Prehistoric Village Archaeology in South-Eastern Turkey: The eighth millennium B.C. site at Çayönü: its chipped and ground stone industries and faunal remains 9780860541691, 9781407328232

Citation preview

Prehistoric Village Archaeology in South-Eastern Turkey The eighth millennium B.C. site at

-g

6

H c 0 c 3 H

i n

e >

0

iZ c i )

2

T he s ame s ense o f c aution r egarding o ur " stratigrap hic a nd c hronological" u nderstandings, a s o f a bout 1 974, a ppears i n t he i ntroduction t o o ur f irst I stanbul U nivers ity v olume o f g eneral r eports ( ;ambel a nd B raidwood 1 980: 4 5-47), w ith a f urther d own-playing o f t he t erm " subp hase". A n e ven m ore marked r etraction f rom o ur e arlier s imple f ive o r s ix p art s cheme a ppears i n t he p reliminary r eport o n t he w ork o f t he 1 978-79 s easons ( Braidwood, ; ambel, S chirmer, e t a l. 1 981). T his r eport t akes n o a ccount o f t he p roblematical " basal p its" a nd t he " curved w all s ub-phases" a nd s tresses ( loc.cit.:251) t hat " Within P hase I , t he m ain p rehistoric p hase o f ; ayönü, t here a re - i n t erms o f c onstruction - a t l east f our s ub-phases o f b uilding a ctivity" ( our i talics h ere). T he b uilding r em ains c onsidered i n t he r eport o n t he 1 978-79 f ieldwork a re t hose o f ( a) w hat w e n ow c all t he u ppermost l evels s ubp hase, c onsisting s o f ar o f t he a pparently m ore-orl ess c omplete f oundations o f t wo o r t hree b uildings, i n n ear s urface c ontexts, h aving r ather large s ingle o r t wo r oomed p lans - w hich w e f irst c alled t he " large-room s ub-phase", ( b)

t he c ell p lan s ub-phase

( c)

t he g rill p lan s ub-phase,

a nd

( d) w hat w e n ow c all t he e arliest a vailable l evels s ub-phase, w hich i ncludes t he q uite f ragmentary r emains o f s everal d ifferent t ypes o f p lans, o ne b eing o f a r ound o r o void b uilding w ith a w attle-and-daub w all ( not t he e phemeral " curved wall" o f 1 972). T he " broad-pavement" p lan t ype h ad b een c onsidered i n o ur e arlier r eports a s r epresenting a s ub-phase i n i ts elf, i n b oth a s tratigraphic a nd c hronological s ense. B y 1 981, h owever, i t h ad b ecome c lear t hat t he f lagstone f loored e xample o f a b road p avement p lan c ame a t l east w ith t he e arliest g rill p lan r emains w hile t he t errazzo f loored e xample o f t he s ame b road pavement p lan t ype o verb edded g rill p lan r emains. W e a re n ow c onvinced t hat t he r emains o f t he b road p avement p lan t ype r epresent b uildings o f s ome v ery s pecial n on-domestic p urpose - w hether s acred o r s ecular i n i ntent - a nd t hat t his p lan t ype p ersisted o ver s everal s ub-phases. D etailed d escriptions o f t he a bove m entioned v arious t ypes o f b uilding r emains, s o f ar r ecovered a t ç ayönü, a re i n t he p rocess o f b eing made b y o ur K arlsruhe c olleagues. B rief a ccounts a nd i llustrations o f t he p lan t ypes a re a vailable i n o ur 1 978-79 s easons' r eport a nd i n t he f irst I stanbul U niversity v olume. W e o ffer h ere o nly J ery b rief d escriptions o f s elected e xamples o f t he c ell a nd g rill p lan t ypes ( which w e t hink w ere s tructures o f d omestic p urpose), a nd a lso a b rief d escription o f t he b road p avement p lan t ype.

7

T he c ell p lan r emains c onsist o f rather h igh s tone f oundations f or r ectangular b uildings ( ca. 5 .0 m w ide b y 8 .0 m l ong). N ormally, t he l ong a xis o f t hese c ell p lans r uns n orth-northeast. T he i nteriors w ere d ivided i nto a n umber of s mall c ell-like r ooms, u sually t oo s mall t o b e c onsidered a s a nything b ut s torage b ins. W e b elieve t hat t he t ops o f t he s tone f oundations b ore t he mud b rick u pper a nd o uter walls o f t he b uildings a nd a lso b ore b eams u pon w hich w as c onstructed t he m ain l iving f loor o f t he c ell p lan b uildings. E specially i n t he w estern a rea, c ell t ype p lans a ppear immediately u nder t he s urface a nd s ome o f t he u ppermost o f t hese e xamples d o n ot c onform e xactly - i n o rientation o r d etail - t o t he s tandard j ust d escribed. T his p resents a p roblem: a re v arious o f t he n ow a vailable b uilding t races, f rom w hat w e a re c alling t he u ppermost l evels s ub-phase, s imply d egenerations o f t he e arlier s tandard c ell t ype p lan? T he g rill p lan r emains h ave s tone f oundations w hich a re l ess h igh t han t hose o f t he c ell p lans: t he f oundat ions i ndicate l ong r ectangular b uildings ( ca. 5 .0 m b y 12.5 m ) w ith t he l ong a xis t o t he n orth-northwest. T he n orthern half o f t his p lan t ype - t he g rill p ortion i ts elf - has a s eries o f c losely s et c ross w alls, t hat w e a ssume s erved a s j oists u pon w hich f loors w ere b uilt. T he o penings b etween t he c ross w alls w ould t hus have s erved t o a ereate t he f loors. T he s outhern p ortion o f t he o vera ll p lan c onsists o f a p ebble pavement b eyond w hich - i n s ome o f t he b etter p reserved e xamples - a re t he f oundation r emains o f t wo o r t hree s mall c ell-like r ooms a t t he s outhernmost e nd of t he p lan. T here a re s everal c lear i nstances i n which g rill p lans a re o verbedded b y c ell p lans. I t i s n oteworthy, h owever, t hat c ell p lan r emains h ave n ot, s o f ar, b een e ncountered much t o t he s outh o f t he g eneral e ast-west c entral a xis o f t he m ound. O n t he o therhand, w herever s ufficient d epths o f e xposure have b een made, b oth i n t he m ound c enter a nd t oward t he s outh - e ven a s f ar a s t he s lope t oward t he s tream - g rill p lan r emains h ave b een e ncountered. W e f eel q uite p ositive t hat t he c ell r emains w ere t hose o f h ouses a nd a lso t end t o t hink s uch w as t he c ase w ith t he g rill p lan r emains. W e a re, h owever, p uzzled b y t he r elatively s mall y ield o f a rtifacts i n t he g rill r emains. T he m ore impressive e xample o f t he t wo b road p avement p lan b uilding r emains w as t he later a nd larger e xample, w hich w as p rovided w ith a f ine r eddish-orange t errazzo f loor, a bout 7 .5 m by 10.0 m in s ize. T he pavement o f t he e arlier a nd s maller e xample w as o f c arefully s et f lags tones. T he l ong a xes o f t hese t wo e xamples r un r oughly e ast-west, w ith t he b uildings' o riginal o penings u ndoubtedl y t o t he s outh ( unfortunately, i n b oth c ases, t he s outhern p ortions o f t he p lans a re i ncomplete). P ilasters w ere u sed o n t he i nterior wall f aces. I n t he t errazzo f loored e xamp le, pairs o f w hite l ines ( composed o f w hite marble t esse-

8

rae) in the floor accented the positioning of the north­ south pilasters. As of the 1980 and 1981 field seasons, at least two more individual instances of distinct building plan remains appeared, but neither of these is fully cleared, nor can these remains yet be fitted into our four part sub-phase scheme given in the 1978-79 report. The first of these new building remains had small rooms with exceptionally heavy stone walls that rose to a considerable height. Portions of these walls had a plaster facing and in two of the small rooms there were clusters of human skulls. The presence of the skulls (which totaled at least forty) and certain details of the still incomplete plan suggest that this also may not simply have been a domestic struc­ ture. (While they are not plaster covered, the disem­ bodied skulls recall the attention given to skulls at this same general time in the Levant). The other plan, suggested by building remains only partially exposed at the end of the 1981 season, appeared to be of a rectangular building with rounded corners and with its long axis lying in an east-west direction. In all probability it represents a domestic structure. The remains appear to be an example of earlier building activity on a high portion of the original mound core; their abso­ lute elevation is essentially that of nearby cell plan remains. The situation thus described, complicated as it may be, clearly adds up to the fact that our earlier sugges­ tions of an orderly succession of five or six strati­ graphically and chronologically ordered sub-phases do not correspond to the presently available evidence. It becomes increasingly clear that the stratification at �ayonli is indeed far from being one of layer-cake horizontality. This must be born in mind when the reports which follow are used. Redman's report (pp.17-71) on the 1968 and 1970 seasons' chipped stone materials is cast within the under­ standings we had at the end of the 1970 season. Davis's (pp.73-174)treatment of the ground stone was finished in 1980 and conforms to our thinking as given in the 1978-79 seasons' report. Lawrence's (pp.175ff.)report, utilizing the faunal materials available through the 1978 season, underlines our difficulty in understanding the relation­ ship of the end of the cell plan sub-phase to the upper­ most levels sub-phase. We still face the problem of whether the uppermost levels sub-phase is a distinct stratigraphic and chronological entity.

