBC II, VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350) —. C —. [Antioch, AD 351].

19010

Bronze reduced maiorina (c. 2.50 grams with no silver content). Bb. Rev. FEL TEMP REPARATIO, soldier rushing l., holding shield on l. arm and spearing fallen horseman whose mount has stumbled beneath him, shield on ground to r., mint mark LG in ex. preceded by F or G and by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). RIC viii, p. 191, 188 and 191-2. LRBC II, 255. Bastien 235 and 242. C 18. [Lugdunum, AD 353-4]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £40 ($70)

19011

Bb. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark CON in ex. preceded by officina mark P, S, or T (= 1, 2, or 3) and with D in l. field. RIC viii, p. 219, 217-18, 221, and 223. LRBC II, 456. EMA 125/3. C 18. [Constantia/Arles, AD 353-4]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £40 ($70) Following the death of Constantine II in 340 this mint reverted to its traditional name of Arelate, thus abandoning the title of Constantina which it had received in 328. However, in 353, following the downfall of the western usurper Magnentius, Constantius II restored the dynastic connection by naming the place Constantia.

266

Roman Coins and Their Values

19012

FEL TEMP REPARATIO (cont.) Bronze reduced maiorina. B or C, b. Rev. — as 19010, but with mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark B, e, or S (= 2, 5, or 6), sometimes with star between or with star or palm following the officina mark. RIC viii, pp. 274-5, 274-5, 278-9, 281, and 284. LRBC II, 676, 679, 681, and cf. 674-9 note (p. 106). C 12 and 18. [Rome, AD 353-4]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £40 ($70)

19013

Ab. Rev. — as 19010, but with mint mark AQ in ex. followed by officina mark P, S, or T (= 1, 2, or 3), sometimes with dot preceding the mint mark or following the officina mark or with dots flanking the mint and officina marks, sometimes with II in rev. field to l. RIC viii, p. 334, 200, 203-204A, 206, and 209. LRBC II, 931, 933, and 935. MA 584-8. C 14. [Aquileia, AD 353-4]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

19014

As previous, but with mint mark SIS in ex. preceded by officina mark A, B, G, or D (= 1, 2, 3, or 4) and sometimes followed by reversed Z. RIC viii, p. 375, 351 and 354. LRBC II, 1219 and 1223. C 14. [Siscia, AD 353-4]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

19015

As previous, but with mint mark SIRM or SIRM• in ex. preceded by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2), sometimes with EV in field. RIC viii, p. 388, 49, 51, and 53. LRBC II, 1604, 1606, and 1608. C 14. [Sirmium, AD 353-4]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

19016

Bb. Rev. – as 19010, but with mint mark S M TS in ex. and officina mark A, G, or e (= 1, 3, or 5) in l. field. RIC viii, p. 419, 190-91. LRBC II, 1682. C 18. [Thessalonica, AD 353-4]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65)

19017

B (but C for CAES), b. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark S M H in ex. followed by officina mark A-e (= 1-5). RIC viii, p. 436, 91. LRBC II, 1901. Cf. C 16. [Heraclea, AD 353-4]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

19018

Cb. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark CONS in ex. followed by officina mark A-IA (= 1-11), sometimes with dot or X and dot in l. field. RIC viii, p. 458, 120, 122, and 124. LRBC II, 2040, 2044, and 2047. C 12. [Constantinople, AD 353-4]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

19019

As previous, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark A-S (= 1-6). RIC viii, p. 479, 97. LRBC II, 2310. C 12. [Nicomedia, AD 353-4]. VF £13 ($22) / EF £37 ($65) C or D N CONSTANTIVS NOB CS, b. Rev. — as 19010, but with mint mark S M K in ex. followed by officina mark A-S (= 1-6). RIC viii, p. 498, 106-7 and 109. LRBC II, 2497. C 12 and cf. 16. [Cyzicus, AD 353-4]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

19018

19020

19021

Bb. Rev. – as previous, but with mint mark AN in ex. followed by officina mark A-eI (= 1-15, though officinae B and Q = 2 and 9 have not been recorded). RIC viii, p. 524, 154 and 156. LRBC II, 2633. C 7 var. and 18. [Antioch, AD 353-4]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

19022

As previous, but with mint mark ALE in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, G, or D (= 1, 2, 3, or 4). RIC viii, pp. 544, 81. LRBC II, 2845. C 18. [Alexandria, AD 353-4]. VF £12 ($20) / EF £35 ($60)

19023

Ab. Rev. GLORIA ROMANORVM, Constantius Gallus, in military attire, stg. l., holding labarum and spear, mint mark SIS in ex. preceded by officina mark A-D (= 1-4). RIC viii, p. 375, 356. LRBC II, 1221. Cf. C 32. [Siscia, AD 353-4]. VF £35 ($60) / EF £105 ($180) This reverse type had been introduced by Vetranio in AD 350 (see no. 18907). See no. 18289 for the corresponding issue of Constantius II, and no. 19079 for a similar issue in the name of Julian II.

JULIAN II, ‘THE APOSTATE’

267

JULIAN II, ‘THE APOSTATE’ Feb. AD 360-26 Jun. 363 19151 Flavius Claudius Julianus was one of the more colourful imperial personalities of the later 4th century. He is usually referred to as ‘Julian II’ though his only predecessors bearing this name were Julian of Pannonia (AD 284-5) who, as a provincial usurper, should not be numbered in the listing of Roman emperors, and Didius Julianus who ruled briefly in AD 193 but is never referred to as Julian I. Nevertheless, the traditional convention has been followed here. Julian’s strong pagan beliefs had their origins in the tragic circumstances of his childhood. Born in Constantinople in AD 332, Julian was the son of Julius Constantius, half-brother of Constantine I, by his second wife Basilina who was a devout Christian. On the death of Constantine I in AD 337, the five-year-old Julian was spared the massacre of the descendants of Constantius I and Theodora that was to condemn the dynasty to an early extinction. In addition to Julian, the only male survivors of his side of the family were his half-brother Constantius Gallus and his cousin Nepotian. This act of cruelty on the part of the late emperor’s sons convinced Julian to reject Christianity and instead seek the teachings of classical scholars. The two brothers were kept very much in the political background and even spent six years in exile at the remote imperial estate of Macellum in Cappadocia. The elevation of his half-brother Gallus to the rank of Caesar in AD 351 led to more freedom for Julian. Taking full advantage of this, he studied under the foremost philosophers of the day, including Aedisius and Chrysanthius at Pergamum and Maximus at Ephesus, as well as the renowned rhetorician Eusebius at Pergamum. It was at this time that he fully converted to paganism. With the disgrace and downfall of Constantius Gallus in 354, Julian was summoned to the imperial court at Milan. Constantius II clearly regarded him with some suspicion, though through the good offices of the emperor’s wife Eusebia Julian was allowed to resume his studies in Athens. But late in the following year Constantius, realizing that he was in need of assistance in the administration of his vast empire, recalled Julian to Milan where, on November 6th, he was proclaimed Caesar and given responsibility for the defence of Gaul. The dynastic bond was further strengthened at this time with the marriage of the new Caesar to Constantius’ sister, Helena the Younger. Although lacking previous military experience, Julian soon showed that he had a natural aptitude for warfare and achieved a great victory over the Alamanni at Strasbourg (summer, AD 357). Perhaps jealous of his cousin’s unexpected military prowess, Constantius withheld both pay and donatives to Julian’s troops to the extent that the Caesar had to face a sedition while wintering at Lutetia (Paris) in 358/9. Further successes against the Alamanni followed in 359 and an alarmed Constantius, always suspicious by nature, demanded that Julian should send a large contingent of his troops to the East to assist in the upcoming war against the Sasanid Persians. At this point the Gallic army mutinied and proclaimed Julian emperor. How reluctant he was to accept his elevation is unclear, but he did attempt to gain his cousin’s recognition in order to avoid a civil war and he did continue striking coins in Constantius’ name at the mints under his control. In the summer of AD 361 Constantius decided to march West to confront his rival. He had only reached as far as Mopsucrenae in Cilicia when he suddenly fell ill and died on November 3rd. On his deathbed he had little choice but to name Julian, the only surviving male representative of the House of Constantine, as his successor. Julian’s brief reign was a time of considerable turmoil. Fortunately, civil war had been averted by the timely death of Constantius and after a short stay in Constantinople Julian marched east to Antioch to begin preparations for the continuation of his cousin’s Persian War. While in the Syrian capital the new emperor initiated his attempt to restore the worship of the pagan gods. However, in this endeavour he was bitterly opposed by the Antiochenes who even insulted his appearance when he grew a long beard in the pagan style. This prompted Julian’s celebrated satirical text the ‘Misopogon’,

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Roman Coins and Their Values

or Beard-Hater’, which fortunately has survived to modern times. The process of Christianization in the Roman Empire had already gone too far to be reversed and the emperor’s attempts were assuredly doomed to failure. During Julian’s stay in the city the celebrated temple of Apollo at Daphne, a suburb of Antioch, was mysteriously burned to the ground and in early March of 363 the pagan emperor left the Syrian capital an embittered man. Initially the campaign against the Persians went well with a string of victories along the Roman line of advance. Encouraged by these successes, Julian decided to attack the enemy capital of Ctesiphon but found that his forces were unequal to such a massive siege. In mid-June he ordered a withdrawal along the Tigris but just ten days later he was mortally wounded in a skirmish with the enemy at a place with the unlikely name of Phrygia. It is certainly possible that a devout Christian officer had taken advantage of the inevitable confusion during the combat to strike the fatal blow against his pagan emperor. The following day the Christian Jovian was chosen as Julian’s successor by the army and the pagan revival collapsed with the death of its last imperial exponent. In the final year of his reign, Julian enacted a series of much-needed reforms aimed at addressing waste and corruption in the imperial administration. In addition, he gave his attention to the deplorable state of the billon and bronze coinage. Under Constantius II, the ‘reduced maiorina’ had sunk to the level of a diminutive bronze piece weighing c. 2.00 grams and production of this denomination had continued under Julian down to the time of his reform in 362. At this point he instituted a splendid new large billon piece, possibly a double maiorina, with an unorthodox reverse type (a bull). Also introduced at this time was a denomination of similar size and weight to the Constantinian centenionalis (c. 3.00 grams), though struck in bronze instead of billon. The terms ‘double maiorina’ and ‘centenionalis’ are used in the following listings though their actual names are uncertain and their relationship to one another cannot be determined with any certainty. The significance of the bull on the double maiorina has long been a subject of scholarly debate, the most plausible explanations being that it is symbolic of the emperor as guardian of his people, or that it commemorates his (presumed) natal sign Taurus (cf. RIC viii, pp. 46-7). Another feature of these newly introduced denominations was the expansion of many of the mintmarks (e.g. AQVIL for Aquileia) and, in the case of the Lugdunese maiorinae, the officina marks as well (LVGD OFF P and LVGD OFF S). The following obverse legends are represented by capital letters: As Caesar

A. D N CL IVLIANVS NOB CAES B. D N IVLIANVS NOB C C. D N IVLIANVS NOB CAES D. FL CL IVLIANVS NOB CAES

As Augustus

E. D N FL CL IVLIANVS P F AVG F. D N IVLIANVS P F AVG G. FL CL IVLIANVS P F AVG H. FL CL IVLIANVS PP AVG

The following obverse types are represented by lower case letters (some late busts show the emperor bearded):

a. Bareheaded, dr. and cuir. bust r. b. Diad., dr. and cuir. bust r. c. Helmeted and cuir. bust l., holding spear and shield.

JULIAN II, ‘THE APOSTATE’

269

Issues as Caesar under Constantius II, 6 Nov. AD 355-Feb. 360

19024 19024

Gold solidus (c. 4.5 grams). D N CL IVLIANVS N C, bareheaded and cuir. bust r. Rev. FEL TEMP REPARATIO, enthroned figures of Roma (on l., facing, hd. r.) and Constantinopolis (on r., turned to l.), holding between them shield ornamented with star, each holding sceptre in l. hand, Constantinopolis with r. foot on prow, mint mark R S M in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 6), the whole flanked by palms or with palm or star following the officina mark. RIC viii, p. 276, 292 and 295. C 8. Depeyrot, pp. 145-6, 11/2, 13/2, and 14/3. [Rome, AD 355-7]. VF £775 ($1,350) / EF £2,300 ($4,000)

19025

Da. Rev. GLORIA REI PVBLICAE, as previous, but instead of star the shield is inscribed VO / TIS / V, palm or star in lower central field, and with mint mark KONSTAN in ex. (the last three letters in monogram) sometimes preceded by dot. RIC viii, p. 221, 235, 237, and 239. EMA 129/2, and 130/2. C 25. Depeyrot, p. 133, 6/2 and 7/2. [Constantia/Arles, AD 355-60]. VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £2,000 ($3,500)

19026

Aa. Rev. — as previous, but the shield is inscribed VOT / V / MVLT / X, and with mint mark TES in ex. preceded by K or flanked by stars or Christograms (no symbol in field). RIC viii, p. 420, 194 and 197. C —. Depeyrot, p. 217, 13/2 and 14/3. [Thessalonica, AD 355-60]. VF £775 ($1,350) / EF £2,300 ($4,000)

19027

D N IVLIANVS NOB CAVS (sic), a. Rev. — as 19024 (star on shield), but with mint mark CONS in ex. RIC viii, —. C 24. Depeyrot, p. 232, 5/2. [Constantinople, AD 358-60]. VF £775 ($1,350) / EF £2,300 ($4,000) The curious engraver’s error in the obverse legend is found also at Antioch (see following).

19028

Ca. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark S M AN in ex. followed by officina mark A-I (= 1-10, but officina Q = 9 not recorded), sometimes the whole flanked by dots or with dot following the officina mark, sometimes also with dot in lower central field. RIC viii, p. 526, 163-4, 166-7, 169, and 171. C 23. Depeyrot, p. 277, 9/2, 10/2, and 11/2. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,700 ($3,000) [Antioch, AD 355-60]. The obverse error NOB CAVS for NOB CAES has been recorded on some dies of this type (e.g. Mazzini 5, p. 209, 23v./a and pl. LVI).



NB A few gold multiples, now of great rarity, were issued in the name of Julian II as Caesar at Constantia/Arles: double solidi, rev. GLORIA ROMANORVM, Roma and Constantinopolis enthroned (RIC 231-2); and triple solidi, rev. GLORIA REI PVBLICAE, Victory and Genius stg. with votive shield (RIC 230 [in EMA, p. 97, 126/1, Depeyrot calls this a quadruple solidus with rev. Roma and Constantinopolis]).

19028A

 

19028B

270

Roman Coins and Their Values

19029

Gold semissis or half solidus (c. 2.25 grams). Da. Rev. VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM, Victory seated r. on cuirass, inscribing VOT / V on shield set on l. knee and supported by Genius stg. l. before her, mint mark KONSTAN in ex. (the last three letters in monogram). RIC viii, p. 221, 240. EMA 128/5. C 55. Depeyrot, p. 133, 5/3. [Constantia/ VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £2,000 ($3,500) Arles, AD 355-60].

19030

IVLIANVS CAES, a. Rev. — as previous, but with star instead of votive inscription on the shield, and with mint mark S M AN in ex. sometimes flanked by dots. RIC viii, p. 526, 176. C 56. Depeyrot, p. 278, 13/2 and 14/2. [Antioch, AD 355-60]. VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £2,000 ($3,500)

19031

Gold 1.5-scripulum or 9-siliqua (c. 1.68 grams). As 19029. RIC viii, p. 222, 242. EMA 128/6. C —. Depeyrot, p. 133, 5/5. [Constantia/Arles, AD 355-60]. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,700 ($3,000)

19032

Aa. Rev. VICTORIA IVLIANI NOB CAES, Victory seated r., as 19029, but the shield is inscribed VOT / V / MVLT / X, and with mint mark TES in ex. RIC viii, p. 420, 200. C —. Cf. Depeyrot, p. 218, 15/2 (rev. misdescribed). [Thessalonica, AD 355-60]. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,700 ($3,000)

19033 19033

As 19030. RIC viii, p. 527, 178 and 180. C —. Depeyrot, p. 278, 13/4 and 14/4. [Antioch, AD 355-60]. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,700 ($3,000)

19034

Silver heavy miliarensis (c. 5.4 grams). Da. Rev. D N IVLIANVS CAES, three standards, mint mark CON in ex. preceded by officina mark T (= 3). RIC viii, p. 222, 247. EMA 131/4. RSC 7. [Arles, AD 355-7]. VF £1,250 ($2,200) / EF £3,150 ($5,500)

19035

As previous, but with rev. legend D N IVLIANVS NOB CAES. RIC viii, p. 222, 2489. EMA 131/5. RSC 6. [Arles, AD 355-7]. VF £1,250 ($2,200) / EF £3,150 ($5,500)

19036

A, bare hd. r. Rev. VIRTVS EXERCITVS, three standards, mint mark TES in ex. RIC viii, p. 420, 202. RSC 74Aa. [Thessalonica, AD 355-7]. VF £1,475 ($2,600) / EF £3,750 ($6,500)

19037

Silver light miliarensis (c. 4.5 grams). Ca. Rev. VICTORIA ROMANORVM, archway, beneath which Julian, in military attire, stands facing, hd. r., holding spear and globe, crowned by Victory advancing l., on r., also holding palm, mint mark S M AN in ex. RIC viii, p. 527, 182. RSC 63A. [Antioch, AD 355-6]. VF £1,375 ($2,400) / EF £3,450 ($6,000)

19038

Da. Rev. VIRTVS EXERCITVS, soldier stg. facing, hd. r., resting on spear and shield, mint mark CON in ex. preceded by officina mark S (= 2). RIC viii, p. 223, 251. RSC 73. EMA 131/7. [Constantia/Arles, AD 355-7]. VF £1,025 ($1,800) / EF £2,600 ($4,500)

19039

Aa. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark TES in ex. RIC viii, p. 421, 204. Cf. RSC 74Ab (misdescribed). [Thessalonica, AD 355-7]. VF £1,150 ($2,000) / EF £2,850 ($5,000)

19040

Silver siliqua (c. 3.37 grams). Ca. Rev. VO / TIS / V in wreath, mint mark S M N in ex. RIC viii, p. 481, 102A. RSC 154A. [Nicomedia, AD 355-7]. VF £225 ($400) / EF £575 ($1,000)

JULIAN II, ‘THE APOSTATE’

271



NB This weight standard for the siliqua, originating with the tetrarchic argenteus of Diocletian’s reform, was maintained by Constantius II for the first two decades of his reign. However, in AD 357 the weight of the denomination was reduced by one-third to 2 scripula or 2.25 grams. Coins of this lighter standard, which was to become the norm for the subsequent late Roman silver coinage, are here listed separately under the heading of ‘silver reduced siliqua’.

19041

Ba. Rev. VOTIS / V / MVLTIS / X in wreath, mint mark SIRM flanked by dots in ex. RIC viii, p. 389, 67. RSC 154c. [Sirmium, AD 355-7]. VF £175 ($300) / EF £430 ($750)

19042

A, bare hd. r. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark TES in ex. RIC viii, p. 389, 67. VF £200 ($350) / EF £480 ($850) RSC 154c. [Thessalonica, AD 355-7].

19043

19043

 

19044 C or D, a. Rev. No legend, star within wreath, mint mark CON in ex. preceded by officina mark T (= 3). RIC viii, p. 223, 255-6. RSC 170 and 172a. EMA 131/10-11. VF £250 ($450) / EF £625 ($1,100) [Constantia/Arles, AD 357].

19044

D N CL IVLIANVS N C, bareheaded and cuir. bust r. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark R flanked by dots in ex. RIC viii, —. RSC 172e. [Rome, AD 357]. VF £290 ($500) / EF £720 ($1,250) Probably struck on the occasion of Constantius’ celebration of his thirty-fifth anniversary in Rome from 28 April until 29 May.

19045

Ca. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark ANT flanked by dots in ex. RIC viii, p. 527, VF £290 ($500) / EF £720 ($1,250) 185. RSC 172d. [Antioch, AD 357].

19046

Silver reduced siliqua (c. 2.25 grams). Ca. Rev. VOTIS / V / MVLTIS / X in wreath, mint mark CON in ex. preceded by officina mark P, S, or T (= 1, 2, or 3). RIC viii, p. 224, 263-5. RSC 154b. EMA 133/2. [Constantia/Arles, AD 357-60]. VF £50 ($90) / EF £130 ($225)

19047

Ca. Rev. No legend, star within wreath, mint mark CON in ex. preceded by officina mark P (= 1). RIC viii, p. 223, 257. RSC 172b. EMA 132/1. [Constantia/Arles, AD 357]. VF £200 ($350) / EF £520 ($900)

19046

19048 19049

As previous, but with mint mark ANT in ex. RIC viii, p. 527, 187. RSC 172c. [Antioch, VF £185 ($320) / EF £460 ($800)

AD 357].

Bronze reduced maiorina (c. 2.50 grams). IMP IVLIANVS NOB CAES, a. Rev. FEL TEMP REPARATIO, soldier rushing l., holding shield on l. arm and spearing fallen horseman whose mount has stumbled beneath him, shield on ground to r., mint mark LG in ex. preceded by G and by officina mark S (= 2). RIC viii, p. 191, 195. LRBC II, VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85) 258. Bastien 243. C 21. [Lugdunum, AD 355-6].

272

Roman Coins and Their Values

19050

FEL TEMP REPARATIO (cont.) Bronze reduced maiorina (c. 2.50 grams). C or D, a. Rev. – as previous, but with mint mark CON in ex. preceded by officina mark T (= 3). RIC viii, p. 224, 267-8. LRBC II, —. EMA 134/2 and 135/2. C 10 and 14. [Constantia/Arles, AD 355-6]. VF £18 ($32) / EF £55 ($95)

19051

D N CL IVLIANVS N C, bareheaded and cuir. bust r. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark S (= 6), wreath or palm between, or with palm following the officina mark. RIC viii, p. 278, 306, 308, and 311. LRBC II, 683 and 688. C 18. [Rome, AD 355-6]. VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

19052

Ca. Rev. – as previous, but with mint mark AQ in ex. followed by officina mark T (= 3), II in field to l., sometimes with star to r., sometimes with palm or dot following the officina mark. RIC viii, pp. 335-6, 213-14, 216, and 218. Cf. LRBC II, 939 and 941. MA 590-92. C 14. [Aquileia, AD 355-6]. VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

19053

Similar, but with star instead of II in rev. field to l., and the mint and officina marks are flanked by dots. RIC viii, p. 336, 219. LRBC II, 947. MA 593. C 14. [Aquileia, AD 3556]. VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

19054

Similar, but with star within crescent instead of star in rev. field, and without dots flanking the mint and officina marks. RIC viii, p. 336, 220. Cf. LRBC II, 949. MA 594. C 14. [Aquileia, AD 355-6]. VF £18 ($32) / EF £55 ($95)

19055

B or C, a. Rev. — as 19049, but with mint mark SIS in ex. preceded by officina mark A, B, or D (= 1, 2, or 4) and followed by D or reversed Z. RIC viii, p. 377, 363 and 365-6. LRBC II, 1229, and 1232-3. C 13 and 14. [Siscia, AD 355-6]. VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

19056

Ba. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark SIRM in ex. preceded by officina mark B (= 2) and followed by dot. RIC viii, p. 389, 70. LRBC II, —. C 13. [Sirmium, AD 355-6]. VF £18 ($32) / EF £55 ($95)

19057

Aa. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark S M H in ex. followed by officina mark G (= 3) and with e in field to l. RIC viii, p. 437, 92. LRBC II, —. C 19. [Heraclea, AD 355-6]. VF £18 ($32) / EF £55 ($95)

19058

Aa. Rev. – as previous, but with mint mark CONS in ex. followed by officina mark A or H (= 1 or 8) and dot, nothing in field. RIC viii, p. 460, 136. LRBC II, —. C 19. [Constantinople, AD 355-6]. VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

19059

C (sometimes CAESAR for CAES), a (bust sometimes to left). Rev. – as previous, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark e (= 5), sometimes with A in l. field. RIC viii, pp. 481-2, 105-6 and 108. LRBC II, 2312. C 14. [Nicomedia, AD 355-6]. VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

19060

D N FL CL IVLIANVS NOB CS, a. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark S M K in ex. followed by officina mark D (= 4), sometimes with star in l. field. RIC viii, p. 499, 112 and 114. LRBC II, 2499 and 2501. C 16. [Cyzicus, AD 355-6]. VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

19061

Ca. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark AN in ex. followed by officina mark D, e, H, AI, GI, DI, or eI (= 4, 5, 8, 11, 13, 14, or 15). RIC viii, p. 528, 189. LRBC II, 2636. C 14. [Antioch, AD 355-6]. VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

19062

Ca. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark ALE in ex. followed by officina mark D (= 4). RIC viii, p. 545, 83. LRBC II, 2847. C 14. [Alexandria, AD 355-6]. VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

JULIAN II, ‘THE APOSTATE’

273

19063

Bronze reduced maiorina (c. 2.25 grams). IMP IVLIANVS NOB CAES or FL CL IVLIANVS NOB C, a (M behind bust). Rev. FEL TEMP REPARATIO, soldier spearing fallen horseman, as 19049, but with mint mark LG in ex. preceded by G or M and by officina mark S (= 2). RIC viii, p. 191, 198-200. LRBC II, 260-61. Bastien 245-6 and 248. C 9 and 21. [Lugdunum, AD 356-8]. VF £18 ($32) / EF £55 ($95) The numeral ‘M’ first appeared on this denomination about AD 356 and is associated with a weight reduction of c. 0.25 grams. Its meaning is unclear though it could indicate that these coins were tariffed at 1,000 to the gold solidus. The importance of this change is clearly emphasized by the remarkable type having the mark of value as the principal element of its reverse design (see no. 18306 of Constantius II).

19064

C or D, a. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark CON in ex. preceded by officina mark P, S, or T (= 1, 2, or 3) and with M in l. field. RIC viii, p. 224, 270-71 and 273-4. LRBC II, 459. Cf. EMA 136/2. C 10 and 14. [Constantia/Arles, AD 356-8]. VF £18 ($32) / EF £55 ($95)

19065

D N CL IVLIANVS N C, bareheaded and cuir. bust r. Rev. – as previous, but with mint and value marks R • M • in ex. followed by officina mark e or S (= 5 or 6). RIC viii, p. 278, 315. LRBC II, 685. C 18. [Rome, AD 356-8]. VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

19066

Similar, but without dots following the mint and value marks, and with star following the officina mark (officina S = 6 only recorded). RIC viii, p. 278, 317. LRBC II, —. C VF £18 ($32) / EF £55 ($95) 18. [Rome, AD 356-8].

19067

Ca (M behind bust). Rev. – as 19063, but with mint mark AQ in ex. followed by officina mark T (= 3), sometimes with dot preceding the mint mark, sometimes with dots or dot and palm flanking the mint and officina marks, sometimes with palm following the officina mark, and sometimes with dot or star in rev. field. RIC viii, p. 336, 223, 225, 227, and 229. LRBC II, 940 and 946. MA 595 and 597-9. C 14. [Aquileia, AD 356-8]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

19068

Similar, but the M is in rev. field to l. instead of on obv., and with palm following the officina mark. RIC viii, —. LRBC II, —. MA 596. C 14. [Aquileia, AD 356-8]. VF £18 ($32) / EF £55 ($95)

19069

B or C, a. Rev. — as 19063, but with mint mark SIS in ex. preceded by officina mark A, B, G, or D (= 1, 2, 3, or 4) and sometimes followed by D, L, Z (reversed), or wreath, M in l. field sometimes accompanied by dot. RIC viii, pp. 377-8, 370-71, 373-4, 376, 378, 380, and 382. LRBC II, 1235, 1237, 1239, and 1241. C 13-14. [Siscia, AD 356-8]. VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

19070

Ba. Rev. — as previous, but with L instead of M in rev. field (officina D = 4 only recorded, nothing following the mint mark). RIC viii, p. 378, 385. LRBC II, 1243. C VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85) 13. [Siscia, AD 356-8].

19071

Ba. Rev. — as 19063, but with mint mark SIRM in ex. preceded by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2), sometimes flanked by dots, or with dot or star following the mint mark, M in l. field. RIC viii, p. 390, 72, 74, 76, and 78. LRBC II, 1611 and 1614. C 13. [Sirmium, AD 356-8]. VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

19071A

Similar, but with u instead of M in rev. field (officina B = 2 only recorded). RIC viii, —. LRBC II, —. C 13. (Seen by author, Dec. 2012). [Sirmium, AD 356-8]. VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100)

19072

Aa. Rev. — as 19063, but with mint mark S M TS in ex. followed by officina mark A or

e (= 1 or 5), M in l. field. RIC viii, p. 421, 209-10 and 212. LRBC II, 1685-6 and 1688. C 19. [Thessalonica, AD 356-8].

VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

274

Roman Coins and Their Values

19073

FEL TEMP REPARATIO (cont.) Bronze reduced maiorina (c. 2.25 grams). A or C, a. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark S M H in ex. followed by officina mark B, G, or D (= 2, 3, or 4) and sometimes also by dot, M in l. field. RIC viii, p. 437, 94-5 and 97. LRBC II, 1903-4. C 14 and 19. [Heraclea, AD 356-8]. VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

19074

Aa. Rev. — as 19063, but with mint mark CONS in ex. followed by officina mark A-IA (= 1-11) and sometimes also by dot, star, or palm, M between two dots in l. field. RIC viii, p. 460, 138, 140-41, 143, 145, 145A, and 147. LRBC II, 2051. C 19. [Constantinople, AD 356-8]. VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

19075

C (but CAESAR for CAES), a. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark A, e, or S (= 1, 5, or 6), M in l. field. RIC viii, p. 482, 111. LRBC II, 2314. C —. [Nicomedia, AD 356-8]. VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

19076

Obv. As 19060. Rev. — as 19063, but with mint mark S M K in ex. followed by officina mark D (= 4), M between two dots in l. field (the r. dot on soldier’s spear). RIC viii, p. VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85) 499, 116. LRBC II, 2503. C 16. [Cyzicus, AD 356-8].

19077

Ca. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark AN in ex. followed by officina mark I or GI (= 10 or 13), M in l. field. RIC viii, p. 528, 192. LRBC II, —. C 14. [Antioch, AD 356-8]. VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

19078

As previous, but with mint mark ALE in ex. followed by officina mark D (= 4). RIC viii, p. 545, 85-6. LRBC II, 2849. C 14. [Alexandria, AD 356-8]. VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

19079

Ca. Rev. GLORIA ROMANORVM, Julian, in military attire, stg. l., holding labarum and spear, mint mark SIS in ex. preceded by officina mark D (= 4), dot between or with reversed Z following the mint mark. RIC viii, p. 378, 388-9. LRBC II, 1227 and 1230. VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150) C —. [Siscia, AD 356-8]. This reverse type had been introduced by Vetranio in AD 350 (see no. 18907). See nos. 18289 and 18307 for the corresponding issues of Constantius II, and no. 19023 for a similar issue in the name of Constantius Gallus.

19080

Bronze reduced maiorina (c. 1.90 grams). D (but C for CAES), a. Rev. SPES REI PVBLICE, Julian, helmeted and in military attire, stg. l., holding globe and resting on spear, mint mark LG in ex. preceded by M or R and by officina mark S (= 2). Cf. RIC viii, p. 192, 202. LRBC II, 263. Bastien 250 and 253. C 41. [Lugdunum, AD 358-60]. VF £18 ($32) / EF £55 ($95) The introduction of this reverse type in AD 358 marked the final reduction in the weight standard of the bronze coinage of Constantius II.

19081

Ca. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark CON in ex. preceded by officina mark T (= 3), sometimes with VAL monogram in l. field. Cf. RIC viii, pp. 224-5, 276 and 278-9. LRBC II, 462. EMA 137/2 and 138/2. C 43. [Constantia/Arles, AD 358-60]. VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

19082

Obv. As 19065. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark P, e, or S (= 1, 5, or 6) with wreath or star between. Cf. RIC viii, p. 279, 319 and 321. LRBC II, 690 and 692. C 44. [Rome, AD 358-60]. VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

19083

Ca. Rev. – as previous, but with mint mark AQ in ex. followed by officina mark P, S, or T (= 1, 2, or 3), sometimes with dot preceding the mint mark or following the officina mark, sometimes the mint and officina marks flanked by dots. RIC viii, pp. 336-7, 234, 236, 238, and 240. LRBC II, 952, 954, and 956. MA 600-03. C 43. [Aquileia, AD 358-60]. VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

JULIAN II, ‘THE APOSTATE’ 19084

275

Bronze reduced maiorina (c. 1.90 grams). Ba. Rev. – as previous, but with mint mark SIS in ex. preceded by officina mark A, B, or D (= 1, 2, or 4), sometimes with dot preceding the officina mark or following the mint mark, sometimes with star following the mint mark or in r. field, sometimes with V following the mint mark, and sometimes with dot in r. field. RIC viii, p. 378, 391, 394, 397, 399, 401-2, and 404. LRBC II, 1244, 1247, 1249, and 1251. C 42. [Siscia, AD 358-60]. VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

19085 19085

As previous, but with mint mark SIRM in ex. preceded by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2), sometimes with dot following the mint mark or in r. field, sometimes with S in l. field, sometimes flanked by dots or with horizontal dividing line. RIC viii, p. 390, 81, 83-5, 87, 89, and 91. LRBC II, 1616. C 42. [Sirmium, AD 358-60]. VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

19086

Aa. Rev. — as 19080, but with mint mark S M TS in ex. followed by officina mark e (= 5), sometimes with star in l. field. RIC viii, p. 422, 214 and 216. LRBC II, 1690 and 1692. C 45. [Thessalonica, AD 358-60]. VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

19087

A or C, a. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark S M H in ex. followed by officina mark G or D (= 3 or 4). RIC viii, p. 437, 99-100. LRBC II, 1906. C 43 and 45. [Heraclea, AD 358-60]. VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

19088

Aa. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark CONS in ex. followed by officina mark A-I (= 1-10) sometimes followed by branch, or rarely with C in l. field. RIC viii, p. 461, 150, 152, and 154. LRBC II, 2054-5. C 45. [Constantinople, AD 358-60]. VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

19089

C (but CAESAR for CAES), a. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark e (= 5). RIC viii, p. 482, 113-14. LRBC II, 2316. C —. [Nicomedia, AD 358-60]. VF £18 ($32) / EF £55 ($95)

19090

Obv. As 19060. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark S M K in ex. followed by officina mark A- e (= 1-5), sometimes with G or L in l. field. RIC viii, p. 499, 118, 120, and 122. LRBC II, 2505 and cf. 2507. Cf. C 47. [Cyzicus, AD 358-60]. VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

19091

Ca. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark AN in ex. followed by officina mark H, AI, or GI (= 8, 11, or 13). RIC viii, p. 528, 194. LRBC II, 2639. C 43. [Antioch, AD 358-60]. VF £18 ($32) / EF £55 ($95)

19092

As previous, but with mint mark ALE in ex. followed by officina mark D (= 4). RIC viii, p. 545, 88. LRBC II, 2851. C 43. [Alexandria, AD 358-60]. VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

Issues as Augustus, AD 360-363 19093

Gold solidus (c. 4.5 grams). FL CL IVLIANVS PER AVG, b. Rev. GLORIA REI PVBLICAE, enthroned figures of Roma (on l., facing, hd. r.) and Constantinopolis (on r., turned to l.), holding between them shield inscribed VOTIS / V / MVLTIS / X, each holding sceptre in l. hand, Constantinopolis with r. foot on prow, mint mark TR in ex. followed by dot. RIC viii, p. 168, 362. C 28. Depeyrot, p. 112, 17/1. [Trier, AD 360]. VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £2,000 ($3,500)

276

Roman Coins and Their Values

19094

Gold solidus. Hb. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark LVG in ex. RIC viii, p. 192, 205-6. Bastien 255. C 30. Depeyrot, p. 126, 4/1-2. [Lugdunum, AD 360]. VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £2,000 ($3,500)

19094A

Similar, but the shield is inscribed VOTIS / X / MVLTIS / XX. RIC viii, p. 194, 225A. Bastien 273. C —. Depeyrot, p. 126, 5/1. [Lugdunum, AD 361]. VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,600 ($4,500)

19095

19097   19095 FL CL IVLIANVS PERP AVG, b. Rev. — as 19093, but with mint mark KONSTAN (TAN in monogram) in ex., and the shield is inscribed VOT / V / MVLT / X (sometimes with stars either side of V) and sometimes with eagle on top of shield or on exergual line. RIC viii, pp. 225-6, 281-7. EMA 139/3-5 and 140/2-6. C 27. Depeyrot, p. 134, 8/3VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £2,000 ($3,500) 4 and 9/2-6. [Constantia/Arles, AD 360].

19096

Hb. Rev. VIRTVS EXERC GALL, soldier advancing r., hd. l., holding trophy in l. hand and dragging captive by the hair with r., mint mark LVG in ex. Cf. RIC viii, p. 194, 226 (mistakenly describing an ancient imitation with star in rev. field). Bastien 267. C —. Depeyrot, p. 127, 6/1. [Lugdunum, AD 361]. VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,600 ($4,500)

19097

H (sometimes ending P F P AVG), b. Rev. — as previous, but also with eagle stg. r., hd. l., wreath in beak in r. field, and with mint mark KONSTAN (TAN in monogram) in ex. RIC viii, p. 227, 303-4. EMA 145/1-2. C 75. Depeyrot, p. 135, 10/1-2. [Constantia/ VF £775 ($1,350) / EF £2,300 ($4,000) Arles, AD 362-3]. Kent (RIC viii, p. 202) suggests that the eagle (of Jupiter) in the reverse field may be evidence of lingering pagan sympathies at the Arles mint (see also nos. 19117, 19126, and 19149).

19098

Hb. Rev. VIRTVS EXERCITVS ROMANI, as 19096, but with mint mark SIRM in ex. followed by star. RIC viii, p. 391, 92. C 77 var. Depeyrot, p. 208, 18/1. [Sirmium, AD 362]. VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,600 ($4,500)

19099

As previous, but with mint mark TES in ex. usually followed by wreath or (very rarely) preceded by star and followed by wreath and palm. RIC viii, p. 422, 217-18. C 77. Depeyrot, p. 218, 16/1, 17/1, and 19/1. [Thessalonica, AD 362-3]. VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £2,000 ($3,500)

19100

Hb. Rev. VIRTVS EXERCITVS ROMANORVM, as 19096, but with mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark P, B, T, Q, or e (= 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5), the whole rarely flanked by palms. RIC viii, p. 279, 323-4. C 78 var. Depeyrot, p. 147, 17/1 and 18/1. [Rome, AD 362-3]. VF £775 ($1,350) / EF £2,300 ($4,000)

19101

Similar, but with EXERICTVS (sic) for EXERCITVS, and with mint mark VRB•ROM• in ex. followed by officina mark B (= 2). RIC viii, —. C —. Depeyrot, p. VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,600 ($4,500) 147, 19/1. [Rome, AD 362-3].

19100

 

19102

JULIAN II, ‘THE APOSTATE’

277

19102

Gold solidus. Hb. Rev. VIRTVS EXERCITVS ROMANORVM, as 19096, but with mint mark SIRM in ex., usually followed by wreath and sometimes also preceded by star, palm, or dot, sometimes also with dot following the wreath. RIC viii, p. 391, 93100. C 78. Depeyrot, pp. 208-9, 19/1, 20/1, 21/1, and 22/1. [Sirmium, AD 362-3]. VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £2,000 ($3,500)

19103

As previous, but with mint mark TES in ex. flanked by dots. RIC viii, p. 422, 219. C 78 var. Depeyrot, p. 218, 18/1. [Thessalonica, AD 362-3]. VF £775 ($1,350) / EF £2,300 ($4,000)

19104

  19104 19107 G or H, b. Rev. — as 19096, but with mint mark CONSP (rarely CONS) in ex., sometimes flanked by palms. RIC viii, p. 462, 156-8. C 78-9. Cf. Depeyrot, p. 232, 6/1, VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £2,000 ($3,500) 7/1, and 8/1. [Constantinople, AD 362-3].

19105

Hb. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark NIK in ex. followed by officina mark e or I (= 5 or 10). RIC viii, p. 483, 115. C 80. Depeyrot, p. 265, 8/1. [Nicomedia, AD 362-3]. VF £775 ($1,350) / EF £2,300 ($4,000)

19106

G or H, b. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark ANT in ex. followed by officina mark A-I (= 1-10). RIC viii, p. 530, 195-203. C 78-80. Depeyrot, p. 278, 15/1-2. [Antioch, AD 362-3]. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,700 ($3,000)

19107

G, diad. bust l., wearing consular robes and holding mappa and sceptre. Rev. — Julian, in consular robes, enthroned facing, holding mappa and sceptre, mint mark ANT in ex. followed by officina mark A (= 1). RIC viii, p. 530, 204. C —. Depeyrot, p. 279, 16/1. VF £2,000 ($3,500) / EF £5,700 ($10,000) [Antioch, AD 363]. This and the following type celebrate Julian’s fourth consulship assumed at Antioch in January AD 363.

19108

Similar to previous, but the obv. legend is sometimes preceded by D N, and on rev. Julian is stg. to l. in consular robes, holding mappa and sceptre (officinae B and G = 2 and 3 recorded). RIC viii, p. 530, 205-6. C —. Depeyrot, p. 279, 16/2 and 4. [Antioch, AD 363]. VF £1,700 ($3,000) / EF £5,200 ($9,000) A rarer variant has the obv. type to right (Depeyrot, p. 279, 16/3, officina B = 2 only recorded).

19109

Gold semissis or half solidus (c. 2.25 grams). Hb. Rev. VICTORIA DD NN AVG, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark LVG in ex. RIC viii, —. Bastien, p. 263. C —. Depeyrot, p. 127, 5/2. [Lugdunum, AD 361]. VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £2,000 ($3,500) This appears to have been struck from siliqua dies (see no. 19121).

19110

Hb. Rev. VICTORIAE DD NN AVGG, Victory seated r. on cuirass, inscribing VOT / X on shield set on l. knee and supported by Genius stg. l. before her, mint mark LVG in ex. RIC viii, p. 193, 207. Bastien 274. C —. Depeyrot, p. 127, 5/3. [Lugdunum, AD 360-61]. VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £2,000 ($3,500)

19111

Gold 1.5-scripulum or 9-siliqua (c. 1.68 grams). Fb. Rev. VICTORIAAVGVSTORVM, Victory seated r., as previous, but with mint mark KONSTAN in ex. (the last three letters in monogram) in ex. RIC viii, p. 226, 288. EMA 145/3. C —. Depeyrot, p. 135, 10/3. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,700 ($3,000) [Constantia/Arles, AD 362-3].

19112

IVLIANVS AVG, b. Rev. VICTORIA ROMANORVM, as previous, but the shield is inscribed VOT / XX, and with mint mark ANT in ex. RIC viii, p. 530, 297-8. C 62. Depeyrot, p. 279, 17/1. [Antioch, AD 362-3]. VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £2,000 ($3,500)

278

Roman Coins and Their Values

19113

Gold 1.5-scripulum. Hb. Rev. VICTORIAE D N AVG, as previous, but the shield is inscribed VOTIS / V / MVLTIS / X, and with mint mark TES in ex. RIC viii, p. 423, 220. C 66. Depeyrot, p. 218, 19/2. [Thessalonica, AD 362-3]. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,700 ($3,000)



NB Kent (RIC viii, p. 228, 305) records a silver heavy miliarensis of Constantia/Arles from an early seventeenth century source, rev. FIDES EXERCITVVM, three standards: confirmation is required.

19114

19115

  19114 19116 Silver light miliarensis (c. 4.5 grams). Gb. Rev. VICTORIA ROMANORVM, archway, beneath which Julian, in military attire, stands facing, hd. r., holding spear and globe, crowned by Victory advancing l., on r., also holding palm, mint mark SIRM preceded by star in ex. RIC viii, p. 392, 104. RSC 63a. [Sirmium, AD 362-3]. VF £1,250 ($2,200) / EF £3,150 ($5,500) As previous, but with mint mark ANT in ex. RIC viii, p. 531, 210. RSC 63b. [Antioch, VF £1,375 ($2,400) / EF £3,450 ($6,000)

AD 362-3].

19116

Fb. Rev. VIRTVS EXERCITVM, soldier stg. facing, hd. r., resting on spear and shield, mint mark CON in ex. preceded by officina mark S or T (= 2 or 3). RIC viii, p. 226, 290. RSC 71A. Cf. EMA 141/2. [Constantia/Arles, AD 360-61]. VF £1,025 ($1,800) / EF £2,600 ($4,500)

19117

Eb. Rev. VIRTVS EXERCITVS, as previous, but with eagle stg. r., hd. l., wreath in beak in r. field, and officina P (= 1) also recorded. RIC viii, p. 228, 306-8. RSC 72a. VF £925 ($1,600) / EF £2,300 ($4,000) EMA 147/1. [Constantia/Arles, AD 361-3]. See note following no. 19097.

19118

FL CL IVLIANVS PERP AVG, b. Rev. — as previous, but without eagle in field, and with mint mark LVG in ex. RIC viii, p. 193, 209. Bastien 257. RSC 72c. [Lugdunum, VF £1,025 ($1,800) / EF £2,600 ($4,500) AD 360-61].

19119

Hb. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark SIRM flanked by dots. RIC viii, p. 392, VF £925 ($1,600) / EF £2,300 ($4,000) 101. RSC 72b. [Sirmium, AD 361-2].

19120

Silver heavy siliqua (c. 3.37 grams). Hb. Rev. VICTORIA AVGVSTI N, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark R in ex. RIC viii, p. 280, 325-6. RSC VF £225 ($400) / EF £575 ($1,000) 54a-b. [Sirmium, AD 361-2]. NB The old Constantinian siliqua of 1/96th of a pound was still occasionally struck after AD 357 when it was replaced in general circulation by the reduced siliqua of 1/144th of a pound.



19121

19122

Silver siliqua (c. 2.25 grams). Hb. Rev. VICTORIA DD NN AVG, as previous, but with mint mark LVG in ex. RIC viii, p. 193, 212-13 and 215-215A. Bastien 259. RSC VF £50 ($80) / EF £130 ($200) 58a-d. [Lugdunum, AD 360-61]. NB This lighter version of the siliqua became the standard silver coin following the Constantian reform of AD 357. In consequence, in this catalogue it is referred to simply as a ‘silver siliqua’ from the reign of Julian onwards. Hb. Rev. VOT / V / MVLT / X in four lines within wreath, mint mark LVG in ex., sometimes preceded by officina mark P (= 1) and followed by star. RIC viii, p. 195, 229-30. Bastien 270 and 272. RSC 142a-b. [Lugdunum, AD 361]. VF £60 ($100) / EF £140 ($250)

JULIAN II, ‘THE APOSTATE’

279

19123

Silver siliqua. Hb. Rev. VOT / X / MVLT / XX in four lines within wreath, mint mark LVG in ex., usually preceded by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). RIC viii, p. 195, 231-3. Bastien 275-7. RSC 146a-c. [Lugdunum, AD 361-2]. VF £50 ($80) / EF £130 ($200)

19124

Eb. Rev. As previous, but the mint mark is always preceded by the officina mark. RIC viii, p. 195, 234. Bastien 278-9. RSC 148a. [Lugdunum, AD 361-2]. VF £50 ($90) / EF £130 ($225)

19125

As previous, but with mint mark LVGD preceded by officina mark S (= 2), and with star within the small medallion at the top of the wreath on rev. RIC viii, p. 195, 235. Bastien 281. RSC 148b. [Lugdunum, AD 362]. VF £60 ($100) / EF £140 ($250)

19126

19126   19127 Eb. Rev. As 19123, but with mint mark CONST in ex. preceded by officina mark P, S, or T (= 1, 2, or 3), and with eagle or (rarely) large dot within the small medallion at the top of the wreath. RIC viii, p. 228, 309-12. RSC 148c and e. EMA 147/2-3. [Constantia/ VF £50 ($80) / EF £130 ($200) Arles, AD 361-2]. See note following no. 19097.

19127

As previous, but with mint mark CP in ex. followed by dot and by officina mark A, B, G, or D (= 1, 2, 3, or 4). RIC viii, p. 462, 159. RSC 148d. [Constantinople, AD 362-3]. VF £60 ($100) / EF £140 ($250)

19128

Gb. Rev. As previous, but with mint mark ANT in ex. RIC viii, p. 531, 213-14. RSC VF £60 ($100) / EF £140 ($250) 147a. [Antioch, AD 362-3].

19129

D N CL IVLIANVS AVG or FL CL IVLIANVS AVG, b. Rev. VOTIS / V / MVLTIS / X in four lines within wreath, mint mark TR in ex. sometimes followed by palm. RIC viii, p. 168, 363-5. RSC 157a-b and 164b. [Trier, AD 361-2]. VF £50 ($80) / EF £130 ($200)

19130

Hb. Rev. As previous, but with mint mark LVG in ex. RIC viii, p. 193, 218-19. Bastien 261. RSC 163a and c. [Lugdunum, AD 360-61]. VF £50 ($80) / EF £130 ($200)

19131

Similar, but the mint mark is preceded by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). RIC viii, p. 195, 227. Bastien 268-9. RSC 163b. [Lugdunum, AD 361-2]. VF £50 ($80) / EF £130 ($200)

19132

F or D N CL IVLIANVS AVG, b. Rev. As 19129, but with mint mark CON in ex. preceded by officina mark P, S, or T (= 1, 2, or 3). RIC viii, p. 227, 295-7. RSC 157c and 161. EMA 141/7-8. [Constantia/Arles, AD 360-61]. VF £50 ($80) / EF £130 ($200)

19133

H or (rarely) G, b. Rev. As previous, but with mint mark SIRM in ex. RIC viii, p. 392, VF £50 ($90) / EF £130 ($225) 102-3. RSC 159 and 164a. [Sirmium, AD 361-2].

19134

Hb. Rev. As previous, but with mint mark TES in ex. RIC viii, p. 423, 221. RSC 163d. [Thessalonica, AD 361-2]. VF £85 ($150) / EF £200 ($350)

19135

Gb. Rev. VOTIS / X / MVLTIS / XX in four lines within wreath, mint mark ANT in ex. RIC viii, p. 531, 211-12. RSC 164A. [Antioch, AD 362-3]. VF £65 ($110) / EF £155 ($275)

19129

 

19130

280 19136

Roman Coins and Their Values Silver half siliqua (c. 1.12 grams). Gf. Rev. VICTORIA PERPETV, Victory stg. facing, hd. l., holding wreath and trophy, mint mark TR in ex. Cf. RIC viii, p. 169, 366. Cf. RSC 61. [Trier, AD 360-61]. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,425 ($2,500) The reverse type appears to be misdescribed in the standard works. The style is unusual and Kent (RIC viii, p. 169, note) thinks that it may be an irregular issue based on the FELICITAS PERPETVA siliquae of Aquileia of Constantius II and Constans (see nos. 17896 and 18487).

PRE-REFORM BRONZE COINAGE, AD 360/61-362 19137

Bronze reduced maiorina (c. 1.90 grams). Hb. Rev. SPES REI PVBLICE, Julian, helmeted and in military attire, stg. l., holding globe and resting on spear, mint mark LG in ex. preceded by R and by officina mark S (= 2). RIC viii, p. 194, 223-4. LRBC II, 266. Bastien 262. C 50. [Lugdunum, AD 360-61]. VF £18 ($32) / EF £55 ($95)

19138

Similar, but with mint mark LVG in ex. preceded or followed by officina mark S (= 2), sometimes with star following the mint mark when it is preceded by the officina mark. RIC viii, —. LRBC II, —. Bastien 264 and 266. C 50. [Lugdunum, AD 361]. VF £18 ($32) / EF £55 ($95)

19139

Fb. Rev. — as 19137, but with mint mark CON in ex. preceded by officina mark T (= 3), crescent or star in l. field. RIC viii, p. 227, 299 and 301. LRBC II, 465. EMA 142/2 VF £18 ($32) / EF £55 ($95) and 143/2. C 48. [Constantia/Arles, AD 360-61].

19140

Gb. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark CON[S] in ex. followed by uncertain officina mark. RIC viii, p. 462, 160. LRBC II, —. C 49. [Constantinople, AD 361-2]. VF £18 ($32) / EF £55 ($95)

19141

F or H, b. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark A or e (= 1 or 5). RIC viii, p. 483, 116-17. LRBC II, —. C 48 and 50. [Nicomedia, VF £18 ($32) / EF £55 ($95) AD 361-2].

19142

Eb. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark S M K in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, G, D, or e (= 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5). RIC viii, p. 500, 123-4. LRBC II, —. C 51. [Cyzicus, VF £18 ($32) / EF £55 ($95) AD 361-2].

19143

Fb. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark ALE in ex. followed by officina mark B or G (= 2 or 3). RIC viii, p. 545, 89. LRBC II, 2852. C 48. [Alexandria, AD 361-2]. VF £18 ($32) / EF £55 ($95)

POST-REFORM BASE BILLON AND BRONZE COINAGE, AD 362-363 19144

Billon double maiorina (c. 8.25 grams). Eb. Rev. SECVRITAS REI PVB, bull stg. r., two stars above, mint mark LVGD in ex. preceded by palm and officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). RIC viii, p. 195, 238. LRBC II, 269. Bastien 288-9. C 38. [Lugdunum, AD 362]. VF £200 ($200) / EF £375 ($650)

19145

Similar, but with mint and officina marks LVGD OFF P (= 1) or S (= 2) in ex., rarely with dot in r. field or to r. of the exergual line. RIC viii, p. 195, 236-7. LRBC II, 268. VF £90 ($160) / EF £320 ($550) Bastien 284-7. C 38. [Lugdunum, AD 362-3].

19146

Eb. Rev. — as 19144, but with mint mark CON in ex. preceded by officina mark P, S, or T (= 1, 2, or 3), wreath in field to r. or club following the mint mark. RIC viii, p. 229, 313-16. LRBC II, 467. EMA 148/1 and 149/1. C 38. [Constantia/Arles, AD 362]. VF £200 ($200) / EF £375 ($650)

19147

Similar, but with mint mark CONST in ex. preceded by officina mark S = 2 (no symbol). RIC viii, p. 229, 317. LRBC II, —. EMA 150/1. C 38. [Constantia/Arles, AD 362]. VF £200 ($200) / EF £375 ($650)

JULIAN II, ‘THE APOSTATE’

281

19148 19148

Billon double maiorina. As previous, but with eagle stg. r., hd. l., wreath in beak in rev. field to r., sometimes with dot following the mint mark, and rarely with mint mark CONS instead of CONST in ex. (officinae P, S, and T = 1, 2, and 3 recorded). RIC viii, p. 229, 318-23. LRBC II, 468-9. EMA 151/1, 152/1, and 153/1. C 39. [Constantia/ VF £100 ($175) / EF £350 ($600) Arles, AD 362-3]. See note following no. 19097.

19149

Eb. Rev. — as 19144, but with mint mark AQVIL in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2), sometimes with dot preceding the mint mark. RIC viii, p. 337, 242-3. LRBC II, 957 and 959. MA 604-5. C 38. [Aquileia, AD 362-3]. VF £90 ($160) / EF £320 ($550)

19150

Eb. Rev. – as previous, but with mint mark SIS in ex. preceded by officina mark A, B, G, or D (= 1, 2, 3, or 4), the whole flanked by palms and the mint mark sometimes also followed by dot, or with star preceding the officina mark and palm following the mint mark. RIC viii, p. 380, 411-13. LRBC II, 1257 and 1259. C 38. [Siscia, AD 362]. VF £100 ($175) / EF £350 ($600)

19151

Similar, but with mint mark SISC preceded by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2), the whole flanked by palms or by palm and wreath, or with palm following the mint mark only. RIC viii, p. 380, 417-19. LRBC II, 1261 and 1263. C 38. [Siscia, AD 362-3]. VF £90 ($160) / EF £320 ($550)

19152

Eb. Rev. — as 19144, but with mint mark SIRM in ex. preceded by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2), the whole flanked by star and wreath or by star and palm, or with wreath following the mint mark only. RIC viii, p. 392, 105-7. LRBC II, 1620-22. C 38. [Sirmium, AD 362-3]. VF £90 ($160) / EF £320 ($550)

19153

Eb. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark TES in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, G, or D (= 1, 2, 3, or 4), the whole flanked by two palms, by palm and dot, or by palm and star preceding the mint mark and dot and palm following the officina mark. RIC viii, p. 423, 224-6. LRBC II, 1695-6. C 38. [Thessalonica, AD 362-3]. VF £100 ($175) / EF £350 ($600)

19154

Eb. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark S M H in ex. followed by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2). RIC viii, p. 438, 101. LRBC II, —. C 38. [Heraclea, AD 362]. VF £200 ($200) / EF £375 ($650)

19152

282

Roman Coins and Their Values

19155

SECVRITAS REI PVB (cont.) Billon double maiorina. Similar, but with mint mark HERACL followed by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2), usually with dots flanking the mint mark and sometimes with a third dot beneath. RIC viii, p. 438, 102-4. LRBC II, 1907 and 1910. C 38. [Heraclea, AD 362-3]. VF £100 ($175) / EF £350 ($600)

19156

Eb. Rev. — as 19144, but with mint mark CONS in ex. followed by officina mark A (= 1), the whole flanked by palms. RIC viii, —. LRBC II, —. C 38. (Seen by author, June VF £100 ($175) / EF £350 ($600) 1995). [Constantinople, AD 362].

19157

Similar, but with mint mark CONSP followed by officina mark A, B, G, or D (= 1, 2, 3, or 4), the whole flanked by dot and palm or (more rarely) by two palms, usually with dot in lower r. field following the inscription. RIC viii, pp. 462-3, 162-4. LRBC II, 2058-9. VF £90 ($160) / EF £320 ($550) C 38. [Constantinople, AD 362-3].

19158

Eb. Rev. — as 19144, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark A (= 1), the whole sometimes flanked by palms. RIC viii, p. 483, 118-19. LRBC II, 2317. C VF £200 ($200) / EF £375 ($650) 38. [Nicomedia, AD 362].

19159

Similar, but with mint mark NIK followed by officina mark A, B, or G (= 1, 2, or 3), the whole flanked by palms (sometimes also with dot following the officina mark), or with star following the officina mark. RIC viii, p. 484, 120-22. LRBC II, 2318-19. C 38. [Nicomedia, AD 362-3]. VF £100 ($175) / EF £350 ($600)

19160

Eb. Rev. — as 19144, but with mint mark S M K in ex. followed by officina mark B (= 2). RIC viii, p. 500, 128. LRBC II, —. C 38. [Cyzicus, AD 362]. VF £200 ($200) / EF £375 ($650)

19161

Similar, but with mint mark CVZ (or less frequently CVZIC or CVZICEN) followed by officina mark A, B, or G (= 1, 2, or 3). RIC viii, p. 500, 125-7. LRBC II, 2508-9 and VF £90 ($160) / EF £320 ($550) 2511. C 38. [Cyzicus, AD 362-3].

19157

19162

19163

19162 Eb. Rev. — as 19144, but with mint mark ANT in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, G, or D (= 1, 2, 3, or 4), the whole flanked by palms. RIC viii, p. 532, 216-17. LRBC II, VF £90 ($160) / EF £320 ($550) 2640-41. C 38. [Antioch, AD 362-3]. Similar, but with mint mark S M ANT instead of ANT (officinae A and D = 1 and 4 only recorded), the whole flanked by palms. RIC viii, p. 532, 218. LRBC II, —. C 38. [Antioch, AD 363]. VF £200 ($200) / EF £375 ($650)

JULIAN II, ‘THE APOSTATE’

283

19164

Bronze centenionalis (c. 2.95 grams). Ec. Rev. VOT / X / MVLT / XX in four lines within wreath, mint mark LVGD in ex. preceded by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). RIC viii, p. 196, 239. LRBC II, 270. Bastien 282-3. C 151. [Lugdunum, AD 362-3]. VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

19165

As previous, but with mint mark CONST in ex. preceded by officina mark P, S, or T (= 1, 2, or 3). RIC viii, p. 229, 324-6. LRBC II, 470-71. EMA 154/1. C 151. [Constantia/ VF £21 ($36) / EF £65 ($110) Arles, AD 362-3].

19166

As previous, but with mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark P, B, T, or Q (= 1, 2, 3, or 4) with star between. RIC viii, p. 280, 328. LRBC II, 694. C 151. [Rome, AD 362]. VF £19 ($33) / EF £60 ($100)

19167

Similar, but with mint mark ROMA followed by officina mark P-Q, as previous, but with dot between. RIC viii, p. 280, 330. LRBC II, p. 106, 694-5 note. C 151. [Rome, AD 362]. VF £19 ($33) / EF £60 ($100)

19168

19168 Similar, but with mint mark VRB • ROM • followed by officina mark P-Q. RIC viii, p. VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90) 280, 329. LRBC II, 695. C 151. [Rome, AD 362-3].

19169

Ec. Rev. — as 19164, but with mint mark AQVIL in ex. followed by officina mark P, S, or T (= 1, 2, or 3), sometimes with dot below the votive inscription. RIC viii, p. 337, 244-5. LRBC II, 958. MA 606-7. C 151. [Aquileia, AD 362-3]. VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

19170

As previous, but with mint mark SIS preceded by officina mark A, B, G, or D (= 1, 2, 3, or 4), the whole usually flanked by two palms or, more rarely, by star and palm. RIC viii, p. 380, 414-16. LRBC II, 1255-6 and 1258. C 151. [Siscia, AD 362]. VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

19171

Similar, but with mint mark SISC preceded by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2), the whole usually flanked by palm and dot or by two palms. RIC viii, p. 380, 420-22. LRBC II, 1260 and 1262. C 151. [Siscia, AD 362-3]. VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

19172

19172

 

19174 Ec. Rev. — as 19164, but with mint mark SIRM in ex. preceded by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2). RIC viii, p. 393, 108. LRBC II, 1619. C 151. [Sirmium, AD 362-3]. VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

19173

As previous, but with mint mark TES in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, G, or D (= 1, 2, 3, or 4), the whole flanked by two palms, sometimes with star below the votive inscription. RIC viii, p. 423, 227-8. LRBC II, 1697. C 151. [Thessalonica, AD 362-3]. VF £18 ($32) / EF £55 ($95)

19174

As previous, but with mint mark HERACL followed by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2), usually with dot between. RIC viii, p. 438, 105-6. LRBC II, 1908-9. C 151. [Heraclea, AD 362-3]. VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

284

Roman Coins and Their Values

19175

Bronze centenionalis. Ec. Rev. — as 19164, but with mint mark CONS in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, or D (= 1, 2, or 4), the whole flanked by palms. RIC viii, p. 463, 165. LRBC II, —. C 151. [Constantinople, AD 362]. VF £19 ($33) / EF £60 ($100)

19176

Similar, but with mint mark CONSP followed by officina mark A, B, G, or D (= 1, 2, 3, or 4), the whole flanked by two palms or by dot and palm. RIC viii, p. 463, 166-7. VF £18 ($32) / EF £55 ($95) LRBC II, 2060. C 151. [Constantinople, AD 362-3].

19177

Ec. Rev. — as 19164, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark G (= 3). RIC viii, p. 484, 122A. LRBC II, —. C 151. [Nicomedia, AD 362]. VF £19 ($33) / EF £60 ($100)

19178

Similar, but with mint mark NIK followed by officina mark A, B, or G (= 1, 2, or 3), the whole sometimes flanked by palms, or with dot in lower l. field. RIC viii, p. 484, 123-5. VF £18 ($32) / EF £55 ($95) LRBC II, 2320. C 151. [Nicomedia, AD 362-3].

19179

Ec. Rev. — as 19164, but with mint mark S M K followed by officina mark B or G (= 2 or 3). RIC viii, p. 501, 131. LRBC II, —. C 151. [Cyzicus, AD 362]. VF £19 ($33) / EF £60 ($100)

19180

Similar, but with mint mark CVZ or CVZIC followed by officina mark A, B, or G (= 1, 2, or 3). RIC viii, p. 501, 129-30. LRBC II, 2510 and 2512. C 151. [Cyzicus, AD 362VF £18 ($32) / EF £55 ($95) 3].

19181

Ec. Rev. — as 19164, but with mint mark ANT in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, G, or D (= 1, 2, 3, or 4), the whole usually flanked by palms. RIC viii, p. 532, 219-20. VF £18 ($32) / EF £55 ($95) LRBC II, 2642-3. C 151. [Antioch, AD 362-3].

19182

Similar, but with mint mark S M ANT instead of ANT (officinae A and G = 1 and 3 only recorded), the whole flanked by palms. RIC viii, p. 532, 221. LRBC II, 2644. C 151. VF £19 ($33) / EF £60 ($100) [Antioch, AD 363].

19183

Ec. Rev. — as 19164, but with mint mark ALE in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, or G (= 1, 2, or 3), the whole usually flanked by palms. RIC viii, p. 546, 90-91. LRBC VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90) II, 2853-4. C 151. [Alexandria, AD 362-3].

19184

Bronze half centenionalis? (c. 1.50 grams). Hb. Rev. VIRT EXERC ROMANOR, soldier advancing r., hd. l., holding trophy in l. hand and dragging captive by the hair with r., mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark P, B, T, Q, or Z (= 1, 2, 3, 4, or 7) with wreath between. RIC viii, p. 280, 327. LRBC II, 693. Cf. C 82 (misdescribed). VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150) [Rome, AD 362].

JOVIAN 27 Jun. AD 363-17 Feb. 364 19195 The brief reign of Flavius Jovianus saw the immediate abandonment of his predecessor’s policy of pagan revival and the reinstatement of Christianity as the officially sanctioned state religion. Born at Singidunum (Belgrade) about AD 330/31, Jovian was the son of Varronianus, comes domesticorum (commander of the corps of imperial bodyguards) under Constantius II, and was himself promoted to that post under Julian. Following Julian’s death in combat during his Persian campaign, the army first offered the throne to the elderly praetorian prefect Saturninius Secundus Salutius who declined the honour on the grounds of ill-health and advanced age. Their next choice was Jovian and, despite being unequal to such a heavy responsibility, he accepted the crown. For the first time in seven decades no representative of the House of Constantius and Constantine held imperial office.

JOVIAN

285

Jovian’s first act was to conclude a disgraceful peace with the Persians which, though it enabled him to extricate his demoralized army virtually intact from foreign territory, obliged the Romans to make significant territorial concessions. These included the provinces beyond the Tigris acquired by Galerius during Diocletian’s reign, the frontier fortress-towns of Nisibis and Singara, and a large portion of Armenia. After a short stay in Antioch restoring the privileged position of the Christian Church, the new emperor set out for the West in order to assert his authority in the European provinces. He got no further than the small town of Dadastana in Bithynia where he was discovered dead in his bed, supposedly having succumbed to noxious fumes from a brazier placed in his room to provide warmth (17 Feb. AD 364). Jovian’s reign provided a brief intermission between two great imperial dynasties, those of Constantine and of Valentinian and Theodosius. Though he had little opportunity to make a significant mark on history, his accession marked the final blow to the hopes of pagan sympathizers. Also, he was the last emperor to succeed to a united Empire and to rule alone throughout his reign. The coinage of Jovian follows the same pattern as that of his predecessor, though the important mint of Trier was inactive during this reign. The curious ‘bull’ reverse on his predecessor’s double maiorinae was replaced by a more conventional standing figure of the emperor, while Julian’s ‘military’ obverse on the centenionales was changed to a normal diademed bust, albeit sometimes turned to left. The following obverse legends are represented by capital letters:

A. D N IOVIANVS P F AVG B. D N IOVIANVS P F P AVG C. D N IOVIANVS P F PP AVG D. D N IOVIANVS P F PERP AVG E. D N IOVIANVS PEP AVG

The following obverse types are represented by lower case letters:

a. Diad., dr. and cuir. bust r. b. Diad., dr. and cuir. bust l.

19185

Gold solidus. Aa. Rev. GLORIA REI PVBLICAE, enthroned figures of Roma facing (on l.) and Constantinopolis l. (on r.), holding between them shield inscribed VOT / V / MVLT / X, each holding sceptre in l. hand, Constantinopolis with r. foot on prow, mint mark TES in ex. flanked by palm and star. RIC viii, p. 424, 231. Cf. C 3 (reverse inaccurately described). Depeyrot, p. 219, 22/2. [Thessalonica]. VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,600 ($4,500)

19186

D (but PER for PERP), a. Rev. SECVRIT REI PVBLICAE, enthroned figures of Roma and Constantinopolis, as previous, but with mint and officina marks S M N S (= 6) in ex. RIC viii, —. C —. Depeyrot, p. 266, 9/3. [Nicomedia]. VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,600 ($4,500)

19187

Aa. Rev. SECVRITAS REI PVBLICAE, as previous, but with mint mark LVG in ex. sometimes followed by star. RIC viii, p. 196, 240. Bastien 1 and (Supplement I) 1a. C 9 var. Depeyrot, p. 127, 7/1 and 8/1. [Lugdunum]. VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,600 ($4,500)

19188

Aa. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark KONSTAN (the last three letters in monogram) in ex. RIC viii, p. 230, 327. EMA 155/1. C 9 var. Depeyrot, p. 135, 11/1. (Unique) [Constantia/Arles].

19189

Da. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark CONSP in ex. RIC viii, p. 464, 170. C 10. Depeyrot, p. 233, 9/2. [Constantinople]. VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £2,000 ($3,500)

19190

Ea. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark

e, S, or I (= 5, 6, or 10). RIC viii, p. 485, 126. C —. Depeyrot, pp. 265-6, 9/1-2.

[Nicomedia]. VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £2,000 ($3,500) The variant SECORITAS for SECVRITAS is recorded by Depeyrot (p. 266, 9/3 note).

286

Roman Coins and Their Values

19191

Gold solidus. Ea. Rev. — as 19185, but with MVL for MVLT on shield, and with mint mark R S M in ex. followed by officina mark T or Q (= 3 or 4). RIC viii, p. 281, 331. Cf. C 8 and 11. Depeyrot, p. 147, 20/1. [Rome]. VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,600 ($4,500)

19192

Da. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark CONSP in ex. RIC viii, p. 464, 169. C 10 var. Depeyrot, p. 233, 9/1. [Constantinople]. VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £2,000 ($3,500)

19193

19193 A, B, or E, a. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark ANT in ex. followed by officina mark A-I (= 1-10). RIC viii, p. 532, 222-4. C 8-9. Depeyrot, p. 279, 18/1-2. [Antioch]. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,700 ($3,000) The variant SECORITAS for SECVRITAS is recorded by Depeyrot (p. 279, 18/2 note).

19194

Ba. Rev. SECVRITAS REI PVBLICE (sic), as 19185, but with mint mark S M AQ in ex. RIC viii, p. 338, 246. Cf. MA 608 (REI PVBLICAE, in error). C 12 var. Cf. Depeyrot, p. 182, 11/1. [Aquileia]. VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,600 ($4,500)

19195

Ba. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark SIRM in ex. followed by palm, or flanked by star and dot, or (most frequently) by dot and palm. Cf. RIC viii, p. 393, 113-14 (mint mark misdescribed) and 115-16. C 12. Depeyrot, pp. 209-10, 23/4-5, 24/2, and 25/1. [Sirmium]. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,700 ($3,000)

19196

Ca. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark TES in ex. flanked by palm and star. RIC viii, p. 424, 232. C 13 var. Depeyrot, p. 219, 22/3. [Thessalonica]. VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,600 ($4,500)

19197

Similar, but with mint mark S M TES. RIC viii, p. 424, 233. C 13. Depeyrot, p. 219, 23/1. [Thessalonica]. VF £775 ($1,350) / EF £2,300 ($4,000)

19198

19198 A or B, a. Rev. — Jovian, in military attire, stg. l., holding labarum and globe, captive seated on ground to l., mint mark SIRM in ex. followed by palm, or (more frequently) flanked by star and dot. RIC viii, p. 393, 109-12. C 16-17. Depeyrot, p. 209, 23/1-3 and 24/1. [Sirmium]. VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £2,000 ($3,500)

19199

Aa. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark TES in ex. flanked by star and dot. RIC viii, p. 424, 229. C 16. Depeyrot, p. 219, 20/1. [Thessalonica]. VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,600 ($4,500)



NB A gold multiple of 9 solidi, of extreme rarity, was issued in the name of Jovian at Constantinople, rev. GAVDIVM ROMANORVM, Constantinopolis (Cohen and Gnecchi say Jovian) enthroned l., extending hand to kneeling suppliant, Victory facing in background (RIC 168, Cohen 2, Gnecchi 1).

19200

Gold 1.5-scripulum or 9-siliqua (c. 1.68 grams). Aa. Rev. VICTORIA AVGVSTI, Victory seated r. on cuirass, inscribing VOT / V / MVL / X on shield set on l. knee and supported by Genius stg. l. before her, mint mark CONSP in ex. RIC viii, p. 464, 171. C —. Depeyrot, p. 233, 9/3. [Constantinople]. VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £2,000 ($3,500)

JOVIAN

287

19201

Silver heavy miliarensis (c. 5.4 grams). Ea. Rev. VOTIS / V / MVLTIS / X in four lines within wreath, mint mark ANT in ex. RIC viii, p. 533, 225. Cf. RSC 39 (wrong obv. legend). [Antioch]. VF £2,300 ($4,000) / EF £5,700 ($10,000)

19202

Silver light miliarensis (c. 4.5 grams). Ea. Rev. GLORIA ROMANORVM, archway, beneath which Jovian, in military attire, stands facing, hd. r., holding spear and globe, mint mark ANT in ex. RIC viii, p. 533, 226. RSC 4. [Antioch]. VF £1,700 ($3,000) / EF £4,300 ($7,500)

19203

Aa. Rev. RESTITVTOR REI P, Jovian, in military attire, stg. facing, hd. r., holding labarum and Victory on globe, mint mark CONST in ex. preceded by officina mark P (= 1). RIC viii, p. 230, 328. RSC 7. EMA 156/1. [Constantia/Arles]. VF £2,000 ($3,500) / EF £4,850 ($8,500)

19204

Silver heavy siliqua (c. 3.37 grams). Aa. Rev. VOT / V / MVLT / X in four lines within wreath, mint mark CONST in ex. preceded by officina mark S (= 2). RIC viii, p. 230, 329. RSC 33Aa. EMA 156/2. [Constantia/Arles]. VF £200 ($350) / EF £520 ($900)

19205

As previous, but with mint mark S M N in ex. RIC viii, —. RSC 33Af. [Nicomedia]. VF £200 ($350) / EF £520 ($900)

19202

19206

 

19207

19206

Silver siliqua (c. 2.25 grams). Aa. Rev. VOT / V / MVL / X in four lines within wreath, mint mark CP in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, G, or D (= 1, 2, 3, or 4), usually with dot between. RIC viii, p. 464, 172-3. RSC 33a-b. [Constantinople]. VF £105 ($180) / EF £250 ($450)

19207

Aa. Rev. VOT / V / MVLT / X in four lines within wreath, mint mark CONST in ex. preceded by officina mark P, S, or T (= 1, 2, or 3). RIC viii, p. 230, 331-2. RSC 33Ab. EMA 156/4. [Constantia/Arles]. VF £115 ($200) / EF £290 ($500)

19208

As previous, but with mint mark CP in ex. followed by officina mark D (= 4), dot between. RIC viii, p. 464, 174. RSC 33Ad. [Constantinople]. VF £105 ($180) / EF £250 ($450)

19209

19209 As previous, but with mint mark S M N in ex. RIC viii, p. 485, 127. RSC 33Ae. [Nicomedia]. VF £105 ($180) / EF £250 ($450)

288

Roman Coins and Their Values

19210 19210

Silver siliqua. As previous, but with mint mark ANT in ex. RIC viii, p. 533, 227. RSC 33Ag. [Antioch]. VF £105 ($180) / EF £250 ($450)

19211

Aa. Rev. VOT / X / MVLT / XX in four lines within wreath, mint mark CONST in ex. preceded by officina mark S or T (= 2 or 3). RIC viii, p. 230, 330. RSC 38. EMA 156/3. [Constantia/Arles]. VF £115 ($200) / EF £290 ($500)

19212

Aa. Rev. VOTIS / V / MVLTIS / X in four lines within wreath, mint mark SIRM in ex. Cf. RIC viii, p. 394, 117 (rev. misdescribed). Cf. RSC 33Ac (misnumbered, should be 40). [Sirmium]. VF £115 ($200) / EF £290 ($500)

19213

19213 Billon double maiorina (c. 8.25 grams). Ca. Rev. VICTORIA ROMANORVM, Jovian, in military attire, stg. facing, hd. r., holding standard and Victory on globe, mint mark TES in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, G, or D (= 1, 2, 3, or 4), the whole sometimes flanked by dots. RIC viii, pp. 424-5, 234-8. LRBC II, 1698 and 1700. C 23. [Thessalonica]. F £60 ($100) / VF £140 ($250) / EF £480 ($850)

19214 19214

Aa. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark CONSP followed by officina mark A, B, G, or D (= 1, 2, 3, or 4). RIC viii, p. 465, 175-7. LRBC II, 2061-2. C 22. [Constantinople]. F £60 ($100) / VF £140 ($250) / EF £480 ($850)

19215

As previous, but with mint mark ANT in ex. followed by A, B, G, or D (= 1, 2, 3, or 4). RIC viii, p. 533, 228-9. LRBC II, 2645-6. C 22. [Antioch]. F £60 ($100) / VF £140 ($250) / EF £480 ($850)

19216

Bronze centenionalis (c. 2.95 grams). Aa. Rev. RESTITVTOR REI P, Jovian, in military attire, stg. facing, hd. r., holding labarum and Victory on globe, mint mark CONST in ex. preceded by officina mark P (= 1). RIC viii, p. 231, 335. LRBC II, 473. Cf. EMA 157/2 (rev. misdescribed). C —. [Constantia/Arles]. (Unique)

JOVIAN

289

19217

Bronze centenionalis. Aa. Rev. VOT / V in two lines within wreath, mint mark SISC in ex. preceded by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2) which is sometimes preceded by crescent. RIC viii, p. 381, 423-4. LRBC II, 1266. C 31. [Siscia]. F £10 ($18) / VF £26 ($45) / EF £72 ($125)

19218

Ab. Rev. As previous, but with mint mark HERAC in ex. followed by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2), sometimes with dot between. RIC viii, p. 439, 108-9. LRBC II, 1912. C 32. [Heraclea]. F £10 ($18) / VF £26 ($45) / EF £72 ($125)

19219

As previous, but with mint mark CONSP in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, G, or D (= 1, 2, 3, or 4). RIC viii, p. 465, 178. LRBC II, 2063. C 32. [Constantinople]. F £10 ($18) / VF £26 ($45) / EF £72 ($125)

19220

As 19217, but with mint mark S M K in ex. followed by officina mark A (= 1). RIC viii, p. 501, 133. LRBC II, —. C 31. [Cyzicus]. F £14 ($24) / VF £35 ($60) / EF £85 ($150) Confirmation of the existence of this type is required.

19221

As previous, but with mint mark ANT followed by officina mark A, B, G, or D (= 1, 2, 3, or 4). RIC viii, p. 534, 230-31. LRBC II, 2647. C 31. [Antioch]. F £10 ($18) / VF £26 ($45) / EF £72 ($125)

19222

As previous, but with mint mark ALE in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, or G (= 1, 2, or 3). RIC viii, p. 546, 92. LRBC II, 2855. C 31. [Alexandria]. F £10 ($18) / VF £26 ($45) / EF £72 ($125)

19223

Aa. Rev. VOT / V / MVLT / X in four lines within wreath, mint mark LVG in ex. preceded by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2) and followed by star. RIC viii, p. 196, 241. LRBC II, 272. Bastien 2-3. C 35. [Lugdunum]. F £10 ($18) / VF £26 ($45) / EF £72 ($125)

19224

As previous, but with mint mark CONST in ex. preceded by officina mark P, S, or T (= 1, 2, or 3). RIC viii, p. 231, 333-4. LRBC II, 472. EMA 157/1. C 35. [Constantia/ Arles]. F £14 ($24) / VF £35 ($60) / EF £85 ($150)

19225

As previous, but with mint mark ROMA followed by officina mark P-Q (= 1-4) with dot between. RIC viii, p. 281, 334. LRBC II, 697. C 35. [Rome]. F £14 ($24) / VF £35 ($60) / EF £85 ($150)

19226

Similar, but with mint mark VRB • ROM • followed by officina mark P-Q. RIC viii, p. 281, 333. LRBC II, 696. C 35. [Rome]. F £10 ($18) / VF £26 ($45) / EF £72 ($125)

19227

As 19223, but with mint mark AQVIL in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). RIC viii, p. 338, 247. LRBC II, 960. MA 609. C 35. [Aquileia]. F £10 ($18) / VF £26 ($45) / EF £72 ($125)

19228

As previous, but with mint mark SISC in ex. preceded by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2). RIC viii, p. 381, 425-6. LRBC II, 1267. C 35. [Siscia]. F £10 ($18) / VF £26 ($45) / EF £72 ($125)

19229

As previous, but with mint mark SIRM in ex. preceded by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2). RIC viii, p. 394, 118-20. LRBC II, 1623-4. C 35. [Sirmium]. F £10 ($18) / VF £26 ($45) / EF £72 ($125)

19229

290

Roman Coins and Their Values

19230

Bronze centenionalis. Ca. Rev. As 19223, but with mint mark TES in ex. followed by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2). RIC viii, p. 425, 239. LRBC II, 1699. Cf. C 36. [Thessalonica]. F £10 ($18) / VF £26 ($45) / EF £72 ($125)

19231

Ab. Rev. As previous, but with mint mark HERAC in ex. followed by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2), sometimes with dot between. RIC viii, p. 439, 110-11. LRBC II, 1913-14. C 34. [Heraclea]. F £10 ($18) / VF £26 ($45) / EF £72 ($125)

19232

19232 As previous, but with mint mark CONSP in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, G, or D (= 1, 2, 3, or 4). RIC viii, p. 465, 179. LRBC II, 2064. C 34. [Constantinople]. F £10 ($18) / VF £26 ($45) / EF £72 ($125)

19233

As 19223, but with mint mark NIK in ex. followed by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2). RIC viii, p. 485, 128. LRBC II, —. C 35. [Nicomedia]. F £14 ($24) / VF £35 ($60) / EF £85 ($150)

19234

Similar, but with mint mark S M N followed by officina mark A or G (= 1 or 3). RIC viii, p. 485, 129. LRBC II, —. C 35. [Nicomedia]. F £14 ($24) / VF £35 ($60) / EF £85 ($150)

19235

As 19223 , but with mint mark S M K in ex. followed by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2). RIC viii, p. 501, 132. LRBC II, 2513. C 35. [Cyzicus]. F £10 ($18) / VF £26 ($45) / EF £72 ($125)

19236

As previous, but with mint mark ANT followed by officina mark A, B, G, or D (= 1, 2, 3, or 4). RIC viii, p. 534, 232-3. LRBC II, 2648. C 35. [Antioch]. F £10 ($18) / VF £26 ($45) / EF £72 ($125)

19237

Aa. Rev. VOT / X / MVLT / XX in four lines within wreath, mint mark VRB • ROM • followed by uncertain officina mark. RIC viii, p. 281, 332. LRBC II, —. C —. [Rome]. F £23 ($40) / VF £60 ($100) / EF £140 ($250)

19238

Bronze half centenionalis? (c. 1.50 grams). Aa. Rev. VICTORIA AVGVSTI N, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark R in ex. RIC viii, p. 281, 335. LRBC II, —. C 21. [Rome]. F £32 ($55) / VF £80 ($140) / EF £200 ($350)

VALENTINIAN I 26 Feb. AD 364-17 Nov. 375 19272 Following the sudden and expected death of Jovian on 17 Feb. AD 364 there was a brief delay in naming a successor. Over a 10-day period, the senior officers of the army discussed the merits of several candidates while they advanced from Dadastana to Nicaea in Bithynia. Their choice ultimately fell on the 43-year-old Flavius Valentinianus, son of Gratianus the elder and a native of Cibalae in Pannonia, who had served as a military tribune under Constantius II in Mesopotamia in 360/361. Banished to Egypt by Julian for refusing to sacrifice to the pagan gods, Valentinian was recalled by Jovian who sent him on several dangerous diplomatic missions from which he was

VALENTINIAN I

291

fortunate to escape with his life. As the eastern and western halves of the Empire were now showing clear signs of divergence, the new emperor quickly made the decision to formalize the separation of the two entities by appointing his brother Valens as emperor in the East (28 March 364) with his capital at Constantinople. Valentinian himself fixed his residence at Milan rather than Rome as it was closer to the threatened northern frontiers. The wisdom of this quickly became clear when he had to confront a constant barrage of barbarian aggression across the Rhine and Danube frontiers. Britain suffered a catastrophic attack in the winter of AD 367/8 when it was invaded simultaneously on several fronts by Picts, Attacotti, Scotti, and Saxons in what has become known as the ‘Barbarian Conspiracy’. With Valentinian himself fully engaged with military operations in Gaul, the desperate situation in Britain was temporarily relieved by vigorous action on the part of Count Theodosius, father of the future emperor Theodosius I. However, the severe blow to the island-province was eventually to prove fatal and this episode marked the beginning of the process by which Britannia was gradually lost to the Empire over the following four decades. Late in AD 375, Valentinian died of a stroke induced by rage at the insolent attitude of a delegation of barbarian Quadi that had come to discuss terms at the fortress of Brigetio (modern Szöny in Hungary). Valentinian was the last strong and truly effective emperor in the West and his death ushered in a century of decline that was to result in the extinction of the Western Empire in AD 476. He was twice married, first to Marina Severa, who bore him his elder son Gratian in AD 359, and then to Justina, the widow of Magnentius, by whom he fathered Valentinian II in 371. Clearly wishing to establish a dynastic succession, Valentinian raised the 8-year-old Gratian to the rank of co-emperor in the West in 367 and the army proclaimed the 4-year-old Valentinian II just five days after his father’s death. Despite their preoccupation with frontier wars and the usurpation of Procopius in the East, Valentinian and Valens found time to devote considerable attention to the Empire’s finances and the minting of the imperial coinage. In AD 366-7 an important reform of the tax-collection system was enacted whereby payments to the imperial treasuries could no longer be made in coin but instead had to be in the form of officially certified gold and silver bars which were guaranteed to be of the highest quality metal (‘obryzum’ in the case of gold, ‘pusulatum’ in the case of silver). These were produced by melting down the existing coinage and refining the metal thus obtained to its purest form for subsequent coin production. Such a measure was necessary because of the quantity of underweight and counterfeit coinage that was in circulation, much of it produced in inferior metal. Some mint staff had become very corrupt by this time and the problem had become so acute that the anonymous author of the “De Rebus Bellicis” had recommended isolating all the monetarii on an island in order to prevent their frauds. The new system ensured that the treasury was never ‘short-changed’ and had the added advantage of restoring both public and foreign confidence in the precious metal coinage for centuries to come. New arrangements were also put in place for the minting of gold and silver denominations. Previously, this had been in the hands of the Monetae Publicae, mints ultimately modelled on that of Rome, which had gradually come into being to meet specific currency needs in different parts of the Empire. Some had become long-term establishments, while others (e.g. Ostia, Carthage, and Ambianum) only operated over brief periods of time. Valentinian’s reform aimed at limiting the activities of the Monetae Publicae to the production of base metal coinage, while gold and silver denominations became the prerogative of potentially mobile minting establishments operating in the environs of the imperial palaces, wherever the emperor happened to be in residence. These ‘court’ mints, are often referred to as Comitatensian or Palatine establishments, a reference to their status as a technical division of the palatine office of the Comes Sacrarum Largitionum, or Master of the Sacred Disbursements (i.e. Imperial Treasurer). The products of these Comitatensian mints normally bear as an element of their mint marks the letters ‘OB’ (obryzum = refined gold) or ‘PS’ (pusulatum = refined silver). In the West, the mint was often defined by the letters ‘COM’ (= Comitatus), sometimes augmented by an indication of the geographical location of the court (e.g. ‘RV’ = Ravenna), though in the fifth century this was frequently omitted. In the East, the emperor seldom left Constantinople so both the Moneta Publica and the Moneta Comitatensis were located in the same city, though demonstrably not in the same location (see M. F. Hendy “Aspects of Coin Production and Fiscal Administration in the Late Roman and Early Byzantine Period” in Numismatic Chronicle, 1972, p. 131). In base metal issues, the large ‘double maiorina’ denomination, introduced by Julian in 362 and continued under Jovian, was abandoned early in the new joint reign. This marked the end of the base billon coinage, all subsequent imperial base metal issues being of bronze

292

Roman Coins and Their Values

devoid of silver content. The Æ 3 ‘centenionales’ of Valentinian and Valens were produced in huge quantities and bore a bewildering variety of mint marks. Unless otherwise stated, the obverse legend is D N VALENTINIANVS P F AVG and the type is diad., dr. and cuirassed bust r. 19239

Gold aureus (c. 5.4 grams). Diad., dr. and cuir. bust l. Rev. GLORIA ROMANORVM, Valentinian I stg. in facing quadriga, scattering coins from his raised r. hand and holding Victory on globe in l., mint mark CONSP in ex. RIC ix, p. 209, 1. C —. Depeyrot, p. 296, 10. [Constantinople, AD 364]. VF £5,700 ($10,000) / EF £17,250 ($30,000)

19240

Gold solidus (c. 4.5 grams). Rev. GLORIA REI PVBLICAE, enthroned figures of Roma facing (on l.) and Constantinopolis l. (on r.), holding between them shield inscribed VOT / V / MVLT / X, each holding sceptre in l. hand, Constantinopolis with r. foot on prow, mint mark S M NM in ex. or S M N followed by officina mark B, Q, or I (= 2, 9, or 10) and sometimes preceded by palm. RIC ix, p. 253, 13a. C —. Depeyrot, pp. 269-70, 23/1-2 and 24/1. [Nicomedia, AD 368]. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,700 ($3,000)

19241

Rev. — as previous, but the shield is inscribed VOT / X / MVLT / XV and with mint mark TR OB in ex. RIC ix, p. 15, 12a. C —. Cf. Depeyrot, p. 115, 28/1 (MVLT XX, in VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,700 ($3,000) error). [Trier, AD 368-9].

19242 19242 Rev. GLORIA ROMANORVM, enthroned figures of Roma and Constantinopolis, as previous, but the shield is inscribed VOT / X / MVL / XX and is surmounted by Christogram, and with mint mark AN OB in ex. followed by officina mark B, G, e, Z, H, Q, and I (= 2, 3, 5, 7, 8, 9, and 10). RIC ix, p. 276, 15a-16a. Cf. C 5. Depeyrot, p. VF £480 ($850) / EF £1,425 ($2,500) 286, 38/1-2. [Antioch, AD 373-4]. 19243

Similar, but with mint mark P AN OB in ex. followed by officina mark B, G, e, or Q (= 2, 3, 5, or 9). RIC ix, p. 276, 16b. Cf. C 5. Depeyrot, p. 287, 40/1-2. [Antioch, AD 373-4]. VF £480 ($850) / EF £1,425 ($2,500)

19244 Rev. RESTITVTOR REI PVBLICAE, Valentinian, in military attire, stg. facing, hd. r., holding labarum and Victory on globe, mint mark TR in ex., sometimes followed by dot, star, wreath, or palm, sometimes flanked by dots or by dot and palm. RIC ix, p. 13, 1a-b. C 28. Depeyrot, pp. 113-14, 18/1, 19/1, 20/1, 21/1, 22/1-2, 24/1, and 25/1. [Trier, AD 364]. VF £240 ($425) / EF £720 ($1,250)

NB In the Restitutor Rei Publicae series, the labarum is sometimes ornamented with a Chi-Rho monogram, sometimes with a plain cross or a star symbol. These varieties are not differentiated in the following listings.

19245

Similar, but with mint mark S M TR in ex. RIC ix, p. 16, 14a. C 28. Depeyrot, p. 114, 26/1. [Trier, AD 367]. VF £240 ($425) / EF £720 ($1,250)

19246

As previous, but with mint mark S M LVG in ex. RIC ix, p. 42, 1a-b. Bastien 4-5. C 28. Depeyrot, pp. 127-8, 9/1 and 10/1. [Lugdunum, AD 365-6]. VF £240 ($425) / EF £720 ($1,250)

19247

Similar, but with dot following the mint mark, or (rarely) with star following the mint mark or in l. field. RIC ix, p. 42, 1a. Bastien 24, 33, and 35. C 28. Depeyrot, p. 128, 11/1, VF £240 ($425) / EF £720 ($1,250) 12/1 and 13/1. [Lugdunum, AD 366].

VALENTINIAN I

293

19248

RESTITVTOR REI PVBLICAE (cont.) Gold solidus. As 19244, but with mint mark CONST in ex. RIC ix, —. EMA 158/1. C —. Depeyrot, p. 135, 12/1. [Constantia/Arles, AD 365]. VF £375 ($650) / EF £1,150 ($2,000)

19249

Similar, but with mint mark KONSTAN in ex. (the last three letters in monogram) and sometimes REI PVBLICAE ends Æ, rarely also with star or palm in l. field. RIC ix, p. 61, 1a-b and e-f. EMA 159/1 and 160/1. C 28. Depeyrot, pp. 135-6, 13/1, 14/1, 15/1, and 16/1. [Constantia/Arles, AD 365-6]. VF £200 ($350) / EF £575 ($1,000)

19250

As 19244, but with mint mark MED in exergue, rarely followed by dot. RIC ix, p. 75, 2a and d. C 28. Depeyrot, pp. 166-7, 3/1 and 5/1. [Milan, AD 364-5]. VF £240 ($425) / EF £720 ($1,250)

19251

As previous, but with mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark P, T, or Q (= 1, 3, or 4), the whole sometimes flanked by dot and palm, or followed by palm or wreath. RIC ix, pp. 116-17, 2a and b. C 28. Depeyrot, pp. 148-9, 21/1-2, 23/1-2, 27/1, and 28/1. [Rome, AD 364]. VF £240 ($425) / EF £720 ($1,250)

19252 19252 Similar, but with mint mark S M R in ex. followed by officina mark P or T (= 1 or 3), sometimes with star or S in r. field. RIC ix, p. 116, 2a. C 29. Depeyrot, p. 150, 29/1, VF £290 ($500) / EF £850 ($1,500) 30/1, and 31/1. [Rome, AD 365]. 19253

As 19244, but with mint mark S M AQ in ex., rarely followed by officina mark P (= 1). RIC ix, p. 94, 2a and b. MA 611-12. C 28. Depeyrot, p. 183, 12/1-2 and 13/1. [Aquileia, VF £290 ($500) / EF £850 ($1,500) AD 364].

19254

As previous, but with mint mark SIRM in ex., usually preceded by star. RIC ix, p. 158, 1a. C 28. Depeyrot, p. 210, 26/1 and 27/1. [Sirmium, AD 364]. VF £240 ($425) / EF £720 ($1,250)

19255

As 19244, but with mint mark S M TES in ex. RIC ix, p. 173, 2a. C 28. Depeyrot, p. VF £240 ($425) / EF £720 ($1,250) 219, 24/1. [Thessalonica, AD 364].

19256

As previous, but with mint mark S M H in ex. followed by officina mark A (= 1). RIC ix, p. 191, 1a. C 28 var. Depeyrot, p. 230, 5/1. [Heraclea, AD 364]. VF £350 ($600) / EF £1,000 ($1,750)

19257

As 19244, but with mint mark CONSP in ex., usually followed by star. RIC ix, pp. 20910, 3a and b. C 28. Depeyrot, p. 233, 10/1-2 and 11/1-2. [Constantinople, AD 364]. VF £240 ($425) / EF £720 ($1,250)

19258

Similar, but with mint mark CONS in ex. followed by wreath, or flanked by dot and palm or by star and wreath. Cf. RIC ix, pp. 209 and 217, 3a and 25a. C 28 var. Depeyrot, pp. 234-6, 16/1, 20/1, and 21/1. [Constantinople, AD 366-7]. VF £240 ($425) / EF £720 ($1,250)

19259

As 19244, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark B, e, S, Q, or I (= 2, 5, 6, 9, or 10). RIC ix, p. 250, 2b. C 28. Depeyrot, p. 266, 10/1. [Nicomedia, AD 364]. VF £200 ($350) / EF £575 ($1,000) See also no. 19261 dated to AD 367, which is identical except for the form of the emperor’s headdress. On the earlier variety, Valentinian wears a rosette diadem, while on the later issue he has a diadem of pearls.

294

Roman Coins and Their Values



RESTITVTOR REI PVBLICAE (cont.)

19260

Gold solidus. Similar, but with dot following the officina mark or in lower rev. field to r., or with dots flanking the mint and officina marks (officinae e and I = 5 and 10 only recorded). RIC ix, p. 250, 2b. C 28. Depeyrot, pp. 266-7, 11/1, 12/1, and 13/1. VF £215 ($375) / EF £625 ($1,100) [Nicomedia, AD 364-5].

19261

19261   19262 As 19259, but the emperor’s diadem is ornamented with pearls instead of rosettes, and sometimes with M instead of officina mark following the mint mark. RIC ix, pp. 25051, 2a and e. C 25 and 28. Depeyrot, p. 268, 18/1. [Nicomedia, AD 367]. VF £200 ($350) / EF £575 ($1,000)

19262

As 19244, but with mint mark S M K in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, or G (= 1, 2, or 3) and sometimes preceded by star. RIC ix, p. 239, 2a and b. C 28. Depeyrot, p. VF £290 ($500) / EF £850 ($1,500) 271, 3/1 and 4/1-2. [Cyzicus, AD 364-5].

19263

As previous, but with mint mark ANT in ex. followed by officina mark G, D, e, S, Z, H, or I (= 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, or 10), P-headed cross (Christogram) in l. field. RIC ix, p. 272, 2a and b. C 27. Depeyrot, p. 279, 19/1. [Antioch, AD 364]. VF £240 ($425) / EF £720 ($1,250)

19264

Similar, but the mint and officina marks are flanked by stars, and with plain cross instead of Christogram in rev. field to l. (officinae A-I = 1-10 recorded). RIC ix, p. 272, 2a and b. C 26. Depeyrot, p. 280, 20/1. [Antioch, AD 364]. VF £200 ($350) / EF £575 ($1,000)

19265

Similar, but without the cross in rev. field (officina I = 10 only recorded). RIC ix, p. 272, 2b. C 28. Depeyrot, p. 280, 21/1. [Antioch, AD 364]. VF £240 ($425) / EF £720 ($1,250)

19266

Similar, but with single star following the officina mark (officinae A, B, G, e, S, H, Q, and I = 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 8, 9, and 10 recorded). RIC ix, p. 272, 2a and b. C 28. Depeyrot, p. 281, 22/1. [Antioch, AD 365]. VF £215 ($375) / EF £625 ($1,100)

19267

Similar, but without the star following the officina mark (officinae G and I = 3 and 10 only recorded). RIC ix, p. 272, 2b. C 28. Depeyrot, p. 281, 23/1. [Antioch, AD 365]. VF £215 ($375) / EF £625 ($1,100) See also no. 19270 dated to AD 367, which is identical except for the form of the emperor’s headdress. On the earlier variety, Valentinian wears a rosette diadem, while on the later issue he has a diadem of pearls.

19268

Similar, but with dots flanking the mint and officina marks, or (more rarely) single dot preceding the mint mark, or dot and star flanking the mint and officina marks (all ten officinae A-I recorded). RIC ix, p. 272, 2a and b. C 28. Depeyrot, pp. 281-2, 24/1, 25/1, VF £215 ($375) / EF £625 ($1,100) and 26/1-2. [Antioch, AD 366].

19269

As previous, but with dot following the officina mark. RIC ix, p. 272, 2a and b. C 28. Depeyrot, pp. 282-3, 27/1-2. [Antioch, AD 366-7]. VF £200 ($350) / EF £575 ($1,000) Depeyrot (p. 283, 29/1) records a variety from the 10th officina (I) with crescent instead of dot following the officina mark, but the coin may be irregular.

19270

As 19267, but the emperor’s diadem is ornamented with pearls instead of rosettes (officinae A-I = 1-10 recorded). RIC ix, p. 272, 2a and b. C 28. Depeyrot, p. 284, 30/1. VF £200 ($350) / EF £575 ($1,000) [Antioch, AD 367].

VALENTINIAN I 19271

19272

295

Gold solidus. Diad. bust l., wearing consular robes and holding mappa and sceptre. Rev. SALVS REI P, Valentinian I, in military attire, stg. facing, hd. r., holding labarum and Victory on globe, his r. foot set on kneeling captive, mint mark S M SISC in ex. followed by palm, star in r. field. RIC ix, p. 145, 1a. C 32. Depeyrot, p. 205, 27/1. [Siscia, AD 365]. VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,600 ($4,500)

  19273 19272 As previous, but with mint mark S M TES in ex., one or two stars in r. field. RIC ix, p. 173, 3a. C 32. Depeyrot, p. 221, 30/1 and 31/1. [Thessalonica, AD 365]. VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,600 ($4,500)

19273 Rev. SPES R P, Valentinian I and Valens, sometimes nimbate, enthroned facing, each holding globe and sceptre, small figure of Gratian stg. facing between them, sometimes holding labarum, shield inscribed VOT / V / MVL / X in field above, mint mark ANT in ex. followed by officina mark A, G, e, or I (= 1, 3, 5, or 10) and by cross. RIC ix, p. 277, 20a and d. C —. Depeyrot, pp. 284-5, 32/1-3. [Antioch, AD 368]. VF £1,250 ($2,200) / EF £3,750 ($6,500) 19274 Rev. TRIVMFATOR GENT BARB, Valentinian I, in military attire, stg. facing, hd. l., holding labarum and globe, captive at feet to l., mint mark TR • OB in ex. RIC ix, p. 16, 15. C 38. Depeyrot, p. 117, 37/1. [Trier, AD 370]. VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,600 ($4,500) 19275 Rev. VICTORES AVGVSTI, Valentinian I (on l.) and Gratian, a shorter figure (on r.), enthroned facing side by side, supporting globe between them, Victory flying l. above, palm between the emperors’ legs, mint mark TR OB in ex. RIC ix, p. 16, 16a. C 40 var. VF £775 ($1,350) / EF £2,300 ($4,000) Depeyrot, p. 116, 32/1. [Trier, AD 369].

19276

19277

19276 Similar, but with obv. type helmeted and cuir. bust l., the helmet ornamented with four stars, holding spear and shield before him, and with mint mark TR • OB in ex. RIC ix, p. 16, 16b. C 39. Depeyrot, p. 117, 36/1-2. [Trier, AD 370]. VF £950 ($1,650) / EF £2,850 ($5,000) Similar, but with mint mark TR • OB • in ex. RIC ix, p. 16, 16b. C 39 var. Depeyrot, p. VF £950 ($1,650) / EF £2,850 ($5,000) 118, 39/1. [Trier, AD 371].

19278 Rev. VICTORIA AVGG, Valentinian I and Valens enthroned facing side by side, their l. legs undraped, supporting globe between them, upper part of Victory hovering facing in background, palm between the emperors’ legs, mint mark TR OB • in ex. RIC ix, p. 16, 17a. C 43 var. Depeyrot, p. 115, 30/1. [Trier, AD 368]. VF £290 ($500) / EF £850 ($1,500) 19279

Similar, but in ex., mint mark TR • OB • preceded by star. RIC ix, p. 16, 17a var. C 43 var. Depeyrot, p. 117, 34/1. [Trier, AD 369]. VF £290 ($500) / EF £850 ($1,500)

296

Roman Coins and Their Values

19280

Gold solidus. Similar, but the mint mark is not preceded by star. RIC ix, p. 16, 17a. C 43 var. Depeyrot, p. 118, 40/1-2. [Trier, AD 371-2]. VF £240 ($425) / EF £720 ($1,250) See also no. 19282, dated to AD 372, which is identical except for the form of the emperor’s headdress. On the earlier variety, Valentinian wears a pearl diadem, while on the later issue he has a diadem of rosettes.

19281

As previous, but with star between the emperors’ knees on rev. RIC ix, —. C —. Depeyrot, p. 118, 41/1. [Trier, AD 372]. VF £330 ($575) / EF £1,000 ($1,750) This variety, with star above the palm on reverse, does not appear to have been recognized before Depeyrot’s 1996 publication.

19282

  19282 19283 As 19280, but the emperor’s diadem is ornamented with rosettes instead of pearls. RIC ix, p. 16, 17b. C 43 var. Depeyrot, p. 119, 42/1. [Trier, AD 372]. VF £240 ($425) / EF £720 ($1,250)

19283

As 19278, but with mint mark TR OB in ex. followed by officina mark C, S, or T (= 1, 2, or 3). RIC ix, p. 16, 17b. C 43. Depeyrot, p. 119, 43/1. [Trier, AD 373-5]. VF £200 ($350) / EF £575 ($1,000)

19284

As 19278, but without palm between the emperors’ legs and the figure on r. also holds mappa, mint mark SISC in ex. flanked by wreath and dot. RIC ix, p. 145, 2a. C 43 var. Depeyrot, p. 205, 24/1. [Siscia, AD 364]. VF £290 ($500) / EF £850 ($1,500)

19285

Similar, but with mint mark SISC in ex. preceded by officina mark A (= 1) and with two stars in upper field above the throne uprights. RIC ix, p. 145, 2a. C 44. Depeyrot, p. 205, 26/1. [Siscia, AD 364]. VF £240 ($425) / EF £720 ($1,250)

19286

As 19284, but with mint mark S M TES in ex. RIC ix, p. 174, 4a. C 43. Depeyrot, p. 220, 25/1. [Thessalonica, AD 364]. VF £240 ($425) / EF £720 ($1,250)

19287

Similar, but with mint mark TES in ex. followed by dot or flanked by stars (sometimes with a third star between the emperors’ legs). RIC ix, p. 174, 4a. C 43. Depeyrot, p. 220, 26/1, 27/1, and 28/1. [Thessalonica, AD 364]. VF £290 ($500) / EF £850 ($1,500)

19288 Rev. VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM, Victory seated r. on cuirass, inscribing VOT / V / MVL / X on shield set on square base, mint mark COMIT M in ex. (MIT in monogram) followed by star, O — B in field. RIC ix, p. 217, 26a var. (cf. 26b for this mintmark). C 48 var. Cf. Depeyrot, p. 236, 26/1. [Constantinople, AD 368]. VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £2,000 ($3,500) This rare and interesting mint mark dates from the time of the inauguration of the Comitatensian (Palatine) mint in the Eastern Empire. 19289

Similar, but with mint mark CONS in ex. followed by star, O — B in field. RIC ix, p. 217, 26a. C 48. Depeyrot, p. 237, 27/1. [Constantinople, AD 368]. VF £480 ($850) / EF £1,425 ($2,500)

19290

Similar, but the shield is inscribed VOT / X / MVLT / XX and rests on Victory’s l. knee instead of square base, mint mark CON OB in ex., large Chi-Rho monogram in lower r. field. RIC ix, —. C 49 var. Depeyrot, p. 237, 28/1. [Constantinople, AD 373-5]. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,700 ($3,000)

VALENTINIAN I 19291

19292

19293

297

Gold solidus. As previous, but the shield is inscribed VOT / X / MVL / XX and with mint mark AN OB in ex. followed by officina mark B, e, S, Z, Q, or I (= 2, 5, 6, 7, 9, or 10), large Chi-Rho monogram in r. field. RIC ix, p. 277, 22a-b. Cf. C 49. Depeyrot, p. VF £480 ($850) / EF £1,425 ($2,500) 287, 38/5. [Antioch, AD 373-5].

19292 Similar, but with mint mark P AN OB in ex. followed by officina mark A, G, D, S, Q, or I (= 1, 3, 4, 6, 9, or 10). RIC ix, p. 277, 22a. Cf. C 49. Depeyrot, p. 288, 40/5-6. [Antioch, AD 373-5]. VF £480 ($850) / EF £1,425 ($2,500) Similar, but with mint mark K AN OB in ex. followed by officina mark B (= 2). RIC ix, —. Cf. C 49 var. Depeyrot, p. 288, 41/3. [Antioch, AD 373-5]. VF £480 ($850) / EF £1,425 ($2,500)

19294 Rev. VIRTVS ROMANORVM, Valentinian I and Valens, both in military attire, stg. facing, theirs hds. turned towards each other, holding between them Victory on globe, holding wreath in each hand, and each resting on spear, mint mark CONSP in ex. RIC ix, p. 210, 5a. C 60. Depeyrot, p. 233, 10/3. [Constantinople, AD 364]. VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £2,000 ($3,500) 19295

Similar, but with mint mark CONS in ex. flanked by two palms. RIC ix, p. 210, 5a. C 60. Depeyrot, p. 235, 17/1. [Constantinople, AD 366-7]. VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £2,000 ($3,500)

19296

Diad. bust l., wearing consular robes and holding mappa and sceptre. Rev. VOTA PVBLICA, Valentinian I and Valens, both nimbate and in consular robes, enthroned facing side by side, each holding mappa, etc., mint mark S M TR in ex. RIC ix, p. 17, 18b. C —. Depeyrot, p. 115, 27/2. [Trier, AD 368]. VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,600 ($4,500) NB On the Vota Publica series, the enthroned emperors may be shown holding a variety of objects in addition to the mappa, e.g. a sceptre, a globe, a globus cruciger, or a second mappa; sometimes the other hand is shown simply resting on the knee.



19297

Similar, but with obv. legend D N VALENTINIANVS AVG. RIC ix, p. 17, 18a. C —. VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,600 ($4,500) Depeyrot, p. 115, 27/1. [Trier, AD 368].

19298

As previous, but with mint mark MED in ex. RIC ix, p. 76, 3a. C —. Depeyrot, p. 167, VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,600 ($4,500) 4/1. [Milan, AD 365].

19299

As 19296, but with captives at the feet of both emperors, to l. and to r., and with mint mark CONS in ex. RIC ix, —. C 67. Depeyrot, p. 234, 13/1. [Constantinople, AD 365]. VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,600 ($4,500)

19300

19300 Similar, but the mint mark is flanked by star and wreath. RIC ix, p. 217, 29a. C 67-8. Depeyrot, p. 236, 22/1. [Constantinople, AD 368]. VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,600 ($4,500)

298

Roman Coins and Their Values

19301

Gold solidus. As 19296, but in ex. two captives kneeling head to head, dividing the mint and officina marks S — N — Q (or I) = 9 (or 10). RIC ix, p. 254, 16a. Cf. C 66 (obv. misdescribed). Depeyrot, p. 268, 19/1. [Nicomedia, AD 368]. VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,600 ($4,500)

19302

Similar, but with mint and officina marks S — MN (ligatured) — e (= 5). RIC ix, —. C —. Depeyrot, p. 269, 22/1. [Nicomedia, AD 368]. VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,600 ($4,500)

19303

As 19299, but with mint mark ANT in ex. followed by officina mark A or G (= 1 or 3) and by cross. RIC ix, p. 278, 23a. C 67-8 var. Depeyrot, p. 284, 31/1. [Antioch, AD 368]. VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,600 ($4,500)

19304

Rev. — similar to 19296, but the emperor on r. holds globe and sceptre, upper part of Victory hovering facing in background and with palm between the emperors’ legs, mint mark TR OB in ex. flanked by star and dot. RIC ix, —. C —. Depeyrot, p. 116, 31/1. VF £480 ($850) / EF £1,425 ($2,500) [Trier, AD 369].



NB A few gold multiples were issued in the name of Valentinian I: 1.5 solidi were struck at Trier, revs. FELIX ADVENTVS AVG N and FELIX ADVENTVS AVGGG, emperor on horseback (RIC 34 and 8a), at Milan, rev. FELIX ADVENTVS AVG M, emperor on horseback (RIC 1), at Aquileia, rev. FELIX ADVENTVS AVG M, emperor on horseback (RIC 1), and at Thessalonica, rev. VICTORIA D N AVGVSTI, Victory seated with Genius (RIC 20); double solidi at Trier, rev. GLORIA ROMANORVM, Roma and Constantinopolis enthroned (RIC 11a) and at Antioch, rev. GLORIA ROMANORVM, Roma and Constantinopolis enthroned (Depeyrot, p. 298); triple solidi at Trier, revs. GLORIA REI PVBLICAE, Victory stg. with Genius (RIC 9 and Depeyrot, p. 292) and GLORIA ROMANORVM, Roma and Constantinopolis enthroned (RIC 10), and at Antioch, rev. GLORIA REI PVBLICAE, emperor stg. (RIC 1); 4.5 solidi at Thessalonica, rev. VICTORIA D N AVGVSTI, emperor stg., crowned by Victory (RIC 19, weight 28.8 grams, with ring), and at Antioch, rev. GLORIA ROMANORVM, Constantinopolis enthroned (RIC 13); and an 18-solidus piece at Constantinople, rev. VIRTVS DD NN AVGVSTORVM, emperor dragging captive and holding labarum, Victory hovering in background, female figure kneeling at his feet, arms in exergue (Vasic, Gold and Silver Coins of Late Antiquity in the National Museum, Belgrade, 308).

19305

Gold semissis or half solidus (c. 2.25 grams). Rev. GLORIA ROMANORVM, Victory seated r. on cuirass, inscribing V/ X on shield set on l. knee and supported by Genius stg. l. before her, mint mark S M N in ex. RIC ix, —. C —. Depeyrot, p. 270, VF £375 ($650) / EF £1,150 ($2,000) 25/1. [Nicomedia, AD 368].

19305

19306 Rev. RESTITVTOR REI PVBLIC, Valentinian, in military attire, stg. facing, hd. r., holding labarum and Victory on globe, mint mark LVG in ex. RIC ix, —. Bastien 7. C —. Depeyrot, p. 129, 16/5. [Lugdunum, AD 365-6]. Depeyrot considers this type to be an ancient imitation. 19307 Rev. VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM, Victory seated, as 19305, but she inscribes VOT / V / MVLT / X on shield, mint mark TR OB in ex. RIC ix, —. C —. Depeyrot, p. 116, VF £375 ($650) / EF £1,150 ($2,000) 32/2. [Trier, AD 368]. 19308

As previous, but Victory inscribes VOT / X / MVL / XX on shield, mint mark ANT in ex. RIC ix, p. 278, 24a. C —. Depeyrot, p. 285, 34/1. [Antioch, AD 368]. VF £375 ($650) / EF £1,150 ($2,000)

VALENTINIAN I 19309

299

Gold semissis. (AV for AVG in obv. legend). Rev. VICTORIA DD NN AVG, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark LVG in ex., star in l. field. RIC ix, p. 42, 2. Bastien 37. C 54. Cf. Depeyrot, p. 129, 14/1. [Lugdunum, AD 365-6]. VF £375 ($650) / EF £1,150 ($2,000)

19310 Rev. VICTORIAE D N AVG, Victory seated, as 19307, but with mint mark TES OB in ex. RIC ix, p. 177, 23. C —. Cf. Depeyrot, p. 221, 32/1 (VICTORIA in error). VF £375 ($650) / EF £1,150 ($2,000) [Thessalonica, AD 368].

19311 19311 Rev. VIRTVS AVGVSTI, Valentinian, in military attire, stg. r., holding labarum and Victory on globe, his l. foot set on captive, mint mark CONS in ex. followed by palm. RIC ix, —. C —. Depeyrot, p. 235, 19/1. [Constantinople, AD 367]. VF £375 ($650) / EF £1,150 ($2,000) 19312

Gold 1.5-scripulum or 9-siliqua (c. 1.68 grams). Rev. PAX PERPETVA, Victory seated r. on cuirass, inscribing VOT / V / MVL (or MVLT) / X on shield set on l. knee and supported by Genius stg. l. before her, mint mark TES or TES • in ex. RIC ix, p. 174, 5. C 15. Depeyrot, pp. 220-21, 26/2 and 29/2. [Thessalonica, AD 364]. VF £350 ($600) / EF £1,000 ($1,750)

19313

Rev. — Victory stg. facing, holding wreath in each hand, mint mark TES in ex. RIC ix, —. C 16 var. Cf. Depeyrot, p. 221, 29/1 (rev. misdescribed). [Thessalonica, AD 364]. VF £350 ($600) / EF £1,000 ($1,750)

19314

Similar, but with mint mark TES OB in ex. RIC ix, p. 177, 24a. C 16. Cf. Depeyrot, p. 221, 32/2 (rev. misdescribed). [Thessalonica, AD 368]. VF £350 ($600) / EF £1,000 ($1,750)

19315 Rev. VICTORIA AVG, Victory seated r. on cuirass, inscribing VOT / V / MVLT / X on shield set on l. knee and supported by Genius stg. l. before her, mint mark CONS in ex. flanked by star and wreath. RIC ix, p. 217, 30a. C 41. Depeyrot, p. 236, 24/1. [Constantinople, AD 368]. VF £350 ($600) / EF £1,000 ($1,750) 19316 Rev. VICTORIA AVGVSTI N, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark R in ex. RIC ix, p. 117, 4a. C —. Depeyrot, p. 148, 22/1. [Rome, AD 364]. VF £350 ($600) / EF £1,000 ($1,750) 19317 Rev. VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM, as previous, but the mint mark is flanked by dot and palm. Cf. RIC ix, p. 117, 5 (mint mark misdescribed). C —. Depeyrot, p. 149, 27/3. [Rome, AD 364]. VF £350 ($600) / EF £1,000 ($1,750) 19318

Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark TR • OB in ex. RIC ix, p. 18, 21a. C —. Depeyrot, p. 117, 36/4. [Trier, AD 370]. VF £350 ($600) / EF £1,000 ($1,750)

19319

VALENTINIANVS AVG. Rev. — Victory seated r., as 19315, but with VOT / V on shield and with mint mark ANT in ex. RIC ix, p. 273, 3a. C 47. Cf. Depeyrot, p. 285, 33/1 (obv. misdescribed). [Antioch, AD 364]. VF £350 ($600) / EF £1,000 ($1,750)

19320

Rev. — as previous, but with VOT / X / MVL / XX on shield. RIC ix, —. C —. Depeyrot, p. 285, 34/3. [Antioch, AD 368]. VF £350 ($600) / EF £1,000 ($1,750)

300 19321

Roman Coins and Their Values Silver multiple of 6 reduced siliquae or 3 light miliarenses (c. 13.5 grams). Rev. TRIVMFATOR GENT BARB, Valentinian, in military attire, stg. facing, hd. l., holding labarum and globe, kneeling captive at feet to l., mint mark SISC P in ex., sometimes preceded by dot. RIC ix, p. 146, 8. RSC 38Aa-b. [Siscia, AD 370]. VF £6,800 ($12,000) / EF £17,250 ($30,000)

19322 Rev. VIRTVS ROMANI EXERCITVS, Valentinian, in military attire, stg. facing, hd. l., holding labarum and resting on shield, mint mark S M TES in ex. RIC ix, p. 174, 7. VF £6,800 ($12,000) / EF £17,250 ($30,000) RSC 59. [Thessalonica, AD 364-7].



NB A very large silver multiple of 48 reduced siliquae or 24 light miliarenses has also been recorded. Minted at Antioch about AD 368, it has the standard obverse (though with half-length bust) and reverse type VOTIS / X / MVLTIS / XX within wreath, mint mark AN. Weighing one-third of a pound, it has the distinction of being the largest Roman silver coin known (seen by author, August, 2003).

19323

Silver heavy miliarensis (c. 5.4 grams). Rev. SALVS REI PVBLICAE, four standards, mint mark LVG in ex. RIC ix, p. 43, 3a. Bastien 30. RSC 34a. [Lugdunum, AD 366]. VF £1,025 ($1,800) / EF £2,600 ($4,500)

19324

As previous, but with mint mark CON in ex. preceded by officina mark T (= 3) and followed by star. RIC ix, p. 62, 3a. RSC 34b. EMA 163/1. [Constantia/Arles, AD 366]. VF £1,025 ($1,800) / EF £2,600 ($4,500)

19325 19325 Rev. SECVRITAS REI P, Valentinian I and Valens, both in military attire, stg. facing, theirs hds. turned towards each other, each resting on labarum and holding between them Victory on globe who crowns each of them with wreath, mint mark CONSP in ex. followed by officina mark B (= 2). RIC ix, p. 210, 8. RSC 35. [Constantinople, AD 364]. VF £1,475 ($2,600) / EF £3,750 ($6,500)

VALENTINIAN I 19326

301

Silver heavy miliarensis. Diad. and cuir. bust r. Rev. VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM, Victory advancing r., hd. l., dragging captive by the hair with r. hand and carrying trophy over shoulder with l., mint mark ROMA in ex. RIC ix, p. 117, 6a. RSC 50. [Rome, AD 364-7]. VF £1,700 ($3,000) / EF £4,300 ($7,500)

19327 Rev. VICTORIA D N AVG, Victory stg. facing, hd. l., holding wreath in r. hand and staff in l. surmounted by shield inscribed VOT / X / MVLT / XX, crouching captives on ground on either side, mint mark CONS in ex. followed by officina mark A (= 1), the whole flanked by palm and wreath, Chi-Rho monogram in l. field, star in r. RIC ix, p. 218, 31. RSC 53B. [Constantinople, AD 368]. VF £1,475 ($2,600) / EF £3,750 ($6,500) 19328 Rev. VOT / V / MVL / X in wreath, mint mark TES in ex. RIC ix, p. 175, 9. RSC 69B. [Thessalonica, AD 364-7]. VF £1,250 ($2,200) / EF £3,150 ($5,500) 19329 Rev. VOT / V / MVLT / X in wreath, mint mark S M AQ in ex. RIC ix, p. 94, 3a. MA 613. RSC 70A. [Aquileia, AD 364-7]. VF £1,250 ($2,200) / EF £3,150 ($5,500) 19330

Diad., dr. and cuir. bust l. Rev. VOTIS / V / MVLTIS / X in wreath, mint mark S M TR in ex. RIC ix, p. 18, 23a. RSC 77. [Trier, AD 364-7]. VF £1,250 ($2,200) / EF £3,150 ($5,500)

19331

Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark TR PS • in ex. RIC ix, p. 18, 23b. RSC 78a. [Trier, AD 368]. VF £925 ($1,600) / EF £2,300 ($4,000)

19332

Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark LVG in ex. RIC ix, p. 43, 4. Bastien 19. RSC 78b. [Lugdunum, AD 365-6]. VF £1,150 ($2,000) / EF £2,850 ($5,000)

19333

Rev. – as previous, but with mint mark S • M • L • A • P in ex. followed by palm. RIC ix, p. 45, 16a. Bastien 59. RSC 78c. [Lugdunum, AD 368]. VF £1,250 ($2,200) / EF £3,150 ($5,500) The unusual form of the mint marks on this, and the following three types, relates to the initiation of Comitatensian (court mint) issues at Lugdunum and Arles in AD 368. The ‘A P’ stands for argentum pusulatum which was soon changed to ‘PS’ (see also nos. 19350, 19630-32, 19645, 19648, 19942-3, 19949, and 19958).

19334

Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark S M K A P in ex. (sometimes with dot in central field below the ‘V’). RIC ix, p. 65, 11a and c. Cf. RSC 78d-e (obv. type misdescribed on 78d). EMA 178/1. [Constantia/Arles, AD 368]. VF £1,250 ($2,200) / EF £3,150 ($5,500)

19333

19335 Rev. VOTIS / X / MVLTIS / XV in wreath, mint mark as 19333. RIC ix, p. 45, 17a. Bastien 65. RSC 80a. [Lugdunum, AD 368-9]. VF £1,250 ($2,200) / EF £3,150 ($5,500) 19336

Diad. and cuir. bust r. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark as 19334. RIC ix, p. 65, 12. RSC 80b. EMA 178/4. [Constantia/Arles, AD 368-9]. VF £1,250 ($2,200) / EF £3,150 ($5,500)

19337 Rev. VOTIS / XV / MVLTIS / XX in wreath, mint mark SISC P in ex. preceded by dot. RIC ix, p. 147, 9a. RSC 80A. [Siscia, AD 373-4]. VF £1,025 ($1,800) / EF £2,600 ($4,500)

302

Roman Coins and Their Values

  19339 Silver light miliarensis (c. 4.5 grams). Rev. GLORIA ROMANORVM, archway, beneath which Valentinian, in military attire, stands facing, hd. r., holding transverse spear and globe, mint mark ANT in ex. RIC ix, p. 273, 4a. RSC 9. [Antioch, AD 364]. VF £1,025 ($1,800) / EF £2,600 ($4,500) 19338

19338

19339

Rev. — Valentinian and Valens, both in military attire, stg. facing, their hds. turned to face one another, each holding labarum in r. hand and globe in l. (or globe in r. hand and labarum in l.), mint mark SIS in ex. flanked by dot and star. RIC ix, pp. 145-6, 3a and 4. VF £1,150 ($2,000) / EF £2,850 ($5,000) RSC 10a-b. [Siscia, AD 364-7].

19340

Rev. — archway, beneath which Valentinian and Valens, both in military attire, stg. facing, their hds. turned to face one another, the one on l. holding sceptre in r. hand and globe in l., the other vice versa, mint mark CONS in ex. followed by officina mark A (= 1). RIC ix, p. 211, 9. RSC 10Aa. [Constantinople, AD 364-7]. VF £1,250 ($2,200) / EF £3,150 ($5,500)

19341

Rev. – as previous, but the emperor on l. holds globe in r. hand and sceptre in l., the other vice versa, and with mint mark ANT in ex. RIC ix, pp. 273 and 279, 5 and 30. VF £1,150 ($2,000) / EF £2,850 ($5,000) RSC 10Ab. [Antioch, AD 369].

19342

Similar, but with star following the mint mark. RIC ix, p. 279, 30. RSC 10Ac. [Antioch, AD 374]. VF £1,150 ($2,000) / EF £2,850 ($5,000)

19343

Diad. and cuir. bust r. Rev. RESTITVTOR REI P, Valentinian, in military attire, stg. facing, hd. l., holding Victory on globe and labarum, mint and officina marks R P (= 1) in ex. Cf. RIC ix, p. 118, 7a (rev. misdescribed). Cf. RSC 17. [Rome, AD 364-7]. VF £1,250 ($2,200) / EF £3,150 ($5,500)

19344 Rev. RESTITVTOR REI PVBLICAE, Valentinian, in military attire, stg. facing, hd. r., holding labarum and Victory on globe, mint mark LVG in ex. RIC ix, p. 43, 5. Bastien VF £1,150 ($2,000) / EF £2,850 ($5,000) 8. RSC 22a. [Lugdunum, AD 365-6]. 19345

Diad. and cuir. bust r. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark ANT in ex. followed by officina mark A or S (= 1 or 6), sometimes with cross in l. field. RIC ix, p. 273, 6. RSC VF £1,150 ($2,000) / EF £2,850 ($5,000) 22b-c. [Antioch, AD 364-7].

19346

Diad., dr. and cuir. bust l. Rev. SECVRITAS REI PVBLICAE, Victory stg. l., r. foot on enemy, holding wreath and trophy, mint mark S M N in ex. RIC ix, p. 251, 3a. RSC VF £1,250 ($2,200) / EF £3,150 ($5,500) 36. [Nicomedia, AD 364-7].

19347 Rev. VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM, Victory stg. r., l. foot on globe, inscribing VOT / V / MVLT / X on shield set on cippus, mint mark S M TR in ex. RIC ix, p. 18, 24a. RSC VF £1,150 ($2,000) / EF £2,850 ($5,000) 51a. [Trier, AD 364-7]. 19348

Similar, but with obv. type diad., dr. and cuir. bust l. RIC ix, p. 18, 24b. RSC 51c. [Trier, VF £1,150 ($2,000) / EF £2,850 ($5,000)

AD 364-7].

