Records of Han Administration. Volume II Documents

Citation preview

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WKN

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Chia

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23 sw 9. Translation

14

Demotion of Cheng Ch'iang,

OC no.18 sui, to fill the post of t'ing-chang

Kuo-hsi-men; forwarded to Chti-yen; one item, one sealed document. [ Sealed by ?] wei-shih Hsi, on wu-ch'en, sixth month. 15

Despatch of wei-shih Ch'eng Lu to... list of names for the seventh month of nine sick officers and men who were treated with medicine and recovered, and to proceed to the fu for the meeting of the first day of the eighth month;

one item, one sealed document. 16

on hsin-ch'ou, ny

18

Institution of criminal proceedings against hou-chang Wang Ch'iang and Wang Pa for lack of due surveillance; relieved of their commands for failure to discharge their duties; names passed to the fu; one item, collection of sealed documents; sealed by ytian Ch'iang, on ping-shen, eighth month. Claim of 800 cash, lodged by Ch'eng She-chih, acting OC Pu-ch'in hou, from * Feng, OC Kuang-ti sui; forwarded to Kuang ti hou-kuan; one item, one

Sealed by wei-shih Ping, on jen-tzu, eighth month.

Personal statement made by private Hu Ch'ao

effect that they had not received salt; 20 21

22

23

Sealed by ling-shih Ping Tsou,

seventh month.

sealed document. 19

[ Sealed by?] wei-shih Ch'eng Lu, on

keng-tzu, seventh month. ... the fu; one item, one sealed document.

and twenty others,

to the

statement for the fu; one item, col-

lection of sealed documents. Sealed by wei-shih Ch'ang, on keng-shen, eighth month. ... hou-kuan; one item, one sealed document. Sealed by ling-shih Hung, on i-ch'ou, eighth month. Forwarded to Chii-yen; promotion of Fu, OC no. 5 sui, to fill the post of ling-shih at Chti-yen; sent to proceed to his post this day; one item, one sealed document. Sealed by ling-shih Ch'ang on kuei-wei, tenth month. Register of daily patrol duties of... officers: statement for the fu; one item, collection of sealed documents. Sealed by ling-shih Hung, on kuei-ssu, tenth month. ...one item, one sealed document. Sealed by ling-shih Min, on jen-hst, eleventh month.

13

30

29

28

ST abet

27

beat +a

LA 886

Hare

26

Hah sy say at

Caples?

spo

DDD

eee Soa

A A0

regg] / eee SH Say lM WM

mage aeog

(AT «(be Gey Gahy)

EIEESRELE

at [is

SAT

ap EE BY

rbe—-§oB BA af

BKREA

IV

{HIN

31

SN Ca/\s)

we

32

ratio, me aM

Mu-durbeljin

25

MD 1 Notes

25

Z+

(at foot) SW, Chia, LK OJ

It is possible that the Ch'eng granary was

situated at or near Wayen-torei

(88. 14 may possibly be part of an external address

label;

group 88 has been

identified as deriving from that site). 26

@ 22 SW, Chia, LK A? SR i

SW, Chia jak SW

ae

;

Chia #| LK

4

a

7

For the illegal sale of official clothing,

and attempts to stop the practice,

see K'ao p.6, and Hulsewé (1957) p. 13. 28 29 30

eeseeswetAr LK 49 LK 7

4 Ak

sww is used in this strip in two senses:

hou-kuan;

31

(a) as the officer commanding

a

(b) as the designation of a unit.

Ow SW, Chia, LK @ ¥. C sw, Chia, LK 4% 4% sw, Chia, LK omit At SW and Chia add an oblique stroke before the entry — & , but this is probably no more A dot preceding

than a flourish of the brush in writing Aq ; —

Ey is probably obscured by the vertical crack inthe strip.

The meaning of the strip is questionable,

32

I+ sw ¥+ ommay

and the translation is tentative.

; LK omits

[Ko

Translation

24

25

26

...one item, collection of sealed documents. Sealed by ling-shih Ken, on chia-shen, eleventh month. Promotion of hou-shih Hsti Fu to fill the post of ling-shih at the Ch'eng granary; sent to proceed to his post this day; forwarded to the Ch'eng granary; one item, one sealed document. Sealed by ling-shih Hung, on keng-tzu, twelfth month. Register of daily patrol duties of hou-shih...of Chia-ch'ti for the twelfth month; hire and sale of clothes and goods, in the commandery, by guardsman Tung-kuo Li and others, while travelling; forwarded to the tu-wei-fu; Sealed by ling-shih So, on ping-tzu, two items, two sealed documents. first month.

15

Mu-durbeljin

Translation 27

...forwarded to the tu-wei-fu;

28 29 30

...sealed by wei-shih Ch'ang Fu, on kuei-ssu, first month. ...forwarded to the fu; two items, one sealed document. Visit of the houto the fu, stating that Po, OC no.7 sui, is conjointly tran-

31

sacting the business ofthe hou; one item, one sealed document. [|Promotion of... shih... of Chia-ch'ti to fill vacant post at Chii-yen?] statement for the fu;

32

one item,

one item,

one sealed document...

collection of sealed documents.

...the fu; one item, one sealed document.

16

\\,

NY

MD 2 and 3 (See Plates 18 and 19) Introduction

MD 2 and MD 3 are considered together in view of the general similarity of clerk may have written

their form and contents,

and the possibility that the same

parts of each document.

They are both registers of mail handled in transit at

one of the offices in MD. The strips shown in MD 2 give the number of letters or despatches handled on a particular occasion,

observed on the seal.

together with the name

responsible for doing so.

together with the title and name of the officer

(There are variations,

are not furnished for all the items, Some

and no.7,

e.g.,

no.5,

where full details

where details of despatch are not

of the mail handled at this office can be shown to have been

items which were passing in transit, correspondence

as

The final entries on the strips give the dates on which the

mail was sent away from MD,

included).

or office of the originator,

e.g.

there are entries on nos. 3 and 7 for

originated by the tu-wei of Cht-yen;

seal was inscribed with a name

other items,

in which the

rather than a title may have been originated at

or close to the office in MD where the register was compiled. In MD 3 the headings of the strips include a general statement of the direction of the mail,

in the simple terms "southbound"

or "northbound",

destination is given for each item of correspondence. are fragmentary,

bound mail.

vary,

and no. 4 to north-

On those strips which concern a single letter only, or several office,

the destination is inscribed boldly,

in one

In cases where several letters are concerned and the destinations

this information is entered separately for each item,

as are necessary.

once;

Nos. 2, 6 and 9, which

can be identified as referring to southbound,

letters addressed to the same

wide column.

and the exact

in as many columns

Similarly the office of the originator is sometimes

written

sometimes the form is varied or the title is repeated.

MD 3 also includes information regarding the operation of the system of relay from post to post, labels as the means

which is prescribed frequently on the external address

whereby mail was to be carried. : It is evident that an

estimate was made of the distance to be covered and the time needed for the journey.

This is noted on some

of the strips,

18

together with the time that was

MD

actually taken.

2 and 3

The schedules given here provide for a distance of about eleven

li for each hour. : The overall similarities of MD 2 and MD 3 suggest that they should be dated at about the same the two documents

time,

and this suggestion must be accepted if it is thought that

were written by the same hand. and some

evidence to support such a suggestion,

However,

there is no internal

difficulties are involved.

It cannot necessarily be assumed that a single calendar year only is concerned

with either MD 2 or MD 3.

However,

if that assumption is made,

it will be

found that the five dates specified in MD 2 fit the reconstructed calendar for 16

A.D.;

they will also fit the calendar for 37 B.C. , with one slight exception

(i.e. , in no.1,

where the text reads

dars,

is shown as the last day of the first month of 37 B.C.;

kuei-hai

=H

NS 4%;

in the reconstructed

possible that the scribe was using a calendar that was slightly

calenit is

different or that

he was calculating incorrectly). The dates given in MD 3 are sometimes state of the text.

of doubtful validity owing to the poor

If they are accepted in the versions given below, : they will

almost fit the following years: Year

Exceptions

16 A.D.

no. 4 (different by two days) and no. 6.

18 A.D.

no. 5 (different by one day) and no. 8.

23 A. D.

nos. 3 and 8.

54 A.D.

nos. 2 and 8.

90 A. D.

nos. 3 and 8.

A possible reason for rejecting 16 and 18, and possibly 23 A.D. , for MD 3 may be seen in the recurrence

changed to She-ping in

of the commandery-name

Chang-i,

under Wang Mang (see HS 28 B1.15a).

date of this change is by no means

certain.

as this was

However, the

The first occasion when Wang Mang

introduced such changes of name was in 14 A.D.

(see HS 99B, 24a, 25b, HFHD

vol. 3, pp. 341-6), but this was followed by a number of further changes in the succeeding years,

and it is not known when Chang-i was affected.

Thanks to the incidence of the names

of individuals,

there may be reason to

associate MD 1 and MD 2 with the Kan-lu period (53-50 B.C. ). In an article written before photographs of the strips were published,

19

Mori Shikaz6 has

Mu-durbeljin

attempted to assemble a corpus of material in which individuals such as lingMany of the names are seen shih Hung, Wang Ch'ung and others are mentioned. imine strips of MD 1 and MD 2, anda

possible pointer to a date for Wang Ch'ung

may be seen in 267.20, which reads: ai %s mw # XA

rh An tp Ak BELA LMG ARS

@ 4q- # cE AB ge

It is open to question whether the Ch'ung of this strip can be identified for certain

with the Wang Ch'ung of MD 2 nos. 1 and 3. Finally,

in view of the very similar form and wording of MD 3 and TD 1 and

TD 2, it may seem to each other.

Pp

likely that the three documents

should be dated fairly closely

dates for TD 1 and TD 2 are considered below (see

Possible

2506s Both here and in other registers of mail (TD 1, TD 2 and X 1) the term

chang A is used in respect of the seal of senior officials, shou,

while yin is used with reference

officials, e.g. Chii-yen sai-wei Bk

e. g. tu-wei or t'ai-

to private individual names

or junior

® B+ or Chii-yen ch'eng & 3¢ & . This

distinction can be related to a passage from the lost Han-chiu-i

y %, Mf of Wei

Hung Ket ¥ (f1. 40-50 A. D.), which describes the scheme of seals, inscriptions thereon,

with distinctions suitable for noblemen

ribbons and

and officials of

varying status. c (No distinction is maintained in the translations

given here

between the terms chang and yin). In many of the pieces the time of delivery of the mail has been specified in

terms of one of the twelve named hours of the day and night and their subdivisions into seven or eight parts (k'o %,| or fen ‘ay ; for an explanation of the

system see Ku Yen-wu,

Jih-chih-lu,

In rendering these terms,

BSS ed. vol. 2 pp. 34f, and K'ao pp. 67-73).

figures have been substituted for the names

hours, from yeh-pan RK +

(the first) to jen-ting One

(the twelfth);

followed by a further figure to denote the subdivision or part.

used in the strips vary from those listed in K'ao (i.e. % K 5

first, & ({ for the fifth, Fragments

of other documents

Similarly,

found at Tun-huang,

these are

Some of the terms

is seen for the

1 & for the eighth, andF ii for the ninth hours). of the type shown here can probably be seen in

59.19, 203.2 and 283. 63 (from MD), unidentified).

of the

75.14,

288.30 (UD), and 299. 17 (site

registers of mail are represented in a few fragments

where the directions

''westbound"

or "eastbound"

are some-

times incorporated in the headings (e. g. see Ch. nos. 454 and 455, where 4h Zz 20

MD 2 and 3 should be corrected to read 4 z

; Hsia XVII N 5; Mno.115,

should be corrected to read @ 2

; Mno.135,

and, possibly,

where HK z Ch. nos. 482, 535,

572 and M no. 130). The spacing in the second band of MD 2 nos. 3 and 8 differs slightly from that of other fragments of that document.