THE 9AYONU ASSEMBLAGE OF THE MAIN PREHISTORIC PHASE At first glance, the apparent difference between the grill plan type of building remains and those of the cell plan type might suggest a fair degree of change. On the otherhand, the general artifactual inventory seems to

9

s how a f airly h igh d egree o f s tability t hroughout t he main p rehistoric p hase. T here w ere, i n t he n ormally a ccepted s ense, n o p ortable p ottery v essels a lthough w e d id r ecover s everal h eavy p latter-like o r basin-like e xamples o f v ery c oarse a nd l ightly baked c lay ( when t he h ouse w here t hey w ere i n u se was b urned?). T here w ere a lso e xamples o f l ightly b aked c lay f igurines o f a nimals a nd o f h umans u sually p regnant f emales - a lthough in n o s uch n umbers a s i s u sua l f rom t he Z agros s ites. T he o verwhelming b ulk o f a rtifacts f all w ithin t he c hipped a nd h eavier g round s tone c ategories, b oth r eported o n i n d etail i n t his v olume b y R edman a nd D avis. L inda B raidwood ( 1979) h as c onsidered t he p ossible l inkages w hich t he ; ayönü f lint a nd o bsidian a rtifacts have w ith t he c hipped s tone o f o ther s ites. O f particular u se, i n h er o pinion, a re b acked o bsidian b lade t ools w ith s triat ions a long t he e dge ( p.42 a nd F igs. 2 .14;2.15), s een a t S himshara ( Mortensen 1 970) a nd t o a s mall d egree a t J armo i n t he Z agros. T he s ame o bsidian i mplement was r ecovered i n a s urface s urvey a t B oy T epe e a s ite i n t he K eban s alv age r egion n orth o f ; ayönü ( Whallon 1 979:246) a nd s ubseq uently i n t he KaraAaya s alvage r egion n ear M alatya a t a s ite c alled C afer H uy ik ( özdogan 1 977:57), n ow b eing e xc avated b y J acques C auvin. A lso n oteworthy i n t he ; ayönü c hipped s tone i ndustry a re t he t anged i mplements: r are ( and q uestionable) p rojectile p oints, t anged e nd s crapers a nd p erforators. S ome t anged implements w ere a lso r eported f rom S himshara. T he s ame o bsidian b acked b lades a nd t anged c hert implements - rare p rojectile p oints, t anged e nd s crapers, b urins a nd p erforators - w ere f ound a t Fakhariyah i n n orth S yria. A s t o t he h eavier g round s tone c ategory - a g roup o f a rtifacts rarely g iven a dequate a ttention - w e know o f n o s tudy s o f ar t hat is a s e xhaustive a s i s D avis's. H owe ver, s ince a c omparable a mount o f d etail i s n ot o therw ise a vailable f rom o ther N ear E astern s ites, h e h as l ittle o pportunity t o e stablish l inkages. I t m ight b e n oticed, f or e xample, t hat ; ayönü, w hile i t h as a v ariety o f g round s tone p estles, is a lmost w ithout s tone m ortars, a n a rtifact q uite n ormal t o t he Jarmo a ssemblage. I t is w ithin t he variety o f s maller o bjects o f f ineg rained s tone, s uch a s " bracelets", s tone b owls, s moothed b alls, a nd g rooved s tones, t hat ; ayönü s hows i ts c losest c orrespondences w ith t he Jarmo a ssemblage. T he s ame g enerality c ould b e made f or t he ; ayönü b one t ools, s ave f or c ertain l ong o void p laques o f b one, p ierced a nd s howi ng s igns o f s tring w ear ( cf. ; ambel a nd B raidwood 1 980: p 1.46:19). P .E.L. S mith ( personal c ommunication) has r ecovered t he s ame t ype o f b one a rtifact a t G anj D areh. S ince ; ayönü l ies barely t wenty k ilometers d ownslope f rom t he E rgani Maden c opper l ode, w hich i s s till b eing m ined, i t i s n ot t oo s urprising t hat w e h ave r ecovered a f air number o f b oth ma l achite a nd e ven o f native c opper

1 0

f ragments. T he malachite e ncountered, m ost o ften a s f orml ess f ragments, u sually a ppears a s b eads o r p endants w hen i t is i n t he f orm o f a rtifacts. T he native c opper p ieces t hemselves - w hich w e have r ecovered a t t he rate o f a bout f ive t o t en p ieces p er s eason - s how a marked p roportion o f a ttempts t o b eat t he p ieces i nto t he f orm o f s imple p ins, h ooks, r eamers a nd s mall f lat s heets. T here a re a lso, h owever, s imple u nworked s mall h unks o f t he m etal. T he hard g umbo-like c onsistency o f t he ; ayön i i matrix makes t he c learance o f human s keletal materia l v ery d iffic ult, a nd t he b adly p reserved c ondition o f t he b ones a lso t ends t o make p recise a ge a nd s ex d etermination v ery d ifficult. T here is, h owever, n o q uestion b ut t hat - u nl ike J armo - b urial w ithin t he s ite a nd a ctua lly w ithin t he c ells o r i n t he s mall s outhern c ell-like d ivisions o f t he g rill p lans was q uite n ormal. T he b odies w ere f lexed b ut i n n o f ixed o rientation. I n s everal c ases, t here w ere r emains o f s trings o f b eads ; i n o ther c ases n eatly s awed-off t ines o f d eer a ntlers a nd t eeth o f large a rtiod actyls w ere part o f t he b urials.

T HE N ON-ARTIFACTUAL E VIDENCE H ere w e f ace s omething o f a s urprise. Lawrence's s ection u nderlines t he f act t hat t he a ppearance o f d omest icated a nimals c ame r ather late w ithin t he s pan o f t he main p rehistoric phase o f ; ay ) hü. T he e vidence s he t reats r uns o nly t hrough t he 1 978 s eason, h owever, a nd t here may w ell b e s ome q ualification i n t he f uture w hen t he f aunal r emains o f t he 1 980 a nd 1 981 s easons a re f ully a nalyzed a nd w hen o ur u nderstandings o f t he e xact nature o f t he t ransition f rom t he s tandard c ell p lan t ype o f b uilding r emains t o t hose o f o ur s o-called u ppermost l evels s ub-phase b ecomes m ore c lear. A s o f n ow, h owever, Lawrence a sserts f irmly t hat a ll h er e vidence is f or a s udden a ppeara nce o f d omestic s heep i n c ertain u nits o f t he u pper l eve ls ( p. ) . T here was, a s h er f ollowing r eport s hows i n d eta il, a n a dequate s upply o f t he b ones o f w ild a rtiod actyls a nd o f w ild p ig, f rom t he b eginning o f t he m a in p rehistoric p hase u ntil t owards t he e nd, w hen t he s hift t o d omesticated c aprines s et i n. H ence, i t a ppears t hat f or m uch o f t he s ite's d uration, t he p eople o f ; ayönü d ep ended o n h unting f or t heir a nimal protein s upply, f or h ides, a nd t he raw material f or b one t ools. A g enera l p oint s ometimes has b een made, r egarding t he a ppearance o f a nimal d omestication, o f t he p ossibility t hat s ome d eg ree o f m anipulation o f g regarius w ild a nimals may h ave t aken p lace. ( In s uch a c ase, i t is r easoned, t he b ones w ould n ot y et e xhibit t he o steological t raits i dentifiable a s t hose o f d omesticated a nimals.) I n t he i nstance o f t he ; ayönl i f aunal material, h owever, L awrence i s c onvinced t hat s uch w as n ot t he c ase. T he marked r ise i n t he p rop ortion o f c aprine b ones i n t he u pper l evels n egates t he p ossibility. T he s tory o f p recisely h ow d omesticated a nimals c ame i nto use a t ; ayönü is n ot y et f inished.