VALENTINIAN I

19349

303

19352

19349

Silver light miliarensis. Diad. and cuir. bust r. Rev. – as previous, but with mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark P, B, T, or Q (= 1, 2, 3, or 4). Cf. RIC ix, p. 118, 8a (obv. misdescribed). Cf. RSC 51b. [Rome, AD 364-7]. VF £925 ($1,600) / EF £2,300 ($4,000)

19350

Rev. — as 19347, but Victory inscribes VOT / X / MVLT / XV on shield and with mint mark S M K A P in ex., sometimes preceded by : and with dots between the letters. RIC ix, p. 65, 13a-b. RSC 52a-b. Cf. EMA 179/1 and 180/1. [Constantia/Arles, AD 368]. VF £1,150 ($2,000) / EF £2,850 ($5,000) The unusual form of this mint mark relates to the initiation of the Comitatensian (court mint) issues at Arles in AD 368. The ‘A P’ stands for argentum pusulatum which was soon changed to ‘PS’ (see also nos. 19334, 19336, 19631, 19648, 19943, and 19958).

19351

Diad. and cuir. bust r. Rev. VICTORIA D N AVG, Valentinian, in military attire, stg. l., holding Victory on globe and resting on standard, his r. foot set on captive, another captive behind, mint mark CONS in ex. flanked by star and wreath. RIC ix, p. 218, 32. VF £1,250 ($2,200) / EF £3,150 ($5,500) RSC 53A. [Constantinople, AD 367-8].

19352

— Rev. VICTORIAS AVGVSTORVM, two Victories stg. facing each other, holding between them shield inscribed VOT / V, mint mark CONSP in ex. followed by officina mark D (= 4). RIC ix, p. 211, 10. RSC 52A. [Constantinople, AD 364-7]. VF £1,250 ($2,200) / EF £3,150 ($5,500)

19353 Rev. VIRTVS EXERCITVS, Valentinian, in military attire, stg. facing, hd. l., holding standard/labarum and resting on shield, mint mark S M TR in ex. RIC ix, p. 19, 26a. VF £1,150 ($2,000) / EF £2,850 ($5,000) RSC 58a. [Trier, AD 367-8].

19354

 

19355

19354

Similar, but with mint mark TR PS • in ex. RIC ix, p. 19, 26a. RSC 58b. [Trier, AD 368]. VF £925 ($1,600) / EF £2,300 ($4,000)

19355

Rev. — as 19353, but with mint mark SISC P in ex. preceded by dot. RIC ix, p. 147, VF £925 ($1,600) / EF £2,300 ($4,000) 10a. RSC 58d. [Siscia, AD 368].

19356

Diad., dr. and cuir. bust l. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark TES in ex. RIC ix, p. 175, 11a. RSC 58c. [Thessalonica, AD 367-8]. VF £1,025 ($1,800) / EF £2,600 ($4,500)

304

Roman Coins and Their Values

19357 19357

 

19359

Silver light miliarensis. Rev. — soldier stg. facing, hd. r., resting on spear and shield, mint mark TES in ex. RIC ix, p. 175, 10a. RSC — (illustrated on p. 152 but description omitted in error). [Thessalonica, AD 364-7]. VF £1,150 ($2,000) / EF £2,850 ($5,000)

19358 Rev. VIRTVS EXSERCITI, Valentinian, in military attire, stg. r., foot on captive, holding spear and globe, mint mark CONS in ex. followed by officina mark A (= 1), the whole flanked by palm and wreath, Chi-Rho monogram in r. field. RIC ix, p. 218, 33. VF £1,475 ($2,600) / EF £3,750 ($6,500) RSC 56A. [Constantinople, AD 368]. 19359

Silver heavy siliqua (c. 3.37 grams). Rev. VOT / V in wreath, sometimes with dot at centre, mint mark CONS or CONSP in ex., sometimes preceded by dot and followed by officina mark A, B, or D (= 1, 2, or 4). RIC ix, p. 211, 11a and f-g. RSC 69a and c-e. VF £200 ($350) / EF £520 ($900) [Constantinople, AD 364-7].

19359A

Similar, but with obv. type diad., dr. and cuir. bust l. (officina A = 1 only recorded). RIC ix, p. 211, 11b. Cf. RSC 69b (obv. type misdescribed). [Constantinople, AD 364-7]. VF £225 ($500) / EF £575 ($1,250)

19360 Rev. VOT / V / MVLTIS / X in wreath, mint mark S M N in ex. RIC ix, p. 254, 19a. VF £270 ($475) / EF £685 ($1,200) RSC 72b. [Nicomedia, AD 367]. 19361 Rev. VOT / X / MVLT / XX in wreath, mint mark CONS in ex. followed by dot. RIC ix, p. 218, 34a. RSC 73A. [Constantinople, AD 373-4]. VF £270 ($475) / EF £685 ($1,200) 19362 Rev. VOT / VX / MVLT / XX in wreath, mint mark CONS in ex. preceded by dot. RIC ix, p. 218, 35. RSC 75. [Constantinople, AD 373-4]. VF £270 ($475) / EF £685 ($1,200) 19363

Silver siliqua (c. 2.25 grams). Rev. RESTITVTOR REI P, Valentinian, in military attire, stg. facing, hd. r., holding standard/labarum and Victory on globe, mint mark TR in ex. RIC ix, p. 13, 2. RSC 18-19a. [Trier, AD 364-7]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £175 ($300)

19364

As previous, but with mint mark LVG in ex. preceded by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). RIC ix, p. 43, 6a-b and d. Bastien 10 and 12. Cf. RSC 18-19c. [Lugdunum, AD 365-6]. VF £50 ($90) / EF £130 ($225)

19365

Similar, but with dot following the mint mark. RIC ix, p. 43, 6b-c. Bastien 26 and 28. VF £50 ($90) / EF £130 ($225) RSC 18-19d. [Lugdunum, AD 366].

19366

As 19363, but with mint mark CONST in ex. preceded by officina mark P or T (= 1 or 3), star in l. or r. field. RIC ix, pp. 62-3, 6a and c. RSC 18-19e and f. EMA 165/1 and VF £50 ($90) / EF £130 ($225) 166/1. [Constantia/Arles, AD 364-7].

19364

VALENTINIAN I

305

19367 19367

Silver siliqua. Similar, but with mint mark CONST in ex. and OF — I (or II or III = officina 1, 2, or 3) in field, sometimes with star above the officina numeral in r. field. RIC ix, pp. 62-3, 6a and c. RSC 18-19g-h. EMA 167/1 and 168/1. [Constantia/Arles, AD 364-7]. VF £50 ($90) / EF £130 ($225)

19367A

Similar, but with mint mark CON in ex. and with dot beneath the officina numeral in r. field (officinae II and III = 2 and 3 only recorded). RIC ix, p. 63, 6a-b. RSC 18-19i. VF £50 ($90) / EF £130 ($225) EMA 169/1. [Constantia/Arles, AD 364-7].

19368

As 19363, but with mint mark S M AQ in ex. RIC ix, p. 94, 4a. MA 614. RSC 18-19j. [Aquileia, AD 364-7]. VF £65 ($110) / EF £155 ($275)

19369

As previous, but with mint mark TES in ex. RIC ix, p. 175, 12a. RSC 18-19k. [Thessalonica, AD 364-7]. VF £60 ($100) / EF £140 ($250) A rarer variety has an officina mark following the mint mark, but the officina number is unattested (probably A = 1).

19370

As previous, but with mint mark CP in ex. followed by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2) with dot between. RIC ix, p. 212, 12. RSC 18-19m. [Constantinople, AD 364-5 and 366-7]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £175 ($300)

19371

As previous, but with mint mark S M N in ex. RIC ix, p. 251, 4a. RSC 18-19n. VF £60 ($100) / EF £140 ($250) [Nicomedia, AD 364-5 and 366-7].

19372

As previous, but with mint mark ANT in ex. RIC ix, p. 273, 7a. RSC 18-19o. [Antioch, AD 364-7]. VF £50 ($90) / EF £130 ($225)

19373 Rev. RESTITVTOR REI PVBLICAE, as 19363, but with mint mark NIK in ex. followed by officina mark e (= 5). RIC ix, p. 251, 5. RSC 23. [Nicomedia, AD 364-7]. VF £80 ($140) / EF £200 ($350)

19374 19374 Rev. VRBS ROMA, Roma enthroned l., holding Victory on globe and resting on spear or sceptre, mint mark TR PS in ex., sometimes followed by dot. RIC ix, p. 19, 27a and VF £50 ($90) / EF £130 ($225) d. RSC 81a, d, and e. [Trier, AD 368-75]. 19375

As previous, but with mint mark LVG in ex. preceded by officina mark S (= 2). RIC ix, p. 44, 9a. Bastien 18. RSC 81b. [Lugdunum, AD 365-6]. VF £60 ($100) / EF £140 ($250)

19376

As previous, but with mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark P, T, or Q (= 1, 3, or 4). RIC ix, p. 119, 11a. RSC 81c. [Rome, AD 364-7]. VF £60 ($100) / EF £140 ($250)

19377 Rev. VIRTVS EXERCITVS, Valentinian, in military attire, stg. facing, hd. l., holding globe and spear, mint mark TES in ex. RIC ix, p. 175, 13. RSC 58A. [Thessalonica, AD 364-7]. VF £105 ($180) / EF £250 ($450)

306

Roman Coins and Their Values

19378

Silver siliqua. Rev. VOT / V in wreath, sometimes with dot at centre, mint mark C in ex. followed by officina mark A or D (= 1 or 4) with dot between. RIC ix, p. 212, 13a. RSC 69Ac. [Constantinople, AD 364-7]. VF £50 ($90) / EF £130 ($225)

19379

Similar, but with mint mark CP in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, G, or D (= 1, 2, 3, or 4), usually with dot between. RIC ix, pp. 212-13, 13a and g. RSC 69Aa-b and f. VF £45 ($80) / EF £115 ($200) [Constantinople, AD 364-7].

19380

Similar, but with mint mark CONS in ex. followed by officina mark A (= 1), the whole sometimes flanked by dots. RIC ix, p. 212, 13a. RSC 69Ad-e. [Constantinople, AD 364-7]. VF £50 ($90) / EF £130 ($225)

19381 Rev. VOT / V / MVLT / X in wreath, mint mark S M AQ in ex. RIC ix, p. 95, 5. MA VF £70 ($120) / EF £175 ($300) 615. RSC 70a. [Aquileia, AD 364-7].

19382

19383

19384

  19382 19386 As previous, but sometimes with dot at centre of reverse and with mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark B or T (= 2 or 3). RIC ix, p. 118, 10a-b. RSC 70b and f. [Rome, AD 364-7]. VF £60 ($100) / EF £140 ($250) As 19381, but with mint mark C in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, or G (= 1, 2, or 3) with dot between, the whole flanked by star and wreath. RIC ix, p. 218, 36a-b. RSC VF £60 ($100) / EF £140 ($250) 70c and e. [Constantinople, AD 368-9]. As previous, but with mint mark S M N in ex. RIC ix, p. 254, 20a. RSC 70d. [Nicomedia, VF £60 ($100) / EF £140 ($250)

AD 368-9].

19385 Rev. VOT / V / MVLTIS / X in wreath, mint mark as previous. RIC ix, p. 255, 21a. VF £65 ($110) / EF £155 ($275) RSC 72a. [Nicomedia, AD 368-9]. 19386 Rev. VOT / X / MVL / XX in wreath, mint mark AN or ANT in ex., sometimes followed by star or crescent. RIC ix, p. 279, 33a. RSC 72Aa-d. [Antioch, AD 373-4]. VF £50 ($90) / EF £130 ($225) 19387 Rev. VOT / X / MVLT / XX in wreath, mint mark SISC P in ex., Chi-Rho monogram in circular ornament at top of wreath. RIC ix, p. 147, 12a. RSC 73a. [Siscia, AD 373-4]. VF £65 ($110) / EF £155 ($275) 19388

As previous, but with mint mark C S in ex. with Chi-Rho monogram between, the whole flanked by palm and wreath. RIC ix, p. 219, 37a. RSC 73b. [Constantinople, AD 373-4]. VF £60 ($100) / EF £140 ($250)

19389

As previous, but with mint mark S M N in ex. RIC ix, p. 255, 22a. RSC — (omitted in VF £65 ($110) / EF £155 ($275) error). [Nicomedia, AD 373-4].

19390

As previous, but with mint mark ANT in ex., sometimes flanked by dot and star. RIC ix, VF £50 ($90) / EF £130 ($225) p. 280, 34a. RSC 73c-d. [Antioch, AD 373-4].

19391

Similar, but the mint mark is followed by officina mark G, D, Z, or H (= 3, 4, 7, or 8) and preceded by one or two dots. RIC ix, p. 280, 34a. RSC 73e-f. [Antioch, AD 373-4]. VF £50 ($90) / EF £130 ($225) The mark • AN H has also been recorded (RIC 34a.8).

19392 Rev. VOT / VX / MVLT / XX in wreath, mint mark C S in ex. with Chi-Rho monogram between. RIC ix, p. 219, 38a. RSC 75A. [Constantinople, AD 373-4]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £175 ($300)

VALENTINIAN I

307

19393

Silver siliqua. Rev. VOTIS / V / MVLTIS / X in wreath, mint mark TR in ex. RIC ix, p. 13, 3. RSC 79b. [Trier, AD 364-7]. VF £80 ($140) / EF £200 ($350)

19394

As previous, but with mint mark SIRM in ex. RIC ix, p. 158, 2. RSC 79a. [Sirmium, AD 364]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £175 ($300)

19395

Billon double maiorina (c. 8.25 grams). Rev. RESTITVTOR REI PVBLICAE, Valentinian, in military attire, stg. facing, hd. r., holding standard/labarum and Victory on globe, mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark P, T, or Q (= 1, 3, or 4). RIC ix, p. 119, 14a. LRBC II, 698. C 30. [Rome, AD 364-5]. F £115 ($200) / VF £290 ($500) / EF £685 ($1,200)

19396

As previous, but with mint mark S M AQ in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). RIC ix, p. 95, 6a. LRBC II, 961. MA 616. C 30. [Aquileia, AD 364-5]. F £115 ($200) / VF £290 ($500) / EF £685 ($1,200)

19397

As previous, but with mint mark SIRM preceded by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2). RIC ix, p. 158, 3. LRBC II, 1626. Cf. C 31. [Sirmium, AD 364-5]. F £130 ($225) / VF £320 ($550) / EF £800 ($1,400)

19398

As previous, but with mint mark TES followed by officina mark A (= 1). RIC ix, p. 176, 15. LRBC II, 1701. C 30 var. [Thessalonica, AD 364-5]. F £140 ($250) / VF £350 ($600) / EF £850 ($1,500)

19399

As previous, but with mint mark S M H followed by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2). RIC ix, p. 191, 2. LRBC II, 1915. C 30 var. [Heraclea, AD 364-5]. F £140 ($250) / VF £350 ($600) / EF £850 ($1,500)

19400

As previous, but with mint mark CONSP followed by officina mark A, B, G, or D (= 1, 2, 3, or 4). RIC ix, p. 214, 15. LRBC II, 2065. C 30 var. [Constantinople, AD 364-5] F £130 ($225) / VF £320 ($550) / EF £800 ($1,400)

19400

19401

19402

19401 As previous, but with mint mark S M N followed by officina mark A, B, or G (= 1, 2, or 3). RIC ix, p. 251, 7a. LRBC II, 2321. C 30. [Nicomedia, AD 364-5]. F £115 ($200) / VF £290 ($500) / EF £685 ($1,200) As previous, but with mint mark S M K followed by officina mark G (= 3). RIC ix, p. 240, 5. LRBC II, 2514. C 30 var. [Cyzicus, AD 364-5]. F £140 ($250) / VF £350 ($600) / EF £850 ($1,500)

308

Roman Coins and Their Values

19403

Billon double maiorina. As previous, but with mint mark ANT followed by officina mark D (= 4). RIC ix, p. 274, 9a. LRBC II, 2649. C 30 var. [Antioch, AD 364-5]. F £130 ($225) / VF £320 ($550) / EF £800 ($1,400)

19404

Bronze double centenionalis or maiorina (c. 4.50 grams). Rev. GLORIA ROMANORVM, two-turreted gateway of military camp, S above, mint mark S M TR in ex. RIC ix, p. 19, 29a. LRBC II, 88. C 13. [Trier, AD 368]. F £290 ($500) / VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £1,700 ($3,000) Although sometimes described as a small medal, this very rare type seems to have formed part of the regular coinage. It may represent a short-lived attempt by Valentinian I, soon after the elevation of Gratian in AD 367, to revive the maiorina denomination abandoned by Constantius II in the 350s. In 379, the maiorina was reintroduced by Gratian and remained in issue until the death of Theodosius I in 395 (see also nos. 19712 and 19995).

19405

Bronze centenionalis (c. 2.50 grams). Rev. FELICITAS ROMANORVM, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark S M AQ in ex. followed by officina mark P (= 1). Cf. RIC ix, p. 97, 16a (misattributed to Valentinian II). LRBC II, 1007. F £23 ($40) / VF £60 ($100) / EF £140 ($250) MA 635. C. —. [Aquileia, AD 367].

19406

Rev. GLORIA ROMANORVM, Valentinian, in military attire, advancing r., hd. l., dragging captive by the hair with r. hand and holding labarum in l., mint mark TR in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2) which is sometimes followed by star or crescent, sometimes with star in r. field. RIC ix, p. 14, 5a-b. LRBC II, 78-9 and 83-4. C 12. [Trier, AD 365-7]. F £6 ($10) / VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

19407

Similar, but sometimes with dot following the officina mark, sometimes with star in l. field, and sometimes with D in l. field and palm in r. RIC ix, p. 20, 30a. LRBC II, 92, 99, 105, 115, and 122. C 12. [Trier, AD 367-75]. F £6 ($10) / VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

19408

As 19406, but with mint mark LVG in ex. preceded by officina mark S (= 2), nothing in field. RIC ix, p. 44, 10a. LRBC II, 275. Bastien 22. C 12. [Lugdunum, AD 365-6]. F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

19409

As previous, but without S preceding the mint mark and with officina mark O—F II (= 2) in field. RIC ix, p. 44, 10a. LRBC II, 279. Bastien 40. C 12. [Lugdunum, AD 366-7]. F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

19410

Similar, but the mint mark is followed by officina mark S (= 2), either with dot between or with star following the S. RIC ix, p. 44, 10a. LRBC II, 281 and 284. Bastien 44 and F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) 46. C 12. [Lugdunum, AD 366-7]. The duplication of the officina mark (S and OF II) on this series seems redundant.

19411

Similar, but with mint mark LVG V in ex., sometimes followed by officina mark S (= 2). RIC ix, p. 44, 10a. LRBC II, 287 and 290. Bastien 49 and 54. C 12. [Lugdunum, AD 366-7]. F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

19412

Similar, but with mint mark LVG A instead of LVG V (always followed by officina mark S). RIC ix, p. 44, 10a. LRBC II, 293. Bastien 57. C 12. [Lugdunum, AD 366-7]. F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

19413

Similar, but with mint mark LVG in ex. followed by officina mark S (= 2) and A. RIC ix, p. 46, 20a. LRBC II, 300. Bastien 72. C 12. [Lugdunum, AD 367-75]. F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

19414

Similar, but with D instead of A following the officina mark in ex. RIC ix, p. 46, 20a. LRBC II, 307. Bastien 79. C 12. [Lugdunum, AD 367-75]. F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

VALENTINIAN I

309

19415

GLORIA ROMANORVM (cont.) Bronze centenionalis. Similar, but with P instead of D following the officina mark in ex. RIC ix, p. 46, 20a. LRBC II, 311. Bastien 82. C 12. [Lugdunum, AD 367-75]. F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

19416

Similar, but with R instead of P following the officina mark in ex. RIC ix, p. 46, 20a. LRBC II, 313. Bastien 86. C 12. [Lugdunum, AD 367-75]. F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

19417

Similar, but with mint mark LVG A (no officina mark in ex.). RIC ix, p. 46, 20a. LRBC II, 296. Bastien 89. C 12. [Lugdunum, AD 367-75]. F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

19418

Similar, but with mint mark LVG in ex. followed by officina mark P (rarely) or S (= 1 or 2), which is sometimes followed by dot. RIC ix, p. 46, 20a. LRBC II, 317 and 321. Bastien 94, 95 and 100. C 12. [Lugdunum, AD 367-75]. F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) The appearance of the marks of both officinae (P and OF II) on this type and the next awaits a satisfactory explanation (see also no. 19425).

19419

Similar, but with dot within crescent in rev. field to r., below the F of O—F II (no dot following the S in ex.). RIC ix, p. 46, 20a. LRBC II, 338. Bastien 104-5. C 12. F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) [Lugdunum, AD 367-75].

19420

Similar, but with palm instead of dot within crescent in rev. field to r., and sometimes with dot following the officina mark in ex. (officina S = 2 only recorded; sometimes the palm is below the II of O—F II). RIC ix, p. 46, 20a. LRBC II, 330 and 334. Bastien 111, 116, and 118. C 12. [Lugdunum, AD 367-75]. F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

19421

Similar, but with mint mark LVG in ex. followed by officina mark S (= 2) and by A, star in rev. field to r., below the F of O—F II. RIC ix, —. LRBC II, 325. Bastien 122. C 12. F £6 ($10) / VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85) [Lugdunum, AD 367-75].

19422

Similar, but with S instead of star in rev. field to r., below the II of O—F II. RIC ix, —. LRBC II, 324. Bastien 123. C 12. [Lugdunum, AD 367-75]. F £6 ($10) / VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

19423

Similar, but without the A following the officina mark in ex. and sometimes with dot in its place, the S in rev. field is sometimes below the F and sometimes below the II of O—F II. RIC ix, p. 46, 20a. LRBC II, 342 and 346. Bastien 130 and 135-6. C 12. F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) [Lugdunum, AD 367-75].

19424

Similar, but with R S in rev. field to r. below the F II of O—F II. RIC ix, p. 46, 20a. Cf. LRBC II, 350. Bastien 140. C 12. [Lugdunum, AD 367-75]. F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

19425

Similar, but with R and TE monogram instead of R S in rev. field to r. (officina P = 1 also recorded). RIC ix, p. 46, 20a. Cf. LRBC II, 354. Bastien 145-6. C 12. [Lugdunum, AD 367-75]. F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) See note following no. 19418.

19426

As 19406, but with mint mark CONST in ex. preceded by officina mark P or T (= 1 or 3). RIC ix, p. 64, 7a-c. LRBC II, —. EMA 171/3. C 12. [Constantia/Arles, AD 364]. F £6 ($10) / VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

19427

Similar, but with mint mark CON instead of CONST in ex., and with A or B in rev. field to r. (officinae S and T = 2 and 3 recorded). RIC ix, p. 64, 7a-c. LRBC II, 493-4. EMA 172/1 and 173/1. C 12. [Constantia/Arles, AD 364]. F £6 ($10) / VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

310

Roman Coins and Their Values

19428

GLORIA ROMANORVM (cont.) Bronze centenionalis. Similar, but without officina mark preceding the mint mark and with OF — I, II, or III (= 1, 2, or 3) in rev. field, dot below the officina numeral. RIC ix, p. 64, 7a-c. LRBC II, 487-8. EMA 176/1. C 12. [Constantia/Arles, AD 364-7]. F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

19429

Similar, but with mint mark CONST or (very rarely) CON P and without dot below the officina numeral. RIC ix, p. 64, 7a-c. LRBC II, 479 and 484. EMA 174/1 and 175/1. C F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) 12. [Constantia/Arles, AD 364-7].

19429A

Similar, but with mint mark CON or CON * in ex. RIC ix, p. 66, 16a. LRBC II, 512 and 518-19. EMA 183/1 and 184/1. C 12. [Constantia/Arles, AD 367-70]. F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

19430

Similar, but with mint mark CON in ex. preceded by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2) and with N in rev. field to r. RIC ix, p. 66, 16a. LRBC II, 506. EMA 182/1. C 12. F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) [Constantia/Arles, AD 370].

19431

Similar, but with mint mark CON in ex. preceded by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2) and sometimes with dot in rev. field to r. RIC ix, p. 66, 16a. LRBC II, 498/500 and 525. EMA 186/1 and 188/1. C 12. [Constantia/Arles, AD 371-5]. F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) Depeyrot suggests that the latest issues of this type may have been struck in the name of Valentinian II.

19432

As 19406, but with mint mark S M AQ in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2), letter (A, B, or E) in field to r. RIC ix, p. 95, 7a. LRBC II, 965, 969, and 980. MA F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) 618-20. C 12. [Aquileia, AD 365-7].

19433

Similar, but with P-headed cross (Christogram) instead of letter in rev. field to r. RIC ix, p. 95, 7a. LRBC II, 984. MA 621. C 12. [Aquileia, AD 365-7]. F £7 ($12) / VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100)

19434

Similar, but with symbol (palm, dot within crescent, or star within crescent) in rev. field to r. RIC ix, p. 95, 7a. LRBC II, 988 and 996. MA 622-4. C 12. [Aquileia, AD 365-7]. F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

19435

Similar, but with star preceding the mint mark and nothing in rev. field. RIC ix, p. 95, 7a. LRBC II, 1003. MA 625. C 12. [Aquileia, AD 365-7]. F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

19436

Similar, but without star preceding the mint mark, and B with dot beneath in rev. field to r. RIC ix, p. 95, 7a. LRBC II, 973. MA 636. C 12. [Aquileia, AD 367-75]. F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

19437

Similar, but with wreath instead of B and dot in rev. field to r. RIC ix, p. 96, 11a. LRBC II, 1028. MA 637. C 12. [Aquileia, AD 367-75]. F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

19438

Similar, but with star instead of wreath in rev. field to r. RIC ix, p. 96, 11a. LRBC II, 1032. MA 641. C 12. [Aquileia, AD 367-75]. F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

19439

Similar, but with two dots in rev. field, one to l. and the other to r. RIC ix, —. LRBC II, —. MA 642. C 12. [Aquileia, AD 367-75]. F £6 ($10) / VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

19440

Similar, but with dot and star in rev. field, to l. and to r. RIC ix, —. Cf. LRBC II, 1038. MA 649. C 12. [Aquileia, AD 375]. F £7 ($12) / VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100)

VALENTINIAN I

311

19441

GLORIA ROMANORVM (cont.) Bronze centenionalis. Similar, but nothing in rev. field and sometimes with dot preceding the mint mark or with dots flanking the mint and officina marks. RIC ix, p. 96, 11a. LRBC II, 1011, 1017, and 1023. MA 638-40. C 12. [Aquileia, AD 367-75]. F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

19442

As 19406, but with mint mark S M R in ex. followed by officina mark P, T, or Q (= 1, 3, or 4). RIC ix, p. 119, 15a. LRBC II, 702. C 12. [Rome, AD 365-7]. F £6 ($10) / VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

19443

Similar, but with mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark P, B, T, or Q (= 1, 2, 3, or 4). RIC ix, p. 119, 15a. LRBC II, 706. C 12. [Rome, AD 365-7]. F £6 ($10) / VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

19444

Similar, but with mint mark R • in ex. followed by officina mark PRIMA, SECVNDA, TERTIA, or QVARTA (= 1, 2, 3, or 4). RIC ix, p. 121, 23a. LRBC II, 715. C 12. [Rome, AD 367-72]. F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

19445

Similar, but with mint mark S M R in ex. followed by officina mark P, B, or Q (= 1, 2, or 4) with leaf between the M and R. RIC ix, p. 121, 23a. LRBC II, 721. C 12. [Rome, AD 372-5]. F £6 ($10) / VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

19446

As 19406, but with mint mark SISC in ex. preceded by officina mark A (= 1) or, more rarely, by B (= 2). RIC ix, p. 146, 5a. LRBC II, 1271. C 12. [Siscia, AD 365]. F £6 ($10) / VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

19447

Similar, but the mint mark is preceded by officina mark G (= 3) which is sometimes preceded by D, dot, or palm; sometimes with star, or star / A, or star / A / dot in r. field; a rare occurrence of officina D (= 4) has also been recorded. RIC ix, p. 146, 5a. LRBC II, 1275, 1279, 1283-4, 1286, 1290, 1294, and 1298. C 12. [Siscia, AD 365-7]. F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

19448

Similar, but the mint mark is preceded by officina mark B or G (= 2 or 3) which is preceded by dot or star; R or D in rev. field to r. RIC ix, p. 147, 14a. LRBC II, 1299 and F £6 ($10) / VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85) 1305. C 12. [Siscia, AD 367].

19449

Similar, but with officina mark B (= 2) which is preceded by dot within crescent, D in field to r. RIC ix, p. 147, 14a. LRBC II, 1311. C 12. [Siscia, AD 367]. F £6 ($10) / VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)



NB From this point on, all Siscian issues of Valentinian I of the GLORIA ROMANORVM type were produced by the second officina (B).

19450

Similar, but without symbol preceding the officina mark, and with one of the following control-marks in the field: S — D (sometimes with star above D); S — F (with star above F); M — F (with star above F); M — P (with star above P and sometimes also dot below); and M — R / O (sometimes with dot above or below M, star above R). RIC ix, p. 147, 14a. LRBC II, 1315, 1319, 1323, 1327, 1331, 1339, 1342, 1345, and 1349. C 12. F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) [Siscia, AD 367-75]. The series represented by this and the following type comprises the most complex sequencing of control-marks throughout the entire Roman Imperial coinage (see also nos. 19509-11, 19835-7, and 20064-6).

312

19451

Roman Coins and Their Values

19451 GLORIA ROMANORVM (cont.) Bronze centenionalis. Similar, but with A, or E, or K, or P, or R, or S, or S •, or ≤, or ≤ •, or V, or VE monogram, or Z, or dot following the mint mark, and with one of the following control-marks in the field: M — R / O (with star above R); DVR monogram — R / O (with star above R); Q — R / O (with star above R); P — K (with star above K); Q — K (with star above K); Q — K / P; Q — A / R (with curled top to R); Q — R / A (with curled top to R); Q — R / K (with curled top to R); F — A / R (with curled top to R); F — R / A (with curled top to R); F — R / R (with curled top to lower R); S / • — R / R (with curled top to lower R); S / • — R / A (with curled top to A); S / • — C / A (with curled top to A); S / • — C / P; G — C / P; F — D / R (with curled top to R); and F — D / P. RIC ix, p. 147, 14a. LRBC II, 1351, 1355, 1358-9, 1364-7, 1376, 1380, 1384, 1386, 1390-91, 1396-9, 1408-10, 1418-20, 1430, 1435-8, 1450-52, 1459, 1466-7, 1478, and 1485-6. C 12. [Siscia, AD 367-75]. F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

19452

As 19406, but with mint mark SIRM in ex. preceded by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2). RIC ix, p. 158, 4a. LRBC II, 1631. C 12. [Sirmium, AD 364]. F £12 ($20) / VF £30 ($50) / EF £72 ($125)

19453

As previous, but with mint mark TES in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, G, or D (= 1, 2, 3, or 4) and sometimes preceded by dot, sometimes with star in r. field. RIC ix, p. 176, 16a. LRBC II, 1704, 1708, 1711, and 1715. C 12. [Thessalonica, AD 364-7]. F £6 ($10) / VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

19454

Similar, but without dot preceding the mint mark, and with wreath in r. field, or wreath in l. field and O / M in r. RIC ix, p. 178, 26a. LRBC II, 1718 and 1724. C 12. F £6 ($10) / VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85) [Thessalonica, AD 367].

19455

Similar, but the officina mark is in r. field and is sometimes surmounted by dot, sometimes also with dot in l. field. RIC ix, p. 178, 26a. LRBC II, 1728, 1738, and 1741. F £6 ($10) / VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85) C 12. [Thessalonica, AD 367-75].

19456

Similar, but with star above the officina mark in r. field, and sometimes also with star in l. field. RIC ix, p. 178, 26a. LRBC II, 1744 and 1749. C 12. [Thessalonica, AD 367-75]. F £6 ($10) / VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

19457

Similar, but with wreath in field to l. and officina mark (sometimes surmounted by dot) in r. RIC ix, p. 178, 26a. LRBC II, 1757 and 1762. C 12. [Thessalonica, AD 367-75]. F £6 ($10) / VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

19458

Similar, but with letter A, D, M, V, or Z in l. field, and officina mark (sometimes surmounted by star or dot) in r. RIC ix, p. 178, 26a. LRBC II, 1770, 1773, 1780, 1792, 1798, and 1803. C 12. [Thessalonica, AD 367-75]. F £6 ($10) / VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

19459

As 19406, but with mint mark S M H in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, or G (= 1, 2, or 3). RIC ix, p. 191, 3a. LRBC II, 1919 and 1932. C 12. [Heraclea, AD 364-5 and 366-7]. F £6 ($10) / VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85) This issue was interrupted by the revolt of Procopius in September, AD 365.

19460

Similar, but also with star in rev. field to l. and wreath to r. (officina B = 2 only recorded). RIC ix, p. 193, 9a. LRBC II, 1936. C 12. [Heraclea, AD 367-75]. F £6 ($10) / VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

VALENTINIAN I

313

19461

GLORIA ROMANORVM (cont.) Bronze centenionalis. As 19406, but with mint mark CONSP or CONS in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, G, D, or Z (= 1, 2, 3, 4, or 7). RIC ix, p. 214, 16a. LRBC II, 2068 and 2074. C 12. [Constantinople, AD 364-5]. F £6 ($10) / VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85) This issue was interrupted by the revolt of Procopius in September, AD 365.

19462

Similar (with mint mark CONS) but also with star in rev. field to r. (officina D = 4 only recorded). RIC ix, p. 214, 16a. LRBC II, 2085. C 12. [Constantinople, AD 366-7]. F £6 ($10) / VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

19463

Similar, but with star and wreath or wreath and palm in rev. field to l. and to r. (officinae A and G = 1 and 3 only recorded). RIC ix, p. 219, 41a. LRBC II, 2090 and 2098. C 12. [Constantinople, AD 367-75]. F £6 ($10) / VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

19464

As 19406, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, G, or D (= 1, 2, 3, or 4). RIC ix, p. 252, 9a. LRBC II, 2325 and 2334. C 12. [Nicomedia, AD 364-5 F £7 ($12) / VF £18 ($32) / EF £55 ($95) and 366-7 and later?]. This issue was interrupted by the revolt of Procopius in September, AD 365.

19465

Similar, but with mint mark S M K in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, G, or D (= 1, 2, 3, or 4). RIC ix, pp. 240-41, 8a and 12a. LRBC II, 2517 and 2526. C 12. [Cyzicus, AD 364-5 and 366-75?]. F £6 ($10) / VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85) This issue was interrupted by the revolt of Procopius in September, AD 365.

19466

As 19406, but with mint mark ANT in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, G, D, or S (= 1, 2, 3, 4, or 6). RIC ix, pp. 274 and 281, 10a and 35a. LRBC II, 2653 and 2658. C 12. [Antioch, AD 364-7 and later?]. F £6 ($10) / VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

19467

Similar, but with mint mark ALE in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, G, or D (= 1, 2, 3, or 4). RIC ix, pp. 298-9, 1a and 4a. LRBC II, 2858. C 12. [Alexandria, AD 364-7 and later?]. F £6 ($10) / VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

19468

Rev. — Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark TR in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2) and star. RIC ix, p. 14, 6a. LRBC II, 80. C 7. [Trier, AD 365-7]. F £13 ($22) / VF £32 ($55) / EF £80 ($140)

19469

Similar, but without the star following the officina mark, or with dot instead of the star, or with star in l. field. RIC ix, p. 20, 31a. LRBC II, 94, 101, 106, and 117. C 7. [Trier, AD 367-75]. F £13 ($22) / VF £32 ($55) / EF £80 ($140)

19470 19470 Rev. PERPETVITAS IMPERII, Valentinian, in military attire, stg. r., receiving shield with swastika device from Manus Dei in upper field to r., mint mark SIRM in ex. RIC (Unique) ix, p. 159, 5. LRBC II, 1625. C —. [Sirmium, AD 364]. 19471 Rev. RESTITVTOR REI P, Valentinian, in military attire, stg. facing, hd. r., holding standard/labarum and Victory on globe, mint mark LVG in ex. preceded by officina mark P or S (= 1or 2). RIC ix, p. 44, 11a. LRBC II, 273. Bastien 14 and 16. C 21. F £12 ($20) / VF £30 ($50) / EF £72 ($125) [Lugdunum, AD 364-5]. 19472

As previous, but with mint mark CONST in ex. preceded by officina mark P or T (= 1 or 3). RIC ix, p. 64, 8a-b. LRBC II, 474-5. EMA 171/1. C 21. [Constantia/Arles, AD 364-5]. F £13 ($22) / VF £32 ($55) / EF £80 ($140)

314

Roman Coins and Their Values

19473

RESTITVTOR REI P (cont.) Bronze centenionalis. As previous, but with mint mark S M AQ in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). RIC ix, p. 95, 8a. LRBC II, 963. MA 617. C 21. [Aquileia, AD 364-5]. F £12 ($20) / VF £30 ($50) / EF £72 ($125)

19474

As previous, but with mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark P, B, T, or Q (= 1, 2, 3, or 4). RIC ix, p. 120, 16a. LRBC II, 700. C 21. [Rome, AD 364-5]. F £13 ($22) / VF £32 ($55) / EF £80 ($140)

19475

As previous, but with mint mark SISC in ex. preceded by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2). RIC ix, p. 146, 6a. LRBC II, 1269. C 21. [Siscia, AD 364-5]. F £13 ($22) / VF £32 ($55) / EF £80 ($140)

19476

19476 As previous, but with mint mark SIRM in ex. preceded by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2). RIC ix, p. 159, 6a. LRBC II, 1627. C 21. [Sirmium, AD 364]. F £12 ($20) / VF £30 ($50) / EF £72 ($125)

19477

As previous, but with mint mark TES in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, G, or D (= 1, 2, 3, or 4). RIC ix, p. 176, 17a. LRBC II, 1702. C 21. [Thessalonica, AD 364-5]. F £12 ($20) / VF £30 ($50) / EF £72 ($125)

19478

As previous, but with mint mark S M H followed by officina mark A (= 1). RIC ix, p. 192, 4a. LRBC II, 1916. C 21. [Heraclea, AD 364]. F £15 ($25) / VF £35 ($60) / EF £85 ($150)

19479

As previous, but with mint mark CONSP in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, G, or D (= 1, 2, 3, or 4). RIC ix, p. 215, 20a. LRBC II, 2066. C 21. [Constantinople, AD 364-5]. F £13 ($22) / VF £32 ($55) / EF £80 ($140)

19480

As previous, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark G (= 3). RIC ix, p. 252, 11a. LRBC II, 2323. C 21. [Nicomedia, AD 364-5]. F £13 ($22) / VF £32 ($55) / EF £80 ($140)

19481

As previous, but with mint mark S M K in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, or G (= 1, 2, or 3). RIC ix, p. 240, 10a. LRBC II, 2515. C 21. [Cyzicus, AD 364-5]. F £13 ($22) / VF £32 ($55) / EF £80 ($140)

19482

As previous, but with mint mark ANT in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, and D (= 1, 2, and 4). RIC ix, p. 274, 11a. LRBC II, 2651. C 21. [Antioch, AD 364-5]. F £12 ($20) / VF £30 ($50) / EF £72 ($125)

19483

As previous, but with mint mark ALE in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, or G (= 1, 2, or 3). RIC ix, p. 298, 2a. LRBC II, 2856. C 21. [Alexandria, AD 364-5]. F £12 ($20) / VF £30 ($50) / EF £72 ($125)

19484 Rev. SECVRITAS REI PVBLICAE, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark TR in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2) and crescent. RIC ix, p. 14, 7a. LRBC II, 86. C 37. [Trier, AD 365-7]. F £6 ($10) / VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85) 19485

Similar, but without the crescent following the officina mark and sometimes with star in l. field, or D in l. field and palm in r., or with dots flanking the mint and officina marks and with star in l. field. RIC ix, p. 20, 32a. LRBC II, 96, 109, 112, 119, and 124. C 37. F £6 ($10) / VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85) [Trier, AD 367-75].

VALENTINIAN I

315

19486

SECVRITAS REI PVBLICAE (cont.) Bronze centenionalis. As 19484, but with mint mark CONST in ex. preceded by officina mark S or T (= 2 or 3). RIC ix, p. 64, 9a. LRBC II, 477. EMA 171/5. C 37. [Constantia/Arles, AD 364]. F £6 ($10) / VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

19487

Similar, but with mint mark CON instead of CONST in ex., and with B in rev. field to r. (officinae T = 3 only recorded). RIC ix, p. 64, 9a. LRBC II, 496. EMA 173/3. C 37. F £6 ($10) / VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85) [Constantia/Arles, AD 364].

19488

Similar, but with mint mark CONST or CON or (more rarely) CON P in ex. and with OF — I, II, or III (= officina 1, 2, or 3) in rev. field, those having mint mark CON with dot below the officina numeral. RIC ix, p. 64, 9a. LRBC II, 481-2, 485, and 490-91. EMA 174/3, 175/3, and 176/3. C 37. [Constantia/Arles, AD 364-7]. F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

19489

Similar, but with mint mark CON or CON * in ex. and with officina mark OF — I, II, or III (= 1, 2, or 3) in rev. field (no dot below the officina numeral). RIC ix, p. 66, 17a. LRBC II, 514-15 and 521-2. EMA 183/3 and 184/3. C 37. [Constantia/Arles, AD 367-70]. F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

19490

Similar, but with mint mark CON in ex. preceded by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2) and with N in rev. field to l. RIC ix, p. 66, 17a. LRBC II, 508-9. EMA 182/3. C 37. F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) [Constantia/Arles, AD 370].

19491

Similar, but with mint mark CON in ex. preceded by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2) and sometimes with dot in rev. field to r. RIC ix, p. 66, 17a. LRBC II, 501 and 527. EMA 186/3 and 188/4. C 37. [Constantia/Arles, AD 371-5]. F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) Depeyrot suggests that the latest issues of this type may have been struck in the name of Valentinian II.

19492

As 19484, but with mint mark S M AQ in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2), letter (A, B, D, or E) in field to l. RIC ix, p. 95, 9a. LRBC II, 967, 971, 978, and 982. F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) MA 626-9. C 37. [Aquileia, AD 365-7].

19493

Similar, but with P-headed cross (Christogram) instead of letter in rev. field to l. RIC ix, p. 95, 9a. LRBC II, 986. Cf. MA 630. C 37. [Aquileia, AD 365-7]. F £9 ($16) / VF £23 ($40) / EF £60 ($100)

19494

Similar, but with symbol (palm, dot within crescent, or star within crescent) in rev. field to l. RIC ix, p. 95, 9a. LRBC II, 990 and 998. MA 631-3. C 37. [Aquileia, AD 365-7]. F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

19495

Similar, but with star preceding the mint mark and nothing in rev. field. RIC ix, p. 95, 9a. LRBC II, 1005. MA 634. C 37. [Aquileia, AD 365-7]. F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

19496

Similar, but without star preceding the mint mark, and B with dot beneath in rev. field to l. RIC ix, p. 95, 9a. LRBC II, 975. MA 643. C 37. [Aquileia, AD 367-75]. F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

19497

Similar, but with wreath instead of B and dot in rev. field to l. RIC ix, p. 96, 12a. LRBC II, 1030. MA 644. C 37. [Aquileia, AD 367-75]. F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

19498

Similar, but with star instead of wreath in rev. field to l. RIC ix, p. 96, 12a. LRBC II, 1035. MA 648. C 37. [Aquileia, AD 367-75]. F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

19499

Similar, but with star and dot in rev. field, to l. and to r. RIC ix, —. LRBC II, 1041. MA F £9 ($15) / VF £26 ($45) / EF £60 ($100) 650. C 37. [Aquileia, AD 375].

316

Roman Coins and Their Values

19500

SECVRITAS REI PVBLICAE (cont.) Bronze centenionalis. Similar, but nothing in rev. field and sometimes with dot preceding the mint mark or with dots flanking the mint and officina marks. RIC ix, p. 96, 12a. LRBC II, 1014, 1020, and 1026. MA 645-7. C 37. [Aquileia, AD 367-75]. F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

19501

As 19484, but with mint mark S M R in ex. followed by officina mark T (= 3). RIC ix, p. 120, 17a. LRBC II, 704. C 37. [Rome, AD 365-7]. F £6 ($10) / VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

19502

Similar, but with mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark P, B, T, or Q (= 1, 2, 3, or 4). RIC ix, p. 120, 17a. LRBC II, 708. C 37. [Rome, AD 365-7]. F £6 ($10) / VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

19503

Similar, but with mint mark R or R • in ex. followed by officina mark PRIMA, SECVNDA, TERTIA, or QVARTA (= 1, 2, 3, or 4). RIC ix, p. 121, 24a. LRBC II, 712 F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) and 718. C 37. [Rome, AD 367-72].

19504

Similar, but with mint mark S M R in ex. followed by officina mark P, B, T, or Q (= 1, 2, 3, or 4) with leaf between the M and R. RIC ix, p. 121, 24a. LRBC II, 724. C 37. [Rome, F £6 ($10) / VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85) AD 372-5].

19505

As 19484, but with mint mark SISC in ex. preceded by officina mark A (= 1) or, more rarely, by B (= 2). RIC ix, p. 146, 7a. LRBC II, 1273. C 37. [Siscia, AD 365]. F £6 ($10) / VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

19506

Similar, but the mint mark is preceded by officina mark D (= 4 or, more rarely, by A or G = 1 or 3) which is preceded by D, or dot, or palm; sometimes with star above A in l. field. RIC ix, p. 146, 7a. LRBC II, 1277, 1281, 1288, 1292, and 1296. C 37. [Siscia, AD 365-7]. F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

19507

Similar, but the mint mark is preceded by officina mark A or D (= 1 or 4) which is preceded by dot or star; R or D in rev. field to l. RIC ix, p. 147, 15a. LRBC II, 1302 and F £6 ($10) / VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85) 1308. C 37. [Siscia, AD 367].

19508

Similar, but with officina mark D (= 4) which is preceded by dot within crescent, D in field to l. RIC ix, p. 147, 15a. LRBC II, 1313. C 37. [Siscia, AD 367]. F £6 ($10) / VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

19509

19509 Similar, but without symbol preceding the officina mark, and with one of the following control-marks in the field: D — S (sometimes with star above D); F — S (with star above F); F — M (with star above F); and P — M (with star above P). RIC ix, p. 147, 15a. LRBC II, 1317, 1321, 1325, 1329, and 1333. C 37. [Siscia, AD 367-75]. F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) The series represented by this and the following two types comprises the most complex sequencing of control-marks throughout the entire Roman Imperial coinage (see also nos. 19450-51, 19835-7, and 20064-6).

19510

Similar, but with officina mark G (= 3) instead of D preceding the mint mark, and with one of the following control-marks in the field: P — M (with star above P and sometimes with dot below); and R / O — M (with star above R and sometimes with dot above or below M). RIC ix, p. 147, 15a. LRBC II, 1336, 1340, 1343, 1347, and 1350. C F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) 37. [Siscia, AD 367-75].



NB From this point on, all Siscian issues of Valentinian I of the SECVRITAS REI PVBLICAE type were produced by the third officina (G).

VALENTINIAN I

317

19511

SECVRITAS REI PVBLICAE (cont.) Bronze centenionalis. Similar, but with E, or K, or P, or R, or S, or ≤, or ≤ •, or V, or dot following the mint mark, and with one of the following control-marks in the field: R / O — M (with star above R); R / O (with star above R) — DVR monogram; R / O (with star above R) — Q; K — Q (with star above K); K / P — Q; A / R (with curled top to R) — Q; R / K (with curled top to R) — Q; A / R (with curled top to R) — F; R / A (with curled top to R) — F; R / A (with curled top to A) — F / F; R / K (with curled top to K) — F; R / R (with curled top to lower R) — S / •; R / A (with curled top to A) — S / •; C / A (with curled top to A) — S / •; C / P — S / •; C / P — G; C / A (with curled top to A) — G; D / R (with curled top to R) — F; and D / P — F. RIC ix, p. 147, 15a. LRBC II, 1353, 1357, 1361-2, 1370-72, 1378, 1382, 1388, 1393-4, 1403-5, 1414-15, 1424-6, 1432, 1443-6, 1454, 1453, 1471-2, 1476, 1481-2, and 1489-90. C 37. [Siscia, AD 367-75]. F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

19512

As 19484, but with mint mark SIRM in ex. preceded by officina mark B (= 2). RIC ix, p. 159, 7a. LRBC II, 1633. C 37. [Sirmium, AD 364]. F £12 ($20) / VF £30 ($50) / EF £72 ($125)

19513

Similar, but with mint mark TES in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, G, or D (= 1, 2, 3, or 4), sometimes with star in l. field. RIC ix, p. 176, 18a. LRBC II, 1706 and 1713. C 37. [Thessalonica, AD 364-7]. F £6 ($10) / VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

19514

Similar, but with wreath in l. field, or wreath in r. field and O / M in l. RIC ix, p. 178, 27a. LRBC II, 1721 and 1726. C 37. [Thessalonica, AD 367]. F £6 ($10) / VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

19515

Similar, but the officina mark is in l. field instead of following mint mark. RIC ix, p. 178, 27a. LRBC II, 1731. C 37. [Thessalonica, AD 367-75]. F £6 ($10) / VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

19516

Similar, but with star above the officina mark in l. field, and also with dot or star in r. field. RIC ix, p. 178, 27a. LRBC II, 1747 and 1752. C 37. [Thessalonica, AD 367-75]. F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

19517

Similar, but with wreath in field to r. and officina mark (sometimes surmounted by dot) in l. RIC ix, p. 178, 27a. LRBC II, 1760 and 1765. C 37. [Thessalonica, AD 367-75]. F £6 ($10) / VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

19518

Similar, but with letter A, M, or V (usually surmounted by dot or star) in l. field, and officina mark in r. RIC ix, p. 178, 27a. LRBC II, 1772, 1778, 1783, 1797, 1801, and 1806. C 37. [Thessalonica, AD 367-75]. F £6 ($10) / VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

19519

As 19484, but with mint mark S M H in ex. followed by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2). RIC ix, p. 192, 5a. LRBC II, 1921 and 1934. C 37. [Heraclea, AD 364-5 and 366-7]. F £6 ($10) / VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85) This issue was interrupted by the revolt of Procopius in September, AD 365.

19520

Similar, but also with star in rev. field to l. and wreath to r. RIC ix, p. 194, 10a. LRBC II, 1939. C 37. [Heraclea, AD 367-75]. F £6 ($10) / VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

19521

As 19484, but with mint mark CONSP or CONS in ex. followed by officina mark A or D (= 1 or 4). RIC ix, p. 215, 21a. LRBC II, 2071 and 2076. C 37. [Constantinople, AD 364-5]. F £6 ($10) / VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85) This issue was interrupted by the revolt of Procopius in September, AD 365.

19522

Similar (with mint mark CONS) but also with star in rev. field to l. (officina A = 1 only recorded). RIC ix, p. 215, 21a. LRBC II, 2087. C 37. [Constantinople, AD 366-7]. F £6 ($10) / VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

318

Roman Coins and Their Values

19523

SECVRITAS REI PVBLICAE (cont.) Bronze centenionalis. Similar, but with wreath and star, palm and wreath, or two crosses in rev. field to l. and to r., or with dot in field to l. (officina A, B, G, D, or Z = 1, 2, 3, 4, or 7 recorded). RIC ix, p. 221, 42a. LRBC II, 2094, 2101, 2105, and 2109. C 37. [Constantinople, AD 367-75]. F £6 ($10) / VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

19524

As 19484, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, or G (= 1, 2, or 3). RIC ix, p. 252, 12a. LRBC II, 2328 and 2336. C 37. [Nicomedia, AD 364-5 and F £6 ($10) / VF £18 ($32) / EF £55 ($95) 366-7 and later?]. This issue was interrupted by the revolt of Procopius in September, AD 365.

19525

Similar, but with mint mark S M K in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, G, or D (= 1, 2, 3, or 4). RIC ix, p. 241, 11a and 13a. LRBC II, 2519 and 2529. C 37. [Cyzicus, AD 364-5 and 366-7 and later]. F £6 ($10) / VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85) This issue was interrupted by the revolt of Procopius in September, AD 365.

19526

Similar, but with mint mark ANT in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, G, e, or H (= 1, 2, 3, 5, or 8). RIC ix, pp. 275 and 281, 12a and 36a. LRBC II, 2656 and 2663. C 37. [Antioch, AD 364-7 and later?]. F £6 ($10) / VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

19527

Similar, but with mint mark ALE in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, G, or D (= 1, 2, 3, or 4). RIC ix, pp. 298-9, 3a and 5a. LRBC II, 2860 and 2862. C 37. [Alexandria, AD 364-7 and later?]. F £6 ($10) / VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

19528 Rev. VOT / V / MVLT / X in wreath, mint mark SIRM in ex. preceded by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2). RIC ix, p. 159, 8. LRBC II, 1629. C 71. [Sirmium, AD 364]. F £13 ($22) / VF £32 ($55) / EF £80 ($140)

VALENS 28 Mar. AD 364-9 Aug. 378 19640 Born about AD 328 at Cibalae in Pannonia, Flavius Valens was the younger brother of Valentinian I. Like his brother, Valens adopted a military career and served in the household guard (protector domesticus) under Julian and Jovian, though he was not prominent in this role. About a month after Valentinian’s elevation to the throne following the death of Jovian, Valens was made co-Augustus and ruler of the eastern provinces of the Empire with his capital at Constantinople. Within eighteen months of his accession his position was challenged by Procopius, a kinsman of Julian, who seized control of Constantinople while the emperor was absent in the East and issued coins from Heraclea, Cyzicus, and Nicomedia in addition to the capital. Valens was able to re-establish his authority after an eight-month struggle that ended with the usurper’s defeat at Nacoleia in Phrygia and his subsequent execution. In his bid for the eastern throne, Procopius had sought the assistance of the Visigoths who, after initially supporting his rebel regime, gradually transferred their allegiance to Valens. Once restored to the eastern throne, Valens punished the barbarians for their original espousal of his opponent’s cause and between 367 and 369 he ravaged their territory beyond the Danube. After settling affairs on the northern frontier, the emperor turned his attention to the East where another usurper had arisen, this time in Syria where a certain Theodorus was conspiring at Antioch to overthrow the rule of Valens. This uprising was easily suppressed and the emperor then resumed his operations against the Sasanid Persians. A peace between the two powers was negotiated in 376 that gave no particular advantage to either side. In the meantime, the western emperor Valentinian had died of a stroke (November, 375) and Valens assumed the role of senior Augustus. Power in the West was now in the hands of Valentinian’s young sons, Gratian (16) and

VALENS

319

Valentinian II (4). However, the storm clouds were once more gathering in the north and in 376 a vast horde of Visigoths — perhaps as many as 200,000 — crossed the Danube frontier after having been driven from their homes by the Huns. Valens was obliged to countenance their settlement on Roman territory in the Balkans, but soon further trouble was caused by the extortions of Roman officials who targeted the new settlers. They soon broke into open revolt and, reinforced by further bands of invaders across the Danube, they began to ravage large areas of Thrace. Valens advanced against them but made the fatal mistake of confronting the barbarian hordes in a pitched battle near Hadrianopolis (9 August 378). Faced by such large numbers of desperate and enraged men, the Roman army was almost annihilated and the emperor himself perished in the fray, his body never being recovered. Had he waited for reinforcements from his nephew Gratian in the West the outcome might have been very different, but as it was, this devastating defeat — reminiscent of the fate of Trajan Decius 127 years before — dealt a serious blow both to the Empire’s prestige and to the strength of its military manpower. The Eastern Empire was left without a ruler, while the western provinces were governed by a 19-year-old youth and his younger brother. The situation cried out for a new strong man to be appointed to the throne of Constantinople and five months after the death of Valens the 31-year-old Flavius Theodosius, son of the celebrated general Count Theodosius, was raised by Gratian to the rank of Augustus. His descendants were destined to rule in the East for the following seven decades. The coinage of Valens followed the same pattern as that of his brother Valentinian and no changes to the currency system were made in the three years during which he was senior emperor (AD 375-378). There are two principal varieties of obverse legend:

A. D N VALENS P F AVG B. D N VALENS PER F AVG

Unless otherwise stated, the obverse type is diad., dr. and cuirassed bust r. 19529

Gold solidus (c. 4.5 grams). A. Rev. GLORIA REI PVBLICAE, enthroned figures of Roma facing (on l.) and Constantinopolis l. (on r.), holding between them shield inscribed VOT / V / MVLT / X, each holding sceptre in l. hand, Constantinopolis with r. foot on prow, mint mark CONS in ex. flanked by star and wreath. RIC ix, p. 216, 23. C —. Depeyrot, p. 236, 23/1. [Constantinople, AD 368]. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,700 ($3,000)

19530

As previous, but with mint mark S M NM in ex. or S M N followed by officina mark E, Q, or I (= 5, 9, or 10) and sometimes preceded by palm. RIC ix, p. 253, 13b. C —. Depeyrot, p. 270, 23/3 and 24/2. [Nicomedia, AD 368]. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,700 ($3,000)

19531

As previous, but the shield is inscribed VOT / X / MVLT / XV and with mint mark TR OB in ex. RIC ix, p. 16, 12b. C —. Cf. Depeyrot, p. 115, 28/2 (MVLT XX, in error). VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,700 ($3,000) [Trier, AD 368-9].

19532

B, diad. bust l., wearing consular robes and holding mappa and sceptre. Rev. GLORIA ROMANOR, Valens, on l., and Valentinian II, a much shorter figure, on r., both nimbate and stg. facing in consular robes, each holding mappa and sceptre, mint mark AN OB in ex. followed by officina mark A (= 1), large cross in upper field. RIC ix, —. C —. Cf. (Unique) Depeyrot, p. 289, 43B/1. [Antioch, AD 378].

19530

320

Roman Coins and Their Values

19533 19533

Gold solidus. B. Rev. GLORIA ROMANORVM, enthroned figures of Roma and Constantinopolis, as previous, but the shield is inscribed VOT / X / MVL / XX and is surmounted by Christogram, and with mint mark AN OB in ex. followed by officina mark A-Q (= 1-9). RIC ix, p. 276, 16c-d. C 7. Depeyrot, p. 286, 38/3-4. [Antioch, AD 373-4]. VF £480 ($850) / EF £1,425 ($2,500)

19534

Similar, but with mint mark P AN OB in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, D, Z, or H (= 1, 2, 4, 7, or 8). RIC ix, p. 276, 16c-d. C 7 var. Depeyrot, p. 288, 40/3-4. [Antioch, AD 373-4]. VF £480 ($850) / EF £1,425 ($2,500)

19535

Similar, but with mint mark K AN OB in ex. followed by officina mark A, G, S, or I (= 1, 3, 6, or 10). RIC ix, p. 276, 16c-d. C 7. Depeyrot, p. 288, 41/1-2. [Antioch, AD 373-4]. VF £480 ($850) / EF £1,425 ($2,500)

19536

Obv. As 19532. Rev. — Valens, in consular robes, stg. facing, holding mappa and sceptre, mint mark P AN OB in ex. followed by officina mark Q (= 9), P-headed cross in l. field. RIC ix, p. 276, 17. Cf. C 8. Cf. Depeyrot, p. 287, 39/1. [Antioch, AD 376]. VF £1,700 ($3,000) / EF £4,300 ($7,500)

19537

A. Rev. RESTITVTOR REI PVBLICAE, Valens, in military attire, stg. facing, hd. r., holding labarum and Victory on globe, mint mark TR in ex., followed by dot, star, or wreath (sometimes REI PVBLICAE ends Æ). RIC ix, p. 13, 1c-d. C 32. Depeyrot, pp. VF £240 ($425) / EF £720 ($1,250) 113-14, 21/2, 22/3, and 25/2. [Trier, AD 364].



NB In the Restitutor Rei Publicae series, the labarum is sometimes ornamented with a Chi-Rho monogram, sometimes with a plain cross or a star symbol. These varieties are not differentiated in the following listings.

19538

Similar, but with mint mark S M TR in ex. RIC ix, p. 16, 14b. C 32 var. Depeyrot, p. VF £240 ($425) / EF £720 ($1,250) 114, 26/2. [Trier, AD 367].

19539

As previous, but with mint mark S M LVG in ex. RIC ix, p. 42, 1c -d. Bastien 6. C 32. Depeyrot, pp. 127-8, 9/2 and 10/2. [Lugdunum, AD 365-6]. VF £240 ($425) / EF £720 ($1,250)

19540

Similar, but with dot following the mint mark, or with star following the mint mark or in l. field. RIC ix, p. 42, 1c and e. Bastien 25, 34, and 36. C 32. Depeyrot, p. 128, 11/2, VF £250 ($450) / EF £800 ($1,400) 12/2 and 13/2. [Lugdunum, AD 366].

19541

As 19537, but with mint mark CONST in ex. RIC ix, —. EMA 158/2. C 32. Depeyrot, VF £375 ($650) / EF £1,150 ($2,000) p. 135, 12/2. [Constantia/Arles, AD 365].

19542

Similar, but with mint mark KONSTAN in ex. (the last three letters in monogram) and sometimes also with star in l. field (sometimes REI PVBLICAE ends Æ). RIC ix, p. 61, 1c-d, g-h, and j-k. Cf. EMA 159/2. C 32. Depeyrot, pp. 135-6, 13/2, 14/2, and 15/2. VF £200 ($350) / EF £575 ($1,000) [Constantia/Arles, AD 365-6].

VALENS

19543

 

321

19545

19543

RESTITVTOR REI PVBLICAE (cont.) Gold solidus. As 19537, but with mint mark S M MED in exergue. RIC ix, p. 75, 2b. C VF £290 ($500) / EF £850 ($1,500) 32. Depeyrot, p. 166, 2/1. [Milan, AD 364].

19544

Similar, but with mint mark MED in ex., rarely followed by dot. RIC ix, p. 75, 2b and e. C 32. Depeyrot, p. 167, 3/2 and 5/2. [Milan, AD 364-5]. VF £240 ($425) / EF £720 ($1,250)

19545

As previous, but with mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark P, B, T, or Q (= 1, 2, 3, or 4), the whole sometimes flanked by dot and palm, or followed by wreath or star. RIC ix, p. 117, 2c. C 32. Depeyrot, pp. 148-9, 21/3-4, 25/1, 27/2, and 28/2. [Rome, AD 364]. VF £240 ($425) / EF £720 ($1,250)

19546

Similar, but the mint mark is followed by dot (no officina mark). RIC ix, —. C 32 var. VF £290 ($500) / EF £850 ($1,500) Depeyrot, p. 149, 26/1. [Rome, AD 364].

19547

Similar, but with mint mark S M R in ex. followed by officina mark B, T, or Q (= 2, 3, or 4), usually with star or S in r. field. RIC ix, p. 116, 2c. C 32-3. Depeyrot, p. 150, 29/2, VF £250 ($450) / EF £800 ($1,400) 30/2, and 31/2. [Rome, AD 365].

19548

As 19537, but with mint mark S M AQ in ex., rarely followed by officina mark P (= 1). RIC ix, p. 94, 2c. MA 652. C 32. Depeyrot, p. 183, 12/3 and 13/2. [Aquileia, AD 364]. VF £290 ($500) / EF £850 ($1,500)

19549

As previous, but with mint mark SIRM in ex. preceded by star. RIC ix, p. 158, 1b. C 32. VF £240 ($425) / EF £720 ($1,250) Depeyrot, p. 210, 27/2. [Sirmium, AD 364].

19550

As 19537, but with mint mark S M TES in ex. RIC ix, p. 173, 2b. C 32. Depeyrot, p. VF £290 ($500) / EF £850 ($1,500) 219, 24/2. [Thessalonica, AD 364].

19551

As previous, but with mint mark S M H in ex. followed by officina mark A (= 1). RIC ix, p. 191, 1b. C 32. Depeyrot, p. 230, 5/2. [Heraclea, AD 364]. VF £350 ($600) / EF £1,000 ($1,750)

19552

As 19537, but with mint mark CONSP in ex. followed by star or flanked by dots. RIC ix, p. 210, 3c. C 32. Depeyrot, pp. 233-4, 11/3 and 12/1. [Constantinople, AD 364]. VF £240 ($425) / EF £720 ($1,250)

19553 19553

Similar, but with mint mark CONS in ex. followed by wreath, or flanked by dot and palm or by star and wreath. RIC ix, pp. 210 and 217, 3d and 25b. C 32 and 34. Depeyrot, pp. 234-6, 16/2, 20/2, and 21/2. [Constantinople, AD 366-7]. VF £200 ($350) / EF £575 ($1,000)

322

Roman Coins and Their Values

19554

RESTITVTOR REI PVBLICAE (cont.) Gold solidus. As 19537, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark e or I (= 5 or 10). RIC ix, —. C 32. Depeyrot, p. 266, 10/2. [Nicomedia, AD 364]. VF £240 ($425) / EF £720 ($1,250) See also no. 19556 dated to AD 367, which is identical except for the form of the emperor’s headdress. On the earlier variety, Valens wears a rosette diadem, while on the later issue he has a diadem of pearls.

19555

Similar, but with dot following the officina mark or with dots flanking the mint and officina marks (officina I = 10 only recorded). RIC ix, —. C 32 var. Depeyrot, pp. 266VF £240 ($425) / EF £720 ($1,250) 7, 11/2 and 13/2. [Nicomedia, AD 364-5].

19556

As 19554, but the emperor’s diadem is ornamented with pearls instead of rosettes, and officinae B, G, e, S, Q, and I (= 2, 3, 5, 6, 9, and 10) recorded; sometimes with M instead of officina mark following the mint mark. RIC ix, pp. 250-51, 2c-d and f. C 32. Depeyrot, p. 268, 18/2-3. [Nicomedia, AD 367]. VF £200 ($350) / EF £575 ($1,000)

19557

As 19537, but with mint mark S M K in ex. followed by officina mark A or G (= 1 or 3) and sometimes preceded by star. RIC ix, p. 239, c-d. C 32. Depeyrot, p. 271, 3/2 and VF £290 ($500) / EF £850 ($1,500) 4/3-4. [Cyzicus, AD 364-5].

19558

B. Rev. As 19537, but with mint mark ANT in ex. followed by officina mark G, e, S, H, or I (= 3, 5, 6, 8, or 10), P-headed cross (Christogram) in l. field. RIC ix, p. 272, 2d-e. C 36. Depeyrot, p. 280, 19/2-3. [Antioch, AD 364]. VF £240 ($425) / EF £720 ($1,250)

19559

Similar, but the mint and officina marks are flanked by stars, and with plain cross instead of Christogram in rev. field to l. (officinae A-I = 1-10 recorded). RIC ix, p. 272, 2d. C 36. Depeyrot, p. 280, 20/2. [Antioch, AD 364]. VF £200 ($350) / EF £575 ($1,000)

19560

Similar, but without the cross in rev. field (officina I = 10 only recorded). RIC ix, p. 272, 2e. C —. Depeyrot, p. 281, 21/2. [Antioch, AD 364]. VF £240 ($425) / EF £720 ($1,250)

19561

Similar, but with single star following the officina mark (officinae A, B, G, D, e, S, H, Q, and I = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, and 10 recorded). RIC ix, p. 272, 2d. C —. Depeyrot, p. 281, 22/2. [Antioch, AD 365]. VF £215 ($375) / EF £625 ($1,100)

19562

Similar, but without the star following the officina mark (officinae A, D, e, S, and Q = 1, 4, 5, 6, and 9 recorded). RIC ix, p. 272, 2d. C —. Depeyrot, p. 281, 23/2. [Antioch, AD 365]. VF £215 ($375) / EF £625 ($1,100)

19563

Similar, but with dots flanking the mint and officina marks, or (more rarely) single dot preceding the mint mark (all ten officinae A-I recorded). RIC ix, p. 272, 2d. C —. Depeyrot, p. 282, 24/2 and 26/3. [Antioch, AD 366]. VF £215 ($375) / EF £625 ($1,100)

19556

19563

VALENS

323

19564

RESTITVTOR REI PVBLICAE (cont.) Gold solidus. As previous, but with dot following the officina mark. RIC ix, p. 272, 2d. C —. Depeyrot, p. 283, 27/3. [Antioch, AD 366-7]. VF £200 ($350) / EF £575 ($1,000)

19565

A or B. Rev. As previous, but with two dots following the officina mark (officinae e and I = 5 and 10 only recorded). RIC ix, —. C —. Depeyrot, p. 283, 28/1-2. [Antioch, AD 366-7]. VF £240 ($425) / EF £720 ($1,250)

19566

A. Rev. As previous, but without dots following the officina mark (all ten officinae A-I recorded). RIC ix, p. 272, 2c. C 32. Depeyrot, p. 284, 30/2. [Antioch, AD 367]. VF £200 ($350) / EF £575 ($1,000)

19567

A, diad. bust l., wearing consular robes and holding mappa and sceptre. Rev. SALVS REI P, Valens, in military attire, stg. facing, hd. r., holding labarum and Victory on globe, his r. foot set on kneeling captive, mint mark S M SISC in ex. followed by palm, star in r. field. RIC ix, p. 145, 1b. C 43. Depeyrot, p. 205, 27/2. [Siscia, AD 365]. VF £950 ($1,650) / EF £2,850 ($5,000)

19568

As previous, but with mint mark S M TES in ex., one or two stars in r. field. RIC ix, p. 174, 3b. C 43. Depeyrot, p. 221, 30/2 and 31/2. [Thessalonica, AD 365]. VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,600 ($4,500)

19569

B. Rev. SPES R P, Valentinian I and Valens, sometimes nimbate, enthroned facing, each holding globe and sceptre, small figure of Gratian stg. facing between them, sometimes holding labarum, shield inscribed VOT / V / MVL / X in field above, mint mark ANT in ex. followed by officina mark A, G, e, or I (= 1, 3, 5, or 10) and by cross. RIC ix, p. 277, 20b and e-f. C 48. Depeyrot, p. 285, 32/4. [Antioch, AD 368]. VF £1,150 ($2,000) / EF £3,450 ($6,000)

19570

A, helmeted and cuir. bust l., the helmet ornamented with four stars, holding spear and shield before him. Rev. VICTORES AVGVSTI, Valentinian I or Valens (on l.) and Gratian, a shorter figure (on r.), enthroned facing side by side, supporting globe between them, Victory flying l. above, palm between the emperors’ legs, mint mark TR • OB in ex. RIC ix, p. 16, 16c-d. C 51. Depeyrot, p. 117, 36/3. [Trier, AD 370]. VF £950 ($1,650) / EF £2,850 ($5,000)

19571

Similar, but with mint mark TR • OB • in ex. RIC ix, p. 16, 16c-d var. C 51 var. Depeyrot, VF £950 ($1,650) / EF £2,850 ($5,000) p. 118, 39/2. [Trier, AD 371].

19572

A. Rev. VICTORIA AVGG, Valentinian I and Valens enthroned facing side by side, their l. legs undraped, supporting globe between them, upper part of Victory hovering facing in background, palm between the emperors’ legs, mint mark TR OB • in ex. RIC ix, p. 17, 17c-d. C 53 var. Depeyrot, p. 116, 30/2. [Trier, AD 368]. VF £290 ($500) / EF £850 ($1,500)

19573

Similar, but with mint mark TR • OB in ex. RIC ix, p. 17, 17c var. C 53 var. Depeyrot, VF £320 ($550) / EF £925 ($1,600) p. 117, 37/2. [Trier, AD 370].

19574

Similar, but with mint mark TR • OB • in ex. RIC ix, p. 17, 17c. C 53. Depeyrot, p. 118, VF £240 ($425) / EF £720 ($1,250) 40/3. [Trier, AD 371-2]. See also no. 19576, dated to AD 372, which is identical except for the form of the emperor’s headdress. On the earlier variety, Valentinian wears a pearl diadem, while on the later issue he has a diadem of rosettes.

19575

As previous, but with star between the emperors’ knees on rev. RIC ix, —. C —. Depeyrot, pp. 118-19, 41/2-3. [Trier, AD 372]. VF £330 ($575) / EF £1,000 ($1,750) This variety, with star above the palm on reverse, does not appear to have been recognized before Depeyrot’s 1996 publication.

19576

As 19574, but the emperor’s diadem is ornamented with rosettes instead of pearls. RIC ix, p. 17, 17e. C 53. Depeyrot, p. 119, 42/2-3. [Trier, AD 372]. VF £240 ($425) / EF £720 ($1,250)

324

Roman Coins and Their Values

19577 19577

Gold solidus. As 19572, but with mint mark TR OB in ex. followed by officina mark C, S, or T (= 1, 2, or 3). RIC ix, p. 17, 17e. C 53. Depeyrot, p. 119, 43/2. [Trier, AD 373-5]. VF £200 ($350) / EF £575 ($1,000)

19578

As previous, but the emperor’s diadem is ornamented with pearls instead of rosettes, and the two emperors represented on rev. are Valens and Gratian. RIC ix, —. C 53. VF £215 ($375) / EF £625 ($1,100) Depeyrot, p. 121, 45/1. [Trier, AD 376-7].

19579

Similar, but on rev. the emperors’ legs are both covered with drapery instead of the r. legs only, and the emperor on r. is much shorter (presumably representing Valentinian II), officinae S and T = 2 and 3 only recorded. RIC ix, —. C —. Depeyrot, p. 122, 47/1. VF £330 ($575) / EF £1,000 ($1,750) [Trier, AD 377-8].

19580

As 19571, but without palm between the emperors’ legs and the figure on r. also holds mappa, mint mark SISC in ex. flanked by wreath and dot, sometimes also with dot preceding the wreath. RIC ix, p. 145, 2b. C 53 var. Depeyrot, p. 205, 24/2 and 25/1. VF £290 ($500) / EF £850 ($1,500) [Siscia, AD 364].

19581

Similar, but with mint mark SISC in ex. preceded by officina mark A (= 1) and with two stars in upper field above the throne uprights. RIC ix, p. 145, 2b. C 53 var. Depeyrot, p. VF £240 ($425) / EF £720 ($1,250) 205, 26/2. [Siscia, AD 364].

19582

As 19580, but with mint mark S M TES in ex. RIC ix, p. 174, 4b. C 53. Depeyrot, p. VF £240 ($425) / EF £720 ($1,250) 220, 25/2. [Thessalonica, AD 364].

19583

Similar, but with mint mark TES in ex. flanked by stars (sometimes with a third star between the emperors’ legs). RIC ix, p. 174, 4b. C 53. Depeyrot, p. 220, 27/2 and 28/2. VF £290 ($500) / EF £850 ($1,500) [Thessalonica, AD 364].

19584

A. Rev. VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM, Victory seated r. on cuirass, inscribing VOT / V / MVL / X on shield set on square base, mint mark COMIT M in ex. (MIT in monogram) sometimes followed by star, O — B in field. RIC ix, p. 217, 26b. C 61 var. Cf. Depeyrot, pp. 236-7, 25/1 and 26/2. [Constantinople, AD 368]. VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £2,000 ($3,500) This rare and interesting mint mark dates from the time of the inauguration of the Comitatensian (Palatine) mint in the Eastern Empire.

19585

Similar, but with mint mark CONS in ex. followed by star, O — B in field. RIC ix, p. 217, 26b. C 61. Depeyrot, p. 237, 27/2. [Constantinople, AD 368]. VF £430 ($750) / EF £1,300 ($2,250)

19586

Similar, but the shield is inscribed VOT / X / MVLT / XX and rests on Victory’s l. knee instead of square base, mint mark CON OB in ex., large Chi-Rho monogram in lower r. field. RIC ix, —. C —. Depeyrot, p. 237, 28/2. [Constantinople, AD 373-5]. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,700 ($3,000)

VALENS

325

19587 19587

Gold solidus. B. Rev. — as previous, but the shield is inscribed VOT / X / MVL / XX and with mint mark AN OB in ex. followed by officina mark B, G, D, S, Z, or H (= 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, or 8), large Chi-Rho monogram in r. field. Cf. RIC ix, p. 278, 22c (referring to 21a in error for 22a). C 62. Depeyrot, p. 287, 38/6. [Antioch, AD 373-5 or later]. VF £480 ($850) / EF £1,425 ($2,500)

19588

Similar, but with mint mark P AN OB in ex. followed by officina mark B, G, e, S, Z, H, Q, and I (= 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10). Cf. RIC ix, p. 277, 22c-d. C 62. Depeyrot, p. 288, 40/7-8. [Antioch, AD 373-5 or later]. VF £430 ($750) / EF £1,300 ($2,250)

19589

Similar, but with mint mark K AN OB in ex. followed by officina mark e or I (= 5 or 10). Cf. RIC ix, p. 278, 22c. C 62 var. Depeyrot, pp. 288-9, 41/4-5. [Antioch, AD 373-5 or later]. VF £480 ($850) / EF £1,425 ($2,500)

19590

A. Rev. VIRTVS ROMANORVM, Valentinian I and Valens, both in military attire, stg. facing, theirs hds. turned towards each other, holding between them Victory on globe, holding wreath in each hand, and each resting on spear, mint mark CONSP in ex. RIC ix, p. 210, 5b. C 75. Depeyrot, p. 233, 10/4. [Constantinople, AD 364]. VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £2,000 ($3,500)

19591

Similar, but with mint mark CONS in ex. flanked by dot and palm or by two palms. RIC ix, p. 210, 5b. C 75. Depeyrot, p. 235, 16/3 and 17/2. [Constantinople, AD 366-7]. VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £2,000 ($3,500)

19592

D N VALENS AVG, diad. bust l., wearing consular robes and holding mappa and sceptre. Rev. VOTA PVBLICA, Valentinian I and Valens, both nimbate and in consular robes, enthroned facing side by side, each holding mappa, etc., mint mark S M TR in ex. RIC ix, p. 17, 18c. Cf. C 84 (obv. misdescribed). Depeyrot, p. 115, 27/3-4. [Trier, AD 368]. VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,600 ($4,500)



NB On the Vota Publica series, the enthroned emperors may be shown holding a variety of objects in addition to the mappa, e.g. a sceptre, a globe, a globus cruciger, or a second mappa; sometimes the other hand is shown simply resting on the knee.

19593

As previous, but with mint mark MED in ex. RIC ix, p. 76, 3b. C 85. Cf. Depeyrot, p. 167, 4/2 (obv. misdescribed). [Milan, AD 365]. VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,600 ($4,500)

19594

As 19592, but with obv. legend A and with captives at the feet of both emperors, to l. and to r., and with mint mark CONS in ex. flanked by star and wreath. RIC ix, p. 217, 29b. C 82. Depeyrot, p. 236, 22/2. [Constantinople, AD 368]. VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,600 ($4,500)

19595

As 19592, but sometimes with obv. legend A, and with two captives kneeling head to head in ex., dividing the mint and officina marks S — N — D (or e, or Q, or I) = 4 (or 5, or 9, or 10). RIC ix, p. 254, 16b-c. C 86 var. Depeyrot, p. 268, 19/2-3. [Nicomedia, AD 368]. VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,600 ($4,500)

19596

Obv. As 19594. Rev. As previous, but with mint and officina marks N — Q (= 9). RIC ix, p. 254, 16b. C 86 var. Depeyrot, p. 269, 20/1. [Nicomedia, AD 368]. VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,600 ($4,500)

19597

Similar, but with mint mark M — N — M. RIC ix, p. 254, 16b. C 86 var. Depeyrot, p. VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,600 ($4,500) 269, 21/1. [Nicomedia, AD 368].

326

Roman Coins and Their Values

19598 19598

Gold solidus. Similar, but with mint and officina marks S — MN (ligatured) — e (or Q, or I) = 5 (or 9, or 10), or with mint mark S — MN (ligatured) — M. RIC ix, p. 254, 16b and 17. C 86. Depeyrot, p. 269, 22/2-4. [Nicomedia, AD 368]. VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,600 ($4,500)

19599

As 19594, but with obv. legend B and with mint mark ANT in ex. followed by officina mark G (= 3) and by cross. RIC ix, p. 278, 23b. C 82 var. Depeyrot, p. 284, 31/2. VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,600 ($4,500) [Antioch, AD 368].

NB A few gold multiples were issued in the name of Valens: 1.5 solidi were struck at Trier, revs. FELIX ADVENTVS AVG N and FELIX ADVENTVS AVGGG, emperor on horseback (RIC 33a and 34, and 8b), at Aquileia, rev. FELIX ADVENTVS AVG M, emperor on horseback (Jameson 537), and at Antioch, rev. GLORIA ROMANORVM, emperor on horseback (RIC 14); double solidi at Thessalonica, rev. VICTORIA D N AVGVSTI, Victory and Genius with shield inscribed VOT / V / MVLT / X (RIC 21), and at Antioch, rev. VICTORIA ROMANORVM, Roma and Constantinopolis enthroned (cf. Depeyrot, p. 298); 4.5 solidi at Trier, rev. GLORIA ROMANORVM, Roma enthroned (RIC 37-38b); 7 and 11 solidi (?) at Rome, rev. GLORIA ROMANORVM, Constantinopolis enthroned with foot on prow; 10 or 11 solidi (?) at Thessalonica, rev. PIETAS DDD NNN AVGVSTORVM, standing figures of Valens, Gratian, and Valentinian II (RIC 28); and 40 solidi (?) at Rome, rev. GLORIA ROMANORVM, Valentinian I and Valens enthroned facing (RIC 1) and D N VALENS VICTOR SEMPER AVG, emperor in facing six-horse chariot (RIC 25); in addition, there are two semi-barbarous medallions of uncertain denominations, possibly 50 and 90 solidi with the Antioch mintmark, rev. GLORIA ROMANORVM, emperor on horseback, receiving obeisance from city-goddess with torch (RIC 37-8).

VALENS 19600

327

Gold semissis or half solidus (c. 2.25 grams). A. Rev. GLORIA ROMANORVM, Victory seated r. on cuirass, inscribing V/ X on shield set on l. knee and supported by Genius stg. l. before her, mint mark S M N in ex. RIC ix, —. C —. Depeyrot, p. 270, 252. [Nicomedia, AD 368]. VF £375 ($650) / EF £1,150 ($2,000)

19601 A. Rev. VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM, Victory seated, as previous, but she inscribes VOT / V / MVLT / X on the shield, and with mint mark TR OB in ex. RIC ix, —. C —. VF £375 ($650) / EF £1,150 ($2,000) Depeyrot, p. 116, 32/2. [Trier, AD 368]. 19602

Similar, but Victory inscribes VOT / X / MVLT / XX on the shield, and with mint mark TR OB in ex. followed by officina mark T (= 3). RIC ix, —. C —. Depeyrot, p. 119, VF £375 ($650) / EF £1,150 ($2,000) 43/5. [Trier, AD 373-5]. On this variety the emperor’s diadem is composed of rosettes, while on the following he wears a pearl diadem.

19603

Similar, but for emperor’s diadem. RIC ix, p. 17, 20. C —. Depeyrot, p. 121, 45/4. VF £375 ($650) / EF £1,150 ($2,000) [Trier, AD 376-7].

19604

As previous, but with MVL for MVLT on the shield, and with mint mark ANT in ex. RIC ix, p. 278, 24b. C —. Depeyrot, p. 285, 34/2. [Antioch, AD 368]. VF £375 ($650) / EF £1,150 ($2,000)

19605

Similar, but sometimes with obv. legend B, and with mint mark AN OB in ex. followed by officina mark e, H, or I (= 5, 8, or 10), cross in lower r. field. RIC ix, —. C —. Depeyrot, p. 289, 43/1-2. [Antioch, AD 373-5]. VF £375 ($650) / EF £1,150 ($2,000)

19606

A. Rev. VIRTVS AVGVSTI, Valens, in military attire, stg. r., holding labarum and Victory on globe, his l. foot set on captive, mint mark CONS in ex. followed by palm or flanked by star and wreath. RIC ix, —. C —. Depeyrot, p. 235, 19/2. [Constantinople, AD 367]. VF £375 ($650) / EF £1,150 ($2,000)

19607

Gold 1.5-scripulum or 9-siliqua (c. 1.68 grams). A. Rev. PAX PERPETVA, Victory stg. facing, holding wreath in each hand, mint mark TES OB in ex. RIC ix, p. 177, 24b. C 23. Cf. Depeyrot, p. 221, 32/3 (rev. misdescribed). [Thessalonica, AD 368]. VF £350 ($600) / EF £1,000 ($1,750)

19608

A. Rev. RESTITVTOR REI P, Valens, in military attire, stg. facing, hd. l., holding labarum in r. hand, long cloak hanging from l. shoulder, mint mark S M N in ex. RIC ix, —. C —. Cf. Depeyrot, p. 267, 14/1-2 (rev. misdescribed). [Nicomedia, AD 364-5]. (Only two known)

19609

A. Rev. VICTORIA AVG, Victory seated r. on cuirass, inscribing VOT / V / MVLT / X on shield set on l. knee and supported by Genius stg. l. before her, mint mark CONS in ex. flanked by star and wreath. RIC ix, p. 217, 30b. C —. Depeyrot, p. 236, 24/2. VF £350 ($600) / EF £1,000 ($1,750) [Constantinople, AD 368].

19610

A. Rev. VICTORIA AVGG, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark R in ex. followed by dot. RIC ix, —. C —. Depeyrot, p. 149, 26/2. [Rome, AD 364]. VF £350 ($600) / EF £1,000 ($1,750)

19611

A. Rev. VICTORIA AVGVSTI N, as previous, but with mint mark R in ex., sometimes flanked by palm and dot. RIC ix, p. 117, 4b. Cf. C 57. Depeyrot, p. 148, 22/2 and 24/1. VF £350 ($600) / EF £1,000 ($1,750) [Rome, AD 364].

19606

328 19612

Roman Coins and Their Values Gold 1.5-scripulum. A. Rev. VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM, as 19610, but with mint mark TR OB in ex. followed by dot. RIC ix, p. 18, 21b var. C 58 var. Depeyrot, p. 116, 30/4. [Trier, AD 368]. VF £350 ($600) / EF £1,000 ($1,750)

19613

 

19618

19613

Similar, but without the dot following the mint mark. RIC ix, p. 18, 21c. C 58. Depeyrot, VF £350 ($600) / EF £1,000 ($1,750) p. 116, 32/4. [Trier, AD 369]. On this variety the emperor’s diadem is composed of rosettes, while on the following he wears a pearl diadem.

19614

Similar, but for emperor’s diadem. RIC ix, p. 18, 21b. C 58. Depeyrot, p. 121, 46/1. VF £350 ($600) / EF £1,000 ($1,750) [Trier, AD 377].

19615

B. Rev. — Victory seated r., as 19609, but with VOT / V on shield and with mint mark ANT in ex. RIC ix, p. 273, 3c. C 64. Depeyrot, p. 285, 33/2. [Antioch, AD 364]. VF £350 ($600) / EF £1,000 ($1,750)

19616

Similar, but with obv. legend VALENS AVGVS. RIC ix, p. 273, 3b. C —. Depeyrot, p. VF £350 ($600) / EF £1,000 ($1,750) 285, 33/3. [Antioch, AD 364].

19617

A. Rev. — as 19615, but with VOT / X on shield and with dot following the mint mark. RIC ix, —. C 66. Depeyrot, p. 285, 35/1. [Antioch, AD 368]. VF £350 ($600) / EF £1,000 ($1,750)

19618

A or B. Rev. —as previous, but with VOT / X / MVL / XX on shield and with mint mark AN in ex. RIC ix, p. 279, 26. C —. Depeyrot, p. 286, 36/1-2. [Antioch, AD 368]. VF £350 ($600) / EF £1,000 ($1,750)

19619

A. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark AN OB in ex. followed by officina mark H, Q, or I (= 8, 9, or 10), cross in lower r. field. RIC ix, p. 279, 26. C —. Depeyrot, p. 289, VF £350 ($600) / EF £1,000 ($1,750) 43/3. [Antioch, AD 373-5].

19620

A. Rev. VICTORIA D N AVG, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark CONS in ex. RIC ix, p. 210, 7. C 67. Depeyrot, p. 235, 18/1. [Constantinople, AD 367]. VF £350 ($600) / EF £1,000 ($1,750)

19621

A. Rev. VICTORIA DD NN AVGG, as previous, but with mint mark TES in ex. RIC ix, p. 174, 6. C —. Depeyrot, p. 221, 29/3. [Thessalonica, AD 364]. VF £350 ($600) / EF £1,000 ($1,750)

19622

Silver multiple of 6 reduced siliquae or 3 light miliarenses (c. 13.5 grams). A. Rev. TRIVMFATOR GENT BARB, Valens, in military attire, stg. facing, hd. l., holding labarum and globe, kneeling captive at feet to l., mint mark TR PS • in ex. RIC ix, p. 18, VF £6,800 ($12,000) / EF £17,250 ($30,000) 22. RSC 50. [Trier, AD 370].

19620

NB Cohen 73 (RSC 73d and e) also records silver multiples from Arles and Thessalonica with reverse VIRTVS EXERCITVS, soldier standing facing, head right, holding spear and shield, but their existence requires confirmation.

VALENS

329

19623

Silver heavy miliarensis (c. 5.4 grams). A. Rev. SALVS REI PVBLICAE, four standards, mint mark LVG in ex. RIC ix, p. 43, 3b. Bastien 31. RSC 44a. [Lugdunum, AD 366]. VF £1,025 ($1,800) / EF £2,600 ($4,500)

19624

As previous, but with mint mark CON in ex. preceded by officina mark S or T (= 2 or 3) and followed by star. RIC ix, p. 62, 3b. RSC 44b. EMA 163/2. [Constantia/Arles, AD 366]. VF £1,025 ($1,800) / EF £2,600 ($4,500)

19625

A, diad. and cuir. bust r. Rev. VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM, Victory advancing r., hd. l., dragging captive by the hair with r. hand and carrying trophy over shoulder with l., mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark P (= 1). RIC ix, p. 118, 6b. RSC 59. [Rome, AD 364-7]. VF £1,700 ($3,000) / EF £4,300 ($7,500)

19626

A. Rev. VOT / V / MVLT / X in wreath, mint mark S M AQ in ex. RIC ix, p. 94, 3b. MA 653. RSC 90a. [Aquileia, AD 364-7]. VF £1,250 ($2,200) / EF £3,150 ($5,500)

19627

B. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark ANT in ex. followed by dot. RIC ix, p. 279, VF £1,250 ($2,200) / EF £3,150 ($5,500) 27. RSC 90b. [Antioch, AD 364-7].

19624

19628 B. Rev. VOT / X / MVLT / XX in wreath, mint mark ANT in ex. followed by star. RIC ix, p. 279, 28. RSC 96w. [Antioch, AD 368]. VF £1,250 ($2,200) / EF £3,150 ($5,500) 19629

A. Rev. VOTIS / V / MVLTIS / X in wreath, mint mark TR PS in ex. followed by dot. RIC ix, p. 18, 23c. RSC 103a. [Trier, AD 368]. VF £925 ($1,600) / EF £2,300 ($4,000)

19630

A. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark S • M • L • A • P in ex. followed by palm. RIC ix, p. 45, 16b. Bastien 63. RSC 103b. [Lugdunum, AD 368]. VF £1,250 ($2,200) / EF £3,150 ($5,500) The unusual form of the mint marks on this, and the following two types, relates to the initiation of Comitatensian (court mint) issues at Lugdunum and Arles in AD 368. The ‘A P’ stands for argentum pusulatum which was soon changed to ‘PS’ (see also nos. 19333-6, 19350, 19645, 19648, 19942-3, 19949, and 19958).

19631

A. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark S M K A P in ex. RIC ix, p. 65, 11b. RSC 103c. EMA 178/2. [Constantia/Arles, AD 368]. VF £1,250 ($2,200) / EF £3,150 ($5,500)

19632

A. Rev. VOTIS / X / MVLTIS / XV in wreath, mint mark as 19630. RIC ix, p. 45, 17b. Bastien 66. RSC 105. [Lugdunum, AD 368-9]. VF £1,250 ($2,200) / EF £3,150 ($5,500)

19633

A. Rev. VOTIS / X / MVLTIS / XX in wreath, mint mark TR PS in ex. sometimes followed by dot. RIC ix, p. 22, 41a. RSC 106a-b. [Trier, AD 375-8]. VF £925 ($1,600) / EF £2,300 ($4,000)

19634

A. Rev. Rev. VOTIS / XV / MVLTIS / XX in wreath, mint mark SISC P in ex. preceded by dot. RIC ix, p. 147, 9b. RSC 108a. [Siscia, AD 373-4]. VF £1,025 ($1,800) / EF £2,600 ($4,500)

19635

Similar, but with mint mark SISC P≤ in ex. RIC ix, p. 148, 16a. Cf. RSC 108b. [Siscia, VF £1,250 ($2,200) / EF £3,150 ($5,500)

AD 378].

330

Roman Coins and Their Values

19636

Silver light miliarensis (c. 4.5 grams). B. Rev. GLORIA ROMANORVM, archway, beneath which Valens, in military attire, stands facing, hd. r., holding transverse spear and globe, mint mark ANT in ex., sometimes preceded by dot and followed by officina mark G or e (= 3 or 5). RIC ix, p. 273, 4b. RSC 9a-b. [Antioch, AD 364]. VF £1,025 ($1,800) / EF £2,600 ($4,500)

19637

Similar, but with obv. legend D N VALENS PER AVG, and mint mark AN in ex. followed by officina mark G (= 3). RIC ix, p. 273, 4c. RSC 9d. [Antioch, AD 364]. VF £1,085 ($1,900) / EF £2,700 ($4,750)

19637

As 19636, but with mint mark ANT in ex. followed by star. RIC ix, p. 279, 29a. RSC 9. VF £1,025 ($1,800) / EF £2,600 ($4,500) [Antioch, AD 373-4].

19638

Similar, but with obv. type diad., dr. and cuir. bust l. RIC ix, p. 279, 29b. RSC 9c. VF £1,150 ($2,000) / EF £2,850 ($5,000) [Antioch, AD 373-4].

19639

B. Rev. — archway, beneath which Valentinian and Valens, both in military attire, stg. facing, their hds. turned to face one another, each holding sceptre in r. hand and globe in l., mint mark ANT in ex. followed by star. RIC ix, p. 279, 31. RSC 10. [Antioch, AD 373-4]. VF £1,250 ($2,200) / EF £3,150 ($5,500)

19640

A. Rev. — Valentinian and Valens, both in military attire, stg. facing, their hds. turned to face one another, each holding labarum in r. hand and globe in l., mint mark SIS in ex. flanked by dot and star. RIC ix, p. 146, 3b. RSC 18. [Siscia, AD 364-7]. VF £1,025 ($1,800) / EF £2,600 ($4,500)

19641

A. Rev. RESTITVTOR REI P, Valens, in military attire, stg. facing, hd. r., holding labarum in r. hand and Victory on globe in l., mint mark CONST in ex. preceded by officina mark P or T (= 1 or 3). RIC ix, p. 62, 4. Cf. RSC 27a (rev. misdescribed). EMA VF £1,250 ($2,200) / EF £3,150 ($5,500) 164/1. [Constantia/Arles, AD 364-7].

19642

A, diad. and cuir. bust r. Rev. – as previous, but Valens’ hd. is to l., and he holds Victory on globe in r. hand and labarum in l., mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark Q (= 4). Cf. RIC ix, p. 118, 7b (rev. misdescribed). Cf. RSC 27b. [Rome, AD 364-7]. VF £1,250 ($2,200) / EF £3,150 ($5,500)

19643

A, diad., dr. and cuir. bust l. Rev. SECVRITAS REI PVBLICAE, Victory stg. l., r. foot on enemy, holding wreath and trophy, mint mark S M N in ex. RIC ix, p. 251, 3b. RSC VF £1,250 ($2,200) / EF £3,150 ($5,500) 46A. [Nicomedia, AD 364-7].

19644

A, bust sometimes cuir. only instead of dr. and cuir. Rev. VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM, Victory stg. r., l. foot on globe, inscribing VOT / V / MVLT / X on shield set on cippus, mint mark S M TR in ex. RIC ix, p. 18, 24c-d. RSC 60a-b. [Trier, AD 364-7] VF £1,025 ($1,800) / EF £2,600 ($4,500)

19639

19640

19644

VALENS

331

19645

Silver light miliarensis. A. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark S • M • L • A • P in ex. followed by palm. RIC ix, p. 46, 18a. Bastien 61. RSC 60c. [Lugdunum, AD 368]. VF £1,250 ($2,200) / EF £3,150 ($5,500) The unusual form of the mint mark relates to the initiation of Comitatensian (court mint) issues at Lugdunum in AD 368. The ‘A P’ stands for argentum pusulatum which was soon changed to ‘PS’ (see also nos. 19333, 19335, 19630, 19632, 19942, and 19949).

19646

A, diad. and cuir. bust r. Rev. – as previous, but with mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark P, B, T, or Q (= 1, 2, 3, or 4). Cf. RIC ix, p. 118, 8b (obv. misdescribed). VF £925 ($1,600) / EF £2,300 ($4,000) Cf. RSC 60d. [Rome, AD 364-7].

19647

A. Rev. — as 19644, but Victory inscribes VOT / V / MVLTIS / X on shield and with mint mark TR PS in ex. followed by dot. RIC ix, p. 19, 25. Cf. RSC 60A (rev. VF £1,025 ($1,800) / EF £2,600 ($4,500) misdescribed). [Trier, AD 368].

19648

19649

19650

19648 A. Rev. — as previous, but Victory inscribes VOT / X / MVLT / XV on shield and with mint mark • S • M • K • A • P in ex. RIC ix, p. 65, 13c. RSC 61A. EMA 181/1. VF £1,250 ($2,200) / EF £3,150 ($5,500) [Constantia/Arles, AD 368]. The unusual form of this mint mark relates to the initiation of the Comitatensian (court mint) issues at Arles in AD 368. The ‘A P’ stands for argentum pusulatum which was soon changed to ‘PS’ (see also nos. 19334, 19336, 19350, 19631, 19943, and 19958). A, bust sometimes cuir. only instead of dr. and cuir. Rev. VIRTVS EXERCITVS, Valens, in military attire, stg. facing, hd. l., holding standard/labarum and resting on shield, mint mark S M TR in ex. RIC ix, p. 19, 26b-c. RSC 71a-b. [Trier, AD 367-8]. VF £1,025 ($1,800) / EF £2,600 ($4,500)

19652 19650 Similar (bust always dr. and cuir.), but with mint mark TR PS • (rarely TR PS • •) in ex. RIC ix, pp. 19 and 22, 26b and 42a. RSC 71c-d. [Trier, AD 368 and 376]. VF £925 ($1,600) / EF £2,300 ($4,000) There is no simple method of differentiation between the earlier and later issues of this type.

19651

Similar, but without dot following the mint mark. RIC ix, p. 22, 42a. RSC 71e. [Trier, AD 376]. VF £925 ($1,600) / EF £2,300 ($4,000)

19652

A. Rev. — as 19649, but with mint mark SISC P in ex. preceded by dot. RIC ix, p. 147, VF £925 ($1,600) / EF £2,300 ($4,000) 10b. RSC 71f. [Siscia, AD 368].

19653

A, diad., dr. and cuir. bust l. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark TES in ex. RIC ix, p. 175, 11b. RSC 72. [Thessalonica, AD 367-8]. VF £1,025 ($1,800) / EF £2,600 ($4,500)

332

Roman Coins and Their Values

19654

Silver light miliarensis. A. Rev. — soldier stg. facing, hd. r., resting on spear and shield, mint mark TES in ex. RIC ix, p. 175, 10b. RSC 73c. [Thessalonica, AD 364-7]. VF £1,150 ($2,000) / EF £2,850 ($5,000)

19655

As previous, but with mint mark CON in ex. preceded by officina mark P (= 1) and sometimes followed by star. Cf. RIC ix, p. 62, 5 (rev. misdescribed). RSC 73a-b. EMA 161/1 and 163/3. [Constantia/Arles, AD 364-7]. VF £1,250 ($2,200) / EF £3,150 ($5,500)

19656

Silver heavy siliqua (c. 3.37 grams). A. Rev. VIRTVS EXERCITVS, three standards, mint mark S M N in ex. RIC ix, p. 254, 18. RSC 74. [Nicomedia, AD 367-8]. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,425 ($2,500)

19657

A. Rev. VOT / V in wreath, sometimes with dot at centre, mint mark CONS or (rarely) CONSP in ex., followed by officina mark A-S (= 1-6). RIC ix, p. 211, 11c-d and h-i. VF £200 ($350) / EF £520 ($900) RSC 87b-c. [Constantinople, AD 364-7].

19658

Similar, but with obv. type diad., dr. and cuir. bust l. (officinae A, B, G, and Z = 1, 2, 3, and 7 recorded). RIC ix, p. 211, 11e and j. Cf. RSC 87a (obv. type misdescribed). VF £250 ($450) / EF £625 ($1,100) [Constantinople, AD 364-7].

19659 19659

A. Rev. VOT / V / MVLTIS / X in wreath, mint mark S M N in ex. RIC ix, p. 254, 19bVF £270 ($475) / EF £685 ($1,200) c. RSC 93a-b. [Nicomedia, AD 367].

19660 Rev. VOT / X / MVLT / XX in wreath, mint mark CONS in ex. followed by dot. RIC ix, p. 218, 34b. RSC 96v. [Constantinople, AD 373-4]. VF £270 ($475) / EF £685 ($1,200) 19661

Silver siliqua (c. 2.25 grams). A. Rev. RESTITVTOR REI P, Valens, in military attire, stg. facing, hd. r., holding standard/labarum and Victory on globe, mint mark LVG in ex. RIC ix, p. 43, 6e. Bastien 9. RSC 28a. [Lugdunum, AD 365]. VF £60 ($100) / EF £140 ($250)

19662

Similar, but the mint mark is preceded by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). RIC ix, p. 43, 6e, f, and h. Bastien 11 and 13. RSC 28b. [Lugdunum, AD 365-6]. VF £50 ($90) / EF £130 ($225)

19663

Similar, but with dot following the mint mark. RIC ix, p. 43, 6f-g. Bastien 27 and 29. VF £50 ($90) / EF £130 ($225) RSC 28c. [Lugdunum, AD 366].

19664

As 19661, but with mint mark CONST in ex. preceded by officina mark P or T (= 1 or 3). RIC ix, p. 63, 6d. RSC 28d. EMA 164/2. [Constantia/Arles, AD 364-7]. VF £60 ($100) / EF £140 ($250)

19665

Similar, but also with star in rev. field to l. or to r. (officinae S and T = 2 and 3 recorded). RIC ix, pp. 62-3, 6d. RSC 28e-f. EMA 165/1 and 166/1. [Constantia/Arles, AD 364-7]. VF £50 ($90) / EF £130 ($225)

19666

Similar, but with mint mark CONST in ex. and OF — I (or II or III = officina 1, 2, or 3) in field, sometimes with star above the officina numeral in r. field. RIC ix, p. 63, 6d. RSC 28g-h. EMA 167/2 and 168/2. [Constantia/Arles, AD 364-7]. VF £50 ($90) / EF £130 ($225)

VALENS

333

19667

Silver siliqua. Similar, but the star is in rev. field to l., above OF. RIC ix, p. 63, 6d. RSC —. EMA 170/1. [Constantia/Arles, AD 364-7]. VF £50 ($90) / EF £130 ($225)

19668

Similar, but with mint mark CON in ex. and with dot beneath the officina numeral in r. field (officina II = 2 only recorded). RIC ix, p. 63, 6d. RSC 28i. EMA 169/2. VF £50 ($90) / EF £130 ($225) [Constantia/Arles, AD 364-7].

19669

Similar, but with mint mark CON in ex. preceded by officina mark P (= 1), nothing in field. RIC ix, p. 63, 6d. RSC 28j. EMA 162/1. [Constantia/Arles, AD 364-7]. VF £50 ($90) / EF £130 ($225)

19670

As 19661, but with mint mark S M AQ in ex. RIC ix, p. 94, 4b. MA 654. RSC 28k. [Aquileia, AD 364-7]. VF £65 ($110) / EF £155 ($275)

19671

As previous, but with mint mark TES in ex. followed by officina mark B (= 2). RIC ix, VF £65 ($110) / EF £155 ($275) p. 175, 12b. RSC 28l. [Thessalonica, AD 364-7].

19672

Similar, but Valens is stg. facing, hd. l., holding Victory on globe in r. hand and standard/ labarum in l., and without officina mark following the mint mark. RIC ix, p. 175, 12c. VF £70 ($120) / EF £175 ($300) RSC 28p. [Thessalonica, AD 364-7].

19673

As 19661, but with mint mark S M N in ex. RIC ix, p. 251, 4b. RSC 28m. [Nicomedia, VF £65 ($110) / EF £155 ($275)

AD 364-5 and 366-7].

19674

As previous, but with mint mark ANT in ex., sometimes followed by dot. RIC ix, p. 273, VF £60 ($100) / EF £140 ($250) 7b-c. RSC 28n-o. [Antioch, AD 364-7].

19675

A. Rev. VRBS ROMA, Roma seated l. on throne, holding Victory on globe and resting on spear or sceptre, mint mark TR PS in ex., sometimes followed by dot. RIC ix, p. 19, 27b and e, and p. 22, 45a-b. RSC 109a-c. [Trier, AD 368-75]. VF £45 ($80) / EF £115 ($200)

19676

As previous, but with mint mark LVG in ex. preceded by officina mark P (= 1). RIC ix, p. 44, 9b. Bastien 17. RSC 109d. [Lugdunum, AD 365-6]. VF £60 ($100) / EF £140 ($250)

19677

As previous, but with mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark P or Q (= 1 or 4). VF £50 ($90) / EF £130 ($225) RIC ix, p. 119, 11b. RSC 109e. [Rome, AD 364-7].

19678

As 19675, but Roma is seated on cuirass instead of throne. RIC ix, p. 23, 46a. RSC VF £60 ($100) / EF £140 ($250) 110a-b. [Trier, AD 375-8]. The AV of AVG in the obverse legend is sometimes ligatured.

19679

As previous, but with mint mark AQ PS in ex., usually followed by dot and usually with star in r. field. RIC ix, p. 96, 15a. MA 656-7. RSC 110c-d. [Aquileia, AD 375-8]. VF £60 ($100) / EF £140 ($250)

19680

As previous, but with mint mark SISC P≤ in ex. Cf. RIC ix, p. 149, 20a (rev. type VF £70 ($120) / EF £175 ($300) misdescribed). Cf. RSC 109f. [Siscia, AD 375-8].

19675

334

19681

Roman Coins and Their Values

19681 Silver siliqua. A. Rev. VOT / V in wreath, sometimes with dot at centre, mint mark C in ex. followed by officina mark A-Z (= 1-7) with dot between, sometimes also with dot or star before mint mark. RIC ix, pp. 212-13, 13d and i-j. RSC 88b-d and i. [Constantinople, VF £50 ($90) / EF £130 ($225) AD 364-7].

19682

Similar, but with mint mark CP in ex. followed by officina mark A-H (= 1-8) with dot between. RIC ix, pp. 212-13, 13b-d and h-i. RSC 88a and h. [Constantinople, AD 364-7]. VF £45 ($80) / EF £115 ($200)

19683

Similar, but with mint mark CONS in ex. followed by officina mark B or Z (= 2 or 7), the whole sometimes flanked by dots. RIC ix, p. 212, 13d. RSC 88e-f. [Constantinople, VF £50 ($90) / EF £130 ($225) AD 364-7].

19684

As 19681, but with mint mark ANT • • in ex. RIC ix, p. 273, 8 (‘confirmation required’). VF £70 ($120) / EF £175 ($300) RSC 88g. [Antioch, AD 364-7].

19685

A. Rev. VOT / V / MVLT / X in wreath, mint mark TR in ex. RIC ix, p. 13, 4. RSC 91a. [Trier, AD 364-7]. VF £80 ($140) / EF £200 ($350)

19686

As previous, but with mint mark LVG in ex. preceded by officina mark P (= 1). RIC ix, p. 44, 8. Bastien 20. RSC 91c. [Lugdunum, AD 365-6]. VF £80 ($140) / EF £200 ($350)

19687

As previous, but sometimes with dot at centre of reverse and with mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark P, B, T, or Q (= 1, 2, 3, or 4). RIC ix, p. 118, 10c-d. RSC 91d VF £60 ($100) / EF £140 ($250) and h. [Rome, AD 364-7].

19688

As 19685, but with mint mark TES in ex. RIC ix, p. 175, 14. RSC 91g. [Thessalonica, VF £80 ($140) / EF £200 ($350) AD 364-7].

19689

As previous, but with mint mark C in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, G, or D (= 1, 2, 3, or 4) with dot between, the whole flanked by star and wreath. RIC ix, p. 219, 36c-d. VF £60 ($100) / EF £140 ($250) RSC 91e and i. [Constantinople, AD 368-9].

19687

19690 19691

As previous, but with mint mark S M N in ex. RIC ix, p. 254, 20b. RSC 91f. [Nicomedia, VF £60 ($100) / EF £140 ($250)

AD 368-9].

A. Rev. VOT / V / MVLTIS / X in wreath, mint mark as previous. RIC ix, p. 255, 21b. VF £65 ($110) / EF £155 ($275) RSC 93c. [Nicomedia, AD 368-9].

19692 A. Rev. VOT / X / MVLT / XV in wreath, mint mark TR PS in ex., sometimes followed by dot. RIC ix, p. 22, 44a. RSC 95a-b. [Trier, AD 376-7]. VF £80 ($140) / EF £200 ($350) The vota numerals would appear to refer to Gratian under whom the issue was made. 19693

A. Rev. VOT / X / MVL / XX in wreath, mint mark AN or ANT in ex., sometimes followed by crescent or by two dots. RIC ix, p. 280, 33b. RSC 95Aa-f. [Antioch, AD 373-4]. VF £60 ($100) / EF £140 ($250)

VALENS

335

19694

Silver siliqua. A. Rev. VOT / X / MVLT / XX in wreath, mint mark LVG in ex., sometimes preceded by officina mark P (= 1). RIC ix, p. 46, 19. Bastien 67-8. RSC 96ab. [Lugdunum, AD 368-9]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £175 ($300) The variety VOTI for VOT has also been recorded (Bastien 67b).

19695

As previous, but with mint mark SISC P in ex. and Chi-Rho monogram in circular ornament at top of wreath. RIC ix, p. 147, 12b-c. RSC 96c and n. [Siscia, AD 373-4]. VF £65 ($110) / EF £155 ($275)

19696

As previous, but with mint mark TES in ex. and dot at centre of reverse. RIC ix, p. 178, VF £70 ($120) / EF £175 ($300) 25. RSC 96u. [Thessalonica, AD 373-4].

19697

 

19700

19697

As 19694, but with mint mark C S in ex. with Chi-Rho monogram between, the whole flanked by palm and wreath. RIC ix, p. 219, 37b. RSC 96d. [Constantinople, AD 373-4]. VF £60 ($100) / EF £140 ($250)

19698

As previous, but with mint mark S M N in ex. RIC ix, p. 255, 22b. RSC — (omitted in VF £65 ($110) / EF £155 ($275) error). [Nicomedia, AD 373-4].

19699

A or B. Rev. As previous, but with mint mark ANT (or AN) in ex., sometimes preceded by dot, sometimes followed by two dots, sometimes followed by star, and sometimes flanked by dot and star. RIC ix, p. 280, 34b-d. RSC 96e-h, k, m, and o-r. [Antioch, AD 373-4]. VF £50 ($90) / EF £130 ($225)

19700

Similar, but the mint mark is followed by officina mark A, B, G, D, , H, Q, or I (= 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 9, or 10) and preceded by dot, or the whole flanked by dots. RIC ix, p. 280, 34b and d. RSC 96i-j, l, and s-t. [Antioch, AD 373-4]. VF £50 ($90) / EF £130 ($225)

19701

A. Rev. VOT / XV / MVLT / XX in wreath, mint mark SISC P in ex., Chi-Rho monogram in circular ornament at top of wreath. RIC ix, p. 147, 13a. RSC 98a. [Siscia, AD 374]. VF £80 ($140) / EF £200 ($350)

19702

Similar, but with mint mark SISC PS or SISC P≤ in ex., and with star or cross in the circular ornament at top of wreath. RIC ix, p. 148, 19a. RSC 98c-d. [Siscia, AD 377]. VF £65 ($110) / EF £155 ($275)

19703

A. Rev. VOT / VX / MVLT / XX in wreath, mint mark T E in ex. with Chi-Rho monogram between and dot at centre of reverse. RIC ix, p. 179, 30a. Cf. RSC 100a (rev. VF £70 ($120) / EF £175 ($300) misdescribed). [Thessalonica, AD 377].

19704

As previous, but with mint mark C S in ex. with Chi-Rho monogram between. RIC ix, p. 219, 38b. RSC 100b. [Constantinople, AD 373-4]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £175 ($300)

19702

19704

336

Roman Coins and Their Values

19705

Silver siliqua. A. Rev. VOT / XX / MVLT / XXX in wreath, mint mark CON C M or CN C M in ex. RIC ix, p. 222, 42 bis. RSC 101a-b. [Constantinople, AD 378]. VF £80 ($140) / EF £200 ($350) This rare and enigmatic issue may have been connected with Valens’ last campaign against the Goths ending in the disastrous battle of Hadrianopolis (cf. Pearce, RIC ix, p. 203).

19706

A. Rev. VOTIS / V in wreath, mint mark C in ex. followed by officina mark B (= 2) with dot between, the whole flanked by star and wreath. RIC ix, p. 219, 39a. RSC 102A. VF £75 ($130) / EF £185 ($325) [Constantinople, AD 368-9].

19707

A. Rev. VOTIS / X / MVLTIS / XX in wreath, mint mark AQ PS in ex. followed by dot. RIC ix, p. 96, 14a. MA 655. RSC 107. [Aquileia, AD 376-7]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £175 ($300)

19708

Billon double maiorina (c. 8.25 grams). A. Rev. RESTITVTOR REI PVBLICAE, Valens, in military attire, stg. facing, hd. r., holding standard/labarum and Victory on globe, mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark P or T (= 1 or 3). RIC ix, p. 119, 14b. LRBC II, 699. C 39. [Rome, AD 364-5]. F £175 ($300) / VF £430 ($750) / EF £1,025 ($1,800)

19709

As previous, but with mint mark S M AQ in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). RIC ix, p. 95, 6b. LRBC II, 962. MA 658. C 40. [Aquileia, AD 364-5]. F £175 ($300) / VF £430 ($750) / EF £1,025 ($1,800)

19710

As previous, but with mint mark S M N followed by officina mark G or D (= 3 or 4). RIC ix, p. 251, 7b. LRBC II, 2322. C 39 var. [Nicomedia, AD 364-5]. F £175 ($300) / VF £430 ($750) / EF £1,025 ($1,800)

19711

As previous, but with mint mark ANT followed by officina mark I (= 10). RIC ix, p. 274, 9b. LRBC II, 2650. C 39 var. [Antioch, AD 364-5]. F £185 ($325) / VF £460 ($800) / EF £1,150 ($2,000)

19712

Bronze double centenionalis or maiorina (c. 4.50 grams). A, bust sometimes to l. Rev. GLORIA ROMANORVM, two-turreted gateway of military camp, S above, mint mark S M TR in ex. RIC ix, p. 20, 29b-c. LRBC II, 89-90. C 19-20. [Trier, AD 368]. F £290 ($500) / VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £1,700 ($3,000) Although sometimes described as a small medal, this very rare type seems to have formed part of the regular coinage. It may represent a short-lived attempt by Valentinian I, soon after the elevation of Gratian in AD 367, to revive the maiorina denomination abandoned by Constantius II in the 350s. In 379, the maiorina was reintroduced by Gratian and remained in issue until the death of Theodosius I in 395 (see also nos. 19404 and 19995).

19713

A. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark CONS followed by officina mark A (= 1). (Unique) RIC ix, p. 219, 40. LRBC II, 2089. C 20 var. [Constantinople, AD 368].

19714

Bronze centenionalis (c. 2.50 grams). A. Rev. FELICITAS ROMANORVM, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark S M AQ in ex. followed by officina mark P (= 1). RIC ix, p. 97, 16b. LRBC II, 1008. MA 689. C. —. [Aquileia, AD 367]. F £23 ($40) / VF £60 ($100) / EF £140 ($250)

19711

VALENS

337

19715

Bronze centenionalis. A. Rev. GLORIA ROMANORVM, Valens, in military attire, advancing r., hd. l., dragging captive by the hair with r. hand and holding labarum in l., mint mark TR in ex. followed by officina mark P (= 1) which is followed by crescent. RIC ix, p. 14, 5c. LRBC II, 85. C 11/12. [Trier, AD 365-7]. F £6 ($10) / VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

19716

Similar, but with mint mark TR in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2), sometimes with dot following the officina mark, and sometimes with D in l. field and palm in r. RIC ix, p. 20, 30b. LRBC II, 93, 100, 116, and 123. C 11/12. [Trier, AD 367-75]. F £6 ($10) / VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

19717

As 19715, but with mint mark LVG in ex. followed by officina mark S (= 2) with dot between, officina mark O—F I (= 1) in field. RIC ix, p. 44, 10b. LRBC II, 282. Bastien 43. C 11/12. [Lugdunum, AD 366-7]. F £6 ($10) / VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85) The appearance of the marks of both officinae (S and OF I) on this and the following two types awaits a satisfactory explanation.

19718

Similar, but with mint mark LVG V in ex., sometimes followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). RIC ix, p. 44, 10b. LRBC II, 288 and 291. Bastien 48 and 52-3. C 11/12. [Lugdunum, AD 366-7]. F £6 ($10) / VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

19719

Similar, but with mint mark LVG A instead of LVG V (always followed by officina mark S). RIC ix, p. 44, 10b. LRBC II, 294. Bastien 56. C 11/12. [Lugdunum, AD 366-7]. F £6 ($10) / VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

19720

Similar, but with mint mark LVG in ex. followed by officina mark S (= 2) and A. RIC ix, p. 46, 20b. LRBC II, 301. Bastien 73. C 11/12. [Lugdunum, AD 367]. F £6 ($10) / VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

19721

As 19715, but with mint mark CONST in ex. preceded by officina mark S (= 2). RIC ix, p. 64, 7d var. LRBC II, —. EMA 171/4. C 11/12. [Constantia/Arles, AD 364]. F £6 ($10) / VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

19722

Similar, but with mint mark CON instead of CONST in ex., and with B in rev. field to r. (officinae P, S, and T = 1, 2, and 3 recorded). RIC ix, p. 64, 7d. LRBC II, 495. EMA 173/2. C 11/12. [Constantia/Arles, AD 364]. F £6 ($10) / VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

19723

Similar, but without officina mark preceding the mint mark and with OF — I, II, or III (= officina 1, 2, or 3) in rev. field, dot below the officina numeral. RIC ix, p. 64, 7d. LRBC II, 489. EMA 176/2. C 11/12. [Constantia/Arles, AD 364-7]. F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

19724

Similar, but with mint mark CONST instead of CON and without dot below the officina numeral. RIC ix, p. 64, 7d. LRBC II, 480. EMA 174/2. C 11/12. [Constantia/Arles, AD 364-7]. F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

19725

Similar, but with mint mark CON or CON * in ex. RIC ix, p. 66, 16b. LRBC II, 513 and 520. EMA 183/2 and 184/2. C 11/12. [Constantia/Arles, AD 367-70]. F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

19726

Similar, but with mint mark CON in ex. preceded by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2) and with N in rev. field to r. RIC ix, p. 66, 16b. LRBC II, 507. EMA 182/2. C 11/12. [Constantia/Arles, AD 370]. F £6 ($10) / VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

19727

Similar, but with mint mark CON in ex. preceded by officina mark P, S, or T (= 1, 2, or 3) and sometimes with dot in rev. field to r. RIC ix, p. 66, 16b. LRBC II, 499 and 526. EMA 186/2 and 188/2. C 11/12. [Constantia/Arles, AD 371-5]. F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

19728

Similar, but with E — C in rev. field. RIC ix, p. 66, 18a. LRBC II, 535. EMA 189/1. C F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) 11/12. [Constantia/Arles, AD 375-8].

338

Roman Coins and Their Values

19729

GLORIA ROMANORVM (cont.) Bronze centenionalis. Similar, but with V — A in rev. field. RIC ix, p. 66, 18a. LRBC II, 539. EMA 190/1. C 11/12. [Constantia/Arles, AD 375-8]. F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

19730

As 19715, but with mint mark S M AQ in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2), letter (A, B, C, or E) in field to r. RIC ix, p. 95, 7b. LRBC II, 966, 970, 977, and 981. MA 660-63. C 11/12. [Aquileia, AD 365-7]. F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

19731

Similar, but with P-headed cross (Christogram) instead of letter in rev. field to r. RIC ix, p. 95, 7b. LRBC II, 985. MA 664. C 11/12. [Aquileia, AD 365-7]. F £7 ($12) / VF £20 ($35) / EF £60 ($100)

19732

Similar, but with symbol (palm, dot within crescent, or star within crescent) in rev. field to r. RIC ix, p. 95, 7b. LRBC II, 989 and 997. MA 665-7. C 11/12. [Aquileia, AD 365-7]. F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

19733

Similar, but with star preceding the mint mark and nothing in rev. field. RIC ix, p. 95, 7b. LRBC II, 1004. MA 668. C 11/12. [Aquileia, AD 365-7]. F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

19734

Similar, but without star preceding the mint mark, and B with dot beneath in rev. field to r. RIC ix, p. 95, 7b. LRBC II, 974. MA 678. C 11/12. [Aquileia, AD 367-75]. F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

19735

Similar, but with wreath instead of B and dot in rev. field to r. RIC ix, p. 96, 11b. LRBC II, 1029. MA 679. C 11/12. [Aquileia, AD 367-75]. F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

19736

Similar, but with star instead of wreath in rev. field to r. RIC ix, p. 96, 11b. LRBC II, 1033. MA 682. C 11/12. [Aquileia, AD 367-75]. F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

19737

Similar, but nothing in rev. field and sometimes with dot preceding the mint mark. RIC ix, p. 96, 11b. LRBC II, 1012 and 1018. MA 680-81. C 11/12. [Aquileia, AD 367-75]. F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

19738

Similar, but with dot and star in rev. field to l. and to r. (no dot before mint mark). RIC ix, p. 97, 17a. LRBC II, 1039 and 1043. MA 690. C 11/12. [Aquileia, AD 375-8]. F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

19739

As 19715, but with mint mark S M R in ex. followed by officina mark P, B, T, or Q (= 1, 2, 3, or 4). RIC ix, p. 119, 15b. LRBC II, 703. C 11/12. [Rome, AD 365-7]. F £6 ($10) / VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

19740

Similar, but with mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark P, B, T, or Q (= 1, 2, 3, or 4). RIC ix, p. 119, 15b. LRBC II, 707. C 11/12. [Rome, AD 365-7]. F £6 ($10) / VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

19741

Similar, but with mint mark R or R • in ex. followed by officina mark PRIMA, SECVNDA, TERTIA, or QVARTA (= 1, 2, 3, or 4). RIC ix, p. 121, 23b. LRBC II, 710 F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) and 716. C 11/12. [Rome, AD 367-72].

19742

Similar, but with mint mark S M R in ex. followed by officina mark P, B, T, or Q (= 1, 2, 3, or 4) with leaf between the M and R. RIC ix, p. 121, 23b. LRBC II, 722. C 11/12. F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) [Rome, AD 372-5].

19743

Similar, but without the leaf in the mint mark and with star in r. field. RIC ix, p. 122, 27a. LRBC II, 733. C 11/12. [Rome, AD 375-8]. F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

19744

As 19715, but with mint mark SISC in ex. preceded by officina mark B (= 2) or, more rarely, by A (= 1). RIC ix, p. 146, 5b. LRBC II, 1272. C 11/12. [Siscia, AD 365]. F £6 ($10) / VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

VALENS

339

19745 19745

GLORIA ROMANORVM (cont.) Bronze centenionalis. Similar, but the officina mark is preceded by D, dot, or palm, and sometimes with star / A in r. field; officinae A and G (= 1 and 3) also recorded. RIC ix, p. 146, 5b. LRBC II, 1276, 1280, 1287, 1291, and 1295. C 11/12. [Siscia, AD 365-7]. F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

19746

Similar, but the mint mark is preceded by officina mark B or G (= 2 or 3) which is preceded by dot or star; R or D in rev. field to r. RIC ix, p. 147, 14b. LRBC II, 1300 and 1306. C 11/12. [Siscia, AD 367]. F £6 ($10) / VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

19747

As 19715, but with mint mark SIRM in ex. preceded by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2). RIC ix, p. 158, 4b. LRBC II, 1632. C 11/12. [Sirmium, AD 364]. F £12 ($20) / VF £30 ($50) / EF £72 ($125)

19748

As previous, but with mint mark TES in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, G, or D (= 1, 2, 3, or 4) and sometimes preceded by dot or flanked by dots, sometimes with star in r. field. RIC ix, p. 176, 16b. LRBC II, 1705, 1709, 1712, and 1716-17. C 11/12. [Thessalonica, AD 364-7]. F £6 ($10) / VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

19749

Similar, but without dot preceding the mint mark, and with wreath in r. field, or wreath in l. field and O / M in r. RIC ix, p. 178, 26b. LRBC II, 1719 and 1725. C 11/12. [Thessalonica, AD 367]. F £6 ($10) / VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

19750

Similar, but the officina mark is in r. field and is sometimes surmounted by dot, sometimes also with dot in l. field, sometimes with dot preceding or following the mint mark or with dots flanking the mint mark. RIC ix, p. 178, 26b. LRBC II, 1729, 1734, 1736, 1740, and 1742. C 11/12. [Thessalonica, AD 367-75]. F £6 ($10) / VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

19751

Similar, but with star above the officina mark in r. field, and sometimes also with star in l. field. RIC ix, p. 178, 26b. LRBC II, 1745 and 1750. C 11/12. [Thessalonica, AD 367-75]. F £6 ($10) / VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

19752

Similar, but with wreath in field to l. and officina mark (sometimes surmounted by star or dot) in r. RIC ix, p. 178, 26b. LRBC II, 1758, 1763, and 1767. C 11/12. [Thessalonica, F £6 ($10) / VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85) AD 367-75].

19753

Similar, but with letter I, M, O, V, or Z in l. field, and officina mark (sometimes surmounted by star or dot) in r. RIC ix, p. 178, 26b. LRBC II, 1774-6, 1781, 1786, 1788, 1793, 1795, 1799, and 1804. C 11/12. [Thessalonica, AD 367-75]. F £6 ($10) / VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

19754

As 19715, but with mint mark S M H in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, G, or D (= 1, 2, 3, or 4), sometimes with dot in l. field. RIC ix, pp. 191-2, 3b-c. LRBC II, 1920 and 1933. C 11/12. [Heraclea, AD 364-5 and 366-7]. F £6 ($10) / VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85) This issue was interrupted by the revolt of Procopius in September, AD 365.

19755

Similar, but with star in rev. field to l. and wreath to r. (officinae A and B = 1 and 2 only recorded). RIC ix, p. 193, 9b. LRBC II, 1937. C 11/12. [Heraclea, AD 367-75]. F £6 ($10) / VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

340

Roman Coins and Their Values

19756

GLORIA ROMANORVM (cont.) Bronze centenionalis. As 19715, but with mint mark CONSP or CONS in ex. followed by officina mark A, G, D, or e (= 1, 3, 4, or 5). RIC ix, p. 214, 16b-c. LRBC II, 2069 and 2075. C 11/12. [Constantinople, AD 364-5]. F £6 ($10) / VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85) This issue was interrupted by the revolt of Procopius in September, AD 365.

19757

Similar (with mint mark CONS) but also with star in rev. field to r. (officinae A, D, and Z = 1, 4, and 7 recorded). RIC ix, p. 214, 16c. LRBC II, 2086. C 11/12. [Constantinople, F £6 ($10) / VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85) AD 366-7].