In MD 8, the order adopted here for nos. 5

and 6 should be reversed.

Intrusive writing is seen on the reverse

(and possibly the seu

| on nos. 3, 6, 20 (phrases such

(terms of the sexagenary

cycle);

is given in TP and LK as 163.19; numbered

10 and19.

as

4A

The original number

as Sommarstr6m

side of no. 1

ee Dio

of MD 3 no. 8

(p. 286) lists two fragments

in the 163 series which were found at site A 22 locality I, it seems

that the 163 group can hardly be associated with MD (site A 8). been incorrectly included in MD 3, or the original number MD

214. 24

358

1037

152

2

sono

178

--

135

192

932

137

190. 33)

331

1023

148

5

214.51

356

2432

152

6

136. 43

441

--

158

1

1280ne9

371

2411

154

8

132.28

148

--

133

9

190.29

329

1096

148

15G..6

4

180.39)

In SW as 180. 390

MD 3

1

214. 86A

473

--

161

2

56, 37

368

--

153

323

1671

147

Sh esaleer!

has been misquoted.

2

1

590

Either no. 8 has

4

229.24

291

--

145

>)

185.3.) 49, 22)

142

352

133

6)

boa. al

178

--

135

a

Lie

362

916

153

8

163.19

95

--

127

9

132.27

148

--

133

21

In SW as 288. 23

Mu-durbeljin

Ope

126 (and 127) 328

ta bane

TESTS

27

--

131

1691

148

ge

a a

135

595

132

13

234.7

181

--

136

14

27728

547

ae

164

L5re

22Ge21

292

--

145

16

84, 24

276

481

144

Vie

04532

331

605

148

164

4SS218

310

--

208

19

49.33

142

Rib)

133

200)

S3G1L6

178

--

135

A different fragment numbered TP 408

21

484.9

22

30. 4

Bower

Le

278

--

144

241

--

141

432

--

157

33.16

is seen on

Notes

(1) 2Bie

(2)

see 279,11."

Further

312.142

32.232

and 7424.

information of this type can be derived from

see also Fujieda (1955) (1) p.315.

TD 1, TD 2 and X 1;

The importance attached to carrying the

mail on schedule is seen in several strips,

e.g.

133.23 and 55.11,

137. 6 (this single piece may possibly be associated with 55.13,

224.3,

224.14,

224.15 and 55. 23).

(3)

The only variation suggested here is in no.10,

xX Fu has been adopted; When

SWreads

+

=

was

changed to Chang-i.

the same time Chii-ch'eng & Ah replaced Chu-yen;

as Chu-yen is men-

3, the references

F

47°\ &

Chang-i was changed to She-ping,

tioned in MD

Wu-wei

At

to Chang-i are presumably to the original

(or the Hou Han) chiin of that name.

(5)

2

where the reading

See Loewe

(1963) pp. 171-2.

Mori 1955. The passage

is cited in notes to HS and in various other sources. =i

chid-i-pu-1 ~sxt

2

|£ L4

See Han-

+

Z*\ ##,).

Az *#

A. 4b (in the SPPY

collection Han-kuan-liu-chung

For a clear distinction between the terms chang and yin,

depending on seniority,

see Ch. no. 367; see also K'ao pp. 9f. 22

MD

(7) SW and LK read @ —

between the first and the second bands.

that this forms part of the text, ator or addresses

meaning "one bag",

are furnished.

(8) Ch'en (1960) (2) reads

A X

in no. 3.

23

2 and 3

It is unlikely

as no details of origin-

x

Taye

|

AS

ae \.

pin EIS

G82 AP\

a

AD

-G-GY DY AZ

S(arN

ae

Sl a\

AX"

WIR

(Aso

SH -GR BD YAy( ane

8

(a

a~ BS

YBar

Day A

SEU sncteeta

ped

et aS

re

i

3

Lay 4

HELEN H See...

-

(ASE

ani \SAFMONA) ee ty

ofa

3

(0

W

.

ror) dest

i

=

4

AREtH FAD

A wl ada

Mu-durbeljin

MD 2 Notes a

AK SW, Chia & &

Sw, Chia @ (for Wang Ch'ung, cf. no. 3)

2 SW, Chia, LK #%

Presumably the upper five entries refer to the five letters,

and the lower

entries to the three despatches.

C1 CO sw, Chia, LK # 4k ki xk At & Ican trace no official entitled Chii-yen wei-ch'eng, and the term may be an abbreviated form of Chti-yen tu-wei-ch'eng.

Translation Five letters, three despatches; two with the seal of Wang Hsien; one with the seal of Sun Meng; one with the seal of Ch'eng Hsiian; one with the seal

of Wang Ch'ung. Two with the seal of Lt Hsien; one with the seal of Wang Ch'iang. Despatched by ling-shih T'ang [ Feng?], on kuei-hai, second month. ...one with the seal of Lt Chung... ... including one with the seal of the tu-wei, Chti-yen; one with the seal of Wang Ch'ung. Despatched by wei-shih Ch'iang Tsou, on wu-hsi, fifth month, Three letters, including one with the seal of Li Hsien; one[ with the seal

of] Wang Chung-kuo; one [with the seal of] Li Sheng. shih Hung, on kuei-ssu, tenth month.

Despatched by linga

Two letters, three despatches, including one [|with the seal of| * * Chii-yen; one [ with the seal of] Wang Hsien. Despatched by wei-shih P'u, on tingssu,

tenth month.

_..ch'eng, Chii-yen tu-wei, including one [ with the seal of] the OC Chii-yen granary; one with the seal of Wang Hsien. on ting-yu, twelfth month.

25

Despatched by ling-shih Hung,

Mu-durbeljin

SQ 1 HD \(op

tin ( ARE

.

HD TE ol

ia

ATA

aq et) JEBS et

HAD ey) RK

(ATRge

EL

(ai

eelo-

MD 2

Notes Ei yk &

Presumably

the assistant to the senior civil official of the hsien

of Chii-yen.

ay

Be x - This is somewhat puzzling.

The ling of Chii-yen should strictly

refer to the senior civil official of the hsien

of Chii-yen.

However,

senior

officials of hsien were termed ling only if the registered population numbered 10000 families or more,

Chti-yen(see HS 19A. 29a; 10 hsien, A.D.

and this is very unlikely for the hsien of

in 1-2 A.D. , Chang-i commandery comprised

including that of Chii-yen,

, at a time of withdrawal

from

with a total d 24,352 families; the northern

listed under the dependent state of Chti-yen,

1560 families. states,

territories,

Chang-i,

whose

See HS 28B1.15a and HHS (tr. ) 23A.40b.

in 140

Chti-yen was

size is given as

For the dependent

see vol.I pp. 61f).

Translation

Two despatches, two letters; the despatches included one with the seal of the tu-wei, Chii-yen, and one with the seal of Cheng Ch'iang; the two letters were with the seal of the ch'eng, Chti-yen. Two letters, including one with the seal of the tu-wei, Chti-yen, one with the seal of the ling, Chti-yen... One letter, three despatches...

27

a

ay)— 8B EBS StepDy)

eS

coe

Ss

fe

Sees

as

RES

wy] 1

DOM

at

ACTER

eae BC SPRa\ gee RERARRAR“Mel K

eee ge RY BE

SgnOo EON
.

...OC no.3 sui, Chao K'uang. ..OC no, 11 sui, Ch'en.. ..OC no. 12 sui, Kuei Meng.

OC Wan-nien ‘sui, Tung Hsi, OC Pu-ch'in sui. ... OC... Sul, Ch'un-yii Hsien. . .OC...sui, Chang Tsung. nO... Wang PAG. OC Chi-ti sui, Wang Ch'ang... ...OC Wang-lu sui, Hsti Chang...

45

MD 6 (See Plates 21 and 22) Introduction

A number

of different documents,

which are concerned with various aspects

assembled here;

of the annual tests in archery,’ are representedinthe fragments it will be seen that they are drawn from correspondence

which extended for about

In general four types of strip can be distinguished:

half a century.

(1) Records of the performance of individual officers undergoing the tests

(nos. 1-16). (2) Copies of the ordinance which provided for the tests (nos. 17-22;

possibly, (3) Captions,

and,

nos. 4, 7 and 9). describing the nature of documents such as (1) and (2) (nos. 23-27).

(4) Cover-notes or individual submissions

deriving from the results of the tests

(nos. 28-34), The tests were

carried out at the level of hou or hou-kuan,

the units were established,

at the sites where

and the results were forwarded to the tu-wei-fu.

will be seen that those officers whose performance

exceeded the required stan-

dard of proficiency were entitled to an award of extra days’ service. grants were probably made by officials of 2000 shih

It

Such

grade (i.e. the tu-wei or

t'ai-shou) and recorded at their offices for the benefit of the official concerned,

and, possibly,

for transmission to the central government.-

In a number of these strips the tests are described as being performed in the autumn,

and it will be seen that some

the ninth month.

of the reports are dated on the last day of

References to carrying out the tests during the seventh or

eighth month are seen in MD 13 nos. 3, 27, 28. It is not understood in what circumstances the text of the ordinance was sent from one unit to another.

It would be expected that this would be sent from

senior to junior units, together with instructions for compliance.

nos. 23-27 indicate that the text was forwarded, tests, from junior to senior offices;

to the senior units in this way,

for the tests.

However,

together with the results of the

possibly the text may have been returned

to show the actual conditions that were imposed

It is to be noted that the text of the ordinance is not identical in

all the examples.

46

MD 6 Spaces left for binding strings in nos. 30-32 show that these strips were bound up with other pieces,

presumably those that gave details of the reports concerned.

The following dates (all B. C.) are mentioned in these fragments: 57 (no. 1); 56 (no. 28);

55? (no. 11);

53 (no. 2); 46 (nos. 3, 5 and 30);

45 (no. 8) and 4 (no.10).

No. 29 can probably be dated at about 55, in view of a different,

(159. 14) concerning the same officer.

dated strip

The year 25 is suggested for no. 32;

the

very similar nos. 28 and 30 are both dated on the last day of the ninth month, and on this analogy no. 32 can be placed in the ninth month. than 25, in which there was a long ninth month was 100 A.D.,

The only year,

other

beginning on the day keng -hsii

and this is an unlikely date for the fragment.

The full meaning of the phrase A

(or &

) %

which is seen in nos. By a

17, 20, 22, 28 and 32, is not known. a cloth-made

Lao Kan : has explained

pennant used for signalling,

(or =

)as

and the word is seen in this sense in

UD 7 nos. 3, 4, 6 and 7, and in 13. 2 and 288. 7.

Other fragments which may be concerned with tests in archery are possibly seen in 173.24;

485.10;

485.13;

485.28;

and in an unnumbered

fragment shown

on TP 215.

It is not stated where groups 232 (see no. 12) and 485 (see nos. 4, 5 etc.) were found.

The thirty-one pieces in group 232 are mostly very small,

one fragment (232.1) which may be comparable shown here in UD 3. of the Chia-ch'ti units,

in SW is probably

and associated with the pieces

Fragment 485.9 is part of an external address label of one and can

thus be associated with MD.