1 1

A s f or d omesticated p lants, b oth t he w heats ( einkorn a nd e mmer) a nd c ertain pulses w ere a vailable f rom t he b eginning ( Stewart 1 976, 1 981, v an Z eist 1 972) b ut, c urio usly, d omesticated b arley is n ot e videnced. I n h is part o f o ur 1 978-79 r eport ( Braidwood, ;ambel, S chirmer, e t a l. 1 981:256) S tewart makes a particular p oint o f t his lack a nd a lso w onders w hether a p ossible d ecline i n t he s upply of hunted m eat may have a ccelerated c rop p roduction. A s w ell a s t he e vidence p ertinent t o matters o f a nimal a nd p lant d omestication a nd o f h unting, t here a re s ignificant t races o f f ood-collection. F inds o f f ish b ones ( very f ragile i n a ny c ase) a re r elatively r are b ut s ome q uantity o f r iver c lams a nd t he b ones o f t urtles have b een r ecovered. T here a re a lso t he r emains o f c oll ected p lant f oods, e specially o f nuts s uch a s w ild a lmonds a nd p istachios ( which S tewart n otes t o have b een t he p rimary o il s eed u sed), a nd a lso t he r emains o f hackb erry a nd t he p ips o f g rapes. U nfortunately w e a re n ot y et w ell o ff a s t o t he i dentification o f t he p ossible s ource a reas o f t he v arious s tones a nd m inerals o f w hich t he ; ayönü a rtifacts w ere made. T o o ur m inds, e ven t he c urrent s uggestions a s t o t he various p ossible s ources o f A natolian o bsidian ( Ga le 1 981) d epend o n s till v ery i ncomplete s urveys o f o nly s ome o f t he p ossible s ource a reas a nd o f t he e xact nature o f individual o bsidian f lows. I deally, f or t he o bsidian, a w ide ranging s urvey a cross various national f rontiers, u ndertaken b y e xperienced v ulcanologists, i s w hat i s n eeded b ut may hardly b e a r ealistic h ope. A lso, f or o ther m inerals u tilized a t ;ayönü, t he matter o f p ositive identifications a nd o f s ources s till r emain u nfinished b usiness.

C ONCLUSION I n s um, t he ; ayönü a ssemblage - a s a g ross g enerali ty - c onforms t o t hose o f o ther e arly v illage-farming c ommunity o ccurrences o f b oth t he Z agros a nd t he L evantine r egions. I n d etail, h owever, t he a yönt i a ssemblage h as i n t he m ain - a c omplexion o f i ts o wn. O ur 1 963 s urface s urveys i n t he s outheastern v ilayets d id n ot y ield t races o f a preceding i ncipient l evel w hich, a s w e s uggested a bove, i s a vailable i n b oth t he Z agros a nd t he L evantine r egions. W e have s peculated ( ;ambel a nd B raidwood 1 980:37) t hat t he t races o f t his e arlier l evel may w ell b e f ound a t l ower e levations, f urther s outh, p erhaps i n t he Mardin r egion. W hatever may p rove t o b e t he c ase i n t his matter w e d o n ot y et k now t he m ore s pecific a ntecedents o f t he ; ayön i i a ssemblage a nd o f t he c ulture i t r epresents. G iven t he s urprising variety a nd c omplexity o f t he ; ayönü a rchitectural f orms a nd o f t he l evel o f s ocial o rganization t hey must i mply - a t t he t ime of t he v ery t hreshold o f e ffective f ood-production -

12

t he identification o f ; ayönü's a ntecedents p resents a r eal c hallenge i n c ulture h istory. S o, t oo, w ill t he r es ults o f a c areful a nalysis a nd i nterpretation o f t he e vidence w hich ; ayönü i tself h as a nd w ill, h opefully, c ontinue t o y ield.

B IBLIOGRAPHY B ader, N .O. 1 979 T ell M agzalia - A n E arly N eolithic S ite i n N orthe rn I raq. S obetskaya A rkheologiya 1 979:117-132. B ar-Yosef, O . 1 980 P rehistory o f t he L evant. p ology 9 :101-133. Palo A lto:

A nnual R eview o f A nthroA nnual R eviews I nc.

B ordaz, J acques 1 973 C urrent R esearch i n t he N eolithic o f S outh C entral T urkey: S uberde, E rbaba a nd T heir C hronological I mplic ations. A merican J ournal o f A rchaeology 7 7:282-288. B raidwood, L inda S . 1 979 T he ; ayönü C hipped S tone I ndustry a nd I ts P ossible I nterrelationships. V III T ürk Tarih K ongresi:37-45. A nkara : T ürk T arih K urumu B asimevi. B raidwood, P .J., H . ; ambel, C .L. R edman, a nd P .J. Watson 1 971 B eginnings o f V illage-Farming C ommunities i n S outhe astern T urkey. P roceedings o f t he N ational A cademy o f S ciences U .S.A . 6 8:1236-1240. B raidwood, R .J., H . ; ambel, B . L awrence, C .L. R edman, a nd R .B. S tewart 1 974 B eginnings o f V illage-Farming C om inunities i n S outhe astern T urkey - 1 972. P roceedings o f t he National A cademy o f S ciences , U.S.A. 7 1:568-572. B raidwood, R obert J ., H alet ; ambel, W ulf S chirmer, e t a l. 1 981 B eginnings o f V illage-Farming C ommunities i n S outhe astern T urkey: ; ayöni i T epesi, 1 978 a nd 1 979. J ournal o f F ield A rchaeology 8 :249-258. B raidwood, R obert J ., a nd B ruce H owe, e t a l. 1 960 P rehistoric I nvestigations.... S tudies i n A ncient O riental C ivilization. N o. 3 1. C hicago: U niversity o f C hicago P ress. ; ambel, H alet, a nd R obert J . B raidwood 1 980 T he J oint I stanbul-Chicago U niversities' P reh istoric R esearch P roject i n S outheastern A natolia C omprehensive V iew : t he W ork t o D ate, 1 963-1972. T he J oint I stanbul-Chicago U niversities' P rehistoric R esearch i n S outheastern A natolia, I . ; ambel a nd B raidwood, e ds. p p. 3 3 -6 4 . I stanbul: E debiyat Fakultesi B asimevi. C auvin, Jacques 1 978 L es P remiers V illages d e S yrie-Palestine d u I Xeme a u V IIeme M illenaire A vant J .C. L yon: Maison d e l 'Orient.

13

C hilde,

V . G ordon C hanging M ethods a nd A ims i n P rehistory. i ngs o f t he P rehistoric S ociety 1 :1-15.

1 935

C lark, G rahame 1 980 M esolithic Prelude. P ress. d e C ontenson, H . 1 979 T ell A swad

E dinburgh:

( Damascene).

P roceed-

t he U niversity

P aleorient 5 :153 -1 56.

E rin;, S irri 1 980 H uman E cology in S outheastern A natolia. T he J oint I stanbul - C hicago U niversities' P rehistoric R esearch i n S outheastern A natolia, I . ; ambel a nd B raidwood, e ds. p p.73-81. I stanbul: E debiyat F akultesi B asimevi. G ale, N .H. 1 981 M editerranean O bsidian S ource C haracterization b y S trontium I sotope A nalysis. A rchaeometry 2 3:41-51. K irkoride, D iana 1 975 U mm D abaghiyah 1 974 : I raq 3 7:3 -1 0.

a F ourth P reliminary R eport

M ortensen, P eder 1 970 T ell S himshara: t he H assuna P eriod. D et K ong. Danski V idenskab. S elskab H ist. F ib s. S kr. 5 ,2:28-46. M unchaev, P .M., a nd N .J. M erpert 1 981 E arliest A gricultural S ettlements o f N orthern M esopotamia. M oscow : p ublishing h ouse " Nauke". Ö zdogan,

M ehmet L ower E uphrates Basin 1 977 S urvey. M iddle E ast T echnical U niversity L ower E uphrates P roject P ublicat ions, S eries I , N o. 2 . I stanbul.

1 977

P errot, J ean 1 968 La P rehistoire Palestinienne. Extrait d u S upplement a u D ictionnaire d e la B ible 8 :286-446. P aris: L etouzey e t A n&. R edman, C harles L ., a nd Patty J o Watson 1 970 S ystematic, I ntensive S urface C ollection. A ntiquity 3 5:279-291.