19758

Similar, but with star and wreath, wreath and palm, or two crosses in rev. field to l. and to r. (officinae A, B, G, and D = 1, 2, 3, and 4 recorded). RIC ix, p. 220, 41b. LRBC II, 2091, 2099, and 2103. C 11/12. [Constantinople, AD 367-75]. F £6 ($10) / VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

19759

Similar, but with C or dot in rev. field to r. (officinae A, G, and ≤ = 1, 3, and 6 recorded). RIC ix, p. 220, 41b. LRBC II, 2107 and 2113. C 11/12. [Constantinople, AD 367-75]. F £6 ($10) / VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85) The variety with C in rev. field may belong to the period following the death of Valentinian I (AD 375-8).

19760

As 19715, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, G, or D (= 1, 2, 3, or 4). RIC ix, p. 252, 9b-c. LRBC II, 2326 and 2335. C 11/12. [Nicomedia, AD 364-5 and 366-7 and later?]. F £6 ($10) / VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85) This issue was interrupted by the revolt of Procopius in September, AD 365.

19760A

Similar, but with P-headed cross (Christogram) in rev. field to r. and sometimes also with wreath to l. (officinae B and G = 2 and 3 only recorded). RIC ix, p. 255, 23a. LRBC II, 2339 and 2341. C 11/12. [Nicomedia, AD 367-75]. F £6 ($10) / VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85) Although normally dated to the period of the joint rule of Valentinian I, Valens, and Gratian, this variety may belong to the period following the death of Valentinian I (AD 375-8).

19761

Similar, but with mint mark S M K in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, G, or D (= 1, 2, 3, or 4). RIC ix, pp. 240-41, 8b and 12b. LRBC II, 2518 and 2527. C 11/12. [Cyzicus, F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) AD 364-5 and 366-75?].



This issue was interrupted by the revolt of Procopius in September, AD 365.

19762

As 19715, but with mint mark ANT in ex. followed by officina mark A-I (= 1-10). RIC ix, pp. 274 and 281, 10b-c and 35b. LRBC II, 2654-5 and 2659-60. C 11/12. [Antioch, F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) AD 364-7 and later?].

19763

Similar, but with mint mark ALE in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, G, or D (= 1, 2, 3, or 4). RIC ix, pp. 298-9, 1b and 4b. LRBC II, 2859. C 11/12. [Alexandria, AD 364-7 and later?]. F £6 ($10) / VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

19764

A. Rev. — Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark TR in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2) and star. RIC ix, p. 14, 6b. LRBC II, 81. C F £13 ($22) / VF £32 ($55) / EF £80 ($140) 4. [Trier, AD 365-7].

19765

Similar, but without the star following the officina mark and sometimes with dot instead, sometimes with star or palm in field. RIC ix, p. 20, 31b. LRBC II, 102, 107, 118, 121A, F £13 ($22) / VF £32 ($55) / EF £80 ($140) and 126. C 4. [Trier, AD 367-75]. The issue of this type may have continued into the period AD 375-8.

19766

A. Rev. RESTITVTOR REI P, Valens, in military attire, stg. facing, hd. r., holding standard/labarum and Victory on globe, mint mark LVG in ex. preceded by officina mark P (= 1). RIC ix, p. 44, 11b. LRBC II, 274. Bastien 15. C 29. [Lugdunum, AD 364-5]. F £12 ($20) / VF £30 ($50) / EF £72 ($125)

VALENS

341

19767

RESTITVTOR REI P (cont.) Bronze centenionalis. As previous, but with mint mark CONST in ex. preceded by officina mark P, S, or T (= 1, 2, or 3). RIC ix, p. 64, 8c. LRBC II, 476. EMA 171/2. C 29. [Constantia/Arles, AD 364-5]. F £13 ($22) / VF £32 ($55) / EF £80 ($140)

19768

As previous, but with mint mark S M AQ in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). RIC ix, p. 95, 8b. LRBC II, 964. MA 659. C 29. [Aquileia, AD 364-5]. F £13 ($22) / VF £32 ($55) / EF £80 ($140)

19769

As previous, but with mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark Q (= 4). RIC ix, p. 120, 16b. LRBC II, 701. C 29. [Rome, AD 364-5]. F £16 ($28) / VF £40 ($70) / EF £100 ($175)

19770

As previous, but with mint mark SISC in ex. preceded by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2). RIC ix, p. 146, 6b. LRBC II, 1270. C 29. [Siscia, AD 364-5]. F £13 ($22) / VF £32 ($55) / EF £80 ($140)

19771

As previous, but with mint mark SIRM in ex. preceded by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2). RIC ix, p. 159, 6b. LRBC II, 1628. C 29. [Sirmium, AD 364]. F £13 ($22) / VF £32 ($55) / EF £80 ($140)

19772

As previous, but with mint mark TES in ex. followed by officina mark B, G, or D (= 2, 3, or 4). RIC ix, p. 176, 17b. LRBC II, 1703. C 29. [Thessalonica, AD 364-5]. F £13 ($22) / VF £32 ($55) / EF £80 ($140)

19773

As previous, but with mint mark S M H followed by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2). RIC ix, p. 192, 4b. LRBC II, 1917-18. C 29. [Heraclea, AD 364]. F £14 ($24) / VF £35 ($60) / EF £85 ($150)

19774

As previous, but with mint mark CONSP in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, G, or D (= 1, 2, 3, or 4). RIC ix, p. 215, 20b. LRBC II, 2067. C 29. [Constantinople, AD 364-5]. F £13 ($22) / VF £32 ($55) / EF £80 ($140)

19775

As previous, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark B or G (= 2 or 3). RIC ix, p. 252, 11b. LRBC II, 2324. C 29. [Nicomedia, AD 364-5]. F £13 ($22) / VF £32 ($55) / EF £80 ($140)

19776

As previous, but with mint mark S M K in ex. followed by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2). RIC ix, p. 241, 10b. LRBC II, 2516. C 29. [Cyzicus, AD 364-5]. F £14 ($24) / VF £35 ($60) / EF £85 ($150)

19777

As previous, but with mint mark ANT in ex. followed by officina mark G (= 3). RIC ix, p. 274, 11b. LRBC II, 2652. C 29. [Antioch, AD 364-5]. F £13 ($22) / VF £32 ($55) / EF £80 ($140)

19778

As previous, but with mint mark ALE in ex. followed by officina mark (unrecorded). RIC ix, p. 298, 2b. LRBC II, 2857. C 29. [Alexandria, AD 364-5]. F £14 ($24) / VF £35 ($60) / EF £85 ($150)

19779

A. Rev. SECVRITAS REI PVBLICAE, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark TR in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2) and by star or crescent. RIC ix, p. 14, 7b. LRBC II, 82 and 87. C 47. [Trier, AD 365-7]. F £6 ($10) / VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

19780

Similar, but without the star or crescent following the officina mark (though sometimes with dot instead), and sometimes with star, palm, or D above palm in l. field. RIC ix, p. 20, 32b. LRBC II, 97, 110, 113, 120, and 125. C 47. [Trier, AD 367-75]. F £6 ($10) / VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

19781

As 19779, but with mint mark LVG in ex. preceded by officina mark P (= 1) or (rarely) followed by officina mark S (= 2). RIC ix, p. 44, 12. LRBC II, 276. Bastien 21 and 23. F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) C 47. [Lugdunum, AD 365-6].

342

Roman Coins and Their Values

19782

SECVRITAS REI PVBLICAE (cont.) Bronze centenionalis. Similar, but with mint mark LVG in ex. followed by officina mark P (= 1) with dot between. RIC ix, p. 44, 12. LRBC II, 277. Bastien 32. C 47. [Lugdunum, AD 366]. F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

19783

Similar, but with mint mark LVG in ex. followed by officina mark S (= 2) and star. RIC ix, p. 44, 12. LRBC II, 278. Bastien 38. C 47. [Lugdunum, AD 366]. F £6 ($10) / VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

19784

Similar, but without S and star following the mint mark and with officina mark OF — I (= 1) in field. RIC ix, p. 44, 12. LRBC II, 280. Bastien 39. C 47. [Lugdunum, AD 366-7]. F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

19785

As previous, but with mint mark LVG followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2) with dot between. RIC ix, p. 44, 12. LRBC II, —. Bastien 41-2. C 47. [Lugdunum, AD 366-7]. F £6 ($10) / VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85) The duplication of the officina mark (P and OF I) on this series seems redundant. The appearance of the marks of both officinae (S and OF I) on this type and nos. 19792 and 19795 awaits a satisfactory explanation.

19786

Similar, but with mint mark LVG V instead of LVG, sometimes followed by officina mark P (= 1). RIC ix, p. 44, 12. LRBC II, 289 and 292. Bastien 47 and 51. C 47. F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) [Lugdunum, AD 366-7].

19787

Similar, but with mint mark LVG A instead of LVG V, always followed by officina mark P (= 1). RIC ix, p. 44, 12. LRBC II, 295. Bastien 55. C 47. [Lugdunum, AD 366-7]. F £6 ($10) / VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

19788

Similar, but with mint mark LVG in ex. followed by officina mark P (= 1) and A. RIC ix, p. 46, 21a. LRBC II, 303. Bastien 70. C 47. [Lugdunum, AD 367-75]. F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

19789

Similar, but with B instead of A following the officina mark. RIC ix, p. 46, 21a. LRBC II, 305. Bastien 75. C 47. [Lugdunum, AD 367-75]. F £6 ($10) / VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

19790

Similar, but with C instead of B following the officina mark. RIC ix, p. 46, 21a. LRBC II, 306. Bastien 76. C 47. [Lugdunum, AD 367-75]. F £6 ($10) / VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

19791

Similar, but with D instead of C following the officina mark. RIC ix, p. 46, 21a. LRBC II, 309. Bastien 77. C 47. [Lugdunum, AD 367-75]. F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

19792

Similar, but with P instead of D following the officina mark, and with officina S (= 2) instead of P. RIC ix, p. 46, 21a. LRBC II, 312. Bastien 81. C 47. [Lugdunum, AD 367-75]. F £6 ($10) / VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85) See note following no. 19785.

19793

Similar, but with R instead of P following the officina mark, and with officina P (= 1) instead of S. RIC ix, p. 46, 21a. LRBC II, 315. Bastien 84. C 47. [Lugdunum, AD 367-75]. F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

19794

Similar, but with mint mark LVG A (no officina mark in ex.). RIC ix, —. LRBC II, —. Bastien 88. C 47. [Lugdunum, AD 367-75]. F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

19795

Similar, but with mint mark LVG in ex. followed by officina mark P or (rarely) S (= 1 or 2) sometimes followed by dot. RIC ix, p. 46, 21a. LRBC II, 319 and 322. Bastien 91, 93, and 98. C 47. [Lugdunum, AD 367-75]. F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) See note following no. 19785.

VALENS

343

19796

SECVRITAS REI PVBLICAE (cont.) Bronze centenionalis. Similar, but with dot within crescent in rev. field to r., below the I of OF — I (officina S not recorded and no dot following the officina mark in ex.). RIC ix, p. 46, 21a. LRBC II, 340. Bastien 102. C 47. [Lugdunum, AD 367-75]. F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

19797

Similar, but with palm instead of dot within crescent in rev. field to l. or to r., sometimes with dot following the officina mark in ex. RIC ix, p. 46, 21a. LRBC II, 328, 332, and 336. Bastien 107, 109, and 114. C 47. [Lugdunum, AD 367-75]. F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

19798

Similar, but with mint mark LVG in ex. followed by officina mark P (= 1) and by A, star in rev. field to r., below the I of OF — I. RIC ix, —. LRBC II, —. Bastien 120. C F £6 ($10) / VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85) 47. [Lugdunum, AD 367-75].

19799

Similar, but with S instead of star in rev. field to l. or to r., and without A following the officina mark in ex. RIC ix, p. 46, 21a. LRBC II, 344. Bastien 124 and 126. C 47. F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) [Lugdunum, AD 367-75].

19800

Similar, but also with dot following the officina mark in ex. RIC ix, p. 46, 21a. LRBC II, 348. Bastien 133. C 47. [Lugdunum, AD 367-75]. F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

19801

Similar, but without dot following the officina mark in ex., and with S — R in rev. field below the OF — I. RIC ix, p. 46, 21a. LRBC I 352. Bastien 138. C 47. [Lugdunum, AD 367-75]. F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

19802

Similar, but with TE monogram — S instead of S — R in rev. field. RIC ix, —. LRBC II, —. Bastien 142. C 47. [Lugdunum, AD 367-75]. F £6 ($10) / VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

19803

Similar, but with TE monogram — R in rev. field. RIC ix, p. 46, 21a. LRBC I 356. Bastien 143. C 47. [Lugdunum, AD 367-75]. F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

19804

Similar, but without OF — I in rev. field, and with mint mark LVG in ex. followed by officina mark P (= 1), S in field to l. RIC ix, p. 46, 21a. LRBC I 359. Bastien 148. C 47. F £6 ($10) / VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85) [Lugdunum, AD 375-6].

19805

Similar, but also with dot within crescent in rev. field to r. RIC ix, p. 46, 21a. LRBC I 361. Bastien 150. C 47. [Lugdunum, AD 375-6]. F £6 ($10) / VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

19806

Similar, but with S — R in rev. field. RIC ix, p. 46, 21a. LRBC I 363. Bastien 152. C F £6 ($10) / VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85) 47. [Lugdunum, AD 375-6].

19807

Similar, but with R — S in rev. field (rarely with officina mark S = 2 following mint mark). RIC ix, p. 46, 23a. LRBC I 365. Bastien 154 and 156. C 47. [Lugdunum, AD 376]. F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

19808

Similar, but with C — I in rev. field (officina P = 1 only recorded). RIC ix, p. 46, 23a. LRBC I 368. Bastien 160. C 47. [Lugdunum, AD 376]. F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

19809

As 19779, but with mint mark CONST in ex. preceded by officina mark S (= 2). RIC ix, p. 64, 9b. LRBC II, 478. EMA 171/6. C 47. [Constantia/Arles, AD 364]. F £6 ($10) / VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

19810

Similar, but with mint mark CON instead of CONST in ex., and with B in rev. field to r. (officinae P, S, and T = 1, 2, and 3 recorded). RIC ix, p. 64, 9b. LRBC II, 497. EMA F £6 ($10) / VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85) 173/4. C 47. [Constantia/Arles, AD 364].

344

Roman Coins and Their Values

19811

SECVRITAS REI PVBLICAE (cont.) Bronze centenionalis. Similar, but with mint mark CONST or CON or (more rarely) CON P in ex. and with OF — I, II, or III (= officina 1, 2, or 3) in rev. field, those having mint mark CON with dot below the officina numeral. RIC ix, p. 64, 9b. LRBC II, 483, 486, and 492. EMA 174/4, 175/4, and 176/4. C 47. [Constantia/Arles, AD 364-7]. F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

19812

Similar, but with mint mark CON or CON * or (rarely) * CON in ex. and with officina mark OF — I, II, or III (= 1, 2, or 3) in rev. field (no dot below the officina numeral). RIC ix, p. 66, 17b. LRBC II, 516, 523, and 524. EMA 183/4, 184/4, and 185/1. C 47. F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) [Constantia/Arles, AD 367-70].

19813

Similar, but with mint mark CON in ex. preceded by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2) and with N in rev. field to l. RIC ix, p. 66, 17b. LRBC II, 510. EMA 182/4. C 47. F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) [Constantia/Arles, AD 370].

19814

Similar, but with mint mark CON in ex. preceded by officina mark P, S, or T (= 1, 2, or 3), sometimes with dot in rev. field to r. or (rarely) following the mint mark. RIC ix, p. 66, 17a. LRBC II, 502, 504, 528, and 532. EMA 186/4, 187/1, and 188/5. C 47. F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) [Constantia/Arles, AD 371-5].

19815

Similar, but with E — C in rev. field. RIC ix, p. 66, 19a. LRBC II, 537. EMA 189/3. C F £6 ($10) / VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85) 47. [Constantia/Arles, AD 375-8].

19816

Similar, but with V — A in rev. field (officina T = 3 not recorded). RIC ix, p. 66, 19a. LRBC II, 542. EMA 190/4. C 47. [Constantia/Arles, AD 375-8]. F £6 ($10) / VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

19817

As 19779, but with mint mark S M AQ in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2), letter (A, B, D, or E) in field to l. RIC ix, p. 95, 9b. LRBC II, 968, 972, 979, and 983. F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) MA 669-72. C 47. [Aquileia, AD 365-7].

19818

Similar, but with P-headed cross (Christogram) instead of letter in rev. field to l. RIC ix, p. 95, 9b. LRBC II, 987. MA 673. C 47. [Aquileia, AD 365-7]. F £9 ($16) / VF £23 ($40) / EF £60 ($100)

19819

Similar, but with symbol (palm, dot within crescent, or star within crescent) in rev. field to l. RIC ix, p. 95, 9b. LRBC II, 991 and 999. MA 674-6. C 47. [Aquileia, AD 365-7]. F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

19820

Similar, but with star preceding the mint mark and nothing in rev. field. RIC ix, p. 95, 9b. LRBC II, 1006. MA 677. C 47. [Aquileia, AD 365-7]. F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

19821

Similar, but without star preceding the mint mark, and B with dot beneath in rev. field to l. RIC ix, p. 95, 9b. LRBC II, 976. MA 683. C 47. [Aquileia, AD 367-75]. F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

19822

Similar, but with wreath instead of B and dot in rev. field to l. RIC ix, p. 96, 12b. LRBC II, 1031. MA 684. C 47. [Aquileia, AD 367-75]. F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

19823

Similar, but with star instead of wreath in rev. field to l. RIC ix, p. 96, 12b. LRBC II, 1036. MA 688. C 47. [Aquileia, AD 367-75]. F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

19824

Similar, but with star and dot in rev. field, to l. and to r. RIC ix, p. 97, 18a. LRBC II, 1042. MA 691. C 47. [Aquileia, AD 375-8]. F £6 ($10) / VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

19825

Similar, but nothing in rev. field and sometimes with dot preceding the mint mark or with dots flanking the mint and officina marks. RIC ix, p. 96, 12b. LRBC II, 1015, 1021, and 1027. MA 685-7. C 47. [Aquileia, AD 367-75]. F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

VALENS

345

19826

SECVRITAS REI PVBLICAE (cont.) Bronze centenionalis. As 19779, but with mint mark S M R in ex. followed by officina mark P, B, or T (= 1, 2, or 3). RIC ix, p. 120, 17b. LRBC II, 705. C 47. [Rome, AD 365-7]. F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

19827

Similar, but with mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark P, B, T, or Q (= 1, 2, 3, or 4). RIC ix, p. 120, 17b. LRBC II, 709. C 47. [Rome, AD 365-7]. F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

19828

Similar, but with mint mark R or R • in ex. followed by officina mark PRIMA, SECVNDA, TERTIA, or QVARTA (= 1, 2, 3, or 4). RIC ix, p. 121, 24b. LRBC II, 713 F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) and 719. C 47. [Rome, AD 367-72].

19829

Similar, but with mint mark S M R in ex. followed by officina mark P, B, T, or Q (= 1, 2, 3, or 4) with leaf between the M and R. RIC ix, p. 121, 24b. LRBC II, 725. C 47. [Rome, AD 372-5]. F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

19830

Similar, but without the leaf in the mint mark and with star in rev. field to l. RIC ix, p. 122, 28a. LRBC II, 736. C 47. [Rome, AD 375-8]. F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

19831

As 19779, but with mint mark SISC in ex. preceded by officina mark B (= 2) or, more rarely by A (= 1). RIC ix, p. 146, 7b. LRBC II, 1274. C 47. [Siscia, AD 365]. F £6 ($10) / VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

19832

Similar, but the mint mark is preceded by officina mark A (= 1 or, more rarely, by G or D = 3 or 4) which is usually preceded by D, or dot, or palm; sometimes with star above A in l. field. RIC ix, p. 146, 7b. LRBC II, 1278, 1282, 1285, 1289, 1293, and 1297. C 47. F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) [Siscia, AD 365-7].

19833

Similar, but the mint mark is preceded by officina mark A (= 1) which is preceded by dot or star, R or D in field to l. RIC ix, p. 147, 15b. LRBC II, 1303 and 1309. C 47. [Siscia, AD 367]. F £6 ($10) / VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)



NB From this point on, all Siscian issues of Valens of the SECVRITAS REI PVBLICAE type were produced by the first officina (A).

19834

Similar, but the officina mark is preceded by dot within crescent and with D in field to r. RIC ix, p. 147, 15b. LRBC II, 1314. C 47. [Siscia, AD 367]. F £6 ($10) / VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

19835

Similar, but without symbol preceding the officina mark, and with one of the following control-marks in the field: D — S (sometimes with star above D); F — S (with star above F); F — M (with star above F); P — M (with star above P and sometimes dot above M or below P); and R / O — M (with star above R and sometimes with dot above M). RIC ix, p. 147, 15b. LRBC II, 1318, 1322, 1326, 1330, 1334, 1338, 1341, 1344, and F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) 1348. C 47. [Siscia, AD 367-75]. The series represented by this and the following two types comprises the most complex sequencing of control-marks throughout the entire Roman Imperial coinage (see also nos. 19450-51, 19509-11, and 20064-6).

346

Roman Coins and Their Values

19836 1836

SECVRITAS REI PVBLICAE (cont.) Bronze centenionalis. Similar, but with A, or E, or P, or R, or S, or V, or VE monogram following the mint mark, and with one of the following control-marks in the field: R / O — M (with star above R); R / O (with star above R) — Q; K — Q (with star above K, sometimes also dot below Q); K / P — Q; A / R (with curled top to R) — Q; R / K (with curled top to R) — Q; A / R (with curled top to R) — F; R / A (with curled top to R) — F; R / A (with curled top to A) — F / F; R / K (with curled top to K) — F; R / R (with curled top to lower R) — S / •; R / A (with curled top to A) — S / •; C / A (with curled top to A) — S / •; C / R (with curled top to R) — S / •; C / P — S / •; C / P — G; C / A (with curled top to A) — G; D / R (with curled top to R) — F; and D / P — F. RIC ix, p. 147, 15b. LRBC II, 1354, 1363, 1373-4, 1375, 1379, 1383, 1389, 1395, 1406-7, 1416-17, 1427-9, 1433-4, 1447-9, 1455-6, 1458, 1464-5, 1473-4, 1477, 1483-4, and 1491-3/1498-1500. C 47. [Siscia, AD 367-75]. F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

19837

Similar, but with A following the mint mark, and with S / P — P in field. RIC ix, p. 149, 22a. LRBC 1509. C. 47. [Siscia, AD 375-8]. F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

19838

As 19779, but with mint mark SIRM in ex. preceded by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2). RIC ix, p. 159, 7b. LRBC II, 1634. C 47. [Sirmium, AD 364]. F £12 ($20) / VF £30 ($50) / EF £72 ($125)

19839

Similar, but with mint mark TES in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, G, or D (= 1, 2, 3, or 4), the mint mark sometimes preceded by dot and sometimes with star in l. field. RIC ix, p. 176, 18b. LRBC II, 1707, 1710, and 1714. C 47. [Thessalonica, AD 364-7]. F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

19840

Similar, but with wreath in l. field (no dot before mint mark). RIC ix, p. 178, 27b. LRBC F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) II, 1722. C 47. [Thessalonica, AD 367].

19841

Similar, but the officina mark is in l. field instead of following the mint mark and sometimes with dot preceding the mint mark. RIC ix, p. 178, 27b. LRBC II, 1732 and F £6 ($10) / VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85) 1735. C 47. [Thessalonica, AD 367-75].

19842

Similar, but with dot above the officina mark in l. field, and sometimes also with dot in r. field. RIC ix, p. 178, 27b. LRBC II, 1739 and 1743. C 47. [Thessalonica, AD 367-75]. F £6 ($10) / VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

19843

Similar, but with star above the officina mark in l. field, and also with star in r. field. RIC ix, p. 178, 27b. LRBC II, 1753. C 47. [Thessalonica, AD 367-75]. F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

19844

Similar, but with P-headed cross (Christogram) in l. field and officina mark in r. RIC ix, p. 178, 27b. LRBC II, 1756. C 47. [Thessalonica, AD 367-75]. F £9 ($15) / VF £22 ($38) / EF £55 ($95)

19845

Similar, but with wreath in r. field and officina mark in l. surmounted by dot. RIC ix, p. 178, 27b. LRBC II, 1766. C 47. [Thessalonica, AD 367-75]. F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

19846

Similar, but with letter M, Z, or V (usually surmounted by star) in l. field, and officina mark in r. RIC ix, p. 178, 27b. LRBC II, 17884, 1790, and 1807/1811. C 47. F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) [Thessalonica, AD 367-75]. The variety with V and star in left field may have continued after the death of Valentinian I in AD 375.

VALENS

347

19847

SECVRITAS REI PVBLICAE (cont.) Bronze centenionalis. As 19779, but with mint mark S M H in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, G, or D (= 1, 2, 3, or 4), sometimes with dot or G in l. field. RIC ix, p. 192, 5b. LRBC II, 1922, 1924-5, and 1935. C 47. [Heraclea, AD 364-5 and 366-7]. F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) This issue was interrupted by the revolt of Procopius in September, AD 365.

19848

Similar, but also with star in rev. field to l. and wreath to r. (officinae A and B = 1 and 2 only recorded). RIC ix, p. 194, 10b. LRBC II, 1940. C 47. [Heraclea, AD 367-75]. F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

19849

As 19779, but with mint mark CONSP or CONS in ex. followed by officina mark A-Z (= 1-7). RIC ix, p. 216, 21b-c. LRBC II, 2072-3 and 2077. C 47. [Constantinople, AD 364-5]. F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) This issue was interrupted by the revolt of Procopius in September, AD 365.

19850

Similar (with mint mark CONS) but also with star in rev. field to l. (officinae B, G, and S = 2, 3, and 6 only recorded). RIC ix, p. 215, 21b-c. LRBC II, 2088. C 47. [Constantinople, AD 366-7]. F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

19851

Similar, but with wreath and star, palm and wreath, or two crosses in rev. field to l. and to r., or with dot or B in field to l. (officinae A-S = 1-6 recorded). RIC ix, p. 221, 42b. LRBC II, 2095, 2102, 2106, 2110, and 2112. C 47. [Constantinople, AD 367-75]. F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) The variety with B in rev. field may belong to the period following the death of Valentinian I (AD 375-8).

19852

As 19779, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, or G (= 1, 2, or 3). RIC ix, p. 252, 12b-c. LRBC II, 2329-30 and 2337. C 47. [Nicomedia, AD 364-5 and 366-7 and later?]. F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) This issue was interrupted by the revolt of Procopius in September, AD 365.

19853

Similar, but with P-headed cross (Christogram) in rev. field to l. (officina B = 2 only recorded). RIC ix, p. 255, 24a. LRBC II, 2340. C 47. [Nicomedia, AD 367-75]. F £14 ($24) / VF £35 ($60) / EF £85 ($150)



This rare variety may belong to the period following the death of Valentinian I (AD 3758). RIC records a mint mark error S N M for S M N.

19854

Similar, but with mint mark S M K in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, G, or D (= 1, 2, 3, or 4). RIC ix, p. 241, 11b and 13b. LRBC II, 2520 and 2530. C 47. [Cyzicus, AD 364-5 and 366-7 and later]. F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) This issue was interrupted by the revolt of Procopius in September, AD 365.

19855

Similar, but with mint mark ANT in ex. followed by officina mark A-I (= 1-10), very rarely also with star in l. field. RIC ix, pp. 275 and 281, 12b and 36b. LRBC II, 2657 and 2666. C 47. [Antioch, AD 364-7 and later?]. F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

19856

Similar, but with mint mark ALE in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, G, or D (= 1, 2, 3, or 4). RIC ix, pp. 298-9, 3b and 5b. LRBC II, 2861 and 2863. C 47. [Alexandria, AD 364-7 and later?]. F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

19851

348

Roman Coins and Their Values

19857

Bronze centenionalis. A. Rev. VOT / V / MVLT / X in wreath, mint mark SIRM in ex. preceded by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2). RIC ix, —. LRBC II, 1630. C —. [Sirmium, AD 364]. F £18 ($32) / VF £45 ($80) / EF £115 ($200)

19858

Bronze half centenionalis? (c. 13 millimetres). A. Rev. VICTORIA AVGGG, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm (no mint mark). RIC ix, p. 123, 29. LRBC II, 739. Cf. C 56 (misdescribed). [Rome, AD 375-8]. F £23 ($40) / VF £60 ($100) / EF £140 ($250) The exceptional issue represented by this type and the next were possibly struck for distribution to the populace on the occasion of Gratian’s visit to Rome in AD 376.

19859

Similar, but with rev. legend VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM. RIC ix, p. 123, 31a. LRBC F £23 ($40) / VF £60 ($100) / EF £140 ($250) II, 741. C —. [Rome, AD 375-8].

PROCOPIUS 28 Sep. AD 365-27 May 366 19860 Born circa AD 326 in Cilicia, Procopius was a kinsman of the emperor Julian on his mother’s side, though the precise nature of the relationship is uncertain. He was given a high command in the army assembled by Julian for the invasion of Persia and the emperor even promised him the imperial succession, though Procopius did not challenge the elevation of Jovian on 27 June 363. He was charged with the task of conveying Julian’s remains for burial in Tarsus after which he retired with his family to his estates at Caesarea in Cappadocia. Nothing further is heard of him until 365 when, under suspicion of plotting against the new regime of Valentinian and Valens, he was obliged to flee to the Tauric Chersonese on the Black Sea. Taking advantage of the absence from the capital of the eastern emperor Valens, Procopius crossed to Constantinople and managed to win the support of government officials and troops who were disaffected by the rapacious policies of Valens’ father-inlaw Petronius. The usurper was able to seize the capital and to extend his control to the mint cities of Heraclea, Cyzicus, and Nicomedia. However, support for his regime soon began to wane and mercifully the Empire was able to avoid a costly civil war when Procopius was quickly defeated by the army of Valens in an engagement at Nacoleia in Phrygia. The usurper was betrayed by two of his own officers and was immediately put to death after a reign of just eight months. In order to deter any further thoughts of rebellion, Procopius’ severed head was paraded through Gaul where Julian had been especially popular and loyalty to the House of Constantine still ran high. The usurper was an ancestor of the Procopius who was Magister Utriusque Militiae per Orientem under Theodosius II and who was also the father of the western emperor Anthemius (AD 467-72). As a sign of loyalty to the memory of his kinsman and of protest against the new regime of Valentinian and Valens, Procopius reverted to Julian’s weight standard for his aes coinage, striking his Æ 3 centenionales at around 3 grams instead of c. 2.5 grams. He also struck an Æ 2 double centenionalis at c. 6 grams and an Æ 1 triple maiorina (or quadruple centenionalis) at c. 12 grams. The two latter denominations are of great rarity. Procopius’ portrait is invariably bearded, either as a sign of mourning for his deceased kinsman or possibly as an indication of his pagan sympathies, perhaps both. The obverse legend is D N PROCOPIVS P F AVG. There are two varieties of obverse type: a. Diad., dr. and cuir. bust r., bearded. b. Diad., dr. and cuir. bust l., bearded. 19860

Gold solidus. a. Rev. REPARATIO FEL TEMP, Procopius, in military attire, stg. facing, hd. r., holding spear and resting on shield, mint mark CONS in ex. RIC ix, p. 209, 2a. C 5 var. Depeyrot, p. 234, 14/4. [Constantinople, AD 365]. VF £6,800 ($12,000) / EF £17,250 ($30,000)

PROCOPIUS

349

19861

Gold solidus. Similar, but with palm following the mint mark in ex. RIC ix, p. 209, 2a. C 5. Depeyrot, p. 234, 15/1. [Constantinople, AD 366]. VF £6,800 ($12,000) / EF £17,250 ($30,000)

19862

Similar, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark G, e, or I (= 3, 5, or 10), sometimes with dot preceding the mint mark or following the officina mark. RIC ix, p. 250, 1. C 5. Depeyrot, p. 267, 15/1, 16/1, and 17/1. [Nicomedia, AD 365-6]. VF £8,000 ($14,000) / EF £20,000 ($35,000)

19863

19863 Similar, but with mint mark S M K in ex. followed by officina mark A or D (= 1 or 4). RIC ix, p. 239, 1. C 5 var. Depeyrot, p. 271, 5/1. [Cyzicus, AD 365-6]. VF £6,800 ($12,000) / EF £17,250 ($30,000)

19864

As 19860, but emperor is holding labarum instead of spear. RIC ix, p. 209, 2b. C —. Depeyrot, p. 234, 14/3. [Constantinople, AD 365]. VF £8,000 ($14,000) / EF £20,000 ($35,000)

19865

a. Rev. SECVRITAS REI PVB, as 19860. RIC ix, p. 210, 4. Cf. C 12 (rev. misdescribed). Depeyrot, p. 234, 14/2. [Constantinople, AD 365]. VF £9,250 ($16,000) / EF £23,000 ($40,000)

19866

a. Rev. — Procopius, in military attire, stg. facing, hd. l., holding globe and resting on spear, mint mark CONS in ex. RIC ix, —. C —. Depeyrot, p. 234, 14/1. [Constantinople, AD 365]. VF £9,250 ($16,000) / EF £23,000 ($40,000)

19867

19867 19867 Silver siliqua (c. 2.25 grams). a (very rarely cuir. only). Rev. VOT / V in wreath, sometimes with dot at centre, mint mark C in ex. followed by officina mark A-H (= 1-8) with dot between, sometimes also with dot preceding mint mark. RIC ix, p. 213, 13e and k-l. RSC 14b-e. [Constantinople, AD 365-6]. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,700 ($3,000)

19868

Similar, but with obv. type b and mint and officina marks C • B (= 2nd officina). RIC ix, p. 213, 13f. RSC 14i. [Constantinople, AD 365-6]. VF £800 ($1,400) / EF £2,300 ($4,000)

19869

As 19867, but bust always dr. and cuir., no dot at centre of rev., and with mint mark S M N in ex. RIC ix, p. 251, 6. RSC 14h. [Nicomedia, AD 365-6]. VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £2,000 ($3,500)

19870

As previous, but with mint mark KV in ex. followed by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2). RIC ix, p. 239, 3a-b. RSC 14a and f. [Cyzicus, AD 365-6]. VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £2,000 ($3,500)

350

19871

Roman Coins and Their Values

19871 Silver siliqua. Similar, but with mint mark S M K followed by officina mark G (= 3). RIC ix, p. 239, 3a. RSC 14g. [Cyzicus, AD 365-6]. VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £2,000 ($3,500)

19872

Bronze triple maiorina or quadruple centenionalis? (c. 12 grams). a. Rev. REPARATIO FEL TEMP, Procopius, in military attire, stg. facing, hd. r., holding spear or sceptre and resting on shield, mint mark S M H in ex. followed by officina mark G (= 3). RIC ix, p. 192, 6. LRBC II, 1926. C 6. [Heraclea, AD 365]. (Extremely rare)

19873

As previous, but with mint mark CONS in ex. followed by officina mark A or D (= 1 or 4). RIC ix, p. 214, 14. LRBC II, 2078. C 6 var. [Constantinople, AD 365]. (Extremely rare)

19874

As previous, but with mint mark S M K in ex. followed by officina mark A (= 1). RIC ix, p. 240, 4. LRBC II, 2521. C 6. [Cyzicus, AD 365]. (Extremely rare)

19875

Bronze double centenionalis (c. 6 grams). a. Rev. — Procopius, in military attire, stg. facing, hd. r., foot on prow, holding labarum and resting on shield, mint mark S M K in ex. followed by officina mark A (= 1). Cf. RIC ix, p. 240, 6. LRBC II, 2522. C 7. [Cyzicus, AD 365]. (Extremely rare)

19876

Bronze centenionalis (smaller module, c. 2.50 grams). a (bust sometimes cuir. only). Rev. REPARATIO FEL TEMP, Procopius, in military attire, stg. facing, hd. r., holding labarum and resting on shield, mint mark S M H followed by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2). Cf. RIC ix, p. 193, 8 (obv. bust l.). Cf. LRBC II, 1927 (obv. bust l.). Cf. C 10. [Heraclea, AD 365]. F £30 ($50) / VF £70 ($120) / EF £175 ($300) Although RIC and LRBC both describe the obv. bust as facing left, RIC cites Cohen 10 which has bust to right. The latter seems to be the norm for the smaller module issues on Valentinian’s standard whereas the heavier Æ 3s on Julian’s standard typically have a left facing bust.

19877

As previous, but with mint mark CONS in ex. followed by officina mark B or D (= 2 or 4). RIC ix, p. 215, 18. Cf. LRBC II, 2080 (obv. bust l.). Cf. C 10. [Constantinople, AD 365]. F £26 ($45) / VF £65 ($110) / EF £155 ($275)

19878

Similar, but emperor is holding spear instead of labarum (officinae A, B, D, and Z = 1, 2, 4, and 7 recorded). RIC ix, p. 215, 19. Cf. LRBC II, 2079 (obv. bust l.). C —. [Constantinople, AD 365]. F £26 ($45) / VF £65 ($110) / EF £155 ($275)

19879

As 19876, but with mint mark S M K in ex. followed by uncertain officina mark. RIC ix, p. 240, 9. LRBC II, 2523. Cf. C 10. [Cyzicus, AD 365]. F £30 ($50) / VF £70 ($120) / EF £175 ($300)

19880

a. Rev. SECVRITAS REI PVB, as 19877, but with officina mark A (= 1) following the mint mark CONS in ex. RIC ix, —. LRBC II, —. C —. Waage (Antioch-On-TheOrontes) 1764. [Constantinople, AD 365]. (Extremely rare)

GRATIAN

19881

351

19884   19881 Bronze centenionalis (larger module, c. 3 grams). b. Rev. REPARATIO FEL TEMP, Procopius, in military attire, stg. facing, hd. r., holding labarum and resting on shield, Chi-Rho monogram in upper field to r., mint mark S M H in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, or G (= 1, 2, or 3), sometimes with star preceding the mint mark or with dot in rev. field to l. or to r. RIC ix, p. 193, 7. LRBC II, 1928-31. C 9. [Heraclea, AD 365-6]. F £23 ($40) / VF £60 ($100) / EF £140 ($250)

19882

As previous, but with mint mark CONS in ex. followed by officina mark G and e (= 3 and 5) and with palm in l. field. RIC ix, p. 215, 17b. LRBC II, 2084. C 9. [Constantinople, AD 365-6]. F £26 ($45) / VF £65 ($110) / EF £155 ($275)

19883

Similar, but with small indeterminate object at emperor’s feet to l., sometimes with dot following the officina mark, and without palm in rev. field (officinae A, B, G, D, and e = 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 recorded). RIC ix, p. 215, 17a. LRBC II, 2081-3. C 8. [Constantinople, AD 365-6]. F £23 ($40) / VF £60 ($100) / EF £140 ($250) One variety is lacking the officina mark (CONS •). The precise nature of the object at Procopius feet is difficult to determine. Pearce (RIC ix, p. 215, 17 note) comments “The small indeterminate object is given by Cohen as ‘seated captive’. Koblitz suggests a helmet. I have noted it as resembling the letter T, a mushroom, two small circles standing one above the other, a small circle standing on a pyramidal object, etc., but never ‘seated captive’ or ‘helmet’”.

19884

As previous, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, or G (= 1, 2, or 3), sometimes with dot preceding the mint mark or in field to l. RIC ix, p. 252, 10. LRBC II, 2331-3. C 8. [Nicomedia, AD 365-6]. F £26 ($45) / VF £65 ($110) / EF £155 ($275)

19885

As previous, but with mint mark S M K in ex. followed by officina mark B, G, or D (= 2, 3, or 4), sometimes with star preceding the mint mark. RIC ix, p. 240, 7. LRBC II, 2524-5. C 8 var. [Cyzicus, AD 365-6]. F £26 ($45) / VF £65 ($110) / EF £155 ($275)

GRATIAN 24 Aug. AD 367-25 Aug. 383 19923 Flavius Gratianus was the son of Valentinian I and Marina Severa and was born at Sirmium in April or May of AD 359. At the age of only seven he was made consul with the Magister Peditum Flavius Dagalaifus as his colleague, a remarkable appointment which was probably regarded by the Roman senators as a slight on their dignity. The following year (367) Gratian was made coemperor in the West by his father, it being Valentinian’s clear intention to establish a new imperial dynasty. A link with the House of Constantine was established in 374 when the young co-emperor married Constantia, the posthumous daughter of Constantius II by his third wife Faustina. A son was born to the young couple but he did not survive childhood and Constantia herself died in 383. On the sudden death of his father in November 375, the sixteen-year-old Gratian suddenly found himself sole master of the Western Empire. However, just a few days later, his younger half-brother

352

Roman Coins and Their Values

Valentinian II (son of Valentinian I by his second wife Justina, widow of the usurper Magnentius) was proclaimed emperor by the army of the Danubian frontier. The new co-emperor was just four years of age and the real authority in his allotted territories (Illyria, Italy, and Africa) lay in the hands of his supporters, including his mother Justina and the generals Merobaudes and Equitius. Gratian, being genuinely fond of his young sibling, wisely accepted this illegal seizure of power realizing that a civil war at this time would have been disastrous for the Empire. From his base at Trier he continued to campaign vigorously against the Alamanni and in Britain he appointed Magnus Maximus to the supreme military command with the task of confronting the Picts and the Scots on the northern frontier. In August 378, at Hadrianopolis in Thrace, the catastrophic defeat and death of the eastern emperor Valens at the hands of the Visigoths presented the now nineteenyear-old western emperor with yet another major crisis. His half-brother Valentinian II was still only seven years of age and could not be given the task of governing the East. Accordingly, Gratian took the bold step of appointing Flavius Theodosius, son of the late Count Theodosius, to take command of the leaderless and demoralized eastern army and the following January raised him to the rank of co-emperor and ruler of the Eastern Empire. Theodosius had been living on his estates in Spain (his home province) having retired from public life following his illustrious father’s conviction for high treason and subsequent execution in 375. Thus, he can have felt little love for the House of Valentinian when Gratian called upon him to accept the onerous task of occupying the throne of Constantinople. During the remaining four years of Gratian’s reign an uneasy accord was maintained between the emperors of the Western and Eastern Empires. The end came in late August of AD 383 when Magnus Maximus, commander of the army in Britain, led an uprising in the islandprovince and was proclaimed emperor by his troops. He crossed to Gaul to confront Gratian who advanced to Lutetia (Paris) to meet the challenge. At this point Gratian’s troops, unhappy about the apparent preferential treatment being given to Alani mercenaries, transferred their allegiance to the usurper. Deserted by his army, Gratian was obliged to flee south but was overtaken by his pursuers at Lugdunum where he was captured and executed. This left the twelve-year-old Valentinian II as the sole surviving ruler of the dynasty founded by his father just nineteen years before. The coinage of Gratian followed the same pattern as that of his father and uncle down to the time of Valens’ death in AD 378. The following year, however, he turned his attention to the bronze currency and introduced two new denominations to supplement the Æ 3 centenionales. One was an Æ 2 with an average weight of about 4.50 grams, probably representing a revival of the maiorina denomination, the other an Æ 4 averaging about 1.25 grams. The Æ 2 clearly circulated as a double centenionalis while the Æ 4 represented a half centenionalis, though the weights of individual specimens may vary considerably. Unless otherwise stated, the obverse legend is D N GRATIANVS P F AVG and the type is diad., dr. and cuir. bust r.

19886 19886

Gold aureus (c. 5.4 grams). Rev. GLORIA ROMANORVM, Gratian stg. in facing quadriga, hd. l., scattering coins from raised r. hand and holding sceptre in l., mint and officina marks TR OB C (= 1st officina) in ex. RIC ix, —. C —. Depeyrot, p. 292, 43 (citing Leu 20, 25 Apr. 1978, lot 401). [Trier, AD 374-5]. (Unique)

19887 Rev. VICTORIA D N AVG, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark CON OB in ex., Chi-Rho monogram in l. field. RIC ix, p. 216, 22. C —. Depeyrot, p. 296, 28 (citing specimen in Vienna). [Constantinople, AD 371]. (Unique) 19888 Rev. VICTORIA ROMANORVM, as previous, but with mint and officina marks AN OB Z (= 7th officina) in ex. and P-headed cross (Christogram) in l. field. RIC ix, —. C —. Depeyrot, p. 297, 37-43 (citing Leu 10, 29 May 1974, lot 436). [Antioch, AD 373]. (Extremely rare)

GRATIAN

353

19889

Gold solidus (c. 4.5 grams). Rev. CONCORDIA AVGGG (sometimes followed by dot), Constantinopolis, turreted, seated facing, hd. r., on high-backed throne, holding sceptre and globe, r. foot on prow, mint mark CON OB in ex. RIC ix, p. 223, 43a. C 5. Depeyrot, pp. 237-8, 29/1 and 30/1. [Constantinople, AD 380]. VF £215 ($375) / EF £625 ($1,100)

19890

Similar, but Constantinopolis is helmeted instead of turreted, and her throne is not high-backed and the arms are ornamented with lions’ heads (no dot following the rev. legend). RIC ix, p. 223, 44a. Cf. C 5. Depeyrot, p. 238, 31/1 and 32/1. [Constantinople, AD 380-81]. VF £200 ($350) / EF £575 ($1,000)

19891

Similar, but with officina marks A-I = 1-10 (except B = 2) at end of rev. legend. RIC ix, p. 223, 45a. Cf. C 5. Depeyrot, p. 238, 33/1. [Constantinople, AD 382-3]. VF £200 ($350) / EF £575 ($1,000)

19890

 

19892

19892 Rev. CONCORDIA AVGGGG (followed by officina mark e, S, Z, or H = 5, 6, 7, or 8), Constantinopolis seated, as 19890. RIC ix, p. 224, 46a-b. C 8. Depeyrot, p. 240, 38/3 and 39/3. [Constantinople, AD 383]. VF £225 ($400) / EF £685 ($1,200) 19893

D N GRATIANVS AVGG AVG. Rev. GLORIA NOVI SAECVLI, Gratian, in military attire, stg. facing, hd. l., holding Victory on globe in r. hand and labarum surmounted by Victory in l., the two Victories holding wreath above emperor’s hd., mint mark LVG in ex. RIC ix, p. 45, 15. Bastien 58. C 12. Depeyrot, p. 129, 15/1. [Lugdunum, AD 367]. VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £2,000 ($3,500)

19894

As previous, but with mint mark KONSTAN in ex. (the last three letters in monogram). RIC ix, p. 64, 10a-b. EMA 177/1. C 12. Depeyrot, p. 136, 17/1. [Constantia/Arles, AD 367]. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,700 ($3,000)

19895 Rev. GLORIA REI PVB, two emperors enthroned facing side by side, their l. legs undraped, supporting globe between them, upper part of Victory hovering facing in background crowning the emperors with wreaths, mint mark TES OB in ex. RIC ix, p. 179, 33a. C —. Depeyrot, p. 222, 33/1. [Thessalonica, AD 379]. VF £480 ($850) / EF £1,425 ($2,500) 19896 A. Rev. GLORIA REI PVBLICAE, enthroned figures of Roma facing (on l.) and Constantinopolis l. (on r.), holding between them shield inscribed VOT / V / MVLT / X, each holding sceptre in l. hand, Constantinopolis with r. foot on prow, mint mark CONS in ex. flanked by star and wreath. RIC ix, p. 216, 23. C —. Depeyrot, p. 236, VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,700 ($3,000) 23/1. [Constantinople, AD 368]. 19897 Rev. PRINCIPIVM IVVENTVTIS, Gratian, sometimes nimbate, stg. r., holding transverse spear and globe, mint mark S M TR in ex. RIC ix, p. 16, 13a-b. C 28. VF £290 ($500) / EF £850 ($1,500) Depeyrot, p. 114, 26/3-4. [Trier, AD 367]. 19898

Similar, but with mint mark TR OB in ex. RIC ix, p. 16, 13c. C 28 var. Depeyrot, p. 115, VF £290 ($500) / EF £850 ($1,500) 28/3. [Trier, AD 368].

354

Roman Coins and Their Values

19899 19899

Gold solidus. As previous, but on rev. Gratian is always nimbate, and with mint mark CONS in ex. flanked by star and wreath. RIC ix, p. 217, 24. C 28. Depeyrot, p. 236, VF £240 ($425) / EF £720 ($1,250) 21/3. [Constantinople, AD 367].

19900

As previous, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark e or Q (= 5 or 9) and sometimes with M instead of officina mark following the mint mark. RIC ix, p. 253, 14. C 28. Depeyrot, p. 268, 18/4. [Nicomedia, AD 367]. VF £290 ($500) / EF £850 ($1,500)

19901

As previous, but with mint mark ANT in ex. followed by officina mark A (= 1). Cf. RIC ix, p. 277, 19. C 28 var. Depeyrot, p. 284, 30/3. [Antioch, AD 367]. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,700 ($3,000)

19902 Rev. RESTITVTOR REI PVBLICAE, Gratian, in military attire, stg. facing, hd. r., holding labarum and Victory on globe, eagle with wreath in beak at feet to r., mint mark S M R in ex., followed by officina mark B (= 2). RIC ix, p. 120, 18. C 33. Depeyrot, p. (known only from a cast in the British Museum) 150, 32/1. [Rome, AD 367].

19903 19903 Rev. SPES R P, Valentinian I and Valens, sometimes nimbate, enthroned facing, each holding globe and sceptre, small figure of Gratian stg. facing between them, shield inscribed VOT / V / MVL / X in field above, mint mark ANT in ex. followed by officina mark G or I (= 3 or 10) and by cross. RIC ix, p. 277, 20c and g. C —. Depeyrot, p. 285, 32/5. [Antioch, AD 368]. VF £1,250 ($2,200) / EF £3,750 ($6,500) 19904 Rev. VICTORIA AVGG, two emperors enthroned facing side by side, their l. legs undraped, supporting globe between them, upper part of Victory hovering facing in background, palm between the emperors’ legs, mint mark TR OB • in ex. RIC ix, p. 17, 17f-g. C 38. Depeyrot, p. 116, 30/3. [Trier, AD 368]. VF £240 ($425) / EF £720 ($1,250) 19905

Similar, but with mint mark * TR OB in ex. RIC ix, p. 17, 17f var. C 38 var. Depeyrot, VF £270 ($475) / EF £800 ($1,400) p. 116, 33/1. [Trier, AD 369].

19906

Similar, but with mint mark TR • OB in ex. RIC ix, p. 17, 17f. C 38 var. Depeyrot, p. VF £270 ($475) / EF £800 ($1,400) 118, 37/3-4. [Trier, AD 370].

19907

Similar, but with mint mark TR • OB • in ex. RIC ix, p. 16, 17f. C 38. Depeyrot, p. 118, VF £215 ($375) / EF £625 ($1,100) 40/4. [Trier, AD 371-2]. See also no. 19909, dated to AD 372, which is identical except for the form of the emperor’s headdress. On the earlier variety, Gratian wears a pearl diadem, while on the later issue he has a diadem of rosettes.

GRATIAN

355

19908

VICTORIA AVGG (cont.) Gold solidus. As previous, but with star between the emperors’ knees on rev. RIC ix, —. C —. Depeyrot, p. 119, 41/4. [Trier, AD 372]. VF £320 ($550) / EF £925 ($1,600) This variety, with star above the palm on reverse, does not appear to have been recognized before Depeyrot’s 1996 publication.

19909

As 19907, but the emperor’s diadem is ornamented with rosettes instead of pearls. RIC ix, p. 16, 17g. C 38. Depeyrot, p. 119, 424. [Trier, AD 372]. VF £240 ($425) / EF £685 ($1,200)

19910

As 19904, but with mint mark TR OB in ex. followed by officina mark C, S, or T (= 1, 2, or 3). RIC ix, p. 17, 17g. C 38. Depeyrot, p. 119, 43/3. [Trier, AD 373-4]. VF £200 ($350) / EF £575 ($1,000) On coins of this issue, the obverse legend is undivided and the emperor’s bust is rosettediademed.

19911

Similar, but the obverse legend is divided GRATIA—NVS. RIC ix, p. 21, 39c. C 38. VF £200 ($350) / EF £575 ($1,000) Depeyrot, p. 119, 43/4. [Trier, AD 374-5].

19912

19912 Similar, but the emperor’s bust is pearl-diademed. RIC ix, p. 21, 39d. C 38. Depeyrot, VF £200 ($350) / EF £575 ($1,000) p. 121, 45/2. [Trier, AD 376-7].

19913

Similar, but on rev. the emperors’ legs are both covered with drapery instead of the r. legs only, and the emperor on r. is much shorter, officinae C, S, and T = 1, 2 and 3 recorded, the first two rare. RIC ix, p. 24, 49b. C 39 var. Depeyrot, p. 122, 47/2. [Trier, AD 377-80]. VF £200 ($350) / EF £575 ($1,000)

19914

As previous, but on rev. both emperors are of equal size, and with mint mark MD OB in ex. RIC ix, p. 76, 5a. C 38. Depeyrot, p. 167, 6/1. [Milan, AD 379]. VF £375 ($650) / EF £1,150 ($2,000)

19915

As previous, but with mint mark AQ OB in ex. RIC ix, p. 99, 21h. MA 695. C 38. VF £375 ($650) / EF £1,150 ($2,000) Depeyrot, p. 183, 14/1. [Aquileia, AD 379].

19916

Similar, but on rev. the emperors are both nimbate, their l. legs are undraped, and the mint mark is usually followed by F. RIC ix, pp. 98-9, 21a-b. MA 693-4. C 38. Depeyrot, p. 184, 16/1, 17/1, and 18/1. [Aquileia, AD 381]. VF £330 ($575) / EF £1,000 ($1,750)

19917

As previous, but the emperors’ legs are both covered with drapery and with mint mark COM in ex. RIC ix, p. 77, 5d. C 38. Depeyrot, p. 185, 1/1. [Milan and/or Aquileia, AD 380-82]. VF £185 ($320) / EF £550 ($950)

19918

Similar, but the emperors’ l. legs are undraped, and usually with dot above the palm between them. RIC ix, p. 180, 34h (attributed to Thessalonica). C 38. Depeyrot, p. 186, VF £240 ($425) / EF £685 ($1,200) 2/1. [Milan and/or Aquileia, AD 383].

19919

As 19913, but with mint mark SIR OB in ex. and sometimes with dot following the rev. legend. RIC ix, pp. 159-60, 9a and d. C 38. Depeyrot, p. 210, 28/1 and 29/1. [Sirmium, AD 379-80]. VF £290 ($500) / EF £850 ($1,500)

356

Roman Coins and Their Values

19920

 

19923

19920

Gold solidus. As previous, but the emperors’ l. legs are undraped and with mint mark TES OB in ex., the rev. legend is sometimes followed by dot. RIC ix, p. 180, 34d. C 38. Depeyrot, p. 222, 34/4 and 35/3. [Thessalonica, AD 379]. VF £330 ($575) / EF £1,000 ($1,750)

19921

Similar, but both emperors are of equal size. RIC ix, p. 180, 34a. C 38. Depeyrot, p. 222, 34/1 and 35/1. [Thessalonica, AD 379]. VF £290 ($500) / EF £850 ($1,500)

19922 Rev. VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM, Victory seated r. on cuirass, inscribing VOT / V / MVL / X on shield set on square base, mint mark CONS in ex. followed by star, O — B in field. RIC ix, —. Cf. C 49. Depeyrot, p. 237, 27/3. [Constantinople, AD 368]. VF £480 ($850) / EF £1,425 ($2,500) 19923

As previous, but the shield rests on Victory’s l. knee instead of square base, and with mint mark AN OB in ex. followed by officina mark A-Z (= 1-7), large Chi-Rho monogram in lower r. field. RIC ix, p. 277, 21a-c. C 48. Depeyrot, p. 287, 38/7-10. [Antioch, AD 372]. VF £375 ($650) / EF £1,150 ($2,000)

19924

Similar, but with K preceding the mint mark (officinae B and e = 2 and 5 recorded). RIC ix, p. 277, 21a. C 48. Depeyrot, p. 289, 41/6. [Antioch, AD 373-4]. VF £430 ($750) / EF £1,300 ($2,250)

19925

As 19922, but the shield is inscribed VOT / V / MVLT / X and rests on Victory’s l. knee instead of square base, mint mark CON OB in ex., large Chi-Rho monogram in lower r. field. RIC ix, p. 217, 27. Cf. C 48. Depeyrot, p. 237, 28/3-4. [Constantinople, AD 371]. VF £480 ($850) / EF £1,425 ($2,500)

19926

Similar, but the shield is inscribed VOT / X / MVLT / XX. RIC ix, p. 217, 28b. C —. Depeyrot, p. 237, 28/5. [Constantinople, AD 371]. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,700 ($3,000)

19927 Rev. VOTA PVBLICA, two emperors, both nimbate and in consular robes, enthroned facing side by side, each holding mappa and sceptre, mint mark TR • OB in ex. RIC ix, p. 17, 18d. C —. Depeyrot, p. 117, 35/2. [Trier, AD 370]. VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £2,000 ($3,500) 19928

Similar, but with obv. type helmeted and cuir. bust l., the helmet ornamented with three stars, holding spear and shield before him. RIC ix, p. 17, 18e. C 62. Depeyrot, p. 117, 35/1 and 3. [Trier, AD 370]. VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,600 ($4,500)

19929

Similar, but with palm between the emperors’ legs and with mint mark TR • OB • in ex. RIC ix, p. 17, 18e var. C 62 var. Depeyrot, p. 118, 38/1. [Trier, AD 371]. VF £775 ($1,350) / EF £2,300 ($4,000)

19930

19930 Diad. bust l., wearing consular robes and holding mappa and fibula (?). Rev. — as 19927, but each emperor holds mappa in his raised r. hand, and with mint mark TR OB in ex. followed by officina mark T (= 3). RIC ix, —. C —. Depeyrot, p. 120, 44/1. [Trier, AD 374]. VF £950 ($1,650) / EF £2,850 ($5,000)

GRATIAN 19931

357

Gold solidus. Similar, but the emperor on r. is much shorter and holds mappa and globe before him, the emperor on l. holding mappa in raised r. hand and globe in l., mint and officina marks as previous. RIC ix, p. 24, 51. C 63. Depeyrot, p. 122, 48/1. [Trier, AD 380]. VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,600 ($4,500)

NB A few gold multiples were issued in the name of Gratian: 1.5 solidi were struck at Trier, rev. FELIX ADVENTVS AVG N, emperor on horseback (RIC 33b); double solidi at Trier, rev. GLORIA ROMANORVM, Roma and Constantinopolis seated (RIC 11b and 35-36a), and at Aquileia, same rev. type (RIC 19); 4.5 solidi at Trier, rev. GLORIA ROMANORVM, Roma seated (RIC 38c-d); and 9 solidi at Trier, rev. RESTITVTOR REI PVBLICAE, emperor raising turreted kneeling female (RIC 48b). 19932

Gold semissis or half solidus (c. 2.25 grams). Rev. VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM, Victory seated r. on cuirass, inscribing VOT / V / MVLT / X on shield set on l. knee and supported by Genius stg. l. before her, mint mark TR OB in ex. followed by officina mark T (= 3). RIC ix, p. 17, 19. Cf. C 50 (misdescribed). Depeyrot, p. 120, 43/6. [Trier, AD 373-5]. VF £375 ($650) / EF £1,150 ($2,000)

19933

Similar, but the shield on reverse is inscribed VOT / X / MVLT / XX. RIC ix, —. C —. VF £375 ($650) / EF £1,150 ($2,000) Depeyrot, p. 121, 45/5. [Trier, AD 376-7].

19934

Gold 1.5-scripulum or 9-siliqua (c. 1.68 grams). Rev. VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark TR OB in ex. RIC ix, p. 18, 21e. VF £350 ($600) / EF £1,000 ($1,750) C 44. Depeyrot, p. 116, 32/5. [Trier, AD 369]. This variety shows the emperor wearing a rosette diadem, whereas the following type depicts him with a diadem of pearls.

19934



 

19936A

19935

Similar, but for emperor’s diadem, and sometimes with dots flanking the mint mark. RIC ix, p. 18, 21d. C 44. Depeyrot, pp. 121-2, 46/2 and note. [Trier, AD 377]. VF £350 ($600) / EF £1,000 ($1,750)

19936

As previous, but with mint mark AQ OB in ex. RIC ix, p. 99, 22a. MA 696. C 44 var. VF £375 ($650) / EF £1,150 ($2,000) Depeyrot, p. 183, 14/4. [Aquileia, AD 379].

19936A

As previous, but with mint mark COM in ex. RIC ix, p. 77, 6a. C 44. Depeyrot, p. 186, VF £375 ($650) / EF £1,150 ($2,000) 1/4. [Milan and/or Aquileia, AD 380-82].

19937

D N GRATIANVS AVG. Rev. — Victory seated r. on cuirass, inscribing VOT / X on shield set on l. knee and supported by Genius stg. l. before her, mint mark ANT • in ex. RIC ix, p. 278, 25. Cf. C 51. Depeyrot, p. 285, 35/2. [Antioch, AD 367-8]. VF £350 ($600) / EF £1,000 ($1,750)

19938

Similar, but the shield is inscribed VOT / X / MVL / XX and with mint mark AN. RIC ix, —. C —. Depeyrot, p. 286, 36/3. [Antioch, AD 367-8]. VF £375 ($650) / EF £1,150 ($2,000) The specimen in Leiden cited by Depeyrot has the incorrect spelling AVGVNTORVM for AVGVSTORVM on reverse.

19939

Silver multiple of 6 reduced siliquae or 3 light miliarenses (c. 13.5 grams). Rev. TRIVNFATOR GENT BARB, Gratian, in military attire, stg. facing, hd. l., holding labarum and globe, kneeling captive at feet to l., mint mark AQ PS • in ex. RIC ix, —. MA 702. RSC —. [Aquileia, AD 378-83]. VF £6,800 ($12,000) / EF £17,250 ($30,000)

358 19939A

Roman Coins and Their Values Silver heavy miliarensis (c. 5.4 grams). Rev. VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM, Victory advancing r., hd. l., dragging captive by hair with r. hand and holding trophy over shoulder with l., mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark T (= 3). RIC ix, p. 123, 33a. RSC —. [Rome, AD 378-83]. VF £1,150 ($2,000) / EF £2,850 ($5,000)

19940 Rev. VOTIS / V / MVLTIS / X in wreath, mint mark S M TR in ex. RIC ix, p. 18, 23d. VF £1,025 ($1,800) / EF £2,600 ($4,500) RSC 80b. [Trier, AD 368]. 19941

Similar, but with mint mark TR PS in ex. followed by dot. RIC ix, p. 18, 23e. RSC 80a. VF £925 ($1,600) / EF £2,300 ($4,000) [Trier, AD 368].

19942

As previous, but with mint mark S • M • L • A • P or • S • M • L • A • P in ex. followed by palm. RIC ix, p. 45, 16c. Bastien 60 and 64. RSC 80c-d. [Lugdunum, AD 368]. VF £1,250 ($2,200) / EF £3,150 ($5,500) The unusual form of the mint marks on this, and the following type, relates to the initiation of Comitatensian (court mint) issues at Lugdunum and Arles in AD 368. The ‘A P’ stands for argentum pusulatum which was soon changed to ‘PS’ (see also nos. 19333-6, 19350, 19630-32, 19645, 19648, 19949, and 19958).

19943

As previous, but the emperor’s bust is diad. and cuir., and with mint mark S M K A P in ex. RIC ix, p. 65, 11d. RSC 80e. EMA 178/3. [Constantia/Arles, AD 368]. VF £1,250 ($2,200) / EF £3,150 ($5,500)

19942

19944 Rev. VOTIS / X / MVLTIS / XX in wreath, mint mark TR PS in ex. sometimes followed by dot. RIC ix, p. 22, 41b. RSC 81a-b. [Trier, AD 375-7]. VF £1,025 ($1,800) / EF £2,600 ($4,500) 19945 Rev. VOTIS / XV / MVLTIS / XX in wreath, mint mark TR PS in ex. RIC ix, p. 24, 52. VF £1,025 ($1,800) / EF £2,600 ($4,500) RSC 83a. [Trier, AD 377-82]. 19946 19947

As previous, but with mint mark SISC P≤ in ex. RIC ix, p. 148, 16b. RSC 83b. [Siscia, VF £1,150 ($2,000) / EF £2,850 ($5,000)

AD 377-82].

Silver light miliarensis (c. 4.5 grams). Diad., dr. and cuir. bust l. Rev. GLORIA ROMANORVM, archway, beneath which Gratian, in military attire, stands facing, hd. r., holding transverse spear and globe, mint mark ANT in ex. followed by star. RIC ix, p. 279, 29c. RSC 20. [Antioch, AD 368-9]. VF £1,150 ($2,000) / EF £2,850 ($5,000)

19948 Rev. VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM, Victory stg. r., l. foot on globe, inscribing VOT / V / MVLT / X on shield set on cippus, mint mark S M TR in ex. RIC ix, p. 18, 24e. RSC VF £1,025 ($1,800) / EF £2,600 ($4,500) 46. [Trier, AD 367-8]. 19949

As previous, but with mint mark S • M • L • A • P in ex. followed by palm. RIC ix, p. 46, 18b. Bastien 62. RSC 46A. [Lugdunum, AD 368]. VF £1,250 ($2,200) / EF £3,150 ($5,500) The unusual form of the mint mark relates to the initiation of Comitatensian (court mint) issues at Lugdunum in AD 368. The ‘A P’ stands for argentum pusulatum which was soon changed to ‘PS’ (see also nos. 19333, 19335, 19630, 19632, 19645, and 19942).

19950 Rev. VIRTVS EXERCITVS, Gratian, in military attire, stg. facing, hd. l., holding standard/labarum and resting on shield, mint mark S M TR in ex. RIC ix, p. 19, 26d. RSC 52a. [Trier, AD 367-8]. VF £1,025 ($1,800) / EF £2,600 ($4,500)

GRATIAN 19951

19952 19953

19954 19955

359

Silver light miliarensis. Similar, but with mint mark TR PS • in ex. RIC ix, pp. 19 and 22, 26e and 42b. RSC 52b. [Trier, AD 368 and 376]. VF £925 ($1,600) / EF £2,300 ($4,000) There is no simple method of differentiation between the earlier and later issues of this type.

  19952 19954 Similar, but without dot following the mint mark. RIC ix, pp. 22 and 24, 42b and 53a. VF £925 ($1,600) / EF £2,300 ($4,000) RSC 52c. [Trier, AD 378-83]. As previous, but with mint and officina marks S M AQ • P (= 1st officina) in ex. RIC ix, p. 95, 10. MA 697. RSC 53a. [Aquileia, AD 367-8]. VF £1,025 ($1,800) / EF £2,600 ($4,500) Similar, but with mint mark AQ PS. RIC ix, p. 99, 23a. MA 704. RSC 52d. [Aquileia, VF £925 ($1,600) / EF £2,300 ($4,000)

AD 378-83].

As previous, but with mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark P, Q, or e (= 1, 4, or 5). RIC ix, p. 124, 34a. RSC 52e. [Rome, AD 378-83]. VF £1,025 ($1,800) / EF £2,600 ($4,500)

19956

19956 19958 As previous, but with mint mark • SISC P in ex. RIC ix, p. 147, 10c. RSC 53b. [Siscia, AD 368]. VF £925 ($1,600) / EF £2,300 ($4,000)

19957

Similar, but with mint mark SISC PS. RIC ix, p. 149, 23a. RSC 53c. [Siscia, AD 378-83]. VF £1,025 ($1,800) / EF £2,600 ($4,500)

19958 Rev. VOT / V / MVLT / X in wreath, mint mark S M K A P in ex. RIC ix, p. 65, 14. RSC 65. Cf. EMA 179/3. [Constantia/Arles, AD 368]. VF £1,150 ($2,000) / EF £2,850 ($5,000) The unusual form of this mint mark relates to the initiation of the Comitatensian (court mint) issues at Arles in AD 368. The ‘A P’ stands for argentum pusulatum which was soon changed to ‘PS’ (see also nos. 19334, 19336, 19631, 19648, and 19943). 19959

Silver heavy siliqua (c. 3.37 grams). Rev. VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark AQ PS in ex. Cf. RIC ix, p. 99, 24. MA 705. RSC 45A. [Aquileia, AD 378-83]. VF £460 ($800) / EF £1,150 ($2,000)

19960

Silver heavy half siliqua (c. 1.68 grams). Rev. PERPETVETAS, phoenix stg. l. on globe, mint mark TR PS in ex. RIC ix, p. 25, 56a. RSC 27. [Trier, AD 378-9]. VF £350 ($600) / EF £850 ($1,500) This remarkable type is probably symbolic of the hoped-for recovery of Rome’s military strength following the disaster of Valens’ defeat at Adrianople (see also nos. 20221 and 20445).

360

Roman Coins and Their Values

19961

Silver siliqua (c. 2.25 grams). Rev. CONCORDIA AVGGG, Constantinopolis, turreted, enthroned facing, hd. r., holding sceptre and cornucopiae, r. foot on prow, mint mark TR PS in ex. RIC ix, p. 25, 55b. RSC 6a. [Trier, AD 379]. VF £80 ($140) / EF £200 ($350)

19962

As previous, but with mint mark LVG PS in ex. RIC ix, p. 47, 24a. Bastien 162. RSC 6b. [Lugdunum, AD 379]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £175 ($300)

19963 Rev. GLORIA ROMANORVM, Roma enthroned facing, hd. l., holding globe and resting on spear, mint mark S M S PV in ex. RIC ix, p. 160, 11. RSC 18. [Sirmium or Siscia, AD 379]. VF £115 ($200) / EF £290 ($500) Sirmium was the scene of Theodosius’ elevation to the eastern throne on 19 January AD 379.

19966 19964 19964 Rev. VRBS ROMA, Roma seated l. on throne, holding Victory on globe and resting on spear or sceptre, mint mark TR PS in ex., sometimes followed by dot. RIC ix, p. 19, 27c and f, and p. 22, 45c. RSC 86a-b and 86Aa. [Trier, AD 368-75]. VF £45 ($80) / EF £115 ($200) The obverse variety P P AVG for P F AVG has been recorded. 19965

As previous, but with mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark P, B, T, Q, or e (= 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5) with star between. RIC ix, p. 124, 35a. RSC 86Ab. [Rome, AD 378-83]. VF £45 ($80) / EF £115 ($200)

19966

As 19964, but Roma is seated on cuirass instead of throne. RIC ix, p. 23, 46b. RSC 87a-b. [Trier, AD 375-8]. VF £45 ($80) / EF £115 ($200)

19967

As previous, but with mint mark LVG PS in ex. RIC ix, p. 47, 27. Bastien 167. RSC 87c. [Lugdunum, AD 379]. VF £45 ($80) / EF £115 ($200)

19968

19969

  19970 19968 As previous, but with mint mark AQ PS in ex., usually followed by dot and usually with star in r. field. RIC ix, p. 96, 15b. MA 699-701. RSC 87d-f. [Aquileia, AD 375-8]. VF £50 ($90) / EF £130 ($225) As previous, but with mint mark SISC P≤ in ex. Cf. RIC ix, p. 149, 20b (rev. type misdescribed). Cf. RSC 86Ac. [Siscia, AD 375-8]. VF £80 ($140) / EF £200 ($350)

19970 Rev. VICTORIA AVGG, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark AQ PS in ex. RIC ix, p. 100, 26a. MA 706. RSC 36a. [Aquileia, AD 378-9]. VF £90 ($160) / EF £225 ($400)

GRATIAN

19971

19972

361

19971 Silver siliqua. Rev. VIRTVS ROMANORVM, Roma enthroned facing, as 19963, but with mint mark TR PS in ex. RIC ix, p. 25, 58a. RSC 56a. [Trier, AD 375-9]. VF £50 ($90) / EF £130 ($225) RIC (58a.2) also records from Vienna the mint mark S M TR. This is identical to a bronze centenionalis type (see no. 20130) and may have been struck from aes dies. As previous, but with mint mark LVG PS in ex. RIC ix, p. 47, 26. Bastien 165. RSC 56c. VF £65 ($110) / EF £155 ($275) [Lugdunum, AD 379].

19973

 

19978

19973 As previous, but with mint mark AQ PS in ex. RIC ix, p. 100, 28a. MA 707. RSC 56d. [Aquileia, AD 379]. VF £50 ($90) / EF £130 ($225) 19974 Rev. VOT / V / MVLT / X in wreath, mint mark SISC P in ex. and Chi-Rho monogram in circular ornament at top of wreath. RIC ix, p. 147, 11. RSC 66a. [Siscia, AD 373-4]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £175 ($300) 19975

19976 19977

As previous, but with mint mark C S in ex. with Chi-Rho monogram between, the whole flanked by palm and wreath. RIC ix, p. 219, 36e. RSC 66b. [Constantinople, AD 373-4]. VF £60 ($100) / EF £140 ($250) As previous, but with mint mark S M N in ex. RIC ix, p. 254, 20c. RSC 66c. [Nicomedia, VF £65 ($110) / EF £155 ($275)

AD 373-4].

As previous, but with mint mark ANT in ex. followed by star. RIC ix, p. 279, 32. RSC VF £65 ($110) / EF £155 ($275) 66d. [Antioch, AD 373-4].

19978 Rev. VOT / X / MVLT / XV in wreath, mint mark TR PS in ex. RIC ix, p. 22, 44b. RSC VF £65 ($110) / EF £155 ($275) 68. [Trier, AD 376-7]. 19979 Rev. VOT / X / MVLTIS / XV in wreath, mint mark TR in ex. RIC ix, p. 26, 61a. RSC VF £100 ($175) / EF £225 ($400) 68A. [Trier, AD 379]. 19980 Rev. VOT / X / MVLT / XX in wreath, mint mark SISC P in ex. and Chi-Rho monogram in circular ornament at top of wreath. RIC ix, p. 148, 18. RSC 69. [Siscia, AD 375-8]. VF £65 ($110) / EF £155 ($275) 19981

As previous, but obv. legend usually D N GRATIANVS AVG instead of D N GRATIANVS P F AVG, and with mint mark ANT in ex., sometimes preceded by dot, sometimes followed by dot or star. RIC ix, pp. 280-81, 34e-f. Cf. RSC 70a-d. [Antioch, VF £60 ($100) / EF £140 ($250) AD 373-4].

19982

Similar, but the mint mark is sometimes AN instead of ANT and is followed by officina mark A, B, G, S, H, or I (= 1, 2, 3, 6, 8, or 10) and is usually preceded by dot. RIC ix, p. VF £50 ($90) / EF £130 ($225) 281, 34f. Cf. RSC 70e-g. [Antioch, AD 373-4].

19983 Rev. VOT / XV / MVLT / XX in wreath, mint mark TR PS in ex. RIC ix, p. 26, 63. RSC 72a. [Trier, AD 379]. VF £100 ($175) / EF £225 ($400)

362

Roman Coins and Their Values

19984

Silver siliqua. As previous, but with mint mark SISC P in ex., Chi-Rho monogram in circular ornament at top of wreath. RIC ix, p. 147, 13b. RSC 72b. [Siscia, AD 374]. VF £80 ($140) / EF £200 ($350) The vota numerals on this issue would appear to refer to Valentinian I and Valens.

19985

Similar, but with mint mark SISC PS or SISC P≤ in ex., sometimes preceded by dot and usually with star (rarely X) in the circular ornament at top of wreath. RIC ix, p. 148, VF £60 ($100) / EF £140 ($250) 19b. Cf. RSC 72c-f. [Siscia, AD 377].

19986

Similar (SISC P≤), but with dot in the circular ornament at top of wreath. RIC ix, p. 150, VF £60 ($100) / EF £140 ($250) 25. Cf. RSC 72g. [Siscia, AD 379].

19985

19987 Rev. VOT / VX / MVLT / XX in wreath, mint mark T E in ex. with Chi-Rho monogram between, and sometimes with dot at centre of reverse. RIC ix, p. 179, 30b. RSC 73. VF £65 ($110) / EF £155 ($275) [Thessalonica, AD 377]. 19988 Rev. VOT / XV / MVLTIS / XX in wreath, mint mark TR in ex. RIC ix, p. 26, 62. RSC 73A. [Trier, AD 379]. VF £110 ($190) / EF £250 ($450)

19989

19992

19989 Rev. VOT / XV / MVLT / XXX in wreath, mint mark T E in ex. with Chi-Rho monogram between, and sometimes with dot at centre of reverse. RIC ix, p. 180, 36. VF £65 ($110) / EF £155 ($275) RSC 76. [Thessalonica, AD 379]. 19990 Rev. VOTIS / V in wreath, mint and officina marks C • B or G (= 2 or 3), the whole flanked by star and wreath. RIC ix, p. 219, 39b-c. Cf. RSC 79a-b. [Constantinople, AD 368-9]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £175 ($300) 19991 Rev. VOTIS / X / MVLTIS / XX in wreath, mint mark AQ PS in ex. followed by dot. RIC ix, p. 96, 14b. MA 698. RSC 82. [Aquileia, AD 376-7]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £175 ($300) 19992

Silver half siliqua (c. 1.12 grams). Rev. VICTORIA AVGGG, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint and officina marks R B (= 2) in ex. RIC ix, p. 124, 36a. VF £350 ($600) / EF £850 ($1,500) RSC 36b. [Rome, AD 379].

19993 Rev. VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM, as previous, but with mint mark TR in ex. RIC ix, (Unique) p. 19, 28. RSC 45. [Trier, AD 379]. 19994

Bronze double centenionalis or maiorina (c. 4.50 grams, weights extremely variable). Rev. FELICITAS REI PVBLICAE, Gratian, in military attire, stg. l. on galley, holding globe and spear, Victory at prow holding wreath, steersman seated at helm, mint mark S M AQ in ex. RIC ix, p. 100, 29 (“medallic in purpose”). LRBC II, 1062. MA 721. C 10. [Aquileia, AD 379]. (Unique)



NB In AD 379, the maiorina was reintroduced by Gratian as part of the regular currency system and remained in issue until the death of Theodosius I in 395.

GRATIAN

19995

363

19995   19997 Bronze maiorina. Rev. GLORIA ROMANORVM, two-turreted gateway of military camp, S above, mint mark S M TR in ex. RIC ix, p. 20, 29d. LRBC II, 91. Cf. C 26 (misdescribed). [Trier, AD 368]. F £290 ($500) / VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £1,700 ($3,000) Although sometimes described as a small medal, this very rare type seems to have formed part of the regular coinage. It may represent a short-lived attempt by Valentinian I in AD 368 to revive the maiorina denomination abandoned by Constantius II in the 350s (see also nos. 19404 and 19712).

19996

Helmeted, dr. and cuir. bust r., holding spear and shield. Rev. — Gratian, helmeted and in military attire, stg. l. on galley, hd. r., his r. hand raised, Victory seated at helm, mint mark S M H in ex. followed by officina mark B (= 2). RIC ix, p. 194, 11a. LRBC II, F £13 ($22) / VF £37 ($65) / EF £115 ($200) 1952. C 25. [Heraclea, AD 383].

19997

As previous, but with mint mark CON in ex. followed by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2), sometimes with wreath in l. field. RIC ix, p. 225, 52a. LRBC II, 2145 and 2150. C F £13 ($22) / VF £37 ($65) / EF £115 ($200) 25. [Constantinople, AD 383].

19998

As previous, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2), sometimes with dot preceding the mint mark, wreath in l. field. RIC ix, p. 256, 25a. LRBC II, 2373. C 25. [Nicomedia, AD 383]. F £12 ($20) / VF £35 ($60) / EF £100 ($175)

19999

As previous, but with mint mark S M K in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, or G (= 1, 2, or 3), sometimes with wreath in l. field. RIC ix, p. 242, 14a. LRBC II, 2545 and F £9 ($15) / VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150) 2548. C 25. [Cyzicus, AD 383].

20000

As previous, but with mint mark ANT in ex. followed by officina mark B or G (= 2 or 3), wreath in l. field, sometimes also with cross in r. RIC ix, p. 283, 40a. LRBC II, 2712 F £12 ($20) / VF £35 ($60) / EF £100 ($175) and 2718. C 25. [Antioch, AD 383].

20001

As previous, but with mint mark ALE in ex. followed by officina mark A (= 1), wreath in l. field. RIC ix, p. 299, 6a. LRBC II, 2875. C 25. [Alexandria, AD 383]. F £13 ($22) / VF £37 ($65) / EF £115 ($200)

20002 Rev. REPARATIO REI PVB, Gratian, in military attire, stg. l., raising with r. hand a turreted female figure, who kneels r. before him, and holding Victory on globe in l., mint mark S M TR in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). RIC ix, p. 26, 65a. LRBC II, 150. C 30. [Trier, AD 379-83]. F £9 ($15) / VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150) 20003

As previous, but with mint mark LVG in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). RIC ix, p. 48, 28a. LRBC II, 372. Bastien 178 and 180. C 30. [Lugdunum, AD 37983]. F £7 ($12) / VF £23 ($40) / EF £72 ($125)

20004

Similar, but also with S in rev. field to r. RIC ix, p. 48, 28a. LRBC II, 376. Bastien 182 and 184. C 30. [Lugdunum, AD 379-83]. F £7 ($12) / VF £23 ($40) / EF £72 ($125)

20005

As 20002, but with mint mark CON in ex. preceded by officina mark P, S, or T (= 1, 2, or 3). RIC ix, p. 67, 20a. LRBC II, 548. EMA 192/1. C 30. [Constantia/Arles, AD 37983]. F £7 ($12) / VF £23 ($40) / EF £72 ($125)

364

Roman Coins and Their Values

20006

Bronze maiorina. As previous, but with mint mark S M R in ex. followed by officina mark P, B, T, Q, or e (= 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5). RIC ix, p. 125, 43a. LRBC II, 750. C 30. [Rome, AD 379-83]. F £7 ($12) / VF £23 ($40) / EF £72 ($125)

20007

As previous, but with mint mark S M AQ usually followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2), rarely with A in r. field. RIC ix, p. 100, 30a. LRBC II, 1059 and 1063-4. MA 722-3. C 30. [Aquileia, AD 379-83]. F £7 ($12) / VF £23 ($40) / EF £72 ($125)

20008

20008 As previous, but with mint mark SISC in ex. preceded by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2), sometimes with star preceding the officina mark, sometimes with dot following the mint mark, and sometimes both. RIC ix, p. 150, 26a. LRBC II, 1512, 1519, 1525, and F £7 ($12) / VF £23 ($40) / EF £72 ($125) 1531. C 30. [Siscia, AD 379-83].

20009

As previous, but with mint mark S M TES in ex., sometimes flanked by dots, and with officina mark A, B, G, or D (= 1, 2, 3, or 4) in r. field. RIC ix, p. 181, 37a. LRBC II, 1821 and 1823. C 30. [Thessalonica, AD 379-83]. F £7 ($12) / VF £23 ($40) / EF £72 ($125)

20010

As previous, but with mint mark CONS in ex. followed by officina mark G (= 3). RIC ix, p. 226, 54a. LRBC II, 2118. C 30. [Constantinople, AD 379-83]. F £23 ($40) / VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350)

20011

As previous, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2). RIC ix, p. 257, 27a. LRBC II, 2348. C 30. [Nicomedia, AD 379-83]. F £20 ($35) / VF £60 ($100) / EF £175 ($300)

20012

As previous, but with mint mark ANT in ex. followed by officina mark A, G, or D (= 1, 3, or 4). RIC ix, p. 284, 42a-b. LRBC II, 2679-80. C 30. [Antioch, AD 379-83]. F £9 ($15) / VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150)

20013

As previous, but with mint mark ALE in ex. followed by officina mark A (= 1). RIC ix, p. 300, 8a. LRBC II, 2865. C 30. [Alexandria, AD 379-83]. F £16 ($28) / VF £48 ($85) / EF £140 ($250)

20014

Bronze centenionalis (c. 2.50 grams, weights extremely variable). Rev. CONCORDIA AVGGG, Roma seated facing, hd. l. (rarely r. at some eastern mints), holding globe and spear, mint mark S M TR in ex. RIC ix, pp. 26-7, 68a and 69a. LRBC II, 141. C 3. [Trier, F £7 ($12) / VF £22 ($38) / EF £65 ($110) AD 379-83].

20015

As previous, but with mint mark S M AQ in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). RIC ix, p. 101, 32a and e. LRBC II, 1068. MA 724-5. C 3. [Aquileia, AD 379-83]. F £6 ($10) / VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

20016

As previous, but with mint mark S M R in ex. followed by officina mark P, B, T, Q, or e (= 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5), sometimes with O in r. field. RIC ix, p. 126, 46a. LRBC II, 754 and 757. C 3. [Rome, AD 379-83]. F £6 ($10) / VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

20017

As previous, but with mint mark SISC in ex. preceded by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2), sometimes with star preceding the officina mark, sometimes with dot following the mint mark, and sometimes both. RIC ix, p. 151, 27a. LRBC II, 1515, 1522, 1528, and F £6 ($10) / VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90) 1534. C 3. [Siscia, AD 379-83].

GRATIAN

365

20018

CONCORDIA AVGGG (cont.) Bronze centenionalis. As previous, but with mint mark S M TES in ex., officina mark A, B, G, or D (= 1, 2, 3, or 4) either following the mint mark or in r. field. RIC ix, p. 182, 39a. LRBC II, 1827 and 1829. C 3. [Thessalonica, AD 379-83]. F £6 ($10) / VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

20019

As previous, but with mint mark S M H in ex. followed by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2), star in r. field, or I and palm in field to l. and to r. RIC ix, p. 195, 14a. LRBC II, 1942 F £6 ($10) / VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90) and 1945. C 3. [Heraclea, AD 379-83].

20020

As previous, but with mint mark CONS in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, G, D, or S (= 1, 2, 3, 4, or 6), sometimes with O in r. field, sometimes with palm in r. field and I or HN monogram in l. RIC ix, p. 227, 56a. LRBC II, 2121, 2123, 2131, and 2138. C 3. [Constantinople, AD 379-83]. F £6 ($10) / VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

20021

As previous, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2), sometimes with star or A or + in r. field, sometimes with palms in field to l. and to r. RIC ix, p. 258, 30a. LRBC II, 2351, 2354, 2358, 2361, and 2363. C 3. [Nicomedia, AD 379-83]. F £6 ($10) / VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

20022

As previous, but with mint mark S M K in ex. followed by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2), + in r. field. RIC ix, p. 243, 17a. LRBC II, 2537, 2354, 2358, 2361, and 2363. C 3. [Cyzicus, AD 379-83]. F £6 ($10) / VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

20023

20023 As previous, but with mint mark ANT in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, D, or e (= 1, 2, 4, or 5), Q in l. field, sometimes also with F / K in r. RIC ix, pp. 285-6, 45a and 46a-b. LRBC II, 2687-8, 2695, and 2699-2700. C 3. [Antioch, AD 379-83]. F £6 ($10) / VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

20024

As previous, but with mint mark ALE in ex. followed by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2). RIC ix, p. 300, 9a. LRBC II, 2870. C 3. [Alexandria, AD 379-83]. F £6 ($10) / VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

20025

Rev. — Constantinopolis, helmeted, seated facing, hd. r., holding sceptre and globe, her r. foot on prow, mint mark S M R in ex. followed by officina mark e (= 5), O in l. field. RIC ix, p. 127, 47a. LRBC II, 760. Cf. C 4. [Rome, AD 379-83]. F £7 ($12) / VF £22 ($38) / EF £65 ($110)

20026

As previous, but with mint mark S M H in ex. followed by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2), star in l. field, or palm and I in field to l. and to r. Cf. RIC ix, p. 195, 15a and 16a. LRBC II, 1941, 1943, and 1948. Cf. C 4. [Heraclea, AD 379-83]. F £6 ($10) / VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90) On coins of this issue, the prow at the feet of Constantinopolis is sometimes omitted.

20027

As previous, but with mint mark CONS in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, or S (= 1, 2, or 6), O in l. field, or palm and HN monogram in field to l. and to r. RIC ix, p. 227, 57a-b. LRBC II, 2126 and 2140-41. Cf. C 4. [Constantinople, AD 379-83]. F £7 ($12) / VF £22 ($38) / EF £65 ($110)

20028

As previous, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark B (= 2), star in l. field. RIC ix, p. 258, 32a. LRBC II, 2355. Cf. C 4. [Nicomedia, AD 379-83]. F £8 ($14) / VF £24 ($43) / EF £75 ($130) On coins of this issue, the prow at the feet of Constantinopolis is sometimes omitted.

366

Roman Coins and Their Values

20029

Bronze centenionalis. As previous, but with mint mark S M K in ex. followed by officina mark A, G, or D (= 1, 3, or 4), sometimes with + in l. field. RIC ix, p. 243, 18a. LRBC II, 2535 and 2540. Cf. C 4. [Cyzicus, AD 379-83]. F £6 ($10) / VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90) On coins of this issue, the prow at the feet of Constantinopolis is always omitted.

20030

As previous, but with mint mark ANT in ex. followed by officina mark D (= 4), usually with Q in l. field and F / K in r. RIC ix, p. 287, 47a. LRBC II, 2686 and 2704. Cf. C 4. [Antioch, AD 379-83]. F £7 ($12) / VF £22 ($38) / EF £65 ($110)

20031

Rev. — Constantinopolis, turreted, seated facing, hd. r., holding sceptre in r. hand and resting l. on knee, her r. foot on prow, mint mark S M AQ in ex. followed by officina mark P (= 1). RIC ix, p. 101, 33a. LRBC II, 1057. MA 726. C —. [Aquileia, AD 37983]. F £7 ($12) / VF £22 ($38) / EF £65 ($110)

20032

As previous, but with mint mark S M R in ex. followed by officina mark P (= 1), RIC ix, p. 126, 45a. LRBC II, 748. C —. [Rome, AD 379-83]. F £10 ($17) / VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150)

20033 Rev. FELICITAS ROMANORVM, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark S M AQ in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). RIC ix, p. 97, 16c. LRBC II, 1009. MA 716. C 11. [Aquileia, AD 367]. F £23 ($40) / VF £60 ($100) / EF £140 ($250) 20034

Similar, but with B over dot in rev. field to l. (officina S = 2 only recorded). RIC ix, —. LRBC II, —. MA 717. C 11. [Aquileia, AD 367]. F £28 ($48) / VF £70 ($120) / EF £175 ($300)

20035

As 20033, but with emperor’s bust to l. on obv. (officina S = 2 only recorded). RIC ix, p. 97, 16d. LRBC II, 1010. MA 718. C —. [Aquileia, AD 367]. F £28 ($48) / VF £70 ($120) / EF £175 ($300)

20036

D N GRATIANVS AVGG AVG. Rev. GLORIA NOVI SAECVLI, Gratian, in military attire, stg. facing, hd. l., holding labarum and resting on shield, mint mark CON in ex., sometimes followed or (rarely) preceded by star, officina mark OF — I, II, or III (= 1, 2, or 3) in field. RIC ix, p. 66, 15. LRBC II, 517 and 523a. EMA 183/5, 184/5, and 185/2. F £9 ($16) / VF £27 ($47) / EF £80 ($140) C 13. [Constantia/Arles, AD 367-70].

20037

Similar, but the mint mark CON is preceded by officina mark T (= 3), and with N in l. field. RIC ix, p. 66, 15. LRBC II, 511. EMA 182/5. C 13. [Constantia/Arles, AD 370]. F £10 ($17) / VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150)

20038

Similar, but sometimes with dot in rev. field to l. or following the mint mark. RIC ix, p. 66, 15. LRBC II, 503, 505, and 529. EMA 186/5, 187/2, and 188/8. C 13. [Constantia/ F £10 ($17) / VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150) Arles, AD 371-5].

20039

D N GRATIANVS AVGG AVG. Rev. GLORIA ROMANORVM, Gratian, in military attire, advancing r., hd. l., dragging captive by the hair with r. hand and holding labarum in l., mint mark LVG in ex. followed by officina mark S (= 2) and A, officina mark O—F II (= 2) in field. RIC ix, p. 46, 20c. LRBC II, 302. Bastien 74. C 24. [Lugdunum, AD 367]. F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

20036

GRATIAN

367

20040

GLORIA ROMANORVM (cont.) Bronze centenionalis. Similar, but with D instead of A following the officina mark in ex. RIC ix, p. 46, 20c. LRBC II, 308. Bastien 80. C 24. [Lugdunum, AD 367-75]. F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

20041

Similar, but with P instead of D following the officina mark in ex. RIC ix, p. 46, 20c. LRBC II, —. Bastien 83. C 24. [Lugdunum, AD 367-75]. F £6 ($10) / VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

20042

Similar, but with R instead of P following the officina mark in ex. RIC ix, p. 46, 20c. LRBC II, 314. Bastien 87. C 24. [Lugdunum, AD 367-75]. F £6 ($10) / VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

20043

Similar, but with mint mark LVG in ex. followed by officina mark S (= 2), which is sometimes followed by dot. RIC ix, p. 46, 20c. LRBC II, 318. Bastien 96 and 101. C 24. F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) [Lugdunum, AD 367-75].

20044

Similar, but with dot within crescent in rev. field to r., below the F of O—F II (no dot following the S in ex.). RIC ix, p. 46, 20c. LRBC II, 339. Bastien 106. C 24. [Lugdunum, AD 367-75]. F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

20045

Similar, but with palm instead of dot within crescent in rev. field to r., and sometimes with dot following the officina mark in ex. (sometimes the palm is below the II of O—F II). RIC ix, p. 46, 20c. LRBC II, 331 and 335. Bastien 112, 117, and 119. C 24. F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) [Lugdunum, AD 367-75].

20046

Similar, but with mint mark LVG in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2) and sometimes also by dot, S in rev. field to r., either below the F or the II of O—F II. RIC ix, p. 46, 20c. LRBC II, 343 and 347. Bastien 128-9, 131-2, and 137. C 24. [Lugdunum, AD 367-75]. F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) The appearance of the marks of both officinae (P and OF II) on some coins of this series awaits a satisfactory explanation.

20047

Similar, but with R S in rev. field to r. below the F II of O—F II (officina mark S = 2 only recorded). RIC ix, p. 46, 20c. Cf. LRBC II, 351. Bastien 141. C 24. [Lugdunum, F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) AD 367-75].

20048

Similar, but with R and TE monogram instead of R S in rev. field to r. RIC ix, p. 46, 20c. Cf. LRBC II, 355. Bastien 147. C 24. [Lugdunum, AD 367-75]. F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

20049

Similar, but without O—F II in rev. field, and with mint mark LVG in ex. followed by officina mark S (= 2), S in field to r. RIC ix, p. 46, 20c. LRBC I 358. Bastien 149. C 24. F £6 ($10) / VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85) [Lugdunum, AD 375-6].

20050

Similar, but also with dot within crescent in rev. field to l. RIC ix, p. 46, 20c. LRBC I 360. Bastien 151. C 24. [Lugdunum, AD 375-6]. F £6 ($10) / VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

20051

Similar, but with R — S in rev. field. RIC ix, p. 46, 20c. LRBC I 362. Bastien 153. C F £6 ($10) / VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85) 24. [Lugdunum, AD 375-6].

20052

Similar, but with obv. legend D N GRATIANVS P F AVG, and with officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2) following the mint mark in ex. RIC ix, p. 46, 22b. LRBC I 364. Bastien 155 F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) and 157. C 23. [Lugdunum, AD 376].

20053

Similar, but with C — I instead of R — S in rev. field (officina S = 2 only recorded). RIC ix, p. 46, 22b. LRBC I 367. Bastien 161. C 23. [Lugdunum, AD 376]. F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

368

Roman Coins and Their Values

20054

GLORIA ROMANORVM (cont.) Bronze centenionalis. As 20052, but with mint mark CON in ex. preceded by officina mark S or T (= 2 or 3), nothing in field. RIC ix, p. 66, 18b. LRBC II, 531. EMA 188/3. C 23. [Constantia/Arles, AD 375-8]. F £6 ($10) / VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

20055

Similar, but with E — C in rev. field (officina P = 1 also recorded). RIC ix, p. 66, 18b. LRBC II, 536. EMA 189/2. C 23. [Constantia/Arles, AD 375-8]. F £6 ($10) / VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

20056

Similar, but with V — A instead of E — C in rev. field. RIC ix, p. 66, 18b. LRBC II, 540. EMA 190/2. C 23. [Constantia/Arles, AD 375-8]. F £6 ($10) / VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

20057

As 20052, but with mint mark S M AQ in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2), sometimes preceded by dot or flanked by dots, sometimes with star in r. field. RIC ix, p. 96, 11c. LRBC II, 1013, 1019, 1025, and 1034. MA 708-11. C 23. [Aquileia, AD 367-75]. F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

20058

Similar, but with dot and star in rev. field, to l. and to r. RIC ix, p. 97, 17b. LRBC II, 1040 and 1044. MA 719. C 23. [Aquileia, AD 375-8]. F £6 ($10) / VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

20059

As 20052, but with mint mark R or R • in ex. followed by officina mark PRIMA, SECVNDA, TERTIA, or QVARTA (= 1, 2, 3, or 4). RIC ix, p. 121, 23c. LRBC II, 711 F £6 ($10) / VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85) and 717. C 23. [Rome, AD 367-72].

20060

Similar, but with mint mark S M R in ex. followed by officina mark P, B, T, or Q (= 1, 2, 3, or 4) with leaf between the M and R. RIC ix, p. 121, 23c and 27b. LRBC II, 723 F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) and 728. C 23. [Rome, AD 372-5].

20061

Similar, but without the leaf in the mint mark and with star in rev. field to r. (officina Q = 4 only recorded). RIC ix, p. 122, 27b. LRBC II, 734. C 23. [Rome, AD 375-8]. F £6 ($10) / VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

20062

As 20052, but with mint mark SISC in ex. preceded by officina mark B or G (= 2 or 3) which is preceded by dot or star, R or D in field to r. RIC ix, p. 147, 14c. LRBC II, 1301 F £6 ($10) / VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85) and 1307. C 23. [Siscia, AD 367].

20063

Similar, but the officina mark is preceded by dot within crescent and with D in field to r. (officina G = 3 only recorded). RIC ix, p. 147, 14c. LRBC II, 1312. C 23. [Siscia, AD 367]. F £6 ($10) / VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

20064

Similar, but without symbol preceding the officina mark, and with one of the following control-marks in the field: S — D (sometimes with star above D); S — F (with star above F); M — F (with star above F); and M — P (with star above P). RIC ix, p. 147, 14c. LRBC II, 1316, 1320, 1324, 1328, and 1332. C 23. [Siscia, AD 367-72]. F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) The series represented by this and the following type comprises the most complex sequencing of control-marks throughout the entire Roman Imperial coinage (see also nos. 19450-51, 19509-11 and 19835-7).

20065

Similar, but with officina mark D (= 4) preceding the mint mark, and sometimes with A, or E, or P, or R, or V, or VE monogram following the mint mark; also one of the following control-marks in the field: M — P (with star above P and sometimes also dot above M); M — R / O (with star above R and sometimes also dot above M); DVR monogram — R / O (with star above R); Q — R / O (with star above R); Q — K (with star above K); Q — K / P; Q — A / R (with curled top to R); Q — R / A (with curled top to R); Q — R / K (with curled top to R); F — A / R (with curled top to R); F — R / A (with curled top to R); F — R / R (with curled top to lower R); S / • — R / R (with

GRATIAN

369

curled top to lower R); S / • — R / A (with curled top to A); S / • — C / A (with curled top to A); S / • — C / R (with curled top to R); S / • — C / P; G — C / P; G — C / A (with curled top to A); F — D / R (with curled top to R); and F — D / P. RIC ix, p. 147, 14c and d. LRBC II, 1335, 1337, 1346, 1352, 1357, 1360, 1368-9, 1377, 1381, 1385, 1387, 1392, 1400-02, 1411-13, 1421-3, 1431, 1439-42, 1453, 1457, 1460-62, 1468-9, 1475, 1479-80, and 1487-8 = 1495-6. C 23. [Siscia, AD 372-5]. F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) 20066

Similar, but with officina mark B or D (= 2 or 4) preceding the mint mark, A, C, or E following the mint mark, and P — S / P in field. RIC ix, p. 149, 21b. LRBC II, 1502-4. F £6 ($10) / VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85) C 23. [Siscia, AD 375-8]. Coins belonging to the post-Valentinian I period at this mint have the divided form of Gratian’s obv. legend D N GRATIA—NVS P F AVG.

20067

As 20052, but with mint mark TES in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, G, or D (= 1, 2, 3, or 4), wreath in r. field. RIC ix, p. 178, 26c. LRBC II, 1720. C 23. [Thessalonica, AD 367]. F £6 ($10) / VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

20068

Similar, but the officina mark is in r. field and the mint mark is flanked by dots. RIC ix, p. 178, 26c. LRBC II, 1730 and 1737. C 23. [Thessalonica, AD 367-75]. F £6 ($10) / VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

20069

Similar, but with star or dot above the officina mark in r. field, and sometimes also with star in l. field. RIC ix, p. 178, 26c. LRBC II, 1746, 1748, and 1751. C 23. [Thessalonica, AD 367-75]. F £6 ($10) / VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

20070

Similar, but with P-headed cross (Christogram) in field to r. and officina mark in l. RIC ix, p. 178, 26c. LRBC II, 1755. C 23. [Thessalonica, AD 367-75]. F £9 ($15) / VF £22 ($38) / EF £55 ($95)

20071

Similar, but with wreath in field to l. and officina mark (sometimes surmounted by dot) in r. RIC ix, p. 178, 26c. LRBC II, 1759 and 1764. C 23. [Thessalonica, AD 367-75]. F £6 ($10) / VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

20072

Similar, but with letter A, M, P, V, or Z in l. field, and officina mark (sometimes surmounted by star or dot) in r. RIC ix, p. 178, 26c. LRBC II, 1771, 1777, 1782, 1787, 1789, 1794, 1796, and 1805. C 23. [Thessalonica, AD 367-75]. F £6 ($10) / VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

20073

Similar, but with letter V or S in l. field, and officina mark surmounted by star in r. RIC ix, p. 179, 31. LRBC II, 1810 and 1813. C 23. [Thessalonica, AD 375-8]. F £6 ($10) / VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85) Coins belonging to the post-Valentinian I period at this mint have the divided form of Gratian’s obv. legend D N GRATIA—NVS P F AVG.

20074

As 20052, but with mint mark S M H in ex. followed by officina mark A (= 1), and with star in rev. field to l. and wreath to r. RIC ix, p. 194, 9c. LRBC II, 1938. C 23. F £7 ($12) / VF £18 ($32) / EF £55 ($95) [Heraclea, AD 367-75].

20075

As previous, but with mint mark CONS in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, or G (= 1, 2, or 3), and with star in rev. field to l. and wreath to r. RIC ix, p. 220, 41c-d. LRBC II, 2092-3. C 23. [Constantinople, AD 367-75]. F £7 ($12) / VF £18 ($32) / EF £55 ($95)

20076

Similar, but with palm instead of wreath in rev. field to r. (officina G = 3 only recorded). RIC ix, p. 220, 41d. LRBC II, 2097. C 23. [Constantinople, AD 367-75]. F £7 ($12) / VF £18 ($32) / EF £55 ($95)

20077

Similar, but with wreath in rev. field to l. and palm to r. (officina B = 2 only recorded). RIC ix, p. 220, 41d. LRBC II, 2100. C 23. [Constantinople, AD 367-75]. F £7 ($12) / VF £18 ($32) / EF £55 ($95)

370

Roman Coins and Their Values

20078

GLORIA ROMANORVM (cont.) Bronze centenionalis. Similar, but with crosses in rev. field to l. and r. (officina mark unrecorded). RIC ix, p. 220, 41d. LRBC II, 2104. C 23. [Constantinople, AD 367-75]. F £7 ($12) / VF £18 ($32) / EF £55 ($95)

20079

Similar, but with B, C, or dot in rev. field to r., nothing in l. (officina G = 3 only recorded). RIC ix, p. 220, 41d. LRBC II, 2108, 2111, and 2114. C 23. [Constantinople, F £7 ($12) / VF £18 ($32) / EF £55 ($95) AD 367-75].

20080

As 20052, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark G (= 3), and with wreath and P-headed cross (Christogram) in field to l. and to r. RIC ix, p. 255, 23b. LRBC II, 2342. C 23. [Nicomedia, AD 367-75]. F £9 ($15) / VF £22 ($38) / EF £55 ($95)

20081

As previous, but with mint mark S M K in ex. followed by officina mark D (= 4), nothing in field. RIC ix, p. 241, 12c. LRBC II, 2528. C 23. [Cyzicus, AD 367-75]. F £7 ($12) / VF £18 ($32) / EF £55 ($95)

20082

As previous, but with mint mark ANT in ex. followed by officina mark G (= 3). RIC ix, p. 281, 35c. LRBC II, 2661. C 23. [Antioch, AD 367]. F £23 ($40) / VF £60 ($100) / EF £140 ($250) The obv. legend variety D N GRATIANVS AVG has also been recorded for this type (LRBC 2662).

20083

Rev. — Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark TR in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2) which is sometimes followed by dot, sometimes with star or palm in l. field. RIC ix, p. 20, 31c. LRBC II, 95, 103, 108, and 127. C 23. [Trier, AD 367-75]. F £10 ($17) / VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150) The production of this type and the next may have continued into the period AD 375-8.

20083

20084 Rev. SECVRITAS REI PVBLICAE, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark TR in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2), sometimes with star or D in l. field. RIC ix, p. 20, 32c. LRBC II, 98, 111, 114, 121 and 130. C 34. [Trier, AD 367-75]. F £6 ($10) / VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85) 20085

D N GRATIANVS AVGG AVG. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark LVG in ex. followed by officina mark P (= 1) and A, and with officina mark OF — I in field. RIC ix, p. 46, 21b. LRBC II, 304. Bastien 71. C 35. [Lugdunum, AD 367-75]. F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

20086

Similar, but with D instead of A following the officina mark in ex. RIC ix, p. 46, 21b. LRBC II, 310. Bastien 78. C 35. [Lugdunum, AD 367-75]. F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

20087

Similar, but with R instead of D following the officina mark in ex. RIC ix, p. 46, 21b. LRBC II, 316. Bastien 85. C 35. [Lugdunum, AD 367-75]. F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

20088

Similar, but with nothing following the officina mark in ex. RIC ix, p. 46, 21b. LRBC II, 320. Bastien 92. C 35. [Lugdunum, AD 367-75]. F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

20089

Similar, but with dot following the officina mark in ex. RIC ix, p. 46, 21b. LRBC II, 323. Bastien 99. C 35. [Lugdunum, AD 367-75]. F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

GRATIAN

371

20090

SECVRITAS REI PVBLICAE (cont.) Bronze centenionalis. Similar, but without dot following the officina mark in ex., and with dot within crescent in rev. field to r., below the I of OF — I. RIC ix, p. 46, 21b. LRBC II, 341. Bastien 103. C 35. [Lugdunum, AD 367-75]. F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

20091

Similar, but with palm instead of dot within crescent in rev. field to l. or to r., sometimes with dot following the officina mark in ex. RIC ix, p. 46, 21b. LRBC II, 329, 333, and 337. Bastien 108, 110, and 115. C 35. [Lugdunum, AD 367-75]. F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

20092

Similar, but with mint mark LVG in ex. followed by officina mark P (= 1) and by A, star in rev. field to r., below the I of OF — I. RIC ix, —. LRBC II, —. Bastien 121. C F £6 ($10) / VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85) 35. [Lugdunum, AD 367-75].

20093

Similar, but with S instead of star in rev. field to l. or to r., and without A following the officina mark in ex. RIC ix, p. 46, 21b. LRBC II, 345. Bastien 125 and 127. C 35. F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) [Lugdunum, AD 367-75].

20094

Similar, but also with dot following the officina mark in ex. RIC ix, p. 46, 21b. LRBC II, 349. Bastien 134. C 35. [Lugdunum, AD 367-75]. F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

20095

Similar, but without dot following the officina mark in ex., and with S — R in rev. field below OF — I. RIC ix, p. 46, 21b. LRBC I 353. Bastien 139. C 35. [Lugdunum, AD 367-75]. F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

20096

Similar, but with TE monogram — R instead of S — R in rev. field. RIC ix, p. 46, 21b. LRBC I 357. Bastien 144. C 35. [Lugdunum, AD 367-75]. F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75)

20097

Similar, but the obv. legend is of the standard form ending P F AVG, and on rev., officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2) following the mint mark and C — S in field (OF — I omitted). Cf. RIC ix, p. 46, 23b (mint mark not recorded). Cf. LRBC I 366. Bastien 158-9. C 34. F £7 ($12) / VF £18 ($32) / EF £55 ($95) [Lugdunum, AD 376].

20098

As previous, but with mint mark CON in ex. preceded by officina mark P, S, or T (= 1, 2, or 3), nothing in field. RIC ix, p. 66, 19b. LRBC II, 533-4. EMA 188/6-7. C 34. F £6 ($10) / VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85) [Constantia/Arles, AD 375-8].

20099

Similar, but also with E — C in rev. field. RIC ix, p. 66, 19b. LRBC II, 538. EMA 189/4. F £6 ($10) / VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85) C 34. [Constantia/Arles, AD 375-8].

20100

Similar, but with V — A instead of E — C in rev. field (officina T not recorded). RIC ix, p. 66, 19b. LRBC II, 543. EMA 190/5. C 34. [Constantia/Arles, AD 375-8]. F £6 ($10) / VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

20101

As 20097, but with mint mark S M AQ in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2) and sometimes preceded by dot. RIC ix, p. 96, 12c. LRBC II, 1016 and 1022. MA F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) 713-14. C 34. [Aquileia, AD 367-75].

20102

Similar, but with wreath in rev. field to l. (no dot preceding mint mark). RIC ix, p. 96, 12c. LRBC II, —. MA 712. C 34. [Aquileia, AD 367-75]. F £7 ($12) / VF £18 ($32) / EF £55 ($95)

20103

Similar, but with star instead of wreath in rev. field to l. (officina S = 2 only recorded). RIC ix, p. 96, 12c. LRBC II, 1037. Cf. MA 715 (rev. misdescribed). C 34. [Aquileia, AD 367-75]. F £7 ($12) / VF £18 ($32) / EF £55 ($95)

20104

Similar, but with star and dot in rev. field, to l. and to r. (both officinae recorded). RIC ix, p. 97, 18b. LRBC II, 1048. MA 720. C 34. [Aquileia, AD 375-8]. F £7 ($12) / VF £18 ($32) / EF £55 ($95)

372

Roman Coins and Their Values

20105

SECVRITAS REI PVBLICAE (cont.) Bronze centenionalis. As 20084, but with mint mark R or R • in ex. followed by officina mark PRIMA, SECVNDA, TERTIA, or QVARTA (= 1, 2, 3, or 4). RIC ix, p. 121, 24c. LRBC II, 714 and 720. C 34. [Rome, AD 367-72]. F £6 ($10) / VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

20106

Similar, but with mint mark S M R in ex. followed by officina mark P, B, T, or Q (= 1, 2, 3, or 4) with leaf between the M and R. RIC ix, p. 121, 24c. LRBC II, 726. C 34. [Rome, AD 372-5]. F £6 ($10) / VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

20107

Similar, but without the leaf in the mint mark and with star in rev. field to l. RIC ix, p. 122, 28b. LRBC II, 737. C 34. [Rome, AD 375-8]. F £6 ($10) / VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

20108

As 20084, but with mint mark SISC in ex. preceded by officina mark A or D (= 1 or 4) which is preceded by dot or star, R or D in field to l. RIC ix, p. 147, 15c. LRBC II, 1304 F £6 ($10) / VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85) and 1310. C 34. [Siscia, AD 367].

20109

Similar, but with ≤ following the mint mark, and with D / P — F in field (officina G = 3 only recorded). RIC ix, p. 149, 22b. LRBC 1497. C. 34. [Siscia, AD 375-8]. F £6 ($10) / VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

20110

Similar, but with A, C, or V following the mint mark, and with S / P — P in field (officinae A and G = 1 and 3 recorded). RIC ix, p. 149, 22b. LRBC 1506-8. C. 34. F £6 ($10) / VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85) [Siscia, AD 375-8].

20111

As 20084, but with mint mark TES in ex. followed by officina mark G (= 3), wreath in l. field. RIC ix, p. 178, 27c. LRBC 1723. C. 34. [Thessalonica, AD 367-75]. F £6 ($10) / VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

20112

Similar, but the wreath is in r. field and with O / M in l. RIC ix, p. 178, 27c. LRBC 1727. F £6 ($10) / VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85) C. 34. [Thessalonica, AD 367-75].

20113

Similar, but the officina mark is in l. field instead of following the mint mark (officinae A and B = 1 and 2 recorded), nothing else in rev. field. RIC ix, p. 178, 27c. LRBC 1733. F £6 ($10) / VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85) C. 34. [Thessalonica, AD 367-75].

20114

Similar, but with star above the officina mark in l. field, and also with star in r. field (officinae A, B, and G = 1, 2, and 3 recorded). RIC ix, p. 178, 27c. LRBC II, 1754. C 34. F £6 ($10) / VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85) [Thessalonica, AD 367-75].

20115

Similar, but with wreath instead of star in r. field and without star above the officina mark in l. (officinae B and G = 2 and 3 recorded). RIC ix, p. 178, 27c. LRBC II, 1761. F £6 ($10) / VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85) C 34. [Thessalonica, AD 367-75].

20116

Similar, but with star following the mint mark in ex., and with dot above the officina mark in l. field (officina A = 1 only recorded). RIC ix, p. 178, 27c. LRBC II, 1768. C 34. F £6 ($10) / VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85) [Thessalonica, AD 367-75].

20117

Similar, but with A instead of wreath in r. field, and without the star following the mint mark or the dot above the officina mark (officina G = 3 only recorded). RIC ix, p. 178, 27c. LRBC II, 1769. C 34. [Thessalonica, AD 367-75]. F £6 ($10) / VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

20118

Similar, but with letter M, Z, or V (usually surmounted by dot or star) in l. field, and officina mark in r. (officinae A, B, and G = 1, 2, and 3 recorded). RIC ix, p. 178, 27c. LRBC II, 1779, 1785, 1791, 1802, and 1808/1812. C 34. [Thessalonica, AD 367-75]. F £6 ($10) / VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85) The variety with V and star in left field may have continued after the death of Valentinian I in AD 375.

20119

Similar, but with S surmounted by star in l. field. RIC ix, pp. 178-9, 27c and 32. LRBC F £6 ($10) / VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85) II, 1814. C 34. [Thessalonica, AD 375-8].

GRATIAN

373

20120

Bronze centenionalis. As 20084, but with mint mark CONS in ex. followed by officina mark G (= 3), wreath and star in field to l. and to r. RIC ix, p. 221, 42c. LRBC II, 2096. C 34. [Constantinople, AD 367]. F £7 ($12) / VF £18 ($32) / EF £55 ($95)

20121

As previous, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark A (= 1), nothing in field. RIC ix, p. 255, 24b. LRBC II, 2338. C 34. [Nicomedia, AD 367]. F £7 ($12) / VF £22 ($38) / EF £65 ($110)

20122

As previous, but with mint mark S M K in ex. followed by officina mark A (= 1). RIC ix, p. 241, 13c. LRBC II, 2531. C 34. [Cyzicus, AD 367-75]. F £6 ($10) / VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

20123

D N GRATIANVS AVG. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark ANT in ex. followed by officina mark (unrecorded), sometimes also with star in l. field. RIC ix, p. 281, 36c. LRBC II, 2665 and 2667. C —. [Antioch, AD 367]. F £23 ($40) / VF £60 ($100) / EF £140 ($250)

20124

Similar, but the obv. legend is of the standard form ending P F AVG, and with F / Q — K in rev. field (officina B = 2 following the mint mark in ex.). RIC ix, p. 288, 49. LRBC (Unique) II, 2709. C —. [Antioch, AD 379]. This extremely rare late revival of the SECVRITAS / Victory type may be related to the antagonism felt by Gratian for the staff of the Antioch mint who had previously refused to strike this denomination in his name under the rule of Valens.

20125

As 20084, but with mint mark ALE in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, G, or D (= 1, 2, 3, or 4). RIC ix, p. 299, 5c. LRBC II, 2864. C 34. [Alexandria, AD 367 and later?]. F £6 ($10) / VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

20126 Rev. VICTORIA AVGGG, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark TR in ex. followed by officina mark P (= 1). RIC ix, p. 27, 70a. LRBC II, 133. C 41. F £13 ($22) / VF £37 ($65) / EF £115 ($200) [Trier, AD 379-83]. 20127

As previous, but with mint mark S M AQ in ex. followed by officina mark P (= 1). RIC ix, p. 101, 34a. LRBC II, 1053. MA 727. C 41. [Aquileia, AD 379-83]. F £10 ($17) / VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150)

20128

As previous, but with mint mark S M R in ex. followed by officina mark B, T, or Q (= 2, 3, or 4). RIC ix, p. 127, 48a. LRBC II, 744. C 41. [Rome, AD 379-83]. F £10 ($17) / VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150)

20129 Rev. VIRTVS ROMANORVM, Roma enthroned facing, hd. l., holding globe and resting on spear, mint mark TR in ex. followed by officina mark P (= 1). RIC ix, p. 27, 71a. LRBC F £8 ($14) / VF £24 ($42) / EF £72 ($125) II, 132. C 57. [Trier, AD 379-83]. 20130

Similar, but with mint mark S M TR in ex. RIC ix, p. 27, 71a. LRBC II, 138. C 57. [Trier, AD 379-83]. F £8 ($14) / VF £24 ($42) / EF £72 ($125)

20131

As previous, but with mint mark CON in ex. preceded by officina mark P (= 1). RIC ix, p. 68, 23. LRBC II, 545. EMA 191/1. C 57. [Constantia/Arles, AD 379-83]. F £8 ($14) / VF £24 ($42) / EF £72 ($125)

20132

As previous, but with mint mark S M AQ in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). RIC ix, p. 101, 35a. LRBC II, 1051. MA 728. C 57. [Aquileia, AD 379-83]. F £8 ($14) / VF £24 ($42) / EF £72 ($125)

20133

As previous, but with mint mark S M R in ex. followed by officina mark P, B, T, or Q (= 1, 2, 3, or 4). RIC ix, p. 128, 49. LRBC II, 743. C 57. [Rome, AD 379-83]. F £8 ($14) / VF £24 ($42) / EF £72 ($125)

20134

As previous, but with mint mark SISC • in ex. RIC ix, p. 151, 28. LRBC II, 1510. C 57. F £13 ($22) / VF £37 ($65) / EF £115 ($200) [Siscia, AD 379-83].

374

Roman Coins and Their Values

20135

Bronze centenionalis. As previous, but with mint mark TES in ex. RIC ix, p. 182, 42. LRBC II, 1816. C 57. [Thessalonica, AD 379-83]. F £8 ($14) / VF £24 ($42) / EF £72 ($125)

20136

As previous, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark A (= 1). RIC ix, p. 258, 33. LRBC II, 2343. C 57. [Nicomedia, AD 379-83]. F £10 ($17) / VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150)

20137

As previous, but with mint mark ANT in ex. followed by officina mark A or D (= 1 or 4), sometimes with Q — F in rev. field. RIC ix, p. 288, 50a-b. LRBC II, 2668-9. C 57. F £8 ($14) / VF £24 ($42) / EF £72 ($125) [Antioch, AD 379-83].

20138

Bronze half centenionalis (c. 1.25-1.50 grams, weights extremely variable). Rev. VOT / V in two lines within wreath, mint mark S M H in ex. followed by officina mark A (= 1). RIC ix, p. 196, 18a. LRBC II, 1963. C 64. [Heraclea, AD 383]. F £8 ($13) / VF £23 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

20139

As previous, but with mint mark S M K in ex. followed by officina mark A (= 1). RIC ix, p. 244, 20a. LRBC II, 2559. C 64. [Cyzicus, AD 383]. F £8 ($13) / VF £23 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

20140 Rev. VOT / V / MVLT / X in four lines within wreath, mint mark S M TR in ex. RIC ix, p. 27, 73a. LRBC II, 147. C 67. [Trier, AD 379-83]. F £6 ($10) / VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90) 20141

As previous, but with mint mark S M AQ in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). RIC ix, p. 101, 36a. LRBC II, 1078. MA 729. C 67. [Aquileia, AD 379-83]. F £6 ($10) / VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

20142

As previous, but with mint mark SISC in ex. preceded by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2), sometimes also with dot following the mint mark or star preceding the officina mark. RIC ix, p. 151, 29a. LRBC II, 1543, 1548, and 1551. C 67. [Siscia, AD 379-83]. F £6 ($10) / VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

20143

As previous, but with mint mark ANT in ex. followed by officina mark (unrecorded, but probably A or D = 1 or 4). RIC ix, p. 288, 52. LRBC II, 2685. C 67. [Antioch, AD 379-83]. F £8 ($13) / VF £23 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

20144 Rev. VOT / X / MVLT / XX in four lines within wreath, mint mark S M H in ex. followed by officina mark B (= 2). RIC ix, p. 196, 19a. LRBC II, 1960. C 71. [Heraclea, F £6 ($10) / VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90) AD 383]. 20145

As previous, but with mint mark S M K in ex. followed by officina mark B or G (= 2 or 3). RIC ix, p. 244, 21a. LRBC II, 2555. C 71. [Cyzicus, AD 383]. F £5 ($9) / VF £16 ($27) / EF £50 ($80)

20146

As previous, but with mint mark ANT in ex. followed by officina mark A or D (= 1 or 4). RIC ix, p. 289, 56a. LRBC II, 2732. C 71. [Antioch, AD 383]. F £5 ($9) / VF £16 ($27) / EF £50 ($80)

20147

As previous, but with mint mark ALE in ex. followed by officina mark A (= 1). RIC ix, p. 301, 13a. LRBC II, 2880. C 71. [Alexandria, AD 383]. F £7 ($12) / VF £22 ($38) / EF £70 ($110)

20148 Rev. VOT / XV / MVLT / XX in four lines within wreath, mint mark S M TR in ex., sometimes followed by officina mark P (= 1). RIC ix, p. 27, 74a. LRBC II, 144 and 153. F £8 ($13) / VF £23 ($40) / EF £70 ($120) C 75. [Trier, AD 381-3]. 20149

As previous, but with mint mark LVG in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2), rarely with S in circle at top of wreath. RIC ix, p. 48, 30a-b. LRBC II, 371 and 378. Bastien 174-5 and 176-7. C 75. [Lugdunum, AD 381-3]. F £5 ($9) / VF £16 ($27) / EF £50 ($80)

GRATIAN

375

20150

Bronze half centenionalis. As previous, but with mint mark CON in ex. preceded by officina mark P, S, or T (= 1, 2, or 3). RIC ix, p. 68, 24. LRBC II, 552. EMA 192/5. C 75. [Constantia/Arles, AD 381-3]. F £5 ($9) / VF £16 ($27) / EF £50 ($80)

20151

As previous, but with mint mark S M AQ in ex., sometimes followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). RIC ix, p. 102, 38a. LRBC II, 1072 and 1073. MA 730. C 75. [Aquileia, AD 381-83]. F £6 ($10) / VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

20152

As previous, but with mint mark S M R in ex. followed by officina mark P, B, T, or Q (= 1, 2, 3, or 4). RIC ix, p. 128, 51a. LRBC II, 763. C 75. [Rome, AD 381-3]. F £5 ($9) / VF £16 ($27) / EF £50 ($80)

20153 20153

As previous, but with mint mark SISC in ex., usually preceded by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2), sometimes the whole flanked by star and dot or with dot following the mint mark only. RIC ix, p. 152, 31a. LRBC II, 1537, 1539, 1547, and 1553. C 75. [Siscia, AD 381-3]. F £5 ($9) / VF £16 ($27) / EF £50 ($80)

20154 As previous, but with mint mark TES in ex. RIC ix, p. 182, 43. LRBC II, 1819. C 75. F £6 ($10) / VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90) [Thessalonica, AD 381-3]. 20155

As previous, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark B (= 2). RIC ix, p. 259, 35. LRBC II, 2350. C 75. [Nicomedia, AD 381-3]. F £8 ($13) / VF £23 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

20156

As previous, but with mint mark ANT in ex. followed by officina mark (unrecorded, but probably A or D = 1 or 4). RIC ix, p. 289, 53. LRBC II, 2684. C 75. [Antioch, AD 381-3]. F £8 ($13) / VF £23 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

20157

As previous, but with mint mark ALE in ex. followed by officina mark A (= 1). RIC ix, p. 300, 12a. LRBC II, 2868. C 75. [Alexandria, AD 381-3]. F £8 ($13) / VF £23 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

20158 Rev. VOT / XX / MVLT / XXX in four lines within wreath, mint mark S M H in ex. followed by officina mark B or D (= 2 or 4). RIC ix, p. 196, 20a. LRBC II, 1957. C 77. F £5 ($9) / VF £16 ($27) / EF £50 ($80) [Heraclea, AD 383]. 20159

As previous, but with mint mark CON in ex. followed by officina mark (unrecorded). RIC ix, p. 229, 64a. LRBC II, 2156. C 77. [Constantinople, AD 383]. F £8 ($13) / VF £23 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

20160

As previous, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2). RIC ix, p. 259, 39a. LRBC II, 2378. C 77. [Nicomedia, AD 383]. F £5 ($9) / VF £16 ($27) / EF £50 ($80)

20161

As previous, but with mint mark S M K in ex. followed by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2). RIC ix, p. 244, 22a. LRBC II, 2552. C 77. [Cyzicus, AD 383]. F £5 ($9) / VF £16 ($27) / EF £50 ($80)

20162

As previous, but with mint mark ANT in ex. followed by officina mark A or D (= 1 or 4). RIC ix, p. 289, 58a. LRBC II, 2729. C 77. [Antioch, AD 383]. F £5 ($9) / VF £16 ($27) / EF £50 ($80)

376

Roman Coins and Their Values

VALENTINIAN II 22 Nov. AD 375-15 May 392 20213 Flavius Valentinianus, the younger son of Valentinian I, was born at Trier in AD 371. His mother was Justina, formerly the wife of the usurper Magnentius and Valentinian’s second wife. He was thus half-brother to Gratian and full brother to Justa, Grata, and Galla, the last of whom was to marry Theodosius I in 387. Although only four years of age at the time of his father’s sudden death late in 375, the child was proclaimed co-emperor with Gratian in the West by the Master of Infantry Merobaudes and Equitius, the principal general in the Danubian provinces. This must have been contrary to the wishes of Gratian but, realizing the acute danger to the state of a civil war at this time, the western emperor wisely acquiesced in his half-brother’s advancement and even took a keen interest in his subsequent education. Valentinian’s sphere of influence was designated to be Italy, Africa, and western Illyricum while Gratian retained control over the more strategically important regions of the Western Empire. At the time of Gratian’s downfall (August 383) Valentinian II was still only twelve, so was hardly in a position to oppose the advance of the usurper Magnus Maximus. Thus, he was obliged to give recognition to the new regime, as was Theodosius I in Constantinople who was currently distracted by affairs in the Eastern Empire. Valentinian continued to rule in his former territories while Maximus took control of Gratian’s former provinces. An uneasy peace ensued lasting for almost four years until, in May of 387, Maximus launched a lightning invasion of Italy. The 16-year-old Valentinian, together with his mother and sisters, fled to Thessalonica where Galla was betrothed to the eastern emperor in exchange for Theodosius’ intervention in the West on behalf of Valentinian. Maximus was defeated and executed (28 August 388) but instead of giving Valentinian authority over the entire Western Empire Theodosius himself took up residence at Milan, where he remained for the following three years. His young colleague was confined to Gaul where he was under the charge of the Frankish general Arbogastes, Master of Soldiers. Frustrated by his lack of authority and restrictions placed on his movements, Valentinian attempted to remove Arbogastes from his command. However, the arrogant general demonstrated the weakness of the 21-year-old emperor by throwing the letter of dismissal to the ground. Shortly thereafter, Valentinian was found dead in his palace at Vienna in southern Gaul. Opinion is divided as to whether he had been murdered by agents of Arbogastes or whether he had committed suicide out of despair over the impotence of his position. The coinage of Valentinian II follows the same pattern as that of his contemporary rulers and he was, in any case, in no position to make any innovations of his own. In AD 383/4 a new fractional gold denomination, the tremissis or one-third solidus, was introduced by Theodosius I (or Magnus Maximus?) and it soon replaced the 9-siliqua piece dating back to the time of Constantine I. Some of the earliest tremisses were struck in the name of Valentinian II. There are two principal varieties of obverse legend: A. D N VALENTINIANVS IVN P F AVG B. D N VALENTINIANVS P F AVG Unless otherwise stated, the obverse type is diad., dr. and cuirassed bust r. 20163

Gold aureus (c. 5.4 grams). B. Rev. GLORIA ROMANORVM, Valentinian II stg. in facing quadriga, hd. l., scattering coins from raised r. hand and holding sceptre in l., mint mark T — R in field, COM in ex. RIC ix, p. 30, 89. C 16. Depeyrot, p. 292, 53. [Trier, AD 388]. VF £5,700 ($10,000) / EF £17,250 ($30,000)

20164

Gold solidus (c. 4.5 grams). B. Rev. CONCORDIA AVGGG, Constantinopolis seated facing, hd. r., on throne the arms of which are ornamented with lions’ heads, holding sceptre and globe, r. foot on prow, mint mark COM OB in ex. RIC ix, pp. 184 and 188, 50a and 64a. Cf. C 2. Depeyrot, pp. 223-4, 39/3 and 41/2. [Thessalonica, AD 388-90 and 391-2]. VF £290 ($500) / EF £850 ($1,500) The earlier issue shows the emperor wearing a rosette-diadem, while the later issue (which is rarer) has a pearl-diadem.