Nos. 3 and 4 may have been parts of the same 9 may be paired,

and include

strip,

and similarly nos. 8 and

but the association of 227. 43 with 227. 100 (no. 3) that appears incorrect.

Despite the time interval,

nos. 1 and 2 were probably written by the same

may be parts of the same document.

inscription is in two columns,

hand;

it seems

likely that

and nos, 3-9 (also no. 12?)

The form of nos. 15 and 16, where the

differs from that of the other fragments.

47

Mu-durbeljin

512

312.9 34. 13

511

227. 100

76 518

485. 50

SW associates with 227. 43 In LK as 227. 3

485.5

514

217. 27

517

485. 36

514

485.1

514

484. 55

514

133,14

510-511

202.18 232, 21 45.13 485. 59 485. 20

514

485. 14

511

142. 16

O11

InSW as 485.2

963 563 063 915 200 496 492 490 498 495

48 48-49 --

*Supplementary series.

The

strip is also given in Su (p. 24) with the number

3.2, but this is

doubtful (see TP 569 for 3. 2). 31

227.15

318

014 48

MD 6

32

28.15

220

215

51

33

485.11

297

--

66

34

485. 40

298

--

67

Also shown on TP 297.

Notes:

(1) This subject is discussed in Fujieda (1955) (1) p. 338;

Oba (1953) pp. 215-6;

and Ch'en (1958) p. 21. (2) It seems

likely that the awards were made by senior officials,

wording of nos. 23-27;

see also nos. 28 and 32, and 159.14.

ance of length of service in an officer's career,

in view of the For the import-

see UD 1 and UD 2. A pos-

sible parallel to the suggestion that records of these tests were

sent to the

central government may be seen in a fragment of a Han statute preserved in

the Shuo-wen (see Hulsewé (1959) pp. 252-3). (3) K'ao pp. 34-5.

So also Fujieda (1955) (1) pp. 259-260,

to 393. 9A (in K'ao as 392.9), Ch. no. 694 and M. no. 42.

49

References are made

TE

KH

sh4¢ RES

J

vehHie

ABE MSa

NU a

WRTR

Sete Eo ok abl

Ae

Reo 8 AR RK

RE |

(qe...

Ke Ye aRX

REi a Wl RET

ES mE

Mu-durbeljin

he ER KR WR

MD 6 Notes

1 A4@ Ch'en (1960) (2) 44. as

SW omits

Ax Bt 7

LA

SW,

sw, LK AK #4 LK omit

AS & SW, LK

Teepe 4g

SW) LK.

OO

10

SW omits

Translation

1 Wang Wu-ho, order of kung-ch'eng, OC Ni-hu sui, Chia-ch'ti [ hou-kuan] ,

2

3

Chii-yen; at archery, which was performed in accordance with the ordinance in the autumn of the first year of Wu-feng [57 B.C.], twelve arrows were shot and six hits registered on the target; qualified. ...at archery, which was performed in accordance with the ordinance in the autumn of the first year of Kan-lu [53 B.C.], twelve arrows were shot and ten arrows registered on the target. ...at archery, which was performed in accordance with the ordinance in the

autumn of the third year of Ch'u-ytian[ 46 B.C. ]... 4 5

6

7

8

...twelve arrows were [shot] and...hits registered on the target... ...at archery, which was performed in accordance with the ordinance in the autumn of the third year of Ch'u-yiian [ 46 B.C.], twelve arrows were shot and six arrows registered on the target. ...at archery, which was performed in accordance with the ordinance... twelve arrows were shot and five arrows registered on the target. . ...at archery, which was performed in accordance with the ordinance in the autumn...arrows were shot... ...in accordance with the ordinance, in the fourth year of Ch'u-ytian

(45 BAG, |... 9

...at archery...in the autumn...twelve tered on the target...

o1

arrows were shot and... hits regis-

16

oie EE ES(

15

14

13

12

11

BFENC

(C95EE eR

e

B BSgS fHed RAVEN SRay R ea ‘ulat l

Sce EEX Wt =

eas Qaid

OR

ae fs aa

B-PE> \( AC SRE ae

-FS \| -8M+

~/

MetaR

N

HEM

eee

soCho nga

BKwo)

Mu-durbeljin

10

MD 6

Notes

104K Sw, Chia 44 114K

LK

#)

14 AF AL YLK HG 4K Translation

10

Kuan Wu,order of kung-ch'eng, OC Tang-ch'ti sui, Chia-ch'ti hou-kuan, Chii-yen; atthe archery test, which was performed in accordance with the

ordinance in the autumn of the third year of Chien-p'ing [4 B.C.], twelve arrows were shot and...arrows registered on the target. ... ...at archery, which was performed in accordance with the ordinance in the autumn of the second year of [ Wu-feng ?] [ 255 B.C.], twelve arrows were shot and six hits registered on the target: qualified. .. ...at archery...twelve arrows were shot and twelve hits registered on the target; awarded...long service... ... twelve arrows were [ shot] and four hits registered on the target. ...at archery which was performed in accordance with the ordinance in the autumn of the second year of... ...at archery...ordinance in the autumn... shot... ... twelve arrows were shot and...hits... business of the tu-wei...

53

25

24

23

22

21

3 eas;

-

x

20

19

18

eG

ca

ROE

SOE eS ee

ae

AC BY cet RREI nt 2S

Re

R

C

Eee EHR =R SUL

a i“far hn 9/87 Ha) Ky Ae RY ACRE 9 WK wll rj

=

peau ws

BU]ace drat KAT ag peeaM aT RCae 8) RW

Bets7G ] 40 2 Al ie Rf

‘39S

ap SP A

K+ahs «aR

Oe ed SAE gC RK se BN INNS BE NO

0G]Be Bel af AC 407 KTR BTol tl Bal om tH BtBEY BS 40CY 0G] EC Ya Go diel :

oom

BUEN AQ

aRa7, VI Rho

RT

WSS

OE NRG

aE FY

Mu-durbeljin

17

MD 6

Notes

The shih-li were military officials posted at the hou-kuan (see Appendix (5) ).

The meaning of st N 4a BY is questionable.

Cross-bows varied in

strength from 3 to 10 shih (see Ch. no. 73, and 82.15, 52.17); was probably intended to prevent the use of light weapons.

see Yoshida;

K'ao pp. 48f.;

Society of America,

aN

1%

=

inShichd

19

4 a

SW, LK

21

A+ ox At “f LK # + = swiik

23

D

sw A}

25

*

SW,

in the text.

8, 1954,

p.18 and fig.10;

BA

and Yawata Ichir6O

4

ga)

n

4. ie

“ay , 84-85 pp. lf.

oe

Gs 7k # : Az Ch'en : i (1960) @ LK , Chiaia #; Pang-huai

Chia,

The second

¥7

For cross-bows,

S. Umehara in Archives of the Chinese Art

Bp , Kodai Chigoku no do in tsuite

>? ©

2

Volume

and the rule

LK omit

character

seems

to be redundant

in view of its inclusion later

It was possibly inserted here in error.

Translation

17

18

.. OC signals' sections shall regularly be tested in archery in accordance with this ordinance. Twelve arrows shall be [ registered hits] shall be the standard of proficiency. For in excess of six... Proficiency ordinance no. 45. OC hou and shih-li shall all

19

cross-bows with the strength of operational cross-bows]. Twelve arrows shall be shot, and six registered hits on the target shall be the standard of proficiency. For registered hits in excess of six, an award of fifteen days' long service shall be made in respect of each arrow. Proficiency order no. 45. OC hou, shih li and OC sui shall all be tested in

20

archery.

in the autumn, shot and six registered hits

be tested in

They shall shoot at [targets set at a distance from the butt, using

archery. They shall shoot at targets set at a distance from the butt... Proficiency ordinance no. 45, Shih-li,OChou and OC signals’ sections shall regularly be tested in archery in the autumn in accordance with this ordi-

nance,

Six [registered hits] shall be the standard of proficiency.

For

registered hits in excess of six, an award of fifteen days’ long service shall be made in respect of each arrow.

55

R

16

x

28

HY

Ag 4

a

‘af

AY

4b

27

Ee A

AT De WRU

HR

UbBRT

Qeel SAE SRG BY ? (ND BR 0

Blld S UK tat 2nd(ul 1X ee

BP Ax

Retin$0

A B

TA

24

/3RGl 4a) ai

PY a ul 2 &

Jt At

RA eX x uy wT

Ro B nald

amenaS

4

a \

FAG DS RE ASK

AWAR weg Rac U- pA40 os OM Buk

SE ede ane

doc

a “00 AE HAD

and ens,

Gare at hha OO ANCE “woa/ ak

O84 Y Waddie

OY

Mu-durbeljin

26

MD 6 Notes

26

The meaning of ea Z , which is read in SW and LK, is not known.

28 Im 2 Lk o2 ie é LK £ 303.15,

No official with the specific title of chang-li

513.17;

see vol.I p. 68) can be traced in the establishment of the

or subordinate units,

and the term seems to be a general desig-

In a decree of 144 B.C.

(HS 5. 7b) the term designates officials of

hou-kuan

nation.

(also seen in

600 shih

In the list of the officials of the hsien

grade or above.

HS 19A. 29b), chang-li

is explained as a term which referred to officials

between the grades of 200 and 400 shih; and in a note to HHS 1A. 8a, it is taken as the senior civil officials of the hsien ants.

Chang-li

used to denote:

and their immediate assist-

should be distinguished from chang-shih B y

(a) the assistants to the ch'eng-hsiang

assistants to the hsiang

of the kuo (see UD 1 no.4);

officials serving in the chiin

, which is

(HS 19A. 4a); (b) the and(c)

certain

of the periphery (see HS 19A. 28b and notes;

and the Ts'ao Ch'iian Pei de > pe inscription column 3). For references to chang-shih and chang-li,

see the Kyoto index to the Hou-Han-shu pp.1091f.

A ZA 0 4m

ik @ ok kak ® bp swe Ak pees sw, KK [x & 5.

Ap

swt

fe ae 29

bhp

ix #! LK gives six unread characters.

EZ xh Mh sw, LK PA a) Sat 2?

f) not understood;

SWA

no translation is offered.

LK LA

sw 4% 30

Chia

RB

Su g

Cale He WS ee RD oz &

Su, Ghana

sors Translation

21

.OC...shall regularly be tested in Twelve arrows with this ordinance. shall be the standard of proficiency. an award of fifteen days' long service arrow...

o7

archery in the autumn in accordance shall be shot and six [ registered hits] For registered hits in excess of six, shall be made in respect of each

Feww aT

SS-5) Free

Gy ENE)3 We 1

ak

31

wo / 40 et at

B76 Blom wn ape tan FRET RRO

se

~~

32

Naw

a

aN

33

ju. bias Bie ee > gy XanBa

OF RSS

x ya

c.

LS do

See BK

ae

RR Ue

SER

FSS WOYY pe saul Fis

Sy | rr

SONe

TAMAS

WEE Re

& Pw

34

00

=

cS

LR O

Mu-durbeljin

MD 6 Notes

31

g Yo

A $4 sw, LK

Oo Ado

o

t+ hee So ¥g sw,iktoesto 32

1

O

Sw, LKf) Chia 6)

JA “ SW, Chia, LK 6%

at

SW, Chia, LK At

oO 2 Osw, chia, LK O A bff SW, Chia, LK @

Bh

The terms 4p Ap and tap Pe are not fully understood. 33

LT

we

Ka

O 34

Ging ie Jeon 1a eo

sw, LK

ds

SW reads the right hand column as follows:

eo

O 8 HRELBp Bt

(LK agrees, reading x 4 and #44

©

t

O

A palea i)

Z 1)

Oo 4 sw,ukKtt # Translation

22 23 24 25

26 27 28

2

sOC-s; Signals'-sui. ..