A merican

S olecki, R ose L . 1 981 A n E arly V illage S ite a t Z awi C hemi S hanidar. B ibliotheca M esopotamica 1 3. Malibu: U ndena P ublicat ions. S tewart, R obert B . 1 976 Paleoethnobotanical B otany 3 0:219-225. T rigger,

B ruce G . G ordon C hilde: T hames a nd H udson.

1 980

R eport - ; ayönü 1 972.

E conomic

R evolutions i n A rchaeology.

van Z eist, W illem 1 972 Paleobotanical R esults o f t he 1 970 S eason a t ; ayönt i, T urkey. H elinium 12:3-19.

1 4

L ondon:

v an

Z eist, W ., a nd J .A.H. Bakker-Heeres S ome E conomic a nd E cological A spects o f t he P lant H usbandry o f T ell A swad. Paleorient 5 :161-168.

1 979

W hallon,

R obert A n A rchaeological S urvey o f t he K eban R eservoir A rea o f E ast-Central T urkey. M emoirs o f t he M useum o f A nthropology, U niversity o f M ichigan, N o.11.

1 979

1 5

C HAPTER 2 THE ç AYöNf f C HIPPED S TONE I NDUSTRY: t he 1 968 a nd 1 970 E xcavation S easons b y C harles L .

R edman

TABLE O F C ONTENTS I ntroduction S ystem o f a rtifact a nalysis a nd c lassification Q uantitative a nalysis o f t he i ndustry C hipped s tone p ieces B lade c ores: O ne-directional p yramidal B i-directional p yramidal O ne-directional, parallel-sided M ultidirectional B lade c ore f ragments: C ore t ablets a nd p latforms C rested b lades F lake c ores U nmodified ( waste) p ieces U se m odified b lades U se m odified f lakes R etouched b lades a nd f lakes B lades w ith s heen S crapers B urins P ieces f eaturing t ip a ttention ( perforators) B acked b lades M iscellaneous S ummary A cknowledgments B ibliography

I NTRODUCTION T he J oint P rehistoric P roject o f I stanbul U niversity's P rehistory S ection a nd t he U niversity o f C hicago's O riental I nstitute h as c onducted t hree s easons of e xcavations i n t he D iyarbakir p rovince o f s outheastern T urkey. T his r esearch i s c oncerned w ith c ollecting d ata a nd t esting h ypotheses r elevant t o t he o rigins o f s ettled v illage l ife a nd t he d omestication o f p lants a nd a nimals i n t he N ear E ast D uring 1 964, 1 968, a nd 1 970 t he J oint P rehistoric p roject c entered i ts e xcavations a nd i ntensi r s urface s urvey o n t he e arly v illage s ite o f ; ayönü ( 38 1 6'N, 3 9° 4 3 'E ), a l ow o val m ound of a bout 2 50 m b y 1 50 m a djacent t o a t ribu tary o f t he u pper T igris R iver ( ;ambel a nd B raidwood 1 980;

1 7

B raidwood, ; ambel, a nd Watson 1 969, B raidwood, ; ambel, R edman, a nd Watson 1 971, B raidwood, ; ambel, Lawrence, R edman, a nd S tewart 1 974). T he f ollowing i nterim r eport is a d escription o f t he c hipped s tone i ndustry r ecovered d uring t he 1 968 a nd 1 970 s easons o f e xcavation T he l ocations o f e xcavations o n t he m ound o f ; ayöni i w ere d etermined w ith r espect t o s everal d ifferent g oals. D uring t he f irst s eason, t wo major a reas w ere o pened n ear t he h ighest p oint o n t he m ound. O ne w as o n t he s lope o f t he m ound t hat had b een s teeply e roded b y t he a djacent s tream ( Fig. 2 .1:K 1 1-16). A larger e xposure w as m ade a t t he s ummit o f t he m ound t o u ncover p rehistoric s tructures ( Fig. 2 .1:K2-9).

L B 4 2.0m

S A I

B -NE T R SB I K 2 K 5 K 8

U

K 3 K 6 K 9

-

A Z -

Y

i

F ig. 2 .1 P lot p lan f or ; ayönü i ndicating e xcavation u nits f or t he 1 964, 1 968 a nd 1 970 f ield s easons. A n i ntensive s ystematic s urface c ollection w as c arried o ut a t t he b eginning o f t he 1 968 s eason i n a n a ttempt t o d iscover d ifferent a reas of t he s ite t hat w ould a id i n t he l ocation o f f uture e xcavations ( Redman a nd Watson 1 970). O ne a rea was s elected i n o rder t o e xpose l ower l evels o f t he s ite ( Fig. 2 .1:WC1 a nd Q C5). T he a nalysis o f t he s urf ace c ollection s howed t hat b y e xcavating i n t his a rea w e w ould n ot have t o r emove t he o verburden o f l ater l evels w hich o ccurs a t t he c enter o f t he s ite. A nother e xcavat ion u nit was p laced i n a n a rea w here t he r esults o f t he c ontrolled s urface c ollection i mplied t hat t here w ould b e d eposits o f a p roto-historic c eramic o ccupation ( Fig. 2 .1: L B4). O ther e xcavations w ere l ocated a djacent t o t he e arlier e xposure n ear t he s ummit o f t he m ound ( Fig. 2 .1: S B? a nd S A1.) D uring t he 1 970 s iderably e xtended.

s eason t he a rea o f e xcavation w as c onA large a rea a djacent t o t he p revious

w ork o n t he s ummit w as o pened t o e xpose m ore a rchitectural r emains o f t he later p receramic l evels ( Fig. 2 .1:P, T2 U2 X2 a nd Z ). P ortions o f t he p revious s eason's e xposures w ere c ontinued d own t o l ower l evels ( Fig. 2 .1:R a nd S ), a nd i n o ne s ix-by-six m eter s quare ( R), s terile s oil w as r eached. A nother l arge a rea w as u ncovered a djacent t o t he 1 968 e xposure o n t he w estern e dge o f t he m ound i n a n a ttempt t o u ncover m ore a rchitecture f rom t he e arly l evels o f ; ayönü ( Fig. 2 .1:B, C , D , E , F , a nd G ). I n t wo o f t hese s quares s terile s oil w as r eached ( C a nd E ). O ver t he c ourse o f t hese t hree s easons a pproximately 9 00 s quare m eters o f ; ayönt i . h ave b een e xposed, w hich i s a bout 3 % of t he m ound 's a rea . D uring t hese e xcavations, o ver 1 300 c ubic meters o f e arth have b een m oved, w hich i s a bout 1 .5% o f t he e stimated v olume o f t he m ound. O n t he basis o f t he s oundings t hat r eached s terile s oil ( C, E , a nd R ), i t i s e stimated t hat t he maximum d epth o f c ultural d eposit o n ; ayön i i i s a bout 4 t o 5 meters. B y i ntegrating e vidence f rom t he i ntensive s ystematic s urface c ollection a nd t he t hree s easons o f e xcavation, i t i s p ossible t o a pproximately o utline t he l ocation a nd e xtent o f t he o ccupation a reas o f e ach o f t he a ncient c ommunities o f ; ayönü. W hen p ractical, t he b asic u nits o f r ecording a nd a nalys is w ere a rchitectural f eatures. T his r eflects o ur a ssumpt ion t hat p rehistoric a ctivities t ook p lace w ith r espect t o l ocation o f e xisting a rchitectural f eatures. T hus, w hen p ossible, r ecording b y a rchitecture r eplaces t he p reliminary g rid s ystem o f a rbitrary u nits. A f lexible s ystem o f r ecording a nd e xcavation t echniques was u sed, d uring t he d igging i n 1 970, a djusting t he s ize a nd margins o f t he e xp osure a rea o f t he e xcavation u nit t o t he t ype o f d eposit b eing u nearthed. O ur labeling s ystem r eflects t his p rocedure b y i ncludi ng m ore p recise n otation f or m ore d etailed o bservations, w hile e nabling t he majority o f t he p ieces t o b e labelled p recisely w ith o nly t hree d igits. T he e xcavation u nits w ere named s omewhat d ifferently e ach s eason ( single l etter a nd n umber, t wo l etters a nd o ne number, o r o nly a s ingle l etter), b ut t he s ystems a re i nterchangeable. T he f irst l etter(s) r epresents t he major h orizontal e xcavation u nit ( 5 b y 5 m eters s quare), t he f irst n umber i s t he s tratig raphic l evel w ithin t hat s quare, a nd t he n umber a fter t he d ash i s t he h orizontal l ocus w ithin t he u nits f rom w hich t he a rtifacts c ame. B y u sing a d ash t o s et o ff t he t wo n otations ( level a nd l ocus) a m inimum n umber o f f igures c an b e u sed. T his s aved t ime i n labeling, a n i mportant c onsideration b ecause w e h ad f ifty t housand p ieces o f c hipped s tone t o label f rom t he 1 970 s eason a lone. I f material w as f ound o n a f loor o r i n a nother s ituation w here t he e xact c ontext s eemed i mportant, t hen a n e xtra d igit a fter a s lash w as a dded t o g ive e ach a rtifact a u nique n umber t hat c ould b e u sed i n d escribing i t, i dentif ying i t i n a p hoto, o r i n p lacing i t o n a map.