VALENTINIAN II

20165

377

  20165 20167 Gold solidus. A. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark CON OB in ex. RIC ix, p. 223, 44b. C 1. Depeyrot, p. 238, 32/2. [Constantinople, AD 380-81]. VF £215 ($375) / EF £625 ($1,100)

20166

B. Rev. — as previous, but with officina mark A, B, G, D, S, Z, Q, or I (= 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 9, or 10) at end of rev. legend. RIC ix, p. 223, 45b. Cf. C 2. Depeyrot, p. 238, 33/2. [Constantinople, AD 382-3]. VF £225 ($400) / EF £685 ($1,200) The reverse legend on this issue is divided CONCOR—DIA AVGGG while on the following two it is divided CONCORDI—A AVGGG.

20167

Similar, but for the division of the reverse legend (officinae e, S, Z, H, Q, and I = 5-10 recorded). RIC ix, p. 230, 67a-b. Cf. C 2. Depeyrot, pp. 242-3, 45/2 and 46/2. [Constantinople, AD 388-92]. VF £225 ($400) / EF £685 ($1,200)

20168

Similar, but without lions’ heads on throne (officinae e and S = 5 and 6 recorded). RIC ix, p. 231, 69a-b. Cf. C 2. Depeyrot, p. 244, 47/5 and 48/5. [Constantinople, AD 388-92]. VF £215 ($375) / EF £625 ($1,100)

20169

B. Rev. — (followed by Q), as 20164, but without lions’ heads on throne and instead of globe, Constantinopolis holds shield inscribed VOT / X / MVLT / XV resting on cippus, mint mark MD OB in ex. RIC ix, p. 77, 7c. Cf. C 5. Depeyrot, p. 168, 7/1. [Milan, AD 384-5]. VF £480 ($850) / EF £1,425 ($2,500)

20170

As previous, but with mint mark AQ OB in ex. RIC ix, p. 102, 39a. MA 735. C —. Depeyrot, p. 184, 19/1. [Aquileia, AD 384-5]. VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £2,000 ($3,500)

20171

As 20169, but the shield is inscribed VOT / X / MVLT / XX. RIC ix, p. 78, 7e. Cf. C 6. Depeyrot, p. 168, 7/3. [Milan, AD 388]. VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £2,000 ($3,500)

20172

20172 B. Rev. — as 20164, but holding shield inscribed VOT / XV / MVLT / XX instead of globe. RIC ix, p. 185, 54. Cf. C 7. Depeyrot, p. 223, 39/1. [Thessalonica, AD 388-90 and 391-2]. VF £320 ($550) / EF £950 ($1,650)

20173

B. Rev. CONCORDIA AVGGGG (followed by officina mark e, S, Z, H, Q, and I = 5-10), Constantinopolis enthroned with sceptre and globe, as 20164. RIC ix, p. 224, 46c-d. C —. Depeyrot, p. 240, 38/4 and 39/4. [Constantinople, AD 383-5]. VF £240 ($425) / EF £720 ($1,250) The fourth ‘G’ at the end of the reverse legend refers initially to Gratian, Valentinian II, Theodosius I, and Arcadius, while the later part of the issue indicates a recognition by Theodosius of the rule of Magnus Maximus in the West.

20174

B. Rev. GLORIA ROMANORVM, Roma (on l.) and Constantinopolis (on r.) seated side by side, Roma facing, Constantinopolis to l. with r. foot on prow, holding between them shield inscribed VOT / XV / MVLT / XX and surmounted by Chi-Rho monogram, mint mark ROM OB in ex. RIC ix, p. 132, 61. C —. Depeyrot, p. 151, 33/1. [Rome, AD 389]. (Unique)

378 20175

20176

Roman Coins and Their Values Gold solidus. A. Rev. VICTORIA AVGG, two emperors enthroned facing side by side, their l. legs undraped, supporting globe between them, upper part of Victory hovering facing in background, palm between the emperors’ legs, mint mark TR OB in ex. followed by officina mark C, S, or T (= 1, 2, or 3). RIC ix, p. 21, 39e. C 36. Depeyrot, p. 121, 45/3. [Trier, AD 376-7]. VF £200 ($350) / EF £575 ($1,000)

20176 Similar, but on rev. the emperors’ legs are both covered with drapery instead of the r. legs only, and the emperor on r. is much shorter, officina C = 1 not recorded. RIC ix, p. 24, 49c. C 36. Depeyrot, p. 122, 47/3. [Trier, AD 377-80]. VF £200 ($350) / EF £575 ($1,000)

20177

B. Rev. — as previous, but the emperors are of equal size and both are nimbate, mint mark T — R in field, COM in ex. RIC ix, p. 30, 90a. C 37. Depeyrot, p. 124, 53/1. [Trier, AD 389-91]. VF £185 ($320) / EF £550 ($950)

20178

As previous, but with mint mark L — D in field, COM in ex. RIC ix, p. 50, 38a. Bastien 203. C 37. Depeyrot, p. 130, 17/1. [Lugdunum, AD 389-91]. VF £240 ($425) / EF £720 ($1,250)

20179

A. Rev. – as 20176, but with mint mark MD OB in ex. RIC ix, p. 77, 5c. C 36. Depeyrot, VF £375 ($650) / EF £1,150 ($2,000) p. 167, 6/3. [Milan, AD 379].

20180

B. Rev. — as 20177, but with mint mark M — D in field, COM in ex. RIC ix, p. 78, 8a. C 37. Depeyrot, p. 169, 9/1. [Milan, AD 389-91]. VF £270 ($475) / EF £800 ($1,400)

20181

A. Rev. — as 20176, but with mint mark AQ OB in ex. RIC ix, p. 99, 21i. MA 734. C 36 var. Depeyrot, p. 183, 14/3. [Aquileia, AD 379]. VF £375 ($650) / EF £1,150 ($2,000)

20182

A. Rev. — as 20177, but with mint mark AQ OB in ex. RIC ix, p. 99, 21f. MA 733. C 36 var. Depeyrot, p. 184, 15/2. [Aquileia, AD 381]. VF £375 ($650) / EF £1,150 ($2,000)

20183

A. Rev. — as 20175, but on rev. the emperors are both nimbate, the one on r. is much shorter, and the mint mark is sometimes followed by F. RIC ix, p. 99, 21d. MA 732. C 36. Depeyrot, p. 184, 15/3 and 18/2. [Aquileia, AD 381]. VF £330 ($575) / EF £1,000 ($1,750)

20184

As 20177, but with mint mark A — Q in field, COM in ex. RIC ix, p. 103, 40a. MA 736. C 37 var. Depeyrot, p. 185, 21/1. [Aquileia, AD 388]. VF £330 ($575) / EF £1,000 ($1,750)

20185 20185

As previous, but nothing in field and with mint mark COM in ex. RIC ix, pp. 77-8, 5e and 8a. C 37. Depeyrot, p. 186, 1/2. [Milan and/or Aquileia, AD 380-82]. VF £185 ($320) / EF £550 ($950)

VALENTINIAN II

379

20186

Gold solidus. Similar, but the emperors’ l. legs are undraped, and the one on r. is much shorter. RIC ix, —. C 37. Depeyrot, pp. 186-7, 2/5 and 3/1. [Milan and/or Aquileia, AD 383 and 385]. VF £240 ($425) / EF £720 ($1,250) The earlier issue of this type shows the emperor wearing a pearl-diadem, while the later has a diadem of rosettes.

20187

Similar, but the emperors are of equal size, and usually with dot above the palm between them. RIC ix, p. 180, 34i (attributed to Thessalonica). C 37. Depeyrot, p. 186, 2/2. [Milan and/or Aquileia, AD 383]. VF £215 ($375) / EF £625 ($1,100)

20188

B. Rev. — as 20176, but with mint mark SIR OB in ex. and sometimes with dot following the rev. legend. RIC ix, p. 160, 9b and e. C 37 var. Depeyrot, pp. 210-11, 28/2 and 29/2. [Sirmium, AD 379-80]. VF £375 ($650) / EF £1,150 ($2,000)

20189

A. Rev. — as 20175, but with mint mark TES OB in ex., and sometimes with dot following the rev. legend. RIC ix, p. 180, 34b. C 36. Depeyrot, p. 222, 34/2 and 35/2. [Thessalonica, AD 379]. VF £375 ($650) / EF £1,150 ($2,000)

20190

Similar, but the emperor on r. is much shorter. RIC ix, p. 180, 34e. C 36. Depeyrot, p. VF £290 ($500) / EF £850 ($1,500) 222, 34/5 and 35/4. [Thessalonica, AD 379].

20191

B. Rev. — as 20189, but with mint mark THC OB in ex., and the emperor on l. has his r. leg bare instead of l. RIC ix, p. 180, 34f. C 37 var. Depeyrot, p. 223, 36/1. [Thessalonica, VF £430 ($750) / EF £1,300 ($2,250) AD 380].

20192

  20192 20194 A. Rev. VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM (rarely with dot between the words), Victory seated r. on cuirass, inscribing VOT / V on shield set on l. knee, Chi-Rho monogram in lower r. field, mint and officina marks AN OB S or I (= 6 or 10) in ex. RIC ix, pp. 282-3, 39a-b. C 52. Depeyrot, p. 289, 42/1. [Antioch, AD 375]. VF £480 ($850) / EF £1,425 ($2,500)

20193

B, diad. bust l., wearing consular robes and holding mappa and fibula (?). Rev. VOTA PVBLICA, two emperors, both nimbate and in consular robes, enthroned facing side by side, the one on r. much shorter, the one on l. holding mappa in raised r. hand, mint mark T — R in field, COM in ex. RIC ix, p. 31, 91. Cf. C 63 (incomplete description). Depeyrot, p. 124, 54/1. [Trier, AD 390]. VF £950 ($1,650) / EF £2,850 ($5,000)

20194

As previous, but the two emperors are of equal size and each holds mappa in raised r. hand, mint mark M — D in field, COM in ex. RIC ix, p. 81, 21a. C —. Depeyrot, p. 169, 10/1. [Milan, AD 390]. VF £950 ($1,650) / EF £2,850 ($5,000)

20195

Similar, but the emperor on l. is much shorter. RIC ix, —. C —. Depeyrot, p. 169, 10/3. [Milan, AD 390]. VF £950 ($1,650) / EF £2,850 ($5,000)



NB A few gold multiples were issued in the name of Valentinian II: 1.5 solidi were struck at Trier, rev. FELIX ADVENTVS AVG N, emperor on horseback (RIC 33c and 88); double solidi at Trier, rev. GLORIA ROMANORVM, Roma and Constantinopolis seated (RIC 36b); and 9 solidi at Trier, rev. RESTITVTOR REI PVBLICAE, emperor raising turreted kneeling female (RIC 48c), and at Aquileia, same rev. type (RIC 20a).

380

Roman Coins and Their Values

20196

Gold semissis or half solidus (c. 2.25 grams). B. Rev. VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM, Victory seated r. on cuirass, inscribing VOT / V / MVL / X on shield resting on l. knee, P-headed cross (Christogram) in lower r. field, mint mark CON OB in ex. RIC ix, p. 231, 73a. C 53. Depeyrot, p. 241, 42/1. [Constantinople, AD 383-7]. VF £375 ($650) / EF £1,150 ($2,000)

20197

As previous, but the shield is inscribed VOT / X / MVLT / XV, and with mint mark MD OB in ex. RIC ix, —. C —. Depeyrot, p. 168, 7/6. [Milan, AD 384-5]. VF £375 ($650) / EF £1,150 ($2,000)

20198

B. Rev. — Victory seated r. on cuirass, inscribing VOT / XV / MVLT / XX on shield supported by Genius stg. l. before her, mint mark T — R in field, COM in ex. RIC ix, —. Cf. C 54 (inaccurate description). Depeyrot, p. 124, 53/4. [Trier, AD 389-90]. VF £375 ($650) / EF £1,150 ($2,000)

20199

Gold 1.5-scripulum or 9-siliqua (c. 1.68 grams). A. Rev. VICTORIAAVGVSTORVM, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark TR OB in ex. RIC ix, p. 21, 40. C 50 var. Depeyrot, p. 121, 46/3. [Trier, AD 377]. VF £375 ($650) / EF £1,150 ($2,000)

20200

As previous, but with mint mark AQ OB in ex. RIC ix, p. 99, 22b. Cf. MA, p. 212, note. C 50. Depeyrot, p. 183, 14/5. [Aquileia, AD 379]. VF £375 ($650) / EF £1,150 ($2,000) Confirmation of the existence of this type is required.

20201

As previous, but without M — D in rev. field. RIC ix, p. 78, 10a (misdescribed as a tremissis). C —. Depeyrot, p. 186, 1/5. [Milan and/or Aquileia, AD 380-82]. VF £375 ($650) / EF £1,150 ($2,000)

20202

B. Rev. — Victory seated r. on cuirass, as 20196. Cf. RIC ix, p. 225, 50a (obv. misdescribed). C —. Depeyrot, p. 241, 42/4. [Constantinople, AD 383-7]. VF £375 ($650) / EF £1,150 ($2,000)

20203

Gold tremissis or one-third solidus (c. 1.50 grams). B. Rev. VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark L — D in field, COM in ex. RIC ix, p. 51, 39a. Bastien 206. Cf. C 49 (mint mark misdescribed). Depeyrot, p. 130, 17/4. [Lugdunum, AD 389-90]. VF £290 ($500) / EF £850 ($1,500)

20204

As previous, but with mint mark M — D in rev. field, COM in ex. RIC ix, p. 81, 23a. C —. Depeyrot, p. 169, 9/4. [Milan, AD 389-91]. VF £290 ($500) / EF £850 ($1,500)

20205

B. Rev. — Victory stg. r., her r. foot set on globe, holding wreath in r. hand and globus cruciger (cross on globe) in l., mint mark COM in ex. RIC ix, p. 78, 11a (attributed to Milan). C 51 var. Depeyrot, p. 224, 42/1. [Thessalonica, AD 388-92]. VF £240 ($425) / EF £720 ($1,250)

20206

As previous, but with mint mark CONOB in ex. RIC ix, p. 232, 75a. C 51. Depeyrot, p. VF £140 ($250) / EF £430 ($750) 245, 50/1. [Constantinople, AD 388-92].

20207

Silver multiple of 6 reduced siliquae or 3 light miliarenses (c. 13.5 grams). A. Rev. TRIVNFATOR GENT BARB, Valentinian II, in military attire, stg. facing, hd. l., holding labarum and globe, kneeling captive at feet to l., mint mark AQ PS • in ex. RIC ix, —. MA VF £6,800 ($12,000) / EF £17,250 ($30,000) 742. RSC —. [Aquileia, AD 378-83].

20206

VALENTINIAN II

381

20208

B. Rev. — as previous, but TRIVMFATOR for TRIVNFATOR and with mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark P (= 1). RIC ix, p. 123, 32. RSC 35. [Aquileia, AD 378-83]. VF £6,800 ($12,000) / EF £17,250 ($30,000)

20209

Silver heavy miliarensis (c. 5.4 grams). B. Rev. GLORIA ROMANORVM, Valentinian II, nimbate and in military attire, stg. facing, hd. l., holding sceptre and resting on shield, mint mark CON in ex. RIC ix, p. 234, 84. RSC 17. [Constantinople, AD 388-92]. VF £1,025 ($1,800) / EF £2,600 ($4,500)

20210

B. Rev. VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM, Victory advancing r., hd. l., dragging captive by hair with r. hand and holding trophy over shoulder with l., mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark P or e (= 1 or 5). RIC ix, p. 124, 33b-c. RSC 49A. [Rome, AD 37883]. VF £1,150 ($2,000) / EF £2,850 ($5,000)

20211

A. Rev. — VIRTVS EXERCITVS, Valentinian II, in military attire, stg. facing, hd. l., holding standard and resting on shield, mint mark AQ PS in ex. RIC ix, p. 99, 23b. MA 744. Cf. RSC 58b (misdescribed as a light miliarensis). [Aquileia, AD 378-83]. VF £925 ($1,600) / EF £2,300 ($4,000)

20212

A. Rev. VOTIS / V / MVLTIS / X in four lines within wreath, mint mark AQ PS in ex. RIC ix, —. MA 743. RSC —. [Aquileia, AD 375-8]. VF £1,250 ($2,200) / EF £3,150 ($5,500)

20212A

B. Rev. VOT / XV / MVL / XX in four lines within wreath, mint mark LVG PS in ex. (Unique?) RIC ix, —. Bastien —. RSC —. [Lugdunum, AD 389-90].

20213

Silver light miliarensis (c. 4.5 grams). B. Rev. GLORIA ROMANORVM, Valentinian II, in military attire, stg. facing, hd. l., holding standard and resting on shield, mint mark LVG PS in ex. RIC ix, p. 51, 40. Bastien 207. RSC 18. [Lugdunum, AD 388-92]. VF £925 ($1,600) / EF £2,300 ($4,000)

20214

B. Rev. — Valentinian II, nimbate and in military attire, stg. facing, hd. l., raising r. hand and holding globe in l., mint mark AQ PS in ex. RIC ix, p. 106, 56a. MA 750. RSC 19a. VF £925 ($1,600) / EF £2,300 ($4,000) [Aquileia, AD 388-92].

20215

B. Rev. VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM, Valentinian II advancing, dragging captive and holding trophy over shoulder, mint mark TES in ex. RIC ix, p. 185, 57a. RSC 55A. VF £1,150 ($2,000) / EF £2,850 ($5,000) [Thessalonica, AD 384-8]. The existence of this type requires confirmation. Pearce’s incomplete description rests on information supplied by Dr. G. Elmer (RIC ix, p. 185, note).

20216

A. Rev. VIRTVS EXERCITVS, Valentinian II, in military attire, stg. facing, hd. l., holding standard and resting on shield, mint mark TR PS in ex. RIC ix, pp. 22 and 24, 42c and 53b. Cf. RSC 58a. [Trier, AD 378-83]. VF £800 ($1,400) / EF £2,000 ($3,500)

20217

Similar, but with obv. legend B. RIC ix, p. 31, 93a. Cf. RSC 58c. [Trier, AD 388-92]. VF £800 ($1,400) / EF £2,000 ($3,500)

20218

As previous, but with mint mark LVG in ex. followed by dot. RIC ix, p. 51, 41. Bastien VF £800 ($1,400) / EF £2,000 ($3,500) 218. RSC 58e. [Lugdunum, AD 389-90].

20211

 

20212A

382

20219

Roman Coins and Their Values

  20220 20219A Silver light miliarensis. B. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark B, Q, or e (= 2, 4, or 5). RIC ix, p. 124, 34b. RSC 58f. [Rome, AD 378-83]. VF £925 ($1,600) / EF £2,300 ($4,000)

20219A

As previous, but with mint mark SISC P in ex. preceded by dot. RIC ix, —. RSC —. VF £925 ($1,600) / EF £2,300 ($4,000) [Siscia, AD 378-83].

20220

Silver heavy siliqua (c. 3.37 grams). B. Rev. VOT / XV / MVL / XX in four lines within wreath, mint mark LVG in ex. followed by dot. Cf. RIC ix, p. 51, 42 (MVLT for MVL, in error). Bastien 220. RSC 74Ad. [Lugdunum, AD 389-90]. VF £460 ($800) / EF £1,150 ($2,000)

20221

Silver heavy half siliqua (c. 1.68 grams). A. Rev. PERPETVETAS, phoenix stg. l. on globe, mint mark TR PS in ex. RIC ix, p. 25, 56b. RSC 25. [Trier, AD 378-9]. VF £350 ($600) / EF £850 ($1,500) This remarkable type is probably symbolic of the hoped-for recovery of Rome’s military strength following the disaster of Valens’ defeat at Adrianople (see also nos. 19960 and 20445).

20222

Silver siliqua (c. 2.25 grams). A. Rev. VRBS ROMA, Roma seated l. on cuirass, holding Victory on globe and resting on spear or sceptre, mint mark TR PS in ex. RIC ix, pp. 23 and 26, 46c and 64b. RSC 76e. [Trier, AD 375-83]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £175 ($300)

20223

Similar, but with obv. legend B. RIC ix, p. 31, 95a. RSC 76a. [Trier, AD 388-92].\ VF £70 ($120) / EF £175 ($300)

20224

As previous, but with mint mark LVG PS in ex. or, more rarely, LVG followed by dot. RIC ix, p. 51, 43a. Bastien 208 and 219. RSC 76b and d. [Lugdunum, AD 389-90]. VF £45 ($80) / EF £115 ($200)

20225

Similar, but with mint mark LVG in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). RIC ix, p. 51, 43a. Bastien 211 and 213. RSC 76c. [Lugdunum, AD 389-90]. VF £50 ($90) / EF £130 ($225)

20226

Similar, but with nothing following the mint mark LVG. RIC ix, —. Bastien 216. RSC VF £65 ($110) / EF £155 ($275) —. [Lugdunum, AD 389-90].

20227

As 20222, but with mint mark AQ PS in ex., sometimes followed by dot. RIC ix, pp. 96-7, 15c-d. MA 738-9. RSC 76f-g. [Aquileia, AD 375-8]. VF £50 ($90) / EF £130 ($225)

20221

VALENTINIAN II

20228

 

383

20229

20228

Silver siliqua. Similar, but with star in rev. field to r., and the mint mark is either followed by dot or, more rarely, flanked by dots. RIC ix, p. 97, 15d. MA 740-41. RSC VF £45 ($80) / EF £115 ($200) 76h-i. [Aquileia, AD 375-8].

20229

B. Rev. — as 20222, but Roma is seated on throne instead of cuirass, and with mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark P, B, Q, or e (= 1, 2, 4, or 5) with star between. RIC ix, p. 124, 35b. RSC 76Aa. [Rome, AD 378-83]. VF £50 ($90) / EF £130 ($225)

20230

Similar, but without star between the mint and officina marks. RIC ix, p. 129, 53a. RSC VF £70 ($120) / EF £175 ($300) 76Ab. [Rome, AD 383-7].

20231

As previous, but with mint mark SISC PS or SISC P≤ in ex. RIC ix, p. 149, 20c. RSC VF £70 ($120) / EF £175 ($300) 76Ac-d. [Siscia, AD 375-8].

20232

A. Rev. VICTORIA AVGG, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark AQ PS in ex. RIC ix, p. 100, 26b. MA 745. RSC 39A. [Aquileia, AD 378-9]. VF £90 ($160) / EF £225 ($400)

20233

A. Rev. VICTORIA AVGGG, Victory advancing r., holding wreath in each hand, mint (Unique) mark TR PS in ex. RIC ix, p. 25, 54. RSC 39a. [Trier, AD 379]. The authenticity of this piece has been called into question (RIC ix, p. 25, note).

20234

B. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark SISC P in ex. RIC ix, p. 148, 17. RSC 39b. VF £80 ($140) / EF £200 ($350) [Siscia, AD 375-8].

20235

A. Rev. — Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark TR PS in ex. RIC ix, pp. 22 and 25, 43 and 57a. RSC 40a. [Trier, AD 375-83]. VF £45 ($80) / EF £115 ($200) The letters N P and AV in ‘IVN P F AVG’ are sometimes ligatured.

20236

Similar, but with obv. legend B. RIC ix, p. 25, 57b. RSC 41a. [Trier, AD 383]. VF £60 ($100) / EF £140 ($250)

20237

As 20235, but with mint mark LVG PS in ex. RIC ix, p. 47, 25. Bastien 164. RSC 40b. VF £50 ($90) / EF £130 ($225) [Lugdunum, AD 379].

20238

As previous, but with mint mark AQ PS in ex. RIC ix, p. 100, 27a. MA 746. RSC 40c. VF £50 ($90) / EF £130 ($225) [Aquileia, AD 378-83].

20239

Similar, but with obv. legend B. RIC ix, p. 100, 27b. MA 747. RSC 41b. [Aquileia, AD 383]. VF £65 ($110) / EF £155 ($275)

20240

B. Rev. VIRTVS ROMANORVM, Roma enthroned facing, hd. l., holding globe and resting on spear or sceptre, mint mark MD PS in ex. RIC ix, p. 79, 12a. RSC 60a. VF £70 ($120) / EF £175 ($300) [Milan, AD 383-7].

20235

384 20241

Roman Coins and Their Values Silver siliqua. A. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark AQ PS in ex. RIC ix, p. 100, 28b. MA 748. RSC 60c. [Aquileia, AD 378-83]. VF £60 ($100) / EF £140 ($250)

20242 20242

Similar, but with obv. legend B. RIC ix, pp. 100 and 103, 28c and 41a. MA 749. RSC VF £50 ($90) / EF £130 ($225) 60b. [Aquileia, AD 383-7].

20243

B. Rev. — Roma seated l. on cuirass, holding Victory on globe and resting on spear or sceptre, mint mark TR PS in ex. RIC ix, p. 31, 94a. RSC 61. [Trier, AD 388-92]. VF £45 ($80) / EF £115 ($200)

20244

A. Rev. VOT / V / MVLT / X in four lines within wreath, mint mark TR PS in ex. RIC VF £85 ($150) / EF £215 ($375) ix, p. 25, 59a. RSC 66a. [Trier, AD 379-80]. The AV at the end of the obv. legend is sometimes ligatured.

20245

As previous, but with mint mark CONS in ex. followed by dot. RIC ix, p. 225, 51a. RSC VF £85 ($150) / EF £215 ($375) 66b. [Constantinople, AD 379-80].

20246

B. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark SISC P≤ in ex. RIC ix, p. 150, 24a. RSC 66c. VF £50 ($90) / EF £130 ($225) [Siscia, AD 379-80].

20247

A. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark T E in ex. with Chi-Rho monogram between. RIC ix, p. 179, 29. Cf. RSC 66d (obv. misdescribed). [Thessalonica, AD 379-80]. VF £65 ($110) / EF £155 ($275)

20248

A. Rev. VOT / V / MVLTIS / X in four lines within wreath, mint mark TR in ex. RIC VF £90 ($160) / EF £225 ($400) ix, p. 25, 60. RSC 67A. [Trier, AD 379-80].

20249

B. Rev. VOT / X / MVLT / XX in four lines within wreath, mint mark MD PS in ex. VF £70 ($120) / EF £175 ($300) RIC ix, p. 79, 14a. RSC 71a. [Milan, AD 384-5].

20249A

As previous, but with mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark B (= 2) and with central dot on rev. between MV and LT. RIC ix, p. 132, 62a. RSC 71d. [Rome, AD 388-93]. VF £75 ($130) / EF £185 ($325)

20250

As previous, but without central dot on rev. and with mint mark TES in ex. RIC ix, p. VF £80 ($140) / EF £200 ($350) 185, 58a. RSC 71b. [Thessalonica, AD 384-5].

20251

As previous, but with mint mark CONS in ex. followed by dot, sometimes with central dot on rev. between MV and LT. RIC ix, p. 232, 77a and f-g. RSC 71c and e-f. VF £65 ($110) / EF £155 ($275) [Constantinople, AD 384-8].

20252

B. Rev. VOT / XV / MVLT / XX in four lines within wreath, mint mark SISC PS or SISC P≤ in ex., star in the circular ornament at top of wreath. RIC ix, p. 149, 19c. RSC VF £65 ($110) / EF £155 ($275) 74Ab-c. [Siscia, AD 377].

20253

A. Rev. VOTIS / V / MVLTIS / X in four lines within wreath, mint mark AQ PS in ex. followed by dot. RIC ix, p. 96, 13. MA 737. RSC 67B. [Aquileia, AD 375-8]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £175 ($300)

20254

Silver half siliqua (c. 1.12 grams). B. Rev. VICTORIA AVGGG, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark AQ PS in ex. RIC ix, —. MA 751. RSC —. VF £350 ($600) / EF £850 ($1,500) [Aquileia, AD 388-92].

VALENTINIAN II

385

20255 20255

Silver half siliqua. As previous, but with mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark P (= 1). RIC ix, p. 125, 36b. RSC 42. [Rome, AD 379]. VF £350 ($600) / EF £850 ($1,500)

20256

Bronze double centenionalis or maiorina (c. 4.50 grams, weights extremely variable). B, helmeted, dr. and cuir. bust r., holding spear and shield. Rev. GLORIA ROMANORVM, Valentinian II, helmeted and in military attire, stg. l. on galley, hd. r., his r. hand raised, Victory seated at helm, mint mark SISC in ex., preceded by officina mark A (= 1) and followed by dot. Cf. RIC ix, p. 153, 32a (also with wreath in rev. field?). LRBC II, 1557. C 22. [Siscia, AD 383-6]. F £13 ($22) / VF £37 ($65) / EF £115 ($200)

20257

As previous, but with mint mark TES in ex. followed by officina mark A (= 1) and sometimes preceded by dot, wreath in l. field. RIC ix, p. 183, 44a. LRBC II, 1832 and F £9 ($15) / VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150) 1836. C 22. [Thessalonica, AD 383-6].

20258

As previous, but with mint mark S M H in ex. followed by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2), nothing in rev. field. RIC ix, p. 194, 11b. LRBC II, 1953. C 22. [Heraclea, AD 383-6]. F £12 ($20) / VF £35 ($60) / EF £100 ($175)

20259

Similar, but with T (with curved base) in rev. field to l. (officina A = 1 only recorded). RIC ix, p. 197, 21a. LRBC II, 1970. C 22 var. [Heraclea, AD 383-6]. F £13 ($22) / VF £37 ($65) / EF £115 ($200)

20260

As 20256, but with mint mark CON in ex. followed by officina mark D or e (= 4 or 5), sometimes with wreath in l. field. RIC ix, p. 225, 52b. LRBC II, 2146 and 2151. C 22. [Constantinople, AD 383-6]. F £9 ($15) / VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150)

20261

Similar, but with T (sometimes with curved base) in rev. field to l. (officina D = 4 only recorded). RIC ix, p. 232, 79a. LRBC II, 2164 and 2168. C 22 var. [Constantinople, AD 383-6]. F £9 ($15) / VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150)

20262

As 20256, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2), sometimes with wreath or dot in l. field. RIC ix, p. 256, 25b. LRBC II, 2368, 2371, and F £9 ($15) / VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150) 2374. C 22. [Nicomedia, AD 383-6].

20263

Similar, but with T in rev. field to l. (officinae A, B, and D = 1, 2, and 4 recorded). RIC ix, p. 260, 40a. LRBC II, 2387. C 22 var. [Nicomedia, AD 383-6]. F £12 ($20) / VF £35 ($60) / EF £100 ($175)

20264

As 20256, but with mint mark S M K in ex. followed by officina mark D (= 4), wreath in l. field. RIC ix, p. 242, 14b. LRBC II, 2549. C 22. [Cyzicus, AD 383-6]. F £13 ($22) / VF £37 ($65) / EF £115 ($200)

20265

20265 As previous, but with mint mark ANT in ex. followed by officina mark G or e (= 3 or 5), sometimes with wreath in l. field and cross in r., or wreath in l. field only. RIC ix, p. 283, 40b-c. LRBC II, 2710-11, 2713, and 2719-20. C 22. [Antioch, AD 383-6]. F £9 ($15) / VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150)

386

Roman Coins and Their Values

20266

Bronze maiorina. Similar, but with T in rev. field to l. and usually also with cross to r. (officinae A, B, G, and e = 1, 2, 3, and 5 recorded). RIC ix, p. 290, 59a-b. LRBC II, 2745 and 2748-9. C 22 var. [Antioch, AD 383-6]. F £9 ($15) / VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150)

20267

As 20256, but with mint mark ALE in ex. followed by officina mark B (= 2), wreath in l. field. RIC ix, p. 300, 6b. LRBC II, 2876. C 22. [Alexandria, AD 383-6]. F £13 ($22) / VF £37 ($65) / EF £115 ($200)

20268

Similar, but the wreath in rev. field to l. sometimes contains a small cross, and with T in field to r. (officinae A, B, and D = 1, 2, and 4 recorded). Cf. RIC ix, p. 301, 15a (rev. type misdescribed). LRBC II, 2884 and 2887. C 22 var. [Alexandria, AD 383-6]. F £13 ($22) / VF £37 ($65) / EF £115 ($200)

20269

A. Rev. REPARATIO REI PVB, Valentinian II, in military attire, stg. l., raising with r. hand a turreted female figure, who kneels r. before him, and holding Victory on globe in l., mint mark S M TR in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). RIC ix, p. 26, 65b. LRBC II, 151. C. 26. [Trier, AD 379-83]. F £9 ($15) / VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150)

20270

As previous, but with mint mark LVG in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2), S in r. field. RIC ix, p. 48, 28b. LRBC II, 377. Bastien 183 and 185. C 26. [Lugdunum, F £12 ($20) / VF £35 ($60) / EF £100 ($175) AD 379-83].

20271

As previous, but with mint mark CON in ex. preceded by officina mark P, S, or T (= 1, 2, or 3). RIC ix, p. 67, 20c. LRBC II, 550. EMA 192/3. C 26. [Constantia/Arles, AD 379-83]. F £9 ($15) / VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150) RIC ix, 20b (citing Ulrich-Bansa) records a much rarer variety with obv. legend B, but confirmation is required.

20272

As previous, but with mint mark S M AQ in ex., usually followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). RIC ix, p. 100, 30b. MA 755. C 26. [Aquileia, AD 379-83]. F £7 ($12) / VF £23 ($40) / EF £72 ($125)

20273

Similar, but with obv. legend B, and the mint mark is always followed by officina mark. RIC ix, p. 100, 30c. MA 756. C 28. [Aquileia, AD 383-7]. F £9 ($15) / VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150)

20274

As 20269, but with mint mark S M R in ex. followed by officina mark P, B, T, Q, or e (= 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5). RIC ix, p. 126, 43b. LRBC II, 751. C. 26. [Rome, AD 379-83]. F £7 ($12) / VF £23 ($40) / EF £72 ($125)

20275

Similar, but with obv. legend B. RIC ix, p. 126, 43c. LRBC II, 752. C. 28. [Rome, AD 383-7]. F £7 ($12) / VF £23 ($40) / EF £72 ($125)

20276

20277

20276 As 20269, but with mint mark SISC in ex., usually preceded by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2) and sometimes also by star, sometimes with dot following the mint mark. RIC ix, p. 150, 26b. LRBC II, 1511, 1513, 1520, 1526, and 1532. C. 26. [Siscia, AD 379-83]. F £7 ($12) / VF £23 ($40) / EF £72 ($125) B. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark S M TES in ex., sometimes flanked by dots, officina mark A, B, G, or D (= 1, 2, 3, or 4) in r. field. RIC ix, p. 181, 37b-c. LRBC II, 1822, 1824, and 1825. C. 28. [Thessalonica, AD 379-83]. F £7 ($12) / VF £23 ($40) / EF £72 ($125)

VALENTINIAN II

387

20278

Bronze maiorina. As previous, but with mint mark CONS in ex. followed by officina mark G or D (= 3 or 4). RIC ix, p. 226, 54b. LRBC II, 2119. C. 28. [Constantinople, AD 379-83]. F £30 ($50) / VF £85 ($150) / EF £250 ($450)

20279

As previous, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark B (= 2). RIC ix, p. 257, 27b. LRBC II, 2349. C. 28. [Nicomedia, AD 379-83]. F £23 ($40) / VF £60 ($100) / EF £140 ($250)

20280

As previous, but with mint mark ANT in ex. followed by officina mark B (= 2). RIC ix, p. 284, 42c. LRBC II, 2681. C 28. [Antioch, AD 379-83]. F £12 ($20) / VF £35 ($60) / EF £100 ($175)

20281

As previous, but with mint mark ALE in ex. followed by officina mark B (= 2). RIC ix, p. 300, 8b. LRBC II, 2866. C 28. [Alexandria, AD 379-83]. F £23 ($40) / VF £60 ($100) / EF £140 ($250)

20282

B. Rev. VIRTVS EXERCITI, Valentinian II, in military attire, stg. r., holding standard and globe, his l. foot set on captive, mint mark S M H in ex., preceded by dot and followed by officina mark B (= 2), sometimes with star in l. field. RIC ix, p. 197, 24a. LRBC II, 1976 and 1979. C 57. [Heraclea, AD 387-92]. F £9 ($15) / VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150)

20283

As previous, but with mint mark CONS in ex. followed by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2), and with + (sometimes surmounted by dot) or P-headed cross (Christogram) in l. field, or two +’s or P-headed cross and + in field to l. and to r. RIC ix, p. 233, 83a. LRBC II, 2171, 2175-7, and 2182. C 57. [Constantinople, AD 387-92]. F £7 ($12) / VF £23 ($40) / EF £72 ($125)

20284

As previous, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2), sometimes also with dot or palm in l. field. RIC ix, p. 261, 44a. LRBC II, 2393, 2397, and 2400. C 57. [Nicomedia, AD 387-92]. F £9 ($15) / VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150)

20285

As previous, but with mint mark S M K in ex. followed by officina mark B (= 2). RIC ix, p. 245, 25a. LRBC II, 2564. C 57. [Cyzicus, AD 387-92]. F £12 ($20) / VF £35 ($60) / EF £100 ($175)

20286

As previous, but with mint mark ANT in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, G, D, and S (= 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6). RIC ix, p. 291, 63a-b. LRBC II, 2754-5. C 57. [Antioch, AD 387-92]. F £7 ($12) / VF £23 ($40) / EF £72 ($125)

20287

As previous, but with mint mark ALE in ex. followed by officina mark D (= 4). RIC ix, p. 302, 18a. LRBC II, 2893. C 57. [Alexandria, AD 387-92]. F £9 ($15) / VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150)

20288

B. Rev. VIRTVS EXERCITVS, cavalryman on horseback galloping r., holding shield in l. hand and with r. thrusting downwards with spear at barbarian who kneels l. before the horse, his shield beneath, mint mark S M AQ in ex., possibly followed by officina mark. RIC ix, p. 103, 43. LRBC II, 1083. MA 765. C —. [Aquileia, AD 383-7]. (Unique) RIC comments that this piece ‘must be medallic in purpose’.

20287

388

Roman Coins and Their Values

20289

Bronze centenionalis (c. 2.50 grams, weights extremely variable). A. Rev. CONCORDIA AVGGG, Roma seated facing, hd. l. (rarely r. at some eastern mints), holding globe and spear, mint mark S M TR in ex. RIC ix, pp. 26-7, 68b and 69b. LRBC II, 142. C 8. [Trier, AD 379-83]. F £8 ($13) / VF £23 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

20290

As previous, but with mint mark LVG in ex. followed by officina mark S (= 2). RIC ix, p. 48, 29a. LRBC II, 369. Bastien 170. C 8. [Lugdunum, AD 379-80]. F £7 ($12) / VF £22 ($38) / EF £65 ($110) Officina A (= 1) has also been recorded (Bastien 168) but is probably a hybrid.

20291

As previous, but with mint mark S M AQ in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). RIC ix, p. 101, 32b. LRBC II, 1069. MA 757. C 8. [Aquileia, AD 379-83]. F £6 ($10) / VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

20292

Similar, but with obv. legend B. RIC ix, p. 101, 32c = p. 103, 44a. LRBC II, 1070. MA 758. C 9. [Aquileia, AD 379-83 and later?]. F £6 ($10) / VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

20293

As previous, but with mint mark S M R in ex. followed by officina mark P, B, T, Q, or

e (= 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5), usually with O in r. field. RIC ix, p. 127, 46b. LRBC II, 755 and 758. C 9. [Rome, AD 379-83 and later?].

F £6 ($10) / VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

20294 20294

As previous, but with mint mark SISC in ex. preceded by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2). RIC ix, p. 151, 27b. LRBC II, 1523. C 9. [Siscia, AD 379-83]. F £6 ($10) / VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

20295

A. Rev. — as previous, but sometimes with star preceding the officina mark, sometimes with dot following the mint mark, and sometimes both. RIC ix, p. 151, 27c. LRBC II, 1517, 1523, 1529, and 1535. C 8. [Siscia, AD 379-83 and later?]. F £7 ($12) / VF £22 ($38) / EF £65 ($110)

20296

B. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark S M TES in ex., officina mark D (= 4) either following the mint mark or in r. field. RIC ix, p. 182, 39b. LRBC II, 1828 and 1830. C F £10 ($17) / VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150) 9. [Thessalonica, AD 379-83].

20297

As previous, but with mint mark S M H in ex. followed by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2), I in l. field, palm in r. RIC ix, p. 195, 14b. LRBC II, 1946. C 9. [Heraclea, AD 379-83]. F £6 ($10) / VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

20298

As previous, but with mint mark CONS in ex. followed by officina mark A, G, or D (= 1, 3, or 4), sometimes with O in r. field, sometimes with palm in r. field and I or HN monogram in l., sometimes with I in l. field and K in r. RIC ix, p. 227, 56b-c. LRBC II, 2122, 2124-5, 2132, 2135, and 2139. C 9. [Constantinople, AD 379-83]. F £6 ($10) / VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

20299

As previous, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark B (= 2), sometimes with A or + in r. field, sometimes with palms in field to l. and to r. RIC ix, p. 258, 30b. LRBC II, 2352, 2359, 2362, and 2364. C 9. [Nicomedia, AD 379-83]. F £6 ($10) / VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

20300

As previous, but with mint mark S M K in ex. followed by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2), + in l. or r. field, or palms in field to l. and to r. RIC ix, p. 243, 17b. LRBC II, 2538 F £6 ($10) / VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90) and 2543-4. C 9. [Cyzicus, AD 379-83].

VALENTINIAN II

389

20301

Bronze centenionalis. As previous, but with mint mark ANT in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, G, D, or e (= 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5), Q in l. field, sometimes also with F / K in r. RIC ix, pp. 285-6, 45b-c and 46c-d. LRBC II, 2689-90, 2696-7, and 2701-2. C 9. [Antioch, F £6 ($10) / VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85) AD 379-83].

20302

As previous, but with mint mark ALE in ex. followed by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2). RIC ix, p. 300, 9b. LRBC II, 2871. C 9. [Alexandria, AD 379-83]. F £6 ($10) / VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

20303

B. Rev. — Constantinopolis, helmeted, seated facing, hd. r., holding sceptre and globe, her r. foot on prow, mint mark S M R in ex. followed by officina mark P or T (= 1 or 3), O in l. field. RIC ix, p. 127, 47b. LRBC II, 761. C —. [Rome, AD 379-83]. F £8 ($13) / VF £23 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

20304

As previous, but with mint mark S M H in ex. followed by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2), star in l. field, or palm and I in field to l. and to r. Cf. RIC ix, p. 195, 15b and 16b. LRBC II, 1944 and 1949. C —. [Heraclea, AD 379-83]. F £6 ($10) / VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90) On coins of this issue, the prow at the feet of Constantinopolis is sometimes omitted.

20305

As previous, but with mint mark CONS in ex. followed by officina mark D (= 4), O in l. field, or palm and HN monogram in field to l. and to r. RIC ix, p. 227, 57c. LRBC II, 2127 and 2142. C —. [Constantinople, AD 379-83]. F £7 ($12) / VF £22 ($38) / EF £65 ($110)

20306

As previous, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark B (= 2), palms in field to l. and to r. RIC ix, p. 258, 31a. LRBC II, —. C —. [Nicomedia, AD 379-83]. F £8 ($14) / VF £24 ($43) / EF £75 ($130)

20307

As previous, but with mint mark S M K in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, G (= 1, 2, or 3), and with + in l. field. RIC ix, p. 243, 18b. LRBC II, 2541. C —. [Cyzicus, AD 379-83]. F £7 ($12) / VF £22 ($38) / EF £65 ($110) On coins of this issue, the prow at the feet of Constantinopolis is always omitted.

20308

As previous, but with mint mark ANT in ex. followed by officina mark D (= 4), Q in l. field, F / K in r. RIC ix, p. 287, 47b. LRBC II, 2705. C —. [Antioch, AD 379-83]. F £8 ($13) / VF £23 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

20309

B, diad. bust l., wearing consular robes and holding mappa and sceptre. Rev. GLORIA REI PVBLICE, gateway of military camp, P-headed cross (Christogram) above, mint mark TES in ex., sometimes with officina mark A (= 1) in l. field. RIC ix, p. 186, 59a. LRBC II, 1856 and 1861. C —. [Thessalonica, AD 388]. F £43 ($75) / VF £105 ($180) / EF £250 ($450)

20309A

B. Rev. GLORIA ROMANORVM, Valentinian II, in military attire, advancing r., hd. l., dragging captive by the hair with r. hand and holding labarum in l., mint mark TR in ex. followed by officina mark P (= 1). RIC ix, p. 32, 96a. LRBC II, 159. C 23. [Trier, AD 388-92]. F £23 ($40) / VF £60 ($100) / EF £140 ($250)

20310

As previous, but with mint mark CON in ex. preceded by officina mark P or T (= 1 or 3), V—A in field. RIC ix, p. 66, 18c. LRBC II, 541. EMA 190/3. C 23. [Constantia/Arles, F £8 ($13) / VF £23 ($40) / EF £70 ($120) AD 375-8].

20311

A. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark S M AQ in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2), star in r. field, sometimes also with dot in l. RIC ix, p. 97, 17d. LRBC II, 1045-6. MA 752-3. C 24. [Aquileia, AD 375-8]. F £6 ($11) / VF £19 ($33) / EF £60 ($100)

20312

Similar, but with obv. legend B and without symbols in rev. field. RIC ix, p. 104, 45a. LRBC II, 1084. MA 766. C 23. [Aquileia, AD 383-7]. F £6 ($10) / VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

390

Roman Coins and Their Values

20313

Bronze centenionalis. As previous, but with mint mark S M R in ex. followed by officina mark P, B, T, or Q (= 1, 2, 3, or 4) with leaf between the M and R. RIC ix, p. 122, 27c. LRBC II, 729. C 24. [Rome, AD 375-8]. F £6 ($10) / VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

20314

Similar, but without the leaf in the mint mark and with star in rev. field to r. (officinae P, B, and T = 1, 2, and 3 only recorded). RIC ix, p. 122, 27c. LRBC II, 735. C 24. [Rome, AD 375-8]. F £6 ($10) / VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

20315

Similar, but with obv. legend B and with mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark P, B, Q, or e (= 1, 2, 4, or 5). RIC ix, p. 130, 55a. LRBC II, 768. C 23. [Rome, AD 383-7]. F £6 ($10) / VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

20316

As 20310, but with mint mark SISC in ex. preceded by officina mark B (= 2) and followed by ≤, F — D / P in field. RIC ix, p. 149, 21c. LRBC II, 1494. C 23. [Siscia, AD 375-8]. F £6 ($10) / VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

20317

Similar, but with C instead of ≤ following the mint mark, and with P — S / P in rev. field. RIC ix, p. 149, 21c. LRBC II, 1501. C 23. [Siscia, AD 375-8]. F £6 ($10) / VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

20318

Similar, but officina mark A (= 1) also recorded and the mint mark is sometimes followed by dot, nothing in rev. field. RIC ix, p. 154, 38a. LRBC II, 1569 and 1572. C 23. [Siscia, AD 384-7]. F £6 ($10) / VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

20319

As 20310, but with mint mark TES in ex. and officina mark A (= 1) in r. field. RIC ix, p. 186, 60a. LRBC II, 1850. C 23. [Thessalonica, AD 384-8]. F £8 ($13) / VF £23 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

20320

A. Rev. — Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark TR in ex. followed by officina mark P (= 1), star in l. field. RIC ix, p. 23, 47c. LRBC II, 128. C —. [Trier, AD 375-6]. F £13 ($22) / VF £37 ($65) / EF £115 ($200)

20321

A. Rev. SECVRITAS REI PVBLICAE, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark TR in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2), star in l. field. RIC ix, —. LRBC II, 131. Cf. C 32 (SALVS REI PVBLICAE in error). [Trier, AD 375-6]. F £10 ($17) / VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150)

20322

B. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark CON in ex. preceded by officina mark P (= 1), V — A in field. RIC ix, p. 66, 19c. LRBC II, 544. EMA 190/6. Cf. C 33 (SALVS REI PVBLICAE in error). [Constantia/Arles, AD 375-8]. F £8 ($13) / VF £23 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

20323

As 20321, but with mint mark S M AQ in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2), star and dot in rev. field to and to r. RIC ix, p. 97, 18c. LRBC II, 1049-50. MA 754. Cf. C 32 (SALVS REI PVBLICAE in error). [Aquileia, AD 375-8]. F £6 ($10) / VF £16 ($28) / EF £48 ($85)

20324

As previous, but with mint mark S M R in ex. followed by officina mark P, B, T, or Q (= 1, 2, 3, or 4) with leaf between the M and R. RIC ix, p. 122, 28c. LRBC II, 732. Cf. C 32 (SALVS REI PVBLICAE in error). [Rome, AD 375-8]. F £6 ($11) / VF £19 ($33) / EF £60 ($100)

20325

Similar, but without the leaf in the mint mark and with star in rev. field to l. RIC ix, p. 122, 28c. LRBC II, 738. Cf. C 32 (SALVS REI PVBLICAE in error). [Rome, AD 375-8]. F £6 ($11) / VF £19 ($33) / EF £60 ($100)

20326

As 20322, but with mint mark SISC in ex. preceded by officina mark G (= 3) and followed by C, S / P in l. field and P in r. RIC ix, p. 149, 22c. LRBC 1505. Cf. C 33 (SALVS REI PVBLICAE in error). [Siscia, AD 375-8]. F £6 ($11) / VF £19 ($33) / EF £60 ($100)

VALENTINIAN II

391

20327

Bronze centenionalis. As 20321, but with mint mark TES in ex., star over S in l. field, officina mark B (= 2) in r. RIC ix, p. 179, 32 and p. 172, note. LRBC II, 1815. Cf. C 32 (SALVS REI PVBLICAE in error). [Thessalonica, AD 375-6]. (Unique?)

20328

B, diad. and cuir. bust r. Rev. SPES REI PVBLICAE, Valentinian II, in military attire, stg. facing, hd. r., holding labarum and globe, his r. foot set on captive, mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark P, B, T, Q, or e (= 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5). RIC ix, p. 133, 63a. LRBC II, 775. C —. [Rome, AD 383-7 or 388-92]. F £32 ($55) / VF £80 ($140) / EF £200 ($350)

20329

A. Rev. VRBS ROMA, Roma seated l. on cuirass, holding Victory on globe and spear, mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark B (= 2), star in r. field, sometimes also with palm in l. RIC ix, p. 259, 34. LRBC II, 2345-6. Cf. C 80. [Nicomedia, AD 379-83]. F £10 ($17) / VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150)

20330

As previous, but with mint mark ANT in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, G, or D (= 1, 2, 3, or 4), sometimes with Q in l. field and star over F in r., sometimes with star, D, or Q / F in r. field only. RIC ix, p. 288, 51. LRBC II, 2670, 2675, and 2678. Cf. C 80. [Antioch, AD 379-83]. F £7 ($12) / VF £22 ($38) / EF £65 ($110)

20331

A. Rev. VICTORIA AVGGG, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark TR in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). RIC ix, p. 27, 70b. LRBC II, 134. C 47. [Trier, AD 379-83]. F £7 ($12) / VF £22 ($38) / EF £65 ($110)

20332

B. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark CON in ex. preceded by officina mark S (= 2). RIC ix, p. 68, 22. LRBC II, 546. EMA 191/2. C 45. [Constantia/Arles, AD 379-83]. F £7 ($12) / VF £22 ($38) / EF £65 ($110)

20333

As 20331, but with mint mark S M AQ in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). RIC ix, p. 101, 34b. LRBC II, 1055. MA 759. C 47. [Aquileia, AD 379-83]. F £7 ($12) / VF £22 ($38) / EF £65 ($110)

20334

Similar, but with obv. legend B. RIC ix, p. 101, 34c. LRBC II, 1054. MA 760. C 45. [Aquileia, AD 379-83]. F £8 ($14) / VF £24 ($42) / EF £72 ($125)

20335

As 20331, but with mint mark S M R in ex. followed by officina mark B or Q (= 2 or 4). RIC ix, p. 127, 48b. LRBC II, 745. C 47. [Rome, AD 379-83]. F £7 ($12) / VF £22 ($38) / EF £65 ($110)

20336

Similar, but with obv. legend B. RIC ix, p. 127, 48c. LRBC II, 746. C 45. [Rome, AD 379-83]. F £7 ($12) / VF £22 ($38) / EF £65 ($110)

20337

As 20332, but with mint mark TES in ex. RIC ix, p. 182, 41. LRBC II, 1817. C 45. [Thessalonica, AD 379-83]. F £8 ($14) / VF £24 ($42) / EF £72 ($125)

20338 20338 B. Rev. VIRTVS AVGGG, Valentinian II, in military attire, stg. l. on galley, hd. r., holding phoenix on globe and standard, his r. foot set on captive, Victory seated at helm, mint mark TES in ex., sometimes with officina mark A (= 1) in l. field. RIC ix, p. 186, 61a. LRBC II, 1849 and 1853. C 55. [Thessalonica, AD 384-8]. F £8 ($14) / VF £24 ($42) / EF £72 ($125) This is a revival of a type first issued under Constantius II and Constans almost four decades before (see nos. 18178-91 and 18651-68). See also nos. 20550 and 20827A.

392

Roman Coins and Their Values

20339

Bronze centenionalis. A. Rev. VIRTVS ROMANORVM, Roma enthroned facing, hd. l., holding globe and resting on spear, mint mark S M TR in ex. RIC ix, p. 27, 71b. LRBC II, 139. Cf. C 62 (rev. misdescribed). [Trier, AD 379-83]. F £13 ($22) / VF £37 ($65) / EF £115 ($200)

20340

Bronze half centenionalis (c. 1.25-1.50 grams, weights extremely variable). B. Rev. GLORIA REI PVBLICE, gateway of military camp, mint mark TES in ex., sometimes with officina mark A (= 1) in l. field. RIC ix, p. 186, 62a. LRBC II, 1858 and 1864. Cf. C 12 (REI PVBLICAE in error). [Thessalonica, AD 384-8]. F £10 ($17) / VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150) NB There was a marked reduction in the size and weight of this denomination in AD 388.

20341

B. Rev. SALVS REI PVBLICAE, Victory advancing l., holding trophy over shoulder in r. hand and dragging captive by the hair with l., P-headed cross (Christogram) in l. field, mint mark AQ in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). RIC ix, p. 106, 58a. LRBC II, 1105. MA 772. Cf. C 30 (wrong obv. legend). [Aquileia, AD 388-92]. F £5 ($9) / VF £16 ($27) / EF £50 ($80)

20342

As previous, but with mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark P, B, or T (1, 2, or 3), sometimes with dot between. RIC ix, p. 133, 64a. LRBC II, 796 and 799. Cf. C 30. F £5 ($9) / VF £16 ($27) / EF £50 ($80) [Rome, AD 388-92].

20343

As previous, but with mint mark TES in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, or D (= 1, 2, or 4). RIC ix, p. 188, 65a. LRBC II, 1873. Cf. C 30. [Thessalonica, AD 388-92]. F £6 ($10) / VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

20344

B. Rev. — as 20341, but without Christogram in rev. field to l., and with mint mark S M H in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, or D (= 1, 2, or 4). RIC ix, p. 198, 26a. LRBC II, 1983. Cf. C 30. [Heraclea, AD 388-92]. F £6 ($11) / VF £19 ($33) / EF £60 ($100)

20345

As 20341, but with mint mark CONS in ex. followed by officina mark B or G (= 2 or 3). RIC ix, p. 234, 86a. LRBC II, 2183. Cf. C 30. [Constantinople, AD 388-92]. F £6 ($10) / VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

20346

As 20344, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark B (= 2). RIC ix, p. 262, 45a. LRBC II, 2403. Cf. C 30. [Nicomedia, AD 388-92]. F £6 ($10) / VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

20347

Similar, but sometimes with dot preceding the mint mark, and with Christogram, cross (sometimes with dot above), or Q in l. field. RIC ix, p. 262, 45a. LRBC II, 2406, 2411, 2415, and 2418. Cf. C 30. [Nicomedia, AD 388-92]. F £6 ($10) / VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

20348

As 20341, but with mint mark S M K in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, G, or D (= 1, 2, 3, or 4). RIC ix, p. 246, 26a. LRBC II, 2568. Cf. C 30. [Cyzicus, AD 388-92]. F £5 ($9) / VF £16 ($27) / EF £50 ($80)

20349

As previous, but with mint mark ANT in ex. followed by officina mark A or D (= 1 or 4), sometimes with cross instead of Christogram in l. field. RIC ix, p. 292, 67a. LRBC II, 2763 and 2768. Cf. C 30. [Antioch, AD 388-92]. F £6 ($10) / VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

20350

As previous, but with mint mark ALE in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, or D (= 1, 2, or 4), sometimes with cross or dot instead of Christogram in l. field. RIC ix, p. 303, 20a. LRBC II, 2898, 2901, and 2904. Cf. C 30. [Alexandria, AD 388-92]. F £5 ($9) / VF £16 ($27) / EF £50 ($80) The Christogram in rev. field sometimes appears retrograde.

20343

VALENTINIAN II

393

20351

Bronze half centenionalis. B. Rev. VICTORIA AVG, two Victories stg. facing each other, each holding wreath and palm, mint mark TES in ex. followed by officina mark A (= 1), sometimes with dot in central field. RIC ix, p. 187, 63a. LRBC II, 1867 and 1870. C —. [Thessalonica, AD 384-8]. F £7 ($12) / VF £22 ($38) / EF £65 ($110)

20352

B. Rev. VICTORIA AVGGG, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark TR in ex., rarely followed by officina mark P (= 1). RIC ix, p. 32, 97a and 98a. LRBC II, 162 and 168. C 46. [Trier, AD 388-92]. F £6 ($10) / VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

20353

As previous, but with mint mark LVG in ex. followed by officina mark P or, rarely, S (= 1 or 2). RIC ix, p. 52, 44a-b. LRBC II, 389-90. Bastien 223 and 226. C 46. [Lugdunum, AD 388-92]. F £6 ($10) / VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

20354

As previous, but with mint mark CON in ex. preceded by officina mark P, S, or, more rarely, T (= 1, 2, or 3). RIC ix, p. 69, 30a-c. LRBC II, 562-4. EMA 198/1. C 46. F £6 ($10) / VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90) [Constantia/Arles, AD 388-92].

20355

As previous, but with mint mark AQ in ex., sometimes followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). RIC ix, p. 104, 46a. LRBC II, 1087. MA 767. C 46. [Aquileia, AD 383-7]. F £7 ($12) / VF £22 ($38) / EF £65 ($110)

20356

As previous, but with mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark B, T, or Q (= 2, 3, or 4). RIC ix, p. 130, 56a-b. LRBC II, 778-9. C 46. [Rome, AD 383-7]. F £7 ($12) / VF £22 ($38) / EF £65 ($110)

20357

As previous, but with mint mark SIS in ex. preceded by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2) and sometimes followed by dot. RIC ix, p. 155, 39a. LRBC II, 1575 and 1579. C 46. F £6 ($10) / VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90) [Siscia, AD 384-7].

20358

B. Rev. – two Victories stg. facing each other, each holding wreath and palm, mint mark S M AQ in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). RIC ix, p. 104, 47a. LRBC II, 1091. MA 768. C —. [Aquileia, AD 383-7]. F £7 ($12) / VF £22 ($38) / EF £65 ($110)

20359

As previous, but with mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark P, B, T, or Q (= 1, 2, 3, or 4), sometimes with one or two dots in central field, sometimes with leaf between the mint and officina marks. RIC ix, p. 130, 57a-b. LRBC II, 782, 785-6, 789, and 791. F £7 ($12) / VF £22 ($38) / EF £65 ($110) C —. [Rome, AD 383-7].

20360

B. Rev. VOT / V in two lines within wreath, mint mark S M K in ex. followed by officina mark D (= 4). Cf. RIC ix, p. 244, 20b. LRBC II, 2560. C —. [Cyzicus, AD 383]. F £8 ($13) / VF £23 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

20361

A. Rev. VOT / V / MVLT / X in four lines within wreath, mint mark S M TR or TR followed by officina mark P (= 1) in ex. RIC ix, p. 27, 73b. LRBC II, 136 and 148. C —. F £7 ($12) / VF £22 ($38) / EF £65 ($110) [Trier, AD 379-83].

20362

As previous, but with mint mark S M AQ in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). RIC ix, p. 101, 36b. LRBC II, 1079. MA 761. C —. [Aquileia, AD 379-83]. F £6 ($10) / VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

20363

Similar, but with obv. legend B (officina mark S = 2 only recorded). RIC ix, p. 102, 36c. LRBC II, 1080. MA 762. C 68. [Aquileia, AD 379-83]. F £6 ($11) / VF £19 ($33) / EF £60 ($100)

20357

394

Roman Coins and Their Values

20364

Bronze half centenionalis. Similar, but of smaller module (c. 12-13 mm. diam. instead of 14-16 mm.) and both officinae recorded. RIC ix, p. 104, 49a. LRBC II, 1100. MA 769. C 68. [Aquileia, AD 383-7]. F £6 ($10) / VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

20365

As 20361, but with mint mark SISC in ex., usually preceded by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2), sometimes with dot following the mint mark or star preceding the officina mark, or both. RIC ix, p. 152, 29c. LRBC II, 1538, 1545, 1549, 1552, and 1554. C —. [Siscia, F £5 ($9) / VF £16 ($27) / EF £50 ($80) AD 379-83].

20366

Similar, but with obv. legend B, and the mint mark is always preceded by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2) and there are no additional symbols. RIC ix, p. 151, 29b. LRBC II, F £6 ($10) / VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90) 1544. C 68. [Siscia, AD 379-83].

20367

As previous, but with mint mark CON in ex. followed by officina mark B (= 2). RIC ix, p. 228, 59a. LRBC II, 2116. C 68. [Constantinople, AD 379-83]. F £7 ($12) / VF £22 ($38) / EF £65 ($110)

20368

B. Rev. VOT / X / MVLT / XV in four lines within wreath, mint mark S M AQ in ex. RIC ix, p. 104, 50. LRBC II, 1095. MA 770. C 70. [Aquileia, AD 383-7]. F £8 ($13) / VF £23 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

20369

A. Rev. VOT / X / MVLT / XX in four lines within wreath, mint mark S M AQ in ex. followed by officina mark P (= 1). RIC ix, p. 102, 37a. LRBC II, 1076. MA 763. C —. F £7 ($12) / VF £22 ($38) / EF £65 ($110) [Aquileia, AD 379-83].

20369A

Similar, but with obv. legend B, and officina S (= 2) also recorded. RIC ix, p. 104, 51a. LRBC II, 1097. MA 771. C 73. [Aquileia, AD 383-7]. F £6 ($10) / VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

20370

As previous, but with mint mark SISC in ex. preceded by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2) and sometime followed by dot. RIC ix, p. 152, 30a. LRBC II, 1541. C 73. [Siscia, AD 379-83]. F £6 ($10) / VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

20371

Similar, but sometimes with mint mark SIS instead of SISC, and the mint and officina marks are sometimes flanked by dots. RIC ix, p. 154, 37a. LRBC II, 1561, 1563, and F £6 ($11) / VF £19 ($33) / EF £60 ($100) 1567. C 73. [Siscia, AD 383-4]. Coins of this issue are of the smaller module (c. 12-13 mm. diam. instead of 14-16 mm).

20372

20372 As 20369, but with mint mark TES in ex. RIC ix, p. 184, 49a. LRBC II, 1840. C 73. F £6 ($10) / VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90) [Thessalonica, AD 383-4].

20373

As previous, but with mint mark S M H in ex. followed by officina mark B (= 2). RIC ix, p. 196, 19b. LRBC II, 1961. C 73. [Heraclea, AD 383 and later?]. F £5 ($9) / VF £16 ($27) / EF £50 ($80)

20374

As previous, but with mint mark CON in ex. followed by officina mark D (= 4). RIC ix, p. 229, 63a. LRBC II, 2158. C 73. [Constantinople, AD 383 and later?]. F £6 ($10) / VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

20375

As previous, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2). RIC ix, p. 259, 38a. LRBC II, 2381. C 73. [Nicomedia, AD 383 and later?]. F £6 ($10) / VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

20376

As previous, but with mint mark S M K in ex. followed by officina mark B or G (= 2 or 3). RIC ix, p. 244, 21b. LRBC II, 2556. C 73. [Cyzicus, AD 383 and later?]. F £5 ($9) / VF £16 ($27) / EF £50 ($80)

VALENTINIAN II

395

20377

Bronze half centenionalis. As previous, but with mint mark ANT in ex. followed by officina mark B, G, or D (= 2, 3, or 4). Cf. RIC ix, p. 289, 56b (obv. legend A, in error). LRBC II, 2733. C 73. [Antioch, AD 383 and later?]. F £5 ($9) / VF £16 ($27) / EF £50 ($80)

20378

Similar, but with mint mark AN instead of ANT and with officinae A, B, G, or S (= 1, 2, 3, or 6). RIC ix, p. 292, 65a. LRBC II, 2740. C 73. [Antioch, AD 383-8]. F £5 ($9) / VF £16 ($27) / EF £50 ($80)

20379

As 20369, but with mint mark ALE in ex. followed by officina mark B (= 2). RIC ix, p. 301, 13b. LRBC II, 2881. C 73. [Alexandria, AD 383 and later?]. F £6 ($10) / VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

20380

Similar, but with T behind emperor’s hd. RIC ix, p. 302, 19a. LRBC II, 2889. C 73 var. F £6 ($10) / VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90) [Alexandria, AD 383-8].

20381

A. Rev. VOT / XV / MVLT / XX in four lines within wreath, mint mark S M TR in ex. RIC ix, p. 27, 74b. LRBC II, 145. C 74. [Trier, AD 381-3]. F £8 ($13) / VF £23 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

20381A

As previous, but with mint mark S M AQ followed by officina mark P (= 1). RIC ix, p. 102, 38b. LRBC II, 1074. MA 764. C 74. [Aquileia, AD 381-83]. F £6 ($11) / VF £19 ($33) / EF £60 ($100)

20382

As previous, but with mint mark S M R in ex. followed by officina mark P, B, T, or e (= 1, 2, 3, or 5). RIC ix, p. 128, 51b. LRBC II, 764. C 74. [Rome, AD 381-3]. F £5 ($9) / VF £16 ($27) / EF £50 ($80)

20383

Similar, but with obv. legend B (officinae B, T, Q, and e = 2, 3, 4, and 5 recorded). RIC ix, p. 128, 51c. LRBC II, 765. C —. [Rome, AD 381-3]. F £5 ($9) / VF £16 ($27) / EF £50 ($80)

20384

As previous, but with mint mark ALE in ex. followed by officina mark B (= 2). RIC ix, p. 300, 12b. LRBC II, 2869. C —. [Alexandria, AD 381-3]. F £8 ($13) / VF £23 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

20385

B. Rev. VOT / XX / MVLT / XXX in four lines within wreath, mint mark S M H in ex. followed by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2) and sometimes preceded by dot. RIC ix, p. 196, 20b. LRBC II, 1958 and 1966. C 75. [Heraclea, AD 383 and later?]. F £6 ($11) / VF £19 ($33) / EF £60 ($100)

20386

As previous, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark B (= 2). RIC ix, p. 259, 39b. LRBC II, 2379. C 75. [Nicomedia, AD 383 and later?]. F £6 ($11) / VF £19 ($33) / EF £60 ($100)

20387

As previous, but with mint mark S M K in ex. followed by officina mark D (= 4). RIC ix, p. 244, 22b. LRBC II, 2553. C 75. [Cyzicus, AD 383 and later?]. F £6 ($11) / VF £19 ($33) / EF £60 ($100)

20388

As previous, but with mint mark ANT or (more rarely) AN in ex. followed by officina mark A or D (= 1 or 4). Cf. RIC ix, p. 289, 58b (obv. legend A, in error). LRBC II, 2730 and 2738. C 75. [Antioch, AD 383 and later?]. F £6 ($9) / VF £16 ($27) / EF £50 ($80)

20389

As previous, but with mint mark ALE in ex. followed by officina mark B (= 2). RIC ix, p. 301, 14 (‘confirmation required’). LRBC II, 2879. C 75. [Alexandria, AD 383 and later?]. F £8 ($13) / VF £23 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

396

Roman Coins and Their Values

THEODOSIUS I 19 Jan. AD 379-17 Jan. 395 20441 Flavius Theodosius, sometimes called ‘the Great’, was born about AD 346 at Cauca in Gallaecia (north-west Spain). He was the namesake son of the celebrated Magister Equitum who served as Valentinian I’s principal general from AD 369 until his execution at Carthage c. 375. Theodosius thus had little reason to love the House of Valentinian and this may well have influenced his future behaviour. On his father’s downfall, the future emperor retired to his Spanish estates and settled down to private life. He married Aelia Flaccilla, a fellow-Spaniard, about 376 and the following year a son, Arcadius, was born to the couple (a second son, Honorius, was added eight years later). With the death of the emperor Valens in the catastrophic defeat by the Goths of the eastern Roman army at Hadrianopolis (August 378) the senior western Augustus Gratian was faced with a dilemma. Clearly the throne of Constantinople needed to be filled promptly by a competent replacement. Gratian’s younger brother and co-emperor Valentinian II was still only eight years old and obviously unequal to the daunting task. For the time being, Gratian decided to recall Theodosius from his provincial retirement and place him in command of the seriously threatened Danube frontier, with the rank of Magister Equitum (Master of Horse) which his father had borne under Valentinian I. He had already gained considerable military experience on his father’s staff during the latter’s brilliant campaigns against the Picts and the Scots in Britain in 368. Having achieved a measure of success over the invaders, Theodosius was summoned to Sirmium where he was invested by Gratian with the imperial purple and appointed ruler of the Empire’s eastern provinces (19 Jan. 379). The dynasty which he founded was to rule the eastern Empire for the following seven decades, though unfortunately it did not produce any other rulers of note throughout this period. The sixteenyear reign of Theodosius I was much troubled by western usurpations (Magnus Maximus, 383-8, and Eugenius, 392-4) the quelling of both of which required the emperor’s personal intervention. Gratian had been overthrown by Magnus Maximus in the summer of 383 and the young Valentinian II was hardly in a position to avenge his brother. Theodosius, whose relations with Gratian had been steadily deteriorating, may not have been sorry to witness his removal from the political scene at the hands of a third party. Initially he tolerated the rule of the usurper in most of the western provinces and even struck some very rare coin issues in his name in the East. The authority of the legitimate western Augustus Valentinian II was mostly confined to Italy, a state of affairs which prevailed until May of 387. At this point Maximus, clearly wishing to make himself sole Augustus in the West and an equal partner with Theodosius, invaded the peninsula. Valentinian and his family were obliged to flee to Thessalonica and place themselves under the protection of the eastern emperor. During this time Theodosius met and fell in love with Valentinian’s sister Galla and the imperial nuptials were celebrated in 388 in return for a promise by the eastern emperor to invade Italy and remove Maximus from power. Good to his word, Theodosius defeated his adversary at Aquileia and executed him shortly thereafter. He may have been reluctant to do this as Maximus was a kinsman and would have been a far more competent western colleague than Valentinian, but he made the sacrifice for the sake of his new wife. Valentinian II now returned to the West, but instead of becoming his brother-law’s full colleague in the government of the Empire his authority was now restricted to Gaul. Theodosius considered him too inexperienced to take on this responsibility and placed him under the guardianship of the Frankish Magister Militum Arbogastes. Theodosius remained in Italy for some three years while he endeavoured to settle affairs in the western Empire, long subject to the rule of an usurper, but in 391 he returned to Constantinople. Arbogastes saw this as an opportunity to assert his own claims to power and his arrogant behaviour towards the now 21-yearold Valentinian led the young man to despair of the hopelessness of his situation and to take his own life (15 May 392). After an ‘interregnum’ of over three months Arbogastes now nominated Flavius

THEODOSIUS I

397

Eugenius, a former teacher of Latin grammar and rhetoric, to be his puppet-emperor. The empress Galla, obviously much distressed at news of her brother’s death, urged her husband to take prompt action against the rebel regime. Perhaps sensing that his health was beginning to fail, Theodosius raised his ten-year-old younger son Honorius to the rank of Augustus before organizing another invasion of the West. On 6 September he defeated the combined forces of the usurpers, probably at the battle of the Frigidus in Pannonia (6 September 394); Eugenius was executed and Arbogastes took his own life. Little more than four months later, Theodosius himself died of dropsy (oedema) in his fiftieth year leaving his inexperienced and incompetent sons Arcadius and Honorius to divide the Empire between them. An accurate assessment of the abilities and achievements of Theodosius I is rendered difficult by the complexity of his character and the many seeming inconsistencies in his actions. A deeply devout Christian, he championed the cause of orthodoxy and was very intolerant towards ‘heretical’ beliefs. It seems that the title ‘the Great’ was due to his devout Christianity rather than having a secular basis. His religious views were greatly influenced by the powerful bishop Ambrose of Milan and pagans and paganism received particularly severe treatment. He refused to allow the restoration of the Altar of Victory, which had been removed from the Roman Curia (Senate House) by Gratian in AD 382. Great controversy surrounded this issue and the altar’s removal from its traditional home (since the time of Augustus) became symbolic of the final demise of paganism. It was briefly restored to its place under the usurper Eugenius but after that there is no further record of it in history. Theodosius I was the last ruler to exercise effective control over the entire Empire and the era of decline was ushered in with the succession in 395 of his two sons, Arcadius in the East and Honorius in the West, neither of whom had any aptitude for leadership. The coinage of Theodosius I shows no fundamental changes from Gratian’s system of denominations as it existed at the time of his downfall in 383. The only important exception to this is the introduction in 383 of the gold tremissis, or one-third solidus (8 siliquae), which was to become one of the commonest denominations in the 5th century and beyond. It quickly replaced the enigmatic 9-siliqua piece of the Constantinian system that had stood in no convenient relationship to the solidus. Unless otherwise stated, the obverse legend is D N THEODOSIVS P F AVG and the type is diad., dr. and cuir. bust r. 20390

Gold solidus (c. 4.5 grams). Rev. CONCORDIA AVGG (followed by officina mark B, G, H, or I = 2, 3, 8, or 10), Constantinopolis, helmeted, seated facing, hd. r., on throne, holding sceptre and shield inscribed VOT / X / MVLT / XV, r. foot on prow, mint mark CON OB in ex. RIC ix, —. C —. Cf. Depeyrot, p. 245, 51/1 (the text says VOT / X / MVLT / XX but pl. 24 clearly shows VOT / X / MVLT / XV). [Constantinople, AD 392-3]. VF £350 ($600) / EF £1,000 ($1,750)

20391 Rev. CONCORDIA AVGGG, Constantinopolis, helmeted, seated facing, hd. r., on throne the arms of which are ornamented with lions’ heads, holding sceptre and globe, r. foot on prow, mint mark COM OB in ex. RIC ix, p. 188, 64c. C 8. Depeyrot, pp. 2234, 39/4 and 41/3. [Thessalonica, AD 388-93]. VF £240 ($425) / EF £720 ($1,250) The earlier part of this issue shows the emperor wearing a rosette-diadem, while the later has a diadem composed of pearls.

20392 20392

Rev. — as previous, but Constantinopolis is turreted rather than helmeted and is seated on a large high-backed throne, sometimes with dot following the legend, and with mint mark CON OB in ex. RIC ix, p. 223, 43b. C 9. Depeyrot, pp. 237-8, 29/2 and 30/2. VF £200 ($350) / EF £575 ($1,000) [Constantinople, AD 380-81].

398 20393

Roman Coins and Their Values CONCORDIA AVGGG (cont.) Gold solidus. As 20391, but with mint mark CON OB in ex. RIC ix, p. 223, 44c. C 8. Depeyrot, p. 238, 32/3. [Constantinople, AD 380-81]. VF £200 ($350) / EF £575 ($1,000)

20394 20394

Similar, but with officina marks A-I (= 1-10) at the end of the rev. legend. RIC ix, p. 223, 45c-d. C 8. Depeyrot, pp. 238-9, 33/3 and 34/1. [Constantinople, AD 382-3]. VF £200 ($350) / EF £575 ($1,000) The reverse legend on this issue is divided CONCOR—DIA AVGGG while on the following it is divided CONCORDI—A AVGGG.

20395

Similar, but for the division of the reverse legend (officina S = 6 only recorded). RIC ix, (Only one known) —. C 8. Depeyrot, p. 242, 45/3. [Constantinople, AD 388-92].

20396

Rev. — as 20391, but Constantinopolis holds shield inscribed VOT / V / MVL / X instead of globe. RIC ix, ix, p. 230, 68b.4 (Constantinople). C 10. Depeyrot, p. 223, VF £375 ($650) / EF £1,150 ($2,000) 38/1. [Thessalonica, AD 387-8].

20397

As previous, but with mint mark CON OB in ex. and with officina mark e or Z (= 5 or 7) at end of rev. legend. RIC ix, —. C 10. Depeyrot, p. 239, 35/1. [Constantinople, AD 383]. (Only two known)



The reverse legend on this issue is divided CONCOR—DIA AVGGG while on the following it is divided CONCORDI—A AVGGG.

20398

Similar (but for the division of the reverse legend), sometimes without the lions’ heads decorating Constantinopolis’ throne, and with officina mark A, B, G, D, S, H, Q, or I (= 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9, or 10 — only the first four commonly seen) at the end of the rev. legend. RIC ix, pp. 230-31, 68a and 70a-b. C 10. Depeyrot, pp. 242-4, 45/1, 46/1, 47/4, VF £215 ($375) / EF £625 ($1,100) and 48/4. [Constantinople, AD 388-92].

20399

Rev. — (followed by Q), as previous (without lions’ heads on throne), but the shield is inscribed VOT / X / MVLT / XV and rests on cippus, and with mint mark MD OB in ex. RIC ix, p. 78, 7d. C 11 var. Depeyrot, p. 168, 7/2. [Milan, AD 388]. VF £480 ($850) / EF £1,425 ($2,500)

20400

As previous, but with mint mark AQ OB in ex. RIC ix, p. 102, 39b. MA 776. C 11 var. Depeyrot, p. 184, 19/2. [Aquileia, AD 384-5]. VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £2,000 ($3,500)

20398

 

20398

THEODOSIUS I

399

20401 20401

Gold solidus. As previous, but with mint mark CON OB in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, G, D, Z, Q, or I (= 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 9, or 10). RIC ix, p. 231, 71a-b. C 10 var. Depeyrot, pp. 243-4, 47/1 and 48/1. [Constantinople, AD 388-92]. VF £215 ($375) / EF £625 ($1,100) The variety MVL for MVLT has also been recorded.

20402

Rev. As 20399, but the shield is inscribed VOT / X / MVLT / XX. RIC ix, p. 78, 7f. C 12. Depeyrot, p. 168, 7/4. [Milan, AD 384-5]. VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £2,000 ($3,500)

20403

Rev. As 20391, but holding shield inscribed VOT / XV / MVLT / XX instead of globe. RIC ix, —. C —. Depeyrot, pp. 223-4, 39/2 and 41/1. [Thessalonica, AD 388-90 and 391-2]. VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £2,000 ($3,500) The point of differentiation between the earlier and later varieties of this type is the emperor’s diadem, which is composed of rosettes in the former and pearls in the latter.

20404 Rev. CONCORDIA AVGGGG followed by officina mark Z or I (= 7 or 10), Constantinopolis enthroned with sceptre and globe, as 20393. RIC ix, p. 224, 46e. C 13 var. Depeyrot, p. 240, 38/5 and 39/5. [Constantinople, AD 383-5]. VF £375 ($650) / EF £1,150 ($2,000) The fourth ‘G’ at the end of the reverse legend on this type and the next refers initially to Gratian, Valentinian II, Theodosius I, and Arcadius, while the later part of the issue indicates a recognition by Theodosius of the rule of Magnus Maximus in the West. 20405

Rev. — followed by officina mark A, B, G, or D (= 1, 2, 3, or 4), Constantinopolis enthroned with sceptre and shield, as 20396, mint mark CON OB in ex. RIC ix, p. 224, 47a-b. C —. Depeyrot, pp. 239-40, 38/1 and 39/1. [Constantinople, AD 383-7]. VF £240 ($425) / EF £720 ($1,250)

20406 Rev. GLORIA REI PVB, two emperors enthroned facing side by side, their l. legs undraped, supporting globe between them, upper part of Victory hovering facing in background crowning the emperors with wreaths, mint mark TES OB in ex. RIC ix, p. 179, 33b. C —. Depeyrot, p. 222, 33/2. [Thessalonica, AD 379]. VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £2,000 ($3,500) 20407 Rev. VICTORIA AVGG, two emperors of equal height enthroned facing side by side, their l. legs undraped, supporting globe between them, upper part of Victory hovering facing in background, palm between the emperors’ legs, mint mark AVG OB in ex. RIC (Unique) ix, p. 2, 2a. C 37 var. Depeyrot, p. 106, 2/2. [London, AD 383-4]. This type and the next were both struck by Magnus Maximus in the name of Theodosius. The London type is earlier and is known only from a silver-gilt specimen in the British Museum. 20407A

As previous, but with mint mark TR OB in ex. RIC ix, p. 28, 77a. C 37. Depeyrot, p. VF £375 ($650) / EF £1,150 ($2,000) 123, 52/2. [Trier, AD 385-6].

20408

Similar, but the emperors’ legs are covered by drapery, and the mint mark is followed by officina mark C (= 1). RIC ix, p. 24, 50. C 37. Depeyrot, p. 122, 47/4. [Trier, AD 379-80]. VF £200 ($350) / EF £575 ($1,000)

400

Roman Coins and Their Values

20409 20409

VICTORIA AVGG (cont.) Gold solidus. Similar, but both emperors are nimbate, and with mint mark T — R in field and COM in ex. RIC ix, p. 30, 90b. C 37. Depeyrot, p. 124, 53/2. [Trier, AD 389-91]. VF £215 ($375) / EF £625 ($1,100)

20410

As previous, but with mint mark L — D in field and COM in ex. RIC ix, p. 50, 38b. Bastien 204. C 37 var. Depeyrot, p. 130, 17/2. [Lugdunum, AD 389-91]. VF £290 ($500) / EF £850 ($1,500)

20411

As 20408, but with mint mark MD OB in ex. RIC ix, p. 77, 5b. C 37. Depeyrot, p. 167, VF £290 ($500) / EF £850 ($1,500) 6/2. [Milan, AD 379].

20412

As 20409, but with mint mark M — D in field and COM in ex. RIC ix, p. 78, 8b. C 37. VF £225 ($400) / EF £685 ($1,200) Depeyrot, p. 169, 9/2. [Milan, AD 389-91].

20413

As 20408, but with mint mark AQ OB in ex. RIC ix, —. MA 775. Cf. C 37. Depeyrot, VF £375 ($650) / EF £1,150 ($2,000) p. 183, 14/2. [Aquileia, AD 379].

20414

Similar, but on rev. the emperors are both nimbate, their l. legs are undraped, and the mint mark is sometimes followed by F. RIC ix, p. 99, 21c. MA 774. C 37. Cf. Depeyrot, VF £330 ($575) / EF £1,000 ($1,750) p. 184, 15/4 and 17/2. [Aquileia, AD 381].

20415

Similar, but on rev. the emperors’ legs are both covered with drapery instead of the r. legs only, and with mint mark A — Q in field and COM in ex. RIC ix, p. 103, 40b. MA 777. C 37 var. Depeyrot, p. 185, 21/2. [Aquileia, AD 388]. VF £330 ($575) / EF £1,000 ($1,750)

20416

As previous, but nothing in field and with mint mark COM in ex. RIC ix, pp. 77-8, 5f and 8b. C 37. Depeyrot, p. 186, 1/3. [Milan and/or Aquileia, AD 380-82]. VF £185 ($320) / EF £550 ($950)

20416A

Similar, but the emperors’ l. legs are undraped, and the one on r. is much shorter. RIC ix, —. C 37. Depeyrot, pp. 186-7, 2/6 and 3/2. [Milan and/or Aquileia, AD 383 and 385]. VF £240 ($425) / EF £720 ($1,250) The earlier issue of this type shows the emperor wearing a pearl-diadem, while the later has a diadem of rosettes.

20417

Similar, but the emperors are of equal size, and usually with dot above the palm between them. RIC ix, p. 180, 34j (attributed to Thessalonica). C 37. Depeyrot, p. 186, 2/3. VF £215 ($375) / EF £625 ($1,100) [Milan and/or Aquileia, AD 383].

20418

As 20408, but with mint mark SIR OB in ex. and sometimes with dot following the rev. legend. RIC ix, p. 160, 10a-b. C 37. Cf. Depeyrot, pp. 210-11, 28/3 and 29/3. [Sirmium, AD 379-80]. VF £330 ($575) / EF £1,000 ($1,750)

20418

THEODOSIUS I

401

20419

Gold solidus. Similar, but on rev. the emperor on r. is much shorter. RIC ix, p. 160, 9c. C 37. Cf. Depeyrot, p. 21, 29/3. [Sirmium, AD 379-80]. VF £330 ($575) / EF £1,000 ($1,750)

20420

As 20417, but on rev. the emperors are not nimbate, and with mint mark TES OB in ex. (no dot above palm on rev.). RIC ix, p. 180, 34c. C 37. Depeyrot, p. 222, 34/3. VF £290 ($500) / EF £850 ($1,500) [Thessalonica, AD 379].

20420A

Similar, but with mint mark THC OB in ex., dot following the rev. legend, and the emperor on l. has his r. leg bare instead of l. RIC ix, p. 180, 34g. C 37 var. Depeyrot, p. VF £430 ($750) / EF £1,300 ($2,250) 223, 37/1. [Thessalonica, AD 380].

20421

 

20423

20421 Rev. VICTORIA AVGG (sometimes followed by dot), Theodosius, in military attire, stg. r., holding standard and Victory on globe, his l. foot set on captive, mint mark COM OB in ex., S — M in field. RIC ix, p. 160, 12a-b (attributed to Sirmium). Depeyrot, p. 211, 30/3 and 31/4 (attributed to Sirmium). [Comitatensian mint in or near Constantinople, AD 392]. VF £240 ($425) / EF £720 ($1,250) 20422

Similar, but no dot and with officina mark B, G, D, e, H, and Q (= 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, and 9) following the rev. legend. RIC ix, p. 161, 13a-b (attributed to Sirmium). Depeyrot, pp. 212, 33/4-5 (attributed to Sirmium). [Comitatensian mint in or near Constantinople, AD 392]. VF £240 ($425) / EF £720 ($1,250)

20423 Rev. VICTORIA AVGGG followed by officina mark A-I (= 1-10). Theodosius, in military attire, stg. r., holding standard and Victory on globe, his l. foot set on captive, mint mark COM OB in ex., S — M in field. RIC ix, pp. 161-2, 14a and 15a (attributed to Sirmium). Depeyrot, pp. 212-13, 34/5 and 35/5-6 (attributed to Sirmium). [Comitatensian mint in or near Constantinople, AD 393-5]. VF £200 ($350) / EF £575 ($1,000) Depeyrot prefers to regard these as issues of Theodosius II of the period AD 402-8. 20424

Diad. bust l., wearing consular robes and holding mappa and fibula (?). Rev. VOTA PVBLICA, two emperors of equal size, both nimbate and in consular robes, enthroned facing side by side, each holding mappa in raised r. hand, mint mark M — D in field, COM in ex. RIC ix, p. 81, 21b. C 62. Depeyrot, p. 169, 10/2. [Milan, AD 390]. VF £1,150 ($2,000) / EF £3,450 ($6,000)

NB Several gold multiples, of great rarity, were issued in the name of Theodosius I: 4.5 solidi were struck at Constantinople, rev. GLORIA ROMANORVM, Constantinopolis seated (RIC 65a); and 9 solidi at Aquileia, rev. RESTITVTOR REI PVBLICAE, emperor raising turreted kneeling female (RIC 20b). 20425

Gold semissis or half solidus (c. 2.25 grams). Rev. VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM, Victory seated r. on cuirass, inscribing VOT / X / MVLT / XV on shield resting on l. knee, P-headed cross (Christogram) in lower r. field, mint mark MD OB in ex. RIC ix, —. C —. Depeyrot, p. 168, 7/7. [Milan, AD 384-5]. VF £375 ($650) / EF £1,150 ($2,000)

20426

Similar, but the shield is inscribed VOT / V / MVL / X and without Christogram in rev. field, mint mark CON OB in ex. RIC ix, —. C —. Depeyrot, p. 241, 41/1. [Constantinople, AD 383-7]. VF £375 ($650) / EF £1,150 ($2,000)

402

Roman Coins and Their Values

20427

Gold semissis. Similar, but with P-headed cross (Christogram) in lower rev. field to r. RIC ix, —. Cf. C 50. Depeyrot, pp. 241-2, 42/2 and 43/1. [Constantinople, AD 383-7]. VF £375 ($650) / EF £1,150 ($2,000) The emperor’s diadem on obverse may be composed either of pearls or rosettes.

20428

Similar, but the shield is inscribed VOT / X / MVLT / XV, and with plain cross instead of Christogram in rev. field. RIC ix, —, but cf. pl. XI, 13. Cf. C 48. Cf. Depeyrot, p. 245, VF £375 ($650) / EF £1,150 ($2,000) 49/1. [Constantinople, AD 388-92].

20429

Gold 1.5-scripulum or 9-siliqua (c. 1.68 grams). Rev. VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM, Victory seated r., inscribing VOT / V / MVL / X on shield, all as 20426. RIC ix, p. 232, 73b-c. Cf. C 50. Depeyrot, pp. 241-2, 42/3 and 43/3. [Constantinople, AD 383-7]. VF £290 ($500) / EF £850 ($1,500)



NB This enigmatic denomination was superseded by the tremissis during the reign of Theodosius I.

20430

Similar, but with VOT / X / MVLT / XV on shield, all as 20427. RIC ix, p. 232, 74. Cf. C 48. Depeyrot, p. 245, 49/2. [Constantinople, AD 388-92]. VF £290 ($500) / EF £850 ($1,500)

20431

Gold tremissis or one-third solidus (c. 1.50 grams). Rev. VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark T — R in field, COM in ex. RIC ix, p. 31, 92a. C 44. Depeyrot, p. 124, 53/5. [Trier, AD 389-91]. VF £140 ($250) / EF £430 ($750)

20432

As previous, but with mint mark M — D in field and COM in ex. RIC ix, p. 81, 23b. C VF £160 ($280) / EF £480 ($850) 44. Depeyrot, p. 169, 9/5. [Milan, AD 389-91].

20433

Rev. — Victory advancing r., holding wreath and globus cruciger (cross on globe), mint mark COM in ex. RIC ix, —. C —. Depeyrot, p. 224, 40/1. [Thessalonica, AD 388-90]. VF £160 ($280) / EF £480 ($850)

20434

Similar, but Victory’s r. foot is set on globe. RIC ix, p. 78, 11b (attributed to Milan). C —. Depeyrot, p. 224, 42/2. [Thessalonica, AD 392-3]. VF £130 ($225) / EF £375 ($650)

20428

20435 20436

 

20429

20435 As 20433, but with mint mark CON OB in ex. RIC ix, p. 232, 75b. C 47 var. Depeyrot, VF £110 ($190) / EF £430 ($550) p. 245, 50/2. [Constantinople, AD 388-92]. Silver multiple of 6 reduced siliquae or 3 light miliarenses (c. 13.5 grams). Rev. RESTITVTOR REI PVBLICE, Theodosius, in military attire, stg. facing, hd. l., holding labarum and resting on shield, mint mark TES in ex. RIC ix, 185, 56. RSC 29. VF £8,000 ($14,000) / EF £20,000 ($35,000) [Thessalonica, AD 384-8].

20437 Rev. TRIVMFATOR GENT BARB, Theodosius, in military attire, stg. facing, hd. l., holding labarum and globe, kneeling captive at feet to l., mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark P (= 1). RIC ix, p.129, 52a. RSC 34. [Rome, AD 383-7]. VF £6,800 ($12,000) / EF £17,250 ($30,000)

THEODOSIUS I

403

20438

Silver heavy miliarensis (c. 5.4 grams). Rev. VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM, Victory advancing r., hd. l., dragging captive by hair with r. hand and holding trophy over shoulder with l., mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark e (= 5). RIC ix, p. 124, 33d. RSC 47A. [Rome, AD 378-83]. VF £1,150 ($2,000) / EF £2,850 ($5,000)

20439

Silver light miliarensis (c. 4.5 grams). Diad., dr. and cuir. bust l. Rev. GLORIA ROMANORVM, Theodosius, nimbate and in military attire, stg. facing, hd. l., raising r. hand and holding globe in l., mint mark MD PS in ex. RIC ix, p. 81, 25a. RSC 17. VF £1,025 ($1,800) / EF £2,600 ($4,500) [Milan, AD 388-93].

20440 Rev. VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM, Theodosius advancing, dragging captive and holding trophy over shoulder, mint mark TES in ex. RIC ix, p. 185, 57b. RSC 47B. VF £1,150 ($2,000) / EF £2,850 ($5,000) [Thessalonica, AD 384-8]. The existence of this type requires confirmation. Pearce’s incomplete description rests on information supplied by Dr. G. Elmer (RIC ix, p. 185, note). 20441 Rev. VIRTVS EXERCITVS, Theodosius, in military attire, stg. facing, hd. l., holding standard and resting on shield, mint mark TR PS in ex. RIC ix, p. 31, 93b. RSC 55a. VF £800 ($1,400) / EF £2,000 ($3,500) [Trier, AD 388-92]. 20442

Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark B, Q, or e (= 2, 4, or 5). RIC ix, p. 124, 34c. RSC 55b. [Rome, AD 378-83]. VF £925 ($1,600) / EF £2,300 ($4,000)

20443

Rev. — as previous, but the emperor holds labarum instead of plain standard, and with mint mark SISC P≤ in ex. RIC ix, p. 149, 23b. RSC 55c. [Siscia, AD 379-83]. VF £1,025 ($1,800) / EF £2,600 ($4,500)

20444

Silver heavy siliqua (c. 3.37 grams). Rev. VICTORIA AVGGG, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and trophy, mint mark AQ PS in ex. RIC ix, —. MA 780. RSC —. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,425 ($2,500) [Aquileia, AD 379-83].

20445

Silver heavy half siliqua (c. 1.68 grams). Rev. PERPETVETAS, phoenix stg. l. on globe, mint mark TR PS in ex. RIC ix, p. 25, 56ac. RSC 26. [Trier, AD 379]. VF £350 ($600) / EF £850 ($1,500) This remarkable type is probably symbolic of the hoped-for recovery of Rome’s military strength following the disaster of Valens’ defeat at Adrianople (see also nos. 19960 and 20221).

20446

Silver siliqua (c. 2.25 grams). Rev. CONCORDIA AVGGG, Constantinopolis, turreted, enthroned facing, hd. r., holding sceptre and cornucopiae, r. foot on prow, mint mark TR PS in ex. RIC ix, p. 25, 55a. RSC 4a. [Trier, AD 379-83]. VF £50 ($90) / EF £130 ($225) This issue may have continued into the reign of Magnus Maximus (see RIC 83a and note).

20447

As previous, but with mint mark LVG PS in ex. RIC ix, p. 47, 24b. Bastien 163. RSC VF £65 ($110) / EF £155 ($275) 4b. [Lugdunum, AD 379].

20448

As previous, but with mint mark AQ PS in ex. RIC ix, p. 99, 25. MA 779. RSC 4c. VF £100 ($100) / EF £140 ($250) [Aquileia, AD 379-83].

20446

 

20448

404

Roman Coins and Their Values

20449

Silver siliqua. Rev. VRBS ROMA, Roma seated l. on cuirass, holding Victory on globe and resting on spear or sceptre, mint mark TR PS in ex. RIC ix, pp. 26 and 31, 64c and 95b. RSC 72a. [Trier, AD 388-92]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £175 ($300) According to Pearce in RIC ix, there may have been an earlier issue of this type between AD 379 and 383.

20450

As previous, but with mint mark LVG PS in ex. or, more rarely, LVG followed by two dots. RIC ix, p. 51, 43b. Bastien 209 and 222. RSC 72b and e. [Lugdunum, AD 389-90]. VF £50 ($90) / EF £130 ($225) The specimen described by Pearce in RIC ix (p. 51, 43d = RSC 72A) with Roma’s r. hand resting on column is regarded by Bastien (p. 237, note 1) as an irregular issue.

20451

Similar, but with mint mark LVG in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). RIC ix, p. 51, 43b. Bastien 212 and 214. RSC 76c. [Lugdunum, AD 389-90]. VF £100 ($100) / EF £140 ($250)

20452

Similar, but with N instead of officina mark following the mint mark LVG. RIC ix, p. 51, 43b. Bastien 217. RSC 72d. [Lugdunum, AD 389-90]. VF £65 ($110) / EF £155 ($275)

20453

As 20449, but Roma is seated on throne instead of cuirass, and with mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark P, B, T, Q, or e (= 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5) with star between. RIC ix, p. 124, 35c. RSC 71a. [Rome, AD 379-83]. VF £50 ($90) / EF £130 ($225)

20454

Similar, but without star between the mint and officina marks (officina B = 2 not recorded). RIC ix, p. 129, 53b. RSC 71b. [Rome, AD 383-7]. VF £100 ($100) / EF £140 ($250)

20450

20455 Rev. VICTORIA AVGG, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark AQ PS in ex. RIC ix, p. 100, 26c. MA 781. RSC 35. [Aquileia, AD 378-9]. VF £90 ($160) / EF £225 ($400)

20456 20456 Rev. VIRTVS ROMANORVM, Roma enthroned facing, hd. l., holding globe and resting on spear or sceptre, mint mark TR PS in ex. RIC ix, p. 25, 58b. RSC 56a. [Trier, AD 379-83]. VF £100 ($100) / EF £140 ($250) There is evidence that production of this type continued for a short time under the regime of Magnus Maximus. RIC (58b.2) also records from Vienna the mint mark S M TR. This is identical to a bronze centenionalis type (see no. 20551) and may have been struck from aes dies. 20457

As previous, but with mint mark MD PS in ex. RIC ix, p. 79, 12b. RSC 56c. [Milan, AD 383-7]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £175 ($300)

20458

As previous, but with mint mark AQ PS in ex. RIC ix, pp. 100 and 103, 28d and 41b. VF £50 ($90) / EF £130 ($225) MA 782. RSC 56d. [Aquileia, AD 379-87].

THEODOSIUS I

20459

20460

405

20459 Silver siliqua. Rev. — Roma seated l. on cuirass, holding Victory on globe and resting on spear or sceptre, mint mark TR PS in ex. RIC ix, pp. 31and 33, 94b and 106a. RSC 57a. [Trier, AD 388-95]. VF £50 ($90) / EF £130 ($225) As previous, but with mint mark MD PS in ex. RIC ix, p. 83, 32a. RSC 57b. [Milan, AD 392-4]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £175 ($300)

20461 Rev. VOT / V / MVLT / X in four lines within wreath, mint mark TR PS in ex. RIC ix, p. 25, 59b. RSC 64a. [Trier, AD 379-80]. VF £85 ($150) / EF £215 ($375) 20462 20463

As previous, but with mint mark SISC P≤ in ex. RIC ix, p. 150, 24b. RSC 64b. [Siscia, VF £50 ($90) / EF £130 ($225)

AD 379-80].

As previous, but with mint mark CONS in ex. followed by dot. RIC ix, p. 225, 51b. RSC 64c. [Constantinople, AD 379-80]. VF £85 ($150) / EF £215 ($375)

20464 Rev. VOT / X / MVLTIS / XV in wreath, mint mark TR in ex. RIC ix, p. 26, 61b. RSC 67B. [Trier, AD 379]. VF £100 ($175) / EF £225 ($400)

20465 20465 Rev. VOT / X / MVLT / XX in four lines within wreath, mint mark MD PS in ex. RIC ix, p. 79, 14b. RSC 67a. [Milan, AD 384-5]. VF £65 ($110) / EF £155 ($275) 20466

As previous, but with mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark B, T, or Q (= 2, 3, or 4) and with central dot on rev. between MV and LT. RIC ix, p. 132, 62b. RSC 67Aa. [Rome, AD 388-93]. VF £65 ($110) / EF £155 ($275)

20467

As previous, but without the central dot on rev. and with mint mark TES in ex. RIC ix, p. 185, 58b-c. RSC 67b and e. [Thessalonica, AD 384-5]. VF £75 ($130) / EF £185 ($325)

20468

As previous, but with mint mark CONS in ex. followed by dot, sometimes with central dot on rev. between MV and LT. RIC ix, p. 232, 77b-c and h-i. RSC 67c, 67f, and 67Abc. [Constantinople, AD 384-8]. VF £65 ($110) / EF £155 ($275)

20469

Similar, but without the dot following the mint mark. RIC ix, p. 235, 87a. RSC 67d. [Constantinople, AD 392-5]. VF £65 ($110) / EF £155 ($275)

20469A 20469A Rev. VOT / XV / MVLTIS / XX, in four lines within wreath, mint mark TR in ex. RIC ix, —. RSC —. [Trier, AD 389-90]. VF £105 ($180) / EF £250 ($450)

406 20470

Roman Coins and Their Values Silver half siliqua (c. 1.12 grams). Rev. SPES ROMANORVM, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark P or e (= 1 or 5). RIC ix, p. 134, 66. RSC 32. [Rome, AD 394-5]. VF £400 ($700) / EF £1,000 ($1,750)

20471 Rev. VICTORIA AVGGG, as previous, but with mint mark MD in ex. RIC ix, pp. 83VF £350 ($600) / EF £850 ($1,500) 4, 33a and 38a. RSC 40a. [Milan, AD 393-5]. 20472

As previous, but with mint mark AQ PS in ex. RIC ix, p. 106, 57a. MA 783. RSC 40b. VF £350 ($600) / EF £850 ($1,500) [Aquileia, AD 388-93].

20473

As previous, but with mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark P (= 1). RIC ix, p. VF £400 ($700) / EF £1,000 ($1,750) 125, 36c. RSC 40c. [Rome, AD 379].

20474

Bronze double centenionalis or maiorina (c. 4.50 grams, weights extremely variable). Helmeted, dr. and cuir. bust r., holding spear and shield. Rev. GLORIA ROMANORVM, Theodosius I, helmeted and in military attire, stg. l. on galley, hd. r., his r. hand raised, Victory seated at helm, mint mark SISC in ex., preceded by officina mark A (= 1) and followed by dot. Cf. RIC ix, p. 153, 32b (also with wreath in rev. field?). LRBC II, 1558. C 19. [Siscia, AD 383-6]. F £13 ($22) / VF £37 ($65) / EF £115 ($200)

20475

As previous, but with mint mark TES in ex. followed by officina mark B or D (= 2 or 4) and sometimes preceded by dot, wreath in l. field. RIC ix, p. 183, 44b. LRBC II, 1833 and 1837. C 19. [Thessalonica, AD 383-6]. F £12 ($20) / VF £35 ($60) / EF £100 ($175)

20476

As previous, but with mint mark S M H in ex. followed by officina mark A (= 1), nothing in rev. field. RIC ix, p. 194, 11c. LRBC II, 1954. C 19. [Heraclea, AD 383-6]. F £9 ($15) / VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150)

20477

Similar, but with T (with curved base) in rev. field to l. RIC ix, p. 197, 21b. LRBC II, F £9 ($15) / VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150) 1971. C 19. [Heraclea, AD 383-6].

20478

As 20474, but with mint mark CON in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, D or e (= 1, 2, 4 or 5), sometimes with wreath in l. field. RIC ix, p. 226, 52c. LRBC II, 2147 and 2152. C 19. [Constantinople, AD 383-6]. F £9 ($15) / VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150)

20479

Similar, but with T (sometimes with curved base) in rev. field to l. (officinae A and B = 1 and 2 only recorded). RIC ix, p. 233, 79b. LRBC II, 2165 and 2169. C 19. F £9 ($15) / VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150) [Constantinople, AD 383-6].

20480

As 20474, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, G, or D (= 1, 2, 3 or 4), sometimes with wreath or dot in l. field. RIC ix, p. 257, 25c. LRBC II, 2369, 2372, and 2375. C 19. [Nicomedia, AD 383-6]. F £9 ($15) / VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150)

20481

Similar, but with T in rev. field to l. (officina A = 1 not recorded). RIC ix, p. 260, 40b. LRBC II, 2388. C 19. [Nicomedia, AD 383-6]. F £12 ($20) / VF £35 ($60) / EF £100 ($175)

20482

As 20474, but with mint mark S M K in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, G, or D (= 1, 2, 3 or 4), sometimes with wreath in l. field, sometimes the mint mark preceded by dot. RIC ix, p. 242, 14c. LRBC II, 2546 and 2550-51. C 19. [Cyzicus, AD 383-6]. F £9 ($15) / VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150)

20483

Similar, but with T in rev. field to l. RIC ix, p. 245, 23. LRBC II, 2563. C 19. [Cyzicus, F £9 ($15) / VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150)

AD 383-6].

THEODOSIUS I

20484

407

20484 Bronze maiorina. As 20474, but with mint mark ANT in ex. followed by officina mark B or G (= 2 or 3), wreath in l. field and sometimes also with cross in r., sometimes the mint mark preceded by star. RIC ix, p. 283, 40d-e. LRBC II, 2714-15, 2721-2, and 2724. C 19. [Antioch, AD 383-6]. F £9 ($15) / VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150)

20485

Similar, but with T in rev. field to l. and usually also with cross to r. (officinae G and D = 3 and 4 recorded). RIC ix, pp. 290-91, 59c-d. LRBC II, 2746 and 2750-51. C 19. F £9 ($15) / VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150) [Antioch, AD 383-6].

20486

As 20474, but with mint mark ALE in ex. followed by officina mark A (= 1), wreath in l. field. RIC ix, p. 300, 6c. LRBC II, 2877. C 19. [Alexandria, AD 383-6]. F £12 ($20) / VF £35 ($60) / EF £100 ($175)

20487

Similar, but also with T in rev. field to r. (officinae A, G, and D = 1, 3, and 4 recorded). Cf. RIC ix, p. 302, 15b (rev. type misdescribed). LRBC II, 2885. C 19. [Alexandria, AD 383-6]. F £12 ($20) / VF £35 ($60) / EF £100 ($175)

20488 Rev. GLORIA ROMANORVM, Theodosius I, in military attire, stg. facing, hd. r., holding standard and globe, mint mark S M H in ex. followed by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2), sometimes with star in r. field. RIC ix, p. 198, 27a. LRBC II, 1986 and 1989. F £12 ($20) / VF £35 ($60) / EF £100 ($175) C 18. [Heraclea, AD 393-5]. 20489

As previous, but with mint mark CONS in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, G, or D (= 1, 2, 3 or 4), sometimes with crosses in field to l. and to r., sometimes with dot following the officina mark. RIC ix, p. 235, 88a. LRBC II, 2186, 2195, and 2198. C 18. F £12 ($20) / VF £35 ($60) / EF £100 ($175) [Constantinople, AD 393-5].

20490

As previous, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark A (= 1), sometimes with star in r. field. RIC ix, p. 263, 46a. LRBC II, 2422 and 2431. C 18. F £12 ($20) / VF £35 ($60) / EF £100 ($175) [Nicomedia, AD 393-5].

20491

As previous, but with mint mark S M K in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, or G (= 1, 2, or 3). RIC ix, p. 246, 27a. LRBC II, 2571. C 18. [Cyzicus, AD 393-5]. F £12 ($20) / VF £35 ($60) / EF £100 ($175)

20492

As previous, but with mint mark ANT in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, G, or D (= 1, 2, 3, or 4). RIC ix, p. 294, 68a-b. LRBC II, 2779-80. C 18. [Antioch, AD 393-5]. F £12 ($20) / VF £35 ($60) / EF £100 ($175)

20493

As previous, but with mint mark ALE in ex. followed by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2). RIC ix, p. 304, 21a. LRBC II, 2910. C 18. [Alexandria, AD 393-5]. F £13 ($22) / VF £37 ($65) / EF £110 ($190)

20494 Rev. REPARATIO REI PVB, Theodosius I, in military attire, stg. l., raising with r. hand a turreted female figure, who kneels r. before him, and holding Victory on globe in l., mint mark S M TR in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). RIC ix, p. 26, 65c. LRBC II, 152. C. 27. [Trier, AD 379-83]. F £12 ($20) / VF £35 ($60) / EF £100 ($175) 20495

As previous, but with mint mark LVG in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). RIC ix, p. 48, 28c. LRBC II, 374. Cf. Bastien 179 and 181, and relevant footnotes on (May not exist) pp. 227 and 228. C 27. [Lugdunum, AD 379-83]. Bastien states that the specimens cited by Pearce in RIC ix are irregular issues.

408

Roman Coins and Their Values

20496

Bronze maiorina. As previous, but with mint mark CON in ex. preceded by officina mark P (= 1). RIC ix, p. 67, 20d. LRBC II, 551. EMA 192/4. C 27. [Constantia/Arles, AD 379-83]. F £15 ($25) / VF £43 ($75) / EF £130 ($225)

20497

As previous, but with mint mark S M AQ in ex., usually followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). RIC ix, pp. 100 and 103, 30d and 42b. MA 784. C 27. [Aquileia, AD 379-83 and later?]. F £9 ($15) / VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150)

20498

As 20494, but with mint mark S M R in ex. followed by officina mark P, B, T, Q, or e (= 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5). RIC ix, p. 126, 43d. LRBC II, 753. C. 27. [Rome, AD 379-83 and later?]. F £7 ($12) / VF £23 ($40) / EF £72 ($125)

20499

As previous, but with mint mark SISC in ex. preceded by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2) and sometimes also by star, sometimes with dot following the mint mark. RIC ix, p. 150, 26c. LRBC II, 1514, 1521, 1527, and 1533. C. 27. [Siscia, AD 379-83]. F £7 ($12) / VF £23 ($40) / EF £72 ($125)

20500

As previous, but with mint mark TES or S M TES in ex. and officina mark A, B, G, or D (= 1, 2, 3, or 4) in r. field. RIC ix, p. 181, 37d. LRBC II, 1820 and 1826. C. 27. F £12 ($20) / VF £35 ($60) / EF £100 ($175) [Thessalonica, AD 379-83].



NB Production of this type in the name of Theodosius at the eastern mints was on a very limited scale and can only be securely attested at Antioch and Alexandria.

20501

As previous, but with mint mark ANT in ex. followed by officina mark A, G, or D (= 1, 3, or 4). RIC ix, p. 284, 42d-e. LRBC II, 2682-3. C. 27. [Antioch, AD 379-83]. F £12 ($20) / VF £35 ($60) / EF £100 ($175)

20502

As previous, but with mint mark ALE in ex. followed by officina mark B (= 2). RIC ix, p. 300, 8c. LRBC II, 2867. C 27. [Alexandria, AD 379-83]. F £16 ($28) / VF £48 ($85) / EF £140 ($250)

20503 Rev. VIRTVS EXERCITI, Theodosius I, in military attire, stg. r., holding standard and globe, his l. foot set on captive, mint mark S M H in ex., preceded by dot and followed by officina mark A (= 1), sometimes with star in l. field. RIC ix, p. 197, 24b. LRBC II, 1977 and 1980. C 54. [Heraclea, AD 387-92]. F £9 ($15) / VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150) 20504

As previous, but with mint mark CONS in ex. followed by officina mark A (= 1), and with + or P-headed cross (Christogram) in field to l. RIC ix, p. 233, 83b. LRBC II, 2172 and 2178. C 54. [Constantinople, AD 387-92]. F £7 ($12) / VF £23 ($40) / EF £72 ($125)

20505

As previous, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark A (= 1), sometimes also with dot or palm in l. field. RIC ix, p. 261, 44b. LRBC II, 2394, 2398, and 2401. C 54. [Nicomedia, AD 387-92]. F £9 ($15) / VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150)

20506

As previous, but with mint mark S M K in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, G, or D (= 1, 2, 3, or 4). RIC ix, p. 245, 25b. LRBC II, 2565. C 54. [Cyzicus, AD 387-92]. F £7 ($12) / VF £23 ($40) / EF £72 ($125)

20507

As previous, but with mint mark ANT in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, G, or D (= 1, 2, 3, or 4). RIC ix, p. 291, 63c-d. LRBC II, 2756-7. C 54. [Antioch, AD 387-92]. F £7 ($12) / VF £23 ($40) / EF £72 ($125)

THEODOSIUS I

20508

409

20508 Bronze maiorina. As previous, but with mint mark ALE in ex. followed by officina mark D (= 4). RIC ix, p. 302, 18b-c. LRBC II, 2894-5. C 54. [Alexandria, AD 387-92]. F £9 ($15) / VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150)



NB Cohen 53 records the variant form of reverse legend VIRTVS EXERCIT (mint not recorded), but this has not been recently confirmed.

20509

Bronze centenionalis (c. 2.50 grams, weights extremely variable). Rev. CONCORDIA AVGGG, Roma, helmeted, seated facing, hd. l. (rarely r. at some eastern mints), holding globe and spear, mint mark S M TR in ex. RIC ix, pp. 26-7, 68c and 69c. LRBC F £6 ($10) / VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90) II, 143. C 14. [Trier, AD 379-83].

20510

As previous, but with mint mark LVG in ex. followed by officina mark P or (rarely) S (= 1 or 2). RIC ix, p. 48, 29b. LRBC II, 370. Bastien 169 and 171. C 14. [Lugdunum, AD 379-80]. F £6 ($10) / VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

20511

As previous, but with mint mark S M AQ in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). RIC ix, pp. 101 and 103, 32d and 44b. LRBC II, 1071. MA 785. C 14. [Aquileia, AD 379-83 and later?]. F £6 ($10) / VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90) This issue and the next may have continued for a while after the death of Gratian in 383.

20512

As previous, but with mint mark S M R in ex. followed by officina mark P, B, T, Q, or

e (= 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5), usually with O in r. field. RIC ix, p. 127, 46c. LRBC II, 756 and

759. C 14. [Rome, AD 379-83 and later?]. F £6 ($10) / VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

20513

20513 As previous, but with mint mark SISC in ex. preceded by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2), sometimes with star preceding the officina mark, sometimes with dot following the mint mark, and sometimes both. RIC ix, p. 151, 27d. LRBC II, 1518, 1524, 1530, and 1536. C 14. [Siscia, AD 379-83]. F £6 ($10) / VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

20514

As previous, but with mint mark S M TES in ex. followed by officina mark D (= 4). RIC ix, p. 182, 39c. LRBC II, 1831. C 14. [Thessalonica, AD 379-83]. F £10 ($17) / VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150)

20515

As previous, but with mint mark S M H in ex. followed by officina mark A (= 1), I in l. field, palm in r. RIC ix, p. 195, 14c. LRBC II, 1947. C 14. [Heraclea, AD 379-83]. F £6 ($10) / VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

20516

As previous, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark A (= 1), two palms in rev. field, to l. and to r. RIC ix, p. 258, 30c. LRBC II, 2365. C 14. [Nicomedia, AD 379-83]. F £7 ($12) / VF £22 ($38) / EF £65 ($110)

20517

As previous, but with mint mark S M K in ex. followed by officina mark B or D (= 2 or 4), sometimes with + in l. or r. field. RIC ix, p. 243, 17c. LRBC II, 2534 and 2539. C 14. F £7 ($12) / VF £22 ($38) / EF £65 ($110) [Cyzicus, AD 379-83].

410

Roman Coins and Their Values

20518

CONCORDIA AVGGG (cont.) Bronze centenionalis. As previous, but with mint mark ANT in ex. followed by officina mark D or S (= 4 or 6), Q in l. field, F / K in r. RIC ix, pp. 285 and 287, 45d and 46e. LRBC II, 2698 and 2703. C 14. [Antioch, AD 379-83]. F £7 ($12) / VF £22 ($38) / EF £65 ($110)

20519

As previous, but with mint mark ALE in ex. followed by officina mark G (= 3). RIC ix, p. 300, 10. LRBC II, —. C 14 var. [Alexandria, AD 379-83]. F £7 ($12) / VF £22 ($38) / EF £65 ($110)

20520

Rev. — Constantinopolis, turreted, seated facing, hd. r., holding sceptre and cornucopiae, her r. foot on prow, mint mark TR in ex. followed by officina mark P (= 1). RIC ix, p. 26, 66. LRBC II, 135. C —. [Trier, AD 379-83]. F £11 ($19) / VF £33 ($58) / EF £100 ($175)

20521

Similar, but Constantinople rests l. hand on knee instead of holding cornucopiae. RIC ix, p. 26, 67. LRBC II, —. Cf. C 6. [Trier, AD 379-83]. F £11 ($19) / VF £33 ($58) / EF £100 ($175)

20522

As 20520, but with mint mark LVG in ex. followed by officina mark P (= 1). RIC ix, —. LRBC II, —. Bastien 172. C —. [Lugdunum, AD 379-80]. F £11 ($19) / VF £33 ($58) / EF £100 ($175)

20523

As 20521, but with mint mark CON in ex. preceded by officina mark T (= 3). RIC ix, p. 67, 21. LRBC II, 547. EMA 191/3. C 6. [Constantia/Arles, AD 379-83]. F £10 ($17) / VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150)

20524

As previous, but with mint mark S M AQ in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). RIC ix, p. 101, 33b. LRBC II, 1058. MA 786. C 6. [Aquileia, AD 379-83 and later?]. F £8 ($14) / VF £24 ($42) / EF £72 ($125) This issue and the following two may have continued for a while after the death of Gratian in 383.

20525

As previous, but with mint mark S M R in ex. followed by officina mark B, T, or Q (= 2, 3, or 4). RIC ix, p. 126, 45b. LRBC II, 749. C 6. [Rome, AD 379-83 and later?]. F £7 ($12) / VF £22 ($38) / EF £65 ($110)

20526

As previous, but with mint mark TES in ex. RIC ix, p. 182, 38. LRBC II, 1818. C 6. [Thessalonica, AD 379-83]. F £11 ($19) / VF £33 ($58) / EF £100 ($175)

20527

As previous, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark G (= 3), sometimes with palms in field to l. and to r. RIC ix, p. 257, 29. LRBC II, 2344 and 2347. C 6. [Thessalonica, AD 379-83]. F £7 ($12) / VF £22 ($38) / EF £65 ($110)

20528

As previous, but with mint mark ANT in ex. followed by officina mark A, G, or D (= 1, 3, or 4), sometimes with Q — F in field. RIC ix, p. 284, 44a-b. LRBC II, 2671-2 and 2676-7. C 6. [Thessalonica, AD 379-83]. F £6 ($10) / VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

20529

Rev. — Constantinopolis, helmeted, seated facing, hd. r., holding sceptre and globe, her r. foot on prow, mint mark S M R in ex. followed by officina mark B or e (= 2 or 5), O in l. field. RIC ix, p. 127, 47c. LRBC II, 762. C 5. [Rome, AD 379-83]. F £6 ($11) / VF £19 ($33) / EF £60 ($100)

20530

As previous, but with mint mark S M H in ex. followed by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2), star in l. field, or palm and I in field to l. and to r. Cf. RIC ix, p. 195, 15c and 16c. LRBC II, 1950-51. C 5. [Heraclea, AD 379-83]. F £6 ($11) / VF £19 ($33) / EF £60 ($100) On coins of this issue, the prow at the feet of Constantinopolis is sometimes omitted.

20531

As previous, but with mint mark CONS in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, D, e, or S (= 1, 2, 4, 5, or 6), usually also with O in l. field (sometimes also with + in r.), or + in l. field and I in r., or K in l. field and I in r., or palm in l. field and HN monogram or I in r. RIC ix, p. 228, 57d-e. LRBC II, 2128, 2129-30, 2133-4, 2136-7 and 2143. C 5. [Constantinople, AD 379-83]. F £6 ($10) / VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

THEODOSIUS I

411

20532

Bronze centenionalis. As previous, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark G (= 3), sometimes with palms in field to l. and to r., or pellet, star, or A in field to l., nothing to r. RIC ix, p. 258, 31b and 32b. LRBC II, 2353, 2356-7, 2360, and 2366. C 5. [Nicomedia, AD 379-83]. F £6 ($11) / VF £19 ($33) / EF £60 ($100) On coins of this issue, the prow at the feet of Constantinopolis is sometimes omitted.

20533

As previous, but with mint mark S M K in ex. followed by officina mark G (= 3), sometimes with + in l. field. RIC ix, p. 243, 18c. LRBC II, 2536 and 2542. C 5 var. F £8 ($13) / VF £23 ($40) / EF £70 ($120) [Cyzicus, AD 379-83]. On coins of this issue, the prow at the feet of Constantinopolis is always omitted.

20534

As previous, but with mint mark ANT in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, G, or D (= 1, 2, 3, or 4), Q in l. field, sometimes also with F, or F / K in r., or F / Q in l. field and K in r. RIC ix, p. 287, 47c-d. LRBC II, 2691-4 and 2706-8. C 5. [Antioch, AD 379-83]. F £6 ($10) / VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90) RIC 48 (citing Ulrich-Bansa) records a variety omitting the prow at the feet of Constantinopolis but this lacks confirmation.

20535

As previous, but with mint mark ALE in ex. followed by officina mark G (= 3), sometimes with O in l. field. RIC ix, p. 300, 10-11. LRBC II, 2872-4. C 5. [Alexandria, AD 379-83]. F £7 ($12) / VF £22 ($38) / EF £65 ($110) On coins of this issue, the prow at the feet of Constantinopolis is sometimes omitted.

20536

Diad. bust l., wearing consular robes and holding mappa and sceptre. Rev. GLORIA REI PVBLICE, gateway of military camp, P-headed cross (Christogram) above, mint mark TES in ex., sometimes with officina mark B or D (= 2 or 4) in l. field. RIC ix, p. 186, 59b. LRBC II, 1862. C 15. [Thessalonica, AD 388]. F £43 ($75) / VF £105 ($180) / EF £250 ($450)

20537 Rev. GLORIA ROMANORVM, Theodosius I, in military attire, advancing r., hd. l., dragging captive by the hair with r. hand and holding labarum in l., mint mark TR in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). RIC ix, p. 32, 96b. LRBC II, 160. C 23. F £13 ($22) / VF £37 ($65) / EF £115 ($200) [Trier, AD 388-92]. 20538

As previous, but with mint mark S M AQ in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). RIC ix, p. 104, 45b. LRBC II, 1085. MA 792. C 23. [Aquileia, AD 383-7]. F £6 ($11) / VF £19 ($33) / EF £60 ($100)

20539

As previous, but with mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark P, B, T, or Q (= 1, 2, 3, or 4), sometimes with leaf between. RIC ix, p. 130, 55b. LRBC II, 769 and 772. C F £7 ($12) / VF £22 ($38) / EF £65 ($110) 23. [Rome, AD 383-7].

20540 20540

As previous, but with mint mark SISC in ex. preceded by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2) and sometimes followed by dot. RIC ix, p. 154, 38b. LRBC II, 1570 and 1573. C 23. F £6 ($10) / VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90) [Siscia, AD 384-7].

20541

As previous, but with mint mark TES in ex. and officina mark B or D (= 2 or 4) in r. field. RIC ix, p. 186, 60b. LRBC II, 1851. C 23. [Thessalonica, AD 384-8]. F £6 ($11) / VF £19 ($33) / EF £60 ($100)

412

Roman Coins and Their Values

20542

Bronze centenionalis. Rev. — Theodosius I, in military attire, on horseback pacing r., his r. hand raised, mint mark CONS in ex. followed by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2) which is sometimes followed by dot. RIC ix, p. 236, 89a. LRBC II, 2189 and 2198. C 21. [Constantinople, AD 393-5]. F £8 ($14) / VF £24 ($42) / EF £72 ($125)

20543

As previous, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark A (= 1). RIC ix, p. 263, 47a. LRBC II, 2425. C 21. [Nicomedia, AD 393-5]. F £9 ($16) / VF £27 ($47) / EF £80 ($140)

20544

As previous, but with mint mark S M K in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, or G (= 1, 2, or 3). RIC ix, p. 247, 29a. LRBC II, 2574. C 21. [Cyzicus, AD 393-5]. F £7 ($12) / VF £22 ($38) / EF £65 ($110)

20545

As previous, but with mint mark ANT in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, G, or D (= 1, 2, 3, or 4). RIC ix, p. 294, 69a-b. LRBC II, 2785-6. C 21. [Antioch, AD 393-5]. F £7 ($12) / VF £22 ($38) / EF £65 ($110)

20546

As previous, but with mint mark ALE in ex. followed by officina mark G (= 3). RIC ix, p. 304, 22a. LRBC II, 2914. C 21. [Alexandria, AD 393-5]. F £9 ($14) / VF £26 ($42) / EF £72 ($125)

20547

Diad. and cuir. bust r. Rev. SPES REI PVBLICAE, Theodosius I, in military attire, stg. facing, hd. r., holding labarum and globe, his r. foot set on captive, mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark P, B, T, Q, or e (= 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5). RIC ix, p. 133, 63b. LRBC II, 776. C —. [Rome, AD 383-7 or 388-92]. F £50 ($90) / VF £100 ($175) / EF £200 ($350)

20548 Rev. VICTORIA AVGGG, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark S M AQ in ex. followed by officina mark P (= 1). RIC ix, p. 101, 34d. LRBC II, 1056. MA 787. C —. [Aquileia, AD 379-83]. F £10 ($17) / VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150) 20549

As previous, but with mint mark S M R in ex. followed by officina mark P or T (= 1 or 3). RIC ix, p. 128, 48d. LRBC II, 747. C —. [Rome, AD 379-83]. F £10 ($17) / VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150)

20550 Rev. VIRTVS AVGGG, Theodosius I, in military attire, stg. l. on galley, hd. r., holding phoenix on globe and standard, his r. foot set on captive, Victory seated at helm, mint mark TES in ex., officina mark B or D (= 2 or 4) in l. field. RIC ix, p. 186, 61b. LRBC II, 1854. C 51. [Thessalonica, AD 384-8]. F £8 ($14) / VF £24 ($42) / EF £72 ($125) This is a revival of a type first issued under Constantius II and Constans almost four decades before (see nos. 18178-91 and 18651-68). See also nos. 20338 and 20827A. 20551 Rev. VIRTVS ROMANORVM, Roma enthroned facing, hd. l., holding globe and resting on spear, mint mark S M TR in ex. RIC ix, p. 27, 71c. LRBC II, 140. C 60. [Trier, AD 379-83]. F £8 ($14) / VF £24 ($42) / EF £72 ($125) 20552

As previous, but with mint mark S M AQ in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). RIC ix, p. 101, 35b. LRBC II, 1052. MA 788. C 60. [Aquileia, AD 379-83]. F £8 ($14) / VF £24 ($42) / EF £72 ($125)

20553

Bronze half centenionalis (c. 1.25-1.50 grams, weights extremely variable). B. Rev. GLORIA REI PVBLICE, gateway of military camp, mint mark TES in ex., sometimes with officina mark B or D (= 2 or 4) in l. field. RIC ix, p. 187, 62b. LRBC II, 1859 and 1865. Cf. C 16 (Christogram above gateway, in error). [Thessalonica, AD 384-8]. F £15 ($25) / VF £35 ($60) / EF £85 ($150)



NB There was a marked reduction in the size and weight of this denomination in AD 388.