Foregoing is a list of names for... of long service by officials of 2000 shih grade, in accordance with the ordinance, in respect of archery performed in the autumn, together with the ordinance. Foregoing is a formal statement of archery performed in the autumn. Foregoing is a list of names for the award of long service by officials of 2000 shih grade, in respect of archery performed in the autumn, in accordance with the ordinance, together with the ordinance. Foregoing is... officials of 2000 shih grade... archery performed in the autumn. Foregoing is a list of names for the award of long service by officials of 2000 shih grade, in respect of archery performed in the autumn, in accordance with the ordinance, together with the ordinance. Herewith report submitted by Ch'iang, OC Chia-ch'ti hou dated chi-yu, in

the ninth month (first day keng-ch'en) of the second year of Wu-feng | 23 November

shih-li

56 B.C.].

The letter from the [tu-weil -fu states that OC hou,

and OC signals' sections shall perform archery tests in the autumn,

in accordance with the ordinance; that their degree of merit and length of service shall be recorded, and that the senior officials shall assemble the

results of such tests and forward them under seal to the tu-wei-fu. I now herewith respectfully forward a formal statement of the archery test to which Nu,OC no.4hou, submitted in the autumn. Report ends.

09

Mu-durbeljin

Translation

29

30

31

32

... Hsien,

OC...hou

personally stated that he had regularly performed the

archery tests in the autumn in accordance with the ordinance and recorded

the degree of merit and length of service... Hsien... number of arrows on the notification; remainder as in the formal statement. Report ends. Herewith report submitted by K'o, ling-shih, dated hsin-ssu, in the ninth month (first day jen-tzu) of the third year of Ch'u-ytian [3 November 46 BC] The formal statement... arrows, butts, road... target all corresponding with the ordinance, performed the archery test; carried out the business of the hou... ... An Shih...li, personally stated that he had regularly performed the archery testsin the autumn in accordance with the ordinance and recorded the degree of merit and length of service... number of arrows registered as hitting the target on the notification; remainder as in the formal statement... Herewith report submitted by I, OC Chia-ch'ti Chang-hou, dated chi-mao in

the. .. month (first day keng-hsii),

..[ 10 November 25 B.C. ?].

The letter

from the [tu-wei] -fu states that OC signals’ sections shall perform archery tests in the autumnin accordance with the ordinance, and that the... shall

assemble the results of the tests and...[ tu] -wei-fu. respectfully submit the name

of Yen,

I now herewith

OC Tu sui, as in the notification,

and

request that in accordance with the ordinance Yen shall be awarded fifteen 33 34

days' long service. Report ends, ...the letter states that shih-li and OC hou... as in the notification, and request that in accordance with the ordinance... shall be awarded... Herewith report submitted by... (first day chia-shen)... length of service. I now herewith respectfully forward the list of names for the formal state-

ment of the archery tests of the autumn.

60

[Report ends]....

MD 7 (See Plate 5) Introduction

Spaced entries,

lated form,

which give the appearance

of a document

made out in tabu-

are seen in the fragments of calendars found at Tun-huang (Ch. nos.

9-24 and 25-35) and in documents

such as MD 14 and MD 15.

The pieces

collected here were probably parts of a tabular record of the issue of equipment

to small military units; concerned,

correctly,

a preliminary strip,

would have acted as a guide,

giving a list of the

to ensure that the table was read

and it is possible that examples of such guide-strips are seen in

Ch. no. 218 (see Loewe (1963) p. 162), 68.36 and 478.10;

a

a

There

? seven units

a

this latter strip reads:

a

is a further example of a document

set out in tabular form in W.1.

form of MD 7 is to be contrasted with that of other,

somewhat

The

similar strips,

which record the issue of equipment to single individuals or units only. Examples of such strips,

which include check-marks

seen in Ch. nos. 113-131;

to prove the receipt of the items,

see also Huang 53B.

It is possible that 68.56 should be associated with MD 7.

1

227. 31

317

--

394

2

282.19

263

1517

391

3

68. 18

578

--

666

4

282, 2

264

--

391

4)

227.4

342

--

611

6

227.2

317

--

394

7

227, 24

098

--

355

8

227,18

342

--

396

9

68. 40

182

--

194

61

are

Mu-durbeljin

@: pea4 ~2eg

an

oe ES

+

+

+}

¢

9

8

se BR )

\

MD 7

7

1 &

SW, LK &

oe”

SWoe

%

Notes

sw &

awa

cw. LK 7

4

8 FSW, LK as

cia

Weel

=——

on

Translation

Pulleys for flag-hoisting by rope: ... jars for drawing water

2 2 2 Zeezent2 1S orate. eo Ub eek oa oa |

ara Javelins Lee Cloth flags ... stove — wD OMAnDOfP

50 2 6

50

feet

63

50

MD 8, 9 and 10 (See Plates 11, 12 and 23) Introduction

Fragments of six separate records which concern the distribution of grain

can be distinguished in the material found at Chti-yen (MD 8, MD 9, MD 10, UD 4, TD 4, and W 2).

The three that were found at the sites of MD bear

slightly different features and were compiled in slightly different circumstances. The form however

it is possible,

is markedly similar;

the handwriting is that of the same

layout of the records. : In addition, very closely to each other;

clerk,

and even probable,

that

features are seen in the

and common

two of the documents

can probably be dated

for these reasons MD 8, MD 9 and MD 10 are best

considered together. MD 8 records the issue of grain to officers and privates at a monthly ration

of 3 shih 3 tou, calculated on the small scale. G Usually the ration was drawn a few days before the beginning of the month in question.

In some

cases a further

entry is made for the issue of salt, at a monthly ration of 3 sheng. : In addition to the amounts

issued,

the date of issue is recorded,

together with a statement

that either the grain was accepted personally by the man concerned or that it was received on his behalf by another. the foot of the strip,

In the latter case,

in the form of a capital P (see MD

a mark was made at

8 nos.7 and 15);

believed to have been added by the man entitled to receive the ration,

this is

as his

confirmation that the transaction had been duly completed. Fifteen of the strips presented in MD 8 record individual disbursements grain and salt as described. incomplete entry,

the stores.

Of the remaining six pieces,

of

no. 21 is probably an

on which the name was recorded prior to the actual issue of

Nos.1,

13 and 18, which are introductory captions describing the

content of the document,

provide a date for the record.

Nos. 13 and 18 refer to the fifth and twelfth months of the fifth year of Chienping,

i.e.

2.B.C, Z In addition,

year in Chien-p'ing,

no. 1 refers to the twelfth month of a certain

but the complete text is unfortunately unreadable.

this can be restored to read

ca fourth year,

and no. 1 can be taken as apply-

ing to a number of entries for the twelfth month of that year,

such as nos. 2-12,°

The dates mentioned in these strips can then be tentatively identified as

64

Possibly

MD 8, 9 and 10

corresponding to 26 December,

3 B.C. (nos. 2-6);

1 January 2 B.C. (nos. 7-8);

3 January 2 B.C. (no. 9); and 8 January 2 B.C.(no.12). related to nos. 14-16,

SliMay,

Similarly no. 13 can be

which can be placed in the fifth year of Chien-p'ing (27 and

2 BCs): S No..17 can be placed in the third year of Chien-p'ing,

but so

far no strips have been seen which can be taken as directly following no. 18.

Nos. 19 and 20 give running totals for the rations issued on particular occasions (e. g. nos. 2-6 show a number

same day).

which were

of disbursements

made on the

The association of these two strips with the other pieces of MD 8

can be accepted,

in view of the identity of the handwriting and the spatial

correspondence between the entries for salt and grain in the total (no. 20) and in the individual records (e.g. nos.3, lated at the same

Moreover the allowance

4 and10).

is calcu-

It can thus be inferred that the main commodity whose

rate.

issue is recorded in nos. 2-12 and 14-17 was su, unhusked millet,

as stated in

nos. 19 and 20. It is possible that 203. 34 should be included with the fragments of MD 8. However the reading is doubtful, same;

and it is by no means

certain that the hand is the

also, there is no space for the lower binding string such as is left regu-

larly on nos.1-20.

Other fragments which can possibly be associated with MD 8

but whose features are sometimes

176.45;

257.26;

279.7.

slightly different include 78.1;

A complete strip which can be identified as a caption

to a very similar document dated in 25 B.C.

MD 9 and MD

is seen in 176.38,

190.10,

10 record the amounts of grain allowed to members

families. u Both documents families,

113.24; 158. 2;

include the names

and the total amount of grain allowed.

of soldiers’

and ages of the members

of the

MD 10 includes the further

details of the actual rations for each named individual,

and different formulae

are used in each document to introduce the total quantities required. seen below that MD 9 applied to a short month of 29 days,

the issue for a full month (30 days).

193.7.

It will be

while MD 10 records

There is a further difference between

MD 9 and MD 10 in that the soldiers specified in MD 9 belonged to sui that were

denoted by a number;

in MD 10 the sui were known by name,

the two records were made separately for members

It is possible that

of two major units, whose

difference is reflected in the different way of designating subordinate parts (sui).

65

Mu-durbeljin

the two

Despite these differences there is an overriding similarity between

documents,

which may even belong to entirely different records,

and captions,

here as MD 9 no. 1, could belong to MD 9 or MD 10. placed correctly,

MD 9.

which is placed

Thus 185.13,

cannot be assigned with certainty to either one.

Probably MD 9 no. 10 is in

as the strip uses the final formula that is seen elsewhere

It will be seen that MD 10 no. 21 refers to the sector of Ch'eng-pei; this

name is also seen in MD 10 no. 13 (Ch'eng-pei sui). assigned to either document.

MD

However,

MD 10 nos, 22-23 could be

10 no. 1 is the caption for a record

as that month

of the twelfth month of the fourth year of Chien-p'ing (3-2 B.C.);

was long, the strip must be associated with records of disbursements for thirty rather than twenty-nine days; usually,

in MD

9.

such records are included in MD

With due allowance

10 but not,

for these difficulties and uncertainties,

it can probably be assumed that MD 9 and MD 10, like MD 8, were compiled

with reference to particular months in the Chien-p'ing period (6-2 B.C. ), Three pairs of fragments

can be associated together in MD

of the same strip: nos.1 and 2; nos. 13 and 14;

10 as being parts

and nos. 16 and 17.

Other fragments that may possibly be associated with MD 9 or MD

seen in 78. Ee 103. 24:9 191.10; 203.35;

The formulae 4 * Age and A MD 10 respectively,

203.37;

267.26A;

10 are

276. 4B.

mae which occur regularly in MD 9 and

have been subject to different interpretations.

(1955) (1) p. 282 first explained fan yung ku

Fujieda

as being an abbreviation for

A.

a A A gi , but ona later occasion (Fujieda (1955) (2) p. 153) he adopted

the view of Moriya Mitsuo cies z Zap2%. that whereas |

Hy is used to

record the quantities which were allowed for distribution in respect of each individual,

the expression hsien shu yung ku is used to record the amounts that

were actually distributed.