1 9

1 964 :

1 968

A rchitectural l evels

S quare

4 -5

K 9

S quare

S tratigraphic l evel

H orizontal l ocus

S tratigraphic l evel

H orizontal l ocus

Q , C5

1 970

S quare

8 -3/2

A rtifact N umber

S YSTEM O F A RTIFACT A NALYSIS A ND C LASSIFICATION T he g oal o f t he a rtifact a na lysis i s t o p roduce i nformation r elated t o patterns o f p rehistoric b ehavior. W e a re a ttempting t o r ecord t he m orphological a ttributes a nd s patial d istribution o f a rtifacts t hat r eflect t he d iffere nt a ctivities o f t he p rehistoric o ccupants o f ; ayönü. Fundamental t o t his a pproach i s t he d iscovery o f t he u se o r u ses o f e ach k ind o f t ool. T herefore, t he t wo p rimary a spects o f a nalysis a re f irst, d etermining t he f unction o f t he r ecovered a rtifacts, a nd s econd, h ypothesizing w hat a ctivities w ere b eing p erformed. T his a rtifact a nalysis i ncorporates t he r esults o f p reliminary c lassification t o h elp d irect later s tages o f t he r esearch. I n a ddition, t he r esults o f t he later s tages o f r esearch a re u sed t o r efine t he i nitial c ategories t hat h ad b een u tilized. T his c onstant i nterplay b etween p revious c oncepts o n t he o ne s ide, a nd t he o n-going r esults o f r esearch o n t he o ther, d emands a n e fficient p rogram o f a nalysis. T he o rganizational e ffort r equired i s w orthwhile b ecause o f t he p otentially p roductive nature o f t his t ype o f i nteg rated r esearch s trategy. T his i nterim r eport o n t he ; ayänü c hipped s tone i ndust ry i s a p rimary s tage i n t he t otal r esearch d esign. T hat i s r eported h ere a lready i nvolves a spects o f t he o riginal c lassification s ystem p lus i nnovations d iscovered d uring t he c ourse o f r esearch. M ore i mportant, f uture a nalyses w ill i ncorporate a dditional i nformation p roduced d uring t he p reparation o f t his r eport, a nd s ubsequent a rtifact a nalysis w ill b egin w ith t he i mproved s ystem a s t he i nitial s tage. C onsequently o ne s hould n ot e xpect t he f ollowing t o b e t he u ltimate, d efinitive r eport o n t he nature o f t he ; ayönü c hipped s tone a rtifact i nventory. T his a rticle i s a d escription o f my b est c urrent u nderstanding o f t he u ses a nd t he nature o f t he ç ayonu c hipped s tone material, b ut i t i s o nly t he p resent s tage i n a n o n-going p rocess t hat h opefully w ill y ield g reater u nderstanding a nd m ore a ccur ate r epresentation a s t he f ieldwork a nd a nalyses c ontinue.

2 0

I n t he a nalysis o f t he c hipped s tone p ieces f rom ; ayönü I u tilized a m odification o f a t ypological s ystem d eveloped b y L inda S . B raidwood a nd B ruce H owe o n t he basis o f t heir w ork w ith s imilar s ites i n t he N ear E ast. T he t ypes a re based o n s hape a nd e dge u se v ariations t hat a re d ivided i nto s eparate c ategories a ccording t o a s eries o f a ttributes d etermined t hrough e xperience w ith c hipped s tone a rtifacts. T hese t ypes f orm t he b asis f or l ater o bservations a nd a nalysis. B ecause t hese t ypes a re b ased o n d ecisions made b y t he r esearcher i t i s i mportant t o d ef ine t heir e ssential a ttributes o bjectively. T o i mprove t he c onsistency o f c lassification i t i s b est t o h ave o ne r esearcher make a ll f inal d ecisions. Q UANTITATIVE A NALYSIS O F T HE I NDUSTRY T he e xact nature o f t he s tatistical a nd q uantitative p rocedures t hat o ne u ses i n a nalyzing d ata d epends o n t he g oals o f t he r esearch a nd t he a ssumptions made a bout t he d ata . Q uantitative a nalysis s erves t hree b asic f unctions: d escription, i nference, a nd h ypothesis t esting. I n t he a rtifactual a nalysis o f t he ; ai dn i i material I a m i nterested i n a ll t hree a spects o f q uantitative a na lysis a nd h ave i nit iated a b road s tatistical p rogram. T he p reliminary f orm o f a nalysis i s t he r ecording o f t he a rtifacts e xcavated a nd a n a nalysis o f t heir d istribution i n t he s ite. T he i nformation f or t hese d escriptive a nalyses s hould i nclude c ounts o f a rtifact t ypes ( Tables 1 a nd 2 ), d iagnostic r atios o f t ypes ( Table 3 ), a nd f or s pecial p urposes, m easures o f i ndiv idual a ttributes ( e.g., w eights i n Table 4 ; lengths in F ig. 2 .3 ; o r c ross s ections i n F ig. 2 .5). T hese t hree f orms o f d ata w ere u sed f or d ifferent a spects o f t he ; ayönü d istrib utional a nalyses. T he r ecordings h ave b een made a ccordi ng t o t he d ivision o f t he e xcavated l evels i nto f ive s ubp hases * which a pp a rently r un i n s tratigraphic s uccession ( Fig. 2 .2). T his d ivision i s t he background a gainst w hich t he d ifferences i n t he p roportions o f a rtifacts t hat w ere u tilized d uring e ach s ub-phase o f t he p rehistoric o ccupat ion o f ; ayönü a re r ecognized a nd m easured. P hotographs a nd d rawings o f o bjects i n t he ; ayönü c hipped s tone i ndustry a re i ncluded t o a dd a v isual d imens ion t o t he v erbal a nd m etric d escriptions. E qually i mport ant a re t he t ables a nd g raphs t hat p resent t he q uantitative d istribution o f a rtifacts a s t hey o ccurred i n t he f ive s ubp hases o f t he ; ai dnü s equence. T his i nvolves d etailed t ables

* The major p rehistoric p hase o f o ccupation a t ; ayönü h as b een d ivided i nto f ive s ub-phases. I t i s n ot c ertain t hat t here a re n ot m ore t han f ive s ub-phases, b ut t he r elative o rder o f t he o nes t hus f ar d iscovered i s g enerally a greed u pon. T he s ub-phase d esignations a re a bbreviations o f t he major f eature f ound i n t hese l evels a nd f rom e arliest t o latest a re: 1 o r B .P. f or basa l p its, 2 o r G .P. f or g rill p lan, 3 o r B .P.P. f or b road pavement p lan, 4 o r C .P. f or c ell p lan, 5 o r L .R.P. f or l arge r oom p lan, s ee F igure 2 .2. 2 1