THEODOSIUS I

413

20554

Bronze half centenionalis. Rev. SALVS REI PVBLICAE, Victory advancing l., holding trophy over shoulder in r. hand and dragging captive by the hair with l., P-headed cross (Christogram) in l. field, mint mark AQ in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). RIC ix, p. 106, 58b. LRBC II, 1106. MA 797. C 30. [Aquileia, AD 388-92]. F £5 ($9) / VF £16 ($27) / EF £45 ($80)

20555

As previous, but with mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark P, B, T, Q, or e (1, 2, 3, 4, or 5), sometimes with dot between. RIC ix, p. 133, 64b. LRBC II, 797, 800, 802, and 804. C 30. [Rome, AD 388-95]. F £5 ($9) / VF £16 ($27) / EF £45 ($80)

20556

As previous, but with mint mark TES in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, or D (= 1, 2, or 4). RIC ix, p. 188, 65b. LRBC II, 1874. C 30. [Thessalonica, AD 388-92]. F £6 ($10) / VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

20557

As previous, but without Christogram in rev. field to l., and with mint mark S M H in ex. followed by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2). RIC ix, p. 198, 26b. LRBC II, 1984. C F £6 ($11) / VF £19 ($33) / EF £60 ($100) 30. [Heraclea, AD 388-92].

20558 20558 As 20554, but with mint mark CONS in ex. followed by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2). RIC ix, p. 234 and 236, 86b and 90a. LRBC II, 2184 and 2192. C 30. [Constantinople, F £5 ($8) / VF £15 ($25) / EF £43 ($75) AD 388-95]. 20559

As 20557, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark A (= 1). RIC ix, pp. 262-3, 45b and 48a. LRBC II, 2404 and 2428. C 30. [Nicomedia, AD 388-95]. F £6 ($10) / VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

20560

Similar, but sometimes with dot preceding the mint mark, and with Christogram, cross (sometimes with dot above), or Q in l. field. RIC ix, p. 262, 45b. LRBC II, 2407, 2409, 2412-13, 2416, and 2419. C 30. [Nicomedia, AD 388-92]. F £6 ($10) / VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

20561

As 20554, but with mint mark S M K in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, G, or D (= 1, 2, 3, or 4). RIC ix, pp. 246-7, 26b-c and 30a. LRBC II, 2569 and 2577. C 30. [Cyzicus, F £5 ($9) / VF £16 ($27) / EF £50 ($80) AD 388-95].

20562

As previous, but with mint mark ANT (or AN) in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, G, or D (= 1, 2, 3, or 4) and sometimes also by dot, sometimes with cross instead of Christogram in l. field. RIC ix, pp. 293 and 295, 67b-c and 70a. LRBC II, 2761, 2764-5, 2767, 2769-70, 2772-3, and 2776-7. C 30. [Antioch, AD 388-95]. F £5 ($9) / VF £16 ($27) / EF £50 ($80)

20563

As previous, but with mint mark ALE in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, G, or D (= 1, 2, 3, or 4), sometimes with cross or dot instead of Christogram in l. field. RIC ix, pp. 303-4, 20b and 23a. LRBC II, 2899, 2902, 2905, and 2907. C 30. [Alexandria, AD 388-95]. F £5 ($9) / VF £16 ($27) / EF £50 ($80)

20564 20564 Rev. VICTORIA AVG, two Victories stg. facing each other, each holding wreath and palm, mint mark TES in ex. followed by officina mark B or D (= 2 or 4), sometimes with dot in central field. RIC ix, p. 187, 63b. LRBC II, 1868 and 1871. C —. [Thessalonica, AD 384-8]. F £7 ($12) / VF £22 ($38) / EF £65 ($110)

414

Roman Coins and Their Values

20565

Bronze half centenionalis. Rev. VICTORIA AVGGG, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark TR in ex., rarely followed by officina mark P (= 1). RIC ix, p. 32, 97b and 98b. LRBC II, 163 and 169. C 41. [Trier, AD 388-95]. F £6 ($10) / VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

20566

As previous, but with mint mark LVG in ex. followed by officina mark P or, rarely, S (= 1 or 2). RIC ix, p. 52, 44c and p. 53, 47 note. LRBC II, 391 and 394. Bastien 224 and 227 (see also p. 243). C 41. [Lugdunum, AD 388-95]. F £6 ($10) / VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

20567

As previous, but with mint mark CON in ex. preceded by officina mark P, S, or T (= 1, 2, or 3). RIC ix, p. 69, 30d and p. 70, * note. LRBC II, 565 and 568. EMA 198/2. C 41. [Constantia/Arles, AD 388-95]. F £6 ($10) / VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

20568

As previous, but with mint mark AQ in ex., followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). RIC ix, p. 104, 46b. LRBC II, 1088. MA 793. C 41. [Aquileia, AD 383-7]. F £7 ($12) / VF £22 ($38) / EF £65 ($110)

20569

As previous, but with mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark P, T, or Q (= 1, 3, or 4). RIC ix, p. 130, 56c. LRBC II, 780. C 41. [Rome, AD 383-7]. F £6 ($11) / VF £19 ($33) / EF £60 ($100)

20570

As previous, but with mint mark SIS in ex. preceded by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2) and sometimes followed by dot. RIC ix, p. 155, 39b. LRBC II, 1576 and 1580. C 41. [Siscia, AD 384-7]. F £6 ($10) / VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

20571

Rev. – two Victories stg. facing each other, each holding wreath and palm, mint mark S M AQ in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). RIC ix, p. 104, 47b. LRBC II, 1092. MA 794. C 43. [Aquileia, AD 383-7]. F £7 ($12) / VF £22 ($38) / EF £65 ($110)

20572

As previous, but with mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark P, B, T, Q, or e (= 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5), one or two dots in central field, sometimes with leaf between the mint and officina marks. RIC ix, p. 131, 57c. LRBC II, 787, 790, and 792. C 43. [Rome, AD 383-7]. F £7 ($12) / VF £22 ($38) / EF £65 ($110)

20573 Rev. VOT / V in two lines within wreath, mint mark S M AQ in ex. RIC ix, p. 104, 48. LRBC II, 1096. MA 795. C 63. [Aquileia, AD 383]. F £8 ($14) / VF £24 ($42) / EF £72 ($125) 20574 Rev. VOT / V / MVLT / X in four lines within wreath, mint mark S M TR in ex. RIC ix, p. 27, 73c. LRBC II, 149. C 65. [Trier, AD 379-83]. F £7 ($12) / VF £22 ($38) / EF £65 ($110) 20575

20576

20577

As previous, but with mint mark S M AQ in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). RIC ix, p. 102, 36d. LRBC II, 1081. MA 789. C 65. [Aquileia, AD 379-83]. F £6 ($10) / VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

20576 As previous, but with mint mark SISC in ex. preceded by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2), sometimes with dot following the mint mark or star preceding the officina mark, or both. RIC ix, p. 152, 29d. LRBC II, 1546, 1550, and 1555. C 65. [Siscia, AD 379-83]. F £5 ($9) / VF £16 ($27) / EF £50 ($80) As previous, but with mint mark CON in ex. followed by officina mark B (= 2). RIC ix, p. 228, 59b. LRBC II, 2117. C 65. [Constantinople, AD 379-83]. F £7 ($12) / VF £22 ($38) / EF £65 ($110)

THEODOSIUS I

415

20578

Bronze half centenionalis. Rev. VOT / X / MVLT / XX in four lines within wreath, mint mark S M AQ in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). RIC ix, p. 102, 37b. LRBC II, 1077. MA 790. C 68/70. [Aquileia, AD 379-83]. F £7 ($12) / VF £22 ($38) / EF £65 ($110)

20579

Similar, but of smaller module (c. 12-13 mm. diam. instead of 14-16 mm.) and officina P (= 1) only recorded. RIC ix, p. 104, 51b. LRBC II, 1098. MA 796. C 68/70. [Aquileia, AD 383-7]. F £7 ($12) / VF £22 ($38) / EF £65 ($110)

20580

As previous, but with mint mark S M R in ex. followed by officina mark P (= 1). RIC ix, p. 128, 50. LRBC II, 767. C 68/70. [Rome, AD 379-83]. F £9 ($16) / VF £26 ($45) / EF £80 ($140)

20581

As previous, but with mint mark SISC in ex. preceded by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2). RIC ix, p. 152, 30b. LRBC II, 1542. C 68/70. [Siscia, AD 379-83]. F £6 ($10) / VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

20582

Similar, but with mint mark SIS instead of SISC, and with dot following the mint mark or dots flanking the officina and mint marks. RIC ix, p. 154, 37b. LRBC II, 1564 and F £6 ($11) / VF £19 ($33) / EF £60 ($100) 1568. C 68/70. [Siscia, AD 383-4].

20583

As previous, but with mint mark TES in ex. sometimes followed by officina mark B (= 2). RIC ix, p. 184, 49b. LRBC II, 1841 and 1845. C 68/70. [Thessalonica, AD 383-4]. F £6 ($10) / VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

20584

As previous, but with mint mark S M H in ex. followed by officina mark A or D (= 1 or 4), the mint mark sometimes preceded by dot. RIC ix, p. 196, 19c. LRBC II, 1962 and 1968. C 68/70. [Heraclea, AD 383 and later?]. F £5 ($9) / VF £16 ($27) / EF £50 ($80)

20585

As previous, but with mint mark CON in ex. followed by officina mark A (= 1). RIC ix, p. 229, 63b. LRBC II, 2159. C 68/70. [Constantinople, AD 383 and later?]. F £5 ($9) / VF £16 ($27) / EF £50 ($80)

20586

As previous, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2). RIC ix, p. 259, 38b. LRBC II, 2382. C 68/70. [Nicomedia, AD 383 and later?]. F £5 ($9) / VF £16 ($27) / EF £50 ($80)

20587

As previous, but with mint mark S M K in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, G, or D (= 1, 2, 3, or 4). RIC ix, p. 244, 21c. LRBC II, 2557. C 68/70. [Cyzicus, AD 383 and F £5 ($9) / VF £16 ($27) / EF £50 ($80) later?].

20588

As previous, but with mint mark ANT in ex. followed by officina mark A or D (= 1 or 4). RIC ix, p. 289, 56c. LRBC II, 2734. C 68/70. [Antioch, AD 383 and later?]. F £5 ($9) / VF £16 ($27) / EF £50 ($80)

20589

Similar, but with mint mark AN instead of ANT and with officinae B, G, D, or S (= 2, 3, 4, or 6). RIC ix, p. 292, 65b. LRBC II, 2741-2. C 68/70. [Antioch, AD 383-8]. F £5 ($9) / VF £16 ($27) / EF £50 ($80)

20590

As previous, but with mint mark ALE in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, G, or D (= 1, 2, 3, or 4). RIC ix, p. 301, 13c. LRBC II, 2882. C 68/70. [Alexandria, AD 383 and later?]. F £5 ($9) / VF £16 ($27) / EF £50 ($80)

20591

Similar, but with T behind emperor’s hd. RIC ix, p. 302, 19b. LRBC II, 2890. C 68/70 F £6 ($10) / VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90) var. [Alexandria, AD 383-8].

20592 Rev. VOT / XV / MVLT / XX in four lines within wreath, mint mark S M TR in ex. RIC ix, p. 27, 74c. LRBC II, 146. C —. [Trier, AD 381-3]. F £7 ($12) / VF £22 ($38) / EF £65 ($110)

416

Roman Coins and Their Values

20593

Bronze half centenionalis. As previous, but with mint mark S M AQ in ex., sometimes followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). RIC ix, p. 102, 38c. LRBC II, 1075. MA 791. C —. [Aquileia, AD 381-83]. F £6 ($10) / VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90)

20594

As previous, but with mint mark S M R in ex. followed by officina mark P, B, T, or Q (= 1, 2, 3, or 4). RIC ix, p. 128, 51d. LRBC II, 766. C —. [Rome, AD 381-3]. F £5 ($9) / VF £16 ($27) / EF £50 ($80)

20595

As previous, but with mint mark SISC in ex. preceded by officina mark B (= 2). RIC ix, p. 152, 31b. LRBC II, 1540. C —. [Siscia, AD 381-3]. F £9 ($16) / VF £27 ($47) / EF £80 ($140)

20596

As previous, but with mint mark CON in ex. followed by officina mark G (= 3). RIC ix, p. 228, 60. LRBC II, 2115. C —. [Constantinople, AD 381-3]. F £8 ($14) / VF £24 ($43) / EF £75 ($130)

20597

As previous, but with mint mark S M K in ex. followed by officina mark G (= 3). RIC ix, p. 244, 19. LRBC II, 2533. C —. [Cyzicus, AD 381-3]. F £8 ($13) / VF £23 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

20598 Rev. VOT / XX / MVLT / XXX in four lines within wreath, mint mark S M H in ex. followed by officina mark A, G, or D (= 1, 3, or 4) and sometimes preceded by dot. RIC ix, p. 196, 20c. LRBC II, 1959 and 1967. C — (omitted in error?). [Heraclea, AD 383 and later?]. F £6 ($11) / VF £19 ($33) / EF £60 ($100) 20599

As previous, but with mint mark CON in ex. followed by officina mark B (= 2). RIC ix, p. 229, 64b. LRBC II, 2157. C —. [Constantinople, AD 383 and later?]. F £6 ($13) / VF £19 ($40) / EF £60 ($120)

20600

As previous, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark A (= 1). RIC ix, p. 259, 39c. LRBC II, 2380. C —. [Nicomedia, AD 383 and later?]. F £6 ($11) / VF £19 ($33) / EF £60 ($100)

20601

As previous, but with mint mark S M K in ex. followed by officina mark B (= 2). RIC ix, p. 244, 22c. LRBC II, 2554. C —. [Cyzicus, AD 383 and later?]. F £6 ($11) / VF £19 ($33) / EF £60 ($100)

20602

As previous, but with mint mark AN in ex. followed by officina mark A (= 1). RIC ix, p. 292, 66. LRBC II, 2739. C —. [Antioch, AD 383 and later?]. F £6 ($11) / VF £19 ($33) / EF £60 ($100) For the Eastern Succession, see Arcadius on p. 428

AELIA FLACCILLA 20608 Aelia Flavia Flaccilla was born of an aristocratic family in Spain. The little we know of her derives from her marriage to Theodosius in AD 376. At this time, the future emperor was living in retirement on his ancestral Spanish estates following the execution of his father for alleged high treason the previous year. Two sons were born of this union, Arcadius in 377 and Honorius seven years later, by which time Theodosius had been raised to the rank of Augustus and ruler of the Eastern Empire. Flaccilla received the title of Augusta on the elevation of Arcadius in 383 and was accorded the right of coinage in her own name, the first time a female member of the imperial family had been so honoured since Constantinian times. This was to establish a new tradition of female depiction on the

AELIA FLACCILLA

417

Roman coinage that was to last throughout much of the fifth century. Aelia Flaccilla died in 386 after which Theodosius took as his second wife Galla, sister of Valentinian II and daughter of Valentinian I. The future empress Galla Placidia was born of this union about 388. Galla also predeceased her husband, dying in childbirth in 394. The coinage in the name of Aelia Flaccilla is quite extensive in bronze but issues in the precious metals are very rare. They were all issued between the years 383 and 386. All coins have obverse as follows: AEL FLACCILLA AVG, dr. bust r., wearing necklace and elaborate headdress with diadem.

20603

20603 Gold solidus. Rev. SALVS REI PVBLICAE, Victory seated r., inscribing Chi-Rho monogram on shield set on cippus before her, mint mark CON OB in ex. RIC ix, p. 225, 48. C —. Depeyrot, p. 239, 36/1. [Constantinople, AD 383]. VF £6,800 ($12,000) / EF £17,250 ($30,000)

20604

Similar, but the rev. legend is followed by officina mark B, S, or H (= 2, 6, or 8). RIC ix, p. 231, 72. Cf. C 2 (misdescribed). Depeyrot, p. 241, 40/1. [Constantinople, AD 383-6]. VF £8,000 ($14,000) / EF £20,000 ($35,000)

20605

Similar, but the column on rev. is sometimes omitted and the shield rests on Victory’s l. knee (officina S = 6 only recorded). RIC ix, p. 225, 49. C 1. Depeyrot, p. 241, 40/2. VF £8,000 ($14,000) / EF £20,000 ($35,000) [Constantinople, AD 383-6].



NB The gold semissis (or tremissis) with Chi-Rho monogram on rev. (RIC 76, C 7, Depeyrot 44) is a modern forgery.

20606

Silver siliqua. Rev. No legend, large Chi-Rho monogram within wreath, mint mark CONS • in ex. RIC ix, p. 232, 78. RSC 8. [Constantinople, AD 383]. VF £2,850 ($5,000) / EF £7,200 ($12,500)

20607

20607 Bronze double centenionalis or maiorina (c. 4.50 grams, weights variable). Rev. SALVS REI PVBLICAE, Victory seated r., inscribing Chi-Rho monogram on shield set on cippus before her, mint mark SISC in ex., preceded by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2) and followed by dot. RIC ix, p. 153, 34. LRBC II, 1560. C 4. [Siscia, AD 383-4]. F £23 ($40) / VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350)

20608

As previous, but with mint mark TES in ex. followed by officina mark D (= 4) and sometimes preceded by dot. RIC ix, p. 184, 46. LRBC II, 1835 and 1839. C 4. F £23 ($40) / VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350) [Thessalonica, AD 383-4].

20609

As previous, but with mint mark S M H in ex. followed by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2). RIC ix, p. 195, 13. LRBC II, 1956. C 4. [Heraclea, AD 383]. F £23 ($40) / VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350)

418

Roman Coins and Their Values

20610

SALVS REI PVBLICAE (cont.) Bronze maiorina. Similar, but with star following the officina mark and T (with curved base) in rev. field to l. (officina A only noted). RIC ix, p. 197, 23. LRBC II, 1974. C 4 var. [Heraclea, AD 383-6]. F £23 ($40) / VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350)

20611

As 20607, but with mint mark CON in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, G, D, or e (= 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5). RIC ix, p. 226, 55. LRBC II, 2149. C 4. [Constantinople, AD 383]. F £20 ($35) / VF £65 ($110) / EF £185 ($325)

20612

Similar, but also with T in rev. field to l. (officina e = 5 only recorded). RIC ix, p. 233, 81. LRBC II, 2167. C 4. [Constantinople, AD 383-6]. F £20 ($35) / VF £65 ($110) / EF £185 ($325)

20613

As 20607, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark G (= 3), + in rev. field to l. RIC ix, p. 257, 28. LRBC II, 2376. C 4 var. [Nicomedia, AD 383]. F £26 ($45) / VF £72 ($125) / EF £215 ($375)

20614

Similar, but with T instead of + in rev. field to l. RIC ix, p. 261, 42. LRBC II, 2390. C F £26 ($45) / VF £72 ($125) / EF £215 ($375) 4. [Nicomedia, AD 383-6].

20615

As 20607, but with mint mark ANT in ex. followed by officina mark B (= 2). RIC ix, p. 284, 43. Cf. LRBC II, 2717. C 4. [Antioch, AD 383]. F £23 ($40) / VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350)

20616

Similar, but also with T in rev. field to r. (officinae B, G, e, and S = 2, 3, 5, and 6 recorded). RIC ix, p. 291, 61. Cf. LRBC II, 2747. C 4. [Antioch, AD 383-6]. F £20 ($35) / VF £65 ($110) / EF £185 ($325)

20617

Rev. — Flaccilla stg. facing hd. r., her arms crossed on her breast, mint mark S M H in ex. followed by officina mark A (= 1) and sometimes preceded by dot, star in field to l., + to r. RIC ix, p. 197, 25. Cf. LRBC II, 982. C 6. [Heraclea, AD 383-6]. F £30 ($50) / VF £85 ($150) / EF £250 ($450)

20618

As previous, but with mint mark CONS in ex. followed by officina mark e (= 5), sometimes with + or P-headed cross (Christogram) in rev. field to r. Cf. RIC ix, p. 233, 82. LRBC II, 2170, 2174, and 2181. C 6. [Constantinople, AD 383-6]. F £26 ($45) / VF £77 ($135) / EF £225 ($400)

20619

As previous, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark D (= 4). RIC ix, p. 261, 43. LRBC II, 2396. C 6. [Nicomedia, AD 383-6]. F £28 ($48) / VF £85 ($140) / EF £250 ($425)

20620

As previous, but with mint mark S M K in ex. followed by officina mark G or D (= 3 or 4). RIC ix, p. 245, 24. LRBC II, 2567. C 6. [Cyzicus, AD 383-6]. F £26 ($45) / VF £77 ($135) / EF £225 ($400)

20621

As previous, but with mint mark ANT in ex. followed by officina mark e (= 5). RIC ix, p. 291, 62. LRBC II, 2760. C 6. [Cyzicus, AD 383-6]. F £26 ($45) / VF £77 ($135) / EF £225 ($400)

20622

As previous, but with mint mark ALE followed by officina mark B (= 2). RIC ix, p. 302, 17. LRBC II, 2897. C 6. [Alexandria, AD 383-6]. F £28 ($48) / VF £85 ($140) / EF £250 ($425)

20618

 

20620

MAGNUS MAXIMUS

419

20623 20623

Bronze half centenionalis (c. 1.25 grams, weights extremely variable). Rev. SALVS REI PVBLICAE, Victory seated r., inscribing Chi-Rho monogram on shield set on cippus before her, mint mark SIS or SISC in ex. usually preceded by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2) and always followed by dot. RIC ix, p. 153, 35. LRBC II, 1562 and 1566. F £15 ($25) / VF £48 ($85) / EF £140 ($250) C 5. [Siscia, AD 383-4].

20624

As previous, but with mint mark TES in ex. usually followed by officina mark D (= 4). RIC ix, p. 184, 47. LRBC II, 1844 and 1847. C 5. [Thessalonica, AD 383-4]. F £20 ($35) / VF £60 ($100) / EF £175 ($300)

20625

As previous, but with mint mark S M H in ex. followed by officina mark A (= 1). RIC ix, p. 196, 17 and p. 197 (under ‘Aes IV’). LRBC II, 1965. C 5. [Heraclea, AD 383 and F £15 ($25) / VF £48 ($85) / EF £140 ($250) later?].

20626

As previous, but with mint mark CON in ex. followed by officina mark A, G, or e (= 1, 3, or 5). RIC ix, p. 229, 61 and p. 233 (under ‘Aes IV’). LRBC II, 2162. C 5. [Constantinople, AD 383 and later?]. F £15 ($25) / VF £48 ($85) / EF £140 ($250)

20627

As previous, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark e (= 5). RIC ix, p. 259, 36 and p. 261 (under ‘Aes IV’). LRBC II, 2386. C 5. [Nicomedia, AD 383 and later?]. F £20 ($35) / VF £60 ($100) / EF £175 ($300)

20628

As previous, but with mint mark ANT or AN in ex. followed by officina mark e (= 5). RIC ix, pp. 289 and 291, 54 and 64. LRBC II, 2737 and 2744. C 5. [Antioch, AD 383 and later?]. F £15 ($25) / VF £48 ($85) / EF £140 ($250)

MAGNUS MAXIMUS Jul. AD 383-28 Aug. 388 20640 One of the more colourful rulers of the late Roman period, Magnus Maximus was, like Theodosius, a native of Spain and may even have been distantly related to the eastern emperor. Having adopted a military career, he served in Britain under Theodosius’ father, Count Theodosius, in AD 369 and later served in Africa in the war against the rebel Firmus (373-5). He was appointed by Gratian to command the Roman army in Britain where he acquitted himself well in fighting the Picts and Scots on the northern frontier of the island-province. His troops were dissatisfied with the rule of Gratian and, inspired by the success of their commander, they proclaimed him Augustus in opposition to the western emperor. Gratian advanced west in Gaul to confront the usurper but was deserted by his troops and fled south as a fugitive to Lugdunum (Lyon). Here he was overtaken by the pursuing officers of Maximus and was arrested and executed (25 Aug. 383), an episode reminiscent of the downfall of Constans more than three decades before. The young Valentinian II remained helpless in northern Italy, powerless to assist his half-brother, and Theodosius was preoccupied with the Persian threat on his eastern frontier. Maximus’ rule in Gratian’s former territory was reluctantly accepted by his two fellow-emperors and in the late summer of the following year Theodosius met with his envoys in northern Italy to finalize the agreement. Maximus himself remained at his headquarters in Trier. The uneasy peace between the three Augusti lasted until May of AD 387 when Maximus’ ambition drove him to invade Italy, which was the territory of Valentinian. The young

420

Roman Coins and Their Values

emperor fled with his family to Thessalonica where they placed themselves under the protection of Theodosius. The eastern emperor would probably rather have had his fellow-Spaniard as his sole western colleague but, having fallen in love with Valentinian’s sister Galla, he was obliged to seek revenge on the aggressor and restore Valentinian to the western throne. Accordingly, Theodosius moved west in the summer of 388 to confront Maximus’ army, which had been sent ahead of the emperor into Illyricum under the command of his principal generals. However, Theodosius soon defeated these forces and marched rapidly on Maximus’ headquarters at Aquileia. Here, the usurper was taken prisoner without further hostilities and was summarily beheaded (28 August). His young son Flavius Victor who, in 387, had been raised to the rank of co-emperor with his father and had been left behind in Gaul at the time Maximus’ invasion of Italy, was also executed following his father’s downfall. Maximus was undoubtedly a vigorous and effective ruler of the western Empire, though his strictly orthodox religious beliefs led to intolerance of Christian heretics as well as pagans. The first known Christian execution of an individual for his religious beliefs is recorded as having taken place at this time. Maximus must have made a deep impression on his contemporaries, especially in Britain, as his memory is preserved in Welsh legend under the name “Macsen Wledig” or Emperor Maximus. His name appears also on the 9th century ‘Pillar of Eliseg’ in Wales where he is described as the ancestor of a Welsh king through a daughter born to him in Britain. These legends probably have their origins in the security arrangements made by Maximus with local rulers to hand over responsibility for the defence of Britain when he withdrew most of the Roman troops from the island in 383. Within 20 years of Maximus’ defeat by Theodosius Roman control of the province had been effectively lost. In more recent times, a vivid, if slightly inaccurate, portrait of Maximus is to be found in Rudyard Kipling’s “Puck of Pook’s Hill.” The coinage of Maximus follows the same pattern as the issues of his imperial colleagues. Unlike Carausius a century before, no numismatic innovations were made by the usurper (unless, of course, it was Maximus, rather than Theodosius, who abandoned the gold 1.5-scripulum and replaced it with the tremissis). There has been some controversy over the identification of the ephemeral mint signing itself ‘AVG’. Scholarly opinion now seems to favour an attribution to London (Londinium) which, since the time of Julian, had born the name ‘Augusta’. Another suggestion is Augustodunum (Elmer and Mayreder) but this has received little credence and certainly does not fit the historical context as well as London. There are two varieties of obverse legend:

A. D N MAG MAXIMVS P F AVG B. D N MAXIMVS P F AVG

Unless otherwise stated, the obverse type is diad., dr. and cuir. bust r. 20629

20630

Gold solidus (c. 4.5 grams). B. Rev. CONCORDIA AVGGGG (followed by officina mark I = 10), Constantinopolis, helmeted, seated facing, hd. r., on throne the arms of which are ornamented with lions’ heads, holding sceptre and globe, r. foot on prow, mint mark CON OB in ex. RIC ix, —. Cf. C 2 (inaccurately described). Depeyrot, p. 240, (Extremely rare) 38/7. [Constantinople, AD 384]. The four ‘G’s at the end of the reverse legend indicate a recognition by Theodosius of the rule of Magnus Maximus in the West. They refer to Valentinian II, Theodosius I, Arcadius, and Maximus.

20630 A. Rev. RESTITVTOR REI PVBLICAE, Maximus, in military attire, stg. facing, hd. r., holding labarum and Victory on globe, mint mark AVG in ex. RIC ix, p. 2, 1. C 4 var. Depeyrot, p. 106, 1/1. [London, AD 383]. (Extremely rare)

MAGNUS MAXIMUS

20631

20632

421

20631 Gold solidus. As previous, but with mint mark S M TR in ex., sometimes with star in l. field. RIC ix, p. 28, 76. C 4. Depeyrot, p. 123, 50/1 and 51/1. [Trier, AD 383-4]. VF £950 ($1,650) / EF £2,850 ($5,000)

  20632 20633 A. Rev. VICTORIA AVGG, two emperors of equal height enthroned facing side by side, supporting globe between them, upper part of Victory hovering facing in background, mint mark AVG OB in ex. RIC ix, p. 2, 2b. C 9. Depeyrot, p. 106, 2/1. [London, AD 383-4]. VF £4,550 ($8,000) / EF £14,300 ($25,000)

20633

As previous, but with mint mark TR OB in ex. RIC ix, p. 28, 77b. C 9. Depeyrot, p. 123, 52/1. [Trier, AD 385-6]. VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £2,000 ($3,500)

20634

As previous, but with mint mark KON OB in ex. RIC ix, p. 68, 25. C 9. EMA 195/1. Depeyrot, p. 137, 18/1. [Arles, AD 386]. VF £1,150 ($2,000) / EF £3,450 ($6,000)

20635

As previous, but the emperor on r. is shorter (Flavius Victor), and with mint mark MD OB in ex. RIC ix, p. 79, 16. C 9 var. Depeyrot, p. 168, 8/1. [Milan, AD 387-8]. VF £1,150 ($2,000) / EF £3,450 ($6,000)

20636

Gold semissis or half solidus (c. 2.25 grams). A. Rev. VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM, Victory seated r. on cuirass, inscribing VOT / V / MVLT / X on shield supported by Genius stg. l. before her, mint mark S M TR in ex. RIC ix, p. 28, 78. Cf. C 17. Depeyrot, p. 123, 51/2. [Trier, AD 384]. (Unique?)

20637

Gold tremissis or one-third solidus (c. 1.50 grams). A. Rev. — Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark S M TR in ex. RIC ix, p. 28, 79a-b. C 15. Depeyrot, p. 123, 51/3-4. [Trier, AD 384]. VF £520 ($900) / EF £1,300 ($2,250)

20638

Similar, but with mint mark TR OB in ex. RIC ix, p. 28, 79c. C 15. Depeyrot, p. 124, 52/4. [Trier, AD 385-6]. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,425 ($2,500)

NB Cohen also records this type from Milan (MD OB) but confirmation is required. 20639

Silver heavy miliarensis (c. 5.4 grams). A. Rev. VOTIS / V / MVLTIS / X in four lines within wreath, mint mark TR PS in ex. RIC ix, p. 28, 80. RSC 22B. [Trier, AD 383-4]. VF £1,250 ($2,200) / EF £3,150 ($5,500) A specimen in Paris (RIC 81, RSC 23) has MLTIS for MVLTIS.

20640

Silver light miliarensis (c. 4.5 grams). A. Rev. VIRTVS EXERCITVS, Maximus, in military attire, stg. facing, hd. l., holding standard and resting on shield, mint mark TR PS in ex. RIC ix, p. 29, 82. RSC 19a. [Trier, AD 383-4]. VF £1,025 ($1,800) / EF £2,600 ($4,500)



NB The specimen of this type from the Lugdunum mint, cited by Pearce from Cohen and Berlin (RIC 31 = RSC 19b), does not exist (cf. Bastien, Monnayage de Lyon, pp. 58-9 and 229, note 2).

422

Roman Coins and Their Values

20641

Silver siliqua (c. 2.25 grams). A. Rev. CONCORDIA AVGGG, Constantinopolis, turreted, enthroned facing, hd. r. (rarely l.), holding sceptre and cornucopiae, r. foot on prow, mint mark TR PS in ex. RIC ix, p. 29, 83b-c. RSC 1. [Trier, AD 383-4]. VF £130 ($225) / EF £320 ($550) The AV of AVG in the obverse legend is usually ligatured.

20642

A. Rev. VICTORIA AVGG, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark AVG PS in ex. RIC ix, p. 2, 3. RSC 9A. [London, AD 383-4]. VF £720 ($1,250) / EF £1,425 ($2,500)

20643

A. Rev. VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM, as previous, but with mint mark AQ PS in ex. RIC ix, p. 105, 53a. MA 798. RSC 16. [Aquileia, AD 387-8]. VF £105 ($180) / EF £250 ($450) The small size and reduced weight of these coins may indicate that a different denomination is intended, perhaps a half of the heavy siliqua, and they may have been struck for distribution by the emperors on a public occasion (see also no. 20668).

20644

A. Rev. VIRTVS ROMANORVM, Roma enthroned facing, hd. l., holding globe and resting on spear or sceptre, mint mark TR PS in ex. RIC ix, p. 29, 84b-c. RSC 20a. VF £70 ($120) / EF £175 ($300) [Trier, AD 384-8]. RIC 84b = RSC 20b records a die-engraver’s error in the mint mark, TP RS for TR PS.

20645

As previous, but with mint mark MD PS in ex. RIC ix, p. 80, 19a. RSC 20c. [Milan, AD 387-8]. VF £80 ($140) / EF £200 ($350)

20646

As previous, but with mint mark AQ PS in ex. RIC ix, p. 105, 54a. MA 799. RSC 20d. VF £90 ($160) / EF £225 ($400) [Aquileia, AD 387-8].

20647

A. Rev. VOT / V / MVLT / X in four lines within wreath, mint mark AVG in ex. RIC ix, p. 2, 4. Cf. RSC 22A (mint mark AVG PS in error). [London, AD 383-4]. VF £1,000 ($1,750) / EF £2,000 ($3,500)

20648

Bronze double centenionalis or maiorina (c. 4.50-5.50 grams, weights extremely variable). A. Rev. REPARATIO REI PVB, Maximus, in military attire, stg. l., raising with r. hand a turreted female figure, who kneels r. before him, and holding Victory on globe in l., mint mark S M TR in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). RIC ix, p. 29, 85. LRBC II, 154. C. 3. [Trier, AD 383-6]. F £37 ($65) / VF £115 ($200) / EF £290 ($500)

20649

As previous, but with mint mark LVG in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2), sometimes with P or C in r. field. RIC ix, p. 49, 32. LRBC II, 3479-82. Bastien 186-91 and p. 231, note 1. C 3. [Lugdunum, AD 383-6]. F £30 ($50) / VF £105 ($180) / EF £250 ($450)

20642

 

20644

20645

MAGNUS MAXIMUS

20650

423

20650 Bronze maiorina. As previous, but with mint mark CON in ex. preceded by officina mark P, S, or T (= 1, 2, or 3), rarely with C in r. field. RIC ix, p. 68, 26a-b. LRBC II, 553-5. EMA 193/1-2. C 3. [Constantia/Arles, AD 383-6]. F £26 ($45) / VF £43 ($160) / EF £130 ($400)

20651

A. Rev. VICTORIA AVGG, Maximus, in military attire, stg. l., holding Victory on globe and standard, mint mark LVG in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). RIC ix, p. 49, 33. LRBC II, 383. Bastien 192-3. C 10. [Lugdunum, AD 386-7]. F £30 ($50) / VF £105 ($180) / EF £250 ($450)

20652

As previous, but with mint mark CON in ex. preceded by officina mark P, S, or T (= 1, 2, or 3). RIC ix, pp. 68-9, 27a-c. LRBC II, 556-8. EMA 193/3-4. C 10. [Constantia/Arles, AD 386-7]. F £30 ($50) / VF £105 ($180) / EF £250 ($450)

20653

B. Rev. VIRTVS EXERCITI, Maximus, in military attire, stg. r., holding standard and globe, his l. foot set on captive, mint mark CONS in ex. followed by officina mark D (= 4), P-headed cross (Christogram) in field to l. RIC ix, p. 233, 83d. LRBC II, 2180. C 18. [Constantinople, AD 387]. (Extremely rare) Struck under Theodosius and indicative of a brief temporary uncertainty in the mind of the eastern emperor over his attitude towards Maximus.

20654

Bronze half centenionalis (c. 1.25-1.75 grams, weights extremely variable). A. Rev. SPES ROMANORVM, gateway of military camp with star between its two turrets, mint mark S M TR in ex. RIC ix, p. 30, 87a-b. LRBC II, 156-7. C. 7. [Trier, AD 387-8]. F £23 ($40) / VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350)

NB There was a marked reduction in the size and weight of this denomination in AD 387. 20655

As previous, but with mint mark LVG in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). RIC ix, p. 50, 36a. LRBC II, 387. Bastien 198 and 200. C 7. [Lugdunum, AD 387-8]. F £23 ($40) / VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350)

20656

As previous, but with mint mark CON in ex. preceded by officina mark P, S, or T (= 1, 2, or 3). RIC ix, p. 69, 29a. LRBC II, 560. EMA 196/1. C 7. [Constantia/Arles, AD 387-8]. F £20 ($35) / VF £60 ($100) / EF £175 ($300)

20657

As previous, but with mint mark S M AQ in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). RIC ix, p. 105, 55a. LRBC II, 1103 (misnumbered 1003). MA 800. C 7. [Aquileia, AD 387-8]. F £23 ($40) / VF £70 ($120) / EF £200 ($350)

20658

As previous, but with mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark P, B, T, Q, or e (= 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5). RIC ix, p. 131, 59. LRBC II, 795. C. 7. [Rome, AD 387-8]. F £26 ($45) / VF £77 ($135) / EF £225 ($400)

20659

A. Rev. VICTORIA AVGG, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark LVG in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). RIC ix, p. 49, 34. LRBC II, 386. Bastien 194-5. C 11. [Lugdunum, AD 386-7]. F £26 ($45) / VF £77 ($135) / EF £225 ($400)

20659

424

Roman Coins and Their Values

20660

Bronze half centenionalis. A. Rev. VOT / V / MVLT / X in four lines within wreath, mint mark S M TR in ex. RIC ix, p. 29, 86. LRBC II, 155. Cf. C. 24 (rev. misdescribed). [Trier, AD 383-4]. F £30 ($50) / VF £85 ($150) / EF £250 ($450)

20661

As previous, but with mint mark LVG in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). RIC ix, p. 50, 35. LRBC II, 385. Bastien 196-7 and p. 233, note 1. Cf. C 24 (rev. misdescribed). [Lugdunum, AD 383-4]. F £30 ($50) / VF £85 ($150) / EF £250 ($450)

20662

A. Rev. VOT / TIS / V in three lines within wreath, mint mark CON in ex. preceded by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). RIC ix, p. 69, 28. LRBC II, 559. EMA 193/5. C 22. [Constantia/Arles, AD 383-4]. F £30 ($50) / VF £85 ($150) / EF £250 ($450)

FLAVIUS VICTOR May AD 387-28 Aug. 388 20663 Flavius Victor was the son of Magnus Maximus. His date of birth is unknown and he may have been merely a child at the time of his father’s usurpation of the western throne. He appears to have been raised to the rank of Augustus and co-emperor at the time of Maximus’ invasion of Italy (May, AD 387) and to have been left behind in Gaul for his own safety. Following his father’s downfall in August of the following year, the unfortunate youth was put to death on the orders of Theodosius’ Frankish Magister Militum, Arbogastes, who was to play a prominent role in western politics over the following six years. The 15-month coinage of Victor is scarce or rare and comprises denominations in all metals. All have the obverse D N FL VICTOR P F AVG, diad. dr., and cuir. bust r. 20663

20664

Gold solidus (c. 4.5 grams). Rev. BONO REI PVBLICE NATI, two emperors, the one on r. shorter (Flavius Victor), enthroned facing, side by side, supporting globe between them, upper part of Victory hovering facing in background, palm between the emperors’ legs, mint mark TR OB in ex. RIC ix, p. 28, 75. C 1. Depeyrot, p. 124, 52/3. [Trier, AD 387-8]. VF £5,700 ($10,000) / EF £11,500 ($20,000)

  20665 20664 As previous, but with mint mark AQ OB in ex. RIC ix, p. 105, 52. MA 801. C 1 var. Depeyrot, p. 185, 20/1. [Aquileia, AD 387-8]. VF £8,500 ($15,000) / EF £17,250 ($30,000)

20665

As previous, but both emperors on rev. are nimbate, and with mint mark MD OB in ex. RIC ix, p. 79, 15. C 1 var. Depeyrot, p. 168, 8/2. [Milan, AD 387-8]. VF £7,200 ($12,500) / EF £14,300 ($25,000)

20666

Gold semissis or half solidus (c. 2.25 grams). Rev. VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM, Victory seated r. on cuirass, inscribing VOT / V / MVLT / X on shield supported by Genius l. before her, mint mark MD OB in ex. RIC ix, p. 79, 17. C 5. Depeyrot, p. 169, 8/3. [Milan, AD 387-8]. VF £3,450 ($6,000) / EF £7,200 ($12,500)

FLAVIUS VICTOR

425

20667

Gold tremissis or one-third solidus (c. 1.50 grams). Rev. VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark MD OB in ex. RIC ix, p. 80, 18b. C —. Depeyrot, p. 169, 8/5. [Milan, AD 387-8]. VF £1,425 ($2,500) / EF £3,750 ($6,500)

20668

Silver siliqua (c. 2.25 grams). Rev. VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark AQ PS in ex. RIC ix, p. 105, 53b. MA 802. RSC VF £350 ($600) / EF £850 ($1,500) 4. [Aquileia, AD 387-8]. The small size and reduced weight of these coins may indicate that a different denomination is intended, perhaps a half of the heavy siliqua, and they may have been struck for distribution by the emperors on a public occasion (see also no. 20643).

  20669 20670 20669 Rev. VIRTVS ROMANORVM, Roma enthroned facing, hd. l., holding globe and resting on spear or sceptre, mint mark TR PS in ex. RIC ix, p. 29, 84d.1. RSC 6Aa. VF £250 ($450) / EF £625 ($1,100) [Trier, AD 387-8]. RIC 84d.2 = RSC 6Ab records a die-engraver’s error in the mint mark, TP RS for TR PS. 20670

As previous, but with mint mark MD PS in ex. RIC ix, p. 80, 19b. RSC 6Ac. [Milan, AD 387-8]. VF £225 ($400) / EF £625 ($1,000)

20671

As previous, but with mint mark AQ PS in ex. RIC ix, p. 105, 54b. MA 803. RSC 6Ad. VF £270 ($475) / EF £685 ($1,200) [Aquileia, AD 387-8].

20672

Bronze half centenionalis (c. 1.25 grams). Rev. SPES ROMANORVM, gateway of military camp with star between its two turrets, mint mark S M TR in ex. RIC ix, p. 30, 87c. LRBC II, 158. C. 3 var. [Trier, AD 387-8]. F £48 ($85) / VF £140 ($250) / EF £430 ($750)

20673

As previous, but with mint mark LVG in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). RIC ix, p. 50, 36b. LRBC II, 388. Bastien 199 and 201. C 3. [Lugdunum, AD 387-8]. F £48 ($85) / VF £140 ($250) / EF £430 ($750)

20671

20674

20675

  20675 20674 As previous, but with mint mark CON in ex. preceded by officina mark P, S, or T (= 1, 2, or 3). RIC ix, p. 69, 29b. LRBC II, 561. EMA 196/2. C 3. [Constantia/Arles, AD 387-8]. F £43 ($75) / VF £130 ($225) / EF £375 ($650) As previous, but with mint mark S M AQ in ex. usually followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). RIC ix, p. 105, 55b. LRBC II, 1102 and 1104 (misnumbered 1004). MA F £43 ($75) / VF £130 ($225) / EF £375 ($650) 804. C 3. [Aquileia, AD 387-8].

426

Roman Coins and Their Values

EUGENIUS 22 Aug AD 392-6 Sep. 394 20683 Following the suicide (or murder) of Valentinian II on 15 May 392 the western throne remained vacant for more than three months. During this time the government was in the hands of the Frankish Magister Militum Arbogastes. On 22 August Arbogastes elevated to imperial status Flavius Eugenius, a former teacher of Latin grammar and rhetoric who was currently occupying the office of Magister Scrinii, the court official responsible for advising the emperor on petitions submitted for judgement. As such, he was regarded by the ambitious general as unlikely to pose a threat to the enormous authority which the Magister Militum enjoyed. Theodosius did not react immediately to this seizure of power in the West but waited on political developments in Gaul, no doubt hoping that the matter would resolve itself. The event which triggered his decision to intervene was Arbogastes’ invasion of Italy in the spring of 393. Having already been obliged to invade the peninsula once, on the incursion of Magnus Maximus six years before, Theodosius’ anger was aroused and he met his opponents on the field of battle on the river Frigidus in modern Slovenia (5-6 September 394). Arbogastes and Eugenius were soundly defeated and the unfortunate puppet emperor was executed without delay. Arbogastes himself escaped but committed suicide a few days later. Theodosius’ younger son, Honorius, had been elevated to the rank of Augustus shortly before Eugenius’ invasion of Italy with the clear intention that he should eventually inherit the government of the Western Empire. With the usurper removed, Theodosius’ plan could now go ahead without obstacle. His action was fortunately timed for just four months later Theodosius died of dropsy, his place being taken on the throne of Constantinople by Honorius’ elder brother, Arcadius. The only noteworthy feature of the coinage of Eugenius is the imperial portrait itself, which depicts a bearded effigy of the emperor for the first time since the reign of Julian thirty years before. This has prompted speculation that he was a pagan, though it is more likely that he was simply courting the support of the pagan aristocracy in Rome. There can be little doubt that Eugenius struck also in the names of Theodosius and Arcadius, and perhaps also in that of Honorius, though such issues cannot be easily distinguished from those that preceded and followed them. Unless otherwise stated, all have obverse D N EVGENIVS P F AVG, diad. dr., and cuir. bust r. 20676

20677

Gold aureus (c. 5.4 grams). Diad. bust l., in consular robes, holding mappa and fibula. Rev. GLORIA ROMANORVM, Eugenius stg. in facing quadriga, hd. l., scattering coins from raised r. hand and holding sceptre in l., mint mark T — R in field, COM in ex. RIC ix, p. 33, 100. C —. Depeyrot —. [Trier, AD 393]. (Unique)

20677 Gold solidus (c. 4.5 grams). Rev. VICTORIA AVGG, two emperors of equal height enthroned facing side by side, supporting globe between them, palm between their legs, upper part of Victory hovering facing in background, mint mark T — R in field, COM in ex. RIC ix, p. 33, 101. C 6. Depeyrot, p. 125, 55/1. [Trier, AD 392-4]. VF £4,850 ($8,500) / EF £10,000 ($17,500)

EUGENIUS 20678

20679

20680

427

Gold solidus. As previous, but with mint mark L — D in field, COM in ex. RIC ix, p. 52, 45. Bastien 229. C 6. Depeyrot, p. 130, 18/1. [Lugdunum, AD 392-4]. VF £4,850 ($8,500) / EF £10,000 ($17,500)

20679   20682 As previous, but with mint mark M — D in field, COM in ex. RIC ix, p. 82, 28. C 6. Depeyrot, p. 170, 11/1. [Milan, AD 393-4]. VF £5,450 ($9,500) / EF £11,500 ($20,000) Obv. As 20676. Rev. VOTA PVBLICA, two emperors seated facing, side by side but on separate thrones, each nimbate and wearing consular robes, the one on l. slightly taller and holding mappa in raised r. hand, the one on r. holding mappa before him, mint mark T — R in field, COM in ex. RIC ix, p. 33, 102. Cf. C 16. Depeyrot, p. 125, 56/1. [Trier, AD 393]. VF £8,500 ($15,000) / EF £17,250 ($30,000)

NB There is also a double solidus of Trier, rev. GLORIA ROMANORVM, Roma facing and Constantinopolis l. enthroned side by side (RIC 99, Cohen 1). 20681

Gold tremissis or one-third solidus (c. 1.50 grams). Rev. VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark T — R in field, COM in ex. RIC ix, p. 33, 103. C 10. Depeyrot, p. 125, 55/2. [Trier, AD 392-4]. VF £2,000 ($3,500) / EF £4,300 ($7,500)

20682

As previous, but with mint mark M — D in field, COM in ex. RIC ix, p. 82, 29. C 10. Depeyrot, p. 170, 11/2. [Milan, AD 393-4]. VF £2,300 ($4,000) / EF £4,850 ($8,500)

20683

Silver heavy miliarensis (c. 5.4 grams). Rev. VOT / V / MVLT / X in four lines within wreath, mint mark MD PS in ex. RIC ix, p. 82, 30. RSC 17. [Milan, AD 393-4]. VF £3,450 ($6,000) / EF £10,250 ($18,000)

20684

Silver light miliarensis (c. 4.5 grams). Rev. GLORIA ROMANORVM, Eugenius, in military attire, stg. facing, hd. l., holding standard and resting on shield, mint mark TR PS in ex. RIC ix, p. 33, 104. RSC 2a. [Trier, AD 392-4]. VF £2,850 ($5,000) / EF £8,500 ($15,000)

20685

As previous, but with mint mark MD PS in ex. RIC ix, p. 82, 31a. RSC 2b. [Milan, AD 393-4]. VF £2,850 ($5,000) / EF £8,500 ($15,000)

  20686 20687 20686 Rev. VIRTVS EXERCITVS, type and mint mark as 20684. RIC ix, p. 33, 105. RSC VF £2,850 ($5,000) / EF £8,500 ($15,000) 13. [Trier, AD 392-4]. 20687

Silver siliqua (c. 2.25 grams). Rev. VRBS ROMA, Roma seated l. on cuirass, holding Victory on globe and resting on spear, mint mark LVG PS in ex. RIC ix, p. 52, 46. VF £175 ($300) / EF £430 ($750) Bastien 230. RSC 18A. [Lugdunum, AD 392-4].

428

Roman Coins and Their Values

20688

 

20689

20688

Silver siliqua. Rev. VIRTVS ROMANORVM, type as previous, mint mark TR PS in ex. RIC ix, p. 33, 106d. RSC 14a. [Trier, AD 392-4]. VF £175 ($300) / EF £430 ($750)

20689

As previous, but with mint mark MD PS in ex. RIC ix, p. 83, 32c. RSC 14b. [Milan, AD 393-4]. VF £175 ($300) / EF £430 ($750)

20690

Silver half siliqua (c. 1.12 grams). Rev. VICTORIA AVGGG, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark MD in ex. RIC ix, p. 83, 33b. RSC 6A. [Milan, AD 393-4]. F £155 ($275) / VF £460 ($800)

20691

Bronze half centenionalis (c. 1.25 grams, weights extremely variable). Rev. SPES ROMANORVM, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark AQ in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). RIC ix, p. 107, 59. LRBC II, 1108. MA 805. F £50 ($90) / VF £200 ($350) C 5. [Aquileia, AD 393-4].

20692

As previous, but with mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark P, Q, or e (= 1, 4, or 5). RIC ix, p. 134, 65b. LRBC 803. C 5 var. [Rome, AD 393-4]. F £60 ($100) / VF £225 ($400)

20693 20693 Rev. VICTORIA AVGGG, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark TR in ex. RIC ix, p. 34, 107d and 108. LRBC II, 171-2. C 8 var. [Trier, AD 392-4]. F £50 ($90) / VF £200 ($350) 20694

Rev. As previous, but with mint mark LVG in ex. followed by officina mark P (= 1). RIC ix, p. 53, 47a. LRBC II, 393. Bastien 232. C 8. [Lugdunum, AD 392-4]. F £50 ($90) / VF £200 ($350) Officina S (= 2) may also exist for this issue (cf. Bastien 234 and note 6).

20695

As previous, but with mint mark CON in ex. preceded by officina mark P or T (= 1 or 3). RIC ix, p. 70, 30f. LRBC II, 567. EMA 199/1. C 8 var. [Constantia/Arles, AD 392-4]. F £50 ($90) / VF £200 ($350)

ARCADIUS 19 Jan. AD 383-1 May 408 20803 Flavius Arcadius, the elder son of Theodosius I and Aelia Flaccilla, was born about AD 377, before his father’s elevation to the eastern throne. He was thus co-emperor with his father for 12 years during which time he fully participated in the coinage, the full range of denominations being struck in his name from all the imperial mints. On the death of Theodosius I in 395 the 18-yearold Arcadius inherited the Eastern Empire, his capital being at Constantinople. He reigned for a further 13 years, dying of natural causes at the early age of 31 and leaving the throne to his

ARCADIUS

429

7-year-old son Theodosius II. Arcadius had married Aelia Eudoxia in 395, just 3 months after the death of Theodosius I, and she bore him five children, including the future emperor Theodosius II and the future empress Aelia Pulcheria. Eudoxia was the daughter of the Frankish general Bauto, Magister Militum under Theodosius. She had a strong personality and frequently quarrelled with John Chrysostom, the powerful and influential patriarch of Constantinople. She took charge of the government on behalf of her weak husband following the downfalls of the chamberlain, the eunuch Eutropius, and the Gothic general Gainas. Eudoxia died in childbirth in 404 and power then came into the hands of the praetorian prefect and patrician Anthemius, grandfather of the future western emperor of the same name. Anthemius retained this position for a number years, well into the sole reign of Theodosius II, eventually being succeeded in AD 414 by the emperor’s elder sister Pulcheria. It is one of the enigmas of late Roman history that the vigorous and successful emperor Theodosius I, himself son of the famous count Theodosius, produced two equally untalented and ineffective sons — Arcadius and Honorius, the latter inheriting the western throne on the death of Theodosius I. In the absence of strong fraternal cooperation, power now devolved on the foremost ministers of each ruler — the praetorian prefect Rufinus in the East and the Magister Militum Stilicho in the West. The bitter conflict between these two exacerbated the growing rivalry and estrangement of the two Empires as well as initiating the decline in the authority of the reigning Augustus and the gradual transfer of real power to ambitious deputies, who were frequently of barbarian origin. This period has thus come to be known as the era of the ‘generalissimos’. In the West, this resulted in the extinction of the line of western emperors by the eighth decade of the fifth century. The East was more fortunate: Arcadius’ daughter Pulcheria provided a much-needed strong hand on the reigns of government during most of the long reign of her brother Theodosius II (408-450) and the later eastern emperors, Marcian (450-457) and Leo I (457-474), recognizing the danger signs of what was happening in the West, took adequate steps to assert their independence from their powerful barbarian advisors. In consequence, the eastern Empire survived to become the Byzantine Empire, with a thousand years of subsequent history, while the western Empire quickly succumbed to barbarian invasion and was transformed into a patchwork of independent kingdoms, the precursors of the nations of mediaeval and modern Europe. Early in the new reign some important modifications were made to the bronze coinage. These may have been planned by Theodosius late in his reign but the changes seem not to have been implemented until after the accessions of Arcadius and Honorius in January 395. The Æ 2 or ‘maiorina’ denomination, introduced by Gratian in 379, was now abandoned and its place taken by the Æ 3 ‘centenionalis’. The tiny ‘Æ 4’ or half centenionalis’ was retained and was destined to become the mainstay of the imperial aes coinage throughout the 5th century, usually under the name of ‘nummus’. The silver siliqua was now struck on a reduced standard of approximately 2.00 grams, individual specimens generally ranging between 1.50 and 2.00 grams. Later in the 5th century, towards the end of the long reign of Theodosius II, the standard declined even further and siliquae mostly ranged between 1.00 and 1.50 grams. There was also a dramatic reduction in the volume of silver issues. In the gold coinage, a new obverse type was introduced for the eastern solidi showing a helmeted three-quarter face bust of the emperor with spear and shield. Honorius’ western mints retained the traditional profile image, but in the East the new obverse was to become the norm down to the early years of the reign of Justinian and in the late 7th century was even briefly revived by Constantine IV. From 400 until her death in 404 coin issues were made in the name of the empress Eudoxia, and from AD 402 the infant emperor Theodosius II also participated. Unless otherwise stated, the obverse legend is D N ARCADIVS P F AVG. There are three principal varieties of obverse type and these are represented by lower case letters. Other types are described in full:

a. Diad., dr. and cuir. bust r. b. Diad., dr. and cuir. bust r., holding spear and shield, Manus Dei (Hand of God) holding diadem above. c. Helmeted and cuir. bust three-quarter face to r., holding spear and shield with horseman device.

430

Roman Coins and Their Values

20696

Gold solidus (c. 4.5 grams). a. Rev. CONCOR—DIA AVGGGG followed by officina mark (details not recorded), Constantinopolis, helmeted, seated facing, hd. r., on throne the arms of which are ornamented with lions’ heads, holding sceptre and globe, r. foot on prow, mint mark CON OB in ex. RIC ix, —. Depeyrot, —. Cf. DOC, pp. 100-01, Class A.i. [Constantinople, AD 383]. VF £350 ($600) / EF £1,000 ($1,750)



NB Arcadius’ portrait is that of a child down to about AD 387/8 after which a much larger adult bust appears. The facing military bust is used on his Constantinopolitan and Thessalonican solidi after the death of Theodosius I in 395.

20697

20697

 

20699 Similar, but the rev. legend ends AVGGG (officinae A, B, G, S, H, and Q = 1, 2, 3, 6, 8, and 9 recorded). RIC ix, p. 223, 45e. Depeyrot, p. 239, 34/2. DOC, pp. 100-01, Class VF £350 ($600) / EF £1,000 ($1,750) A.i. [Constantinople, AD 383].

20698

Similar, but the rev. legend is divided CONCORDI—A AVGGG (officinae e, S, Z, H, Q, and I = 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10 recorded). Cf. RIC ix, p. 230, 67c-d. Depeyrot, p. 243, 46/3. DOC 1 and 80-81. [Constantinople, AD 383-4 and 387-8]. VF £200 ($350) / EF £575 ($1,000)

20699

Similar, but the rev. legend ends AVGGGG (officinae e, S, Z, H, Q, and I = 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10 recorded). RIC ix, p. 224, 46f-g. Depeyrot, pp. 240-41, 38/6 and 39/6. DOC 2-4. [Constantinople, AD 384-7]. VF £200 ($350) / EF £575 ($1,000)

20700

As 20698, but without officina mark and with mint mark COM OB in ex. RIC ix, p. 188, 64d. Depeyrot, pp. 223-4, 39/5-6 and 41/4. DOC 110-11. [Thessalonica, AD 388-93]. VF £400 ($700) / EF £1,150 ($2,000) The earlier part of this issue shows the emperor wearing a rosette-diadem, while the later has a diadem composed of pearls. Kent (RIC x, 243) thought that the later may belong to the period AD 395-7.

20701

a. Rev. CONCORDI—A AVGGGG followed by officina mark A, B, G, D, e, or Q (= 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 9), as 20696, but Constantinopolis holds shield inscribed VOT / V / MVL / X instead of globe. RIC ix, p. 225, 47c-d. Depeyrot, pp. 239-40, 38/2 and 39/2. Cf. DOC 76 (misnumbered 78 on plate 4). [Constantinople, AD 383-7]. VF £290 ($500) / EF £850 ($1,500) The earlier part of this issue shows the emperor wearing a rosette-diadem, while the later has a diadem composed of pearls.

20702

a. Rev. CONCORDI—A AVGGG followed by Q, as previous, but without lions’ heads on throne and the shield is inscribed VOT / V / MVLT / X and rests on cippus, mint mark MD OB in ex. RIC ix, p. 77, 7b. Depeyrot, p. 168, 7/5. [Milan, AD 388]. VF £480 ($850) / EF £1,425 ($2,500)

20701

ARCADIUS 20703

20704

431

Gold solidus. As 20701, but without lions’ heads on throne and the rev. legend ends AVGGG (officinae A, B, G, D, Z, H, Q, and I = 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 9, and 10 recorded). RIC ix, p. 231, 70c. Depeyrot, pp. 243-4, 47/3 and 48/3. DOC 77-8 (78 misnumbered 76 on plate 4). [Constantinople, AD 388-92]. VF £200 ($350) / EF £575 ($1,000) The alternative abbreviation MVLT for MVL on Constantinopolis’ shield has also been recorded.

20704 20706 Similar, but the shield is inscribed VOT / X / MVLT / XV (officinae A, B, D, S, Z, H, Q, and I = 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10 recorded). RIC ix, p. 231, 71c-d. Depeyrot, pp. 243-4, 47/2 and 48/2. DOC 155-6. [Constantinople, AD 388-92]. VF £225 ($400) / EF £685 ($1,200) The alternative abbreviation MVL for MVLT on Constantinopolis’ shield has also been recorded.

20705

Similar, but the rev. legend ends AVGG and the shield is inscribed VOT / X / MVLT / XX (officina H = 8 only recorded). RIC ix, —. Depeyrot, p. 245, 51/2. [Constantinople, AD 392-3]. (Unique)

20706

c. Rev. CONCORDIA AVGG usually followed by officina mark A-I (= 1-10), Constantinopolis, helmeted, seated facing, hd. r., holding sceptre and Victory on globe, r. foot on prow, mint mark CON OB in ex. RIC x, 7. Depeyrot, p. 246, 55/1. DOC 207VF £175 ($300) / EF £520 ($900) 17. [Constantinople, AD 395-402].

20707

As previous, but with Christogram on the emperor’s cuirass, and with no officina mark at end of rev. legend and with mint mark COM OB in ex. RIC x, 37. Depeyrot, p. 225, 44/1. DOC 223. [Thessalonica, AD 395-402]. VF £400 ($700) / EF £1,150 ($2,000)

20708

Similar, but the rev. legend ends AVGGG. RIC x, 39. Depeyrot, p. 225, 45/1. DOC 242. VF £400 ($700) / EF £1,150 ($2,000) [Thessalonica, AD 402-3].

20709

As previous, but also with star in rev. field to l. RIC x, 42. Depeyrot, p. 225, 46/1. VF £460 ($800) / EF £1,425 ($2,250) [Thessalonica, AD 403-8].

20710

a. Rev. GLORIA ROMANORVM, Roma (on l.) and Constantinopolis (on r.) seated side by side, Roma facing, Constantinopolis to l. with r. foot on prow, holding between them shield inscribed VOT / X / MVLT / XX and surmounted by Chi-Rho monogram, mint mark ROM OB in ex. RIC ix, p. 132, 60. Depeyrot, p. 151, 33/2. [Rome, AD 389]. (Unique)

20711

a, diad. bust l., wearing consular robes and holding mappa and eagle-tipped sceptre. Rev. — Arcadius, nimbate and wearing consular robes, seated facing, holding mappa and eagle-tipped sceptre, mint mark CON OB in ex., P-headed cross (Christogram) in l. field. RIC ix, —. Depeyrot, p. 239, 37/1. DOC 72. [Constantinople, AD 385]. (Only two known) This commemorates Arcadius’ first consulship.

20712

c. Rev. NOVA SPES REI PVBLICAE, Victory seated on cuirass, inscribing XX / XXX on shield resting on l. knee, mint mark CON OB in ex. RIC x, 22-3. Depeyrot, p. 246, 54/1-2. DOC 237. [Constantinople, AD 402-3]. VF £350 ($600) / EF £1,000 ($1,750)

432

20713

Roman Coins and Their Values

20713 Gold solidus. Similar, but the rev. legend is sometimes followed by officina mark A, B, D, S, Z, or Q (= 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, or 9), and with star in field to l. RIC x, 29. Depeyrot, p. 247, 57/1. DOC 250. [Constantinople, AD 403-8]. VF £350 ($600) / EF £1,000 ($1,750)

20714

a. Rev. VICTORIA AVGG, two emperors, both nimbate and of equal height, enthroned facing side by side, their legs covered by drapery, supporting globe between them, upper part of Victory hovering facing in background, palm between the emperors’ legs, mint mark T — R in field and COM in ex. RIC ix, p. 30, 90c. Depeyrot, p. 124, 53/3. DOC —. [Trier, AD 389-91]. VF £480 ($850) / EF £1,425 ($2,500)

20715

As previous, but with L — D instead of T — R in rev. field. RIC ix, p. 50, 38c. Bastien 205. Depeyrot, p. 130, 17/3. [Lugdunum, AD 389-91]. VF £330 ($575) / EF £1,000 ($1,750)

20716

As previous, but with M — D in rev. field. RIC ix, pp. 78 and 80, 8c and 20c. Depeyrot, VF £240 ($425) / EF £720 ($1,250) p. 169, 9/3. DOC 70. [Milan, AD 389-91].

20717

Similar, but also with star above the palm between the emperors’ legs. RIC ix, —. VF £330 ($575) / EF £1,000 ($1,750) Depeyrot, p. 171, 15/1. [Milan, AD 395].

20718

As 20714, but with A — Q instead of T — R in rev. field. RIC ix, p. 103, 40c. MA 806. VF £290 ($500) / EF £850 ($1,500) Depeyrot, p. 185, 21/3. [Aquileia, AD 388].

20719

As previous, but without letters in rev. field, the emperors’ l. legs are undraped, and the one on r. is much shorter; sometimes with dot above the palm between the emperors’ legs. RIC ix, —. Depeyrot, pp. 186-7, 2/7 and 3/3. [Milan and/or Aquileia, AD 383 and 385]. VF £240 ($425) / EF £720 ($1,250) The earlier issues of this type and the next show the emperor wearing a pearl-diadem, while the later have a diadem of rosettes.

20720

Similar, but the enthroned emperors are of equal height. RIC ix, —. Depeyrot, p. 187, 3/4. DOC 61 (attributed to Thessalonica). [Milan and/or Aquileia, AD 383 and 385]. VF £290 ($500) / EF £850 ($1,500)

20721

a. Rev. — emperor, in military attire, stg. r., holding standard and Victory on globe, his l. foot set on captive, mint mark COM OB (sometimes followed by dot) in ex., S — M in field. RIC ix, p. 161, 12c. Depeyrot, p. 211, 30/2 and 31/1-2 (attributed to Sirmium). DOC, p. 100, Table 14. [Comitatensian mint in or near Constantinople, AD 392]. VF £240 ($425) / EF £720 ($1,250)

20721A

D N ARCADIIVS (sic) P F AVG, a. Rev. — as previous (no dot following the mint mark), but with officina mark H (= 8) following the legend. RIC ix, p. 161, 13c. Depeyrot, —. [Comitatensian mint in or near Constantinople, AD 393]. VF £290 ($500) / EF £850 ($1,500) This curious error in the obv. legend occurs also on the very earliest issues in the name of Honorius. The erroneous AVGG ending of the rev. legend was carried over from the immediately preceding issues of the joint reign of Theodosius and Arcadius (see also no. 20896).

ARCADIUS

433

20722 20722

Gold solidus. a. Rev. — as previous, but with officina mark A, B, D, S, H, Q, or I (= 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 9, or 10) following the reverse legend. RIC x, 1. Depeyrot, pp. 211-12, 32/1 and 33/1-2 (attributed to Sirmium). DOC, p. 100, Table 14. [Comitatensian mint in or VF £240 ($425) / EF £720 ($1,250) near Constantinople, AD 395-7].

20723

a. Rev. VICTORIA AVGGG followed by officina mark A-I (= 1-10), as previous. RIC ix, pp. 161-2, 14b-c and 15b-c (attributed to Sirmium). Depeyrot, pp. 212-13, 34/12 and 35/1-2 (attributed to Sirmium). DOC 161-2. [Comitatensian mint in or near VF £215 ($375) / EF £575 ($1,000) Constantinople, AD 393-5].

20724 20724

As previous, but without officina mark, and with M — D instead of S — M in rev. field. RIC ix, p. 84, 35b, and x, 1205. Depeyrot, p. 171, 16/1. DOC 265-7. UB 60. [Milan, AD 402-3]. VF £175 ($300) / EF £460 ($800)

20725

As previous, but with A — Q in rev. field. RIC x, 1239. MA 807. Depeyrot, p. 185, 22/2. VF £320 ($550) / EF £850 ($1,500) [Aquileia, AD 407-8].

20726

As previous, but with R — M in rev. field. RIC x, 1251 and 1253. Depeyrot, p. 151, 34/1. DOC 269. Ratto 14. [Rome, AD 404 and 407-8]. VF £215 ($375) / EF £575 ($1,000) This type is found in two different styles, the later (and much rarer) variety resembling the coinage of Priscus Attalus.

20727

As previous, but with R — V in rev. field. RIC x, 1286. MR 2-3. Depeyrot, p. 188, 7/2. DOC 272. Tolstoi 30. [Ravenna, AD 402-3 and 405-6]. VF £200 ($350) / EF £575 ($900) The mint of Ravenna was opened by Honorius in AD 402.

20728

As previous, but with A — R in rev. field. RIC x, 1308. EMA 197/1. Depeyrot, p. 137, VF £430 ($750) / EF £1,150 ($2,000) 19/1. [Constantia/Arles, AD 407].

434 20729

Roman Coins and Their Values Gold solidus. c. Rev. VOTA PLVRIA, two emperors (Arcadius and Honorius), both nimbate and of equal height, enthroned facing side by side, holding between them shield inscribed VOT / XV / MVLT / XX, cross above the shield, mint mark COM OB in ex. RIC x, 3. Depeyrot, p. 246, 53/1. DOC, pp. 128-9, Table 29. (tentatively attributed to Rome). [Comitatensian mint in or near Constantinople, AD 397-8]. (Unique) Celebrating Arcadius’ quindecennalia, or fifteenth anniversary of rule. Carson and Grierson both regard this as an Italian issue, the former giving it to Milan, the latter to Rome.

NB Several gold multiples, of great rarity, were issued in the name of Arcadius: aurei were struck at Milan, rev. VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM, Victory advancing l. (RIC x, 1203), and at Ravenna (RIC x, 1285) and Constantinople (RIC x, 6), both with rev. VICTORIA ROMANORVM, Victory advancing l.; 2 solidi were struck at Constantinople, rev. GLORIA ROMANORVM, Roma and Constantinopolis enthroned (Leu 10, 1974, lot 452); 3 solidi were struck at Constantinople, rev. SECVRITAS REI PVBLICAE, nimbate emperor stg., with Victory on globe and labarum (RIC ix, 66); 4.5 solidi were struck at Constantinople, rev. GLORIA ROMANORVM, Constantinopolis seated (RIC ix, 65b); and 10 solidi (?) were struck at Constantinople, rev. GLORIA ROMANORVM, nimbate emperor facing in six-horse chariot (RIC x, 4). 20730

Gold semissis or half solidus (c. 2.25 grams). a. Rev. VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM, Victory seated r. on cuirass, inscribing VOT / X / MVLT / XV on shield resting on l. knee and supported by winged Genius before her, mint mark M — D in field, COM OB in ex. RIC x, 1210. Depeyrot, p. 171, 17/2. [Milan, AD 402]. VF £290 ($500) / EF £850 ($1,500)

20731

Similar, but the shield is inscribed VOT / X / MVLT / XX. RIC x, 1212. Depeyrot, p. 172, 17/3. DOC, p. 128, Table 29. [Milan, AD 402]. VF £290 ($500) / EF £850 ($1,500)

20732

20732 As previous, but with R — M in field instead of M — D. RIC x, 1256. Depeyrot, p. 151, VF £290 ($500) / EF £850 ($1,500) 35/2. DOC, p. 128, Table 29. [Rome, AD 404].

20733

As previous, but without mint mark in field, with P-headed cross (Christogram) in lower field to r., and mint mark CON OB in ex. RIC x, 16. Depeyrot, p. 246, 52/2. VF £240 ($425) / EF £720 ($1,250) [Constantinople, AD 402].

20734

a. Rev. VICTORIA AVGGG, Victory seated r. cuirass, inscribing XX / XXX on shield set on l. knee, star in l. field, P-headed cross (Christogram) in lower r., mint mark CON OB in ex. RIC x, 33. Depeyrot, p. 248, 57/5. [Constantinople, AD 403-8]. (Unique?) This type marks the commencement of the degradation of the votive inscription on the reverse which typifies issues of this denomination in the fifth century and beyond.

ARCADIUS

435

20735

Gold 1.5-scripulum or 9-siliqua (c. 1.68 grams). a. Rev. VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM, Victory seated r., inscribing VOT / V / MVL / X on shield, P-headed cross (Christogram) in lower field to r., mint mark CON OB in ex. RIC ix, —. Depeyrot, p. 242, 42/5. [Constantinople, AD 383-7]. VF £200 ($350) / EF £575 ($1,000)

20736

Gold tremissis or one-third solidus (c. 1.50 grams). a. Rev. VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark T — R in field, COM in ex. RIC ix, p. 31, 92b. Depeyrot, p. 124, 53/6. DOC, p. 128, Table 29. VF £140 ($250) / EF £430 ($750) [Trier, AD 389-91].

20737 20737

As previous, but Victory is advancing r., holding wreath and globus cruciger, and with M — D instead of T — R in field. RIC x, 1214. Cf. Depeyrot, p. 172, 18/1. DOC, p. 128, VF £85 ($150) / EF £250 ($450) Table 29. [Milan, AD 402].

20738

As previous, but with R — M in rev. field. RIC x, 1258. Cf. Depeyrot, p. 151, 36/2. VF £100 ($175) / EF £290 ($500) DOC, p. 128, Table 29. [Rome, AD 404].

20739

As previous, but with R — V in rev. field. RIC x, 1288. MR 4-5. Depeyrot, p. 189, 10/2. DOC, p. 128, Table 29. [Ravenna, AD 402-3 and 405-6]. VF £110 ($190) / EF £320 ($550)

20740

Similar, but Victory is stg. facing, hd. l. RIC x, 1290. —. Depeyrot, —. [Ravenna, AD 405-6]. (Unique) The specimen cited by Kent may be irregular (see note to 1290).

20741

As 20737, but Victory’s r. foot is set on globe, and without mint mark in field (COM in ex.). RIC ix, p. 78, 11c (attributed to Milan). Depeyrot, p. 224, 42/3. [Thessalonica, AD 392-3]. VF £110 ($190) / EF £320 ($550)

20742

20743

  20742 20744 As 20737, but without mint mark in field, and with CON OB in ex. RIC ix, p. 232, 75c. Depeyrot, p. 245, 50/3. [Constantinople, AD 388-93]. VF £85 ($150) / EF £250 ($450) Similar, but Victory is advancing to front, hd. l. RIC x, 19. Depeyrot, —. [Constantinople, VF £110 ($190) / EF £320 ($550)

AD 397-402].

20744

Similar, but also with star in rev. field to r. RIC x, 34. Cf. Depeyrot, p. 248, 58/1. VF £110 ($190) / EF £320 ($550) [Constantinople, AD 402-8].

20745

Silver multiple of 6 reduced siliquae or 3 light miliarenses (c. 13.5 grams). a. Rev. Rev. TRIVMFATOR GENT BARB, Arcadius, in military attire, stg. facing, hd. l., holding labarum and globe, kneeling captive at feet to l., mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark e (= 5). RIC ix, p.129, 52b. RSC 4b. [Rome, AD 383-7]. VF £6,800 ($12,000) / EF £17,250 ($30,000)

20746

As previous, but with mint mark RM PS in ex. RIC x, 1260. RSC 4a. [Rome, AD 404-8]. VF £6,800 ($12,000) / EF £17,250 ($30,000)

436

Roman Coins and Their Values

20747 20747

Silver heavy miliarensis (c. 5.4 grams). a. Rev. VOT / X / MVLT / XX in wreath, mint mark MD PS in ex. RIC ix, p. 81, 24. RSC 28a. [Milan, AD 392]. VF £1,025 ($1,800) / EF £2,600 ($4,500)

20748

As previous, but with mint mark RM PS in ex. RIC ix, 1262. RSC 28b. Tolstoi 51. VF £1,150 ($2,000) / EF £2,850 ($5,000) [Rome, AD 404].

20749

As previous, but with mint mark RV PS in ex. RIC ix, 1293. MR 6. RSC 28c. [Ravenna, VF £1,150 ($2,000) / EF £2,850 ($5,000)

AD 402].

20750

Silver light miliarensis (c. 4.5 grams). a. Rev. GLORIA ROMANORVM, Arcadius, nimbate and in military attire, stg. facing, hd. l., raising r. hand and holding globe in l., mint mark MD PS in ex. RIC ix, p. 82, 25b. RSC 3a. [Milan, AD 388-93]. VF £925 ($1,600) / EF £2,300 ($4,000)

20751

As previous, but with mint mark AQ PS in ex. RIC ix, p. 106, 56b. MA 809. RSC 3b. VF £925 ($1,600) / EF £2,300 ($4,000) [Aquileia, AD 388-93].

20752

As previous, but obv. bust is to l., and with mint mark CON in ex. RIC ix, p. 234, 85b (Unique) and RIC x, 47. RSC 3c. [Constantinople, AD 388-93 or later?].

20753

a. Rev. — Arcadius, in military attire, stg. facing, hd. l., holding standard and resting on shield, mint mark MD PS in ex. RIC ix, p. 82, 31b. RSC 3A. Tolstoi 53. [Milan, AD 388-92]. VF £1,025 ($1,800) / EF £2,600 ($4,500)

20754

20755 20756 20757 20758

20754 a. Rev. VIRTVS EXERCITVM, Arcadius, in military attire, stg. facing, hd. l., resting on spear and shield, mint mark MD PS in ex. RIC x, 1220. UB —. RSC —. [Milan, AD 395-402]. (Unique) a. Rev. VIRTVS EXERCITVS, as previous. RIC x, 1222. UB 64. RSC 26Aa. [Milan, VF £1,025 ($1,800) / EF £2,600 ($4,500)

AD 397-402].

As previous, but with mint mark RM PS in ex. RIC x, 1264. RSC 26Ac. [Rome, AD 404 and 407-8]. VF £1,025 ($1,800) / EF £2,600 ($4,500) As previous, but with mint mark RV PS in ex. RIC x, 1295. MR 7. RSC 26Ab. [Ravenna, VF £1,025 ($1,800) / EF £2,600 ($4,500)

AD 402-3 and 405-6].

Silver siliqua (c. 1.5-2.25 grams, weights extremely variable). a. Rev. VRBS ROMA, Roma seated l. on cuirass, holding Victory on globe and resting on spear, mint mark TR PS in ex. RIC ix, p. 31, 95c. RSC 28Ba. [Trier, AD 388-92]. VF £65 ($110) / EF £155 ($275)

ARCADIUS

20759

 

437

20761

20759

Silver siliqua. As previous, but with mint mark LVG PS in ex. RIC ix, p. 51, 43c. Bastien 210. DOC 201. RSC 28Bb. [Lugdunum, AD 388-92]. VF £65 ($110) / EF £155 ($275)

20760

As previous, but Roma is seated on throne instead of cuirass, and with mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark e (= 5). RIC ix, p. 129, 53c. RSC 28C. [Rome, AD 383-7]. VF £75 ($130) / EF £185 ($325)

20761

a. Rev. VIRTVS ROMANORVM, Roma seated l. on cuirass, holding Victory on globe and resting on spear, mint mark TR PS in ex. RIC ix, p. 33, 106b-c. DOC 195-9. RSC VF £60 ($100) / EF £140 ($250) 27a and e. [Trier, AD 393-5]. On some specimens of this type, the emperor’s name appears as ARCAPIVS instead of ARCADIVS.

20762

As previous, but with mint mark MD PS in ex. RIC x, 1227. DOC 192-4. RSC 27b. VF £50 ($90) / EF £130 ($225) [Milan, AD 397-402]. An earlier and much rarer issue of this type was struck under the usurper Eugenius (AD 393-4). It is listed in RIC ix (p. 83, 32b) and is distinguished by small details of the design described in RIC x (p. 126).

20763

As previous, but with mint mark RM PS in ex. RIC x, 1266. RSC 27c. [Rome, AD 404 and 407-8]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £175 ($300)

20764

As previous, but with mint mark RV PS in ex. RIC x, 1296. MR 8. RSC —. [Ravenna, VF £80 ($140) / EF £200 ($350)

AD 402-8].

20765

As previous, but with mint mark AQ PS in ex. RIC x, 1241. MA 811. RSC 27d. VF £75 ($130) / EF £185 ($325) [Aquileia, AD 402-8].

20766

a. Rev. — Roma enthroned facing, hd. l., holding globe and sceptre, mint mark AQ PS in ex. RIC ix, p. 103, 41c and RIC x, p. 126. MA 808. DOC 68. RSC 27A. [Aquileia, AD 383-7]. VF £80 ($140) / EF £200 ($350)

20767

20767   20768 a. Rev. VOT / V / MVLT / X in wreath, mint mark MD PS in ex. RIC ix, p. 79, 13. VF £65 ($110) / EF £155 ($275) DOC 71. RSC 27B. [Milan, AD 388-92].

20768

a. Rev. VOT / X / MVLT / XV in wreath, mint mark MD PS in ex. RIC ix, p. 82, 27a and RIC x, 1224. RSC 27C. [Milan, AD 397-402]. VF £70 ($120) / EF £175 ($300)

20769

a. Rev. VOT / X / MVLT / XX in wreath, mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark T (= 3) and with central dot between MV and LT. RIC ix, p. 132, 62c. RSC 28Af. VF £80 ($140) / EF £200 ($350) [Rome, AD 388-92]. The vota numerals on this type and the next would appear to refer to Arcadius’ father Theodosius.

20770

As previous, but without the central dot on rev. and with mint mark TES in ex. RIC ix, p. 185, 58d. RSC 28Aa. [Thessalonica, AD 388-93]. VF £80 ($140) / EF £200 ($350)

438

Roman Coins and Their Values

20771

Silver siliqua. As previous, but with mint mark CONS in ex. followed by dot. RIC ix, p. 232, 77d-e. RSC 28Ab and e. [Constantinople, AD 384-8]. VF £65 ($110) / EF £155 ($275) The vota numerals on this type would appear to refer to Valentinian II.

20772

Similar, but without the dot following the mint mark. RIC ix, p. 235, 87b and x, 48. RSC VF £60 ($100) / EF £140 ($250) 28Ac. [Constantinople, AD 395-402].

20773

Similar, but with star following the mint mark. RIC x, 51-2. RSC 28Ad. [Constantinople, VF £65 ($110) / EF £155 ($275)

AD 402-8].

20774

Silver half siliqua (c. 1.12 grams, weights variable). a. Rev. VICTORIA AVGG, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark MD in ex. RIC x, 1230. UB VF £225 ($400) / EF £575 ($1,000) 68. RSC 25A. [Milan, AD 395-402].

20775

Similar, but the rev. legend ends AVGGG. RIC x, 1233 and 1235. UB 64 and 72. Cf. VF £225 ($400) / EF £575 ($1,000) RSC 26a. [Milan, AD 402]. The change to the triple ending AVGGG reflects the elevation of Theodosius II in 402.

20776

As previous, but with mint mark RM in ex. RIC x, 1268. RSC 26c. [Rome, AD 402]. (Confirmation required)

20777

As previous, but with mint mark AQ PS in ex. RIC ix, p. 106, 57b. MA 810. RSC 26b. VF £290 ($500) / EF £720 ($1,250) [Aquileia, AD 388-92].

20778

Bronze double centenionalis or maiorina (c. 4.50-5.00 grams, weights extremely variable). b. Rev. GLORIA ROMANORVM, Arcadius, helmeted and in military attire, stg. l. on galley, hd. r., his r. hand raised, Victory seated at helm, wreath in l. field, mint mark TES in ex. preceded by dot and followed by officina mark G (= 3). RIC ix, —. DOC 57-8. LRBC II, —. [Thessalonica, AD 383]. F £23 ($40) / VF £72 ($125) / EF £140 ($250)

20779

b. Rev. — Arcadius, in military attire, stg. facing, hd. l., holding standard and resting on shield, captive seated on ground at feet to l., mint mark SISC in ex. preceded by officina mark A (= 1) and sometimes followed by dot. RIC ix, p. 153, 33 LRBC II, 1556 and F £13 ($22) / VF £37 ($65) / EF £115 ($200) 1559. [Siscia, AD 383-6].

20780

As previous, but with mint mark TES in ex. followed by officina mark G (= 3) and sometimes also by dot. RIC ix, p. 183, 45a-b. DOC 59-60. Cf. LRBC II, 1834 and 1838. F £12 ($20) / VF £35 ($60) / EF £100 ($175) [Thessalonica, AD 383-6].

20781

As previous, but with mint mark S M H in ex. followed by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2), sometimes with pellet in r. field. RIC ix, p. 195, 12. DOC 28-31. LRBC II, 1955. F £9 ($15) / VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150) [Heraclea, AD 383-6].

20782

Similar, but with T (with curved base) in rev. field to l., and sometimes with star following the officina mark (officina B = 2 only recorded). RIC ix, p. 197, 22. DOC 32-4. LRBC II, 1972-3. [Heraclea, AD 383-6]. F £9 ($15) / VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150)

20783

As 20779, but with mint mark CON in ex. followed by officina mark G (= 3) and sometimes also by star or palm. RIC ix, p. 226, 53a-b. DOC 5-8. LRBC II, 2148 and F £9 ($15) / VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150) 2153-5. [Constantinople, AD 383-6].

20784

Similar, but also with T in rev. to l. (nothing following the officina mark). RIC ix, p. 233, 80. DOC 9. LRBC II, 2166. [Constantinople, AD 383-6]. F £9 ($15) / VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150)

20775

ARCADIUS

439

20785

Bronze maiorina. As 20779, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, G, or D (= 1, 2, 3, or 4), sometimes with star preceding the mint mark, rarely also with dot following the officina mark. RIC ix, p. 257, 26. DOC 12-13. LRBC II, 2370 and 2377. [Nicomedia, AD 383-6]. F £9 ($15) / VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150)

20786

Similar, but also with T in rev. field to r., and sometimes with star or cross preceding the mint mark (officina A = 1 not recorded). RIC ix, p. 260, 41. DOC 14. LRBC II, 2389 F £12 ($20) / VF £35 ($60) / EF £100 ($175) and 2391-2. [Nicomedia, AD 383-6].

20787

As 20779, but with mint mark S M K in ex. followed by officina mark D (= 4). RIC ix, p. 243, 15. DOC 16-18. LRBC II, 2547. [Cyzicus, AD 386]. F £12 ($20) / VF £35 ($60) / EF £100 ($175)

20788

As previous, but with mint mark ANT in ex. followed by officina mark B, e, or S (= 2, 5, or 6) and sometimes preceded by star, sometimes with cross in field to l. RIC ix, pp. 283-4, 41a-b. DOC 36-42. Cf. LRBC II, 2716, 2723, and 2725-8 (misdescribed). [Antioch, AD 383-6]. F £9 ($15) / VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150)

20789

Similar, but with T in field to r. and cross to l. (positions sometimes reversed), and with star preceding the mint mark (officina B = 2 not recorded). RIC ix, p. 291, 60. DOC 43. F £9 ($15) / VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150) LRBC II, 2752-3. [Antioch, AD 383-6].

20790

As 20779, but with mint mark ALE in ex. followed by officina mark A (= 1). RIC ix, p. 300, 7. LRBC II, 2878. [Alexandria, AD 383-6] F £9 ($15) / VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150)

20791

Similar, but with T in rev. field to l. and sometimes also with cross to r. (officina D = 4 also recorded). RIC ix, p. 302, 16. DOC 47. Cf. LRBC II, 2886 (misdescribed). F £9 ($15) / VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150) [Alexandria, AD 383-6].

20792

a. Rev. GLORIA ROMANORVM, Arcadius, in military attire, stg. facing, hd. r., holding standard and globe, mint mark S M H in ex. followed by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2), sometimes with star in r. field. RIC ix, p. 199, 27b. LRBC II, 1987 and 1990. F £12 ($20) / VF £35 ($60) / EF £100 ($175) [Heraclea, AD 393-5].

20793

As previous, but with mint mark CONS in ex. followed by officina mark B, G, or D (= 2, 3 or 4), sometimes with crosses in field to l. and to r. or with palm to l., and sometimes with dot following the officina mark. RIC ix, p. 235, 88b. LRBC II, 2187, 2196, 2199, and 2202-3. [Constantinople, AD 393-5]. F £12 ($20) / VF £35 ($60) / EF £100 ($175)

20794

As previous, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2), sometimes with star in r. field. RIC ix, p. 263, 46b. DOC 166-7. LRBC II, 2423 and F £12 ($20) / VF £35 ($60) / EF £100 ($175) 2432. [Nicomedia, AD 393-5].

20795 20795

As previous, but with mint mark S M K in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, G, or D (= 1, 2, 3, or 4). RIC ix, p. 246, 27b. DOC 168-73. LRBC II, 2572. [Cyzicus, AD 393-5]. F £12 ($20) / VF £35 ($60) / EF £100 ($175)

20796

As previous, but with mint mark ANT in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, G, or D (= 1, 2, 3, or 4). RIC ix, p. 294, 68c-d. DOC 179-81. LRBC II, 2781-2. [Antioch, AD 393-5]. F £12 ($20) / VF £35 ($60) / EF £100 ($175)

440

Roman Coins and Their Values

20797

Bronze maiorina. As previous, but with mint mark ALE in ex. followed by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2). RIC ix, p. 304, 21b-c. As previous, but with mint mark ALE in ex. followed by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2). RIC ix, p. 304, 21b-c. DOC 185. LRBC II, 2911-12. [Alexandria, AD 393-5]. F £13 ($22) / VF £37 ($65) / EF £110 ($190)

20798

a. Rev. VIRTVS EXERCITI, Arcadius, in military attire, stg. r., holding standard and globe, his l. foot set on captive, mint mark S M H in ex., sometimes preceded by dot and followed by officina mark B (= 2), sometimes with star in l. field. RIC ix, p. 197, 24c. LRBC II, 1975, 1978, and 1981. [Heraclea, AD 387-92]. F £9 ($15) / VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150)

20799

As previous, but with obv. legend D N ARCADIVS P F AVGVSTVS, and on rev. with mint mark CONS in ex. followed by officina mark B, G, or D (= 2, 3, or 4), and with + or P-headed cross (Christogram) in field to l. RIC ix, p. 233, 83c. DOC 84-91. LRBC II, 2173 and 2179. [Constantinople, AD 387-92]. F £7 ($12) / VF £23 ($40) / EF £72 ($125)

20800

As 20798, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark A or G (= 1 or 3), sometimes also with dot or palm in l. field. RIC ix, p. 261, 44c. LRBC II, 2395, 2399, F £9 ($15) / VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150) and 2402. [Nicomedia, AD 387-92].

20801

As previous, but with mint mark S M K in ex. followed by officina mark B, G, or D (= 2, 3, or 4). RIC ix, p. 245, 25c. DOC 117-18. LRBC II, 2566. [Cyzicus, AD 387-92]. F £7 ($12) / VF £23 ($40) / EF £72 ($125)

20802

As previous, but with mint mark ANT in ex. followed by officina mark B or S (= 6). RIC ix, p. 291, 63e-f. DOC 137-8. LRBC II, 2758-9. [Antioch, AD 387-92]. F £7 ($12) / VF £23 ($40) / EF £72 ($125)

20803

As previous, but with mint mark ALE in ex. followed by officina mark G (= 3). RIC ix, p. 302, 18d. DOC 145-7. LRBC II, 2896. [Alexandria, AD 387-92]. F £7 ($12) / VF £23 ($40) / EF £72 ($125)

20804

Bronze centenionalis (c. 2-2.50 grams, weights extremely variable). c. Rev. CONCORDIA AVGG, Constantinopolis, enthroned facing, hd. r., holding sceptre and Victory on globe, her r. foot on prow, mint mark CONS in ex. followed by officina mark A (= 1). RIC x, 85-6. DOC 238-241. LRBC II, 2210. [Constantinople, AD 402]. F £9 ($15) / VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150)

20805

As previous, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2). RIC x, 91. DOC 243-4. LRBC II, 2442. [Nicomedia, AD 402]. F £9 ($15) / VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150)

20806

As previous, but with mint mark S M K in ex. followed by officina mark A (= 1). RIC x, 94. DOC 245-6. LRBC II, 2586. [Cyzicus, AD 402]. F £9 ($15) / VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150)

20807

As previous, but with mint mark ANT in ex. followed by officina mark G (= 3). RIC x, 97-8. LRBC II, 2797. [Antioch, AD 402]. F £9 ($15) / VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150)

20808

a. Rev. CONCORDIA AVGGG, as 20804, but without Victory on globe and the mint mark is followed by officina mark G (= 3) and with palm in l. field and HN monogram in r. RIC ix, p. 228, 57f. LRBC II, 2144. [Constantinople, AD 383]. F £17 ($30) / VF £50 ($90) / EF £140 ($250)

20807

ARCADIUS

441

20809

Bronze centenionalis. As previous, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark A (= 1), same symbols in field. RIC ix, p. 258, 31c. LRBC II, 2367. [Nicomedia, AD 383]. F £17 ($30) / VF £50 ($90) / EF £140 ($250)

20810

Diad. bust l., wearing consular robes and holding mappa and sceptre. Rev. GLORIA REI PVBLICE, gateway of military camp, P-headed cross (Christogram) above, mint mark TES in ex., sometimes with officina mark G (= 3) in l. field. RIC ix, p. 186, 59c. LRBC II, 1857 and 1863. [Thessalonica, AD 388]. F £43 ($75) / VF £105 ($180) / EF £250 ($450)

20811 20811

a. Rev. GLORIA ROMANORVM, Arcadius, in military attire, advancing r., hd. l., dragging captive by the hair with r. hand and holding labarum in l., mint mark TR in ex. followed by officina mark S (= 2). RIC ix, p. 32, 96c. LRBC II, 161. [Trier, AD 388-92]. F £13 ($22) / VF £37 ($65) / EF £115 ($200)

20812

As previous, but with mint mark S M AQ in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). RIC ix, p. 104, 45c. DOC 69. LRBC II, 1086. MA 812. [Aquileia, AD 383-7]. F £6 ($11) / VF £19 ($33) / EF £60 ($100)

20813

As previous, but with mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark P, B, T, Q, or e (= 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5), sometimes with leaf between. RIC ix, p. 130, 55c-d. LRBC II, 770-71 and 773-4. [Rome, AD 383-7]. F £8 ($13) / VF £23 ($40) / EF £70 ($120)

20814

As previous, but with mint mark SISC in ex. preceded by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2) and sometimes followed by dot. RIC ix, p. 154, 38c. DOC 66. LRBC II, 1571 and F £6 ($10) / VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90) 1574. [Siscia, AD 384-7].

20815

As previous, but with mint mark TES in ex., and sometimes also with officina mark G (= 3) in r. field. RIC ix, p. 186, 60c. LRBC II, 1852. [Thessalonica, AD 384-8]. F £6 ($11) / VF £19 ($33) / EF £60 ($100)

20816

a. Rev. — Arcadius, in military attire, on horseback pacing r., his r. hand raised, mint mark CONS in ex. followed by officina mark G (= 3). RIC ix, p. 236, 89b. DOC 164-5. LRBC II, 2190. [Constantinople, AD 393-5]. F £8 ($14) / VF £24 ($42) / EF £72 ($125)

20817

As previous, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2). RIC ix, p. 263, 47b. LRBC II, 2426. [Nicomedia, AD 393-5]. F £9 ($16) / VF £27 ($47) / EF £80 ($140)

20818

As previous, but with mint mark S M K in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, G, or D (= 1, 2, 3, or 4). RIC ix, p. 247, 29b. DOC 174-5. LRBC II, 2575. [Cyzicus, AD 393-5]. F £7 ($12) / VF £22 ($38) / EF £65 ($110)

20819

As previous, but with mint mark ANT in ex. followed by officina mark B or D (= 2 or 4). RIC ix, pp. 294-5, 69c-d. LRBC II, 2787-8. [Antioch, AD 393-5]. F £7 ($12) / VF £22 ($38) / EF £65 ($110)

442

20820

Roman Coins and Their Values

  20820 20823 Bronze centenionalis. As previous, but with mint mark ALE in ex. followed by officina mark G (= 3). RIC ix, p. 304, 22b. LRBC II, 2915. [Alexandria, AD 393-5]. F £9 ($14) / VF £26 ($42) / EF £72 ($125)

20821

a (star behind). Rev. – Three emperors (Arcadius and Honorius either side of a shorter figure of Theodosius II) stg. facing, the senior emperors looking towards each other and holding spears and shields, the younger looking to front and holding spear and globe, mint mark CONS in ex. followed by officina mark A or B (= 1or 2). RIC x, 142. LRBC II, 2214. [Constantinople, AD 406-8]. F £16 ($28) / VF £40 ($70) / EF £100 ($175)

20822

As previous, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark A (= 1). RIC x, 145. LRBC II, 2446. [Nicomedia, AD 406-8]. F £15 ($25) / VF £35 ($60) / EF £85 ($150)

20823

As previous, but with mint mark S M K in ex. followed by officina mark A or B (= 1or 2). RIC x, 148. DOC 254-6. LRBC II, 2590. [Cyzicus, AD 406-8]. F £12 ($20) / VF £30 ($50) / EF £72 ($125)

20824

As previous, but with mint mark ANT in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, G, or D (= 1, 2, 3, or 4). RIC x, 151-2. DOC 258. LRBC II, 2801. [Antioch, AD 406-8]. F £15 ($25) / VF £35 ($60) / EF £85 ($150)

20825

As previous, but with mint mark ALE in ex. followed by officina mark A (= 1). RIC x, 156. DOC 259-60. LRBC II, 2923. [Alexandria, AD 406-8]. F £15 ($25) / VF £35 ($60) / EF £85 ($150)

20826

Diad. and cuir. bust r. Rev. SPES REI PVBLICAE, Arcadius, in military attire, stg. facing, hd. r., holding labarum and globe, his r. foot set on captive, mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark P, B, T, Q, or e (= 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5). RIC ix, p. 133, 63c. LRBC II, 777. [Rome, AD 383-7 or 388-92]. F £50 ($90) / VF £100 ($175) / EF £200 ($350)

20827

20827 a. Rev. VRBS ROMA FELIX, Roma stg. facing, sometimes with hd. turned to r., holding trophy and Victory on globe, shield resting against her l. leg, mint mark S M ROM in ex., officina mark OF — P, S, T, Q, or e (= 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5) in field. RIC x, 1271-3 and 1277-9. DOC 271. LRBC II, 812-14 and 819-21. [Rome, AD 407-8]. F £15 ($25) / VF £35 ($60) / EF £85 ($150)

20827A

a. Rev. VIRTVS AVGGG, Arcadius, in military attire, stg. l. on galley, hd. r., holding phoenix on globe and standard, his r. foot set on captive, Victory seated at helm, mint mark TES in ex., officina mark G (= 3) in l. field. RIC ix, p. 186, 61c. LRBC II 1855. [Thessalonica, AD 384-8]. F £8 ($14) / VF £24 ($42) / EF £72($125) This is a revival of a type first issued under Constantius II and Constans almost four decades before (see nos. 18178-91 and 18651-68). See also nos. 20338 and 20550.

20828

a. Rev. VIRTVS EXERCITI, Arcadius stg. facing, hd. r., holding spear and resting on shield, about to be crowned by Victory who stands l. beside him on r., holding palmbranch in l., mint mark S M H in ex. followed by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2), sometimes with dot in r. field. RIC x, 56 and 58. LRBC II, 1992 and 1994. [Heraclea, AD 395-402]. F £10 ($17) / VF £23 ($45) / EF £65($110)

ARCADIUS

443

20829

Bronze centenionalis. As previous, but with mint mark CONS in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, G, D, or e (= 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5). RIC x, 60. DOC 218-22. LRBC II, 2205. [Constantinople, AD 395-402]. F £9 ($15) / VF £23 ($40) / EF £60 ($100)

20830

As previous, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2), sometimes with star in r. field. RIC x, 62 and 64. DOC 224-5. LRBC II, 2436 and F £10 ($18) / VF £23 ($45) / EF £60 ($110) 2438. [Nicomedia, AD 395-402].

20831

As previous, but with mint mark S M K in ex. followed by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2), nothing in field. RIC x, 66-7. DOC 226-30. LRBC II, 2580. [Cyzicus, AD 395402]. F £10 ($18) / VF £26 ($45) / EF £65 ($110)

20832

As previous, but with mint mark ANT in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, G, or D (= 1, 2, 3, or 4). RIC x, 70-71. DOC 231-4. LRBC II, 2791-2. [Antioch, AD 395-402]. F £9 ($15) / VF £23 ($40) / EF £60 ($100)

20833

As previous, but with mint mark ALE in ex. followed by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2). RIC x, 75. DOC 235-6. LRBC II, 2917. [Alexandria, AD 395-402]. F £9 ($15) / VF £23 ($40) / EF £60 ($100)

20834

20834 20838 Bronze half centenionalis (c. 0.75-1.25 grams, weights extremely variable). a. Rev. CONCORDIA AVG, cross, mint mark CONS in ex. usually followed by officina mark A, B, or D (= 1, 2, or 4). RIC x, 106-8, 114, and 118-19. LRBC II, 2207-8. [Constantinople, AD 404-6]. F £9 ($15) / VF £20 ($35) / EF £50 ($90)

20835

As previous, but with mint mark ALE in ex. followed by officina mark A (= 1). RIC x, 111 and 120. LRBC II, 2920. [Alexandria, AD 404-6]. F £8 ($13) / VF £18 ($32) / EF £45 ($80)

20836

a. Rev. CONCORDIA AVGGG, cross, mint mark S M H in ex. followed by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2). RIC x, 123. DOC 253. LRBC II, 1996. [Heraclea, AD 404-6]. F £9 ($15) / VF £20 ($35) / EF £50 ($90)

20837

As previous, but with mint mark CONS in ex. followed by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2). RIC x, 127. LRBC II, 2221. [Constantinople, AD 404-6]. F £10 ($18) / VF £26 ($45) / EF £65 ($110)

20838

As previous, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2). RIC x, 129. LRBC II, 2451. [Nicomedia, AD 404-6]. F £9 ($15) / VF £20 ($35) / EF £50 ($90)

20839

As previous, but with mint mark S M K in ex. followed by officina mark A (= 1), rarely with dot in l. field. RIC x, 132 and 135. DOC 257. LRBC II, 2594 and 2597. [Cyzicus, AD 404-6]. F £8 ($13) / VF £18 ($32) / EF £45 ($80)

20840

As previous, but with mint mark ANT in ex. followed by officina mark A or G (= 1 or 3). RIC x, 136. LRBC II, 2806. [Antioch, AD 404-6]. F £9 ($15) / VF £20 ($35) / EF £50 ($90)

20841

As previous, but with mint mark ALE in ex. followed by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2). RIC x, 139. DOC 261-2. LRBC II, 2920. [Alexandria, AD 404-6]. F £8 ($13) / VF £18 ($32) / EF £45 ($80) RIC states that at Alexandria the rev. legend appears as CONCORDIA NVGGG (sic).

20842

a. Rev. GLORIA REI PVBLICE, gateway of military camp, mint mark TES in ex., sometimes with officina mark B, G, or D (= 2, 3, or 4) in l. field. RIC ix, p. 187, 62c. DOC 64-5. LRBC II, 1860 and 1866. [Thessalonica, AD 384-8]. F £15 ($25) / VF £35 ($60) / EF £85 ($150)

444 20843

20844

Roman Coins and Their Values Bronze half centenionalis. a. Rev. SALVS REI PVBLICAE, Victory advancing l., holding trophy over shoulder in r. hand and dragging captive by the hair with l., P-headed cross (Christogram) in l. field, mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark P, Q, or e (1, 4, or 5), sometimes with dot between. RIC ix, p. 133, 64c, and x, 1245. LRBC II, 798, 801, 805, and 807. [Rome, AD 388-402]. F £7 ($12) / VF £17 ($30) / EF £43 ($75) A scarce variety bearing the obv. legend D N ARCADI AVG (RIC x, 1246, and LRBC 808) belongs to the period after the death of Theodosius I in 395.

20844 As previous, but with mint mark AQ in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). RIC ix, p. 106, 58c, and x, 1237. DO 188-90. LRBC II, 1107, 1110, and 1112. MA 816. [Aquileia, AD 388-92 and 394-402]. F £7 ($12) / VF £17 ($30) / EF £43 ($75)

20845

As previous, but with mint mark TES in ex. followed by officina mark G (= 3). RIC ix, p. 188, 65c. DOC 112. LRBC II, 1875. [Thessalonica, AD 388-92]. F £8 ($13) / VF £18 ($32) / EF £45 ($80)

20846

As previous, but without Christogram in rev. field to l., and with mint mark S M H in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, G, or D (= 1 2, 3, or 4). RIC ix, p. 198, 26c. DOC 131-6. LRBC II, 1985. [Heraclea, AD 388-92]. F £9 ($15) / VF £20 ($35) / EF £48 ($85)

20847

As 20843, but with mint mark CONS in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, G, or D (= 1, 2, 3, or 4). RIC ix, p. 234, 86c. DOC 92-109. LRBC II, 2185. [Constantinople, AD 388-92]. F £7 ($12) / VF £17 ($30) / EF £43 ($75) On this type, the emperor’s name in the obverse legend is undivided.

20848

Similar, but the emperor’s name is divided ARCADI—VS in the obv. legend (officina B = 2 only recorded). RIC ix, p. 236, 90b. LRBC II, 2193. [Constantinople, AD 393-5]. F £9 ($15) / VF £20 ($35) / EF £48 ($85)

20849

As 20846, but with mint mark S M N or • S M N in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, or G (= 1, 2, or 3). RIC ix, p. 262, 45c. DOC 114-15. LRBC II, 2405, 2421, and 2429. [Nicomedia, AD 388-95]. F £8 ($13) / VF £18 ($32) / EF £45 ($80)

20850

Similar, but also with Christogram, cross, Q, or dot in l. field. RIC ix, p. 262, 45c. LRBC II, 2408, 2410, 2414, 2417, 2420, and 2434. [Nicomedia, AD 388-95]. F £8 ($13) / VF £18 ($32) / EF £45 ($80)

20851

As 20843, but with mint mark S M K in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, or G (= 1, 2, or 3). RIC ix, p. 246, 26c. DOC 119-28. LRBC II, 2570 and 2578. [Cyzicus, AD 388-95]. F £7 ($12) / VF £17 ($30) / EF £43 ($75)

20852

As previous, but with mint mark ANT (or AN) in ex. followed by officina mark A, G, or D (= 1, 3, or 4), sometimes with cross instead of Christogram in l. field. RIC ix, p. 293, 67d. DOC 139-44. LRBC II, 2762, 2766, 2767, and 2771. [Antioch, AD 388-92]. F £7 ($12) / VF £17 ($30) / EF £43 ($75) On this type, the emperor’s name in the obverse legend is undivided.

20853

Similar, but the emperor’s name is divided ARCADI—VS in the obv. legend (officina G = 3 only recorded, cross in rev. field to l.). RIC ix, p. 295, 70b. LRBC II, 2774. [Antioch, AD 393-5]. F £9 ($15) / VF £20 ($35) / EF £48 ($85)

20854

As previous, but with mint mark ALE in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, or G (= 1, 2, or 3), sometimes with cross or dot instead of Christogram in l. field. RIC ix, pp. 3034, 20c and 23b. DOC 148-9. LRBC II, 2900, 2903, and 2906. [Alexandria, AD 388-95]. F £5 ($9) / VF £16 ($27) / EF £50 ($80)

ARCADIUS

445

20855

Bronze half centenionalis. a. Rev. VICTORIA AVG, two Victories stg. facing each other, each holding wreath and palm, mint mark TES in ex. followed by officina mark G (= 3), sometimes with dot in central field. RIC ix, p. 187, 63c. DOC 63. LRBC II, 1869 and 1872. [Thessalonica, AD 384-8]. F £10 ($18) / VF £26 ($45) / EF £65 ($110)

20856

a. Rev. VICTORIA AVGG, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark TR in ex. RIC x, 1299. LRBC II, 173. [Trier, AD 395]. F £10 ($18) / VF £28 ($48) / EF £70 ($120)

20857

a. Rev. VICTORIA AVGGG, two Victories, as 20855, but with mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark P, B, T, Q, or e (= 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5), sometimes with dot in central field and sometimes with leaf between the mint and officina marks. RIC ix, p. 131, 57d-e. LRBC II, 783-4, 788, and 793. [Rome, AD 383-7]. F £10 ($18) / VF £26 ($45) / EF £65 ($110)

20858

20858 As previous, but with mint mark SM AQ in ex. followed by officina mark S (= 2). RIC ix, p. 104, 47c-d. LRBC II, 1093-4. MA 814. [Aquileia, AD 383-7]. F £10 ($18) / VF £28 ($48) / EF £70 ($120)

20859

a. Rev. — Victory advancing l., as 20856, but with mint mark LVG in ex. followed by officina mark P or, rarely, S (= 1 or 2). RIC ix, p. 52, 44d-e and p. 53, 47 note. LRBC II, 392 and 395. Bastien 224 and 228 (see also p. 244). [Lugdunum, AD 388-95]. F £8 ($14) / VF £21 ($36) / EF £50 ($90) The undivided form of the emperor’s name (ARCADIVS) is usual for this type; scarcer issues with the divided form (ARCADI—VS) probably belong to the joint reign with Theodosius and Honorius (AD 394-5) or even to the usurpation of Eugenius (392-4).

20860

Similar, but officina P (= 1) only recorded, and with S or, more commonly, V in l. field. RIC x, 1302 and 1304. LRBC II, 397. Bastien 235 and 238. [Lugdunum, AD 395]. F £8 ($14) / VF £21 ($36) / EF £50 ($90) Bastien attributes the variety with S in rev. field to AD 394, during the usurpation of Eugenius.

20861

As 20859, but with mint mark CON in ex. preceded by officina mark P, S, or T (= 1, 2, or 3). RIC ix, p. 70, 303e and p. 70, * note; and x, 1306. DOC 203. LRBC II, 566 and 569, and cf. 571. EMA 198/3. [Constantia/Arles, AD 388-92 and 394-5]. F £8 ($13) / VF £18 ($32) / EF £45 ($80) Even though all known specimens of this type have the emperor’s name undivided (ARCADIVS) it appears that some specimens must post-date the death of Theodosius I.

20862

As previous, but with mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark P, T, or e (= 1, 3, or 5). RIC ix, p. 130, 56d. LRBC II, 781. [Rome, AD 383-7]. F £9 ($16) / VF £23 ($40) / EF £60 ($100)

20863

As previous, but with mint mark AQ in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). RIC ix, p. 104, 46d. LRBC II, 1089. MA 813. [Aquileia, AD 383-7]. F £10 ($18) / VF £26 ($45) / EF £65 ($110) The simplified form of the mint mark (AQ instead of S M AQ) and the divided obv. legend (ARCADI—VS) suggest that this type may be of later date, perhaps AD 394-5.

20864

As previous, but with mint mark SIS in ex. preceded by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2) and sometimes followed by dot. RIC ix, p. 155, 39c-d. DOC 67. LRBC II, 1577-8 and F £9 ($16) / VF £23 ($40) / EF £60 ($100) 1581. [Siscia, AD 384-7].

446

Roman Coins and Their Values

20865

VICTORIA AVGGG (cont.) Bronze half centenionalis. a. Rev. VOT / V in two lines within wreath, mint mark SIS in ex. preceded by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2) and followed by dot. RIC ix, p. 154, 36. LRBC II, 1565. [Siscia, AD 383-4]. F £10 ($18) / VF £26 ($45) / EF £65 ($110)

20866

As previous, but with mint mark TES in ex. sometimes followed by officina mark G (= 3). RIC ix, p. 184, 48b. LRBC II, 1843 and 1846. [Thessalonica, AD 383-4]. F £8 ($14) / VF £21 ($36) / EF £50 ($90)

20867

As previous, but with mint mark S M H in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, or D (= 1, 2, or 4) and sometimes preceded by dot. RIC ix, p. 196, 18b. LRBC II, 1964 and 1969. F £8 ($13) / VF £18 ($32) / EF £45 ($80) [Heraclea, AD 383-4].

20868

As previous, but with mint mark CON in ex. followed by officina mark G (= 3) which is sometimes followed by star. RIC ix, p. 229, 62b. DOC 10-11. LRBC II, 2161 and 2163. F £8 ($13) / VF £18 ($32) / EF £45 ($80) [Constantinople, AD 383-4].

20869

As previous, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, G, or D (= 1, 2, 3, or 4). RIC ix, p. 259, 37c. DOC 15. LRBC II, 2385. [Nicomedia, AD 383-4]. F £8 ($14) / VF £21 ($36) / EF £50 ($90)

20870

As previous, but with mint mark S M K in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, G, or D (= 1, 2, 3, or 4). RIC ix, p. 244, 20d. DOC 19-27. LRBC II, 2562. [Cyzicus, AD 383-4]. F £8 ($13) / VF £18 ($32) / EF £45 ($80)

20871

As previous, but with mint mark ANT in ex. followed by officina mark D (= 4). RIC ix, p. 289, 55. LRBC II, 2736. [Antioch, AD 383-4]. F £9 ($16) / VF £23 ($40) / EF £60 ($100)

20872

20872 a. Rev. VOT / V / MVLT / X in four lines within wreath, mint mark S M AQ in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). RIC ix, p. 104, 49b. LRBC II, 1101. MA F £15 ($25) / VF £35 ($60) / EF £85 ($150) 815. [Aquileia, AD 383-4].

20873

a. Rev. VOT / X / MVLT / XX in four lines within wreath, mint mark S M K in ex. followed by uncertain officina mark. RIC ix, p. 244, 21d. LRBC II, 2558. [Cyzicus, AD 383-4]. F £12 ($20) / VF £30 ($50) / EF £72 ($125)

20874

As previous, but with mint mark ANT in ex. followed by officina mark A or D (= 1 or 4) or by dot. RIC ix, pp. 289 and 292, 56d and 65c.5. LRBC II, 2735. [Antioch, AD 383-4]. F £8 ($14) / VF £21 ($36) / EF £50 ($90)

20875

Similar, but with mint mark AN in ex. followed by officina mark B, G, D, or S (= 2, 3, 4, or 6). RIC ix, p. 292, 65c.1-4. DOC 44-6. LRBC II, 2743. [Antioch, AD 383-4]. F £8 ($13) / VF £18 ($32) / EF £45 ($80)

20876

As 20873, but with mint mark ALE in ex. followed by officina mark B or D (= 2 or 4). RIC ix, p. 301, 13d. LRBC II, 2883. [Alexandria, AD 383-4]. F £8 ($14) / VF £21 ($36) / EF £50 ($90) On this type, the emperor’s name in the obverse legend is undivided.

20877

Similar, but the emperor’s name is divided ARCAD—IVS in the obv. legend (officinae A, G, and D = 1, 3, and 4 recorded). RIC ix, p. 302, 19d. DOC 48-52. LRBC II, 2892. F £6 ($10) / VF £17 ($30) / EF £50 ($90) [Alexandria, AD 383-4].

AELIA EUDOXIA

447

20878

Bronze half centenionalis. As previous, but with T behind emperor’s hd. (officina D = 4 only recorded). RIC ix, p. 302, 19c. LRBC II, 2891. [Alexandria, AD 383-4]. F £10 ($18) / VF £26 ($45) / EF £65 ($110)

20879

a. Rev. VOT / XX / MVLT / XXX in four lines within wreath, mint mark ANT in ex. followed by officina mark A or D (= 1 or 4). RIC ix, p. 289, 58c. LRBC II, 2731. F £10 ($18) / VF £26 ($45) / EF £65 ($110) [Antioch, AD 383-4]. For the Eastern Succession, see Theodosius II on p. 479

AELIA EUDOXIA 20880 Aelia Eudoxia was the daughter of the Frankish general Flavius Bauto († before AD 388), predecessor of his fellow-countryman Arbogastes in the office of Magister Militum. She was a woman of outstanding beauty and Arcadius took her as his wife on 27 April 395, soon after the death of Theodosius I. Her elevation to the rank of Augusta only took place almost five years later, on 9 January 400. A pious Christian, Eudoxia possessed a forceful character and dominated her weak-willed husband, controlling the reins of government throughout most of their married life. During the nine years of their union Eudoxia bore no fewer than five children, only one of whom was male (Theodosius II). Her premature death occurred in 404 as a result of a miscarriage during her sixth pregnancy. Her strength of character was inherited by her second daughter, Pulcheria, who assumed the regency during her brother’s minority and thereafter exercised great influence throughout his long reign. The coinage in the name of Aelia Eudoxia Augusta was in all three metals, though silver miliarenses and siliquae are of great rarity. Some confusion has arisen over the distinction between her issues and those of Licinia Eudoxia, wife of Valentinian III. The differences are made clear in the following listings. All gold solidi, silver siliquae, and bronze centenionales have obverse as follows: AEL EVDOXIA AVG, diad. and dr. bust r., wearing necklace, Manus Dei (Hand of God) holding diadem above hd. The Manus Dei is absent on gold semisses and tremisses and silver heavy miliarenses. 20880

Gold solidus (c. 4.5 grams). Rev. SALVS REI PVBLICAE, sometimes followed by officina mark A, B, D, or e (= 1, 2, 4, or 5), Victory seated r. on cuirass (or cuirass and shield), inscribing Chi-Rho monogram on shield set on cippus (of varying form), mint mark CON OB in ex. RIC x, 10-15. DOC 273. Depeyrot, p. 247, 55/4-5. [Constantinople, AD 400-402]. VF £1,700 ($3,000) / EF £4,300 ($7,500)

20881

Similar, but without cippus (the shield resting on Victory’s l. leg) and without officina mark following the rev. legend. RIC x, 28. Depeyrot, —. Ratto 139. [Constantinople, AD 402-3]. VF £1,850 ($3,250) / EF £4,550 ($8,000)

20882

As previous, but also with star in rev. field to l. RIC x, 32 and 32a. DOC 290. Depeyrot, VF £1,700 ($3,000) / EF £4,300 ($7,500) p. 248, 57/4. [Constantinople, AD 403-4].

20883

Gold semissis or half solidus (c. 2.25 grams). Rev. No legend, Chi-Rho monogram within wreath, mint mark CON OB in ex. RIC x, 18. Depeyrot, —. [Constantinople, AD 400-402]. VF £1,700 ($3,000) / EF £4,300 ($7,500)

448

Roman Coins and Their Values

20884

Gold tremissis or one-third solidus (c. 1.50 grams). Rev. No legend, cross within wreath, mint mark CON in ex. RIC x, 18. Depeyrot, —. [Constantinople, AD 400-402]. VF £800 ($1,400) / EF £2,000 ($3,500)

20885

Silver heavy miliarensis (c. 5 grams). Rev. No legend, Chi-Rho monogram within wreath, mint mark CONS in ex. RIC x, 46. RSC 1. [Constantinople, AD 400]. (Unique)

20886

Silver siliqua (c. 2 grams). Rev. No legend, cross within wreath, mint mark CON in ex. RIC x, 50. RSC —. [Constantinople, AD 400]. VF £1,700 ($3,000) / EF £4,300 ($7,500)

20887

Bronze centenionalis (c. 2-2.50 grams, weights variable). Rev. GLORIA ROMANORVM, Eudoxia enthroned facing, her hands clasped on breast, crowned by Manus Dei above, cross in field to l. or r., mint mark CON or CONS in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, G, or D (= 1, 2, 3, or 4). RIC x, 77-9. DOC 291-2. LRBC II, 2218 and 2220. [Constantinople, AD 400-402]. F £35 ($60) / VF £85 ($150) / EF £215 ($375)

20888

As previous, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2), the cross in rev. field to r. RIC x, 80. DOC 293. LRBC II, 2450. [Nicomedia, AD 400-402]. F £35 ($60) / VF £85 ($150) / EF £215 ($375)

20889

As previous, but with mint mark S M K in ex. followed by officina mark A (= 1). RIC x, 81. LRBC II, 2593. [Cyzicus, AD 400-402]. F £35 ($60) / VF £85 ($150) / EF £215 ($375)

20890

As previous, but with mint mark ANT in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, G, or D (= 1, 2, 3, or 4). RIC x, 83. LRBC II, 2805. [Antioch, AD 400-402]. F £35 ($60) / VF £85 ($150) / EF £215 ($375)

 

20885

20886

20890

20891

20892   20891 As previous, but with mint mark ALE in ex. followed by officina mark A (= 1). RIC x, 84. DOC 294. LRBC II, 2926. [Cyzicus, AD 400-402]. F £35 ($60) / VF £85 ($150) / EF £215 ($375)

20892 Rev. SALVS REI PVBLICAE, Victory seated r. on cuirass or column, inscribing Chi-Rho monogram on shield set on cippus (of varying form), mint mark CONS in ex. followed by officina mark A (= 1). RIC x, 101. DOC 274-8. LRBC II, 2213. F £35 ($60) / VF £85 ($150) / EF £215 ($375) [Constantinople, AD 402-4].

HONORIUS

449

20893

Bronze centenionalis. As previous, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2). RIC x, 102. DOC 279-81. LRBC II, 2445. [Nicomedia, AD 402-4]. F £35 ($60) / VF £85 ($150) / EF £215 ($375)

20894

As previous, but with mint mark S M K in ex. followed by officina mark A or G (= 1 or 3). RIC x, 103. DOC 282-6. LRBC II, 2589. [Cyzicus, AD 402-4]. F £35 ($60) / VF £85 ($150) / EF £215 ($375)

20895

As previous, but with mint mark ANT in ex. followed by officina mark G (= 3). RIC x, 104-5. DOC 287-8. LRBC II, 2800. [Antioch, AD 402-4]. F £35 ($60) / VF £85 ($150) / EF £215 ($375) One obverse die (RIC 105) shows the bust of Eudoxia wearing a paludamentum and cuirass, as on the coins of the emperors.

HONORIUS 23 Jan. AD 393-15 Aug 423 20923 Flavius Honorius, the younger son of Theodosius I and Aelia Flaccilla, was born at Constantinople on 9 Sept. AD 384. He was not granted the status of Augustus until 23 Jan. 393, thus becoming co-ruler with his father and elder brother Arcadius who had already held the senior imperial rank for a decade. On the death of Theodosius I in 395 the 10-year-old Honorius inherited the Western Empire, his capital being established initially at Milan and later (for security reasons) at Ravenna. Inevitably in the case of an emperor in his minority the real power devolved on his senior ministers, notably the Magister Militum Flavius Stilicho whose father, a Vandal, had served as a cavalry officer under Valens. Honorius even married the two daughters of Stilicho in succession: Maria (398-407/8) and later Thermantia (briefly in 408). Neither union resulted in children. The fact that both Arcadius and Honorius proved to be weak and inept rulers was to set the stage in the fifth century for political domination by powerful military leaders, many of whom were of barbarian or part-barbarian origin. The strength of the Theodosian line seems rather to have been inherited by the female side of the family, notably Galla Placidia, daughter of Theodosius I and his second wife Galla, and Pulcheria, daughter of Arcadius; both were to be highly influential in their respective regions. In the East, the emperors in the second half of the century, notably Marcian and Leo, were eventually able to rid themselves of the influence of the Germanic faction in government and thus to save their Empire from the political disintegration that was the fate of the West. This collapse began under Honorius and in the island-province of Britain control by the central government was effectively lost as early as AD 407. Even the old imperial capital of Rome was attacked and captured by the Visigoths under Alaric in August 410, an event that must have had a profound psychological effect on the Romans and shaken their confidence to the core. Other regions of the Western Empire also suffered from barbarian invasion, large portions of Gaul being settled by Vandals, Burgundians, and Suevi as early as 407. Numerous pretenders arose at this time to challenge the authority of the central government, just as in the dark days of the later third century, and many of them have left a significant numismatic record. Stilicho fell victim to a palace intrigue in 408 and the situation remained critical until there was a partial restoration of order by the generalissimo Constantius, who was later to marry Honorius’ half-sister Galla Placidia and even to ascend the imperial throne briefly in 421 as the emperor’s colleague. Honorius expired on 15 August 423 as a result of congestive heart failure, the same condition that had taken his father’s life in 395. The childless emperor was mourned by few; he had left a disastrous legacy for the Western Empire that was to lead to its total dissolution little more than half a century after his death. The precious metal coinage of Honorius was plentiful in gold, principally solidi, but became increasingly rare in silver, especially after the death of Arcadius in 408. Aes was still relatively abundant, the tiny Æ 4 (half centenionalis or nummus) becoming dominant after c. AD 413. Some

450

Roman Coins and Their Values

coins were struck in the names of the eastern emperors Arcadius and Theodosius II but the trend towards the separation of two halves of the Empire was growing apace. The traditional profile bust was retained on the western solidi whereas in the East the new three-quarter face military portrait was now firmly established as the norm. With the numerous barbarian invasions in the West in the early years of the fifth century, inevitably there was significant disruption of the minting system. Some formerly important centres, such as Trier, Lugdunum, Arles, and Aquileia virtually ceased production during Honorius’ reign or shortly thereafter. Unless otherwise stated, the obverse legend is D N HONORIVS P F AVG. There are two principal varieties of obverse type and these are represented by lower case letters. Other types are described in full: a. Diad., dr. and cuir. bust r. b. Helmeted and cuir. bust three-quarter face to r., holding spear and shield. 20896

Gold solidus (c. 4.5 grams). D N HONORIIVS P F AVG (sic), a. Rev. CONCORIA (sic) AVGG, Constantinopolis, helmeted, seated facing, hd. r., on throne the arms of which are ornamented with lions’ heads, holding sceptre and globe, r. foot on prow, mint mark COM OB in ex. RIC ix, p. 188, 64f. Depeyrot, —. DOC, —. C —. [Thessalonica, AD 393]. VF £480 ($850) / EF £1,425 ($2,500) This curious error in the obv. legend seems to have occurred on the very earliest issues in the name of the newly-created emperor. The erroneous AVGG ending of the rev. legend was carried over from the immediately preceding issues of the joint reign of Theodosius and Arcadius (see also no. 20721A).

20897

Similar, but with rev. legend CONCORDIA AVGGG. RIC ix, p. 188, 64e. Depeyrot, —. DOC, —. C —. [Thessalonica, AD 393]. VF £480 ($850) / EF £1,425 ($2,500)

20898

As previous, but without error in the obv. legend and sometimes with Christogram on emperor’s drapery. RIC ix, p. 188, 64g. Depeyrot, pp. 224-5, 41/5 and 43/1. DOC, 701. VF £400 ($700) / EF £1,150 ($2,000) C 7. [Thessalonica, AD 393-5]. Kent (RIC x, p. 243) believed that these may belong to the period AD 395-7.

20899 b. Rev. CONCORDIA AVGG usually followed by officina mark A-I (= 1-10), Constantinopolis, helmeted, seated facing, hd. r., holding sceptre and Victory on globe, r. foot on prow, mint mark CON OB in ex. RIC x, 8. Depeyrot, p. 246, 55/2. DOC 745VF £155 ($275) / EF £460 ($800) 50. C 3. [Constantinople, AD 395-402].