In MD 9 no. 8 the slightly different wording

E

a

is seen in place of A Es , and Hulsewé (1957) pp. 29-30 draws attention to similar occurrences

of

& % in 267. 26A;

271.15B

and M.no.36.

This last

example reads + se aE: yz a P fi B 4, , and the strip can perhaps be identified

as a caption belonging to a list of officers;

Noms

des résidences des employés",

attached to (this) office".

in place of Maspero's rendering

Hulsewé prefers ''Names of the officials

Yang Lien-sheng contrasts the usual hsien shu yung

ku with the formula read as YZ 3

4 in MD 9 no. 9, and suggests that the 66

MD 8, 9 and 10

two expressions mean "grain consumed (when the soldiers were stationed) in an office" and ''grain consumed while (the soldiers were) making hay" respectively! 2 Mori (1960) p. 349 believes that there is some significance in the fact that strips with the formula fan yung ku the family,

bear individual entries for each member

whilst such details are omitted in strips where the total amount is

introduced by hsien shu yung ku.

He regards the first set of strips as deriving

from applications made for grain in respect of a full month of thirty days; the second set as deriving from a record of the amounts

some

of

cases calculated for a short month (29 days).

distributed,

and

being in

The translations of MD 9

and MD 10 that are given below are based on the view that the use of different formulae need not preclude the probability that both documents record the actual distribution of grain made to members

Considerable

information regarding the allowances of grain that were issued

from official sources elsewhere. Ae

can be obtained from the fragments found at Chii-yen and

However,

quoted are often different, assumptions

of soldiers' families.

the circumstances

in which the various quantities are

and a significant comparison based on the same

cannot always be made.

An attempt has therefore been made below

(p. 69) to synthesize the available information.

Usually strips cite the amount

of grain in either the small or the large scale,

and a conversion from one scale

to the other is only provided exceptionally (e.g. W 2); quoted as a daily ration,

sometimes

amounts are

sometimes a figure is given for a monthly amount,

in the latter cases the amounts vary depending on the length of the month.

and

In

the table that follows the monthly allowances are given for full months of thirty days;

and the complete set of figures has been provided for purposes of

comparison.

The terms ta ~

and shao Ay which are frequently seen in the three ae

ments have been usually interpreted as meaning two-thirds and one-third,

and

the figures for the total amounts given in MD 10 prove beyond doubt that this interpretation is correct.

Ch'en Chih's suggestion== that the two terms refer to

the use of the large and the small scale of measurement

must therefore be

rejected.

A notable feature of MD 9 and MD 10 is the classification of the members of

a family according to sex and age.

Different rations were allowed for the age-

groups which can be distinguished as follows:

67

Mu-durbeljin

Ta A

, adult

15 years and above;

Shih A? , child, or

examples range from 15 to 67.

7 to 14; examples range from 7 to 13.

"employable" Wei-shih

# Af , infant,

6 years and below;

examples range from 2 to 6.

or ''not employable" This classification has been agreed by a number of comment

are necessary.

of scholars, We but a few points

(1) The age of 14 is included in the category of

shih, although no actual examples of this are seen here.

However,

of taxation a distinction was made between

for full rates,

and below for lesser rates” adopted.

(2) There is some

15 and above,

for purposes and 14

this distinction supports the solution generally question about the lowest category.

infants aged 2, classified as wei-shih,

Entries for

are seen in MD 10 nos. 6 and 10, but in

MD 9 no. 9 a two year old son is described as hsiao AN 3; anda one daughter features in MD 10 no. 4 without a classification.

year old

(3) A further fragment

which may be concerned with the issue of grain to families includes two entries

for sons aged 11 and 4, who are described as hsiao nan ~~ # Bo The various allowances that are given below need not have applied at the same time,

and it is possible that some

activity in the north west,

variation

took

place during the period of Han

as is shown by the different allowances for soldiers.

The figures clearly suggest that the status and serviceable value of an individual were considered when the scale of allowances was drawn up. soldiers usually received more than adult male civilians, victs; women;

Thus,

serving

or amnestied con-

private servants were graded on a par with boys aged 7-14 or adult whereas

men who were engaged on particularly laborious tasks were

entitled to greater quantities than soldiers on active service. (A system that can be described as "decimal" capacity (see vol.I p.161); convenience,

was used for Han measures

in the following table quantities are expressed,

according to the decimal system.

68

for

Calculated or inferred figures,

which are not directly supported by statements on inscriptions,

square brackets).

of

are enclosed in

MD

type of

monthly (daily)

grain

allowed

allowances,

refer-

for

ences

officers, men

W 2

les

®oR

in shih

small scale

large scale

[3

1.8

(51)

ey an i akeGMM [ Bee

(. 06)

8, 9 and 10

officers and

MD 8

other ranks

aE

¥

Leese ebb

3.)

(2).

meer

1 18-

(.06)

(.06)])

c. 85 Bac

civilians

(.06°)|

date

guardsmen

Cao Bee:

UD 4

(see p.192)

civilian 2

Huang 40

--

(Chia 2437)

--

3

(ois)

ele

(. 06)]

guardsmen

M nos. 66-8

--

=

2a

6209)

[1.62

(.054)]

guardsmen

M no. 69

--

He

[3.6

(.12))

2.2

TD4n0.2

--

(.071)'® special labourers

eo

(CSRS)

[Soe

ees

(@ 07)'8

TD4 nos.7,8 --

special labourers

B

[2.16°(.072)]

1.3°

(.04°) _ officers’

TD4no.6

--

26. 21

=

servants

g

(et)

Boe

[eee

(406)

eaninesticd3 convicts troops' families: female male

ne

Ee

coe)

--

Det Gi C072) amisOlea

ea

Pe

(20400),

Mechiid

or

1.6°

(.055)

[.996

(.033)]

infant

a

PG

e038)e)

690

(2 023)|

--

The figures given above for the allowances lies are those that appear in MD 10. each individual specified,

by the total sums,

the same

) child ) infant ))

made to members

[ MD 9]

c.3 Bac

MD10 of soldiers' fami-

In MD 9, where no figures are given for figures will satisfy the conditions demanded

provided that due allowance

short month of 29 days.

) adult}

is made for their application to a

Thus the monthly figures required in MD 9 are 2.9,

2. 093°, 1.61 and 1.11, in place of 3, 2.16, 1.6 and1.16 . It will be noticed that the total sum

given in MD 9 no. 6 is not correct,

as Mori has 6bserved:

and

in no. 8, where a slightly different formula is used and a period of 30 days is : 22 specified, a correspondingly higher amount of grain was needed,

69

Mu-durbeljin

There remains one fragment,

MD 10 no. 4, where the amount that is speci-

fied cannot be related to the figures in the foregoing table.

This is the entry for

a one year old baby (girl), in respect of whom an allowance of [. 8 shih?] 23 was , an allowance for as 311, and A daily ration of . 06 is also seen in Ch, nos. 310

made,

troops and others who were escorting a Chinese

mission to Yarkand,

It appears again in a literary

same allowance is probably intended in Ch. no, 328, context,

and the

where Yen Yu fay.ae was attempting to dissuade Wang Mang from mountwas

A

ing a large-scale campaign against the Heftneend ee and when Li Ku

arguing against the despatch of a large force to fight in the south (c. 138 A. D. ) he quoted a daily ration of . 05 (in mi HK

The allowance of 3 shih monthly for

): ae

civilian male adults that is seen in MD 9 and MD 10 corresponds with figures that are given in two literary passages which were written for rhetorical rather than practical purposes. ac

Perhaps the most interesting point of reference for the figures given in these fragments is to be seen in some

statistics that appear in the Han-shu.

cise figures that are quoted below may deserve more

attention than the round

totals that are often given in connection with military activities, derive from the desire of. the chronicler

ever,

to glorify Chinese

and which may

achievements.

the accuracy of the figures may well be subject to doubt,

dangers of textual corruption.

The pre-

How-

owing to the

The statistics appear in statements attributed to

Chao Ch'ung-kuo Fi H Al f at c.60 B.C.,

in which he quotes the monthly needs

of his forces, i.e. officers, men, horse and cattle, at 199,630 hu (of grain), 1693 hu of salt, and 250,286 shihof fodder.

The strength of Chao's force is

unfortunately not given in the precise context,

but earlier in the chapter it is

stated that troops assembled from commanderies

north-west frontier amounted to 60,000 men. force,

inside China and from the

The monthly needs of such a

on the basis of 3.3 shih of grain and . 03 shih of salt would amount to

199,980 and 1800 shih respectively. establishment of military colonies;

In the same passage Chao suggests the he observes that a force of 10, 281 colonists,

drawn from the ranks of amnestied convicts,

within China and officers' servants,

grain and 308 hu of salt.

volunteers,

certain men from

required a monthly supply of 27,363 hu of

These figures provide for a monthly allowance of grain

70

MD 8, 9 and 10

at 2.661 shih per head;

and the standard allowance of . 03 shih of salt (as in

MD 8) would amount to 308. 43 shih for the number of men quoted.

Although the

figure of 2.6 shih does not feature in the allowances specified in the strips, fits well in the proportionate scale shown above, allowance

for soldiers'

wives

it

being .5 shih higher than the

and .3 shih lower than that for adult civilian men.

MD 8

203. 25

163

491

133. 7

216

290

203. 14

161

279

254, 24

299

306

27. 10

507

338

137, 22

199

287

161.

293

305

In SW as 161.1

254.

228

292

In SW as 234. 23

203.

159

279

392.

422

327

OS wo fF aonmonrws=ounw —_ (S

In SW as 87.10

In LK as 392.2. The strip is probably numbered in error for 39,2... as group 392 is not associated with MD.

i

595. 8

252

297

12

39.8

346

313

Not shown on Plate

11.

13

D9. ESHEAE

253

297

In SW as 55, 24 only.

14

286. 8

300

306

In SW as 2.68. The check-mark appears more clearly in Chia than in TP:

15

D9.

256

297

In SW as 55, 27

16

39.

352

313

Not shown on Plate 11.

17

27.

335

312

18

203.

133

490

19

203.

133

275

20

254,

298

306

21

59.

253

464

71

Mu-durbeljin

(In the following lists the number assigned in Mori (1960) is shown in the final column of figures).

MD 9

185. 13

264

495

194, 20

315

308

19

253

297

14

218

290

11

133

275

2 In SW as 303. 3

161

280

4 In SW as 203. 13

281

303

09.

F HO wo fF Inn»

16

In SW as 95.16, 17.1, 19.20; LK omits mention of 95. 16.

162 162 10

314

151 151 294

In SW as 161. 2

323

In SW as 336. 2

334 284 253 133 wots eo KS HB WwW Fr Do

230

In SW as 254.1

161

In SW as 203. 12

162 344 249 150 161 ee ee CO KF DO |S FP oOo aD

163

23

MD 8, 9 and 10

|

525. 3

260

--

298

15

18

ales

334

202

311

21

19

203. 27

163

--

281

10

20

72.14

168

--

281

21

203. 15

160

--

279

28

Ze

133. 8

216

763

290

29

199

--

493

23

58. 16

In SW as 273

Notes

(1) E.g.

the use of dots at the heads of some of the columns;

and the use of

the binding strings to act as separators between different parts of the document is striking.

(2) I.e.

hsiao shih |, A

.

For this term see p.330 note (15).

(3) Salt was evidently not issued as regularly as grain,

as can be seen from

the figures given in MD 8 no. 20. (4) That year is usually denoted as Ytian-shou

1; for the use of obsolete nien-

hao, see vol.I pp. 136f. , and Loewe (1959) pp. 316f.