o f t he q uantity o f e ach t ype o f a rtifact, d ivided a ccording t o i ts p lace i n t he s tratigraphic s equence o f s ub-phases. I n a ddition, numbers o f a rtifacts a re r ecorded t hat w ere f ound i n s everal c ulturally s ignificant u nits. ( Tables 1 a nd 2 ). D espite p roblems w ith a q uantitative a pproach, I b elieve t hat i t i s a n ecessary s tep i n a rcheological a nalysis. T he i dentification a nd d escription o f i ndividual p ieces i s a n i mportant p art o f a ny a rcheological a nalysis, e specially i n t erms o f d ating. H owever, r esearch l eft a t t he s tage o f l isting d iagnostic a rtifacts i s i nadequate. I t i s n ot a cceptable t o d escribe a s ite b y a f ew c haracteristic p ieces, a s t hough e verything c ould b e u nderstood i n t erms o f t hese " typical" o bjects. I nstead, i t i s n ecessary t o o bserve a nd t o r ecord a ll o f t he a rtifacts. T he c hanging s tatistical patterns o f c ommon a s w ell a s o f d istinctive a rtifacts p roduce i nformation a bout t he p rehistoric b ehavi oral s ystems. Q uantification i s a n ecessary p art o f a rche ological a nalysis. Q uantification d oes n ot r eplace t he s tudy o f d istinctive p ieces, b ut i s c omplementary t o i t. E ach t ype o f a nalysis a dds i ts o wn f orm o f i nformation f rom w hich c an b e l earned a much f uller p icture o f t he l ifeways o f t he p eople w ho i nhabited t he a rcheologica l s ite t han i s p ossible w ith o nly o ne t echnique o r t he o ther. C ounting i s particularly r elevant w hen o ne i s c oncerned w ith d istinct t ools. T he u tility o f c ounting i s d iminished w hen a nalyzing p ieces t hat w ere n ot u sed a s d istinct t ools. C hipped s tone d ebris c an s hatter i n a ny n umber o f w ays a nd it may n ot b e particularly i mportant h ow many f ragments w ere b roken o ff a c ore. I n o rder t o r ecord t hese p ieces a ccurately i t w ould b e u seful t o e mploy w eighing a s a n a dditiona l m eans o f m easurement. W eight i s a m ore r elevant f eature t han numbers w hen o ne i s ,c alculating t he a mount o f material s uch a s o bsidian b rought t o a s ite, o r t he a mount o f material wasted i n a manufacturing p rocess. M easuring t he w eight o f p ieces i s a lso v aluable i n p roviding d ata f or a ssessing c hanges i n t he s ize o f i ndividual p ieces a nd i n t he r elative w eights o f d ifferent t ypes o f a rtifacts. W eight i s a lso a c rucia l f eature o f a ny i mplement t hat r elies o n m omentum f or i ts c utting f unction, s uch a s a n a xe o r a n a dze. T he b asic g oal o f t his r eport i s n ot • t o o ffer a d efinit ive s tatement a bout t he past c ommunities a t ç ayon i i2 b ut t o p resent a c lear a nd c omplete d escription o f t he c hipped s tone i ndustry a s I u nderstand i t, a nd o f s ome o f t he ways i t has b een a nalyzed. A n e ffort h as b een made t o p resent t he d ata s o t hat i t c an b e u tilized b y o ther r esearchers w ho want t o c heck o ur c onclusions o r t o i ncorporate t he d ata i nto t heir o wn r esearch. L ater r evisions a nd e ven s ubstitutions, a re e xpected, b ut i t w ould b e w rong t o a llow t his a nticipation t o p revent u s f rom c ommunicating o ur f indi ngs u ntil a ll o f t he w ork i s c ompleted o n t his v ery i mport ant s ite. T his I nterim R eport has b een p repared i n t he h ope t hat o thers w ill f ind t he e arly p ublication o f o ur material w orthwhile a nd u seful i n t heir o wn w ork.

2 2

C HIPPED S TONE P IECES C hipped s tone p ieces a re t he m ost c ommon t ype o f a rtif act f ound a t ç ay5n i i. T wo r aw materials a re u sed f or t he f abrication o f t hese i mplements: o bsidian a nd f lint. A w ide variety o f t ools a re made f rom t hese materials a nd a re u tilized i n m any d ifferent ways. W e s tudy t heir f orm a nd d istribution b ecause a rtifacts g ive a n i ndication o f t he p rehistoric b ehavior o f t heir u sers. A m orphological s yst em o f c lassification has b een u sed. S hape, s ize, u tilized e dges, a nd r aw material a re t he b asic a ttributes o f t he c lassificatory s cheme. I t i s b elieved t hat t he r ecording o f t hese a ttributes a nd t heir d istribution a cross t he s ite a re a ccurate r eflections o f c hanges i n t he a ctivities a nd t echnology o f t he p rehistoric c ommunity. A ll t he material r ecovered f rom t he 1 968 a nd 1 970 s easons t hat c ame f rom u nambiguous e xcavation c ontexts h as b een c lassified a nd t allied. L evels w ere n ot t abulated i f t here was a p ossib ility o f m ixture. T hese w ere e liminated b ecause t he r es ults m ight o bscure t he patterns d iscovered b y a nalyzing d ata f rom u ncontaminated e xcavation c ontexts. F ollowing t his g uideline, t hree-fourths o f t he t otal e xcavated mater ial was a nalyzed a nd t allied a s p resented i n Tables 1 a nd 2 . R etouched t ools a nd s pecial p ieces f rom t he u nanalyzed l evels w ere s orted a nd s ubjected t o t he s ame d etailed m easu rements a nd o bservations a s t he t ools f rom t he t allied l evels. T ables 1 a nd 2 r epresent t he r esults o f t he c lassific ation o f a pproximately 4 6,000 c hipped s tone p ieces a ccordi ng t o t he t ypological s ystem d escribed a bove. T he c hipped s tone p ieces w ere i nitially d ivided i nto t wo g roups: o bsidi an o r s iliceous s tone ( flint, e tc.) p ieces. T he o bsidian i s n ot a vailable l ocally. T here i s t race-element e vidence t hat s ome o f t he o bsidian was b rought f rom s ources n ear L ake V an, a bout 2 00 k m. t o t he n ortheast ( G. W right 1 969). D uri ng t he o ccupation o f ; ayönü, t rading n etworks i nvolving o bsidian w ere w idespread i n t he N ear E ast ( Renfrew, C ann, a nd D ixon 1 966; G . W right 1 969). T he f lint was s upposedly a vailable i n t he i mmediate v icinity. M ost o f t he f lint u sed f or making a rtifacts was a h igh q uality, l ight b rown material t hat may h ave c ome f rom d eposits i n t he n earby m ountains, s tream c obbles f ound i n t he a djacent, n ow s eas onal, s tream, o r f rom n odules i n t he l imestone o utcrops a cross t he s tream. T hese l imestone o utcrops a re c urrently b eing q uarried f or g ravel a nd f lint. T he b asic q uality o f t he f lint f rom t hese o utcrops s eems t oo p oor t o h ave b een t he s ource f or t he ; ayön l i i nhabitants, b ut t hey may h ave r emoved m ost o f t he e asily r eachable h igh q uality material. T he n ext s tep o f t he a na lysis i s t o d ivide a ll o f t he c hipped s tone p ieces a ccording t o s ize. P ieces o ver t en m illimeters w ide a re c onsidered " normal" s ize, a nd t hose l ess t han t en m illimeters a re " microlithic". T his i s a n a rbitrary m easure d etermined i n part b y t he f orm o f t he p iece a nd i ts s tate o f p reservation. O ther m easures o f s ize a re a lso i nfluenced b y f orm a nd p reservation, h ence, 2 3