20900

  20900 20901 As previous, but with Christogram on the emperor’s cuirass, and with no officina mark at end of rev. legend and with mint mark COM OB in ex. RIC x, 38. Depeyrot, p. 225, 44/2. DOC 756. C 3 var. [Thessalonica, AD 395-402]. VF £400 ($700) / EF £1,150 ($2,000)

20901

As 20899, but the rev. legend ends AVGGG (officinae D = 4 not recorded). RIC x, 24. Depeyrot, p. 247, 56/1. DOC 764-5. C 6 var. [Constantinople, AD 402-3]. VF £175 ($300) / EF £520 ($900)

20902

As previous, but also with star in rev. field to l. RIC x, 30. Depeyrot, p. 247, 57/2. MIRB 13a. C 6. [Constantinople, AD 403-8]. VF £155 ($275) / EF £460 ($800)

20903

As 20900, but the rev. legend ends AVGGG. RIC x, 40. Depeyrot, p. 225, 45/2. DOC 767. C —. [Thessalonica, AD 402-3]. VF £400 ($700) / EF £1,150 ($2,000)

20904

As previous, but also with star in rev. field to l. RIC x, 43. Depeyrot, p. 225, 46/2. DOC 769-70. MIRB 53a. C —. [Thessalonica, AD 403-8]. VF £400 ($700) / EF £1,150 ($2,000)

HONORIUS

20905

451

  20907 20905 Gold solidus. As 20902 (star in rev. field to l.), but the rev. legend ends AVGG (all ten officinae recorded). RIC x, 201. Depeyrot, p. 251, 73/1. DOC 776-80. MIRB 13b. C 3. [Constantinople, AD 408-20]. VF £155 ($275) / EF £460 ($800)

20905A

As previous, but the star in rev. field to l. is six-pointed and with mint mark COM OB in ex. preceded by dot (officina S = 6 only recorded). RIC x, 347. Depeyrot, —. MIRB —. C —. [Uncertain Balkan mint, AD 408-20]. VF £520 ($900) / EF £1,425 ($2,500) This very rare issue of unusual style would appear to belong to an unidentified Balkan mint, though no corresponding issue in the name of Theodosius II has yet been recorded.

20906

As 20905 (star in rev. field to l.), but without officina mark at end of rev. legend and with mint mark COM OB in ex. RIC x, 348. Depeyrot, p. 226, 47/1. MIRB 53b. C 3 var. [Thessalonica, AD 408-20]. VF £400 ($700) / EF £1,150 ($2,000)

20907

Similar, but with mint mark TES OB in ex. (OB sometimes flanked by dots). RIC x, 350, 357, and 359. Depeyrot, p. 226, 49/1-2 and 50/1. MIRB 55b-c. C 3. [Thessalonica, AD 408-20]. VF £400 ($700) / EF £1,150 ($2,000)

20908

As previous, but the rev. legend ends AVGGG (OB not flanked by dots). RIC x, 354 and 356. Depeyrot, p. 226, 48/1. MIRB 55a. C —. [Thessalonica, AD 408-20]. VF £400 ($700) / EF £1,150 ($2,000) The triple ending AVGGG on this variety is difficult to explain. It is possible that a reference to Constantius III may be intended in which case the coins would date to AD 421. However, this seems unlikely as Theodosius II (who controlled the mint) never recognized Honorius’ promotion of the husband of Galla Placidia.

20909

As 20905, but Constantinopolis holds shield inscribed XX / VOT / XXX instead of Victory on globe in her l. hand (officina mark I = 10 only recorded). RIC x, 203. Depeyrot, p. 248, 59/1. MIRB 4. C —. [Constantinople, AD 411]. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,425 ($2,500)

20910

Diad. bust l., wearing consular robes and holding mappa in r. hand and fibula in l. Rev. GLORIA ROMANORVM, Honorius, nimbate, enthroned facing, wearing consular robes and holding mappa and eagle-tipped sceptre, mint mark M — D in field, COM OB in ex.. RIC x, 1208. Depeyrot, p. 170, 13/1. UB 87. C 15. [Milan, AD 398]. (Unique) This commemorates Honorius’ fourth consulship.

20911

Obv. As previous. Rev. — Roma seated facing on throne with lion’s hd. arm rests, holding Victory on globe and inverted spear, mint mark R — M in field, COM OB in ex. RIC x, 1255. Depeyrot, —. C —. [Rome, AD 407]. (Unique) Struck probably on the occasion of Honorius’ seventh consulship.

452

20912

Roman Coins and Their Values

20912 Gold solidus. a. Rev. VICTORIA AVGG, Honorius, nimbate and in military attire, stg. facing, his l. foot on captive, holding standard inscribed VOT / X in r. hand and supporting shield inscribed MVL / XX with l., mint mark M — D in field, COM OB in ex. RIC x, 1209. Depeyrot, p. 170, 14/1. UB 80. C 37. [Milan, AD 402]. VF £1,150 ($2,000) / EF £2,850 ($5,000) This celebrates Honorius’ decennalia.

20913

D N HONORIIVS (sic) P F AVG, a. Rev. — Honorius, in military attire, stg. r., holding standard and Victory on globe, his l. foot set on captive, mint mark COM OB (sometimes followed by dot) in ex., S — M in field. RIC ix, p. 161, 12d. Depeyrot, p. 211, 30/1 and 31/3 (attributed to Sirmium). C —. [Comitatensian mint in or near Constantinople, AD 393]. VF £290 ($425) / EF £720 ($1,250) This curious error in the obv. legend seems to have occurred on the very earliest issues in the name of the newly-created emperor. The erroneous AVGG ending of the rev. legend was carried over from the immediately preceding issues of the joint reign of Theodosius and Arcadius (see also nos. 20721A and 20896).

20914

a. Rev. — as previous, but with officina mark A-I (= 1-10) following the rev. legend RIC x, 1. Depeyrot, pp. 211-12, 32/2 and 33/3 (attributed to Sirmium). DOC, p. 100, Table 14. C —. [Comitatensian mint in or near Constantinople, AD 395-7]. VF £240 ($425) / EF £720 ($1,250)

20915

  20915 20916 a. Rev. VICTORIA AVGGG followed by officina mark A-I (= 1-10), as previous (no dot following mint mark). RIC ix, pp. 162, 14d-e and 15d-e. Depeyrot, pp. 212-13, 34/3 and 35/3 (attributed to Sirmium). DOC, p. 100, Table 14. C 44. [Comitatensian mint in or near Constantinople, AD 393-5]. VF £215 ($375) / EF £575 ($1,000)

20916

As previous, but without officina mark, and with M — D instead of S — M in rev. field. RIC ix, p. 84, 35c, and x, 1206. Depeyrot, p. 171, 16/2. DOC 712-14. UB 61. C 44. VF £175 ($300) / EF £1,000 ($800) [Milan, AD 402-3].

20917

As previous, but with A — Q in rev. field. RIC x, 1240. MA 817. Depeyrot, p. 185, 22/1. VF £290 ($500) / EF £750 ($1,300) DOC 722. C —. [Aquileia, AD 407-8].

20918

As previous, but with R — M in rev. field. RIC x, 1252 and 1254. Depeyrot, p. 151, 34/2. DOC 723-5. C 44. [Rome, AD 404 and 407-8]. VF £195 ($340) / EF £520 ($900) This type is found in two different styles, the later (and rarer) variety resembling the coinage of Priscus Attalus.

HONORIUS

453

20919

Gold solidus. As previous, but with R — V in rev. field. RIC x, 1287. MR 11-12. Depeyrot, p. 188, 7/1. DOC 735-6. C 44. [Ravenna, AD 402-3 and 405-6]. VF £200 ($350) / EF £575 ($900) The mint of Ravenna was opened by Honorius in AD 402. Coins of this period normally have slender busts.

20920

Similar, but of later style, often with heavier busts. RIC x, 1319, 1321, 1323, 1326, and 1328. MR 13. Depeyrot, p. 188, 7/1. DOC 735-6. C 44. [Ravenna, AD 408-23]. VF £240 ($425) / EF £720 ($1,250) Depeyrot (8/1 and 9/1) records varieties with a dot following or dots flanking the COM OB in ex.

20921

As previous, but with A — R in rev. field. RIC x, 1309. EMA 197/2. Depeyrot, p. 137, VF £430 ($750) / EF £1,150 ($2,000) 19/2. C —. [Constantia/Arles, AD 407].

20922

As previous, but with KON OB in ex. and nothing in rev. field. RIC x, 1363. EMA (Unique) 200/1. Depeyrot, p. 137, 20/1. C —. [Constantia/Arles, AD 411].

20923

Dr. and cuir. bust r., with close beard, wearing crested and diad. helmet. Rev. — Honorius stg. facing in military attire, crowned by Manus Dei above, holding in r. hand sceptre surmounted by P-headed cross, which rests on prostrate serpent-tailed lion, and with l. holding hilt of sword at his side, mint mark R — V in field, COB in ex. RIC x, 1310. MR 14-17. Depeyrot, p. 187, 3/1. DOC 742. C 43. [Ravenna, after AD 408]. VF £350 ($600) / EF £1,000 ($1,750) Various dates and interpretations have been advanced for this curious type. The emperor’s bearded bust is probably a sign of mourning for Arcadius († AD 408), while the reverse may be symbolic of the victories over the western usurpers of this period or, according to Grierson in DOC, may commemorate the suppression of the revolt of Heraclian in Africa in 413. The type was struck also in the name of the eastern emperor Theodosius II (see no. 21148).

20924

b. Rev. VOT XX MVLT XXX usually followed by officina mark A, B, G, e, H, or Q (= 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, or 9), Victory stg. l., holding long jewelled cross resting on ground, mint mark CON OB in ex. RIC x, 218. Depeyrot, p. 252, 74/1. DOC 789. MIRB 16a, b. C VF £290 ($500) / EF £850 ($1,500) 68. [Constantinople, AD 420-22].

20925

  20925 20926 Similar, but also with star in upper l. rev. field. RIC x, —. Depeyrot, —. MIRB —. (Freeman & Sear, Mail Bid Sale 6). [Constantinople, AD 423]. VF £290 ($500) / EF £850 ($1,500)

20926

Diad. bust facing, bearded, wearing consular robes and holding mappa in r. hand and eagle-tipped sceptre in l. Rev. VOT XXX MVLT XXXX, Honorius, in consular robes, seated facing on throne with lion’s hd. arm rests, holding mappa and eagle-tipped sceptre, mint mark R — V in field, COM OB in ex. RIC x, 1330. MR 23. Depeyrot, p. VF £3,450 ($6,000) / EF £8,500 ($15,000) 188, 5/1. C 69. [Ravenna, AD 422]. Commemorating both Honorius’ tricennalia and his thirteenth and final consulship.

20927

Obv. As 20910, but holding eagle-tipped sceptre instead of fibula. Rev. VOTA PVBLICA, Arcadius and Honorius enthroned facing side by side, both nimbate and wearing consular robes and each holding mappa and eagle-tipped sceptre, palm-branch in lower field between them, mint mark M — D in field, COM OB in ex. RIC x, 1207. (Unique) Depeyrot, p. 170, 12/1. UB 85. Cf. C 60. [Milan, AD 396]. This commemorates the joint consulships of Arcadius (his fourth) and Honorius (his third).

454

20928

Roman Coins and Their Values

20928 Gold solidus. Dr. and cuir. bust facing, wearing crested helmet and holding transverse spear diagonally before him in r. hand and shield with Chi-Rho monogram on l. shoulder. Rev. No legend, two city-goddesses, Roma on l. and Ravenna (?) on r., seated opposite each other on cuirasses, their hds. facing, holding between them shield inscribed VOT / XXX / MVLT / XXXX, usually with palm-branch in lower field between them, mint mark R — V in field, COM OB in ex. RIC x, 1331-2. MR 18-22. Depeyrot, p. 188, 4/1VF £1,700 ($3,000) / EF £4,300 ($7,500) 2. C 73. [Ravenna, AD 422]. Commemorating Honorius’ tricennalia.

NB Several gold multiples, of great rarity, were issued in the name of Honorius: aurei (?) were struck at Milan, rev. VICTORIA ROMANORVM, Victory advancing l. (RIC x, 1204); 1.5 solidi were struck at Milan, rev. ADVENTVS D N AVG, emperor riding l. (RIC x, 1202); 4.5 solidi were struck at Milan, Rome, and Ravenna, rev. GLORIA ROMANORVM, Roma enthroned facing (RIC x, 1201, 1250, 1284, and 1318); and 9 solidi (?) were struck at Constantinople, rev. GLORIA ROMANORVM, nimbate emperor facing in six-horse chariot (RIC x, 5).

HONORIUS

455

20929 20929

Gold semissis or half solidus (c. 2.25 grams). a. Rev. VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM, Victory seated r. on cuirass, inscribing VOT / V / MVLT / X on shield resting on l. knee and supported by winged Genius before her, mint mark M — D in field, COM OB in ex. RIC x, 1211. Depeyrot, p. 171, 17/1. UB —. C —. [Milan, AD 402]. VF £290 ($500) / EF £850 ($1,500)

20930

Similar, but the shield is inscribed VOT / X / MVLT / XX. RIC x, 1213. Depeyrot, p. VF £290 ($500) / EF £850 ($1,500) 172, 17/4. UB 82. C 51. [Milan, AD 402].

20931

As previous, but with R — M in rev. field instead of M — D. RIC x, 1257. Depeyrot, p. VF £290 ($500) / EF £850 ($1,500) 151, 35/1. DOC 726. C 51. [Rome, AD 404].

20932

As previous, but with R — V in rev. field and sometimes the shield also supported by cippus. RIC x, 1312 and 1334-5. MR 24-5. Depeyrot, p. 187, 1/1. C 51 and 51 var. VF £290 ($500) / EF £850 ($1,500) [Ravenna, AD 408-11].

20933

Similar, but the shield is inscribed VOT / XX / MVLT / XXX (shield also supported by cippus). RIC x, 1336. MR 26-7. Depeyrot, p. 187, 2/1. C 53. [Ravenna, AD 412]. VF £290 ($500) / EF £850 ($1,500)

20934

As previous, but the shield is inscribed VOT / XXX / MVLT / XXXX. RIC x, 1337. MR 28. Depeyrot, p. 188, 6/1. C 54. [Ravenna, AD 422]. VF £330 ($575) / EF £1,000 ($1,750)

20935

a. Rev. — Victory seated r. on cuirass, as 20930 (VOT / X / MVLT / XX on shield), but without winged Genius and with P-headed cross (Christogram) in lower r. field, mint mark CON OB in ex. RIC x, 17. Depeyrot, p. 246, 52/3. C —. [Constantinople, AD 402]. VF £290 ($500) / EF £850 ($1,500)

20936

a. Rev. VICTORIA AVGGG, Victory seated r. cuirass, inscribing XX / XXX on shield set on l. knee, star in l. field, P-headed cross (Christogram) in lower r., mint mark CON OB in ex. RIC x, 33a. Depeyrot, p. 248, 57/6. C —. [Constantinople, AD 403-8]. VF £290 ($500) / EF £850 ($1,500) This type marks the commencement of the degradation of the votive inscription on the reverse which typifies issues of this denomination in the fifth century and beyond.

20937

Similar, but the rev. legend ends AVGG instead of AVGGG and the numerals on shield are carelessly engraved. RIC x, 210 and 222. Depeyrot, p. 251, 73/3. DOC 790. MIRB 40b. C —. [Constantinople, AD 408-23]. VF £290 ($500) / EF £850 ($1,500)

20938

Gold tremissis or one-third solidus (c. 1.50 grams). a. Rev. VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM, Victory advancing r., holding wreath and globus cruciger, mint mark M — D in field, COM in ex. RIC x, 1215. Cf. Depeyrot, p. 172, 18/2. DOC 715. UB 63. VF £85 ($150) / EF £250 ($450) C 47. [Milan, AD 402].

20936

456

Roman Coins and Their Values

20939

Gold tremissis. As previous, but with R — M in rev. field. RIC x, 1259. Cf. Depeyrot, p. 151, 36/1. DOC 727. C 47. [Rome, AD 404]. VF £100 ($175) / EF £290 ($500)

20940

As previous, but with R — V in rev. field. RIC x, 1289, 1313, and 1338. MR 30. Depeyrot, p. 189, 10/1. DOC 737. C 47. [Ravenna, AD 402-3, 405-6, 408 and later]. VF £85 ($150) / EF £250 ($450)

20941

Similar, but with COM OB instead of COM in ex. RIC x, 1340. MR 29. Depeyrot, p. 189, 11/1. DOC 738-9. C 47. [Ravenna, AD 421-3 and earlier]. VF £100 ($175) / EF £290 ($500)

20942

As previous, but without mint mark in field, and with CON OB in ex. RIC ix, —. Depeyrot, p. 245, 50/4. C 47 var. [Constantinople, AD 393]. VF £110 ($190) / EF £320 ($550)

20943

a. Rev. — Victory advancing l., holding globus cruciger and wreath, mint mark R — V in field, COM in ex. RIC x, 1291. MR 31. Depeyrot, p. 189, 10/5. C —. [Ravenna, AD 405-6]. VF £140 ($250) / EF £430 ($750)

20944

a. Rev. —Victory advancing to front, hd. l., holding wreath and globus cruciger, mint mark CON OB in ex. RIC x, 20. Depeyrot, —. DOC 751-4. C 46 var. [Constantinople, AD 397-402]. VF £110 ($190) / EF £320 ($550)

20945

Similar, but also with star in rev. field to r. RIC x, 35, 212, and p. 257. Cf. Depeyrot, p. 248, 58/2 and p. 250, 70 note. DOC 781. MIRB 46. C 46. [Constantinople, AD 40223]. VF £85 ($150) / EF £250 ($450)

20946

Silver multiple of 6 reduced siliquae or 3 light miliarenses (c. 13.5 grams). a. Rev. Rev. TRIVMFATOR GENT BARB, Honorius, in military attire, stg. facing, hd. l., holding labarum and globe, kneeling captive at feet to l., mint mark MD PS in ex. RIC x, 1216. UB 88. RSC 34a. [Milan, AD 397-402]. VF £6,800 ($12,000) / EF £17,250 ($30,000)

20947

As previous, but with mint mark RM PS in ex. RIC x, 1261. RSC 34b. [Rome, AD 404-8]. VF £6,800 ($12,000) / EF £17,250 ($30,000)

20940

20945

20947

HONORIUS

457

20948

Silver multiple of 3 light miliarenses. As previous, but with mint mark RV PS in ex. RIC x, 1292. MR 32. RSC 34c. [Ravenna, AD 408]. VF £6,800 ($12,000) / EF £17,250 ($30,000)

20949

Silver heavy miliarensis (c. 5.4 grams). a. Rev. GLORIA ROMANORVM, Honorius, nimbate and in military attire, stg. facing, hd. l., resting on spear and shield, mint mark (Unique) CON in ex. RIC x, 45. RSC 18. [Constantinople, AD 395-402].



NB The heavy miliarenses of Honorius are of great rarity and generally are known from only a single surviving specimen. For this reason, valuations have been omitted.

20950

a. Rev. VIRTVS ROMANORVM, as previous, but the emperor is not nimbate, and with mint mark RV PS in ex. RIC x, 1344. MR 36. RSC 57a. [Ravenna, AD 410-20]. (Unique) Some cataloguers (including Kent in RIC x) have classified this as a light miliarensis, but the recorded weight of 4.89 grams, if accurately noted, would seem to eliminate the lighter denomination.

20951

a. Rev. VOT / V / MVLT / X in wreath, mint mark MD PS in ex. RIC x, 1217. UB 78. RSC 62a. [Milan, AD 397-8]. (Unique)

20952

a. Rev. VOT / X / MVLT / XX in wreath, mint mark MD PS in ex. RIC x, 1219. UB 84. RSC 64a. [Milan, AD 402-3]. (Unique)

20953

As previous, but with mint mark RM PS in ex. RIC x, 1263. RSC 64b. [Rome, AD 404]. (Unique)

20950

20954

 

20951

As previous, but with mint mark RV PS in ex. RIC x, 1294. MR 33. RSC 64c. [Ravenna, (Unique)

AD 402-3].

20955

a. Rev. VOT / XV / MVLT / XX in wreath, mint mark RV PS in ex. RIC x, 1314. MR 34. Cf. RSC 66a. [Ravenna, AD 415]. (Unique) The mint mark is incomplete on the only recorded example of this type and some cataloguers have regarded it as an issue of the Rome mint (RM PS). But Kent (RIC x, p. 132) states it “was almost certainly struck at Ravenna” and Ranieri (La Monetazione di Ravenna Antica) includes it in his listing.

20956

Silver light miliarensis (c. 4.5 grams). a. Rev. GLORIA ROMANORVM, as 20949, but also with star in l. field. RIC ix, —. RIC x, —. RSC 19 (citing Gnecchi I, pl. 37, 1). [Constantinople, AD 393-5?]. (Unique)

20957

20957 Diad., dr. and cuir. bust l. Rev. — Honorius, nimbate, stg. facing, hd. l., his r. hand raised and holding globe in l., mint mark CON in ex., star in l. field. RIC x, 369. RSC 19A. VF £480 ($850) / EF £1,425 ($2,500) [Constantinople, AD 408-20].

458

Roman Coins and Their Values

20958

Silver light miliarensis. a. Rev. VIRTVS EXERCITVM, Honorius, in military attire, stg. facing, hd. l., resting on spear and shield, mint mark MD PS in ex. RIC x, 1221. UB 65*. RSC 56A. [Milan, AD 397-402]. (Unique)

20959

a. Rev. VIRTVS EXERCITVS, as previous. RIC x, 1223. UB 65. RSC 57a. [Milan, AD 397-402]. VF £1,025 ($1,800) / EF £2,600 ($4,500)

20960 20961

20960 20963 As previous, but with mint mark RM PS in ex. RIC x, 1265. RSC 57b. [Rome, AD 404 VF £1,025 ($1,800) / EF £2,600 ($4,500) and 407-8]. As previous, but with mint mark RV PS in ex. RIC x, 1315. MR 35. RSC 57c. [Ravenna, VF £1,025 ($1,800) / EF £2,600 ($4,500)

AD 408-10].

20962

a. Rev. VOT / V / MVLT / X in wreath, mint mark RV PS in ex. RIC x, —. MR —. RSC (Unique) 62c (citing Gnecchi I, p. 83, 8). [Ravenna, AD 406-7]. The vota numerals must be those of Theodosius II as the mint of Ravenna was not opened until AD 402.

20963

Silver siliqua (c. 1.5-2.25 grams, weights extremely variable). a. Rev. VRBS ROMA, Roma enthroned l., holding Victory on globe and resting on spear, mint mark RV PS in ex. RIC x, 1316. MR 39. RSC 70c. [Ravenna, AD 408-15]. VF £80 ($140) / EF £200 ($350)

20964

Similar, but cuirass also visible beneath Roma’s throne. RIC x, 1317. MR —. RSC —. (Unique?) [Ravenna, AD 415].

20965

Similar, but Roma is seated on cuirass instead of throne. RIC x, 1345. MR 40-41. RSC 70b. [Ravenna, AD 415-23]. VF £85 ($150) / EF £215 ($375) Kent (in RIC x, p. 135) notes that this type “has been reported from the Milan and Rome mints, but these have not been confirmed” (see RSC 70a and d). The Ravenna issue was extensively imitated by the barbarians in North Africa (see RIC x, 3801).

20966

a (bearded). Rev. VICTORIA AAVGGG, Roma seated l. on cuirass, holding Victory on globe and resting on spear, mint mark CON in ex. followed by officina mark T (= 3). (Unique) RIC x, 1364. RSC 41A. EMA 210/1. [Constantia/Arles, AD 411]. This issue resembles the coinage of the usurper Constantine III and was probably issued immediately following his defeat by Honorius’ general Constantius (later Constantius III).

20967

a. Rev. VICTORIA AVGG, as previous, but with mint mark TR M S in ex. RIC x, 1360. RSC — (cf. C 36 and 41). [Constantia/Arles, AD 413]. F £140 ($250) / VF £350 ($600) This issue resembles the coinage of the usurper Jovinus and was probably issued immediately following his surrender to Honorius’ Gallic prefect Dardanus and the Visigothic king Athaulf.

HONORIUS

20967A

459

  20967A 20968 Silver siliqua. a. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark PS RV in ex. RIC x, 3703 (Visigoths). RSC 36. [Narbonne (?), AD 415]. F £140 ($250) / VF £350 ($600) This issue is probably Visigothic and was struck after the downfall of Priscus Attalus in 415. The weight is very low (± 1.00 gram) but it should not be regarded as a half siliqua – simply a siliqua of reduced weight. The pseudo-Ravenna mint mark indicates that the Visigoths were accepting the authority of the western emperor and that the issue formed part of the imperial series (see also nos. 21110-11 in the name of Priscus Attalus).

20968

a. Rev. VIRTVS ROMANORVM, as previous, but with mint mark MD PS in ex. RIC VF £50 ($90) / EF £130 ($225) x, 1228. UB 67. RSC 59b. [Milan, AD 397-402]. RSC 59a also lists this reverse type for the Trier mint (mint mark TR PS) but cites no reference. If it exists, it presumably belongs to the short period between the downfall of Eugenius in September 394 and the death of Theodosius in January of the following year. However, the type is unlisted in RIC ix for this period and does not appear in RIC x.

20969

As previous, but with mint mark RM PS in ex. RIC x, 1267. RSC 59c. [Rome, AD 404 and 407-8]. VF £65 ($110) / EF £155 ($275)

20970 20971

20972 20973

20974

As previous, but with mint mark RV PS in ex. RIC x, 1297. MR 38. RSC 59d. [Ravenna, VF £80 ($140) / EF £200 ($350)

AD 402-3 and 405-6].

As previous, but with mint mark AQ PS in ex. RIC x, 1242. MA 818. RSC 59e. VF £75 ($130) / EF £185 ($325) [Aquileia, AD 407-8].

20972 a. Rev. VOT / V / MVLT / X in wreath, mint mark MD PS in ex. RIC ix, p. 82, 26 and x, 1226. UB 79. RSC 63. [Milan, AD 397-402]. VF £65 ($110) / EF £155 ($275) a. Rev. VOT / X / MVLT / XV in wreath, mint mark MD PS in ex. RIC x, 1225. UB 76. VF £75 ($130) / EF £185 ($325) RSC 63A. [Milan, AD 397-402]. This is a hybrid utilizing a reverse die of Arcadius (see no. 20768).

20974   20975 a. Rev. VOT / X / MVLT / XX in wreath, mint mark CONS in ex. RIC ix, p. 235, 87c and x, 49. RSC 65a. [Constantinople, AD 397-402]. VF £65 ($110) / EF £155 ($275)

20975

Similar, but with star following the mint mark on rev. RIC x, 53 and 371. MIRB 64. RSC 65b. [Constantinople, AD 402-14]. VF £65 ($110) / EF £155 ($275)

20976

a. Rev. VOT / XV / MVLT / XX in wreath, mint mark CONS in ex. followed by star. RIC x, 373. MIRB N65. RSC 67. [Constantinople, AD 415-19]. VF £125 ($220) / EF £320 ($550) The vota numerals on this type and the next are those of Theodosius II.

460

Roman Coins and Their Values

20977

Silver siliqua. a. Rev. VOT / XX / MVLT / XXX in wreath, mint mark CONS in ex. followed by star. RIC x, 380. MIRB —. DOC 791. RSC —. [Constantinople, AD 420]. VF £125 ($220) / EF £320 ($550)

20978

Silver half siliqua (c. 1.12 grams, weights variable). a. Rev. SALVS REI PVBLICAE, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm (no mint mark). RIC x, 1244. RSC 31. (Unique) [Rome, AD 395-402]. The authenticity of this piece has been called into question (DOC, p. 206). However, Kent (RIC x, p. 127) points out that it has been known since the eighteenth century so it cannot be classified as a Cigoi forgery.

20979

a. Rev. VICTORIA AVGG, as previous, but with mint mark MD in ex. RIC x, 1231-2. VF £225 ($400) / EF £575 ($1,000) UB 69 and 71. RSC 35a. [Milan, AD 395-402].

20980

As previous, but with mint mark RV in ex. RIC x, 1346. MR 45. RSC 35b. [Ravenna, AD 421-3]. VF £225 ($400) / EF £575 ($1,000)

20981

As 20979, but the rev. legend ends AVGGG. RIC x, 1234 and 1236. UB 73-4. RSC 38a. VF £225 ($400) / EF £575 ($1,000) [Milan, AD 402]. The change to the triple ending AVGGG reflects the elevation of Theodosius II in 402.

20982

As previous, but with mint mark RM in ex. RIC x, 1269-70. RSC 38b. [Rome, AD 402]. VF £290 ($500) / EF £720 ($1,250)

20983

As previous, but with mint mark RV in ex. RIC x, 1298. Cf. MR 46 (AVGG in error). VF £290 ($500) / EF £720 ($1,250) RSC —. [Ravenna, AD 402].

20984

Bronze double centenionalis or maiorina (c. 4.50-5.00 grams, weights extremely variable). a. Rev. GLORIA ROMANORVM, Honorius, in military attire, stg. facing, hd. r., holding standard and globe, mint mark S M H in ex. followed by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2), sometimes with star in r. field. RIC ix, p. 199, 27c. LRBC II, 1988 and 1991. DOC 702. C 20. [Heraclea, AD 393-5]. F £15 ($25) / VF £43 ($75) / EF £115 ($200)

20985

As previous, but with mint mark CONS or CON in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, G, or D (= 1, 2, 3 or 4), sometimes with crosses in field to l. and to r. and sometimes with dot following the officina mark. RIC ix, p. 236, 88c-d. LRBC II, 2188, 2197, and 2200. DOC 697. C 20. [Constantinople, AD 393-5]. F £15 ($25) / VF £43 ($75) / EF £115 ($200)

20986

Similar, but with divided obv. legend D N HONORI—VS P F AVG (officina D = 4 only recorded, mint mark CONS, nothing in field). RIC x, 55. LRBC II, 2204. (Unique?) [Constantinople, AD 395]. This variety was struck in the very brief period between the death of Theodosius I and the abandonment of the Æ 2 denomination. The divided obv. legend for Honorius indicates his advancement in seniority following his father’s demise.

20987

As 20985, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark B or G (= 2 or 3), sometimes with star in r. field. RIC ix, p. 263, 46c. LRBC II, 2424 and 2433. DOC 706. F £15 ($25) / VF £43 ($75) / EF £115 ($200) C 20. [Nicomedia, AD 393-5].

20988

As previous, but with mint mark S M K in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, or G (= 1, 2, or 3). RIC ix, p. 247, 28c. LRBC II, 2573. C 20. [Cyzicus, AD 393-5]. F £15 ($25) / VF £43 ($75) / EF £115 ($200)

20980

HONORIUS

20989

 

461

20989

20989

Bronze maiorina As previous, but with mint mark ANT (rarely AN) in ex. followed by officina mark A, G, or D (= 1, 3, or 4). RIC ix, p. 294, 68e-f. DOC 707-8. LRBC II, 2783-4 and 2790. C 20. [Antioch, AD 393-5]. F £15 ($25) / VF £43 ($75) / EF £115 ($200)

20990

As previous, but with mint mark ALE in ex. followed by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2). RIC ix, p. 304, 21d. DOC 710. LRBC II, 2913. C 20. [Alexandria, AD 393-5]. F £17 ($30) / VF £50 ($90) / EF £130 ($225)

20991

a. Rev. REPARATIO REI PVBL, Honorius, in military attire, stg. l., holding Victory on globe and resting on standard, mint mark S M R in ex. followed by officina mark P (Extremely rare) (= 1). RIC x, 1354. LRBC II, —. C 30. [Rome, AD 418?]. Specimens of this exceptional issue are unusually large and heavy, averaging over 7.00 grams. Kent (RIC x, p. 136) thinks they may connected with the South Gaulish and Visigothic settlement of AD 418 and to have been intended for circulation in Spain, where the denomination was popular. Officina S (= 2) has also been noted but remains unconfirmed.

20992 20992

Bronze centenionalis (c. 1.50-2.50 grams, weights extremely variable). b. Rev. CONCORDIA AVGG, Constantinopolis, enthroned facing, hd. r., holding sceptre and Victory on globe, her r. foot on prow, mint mark CONS in ex. followed by officina mark A (= 1). RIC x, 87-8. DOC 766. LRBC II, 2211. C 4. [Constantinople, AD 402]. F £9 ($15) / VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150)

20993

As previous, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2). RIC x, 92. LRBC II, 2443. C 4. [Nicomedia, AD 402]. F £9 ($15) / VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150)

20994

As previous, but with mint mark S M K in ex. followed by officina mark A (= 1). RIC x, 95. DOC 768. LRBC II, 2587. C 4. [Cyzicus, AD 402]. F £9 ($15) / VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150)

20995

As previous, but with mint mark ANT in ex. followed by officina mark G (= 3). RIC x, 99. LRBC II, 2798. C 4. [Antioch, AD 402]. F £9 ($15) / VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150)

20996

a. Rev. GLORIA ROMANORVM, Honorius, in military attire, on horseback pacing r., his r. hand raised, mint mark CONS in ex. followed by officina mark D (= 4). RIC ix, p. 236, 89c. LRBC II, 2191. C 23. [Constantinople, AD 393-5]. F £8 ($14) / VF £24 ($42) / EF £72 ($125)

20997

As previous, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark B (= 2). RIC ix, p. 263, 47c. LRBC II, 2427. C 23. [Nicomedia, AD 393-5]. F £9 ($15) / VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150)

20998

As previous, but with mint mark S M K in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, or G (= 1, 2, or 3). RIC ix, p. 247, 29c. DOC 703-5. LRBC II, 2576. C 23. [Cyzicus, AD 393-5]. F £7 ($12) / VF £22 ($38) / EF £65 ($110)

462

Roman Coins and Their Values

20999 20999

GLORIA ROMANORVM (cont.) Bronze centenionalis. As previous, but with mint mark ANT in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, or G (= 1, 2, or 3). RIC ix, p. 295, 69e. LRBC II, 2789. C 23. [Antioch, AD 393-5]. F £7 ($12) / VF £22 ($38) / EF £65 ($110)

21000

As previous, but with mint mark ALE in ex. followed by officina mark G (= 3). RIC ix, p. 304, 22c. LRBC II, 2916. C 23. [Alexandria, AD 393-5]. F £9 ($15) / VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150)

21001

a. Rev. — Honorius, in military attire, advancing r., hd. l., dragging by the hair a barbarian behind him, his l. hand extended over kneeling suppliant at his feet, mint mark S M R (rarely RSM) in ex. followed by officina mark P, S, T, or e (= 1, 2, 3, or 5). RIC x, 1355-6. LRBC II, 827. Cf. C 24. [Rome, AD 410-23]. F £9 ($15) / VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150)

21002

As previous, but with mint mark AQ in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). RIC x, 1358. LRBC II, 1114. MA 821. Cf. C 24. [Aquileia, AD 408-23]. F £9 ($15) / VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150)

21003

As previous, but with mint mark S M in ex. RIC x, 1359. LRBC II, 1582. Cf. C 24. F £9 ($15) / VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150) [Siscia?, AD 408-23].

21004

a. Rev. — Honorius, in military attire, stg. facing, hd. r., holding standard and resting on shield, mint mark LVG in ex. RIC x, 1361. LRBC II, 399. Bastien 259. C — (but cf. F £20 ($35) / VF £50 ($90) / EF £130 ($225) 21). [Lugdunum, AD 413-23]. The legends on this issue are sometimes blundered.

21005

As previous, but with mint mark CON in ex., usually preceded by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). RIC x, 1365-6. LRBC II, 573-4. EMA 209/1 and 210/2. C — (but cf. 21). F £16 ($28) / VF £40 ($70) / EF £100 ($175) [Constantia/Arles, AD 413-23].

21006

As previous, but with mint mark S M in ex. RIC x, 1367. LRBC II, 1583. C — (but cf. F £20 ($35) / VF £50 ($90) / EF £130 ($225) 21). [Siscia?, AD 408-23].

21007

a (star behind). Rev. – three emperors (Arcadius and Honorius either side of a shorter figure of Theodosius II) stg. facing, the senior emperors looking towards each other and holding spears and shields, the younger looking to front and holding spear and globe, mint mark S M H in ex. followed by officina mark A (= 1). RIC x, 141a. LRBC II, —. F £20 ($35) / VF £60 ($100) / EF £140 ($250) C 28. [Heraclea, AD 406-8].

21008

As previous, but with mint mark CONS in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, or G (= 1, 2, or 3). RIC x, 143. LRBC II, 2215. C 28. [Constantinople, AD 406-8]. F £16 ($28) / VF £40 ($70) / EF £100 ($175)

21009

As previous, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2). RIC x, 146. LRBC II, 2447. C 28. [Nicomedia, AD 406-8]. F £15 ($25) / VF £35 ($60) / EF £85 ($150)

21005

HONORIUS

463

21010

GLORIA ROMANORVM (cont.) Bronze centenionalis. As previous, but with mint mark S M K in ex. followed by officina mark A or B (= 1or 2). RIC x, 149. DOC 772-3. LRBC II, 2591. C 28. [Cyzicus, AD 406-8]. F £12 ($20) / VF £30 ($50) / EF £72 ($125)

21011

As previous, but with mint mark ANT in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, G, or D (= 1, 2, 3, or 4). RIC x, 153-4. DOC 774-5. LRBC II, 2802-3. C 28. [Antioch, AD 406-8]. F £15 ($25) / VF £35 ($60) / EF £85 ($150)

21012

  21012 21013 As previous, but with mint mark ALE in ex. followed by officina mark A or B (= 1or 2). RIC x, 157-8. LRBC II, 2924. C 28. [Alexandria, AD 406-8]. F £15 ($25) / VF £35 ($60) / EF £85 ($150)

21013

a (star behind). Rev. – two emperors (Honorius and Theodosius II) stg. facing side by side, their hds. turned to face one another, each holding spear and resting on shield, mint mark TES in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, or G (= 1, 2, or 3). RIC x, 395. LRBC II, 1876. MIRB 73. Cf. C 26. [Thessalonica, AD 408-15]. F £15 ($25) / VF £35 ($60) / EF £85 ($150) Coins from this mint usually show Theodosius II as a shorter figure, which indicates a date early in the series.

21014

As previous, but with mint mark S M H in ex. followed by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2). RIC x, 397. LRBC II, 2000. MIRB 73. Cf. C 26. [Heraclea, AD 408-15]. F £12 ($20) / VF £30 ($50) / EF £72 ($125)

21015

As previous, but with mint mark CONS in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, or G (= 1, 2, or 3). RIC x, 399. LRBC II, 2223. MIRB 73. Cf. C 26. [Constantinople, AD 408-15]. F £15 ($25) / VF £35 ($60) / EF £85 ($150)

21016

As previous, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2). RIC x, 401. LRBC II, 2454. MIRB 73. Cf. C 26. [Nicomedia, AD 408-15]. F £15 ($25) / VF £35 ($60) / EF £85 ($150)

21017

As previous, but with mint mark S M K in ex. followed by officina mark A (= 1), very rarely with dot in rev. field to l. RIC x, 403 and 405. LRBC II, 2598. MIRB 73. Cf. C 26. [Cyzicus, AD 408-15]. F £12 ($20) / VF £30 ($50) / EF £72 ($125)

21018

As previous, but with mint mark ALE in ex. followed by officina mark A (= 1). RIC x, 406. LRBC II, 2929. MIRB 73. Cf. C 26. [Alexandria, AD 408-15]. F £18 ($32) / VF £45 ($80) / EF £115 ($200)

NB Issues of this type from Antioch may be presumed but remain unconfirmed. 21019

As 21013, but the two emperors support globe between them instead of resting on shields, and with mint mark S M H in ex. followed by officina mark A (= 1). RIC x, 407. LRBC II, 407. MIRB 75. Cf. C 27. [Heraclea, AD 415-23]. F £18 ($32) / VF £45 ($80) / EF £115 ($200)

21020

As previous, but with mint mark CONS in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, G or D (= 1, 2, 3, or 4). RIC x, 409. LRBC II, 2224. MIRB 75. Cf. C 27. [Constantinople, AD 415-23]. F £15 ($25) / VF £35 ($60) / EF £85 ($150)

21020

464

Roman Coins and Their Values

21021

Bronze centenionalis. As previous, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2). RIC x, 412. LRBC II, 2456. MIRB 75. Cf. C 27. [Nicomedia, AD 415-23]. F £15 ($25) / VF £35 ($60) / EF £85 ($150)

21022

As previous, but with mint mark S M K in ex. followed by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2). RIC x, 414. LRBC II, —. MIRB 75. Cf. C 27. [Cyzicus, AD 415-23]. F £16 ($28) / VF £40 ($70) / EF £100 ($175)

21023

As previous, but with mint mark ANT in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, or G (= 1, 2, or 3). RIC x, 416. LRBC II, —. MIRB 75. Cf. C 27. [Antioch, AD 415-23]. F £15 ($25) / VF £43 ($75) / EF £115 ($200)

21024

As previous, but with mint mark ALE in ex. followed by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2). RIC x, 417. LRBC II, 2930. MIRB 75. Cf. C 27. [Alexandria, AD 415-23]. F £16 ($28) / VF £40 ($70) / EF £100 ($175)

21025

a. Rev. VRBS ROMA FELIX, Roma stg. facing, holding trophy and Victory on globe, shield resting against her l. leg, mint mark S M AQ in ex. RIC x, 1243. LRBC II, —. (Extremely rare) C — (but cf. 72). [Aquileia, AD 407-8].

21026

As previous, but sometimes Roma’s hd. is turned to r., and with mint mark S M ROM in ex. and officina mark OF — P, S, T, Q, or e (= 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5) in field. RIC x, 1274-5 and 1280-82. DOC 728-30. LRBC II, 815-17 and 822-4. C — (but cf. 72). [Rome, AD 407-8]. F £15 ($25) / VF £35 ($60) / EF £85 ($150) Sometimes struck on a very small flan, closer in size to an Æ 4 though very thick (e.g. DOC 730).

21027

a. Rev. VIRTVS EXERCITI, Honorius stg. facing, hd. r., holding spear and resting on shield, about to be crowned by Victory who stands l. beside him on r., holding palm-branch in l., mint mark S M H in ex. followed by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2), sometimes with dot in r. field. RIC x, 57 and 59. LRBC II, 1993 and 1995. C 56. F £10 ($17) / VF £23 ($45) / EF £65 ($110) [Heraclea, AD 395-402].

21028

As previous, but with mint mark CONS in ex. followed by officina mark A, G, or e (= 1, 3, or 5). RIC x, 61. DOC 755. LRBC II, 2206. C 56. [Constantinople, AD 395-402]. F £9 ($15) / VF £23 ($40) / EF £60 ($100)

21029

As previous, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2), sometimes with star in r. field. RIC x, 63 and 65. DOC 757-8. LRBC II, 2437 and F £10 ($18) / VF £23 ($45) / EF £60 ($110) 2439. C 56. [Nicomedia, AD 395-402].

21030

As previous, but with mint mark S M K in ex. followed by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2), nothing in field. RIC x, 68-9. DOC 759-60. LRBC II, 2581-2. C 56. [Cyzicus, AD 395-402]. F £10 ($18) / VF £26 ($45) / EF £65 ($110)

21031

As previous, but with mint mark ANT in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, G, or D (= 1, 2, 3, or 4). RIC x, 72-3. DOC 761-2. LRBC II, 2793-4. C 56. [Antioch, AD 395402]. F £9 ($15) / VF £23 ($40) / EF £60 ($100)

21032

As previous, but with mint mark ALE in ex. followed by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2). RIC x, 76. DOC 763. LRBC II, 2918. C 56. [Alexandria, AD 395-402]. F £9 ($15) / VF £23 ($40) / EF £60 ($100)

21025

 

21031

HONORIUS 21033

465

Bronze half centenionalis or nummus (c. 0.75-1.25 grams, weights extremely variable). a. Rev. CONCORDIA AVG, cross, mint mark CONS in ex. followed by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2). RIC x, 109 and 115-16. LRBC II, 2209. C —. [Constantinople, AD 404-6]. F £12 ($20) / VF £30 ($50) / EF £72 ($125)

21034

 

21037

21034

As previous, but with mint mark ALE in ex. followed by officina mark A (= 1). RIC x, 112 and 121. LRBC II, 2921. C —. [Alexandria, AD 404-6]. F £10 ($18) / VF £26 ($45) / EF £65 ($110)

21035

a. Rev. CONCORDIA AVGGG, cross, mint mark S M H in ex. followed by officina mark A (= 1). RIC x, 124. LRBC II, 1997. C —. [Heraclea, AD 404-6]. F £12 ($20) / VF £30 ($50) / EF £72 ($125)

21036

As previous, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2). RIC x, 130. LRBC II, 2452. C —. [Nicomedia, AD 404-6]. F £12 ($20) / VF £30 ($50) / EF £72 ($125)

21037

As previous, but with mint mark S M K in ex. followed by officina mark A (= 1). RIC x, 133. LRBC II, 2595. C —. [Cyzicus, AD 404-6]. F £10 ($18) / VF £26 ($45) / EF £65 ($110)

21038

As previous, but with mint mark ANT in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, or G (= 1, 2, or 3). RIC x, 137. LRBC II, 2807. C —. [Antioch, AD 404-6]. F £12 ($20) / VF £30 ($50) / EF £72 ($125)

21039

As previous, but with mint mark ALE in ex. followed by officina mark A (= 1). RIC x, 140. LRBC II, —. C —. [Alexandria, AD 404-6]. F £10 ($18) / VF £26 ($45) / EF £65 ($110) RIC states that at Alexandria the rev. legend appears as CONCORDIA NVGGG (sic).

21040

a. Rev. SALVS REI PVBLICAE, Victory advancing l., holding trophy over shoulder in r. hand and dragging captive by the hair with l., P-headed cross (Christogram) in l. field, mint mark R in ex. followed by officina mark P, B, T, Q, or e (= 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5). RIC x, 1247-9. LRBC II, 809-11. C 32. [Rome, AD 395-402]. F £7 ($12) / VF £17 ($30) / EF £43 ($75) The obv. legends D N HONORI AVG (RIC 1248) and D N ONORIVS P F AVG (RIC 1247) are also recorded for this type.

21041

As previous, but with mint mark AQ in ex. followed by officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2). RIC x, 1238. LRBC II, 1113. MA 819. C 32. [Aquileia, AD 395-402]. F £9 ($15) / VF £20 ($35) / EF £48 ($85)

21042

As previous, but with mint mark CONS in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, or D (= 1, 2, or 4). RIC ix, p. 236, 90c. DOC 698-700. LRBC II, 2194. C 32. [Constantinople, AD 393-5]. F £9 ($15) / VF £20 ($35) / EF £48 ($85)

21043

As previous, but without the Christogram in rev. field and with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark A or G (= 1 or 3), sometimes with dot in l. field. RIC ix, p. 263, 48c. LRBC II, 2430 and 2435. C 32 var. [Nicomedia, AD 393-5]. F £9 ($16) / VF £23 ($40) / EF £60 ($100)

21044

As 21040, but with mint mark S M K in ex. followed by officina mark A (= 1). RIC ix, p. 247, 30c. LRBC II, 2579. C 32. [Cyzicus, AD 393-5]. F £9 ($16) / VF £23 ($40) / EF £60 ($100)

466

Roman Coins and Their Values

21045

Bronze half centenionalis. As previous, but with mint mark ANT in ex. followed by officina mark G or D (= 3 or 4), sometimes with cross instead of Christogram in rev. field. RIC ix, p. 295, 70c. LRBC II, 2775 and 2778. C 32. [Antioch, AD 393-5]. F £9 ($16) / VF £23 ($40) / EF £60 ($100)

21046

As 21043, but with mint mark ALE in ex. followed by officina mark A (= 1) and with dot in l. field. RIC ix, p. 304, 23c. LRBC II, 2909. C 32 var. [Alexandria, AD 393-5]. F £9 ($16) / VF £23 ($40) / EF £60 ($100)

21047

a. Rev. VICTORIA AVGG, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark TR in ex. RIC x, 1300-01. LRBC II, 174. C —. [Trier, AD 395]. F £10 ($18) / VF £28 ($48) / EF £70 ($120)

21048

As previous, but with mint mark RM in ex. and officina mark P, S, T, or e (= 1, 2, 3, or 5) in l. field. RIC x, 1357. DOC 731-2. LRBC II, 828. Cf. C 39 (AVGGG on rev., in error). [Rome, AD 410-23]. F £10 ($18) / VF £26 ($45)

21049

a (obv. legend undivided D N HONORIVS P F AVG. Rev. VICTORIA AVGGG, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark LVG in ex. followed by officina mark P (= 1). RIC ix, p. 53, 47b. LRBC II, 396. Bastien 233. C —. [Lugdunum, AD 394-5]. F £15 ($25) / VF £35 ($60)

21050

Similar, but the obv. legend is divided DN HONORI—VS P F AVG, and with S or V in rev. field to l. RIC x, 1303 and 1305. LRBC II, 398. Bastien 237 and 239. C —. F £17 ($30) / VF £43 ($75) [Lugdunum, AD 395].

21051

As 21049, but with mint mark CON in ex. preceded by officina mark P, S, or T (1, 2, or 3). RIC ix, p. 70, 30g. LRBC II, 570. EMA 198/4. C —. [Constantia/Arles, AD 394-5]. F £15 ($25) / VF £35 ($60)

21052

Similar, but the obv. legend is divided D N HONORI—VS P F AVG. RIC ix, p. 70, 30g, note and RIC x, 1307, note. LRBC II, 572. EMA —. C —. [Constantia/Arles, AD 395]. (Existence unconfirmed) For the Western Succession, see Johannes on p. 477

CONSTANTINE III Early AD 407-Sep. 411 21061 Flavius Claudius Constantinus was a common soldier serving in what was left of the Roman army in Britain following Stilicho’s withdrawal of troops in 405 to help protect northern Italy from barbarian invaders. The remnants of the British army were outraged by this action and proclaimed emperor in rapid succession two of their own number, Marcus and Gratian, before finally settling on Constantine (doubtless largely influenced by his evocative name). The usurper crossed to Gaul taking with him the remainder of the provincial garrison, thus sealing the fate of the island-province which was now effectively lost to the Empire. Constantine soon took control of Gaul and Spain, establishing his capital at Arles. He then wrote to Honorius requesting recognition of his imperial status. The western emperor needed the assistance of the usurper in confronting the Visigothic invasion of Italy under Alaric. Honorius was obliged to grant grudging recognition to Constantine and some of the usurper’s troops did assist in the defence of Italy. However, Constantine had his own problems in northern Spain where his general Gerontius, a native of Britain, rebelled and began to act independently. Eventually, he even raised a certain Maximus to imperial status in

CONSTANTINE III

467

Spain, thus adding to the confused situation in the western provinces. Constantine’s son Constans was raised to the status of co-emperor by his father in 409/10, having previously born the rank of Caesar. Constans younger brother Julian had born the rank of Nobilissimus since 408 and it was Constantine’s clear intention to establish an imperial dynasty. However, these plans were frustrated by Gerontius who besieged, captured, and executed Constans in Gaul (Vienne) and went on to besiege Constantine himself in Arles. On the approach of Honorius’ general Constantius (later Constantius III), Gerontius was obliged to raise the siege; he had lost the confidence of his soldiers and fled towards Spain, later committing suicide. Constantine and his younger son Julian were captured by Constantius following the fall of Arles and sent as prisoners to Italy, where they were murdered (or executed) en route to the court of Honorius at Ravenna. The coins of Constantine III were produced by four mints — Trier, Lugdunum, Arles, and Nice(?). It was by far the most extensive coinage of all those produced by the western usurpers during the troubled middle years of Honorius’ long reign. Constans had a very limited output of silver siliquae at Arles and Trier. There are three varieties of obverse legend:

A. D N CONSTANTINVS P F AVG B. FL CL CONSTANTINVS AVG C. FL CL CONSTANTINVS P F AVG

The obverse type is diad., dr. and cuir. bust r.

21053 21053

Gold solidus (c. 4.5 grams). A. Rev. CONCORDIA AVGGGG, Constantine, in military attire, stg. r., holding standard and Victory on globe, his l. foot set on captive, mint mark L — D in field, COM OB in ex. RIC x, 1511. Depeyrot, p. 131, 20/4. Bastien (Unique) 242. C —. [Lugdunum, AD 407]. The four ‘G’s at the end of the reverse legend refer to Arcadius, Honorius, and Theodosius II as well as Constantine himself. This extremely rare type, known from only a single surviving specimen, should probably be associated with Constantine’s embassy to Honorius seeking recognition of his status as an imperial colleague.

21054

B. Rev. RESTITVTOR REI PVBLICAE, Constantine, in military attire, stg. facing, hd. r., holding standard and Victory on globe, cross in l. field, mint mark S M LVG in ex. RIC x, 1501. Depeyrot, p. 130, 19/1. Bastien 240. C 1. [Lugdunum, AD 407]. (Unique) This type, also known from a single surviving specimen, is clearly copied from a Lugdunese issue of Valentinian I (see no. 19246).

21055

B. Rev. VICTORIA AVGGG, type as 21053, but with COM instead of COM OB in ex. RIC x, 1502-3. Depeyrot, p. 131, 21/1. Bastien 248. C —. [Lugdunum, AD 407]. VF £1,700 ($3,000) / EF £3,750 ($6,500)

21056

C. Rev. — type and mint mark as 21053. RIC x, 1504. Depeyrot, p. 131, 22/1. Bastien VF £1,1,850 ($3,250) / EF £4,000 ($7,000) 249. C —. [Lugdunum, AD 407].

21057

B. Rev. VICTORIA AAAVGGGG, as previous. RIC x, 1508. Cf. Depeyrot, p. 130, 20/1 (obv. legend C, in error). Bastien 243. C —. [Lugdunum, AD 407]. VF £1,1,850 ($3,250) / EF £4,000 ($7,000)

468

Roman Coins and Their Values

21058 21058

Gold solidus. A. Rev. — as previous. RIC x, 1505-7. DOC 792. Depeyrot, p. 130, 20/23. Bastien 244. C 6. [Lugdunum, AD 407-8]. VF £1,575 ($2,750) / EF £3,450 ($6,000)

21059

Similar, but with COM instead of COM OB in ex. RIC x, 1509-10. Depeyrot, p. 131, 21/2. Bastien 241. C 6. [Lugdunum, AD 407-8]. VF £1,700 ($3,000) / EF £3,750 ($6,500)

21060

A. Rev. VICTORIA AAVGGG, type as 21053. RIC x, 1512-13. Depeyrot, p. 131, 22/23. Bastien 249-50. DOC 793. Cf. C 5 (error in rev. legend). [Lugdunum, AD 408-11]. VF £1,575 ($2,750) / EF £3,450 ($6,000) The reduction in the number of ‘G’s from four to three at the end of the reverse legend reflects the death of Arcadius in 408.

21061

As previous, but with mint mark TR OB S in ex. RIC x, 1514-15. DOC 796-8. Depeyrot, p. 125, 57/1-2. Cf. C 5. [Trier, AD 408-11]. VF £1,425 ($2,500) / EF £3,750 ($5,500) On one rev. die (RIC 1516), the mint mark appears as TRI OB.

21062

As previous, but with mint mark A — R in field, COM OB or CON OB in ex. RIC x, 1517-20. DOC 803-4. Depeyrot, p. 137, 22/1-2. EMA 202/1-2. Cf. C 5. [Constantia/ Arles, AD 408-11]. VF £1,700 ($3,000) / EF £3,750 ($6,500)

21063

Similar, but with KON OB in ex. RIC x, 1521-2. DOC 806. Cf. Depeyrot, p. 137, 22/1. EMA 201/1-2. Cf. C 5. [Constantia/Arles, AD 408-11]. VF £1,1,850 ($3,250) / EF £4,000 ($7,000)

21064

As previous, but without A — R in rev. field. RIC x, 1523. Cf. Depeyrot, p. 137, 20/2. EMA 200/2. Cf. C 5 var. [Constantia/Arles, AD 408-11]. VF £1,1,850 ($3,250) / EF £4,000 ($7,000)

21062

21065

21066

21065 Gold tremissis or one-third solidus (c. 1.50 grams). A. Rev. VICTORIA AAVGGG, Victory advancing r., holding wreath and globe. RIC x, 1524. Cf. Depeyrot, p. 137, 22/3. EMA 202/3. Cf. C 2 (error in rev. legend). [Constantia/Arles, AD 408-11]. VF £1,575 ($2,750) / EF £3,450 ($6,000) Silver siliqua (c. 1.20-2.00 grams, weights extremely variable). A. Rev. VICTORIA AAAVGGGG, Roma seated l. on cuirass, holding Victory on globe and resting on spear, back of throne also visible, mint mark LD PV in ex. RIC x, 1525-6. Bastien 246. VF £350 ($600) / EF £850 ($1,500) RSC 7a. [Lugdunum, AD 407-8].

CONSTANTINE III

469

21067

Silver siliqua. Similar, but with mint mark LD PS in ex. RIC x, 1527-8. Bastien 245. RSC 7c. [Lugdunum, AD 407-8]. VF £400 ($700) / EF £1,000 ($1,750)

21068

Similar, but with mint mark S M LD in ex. RIC x, 1529-30. Bastien 247. RSC 7b. VF £350 ($600) / EF £850 ($1,500) [Lugdunum, AD 407-8].

21069

As previous, but with rev. legend VICTORIA AAVGGG. RIC x, 1531. Bastien 251. DOC 794. Cf. RSC 4b (AAVGG in error). [Lugdunum, AD 408-11]. VF £290 ($500) / EF £720 ($1,250)

21070

As previous, but with mint mark TR MS in ex. and sometimes with no back to throne. RIC x, 1532-4. DOC 799-802. Cf. RSC 4a and 4A. [Trier, AD 408-11]. VF £290 ($500) / EF £720 ($1,250)

21071

Similar, but also with star in rev. field to l. RIC x, 1535-6. RSC —. [Trier, AD 408-11]. VF £350 ($600) / EF £850 ($1,500)

21072

As previous, but with mint mark S M AR in ex. (back of throne always visible). RIC x, 1538. DOC 805. EMA 203/1. Cf. RSC 4d. [Constantia/Arles, AD 408-11]. VF £290 ($500) / EF £720 ($1,250) RIC x (p. 148) notes the existence of a siliqua with mint mark S M BA (?). It is not likely that Constantine III had a mint at Barcelona though the usurper Maximus (AD 410-11) certainly struck there. Kent believed it more likely that the true reading was S M RA with the two letters of the mint name transposed, but was unwilling to entirely rule out the possibility of the existence of the Barcino mint under Constantine III.

21073

Similar, but with mint mark KONT in ex. RIC x, 1539. EMA 204/1. Cf. RSC 4e. VF £290 ($500) / EF £720 ($1,250) [Constantia/Arles, AD 408-11]. RSC 4h also records the mint mark CONT but cites no authority and RIC x fails to mention it; probably a misread specimen of 21073.

21069

 

21070

21072

21074

  21074 21076 Similar, but also with cross in rev. field to l. RIC x, 1542. DOC 807. EMA 205/1. Cf. VF £350 ($600) / EF £850 ($1,500) RSC 4f. [Constantia/Arles, AD 408-11].

21075

Similar, but with star instead of cross in rev. field. RIC x, 1543. EMA 206/1. Cf. RSC VF £350 ($600) / EF £850 ($1,500) 4g. [Constantia/Arles, AD 408-11].

21076

As 21072, but with mint mark NIC in ex. preceded by P (?). RIC x, 1544. RSC —. (Unique) [?Nice, AD 408-11].

470

Roman Coins and Their Values

21077

Silver half siliqua (c. 1.10-1.20 grams). A. Rev. No legend, cross flanked by A and w, mint mark S M LD in ex. RIC x, 1545. Bastien 252. Cf. RSC 8. [Lugdunum, AD 407-11]. (Only two known, both in museum collections) King (in RSC, p. 189) condemns these as forgeries but gives no reasons for her opinion. Kent (RIC x, p. 146) accepts them and lists the type in the catalogue.

21078

Bronze half centenionalis. A. Rev. VICTORIA AVGGG, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark LVG in ex. followed by officina mark P (= 1). RIC x, 1546. LRBC Bastien 253. Cf. C 3. [Lugdunum, AD 408-11]. (Extremely rare) Although it was previously unverified, the existence of this type has been confirmed by a specimen in the Argelliers hoard (France, 1992).

CONSTANS II

AD 409/410-early 411 21079 Constans was the eldest son of the western usurper Constantine III and the brother of Julian. He appears to have received the title of Caesar in 408 and a year or two later to have been given the senior rank of Augustus. This was probably in recognition of the addition of northern Spain to his father’s territory, an achievement accomplished with the assistance of the powerful general Gerontius, a native of Britain. At this point (410) Gerontius rebelled against the regime of Constantine III and Constans and set up his own candidate for the throne, a certain Maximus, who may possibly have been his own son or perhaps the head of his household. Constans had previously withdrawn to Gaul leaving his general in control of Spain. Ultimately, Constans was besieged in Vienne by Gerontius where he was executed following the fall of the city (early 411). Later in the year, the rebellious general besieged Constantine himself in the Gallic city of Arles. The coinage of Constans’ brief reign is very rare and comprises silver siliquae only. These have been attested from the Gallic mints of Arles and Trier, though it is possible that other mints in the region may also have been involved. All have the obverse D N CONSTANS P F AVG, diad., dr. and cuir. bust r. 21079

Silver siliqua (c. 1.20-2.00 grams, weights extremely variable). Rev. VICTORIA AAVGGG, Roma seated l. on cuirass, holding Victory on globe and resting on spear, no throne back visible behind Roma, mint mark S M TR in ex. RIC x, 1537. RSC —. F £1,700 ($3,000) / VF £4,300 ($7,500) / EF £11,500 ($20,000) [Trier].

21080

As previous, but with mint mark KONT in ex., back of throne visible behind Roma. RIC x, 1540-41. EMA 204/2-3. RSC 1a. [Constantia/Arles]. F £1,700 ($3,000) / VF £4,300 ($7,500) / EF £11,500 ($20,000) RSC 1b also records a specimen from the Lugdunum mint (mint mark LD PV) but cites no authority; RIC x and Bastien both fail to mention it.

MAXIMUS AD 410-411 21081 The usurper Maximus, sometimes called Maximus of Barcelona, was a puppet emperor set up by Constantine III’s general Gerontius at the time of his rebellion against his patron. Maximus himself was a rather obscure individual who was most likely the head of Gerontius’ household, though some have described him as the general’s actual son. He was deposed the following year following the death of Gerontius in the aftermath of the siege of Arles. He fled back to Spain and took refuge with his barbarian allies there, later being pardoned by Honorius and permitted to retire into private life. Although this may be the end of his story, there is a record in the Chronica Gallica (452, no. 85) of

JOVINUS

471

a certain Maximus who rebelled in Spain about AD 420. Two years later he was taken as a prisoner to the Western Court at Ravenna, where his execution in 422 formed part of the celebrations on the occasion of Honorius’ tricennalia, or thirtieth anniversary of rule. It is tempting to identify this usurper with the earlier Maximus of Barcelona, though there is no firm evidence to support this. The coinage of Maximus is rare and seldom encountered by collectors. It comprises silver siliquae and two denominations of bronze, an Æ 2 maiorina and an Æ 3 centenionalis. The production of maiorinae was especially noteworthy as the denomination had been discontinued by the Theodosian rulers in 395, though it seems to have remained popular in Spain (cf. Kent, RIC x, p. 150-51). Issues in the name of Maximus were all struck at the newly-established mint of Barcino (Barcelona), the peninsula previously not having possessed a minting establishment in the late Roman period. All coins have the obverse D N MAXIMVS P F AVG, diad., dr. and cuir. bust r., bearded. 21081

Silver siliqua (c. 1.20 grams, weights variable). Rev. VICTORA (sic) AAVGGG, Roma seated l. on cuirass, holding Victory on globe and resting on spear, mint mark S M BA in ex. RIC x, 1601. Cf. RSC 1b (incorrect rev. legend). [Barcelona]. F £850 ($1,500) / VF £2,150 ($3,750) / EF £5,700 ($10,000)

21082

Bronze double centenionalis or maiorina (c. 4.25 grams, weights variable). Rev. VICTORIA AVGGG, Maximus, in military attire, stg. l., raising with r. hand a turreted female figure, who kneels r. before him, and holding Victory on globe in l., mint mark S M BA in ex. RIC x, 1602-3. LRBC II, —. C. —. [Barcelona]. (Only three known)

21083

Bronze centenionalis (c. 2.10 grams, weights variable). Rev. VICTORIA AVGGG, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark S M BA in ex. RIC x, 1604. LRBC II, —. C. —. [Barcelona]. F £175 ($300) / VF £430 ($750)

21083

JOVINUS

AD 411-413 21092 In the same year that saw the downfall of Constantine III at Arles another usurper arose to challenge Honorius. Jovinus was born of an illustrious Roman family in Gaul and, with the support of the Burgundian king Guntiarius and the Alan king Goar, he was proclaimed emperor at Mundiacum in Germania Secunda. Initially, all appeared to going well for the new rebel regime and he even gained the support of the Visigothic king Athaulf through the good offices of the former puppetemperor Priscus Attalus. But on Jovinus’ promotion of his brother Sebastianus to the rank of coemperor (412) Athaulf withdrew his backing and opened negotiations with Honorius. The Visigoth then attacked his former ally and in cooperation with Dardanus, Prefect of Gaul, captured both Jovinus and Sebastianus. The two usurpers set out under armed guard to appear before Honorius, but Dardanus had orders to execute them en route and the sentence was duly carried out, their severed heads being sent on to Ravenna. The rare coinage of Jovinus is generally neatly produced and was issued from Trier, Lugdunum, and Arles. They were struck in gold and silver only, no bronzes having been recorded. All have the obverse D N IOVINVS P F AVG, diad., dr. and cuir. bust r. 21084

Gold solidus (c. 4.50 grams). Rev. RESTITVTOR REI P, Jovinus, in military attire, stg. r., holding standard and Victory on globe, his l. foot set on captive, mint mark T — R in field, COM OB in ex. RIC x, 1704. Depeyrot, p. 125, 59/1. C 1. [Trier]. VF £3,450 ($6,000) / EF £8,500 ($15,000)

472

Roman Coins and Their Values

21085

Gold solidus. Similar, but with mint mark TR OB S in ex., nothing in field. RIC x, 1703. Depeyrot, p. 125, 58/2. C 1. [Trier]. VF £4,000 ($7,000) / EF £10,000 ($17,500)

21086

As 21084, but with mint mark L — D in field, COM OB in ex. sometimes preceded by dot. RIC x, 1705-7. DOC 808. Depeyrot, p. 131, 23/1, 24/1-2. Bastien 254-5. C 1. [Lugdunum]. VF £4,000 ($7,000) / EF £10,000 ($17,500)

21087

Similar, but with mint mark A — R in field, COM OB in ex. RIC x, 1708. Depeyrot, p. 138, 23/2. EMA 207/2. C 1. [Constantia/Arles]. VF £4,000 ($7,000) / EF £10,000 ($17,500)

21088

Rev. VICTORIA AVGG, type and mint mark as 21085. RIC x, 1701. Depeyrot, p. 125, 58/1. C 15 [Trier]. VF £4,000 ($7,000) / EF £10,000 ($17,500)

21089

As previous, but with mint mark A — R in field, COM OB in ex. RIC x, 1702. Depeyrot, p. 138, 23/1. EMA 207/1. C —. [Constantia/Arles]. VF £4,550 ($8,000) / EF £11,500 ($20,000)

21090

Silver heavy siliqua (c. 3.00 grams). Rev. Rev. RESTITVTOR REI P, Roma seated l. on curule chair, holding Victory on globe and resting on spear, throne back visible behind Roma, mint mark KONT in ex. RIC x, 1709. EMA 208/1. RSC 2a (authenticity (Unique) doubted). [Constantia/Arles].

21091

Silver siliqua (c. 1.40 grams, weights variable). Rev. — Roma seated l. on curule chair or cuirass, holding Victory on globe and resting on spear, throne back visible behind Roma, mint mark KONT in ex. RIC x, 1720-21. EMA 208/2. RSC 2b and 2d. F £350 ($600) / VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,150 ($3,750) [Constantia/Arles]. RSC 2c records this type from the Lugdunum mint (mint mark S M LD), but it does not appear in the RIC x listing on p. 354.

21086

 

21087

 

21089

21091

21092 21092 Rev. VICTORIA AVGG, type as previous, but with mint mark TR M S in ex. RIC x, 1710-12. DOC 810-11. RSC 4a. [Trier]. F £350 ($600) / VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,150 ($3,750) 21093

As previous, but with mint mark S M LD in ex. RIC x, 1713-15. Bastien 256. RSC 4b. F £350 ($600) / VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,150 ($3,750) [Lugdunum].

PRISCUS ATTALUS

21094

 

473

21095

21094

Silver siliqua. Similar, but with mint mark S M LDV in ex. RIC x, 1716-17. DOC 809. Bastien 258. RSC 4c-d. [Lugdunum]. F £320 ($550) / VF £800 ($1,400) / EF £2,000 ($3,500)

21095

Silver half siliqua (c. 1.10 grams). Rev. No legend, cross flanked by A and w, mint mark S M LD in ex. RIC x, 1722. Bastien 257. Cf. RSC 8. [Lugdunum]. (Extremely rare) King (in RSC, p. 193) condemns these as forgeries but gives no reasons for her opinion. Kent (RIC x, p. 153) accepts them and lists the type in the catalogue.

SEBASTIANUS AD 412-413 21096 The brother of Jovinus, Sebastianus was made co-emperor in 412 to the extreme annoyance of the Visigothic king who had formally supported the rebel regime in Gaul but now opened negotiations with Honorius. This led to the ultimate downfall and arrest of Jovinus and Sebastianus, both sharing the same fate en route to Ravenna. The coinage of Sebastianus is of considerable rarity and comprises siliquae only from the mint of Arles. 21096

Silver siliqua (c. 1.50 grams, weights variable). D N SEBASTIANVS P F AVG (the AV sometimes ligatured), diad., dr. and cuir. bust r. Rev. VICTORIA AVGG, Roma seated l. on curule chair, holding Victory on globe and resting on spear, throne back visible behind Roma, mint mark KONT in ex. RIC x, 1718-19. EMA 208/3. RSC 1. [Arles]. F £2,850 ($5,000) / VF £7,200 ($12,500) / EF £17,250 ($30,000)

PRISCUS ATTALUS First Reign, late AD 409summer 410 Second Reign, AD 414-415 21098 Priscus Attalus was never anything more than a puppet emperor for the Visigothic kings Alaric and Athaulf. He was a cultured man whose origins were Greek and whose family were from Ionia in western Asia Minor. Not surprisingly he was also a pagan, though he was later baptized by an Arian bishop at the time of his elevation to imperial status. Attalus had risen to political prominence in the 390s and presumably through his eloquence as a speaker he had become a leading member of the Roman Senate. Honorius appointed him to the powerful office of Count of the Sacred Largess in 409 and later in the same year he became Prefect of the City. During this period he was the principal member of the senatorial delegation in its negotiations with the Visigothic leader Alaric, who was currently besieging Rome. Towards the end of the year 409 Alaric had him proclaimed emperor by the Roman Senate in opposition to Honorius and he reigned in the city until the summer of the following year. His Visigothic patron then suddenly deposed him, presumably because he no longer served any useful political purpose. He was pardoned by Honorius for his usurpation but the city then fell to Alaric’s besieging army, the first time that Rome had been captured and sacked by a

474

Roman Coins and Their Values

foreign enemy since the Gauls had accomplished the feat exactly 800 years before. Attalus was taken prisoner together with Honorius’ half-sister Galla Placidia and they were carried off by Alaric when he withdrew from the plundered city. Both of the imperial captives were to remain in Gothic hands for a number of years and both were destined to play additional roles in the political life of the Empire. Galla Placidia became the wife of Alaric’s brother-in-law and successor Athaulf early in 414, on which occasion Attalus delivered a nuptial song. The Visigoths had by this time withdrawn from Italy to Gaul where they established their capital at Narbonne and were acting as allies of Honorius. Attalus was now one of Athaulf’s advisors and he briefly persuaded the Visigothic king to support the cause of the usurper Jovinus against Honorius. Ultimately, however, Athaulf turned against Jovinus and helped to bring about his downfall. In 414 Attalus was proclaimed emperor for a second time by the Visigoths, establishing his ‘court’ at Narbonne and striking a few coins in his own name. It was at this point that Athaulf’s fortunes began to decline. He was attacked by Honorius’ principal general Constantius and was obliged to depose Attalus and to abandon the city of Narbonne. He withdrew to Spain where he was murdered by one of his own staff in the summer of 415. Attalus, meanwhile, attempted to escape but was captured by Honorius’ forces and taken to Rome where he was paraded through the streets as the emperor’s captive. This was followed by mutilation, to prevent future usurpation, and banishment to the island of Lipari off the northern coast of Sicily. The coins of Priscus Attalus are all very rare, those of his second reign especially so. The issues of his first reign were all struck at Rome and include denominations in all three metals. The silver coinage is of special interest as it includes a remarkable multiple which would appear to be the silver equivalent of a gold solidus. Narbonne was presumably the mint for the coins of Attalus’ second reign. They comprise an unique solidus, no longer in existence, and a few siliquae of very low weight and with enigmatic pseudo-Ravenna mint marks. There are three varieties of obverse legend: A. IMP PRISCVS ATTALVS P F AVG B. PRISC ATTALVS P F AVG C. PRISCVS ATTALVS P F AVG The obverse type is diad., dr. and cuir. bust r.

First Reign, AD 409-410 21097

Gold solidus (c. 4.50 grams). B. Rev. INVICTA ROMA AETERNA, Roma enthroned facing, holding Victory on globe and resting on spear, mint mark R — M in field, COM OB in ex. RIC x, 1403. Depeyrot, — (but cf. pl. 9, 39/1). C 3. [Rome]. VF £5,700 ($10,000) / EF £14,300 ($25,000)

21098

C. Rev. — as previous, but sometimes also with star in r. field. RIC x, 1404-6. DOC 812-13. Depeyrot, p. 152, 38/1-2 and 39/1. C 3. [Rome]. VF £5,200 ($9,000) / EF £12,850 ($22,500)

21099

A. Rev. VICTORIA AVGVSTI, Priscus Attalus, in military attire, stg. r., holding standard and Victory on globe, his l. foot set on captive, mint mark R — M in field, COM OB in ex. RIC x, 1401. Depeyrot, p. 152, 37/1. C 9. [Rome]. (Unique)

21100

Gold tremissis or one-third solidus (c. 1.50 grams). B. Rev. INVICTA ROMA AETERNA, as 21097, but with star in r. field. RIC x, 1407. Depeyrot, p. 152, 38/3. C 4. [Rome]. VF £2,850 ($5,000) / EF £7,200 ($12,500)

21101

Silver multiple of one-quarter of a Roman pound = the silver equivalent of the gold solidus (c. 80 grams). C. Rev. INVICTA ROMA AETERNA, as 21097, but the arms of the throne are ornamented with lions’ hds., and with mint mark RM PS in exergue. RIC x, 1408. RSC 5. [Rome]. VF £23,000 ($40,000) / EF £57,500 ($100,000)

21100

PRISCUS ATTALUS

475

Kent (RIC x, p. pp. 139-40) notes that these have been known since the early 18th century and all recorded specimens may derive from a single hoard. Their purpose may have been to impress the high-ranking recipients with a spectacular coin as part of Attalus’ accession donative.

21102 21102

Silver heavy miliarensis (c. 5.4 grams). C. Rev. VICTORIA ROMANORVM, Victory advancing r., holding trophy over shoulder in r. hand and shield ornamented with Christogram in l., mint mark PST in ex. RIC x, 1409. Cf. RSC 10A (star in rev. VF £6,800 ($12,000) / EF £14,300 ($25,000) field, in error). [Rome].

21103

Silver light miliarensis (c. 4.5 grams). C. Rev. — Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, star in l. field, mint mark PST in ex. RIC x, 1410. RSC 11. [Rome]. VF £6,300 ($11,000) / EF £12,850 ($22,500)

21104

 

21106

21104

Silver siliqua (c. 2.00-2.25 grams). C. Rev. INVICTA ROMA AETERNA, Roma seated l. on cuirass, holding Victory on globe and resting on spear, sometimes with star in l. field, mint mark PST in ex. RIC x, 1411-12. RSC 7a-b. [Rome]. VF £2,600 ($4,500) / EF £5,700 ($10,000)

21105

A. Rev. VOT / V / MVLT / X in wreath, mint mark PST in ex. RIC x, 1402. RSC 16. [Rome]. (Unique)

21106

Silver half siliqua. C. Rev. VICTORIA ROMANORVM, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, star in l. field, mint mark PST in ex. RIC x, 1413. Cf. RSC 12 (described as a siliqua, in error). [Rome]. VF £2,300 ($4,000) / EF £5,200 ($9,000)

21107

Bronze centenionalis (Æ 3). C. Rev. — as previous, but with officina mark OF — P, S, T, Q, or e (= 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5, sometimes retrograde) in field, and mint mark S M VR M in ex. RIC x, 1414-15. LRBC II, 826. Cf. C 13-14. [Rome]. F £430 ($750) / VF £850 ($1,500)

Second Reign, AD 414-415 21108

Gold solidus. A. Rev. RESTITVTIO REI P, military figure stg. facing, hd. l., holding standard in l. hand and with r. raising turreted female figure who kneels r., mint mark N — B in field, COM OB in ex. RIC x, 1416. Depeyrot, p. 139, 1/1. Cf. C 8. [Narbonne]. (Unique and no longer extant) The only known example of this type was formerly in the French Collection but was lost and melted down in the 1831 robbery of the coin-cabinet.

476

21109

Roman Coins and Their Values

  21109 21110 Silver siliqua (?). A. Rev. — Roma seated l. on cuirass, holding Victory on globe and resting on spear, uncertain mint mark in ex. RIC x, 1417. RSC —. [Narbonne?]. (Unique) This type is of better style than nos. 21110-11 which RIC attributes to the Visigoths. The weight of these late silver issues is substantially below the standard for siliquae of Attalus’ first reign, though their reverse type indicates that they should not be regarded as half siliquae.

21110

A. Rev. VICTORIA AVGG, as previous, but with mint mark PS RV in ex. RIC x, 3701 (Visigoths). RSC 9A. [Narbonne?]. F £850 ($1,500) / VF £2,000 ($3,500) The curious pseudo-Ravenna mint mark on this type and the next was interpreted by Kent as evidence of their Visigothic origin (cf. RIC x, p. 221). See also no. 20967A in the name of Honorius.

21111

Similar, but the rev. legend ends AVGGG. RIC x, 3702 (Visigoths). RSC —. [Narbonne?]. F £850 ($1,500) / VF £2,000 ($3,500)

CONSTANTIUS III 8 Feb.-2 Sep. AD 421 21112 Flavius Constantius was one of the few successful generals of Roman origin during the closing phase of the history of the Western Empire. Born in Naissus (the birthplace of Constantine the Great), he adopted a military career during the reign of Theodosius I and quickly gained considerable campaign experience. He played a leading role in the suppression of the dangerous usurpation of Constantine III in 411 and was rewarded with promotion to the supreme military command in the West with the title of Magister Utriusque Militiae. In this role he succeeded Stilicho, who had been ‘generalissimo’ in the early part of Honorius’ reign down to the time of his murder in 408. Over the following decade, Constantius went far in countering the decline in the security of the Western Empire. In 414 he was ordered to recover the emperor’s half-sister Galla Placidia, who had been in the hands of the Visigoths ever since Alaric’s sack of Rome in 410. Constantius attacked Athaulf in southern Gaul and drove the Visigoths into Spain, in the course of which they abandoned the puppetemperor Priscus Attalus who was sent as a captive to Honorius. Athaulf was ultimately succeeded by Wallia who released Galla Placidia in exchange for a ransom of 600,000 measures of grain. On New Year’s Day, 417, Constantius was married to the emperor’s half-sister and in due course two children were born of the union — Justa Grata Honoria in 417/8 and Placidus Valentinianus (later the emperor Valentinian III) in 419. In February 421 Constantius was finally elevated to the rank of Augustus and co-emperor with the childless Honorius, though the eastern emperor Theodosius II refused to recognize his promotion. The restrictions of his new office did not suit Constantius’ character and he died in office less than seven months later, an enormous loss to the Western Empire. The coinage of Constantius III is rare and comprises just two denominations – gold solidi and gold tremisses. Both have the obverse D N CONSTANTIVS P F AVG, diad., dr. and cuir. bust r. 21112

Gold solidus (c. 4.50 grams). Rev. VICTORIA AVGGG, Constantius III, in military attire, stg. facing, hd. r., holding standard and Victory on globe, his l. foot set on captive, mint mark R — V in field, COM OB in ex. RIC x, 1325. MR 47-8. Depeyrot, p. 188, 7/4. DOC 815. C 1. [Ravenna]. VF £4,000 ($7,000) / EF £10,000 ($17,500)

JOHANNES (JOHN)

477

21113

Gold tremissis or one-third solidus (c. 1.50 grams). Rev. VICTORIAAVGVSTORVM, Victory advancing r., holding wreath and globus cruciger, mint mark R — V in field, COM OB in ex. RIC x, 1341. MR 50. Depeyrot, p. 189, 11/3. C —. [Ravenna]. VF £2,000 ($3,500) / EF £5,200 ($9,000)

21114

Similar, but with COM instead of COM OB in ex. RIC x, 1339. MR 49. Depeyrot, p. VF £2,000 ($3,500) / EF £5,200 ($9,000) 189, 10/3. C 2. [Ravenna].

JOHANNES (JOHN) 20 Nov. AD 423-May 425 21115 At the time of Honorius’ unexpected death, just short of his 39th birthday, his rightful heir, Placidus Valentinianus, was living in exile in Constantinople. The late emperor’s principal secretary (Primicerius Notariorum) Johannes, possibly with the support of the Magister Militum Flavius Castinus, seized the opportunity to proclaim himself emperor in the West in succession to Honorius. Johannes may have been of Gothic origin and had worked his way up through the ranks of the civil service, ultimately achieving very high office in the later years of Honorius. Somewhat optimistically, he attempted to gain recognition of his elevation from the government in Constantinople and even struck coins in the name of Theodosius II. Inevitably he was disappointed in this hope as the eastern emperor was fiercely loyal to the Theodosian dynasty and gave his full support to the claims of his four-year-old cousin Valentinian to be the rightful occupant of the western throne. An army was despatched to end the rebellion and Johannes, disappointed in his hopes of securing aid from the Huns, was arrested in Ravenna and condemned to death by Valentinian’s mother Galla Placidia. Another version of the story is that he was taken to Aquileia where he was mutilated and exposed to public ridicule on a donkey before being executed. For the following quarter of a century both halves of the Empire were ruled by the cousins Theodosius II and Valentinian III, or rather by their much stronger-willed female relatives Pulcheria and Galla Placidia. The brief coinage of Johannes was struck mostly at Ravenna for the precious metal denominations which comprise the full range of gold (solidi, semisses, and tremisses) and silver siliquae and half siliquae. The diminutive Æ 4 denomination (half centenionalis or nummus) was issued in some quantity from Rome’s five officinae with much rarer issues from Arles. All have the obverse D N IOHANNES P F AVG, diad., dr. and cuir. bust r., bearded. 21115

Gold solidus (c. 4.50 grams). Rev. VICTORIA AVGGG, Johannes, in military attire, stg. r., holding standard and Victory on globe, his l. foot set on captive, mint mark R — V in field, COM OB in ex. RIC x, 1901. MR 51-2. Depeyrot, p. 190, 12/1. DOC 819. C VF £2,300 ($4,000) / EF £5,700 ($10,000) 4. [Ravenna].

21116

As previous, but with mint mark M — D instead of R — V in rev. field. RIC x, 1902. Depeyrot, p. 172, 19/1. C —. Ulrich Bansa “La Monetazione di Giovanni, 423-425 (Unique) A.D.” in Quaderni Ticinesi, 1976, p. 281, fig. 1. [Milan].

21117

Gold semissis or half solidus (c. 2.25 grams). Rev. VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM, Victory seated r. on cuirass, holding shield inscribed with Chi-Rho monogram resting on short column and supported by winged Genius on r., mint mark R — V in field, COM OB in ex. RIC x, 1903. MR 53-4. Depeyrot, p. 190, 12/2. Cf. C 5 (incomplete VF £2,300 ($4,000) / EF £5,700 ($10,000) description). [Ravenna].

478

Roman Coins and Their Values

21118

 

21119

21118

Gold tremissis or one-third solidus (c. 1.50 grams). Rev. — (the VM sometimes ligatured), Victory advancing r., holding wreath and globus cruciger, mint mark R — V in field, COM OB in ex. RIC x, 1904-6. MR 55-6. Depeyrot, p. 190, 12/3. DOC 820-21. Cf. C 8 (inaccurate and incomplete descriptions). [Ravenna]. VF £1,300 ($2,250) / EF £2,850 ($5,000)

21119

Silver siliqua (c. 2.25-2.50 grams). Rev. VRBS ROMA, Roma seated l. on cuirass, holding Victory on globe and resting on spear, mint marks RV PS in ex. RIC x, 1907. MR 57-8. RSC 9. [Ravenna]. F £1,700 ($3,000) / VF £4,300 ($7,500)

21120

Silver half siliqua (c. 1.00 gram). Rev. VICTORIA AVGG, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark RV in ex. RIC x, 1908. MR 59. RSC 3. [Ravenna]. F £1,425 ($2,500) / VF £3,750 ($6,500)

21121

Bronze half centenionalis or nummus (c. 1.25 grams, weights variable). Rev. SALVS REI PVBLICAE, Victory advancing l., holding trophy over r. shoulder and dragging captive with l. hand, P-headed cross (Christogram) in l. field, mint mark RM in ex., usually also with officina mark P, S, T, Q, or e (= 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5) in l. field. RIC x, 1913 and 1916-17. LRBC II, 833-4. Cf. C 1 (mint mark misread). [Rome]. F £85 ($150) / VF £320 ($550)

21120

21122

  21122 21123 Similar, but the officina mark is in the ex., either preceding or following the RM mint mark. RIC x, 1920-21 and 1923. LRBC II, 837-8. Cf. C 1 (mint mark misread). [Rome]. F £100 ($175) / VF £350 ($600)

21123 Rev. VICTORIA AVGG, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark RM in ex., officina mark S or Q (= 2 or 4) in l. field. RIC x, 1910. LRBC II, —. C —. [Rome]. F £125 ($220) / VF £350 ($750) 21124

As previous, but with mint mark CON in ex. preceded by officina mark T (= 3). RIC x, 1911. EMA 211/1. LRBC II, 575. C —. [Arles]. F £125 ($220) / VF £350 ($750) For the Western Succession, see Valentinian III on p. 497

THEODOSIUS II

479

THEODOSIUS II 10 Jan. AD 402-28 Jul. 450 21172 The only son of Arcadius and Eudoxia, Theodosius II was born 10 Apr. 401. At the age of only nine months, he was made co-emperor with his father in the East and on the death of Arcadius in 408 Theodosius became the ruler of the eastern Empire at the age of only seven. Initially, the government was in the hands of the praetorian prefect Anthemius, but from AD 414 the emperor’s sister Aelia Pulcheria (herself only fifteen) took control of affairs of state and remained the stable force behind the throne throughout her brother’s long reign. In 421 Theodosius was married to the beautiful and highly intelligent Aelia Eudocia (formerly called Athenais) and their daughter Licinia Eudoxia (born 422/3) was eventually married to the western Emperor Valentinian III. Theodosius himself had inherited his father’s weak character and it was fortunate that he was well and loyally served by his subordinates. These were difficult years for the eastern Empire as there were constant incursions by the barbarian tribes, notably the Huns who, under their formidable leader Attila, caused great devastation in both the eastern and western halves of the Empires from the late 430s until the early 450s. The policy of Theodosius was to buy off the aggressor by the payment of huge sums of gold. This was hardly the traditional Roman way of confronting an enemy but it did mitigate the danger until Attila was removed courtesy of a haemorrhage (453). Another constant danger was on the eastern frontier where the Persian Sasanids remained belligerent. The principal accomplishments of Theodosius’ long reign included the construction of the immensely strong defensive walls around Constantinople, known as the Theodosian Walls, and the compilation of the Codex Theodosianus, an assemblage of the laws of the Roman Empire under the Christian emperors from AD 312. Theodosius II died in the summer of 450 as a result of a fall from his horse. He left no male heir and the choice of a successor to the eastern throne was entrusted to his sister Pulcheria, the true ruler of the Empire over the preceding 36 years. The coinage of Theodosius II is probably the most extensive of any of the rulers in the 5th century. Gold solidi were produced in prodigious quantities, doubtless in connection with the buying off of the barbarian tribes, and the tremissis denomination was produced in larger numbers than ever before. Silver issues, on the other hand, were quite limited and the tiny Æ 4 nummi assumed their final diminutive form from c. 425. Æ 3 centenionales of several types were produced in the first half of the reign and there was an exceptional issue of Æ 2 maiorinae c. 437. There was to be no significant improvement in the bronze coinage until the Anastasian reform at the very end of the century. Eastern coins in the name of Theodosius II were struck under his father Arcadius down to 408 and thereafter under his own authority until his death in 450. Western issues under Honorius, Johannes, and Valentinian III were on a far more restricted scale. The obverse legend is D N THEODOSIVS P F AVG. There are two principal varieties of obverse type and these are represented by lower case letters. Other types are described in full: a. Diad., dr. and cuir. bust r. b. Helmeted and cuir. bust three-quarter face to r., holding spear and shield.

21125 21125

Gold aureus (c. 5.4 grams). a. Rev. VICTORIA ROMANORVM, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, P-headed cross (Christogram) in l. field, star in r., mint mark CON OB in ex. RIC x, 217. Depeyrot, —. DOC —. MIRB —. [Constantinople, (Unique) date uncertain but between c. AD 423 and 444].

480

Roman Coins and Their Values

21126

Gold solidus (c. 4.5 grams). b. Rev. CONCORDIA AVGG followed by officina mark D, S, Z, H, Q, or I (= 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10), Constantinopolis, helmeted, seated facing, hd. r., holding sceptre and Victory on globe, r. foot on prow, mint mark CON OB in ex. RIC x, 9. Depeyrot, p. 246, 55/3. [Constantinople, AD 402]. VF £290 ($500) / EF £850 ($1,500)

21127

Similar, but also with star in rev. field to l., and all ten officinae (A-I) recorded. RIC x, 202. Depeyrot, p. 251, 73/2. DOC 313-17. MIRB 12b. [Constantinople, AD 408-20]. VF £155 ($275) / EF £460 ($800)

21128

As previous, but without officina mark at end of rev. legend and with mint mark COM OB in ex. RIC x, 349. Depeyrot, p. 226, 47/2. MIRB 52b. [Thessalonica, AD 408-20]. VF £400 ($700) / EF £1,150 ($2,000)

21129

Similar, but with mint mark TES OB in ex. (OB sometimes flanked by dots). RIC x, 351-3, 358, and 360. Depeyrot, p. 226, 49/3-4 and 50/2-3. MIRB 54b-c. [Thessalonica, VF £400 ($700) / EF £1,150 ($2,000) AD 408-20].

21130

As previous, but the rev. legend ends AVGGG (OB not flanked by dots). RIC x, 355. Depeyrot, p. 226, 48/2. MIRB 54a. [Thessalonica, AD 408-20]. VF £400 ($700) / EF £1,150 ($2,000) The triple ending AVGGG on this variety is difficult to explain. It is possible that a reference to Constantius III may be intended in which case the coins would date to AD 421. However, this seems unlikely as Theodosius II (who controlled the mint) never recognized Honorius’ promotion of the husband of Galla Placidia.

21131

As 21127, but Constantinopolis holds shield inscribed X / VOT / XX instead of Victory on globe in her l. hand (officinae A, G, e, and S = 1, 3, 5, and 6 recorded). RIC x, 204. Depeyrot, p. 248, 59/2. MIRB 3. [Constantinople, AD 411]. VF £460 ($800) / EF £1,300 ($2,250)

21132

As 21126, but the rev. legend ends AVGGG (officinae A, B, D, Z, and Q = 1, 2, 4, 7, and 9 recorded, sometimes without officina mark). RIC x, 25-7. Depeyrot, p. 247, 56/2. VF £200 ($350) / EF £575 ($1,000) DOC 295-6. [Constantinople, AD 402-3].

21133

As previous, but also with star in rev. field to l. (all 10 officinae A-I recorded). RIC x, 31. Depeyrot, p. 247, 57/3. DOC 303-5. MIRB 12a. [Constantinople, AD 403-8]. VF £155 ($275) / EF £460 ($800)

21134

As 21131, but with Christogram on the emperor’s cuirass, without officina mark at end of rev. legend, and with mint mark COM OB in ex. RIC x, 41. Depeyrot, p. 225, 45/3. VF £400 ($700) / EF £1,150 ($2,000) [Thessalonica, AD 402-3].

21135

As previous, but also with star in rev. field to l. RIC x, 44. Depeyrot, p. 225, 46/3. DOC 307. MIRB 52a. C —. [Thessalonica, AD 403-8]. VF £400 ($700) / EF £1,150 ($2,000)

21127

21131

 

21133

THEODOSIUS II

21136

481

  21136 21138 Gold solidus. b Rev. FELICITER NUBTIIS, nimbate figures of Theodosius II (in centre), Valentinian III (on l.) and Licinia Eudoxia (on r.), all stg. facing, Valentinian and Eudoxia clasping r. hands, mint mark CON OB in ex. RIC x, 267. Depeyrot, p. 250, 66/1. DOC 395. MIRB 8. [Constantinople, AD 437]. VF £2,000 ($3,500) / EF £5,700 ($10,000) This rare type celebrates the marriage of Valentinian III and Licinia Eudoxia on 29 Oct. 437.

21137

b. Rev. GLOR ORVIS TERRAR usually followed by officina mark A-I (= 1-10), Theodosius II, in military attire, stg. facing, holding standard and globe surmounted by cross, star in l. field, mint mark CON OB in ex. RIC x, 232. Depeyrot, p. 253, 77/1. DOC 359-60. MIRB 32a-b. [Constantinople, AD 424-5]. VF £290 ($500) / EF £850 ($1,500)

21138

As previous, but without officina mark at end of rev. legend and with mint mark TES OB in ex., rarely preceded or followed by dot. RIC x, 361-5. Depeyrot, p. 227, 51/1. DOC 364-9. MIRB 58. [Thessalonica, AD 424-5 and later?]. VF £240 ($425) / EF £720 ($1,250)

21139

21140

  21139 21140 Cuir. bust r., wearing diad. helmet and holding spear (pointing forward) and shield. Rev. GLORIA REI PVBLICAE, Roma (on l.) and Constantinopolis (on r.) enthroned facing, their hds. turned towards one another, each resting on sceptre and holding between them shield inscribed VOT / XV / MVL / XX, small prow beside Constantinopolis’ r. foot, star in l. field, mint mark CON OB in ex. RIC x, 207. Depeyrot, p. 249, 61/1. DOC 346. MIRB 5. [Constantinople, AD 415]. VF £400 ($700) / EF £1,150 ($2,000) This type was issued in celebration of Theodosius’fifteenth anniversary, or quindecennalia. b. Rev. IMP XXXXII COS XVII P P, Constantinopolis enthroned l., holding globus cruciger and sceptre, l. foot on prow, shield at side, star in l. field, mint mark COM OB (sometimes CON OB) in ex. RIC x, 285-6, 291-3, 299-301, 307-10, 313-14, 321-2, and 323-4. Depeyrot, p. 255, 84/1. DOC 410-25. MIRB 33a and ba. [Constantinople, AD 441-50]. VF £140 ($250) / EF £430 ($750) The obverse and reverse legends on this issue are often punctuated with varying numbers of points. The curious use of a dated form of reverse legend, not seen on the Roman coinage since Constantinian times, has been explained as commemorating various noteworthy events, such as Christ’s birth in the forty-first or forty-second year of Augustus, the length of Theodosius’ reign being the longest recorded in Roman history, or that Theodosius was the forty-second in the numbered sequence of emperors (cf. Kent, RIC x, p. 80). However, none of these seems to be especially convincing so the question has to be considered unresolved. The common use of the mint mark COM OB instead of the more usual CON OB perhaps indicates that the Comitatensian, or ‘court’ mint, in Constantinople was employed for the production of much of this extensive coinage (see the introductory paragraph to the reign of Valentinian I).

482 21141

Roman Coins and Their Values Gold solidus. Similar, but with officina mark B, G, D, e, S, Z, Q, or I (= 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, or 10) following rev. legend. RIC x, 285-6, 309, 312, 319, and 320. Depeyrot, p. 255, 84/1. DOC 426-7. MIRB 33bb. [Constantinople, AD 441-50]. VF £185 ($325) / EF £520 ($900)

21142 21142 Diad. bust l., bearded, wearing consular robes and holding mappa and cruciform sceptre. Rev. IMP XXXXIIII COS XVIII, Theodosius II, nimbate and in consular robes, seated facing, holding mappa and cruciform sceptre, star in l. field, mint mark COM OB in ex. RIC x, 330. Depeyrot, p. 250, 69/1. DOC 428. MIRB 11. [Constantinople, AD 444]. VF £1,425 ($2,500) / EF £3,450 ($6,000) Struck on the occasion of the emperor’s eighteenth consulship.

21143

  21143 21144 b. Rev. SALVS REI PVBLICAE, Theodosius II seated facing (on l.) and Valentinian III, a much shorter figure, stg. facing (on r.), both in consular robes, each holding mappa and cruciform sceptre, star in upper central field, mint mark CON OB in ex. RIC x, 2336. Depeyrot, p. 253, 78/1. DOC 370-73. MIRB 22. [Constantinople, AD 425]. VF £240 ($425) / EF £720 ($1,250) Issued in commemoration of Theodosius’ eleventh consulship and Valentinian’s first. The diminutive figure of Valentinian is depicted as Caesar and the type was produced to finance the campaign in northern Italy that removed the usurper Johannes and placed the young cousin of Theodosius on the western throne. See also no. 21145.

21144

Similar, but the rev. legend is usually followed by officina mark A-I (= 1-10), and Theodosius and a shorter figure of Valentinian, both nimbate, are depicted enthroned facing side by side. RIC x, 237-41. Depeyrot, p. 253, 79/1. DOC 374-6. MIRB 23a-b. VF £200 ($350) / EF £575 ($1,000) [Constantinople, AD 426-30]. This celebrates the joint consulship of Theodosius and Valentinian (twelfth and second respectively) in 426. The younger is now shown as Augustus and co-emperor enthroned beside his eastern colleague.

21145

As 21143, but with mint mark A — Q in rev. field and COM OB in ex., and sometimes with two dots between PVB and LICAE. RIC x, 1805-6. Depeyrot, p. 185, 23/1. MA VF £400 ($700) / EF £1,150 ($2,000) 822. [Aquileia, AD 425].

THEODOSIUS II

483

21146 21146

Gold solidus. Obv. As 21142, but not bearded. Rev. SECVRITAS REI PVBLICAE, Theodosius II, nimbate and in consular robes, seated facing, holding mappa and cruciform sceptre, star in l. field, mint mark CON OB in ex. RIC x, 208. Depeyrot, p. 249, 64/1. MIRB N7. [Constantinople, AD 416]. VF £1,425 ($2,500) / EF £3,450 ($6,000) According to Kent, this type records Theodosius’ seventh consulship, whereas Hahn and Depeyrot prefer an attribution to his fourteenth consulship in 433.

21147

Obv. As 21142. Rev. — as previous, but the star is in rev. field to r. RIC x, 268. Depeyrot, p. 250, 68/1. MIRB 10. [Constantinople, AD 439]. VF £1,425 ($2,500) / EF £3,450 ($6,000) Kent and Hahn attribute this type to Theodosius’ penultimate consulship, his seventeenth. Depeyrot, however, prefers his eighteenth, in 444.

21148

  21148 21149 Dr. and cuir. bust r., wearing crested and diad. helmet. Rev. VICTORIA AVGGG, Theodosius II stg. facing in military attire, crowned by Manus Dei above, holding in r. hand sceptre surmounted by P-headed cross, which rests on prostrate serpent-tailed lion, and with l. holding hilt of sword at his side, mint mark R — V in field, COB in ex. RIC x, 1311. MR 63-5. Depeyrot, p. 187, 3/2. [Ravenna, after AD 408]. VF £460 ($800) / EF £1,300 ($2,250) Various dates and interpretations have been advanced for this curious type. On the coins issued in the name of Honorius (see no. 20923), the emperor’s bearded bust is probably a sign of mourning for Arcadius († AD 408). The reverse may be symbolic of the victories over the western usurpers of this period or, according to Grierson in DOC, may commemorate the suppression of the revolt of Heraclian in Africa in 413.

21149

a. Rev. — Theodosius II, in military attire, stg. r., holding standard and Victory on globe, his l. foot set on captive, mint mark R — V in field, COM OB in ex. RIC x, 1320, 1322, 1324, 1327, 1329, and 1801. MR 66-7. Depeyrot, p. 188, 7/3. DOC 349. [Ravenna, AD 408-23]. VF £290 ($500) / EF £850 ($1,500) The latest issues of this type may have been struck during the three-month ‘interregnum’ between the death of Honorius and the proclamation of Johannes (15 Aug.-20 Nov. 423). See also the following type.

21150

As previous, but with mint mark M — D in rev. field, COM OB in ex. RIC x, 1803. Depeyrot, —. Ulrich Bansa “La Monetazione di Giovanni, 423-425 A.D.” in Quaderni Ticinesi, 1976, p. 281, fig. A. [Milan, AD 423]. VF £480 ($850) / EF £1,425 ($2,500) Probably also struck during the ‘interregnum’.

21151

a. Rev. — Theodosius II, in military attire, stg. facing, holding long cross and Victory on globe, his r. foot set on hd. of human-headed serpent, mint mark R — V in field, COM OB in ex. RIC x, —. MR 68 (citing Tkalec sale, 29 Nov. 2000, lot 430). Depeyrot, —. [Ravenna, AD 426]. (Unique?) This issue, unknown to Kent at the time of the publication of RIC x, presumably belongs to the earliest phase of the Ravenna coinage of Valentinian III, whose regular reverse type it uses.

484

21152

Roman Coins and Their Values

21152 Gold solidus. b. Rev. UIRT eXeRC ROM (sometimes followed by officina mark A-I = 1-10), soldier advancing r., hd. facing, dragging captive by the hair with r. hand and holding trophy over shoulder in l., star in r. field, mint mark CON OB in ex. RIC x, 282-4. Depeyrot, p. 255, 83/1. DOC 430-32. MIRB 31a-b. [Constantinople, AD 441]. VF £240 ($425) / EF £720 ($1,250) A military campaign against the Sasanid Persians in 441 seems a likely occasion for the production of this type, which is closely based on an issue of Julian II at the time of his military campaigns on the eastern frontier about eighty years earlier (see nos. 1909819106 and RIC x, pp. 79-80). See also no. 21168.

21153

As previous, but with mint mark TES OB in ex., star in r. field. RIC x, 367. Depeyrot, p. 227, 53/1. MIRB 57. [Thessalonica, AD 441]. VF £480 ($850) / EF £1,425 ($2,500)

21154

Obv. As 21146. Rev. VOT XX MVLT XXX, Victory stg. l., holding long jewelled cross, mint mark CON OB in ex. RIC x, 221. Depeyrot, p. 249, 62/1. MIRB 6. (Unique?) [Constantinople, AD 420 or 422]. The consular bust on obverse records Theodosius’ ninth or tenth consulship. This is the first appearance of the reverse type that was to become standard on the eastern coinage down to the reign of Anastasius I. It has been suggested that its introduction was connected with campaigns against the Persians and the erection of a large jewelled cross on the reputed site of the Crucifixion (see RIC x, p. 75).

21155

21155 b. Rev. — as previous, but sometimes the legend is followed by officina mark A-I (= 1-10). RIC x, 219. Depeyrot, p. 252, 74/2. DOC 350-53. MIRB 15a-b. [Constantinople, AD 420-22]. VF £155 ($275) / EF £460 ($800)

21156

Similar, but also with star high in rev. field to l. of Victory’s hd., and always with officina mark at end of rev. legend. RIC x, 225. Depeyrot, p. 252, 75/1. DOC 354-5. VF £185 ($325) / EF £520 ($900) MIRB 18. [Constantinople, AD 423-4].

21157

Obv. As 21142. Rev. VOT XXX MVLT XXXX, Theodosius II (on l.) and Valentinian III, a shorter figure (on r.), enthroned facing side by side, both nimbate and in consular robes, each holding mappa and cruciform sceptre, star in upper central field, mint mark CON OB in ex. RIC x, 254. Depeyrot, p. 249, 63/1. DOC 378. MIRB 7. [Constantinople, AD 430]. VF £1,300 ($2,250) / EF £3,150 ($5,500) This commemorates the joint consulship of Theodosius and Valentinian (thirteenth and third respectively) as well as Theodosius’ tricennalia, or thirtieth anniversary of rule.

THEODOSIUS II

21158

485

21158 Gold solidus. b. Rev. — (usually followed by officina mark A-I = 1-10), Constantinopolis enthroned l., holding globus cruciger and sceptre, l. foot on prow, shield at side, usually with star in r. field, mint mark CON OB (very rarely COM OB) in ex. RIC x, 257-9 and 265. Depeyrot, p. 254, 81/1. DOC 379-85 and 387. MIRB 25a-b. [Constantinople, AD 430-40]. VF £140 ($250) / EF £430 ($750)

21159

As previous, but with mint mark TES OB or TeS OB in ex., star in r. field. RIC x, 366. Depeyrot, p. 227, 52/1. DOC 390. MIRB 56. [Thessalonica, AD 430-440]. VF £290 ($500) / EF £850 ($1,500)

21160

Obv. As 21142. Rev. VOT XXXV MVLT XXXX, Theodosius II, nimbate and in consular robes, seated facing, holding mappa and cruciform sceptre, star in l. field, mint mark CON OB in ex. RIC x, 266. Depeyrot, p. 249, 65/1. DOC 391. MIRB V8. (Unique) [Constantinople, AD 435]. This commemorates Theodosius’ fifteenth consulship and the thirty-fifth anniversary of his rule.

NB Several gold multiples, of great rarity and with bearded portraits, were issued at Constantinople in the name of Theodosius II: double solidi, rev. GLORIA ROMANORVM, Roma and Constantinopolis enthroned (RIC x, 216 = DOC 377); and 4.5 solidi, rev. GLORIA ROMANORVM, Constantinopolis enthroned (RIC x, 215, found in Bulgaria); for an aureus, see no. 21125.

21161 21161

Gold semissis or half solidus (c. 2.25 grams). a. Rev. VICTORIA AVGG, Victory seated r. on cuirass, inscribing XX / XXX on shield set on l. knee (the numerals carelessly engraved), star in l. field, P-headed cross (Christogram) in lower r., mint mark CON OB in ex. RIC x, 223. Depeyrot, p. 251, 73/4. DOC 356. MIRB 39. [Constantinople, AD 420-23]. VF £130 ($225) / EF £350 ($600)

21162

Similar, but with rev. legend VICTORIA AGG (sic). RIC x, 246. Depeyrot, —. MIRB VF £160 ($280) / EF £430 ($750) —. [Constantinople, AD 425].

21163

As 21161, but the shield is inscribed XXX / XXXX. RIC x, 270. Depeyrot, p. 253, 80/1. VF £135 ($240) / EF £375 ($650) MIRB 42. [Constantinople, AD 430-40].

486

Roman Coins and Their Values

21164

Gold semissis. Similar, but the shield is inscribed + / XXV. RIC x, 271. Depeyrot, p. 254, 80/2. MIRB N42a. [Constantinople, AD 435-40?]. VF £150 ($260) / EF £400 ($700)

21165

Similar, but the shield is inscribed + / XXX. RIC x, 272 and 338-9. Depeyrot, p. 254, 80/3. MIRB N42b. [Constantinople, AD 440-45?]. VF £130 ($225) / EF £350 ($600)

21166

Similar, but the shield is inscribed + / XXXV or (more rarely) +V / XXX. RIC x, 331 and 337. Depeyrot, p. 254, 80/4. MIRB N42c. [Constantinople, AD 445-50?]. VF £130 ($225) / EF £350 ($600)

21167

Gold tremissis or one-third solidus (c. 1.50 grams). a. Rev. VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM, Victory advancing to front, hd. l., holding wreath and globus cruciger, star in r. field, mint mark CON OB in ex. RIC x, 36, 213, p. 257, 249, 273, 275-6, 278, 341, and 343. Depeyrot, p. 248, 58/2 and p. 250, 70/1. DOC 319-27. MIRB 45. [Constantinople, AD 403-50]. VF £77 ($135) / EF £225 ($400) The popularity of this denomination increased enormously during the fifth century, both in the eastern and western Empires.

21167A

a. Rev. — Victory advancing r., holding wreath and globus cruciger, mint mark M — D in field, COM OB in ex. RIC x, —. Depeyrot, p. 172, 18/3. [Milan, AD 402]. VF £130 ($225) / EF £375 ($650)

21167B

a. Rev. — As previous, but with mint mark R — V in field, COM OB in ex. RIC x, 1342 and 1802. MR 69. Depeyrot, p. 189, 11/2. [Ravenna, AD 421-3]. VF £110 ($190) / EF £320 ($550) The RIC plate illustration seems to show the emperor with a slight beard.

21168

a. Rev. No legend, trophy of arms flanked by two stars in lower field, mint mark CON OB in ex. RIC x, 333. Depeyrot, p. 251, 71/1. DOC 361-2. MIRB 48. [Constantinople, AD 441]. VF £155 ($275) / EF £430 ($750) A military campaign against the Sasanid Persians in 441 seems a likely occasion for the production of this unusual type. See also no. 21152.

21169

Silver multiple of 6 reduced siliquae or 3 light miliarenses (c. 13.5 grams). a. Rev. VOT / XXXV / MVLT / XXXX in wreath, mint mark CONS followed by star in ex. Cf. (No specimen currently known) RIC x, 376. [Constantinople, AD 435]. The former existence of this large multiple may be inferred from a coin of Leo I (RIC x, 640) which reproduces a votive reverse type that would only have been appropriate to the long reign of Theodosius II. No specimen of the prototype has so far been recorded.

21170

Silver heavy miliarensis (c. 5.4 grams). a. Rev. GLORIA ROMANORVM, Theodosius, nimbate and in military attire, stg. facing, hd. l., holding spear and resting on shield, star in l. field, mint mark CON in ex. RIC x, 368. RSC 20. MIRB 59. Tolstoi VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,150 ($3,750) 68. [Constantinople, AD 408-20].

21171

Similar, but the obv. bust is bearded. RIC x, 377. RSC —. MIRB —. [Constantinople, AD 420-44]. VF £925 ($1,600) / EF £2,300 ($4,000)

21167

 

21168

21171

THEODOSIUS II

487

21172

Silver light miliarensis (c. 4.5 grams). Diad., dr. and cuir. bust l. Rev. GLORIA ROMANORVM, Theodosius, nimbate and in military attire, stg. facing, hd. l., raising r. hand and holding globe in l., star in l. field, mint mark CON in ex. RIC x, 370. RSC 20A. MIRB 61a. [Constantinople, AD 420-44]. VF £460 ($800) / EF £1,150 ($2,000)

21173

Similar, but the obv. bust is bearded. RIC x, 378. RSC —. MIRB 61b. [Constantinople, AD 420-44]. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,425 ($2,500)

21174

a. Rev. GLORIA ROMANORVM, as 21170, but with mint mark COM instead of CON in ex. RIC x, 392. RSC —. MIRB —. [Thessalonica, AD 408-23]. VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £1,700 ($3,000)

21175

Similar, but on rev. the emperor’s hd. is not nimbate. RIC x, 393. RSC —. MIRB —. (Unique) [Thessalonica, AD 423-50].

21175A

Similar, but on rev. the emperor’s hd. is nimbate and turned to r. RIC x, 394. RSC —. (Unique) MIRB —. [Thessalonica, AD 423-50].

21176

Silver siliqua (c. 2 grams, declining to c. 1.35 grams in the East and to 1 gram or less in the West). a. Rev. VRBS ROMA, Roma seated l. on cuirass, holding Victory on globe and resting on spear, mint mark AQ PS in ex. RIC x, 1809. RSC —. [Aquileia, AD 425]. F £185 ($325) / VF £460 ($800) / EF £1,150 ($2,000)

21177

a. Rev. VOT / X / MVLT / XX in wreath, mint mark CONS in ex. followed by star. RIC x, 54 and 372. RSC 20B. MIRB 63. [Constantinople, AD 403-14]. VF £115 ($200) / EF £290 ($500)

21178

As previous, but with VOT / XV / MVLT / XX on rev. RIC x, 374. RSC 20C. MIRB VF £115 ($200) / EF £290 ($500) 65. [Constantinople, AD 415-19].

21179

As previous, but with VOT / XX / MVLT / XXX on rev. RIC x, 381. RSC 20D. DOC VF £105 ($180) / EF £250 ($450) 357-8. MIRB 66. [Constantinople, AD 420-29].

21180

As previous, but with VOT / XXX / MVLT / XXXX on rev. RIC x, 385. RSC 20E. DOC 388-9. MIRB 67. [Constantinople, AD 430-39]. VF £130 ($225) / EF £320 ($550)

21177

21179

 

 

21178

21180

21181 21181

As previous, but with VOT / MVLT / XXXX on rev. RIC x, 389. RSC 21. DOC 397VF £85 ($150) / EF £225 ($400) 409. MIRB 68. [Constantinople, AD 440-50].

488

Roman Coins and Their Values

 

21182

21182A

21182

Silver siliqua. a (sometimes with traces of Manus Dei above emperor’s hd.). Rev. VIRTVS or VRTVS (sic) ROMANORVM, Theodosius, in military attire, stg. r., holding standard and globe surmounted by reversed P-headed cross, mint mark TR PS in ex. RIC x, 2094 and 2096. Cf. RSC 22b-c (misdescribed and listed as half siliquae). [Trier, probably early in the reign of Valentinian III, c. AD 425-30]. F £155 ($275) / VF £400 ($700) / EF £1,000 ($1,750) There are contemporary Gallic copies of this and the following type and differentiation between official and unofficial issues is not always easy.

21182A

Obv. Similar. Rev. — Roma seated l. on curule chair, holding Victory on globe and resting on long cross, star in l. field, mint mark TR PS in ex. RIC x, 2099 and 2101. Cf. RSC 22a (misdescribed and listed as a half siliqua). [Trier, probably early in the reign of Valentinian III, c. AD 425-30]. F £140 ($250) / VF £350 ($600) / EF £850 ($1,500)

21183

Silver half siliqua (c. 1.00 gram). a. Rev. VICTORIA AVGG, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark AQ in ex. RIC x, 1810. MA 824. RSC —. F £185 ($325) / VF £460 ($800) / EF £1,150 ($2,000) [Aquileia, AD 425].

21184

 

21187

21184

Bronze double centenionalis or maiorina (c. 4.50-5.00 grams, weights variable). Helmeted, dr. and cuir. bust r., bearded, holding spear and shield. Rev. CONCORDIA AGV, Theodosius II and Valentinian III stg. facing in military attire, one or both nimbate, holding long cross between them, mint mark CONS (the ‘N’ retrograde) in ex. RIC x, 460. DOC 435. LRBC II, 2231. MIRB 71. [Constantinople, AD 437?]. F £85 ($150) / VF £200 ($350) This exceptional issue may have been made on the occasion of the marriage in Constantinople of Valentinian III and Theodosius’ daughter, Licinia Eudoxia. Kent notes that provenances suggest that it was struck specifically for circulation in Cherson (southern Crimea) and its hinterland, where this denomination was especially popular (RIC x, p. 92).

21185

Bronze centenionalis (c. 1.50-2.50 grams, weights extremely variable). b. Rev. CONCORDIA AVGG, Constantinopolis, enthroned facing, hd. r., holding sceptre and Victory on globe, her r. foot on prow, mint mark CONS in ex. followed by officina mark A (= 1). RIC x, 89-90. DOC 297. LRBC II, 2212. [Constantinople, AD 402]. F £9 ($15) / VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150)

21186

As previous, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2). RIC x, 93. DOC 299. LRBC II, 2444. [Nicomedia, AD 402]. F £9 ($15) / VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150)

21187

As previous, but with mint mark S M K in ex. followed by officina mark A (= 1). RIC x, 96. DOC 300-01. LRBC II, 2588. [Cyzicus, AD 402]. F £9 ($15) / VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150)

THEODOSIUS II

489

21188

Bronze centenionalis. As previous, but with mint mark ANT in ex. followed by officina mark G (= 3). RIC x, 100. DOC 302. LRBC II, 2799. [Antioch, AD 402]. F £9 ($15) / VF £30 ($50) / EF £85 ($150)

21189

a. Rev. CONCORDIA AUGU (or AVGU, or AG A, or AG D), Theodosius II stg. facing, holding standard and globus cruciger, mint mark CONS in ex. RIC x, 429. Cf. DOC 363 (VICTORIA instead of CONCORDIA, in error). LRBC II, —. MIRB 77. [Constantinople, AD 423-5]. F £23 ($40) / VF £70 ($120)

21190

21190 a. Rev. GLOR ORVIS TERRAR, as previous, but also with star in l. field. RIC x, 421. LRBC II, 2227. MIRB 78. [Constantinople, AD 423-5]. F £30 ($50) / VF £85 ($150)

21191

As previous, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark A (= 1). RIC x, 422. LRBC II, 2458. MIRB 78. [Nicomedia, AD 423-5]. F £30 ($50) / VF £85 ($150)

21192

As previous, but with mint mark S M K in ex. followed by officina mark A (= 1). RIC x, 423. LRBC II, 2601. MIRB 78. [Cyzicus, AD 423-5]. F £30 ($50) / VF £85 ($150)

21193

a (star behind). Rev. GLORIA ROMANORVM, three emperors (Arcadius and Honorius either side of a shorter figure of Theodosius II) stg. facing, the senior emperors looking towards each other and holding spears and shields, the younger looking to front and holding spear and globe, mint mark CONS in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, or G (= 1, 2, or 3). RIC x, 144. LRBC II, 2216. [Constantinople, AD 406-8]. F £16 ($28) / VF £40 ($70) / EF £100 ($175)

21194

As previous, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark A (= 1). RIC x, 147. LRBC II, 2448. [Nicomedia, AD 406-8]. F £15 ($25) / VF £35 ($60) / EF £85 ($150)

21195

As previous, but with mint mark S M K in ex. followed by officina mark A or B (= 1or 2). RIC x, 150. DOC 308-9. LRBC II, 2592. [Cyzicus, AD 406-8]. F £12 ($20) / VF £30 ($50) / EF £72 ($125)

21196

As previous, but with mint mark ANT in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, G, or D (= 1, 2, 3, or 4). RIC x, 155. DOC 310-11. LRBC II, 2804. [Antioch, AD 406-8]. F £15 ($25) / VF £35 ($60) / EF £85 ($150)

21197

As previous, but with mint mark ALE in ex. followed by officina mark A (= 1). RIC x, 159. DOC 312. LRBC II, 2925. [Alexandria, AD 406-8]. F £15 ($25) / VF £35 ($60) / EF £85 ($150)

21198

a (star behind). Rev. — two emperors (Honorius and Theodosius II) stg. facing side by side, their hds. turned to face one another, each holding spear and resting on shield, mint mark TES in ex. followed by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2). RIC x, 396. DOC 330-31. LRBC II, 1877. MIRB 72. [Thessalonica, AD 408-15]. F £15 ($25) / VF £35 ($60) / EF £85 ($150) Coins from this mint usually show Theodosius II as a shorter figure, which indicates a date early in the series.

21196

 

21199

490

Roman Coins and Their Values

21199

GLORIA ROMANORVM (cont.) Bronze centenionalis. As previous, but with mint mark S M H in ex. followed by officina mark A (= 1). RIC x, 398. LRBC II, 2001. MIRB 72. [Heraclea, AD 408-15]. F £12 ($20) / VF £30 ($50) / EF £72 ($125)

21200

As previous, but with mint mark CONS in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, or G (= 1, 2, or 3). RIC x, 400. LRBC II, —. MIRB 72. [Constantinople, AD 408-15]. F £16 ($28) / VF £40 ($70) / EF £100 ($175)

21201

As previous, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark A (= 1). RIC x, 402. LRBC II, 2455. MIRB 72. [Nicomedia, AD 408-15]. F £15 ($25) / VF £35 ($60) / EF £85 ($150)

21202

As previous, but with mint mark S M K in ex. followed by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2). RIC x, 404. LRBC II, 2599. MIRB 72. [Cyzicus, AD 408-15]. F £12 ($20) / VF £30 ($50) / EF £72 ($125)

21203

As 21198, but the two emperors support globe between them instead of resting on shields, and with mint mark S M H in ex. followed by officina mark A (= 1). RIC x, 408. LRBC II, —. MIRB —. [Heraclea, AD 415-23]. F £18 ($32) / VF £45 ($80) / EF £115 ($200)

21204

As previous, but with mint mark CONS in ex. usually followed by officina mark A, B, or G (= 1, 2, or 3). RIC x, 410-11. LRBC II, 2225. MIRB 74. Cf. C 27. [Constantinople, AD 415-23]. F £15 ($25) / VF £35 ($60) / EF £85 ($150)

21205

As previous, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark A (= 1). RIC x, 413. LRBC II, 2457. MIRB 74. [Nicomedia, AD 415-23]. F £16 ($28) / VF £40 ($70) / EF £100 ($175)

21206

As previous, but with mint mark S M K in ex. followed by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2). RIC x, 415. LRBC II, 2600. MIRB 74. [Cyzicus, AD 415-23]. F £18 ($32) / VF £45 ($80) / EF £115 ($200)

21207

  21207 21208 As previous, but with mint mark ALE in ex. followed by officina mark A (= 1). RIC x, 418. LRBC II, 2931. MIRB 74. [Alexandria, AD 415-23]. F £16 ($28) / VF £40 ($70) / EF £100 ($175)

21208

a. Rev. VRBS ROMA FELIX, Roma stg. facing, sometimes with hd. turned to r., holding trophy and Victory on globe, shield resting against her l. leg, mint mark S M ROM in ex. and officina mark OF — T, Q, or e (= 3, 4, or 5) in field. RIC x, 1276 and 1283. LRBC II, 818 and 825. C — (but cf. 72). [Rome, AD 407-8]. F £18 ($32) / VF £45 ($80) / EF £115 ($200)

21209

Bronze half centenionalis or nummus (c. 0.75-1.50 grams, weights extremely variable). a. Rev. CONCORDI AVG (retrograde), Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark CONS in ex. RIC x, 430. LRBC II, —. MIRB —. [Constantinople, AD 425-35]. F £23 ($40) / VF £60 ($100)

21210

a. Rev. CONCORDIA AVG, cross, mint mark CONS in ex. followed by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2). RIC x, 110 and 117. LRBC II, —. [Constantinople, AD 404-6]. F £12 ($20) / VF £30 ($50) / EF £72 ($125)

THEODOSIUS II

491

21211 21211

Bronze half centenionalis. As previous, but with mint mark ALE in ex. followed by officina mark A (= 1). RIC x, 113 and 122. LRBC II, 2922. [Alexandria, AD 404-6]. F £10 ($18) / VF £26 ($45) / EF £65 ($110)

21212

a. Rev. — Victory advancing to front, holding wreath in each hand, mint mark S M H in ex. sometimes followed by officina mark A (= 1). RIC x, 431-2. LRBC II, 2002-3. F £15 ($25) / VF £37 ($65) MIRB 82a-b. [Heraclea, AD 425-35].

21213

As previous, but with mint mark CON or CONS in ex. RIC x, 433-4. LRBC II, 2233 and F £15 ($25) / VF £37 ($65) 2236. MIRB 82a-b. [Constantinople, AD 425-35].

21214

As previous, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark A (= 1). RIC x, 436. LRBC II, 2459. MIRB 82. [Nicomedia, AD 425-35]. F £20 ($35) / VF £48 ($85)

21215

As previous, but with mint mark S M K in ex. followed by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2). RIC x, 437. LRBC II, 2602. MIRB 82. [Cyzicus, AD 425-35]. F £15 ($25) / VF £37 ($65)

21216

As previous, but with mint mark ANT in ex. followed by officina mark A (= 1). RIC x, F £20 ($35) / VF £48 ($85) 439. LRBC II, 2809. MIRB 82. [Antioch, AD 425-35].

21217

21217 a. Rev. CONCORDIA AVGGG, cross, mint mark S M H in ex. followed by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2), sometimes with dot in r. field. RIC x, 125-6. LRBC II, 1998. F £12 ($20) / VF £30 ($50) / EF £72 ($125) [Heraclea, AD 404-6].

21218

As previous, but with mint mark CONS in ex. followed by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2). RIC x, 128. LRBC II, —. [Constantinople, AD 404-6]. F £13 ($22) / VF £32 ($55) / EF £80 ($140)

21219

As previous, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2). RIC x, 131. LRBC II, 2453. [Nicomedia, AD 404-6]. F £12 ($20) / VF £30 ($50) / EF £72 ($125)

21220

As previous, but with mint mark S M K in ex. followed by officina mark A (= 1). RIC x, 134. LRBC II, 2596. [Cyzicus, AD 404-6]. F £10 ($18) / VF £26 ($45) / EF £65 ($110)

21221

As previous, but with mint mark ANT in ex. followed by officina mark A or G (= 1 or 3). RIC x, 138. LRBC II, 2808 var. [Antioch, AD 404-6]. F £12 ($20) / VF £30 ($50) / EF £72 ($125)

21222

As previous, but with mint mark ALE in ex. followed by officina mark A (= 1). RIC x, 141. LRBC II, 2928. [Alexandria, AD 404-6]. F £10 ($18) / VF £26 ($45) / EF £65 ($110) At Alexandria alone, RIC states that the rev. legend appears as CONCORDIA NVGGG (sic).

21223

a. Rev. SALVS REI PVBLICE, Victory advancing l., holding trophy over r. shoulder and dragging captive with l. hand, P-headed cross (Christogram) in l. field, mint mark RM in ex., usually also with officina mark P, S, T, Q, or e (= 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5) in l. field. RIC x, 1912 and 1914-15. LRBC II, 831-2. [Rome]. F £23 ($40) / VF £60 ($100) This and the following two types were struck under the western usurper Johannes.

492

Roman Coins and Their Values

21224

Bronze half centenionalis. Similar, but the officina mark is in the ex., either preceding or following the RM mint mark. RIC x, 1918-19 and 1922. LRBC II, 835-6. [Rome, AD 423-5]. F £30 ($50) / VF £72 ($125)

21225

a. Rev. VICTORIA AVGG, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark RM in ex., officina mark e (= 5) in l. field. RIC x, 1909. LRBC II, —. [Rome, AD 423-5]. F £30 ($50) / VF £72 ($125)

21226

a. Rev. VRTVS (sic) ROMANORVM, Theodosius stg. facing, hd. r., holding standard and resting on shield, sometimes with star in r. field, mint mark TR in ex. RIC x, 2165. LRBC II, 175. [Trier, probably early in the reign of Valentinian III, c. AD 425-30]. F £35 ($60) / VF £85 ($150) Struck under Valentinian III.

21227

a. Rev. VOT / XXX in wreath, mint mark CON (?) in ex. RIC x, 456. LRBC II, 2243. F £30 ($50) / VF £72 ($125) MIRB 87. [Constantinople (?), AD 430].

21228

a. Rev. VT (or TV, or TOV) / XXX / V in wreath, mint mark CON in ex. RIC x, 457. DOC 392-3. LRBC II, 2244. MIRB 88. [Constantinople, AD 435]. F £10 ($18) / VF £26 ($45)

21229

As previous, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark A (= 1). RIC F £15 ($25) / VF £35 ($60) x, 458. LRBC II, —. MIRB 88. [Nicomedia, AD 435].