(5) The cyclical signs mentioned in these strips cannot be fitted into the calendar for other years in the Chien-p'ing period (including Chien-p'ing 5). (6) The days mentioned in nos. 14-16 will also fit the calendar for Chien-p'ing 3 and 4 (4 and 3 B..C. ).

(7) Many of these strips have been studied in Mori (1960). refer to the families of private soldiers,

All the examples

and it has been suggested (Ch'en

Kung-jou and Hsti P'ing-fang in Kaogu 1960, 1) that officers serving at the frontiers were

not accompanied by their families.

Ch'en Chih (Kaogu 1960,

8, p. 38) refutes this suggestion on the evidence of 220.5,

188.16 and MD 10

no. 8, but in the latter case he depends on an incorrect reading place of wa ) that is given in SW.

( Ve

in

The assumption that officers settled down

in the north-west and acquired land and houses can be supported in strips such as 24.1 or 37.35, property, above).

and,

which give the tax assessments

in one case,

However,

list the members

in respect of such

of the family (see vol.I pp. 71f.)

it cannot be proved that such families were entitled to

receive allowances of grain.

(8) Possibly to be associated with MD 8. 73

Mu-durbeljin

(9) (10)

See note (16) below. Yang p.111.

Yang's views were expressed before photographs of the strips

were available, and depended on the assumption of two different series of Since the publication of TP and Chia it has become possible to

allowances.

check the readings,

and it will be seen below that only one series of allow-

ances need be assumed.

For a possible distinction between the allowances

of grain to those actually at the site of the granaries and those posted else-

where,

see Nagata pp. 160-1.

(11) For a summary see Loewe (1961) (1) pp. 78E£. (12) The full terms are A + and 1 # ; see Yang pp.78-9; Fujieda (1955) (1) pp. 324f.;

(13)

In Kaogu 1960,

Yoneda (1954) (2) p.149;

Mori (1960) p. 343.

8 p. 38, Ch'en's views have been refuted in Kaogu 1960,

10

p. 53.

(14)

(15) (16)

See Yang pp. 109f.;

Fujieda (1955) (1) p.327;

Nishijima pp. 275f.;

Mori (1960) pp. 347f.

See Swann pp. 366f.;

Yang p. 109.

Yoneda (1954) (1) pp. 175f. ;

103. 24; this is included in Mori (1960) as no. 24.

The form of the piece is

such that it could be associated with MD 9, but the handwriting is probably different.

In view of the different description of the age-category,

strip is not included as part of the same

this

series of records as MD 9.

The

terms ta-nan, ta-nii, hsiao-nan and hsiao-nt appear in 29.1 and 29. 2 (see vol. I pp. 113-5) and in X 2, and seem to refer generally to adult (i.e. subject to obligations and privileges of state) and non-adult persons. should be distinguished from nan-tzu

g 5

(1) heads of households (see Han-shu-yin-i notes to HHS 2. 2a;

They

, which is explained either as

2g Zz = sy

, as cited in the

for this work see Loewe (1960) pp. 114-5 note 6); or

(2) as men who bore neither an official title nor an order of aristocratic rank (see Li Hsien a Bp , note to a passage in HHS 50 (biog. 40). 4b). The latter category is different from that of shih-wu

+ /% , i.e. those who had

been deprived of office or order of rank as a punishment for crime (see

Loewe (1960) p.147). unidentified individual,

In W3

no. 4 nan-tzu is used with reference to an

and presumably

74

means

no more than male person.

MD 8, 9 and 10

(17) Strictly speaking 1.999; such amounts

it will be seen in the sums given in MD 10 that

are often taken to the nearest integer.

tions of these allowances

by one-thirtieth,

Proportionate

for short months,

reduc-

are seen in

NWO EAC hate TESb eat (18)

These figures are subject to some doubt;

(19)

Le.

Ae

Fi

(20) Yang p.111,

see pp. 275.

; see vol.I p. 79.

Fujieda (1955) (1) p. 327 and Yoneda (1954) (1) p. 176 quote 3.3

for this figure.

Support for the figure of 3 is provided in MD

10 no.19,

and

this quantity is agreed by Fujieda (1955) (2) p. 153 and Mori (1960) p. 347. (21)

Mori (1960) pp. 348-9.

(22)

Probably 2.16 shih; unfortunately the strip is incomplete.

(23)

The reading is doubtful, but this figure is required in view of the amount given in the total.

(24)

HS 943.19b.

to Ha +/\

Yen remarks that a man's rations for a hundred days amount

#4(for the equivalence of hu and shih see Loewe (1961) (1)

pp. 64f. ). (25)

See HHS 86 (biog. 76). 7b.

(26)

Yen-t'ieh-lun 29. 4b, and Lun-heng 25.10a.

Both passages refer to a daily

ration of 1 tou.

(27) See HS 69. 5b, 10b, 11a. In the following transcriptions

of MD

8, MD 9, MD

10, UD 4, TD 4 and W 2, the

character which denotes the subdivision of the shih Ky A+

is shown in the forms

and 2} , in accordance with the different styles of writing the character in

the inscriptions.

I am

indebted to Professor i.e.

on the meaning of the character as tou,

Lien-sheng Yang for his insistence the sub-division of the shih, and

for his refutation of my earlier idea that At might be used in these contexts

with the meaning of a tenth (see Loewe (1961) (1) pp. 88f. ). I have none the less retained the use of the decimal system in the translations, and so as to avoid the somewhat

laborious

throughout these strips and fragments.

79

for the sake of clarity

repetition of the terms tou and sheng

eg enh

wpe

ul

e

ge

od

Ay (+sr

sr

ef NE eC

NOE

TEESE

ee

Bd B

od wh

it

wet

att

ee)oe

Sep0 Ik At ras) b+ DT A +

ted ed

WONBeeBR tf

“1

BmAK HEAC edeype

Eulf

eH

Bw

wh NEE Se ofof

A SEE (ar [NE a $1 MLES i

SEH 1-3) ae?

gan +(ar4¢

oo

eedelheuls sor eulge 1M

gt

SiGe

+\WK

Bev T+(ia

Mast

Re

Mu-durbeljin

MD 8

Notes

g@

sw

eg LK pees

LK /6 ss)

ew LK

oe. el

ee) SW 2 4+ SW LKomit 47 LK omits

rm FSw Te Fchia iw Phe #

EB IK Bb

Translation

List of names

year of Chien|

and allowances

p'ing].

of food for officers and men,

twelfth month...

T'ien Chung, ling-shih; food allowance for the twelfth month 3. 3° shih; received in person on keng-shen, eleventh month. Chang Ching, private soldier, defence forces; salt .03° shih; food allowance for the twelfth month 3. 3° shih; received in person on keng-shen, eleventh the wae month. Li Chiu, private soldier, defence forces; salt .03° shih; food allowance for the twelfth month 3.3 shih; received in person on keng-shen, eleventh month.

...[ salt] . 03° shih;

food allowance for the twelfth month 3. 3° shih; received

in person on keng-shen, eleventh month, ...food allowance for the twelfth month 3. 3° shih; received in person on kengshen, eleventh month. Wang Ch'ang, private [|no.7?] sui; food allowance for the twelfth month 3. 3°

shih; received by Feng Hsi, private, on ping-yin, eleventh month. [ Check mark] Crete aS Cheng Feng, ling-shih; food allowance for the twelfth month 3. 3° shih... ping-yin, eleventh month.

(iH

on

12

Q

th Br e

RIB

Ge

10

+{ar =

a RA (or Wasa

N

A ar ALED BK \( +

St

Weare ah

(Su A NO Wys ul

art+l

aruad +\\

P(e

* erty a oe)a) Tes SORES Rk Won Eitan, See

iLONe ule oldealge

gq

Boh

SB fl

14

2 38EAHR Sage SL od Bt eos SE

WABe WINE | SE geo

i are WINE TSE SE

Aeet Word wee Wo

16

BS ul AlBW

N

eo

Mu-durbeljin

MD 8

Be

‘

Notes

oy i ie

=

Wee oy

ieeeae A SW LKomit 11 12

Bp = 4+ Sw LK omit

Aa’

78 # 7

>

13

os hay 16 N

swcia

|

OF¢aerK

do

Be

Chia ae a) sic Ch'en (1960) (2); SW Chia LK

4a

(see also no. 16),

SW Chia Chia a®& ix/a DN

ddo Ak RE Date Nene

xh xh sw BR rk

ae Sw LKaZ (see no. 12 above). Translation

...[ 3. ]3° shih; received in person by Pa on wu-ch'en, Shih Tz'u,

private soldier,

defence forces;

the twelfth month 3. 3° shih... eleventh month. Chang P'ing, month...

eleventh month.

salt . 03° shih; food allowance for

as

private...hu sui; salt . 03° shih; food allowance for the twelfth

T'ien Hstian. .. food allowance for the twelfth month 3. 3° shih; received by private Kan Yu on kuei-yu, twelfth month, [ Check mark] List of names and allowances of food for officers and men, Wan-sui sector,

fifth month, fifth year of Chien-p'ing. Wang Wang,

[ 2 B.C.

]

OC... sui; food allowance for the fifth month 3. 3° shih; received

by private Ts'ao Fangon chia-wu, fourth month. Us

food allowance for the fifth month 3.3° shih;

on chia-wu, fourth month. 16)

[ Check mark received by private Hsti Shou

[ Check mark]

. food allowance for the fifth month 3. 3° shih; received by private Kan Yu

on wu-hsti, fourth month.

[ Check mark]

19

N

21

20

mae DNB wor

19

18

+H

17

nr.

ALSO 287fo a

aio

ERE fae tet Sine) elm

ot sap

RATEalS e+

BER

HANaS

geae ol wn ARE VT

fe SE

WKS ASE

ae eh eh ANT 45

Mu-durbeljin

MD 8

Notes

17

ky a

swkeuim

y

SW LK/9

19 A7

LK omits

18

A

B

a=

sw LK omit. Translation

17

Sun T’ung,

private,

{ Shang-kuan?]

sui; food allowance for the second month

3. 3°shih; received in person on i-yu, first month. 18

List of names

and allowances of food for officers and men of the [|hou] -kuan,

twelfth month, fifth year of Chien-p'ing.

[2 B.C.

}

19 Foregoing four officers: unhusked millet consumed 13. 3° shih... .39 shih; unhusked 20 In all seventeen officers and men; total of salt consumed millet consumed

21

Ssu-ma

Lo,

56. 6° shih.

private,

Chih-hu sui.

81

«

We HMB

ARMY

YR

R

BY a at FAS)

:

ath ah AS! BET

ae OP BATAY BG AR

4-4 worl fe bts

Wh

wh

s

WEL BRAG PRA

tda DY KB

OE Me SRE

Me me

Al WBE MBS AR

a wht HH sme

Bh WE YH

4 ahFP

iealg moh $ DKY

MEER

AU TH R

Mm BD BES BIOEo

MBP AYO

(aAwee

SOAK S BRATA of

a

Mu-durbeljin

Ro

MD 9 Notes

(In the following notes M indicates readings adopted in Mori (1960) )

2

A

“Chiat

3B LK e 74+ LK JU 2 + FUSWLK

&

JU

swChia KM & +

# SWLK& 1

4t sw

HHA B

yn

px

Mori

tt # omits

Translation i

... list of names of... soldiers' families present on the register... Yti Hu, private no. 4 sui; wife, Hsii, adult, age 15; sister, Tzu-shih,

age 12; [ daughter?] Suan-che, grain consumed:

infant, age 5.