t his d imension was c onsidered a dequate a s a f irst a pproximation. I n o rder t o d etermine w hich d imension w ould b e m ost a ppropriate f or d ividing t he a rtifacts b y s ize, n umerous m easurements w ere made o n a l arge s ample o f t he p ieces. O n t he b asis o f t his s tudy i t a ppears t hat a ny u niversal d ivision b y s ize s uch a s w e u sed i s o nly u seful i n a p rel iminary a nalysis. S ince major v ariations e xist b etween t he r ange o f s izes o f d ifferent a rtifact t ypes i t w ould b e b est t o m easure t he d imensions o f e very p iece a nd t hen s epa rate t hem a ccording t o t he natura l g roupings o bserved. W hen d ealing w ith a large a ssemblage o f c hipped s tone p ieces ( 46,000), i t i s c lear t hat d etailed m easurements o n a ll o f t he p ieces i s impractica l c onsidering t he n ormal l imits o f t ime a nd p ersonnel. I t i s p ossible t o d iscover t he parameters o f a l arge p opulation b y m aking m easurements o n o nly a s ample o f i t. S tatisticians h ave c arefully w orked o ut t he l imits o f a ccuracy a nd r eliability f or c ertain s amp ling p rocedures, s uch a s r andom s ampling ( Redman 1 974:22). I f t here a re o ver 1 ,000 p ieces i n a c ategory t hen m easurem ents o n 1 0% o f t he t otal w ill y ield r easonably a ccurate r esults. I f t he n umber o f p ieces i s s maller t han 1 ,000 p ieces t he p roportion o f t he p opulation m easured m ust b e l arger. T o g ain s ufficient s tatistical r eliability c oncerni ng t ool t ypes t hat o ccur i n l imited n umbers ( less t han 1 00 p ieces), m ost, if n ot a ll, o f t he p ieces m ust b e m easured ( at l east 5 0% s ampled). O n t he o ther h and, w ith t ypes s uch a s u tilized b lades, i t i s p ossible t o m easure a s mall p rop ortion ( under 1 0%) o f t hem a nd s till h ave a v ery a ccurate k nowledge o f t heir s ize d istribution a nd o ther c haracteri stics. T o d emonstrate t he u tility o f s ampling, m easurements w ere made o n a ll o f t he o bsidian b lades a nd b lade f ragments f rom many o f t he l evels i n t he u nits e xcavated d uring t he 1 970 s eason. T hese m easurements a nd o bservations o n b lade s hapes w ere made o n 1 853 p ieces. T wo s amples, t he f irst o f 1 0% o f t he b lades a nd t he s econd o f 2 0% o f t he b lades, w ere t aken b y m eans o f a random s tart a nd a r egular i nterv al a mong t he r ecorded o bsidian b lades. T he r esults o f b oth s amples w ere e xtremely c lose t o t he v alues d erived f rom m easuring e very p iece. T he d istribution o f v alues i n t he 1 0% s ample ( mean = 2 5.6 m m; s tandard d eviation = 1 0.3) i s n ot s tatistically d ifferent f rom t hat i n t he e ntire p opulation ( mean = 2 5.2 m m; s td. d ev. = 1 0.7). T he 2 0% s ample i s e ven c loser ( mean = 2 5.3 ; s td. d ev. = 1 0.4). F igure 2 .3 i s a g raph o f t he d istribution o f o bsidian b lade a nd b lade f ragment l engths f rom t he 1 853 p ieces m easu red ( shaded b ars), a nd f rom a 2 0% s ample ( hatched b ars). I n a ddition t o t he s imilarity d emonstrated b y t he m ean v a l ues, t he v isual c omparison i s q uite c lose. I s uggest t hat i t w ould b e b etter t o m easure o nly a s ample o f t he p ieces i n m ore numerous c ategories a nd t o u tilize t he t ime s aved t o make a dditional o bservations.

After division by raw material and size, the chipped stone pieces are classified into various categorie•s based on form, technology, and utilization. The classificatory system takes into account other -characteristics, such as pieces with sheen, flakes and blades with traces of cortex, and cores and core fragments that have been utilized in ways other than as cores. Altogether the chipped stone pieces were divided into over three hundred categories.

The counts of artifacts in each of these categories are presented in the framework of the five stratigraphic seg­ ments and related time sub-phases identified during excava­ tions (see Fig. 2.2). The usefulness of the sub-phase divi­ sions does not rely on whether or not they reflect distinct cultural complexes. The hypothesis that the sub-phases represent chronological units is a reasonable one that can be tested by the data that has been assembled in this report. In addition to the tabulation of pieces in each sub-phase, counts are given for several cultural complexes identified during excavation. R 20-2 is a cache of flint pieces found in the sub-phase B.P. deposits. EF 2 is the best preserved of the grill building foundations from sub-phase G.P. U 9 is a multi-cell burnt structure from the sub-phase c.P. levels. U 4 is a single room structure attributed to sub­ phase L.R.P. I suggest that total counts for each sub­ phase are more accurate representations of the relative fre­ quencies of artifact types throughout the excavation than are counts of individual cultural complexes in each sub­ phase. * * * * * * �ayonu's chipved stone industry was produced by skilled stone workers. In the.earlier levels, flint was the primary material used for making implements; in the later levels, obsidian became equally common. The overall focus of the chipped stone industry was on blades and blade fragments that were utilized or retouched into distinct tools. Re­ touched pieces account for about 10% of the flint in each of the sub-phases of occupation (see Fig. 2.4). Of that 10%, less than half can be identified as distinct tool types. The vast majority of implements were blades modified only by utilization. Utilized blades and flakes must have served many purposes. The manufacturing of blades reached a high level of efficiency with the use of pyramidal and parallel­ sided blade cores, both microlithic and normal size. Blades with evidence of a lustrous sheen are increasingly common in the later sub-phases, but account for only 11% of the flint blades found in these later sub-phases, while in the earlier sub-phases they total 6% or 7% of the blades. Flint and obsidian pieces, with attention to their tips as the main feature were present in all sub-phases, but were most abun­ dant during sub-phase G.P. (2.5% of total pieces including a single cache of 150 pieces) and diminished in the later sub�phases (sub-phase L.R.P.--0.5% of total pieces). Scrapers were an important element in the chipped stone industry with their proportion increasing during the later 25

s ub-phases, g oing f rom 0 .6% o f t otal p ieces i n s ub-phase B .P. t o 1 .5% o f t otal p ieces i n s ub-phase L .R.P. T he o bsidian a ssemblage i s p redominantly a b lade i ndust ry. T here a re o bsidian s crapers made i n f orms s imilar t o t he f lint s crapers. T here a re s ome o bsidian p ieces w ith t ip a ttention a s t heir m ain f eature, b ut t hey a re p roportionally n ot a s c ommon a s t heir f lint c ounterparts. B y f ar t he m ost a bundant d istinct t ool made a t ç ay nU i s t he backed b lade. T his backed b lade, o ften s teeply backed o n b oth e dges, i s d istinguished b y l inear s triations o n t he v entral s urface a nd i s d escribed i n d etail i n t he s ection o f t his r eport o n o bsidian t ools. T he r elative i mportance o f o bsidian a s a raw material f or t he a yönü c hipped s tone i ndustry h as b een t he s ubject o f d etailed i nvestigations. T he ratio o f t he n umber o f o bsidian p ieces t o f lint p ieces h as b een c alculated f or e ach s urface c ollection a nd e xcavated l evel ( Redman 1 973). T he v alue o f t his ratio v aries w ith e ach e xcavation u nit, i n a ddition, t he t otal ratio f or e ach s ub-phase c hanges s ignifi cantly. I t is c lear t hat t he v alue o f t he ratio o f o bsidian t o f lint p ieces i ncreases w ith e ach s uccessive s tratig raphic s ub-phase. T he ratio f or t he a rtifacts f rom t he s ub-phase B .P. i s 0 .05, t he s ub-phase G .P. 0 .20, t he s ubp hase B .P.P. 0 .52 ; t he s ub-phase C .P. 0 .98; a nd t he s ubp hase L .R.P. 1 .02. T he i ncreasing p roportion o f o bsidian f ound i n t he r emains f rom e ach s uccessive s ub-phase o f t he s ite's o ccupation c ould b e r elated t o i ts a vailability i n a t rading n etwork ( Renfrew, D ixon, C ann 1 966; G . W right 1 969), o r t o i ts c hanging u tilization b y t he p rehistoric i nhabitants o f ç ay5n i i, o r t o b oth f actors. *

*

*

*

*

*

T he p roportion o f m icrolithic p ieces i n e ach e xcavation l evel v aries a nd may b e r elated t o t he a ctivities b eing p erformed t here. O ur e xcavations s how t hat d uring t he e arliest s ub-phase a t ç ayonu t he p roportion o f m icroliths was t he l owest ( 6%--sub-phase B .P.), w hile d uring m ost o f t he o ccupation i t had a n i ntermediate v alue ( c. 1 5%--subp hases G .P., B .P.P., & C .P.), a nd d uring t he f inal o ccupat ion i t h ad t he h ighest o f a ny t ime d uring t he p rehistoric s equence ( 24%--sub-phase L .R.P.). T he a verage w eight o f d ifferent t ypes o f p ieces f rom e ach o f t he s tratigraphic s egments v aries w idely a t ç ay n i . i ( Table 4 ). T he v ariations i n a verage w eight a nd r anges o f i ndividual w eights c ould b e r elated t o t ypes o f r aw material a vailable, t echniques o f manufacture, o r m odes o f u tilization. B lade C ores

( Fig.

2 .7:1-6;

P l.