21230

As previous, but with mint mark S M K in ex. followed by officina mark A (= 1). RIC F £17 ($30) / VF £43 ($75) x, 459. LRBC II, 2607. MIRB 88. [Cyzicus, AD 435].

21231

a. Rev. No legend, cross within wreath, mint mark S M H in ex. followed by officina mark A (= 1). RIC x, 441-2. LRBC II, 2004. MIRB 84. [Heraclea, AD 425-35]. F £12 ($20) / VF £30 ($50)

21232

As previous, but with mint mark CON or CONS in ex. RIC x, 443-5. DOC 328. LRBC II, 2234 and 2238-9. MIRB 84a-b. [Constantinople, AD 425-35]. F £10 ($18) / VF £26 ($45)

21233

As previous, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2). RIC x, 447-8. DOC 332-3. LRBC II, 2460-61. MIRB 84. [Nicomedia, AD 425-35]. F £12 ($20) / VF £30 ($50)

21234

As previous, but with mint mark S M K in ex. followed by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2). RIC x, 449 and 451. DOC 334-7. LRBC II, 2604-5. MIRB 84. [Cyzicus, AD 425-35]. F £12 ($20) / VF £30 ($50)

21235

As previous, but the obv. bust is sometimes surmounted by cross, and with mint mark ANT in ex. followed by officina mark A, B, or G (= 1, 2, or 3). RIC x, 453-4. LRBC II, F £12 ($20) / VF £30 ($50) 2810. MIRB 84. [Antioch, AD 425-35].

21226

 

21227

21231

EUDOCIA

21236

21236

493

 

21237 Bronze half centenionalis. As 21231, but with mint mark ALE in ex. followed by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2). RIC x, 455. DOC 338. LRBC II, —. MIRB 84. F £15 ($25) / VF £37 ($65) [Alexandria, AD 425-35].

21237

a. Rev. Monogram of Theodosius (THEOD) within wreath, mint mark CON in ex. DOC 462-3. Cf. DOC 433-4. LRBC II, 2245-6. MIRB 86. [Constantinople, AD 445-50]. F £15 ($25) / VF £35 ($60)

21238

As previous, but with mint mark NIC in ex. RIC x, 465. LRBC II, 2462. MIRB —. F £15 ($25) / VF £35 ($60) [Nicomedia, AD 445-50].

21239

Similar, but with mint mark S M N in ex. followed by officina mark A (= 1). RIC x, 464. F £17 ($30) / VF £43 ($75) LRBC II, —. MIRB 86. [Nicomedia, AD 445-50]. For the Eastern Succession, see Marcian on p. 514

EUDOCIA 21241 Aelia Eudocia, originally called ‘Athenais’, was the daughter of the Athenian sophist Leontius and was born in Athens. Her father recognized her unusual abilities and ensured that she had a firstclass education. An inheritance dispute with her brothers took her to Constantinople where, despite her pagan background, her beauty and eloquence attracted the attention of the empress Pulcheria, sister of Theodosius II. Pulcheria was looking for a suitable bride for her brother and it was decided that once Athenais espoused Christianity and accepted baptism she would marry Theodosius and become the empress Aelia Eudocia. The couple were wed on 7 June 421 and two years later she received the rank of Augusta on the birth of her first child, Licinia Eudoxia, who was later to marry the western emperor Valentinian III. Eudocia was a prolific writer and composed verses celebrating Roman victories over the Persians in 421 and 422, as well as works on the Old Testament and a poem on the martyrdom of St. Cyprian. Pulcheria may have come to rue her decision to admit the brilliant Athenian to the imperial court. The two were both strong-minded and ultimately became rivals for influence over the emperor. Eventually, Pulcheria prevailed and in 443 Eudocia was obliged to ‘retire’ to Jerusalem, where she had already spent time several years earlier. She outlived both Theodosius and Pulcheria and died in Jerusalem in 460 where she was buried in St. Stephen’s Church. She appears to have retained the title of Augusta until her death, though her coinage ceased in 443. The obverse legend is AEL EVDOCIA AVG. There are two varieties of obverse type represented by lower case letters:

a. Diad. and dr. bust r. b. Diad. and dr. bust r., crowned by Manus Dei.

494

Roman Coins and Their Values

21240 21240

Gold solidus (c. 4.50 grams). b. Rev. IMP XXXXII COS XVII P P, Constantinopolis enthroned l., holding globus cruciger and sceptre, l. foot on prow, shield at side, star in l. field, mint mark COM OB in ex. RIC x, 289, 296, and 304. Depeyrot, p. 255, 84/4. DOC 459. MIRB 36. [Constantinople, AD 441-3]. VF £1,375 ($2,400) / EF £3,450 ($6,000) The reverse legends on this issue are often punctuated with varying numbers of points.

21241

b. Rev. VOT XX MVLT XXX, usually followed by officina mark A-I (= 1-10, though officina Q = 9 not recorded), Victory stg. l., holding long jewelled cross, mint mark CON OB in ex., star in upper field to l. of Victory’s hd. RIC x, 228-9. DOC 454-5. Depeyrot, p. 252, 75/2. MIRB 20a-b. [Constantinople, AD 423-9]. VF £1,150 ($2,000) / EF £2,850 ($5,000)

21242

b. Rev. VOT XXX MVLT XXXX followed by officina mark A, B, D, Z or I (= 1, 2, 4, 7, or 10), as previous. RIC x, 256. DOC 456. Depeyrot, p. 255, 82/1. MIRB 28. VF £1,250 ($2,200) / EF £3,150 ($5,500) [Constantinople, AD 430].

21243

b. Rev. — (officinae D, e, Z, and I = 4, 5, 7, and 10 recorded), Constantinopolis enthroned l., holding globus cruciger and sceptre, l. foot on prow, shield at side, star in r. field, mint mark CON OB in ex. RIC x, 262. Depeyrot, p. 254, 81/3. DOC 457-8. MIRB 29. [Constantinople, AD 430-40]. VF £1,250 ($2,200) / EF £3,150 ($5,500)

NB A gold multiple of 2 solidi has also been recorded.

21244

21244

21245

 

21244 Gold semissis or half solidus (c. 2.25 grams). a Rev. No legend, Chi-Rho monogram in wreath, mint mark CON OB in ex. followed by star. RIC x, 248 and 332. DOC 460. Depeyrot, p. 253, 76/1. MIRB 44. [Constantinople, AD 423, 437, and 441-3]. VF £1,025 ($1,800) / EF £2,600 ($4,500) The different periods of issue for the semisses, tremisses, and siliquae may be distinguished by the form of the ties of the wreath on reverse (cf. RIC x, pp. 88-90 and pls. 9-11, 14, and 17).

21245   21245A Gold tremissis or one-third solidus (c. 1.50 grams). a. Rev. No legend, cross in wreath, mint mark CON OB in ex. followed by star. RIC x, 253, 281, and 335. DOC 461-72. Depeyrot, p. 251, 72/2. MIRB 50. [Constantinople, AD 423-30 and 437-43]. VF £350 ($600) / EF £850 ($1,500)

PULCHERIA

21246

21247

495

  21246 21247 Silver siliqua (c. 1.50-2.00 grams, weights variable). a. Rev. As previous, but with mint mark CONS followed by star. RIC x, 384, 388, and 390. RSC 4. DOC 473-4. MIRB 70. [Constantinople, AD 423-43]. VF £720 ($1,250) / EF £1,700 ($3,000) Bronze centenionalis (c. 1.50-2.00 grams). a. Rev. CONCORDIA AVG, Eudocia enthroned facing, her arms crossed on her breast, mint mark CONS in ex., star in l. field. RIC x, 428. DOC 475. LRBC II, 2230. MIRB 80. [Constantinople, AD 423-5]. F £72 ($125) / VF £200 ($350)

PULCHERIA 21253 Aelia Pulcheria was born 19 January 399, the daughter of Arcadius and Eudoxia and elder sister of Theodosius II. Unlike her brother, she inherited all her mother’s abilities and strength of character and this enabled her to dominate the political scene in the Eastern Empire over much of her lifetime. Following Arcadius’ death in 408 the praetorian prefect Anthemius took on the responsibility for the administration of the Eastern Empire. He governed wisely and well for more than half a decade, one of his major accomplishments being the erection of the celebrated fortifications of the capital known as the Theodosian Walls. However, in 414 the position of counsellor to the young emperor was assumed by Pulcheria, herself still only fifteen but already in possession of the rank of Augusta. She was to retain her position of pre-eminence in Constantinople throughout her brother’s long reign, taking care of the everyday business of government while Theodosius devoted himself to the more pleasurable pursuits. Together with her sisters Arcadia and Marina, the empress took vows of perpetual virginity and lived a life of strict religious devotion. It was she who selected a bride, the Athenian Eudocia, for her brother in 423 and although the two empresses were initially on good terms they eventually became rivals for influence over the easy-going Theodosius. This led to the downfall of Eudocia in 443 and her withdrawal from political life. Following Theodosius’ sudden and unexpected death in 450 it was Pulcheria who selected his successor in the person of the respected military officer Marcian, with whom she entered into a nominal marriage. She died during his reign (July 453) and was buried in the Church of the Holy Apostles in Constantinople. Her coinage, which partially parallels that of Eudocia, extended over almost four decades (414453), the latest issues being made under Marcian. There is even a remarkable solidus of Marcian celebrating the marriage of the emperor and empress in 450 and depicting on the reverse Christ standing between the imperial couple (see no. 00000). The obverse legend is AEL PVLCHERIA AVG. There are two varieties of obverse type represented by lower case letters:

a. Diad. and dr. bust r. b. Diad. and dr. bust r., crowned by Manus Dei.

496

21248

Roman Coins and Their Values

21248   21249 Gold solidus (c. 4.50 grams). b. Rev. IMP XXXXII COS XVII P P, Constantinopolis enthroned l., holding globus cruciger and sceptre, l. foot on prow, shield at side, star in l. field, mint mark COM OB or CON OB in ex. RIC x, 288, 295, 303, 316, 322a, and 3267. Depeyrot, p. 255, 84/3. DOC 441-2. MIRB 35a and ba. [Constantinople, AD 441-50]. VF £1,150 ($2,000) / EF £2,850 ($5,000) The reverse legends on this issue are often punctuated with varying numbers of points.

21249

b. Rev. SALVS REI PVBLICAE, Victory seated r. on cuirass, (sometimes with shield behind), inscribing Chi-Rho monogram on shield resting on l. knee, star in l. field, mint mark CON OB in ex. RIC x, 205-6. Depeyrot, pp. 248-9, 60/1-2. DOC 436. MIRB 14. [Constantinople, AD 414]. VF £1,150 ($2,000) / EF £2,850 ($5,000)

21250

b. Rev. VICTORIA AVGGG, sometimes followed by officina mark B or H (= 2 or 8), Victory stg. l., holding long jewelled cross, star in r. field, mint mark CON OB in ex. RIC x, 512. DOC 443. Depeyrot, p. 256, 87/3. MIRB 7a-b. [Constantinople, AD 450-53]. VF £925 ($1,600) / EF £2,300 ($4,000) This type was issued under Marcian.

21251

b. Rev. VOT XX MVLT XXX, sometimes followed by officina mark A-I (= 1-10, though officina S = 6 not recorded), as previous, but without star in r. field. RIC x, 220. DOC 437. Depeyrot, p. 252, 74/3. MIRB 17a-b. [Constantinople, AD 420-22]. VF £1,150 ($2,000) / EF £2,850 ($5,000)

21252

Similar, but with star in upper rev. field to l. of Victory’s hd. (officinae S, H, and Q = 6, 8, and 9 not recorded) RIC x, 226-7. DOC 438-9. Depeyrot, p. 252, 75/3. MIRB 19a-b. VF £1,150 ($2,000) / EF £2,850 ($5,000) [Constantinople, AD 423-9].

21253

b. Rev. VOT XXX MVLT XXXX, sometimes followed by officina mark I (= 10), as previous. RIC x, 255. DOC 440. Depeyrot, p. 255, 82/2. MIRB V27. [Constantinople, AD 430]. VF £1,250 ($2,200) / EF £3,150 ($5,500)

21254

b. Rev. — followed by officina mark A, B, D, S, Q, or I (= 1, 2, 4, 6, 9, or 10), Constantinopolis enthroned l., holding globus cruciger and sceptre, l. foot on prow, shield at side, star in r. field, mint mark CON OB in ex. RIC x, 261. Depeyrot, p. 254, 81/4. MIRB 27. [Constantinople, AD 430-40]. VF £1,250 ($2,200) / EF £3,150 ($5,500)

21255

Gold semissis or half solidus (c. 2.25 grams). a Rev. No legend, Chi-Rho monogram in wreath, mint mark CON OB in ex. followed by star. RIC x, 211, 224, 340, and (Marcian) 516. DOC 444. Depeyrot, p. 253, 76/2. MIRB 43 and (Marcian) 11. [Constantinople, AD 414-22, and 444-53]. VF £1,025 ($1,800) / EF £2,600 ($4,500) The different periods of issue for the semisses, tremisses, and siliquae may be distinguished by the form of the ties of the wreath on reverse (cf. RIC x, pp. 88-90 and pls. 7, 8, 10, 11, 14, 16-17, and 20).

21252

 

21255

VALENTINIAN III

21256

21257

497

  21256 21257 Gold tremissis or one-third solidus (c. 1.50 grams). a. Rev. No legend, cross in wreath, mint mark CON OB in ex. followed by star. RIC x, 214, 252, 280, 334, 345, and (Marcian) 521. DOC 445-51. Depeyrot, p. 251, 72/4. MIRB 49 and (Marcian) 15. VF £350 ($600) / EF £850 ($1,500) [Constantinople, AD 414-53]. Silver siliqua (c. 1.50-2.00 grams, weights variable). a. Rev. As previous, but with mint mark CONS followed by star. RIC x, 375, 383, and 387. RSC 10a. DOC 452. MIRB 69. VF £720 ($1,250) / EF £1,700 ($3,000) [Constantinople, AD 414 and 420-38].

  21258 21259 21258 a. Rev. SAL / REI / PUI (the U reversed) in wreath, mint mark CONS followed by star in ex. RIC x (Marcian) 531. Cf. RSC 10A (misdescribed as a half siliqua). DOC 453. MIRB (Marcian) 26. [Constantinople, AD 450-53]. VF £800 ($1,400) / EF £2,000 ($3,500) Struck on a reduced weight standard of c. 1.20-1.50 grams. 21259

Bronze centenionalis (c. 1.50-2.00 grams). a. Rev. CONCORDIA AVG, Pulcheria enthroned facing, her arms crossed on her breast, mint mark CONS in ex., star in l. or r. field. RIC x, 425 and 427. LRBC II, 2228. MIRB 81. [Constantinople, AD 423-5]. F £72 ($125) / VF £200 ($350)

VALENTINIAN III 23 Oct. AD 425-16 Mar. 455 21272 Placidus Valentinianus was born on 2 July 419, the son of Constantius III and Galla Placidia, daughter of Theodosius I. Honorius bestowed on him the title of Nobilissimus, though initially this was not recognized by the government of Theodosius II in the East. In 423 Placidia quarrelled with Honorius and fled to Constantinople, together with her son and six-year-old daughter Honoria. Following the death of Honorius on 15 August 423 Theodosius II supported his young cousin’s claims to the western throne in opposition to the usurper Johannes. While he was en route to the West, Valentinian was proclaimed Caesar at Thessalonica by the Magister Officiorum Helion on 23 October 424. Exactly one year later, and about five months after the downfall of Johannes, he was proclaimed Augustus of the western Empire by the same official in Rome. For the following quarter-century the two cousins ruled over the Roman world and in 437 Valentinian was married to Theodosius’ daughter, Licinia Eudoxia. This union resulted in two daughters, Eudocia and Placidia, both of whom were to play secondary roles in the history of the western Empire. However, Valentinian’s realm was by now showing clear signs of a rapid decline that was to culminate in the extinction of the line of western emperors by the mid-470s. The loss of Africa to the Vandals in the late 430s was a particularly heavy blow and led to a dramatic decrease in imperial revenues. In addition, most of Gaul and Spain also slipped from Roman control. Like so many of the male descendants of Theodosius I, Valentinian III proved to be a weak ruler addicted to pleasure and

498

Roman Coins and Their Values

with a vicious streak which ultimately brought about his own downfall. The real authority was in the hands of others, initially his mother Galla Placidia and later the powerful generalissimo Flavius Aetius, who obtained the supreme military command in the West (Magister Utriusque Militiae) as early as 433. Aetius was perhaps best-known for his Pyrrhic victory over Attila the Hun in the battle of the Catalaunian Plain in north-eastern Gaul (451), but this did not prevent Attila’s invasion of Italy the following year. Through the machinations of the ambitious Roman aristocrat Petronius Maximus, Valentinian was persuaded that his great general was guilty of high treason and he murdered him in the palace by his own hand in late September 454. This rash act was to cost him his own life less than six months later in the Campus Martius at Rome, where he was assassinated by two of Aetius’ former bodyguards, Optila and Thraustila. The line of Theodosian emperors was now extinct in both the eastern and western Empires. The relative scarcity of the coinage of the long reign of Valentinian III bears eloquent testimony to the steep decline in the wealth and prestige of the western Empire as the fifth century progressed. In addition to his own coinage, Valentinian struck issues in the names of his mother Galla Placidia, his sister Honoria, and his wife Licinia Eudoxia. Virtually no western coinage was produced in the name of Theodosius II. In marked contrast, the eastern emperor produced quite extensive issues in the name of Valentinian, as well as coins for Placidia and Eudoxia. The following are the principal varieties of obverse legend, other forms being quoted in full: A. D N PL VALENTINIANVS P F AVG B. D N PLA VALENTINIANVS P F AVG C. D N VALENTINIANVS P F AVG There are two principal varieties of obverse type, others being described in full: a. Diad., dr. and cuir. bust r. b. Helmeted and cuir. bust three-quarter face to r., holding spear and shield. 21260

21261

21262

Gold solidus (c. 4.50 grams). B (though possibly lacking P F), diad. bust l., wearing consular robes and holding mappa and cruciform sceptre. Rev. GLORIA ROMANORVM, Valentinian III, in consular robes, seated facing, holding mappa and cruciform sceptre, mint mark R — V in field, COM OB in ex. Cf. C 3 (citing Banduri, Numismata imperatorum Romanorum a Traiano Decio ad Palaeologos Augustos (1718), Vol. II, 570-71). Cf. RIC x, 2037 and p. 168. Cf. Depeyrot, p. 191, 16/1. [Ravenna, AD 450]. (Unique and only imperfectly described) This probably commemorates Valentinian’s seventh and penultimate consulship.

  21261 21262 Cb. Rev. IMP XXXXII COS XVII P P (rarely followed by officina mark e = 5), Constantinopolis enthroned l., holding globus cruciger and sceptre, l. foot on prow, shield at side, star in l. field, mint mark COM OB (sometimes CON OB) in ex. RIC x, 287, 294, 302, 311, 315, and 325. Depeyrot, p. 255, 84/2. DOC 862. MIRB 34a and bb. C 4. [Constantinople, AD 441-50]. VF £290 ($500) / EF £720 ($1,250) The obverse and reverse legends on this issue are often punctuated with varying numbers of points. Cb. Rev. Rev. SALVS REI PVBLICAE, usually followed by officina mark A-I (= 1-10), Theodosius and a shorter figure of Valentinian, both nimbate, enthroned facing side by side, both in consular robes, each holding mappa and cruciform sceptre, star in upper central field, mint mark CON OB in ex. RIC x, 242-5. Depeyrot, p. 253, 79/2. DOC 836-8. MIRB 24a-b. C 9. [Constantinople, AD 426-30]. VF £290 ($500) / EF £720 ($1,250) This celebrates the joint consulship of Theodosius and Valentinian (twelfth and second respectively) in 426.

VALENTINIAN III

499

21263 21263

Gold solidus. A or B, a. Rev. VICTORIA AVGGG, Theodosius and a shorter figure of Valentinian, both in military attire, stg. facing side by side, Valentinian crowned by Manus Dei, each holding long cross and globe, Valentinian’s cross set on human-headed serpent on ground between them, mint mark R — M in field, COM OB in ex. RIC x, 2001-2. Depeyrot, p. 152, 40/1. C 25. [Rome, AD 425]. VF £1,425 ($2,500) / EF £2,850 ($5,000) This rare type represents Valentinian’s coronation issue.

NB The fairly common solidi with obv. Ba, rev. VICTORIA AVGGG, emperor, in military attire, stg. r., resting on standard and holding Victory on globe, his l. foot set on captive, mint mark R — V in field, COM OB in ex. (DOC 835, MR 94, C 23) are, in the opinion of Kent (RIC x, p. 161), not official issues but rather Visigothic pieces minted in Gaul.

21264

 

21264

21264

Ba. Rev. — Valentinian, in military attire, stg. facing, holding long cross and Victory on globe, his r. foot set on hd. of human-headed serpent, mint mark R — M in field, COM OB in ex. RIC x, 2005-6 and 2014-15. Depeyrot, pp. 153-4, 45/1 and 46/1. DOC 84950. C 19. [Rome, AD 425-6 and 440-55]. VF £175 ($300) / EF £430 ($750) The earlier and later periods of issue for coins of both Rome and Ravenna may be distinguished by the form of the serpent’s tail on rev. (cf. RIC x, pp. 162-3).

21265

As previous, but with mint mark R — V in field, COM OB in ex. RIC x, 2010-11, 201819, and 2024. MR 95-6 and 98. Depeyrot, p. 192, 17/1. DOC 841-3. C 19. [Ravenna, VF £155 ($275) / EF £400 ($700) AD 426-45 and 450-55].

21266

As previous, but sometimes with obv. legend A, and with mint mark M — D in field, COM OB in ex. RIC x, 2025-8. DOC 854. UB 90-93. Depeyrot, p. 172, 20/1-2. C 19. VF £200 ($350) / EF £520 ($900) [Milan, AD 430-55].

21267

B, dr. and cuir. bust r., wearing crested diad. helmet. Rev. — as 21264, but with mint mark T — S in field, COM OB in ex. RIC x, —. DOC —. Depeyrot, —. MIRB —. C —. Tkalec auction (29 Feb. 2000), lot 453. [Thessalonica, AD 437-8]. VF £2,150 ($3,750) / EF £4,300 ($7,500)

500

21268

Roman Coins and Their Values

  21268 21270 Gold solidus. B, diad. bust l., wearing consular robes and holding mappa and eagle-tipped sceptre. Rev. — Valentinian, in consular robes, enthroned facing, feet on stool, holding mappa and eagle-tipped sceptre, mint mark R — M in field, COM OB in ex. RIC x, 2032. VF £1,850 ($3,250) / EF £3,750 ($6,500) Depeyrot, —. C —. [Rome, AD 426]. This probably commemorates Valentinian’s second consulship.

21269

Similar, but Valentinian holds cruciform sceptres on obv. and rev. RIC x, 2033. Depeyrot, VF £1,700 ($3,000) / EF £3,450 ($6,000) p. 152, 41/1. C 26. [Rome, AD 430]. This probably commemorates Valentinian’s third consulship.

21270

Cb. Rev. VICTORIA AVGGG, sometimes followed by officina mark D, S, Z, H, Q, or I (= 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10), Victory stg. l., holding long jewelled cross, star in r. field, mint mark CON OB in ex. RIC x, 505-6. DOC 863-4. Depeyrot, p. 256, 87/2. MIRB 6a-b. C VF £225 ($400) / EF £575 ($1,000) 17. [Constantinople, AD 450-55]. This type was issued under Marcian.

21271

B, diad. bust l., wearing consular robes and holding mappa and cruciform sceptre. Rev. VOT X MVLT XX, Valentinian, in consular robes, enthroned facing, feet on stool, holding mappa and cruciform sceptre, mint mark R — M in field, COM OB in ex. RIC x, 2034. DOC 856. Depeyrot, p. 153, 42/1. C 41. [Rome, AD 435]. VF £1,150 ($2,000) / EF £2,300 ($4,000) This type and the next probably commemorate Valentinian’s fourth consulship.

21272

As previous, but with mint mark R — V in field, COM OB in ex. RIC x, 2035-6. MR 99-100. Depeyrot, p. 191, 14/1. C 41. [Ravenna, AD 435]. VF £1,150 ($2,000) / EF £2,300 ($4,000) On some specimens, the mint mark R — V has been altered from that of Rome (R — M).

21273

  21273 21275 Cb. Rev. VOT XXX MVLT XXXX, followed by officina mark A-I (= 1-10), Constantinopolis enthroned l., holding globus cruciger and sceptre, l. foot on prow, shield at side, star in r. field, mint mark CON OB in ex. RIC x, 260. DOC 860-61. Depeyrot, p. 254, 81/2. MIRB 26. [Constantinople, AD 430-40]. VF £225 ($400) / EF £575 ($1,000) The vota numerals on this type refer to Theodosius II under whom the coins were struck.

21274

Obv. As 21271. Rev. VOT XXX MVLT XXXX, Valentinian, in consular robes, stg. facing, distributing coins with his r. hand to female figure kneeling r., and holding cruciform sceptre in l., mint mark R — M in lower field either side of emperor, COM OB in ex. RIC x, 2040-42. DOC 858. Depeyrot, p. 153, 44/1. C 44. [Rome, AD 455]. VF £1,150 ($2,000) / EF £2,300 ($4,000) This and the following type commemorate Valentinian’s eighth and final consulship. They were issued only two and a half months prior to his assassination.

21275

Similar, but on rev. Valentinian holds plain sceptre (sometimes transverse) in his l. hand. RIC x, 2043-5. Depeyrot, p. 153, 44/1. C 44. [Rome, AD 455]. VF £1,150 ($2,000) / EF £2,300 ($4,000)

VALENTINIAN III

21276

501

  21277 21276 Gold solidus. B, helmeted, dr. and cuir. bust facing, holding before him transverse spear in r. hand and shield with Chi-Rho monogram in l. Rev. — Valentinian, in military attire, stg. facing, holding long cross and Victory on globe, his r. foot set on hd. of human-headed serpent, mint mark R — M in field, COM OB in ex. RIC x, 2017. DOC 859. Depeyrot, p. VF £1,425 ($2,500) / EF £2,850 ($5,000) 153, 43/1. C 45. [Rome, AD 454-5]. This rare type celebrates Valentinian’s tricennalia, or thirtieth anniversary of rule, in October of 454. Coming so soon after the murder of the general Aetius, the military theme of the obverse type may have been intended to conciliate the army, which was doubtless angry at the emperor’s slaying of their great leader.



NB two gold multiples of Valentinian III, of uncertain size and weight, once existed in the Farnese Collection (Pedrusi, I Cesari in oro raccolti nel Farnesi Museo, Parma, 1694, 326-7, pl. XXV) though unfortunately they can no longer be traced. The types are similar to the solidus (no. 21274) though with bearded obverse portraits of the emperor. The obverse legends are expanded to read PLACIDVS instead of PLA and on one of the pieces, the reverse legend is also expanded to read VOTIS and MVLTIS instead of VOT and MVLT. One has the mint mark R — M in the reverse field while the other lacks this feature.

21277

Gold semissis or half solidus (c. 2.25 grams). Ba. Rev. SALVS REI PVBLICAE, wreath containing Chi-Rho monogram, mint mark COM OB in ex. RIC x, 2051 and 2057. Depeyrot, p. 154, 47/3. C 10. [Rome, AD 440-55]. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,425 ($2,500)

21278

  21279 21278 Ba. Rev. — Victory seated r. on cuirass facing small winged Genius stg. l., supporting between them shield inscribed VOT / X / MVLT / XX and resting on short column, mint mark COM OB in ex. RIC x, 2047. Depeyrot, p. 154, 47/1. C 8. [Rome, AD 435]. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,425 ($2,500)

21279

Ca. Rev. VICTORIA AGG (sic), Victory seated r. on cuirass, inscribing XX / XXX on shield set on l. knee, star in l. field, P-headed cross (Christogram) in lower r., mint mark CON OB in ex. RIC x, 247. Depeyrot, p. 251, 73/5 var. Cf. MIRB 41. C 14 var. [Constantinople, AD 425]. VF £290 ($500) / EF £850 ($1,500)

21280

Ba. Rev. VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM, Victory seated r. on cuirass facing small winged Genius stg. l., supporting between them shield inscribed with Chi-Rho monogram and resting on short column, mint mark R — M in field, COM OB in ex. RIC x, 2008. Depeyrot, p. 152, 41/2. Cf. C 29. [Rome, AD 425-6]. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,425 ($2,500)

21281

As previous, but with mint mark R — V in field, COM OB in ex. RIC x, 2013. MR 101. Depeyrot, p. 190, 13/4. C 29. [Ravenna, AD 425-6]. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,425 ($2,500)

502

Roman Coins and Their Values

21282

Gold semissis. Ba. Rev. – as 21278, but with mint mark R — M in field and COM OB in ex. RIC x, 2048. Depeyrot, p. 153, 42/2. C 30 var. [Rome, AD 435]. VF £460 ($800) / EF £1,150 ($2,000)

21283

As previous, but with mint mark R — V in field, COM OB in ex. RIC x, 2049. MR 1023. DOC 857. Depeyrot, p. 191, 14/2. Cf. C 30. [Ravenna, AD 435]. VF £460 ($800) / EF £1,150 ($2,000) On this type and the next, AGVSTORVM (sic) sometimes appears for AVGVSTORVM.

21284

Similar, but without mint mark in rev. field, COM OB in ex. RIC x, 2050. MR 104. Depeyrot, p. 154, 47/2. Cf. C 30. [Rome or Ravenna, AD 435]. VF £520 ($900) / EF £1,300 ($2,250)

21285

Gold tremissis or one-third solidus (c. 1.50 grams). Ca. Rev. VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM, Victory advancing to front, hd. l., holding wreath and globus cruciger, star in r. field, mint mark CON OB in ex. RIC x, 250-51, 274, 277, 279, 342, 344, and (Marcian) 517. Depeyrot, p. 250, 70/2. DOC 839-40. MIRB 47 and (Marcian) VF £115 ($200) / EF £290 ($500) 14. [Constantinople, AD 425-55]. The popularity of this denomination increased enormously during the fifth century, both in the eastern and western Empires. It is uncertain whether or not tremisses in the name of Valentinian continued in issue under Marcian.

21286

21287

21288

  21287 21286 A or B, a. Rev. — Victory advancing r., holding wreath and globus cruciger, mint mark R — M in field, COM OB in ex. RIC x, 2003-4. Depeyrot, p. 154, 45/3. C 28. [Rome, AD 425]. VF £175 ($300) / EF £430 ($750) A or B, a. Rev. No legend, cross within wreath, the base of the wreath either a solid bar or with irregular binding, mint mark COM OB in ex. RIC x, 2029-31. DOC 855. UB 94-5. Depeyrot, p. 173, 21/1 and p. 192, 18/2. Cf. C 49-58. [Milan, AD 440]. VF £90 ($160) / EF £225 ($400)

  21289 21288 Ba. Rev. — as previous, but with regular base to the wreath, sometimes with XIIX or IIXII pattern in the binding, and sometimes with spiky leaves. RIC x, 2058-61, 2064-5, and 2069-73. MR 105-7. DOC 845. Depeyrot, p. 154, 47/7-8 and p. 192, 18/1. Cf. C 30. VF £80 ($140) / EF £200 ($350) [Rome or Ravenna, AD 440-55].

21289

Silver light miliarensis (c. 4.5 grams). C, diad., dr. and cuir. bust l. Rev. GLORIA ROMANORVM, Valentinian, nimbate and in military attire, stg. facing, hd. l., raising r. hand and holding globe in l., star in l. field, mint mark CON in ex. RIC x, 379. RSC —. MIRB —. [Constantinople, AD 425]. (Unique?)

21290

Silver siliqua (c. 2 grams, weights variable). Ba. Rev. VRBS ROMA, Roma seated l. on cuirass, holding Victory on globe and resting on spear, mint mark RM PS in ex. RIC x, 2079-80. RSC 46b. [Rome, AD 425-30]. F £430 ($750) / VF £1,025 ($1,800) / EF £2,600 ($4,500)

VALENTINIAN III 21291

21292

503

Silver siliqua. As previous, but with mint mark RV PS on rev. RIC x, 2076-8. MR 1089. RSC 46a. [Ravenna, AD 425-30]. F £430 ($750) / VF £1,025 ($1,800) / EF £2,600 ($4,500)

  21294 21292 As 21290, but with rev. legend VRBIS ROMA. RIC x, 2081. RSC 46A. [Rome, AD 425-30]. F £460 ($800) / VF £1,150 ($2,000) / EF £2,850 ($5,000)

21293

Ca (sometimes with traces of Manus Dei above emperor’s hd.). Rev. VIRTVS or VRTVS (sic) ROMANORVM, Valentinian, in military attire, stg. r., holding standard and globe surmounted by P-headed cross (usually reversed), mint mark TR PS in ex. RIC x, 2095 and 2097-8. Cf. RSC 32a-b (misdescribed and listed as half siliquae). F £320 ($550) / VF £800 ($1,400) / EF £2,000 ($3,500) [Trier, AD 425-30]. There are contemporary Gallic copies of this and the following type and differentiation between official and unofficial issues is not always easy.

21294

Obv. Similar. Rev. — Roma seated l. on curule chair, holding Victory on globe and resting on long cross, star in l. field, mint mark TR PS in ex. RIC x, 2100 and 2102. Cf. RSC 34 (misdescribed and listed as a half siliqua). [Trier, AD 425-30]. F £270 ($475) / VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £1,700 ($3,000)

21295

Obv. Similar. Rev. — Roma enthroned facing, hd. l., holding globe and resting on spear, mint mark TR PS in ex. RIC x, 2103. RSC 33. [Trier, AD 425-30]. F £320 ($550) / VF £800 ($1,400) / EF £2,000 ($3,500)

21296

21298   21296 Ca. Rev. VOT / XX / MVLT / XXX in wreath, mint mark CONS in ex. followed by star. RIC x, 382. RSC 41A. MIRB N66. [Constantinople, AD 420-29]. VF £225 ($400) / EF £575 ($1,000)

21297

As previous, but with VOT / XXX / MVLT / XXXX on rev. RIC x, 386. RSC —. MIRB (Unique) —. [Constantinople, AD 430-39].

21298

Silver half siliqua (c. 1 gram, weights variable). Ba. Rev. VICTORIA AVGG, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark RM in ex. RIC x, 2086-8. RSC 11a and 11c. [Rome, AD 425-35]. F £290 ($500) / VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £1,700 ($3,000)

21299

As previous, but with mint mark RV on rev. RIC x, 2084-5. MR 110-12. Cf. DOC 8478. RSC 11b. [Ravenna, AD 425-35]. F £290 ($500) / VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £1,700 ($3,000)

21300

Ba. Rev. No legend, cross within wreath, mint mark RV in ex. RIC x, 2089. MR 113. RSC 59. [Ravenna, AD 425-6]. F £320 ($550) / VF £800 ($1,400) / EF £2,000 ($3,500)

21301

As previous, but with Chi-Rho monogram instead of cross within the wreath, mint mark RV in ex. RIC x, 2091. MR 114. RSC 48A. [Ravenna, AD 435-40]. F £320 ($550) / VF £800 ($1,400) / EF £2,000 ($3,500)

504

21302

Roman Coins and Their Values

  21302 21301 Bronze double centenionalis or maiorina (c. 4.50-5.00 grams, weights variable). C, helmeted, dr. and cuir. bust r., bearded, holding spear and shield. Rev. CONCORDIA AGV, Theodosius II and Valentinian III stg. facing in military attire, one or both nimbate, holding long cross between them, mint mark CONS (the ‘N’ retrograde) in ex. RIC x, 461. LRBC II, 2232. MIRB —. C —. [Constantinople, AD 437?]. F £100 ($175) / VF £250 ($450) This exceptional issue may have been made on the occasion of the marriage in Constantinople of Valentinian III and Theodosius’ daughter, Licinia Eudoxia. Kent notes that provenances suggest that it was struck specifically for circulation in Cherson (southern Crimea) and its hinterland where this denomination was especially popular (RIC x, p. 92).

21303

Bronze centenionalis/half centenionalis (c. 0.75-1.75 grams, weights extremely variable). D N VALeN AVG, or D N VALENTINIANO, or similar (usually fragmentary), a. Rev. CASTRA (or similar), gateway with two turrets, star above, mint mark ROMA (or similar, sometimes omitted) in ex. RIC x, 2160-63. LRBC II, 866. C F £30 ($50) / VF £85 ($150) —. [Rome?, AD 440-55]. Of crude style and rough fabric.



NB Differentiation between the smaller bronze denominations of this reign is rendered difficult by the extreme variation in the weights and diameters of individual specimens. Therefore, the following listing includes all recorded types of the Æ 3 and Æ 4 coinage in alphabetical sequence of the reverse legends with no attempt made to distinguish between centenionales and the half denomination.

21304

C (sometimes VALENTINIANO), a. Rev. CONCORDIA AVG, Victory advancing to front, holding wreath in each hand, mint mark CON in ex. RIC x, 435. LRBC II, 2237. F £43 ($75) / VF £140 ($250) MIRB —. C —. [Constantinople, AD 425-30].

21305

As previous, but with mint mark S M K in ex. followed by officina mark A (= 1). RIC x, 438. LRBC II, 2603. MIRB —. C —. [Cyzicus, AD 425-30]. F £43 ($75) / VF £140 ($250)

21306

21307

21306 D N VALeN AVG, or similar (usually fragmentary), a. Rev. RO — MA (in field), gateway with two turrets in the form of pellets, nothing in ex. RIC x, 2164. LRBC II, —. C —. [Rome?, AD 440-55]. F £43 ($75) / VF £140 ($250) Of crude style and rough fabric. Ba. Rev. SALVS REI PVBLICE, Victory advancing l., holding trophy over shoulder in r. hand and dragging captive with l., P-headed cross (Christogram) in l. field, mint mark RM in ex., officina mark P (= 1) in l. field. RIC x, 2106. LRBC II, —. C —. [Rome, AD 425-30]. F £50 ($90) / VF £175 ($300)

VALENTINIAN III

21308

21309

505

  21308 21309 Bronze centenionalis/half centenionalis. Ba. Rev. — Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark RM in ex., officina mark P, S, T, Q, or e (= 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5) in l. field. RIC x, 2107-8. LRBC II, 840. Cf. C 6 (REI PVBLICAE, in error). [Rome, AD 425-30]. F £37 ($65) / VF £115 ($200) Ba. Rev. — cross, sometimes with star to r., mint mark RM in ex., officina mark P, Q, or

e (= 1, 4, or 5) in l. field. RIC x, 2110 and 2115. LRBC II, —. C —. [Rome, AD 425-30]. F £43 ($75) / VF £140 ($250)

21310

D N VALENTINIANO, or similar (usually fragmentary), a. Rev. VICT . . . . . . . (remainder of legend uncertain), Victory dragging captive, as 21307, but with mint mark RO in ex., nothing in field. RIC x, 2150. LRBC II, —. C —. [Rome?, AD 440-55]. F £40 ($70) / VF £130 ($225) This and the following four types are of crude style and rough fabric.

21311

Obv. As previous. Rev. VICTO AVG or VAGT (sic) VICTOR (or similar), Valentinian, in military attire, advancing r., hd. l., dragging captive with r. hand and holding standard in l., no mint mark. RIC x, 2142-3. LRBC II, —. C —. [Rome?, AD 440-55]. F £35 ($60) / VF £100 ($175)

21312

Obv. As previous. Rev. VICTOR AVGVS, Victory seated l., holding shield inscribed with Chi-Rho monogram, no mint mark (?). RIC x, 2149. LRBC II, —. C —. [Rome?, AD 440-55]. F £43 ($75) / VF £140 ($250)

21313

Obv. As 21303. Rev. VICTORI or VICTORIA AVG or AVGV or AVGVS or AVGVST, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, sometimes with cross in l. field, mint mark ROMA (or abbreviated or blundered form) in ex. RIC x, 2152-8. LRBC F £30 ($50) / VF £85 ($150) II, 864-5. C —. [Rome?, AD 440-55].

21314

Obv. As previous. Rev. VICTORIA AVG (or similar), Valentinian (?) stg. l., holding globe and resting on spear, no mint mark. RIC x, 2147-8. LRBC II, 868. C —. [Rome?, AD 440-55]. F £30 ($50) / VF £85 ($150)

21315

Ca. Rev. VICTORIA AVGG, Victory stg. facing, hd. r., holding standard or trophy and resting l. hand on captive, mint mark AQ in ex. RIC x, 2104. LRBC II, —. MA 827. C F £50 ($90) / VF £175 ($300) —. [Aquileia, AD 425-6]. The attribution of this type remains uncertain in the absence of a well-preserved specimen.

21316

Ba. Rev. — Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark RM in ex., officina mark P, S, T, or e (= 1, 2, 3, or 5) in l. field. RIC x, 2118-19. LRBC II, 845. C 13. [Rome, AD 425-30]. F £43 ($75) / VF £140 ($250)

21317

Similar, but the officina mark is in rev. field to r. and with star to l. (officinae P and S = 1 and 2 only recorded). RIC x, 2120. LRBC II, 842. Cf. C 13. [Rome, AD 425-30]. F £40 ($70) / VF £130 ($225)

21318

Ca. Rev. — as 21316, but officina Q (= 4) also recorded. RIC x, 2121. LRBC II, 845. C —. [Rome, AD 430-37]. F £37 ($65) / VF £115 ($200)

21319

Ca. Rev. — as 21317, but all five officinae recorded. RIC x, 2122. LRBC II, 843. C —. [Rome, AD 430-37]. F £37 ($65) / VF £115 ($200)

21320

Ca, Rev. — Victory advancing l., hd. r., holding trophy over shoulder in r. hand and dragging captive with l., mint mark RM in ex., officina mark P or S (= 1 or 2) in l. field. RIC x, 2133. LRBC II, —. C —. [Rome, AD 430-37]. F £40 ($70) / VF £130 ($225)

506

Roman Coins and Their Values

21321

Bronze centenionalis/half centenionalis. Ca. Rev. — as previous, but with P-headed cross (Christogram) instead of officina mark in l. field. RIC x, 2137. LRBC II, 862. C —. [Rome, AD 430-37]. F £43 ($75) / VF £140 ($250)

21322

Ca. Rev. — as previous, but Victory holds wreath instead of trophy in r. hand. RIC x, F £37 ($65) / VF £115 ($200) 2138-9. LRBC II, —. C —. [Rome, AD 430-37].

21323

21323 21331 Ca. Rev. — two Victories stg. facing each other, holding wreath between them, mint mark RM in ex., officina mark P, S, T, Q, or e (= 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5) in upper central field. RIC x, 2131-2. LRBC II, 860. Cf. C 15-16. [Rome, AD 430-37]. F £35 ($60) / VF £100 ($175)

21324

A or B, a. Rev. VICTORIA AVGGG, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark RM in ex. followed by officina mark S or T (= 2 or 3). RIC x, 2105. LRBC II, 839. C —. [Rome, AD 425-30]. F £43 ($75) / VF £140 ($250)

21325

Obv. As 21303. Rev. VICTORIA AVGVST, gateway with two turrets, star above, mint mark ROM in ex. RIC x, 2159. LRBC II, —. C —. [Rome?, AD 440-55]. F £43 ($75) / VF £140 ($250) Of crude style and rough fabric.

21326

Ca. Rev. VOT PVB, gateway with two turrets, mint mark RM in ex. between which is officina mark P, S, T, Q, or e (= 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5), the same officina mark above the gateway between the turrets. RIC x, 2123. LRBC II, 858. Cf. C 36-40. [Rome, AD 430-37]. F £35 ($60) / VF £100 ($175)

21327

Similar, but without the officina mark in ex. RIC x, 2124. DOC 852. LRBC II, 853. Cf. C 36-40. [Rome, AD 430-37]. F £35 ($60) / VF £100 ($175)

21328

Similar, but without the mint mark and the officina mark is in ex. only. (officinae T and

e = 3 and 5 only recorded). RIC x, 2125. LRBC II, —. Cf. C 36-40. [Rome, AD 430-37].

F £37 ($65) / VF £115 ($200)

21329

Similar, but with mint mark RM in ex. and no officina mark. RIC x, 2135. LRBC II, —. F £40 ($70) / VF £130 ($225) Cf. C 36-40. [Rome, AD 430-37].

21330

Ca. Rev. — as 21326, but the turrets are replaced by pellets, mint mark RM in ex., and officina mark P, S, T, Q, or e (= 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5) above the gateway between the pellets. RIC x, 2126. LRBC II, 851. Cf. C 36-40. [Rome, AD 430-37]. F £35 ($60) / VF £100 ($175)

21331

Similar, but without the mint mark in ex. (officinae T and Q = 3 and 4 only recorded). RIC x, 2127. LRBC II, 850. Cf. C 36-40. [Rome, AD 430-37]. F £37 ($65) / VF £115 ($200)

21332

Similar, but with officina mark in ex. and star above the gateway between the pellets. RIC x, 2128. LRBC II, 849. Cf. C 36-40. [Rome, AD 430-37]. F £37 ($65) / VF £115 ($200)

21333

Obv. As 21303 . Rev. VOT / XV in wreath, no mint mark. RIC x, 2140-41. LRBC II, —. C —. [Rome?, AD 440]. F £30 ($50) / VF £85 ($150) Of crude style and rough fabric.

21334

Ca. Rev. VOT / XX in wreath, mint mark RM in ex. between which is officina mark P, S, T, Q, or e (= 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5). RIC x, 2129. Cf. DOC 853. LRBC II, 856. C —. [Rome, AD 434-5]. F £35 ($60) / VF £100 ($175)

GALLA PLACIDIA

21335

507

21340 21335 Bronze centenionalis/half centenionalis. Similar, but with officina mark only in ex. RIC x, 2130. Cf. DOC 853. LRBC II, 847. C —. [Rome, AD 434-5]. F £35 ($60) / VF £100 ($175)

21336

Similar, but with mint mark RM in ex. and no officina mark. RIC x, 2136. Cf. DOC 853. F £37 ($65) / VF £115 ($200) LRBC II, —. C —. [Rome, AD 434-5].

21337

Ca. Rev. VRTVS (sic) ROMANORVM, Valentinian stg. facing, hd. r., holding standard and resting on shield, sometimes with star in r. field, mint mark TR in ex. RIC F £43 ($75) / VF £140 ($250) x, 2166. LRBC II, 177. C —. [Trier, c. AD 425-30].

21338

Ca. Rev. No legend, cross within wreath, mint mark CON in ex. RIC x, 446. LRBC II, F £43 ($75) / VF £140 ($250) —. MIRB —. C —. [Constantinople, AD 425-30].

21339

C (but VALENTINIANO), a. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark S M K in ex. followed by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2). RIC x, 450 and 452. DOC 865. LRBC II, F £37 ($65) / VF £115 ($200) 2606. MIRB —. C —. [Cyzicus, AD 425-30].

21340

Obv. As 21303. Rev. No legend, cross within wreath, no mint mark. RIC x, 2144-5. LRBC II, 867. C —. [Rome?, AD 440-55]. F £30 ($50) / VF £85 ($150) This and the following type are of crude style and rough fabric.

21341

Obv. As 21306. Rev. — P-headed cross within wreath, no mint mark. RIC x, 2146. F £40 ($70) / VF £130 ($225) LRBC II, —. C —. [Rome?, AD 440-55]. For the Western Succession, see Petronius Maximus on p. 546

GALLA PLACIDIA 21342 Of all the Roman empresses, Aelia Galla Placidia probably had the most extraordinary career. Her imperial lineage was incomparable: she was the daughter of Theodosius I by his second wife Galla and thus the grand-daughter of Valentinian I; she was the half-sister of Arcadius and Honorius; the wife of Constantius III, and the mother of Valentinian III and Honoria; and, most remarkably of all, she was briefly the wife of the Visigothic king Athaulf. She was born probably in Constantinople in AD 388/9 and was living in Rome when the city was besieged and captured by the Visigoths in 410. Ultimately carried off as a hostage to Gaul and Spain, she married Alaric’s brother-in-law and successor Athaulf in 414. She bore him a son, Theodosius, the intention being to unite the Roman and Visigothic nations. But Theodosius did not survive and Athaulf himself was assassinated in 415. The Visigothic king Wallia decided to ransom Placidia to the Romans who paid the handsome sum of 600,000 measures of grain to secure her freedom. Back in Italy, in 417 Placidia took as her second husband her half-brother’s principal general Constantius (later Constantius III). Although this was not a happy union, she bore two more children — Justa Grata Honoria in 417/18 and Placidus Valentinianus, the future emperor Valentinian III, in 419. On her husband’s promotion to the rank of co-emperor with Honorius in 421 she received the title of Augusta, which she bore for almost three decades until her death in 450. The eastern government in Constantinople did not initially recognize her promotion, as they were opposed to Honorius’ unilateral appointment of Constantius to imperial status, but by 425 Theodosius II accepted her advancement. Following the death of her second husband in 421, Placidia seems to have engaged in an incestuous relationship with her half-brother

508

Roman Coins and Their Values

Honorius. But their closeness soon turned to hatred and the empress and her children were obliged to flee to the eastern court for protection. In the meantime, Honorius had died and been replaced by the usurper Johannes, a situation that Constantinople obviously could not tolerate. Theodosius espoused the cause of his four-year-old cousin Valentinian and an eastern army was despatched to Italy to restore the western throne to the Theodosian House. Valentinian III was proclaimed in Rome in 425 and the empress Galla Placidia acted as regent during the early part of her son’s long reign. Ultimately her authority in the West was superseded by that of the powerful general Aetius and Placidia settled down to a life of religious devotion and the construction of churches. She died on 27 November 450 and her mortal remains were interred in a mausoleum in Ravenna, which still stands to this day. It is described by UNESCO as “the earliest and best preserved of all mosaic monuments, and at the same time one of the most artistically perfect”. Coinage in the name of Placidia was issued in both the eastern and western Empires, the latter understandingly being the more plentiful. It began with her promotion to the rank of Augusta in 421 and presumably extended throughout the remainder of her life, though in the West it may have ceased in the 430s due to the rise of Aetius. At the western mints, she is always named ‘Galla Placidia Augusta’ whereas on her eastern coinage she sometimes bears the name ‘Aelia Placidia Augusta’. Issues exist in all three metals, gold being by far the most plentiful. There are three varieties of obverse legend:

A. AEL PLACIDIA AVG B. D N GALLA PLACIDIA P F AVG C. GALLA PLACIDIA AVG

There are two varieties of obverse type:

a. Diad. and dr. bust r. b. Diad. and dr. bust r., crowned by Manus Dei.

A Christogram or cross is normally shown on the empress’s right shoulder on coins of western mintage, and occasionally also on eastern issues. 21342

Gold solidus (c. 4.50 grams). Cb. Rev. IMP XXXXII COS XVII P P, Constantinopolis enthroned l., holding globus cruciger and sceptre, l. foot on prow, shield at side, star in l. field, mint mark COM OB in ex. RIC x, 305 and 317. Depeyrot, p. 256, 84/6. DOC 834. MIRB 38. Cf. C 2 (AVG omitted on obverse). [Constantinople, AD 441-50]. VF £2,300 ($4,000) / EF £5,700 ($10,000) The reverse legend on this issue is punctuated with varying numbers of points.



NB The Ravenna solidus of Galla Placidia with Honoria’s reverse type of BONO REPVBLICAE, Victory holding long cross (MR 75) has been condemned by Kent (RIC x, 2022 note) as a modern forgery.

21343

21344

21343 Bb. Rev. SALVS REI PVBLICAE, Victory seated r. on cuirass, inscribing Christogram on shield set on l. knee, mint mark R — V in field, COM OB in ex. RIC x, 1333. MR 71-2. Depeyrot, p. 190, 13/3. DOC 817. C 3. [Ravenna, AD 421-2]. VF £2,000 ($3,500) / EF £5,200 ($9,000) Bb. Rev. VOT XX MVLT XXX, Victory stg. l., holding long jewelled cross, star in upper field to l. of Victory’s hd., mint mark A — Q in field, COM OB in ex. RIC x, 1804 and 1808. MA 825. Depeyrot, p. 185, 23/2. DOC 825. C 13. [Aquileia, AD 425]. VF £2,000 ($3,500) / EF £5,200 ($9,000) The vota numbers refer to Theodosius II.

GALLA PLACIDIA 21345

21346

509

As previous, but with mint mark R — M in field, COM OB in ex. RIC x, 2007. Depeyrot, p. 154, 45/2. DOC 826. C 13. [Rome, AD 425-6]. VF £2,000 ($3,500) / EF £5,200 ($9,000)

21346 As previous, but with mint mark R — V in field, COM OB in ex. RIC x, 2012 and 2020. MR 73-4 and 76-8. Depeyrot, p. 190, 13/2 and p. 191, 16/3. DOC 827-8. C 13. VF £1,700 ($3,000) / EF £4,300 ($7,500) [Ravenna, AD 426-39]. The vota numbers remained immobilized at Ravenna after 429 when they should have advanced to XXX – XXXX.

21347

Ab. Rev. — (sometimes followed by officina mark I = 10), as 21344, but with mint mark CON OB in ex. RIC x, 230. Depeyrot, p. 252, 75/4. DOC 824. Cf. MIRB 21a-b (wrong obverse legend). C 14. [Constantinople, AD 423-4]. VF £2,300 ($4,000) / EF £5,700 ($10,000)

21348

Similar, but with obv. legend C (no officina marks recorded). RIC x, 231. Depeyrot, p. 252, 75/5. MIRB —. C —. [Constantinople, AD 424]. VF £2,300 ($4,000) / EF £5,700 ($10,000)

21349

Cb. Rev. VOT XXX MVLT XXXX, followed by officina mark Z (= 7), Constantinopolis enthroned l., holding globus cruciger and sceptre, l. foot on prow, shield at side, star in r. field, mint mark CON OB in ex. RIC x, 263. Depeyrot, p. 254, 81/6. MIRB —. C —. VF £2,300 ($4,000) / EF £5,700 ($10,000) [Constantinople, AD 430-40]. The vota numbers refer to Theodosius II.



NB A remarkable group of gold multiples of Galla Placidia from the Ravenna mint was found in 1851 in the Velp hoard (Netherlands). They are set in elaborate mounts making it difficult to gauge their original weight, but Kent estimated that they are 1.5 solidi (cf. RIC x, pp. 162-3; p. 365, no. 2009; and pl. 48). The reverse depicts the young Valentinian III enthroned facing and the accompanying legend is SALVS REI PVBLICAE.

510

21350

21351

21352

Roman Coins and Their Values

  21350 21351 Gold semissis or half solidus (c. 2.25 grams). Ba. Rev. SALVS REI PVBLICAE, wreath containing Chi-Rho monogram, mint mark COM OB in ex. RIC x, 2052 and 2054. MR 79. DOC 818. Depeyrot, p. 154, 47/5. C 10. [Rome or Ravenna, AD 440-50]. VF £1,425 ($2,500) / EF £3,450 ($6,000) Gold tremissis or one-third solidus (c. 1.50 grams). Ba. Rev. No legend, Chi-Rho monogram within wreath, mint mark COM OB in ex. RIC x, 1343. MR 80. DOC 82930. Depeyrot, p. 155, 47/12. C 15. [Ravenna, AD 421-3 or 440-450]. VF £720 ($1,250) / EF £1,700 ($3,000)

21352 Ba (sometimes without cross on shoulder). No legend, cross within wreath, the base of the wreath with XIIX in the binding and sometimes with spiky leaves. RIC x, 2062 and 2066-7. MR 81. DOC 831. Depeyrot, p. 155, 47/9. C 17. [Rome or Ravenna, AD 440-50]. VF £720 ($1,250) / EF £1,700 ($3,000)

21353

Silver siliqua (c. 2 grams, weights variable). Ba. Rev. SALVS REI PVBLICAE, Victory seated r. on cuirass, inscribing Christogram on shield set on l. knee, mint mark RM PS in ex. RIC x, 2083. DOC 832. RSC —. [Rome, AD 425-30]. F £575 ($1,000) / VF £1,425 ($2,500) / EF £3,450 ($6,000)

21354

Similar, but with mint mark RV PS in ex. RIC x, 2082. MR 82. RSC 5. [Ravenna, AD 425-30]. F £575 ($1,000) / VF £1,425 ($2,500) / EF £3,450 ($6,000)

21355

Silver half siliqua (c. 1 gram, weights variable). Ba. Rev. No legend, Chi-Rho monogram within wreath, mint mark RV in ex. RIC x, 2092. MR 83-5. DOC 833. RSC 16a-b. [Ravenna, AD 425-30]. F £430 ($750) / VF £1,150 ($2,000) / EF £2,600 ($4,500)

21356

Ba. Rev. — cross within wreath, mint mark AQ in ex. RIC x, 1811. MA 826. Cf. C 18. F £520 ($900) / VF £1,300 ($2,250) / EF £3,150 ($5,500) [Aquileia, AD 425].

21357

As previous, but with mint mark RV on rev. RIC x, 2090. MR —. RSC —. [Ravenna, AD 425]. F £520 ($900) / VF £1,300 ($2,250) / EF £3,150 ($5,500)

21358

Bronze centenionalis (c. 1.50-2.00 grams). Aa. Rev. CONCORDIA AVG, Placidia enthroned facing, her arms crossed on her breast, mint mark CONS in ex., star in field. RIC x, 426. LRBC II, —. MIRB —. [Constantinople, AD 423-4]. F £140 ($250) / VF £375 ($650) Confirmation of this type is required.

21354

21355

LICINIA EUDOXIA

21359

511

21359 Bronze half centenionalis or nummus (c. 0.75-1.25 grams, weights extremely variable). Ba. Rev. SALVS REI PVBLICE (or REI PVBLICAE), cross, sometimes with star to r., mint mark RM in ex., officina mark P, S, T, Q, or e (= 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5) in l. or r. field, between the mint mark or preceding it, or sometimes alone in the ex. with no mint mark. RIC x, 2111-14 and 2116-17. LRBC II, 844, 846, 848, and 857. Cf. C 11. [Rome, AD 425-30]. F £115 ($200) / VF £320 ($550)

LICINIA EUDOXIA 21362 Born in AD 422, Aelia Licinia Eudoxia was the daughter of Theodosius II and Eudocia. At the age of two she was betrothed to the five-year-old Placidus Valentinianus who, with the support of Theodosius against the usurper Johannes, was shortly to become emperor in the West. Their wedding took place in Constantinople on 29 Oct. 437 and the imperial couple wintered in Thessalonica before travelling to their capital of Ravenna early in the following year. Two daughters, Eudocia and Placidia, resulted from this union but the lack of a male heir in both the eastern and western Empires boded ill for the survival of the Theodosian dynasty. Shortly after the birth of her first child, Eudoxia was given the rank of Augusta (439) and she seems to have retained the title for the remaining half-century of her life. On the assassination of her husband in March, 455, Eudoxia was forced to marry his successor Petronius Maximus, who was instrumental in Valentinian’s downfall. At this time she is said to have appealed to the Vandal king Geiseric (428-77), an ally of Valentinian, to attack Rome and rescue her and her daughters, one of whom (Eudocia) had actually been betrothed to Geiseric’s son Huneric as early as 442/3. Eudocia had been forced to marry Palladius, the son of Petronius Maximus, so Gaiseric had every reason to seek revenge on the new imperial government in Italy. The Vandal fleet sailed to Rome and the city was captured and sacked for the second time in less than half a century (1-16 June 455). Petronius Maximus perished in the panic preceding the attack but Eudoxia and her two daughters were carried off as honoured captives to Carthage, despite the protests of the eastern emperor Marcian and, later, those of Leo. Eventually (c. 462) Eudoxia and her younger daughter Placidia were allowed to return to Constantinople following the long-delayed marriage of Eudocia to Huneric. Eudoxia spent the remainder of her years in the eastern capital where she died probably in the early 490s. Coinage in the name of Licinia Eudoxia was issued in both the eastern and western Empires and is almost entirely of gold. It began with her promotion to the rank of Augusta in 439 and extended down to the time of her captivity. In the East, it continued under Marcian and may even have remained in issue beyond 455 at Constantinople. In the past, there has been some confusion between the coins of Aelia Eudoxia, wife of Arcadius, and those of her grand-daughter Licinia Eudoxia. However, a careful study of the details of the types and legends should remove any doubts regarding differentiation. There are three varieties of obverse legend: A. AEL EVDOXIA AVG B. D N ELIA EVDOXIA P F AVG C. LICINIA EVDOXIA P F AVG There are four varieties of obverse type: a. Diad. and dr. bust r. b. Diad. and dr. bust r., crowned by Manus Dei. c. Crowned, diad. and dr. bust facing, the crown surmounted by cross and with six spiked projections. d. Similar, but wearing ornamental robe, and the crown of simpler form with two triangular projections.

512

Roman Coins and Their Values

21360

 

21361

21360

Gold solidus (c. 4.50 grams). Ab. Rev. IMP XXXXII COS XVII P P, Constantinopolis enthroned l., holding globus cruciger and sceptre, l. foot on prow, shield at side, star in l. field, mint mark COM OB or CON OB in ex. RIC x, 290, 298, 306, 318, and 328-9. Depeyrot, p. 255, 84/5. DOC 872. MIRB 37. [Constantinople, AD 441-50]. VF £1,425 ($2,500) / EF £3,750 ($6,500) The reverse legends on this issue are often punctuated with varying numbers of points.



NB The Ravenna solidus of Licinia Eudoxia with Honoria’s reverse type of BONO REI PVBLICAE, Victory holding long cross (MR 115) would appear to be a hybrid.

21361

Ab. Rev. SALVS ORIENTIS FELICITAS OCCIDENTIS around linear circle containing Chi-Rho monogram, mint mark CON OB in ex. RIC x, 269. Depeyrot, p. 250, 67/1. MIRB 9. [Constantinople, AD 439]. (Only two known) Kent (RIC x, p. 79) suggests that the reverse legend may preserve the actual wording of an acclamation. This and the following two types were doubtless struck to commemorate Eudoxia’s elevation to the rank of Augusta at Ravenna on 6 August 439.

21362

Cc. Rev. SALVS REI PVBLICAE, Licinia Eudoxia, nimbate, enthroned facing, holding long cross on globe and long cruciform sceptre, mint mark R — V in field, COM OB in ex. RIC x, 2023. MR 117-18. DOC 870. Depeyrot, p. 191, 16/2. C 1. [Ravenna, AD 439]. VF £7,200 ($12,500) / EF £17,250 ($30,000)

21363

As previous, but with mint mark R — M in field, COM OB in ex. RIC x, 2016. Depeyrot, p. 153, 43/2. Cf. C 1. [Rome, AD 439]. (Unique)

21364

 

21365

21364

Ab. Rev. VICTORIA AVGGG, Victory stg. l., holding long jewelled cross, star in r. field, mint mark CON OB in ex. RIC x, 513. Depeyrot, p. 256, 87/4. MIRB 8. [Constantinople, AD 450-55 and later?]. VF £2,000 ($3,500) / EF £5,200 ($9,000) This type was issued under Marcian.

21365

Cd. Rev. VOT XXX MVLT XXXX, Valentinian III, in consular robes (on r.) and Licinia Eudoxia, also robed (on l.), stg. facing side by side, the emperor holding mappa (?) in r. hand and cruciform sceptre in l., the empress holding transverse cruciform sceptre in r., mint mark R — M in field between the figures and to r. of Valentinian, COM OB in ex. RIC x, 2046. Depeyrot, p. 153, 44/2. C 2. [Rome, AD 455]. VF £9,250 ($16,000) / EF £23,000 ($40,000) Struck on the occasion of Valentinian’s eighth and final consulship. This type was issued only two and a half months prior to the emperor’s assassination.

HONORIA

513

21366

Gold solidus. Ab. Rev. VOT XXX MVLT XXXX followed by officina mark G, Q, or I (= 3, 9, or 10), Constantinopolis enthroned l., holding globus cruciger and sceptre, l. foot on prow, shield at side, star in r. field, mint mark CON OB in ex. RIC x, 264. Depeyrot, p. 254, 81/5. MIRB 30. [Constantinople, AD 439-40]. VF £1,700 ($3,000) / EF £4,300 ($7,500)

21367

Gold semissis or half solidus (c. 2.25 grams). Ca. Rev. SALVS REI PVBLICAE, wreath containing Chi-Rho monogram, mint mark COM OB in ex. RIC x, 2056. MR 119. Depeyrot, p. 154, 47/6. [Rome or Ravenna, AD 440-50]. (Unique?)

21368

Gold tremissis or one-third solidus (c. 1.50 grams). Aa. Rev. No legend, cross within wreath, mint mark CON OB in ex. followed by star. RIC x, 336, 346, and (Marcian) 522. DOC 873. Depeyrot, p. 251, 72/3. MIRB 51 and (Marcian) 16. [Constantinople, AD 439-55 and later?]. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,425 ($2,500)

21369

Ba. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark COM OB in ex. RIC x, 2074. DOC 871. Depeyrot, p. 155, 47/11. [Rome or Ravenna, AD 439-40]. VF £685 ($1,200) / EF £1,700 ($3,000)

21370

Silver half siliqua (c. 1 gram, weights variable). Ba. Rev. No legend, Chi-Rho monogram within wreath, mint mark RV in ex. RIC x, 2093. MR 120. RSC —. F £575 ($1,000) / VF £1,425 ($2,500) / EF £3,450 ($6,000) [Ravenna, AD 439-40]. An obverse die-link exists between this and the gold tremissis, no. 21369.

21368

 

21370

HONORIA 21371 Justa Grata Honoria, born AD 417/18, was the daughter of Constantius III and Galla Placidia and the elder sister of Valentinian III. The details of much of her life are poorly chronicled by the ancient sources and even the date when she was proclaimed Augusta is uncertain. The years 425/6, 430/31, 433/4, and 436/7 have all been suggested but the matter will not be resolved until further evidence comes to light. The most eventful period of her life was in her final years and involved scandal and treachery. In 449 she was discovered in an illicit liaison with a certain Eugenius, the manager of her estates, and may even have become pregnant by him. Fearing a plot, Valentinian was enraged and presumably stripped her of the title of Augusta at this time. Eugenius was executed and Honoria was married to the trustworthy and unambitious senator Flavius Bassus Herculanus who was advanced to the consulship in 452. In a fit of passion, Honoria sent a message to Attila, king of the Huns, requesting him to avenge her and offering a large sum of money for his trouble. As a token of good faith she also sent him her ring, but this was interpreted by Attila as symbolic of their betrothal. He demanded of the Roman government that they surrender Honoria to him together with half the territory of the western Empire as her dowry. Not surprisingly, Valentinian refused and prepared for the threatened invasion. However, the crisis was partially defused when Aetius checked Attila’s advance at the battle of the Catalaunian Plain in 451. The menace was finally removed by Attila’s death two years later. The date of Honoria’s own death is uncertain, though she seems to have predeceased her brother. Honoria’s very rare coinage exists only in gold and was all struck under her brother in the West. No eastern issues in her name have been recorded.

514

Roman Coins and Their Values

The obverse legend is DN IVST GRAT HONORIA P F AVG and there are two varieties of obverse type: a. Diad. and dr. bust r., cross on r. shoulder b. Diad. and dr. bust r., crowned by Manus Dei, cross on r. shoulder 21371

21374

Gold solidus (c. 4.50 grams). b. Rev. BONO REI PVBLICAE, Victory stg. l., holding long jewelled cross, star in upper field to l. of Victory’s hd., mint mark R — V in field, COM OB in ex. RIC x, 2022. MR 87-89. DOC 866. Depeyrot, p. 191, 15/1. C 1. [Ravenna, AD 425-49]. VF £3,150 ($5,500) / EF £7,200 ($12,500)

21374 b. Rev. VOT XX MVLT XXX, as previous, but sometimes without the star in rev. field. RIC x, 2021. MR 90-91. Cf. Depeyrot, p. 191, 16/4 (GRAT omitted in error). C 4. (Only two known) [Ravenna, AD 425-49].

 

21375

21376

21375 21376 Gold semissis or half solidus (c. 2.25 grams). a. Rev. SALVS REI PVBLICAE, wreath containing Chi-Rho monogram, mint mark COM OB in ex. RIC x, 2053 and 2055. MR 92. DOC 867. Depeyrot, p. 154, 47/4. C 2. [Rome or Ravenna, AD 425-49]. VF £2,600 ($4,500) / EF £5,700 ($10,000) Gold tremissis or one-third solidus (c. 1.50 grams). a. Rev. No legend, cross within wreath, mint mark COM OB in ex. RIC x, 2063 and 2068. MR 93. DOC 868-9. Depeyrot, p. 155, 47/10. C 5. [Rome or Ravenna, AD 425-49]. VF £925 ($1,600) / EF £2,300 ($4,000)

MARCIAN 24 Aug. AD 450-27 Jan. 457 21379 The sudden and unexpected death of Theodosius II on 28 July 450 could have led to a serious crisis in the eastern Empire as there was no male heir of the Theodosian line and the late emperor had not selected a successor. The choice thus devolved on Theodosius’ sister Pulcheria who had, in any case, been the de facto ruler for most of her brother’s reign. Somewhat surprisingly, she selected the elderly soldier Marcian, who was close to sixty at the time and who had served as domesticus (bodyguard) under the Magister Militum Aspar. The western emperor Valentinian III felt slighted that he had not been consulted on the choice and refused to strike any coins in the name of his new eastern colleague. Originally from Thrace and the son of a soldier, Marcian also adopted a military career but does not seem to have advanced beyond the rank of tribune. Nevertheless, he seems to have been highly regarded amongst the ruling classes and their confidence in him was borne out by his seven years of imperial power during which the eastern Empire generally prospered. His popularity may have been based to a large extent on his religious orthodoxy and the celebrated

MARCIAN

515

Fourth Ecumenical Council was held at Chalcedon early in his reign. The empress Pulcheria, who had taken vows of perpetual virginity early in her life, entered into a nominal marriage with the new emperor but was only destined to survive for another three years. Marcian himself had no son, so the question of the succession was again on everyone’s mind as the elderly emperor’s reign progressed. His only daughter, Euphemia, was married to the Magister Militum Anthemius about 453 and the emperor’s new son-in-law appeared to have been marked out for the imperial succession. However, on Marcian’s death in 457, Aspar’s opposition to the arrangement was sufficient to prevent Anthemius from ascending the eastern throne. Paradoxically, a decade later he was to become ruler of the tottering western Empire. The coinage of Marcian contains few unusual types, the most notable exception being the ‘marriage’ solidus depicting Christ standing between the emperor and empress. In silver, both heavy and light miliarenses were produced as well as a few siliquae of two types. Bronzes were all of the diminutive Æ 4 denomination and were produced by half a dozen mints, virtually all with the emperor’s name in monogram form on the reverse. A few western solidi and tremisses were struck at the mints of Ravenna and Milan. These were all post-Valentinian III (who never recognized Marcian) and were produced during the western interregna between the death of Petronius Maximus and the proclamation of Avitus (June-July 455), and the three months between the overthrow of Avitus in October 456 and the death of Marcian himself in January 457. Unless otherwise stated, the obverse legend is D N MARCIANVS P F AVG. There are two principal varieties of obverse type and these are represented by lower case letters. Other types are described in full: a. Diad., dr. and cuir. bust r. b. Helmeted and cuir. bust three-quarter face to r., holding spear and shield.

21377

21377 Gold solidus (c. 4.5 grams). b. Rev. FELICITER NUBTIIS, nimbate figure of Christ stg. facing between similar figures of Marcian (on l.) and Pulcheria (on r.), the emperor and empress clasping r. hands, Christ with his arms around their shoulders, mint mark CON OB in ex. RIC x, 502. Depeyrot, p. 256, 86/1. MIRB 3. Hunter v, p. 485, 2. [Constantinople, AD 450]. (Unique) This remarkable type commemorates the nominal marriage of Marcian and Pulcheria at the outset of the new reign. This is the first representation of Christ on the imperial coinage.

21378

b. Rev. GLOR ORVIS TERRAR, Marcian, in military attire, stg. facing, holding standard and globe surmounted by cross, star in l. field, mint mark TES OB in ex. RIC x, 523. Depeyrot, p. 227, 54/1. MIRB 17. [Thessalonica, AD 450-57]. VF £225 ($400) / EF £575 ($1,000)

21379

b. Rev. VICTORIA AVGGG, sometimes followed by officina mark A-I (= 1-10), Victory stg. l., holding long jewelled cross, usually with star in r. field, mint mark CON OB in ex. RIC x, 507-11. DOC 476-84. Depeyrot, p. 256, 87/1. MIRB 5. [Constantinople, AD 450-57]. VF £2,000 ($250) / EF £430 ($750)

21379

 

516

21380

Roman Coins and Their Values

  21380 21381 Gold solidus. As previous, but with no officina mark, mint mark TES OB in ex., always with star in rev. field to r., and sometimes with dot at end of rev. legend. RIC x, 524-5. Depeyrot, p. 227, 55/1-2. MIRB 18a-b. [Thessalonica, AD 450-57]. VF £290 ($500) / EF £720 ($1,250)

21381

a. Rev. VICTORIA AVGGG, Marcian, in military attire, stg. facing, holding long cross and Victory on globe, his r. foot set on hd. of human-headed serpent, mint mark R — V in field, COM OB in ex. RIC x, 2301. MR121-3. DOC 513. Depeyrot, p. 192, 17/2. VF £350 ($600) / EF £850 ($1,500) [Ravenna, AD 455].

21382

D N MARCIANVS PIGL (sic) AVG, a. Rev. — As previous, but with mint mark M — D in field, COM OB in ex. RIC x, 2304. Depeyrot, p. 172, 20/3. [Milan, AD 456-7]. (Unique)



NB There is also a gold multiple of 1.5 solidi from the Constantinople mint, with bearded profile portrait on obverse and reverse ADVENTVS S D N AVG, nimbate emperor on horseback, raising right hand (RIC x 501, MIRB 1).

21383

  21383 21384 Gold semissis or half solidus (c. 2.25 grams). a. Rev. VICTORIA AVGG, Victory seated r. on cuirass, inscribing XVXXX on shield set on l. knee, star in l. field, P-headed cross (Christogram) in lower r., mint mark CON OB in ex. RIC x, 514-15. DOC 485-6. Depeyrot, p. 257, 88/1. MIRB 9. [Constantinople, AD 450-57]. VF £130 ($225) / EF £350 ($600) The vota numerals on the shield had ceased to have any actual meaning by this time and were merely immobilized copies of the latest type of Theodosius II.

21384

Gold tremissis or one-third solidus (c. 1.50 grams). a. Rev. VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM, Victory advancing to front, hd. l., holding wreath and globus cruciger, star in r. field, mint mark CON OB in ex. RIC x, 518-20. DOC 487-9. Depeyrot, p. 257, VF £85 ($150) / EF £250 ($450) 87/5. MIRB 13. [Constantinople, AD 450-57]. The popularity of this denomination increased enormously during the fifth century, both in the eastern and western Empires.

21385

a. Rev. No legend, cross within wreath, mint mark COM OB in ex. RIC x, 2302 and (Unique) note. MR 125. Depeyrot, p. 192, 18/3. [Ravenna, AD 455]. Kent (RIC x, p. 178) questions the authenticity of this piece.

MARCIAN

21386

21387

517

21386 Gold tremissis. D N MARCIANVS PERP AVG, a. Rev. — as previous. RIC x, 2305. UB 101. DOC 514. Depeyrot, p. 173, 21/2. [Milan, AD 456-7]. VF £175 ($300) / EF £430 ($750)

21387 21388 Silver heavy miliarensis (c. 5.4 grams). a (bearded). Rev. GLORIA ROMANORVM, Marcian, nimbate and in military attire, stg. facing, hd. l., holding spear and resting on shield, star in l. field, mint mark CON in ex. RIC x, 526. RSC 10Ba. MIRB 19. [Constantinople, AD 450-57]. F £575 ($1,000) / VF £1,425 ($2,500) / EF £3,450 ($6,000)

21388

Silver light miliarensis (c. 4.5 grams). a. Rev. GLOR ORVS TERRRHR (sic), Marcian, in military attire, stg. facing, hd. l., holding spear and resting on shield, star in l. field, mint mark TES OP (sic) in ex. RIC x, 534. DOC 505. RSC 10A. MIRB 28. [Constantinople, AD 450-57]. (Unique)

21389

Diad., dr. and cuir. bust l., bearded. Rev. GLORIA ROMANORVM, Marcian, nimbate and in military attire, stg. facing, hd. l., raising r. hand and holding globe in l., star in l. field, mint mark CON in ex. RIC x, 527. RSC 10C. MIRB 21. [Constantinople, AD 450-57]. F £520 ($900) / VF £1,300 ($2,250) / EF £3,150 ($5,500)

21390

As 21387, but the obv. bust is unbearded, without star in rev. field, and with mint mark COM in ex. RIC x, 533. Cf. RSC 10Bb (described as a heavy miliarensis of Constantinople with mint mark CON). Cf. MIRB 20 (heavy miliarensis of Constantinople with mint mark CON). [Thessalonica, AD 450-57]. F £575 ($1,000) / VF £1,425 ($2,500) / EF £3,450 ($6,000)

21391

Silver siliqua (c. 1.35 grams). a. Rev. VOT / MVLT / XXXX within wreath, mint mark CONS in ex. followed by star. RIC x, 528. RSC 10F. DOC 490. MIRB 22. [Constantinople, AD 450-57]. F £200 ($350) / VF £520 ($900) / EF £1,300 ($2,250) This reverse type duplicates the final issue of Theodosius II, on which it is often overstruck, the vota numerals having ceased to have any significance.

21392

a. Rev. SAL / REI / PUI (or PYI) within wreath, mint mark CONS in ex. followed by star. RIC x, 529-30 and 532. Cf. RSC 10Da-b and E (10Db misdescribed as a half siliqua). DOC 491-3. MIRB 25. [Constantinople, AD 450-57]. F £200 ($350) / VF £520 ($900) / EF £1,300 ($2,250)

21391

 

21392

518

Roman Coins and Their Values

21393

Bronze half centenionalis or nummus (c. 0.75-1.50 grams, weights extremely variable). Obv. legend sometimes abbreviated and/or with MARCIANO for MARCIANVS, a. Rev. Monogram of Marcian (MARCIANVS) with cross or star above, all within wreath, mint mark CHES (= THES) in ex. RIC x, 535-6. LRBC II, 1879-80. MIRB 36. [Thessalonica, AD 452/3-57]. F £13 ($22) / VF £32 ($55) / EF £77 ($135)

21394

As previous, but with mint mark S M H in ex. followed by officina mark A (= 1), rarely without cross or star above monogram. RIC x, 537-40. LRBC II, 2006-7. MIRB 30. F £15 ($25) / VF £35 ($60) / EF £85 ($150) [Heraclea, AD 452/3-57].

21395

    21395 21396 21399 As previous, but with mint mark CON in ex., sometimes with cross, star, or Q above monogram. RIC x, 541-6. DOC 494-504. LRBC II, 2247-50. MIRB 29. [Constantinople, F £12 ($20) / VF £30 ($50) / EF £72 ($125) AD 450-57].

21396

As previous, but with mint mark NIC or NICO in ex., sometimes followed by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2), sometimes with cross or star above monogram. RIC x, 547-59. DOC 506-7. LRBC II, 2463-4 and 2466-9. MIRB 31a-b. [Nicomedia, AD 452/3-57]. F £13 ($22) / VF £32 ($55) / EF £77 ($135)

21397

As previous, but with mint mark S M K in ex. followed by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2), nothing above monogram. RIC x, 560. LRBC II, —. MIRB 32. [Cyzicus, AD 452/3]. F £13 ($22) / VF £32 ($55) / EF £77 ($135)

21398

As previous, but with mint mark CVZ in ex. (no officina mark), sometimes with cross above monogram. RIC x, 561-5. LRBC II, 2608-9. MIRB 33. [Cyzicus, AD 453-7]. F £12 ($20) / VF £30 ($50) / EF £72 ($125)

21399

As previous, but with mint mark ANT in ex. followed by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2), cross or Q above monogram. RIC x, 567-8. LRBC II, 2812. MIRB 34. [Antioch, AD 452-3]. F £15 ($25) / VF £35 ($60) / EF £85 ($150)

21400

As previous, but with Z or H (= indictional dates 7 or 8?) instead of the usual S below the monogram, cross above. RIC x, 569-70. LRBC II, —. MIRB —. [Antioch, AD 453/4 F £13 ($22) / VF £32 ($55) / EF £77 ($135) or 454/5?]. For Kent’s interesting suggestion that the letters below the monogram on reverse represent indictions, cf. RIC x, p. 99.

21401

a. Rev. No legend, cross within wreath, mint mark ANT in ex. followed by officina mark A (= 1). RIC x, 567-8. LRBC II, 2812. MIRB 34. [Antioch, AD 450-52]. F £15 ($25) / VF £35 ($60) / EF £85 ($150)

LEO I 7 Feb. AD 457-18 Jan. 474 21408 Like his predecessor, Leo I was born of humble parentage in Thrace, probably just after the turn of the fifth century. He adopted a military career in order to better his chances of advancement, but by the time of the death of the emperor Marcian (late January 457) he had only advanced to the rank of tribune and was in command of a body of troops stationed at Selymbria in Thrace. It seems to have been Marcian’s intention that he should be succeeded on the throne by his son-in-law Anthemius. However, the powerful German Master of Soldiers, Flavius Ardabur Aspar, preferred a candidate he

LEO I

519

thought could be more easily manipulated and in consequence it was Leo rather than Anthemius who ascended the eastern throne in early February 457. But Aspar’s judgment in this assumption proved faulty as Leo ultimately succeeded in destroying the powerful influence of the Germanic element in the army by replacing them with recruits from a group native to the Empire: the Isaurians from southeastern Asia Minor. In pursuit of this goal, Leo brought the Isaurian leader Tarasis, son of Kodisas, to Constantinople, changed his name to Zeno, and gave him the hand of his elder daughter Ariadne in marriage (466). In order to placate Aspar, the emperor later married his younger daughter Leontia to the Magister Militum’s son Patricius, but the following year Aspar was murdered in the palace by order of the emperor. The year 468 witnessed a catastrophic defeat for the Romans when a huge fleet under the command of Leo’s brother-in-law Basiliscus (brother of Leo’s wife Verina) was sent against the Vandals in North Africa. After initial successes, virtually the entire fleet was lost due to the incompetence of its commander. This had disastrous financial consequences for the eastern Empire as a large portion of the resources of the treasury had been expended on this ill-fated expedition. During Leo’s final years he was preoccupied by the question of the succession. His own son had died as an infant in 463 and Zeno’s unpopularity in the capital (resulting from the undisciplined behaviour of his Isaurian compatriots) made his succession an uncertain proposition. Zeno and Ariadne had a son, also named Leo, but his extreme youth and weak health were a constant source of anxiety to the elderly emperor. As it was, Leo I died of dysentery early in 474 without having arrived at a satisfactory resolution of his dilemma. He was succeeded by the six-year-old Leo II, who had been made Caesar the previous October and Augustus and co-emperor just a few days before his grandfather’s death. The coinage of Leo I is more varied than that of Marcian and includes a number of consular types. His western issues are also more extensive due to Leo’s much greater involvement in the affairs of Italy and North Africa than his immediate predecessor. The expansion of mints issuing bronze coinage, dating from the early period of Marcian’s reign, was maintained under Leo I and also under his ultimate successor Zeno. This set the pattern of mints for the early Byzantine bronze coinage following Anastasius’ reform of 498. In addition, issues were made in the name of Leo’s wife, Aelia Verina, and Leo II is featured on the reverse of one of his solidus types (see no. 21403). There are a number of varieties of obverse legend and blundered versions often occur. The following are the commonest forms:

A. D N LEO B. D N LEO PERPET AVG C. D N LEO PERPETV AVG D. D N LEO PERPETVVS AVG E. D N LEO P F AVG



There are two principal varieties of obverse type, others being described in full:



a. Diad., dr. and cuir. bust r. b. Helmeted and cuir. bust three-quarter face to r., holding spear and shield.

21402

21403

Gold aureus (c. 5.40 grams). Ba (bearded). Rev. VICTORIA ROMANORVM, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, P-headed cross (Christogram) in l. field, star in r., mint mark CON OB in ex. RIC x, 628. DOC 515. Depeyrot, p. 297. MIRB 1. (Unique) [Constantinople, AD 468-73].

  21403 Gold solidus (c. 4.50 grams). Bb. Rev. SALVS REI RVBLICAE (sic) C, nimbate figures of Leo I (on l.) and Leo II (on r.) enthroned facing, side by side, star above cross in upper central field, mint mark CON OB in ex. RIC x, 636-8. Depeyrot, p. 257, 92/1. DOC 533. MIRB 12 a-c. [Constantinople, AD 473-4]. VF £720 ($1,250) / EF £1,700 (3,000)

520

Roman Coins and Their Values

21404

 

21404

21404

Gold solidus. Bb. Rev. VICTORIA AVGGG, usually followed by officina mark A-I (= 1-10), Victory stg. l., holding long jewelled cross, star in r. field, mint mark CON OB in ex. RIC x, 605 and 630. DOC 516-29. Depeyrot, p. 258, 93/1. MIRB 3a-b. VF £2,000 ($250) / EF £430 ($750) [Constantinople, AD 457-73]. RIC distinguishes two phases of this issue. The earlier (457-68) has an angled form of the letter G in the inscriptions, while the tip of the emperor’s spear on obverse normally points between the P and E of PERPET. The later (468-73) has a rounded G and the spear points between the E and T.

21405

As previous, but with mint mark THS OB in ex., star in r. field, and sometimes with dot at end of rev. legend. RIC x, 616-17. DOC 553-4. Depeyrot, p. 228, 56/1-2. MIRB VF £290 ($500) / EF £720 ($1,250) 15a-b. [Thessalonica, AD 457-68]. One reverse die (Depeyrot, p. 228, 57/1) has the star in left field instead of right.

21406

Similar, but with stars in rev. field to l. and to r. RIC x, 618-19. DOC 555. Depeyrot, p. 228, 59/1-2. MIRB 16a-b. [Thessalonica, AD 457-68]. VF £225 ($400) / EF £575 ($1,000)

21407

B, diad. bust l., bearded, wearing consular robes and holding mappa and cruciform sceptre. Rev. — (no officina mark), Leo, nimbate and in consular robes, enthroned facing, feet on stool, holding mappa and cruciform sceptre, star in l. field, mint mark CON OB in ex. RIC x, 603 and 629. DOC 530-31. Depeyrot, p. 257, 90/1. MIRB 2. VF £1,025 ($1,800) / EF £2,600 ($4,500) [Constantinople, AD 458, 462, or 471]. This type appears to have been issued in at least three consular years, in commemoration of Leo’s first consulship in 458, his second (or third) in 462 (or 466), and his fourth (or fifth) in 471 or 473. Those belonging to the first two occasions have the angled form of the letter G, those of the first consulship being distinguished by a recut obverse die of Marcian’s reign (cf. RIC Marcian 503) with the legend divided PE—RPET. Those of the latest series have the typical rounded G in the inscriptions.

21408

As previous, but with mint mark THS OB in ex., star in l. field. RIC x, 620-23. DOC 556-8. Depeyrot, p. 228, 58/1. MIRB 13. [Thessalonica, AD 462 and/or 466]. VF £720 ($1,000) / EF £1,700 ($2,500) The exceptionally large consular issues represented by this type and the next would seem to indicate that Leo embarked on his second or third consulship while absent from the capital and in residence at Thessalonica. Two styles are discernible, one local, the other (less refined) by Comitatensian engravers from Constantinople.

21409

Similar, but with stars in rev. field to l. and to r. RIC x, 624-7. DOC 559. Depeyrot, p. 228, 60/1. MIRB 14. [Thessalonica, AD 462 and/or 466]. VF £720 ($1,250) / EF £1,700 ($3,000)

21406

LEO I

521

21410 21410

Gold solidus. B, C, or D, a (sometimes bearded). Rev. VICTORIA AVGGG, Leo, in military attire, stg. facing, holding long cross and Victory on globe, his r. foot set on hd. of human-headed serpent, mint mark R — V in field, COM OB in ex. RIC x, 2501-2 and 2529. MR 148-50. Depeyrot, p. 194, 24/5-7. [Ravenna, AD 461-7]. VF £350 ($600) / EF £850 ($1,500) Western coinage in the name of Leo I appears to have commenced only with the accession of Libius Severus (Severus III) in 461.

21411

B or C, a. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark M — D in field, COM OB in ex. RIC x, 2505 and 2510-12. DOC 589-90. Depeyrot, p. 175, 27/5-8. UB 131-3. [Milan, AD 461-7]. VF £350 ($600) / EF £850 ($1,500)

21412

Da. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark R — M in field, COM OB in ex. (sometimes flanked by dots). RIC x, 2517-18. DOC 587. Depeyrot, p. 156, 52/2-3 and 53/2. [Rome, AD 461-7]. VF £350 ($600) / EF £850 ($1,500)

21413

Bb. Rev. — Victory stg. l., holding long jewelled cross, mint mark COM OB in ex. RIC x, 2531. DOC 592. Depeyrot, —. [Ravenna, AD 472-3]. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,425 ($2,500) This adoption of the eastern solidus type in the West seems to have occurred in 472, after the death of Olybrius.

21414

As previous, but the obv. bust is fully facing, and with mint mark M — D in rev. field and COM OB in ex. RIC x, 2535. DOC 591. Depeyrot, p. 176, 29/6. UB 134. [Milan, VF £460 ($800) / EF £1,150 ($2,000) AD 472-4].

21415

Da. Rev. VIRTVS AGVSTI (sic), Leo I, in military attire, stg. facing, hd. l., holding globus cruciger and standard, mint mark M — D in field, COM OB in ex. RIC x, 2506. Depeyrot, p. 175, 27/4. UB 135. [Milan, AD 461-7]. VF £1,150 ($2,000) / EF £2,600 ($4,500)

21416

Obv. As 21407. Rev. VOT XX MVLT XXY, Leo II, nimbate and in consular robes, enthroned facing, holding mappa and cruciform sceptre, star in r. field, mint mark CON OB in ex. RIC x, 639. [Constantinople, AD 474]. The existence of this type, commemorating the consulship of Leo II in 474, may be inferred from the solidus of Zeno (see no. 21506) with altered obverse die. No specimen of the prototype has yet come to light.

21414

522 21417

Roman Coins and Their Values Gold solidus. Bb. Rev. VOT XXX MVLT XXXX followed by officina mark G (= 3), Constantinopolis enthroned l., holding globus cruciger and sceptre, l. foot on prow, shield at side, star in r. field, mint mark CON OR in ex. RIC x, 602. Depeyrot, —. MIRB (Only two known) —. [Constantinople, AD 457]. Kent (RIC, p. 101) thought that this issue could be irregular, though the style of the obverse appears quite normal. Probably the most likely occasion for the issue would have been immediately following Leo’s accession. It may be contemporary with the other Theodosian revivals (see nos. 21425 and 21441).

NB A gold double solidus of Constantinople is also known, with bearded profile portrait on obverse and reverse GLORIA ROMANORVM, Roma and Constantinopolis seated side by side (RIC x 601).

 

21418

21420

21418

Gold semissis or half solidus (c. 2.25 grams). Da. Rev. SALVS REI PVBLICAE around wreath containing Chi-Rho monogram, mint mark COM OB in ex. RIC x, 2519VF £225 ($400) / EF £575 ($1000) 20. Depeyrot, p. 157, 55/4. [Rome, AD 461-7].

21419

Similar, but with obv. legend B. RIC x, 2532. Depeyrot, p. 157, 55/3. [Rome, AD 472-3]. VF £225 ($400) / EF £575 ($1000)

21420

Ba. Rev. VICTORIA AVGG, Victory seated r. on cuirass, inscribing XVXXX (or XXV or similar) on shield set on l. knee, star in l. field, P-headed cross (sometimes reversed) in lower r., mint mark CON OB in ex. RIC x, 608-610 and 634. DOC 535-7. Depeyrot, p. 258, 95/1. MIRB 5-6. [Constantinople, AD 457-73]. VF £115 ($200) / EF £320 ($550)

21421

Gold tremissis or one-third solidus (c. 1.50 grams). Ba. Rev. VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM (sometimes slightly blundered), Victory advancing to front, hd. l., holding wreath and globus cruciger, star usually in r. field, more rarely in l. (sometimes also with dot in r.), very rarely omitted altogether, mint mark CON OB in ex. RIC x, 611-13 and 635. DOC 538-46. Depeyrot, p. 257, 93/3, 95/2, and 97/1. MIRB 7-9. VF £77 ($135) / EF £225 ($400) [Constantinople, AD 457-73].

21422

B or D, a (sometimes bearded). Rev. No legend, cross within wreath, mint mark COM OB in ex. RIC x, 2503-4. MR 151-3. Depeyrot, p. 194, 25/4-7. [Ravenna, AD 461-7]. VF £175 ($300) / EF £430 ($750) In the absence of mint marks and other specific indicators, the mint attributions of this denomination are largely based on style and the treatment of the details of the designs. This generally requires visual comparison of individual specimens with published material. On tremisses attributed to Ravenna, the wreath surrounding the cross on reverse is generally neatly engraved.

21423

B, C, or D, a. Rev. — as previous. RIC x, 2507, 2513-16, 2521-4, 2530, and 2536. UB 136, 138, and 144-5. Depeyrot, p. 175, 28/4-6. [Milan, AD 461-7 and 472-3]. VF £175 ($300) / EF £430 ($750) On tremisses attributed to Milan, the wreath surrounding the cross is usually more coarsely engraved. The latest issues have reverse die-links with coins of Olybrius and Glycerius.

21421



 

21422

LEO I

523

21424

Gold tremissis. Ba. Rev. — as previous. RIC x, 2533. DOC 588. Depeyrot, p. 157, 55/6. [Rome, AD 472-3]. VF £175 ($300) / EF £430 ($750) According to Kent (RIC x, p. 183), the tremisses (and late semisses) attributable to Rome are characterized “by the poorly drawn pearl-diademed effigy” which is “later [in style] than those of Anthemius”.

21425

Silver multiple of 6 reduced siliquae or 3 light miliarenses (c. 13.50 grams). Ba. Rev. VOT / XXXV / MVLT / XXXX in wreath, mint mark CONS in ex. followed by star. (Unique) RIC x, 640. RSC 12B. MIRB 17. [Constantinople, AD 457].



The vota numerals on this type are, of course, inappropriate to Leo, who reigned for less than seventeen years. They are the result of the mechanical copying of a legend applicable only to the reign of Theodosius II and a similar coin from that reign may once have existed (see no. 21169). Probably the most likely occasion for the issue would have been immediately following Leo’s accession and this remarkable piece may be contemporary with the other Theodosian revivals of Leo’s reign (see nos. 21417 and 21440).

21426

Silver heavy miliarensis (c. 5.40 grams). Ba (sometimes bearded). Rev. GLORIA ROMANORVM, Leo, nimbate and in military attire, stg. facing, hd. l., holding spear and resting on shield, star in l. field, mint mark CON in ex. RIC x, 641 and 643. RSC 11Aa. MIRB 18a-b. [Constantinople, AD 457-73]. VF £1,425 ($2,500) / EF £3,450 ($6,000)

21427

Similar (bust bearded), but with mint mark CON OB in ex. RIC x, 642. DOC 548. RSC 11Ab. VF £1,425 ($2,500) / EF £3,450 ($6,000) MIRB 18c. [Constantinople, AD 457-73].

21428

Silver light miliarensis (c. 4.50 grams). Ba. Rev. GLOR ORVS TERRRHL (sic), Leo, nimbate and in military attire, stg. facing, hd. l., holding spear and resting on shield, star in l. field, mint mark THS OB in ex. RIC x, 651. Cf. RSC 11 (‘heavy miliarensis’). Cf. (Unique) MIRB 22 (‘heavy miliarensis’). [Thessalonica, AD 457-73].

21425

21426

 

21428

524

Roman Coins and Their Values

 

21429

21430

21429

Silver light miliarensis. B, diad., dr. and cuir. bust l., bearded. Rev. GLORIA ROMANORVM, Leo, nimbate and in military attire, stg. facing, hd. l., raising r. hand and holding globe in l., star in l. field, mint mark CON in ex. RIC x, 644-5. DOC 549. RSC 11B. MIRB 19a-b. [Constantinople, AD 457-73]. VF £1,150 ($2,000) / EF £2,850 ($5,000)

21430

Silver siliqua (c. 1.35 grams). Ba. Rev. SAL / REI / PUI (or similar blundered form) within wreath, mint mark CONS (rarely CONOS) in ex. followed by star. RIC x, 6469. Cf. RSC 11Ca-12A (mostly misdescribed as half siliquae). DOC 550-51. MIRB 20. [Constantinople, AD 457-73]. F £175 ($300) / VF £430 ($750) Contemporary imitations of this type are characterized by crude style and the frequent use of the form PEPRET for PERPET in the obverse legend (cf. RIC 650 and DOC 552).

21431

Silver half siliqua. B or D, a. Rev. No legend, Chi-Rho monogram within wreath, mint mark RM in ex. RIC x, 2525-7. RSC 12C. [Rome, AD 472-3]. F £225 ($400) / VF 575 ($1,000)

21432

Ba. Rev. No legend, eagle stg. r. on branch, wings spread, hd. l., cross above, no mint mark. RIC x, 2534. RSC —. [Rome, AD 472-3]. (Unique?) Later issues of this type are normally associated with the Milan mint, but on stylistic grounds this is better attributed to Rome.

21433 21433

Bronze double centenionalis or maiorina (c. 4.00-5.00 grams, weights variable). B (sometimes blundered and/or abbreviated) or D N LEONIS PFR (sic) AVG, a. Rev. SALVS R PVBLICA (or PVRLICA or PVRLCA, sic), Leo, sometimes nimbate, in military attire, stg. r., holding standard and globe, his l. foot set on captive, mint mark CON in ex. RIC x, 657-64. DOC 561. LRBC II, 2254-7. MIRB 24a-b. [Constantinople, F £75 ($130) / VF £175 ($300) AD 462-73]. Kent notes that provenances suggest that these were struck specifically for circulation in Cherson (southern Crimea) and its hinterland, where this denomination was especially popular (RIC x, p. 105).

21434

B or D N LEONIS PP (or PPA) AVG, a. Rev. VIRTVS EXRCITI (sic), as previous, but Leo is never nimbate and the mint mark is followed by E. RIC x, 652-4. DOC 560. LRBC II, 2251-2. MIRB 23a-b. [Constantinople, AD 457-62]. F £85 ($150) / VF £200 ($350) The letter following the mint mark is unlikely to indicate the fifth officina. In all likelihood, it results from the mechanical copying of a late 4th century prototype.

21435

Bronze half centenionalis or nummus (c. 1.00-1.50 grams, weights extremely variable). D N LEON VG (sic), a. Rev. b — E (= V — E) across lower field, crowned and robed figure of the empress Verina stg. facing, holding cross on globe and transverse sceptre, no mint mark. RIC x, 713. LRBC II, —. MIRB —. [Thessalonica, AD 467-72]. F £35 ($60) / VF £72 ($125)

LEO I

21436

525

21441

21436

Bronze half centenionalis or nummus. As previous, but with obv. legend A. RIC x, 714. Cf. DOC 582-6. LRBC II, 2272. MIRB 30. [Constantinople, AD 467-72]. F £30 ($50) / VF £60 ($100)

21437

As previous, but with obv. legend D N LEO PER AVG. RIC x, 716. LRBC II, 2275. MIRB —. [Cyzicus, AD 467-72]. F £30 ($50) / VF £60 ($100)

21438

As previous, but with obv. legend D N LEOS (sic) P F AVG and with mint mark NIC in ex. RIC x, 715. LRBC II, —. MIRB 38. [Nicomedia, AD 467-72]. F £32 ($55) / VF £65 ($110) On coins of this mint, the reverse legend sometimes appears as d — E.

21439

As 21436, but with obv. legend B (AVG usually omitted). RIC x, 717-18. LRBC II, 2284 (attributed to Constantinople). MIRB —. [Uncertain mint, AD 467-72]. F £32 ($55) / VF £65 ($110)

21440

Ba. Rev. TV / XXX / V in wreath, mint mark CON (?) in ex. RIC x, 665. LRBC II, —. MIRB V26. [Constantinople, AD 457]. (Unique) This is a revival of a reverse type of Theodosius II (see no. 21228). It may be contemporary with the other restorations of Theodosian types probably belonging to the outset of Leo’s reign (see nos. 21417 and 21425).

21440A

Ba. Rev. VICTORIA AVGG, Victory stg. l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark RM in ex. RIC x, 2528. LRBC II, 873. [Rome, AD 465-7]. F £43 ($75) / VF £85 ($150)

21441

D N LEO PERPET or D N LEO P F AVGO or D N LEON VG (sic), a. Rev. Latin monogram of Leo (LEONIS) within wreath or dotted border, mint mark THS below. RIC x, 681 and 695-7. LRBC II, 1882-3. MIRB 45-6. [Thessalonica, AD 462-72]. F £17 ($30) / VF £35 ($60)

21442

B (?), a. Rev. As previous, but with mint mark S M H followed by officina mark A (= 1). RIC x, 682. LRBC II, 2008. MIRB 34. [Heraclea, AD 462-72]. F £25 ($45) / VF £50 ($90)

21443

A or E or D N LEOS P F AVG or D N LEONS P F AVG or D N LEONS P F AVG, a (sometimes with cross above head). Rev. As previous, but with mint mark CON. RIC x, 683-8. DOC 562-3. LRBC II, 2262-3. MIRB 28a-b. [Constantinople, AD 462-72]. F £15 ($25) / VF £30 ($50)

21444

[Obv. legend uncertain], a. Rev. As previous, but with mint mark NIC. RIC x, 689. LRBC II, —. MIRB —. [Nicomedia, AD 462-72]. F £20 ($35) / VF £40 ($70)

21445

D N LEO PER AVG, a. Rev. As previous, but with mint mark CVZ. RIC x, 690. DOC 564. LRBC II, 2612. MIRB 40. [Cyzicus, AD 462-72]. F £20 ($35) / VF £40 ($70)

21446

[Obv. legend uncertain], a. Rev. As previous, but with mint mark ANT followed by officina mark A (= 1). RIC x, 691. LRBC II, —. MIRB —. [Antioch, AD 462-72]. F £20 ($35) / VF £40 ($70)



NB Other obverse legends (D N LEO PERPET and D N LEO P F AVGO) have been recorded in this series but have not been associated with a specific mint or mints (cf. RIC x, 692-3 and LRBC 2264).

21447

D N LEOS P F AVG, a. Rev. Greek monogram of Leo (LEONTA with reversed N) within wreath, mint mark S M H below followed by officina mark A (= 1). RIC x, 719. LRBC II, —. MIRB 35. [Heraclea, AD 472-4]. F £20 ($35) / VF £40 ($70)

526

Roman Coins and Their Values

21448 21448

Bronze half centenionalis or nummus. A or D N LEO PRTE (sic) AVG, a. Rev. As previous, but with mint mark KOC. RIC x, 720-21. LRBC II, 2270-71. MIRB 31a-b. F £15 ($25) / VF £30 ($50) [Constantinople, AD 472-3].

21449

D N LEOS P F AVG, a. Rev. As previous, but with mint mark NIC. RIC x, 722. LRBC F £17 ($30) / VF £35 ($60) II, —. MIRB —. [Nicomedia, AD 472-4].

21450

As previous, but with mint mark CVZ on rev. RIC x, 723. LRBC II, 2613. MIRB 41. F £20 ($35) / VF £40 ($70) [Cyzicus, AD 472-4].

21451

Ba. Rev. No legend, Leo stg. facing, hd. r., holding long cross and placing l. hand on hd. of kneeling captive, mint mark S M H or S M in ex. followed by officina mark A (= 1). RIC x, 698-9. LRBC II, —. MIRB —. [Heraclea, AD 467-72]. F £25 ($45) / VF £50 ($90)

21452

A or D N LEONIS, a. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark CON or CN in ex., and with star or cross in l. field. RIC x, 700-04. DOC 571-2. LRBC II, 2265-9. MIRB 29a-d. F £15 ($25) / VF £30 ($50) [Constantinople, AD 467-72].

21453

B or D N LEO PERPET or D N LEOS P F AVG, a (sometimes with cross above head). Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark NIC in ex., sometimes with star in l. field. RIC x, 705-10. LRBC II, 2471-3. MIRB 37a-b. [Nicomedia, AD 467-72]. F £15 ($25) / VF £30 ($50)

21454

Aa. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark CVZ in ex. (nothing in l. field). RIC x, 711. F £25 ($45) / VF £50 ($90) LRBC II, —. MIRB —. [Cyzicus, AD 467-72].

21452

21456

NB Obverse legend E (D N LEO P F AVG) has also been recorded for this reverse type but has not been securely attributed to any specific mint (cf. RIC x, 712). 21455

D N LEO PRTE (sic) AVG, a. Rev. No legend, Leo I and Leo II enthroned facing, side by side, cross between their hds., mint mark KOC in ex. RIC x, 724. LRBC II, 2276. F £37 ($65) / VF £72 ($125) MIRB 32. [Constantinople, AD 473-4].

21456

D N LEO . . . . . . . . , a. Rev. No legend, lion stg. l., hd. r., star above, all within wreath, mint mark S M H in ex. followed by officina mark A (= 1). RIC x, 666. LRBC II, 2009. F £25 ($45) / VF £50 ($90) MIRB 33. [Heraclea, AD 457-62]. The reverse type on this, and the following seven entries, represents a pun on the emperor’s name. The encircling wreath sometimes has the appearance of a regular dotted border.

21457

B or E, a (sometimes with cross above head). Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark CON in ex. and sometimes with cross instead of star above lion. RIC x, 667-8 and 672. LRBC II, 2258-9. MIRB 26a-b. [Constantinople, AD 457-62]. F £17 ($30) / VF £35 ($60)

21458

D N LEONS P F AVG, a. Rev. — as 21456, but with mint mark NIC in ex. RIC x, 669. DOC 578. LRBC II, 2470. MIRB 36. [Nicomedia, AD 457-62]. F £17 ($30) / VF £35 ($60)

VERINA

527

21459

Bronze half centenionalis or nummus. [Obv. legend uncertain], a. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark ALE in ex. followed by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2), and with cross instead of star above lion. RIC x, 670. LRBC II, 2932. MIRB 43a. [Alexandria, AD 457-62]. F £20 ($35) / VF £40 ($70)

21460

D N LEON PERP AVG, a. Rev. — as previous, but the lion is stg. r., hd. l. (officina A = 1 only recorded). RIC x, 671. LRBC II, —. MIRB 43b. [Alexandria, AD 457-62]. F £20 ($35) / VF £40 ($70)

21461

21461 E or (rarely) D N LEO, a (sometimes with cross above head). Rev. – lion crouching l., hd. r., within wreath, mint mark CON (rarely CN) in ex. RIC x, 673-7. DOC 573-7. LRBC II, 2260. MIRB 27a. [Constantinople, AD 457-62]. F £15 ($25) / VF £30 ($50)

21462

Ea. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark CVZ in ex. RIC x, 678. LRBC II, 2611. F £17 ($30) / VF £35 ($60) MIRB 39. [Cyzicus, AD 457-62].

21463

D N LEO PE AVG, a. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark ANT in ex. followed by officina mark A or B (= 1 or 2), and with cross or Q above lion. RIC x, 679. DOC 579. F £15 ($25) / VF £30 ($50) LRBC II, 2813. MIRB 42. [Antioch, AD 457-62].

VERINA 21464 Aelia Verina was the wife of Leo I, the grandmother of Leo II, and the sister of Basiliscus. She married Leo prior to his accession to the eastern throne and was the mother of three children, two daughters (Ariadne and Leontia) and a son, who died in infancy in 463. A woman of great energy and ambition, Verina was very active in the political life of the eastern Empire down to the time of her death in c. 484. Ariadne married the future emperor Zeno in 467 and their son, Leo II, was named as heir to the throne in 473, just three months prior to Leo I’s death. The new emperor was only six years of age on his accession and was himself in poor health. Accordingly, in February of 474 he crowned his father Zeno as co-emperor, a move that must have been made with the full consent of Verina, who was concerned for the survival of her late husband’s dynasty. As it was, Leo II died before the end of the year leaving Zeno as sole ruler. However, the population of Constantinople greatly disliked their new ruler, regarding him as an uncultured provincial, and within seven weeks of his accession to sole power Zeno was driven from the throne and forced to flee into exile to his native Isauria. The leader of the uprising was none other than Verina’s brother Basiliscus, the same man who had been responsible for the great Roman defeat just six years before when the Vandals had destroyed the imperial invasion fleet. The dowager empress was not happy with this development as she had hoped that her lover Patricius, the eastern Magister Officiorum, would succeed the deposed Zeno and she could resume her place as the reigning empress. When Basiliscus had Patricius executed Verina determined to give her support to her son-in-law Zeno. Basiliscus was overthrown after 20 months of rule and Zeno was restored to the eastern throne, which he was destined to occupy for a further 15 years. Verina’s relationship with her son-in-law during the remaining eight years of her life was stormy. Zeno was justifiably suspicious of Verina’s role in the rebellion of Basiliscus and she was imprisoned on various occasions. Eventually, she became implicated in the revolt of the Magister Militum Leontius at Tarsus. However, the rebels were utterly defeated by the army of Zeno in an engagement near Antioch (October 484). They fled to the Isaurian fortress of Papyrius where Verina died shortly thereafter, presumably of natural causes. Her body was later taken to Constantinople for honourable burial.

528

Roman Coins and Their Values

Verina’s rare coinage comprises just three denominations, gold solidus and tremissis and bronze maiorina. Her standing figure is also shown on the reverse of a bronze nummus type of Leo I (see nos. 21435-9). The obverse legend is AEL VERINA AVG (the V’s sometimes represented as U’s). There are two varieties of obverse type:

a. Diad. and dr. bust r. b. Diad. and dr. bust r., crowned by Manus Dei

21464

Gold solidus (c. 4.50 grams). b. Rev. VICTORIA AVGGG followed by officina mark A-I (= 1-10, though G = 3 not yet recorded), Victory stg. l., holding long jewelled cross, star in r. field, mint mark CON OB in ex. RIC x, 606-7. DOC 594. Depeyrot, p. 258, 93/2. MIRB 4b. [Constantinople, AD 457-68]. VF £3,150 ($5,500) / EF £7,200 ($12,500)

21465

Similar, but usually without officina mark following rev. legend (though a specimen of Q = 9 has been recorded), and sometimes with dot following the mint mark. RIC x, 631-3. DOC 593. Depeyrot, p. 258, 93/2. MIRB 4a. [Constantinople, AD 468-73]. VF £3,150 ($5,500) / EF £7,200 ($12,500) Apart from the usual lack of an officina mark, this issue is distinguished by Verina’s portrait which Kent describes as having “hunched and forbidding features and a simplified hair-style, with three dots as opposed to the usual four to six. Her necklace appears to hang from her ears” (RIC x, p. 102).

21466

Gold tremissis or one-third solidus (c. 1.50 grams). a. Rev. No legend, cross within wreath, mint mark CON OB in ex. followed by star. RIC x, 614-15. DOC 595-7. Depeyrot, p. 258, 96/1. MIRB 10. [Constantinople, AD 457-68]. VF £925 ($1,600) / EF £2,300 ($4,000)

21467

Bronze double centenionalis or maiorina (c. 4.00-5.00 grams, weights variable). B (sometimes blundered and/or abbreviated) or D N LEONIS PFR (sic) AVG, a. Rev. SALVS REI PVBLICAE (or RE PVBLICAE), Victory seated r., inscribing reversed Chi-Rho monogram on shield set on cippus, mint mark CON in ex. followed by E. RIC x, 655-6. DOC 598. LRBC II, 2253. MIRB 25. [Constantinople, AD 457-62]. F £430 ($750) / VF £1,000 ($1,750)

21465

 

21466

LEO II 18 Jan.-17 Nov. 474 21470 Leo II was born in 467, the son of Leo I’s daughter Ariadne and the former Isaurian chieftain Zeno. In 473 he was named by his grandfather as heir to the imperial throne. From October of 473 he bore the title of Caesar but three months later, shortly before the death of Leo I, he was elevated to the rank of Augustus and co-emperor. Leo II became sole emperor on his grandfather’s death on 18 January 474. However, the eastern Empire needed a stronger hand than that of a child who was suffering from weak health and just 22 days later (9 February) Leo II crowned his father Zeno coemperor. The joint reign lasted for a further nine months until Leo II fell ill and died, probably on

LEO II

529

17 November. Because of Zeno’s unpopularity in the capital it was rumoured that the boy’s end had been hastened by his ambitious father, though there is probably no truth in the accusation. The gold solidi of Leo II’s three-week sole reign are of considerable rarity. Less rare are the gold coins of his joint reign with his father which exist in all three denominations. There are no recorded silver issues and the only bronze piece (a diminutive Æ 4 nummus) could easily be a hybrid with an obverse of Leo I combined with Zeno’s monogram on the reverse. There are two varieties of obverse legend: A. D N LEO PERPET AVG B. D N LEO ET ZENO PP AVG There are two varieties of obverse type: a. Diad., dr. and cuir. bust r. b. Helmeted and cuir. bust three-quarter face to r., holding spear and shield.

Sole reign of Leo II, 18 Jan.-9 Feb. 474

21468 21468

Gold solidus (c. 4.50 grams). Ab. Rev. SALVS REI RVBLICAE C, Leo II, nimbate and wearing robe, stg. facing on low dais, holding cross on globus in r. hand and Victory on globe in r. hand, star in r. field, mint mark CON OB in ex. RIC x, 801. Cf. Depeyrot, p. 257, 91/1 (attributed to reign of Leo I, 473-4). MIRB 11a (attributed to reign of Leo I, 473-4). [Constantinople]. VF £5,700 ($10,000) / EF £11,500 ($20,000)

21469

Similar, but REI PVBLICAE for REI RVBLICAE and Leo II does not stand on dais. RIC x, 802. Cf. Depeyrot, p. 257, 91/1 (attributed to reign of Leo I, 473-4). MIRB 11b (attributed to reign of Leo I, 473-4). [Constantinople]. VF £5,700 ($10,000) / EF £11,500 ($20,000)

21470

Gold solidus (c. 4.50 grams). Bb. Rev. SALVS REI PVBLICAE sometimes followed by C or by officina mark A-I = 1-10 (though B = 2 not yet recorded), Leo II (a short figure on l.) and Zeno (a taller figure on r.) enthroned facing side by side, cross between their hds., star in upper central field, mint mark CON OB in ex. RIC x, 803-4. DOC 600-03. Depeyrot, p. 259, 98/1. MIRB 1a-c. [Constantinople]. VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £1,700 ($3,000)

Joint reign of Leo II and Zeno, 9 Feb.-17 Nov. 474

21471

21472

  21471 21472 Bb. Rev. VICTORIA AVGGG, Victory stg. l., holding long jewelled cross, star in r. field, mint mark CON OB in ex. RIC x, 805. DOC 599. Depeyrot, p. 259, 99/1. MIRB 2. [Constantinople]. VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £1,700 ($3,000) Ab. Rev. VICTORIA AVGGG followed by A or by :, as previous, but with mint mark COM OB in ex., sometimes followed by dot. RIC x, 3201 and 3203-4. Depeyrot, p. 162, 77/2. [Rome, under Julius Nepos]. VF £1,000 ($1,750) / EF £2,000 ($3,500)

530

Roman Coins and Their Values

21473

 

21474

21473

Gold semissis or half solidus (c. 2.25 grams). Ba. Rev. VICTORIA AVGG, Victory seated r. on cuirass, inscribing XXXXX or XXXV on shield set on l. knee, star in l. field, reversed P-headed cross in lower r., mint mark CON OB in ex. RIC x, 806. Depeyrot, p. 259, 100/1. MIRB 4. [Constantinople]. VF £720 ($1,250) / EF £1,425 ($2,500)

21474

Gold tremissis or one-third solidus (c. 1.50 grams). Ba. Rev. VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM, Victory advancing to front, hd. l., holding wreath and globus cruciger, star in r. field, mint mark CON OB in ex. RIC x, 807. Depeyrot, p. 259, 99/2. MIRB 5. [Constantinople]. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,150 ($2,000)

21475

B (but P F for PP), a. Rev. No legend, cross in wreath, mint mark COM OB in ex. RIC x, —. Depeyrot, p. 179, 43/3. [Milan]. VF £720 ($1,250) / EF £1,425 ($2,500)

21476

Bronze half centenionalis or nummus. D N LE . . . . . Rev. Monogram of Zeno within wreath, mint mark illegible. RIC x, 808. LRBC II, —. MIRB —. [Constantinople?]. It seems probable that this is merely a hybrid rather than an official issue of the joint reign of Leo II and Zeno.

BASILISCUS 9 Jan. 475-late Aug. 476 21497 Flavius Basiliscus was the brother of the empress Verina and thus brother-in-law of Leo I. Having adopted a military career, he ultimately rose to high command in Thrace and achieved a series of successes against invading Goths and Huns. This all culminated in his appointment to lead the great expedition against the Vandals in North Africa (468) which ended in a disastrous Roman defeat and the loss of almost the entire invasion fleet. Basiliscus returned in disgrace to Constantinople and was only saved from Leo’s wrath through the good offices of Verina. After this shameful episode he seems to have endeavoured to restore his reputation with the emperor. He must have been able to foresee the likelihood of a chaotic political situation following the accession of the child Leo II and it was perhaps at this time that he began to plan his own bid for imperial power. Zeno’s growing unpopularity provided the opportunity he was seeking and when the emperor was forced to flee the capital in January 475, Basiliscus seized the moment and was proclaimed emperor in place of the fugitive. However, the new emperor’s inept policies soon alienated all segments of his support base and it quickly became clear that his rule would not be of long duration. In the summer of 475 he attempted to bolster his regime by making his son Marcus initially Caesar and then co-emperor, resulting in an interesting joint coinage. But by late August 476 his authority had declined to the point where Zeno was able to return from exile virtually unopposed and reclaim his throne from the usurper. Basiliscus, his wife Zenonis, and Marcus surrendered on the promise that they would not be executed. Instead, they were exiled to Cappadocia where they were imprisoned in a remote location and quietly allowed to die of starvation. The coinage of Basiliscus’ sole period of rule (January to late summer 475) comprises a range of denominations in all three metals. All subsequent issues were made in the joint names of Basiliscus and Marcus, with the sole exception of the Italian coinage which retained Basiliscus’ name alone. No silver coins were struck in the names of the two emperors. Extremely rare gold solidi and much less rare bronze nummi were issued in the name of Basiliscus’ wife Zenonis.

BASILISCUS

531

The following are the principal varieties of obverse legend, other forms being given in full:

A. D N bASILISCUS PP AUG (or AVG) B. D N bASILISCUS (or bASILISCVS) P F AVG C. D N bASILISCI ET MARCI C D. D N bASILISCI ET MARC P AVG



There are two varieties of obverse type:



a. Diad., dr. and cuir. bust r. b. Helmeted and cuir. bust three-quarter face to r., holding spear and shield.

Basiliscus alone, 9 Jan.-late summer 475

21477

 

21478

21477

Gold solidus (c. 4.50 grams). Ab. Rev. VICTORIA AVGGG, sometimes followed by officina mark A-I (= 1-10), Victory stg. l., holding long jewelled cross, usually with star in r. field, mint mark CON OB in ex. RIC x, 1001-3 and 1005. DOC 607-12. Depeyrot, p. 260, 101/1. MIRB 1a-b. [Constantinople]. VF £575 ($1,000) / EF £1,150 ($2,000)

21478

A or B, b. Rev. — (no officina mark), as previous (star in r. field) but with mint mark THS OB. RIC x, 1010-12. Depeyrot, p. 228, 61/1. MIRB 11. [Thessalonica]. VF £1,000 ($1,750) / EF £2,000 ($3,500)

21479

D N BASILISCVS P F AVG, b. Rev. VICTORIA AVGGG:, mint mark R — M in field, (Unique) COM OB in ex. RIC x, 3302. Depeyrot, —. [Rome].

21480

Obv. As previous. Rev. — as previous, but without mint mark R — M and with star in (Unique) r. field. RIC x, 3301. Depeyrot, p. 163, 80/3. [Rome].

21481

A or D N BASILISCVS P AVG, b. Rev. — as previous. RIC x, 3304. MR 197. Depeyrot, —. [Ravenna]. VF £1,300 ($2,250) / EF £2,600 ($4,500)

21482

Obv. As previous. Rev. — as previous, but without star in r. field. RIC x, 3309. Depeyrot, p. 163, 79/2 (attributed to Rome). [Milan]. VF £1,300 ($2,250) / EF £2,600 ($4,500)

21483

D N BASILISCVS P F AVG (AV ligatured), b. Rev. — as previous, but with star in r. field, and the COM OB in ex. is flanked by dots. RIC x, 3311. Cf. Depeyrot, p. 163, 81/4 (attributed to Rome, ligature not noted). [Milan, AD 476]. VF £1,425 ($2,500) / EF £2,850 ($5,000) This and the following type are dated by Kent (RIC x, pp. 208-9 and 437) to the period following the deposition of Romulus Augustus on 4 September 476. It would have taken some time for news of Zeno’s restoration to reach northern Italy. The coins are listed under this heading as they bear only the name of Basiliscus and not that of his coemperor Marcus.

21482

532

Roman Coins and Their Values

21484 21484

Gold solidus. Similar, but the obv. legend is D N BASILISCVS PERT (or PRET, sic) AVG (AV sometimes ligatured). RIC x, 3312-13. DOC 616. Cf. Depeyrot, p. 163, 81/3 (attributed to Rome). [Milan, AD 476]. VF £1,300 ($2,250) / EF £2,600 ($4,500)

21485

Gold semissis or half solidus (c. 2.25 grams). Aa. Rev. VICTORIA AVGG, Victory seated r. on cuirass, inscribing XXXXX on shield set on l. knee, star in l. field, P-headed cross (sometimes reversed) in lower r., mint mark CON OB in ex. RIC x, 1006-7. DOC 485-6. Depeyrot, p. 260, 102/1. MIRB 3-4. [Constantinople]. VF £430 ($750) / EF £850 ($1,500)

21486

Gold tremissis or one-third solidus (c. 1.50 grams). Aa. Rev. VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM (sometimes blundered), Victory advancing to front, hd. l., holding wreath and globus cruciger, star in r. field, mint mark CON OB in ex. RIC x, 1008-9. DOC 613-15. Cf. Depeyrot, p. 260, 101/2. MIRB 5. [Constantinople]. VF £290 ($500) / EF £575 ($1,000)

21487

D N BASILISCVS P F AVG, a. Rev. No legend, cross within wreath, mint mark COM OB in ex. RIC x, 3303. Depeyrot, p. 165, 89/5. [Rome]. VF £360 ($625) / EF £720 ($1,250)

21488

D N BASILISCVS P AVG, a. Rev. — as previous. RIC x, 3305. MR 198. Depeyrot, —. [Ravenna]. VF £360 ($625) / EF £720 ($1,250)

21489

As previous, but the wreath on reverse has the large, coarsely engraved leaves that are typical of the products of this mint. RIC x, 3310. UB 174. Depeyrot, —. [Milan]. VF £360 ($625) / EF £720 ($1,250)

21485

 

21486

21490 21490

Similar, but with obv. legend D N BASILISCVS P F AVG, or PE AVG, or PERT AVG (the AV sometimes ligatured). RIC x, 3314-16. UB 173 and 175. DOC 617. Depeyrot, p. 179, 43/4-6. [Milan, AD 476]. VF £320 ($550) / EF £625 ($1,100)

21491

Silver heavy miliarensis (c. 5.40 grams). Aa. Rev. GLORIA ROMANORVM, Basiliscus, nimbate and in military attire, stg. facing, hd. l., holding spear and resting on shield, star in l. field, mint mark CON in ex. RIC x, 1013. RSC 7A. MIRB 12. [Constantinople]. (Unique)



NB A silver siliqua (RIC x, 3306), probably of Ravenna, with reverse VRBIS ROMA, Roma enthroned facing, head left, is recorded by Sabatier (no. 9, pl. VIII, 17) but remains unconfirmed.

BASILISCUS

21492

 

533

21494

21492

Silver half siliqua. D N BASILISCVS P AVG, a. Rev. No legend, turreted female figure (city-goddess?) stg. l., holding sceptre and cornucopiae, r. foot on prow, mint mark R — V in field. RIC x, 3307. RSC 9A. [Ravenna]. F £575 ($1,000) / VF £1,425 ($2,500) There are dangerous modern forgeries of this type on which the obverse legend is divided BASILI—SCVS and the P is replaced by P F (cf. RIC x, pp. 208-9 and DOC 618). Another variety with P F and an unbroken legend (RIC 3308) is accepted by Kent as genuine as it has a pedigree dating back to the early 18th century.

21493

Bronze half centenionalis or nummus. D N bASIL . . . PE AV (or similar; rarely, if ever, fully legible), a. Rev. Greek monogram of Basiliscus within wreath, mint mark KOC below. RIC x, 1014. Cf. LRBC II, 2284-5. MIRB 13. [Constantinople]. F £60 ($100) / VF £175 ($300)

21494

As previous, but with mint mark CVZ on rev. RIC x, 1016. LRBC II, —. MIRB —. [Cyzicus]. F £70 ($120) / VF £200 ($350) Coins of this type with the mint mark of Nicomedia may also exist (cf. RIC x, p. 114).

Basiliscus and Marcus as Caesar, late summer 475 21495

Gold solidus (c. 4.50 grams). Cb. Rev. SALVS REI PVBLICAE (or REI PVRLICAE), Basiliscus (on l.) and Marcus Caesar (a shorter figure on r.) enthroned facing side by side, both nimbate and each holding mappa, cross surmounted by star in upper central field, mint mark CON OB in ex. RIC x, 1019. Depeyrot, p. 260, 103/1. MIRB 6a. [Constantinople]. VF £2,150 ($3,750) / EF £1,700 ($7,500)

21496 21496

Cb. Rev. VICTORIA AVGGG, followed by officina mark A (= 1), Victory stg. l., holding long jewelled cross, star in r. field, mint mark CON OB in ex. RIC x, 1020. DOC 619. Depeyrot, p. 260, 105/1. MIRB N8. [Constantinople]. VF £2,150 ($3,750) / EF £1,700 ($7,500)

Joint reign of Basiliscus and Marcus, late summer 475-late Aug. 476 21497

Gold solidus (c. 4.50 grams). Db. Rev. SALVS REI PVBLICAE (or REI PVRLICAE), sometimes followed by officina mark G, D, e, S, Z, H, or I (= 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, or 10), Basiliscus (on l.) and Marcus (a slightly shorter figure on r.) enthroned facing side by side, both nimbate and each holding mappa and globe, cross surmounted by star in upper central field, mint mark CON OB in ex. RIC x, 1021-3. DOC 621. Depeyrot, p. 260, 104/1. MIRB 7a-b. [Constantinople]. VF £1,150 ($2,000) / EF £2,300 ($4,000)

534

Roman Coins and Their Values

21498 21498

Gold solidus. Db. Rev. VICTORIA AVGGG, usually followed by officina mark A-I (= 1-10), Victory stg. l., holding long jewelled cross, star in r. field, mint mark CON OB in ex. RIC x, 1024-7. DOC 622-4. Depeyrot, p. 261, 105/2. MIRB 8. [Constantinople]. VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £1,700 ($3,000)

21499

Gold semissis or half solidus (c. 2.25 grams). Da. Rev. VICTORIA AVGG, Victory seated r. on cuirass, inscribing XXXXX on shield set on l. knee, star in l. field, reversed P-headed cross or plain cross in lower r., mint mark CON OB in ex. RIC x, 1028-9. Depeyrot, p. 261, 106/1. MIRB 9. [Constantinople]. VF £650 ($1,125) / EF £1,300 ($2,250)

21500

Gold tremissis or one-third solidus (c. 1.50 grams). Da. Rev. VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM (sometimes blundered), Victory advancing to front, hd. l., holding wreath and globus cruciger, star in r. field, mint mark CON OB in ex. RIC x, 1030-31. DOC 625-6. Depeyrot, p. 261, 105/5. MIRB 10. [Constantinople]. VF £430 ($750) / EF £850 ($1,500)

21501

Bronze half centenionalis or nummus. D N bASIL ET MAR P AVG (or similar; rarely, if ever, fully legible), a. Rev. No legend, Basiliscus and Marcus, both nimbate, enthroned facing side by side, each holding globe in r. hand, mint mark KOC in ex. RIC F £60 ($100) / VF £175 ($300) x, 1032. LRBC II, —. MIRB 15. [Constantinople].