4, 813° shih.

Wu Tsun,

private,

register;

grain consumed2. 093° shih.

Chang Pa, private,

no. 4 sui; wife, Nti-tsu, no.4 sui;

brother,

Fu,

child, age 7; wife, Chih, adult, age 19. consumed:

child,

Present on the register;

adult,

age 15.

Present on the

adult,

age 19;

brother,

Present on the register;

Hstin,

grain

7. 086° shih.

Hsii I, private no. 5 sui; wife, Chih,

age 9; son, Yu, infant, age 3.

adult,

age 35;

daughter,

Present on the register;

5. 313° shih.

83

Shih,

child,

grain consumed

a

10

a elt?

( Une

@eeeey,

4 tea

th

(ptshh

CLR

te

Be a

KOR Of EN

Karea

( oh by) adh

mana...

BASHTee

eepitnme

EET

lela wre OEAE Y

a wh BE

BE HE

val al Gabet Ay

teedHH tah

BLO TRATROR

BR

A

Mu- durbeljin

MD

9

Notes

4+ swm %+ Mt 7 gw

4 swikn O

tt IU

4a

SWLK e .

For this expression see 78.46.

the second character as unreadable,

Mori (1960) p. 351 regards

but surmises that the strip is con-

cerned with %, ¥. (for the meaning of this expression, 10

see pp. 105-6),

J, SW Chia LK omit Translation

Ning Kai-i, private, no. 7 sui; father [|Wen?], adult, age 52; mother Ch'ingch'ing, adult, age 49; wife, Nii-tsu, adult, age 21. Present on the register; grain consumed 7. 186 shih. Wang Pao, private... wife, Hsin, adult, age 18. Present on the register; grain consumed... Wang Yin, private, no. 23 sui; wife[ T'an?], adult, age 20. Residence

registered for thirty days; grain consumed 2.1... shih. ... wife, Shih, adult, age 27; son, Yen, infant, age 3; son Pa, [ baby?], 10

age 2. Transferred...; grain consumed 5, 313° shih. Foregoing is a list of names of the present register of soldiers' families, Consumed...

85

RE SAS

eK ga

RE

RL at Car ASAD OXoh HES A (EK NMAC

ary(aene

{CRAShe Y lerHS APAK

(Re BOLEEE Pee EY MEMNO GLO A) RYHST fo

Kay

BE AR et b/WERS INE KY

Soe is SR btSBE ALI NGAe sd hid PMT a OIE

Kb

ah [ BEARE 625:

PK BRIG ATABR ALIN tye

peal pont BYSah ol BEE Ung(eH ey rt PBR RM oh AE (NOAeel

Be

REY teing

EEA

NB

STISREP R

SE BAYRE Hof

SAN ele

ee! ghar gm

hwyBae

Mu-durbeljin

MD 10 Notes

(In tthe following notes M indicates readings adopted in Mori (1960) )

1 a

Sw LK M Jp

3 & X swChia # + ae ee

LK =. UK) 7e

*\ A¢ gwk pedir

— 4

oo)

pee Chia Sea LK pee K Chia

642 uK Bt

O

sw %-guk #% a

a

swcChiaLK ¢4 Translation

—

Paid out cash 67; delivered to Shou Shou, wei-shih, month, for the purchase of three chin of glue.

Paid out cash 120;

on ting-ssu,

for the purchase of one tou*.

Paid out cash 60; for the purchase of two... Paid out cash 170; for the purchase of ten chin of grease. ...for the purchase of one tenth... Paid out cash 3600;... ...for the purchase of two... cloth... Paid out cash 250; for the purchase of... w ff OSOoltoo Paid out cash 600;...

97

eighth

13

ae

AH

AEIND RA

12

bie

OL

o(

Eee Nl

Lg

eu

(BNO a

SNO INE

11

ud wih ubar

WAU

alae al 2S

Re Agt

ab J add BARSdhsans ame 5 ee ged vega) fot SG ATAE NEI

aco AE

eapf

lt J w

acnd Wu(|

peiWZ wesN

wise)

ae)A ae

ander — aie)

—

Ulan-durbeljin

UD5 Notes

By, Bt HV Sic SW, LK and Mori (1961) p. 88.

If right, Bh. is exceptional,

as

the term is not included in similar contexts in the other strips.

24 LK 6 . The title 4a $ AZ is untraced (for. 2a & see HS 19A. 24b). SLs ieee set, Ae Case: Both here and in

«Chano..150,, note, ais o> 501. 8 ee is written ca

ie?

; however the form cs

as

is also

seen in the Chti-yen material (e. g. 504.10). Illegible marks (intrusive?) appear before the description of the height; similar

marks

are seen in no. 7.

ee ey ee 8° 4% SW, LK and Mori (1961) p.89 ee

9 3P 10

FL

iz

LK 4P eer

fy ta SW, LK gee # —

eS We LK. =. Translation

Shih Ts'un, of Pei-chung li, Ho-nan hsien, Ho-nan chtin; order of kungch'eng; age 32; height 7 feet 2 inches; colouring black;... ...age 20; height 7 feet 5 inches; colouring black; ...on hsin... eleventh month... Wan Shang-shan, chi-shih-tso of the Chti-yen tu-wei, of Shih-chih li, Chiiyen[ hsien]; age 34 years; height 7 feet 5 inches; colouring black; ... Sun Ch'ung-chtin, of An-ku li, Chii-yen | hsien]; age 23; one sword; colouring black; height... Li Ytin, of Ta-ch'ang li, Luan-niao [hsien], in the protected zone; order of pu-keng; age 16;... Weeheight (2feet:” 3. .,.black; .. Ku Shou, of Hsien-chung li, Luan-niao [ hsien], in the protected zone; order of shang-tsao; age 12; height 6feet; colouring black. All persons pro-

ceeded out on ting-ssu, sixth month, ... colouring black; | ?not] CO 6

Kuo Ch'iang,

[ ?not]

t'ing-chang of Yang-men,

of Yu li, Hsiang-ling [ hsien],

Ho-

tung[ chtin]; height 7 feet 3 inches; .. Nieh Te, pioneer, of * * li, Ch'ing[hsien], Tung chiin, order of ta-fu; 10 age 24; height 7 feet 2 inches;

colouring black; ...

209

17

16

15

14

13

12

Bye)WAP12

Aa BS DAZ A

ales 7 os(tewgobSS aK

oo

rl

es

TOR

AE TYwa AR] A) Teo

8 ook Sa BI UR ro St WE

TR

gf ced BAF> vl ndSd owe ob Dol AR

ase)Bald (to SSOwi

18

ete 1

19

aeBa

on)pt adr dndul ae

(ww

oa) af Wie

Ulan- durbeljin

11

UD 5 Notes

11+ AS sw, LK 12 d sw, LK # 1330 sw, LK O (aie)

+ A=

OSWe

The phrase A AB B is seen in 53.15 and 62.13, same type as those collected here.

which are fragments of the

The rendering that has been adopted is

based on the explanation of Mh #. by Cheng Hsiian (Chou-li 6. 52a) as follows:

Pence ee, bee Ae UE eaLKo ey? |: ch 62018; 15

O 0 SWA3y % ASW,LK

16

aK

LK KK JO oO

Translation .feet 5 inches; colouring black; ...on hsin-...tenth month.. Hsii Tsung, of Hsi-tao li, Chti-yen| hsien] ; order of pu- keng; age 35; height 7 feet 2 inches; personally possessing. ..of Shan-jen li...the same

li, Chii-yen [hsien].. it = Ching Ju... of Chin-ch'eng li... order of kung-ch'eng; ... .. one box-cart; one male, white-faced, horse aged 8; child | named] Chiung... ... T'ang Hstian,

. fifth month...

...02;

of... li...age 23;

*

height 7 feet 1 inch;

height 7 feet 3 inches;

colouring black;

riding...

..feet 5 inches; colouring black; light vehicle; ... .. 30, height 7 feet 7 inches; colouring black;...

.1, height 7 feet 5 inches;

colouring black; ...

211

colouring black;

28

27

26

25

24

23

22

21

20

4g

oe

wl?

Layee a

oF ES

SE

Re 28

Say

BE Hp

Baa Bo

WE We

thtve lee we TES

tic WdalWKS LB TS A

ol mde (te ad ue

Bu St ST Sho

ula at htse spe

2

s

Rae oe

BACK AY BE ae

WW SSDS BS

ee Sw SeST

WW tat Gel ate Tae

Ok gl

tii

ee “%

>

etc (.

.

:

F

779

> @-en Dy

7 OS

(toy S81

6

OGhie fe! 7

&

*&

pated | Fe)

Es

4 swiux 86 3 «sw#k LK O

+

A 4

87 By sw ik /e a Sway Vo

go7. A sw A G A~ ft Bt swum hh HS LK A 4 90# SWChiaLK =. M = —_

—

92

A 4, SWChiaLK

-4,

M oc #8 Translation

Donen 84 ...

Deze sail,2. .312 shih (large)...

85

... .52 shih (| small] ) equalling...

SO)

gece

(large)...

gala snin.

87 ... equalling 10. 752 shih (large). B89... Lz shih (small). 89

Received,

grain stocks in hand as on the register for the sixth month,

fourth [|year] of Yen-ho: .52 shih (small), equalling...

[89]

90

... grain stocks in hand as on the register for the twelfth month... year...:

91

Received,

. 22 shih (small). grain stocks in hand as on the register for the eleventh month,

third year of Yen-ho: 55, 2 shih (small) [ 90]. 92

[ Total?| amount of grain issued: 9 shih (large), comprising 1.5 shih barley and 7.5 shih red millet. Register for the current, sixth, month: no stocks in hand.

351

100

99

98

97

WEEH

a SR

Bat et a ZO [abHSE BND

Wh FM

a) al) ba GAR

5

96

ah tor UE

Aaa

95

94

Laie BE Eg yg]aT BE

CoSed ra AB oo

YQdO A408

ab atOT GSE af tad co

BlahSa)

HE oC QE

TI

TPAD a CD

ae

ABET A

UNG

ASEAN

EK K

eee

ARKR

ANTDEEL

Ste

al ld tonBH ee oe he | ae BT NL OO

(palBe HB

+lOQ

Ch TINS

WA det 4B weitoh

NS ae Be ES

ut/¥en) REFE

SER

LEER BEul FER

BEE Do So nd le Gt ot

gh raf! am pat ~sa)ull46 Sar gtd wh 4ohi SORSe

ae Se Rome Bag

Wo er WesW Wayen-torei

93

Notes

93 O

SWChiaLKM

94 tt

sw

‘A

#

W chia

-\

Z

#p Sic Chia. Ch'en (1960) (2) s. v. no. 839 prefers 4,7 . BE+tE

M 4 BA £ . The two terms, i.e. heads of the thousands

and the hundreds,

feature as leaders among Hsiung-nu tribes (HS 94A. 7a).

They are also seen as officials entitled to wear

emblems

of Han official

authority in states of the western regions which had accepted Han protection

(HS 96B. 36a).