21502

As previous, but with mint mark NIC on rev. RIC x, 1033. LRBC II, —. MIRB —. [Nicomedia]. F £70 ($120) / VF £200 ($350)

21503

Obv. As previous. Rev. Latin monogram of Basiliscus and Marcus (bAS, MAR) within wreath, mint mark CVZ below. RIC x, 1034. LRBC II, —. MIRB —. [Cyzicus]. F £70 ($120) / VF £200 ($350)



NB Doubtless there are bronze nummi of Basiliscus and Marcus from other mints that have yet to be identified. Constantinople is a certainty, Nicomedia a probability, and perhaps even Thessalonica and Antioch (cf. RIC x, p. 115).

21499

 

21500

21503

ZENO

535

ZENONIS 21504 Aelia Zenonis was the wife of Basiliscus and the mother of Marcus. She became Augusta at the time of her husband’s coup early in 475 which temporarily removed Zeno from the throne. She is said to have had a passionate affair with her husband’s nephew, the Magister Militum Armatus, and to have been instrumental in his promotion to even higher office under Basiliscus. Armatus repaid this favour by betraying his benefactor and his lover and transferring his allegiance to the exiled Zeno. On Basiliscus’ overthrow in the summer of 476 Zenonis and Marcus were condemned to share Basiliscus’ fate. All three were exiled to Cappadocia where they were starved to death on the orders of Zeno. The gold coinage of Zenonis is of great rarity and comprises only solidi. Much commoner are the diminutive bronze nummi with the empress’s Latin monogram on the reverse. 21504

Gold solidus (c. 4.50 grams). AEL ZENONIS AVG, diad. and dr. bust r., crowned by Manus Dei. Rev. VICTORIA AVGGG, sometimes followed by officina mark A (= 1), Victory stg. l., holding long jewelled cross, star in r. field, CON OB in ex. RIC x, 1004. DOC 594. Depeyrot, p. 258, 93/2. MIRB 4b. [Constantinople, AD 475]. VF £11,500 ($20,000) / EF £28,500 ($50,000)

21505

Bronze half centenionalis or nummus. A ZENONIS, diad. and dr. bust r. Rev. Latin monogram of Zenonis (ZENONIS) with or without base-line, all within wreath, no mint mark. RIC x, 1017-18. Cf. LRBC II, 2287 (misdescribed). Cf. MIRB 14 (gives mint mark KOC on reverse, in error?). [Constantinople, AD 475]. F £140 ($250) / VF £430 ($750) These are no rarer than the contemporary nummi of Basiliscus. A hybrid exists combining an obverse of Zenonis with a monogram of Basiliscus alone on the reverse (RIC x, 1015).

21505

ZENO First Reign, 17 Nov. AD 474-9 Jan. 475 Second Reign, late Aug. 476-11 Apr. 491 21515 Flavius Zeno was a native of Isauria, a mountainous region of south-eastern Asia Minor whose inhabitants were regarded in Constantinople as warlike and uncivilized. Originally named Tarasis, son of Kodisas, or some other local form, he was born of a prominent family in the town of Rhusumblada in either 425 or 430. He came to Constantinople in 466 in possession of some treasonable correspondence between Ardabur, son of Aspar, and the Sasanid Persians. At this time Leo I was formulating a policy aimed at the gradual elimination of the overly powerful Germanic element in the military. He saw in the Isaurians an effective means of achieving this end by replacing the Germans with comparable soldiers native to the Empire. As a reward for his loyalty Tarasis was betrothed to Leo’s elder daughter Ariadne. Just prior to the ceremony his somewhat uncouth Isaurian name was changed to Zeno, probably as a tribute to the distinguished Isaurian general of that name who had served under Theodosius II. A son was born of this union in 467 and was

536

Roman Coins and Their Values

named Leo in honour of his grandfather. A bitter rivalry for imperial favour developed between the German and Isaurian elements in the military and Zeno’s life was clearly in danger from Aspar and his son Ardabur. Zeno countered by influencing Leo I to have both Aspar and Ardabur executed on the charge of plotting against the imperial family. On the death of Leo I early in 474 he was succeeded by his grandson Leo II. Unfortunately the child was not in good health and it appeared unlikely that he would survive for long. Under these dangerous circumstances the widowed empress Verina thought it advisable that Zeno should be crowned co-emperor by his son, the ceremony taking place on 9 Feb. 474. Nine months later the sickly Leo II expired and Zeno was left as sole emperor (17 Nov.). However, Zeno was not well-liked in Constantinople and just 53 days after the commencement of his reign the rebellion of Basiliscus obliged Zeno to flee the capital and take refuge in his native Isauria. Here he remained throughout the period of Basiliscus’ usurpation until circumstances had changed sufficiently to permit his return and the resumption of his rule. This was brought about by Basiliscus’ growing unpopularity and by Zeno’s ability to suborn the usurper’s principal generals. These included Armatus, the nephew of Basiliscus and reputed lover of Verina, who, in exchange for his support, demanded that his son (also named Basiliscus) should be given the rank of Caesar under the restored Zeno. This promise was kept and is evidenced by the enigmatic coinage issued in the joint names of “Zeno and Leo Nov. (= Nobilissimus) Caesar”. Basiliscus was obviously an unacceptable name for Zeno’s junior colleague so the change to the dynastic name of Leo was clearly appropriate. However, the following year Armatus was murdered on the emperor’s orders and his son was deposed from imperial office. His life was spared on the intervention of the empress Ariadne, to whom he was related, and he later became bishop of Cyzicus. Zeno’s fifteenyear reign was much troubled by usurpations and foreign wars. His relationship with his motherin-law Verina was always stormy in the years following the usurpation of Basiliscus and she was even implicated in another uprising, that of the Magister Militum Leontius at Tarsus in 484. Her death followed shortly afterwards and Zeno permitted the return of her body to Constantinople for honourable burial. Zeno was a good soldier and was generally successful in his military campaigns. He survived until 11 April 491, his widow Ariadne then being called upon to select a successor, much as Pulcheria had done in 450 following the death of Theodosius II. She sensibly chose the elderly palace official Anastasius, who was about the same age as her first husband, and he ruled wisely and well until his own death in 518 at the advanced age of eighty-eight (Ariadne herself predeceased him by three years). The coinage of Zeno is varied and complex and includes issues in the name of his wife Ariadne and a brief joint coinage naming the young Caesar Leo, son of Armatus. Some rare Constantinopolitan solidi and tremisses are assigned to the brief first reign on the evidence of the division of the title ‘PERP’ in the obverse legend. On the majority of Zeno’s coins from the capital this is shown undivided but on his earliest issues it appears as ‘P—ERP’ (the latter form occurs also on western issues but in such cases it does not necessarily have the same chronological significance). Western coinage is much in evidence. With the overthrow in early September 476 of Romulus Augustus, son Orestes, by the Patrician Flavius Odovacar, the whole Empire was now technically reunited under the rule of the eastern emperor (though the deposed Julius Nepos still remained a ruler in exile in Dalmatia until his murder in 480). Italian issues in Zeno’s name were made by authority of Odovacar who had been proclaimed king by his barbarian troops, though he claimed to be acting as the subordinate of Zeno and was merely maintaining imperial rule in the peninsula in the absence of a separate western emperor. In 491 Odovacar was overthrown by Theoderic the Visigoth who came to a similar arrangement with Zeno whereby he was recognized as the ruler of Italy on behalf of the emperor in Constantinople ‘until he himself should come’ (Anonymus Valesianus II, 49). During this confused transitional period in the West a remarkable series of large bronze coins of 40 nummi (mark of value ‘XL’) were issued at Rome in Zeno’s name. These anticipated the Empire-wide introduction by Zeno’s successor, Anastasius I, of an entire series of new bronze denominations, being various multiples of the bronze nummus. This significant reform, enacted in 498, is generally regarded by numismatists as the dividing line between the Roman and Byzantine series, though of course it related only to the bronze coinage and had no effect on the gold and silver denominations. There are a number of varieties of obverse legend, the following being the principal forms (all others are given in full):

ZENO

537



A. D N ZENO P—ERP AVG (AV sometimes ligatured at Milan) B. D N ZENO P—ERP F AVG (Z sometimes reversed) C. D N ZENO P—ERPE AVG (AV ligatured) D. D N ZENO—PERP AVG (Z sometimes reversed, AV sometimes ligatured at Milan) E. D N ZENO—PEPR AVG (AV sometimes ligatured) F. D N ZENO—PERT AVG (Z sometimes reversed at Milan) G. D N ZENO—PERP F AVG (Z sometimes reversed, sometimes PER for PERP, sometimes AV for AVG) H. IMP ZENO FELICISSIMO SEM AVG (due to careless engraving, IMP usually appears as INP and SEM as SEN) I. IMP ZENO SEMPER AVG



There are two principal varieties of obverse type, others being described in full:



a. Diad., dr. and cuir. bust r. b. Helmeted and cuir. bust three-quarter face to r., holding spear and shield.



First Sole Reign, 17 Nov. AD 474-9 Jan. 475

21506

 

21507

21506

Gold solidus (c. 4.50 grams). Ab. Rev. VICTORIA AVGGG, sometimes followed by officina mark S (= 6), Victory stg. l., holding long jewelled cross, star in r. field, CON OB in ex. RIC x, 901 and 905. Depeyrot, —. MIRB 1a-b. [Constantinople]. (Extremely rare)

21507

Db. Rev. VICTORIA AVGGG A, as previous, but with mint mark COM OB in ex. RIC x, 3202. Depeyrot, —. Lacam, pl. 44, 134. [Rome]. VF £1,000 ($1,750) / EF £2,000 ($3,500)

21508



21509

21508   21509 A, diad. bust l., bearded, wearing consular robes and holding mappa and cruciform sceptre. Rev. VOT XX MVLT XXY, Zeno, nimbate and in consular robes, enthroned facing, holding mappa and cruciform sceptre, star in r. field, mint mark CON OB in ex. RIC x, 902. Depeyrot, p. 262, 107B/1 (attributed to the third consulship, 479). MIRB —. [Constantinople, AD 475]. (Unique) The obverse die has been recut from an issue of Leo I reading D N LEO PERPET AVG with the addition of a beard to the portrait (see no. 21416). The original was issued to commemorate the consulship of Leo II in 474, while this issue celebrates Zeno’s second consulship in 475. Gold tremissis or one-third solidus (c. 1.50 grams). Aa. Rev. VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM, Victory advancing to front, hd. l., holding wreath and globus cruciger, star in r. field, mint mark CON OB in ex. RIC x, 903. DOC 538-46. Depeyrot, p. 262, 108/5. MIRB 4. [Constantinople]. VF £350 ($600) / EF £850 ($1,500)

538

Roman Coins and Their Values

Period of Exile, AD 475-6

21510 21510

Gold solidus (c. 4.50 grams). D N ZENO P—ERPET AVG, b. Rev. VICTORIA AVGGG, Victory stg. l., holding long jewelled cross, star in r. field, mint mark ANTI OB in ex. RIC x, 904. Depeyrot, p. 290, 46/1 (attributed to the period 488-91). MIRB 5. [Antioch]. (Unique)

Zeno with Leo Caesar (son of Armatus), AD 476-7

 

21511

21513

21511

Gold solidus (c. 4.50 grams). D N ZENO ET LEO NOV CAES, b. Rev. VICTORIA AVGGG followed by officina mark B, G, e, S, or Z (= 2, 3, 5, 6, or 7), Victory stg. l., holding long jewelled cross, star in r. field, CON OB in ex. RIC x, 906. Depeyrot, p. 261, 107/1. MIRB 6. [Constantinople]. VF £2,850 ($5,000) / EF £5,700 ($10,000)

21512

As previous, but with : at end of rev. legend and with mint mark COM OB in ex. flanked by dots. RIC x, —. Depeyrot, p. 163, 81/5. [Rome]. VF £2,850 ($5,000) / EF £5,700 ($10,000)

21513

Gold tremissis or one-third solidus (c. 1.50 grams). — or D N ZENO ET LEO (or LIEO, sic) NOV CAES (Z sometimes reversed), a. Rev. VICTORIA (or VICTOBIA, sic) AVGVSTORVM, Victory advancing to front, hd. l., holding wreath and globus cruciger, star in r. field, mint mark CON OB in ex. RIC x, 907-9. DOC 628. Depeyrot, p. 261, 107/2. MIRB 13. [Constantinople]. VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £2,000 ($3,500)

Second Sole Reign, 17 Nov. late Aug. 476-11 Apr. 491

21514

 

21514

21514

Gold solidus (c. 4.50 grams). Db (rarely with cross on front of helmet). Rev. VICTORIA AVGGG, normally followed by officina mark A-I (= 1-10), Victory stg. l., holding long jewelled cross, star in r. field, CON OB or CON OR in ex. RIC x, 910-12 and 929-30. DOC 629-43. Depeyrot, p. 262, 108/1. MIRB 2a-b and 7. [Constantinople]. VF £120 ($210) / EF £350 ($600)

21515

Db. Rev. VICTORIA AVGG T followed by officina mark A-I (= 1-10), as previous. RIC x, 927-8. DOC 664-5 (attributed to Thessalonica). Depeyrot, p. 263, 112/1. MIRB 8. [Constantinople]. VF £175 ($300) / EF £480 ($850)

ZENO

21516

 

539

21519

21516

Gold solidus. Db. Rev. VICTORIA AVGGG (no officina mark), as previous, but with two stars in field, to l. and to r. RIC x, 939 and 941. DOC 666-8. Depeyrot, p. 229, 62/1. VF £150 ($260) / EF £430 ($750) MIRB 19. [Thessalonica].

21517

D, E, or F, b. Rev. — (sometimes AVGGG:), as previous, but with mint mark M — D in field and COM OB (sometimes flanked by dots or followed by single dot) in ex. RIC x, 3224-9, 3232-4, and 3236-8. DOC 674-8. Depeyrot, pp. 178, 36/2-3 and 37/2-3. UB 156-60. Lacam, pls. 42-3, 106-7, 110, 115-16, and 121; pl. 46, 169; and pl. 52, 51. VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £1,700 ($3,000) [Milan].

21518

Db. Rev. — as previous (without : at end of legend), but also with star in l. field (sometimes followed by A or Q), or Q in l. field and star in r. RIC x, 3601-4. DOC 67980. Depeyrot, pp. 178-9, 39/1-42/1. UB 162. Lacam, pl. 53, 55; pl. 55, 26; and pl. 57, VF £1,000 ($1,750) / EF £2,000 ($3,500) 61. [Milan].

21519

Gb. Rev. VICTORIA AVGGG:, Victory stg. l., holding long jewelled cross, mint mark R — V in field, COM OB in ex. RIC x, 3626. MR 206. Depeyrot, p. 198, 41/2. Lacam, pl. 52, 48. [Ravenna]. VF £1,000 ($1,750) / EF £2,000 ($3,500)

21520

As previous, but with obv. legend D, and with star in rev. field to r. instead of the mint mark R — V, COM OB in ex. RIC x, 3625. MR —. Depeyrot, —. Lacam, pl. 40, 63. VF £1,000 ($1,750) / EF £2,000 ($3,500) [Ravenna].

21521

Db. Rev. VICTORIA AVGGG X, as 21519. RIC x, 3627. MR 207. Depeyrot, —. VF £1,000 ($1,750) / EF £2,000 ($3,500) Lacam pl. 42, 105. [Ravenna].

21522

As previous, but with obv. legend G, and with star in rev. field to r. instead of the mint mark R — V, COM OB in ex. RIC x, 3628-9. MR 208. Depeyrot, —. Lacam, pl. 52, VF £1,000 ($1,750) / EF £2,000 ($3,500) 45-6. [Ravenna].

21523

Gb. Rev. VICTORIA AVGGG followed by star, otherwise as previous. RIC x, 3630. MR 209. Depeyrot, —. Lacam, pl. 52, 47. [Ravenna]. VF £1,000 ($1,750) / EF £2,000 ($3,500)

21524

B, D, or G, b. Rev. VICTORIA AVGGG N (the N with line above and sometimes reversed), as previous, but sometimes CON OB for COM OB in ex. RIC x, 3631-3. MR 210-11. Cf. Depeyrot, p. 198, 43/1-2. Lacam, pl. 52, 37 and 39. [Ravenna]. VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £1,700 ($3,000)

21525

Gb. Rev. VICTORIA AVGGG, as previous, but with mint mark COMOB (or CON OB) RV in ex. RIC x, 3634. MR 212. Depeyrot, p. 198, 42/1. Lacam, pl. 51, 27. [Ravenna]. VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £1,700 ($3,000)

21524

540

Roman Coins and Their Values

21526 21526

Gold solidus. Bb. Rev. VICTORIA AVGGG, usually followed by :, R, A (with two dots above), or G (sometimes followed by dot), as previous, but with mint mark COM OB (sometimes flanked by dots). RIC x, 3205 and 3651-7. DOC 686-7. Depeyrot, p. 162, 78/2 and p. 165, 88/2. Lacam, pl. 42, 97; pl. 50, 1, 4, 7, and 10-11; and pl. 58, 77-8. [Rome]. VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £1,700 ($3,000)

21527

Db. Rev. VICTORIA AVGGG followed by officina mark A, B, or D (= 1, 2, or 4), as 21514, with CON OB in ex. RIC x, 3248. Depeyrot, —. Lacam, pls. 57-8, 67 and 75. [Uncertain western mint in Italy or Dalmatia]. VF £1,000 ($1,750) / EF £2,000 ($3,500)

21528

Bb. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark COM OB in ex. flanked by arrowheads (?), officina mark uncertain. RIC x, 3250. Depeyrot, —. Lacam, —. [Uncertain western mint in Italy or Dalmatia]. (Unique)

21529

Gold semissis or half solidus (c. 2.25 grams). Ba. Rev. SALVS REI PVBLICE around wreath containing Chi-Rho monogram, mint mark COM OB in ex. RIC x, 36589. Depeyrot, p. 165, 89/2. Lacam, pl. 44, 137. [Rome]. VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £1,700 ($3,000)

21530

Da. Rev. VICTORIA AVGG or AVGGG, Victory seated r. on cuirass, inscribing VXX on shield set on l. knee, star in l. field, reversed P-headed cross or plain cross in lower r., mint mark CON OB in ex. RIC x, 931-2. DOC 644-5. Depeyrot, p. 262, 109/1-2. MIRB 11-12. [Constantinople]. VF £100 ($175) / EF £250 ($450)

21529

21531

 

21530

 

21532

21531

Ga. Rev. VICTORIA AVGGG around wreath containing Chi-Rho monogram (sometimes reversed), mint mark COM OB or CON OI in ex. RIC x, 3635-6. MR 21516. Depeyrot, p. 165, 89/1 (attributed to Rome). Lacam, pl. 53, 58. [Ravenna]. VF £850 ($1,500) / EF £1,700 ($3,000)

21532

Gold tremissis or one-third solidus (c. 1.50 grams). Da. Rev. VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM (AVGVSTORVM frequently blundered), Victory advancing to front, hd. l., holding wreath and globus cruciger, star in r. field (very rarely in l. or omitted altogether), mint mark CON OB in ex. RIC x, 914-26. DOC 646-54. Depeyrot, pp. 2623, 108/4 and 111/1. MIRB 14-16. [Constantinople]. VF £80 ($140) / EF £200 ($350)

ZENO 21533

21534

541

Gold tremissis. Da. Rev. No legend, cross within wreath, mint mark COM OB in ex. flanked by dots. RIC x, 3605-6. Depeyrot, p. 180, 44/1. UB 177. [Milan]. VF £290 ($500) / EF £720 ($1,250) On tremisses attributed to Milan, the wreath surrounding the cross is more coarsely engraved than at the other Italian mints.

21536   21534 A, B, C, D, E, or G, a. Rev. — as previous, but without dots flanking the mint mark. RIC x, 3607-14. DOC 681. Depeyrot, pp. 179-80, 43/7-11. UB 178-81 and 185. Lacam pl. 46, 156 and 159; and pl. 53, 70. [Milan]. VF £225 ($400) / EF £575 ($1,000)

21535

D or G, a. Rev. — as previous, but sometimes with CON OB or COM instead of COM OB in ex. RIC x, 3637-42. DOC 671. MR 217-22. Depeyrot, p. 165, 89/6 (attributed to Rome). Lacam, pl. 45, 146-7 and 150; pl. 57, 63; and pl. 60, 97. [Ravenna]. VF £290 ($500) / EF £720 ($1,250) The earlier issues of this series are of neat style, while the later coins show a marked decline and are much cruder.

21536

Ba. Rev. — as previous, with mint mark COM OB in ex., sometimes flanked by dots. RIC x, 3210 and 3660-63. Depeyrot, p. 165, 89/7. Lacam, pl. 45, 138, 140, and 142-3. [Rome]. VF £290 ($500) / EF £720 ($1,250) These are generally of excellent style, with neatly engraved wreath surrounding the cross.

21537

  21537 21538 Silver light miliarensis (c. 4.50 grams). Da. Rev. GLOR ORVS TARRAR, Zeno, nimbate and in military attire, stg. facing, hd. l., holding spear and resting l. hand on shield, star in l. field, mint mark THS OB in ex. RIC x, 946. DOC 669. RSC 9A. MIRB 22. [Thessalonica]. VF £685 ($1,200) / VF £1,700 ($3,000) / EF £4,300 ($7,500) This is sometimes classified as a heavy miliarensis. Blundered legends are the norm on the silver coinage of Zeno and are evidence of a growing unfamiliarity with Latin in the eastern Empire.

21538

Silver siliqua (c. 1.35 grams). Da. Rev. SRI / REI / RUL (sic) within wreath, mint mark CONOS in ex. followed by star. RIC x, 943. RSC 9B. DOC 655. MIRB 20. [Constantinople]. F £215 ($375) / VF £550 ($950)

21539

Silver siliqua (increased weight, c. 2.00 grams). Similar, but with rev. legend SRA / REI / BDI and mint mark CONO. RIC x, 944. RSC —. MIRB —. [Constantinople]. F £215 ($375) / VF £550 ($950)

21540

Similar, but with rev. legend VOT / VMTI / LTIS and mint mark CONOS followed by star. RIC x, 945. RSC —. MIRB 21a. [Constantinople]. F £200 ($350) / VF £480 ($850)

21541

Similar, but with rev. legend TOV / VIMV / MTI and mint mark CONS followed by star. RIC x, 945a. RSC 10. MIRB 21b. [Constantinople]. F £200 ($350) / VF £480 ($850) Doubtless other blundered forms of the reverse legend exist.

542

21542

21543

21544

Roman Coins and Their Values

21541   21542 Silver half siliqua (c. 0.90 grams). Da. Rev. No legend, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, no mint mark. RIC x, 3615. RSC 15. [Milan]. F £225 ($400) / VF £575 ($1,000) Ga. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark RV in ex. RIC x, 3643. MR 223. RSC —. F £225 ($400) / VF £575 ($1,000) [Ravenna].

  21544 21545 Ga. Rev. — Victory stg. l. on globe, holding wreath and palm, no mint mark. RIC x, 3649. MR 231. RSC —. [Ravenna]. F £270 ($475) / VF £685 ($1,200)

21545

A, D, or E, a. Rev. — turreted figure stg. l., holding sceptre and cornucopiae, r. foot on prow, mint mark M — D or M — D in field. RIC x, 3616-20. DOC 682-3. UB 186-7 and 189-90. RSC 11 a-c. [Milan]. F £185 ($325) / VF £460 ($800)

21546

D or G. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark R — V in field. RIC x, 3644-6. DOC 672-3. MR 224-6. RSC 12. [Ravenna]. F £185 ($325) / VF £460 ($800)

21547

A or D, a. Rev. — eagle, with spread wings, stg. r. on branch, hd. l., cross above, no mint mark. RIC x, 3621-4. DOC 684. UB 191-2. RSC 13a-b. [Milan]. F £185 ($325) / VF £460 ($800)

21548

  21548 21550 Ga. Rev. — as previous, but with Q (?) or nothing above eagle’s hd. RIC x, 3647. MR F £185 ($325) / VF £460 ($800) 227-8. RSC —. [Ravenna].

21549

Ga. Rev. — as previous, but eagle is stg. l., hd. r., with cross above hd. RIC x, 3648. MR 229-30. RSC 14. [Ravenna]. F £185 ($325) / VF £460 ($800)

21550

Ba. Rev. — Chi-Rho monogram within wreath, mint mark (?) CM in ex. flanked by dots. RIC x, 3664. Cf. RSC 15A (attributed to Milan). [Rome]. F £270 ($475) / VF £685 ($1,200) The exergual mark could also be read as an indication of value expressed in Greek letter-numerals (CM = 240 nummi) — see RIC x, pp. 217-18.

21551

Bronze 40 nummi (c. 16.30 grams). H, laur. hd. r., officina mark (?) IIII (= 4) flanked by dots beneath. Rev. GLORIA ROMANORO, Victory advancing r., holding wreath in r. hand and trophy over shoulder in l., prow beneath feet, S — C in field, mark of value XL (= 40) flanked by dots in ex. RIC x, p. 448, 3665. LRBC 875. [Rome, AD 489-90?]. F £290 ($500) / VF £685 ($1,200) The date of this rare and interesting series remains controversial, but Kent’s view (RIC x, p. 219) that they were issued under the authority of Theoderic the Ostrogoth (rather than under Odovacar) seems very plausible.

ZENO

21552

21553

21554

543

21552 Bronze 40 nummi. Similar, but with rev. legend IMVICTA (= INVICTA) ROMA, and without prow beneath Victory’s feet. RIC x, p. 449, 3666. DOC 689. LRBC 877. [Rome, AD 489-90?]. F £225 ($400) / VF £575 ($1,000) As previous, but with obv. legend I and obv. type laur., dr. and cuir. bust r. RIC x, p. 449, 3667. LRBC 878. [Rome, AD 489-90?]. F £290 ($500) / VF £685 ($1,200)

  21554 21555 Bronze double centenionalis or maiorina (c. 3.00-4.00 grams, weights variable). D (or similar), a. Rev. CONCORDIA . . . . . , Zeno, in military attire, stg. r., holding long cross and globe, his l. foot set on captive, mint mark CON (?) in ex. RIC x, 948. LRBC II, 2277. MIRB 23. [Constantinople]. F £100 ($175) / VF £250 ($450) These would seem to have been struck specifically for circulation in Cherson (southern Crimea) and its hinterland, where this denomination was especially popular.

21555

Bronze centenionalis (c. 1.50 grams, weights variable). D N ZENONS PE AVG (or similar), a. Rev. SE — CN, Victory advancing l., hd. r., holding wreath and dragging captive behind her, P-headed cross (sometimes reversed) in l. field, mint mark KOC in ex., all within wreath. RIC x, 949. Cf. LRBC II, 2282A. MIRB 24. [Constantinople]. F £45 ($80) / VF £115 ($200)

21556

Obv. legend normally fragmentary and badly blundered, helmeted, dr. and cuir. bust r. Rev. ZE—NO, Zeno, in military attire, stg. facing, holding standard and globus cruciger, no mint mark. RIC x, 953. LRBC II, —. MIRB 28.2. [Cyzicus?]. F £45 ($80) / VF £115 ($200)

21557

As previous, but on rev. Zeno is sometimes nimbate, and usually holds long cross instead of standard and globe instead of globus cruciger, mint mark NIC in ex. RIC x, 955. LRBC II, —. MIRB 28.1. [Nicomedia]. F £45 ($80) / VF £115 ($200)

21558

21558 As previous, but sometimes with obv. type a, and without mint mark on rev. RIC x, 9567. LRBC II, —. MIRB —. [Cyzicus?]. F £45 ($80) / VF £115 ($200)

21559

D N ZINON PE AVG or D N ZINONS P F A (or similar), helmeted, dr. and cuir. bust r. Rev. No legend, Zeno, in military attire, stg. r., holding long cross and globe, sometimes with P-headed cross (reversed) in lower r. field, uncertain mint mark in ex. RIC x, 951. LRBC II, —. MIRB —. [Constantinople?]. F £45 ($80) / VF £115 ($200)

21560

D N ZENONS (or ZINOS) P F AV (or similar), a or b. Rev. — Victory advancing l., hd. r., holding wreath and dragging captive behind her, mint mark NIC in ex. RIC x, 952 and 952a. LRBC II, —. MIRB —. [Nicomedia]. F £60 ($100) / VF £140 ($250)

544 21561



21562

Roman Coins and Their Values Bronze half centenionalis or nummus (c. 0.75-1.00 gram, weights extremely variable). D N ZENO (or ZINOS) AV (or similar, often blundered), a. Rev. Monogram of Zeno within wreath, mint mark THS below. RIC x, 958-60. LRBC II, —. MIRB 33. [Thessalonica]. F £17 ($30) / VF £43 ($75) The monograms of Zeno come in a wide variety of forms (cf. RIC x, p. 314).

21562 D N ZENO (or ZENON) PE (or P F) AV (or similar), a. Rev. As previous, but with mint mark KOC. RIC x, 961-2. Cf. LRBC II, 2279. MIRB 26. [Constantinople]. F £17 ($30) / VF £43 ($75)

21563

Similar, but with mint mark POL instead of KOC on rev. RIC x, 963. LRBC II, —. MIRB —. [Constantinople]. F £23 ($40) / VF £60 ($100)

21564

D N ZENO P F AVG (or similar), a. Rev. As 21561, but with mint mark CVZ. RIC x, F £15 ($25) / VF £35 ($60) 965-7. LRBC II, —. MIRB 29 and 30a-b. [Cyzicus].

21565

D N ZENO (or ZENON) PE AUG, or D N ZENONE AUG (or similar), a. Rev. As previous, but with mint mark ANT or ANTA. RIC x, 968-75. LRBC II, —. MIRB 31-2. F £17 ($30) / VF £43 ($75) [Antioch].

ARIADNE 21568 Aelia Ariadne, the elder daughter of Leo I and Verina, was born before her father became emperor in 457. In 466 she married the Isaurian Zeno by whom she had a son, the future emperor Leo II. In the troubled period following her father’s death early in 474 Ariadne was given the rank of Augusta, most likely after Zeno’s elevation to the rank of co-emperor with his sickly son, Leo II. This meant that as the wife of a reigning Augustus Ariadne now outranked her widowed mother Verina, a situation which by no means pleased the still-ambitious dowager empress. Soon after Zeno became sole emperor on the death of Leo II in November 474 Verina appears to have been instrumental in her brother Basiliscus’ uprising against Zeno. This led to the emperor’s flight from the capital, together with the empress Ariadne, and the exiled imperial couple took refuge in Zeno’s native Isauria. Here they remained until Basiliscus’ growing unpopularity provided an opportunity for their return to Constantinople and the resumption of Zeno’s rightful place on the eastern throne (summer 476). Ariadne’s role during her husband’s second reign is unclear, though she was doubtless very influential in court life and intervened with her husband on several occasions. These interventions were on behalf of her mother Verina, of whom the emperor was justifiably suspicious following the usurpation of Basiliscus; and to save the life of the young Caesar Leo when he was deposed from his Caesarship following the downfall of his father Armatus in 477. On the death of Zeno in 491 it was Ariadne who was called upon to select a successor, in much the same way as Pulcheria had chosen Marcian on the death of her brother Theodosius II in 450. Her choice fell upon the elderly palace official Anastasius who was to rule the Empire wisely and well for the following twenty-seven years. She also married Anastasius and survived until 515, predeceasing her second husband by three years. She had lived almost six decades in the imperial palace in Constantinople. The extremely rare coinage of Ariadne was limited to gold solidi and tremisses. There appear to have been two distinct issues, each with its own portrait style and different spellings of the empress’s name. The possibility certainly exists that some of her coins may have been struck under Anastasius.

LEONTIUS

21566

545

21566 Gold solidus (c. 4.50 grams). AEL ARIAUNE AVG, diad. and dr. bust r. Rev. VICTORIA AVGGG followed by officina mark I (= 10), Victory stg. l., holding long jewelled cross, star in r. field, mint mark CON OB in ex. RIC x, 933; Depeyrot, —. MIRB —. [Constantinople]. VF £17,250 ($30,000) / EF £43,000 ($75,000)

21567

Similar, but with obv. legend AEL ARIADNE AVG (officinae B, G, and I = 2, 3, and 10 recorded). RIC x, 936; Depeyrot, p. 262, 108/2. MIRB 9. [Constantinople]. VF £13,300 ($25,000) / EF £37,500 ($65,000)

21568

Gold tremissis or one-third solidus (c. 1.50 grams). Obv. As 21566. Rev. No legend, cross within wreath, mint mark CON OB or CONO followed by star in ex. RIC x, 933a935; Depeyrot, —. MIRB —. [Constantinople]. VF £5,700 ($10,000) / EF £14,300 ($25,000)

21569



21569 Similar, but with obv. legend as 21567 (mint mark CON OB followed by star). RIC x, 938; Depeyrot, p. 263, 110/1. MIRB 17. [Constantinople]. VF £4,550 ($8,000) / EF £11,500 ($20,000) NB A hybrid tremissis is also known with reverse type of Zeno (obv. as 21567), VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM, Victory advancing with wreath and globus cruciger (RIC x, 937, Depeyrot 108/6, MIRB 18).

LEONTIUS Summer AD 484-488 21570 The general Leontius was, like Zeno, an Isaurian and was born at the town of Dalisandus near the river Cydnus. In 484 another Isaurian general, Illus, formerly a close friend of Zeno, rebelled against the emperor in the East where he held the rank of Magister Utriusque Militiae per Orientem. Justly alarmed, Zeno sent Leontius, who was at this time Magister Utriusque Militiae per Thracias, against the rebels. However, instead of engaging the enemy he was persuaded by Illus to join the uprising and unite his army with the eastern troops. At Tarsus, Leontius was proclaimed emperor by Illus and was crowned by the empress Verina, widow of Leo I, who had been living in Illus’ camp for some time (summer 484). They immediately proceeded to Antioch where they remained for twelve days while deciding on their future course of action. Presumably, it was at this time that the excessively rare solidi were struck in the usurper’s name as all known specimens bear the Antioch mint mark. However in September the rebel army was utterly defeated by another force sent by Zeno to put down the uprising. The principals, including Leontius, all fled to the Isaurian fortress of Papyrius where they remained under siege for the following four years. Eventually they were forced to surrender and the usurper was executed at Seleucia in Isauria.

546

Roman Coins and Their Values

21570

Gold solidus (c. 4.50 grams). D N LEONTIO (or LEOTIO, sic) PERPS AVG, helmeted and cuir. bust three-quarter face to r., holding spear and shield. Rev. UICTORIA AUGG (or some blundered form, such as UICTRA AUOGG or UICTORA AUGG), Victory stg. l., holding long jewelled cross, star in r. field, mint mark ANT OB (or similar) in ex. RIC x, 1101-3; Depeyrot, pp. 289-90, 44/1 and 45/1. MIRB 1. [Antioch, summer AD 484]. (Extremely rare, fewer than five known)



NB A bronze nummus with monogram reverse has also been ascribed to Leontius (DOC, p. 190). However, the attribution appears highly unlikely given the extreme brevity of the ‘reign’ and Kent (RIC x, p. 316, note) believes it to be a coin of Leo I.

THE FINAL COLLAPSE OF THE REMNANTS OF THE EMPIRE IN THE WEST, AD 455-476 (480)

PETRONIUS MAXIMUS 17 Mar.-31 May AD 455 21571 Flavius Anicius Petronius Maximus was born of an illustrious Roman family about AD 396. He already held high office in the later years of Honorius and his senatorial career continued to advance under Valentinian III, during whose long reign Maximus twice held the consulship (433 and 443). In the mid-440s he even built a forum in Rome on the Caelian Hill, in the vicinity of the present-day Church of S. Clemente. But his ambitions knew no bounds and in 454 he began plotting against the great general Aetius with the aim of replacing him. He so poisoned the emperor’s mind against his loyal servant (and the principal support of his throne) that Valentinian himself struck down his general in the imperial palace (late September 454). This left the way open for the culmination of Maximus’ ambitions — the seizure of the throne itself. Aetius’ murder aroused the hatred of so many of his former supporters that it was a relatively easy task for Maximus to find eager assassins to exact revenge on Valentinian. Thus, the emperor survived his Magister Utriusque Militiae by less than six months and the Theodosian dynasty was now extinct in the male line in the Western Empire as well as the East. Petronius Maximus was now free to seize the throne and this he did on the very next day (17 March 455). But his tenure of power was to be of only brief duration as Rome was now threatened by a Vandal attack from North Africa. Geiseric claimed that he had received an appeal from the empress Licinia Eudoxia (who had been forced to marry Maximus) to avenge the murder of the late emperor. Geiseric was happy to oblige and the prospect of rich plunder brought the Vandal fleet to the imperial capital only eleven weeks after Valentinian’s murder. In the panic preceding the arrival of the Vandals Maximus, instead of taking charge of the city’s defence, himself decided to flee and in the course of his flight he was murdered by the mob in the streets of Rome, his mutilated body being thrown into the Tiber. Petronius Maximus had time to issue only solidi during his 75-day reign. These are surprisingly numerous from the mint of Rome (Depeyrot records almost 60 specimens) though a much rarer issue from Ravenna is also known. 21571

Gold solidus (c. 4.5 grams). D N PETRONIVS MAXIMVS P F AVG, diad., dr. and cuir. bust r. Rev. VICTORIA AVGGG, Maximus, in military attire, stg. facing, holding long cross and Victory on globe, his r. foot set on hd. of human-headed serpent, mint mark R — M in field, COM OB in ex. RIC x, 2201-2. Depeyrot, p. 155, 48/1-3. DOC VF £7,200 ($12,500) / EF £14,300 ($25,000) 874. C 1. [Rome].

AVITUS

21572

547

21572 Gold solidus. As previous, but with mint mark R — V instead of R — M in rev. field. RIC x, 2203. MR 126. Depeyrot, p. 192, 19/1. C 1. [Rome]. VF £10,000 ($17,500) / EF £20,000 ($35,000)

AVITUS 9 Jul. 455-17 Oct. 456 21573 Marcus Maecilius Eparchius Avitus was a Gallic nobleman and came of a senatorial family from the Auvergne region that was very distinguished and well connected in Roman society. He adopted a military and diplomatic career and served with distinction under both Honorius and Valentinian III. In the 430s he was given a command under the general Aetius and saw action in the campaigns against the Iuthungi and Norici and, later, against the Burgundians. His success brought him a steady rise in rank. In 439 he became praetorian prefect of Gaul and negotiated a treaty of friendship with the Visigothic king Theoderic I with whom he quickly became firm friends. During the 440s Avitus was living in retirement on his country estates in Gaul, though in 451 he used his influence with Theoderic to get him to support Aetius in the struggle against Attila the Hun who had invaded Gaul. This was followed by another short period of retirement from public life that was abruptly ended by the assassination of Valentinian III and the accession of Petronius Maximus (March 455). Maximus quickly realized that his regime needed strong military support and he called upon Avitus to became Magister Militum. He was given the task of securing the aid of the Goths against the impending attack on Rome by the Vandals, but events moved too quickly for him to be able to organize support for the regime of Maximus. Rome was sacked in June 455 and great damage was inflicted on the city, far worse than in Alaric’s attack 45 years before. The empress Licinia Eudoxia and her two daughters were carried off as captives, much as Galla Placidia had been in 410. When news of the disaster reached Gaul Theoderic II at Toulouse urged his old friend to assume the vacant throne. The Gallic leaders being in agreement, Avitus reluctantly accepted the purple at Arles (9 July 455). His brief reign extended over no more than 15 months. Being a provincial he was not well favoured by the Roman nobility and a famine in the city only increased his unpopularity. The one military highlight of his reign was a victory over the Vandal fleet in the western Mediterranean. This was achieved by the general Ricimer who, as a result of this rare success, was promoted to the rank of Magister Militum. He was soon to become the most powerful man in the Western Empire, making and un-making a rapid succession of emperors over a career spanning the following one and a half decades. Avitus became his first victim in October 456 when Ricimer and his protégée Majorian raised the standards of rebellion. Avitus was defeated and deposed at the battle of Placentia (modern Piacenza) in northern Italy on 17 October and was subsequently made bishop of Placentia. He died soon afterwards and was buried at Brivas (Brioude) in his native Auvergne. The coinage of Avitus is rare and comprises in the main solidi from the newly-reopened Gallic mint of Arles and tremisses from Milan. Arles was staffed by moneyers transferred from Ravenna. 21573

Gold solidus (c. 4.5 grams). D N AVITVS PERP (or PRP) F AVG, diad., dr. and cuir. bust r., bearded. Rev. VICTORIA AVGGG, Avitus, in military attire, stg. r., holding long cross and Victory on globe, his l. foot set on captive, mint mark A — R in field, COM OB in ex. RIC x, 2401. EMA 212/1-2. Depeyrot, p. 138, 24/1-2. DOC 875. C 5. [Arles]. VF £7,200 ($12,500) / EF £14,300 ($25,000) This mint had not been in commission since the reign of the usurper Jovinus (AD 411-413).

548

21574

Roman Coins and Their Values

  21574 21575 Gold solidus. As previous, but with mint mark M — D instead of A — R in rev. field. RIC x, 2403. UB 96. Depeyrot, p. 173, 22/1. C 5. [Milan]. VF £7,200 ($12,500) / EF £14,300 ($25,000) An unique variant has AVG instead of AVGGG on rev. (RIC 2404, UB 97).

21575

D N AVITVS P F AVG, diad., dr. and cuir. bust r. Rev. — as previous, but Avitus holds standard instead of long cross, and with mint mark R — M instead of M — D in field. RIC x, 2408. Depeyrot, —. Cf. C 12. [Rome]. (Unique)

21576

Gold tremissis or one-third solidus (c. 1.50 grams). D N AVITVS PERP AVG, diad., dr. and cuir bust r. Rev. No legend, cross within wreath, mint mark COM OB in ex. RIC x, 2402. Cf. MR 127-8. Depeyrot, —. Cf. C 12. [Arles]. VF £3,450 ($6,000) / EF £7,200 ($12,500)

21577

21577 As previous, but with obv. legend D N AVITVS PERP AVG (or AG) or D N AVITVS PERP F AVG. RIC x, 2405-7. DOC 876. UB 98-100. Depeyrot, p. 173, 23/1-2. C 13. [Milan]. VF £2,850 ($5,000) / EF £5,700 ($10,000) The tremisses of Milan have the typical ‘spiky’ leaves in the wreath on reverse, while those attributed to Arles and Rome have a much neater wreath.

21578

As previous, but with obv. legend D N AVITVS P F AVG. RIC x, 2409. Depeyrot, p. 173, 22/1. C 5. [Rome]. VF £3,450 ($6,000) / EF £7,200 ($12,500)

21579

Silver siliqua. Obv. As previous. Rev. VRBIS ROMA, Roma seated l. cuirass, holding Victory on globe and resting on spear, mint mark RM PS (?) in ex. RIC x, 2410. RSC 9. [Rome]. F £4,300 ($7,500) / VF £11,500 ($20,000) Confirmation of the existence of authentic specimens of this type is urgently required.

21580

21580 Bronze half centenionalis or nummus. Obv. As previous. Rev. VICTORIA AVGG, Avitus, in military attire, stg. l., holding spear and resting on shield, mint mark RM (?) in ex. RIC x, 2411. LRBC II, —. C —. [Rome]. (Extremely rare)

21581

— Rev. — Victory stg. l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark RM (?) in ex., officina (?) mark S (= 2) in l. field. RIC x, 2413. LRBC II, —. Cf. C 8. [Rome]. (Extremely rare)

21582

— Rev. No legend (?), as previous, but with star instead of S in l. field, mint mark RM in ex. RIC x, 2412. LRBC II, —. C —. [Rome]. (Extremely rare)

MAJORIAN

549

MAJORIAN 1 Apr. (28 Dec.) AD 4572 Aug. 461 21585 Flavius Julius Valerius Maiorianus was born of a military family and joined the army at an early age. His mother was the daughter of a Master of Soldiers under Theodosius I while his father was employed in a financial role on the personal staff of the general Aetius. His military career advanced under Aetius and he saw active duty on various campaigns in Gaul. One of his comrades at this time was Flavius Ricimer who was to play a prominent role in Majorian’s later career. Following a disagreement with Aetius, Majorian retired to his country estate (c. 450) and remained there until after Aetius’ murder in 454. Panicked by the loss of his principal general, Valentinian III recalled Majorian and gave him the task of calming the wrath of Aetius’ soldiers. Less than six months later, Valentinian himself was dead by the assassin’s hand and in the autumn of 456 Majorian, allied with his old comrade-in-arms Ricimer, raised the standards of rebellion against the emperor Avitus. Following Avitus’ downfall there was an interregnum in the West due to uncertainty over whether or not Majorian’s elevation would be accepted by the eastern emperor Marcian. To complicate the situation, Marcian himself died in January of 457 and there was a further delay while the West awaited news of a successor. Ultimately, Majorian was proclaimed by the western army in early April, though he was not formally installed at Ravenna until late December. Majorian proved to be a vigorous and ambitious ruler who clearly hoped to restore the fortunes of the Romans in what remained of the Western Empire. He achieved a number of significant victories until his one great failure against the Vandals in 460 led to his downfall. This was brought about by treachery on the Roman side when a great fleet assembled for an expedition against the North African kingdom was betrayed and the ships destroyed before they had even left port. Majorian’s reputation could not recover from a disaster of this magnitude and his former comrade Ricimer now turned against him and had him arrested and deposed at Tortona (Dertona) in north-western Italy (2 August 461). He was executed just five days later, a clear indication of the growing authority of the barbarian general in the West. Ricimer was doubtless concerned over Majorian’s successes and growing popularity and was glad to seize the opportunity to remove him from power. In so doing, he probably sealed the fate of the Western Empire. The coinage of Majorian was issued principally from Ravenna, Milan, and Arles and an innovation was the striking of bronze issues at Ravenna and Milan. Majorian never went to Rome during his reign and it appears that no coins in his name were struck there. Another innovation was the use of a military bust on most of the solidi, showing a helmeted effigy of the emperor holding a spear and shield before him. There are three principal varieties of obverse legend:

A. D N IVL MAIORIANVS P F AVG (or similar) B. D N IVLIVS MAIORIANVS P F AVG (or similar) C. D N MAIORIANVS P F AVG (or similar)



There are three varieties of obverse type:



a. Diad., dr. and cuir. bust r. b. Helmeted, dr. and cuir. bust r., holding spear and shield before him. c. Diad. bust facing, wearing consular robes and holding mappa and cruciform sceptre.

21583

Gold solidus (c. 4.50 grams). Ba. Rev. VICTORIA AVGGG, Majorian, in military attire, stg. facing, holding long cross and Victory on globe, his r. foot set on hd. of human-headed serpent, mint mark R — V in field, COM OB in ex. RIC x, 2604. MR 132. Depeyrot, p. 193, 20/1-2. C 2. [Ravenna, AD 457-8]. VF £2,000 ($3,500) / EF £4,300 ($7,500)

550

21584

Roman Coins and Their Values

  21584 21586 Gold solidus. As previous, but with mint mark M — D in rev. field, COM OB in ex. RIC x, 2635. UB, pl. XI, A. Depeyrot, p. 173, 24/1. C 2. [Milan, AD 457-8]. VF £2,000 ($3,500) / EF £4,300 ($7,500)

21585

Bb. Rev. — as 21583. RIC x, 2605-8, 2612-14, and 2623-6. DOC 877. MR 133-9. Depeyrot, p. 193, 22/1-3. C 1. [Ravenna, AD 458-61]. VF £1,700 ($3,000) / EF £3,750 ($6,500) There is a great deal of stylistic variation within this series (cf. Kent, RIC x, p. 185). Sometimes the rev. legend reads VICTORIIA (sic) AVGGG.

21586

Bb. Rev. — as 21583, but with A — R instead of R — V in field, and sometimes with star or dot following COM OB in ex. RIC x, 2627-34. DOC 884. EMA 213/1-2, 214/1, and 215/1. Depeyrot, pp. 138-9, 25/1-4, 26/1-2, and 27/1. C 1. [Arles, AD 458-61]. VF £1,425 ($2,500) / EF £3,150 ($5,500)

21587

As previous, but with mint mark M — D instead of A — R in rev. field, COM OB in ex. RIC x, 2636-9. UB 102-4. DOC 880-81. Depeyrot, pp. 173-4, 24/2-5. C 1. [Milan, AD 458-61]. VF £1,575 ($2,750) / EF £3,450 ($6,000)

21588

21589

21590

  21588 21589 Bc. Rev. VOTIS MVLTIS, two nimbate emperors (Majorian and Leo I) seated facing side by side, their feet on stools, each wearing consular robes and holding mappa and cruciform sceptre, mint mark RV in field (sometimes divided R—V), COM OB in ex. RIC x, 2601-3. MR 129-31. Depeyrot, p. 193, 21/1-2. C 12. [Ravenna, January AD 458]. VF £8,500 ($15,000) / EF £17,250 ($30,000) This was struck on the occasion of Majorian’s consulship assumed on 1 January 458. Although Leo is depicted on the reverse, it is most unlikely that the western emperor’s elevation and consulship had been recognized in Constantinople. Gold tremissis or one-third solidus (c. 1.50 grams). A or B, a. Rev. No legend, cross within wreath, mint mark COM OB in ex. RIC x, 2609-11. MR 140-42. Depeyrot, p. 193, 23/1-2. Lacam 38, 40, and 42. C 15. [Ravenna]. VF £720 ($1,250) / EF £1,425 ($2,500) These have a neatly engraved wreath surrounding the cross.

21590 As previous, but for the form of the wreath on rev. RIC x, 2640. UB 137. DOC 882. Depeyrot, p. 174, 25/1-2. Lacam 46. C 15. [Milan]. VF £720 ($1,250) / EF £1,425 ($2,500) These have a more coarsely engraved wreath composed of ‘spiky’ leaves.

LIBIUS SEVERUS (SEVERUS III)

21591

551

21591 Silver half siliqua (c. 0.65-0.85 grams). Cb. Rev. VOTIS MVLTIS, crude figure of Majorian, in military attire, stg. facing, holding spear and shield ornamented with star, uncertain object in lower r. field, no mint mark. RIC x, 2649. RSC 13 (condemned as a forgery). [Uncertain Gallic mint?]. F £1,700 ($3,000) / VF £4,300 ($7,500) In support of the authenticity of this type Kent (RIC x, p. 187) points out that knowledge of some specimens goes back to the early 18th century and probably beyond. NB Kent doubts whether any of the recorded silver bearing Majorian’s name were official issues of the Roman government. He makes the interesting suggestion that they struck under the authority of Aegidius, the loyal Magister Militum in Gaul, who was a former comrade-in-arms of Majorian in the army of Aetius. A later copy of the type, bearing the name of Anastasius (Tolstoi 170), is probably of Frankish origin.



21592

  21592 21593 A or B (or similar, sometimes abbreviated), b (sometimes lacking the spear and shield). Rev. VICTORIA AVGG (usually badly blundered), Victory stg. l., holding long cross, no mint mark but sometimes with two stars in ex. RIC x, 2650-53. RSC 8a-c. [Uncertain Gallic mint]. F £1,425 ($2,500) / VF £3,750 ($6,500)

21593

Bronze centenionalis (c. 2.00 grams). A or B (sometimes abbreviated and slightly blundered), a. Rev. VICTORIA AVGGG (or AVGG), Victory stg. l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark RV in ex. RIC x, 2615-18. DOC 878. MR 143-6. LRBC II, 586. F £200 ($350) / VF £520 ($900) Cf. C 4-7. [Ravenna].

21594

Similar to previous (obv. legend A and rev. ending AVGGG only recorded), but with mint mark MD or DM in ex. RIC x, 2641-8. DOC 883. Cf. UB 106-7. LRBC II, 581-3. F £140 ($250) / VF £430 ($750) Cf. C 4-6. [Milan].

21595

Ca. Rev. — Majorian, in military attire, stg. facing. hd. l., his r. hand resting on hd. of kneeling captive, holding standard in l., mint mark RV in ex. RIC x, 2620-21. DOC 879. Cf. MR 147 (wrong illustration). Cf. LRBC II, 689 (attributed to Rome). Cf. C 3. F £200 ($350) / VF £575 ($1,000) [Ravenna].

LIBIUS SEVERUS (SEVERUS III) 19 Nov. AD 461-25 Sep. 465 21599 Libius (probably Livius) Severus was a native of southern Italy (Lucania). Other than this bare fact, virtually nothing is known of his life, his accomplishments, or his actions as emperor. The reins of government were entirely in the hands of the overly-powerful barbarian Magister Militum Flavius Ricimer resulting in Severus himself being almost totally ignored by the ancient historians. The great eighteenth century English historian Edward Gibbon memorably wrote “History has scarcely deigned to notice his birth, his elevation, his character, or his death”. Severus was proclaimed

552

Roman Coins and Their Values

emperor by Ricimer at Ravenna on 19 Nov. 457 and passed away in Rome less than four years later. It is possible that he may have been poisoned by Ricimer when he ceased to be of any value to the Magister Militum, but there is probably no reason to doubt the account of Sidonius Apollinaris that he died of natural causes. Ricimer saw no reason to replace him immediately and an eighteenmonth interregnum ensued before the eastern emperor Leo sent Anthemius to Italy with an army to claim the western throne. Prior to Anthemius’ arrival, Ricimer continued to rule what remained of the Western Empire and it may have been during this time that the well-known bronze nummi were struck bearing a monogram on the reverse that can hardly be interpreted as anything other than Ricimer’s name. The coinage of Libius Severus was issued principally from Rome, with lesser production from Ravenna and Milan. Very rare solidi bear the mint mark of Arles and must have been struck just before the return of the Ravenna moneyers to northern Italy. In contrast to the military effigy on the solidi of the preceding reign, those of Severus have the conventional profile bust. Siliquae and half siliquae were issued at Rome but there was very little production of bronze, unless the enigmatic Ricimer monogram nummi were issued at this time. As Kent (RIC x, p. 191) points out, “the enormity of the constitutional implications of such a monogram requires us to keep open the possibility of some other explanation”. However, he is unable to provide any satisfactory alternative, my own view being that they were issued during the 18-month interregnum following Severus’ death (see no. 21607 below). There are four principal varieties of obverse legend:

A. D N LIB SEVERVS P F AVG B. D N LIBIVS SEVERVS P F AVG (or AU) C. D N LIBIVS SEVERVS (or SEVEVERVS, sic) PE AVG (the AV sometimes ligatured) D. D N LIBIVS SEVERVS PERPETV (or PERPE) AVG (the AV ligatured, or AG)



There are two varieties of obverse type:



a. Diad., dr. and cuir. bust r. b. Diad. bust l., wearing consular robes and holding mappa and cruciform sceptre.

  21597 Gold solidus (c. 4.50 grams). Bb. Rev. VICTORIA AVGGG, Libius Severus, in military attire, stg. facing, holding long cross and Victory on globe, his r. foot set on hd. of human-headed serpent, mint mark R — M in field, COM OB in ex. RIC x, 2703. Depeyrot, p. 156, 51/1. Lacam 1. Cf. C 9 (obv. bust r. in error). [Rome, AD 462]. (Unique) This was struck on the occasion of Severus’ consulship in January, 462. 21596

21596

21597

21598

Ba. Rev. — as previous, but rarely also with star or dot following COM OB. RIC x, 2704-6. DOC 895. Depeyrot, p. 156, 52/1, cf. 53/1 (dot also preceding COM OB), and 54/1. Lacam 2, 4, and 6. C 8. [Rome]. VF £1,300 ($2,250) / EF £2,850 ($5,000)

21598 As previous, but with mint mark R — V in field, COM OB in ex. RIC x, 2702 and 271819. DOC 887-8. MR 154-6. Depeyrot, pp. 193-4, 24/1-4. Lacam 19, 25, and 32. Cf. C 8. [Ravenna]. VF £1,425 ($2,500) / EF £3,150 ($5,500)

LIBIUS SEVERUS (SEVERUS III)

553

21599

Gold solidus. As previous, but with obv. legend B (?), C or D and mint mark M — D in field, COM OB in ex. RIC x, 2720-25. DOC 889-94. UB 108-14. Depeyrot, p. 174, 26/1-3 and 27/1-3. Lacam 35, 39-40, and 44-6. C 10-11. [Milan]. VF £1,425 ($2,500) / EF £3,150 ($5,500)

21600

As previous, but with obv. legend B and mint mark A — R in field, COM OB in ex. RIC x, 2729. EMA 216/1. Depeyrot, p. 139, 28/1. Lacam 53. C 8. [Arles]. VF £2,300 ($4,000) / EF £4,550 ($8,000)



NB An unique gold multiple of Libius Severus exists at Turin. It is of 12-solidus weight and bears no specific mint mark other than the Comitatensian COM OB. Kent (RIC x, p. 190) thinks it was probably struck at Ravenna on the occasion of Severus’ accession. The obverse is of the regular solidus type while the reverse has the legend PIETAS AVG NOSTRI with a depiction of the emperor crowned by Victory, raising a kneeling turreted female who is presented to him by an armed figure of Roma (?).

21601

21602

21602   21601 Gold semissis or half solidus (c. 2.25 grams). Ba. Rev. SALVS REI PVBLICAE, ChiRho monogram within wreath, mint mark COM OB in ex. RIC x, 2707-8. DOC 896. VF £1,700 ($3,000) / EF £3,450 ($6,000) Depeyrot, p. 156, 55/1-2. C 2. [Rome]. Gold tremissis or one-third solidus (c. 1.50 grams). Aa. Rev. No legend, cross within wreath, mint mark COM OB in ex. RIC x, 2709-10. DOC 897-8. MR 157-9. Depeyrot, p. 157, 55/5 and p. 194, 25/1-3. Lacam 62 and 67. C 19. [Rome and Ravenna?]. VF £775 ($1,350) / EF £1,575 ($2,750) These have a neatly engraved wreath surrounding the cross. Kent believes that “most, if not all, will have been struck at Rome” while some other scholars prefer to divide the series between Rome and Ravenna.

554

Roman Coins and Their Values

21603

21604

  21603 21604 Gold tremissis. As previous, but with obv. legend B, C, or D and with different treatment of the wreath on rev. RIC x, 2726-8. UB 139-40. Depeyrot, p. 175, 28/1-2. Lacam 77, 85, and 89. C 20-21. [Milan]. VF £720 ($1,250) / EF £1,425 ($2,500) These have a more coarsely engraved wreath composed of ‘spiky’ leaves. Silver siliqua. Aa. Rev. VRBIS ROMA, Roma seated l. on cuirass, holding Victory on globe and resting on spear, mint mark RM PS in ex. RIC x, 2711. RSC 15. [Rome]. (Unique)

21605

 

21606

21605

Silver half siliqua. A (sometimes blundered), a. Rev. No legend, Chi-Rho monogram within wreath, mint mark RM in ex. RIC x, 2712-13. DOC 899. RSC 16a-c. [Rome]. F £720 ($1,250) / VF £1,425 ($2,500)

21606

Bronze half centenionalis or nummus. Obv. legend usually fragmentary and/or blundered, a. Rev. VICTO AVG, Victory stg. l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark RM in ex. RIC x, 2714. LRBC II, 870. Cf. C 3. [Rome]. F £200 ($350) / VF £520 ($900)



NB For the commoner nummi in Severus’ name with a monogram of Ricimer on reverse, see no. 21607 below.

RICIMER As Magister Militum during the Interregnum, 25 Sep. AD 465-12 Apr. 467

21607

Although being of mixed barbarian ancestry (Suevi and Visigoth) and not a reigning emperor, Flavius Ricimer was nevertheless in sole control of the western government during the reign of the puppet emperor Libius Severus and for a period of eighteen months following Severus’ death. The latter period seems the most likely for the production of these remarkable little bronze coins. They still bear the name and portrait of Severus on the obverse as Ricimer did not want to be seen as acting outside the norms of the Roman constitution and thus arouse the ire of the eastern emperor Leo. Eventually, a new candidate for the throne did arrive from the East in the person of the aristocrat Anthemius and at this point Ricimer’s monogram coinage doubtless would have ceased. 21607

Bronze half centenionalis or nummus. Obv. As 21606. Rev. Monogram of Ricimer (RECIMER) within wreath, no mint mark. RIC x, 2715-17. LRBC II, 871-2. C —. [Rome]. F £175 ($300) / VF £430 ($750)

ANTHEMIUS

555

ANTHEMIUS 12 Apr. AD 467-11 Jul. 472 21613 Procopius Anthemius, a native of Constantinople, came from a distinguished aristocratic family and had a successful military career under Marcian and Leo. He was married to Aelia Marcia Euphemia, the only daughter of Marcian, and appeared to have been selected as the emperor’s designated successor. However, on Marcian’s death in 457 it was Leo who ascended the eastern throne, he being the candidate of the powerful German Master of Soldiers Aspar. Anthemius’ military career continued to flourish under Leo and when, in the spring of 467, the emperor’s attention was drawn to the unsatisfactory state of affairs in West, it was Anthemius who was chosen to end the lengthy interregnum there and to claim the throne vacated by Libius Severus in 465. He was conveyed to Italy by ship, together with a sizeable military force, and was proclaimed emperor on 12 April by a deputation from the Senate who met him at the third milestone outside Rome. In an attempt to establish friendly relations with Ricimer, Anthemius gave his Master of Soldiers his daughter Alypia’s hand in marriage. But Ricimer, being unaccustomed to share authority in the Western Empire, deeply resented his father-in-law, a situation that was bound eventually to lead to conflict. The situation was exacerbated by the disastrous outcome of the joint naval expedition against the Vandals in North Africa in 468. Although this was not the fault of Anthemius, but rather was due to the total incompetence of the fleet’s commander (Leo’s brother-in-law Basiliscus), the episode reflected badly on the new western emperor and gave Ricimer an advantage in their rivalry. War between them almost broke out following an incident in 470 and peace was only patched up through the intervention of the bishop of Pavia. By 472, Leo was sufficiently concerned about the situation to send Olybrius to mediate between them (though the real reason may have been to rid himself of this influential individual whom he regarded as disloyal). Somehow Ricimer got wind of Leo’s ulterior motive (or perhaps he even fabricated the evidence) and was successful in persuading Olybrius to rebel against Anthemius and take his place as western emperor. This seems to have occurred in April and although Anthemius put up some resistance in Rome, he was eventually captured in the streets of his capital disguised as a beggar and killed by Ricimer’s nephew Gundobad. Ricimer himself died the following month (18 August) and was succeeded briefly as the western ‘kingmaker’ by Gundobad. The gold solidi of Anthemius were produced in much larger numbers than those of any of his immediate predecessors or successors in the West. Its quality of execution is quite varied, even within the issues of the same mint, and no doubt the personnel were operating under considerable pressure in order to provide sufficient currency to defray the costs connected with the great Vandal campaign of 468. Anthemius’ coinage was all produced at the Italian mints of Rome, Ravenna, and Milan. Southern Gaul was slipping from Roman control and in consequence no coins of Anthemius appear to have been struck at Arles (though very rare issues are known in the names of Julius Nepos and Romulus Augustus). As he had spent his earlier life in the eastern Empire, it is hardly surprising that Anthemius’ solidi broke with many of the traditions of the western coinage. After the very rare initial issue, the obverse profile bust was replaced by the facing military bust of the Constantinopolitan solidi, while the emperor trampling on serpent reverse was superseded by representations of the two emperors Leo and Anthemius (even on the earliest issues). Silver continued to be very rare and even bronzes were produced quite sparingly, all being of the monogram type. Very rare coins were struck also in the name of his wife Euphemia. There are four principal varieties of obverse legend:

A. D N ANTHEMIVS P F AVG (or AG) B. D N ANTHEMIVS PE AVG C. D N ANTHEMIVS PERP AVG D. D N ANTHEMIVS PERPET (or PERPE) AVG (or AV ligatured) E. D N ANTHEMIVS PERPETV AVG (or AG) F. D N PROC ANTHEMIVS P F AVG (Slightly blundered legends are sometimes encountered)

556

Roman Coins and Their Values There are three principal varieties of obverse type:



a. Diad., dr. and cuir. bust r. b. Helmeted and cuir. bust three-quarter face to r. (sometimes virtually full-face), holding spear and shield. c. Helmeted, dr. and cuir. bust three-quarter face to r., holding spear (no shield).

21608

  21608 21609 Gold solidus (c. 4.50 grams). Fa. Rev. SALVS REI PVBLICAE, Anthemius and Leo I, both in military attire, stg. facing side by side, each holding spear and supporting between them globe surmounted by cross, star in field between them, mint mark COM OB in ex. RIC x, 2801. Depeyrot, p. 157, 57/1. Lacam 4. C 10. [Rome, AD 467]. (Unique)

21609

A, B, C, or D, b. Rev. — as previous, but with mint mark RM instead of star between the stg. figures, COM OB (or very rarely RM) in ex. RIC x, 2803 and 2807-13. DOC 915. Depeyrot, p. 158, 59/1-6. Lacam 51-2, 54, 59, and 64. C 6 var. [Rome]. VF £1,000 ($1,750) / EF £2,000 ($3,500)

21610

Ab. Rev. — as previous, but with star following COM OB in ex. RIC x, 2818-19. Depeyrot, p. 157, 58/1-2. Lacam —. C 6 var. [Rome]. VF £1,050 ($1,850) / EF £2,150 ($3,750)

21611

As previous, but with Christogram, P-headed cross, or star instead of RM between the stg. figures and without star in ex. RIC x, 2802 and 2814-17. DOC 916 and 918-19. Depeyrot, p. 158, 60/1. Lacam 58, 60, 61, and 92. C 6 var. [Rome]. VF £1,000 ($1,750) / EF £2,000 ($3,500)

21612

  21612 21614 Similar, but with CO RM OB instead of COM OB in ex. RIC x, 2820-26. DOC 917. Depeyrot, pp. 158-9, 61/1-2, 62/1-2, and 63/1-4. Lacam 55-6, 67, 70-71, and 74-5. Cf. C 7. [Rome]. VF £1,000 ($1,750) / EF £2,000 ($3,500)

21613

Ac. Rev. — as 21608, but with ROMA monogram (usually with dot, star, or inverted U below) between the stg. figures, COM OB in ex. sometimes flanked by dots or by stars. RIC x, 2830-35. DOC 923-5. Cf. Depeyrot, pp. 159-60, 65/1-2, 67/1, 68/1, and 69/1. Lacam 33, 41, 49, and 50. C 6 var. [Rome]. VF £1,000 ($1,750) / EF £2,000 ($3,500)

21614

Ab. Rev. — as 21608, but sometimes with mint mark CO RV O instead of COM OB in ex. RIC x, 2873-4. MR 167. Depeyrot, —. Lacam 26-7. C 16-17. [Ravenna]. VF £1,425 ($2,500) / EF £2,850 ($5,000)

21615

Ac. Rev. — as 21608, but sometimes with mint mark RV instead of (or as well as) star between the stg. figures. RIC x, 2875-82. MR 164-6 and 168-72. Depeyrot, pp. 195-6, 29/1-2 and 30/1. Lacam 17, 20-22, and 24-5. C 8. [Ravenna]. VF £1,300 ($2,250) / EF £2,600 ($4,500)

ANTHEMIUS

21616

557

  21616 21618 Gold solidus. A, B, D, or E, b. Rev. — as 21608, but with mint mark MD (sometimes ligatured) instead of star between the stg. figures. RIC x, 2887-93. DOC 909-14. UB 1212 and 124-5. Depeyrot, pp. 175-6, 29/1-5. Lacam 93-4, 98, 100, and 106. C 9. [Milan]. VF £1,050 ($1,850) / EF £2,150 ($3,750)

21617

Similar, but with obv. type c, and the mint mark MD normally ligatured. RIC x, 28949. DOC 921-2. UB 116-19. Depeyrot, p. 176, 30/1-4. Lacam 84-5 and 87-8. C 6. [Milan]. VF £1,150 ($2,000) / EF £2,300 ($4,000)

21618

Ab. Rev. — Anthemius and Leo I, both in military attire, stg. facing side by side, their hands joined, the figure on r. holding Victory on globe in his l. hand, in upper central field, oval tablet inscribed PAX (or PAS, sic) and surmounted by cross, mint mark R — M in field, COM OB in ex. RIC x, 2804. DOC 908. Depeyrot, p. 160, 70/1. Lacam 29. Cf. C 11. [Rome]. VF £1,300 ($2,250) / EF £2,600 ($4,500)

21619

As previous, but with mint mark R — V in field, COM OB in ex. RIC x, 2872. DOC 903. MR 163. Depeyrot, p. 196, 31/1. Lacam 11. C —. [Ravenna]. VF £1,425 ($2,500) / EF £2,850 ($5,000)

21620

As previous, but the tablet is square and inscribed PAS or BAS (sic), and with mint mark M — D in field, COM OB in ex. RIC x, 2884-6. DOC 904-7. UB 126-8. Depeyrot, p. 176, 31/1-2. Lacam 76 and 79-80. Cf. C 12. [Milan]. VF £1,150 ($2,000) / EF £2,300 ($4,000)

21621

  21621 21622 Fa. Rev. — Anthemius and Leo I, both nimbate, stg. facing each other, holding between them long cross and each holding globe in his left hand, mint mark R — V in lower field, COM OB in ex. RIC x, 2866. DOC 901. MR 160. Depeyrot, p. 195, 27/1. Lacam 1. C —. [Ravenna, AD 467]. VF £2,150 ($3,750) / EF £4,300 ($7,500)

21622

As previous, but with obv. type b. RIC x, 2867-70. DOC 902. MR 162. Depeyrot, p. 195, 28/1-3. Lacam 5, 7, and 9. C 2. [Ravenna]. VF £1,150 ($2,000) / EF £2,300 ($4,000)

21623

Similar, but with obv. legend A. RIC x, 2871. MR 161. Depeyrot, p. 195, 28/4. Lacam —. C —. [Ravenna]. VF £1,300 ($2,250) / EF £2,600 ($4,500)

21624

D, diad. bust facing, wearing consular robes and holding mappa and cruciform sceptre. Rev. VOTIS MVLTIS, Anthemius and Leo I, both nimbate and in consular robes, enthroned facing side by side, each holding mappa and cruciform sceptre, mint mark RM in lower field between them, COM OB in ex. RIC x, 2806. Depeyrot, p. 157, 57B/1. (Unique) Lacam —. C —. [Rome, AD 468]. This was struck on the occasion of Anthemius’ second consulship. Although he is also depicted, the eastern emperor Leo was not his consular colleague in 468.

558

Roman Coins and Their Values

 

21625

21626

21625

Gold semissis or half solidus (c. 2.25 grams). Aa. Rev. SALVS REI PVBLICAE, Chi-Rho monogram (rarely reversed) within wreath, mint mark COM OB in ex. RIC x, 2836-40. DOC 926. Depeyrot, p. 160, 71/1-4. Lacam 110-13. C 15. [Rome]. VF £1,700 ($3,000) / EF £3,450 ($6,000)

21626

Gold tremissis or one-third solidus (c. 1.50 grams). A, B, C, or D, a. Rev. No legend, cross within wreath, mint mark COM OB in ex. RIC x, 2841-52. DOC 928-9. MR 1735. Depeyrot, p. 161, 71/5 and p. 196, 32/1-6. Lacam 119-121, 125-6, 129-30, and 134. Cf. C 21ff. [Rome and Ravenna?]. VF £720 ($1,250) / EF £1,425 ($2,500) These have a neatly engraved wreath surrounding the cross. Kent believes that these were all struck at Rome, while some other scholars prefer to divide the series between Rome and Ravenna.

21627

A, D, or E, a. Rev. — as previous, but with different treatment of the wreath on rev. RIC x, 2900-03. DOC 927. UB 141-3 and 146. Depeyrot, p. 177, 32/1-6. Lacam 137, 139, and 141. Cf. C 21ff. [Milan]. VF £720 ($1,250) / EF £1,425 ($2,500) These have a more coarsely engraved wreath composed of ‘spiky’ leaves.

21628

Silver half siliqua. Aa. Rev. SALVS REI PVBLICAE, Roma enthroned facing, holding Victory on globe and resting on spear, mint mark CON OB in ex. RIC x, 2905. RSC —, but cf. C 13. [Uncertain Gallic mint]. F £1,150 ($2,000) / VF £2,300($4,000)

21629

A or D, a. Rev. No legend, Chi-Rho monogram within wreath, mint mark RM in ex. F £1,000 ($1,750) / VF £2,000 ($3,500) RIC x, 2854-6. RSC 19a-c. [Rome].

21630

Bronze centenionalis (c. 1.80 grams). A (rarely visible), a. Rev. Monogram of Anthemius (ANTHEM) within wreath, sometimes with P-headed cross above or star beneath, mint mark RM (when visible) in ex. RIC x, 2857-65. DOC 930-31. LRBC II, 874. C 1. [Rome]. F £175 ($300) / VF £520 ($900)

21627

21629

 

21628

21630

EUPHEMIA

559

EUPHEMIA 21632 Aelia Marcia Euphemia was the only daughter of the eastern emperor Marcian (AD 450-457) and when she married the aristocrat and successful general Anthemius about 453 it seemed that her husband had been marked out as her father’s successor. However, on his death in 457 it was Leo, the candidate of the powerful Magister Militum Aspar, who ascended the throne of Constantinople. A decade later, when Anthemius was sent to Italy by Leo to assume the vacant western throne, Euphemia accompanied her husband and was probably proclaimed Augusta at the same time as Anthemius’ elevation. Their only daughter Alypia was married to the Magister Militum Ricimer, apparently in an attempt to establish friendly relations between the new emperor and his powerful general, but if that was the aim then it failed miserably. Anthemius and Euphemia also had four sons, one of whom died fighting for his father in Gaul, the other three having colourful subsequent careers principally in the eastern Empire. The fate of Euphemia following her husband’s downfall in 472 is not recorded. Her very rare coinage consists almost entirely of gold solidi together with an unique siliqua of Rome. An Æ 4 was published in 1964 but is not in RIC x and presumably was not accepted as authentic by Kent.

21631

21635

21631

Gold solidus (c. 4.50 grams). D N EVFYMIA P F AVG, Crowned and dr. bust facing. Rev. GLORIA REI PVBLICAE, crowned figures of Euphemia and Alypia stg. facing side by side, both nimbate and clad in robes, each holding cross in r. hand, mint mark R — M in field, COM OB in ex. RIC x, 2805; DOC 934. Depeyrot, p. 158, 59/7. Lacam (Unique) —. C —. [Rome]. This remarkable type would appear to commemorate the marriage in 467 of Alypia, daughter of Anthemius and Euphemia, and the Magister Militum Ricimer.

21632

D N AEL MARC EVFEMIAE P F AVG, diad. and dr. bust r. Rev. VICTORIA AVGGG followed by star, Victory stg. l., holding long jewelled cross, mint mark COM OB in ex. RIC x, 2827; DOC 933. Depeyrot, p. 159, 66/1. Lacam 148. C —. [Rome]. VF £11,500 ($20,000) / EF £23,000 ($40,000)

21633

Similar, but with EVEEMIAE (sic) PP instead of P F in obv. legend, and mint mark CO RM OB in ex. Cf. RIC x, 2829; Cf. Depeyrot, p. 159, 64/1. Lacam 152. Cf. C 2. [Rome]. VF £13,000 ($22,500) / EF £26,000 ($45,000)

21634

As 21632, but with obv. legend D N AEL MARC EVFIMIAE AVG. RIC x, 2828; Depeyrot, —. Lacam 153. C 1. [Rome]. VF £13,000 ($22,500) / EF £26,000 ($45,000)

21635

Silver siliqua. D N AELIAE MARCIAE PP EVFIMI AG, diad. and dr. bust r. Rev. VRBIS ROMA, Roma enthroned facing, hd. l., holding Victory on globe and resting (Unique) on spear, mint mark RM PS in ex. Cf. RIC x, 2853. Cf. RSC 3. [Rome].

560

Roman Coins and Their Values

OLYBRIUS Apr.-2 Nov. AD 472 21636 With the brief reign of Anicius Olybrius we come to the death throes of the remnants of the Empire in the West. He belonged to the great aristocratic family of the Anicii and at one time was a leading senator in Rome. He was married to Placidia, the younger daughter of Valentinian III and Licinia Eudoxia and could thus boast a connection with the Theodosian dynasty. At the time of the Vandal attack on Rome in 455 he fled to Constantinople and held the eastern consulship in 464. Leo sent him as an envoy to Italy in 472 with the tasks of acting as an intermediary between Anthemius and the Magister Militum Ricimer and then to make peace with the Vandal king Gaiseric, with whom he was related by marriage. Ricimer foiled this attempt by revealing to Olybrius a letter from Leo to Anthemius which he claimed he had intercepted and which instructed the western emperor to execute Olybrius for treason. Whether or not this communication was authentic, Olybrius was sufficiently alarmed to agree to Ricimer’s plan to nominate him as western emperor in opposition to Anthemius (April). The legitimate emperor was besieged in Rome until July 11 when he was captured and killed by Ricimer’s nephew Gundobad. The following month Ricimer himself died and Olybrius perished early in November, a victim of dropsy. His wife and daughter Anicia Juliana had remained behind in Constantinople when Olybrius was sent to Italy. Juliana was to become one of the leading figures in the social and religious life of the capital and survived long enough to witness the accession of Justinian in 527. Gold solidi of Olybrius appear to have been minted only at Rome and are of great rarity. Tremisses are slightly less rare and were issued at both Rome and Milan. The larger denomination is remarkable for its use of a non-military facing bust on the obverse and the appearance of a cross as the reverse type. This innovation was not revived on the solidus denomination until the reign of Tiberius II more than a century later. 21636

Gold solidus (c. 4.5 grams). D N ANICIVS OLYBRIVS AVG, diad., dr. and cuir. bust facing. Rev. SALVS MVNDI, large cross, mint mark COM OB in ex. RIC x, 3001; Depeyrot, p. 162, 75/1. Lacam 1. C 1 and 3. [Rome]. VF £23,000 ($40,000) / EF £43,000 ($75,000)

21637

Gold tremissis or one-third solidus (c. 1.50 grams). D N ANICIVS OLYBRIVS AG, diad., dr. and cuir. bust r. Rev. — as previous, the cross sometimes jewelled. RIC x, 3002-3; Depeyrot, p. 162, 75/2. Lacam 4. C 4. [Rome]. VF £14,300 ($25,000) / EF £26,000 ($45,000)

21638

D N ANICIVS OLVBRIVS AVG (the S’s reversed), diad., dr. and cuir. bust r. Rev. No legend, cross within wreath, mint mark COM OB in ex. RIC x, 3004. UB 147. Depeyrot, p. 177, 33/1. Lacam 7. C 5. [Milan]. VF £13,000 ($22,500) / EF £23,000 ($40,000)

21637

 

21638

GLYCERIUS

561

GLYCERIUS 5 Mar. AD 473-24 Jun. 474 21641 The western throne remained vacant for about four months following the unexpected death of Olybrius late in 472. Gundobad, who had succeeded his uncle Ricimer as Magister Militum, eventually chose Glycerius as the next emperor. Although not a member of a distinguished Roman family, Glycerius had held the high position of Comes Domesticorum under the previous regime and it was hoped that his diplomatic skills could lead to an improvement in the desperate situation of the western Empire. However, the decline had now gone too far for anything meaningful to be accomplished and in any case the eastern emperor Leo refused to countenance Glycerius’ elevation and instead selected one of the empress Verina’s relatives Julius Nepos, governor of Dalmatia, to contest the western throne. At this critical time the emperor was abandoned by his patron Gundobad, who had withdrawn to Gaul to claim the Burgundian throne. Thus, when Nepos landed at the mouth of the Tiber in June 474 he met with no resistance and Glycerius allowed himself to be arrested and deposed. He was immediately consecrated bishop of Salona on the Dalmatian coast (modern Croatia) and played no further part in the struggles for the western throne. The coinage of Glycerius, though not quite as rare as that of his predecessor, is, nevertheless, very infrequently encountered. It is entirely in precious metal and mostly of gold (solidi and tremisses). A half siliqua is known but bronzes appear to be wholly absent. Interestingly, the dies are very neatly executed and exhibit a style more closely resembling that of the early decades of the fifth century. Virtually the whole coinage was produced at the northern mints of Ravenna and Milan, with only one tremissis type being tentatively assigned to Rome. There are two varieties of obverse legend:

A. D N GLYCERIVS (or GLVCERIVS) F P AVG B. D N GLYCERIVS (or GLVCERIVS) P F AVG The obverse type is diad., dr. and cuir. bust r.

21639

 

21640

21639

Gold solidus (c. 4.50 grams). A. Rev. VICTORIA AVGG, Glycerius, in military attire, stg. facing, his l. foot set on step, holding long cross and Victory on globe, mint mark R — V in field, COM OB in ex. RIC x, 3101-2. DOC 935. MR 176. Depeyrot, p. 197, 36/2 and 37/2. Lacam 7-8. Cf. C 1. [Ravenna]. VF £17,250 ($30,000) / EF £34,500 ($60,000)

21640

Similar, but on rev. Glycerius rests his r. foot on step, and sometimes with star or dot following COM OB in ex. RIC x, 3105-7. DOC 936. Cf. MR 178-9 (AVGGG in error). Depeyrot, pp. 196-7, 33/1, 34/1, 35/1-2, 36/1, and 37/1. Lacam 3 and 5. C —. [Ravenna]. VF £17,250 ($30,000) / EF £34,500 ($60,000)

21641

As previous, but with AVGGG on rev. (nothing following COM OB). RIC x, 3103-4. MR 177. Depeyrot, —. Lacam 1. C 3. [Ravenna]. VF £17,250 ($30,000) / EF £34,500 ($60,000)

562

Roman Coins and Their Values

 

21642

21643

21642

Gold solidus. A. Rev. VICTORIA AVGG, Glycerius, in military attire, stg. facing, his r. foot set on step, holding long cross and Victory on globe, mint mark M — D in field, COM OB in ex. RIC x, 3112-13. UB 129-30. Cf. Depeyrot, p. 177, 34/1-2 (AVGGG in error). Lacam 12 and 15. C 2. [Milan]. VF £15,700 ($27,500) / EF £31,500 ($55,000)

21643

Gold tremissis or one-third solidus (c. 1.50 grams). A or B. Rev. No legend, cross within wreath, mint mark COM OB in ex. RIC x, 3108-10. MR 180. Depeyrot, p. 162, 76/1 and p. 197, 38/1-2. Lacam 20 and 24-5. C 7. [Ravenna and Rome]. VF £7,200 ($12,500) / EF £14,300 ($25,000) These have a neatly engraved wreath surrounding the cross on rev.

21644

 

21645

21644

A. Rev. — as previous, but for the appearance of the wreath. RIC x, 3114. DOC 937. UB 148. Depeyrot, p. 177, 35/1. Lacam 27. C 7. [Milan]. VF £5,750 ($10,000) / EF £11,500 ($20,000) These have a more coarsely engraved wreath composed of ‘spiky’ leaves.

21645

Silver half siliqua (c. 1.10 grams). A. Rev. VICTORIA AVGGG, Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm, mint mark RM in ex. RIC x, 3111. RSC 4. [Rome]. (Unique)

JULIUS NEPOS First Reign, 24 Jun. AD 474-28 Aug. 475 Period of Exile and Second Reign, Sep. 475-9 May 480

21648

Julius Nepos was the ruler of Dalmatia, a position he had inherited from his uncle, the powerful general Marcellinus, who was treacherously murdered in Sicily in 468 during the course of the illfated joint expedition against the Vandals. When, in March 473, Glycerius assumed the throne of the western Empire at the behest of the Magister Militum Gundobad, the eastern emperor Leo charged Nepos with the task of invading Italy and removing Glycerius from power. It is not clear whether Leo intended him to occupy the western throne himself, but that is what occurred and his accession was confirmed by the Roman Senate on 24 June 474. Meanwhile in the East, the political situation had been thrown into turmoil by the death of Leo I and the accession of his sickly grandson, the six-year-old Leo II. Despite his obvious abilities, Nepos was unable to achieve much in Italy during his 14-month reign and he even lost control of Rome’s few remaining possessions in Gaul (with the exception of Arles and its environs). His rule ended in the customary manner with his overthrow by the Magister Militum, the office at this time being occupied by the Pannonian Orestes. Nepos fled back to Salona in Dalmatia where he resumed his former position of authority. Orestes meanwhile elevated his own son, Romulus Augustus, to the vacant western throne. However, the Magister

JULIUS NEPOS

563

Militum was captured and killed by the self-styled barbarian ‘king of Italy’ Odovacar, leader of the barbarian troops who now comprised the bulk of the Roman army in Italy. Odovacar sent the imperial insignia to the eastern emperor Zeno in Constantinople together with a letter stating that the Empire no longer required a separate emperor in the West and that he (Odovacar) would rule Italy in Zeno’s name, an arrangement already accepted by the Roman Senate. Zeno acquiesced in this request, granting Odovacar the rank of Patrician and adding a proviso that he should accept the nominal authority of Julius Nepos, who was still living in exile in Dalmatia. The coinage clearly indicates that Odovacar agreed to Zeno’s request as some Italian issues in the name of Nepos are clearly attributable to his second reign and must have been struck under the authority of the ‘king’ of Italy. Nepos’ chequered career ended on 9 May 480 with his murder by his own followers in his villa near Salona. It will be remembered that the former emperor Glycerius had been ordained bishop of Salona following his overthrow by Nepos in 474 and it was strongly suspected that Glycerius had been the instigator of the plot against his successor on the western throne. The coinage of Julius Nepos is more plentiful than that of his immediate predecessors and comprises all three gold denominations, silver siliquae and half siliquae, and even an extremely rare monogram bronze. Issues are divided between the first and second reigns, those of the latter being confined to gold. Unlike Glycerius and Olybrius, Nepos reverted to the eastern model for his solidi and show a three-quarter face military bust on obverse and Victory with long cross on reverse. Rome, Ravenna, Milan, and Arles all struck in his name and some coins of the second reign may even have been issued at Salona. The obverse legend is: D N IVL (or IVLI) NEPOS P F AVG (or AG, AV sometimes ligatured)

There are two varieties of obverse type: a. Diad., dr. and cuir. bust r. b. Helmeted and cuir. bust three-quarter face to r., holding spear and shield.

First Reign, 24 Jun. AD 474-28 Aug. 475

21646

 

21647

21646

Gold solidus (c. 4.50 grams). b. Rev. VICTORIA AVGGG:, Victory stg. l., holding long cross (usually jewelled), star in r. field, COM OB in ex. RIC x, 3206-8. DOC 946. Depeyrot, p. 162, 77/1 and 78/1. Lacam 3 and 5. C 5. [Rome]. VF £3,450 ($6,000) / EF £8,500 ($15,000)

21647

As previous, but with mint mark R — V in rev. field (no star), COM OB in ex., and sometimes without : at end of rev. legend. RIC x, 3212-13. MR 181-2 and 184. DOC 939. Depeyrot, p. 198, 39/1 and 41/1. Lacam 9. C 6. [Ravenna]. VF £2,850 ($5,000) / EF £7,200 ($12,500)

21648

As previous, but with mint mark M — D instead of R — V in rev. field, and with star (or nothing) at end of rev. legend. RIC x, 3217-19. DOC 943-5. UB 152-3. Depeyrot, p. 178, 36/1 and 38/1. Lacam 24, 27, and 30. C 5. [Milan]. VF £2,850 ($5,000) / EF £7,200 ($12,500)

564

Roman Coins and Their Values

21649 21649

Gold solidus. As previous, but with A — R instead of M — D in rev. field (nothing at end of rev. legend). RIC x, 3223. DOC 948. EMA 217/1-3. Depeyrot, p. 139, 29/1. Lacam 7. C 6. [Arles]. VF £3,450 ($6,000) / EF £8,500 ($15,000)

21650

Gold semissis or half solidus (c. 2.25 grams). a. Rev. SALVS REI PVBLICAE, ChiRho monogram within wreath, mint mark COM OB in ex. RIC x, 3209. Depeyrot, —. Lacam —. Cf. C 3 (rev. misdescribed). [Rome]. (Unique)

21651

 

21652

21651

Gold tremissis or one-third solidus (c. 1.50 grams). a. Rev. No legend, cross within wreath, mint mark COM OB in ex. RIC x, 3211 and 3214. DOC 940 and 947. MR 1868. Depeyrot, p. 198, 40/1. Lacam 67 and 69. C 16 ff. [Ravenna and Rome]. VF £1,425 ($2,500) / EF £2,850 ($5,000) These have a neatly engraved wreath surrounding the cross on rev.

21652

As previous, but for the appearance of the wreath on rev. RIC x, 3220-21. UB 167 and 169. Depeyrot, p. 179, 43/1. Lacam 78 and 85. C 16 ff. [Milan]. VF £1,300 ($2,250) / EF £2,600 ($4,500) These have a more coarsely engraved wreath composed of ‘spiky’ leaves.

21653

21654   21653 Silver siliqua (c. 2.00 grams). a. Rev. VRBIS ROMA, Roma enthroned facing, hd. l., holding Victory on globe and resting on spear, mint mark RV PS in ex. RIC x, 3215. MR 189-91. RSC 13. [Ravenna]. F £1,700 ($3,000) / VF £4,550 ($8,000)

21654

Silver half siliqua (c. 1.00 gram). a. Rev. No legend, turreted Tyche of Ravenna stg. l., r. foot on prow, holding globe and resting on sceptre and holding cornucopiae, mint mark R — V in field. RIC x, 3216. DOC 942. MR 192-6. RSC 15a. [Ravenna]. F £800 ($1,400) / VF £2,000 ($3,500) RSC 15b records a similar issue from Rome (mint mark R — M) but this is almost certainly a Cigoi forgery.

21655

Silver of uncertain denomination. a (cross above hd.). Rev. GLORIA ROMANORVM, Roma enthroned facing, hd. r., holding globe and resting on spear, mint mark COM OB in ex. RIC x, 3254. RSC —. [Uncertain mint]. (Unique)

JULIUS NEPOS

 

21656 21656

565

21657

Bronze centenionalis. a. Rev. Monogram of NEPOS within coarse wreath, no mint F £200 ($350) / VF £520 ($900) mark. RIC x, 3222. LRBC II, 585. C 2. [Milan].

Period of Exile and Second Reign, Sep. AD 475-9 May 480 All the coins of this period are characterized by their inferior style and, in the case of the solidi, the emperor’s thin face and wide bust and sometimes staring eyes. 21657

Gold solidus (c. 4.50 grams). b. Rev. VICTORIA AVGGG, sometimes followed by : or by star, Victory stg. l., holding long cross (usually jewelled), mint mark M — D in field, COM OB (sometimes flanked by dots) in ex. RIC x, 3230-31, 3235, and 3239. DOC 951-4. UB 149, 149*, and 151-2. Depeyrot, p. 178, 37/1. Lacam 22, 39, 43, and VF £2,850 ($5,000) / EF £7,200 ($12,500) 58. C 5. [Milan].

 

21658

21659

21658

As previous, but with mint mark R — V instead of M — D in rev. field (: at end of rev. legend), sometimes with star following COM OB in ex. RIC x, 3243-4. MR 183 and 185. Depeyrot, p. 198, 39/1 and 41/1. Lacam 9. C 6. [Ravenna]. VF £2,850 ($5,000) / EF £7,200 ($12,500)

21659

As previous, but without mint mark in rev. field and usually with star to r. and : at end of legend (sometimes CON OB for COM OB in ex.). RIC x, 3245-7 and 3249. Depeyrot, —. Lacam 1-2. C 5. [Salona?]. VF £3,450 ($6,000) / EF £8,500 ($15,000)

21660

Gold tremissis or one-third solidus (c. 1.50 grams). a. Rev. No legend, cross within wreath, mint mark COM OB in ex. RIC x, 3240-42. DOC 955. UB 164 and 166. Cf. Depeyrot, p. 179, 43/1. Lacam 80 and 88. C 16 ff. [Milan]. VF £1,300 ($2,250) / EF £2,600 ($4,500) These have a coarsely engraved wreath on rev. composed of ‘spiky’ leaves.

21661

As previous, but for the appearance of the wreath on rev. RIC x, 3252-3. Depeyrot, —. Lacam 65. C 16ff. [Salona?]. VF £1,425 ($2,500) / EF £2,850 ($5,000) These have a more neatly engraved wreath surrounding the cross.

21660

 

21661

566

Roman Coins and Their Values

ROMULUS AUGUSTUS 31 Oct. AD 475-4 Sep. 476 21664 Romulus Augustus (often called by the diminutive ‘Augustulus’ because of his youth) was the son of the Magister Militum Orestes who, in late August 475, had rebelled against Julius Nepos driving him into exile in Dalmatia. Clearly uncertain at this point how to proceed, Orestes ultimately proclaimed his own young son Romulus as the new western emperor (end of October). On his accession Romulus also assumed the name of Augustus, thus ironically combining the names of Rome’s founder and first king and that of her first emperor. Just ten months later Orestes was himself overthrown by the barbarian military commander Odovacar who had been proclaimed ‘king of Italy’ by his troops. Odovacar, apparently with the backing of the Roman Senate, decided that the West no longer required its own emperor and that he would rule Italy as ‘Patrician’ on behalf of the eastern emperor Zeno. The boy-emperor Romulus Augustus was removed from power by Odovacar (4 September 476) but was treated kindly and allowed to retire to an estate in Campania with a generous annual pension. He is known to have survived at least into the first decade of the sixth century. The deposition of Romulus Augustus is commonly looked upon as marking the end of the line of Roman emperors in the West. However, Romulus’ elevation was never recognized in the East where he was regarded as an usurper. Zeno instructed Odovacar to continue to recognize the authority of the exiled Julius Nepos, so technically AD 480 (the date of Nepos’ assassination) is a more accurate reckoning for the end of the western line of emperors. The following year Odovacar utilized the opportunity provided by Nepos’ death to ‘avenge’ his former suzerain by punishing his murderers and, in the process, adding Dalmatia to his own territories. After about twelve years of unchallenged power Odovacar was attacked by Theoderic the Ostrogoth at the instigation of Zeno. After a rather protracted series of campaigns Odovacar was ultimately defeated and besieged in Ravenna. He was captured and executed in 493 and the Ostrogoths ruled in Italy until the middle of the following century, when the region was reconquered under Justinian I. The coinage of Romulus Augustus is rare and, of course, much sought-after by collectors. Gold solidi are infrequently seen but tremisses occur more often, especially those from the mint of Milan. There is a silver half siliqua of Ravenna, but Kent (RIC x, p. 212) notes that “no authentic bronze coin of Romulus is known”. However, it is now claimed that one has recently come to light, with a standing figure of Victory on the reverse (cf. Vagi, “Coinage and History of the Roman Empire”, no. 3671). The mints of Rome, Ravenna, Milan, and Arles were all active in the production of Romulus’ coinage.

There are two principal varieties of obverse legend:

A. D N ROMVLVS AVGVSTVS P F AVG B. D N ROMVLVS AGVSTVS P F AVG Abbreviations and errors are of frequent occurrence and the first two letters of AVG are commonly ligatured.

There are two varieties of obverse type:



a. Diad., dr. and cuir. bust r. b. Helmeted and cuir. bust three-quarter face to r., holding spear and shield.

21662

Gold solidus (c. 4.50 grams). Ab. Rev. VICTORIA AVGGG, sometimes followed by : or by star, Victory stg. l., holding long jewelled cross, mint mark R — M in field (sometimes with star above), COM OB in ex. RIC x, 3401 and 3404-8. Depeyrot, p. 164, 83/1, 84/1-2, 85/1, and 86/1. Lacam 10-11 and 13-15. C 3. [Rome]. VF £10,000 ($17,500) / EF £20,000 ($35,000) The ‘M’ of the mint mark often shows signs of having been engraved over an already existing star.

ROMULUS AUGUSTUS

567

21663

Gold solidus. Similar, but without R — M and with star in rev. field to r. RIC x, 3402-3. MR 201. Depeyrot, p. 163, 80/2. Lacam 1 and 9. C 3. [Rome or Ravenna]. VF £10,000 ($17,500) / EF £20,000 ($35,000)

21664

Bb. Rev. VICTORIA AVGGG, usually followed by : , as previous, but the COM OB in ex. is sometimes flanked by dots. RIC x, 3414-18. DOC 949. Depeyrot, pp. 163-4, 80/1, 81/1, and 82/1. Lacam 17 and 19-20. C 5. [Milan]. VF £10,000 ($17,500) / EF £20,000 ($35,000) The solidi of Milan are most easily recognizable by the spelling of the emperor’s name AGVSTVS instead of AVGVSTVS.

21665

Ab. Rev. VICTORIA AVGGG (sometimes blundered), as previous, but with mint mark A — R in field, COM OB in ex. RIC x, 3421. EMA 218/1-2. Depeyrot, p. 139, 30/1-2. Lacam 23. C 6. [Arles]. VF £11,500 ($20,000) / EF £23,000 ($40,000)

21666

Gold tremissis or one-third solidus (c. 1.50 grams). A or B (usually abbreviated and sometimes blundered), a. Rev. No legend, cross within wreath, mint mark COM OB in ex. RIC x, 3409-12. Depeyrot, p. 164, 87/1. Lacam —. C 10. [Rome and Ravenna]. VF £3,950 ($6,500) / EF £7,200 ($12,500) These have a neatly engraved wreath surrounding the cross on rev.

21667

B (sometimes abbreviated), a. Rev. — as previous, but for the appearance of the wreath on rev. RIC x, 3419-20. DOC 950. UB 170-71. Depeyrot, p. 179, 43/2. Lacam 29. C 10-11. [Milan]. VF £3,150 ($5,500) / EF £5,700 ($10,000) These have a more coarsely engraved wreath composed of ‘spiky’ leaves.

21666



 

21667

21668 21668

D N ROMVLVS AVG P F AVG, a Rev. — as 21666, with neatly engraved wreath. RIC x, 3422. Depeyrot, —. Lacam 24. C 13. [Uncertain mint]. VF £3,950 ($6,500) / EF £7,200 ($12,500)

21669

Silver half siliqua (c. 1.00 gram). A (but ROMVL for ROMVLVS), a. Rev. No legend, turreted Tyche of Ravenna stg. l., r. foot on prow, holding globe and resting on sceptre and holding cornucopiae, mint mark R — V in field. RIC x, 3413. MR 205. RSC 8. [Ravenna]. F £3,150 ($5,000) / VF £7,200 ($12,500)

 

NB Odovacar himself issued a few silver half siliquae and bronze nummi from Ravenna showing his bareheaded bust on the obverse and a monogram as the reverse type. Both denominations have a simple obverse inscription simply stating his name (FL ODOVAC or just ODOVAC) and the silver half siliqua includes the mint mark RV. These coins have not been included in this catalogue as they do not form part of the imperial series, belonging rather to the barbarian coinages that superseded Roman currency in the territories of the former Western Empire.

BOOKS AND MONOGRAPHS ON ROMAN COINS Where a letter appears in brackets preceding the author’s name this indicates the abbreviation used in the catalogue listings in this book when referring to the work in question.

REPUBLICAN

(B) BABELON, E. Description Historique et Chronologique des Monnaies de la République Romaine. 2 vols. 1885–6. BANTI, A. Corpus Nummorum Romanorum, Monetazione Repubblicana. 9 vols. 1980–1. BELLONI, G.G. Le Monete Romane dell’età Repubblicana. 1960. (BMCRR) GRUEBER, H.A. Coins of the Roman Republic in the British Museum. 3 vols. 1910 (revised edition 1970). BUTTREY, T.V. The Triumviral Portrait Gold of the Quattuorviri Monetales of 42 BC. 1956. CARSON, R.A.G. Principal Coins of the Romans. Vol. I. The Republic, c. 290–31 BC. 1978. COHEN, H. Description Générale des Monnaies de la République Romaine. 1857. CRAWFORD, M.H. Roman Republican Coin Hoards. 1969. CRAWFORD, M.H. Coinage and Money under the Roman Republic. 1985. (CRI) SEAR, D.R. The History and Coinage of the Roman Imperators, 49–27 BC. 1998. (CRR) SYDENHAM, E.A. The Coinage of the Roman Republic. 1952. HAEBERLIN, E.J. Aes Grave. Das Schwergeld Roms und Mittel Italiens. 2 vols. 1910. (ICC) THURLOW, B.K. and VECCHI, Italian Cast Coinage. 1979. PINK, K. The Triumviri Monetales and the Structure of the Coinage of the Roman Republic. 1952. ROLLAND, H. Numismatique de la République Romaine. 1924. (RRC) CRAWFORD, M.H. Roman Republican Coinage. 2 vols. 1974. (RRM) HARLAN, M. Roman Republican Moneyers and Their Coins, 63 BC–49 BC. 1995. (RSC) SEABY, H.A. Roman Silver Coins. Vol. I. Republic–Augustus. 3rd edition. 1978. SYDENHAM, E.A. Aes Grave. 1926. THOMSEN, R. Early Roman Coinage. A Study of the Chronology. 3 vols. 1957–61.

IMPERIAL

AKERMAN, J.Y. Coins of the Romans relating to Britain. 1844. ALFÖLDI, A. & E. and CLAY, C.L. Die Kontorniat-Medaillons. 2 vols. 1976. ASKEW, G. The Coinage of Roman Britain. 2nd edition. 1980. BALDUS, H.R. Uranius Antoninus – Münzprägung und Geschichte. 1971. BANTI, A. I Grande Bronzi Imperiali. 9 vols. 1983–6.

546

BOOKS AND MONOGRAPHS ONON ROMAN COINS BOOKS AND MONOGRAPHS ROMAN COINS

569

BANTI, A. and SIMONETTI, L. Corpus Nummorum Romanorum. 18 vols. 1972–8. BASTIEN, P. Le Monnayage de Magnence (350–353). 1964. BASTIEN, P. Le Monnayage de Bronze de Postume. 1967. BASTIEN, P. Le Monnayage de l’Atelier de Lyon. De la réouverture de l’Atelier par Aurélien à la mort de Carin (fin 274–285). 1976. BASTIEN, P. Le Monnayage de l’Atelier de Lyon. Dioclétien et ses corégents avant la Réforme Monétaire (285–294). 1972. BASTIEN, P. Le Monnayage de l’Atelier de Lyon. De la Réforme de Dioclétien à la fermeture temporaire de l’Atelier en 316 (294–316). 1980. BASTIEN, P. Le Monnayage de l’Atelier de Lyon. De la réouverture de l’Atelier en 318 à la mort de Constantin (318–337). 1982. BASTIEN, P. Le Monnayage de l’Atelier de Lyon. De la mort de Constantin à la mort to Julien (337–363). 1985. BASTIEN, P. Le Monnayage de l’Atelier de Lyon du règne de Jovien à la mort de Jovin (363–413). 1987. BASTIEN, P. and HUVELIN, H. Trouvaille de Folles de la Periode Constantinienne (307–317). 1969. BASTIEN, P. and METZGER, C. Le Trésor de Beaurains (dit d’Arras). 1977. BASTIEN, P. and VASSELLE, F. Le Trésor Monetaire de Domqueur (Somme). 1965. BESLEY, E. and BLAND, R. The Cunetio Treasure, Roman Coinage of the Third Century AD. 1983. BLAND, R. (editor). The Chalfont Hoard and other Roman Coin Hoards. 1992. BLAND, R. and BURNETT, A. (editors). The Normanby Hoard and other Roman Coin Hoards. 1988. (BMCRE) Coins of the Roman Empire in the British Museum. Vol. I. Augustus–Vitellius, by H. Mattingly. 1923 (revised edition 1976). Vol. II. Vespasian–Domitian, by H. Mattingly. 1930 (revised edition 1976). Vol. III. Nerva–Hadrian, by H. Mattingly. 1936 (revised edition 1966). Vol. IV. Antoninus Pius–Commodus, by H. Mattingly. 1940 (revised edition, in 2 vols., 1968). Vol. V. Pertinax–Elagabalus, by H. Mattingly. 2 vols. 1950 (revised edition in 2 vols., 1976). Vol. VI. Severus Alexander–Balbinus and Pupienus, by R.A.G. Carson. 1962. BREGLIA, L. Roman Imperial Coins, Their Art and Technique. 1968. BRUCK, G. Die Spätrömische Kupferprägung. 1961. (C) COHEN, H. Description Historique des Monnaies frappées sous l’Empire Romain. 2nd edition. 8 vols. 1880–92. CARRADICE, I. Coinage and Finances in the Reign of Domitian, AD 81–96. 1983. CARSON, R.A.G. Principal Coins of the Romans. Vol. 2. The Principate, 31 BC–AD 296. 1979. CARSON, R.A.G. Principal Coins of the Romans. Vol. 3. The Dominate, AD 294–498. 1981. CARSON, R.A.G., HILL, P.V. and KENT, J.P.C. Late Roman Bronze Coinage, AD 324–498. 1960. CASEY, P.J. Roman Coinage in Britain. 1980. CAYÓN, J.R. Los Sestercios del Imperio Romano. 1984. Vol. I. De Pompeyo Magno a Matidia (del 81 a.C. al 117 d.C.). Vol. II. De Adriano a Faustina Madre (del 117 d.C. al 161 d.C.). Vol. III. De Marco Aurelio a Caracalla (del 161 d.C. al 217 d.C.). (CBN) GIARD, J.-P. Catalogue des Monnaies de l’Empire Romain. Vol. I. Auguste. 1976 (revised edition 1988). Vol. II. De Tibère à Néron. 1988 Vol. III. Du Soulèvement de 68 après J.-C. à Nerva. 1998. (CSS) HILL, P.V. The Coinage of Septimius Severus and his Family of the Mint of Rome, AD 193–217. 1977. EDDY, S.K. The Minting of Antoniniani AD 238–249 and the Smyrna Hoard. 1967. FRANKE, P.R. and HIRMER, M. Römische Kaiserporträts im Münzbild. 3rd edition. 1972. FROEHNER, W. Medaillons de l’Empire Romain. 1878. GILLJAM, H.H. Antoniniani und Aurei des Ulpius Cornelius Laelianus, Gegenkaiser des Postumus. 1982.

570

BOOKS AND MONOGRAPHS ROMAN COINS BOOKS AND MONOGRAPHS ONON ROMAN COINS

547

GNECCHI, F. The Coin Types of Imperial Rome. 1908. GNECCHI, F. I Medaglioni Romani. 3 vols. 1912. GÖBL, R. Regalianus und Dryantilla. 1970. GRANT, M. Roman Anniversary Issues: an exploratory study of the numismatic and medallic commemoration of anniversary years, 49 B.C.–A.D. 375. 1950. GRANT, M. Roman Imperial Money. 1954. GRANT, M. Roman History from Coins: some uses of the Imperial coinage to the historian. 1958. GRANT, M. The Six Main Aes Coinages of Augustus. 1953. GRIERSON, P. and MAYS, M. Catalogue of Late Roman Coins in the Dumbarton Oaks Collection and in the Whittemore Collection, from Arcadius and Honorius to the Accession of Anastasius. 1992. GRUEBER, H.A. Roman Medallions in the British Museum. 1874. HAHN, W. Moneta Imperii Romani-Byzantini: Die Ostprägung des Römischen Reiches im 5. Jahrhundert (408–491). 1989. HILL, P.V. ‘Barbarous Radiates’ – Imitations of Third-Century Roman Coins. 1949. KING, C.E. (see SEABY, H.A., Roman Silver Coins, Vol. V). KRAAY, C.M. The Aes Coinage of Galba. 1956. MAC DOWALL, D.W. The Western Coinages of Nero. 1979. MARTIN, P.-H. Die Anonymen Münzen des Jahres 68 nach Christus. 1974. MAURICE, J. Numismatique Constantinienne. 3 vols. 1908–12. MAZZINI, G. Monete Imperiali Romane. 5 vols. 1957–8. METCALF, W.E. The Cistophori of Hadrian. 1980. MILLER, D. Coins of Roman Britain. 1976. (MIR) Moneta Imperii Romani. Vols. 2 and 3. Die Münzprägung der Kaiser Tiberius und Caius (Caligula) 14/41, by W. Szaivert. 1984. Vol. 18. Die Münzprägung der Kaiser Marcus Aurelius, Lucius Verus und Commodus (161/192), by W. Szaivert. 1986. Vol. 27. Die Münzprägung des Kaisers Maximinus I Thrax (235/238), by M. Alram. 1989. Vol. 47. Die Münzprägung des Kaisers Aurelianus (270/275), by R. Göbl. 2 vols.1995. MONTENEGRO, E. Monete Imperiali Romane. 1988. (MPN) BLAND, R.F., BURNETT, A.M., BENDALL, S. The Mints of Pescennius Niger. 1987. REECE, R. Coinage in Roman Britain. 1987. (RIC) Roman Imperial Coinage. Vol. I. Augustus–Vitellius, by H. Mattingly and E.A. Sydenham. 1923 (revised edition 1984 by C.H.V. Sutherland). Vol. II. Vespasian–Hadrian, by H. Mattingly and E.A. Sydenham. 1926. Vol. III. Antoninus Pius–Commodus, by H. Mattingly and E.A. Sydenham. 1930. Vol. IV, part I. Pertinax–Geta, by H. Mattingly and E.A. Sydenham. 1936. Vol. IV, part II. Macrinus–Pupienus, by H. Mattingly, E.A. Sydenham and C.H.V. Sutherland. 1938. Vol. IV, part III. Gordian III–Uranius Antoninus, by H. Mattingly, E.A. Sydenham and C.H.V. Sutherland. 1949. Vol. V, part I. Valerian–Florian, by P.H. Webb. 1927. Vol. V, part II. Probus–Amandus, by P.H. Webb. 1933. Vol. VI. Diocletian–Maximinus, by C.H.V. Sutherland. 1967. Vol. VII. Constantine and Licinius, by P.M. Bruun. 1966. Vol. VIII. The Family of Constantine, by J.P.C. Kent. 1981. Vol. IX. Valentinian I–Theodosius I, by J.W.E. Pearce. 1951. Vol. X. The Divided Empire and the Fall of the Western Parts, AD 395–491, by J.P.C. Kent. 1994. ROBERTSON, A.S. Roman Imperial Coins in the Hunter Coin Cabinet, University of Glasgow. Vol. I. Augustus–Nerva. 1962. Vol. II. Trajan–Commodus. 1971. Vol. III. Pertinax–Aemilian. 1977.

548

BOOKS AND MONOGRAPHS ONON ROMAN COINS BOOKS AND MONOGRAPHS ROMAN COINS

571

Vol. IV. Valerian I–Allectus. 1978. Vol. V. Diocletian (Reform)–Zeno. 1982. RODEWALD, C. Money in the Age of Tiberius. 1976. (RSC) SEABY, H.A. Roman Silver Coins. Vol. I. The Republic–Augustus. 3rd edition. 1978. Vol. II. Tiberius–Commodus. 3rd edition. 1979. Vol. III. Pertinax–Balbinus and Pupienus. 2nd edition. 1982. Vol. IV. Gordian III–Postumus. 2nd edition. 1982. Vol. V. Carausius–Romulus Augustus (by C.E. King). 1987. SABATIER, J. Medaillons Contorniates. 1860. SCHULTE, B. Die Goldprägung der Gallischen Kaiser von Postumus bis Tetricus. 1983. SHIEL, N. The Episode of Carausius and Allectus. 1977. STRACK, P.L. Untersuchungen zur Römischen Reichsprägung des Zweiten Jahrhunderts. 3 vols. 1931–7. SUTHERLAND, C.H.V. Romano-British Imitations of Bronze Coins of Claudius I. 1935. SUTHERLAND, C.H.V. Coinage and Currency in Roman Britain. 1937. SUTHERLAND, C.H.V. Coinage in Roman Imperial Policy, 31 BC–AD 68. 1951. SUTHERLAND, C.H.V. The Emperor and the Coinage: Julio-Claudian Studies. 1976. SUTHERLAND, C.H.V. and KRAAY, C.M. Catalogue of Coins of the Roman Empire in the Ashmolean Museum. Part I. Augustus. 1975. SUTHERLAND, C.H.V., OLCAY, N. and MERRINGTON, K.E. The Cistophori of Augustus. 1970. SYDENHAM, E.A. The Coinage of Nero. 1920. SYDENHAM, E.A. Historical References on Coins of the Roman Empire from Augustus to Gallienus. 1917. (T) THIRION, M. Les Monnaies d’Elagabale. 1968. TOYNBEE, J.M.C. Roman Historical Portraits. 1978. TOYNBEE, J.M.C. Roman Medallions. 1944. TRILLMICH, W. Familienpropaganda der Kaiser Caligula und Claudius. 1978. TURNER, P.J. Roman Coins from India. 1989. (UCR) HILL, P.V. The Dating and Arrangement of the Undated Coins of Rome, AD 98–148. 1970. ULRICH-BANSA, O. Moneta Mediolanensis. 1947. VAGI, D.L. Coinage and History of the Roman Empire. 2 vols. 1999. VAN METER, D. The Handbook of Roman Imperial Coins. 1991. VOETTER, O. Die Münzen der Römischen Kaiser, Kaiserinnen und Caesaren von Diocletianus bis Romulus (284–476). 1921. WEBB, P.H. The Reign and Coinage of Carausius. 1908.

PROVINCIAL

BELLINGER, A.R. The Syrian Tetradrachms of Caracalla and Macrinus. 1940. (BMCG) Catalogue of the Greek Coins in the British Museum. 29 vols. 1873–1927. (BMCG Supplement) CHRISTIANSEN, E. Coins of Alexandria and the Nomes, a Supplement to the British Museum Catalogue. 1991. BUTCHER, K. Roman Provincial Coins: an Introduction to the Greek Imperials. 1988. (Cologne) GEISSEN, A. and WEISER, W. Katalog Alexandrinischer Kaisermünzen der Sammlung des Instituts für Altertumskunde der Universität zu Köln. 5 vols. 1974–83. CURTIS, J.W. The Tetradrachms of Roman Egypt. 1957 (reprinted with supplements 1990). (Dattari) DATTARI, G. Monete Imperiali Greche. Numi Augg. Alexandrini. 2 vols. 1901. Die Antiken Münzen Nord-Griechenlands. Vol. I. Dacien und Moesien, by B. Pick and K. Regling. 2 parts, 1898 and 1910. Vol. II. Thrakien, by M.L. Strack. 1912. Vol. III. Makedonia und Paionia, by H. Gaebler. 2 parts, 1906 and 1935. FORRER, L., The Weber Collection of Greek Coins. 3 vols. 1922–9.

572

BOOKS AND MONOGRAPHS ROMAN COINS BOOKS AND MONOGRAPHS ONON ROMAN COINS

549

GRANT, M. From Imperium to Auctoritas: a historical study of the aes coinage in the Roman Empire, 49 BC–AD 14. 1946. GRANT, M. Aspects of the Principate of Tiberius: historical comments on the colonial coinage issued outside Spain. 1950. GROSE, S.W. Catalogue of the McClean Collection of Greek Coins (Fitzwilliam Museum). 3 vols. 1923–9. HEAD, B.V. Historia Numorum. 2nd edition. 1911. HEISS, A. Description Général des Monnaies Antiques de l’Espagne. 1870. HOWGEGO, C.J. Greek Imperial Countermarks, Studies in the Provincial Coinage of the Roman Empire. 1985. KADMAN, L. Corpus Nummorum Palaestinensium. Vol. I. The Coins of Aelia Capitolina. 1956. Vol. II. The Coins of Caesarea Maritima. 1957. Vol. IV. The Coins of Akko Ptolemais. 1961. KRAFT, K. Das System der Kaiserzeitlichen Münzprägung in Kleinasien, Materialien und Entwürfe. 1972. LINDGREN, H.C. Ancient Greek Bronze Coins: European Mints. 1989. LINDGREN, H.C. and KOVACS, F.L. Ancient Bronze Coins of Asia Minor and the Levant. 1985. MACDONALD, G. Catalogue of Greek Coins in the Hunterian Collection, University of Glasgow. 1899–1905. (Milne) MILNE, J.G. Catalogue of Alexandrian Coins, University of Oxford, Ashmolean Museum. 1933 (revised edition 1971 with supplement by C.M. Kraay). MIONNET, T.-E. Description des Médailles antiques, grecques et Romaines. 1806–8 (supplement 1819–37). MULLER, L. Numismatique de l’Ancienne Afrique. 1860–3. ROSENBERGER, M. City-Coins of Palestine. 3 vols. 1972–7. ROSENBERGER, M. The Coinage of Eastern Palestine. 1978. (RPC) Roman Provincial Coinage. Vol. I. From the Death of Caesar to the Death of Vitellius, 44 BC–AD 69. 2 vols. 1992 (Supplement 1998). Vol. II. From Vespasian to Domitian, AD 69–96. 2 vols. 1999. SEAR, D.R.From GreekGordian ImperialI to Coins and Their Values. 1982. Vol. VII. Gordian III, AD 238-244. Part 1, Province of Asia. 2006. SPIJKERMAN, A. The CoinsCoins of theand Decapolis and Provincia SEAR, D.R. Greek Imperial Their Values. 1982. Arabia. 1978. SUTHERLAND, and ofKRAAY, C.M. and Catalogue of Arabia. Coins of1978. the Roman Empire in the SPIJKERMAN, A.C.H.V. The Coins the Decapolis Provincia Ashmolean Museum. 1975. Catalogue of Coins of the Roman Empire in the SUTHERLAND, C.H.V.Part andI. Augustus. KRAAY, C.M. SVORONOS, J.N. Numismatique de la Crète Ashmolean Museum. Part I. Augustus. 1975.Ancienne. 1890. SYDENHAM, E.A.Numismatique The Coinage of in Cappadocia. SVORONOS, J.N. deCaesarea la Crète Ancienne. 1890. 1933. Sylloge Nummorum SYDENHAM, E.A. Graecorum. The Coinage of Caesarea in Cappadocia. 1933. Danish Series. The Royal Collection of Coins and Medals, Danish National Museum, Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum. Copenhagen. 43 parts, Danish Series. In The Royal1942–77. Collection of Coins and Medals, Danish National Museum, German Series. Sammlung Aulock. In 18 parts. 1957–68. Copenhagen. In 43 parts,von 1942–77. Switzerland. Levante–Cilicia. (Supplement 1993). German Series. Sammlung von1986 Aulock. In 18 parts. 1957–68. VON FRITZE, H. Die Antiken Münzen Mysiens: Adramytion–Kisthene. 1913. Switzerland. Levante–Cilicia. 1986 (Supplement 1993). WADDINGTON, W.H., BABELON, E. and REINACH, T. Recueil1913. Général des Monnaies VON FRITZE, H. Die Antiken Münzen Mysiens: Adramytion–Kisthene. Grecques d’AsieW.H., Mineure. 4 vols. 1904–12. WADDINGTON, BABELON, E. and REINACH, T. Recueil Général des Monnaies WRUCK, W.d’Asie Die Syrische Provinzialprägung Grecques Mineure. 4 vols. 1904–12. von Augustus bis Traian. 1931. WRUCK, W. Die Syrische Provinzialprägung von Augustus bis Traian. 1931.

GENERAL GENERAL

AKERMAN, J.Y. A Descriptive Catalogue of Rare and Unedited Roman Coins. 2 vols. 1834. AKERMAN, A Descriptive Catalogue of Rare and Unedited 2 vols. 1834. BOYNE, W. AJ.Y. Manual of Roman Coins; from the Earliest PeriodRoman to the Coins. Extinction of the Empire; BOYNE, W. AGuide. Manual of Roman the Earliest Period to the Extinction of the Empire; with Rarity 1865 (revisedCoins; reprintfrom 1968). with Rarity Guide. 1865 (revised reprint 1968). BRITISH MUSEUM. A Guide to the Exhibition of Roman Coins in the British Museum. 1963. BRITISH MUSEUM. A in Guide to the Exhibition of Roman Coins in the British Museum. 1963. BURNETT, A. Coinage the Roman World. 1987. BURNETT, A. Coinage in the Roman World. 1987.

550

BOOKS AND MONOGRAPHS ONON ROMAN COINS BOOKS AND MONOGRAPHS ROMAN COINS

573

FOSS, C. Roman Historical Coins. 1988. GNECCHI, F. Roman Coins: Elementary Manual. 1903. HILL, G.F. Historical Roman Coins. 1909. HILL, G.F. Handbook of Greek and Roman Coins. 1899. JONES, J. MELVILLE. A Dictionary of Ancient Roman Coins. 1990. KENT, J.P.C. and HIRMER, M. and A. Roman Coins. 1978. LEVY, BOB (with Introduction by David R. Sear). From the Coin’s Point of View. 1993. MATTINGLY, H. Roman Coins from the Earliest Times to the Fall of the Western Empire. 2nd edition. 1960. MILNE, J.G. Greek and Roman Coins and the Study of History. 1939. MOMMSEN, T. Die Geschichte des RömischenMünzwesens. 1860 (reprinted edition 1956). PENN, R.G. Medicine on Ancient Greek and Roman Coins. 1994. SEAR, D.R. The Emperors of Rome and Byzantium. 2nd edition. 1981. STEVENSON, S.W. A Dictionary of Roman Coins. 1889 (reprinted edition 1964). SUTHERLAND, C.H.V. Roman Coins. 1974.

INDEX TO VOLUME V ABBREVIATIONS AELIA EUDOXIA, wife of Arcadius AELIA FLACCILLA, wife of Theodosius I ANTHEMIUS, AD 467-72 ARCADIUS, AD 383-408 ARIADNE, wife of Zeno and Anastasius I AVITUS, AD 455-6

p. 74 nos. 20880-95 nos. 20603-28 nos. 21608-30 nos. 20696-879 nos. 21566-9 nos. 21573-82

BASILISCUS AND MARCUS, AD 475-6 BOOKS AND MONOGRAPHS ON ROMAN COINS

nos. 21495-503 p. 568

CONSTANS (I), as Caesar under Constantine I, AD 333-7 As Augustus, AD 337-50 CONSTANS II, AD 409/10-411 CONSTANTINE I († AD 337), posthumous coinage under Constantine II and Constantius II CONSTANTINE II, as Caesar under Constantine I, AD 317-37 As Augustus, AD 337-40 CONSTANTINE III, AD 407-11 CONSTANTINOPOLIS, issues under Constantine I, Constantine II, Constantius II, and Constans, AD 330 and 337-48 CONSTANTIUS II, as Caesar under Constantine I, AD 324-37 As Augustus, AD 337-61 CONSTANTIUS III, AD 421 CONSTANTIUS GALLUS, Caesar under Constantius II, AD 351-4

nos. 18323-79 nos. 18380-732 nos. 21079-80

DECENTIUS, Caesar under Magnentius, AD 351-3

nos. 18842-95

EUDOCIA, wife of Theodosius II EUDOXIA, wife of Arcadius, see Aelia Eudoxia EUDOXIA, wife of Valentinian III, see Licinia Eudoxia EUGENIUS, AD 392-4 EUPHEMIA, wife Anthemius

nos. 21240-47

FLAVIUS VICTOR, AD 387-8

nos. 20663-75

GALLA PLACIDIA, half-sister of Honorius, wife of Constantius III, mother of Valentinian III GLOSSARY GLYCERIUS, AD 473-4 GRATIAN, AD 367-83

nos. 21245-59 p. 8 nos. 21639-45 nos. 19886-20162

HELENA, mother of Constantine I, posthumous coinage under Constantine II, Constantius II, and Constans, AD 337-40 HONORIA, sister of Valentinian III HONORIUS, AD 393-423

nos. 17491-8 nos. 21371-6 nos. 20896-21052

INTRODUCTION

p. 5

JOHANNES (JOHN), AD 423-5 JOVIAN, AD 363-4 JOVINUS, AD 411-13

nos. 21115-24 nos. 19185-238 nos. 21084-95

nos. 17454-90 nos. 17001-364 nos. 17365-453 nos. 21053-78 nos. 17507-28 nos. 17549-719 nos. 17720-18322 nos. 21112-14 nos. 18914-19023

nos. 20676-95 nos. 21631-5

index to volume v

575

JULIAN II, As Caesar under Constantius II, AD 355-60 As Augustus, AD 360-63 JULIUS NEPOS, First Reign, AD 474-5 Period of Exile and Second Reign, AD 475-80

nos. 19024-92 nos. 19093-184 nos. 21646-56 nos. 21657-61

LEGEND ABBREVIATIONS LEO I, AD 457-74 LEO II, AD 474 LEO II AND ZENO, AD 474 LEONTIUS, AD 484-8 LIBIUS SEVERUS (SEVERUS III), AD 461-5 LICINIA EUDOXIA, daughter of Theodosius II, wife of Valentinian III

p. 15 nos. 21402-63 nos. 21468-9 nos. 21470-76 no. 21570 nos. 21596-606 nos. 21360-70

MAGNENTIUS, AD 350-53 MAGNUS MAXIMUS, AD 383-8 MAJORIAN, AD 457-61 MARCIAN, AD 450-57 MAXIMUS, AD 410-11

nos. 18733-841 nos. 20629-62 nos. 21583-95 nos. 21377-401 nos. 21081-3

NEPOTIAN, AD 350

nos. 18910-13

OLYBRIUS, AD 472

nos. 21636-8

PETRONIUS MAXIMUS, AD 455 PLACIDIA, see Galla Placidia POPULUS ROMANUS, issues Constantine I, AD 330 PRISCUS ATTALUS, First Reign, AD 409-10 Second Reign, AD 414-15 PROCOPIUS, AD 365-6 PULCHERIA, sister of Theodosius II and wife of Marcian

nos. 21571-2 nos. 17547-8 nos. 21097-107 nos. 21108-11 nos. 19860-85 nos. 21248-59

RICIMER, Magister Militum during the Interregnum in the West, AD 465-7 no. 21607 ROMULUS AUGUSTUS, AD 475-6 nos. 21662-9 SEBASTIANUS, AD 412-13 SEVERUS III, see Libius Severus

no. 21096

THEODORA, second wife of Constantius I, posthumous (?) coinage under Constantine II, Constantius II, and Constans, AD 337-40 nos. 17499-506 THEODOSIUS I, AD 379-95 nos. 20390-602 THEODOSIUS II, AD 402-50 nos. 21125-239 ROMA, URBS ROMA, and URBS ROMA BEATA, issues under Constantine I, Constantine II, Constantius II, and Constans, AD 330 and 337-48 nos. 17529-46 VALENS, AD 364-78 VALENTINIAN I, AD 364-75 VALENTINIAN II, AD 375-92 VALENTINIAN III, AD 425-55 VERINA, wife of Leo I VETRANIO, AD 350

nos. 19529-3 nos. 19239-528 nos. 20163-389 nos. 21260-341 nos. 21464-7 nos. 18896-909

ZENO, First Reign, AD 474-5 (see also Leo II and Zeno) In Exile, AD 475-6 Second Reign, AD 476-91 ZENO AND LEO CAESAR, AD 476-7 ZENONIS, wife of Basiliscus and mother of Marcus

nos. 21506-9 no. 21510 nos. 21514-65 nos. 21511-13 nos. 21504-5