95*

KBZuk

96

2. swchiaMe LK Ze A fog> @ SWChia 4 7 4,

BA Sts

+e

Ath

Mie Gr

A- 4 + 4

ys

98

Br #4 swChiaz?%

99

A

100

@

O LKGZ HE

LK4t sw @ Translation

93

... food supplies for the [ tu-wei] -fu, taking grain issued in the eighth month, reckoning through to the fifteenth day of the second month of the

94

Issued: red millet 43.2 shih; delivered by Yu, OC no. 2 t'ing, to po-chang and ch'ien-chang of the dependent states. ..on chi-wei, eighth month (first

95

Issued: red millet 12 shih (small); delivered by Yu, OC no. 2 t'ing, to Ping i, OC no. 7 t'ing, as rations for four officers and men, on ting-yu, tenth

96

...6 shih (large), equalling 10 shih (small);

fourth year of Yen-ho;

stock in hand...

day wu-hsii), third year of Yen-ho.

.2 shih (small).

[3 October 90]

month (first day ting-yu), third year of Yen-ho, from Te, aide to the general,

fourth year of Yen-ho, 97

on kuei-ssu,

[10 November 90]

accepted by Yu, OC no. 2t'ing, tenth month

(first day jen-ch'en),

[1 November 89]

Received: red millet 8,7 shih (large), equalling 14.5 shih (small); accepted by Yu, OC no. 2 t'ing, from OC no. 6 [in the presence of ?] Yen shou, on hsinhai, eighth month (first day hsin-hai), second year; as rations for five officers and men, at .06 shih each; for the period of twenty-nine days, from hsin-hai to chi-mao inclusive, amounting to a hundred and forty-five men. [9 September 87]

353

108

107

106

105

104

103

102

ot WE

Dit MANO R PKA ay Sie weye ep HouBR RC nOS ER

at UNw

*

~y)

#

KIN
& % ‘

7

BF Re term SE PH *

£

fu, use of term, 161 4f&

Hou Pa, official, 174 A% eA

Fu,

hou-shih, official, 387 42 g¢

private,

fu, pass,

35 B|

Ak

hsi, meaning of ee

11144

Fu, private, 35 4a,

Hsi,

Fu, officer, 13 Bg

Hsi-fang, val oy

7 a@

Fu Ch'i, daughter of Fu Feng, 87

a %

87

Fu-ko-sung,

inscription,

oa Ex RE

P fal+“e

Fu Shih, daughter of Fu ‘a’ Feng,

87

4)

Han Hsin,

‘iiso x

Han-shu-yin-i,

L

127 cr $4

text, 74 n16 Bte%

ho-hsi, Ho-nan,

chiin,

209,

213;

hsien, 209 Ho-tung,

chitin, 209; official,

Ho Wu-shang,

7a]

yf

-J

shou ofac52,.260).

Ho Wang,

31 & AEH

‘

Ho-nei, chiin, 213

320f,

hsien,

209 e

marquis

hsiao, see hsiao-nan Hsiao-Chang-i,

Hsiao-ku,

t'ai- :- &

2

174 7) ee

civilian, 215 Arp § AS

Z AF

195 Kk KB.

officer,

cavalryman,

I-ying-pei, inscription,

Kk ARs

Hsti Tseng, daughter of 1 y private, 87 KR A Hsti Tsung,

60 “a4

I-li, 239 A& FH I-lu, hou, 385; sui, 87 & Eg

z

Ch'ing comment-

ator, 247 n3

5), 3H

1 Fer

I-hu, sui, 195, 197, 199 & Hf

loka

Hsu Sung,

7 n2, 13, Ah

t'ai-shou-fu

I, officer,

83 79 NR

5

aH NG

25,530

Hung-nung,

Hh¥

Hsti Shih, daughter of Hsu I, (4 4 private,

official,

of, 33

Hsii Sheng-k'o, official, 285 4% ARR

Hsti Shou,

*4

Hui-shui, hsien, 293 a IK

87 Ay a B

&

private,

195

155°20;

“A Me

!9

ae-

Huang Wu-shang,

Hung,

=

fs

v Huang Liang, official, 293 @

Ag. oe

Hsii Nan-ti, wife of private,

E

~"

Huan-hsi, Aly sui, 9 Eg

NR 4

son of private,

AL

341 es {BS Bi ae

chiin, 269, 271;

kuo, 266 n6

& iePR

Hsu I, private, 83 (2 7 Hsiti I-yu,

+4

+ 99 7P

conscripts from, 261f;

Hsii Chih, wife of Hst I, 83 4¢ Hey Hsti Fu,

Hsiung-nu 44

leader, 245, 249

Huai-yang,

Hsti, officer, 111, 115 0% Hsti Chang,

Hu-han-hsieh,

sui, 255, 260 Ee ae

Hsiung-nu, 70, 184 249-8303

as S

private, 33, 260

Hua-yang-kuo-chih,

Hsing Pei, official, 287 47 fe

ak 9; ~%¢

official,

121;

Hu, officer,

Hsin-chung-shang-fang-chung, 4 inscription,

39 ae oe

hu, use of term, 75 n24, Bt

Ww A + «

j-

4 cid

Hsiieh Pao, guardsman,

Svs

Hsien-mei, hsien, 189 #A hsien-shu-yung-ku,

Nee

Hsiian ti, decree of, 228

)

Hsien,

255

Jen Fang, 6th century /,4 writer, 381 n6 Ae

163 Ke ee

Hsii Tsung, civilian, 211 ZF ¥

Jih-chih-lu, 20 9 %a BR

Hsti Wu, male, 119 JE A

Ju-i,

Hsii Yu, son of Hsii I, 83 4% B

Ju-nan,

sui,

195 $a

chin, 264 a

4,

-4 >

j

4

Jung Keng, modern ww = scholar, 109 n8 @ JR

434

) Bs

Kan Yen-shou,

general,

z. H xe s, 2

246

Kung,

private,

260 tt.

xe

Kan Yu, private,

79 ae v7)

Kung Lo, guardsman,

1497; i

K'an, individual, 243 eS

kung-ts'ao,

kao, type of arrow, 155, 359

149,

Kung Wei-yang, 215

119 z

Kuo *, private, 143 Yp

Kao Feng,

private,

}

Kao I, officer,

wk

¥ 167 ral 5A

fi

official,

9 27 é

civilian,

kuo, meaning of term,

7 A #

165 £4

Kao Ming, cavalryman, 191 :2) 44

Kuo Ch'iang, official, 209 3} ey

Kao Teng, private, 127 J aX

Kuo-hsi-men,

Kao Tzu-tang,

Nomgauy

ties

guardsman,

4

;

ra

kuo-suo,

13

Mu-chung,

Fae

use of term,

74 nl16 A 3.

go an Zz

a

Pei-pu, hou, 386

Ce

P'eng Kung-ch'eng,

cavalryman,

Piao-shih,

Ni-hu, sui, 513%

24,

187 27

J.

-+

4 A

hsien,

249, 293 Re

p'iao, use of term, 302 Ay) 209

2, ¥ he,

Ping,

forms of, 322; use & Bia

of obsolete, 73 n4 Ning Ch'ing-ch'ing,

pioneer,

4)

P'eng-yang, hsien, 184 n3 ey ie

ni, meaning of, 157 REL

nien-hao,

271

P'ei-hsiang Yang T'ung op wa AG pei, inscription, 341 La Ae

nei-shih, official, 234, 241 *] #

Nieh Te, pioneer,

pioneer,

273

sui, 9 aN -

Nan-pu, hou, 386 4 Sf nan-tzu,

use

Pei-ti, chin, 174 du te P'ei, hsien?, 264f, 271, Be

Mo-tzu, 157, 203 z a 302

a

Pao, officer, 111, 113 2%

273

228, 236 n6 mu, use of term,

pao, protected zone; of term, 202f

Pao Tao-chih,

HA

strips from,

¥

x

222

Pao Chien,

HL

serviceman?,

use of term,

p'ang-piao, use of term, ¥ ez

f, Se4)

M eng F Feng, conscript, ipt

wei of, 255

ae

mother

of Ning Kai-i, 85

4¢:

FT ag oR

officer,

121;

official, iL

13 Ping-i, official, 353

321, 333 Im e

Ping-shan,

sui,

179;

unit

shao, use of term,

at, 225. ae Ping-t'ing, hou, 115, 385 2% & Ping Tsou,

official,

P'ing-ch'iu,

hsien,

13 L

P'ing-yin,

po-chang, 353

x

16 A

native leaders,

GB EB ms

hou, 121, 385;

127 & PK

Shen Kua, 155

Sung author,

-7 aK 46

shen-mu,

meaning of, 155 vs A

meaning of, 143 2

105

A 5k

shih, use of term,

75 At

shih, use of term,

75 n24 Ay

*Shih, amnestied con- +# vict, 364

pu-tsu, use of term, 105 AR He.

Shih-an, sui, 195 64 Shih Ch'en tz'u K'ung

*¢

private, 33.

private,

367

B AL

Piu,sotticial,:0,.25>

Shen Ch'eng,

shih, use of term, 68, Ag

pu-li, use of term, 105 4p gp hou, 385

4 ANG

185 n9

7 AQ

sui, 33, 45

Pu-ssu,

195 A

shih, use of term, 182, +

364 Aap BA

P'o-lu, sui, 260 4 ¢ Pu-ch'in,

private,

sheng-tsu, use of term, 4%, 4

Po-wu-chih, text, 380n4 TH 49 4. unit,

She Pu-hsin,

sheng,

po-jen, officer, 387 Ave P'o-hu,

7 Ze

She-ping, chin, 19 42 KR

k

hsien, 213 + {Zz

Po, officer,

Ap

shao-pan, use of term, 74 nl2

149 F es

P'ing Yen, officer, 43 +

67

-@

Senlacneotmise aa

ge

EL miao tsou ming,

A

=

sai-wei,

a

officer, 387

2

# ket

san-lao, establishment of, — x 233, 241 © satis

Shih Feng, officer, 103

San-shih-ching, hou, 385;

Shih K'o,

hou-kuan,

sui, 35;

se

108 n3, 385;

place,

253 nd;

Shang-kuan, sui, 81 +

>),

55, 117, 4 val

Shih-men-sung, inscription,Z,P44Fras

ay

Tsung,

341

Shih T'an, private, 129 £48 Shih Ts'un, civilian, 209 PY 4%

~4

1D wo &

Shang-kuan K'o, officer, 113 £

Shih Tz'u, private, 79 £ 2% 2 do BY

officer, } \e7 Ye

shih-wu,

category of men,

hsien,

185 n10

de Ep

+ {f

74 n16 !

shou, meaning of term, ‘7’ 13

Shang-kuei,

yp a

k

chiin, 263, j|,

267 n15, 337

eg

officer,

371

Shih Lin, officer,43 Y Bi,

te

sui, 260; t'ing, 255 “7 7A Shan-tan, hsien, 189 A] Ft Shan-yang,

conscript,

unit, 9, 33

San-tui, sui, 115 = Sha-t'ou,

+t 7

BE!

shou, form of character, 222, 255

;

a) .&

Ssu-ma Chiin, guardsman, Ssu-ma

daughter of

Sung Chien, pioneer, 271 Rt

;

officer,

z/ y) 4% io

Sun Yu, daughter of Sun 74, xs Ch'ing-chien, 89 Va y-

269 ra K

225

officer,

Sun Yen,

205 nl os

Ssu, officer,

ssu-ma,

9;

Sun T'ung, private,

pass,

f

official, 285 5h ee, a]

Sun Ti, cavalryman,

Shuo-yiian, 380n5 24 38. So, official,

aAt

Sun Ch'ing-chien, 89 Wy ON

shu-kuo, dependent state, 182 Ez a)

Shuo-wen, 49 3, 3C

x%