2 .1:1-9)

T he b lade c ores u sed b y t he ; ayonu i nhabitants w ere u sually made w ith c are. T he m ost c haracteristic t ypes, t he p yramidal a nd p arallel-sided c ores, a re f ound i n a pproximately e qual n umbers ( Tables 1 a nd 2 ). T he o ne-directional v ariety i s s omewhat m ore numerous t han t he b i-directional

2 6

t ype. M ultidirectional, a morphous s haped c ores o f b oth f lint a nd o bsidian a re a lso f ound. M icro b lade c ores o f f lint w ere i nfrequently f ound i n c omparison w ith t he g reat n umber o f l arger f lint c ores ( c.9%). A s r egards o bsidian c ores, h owever, which w ere m uch r arer, t he m icro c ores f ormed a g reater p roportion ( c.25%). P ressure o r p ossibly i ndirect p ercussion t echniques w ere u sed f or d etaching b lades f rom m icrolithic a nd m ost macrolithic s ize c ores. Many o f t he c ores a nd c ore f ragments w ere u tilized a lso i n c utting a nd s craping a ctivities. T he n umber o f a rtifacts o bviously r e-utilized i n t his m anner v aries i n t he d ifferent l evels, w ith t he h ighest p roportion b eing r e-used d uring s ub-phase L .R.P. ( c.30%). O ne-directional p yramidal: T his t ype o f c ore s eems t o b e t he s ingle m ost c haracteristic c ore o f t he ; ayonu f lint a ssemblage, a nd t o a l esser d egree, o f t he o bsidian a ssemb lage. F igure 2 .7:6 i s a c lassic e xample o f t his t ype o f c ore. O n m ost macrolithic s ize c ores o nly a f raction o f t he p erimeter w as u sed f or s triking b lades, w hile c onsidera ble e ffort w as p ut i nto t he p reparation o f t he c ore's c rested back a nd p eriodic r emoval o f t he s triking p latform. O n t he m icrolithic e xamples ( Fig. 2 .7:1,2 ; P l. 2 .1:1,3-6) a g reater p ortion o f t he p erimeter w as u sed f or d etaching b lades. I n s ome c ases t he e ntire p erimeter was u tilized, w hich g ives t he c ore a " bullet" s hape. T he a ngle o f t he s triking p latform a nd t he s ide o f t he b lade c ore i s r elated t o t he m anner o f d etaching b lades. T his a ngle v aries, b ut i s g enerally g reater o n m icrolithic c ores ( 50° 80° t han o n macrolithic s ized c ores ( 40o-70o). B i-directional p yramidal: T here w ere f ar f ewer e xamples o f t his t ype o f c ore t han o f t he o ne-directional v ariety ( about o ne-fifth a s many). A g reater p roportion o f t he p erimeter o f t he s triking p latform was u sed f or d etaching b lades a nd l ess a ttention was g iven t o p reparation o f t he c rested back ( Pl. 2 .1:2). I n f lint, t his t ype o f c ore was a lmost c ompletely r estricted t o s ub-phases B .P. a nd C .P. 2 w ith o nly t wo e xamples f rom later c ontext. O ne-directional p arallel-sided: F inely e xecuted p arallels ided c ores a lso c haracterize t he ; ayönh f lint a nd o bsidian i ndustries. T hese parallel-sided c ores a re o ne-directional a nd b i-directional i n a pproximately e qual n umbers. S ome o f t hese have a t riangular s hape w hen s een f rom t he s ide ( Fig. 2 .7:4 ; P l. 2 .1:7,8). T he a ngle o f t he s triking p latform f or m ost o f t hese c ores r anges b etween 6 0 090°. B i-directional p arallel-sided: T he b i-directional p arallel-sided c ores o ften e xhibit a " barrel" s hape w hich c haracterizes b oth t he n ormal s ize v ariety a nd t he l ess f req uent m icrolithic c ores ( Fig. 2 .7 :3,5 , P l. 2 .1:9). M ultidirectional: T his g eneralized many k inds o f a morphous s haped c ores. u sed o ne-directional o r b i-directional w orker a ttempted t o t ake b lades o ff i n

2 7

c ategory i ncludes S ome o f t hese a re r ec ores f rom w hich t he o ne o r m ore d irections.

B lade C ore

f ragments

( Fig.

2 .7:7-10;

P l.

2 .1:10)

T hese w ere f requent i n b oth f lint a nd o bsidian. C ons iderable c are was p ut i nto t he p reparation a nd maintenance o f t he c ores w hile t hey w ere s till u seable, a nd h ence t he d ebitage f rom s haping is a bundant. H igh c oncentrations o f b lade c ore f ragments i n t he d ebris h elp t o o utline a reas o f a ncient b lade manufacturing. O ften t he f ragments t hemselves w ere r e-utilized a s c utting a nd s craping t ools. C ore t ablets a nd p latforms: C ore t ablets a re f aceted f lakes o f b lade c ores r oughly r ectangular i n c ross s ection, r emoved f rom t he s triking p latform o f c ores t o r evive t hem ( Fig. 2 .7:8). C ore p latforms a re o ften r emoved a fter i t b ecomes t oo d ifficult t o s trike a ny m ore b lades f rom t hat p osition ( Fig. 2 .7:7). C rested b lades: T hese b lades a re s haped d uring t he i nitial t rimming o f a b lade c ore. T he t wo d orsal f aces a re c overed w ith s cars f rom f lakes s truck f rom t he c entral r idge. T he c rested b lade has a t riangular c ross s ection ( Fig. 2 .7:9; P l. 2 .1:10). S een i n p rofile t he b lade h as m ore a rch t han n ormal b lades. O n s ome c rested b lades o nly o ne o f t he d orsal f aces i s c overed b y f laking s cars. I t has b een s uggested ( Mortenson 1 971:18), t hat t hese a re p rod uced t hrough w idening t he f laking p erimeter o f t he b lade c ore ( Fig. 2 .7:10). F lake C ores

( Fig.

2 .8:1;

P l.

2 .1:11,12)

F lake c ores a re n ot a s d iagnostic o f t he ; ayönü i ndust ry a s a re b lade c ores b ecause m ost r etouched t ools w ere f ashioned o n b lades, a nd h ence l ess e ffort a nd c are was e xercised i n t he manufacturing o f f lakes. P yramidal f lake c ores made o f f lint o ccur i n s ome n umbers, b ut may b e partially t he r esult o f f ailures i n t he p reparation o f b lade c ores. T he d iscoidal s haped f lake c ore is d istinct ive b ut v ery rare. F igure 2 .8:1 a nd P late 2 .1:12 i llust rate a n e xample o f a o ne-directional t ype i n c oarse f lint, while P late 2 .1:11 p ortrays a f ine m ultidirectiona l d isc oidal c ore i n lavender f lint t hat h as h ad f lakes r emoved i n t wo d irections. M ultidirectional a nd s pheroidal c ores a re t he m ost c ommon f lake c ores i n b oth f lint a nd o bsidian. V ery l ittle p reparation w ent i nto t he p roduction o f t hese c ores. O ften f ragments o f t he o ld b lade c ores w ould b e r e-used i n t his f ashion.. U nmodified

( waste)

P ieces

O ver 2 5% o f t he p ieces o f c hipped s tone f ound a t C ayönü d o n ot s eem t o b e m odified b y h uman u se o r p urposeful f abric ation ( see F ig. j ' .4). T hese p ieces a re p robably t he w aste f rom t he manufacturing o f t he f lint a nd o bsidian i mplements.

2 8

M ore

t han 2 5% o f t he

f lint p ieces r ecovered a t ; ayönü

s how

n o o bvious s igns o f u se c ompared w ith l ess t han 2 0% o f t he o bsidian p ieces. N ot o nly was a h igher p roportion o f o bsidi an t han f lint p ieces utilized, b ut a lso i n g eneral, e ach o bsidian p iece s hows m ore e vidence o f u se t han d oes e ach f lint p iece. I n many s ituations it i s d ifficult t o d eterm ine w hether a ny s ingle p iece h as b een m odified b y u se o r w as s carred d uring manufacture, d eposition, o r r ecovery ( see T ringham e t a l., 1 974). I n o rder t o m inimize t he s ubj ective e lement i n d eciding w hat c onstitutes a n u nmodified p iece, f inal d ivisions w ere made o nly b y m e t o i nsure t hat t he c lassification was c onsistent f rom o ne l evel t o t he n ext. M ost o f t he u nmodified p ieces w ere e ither f lakes o r c hips, a s w ould b e e xpected w ith manufacturing d ebris. A bout 12% o f t he t otal number o f u nmodified f lint p ieces w ere i n t he f orm o f b lades, w hich implies t hat t hese p ieces may h ave b een i ntended f or u se, but n ever w ere u sed. I f o ne a ssumes t hat t his p roportion is a lso a pplicable t o f lakes, t hen i t c an b e i nferred t hat o f t he u nmodified p ieces a bout 2 5% w ere a ctually meant t o b e u sed, w hile t he o ther 7 5% w ere t he d ebitage f rom t he p rocess o f manufacturing f lint implem ents. T he p roportion o f u nmodified b lades made o f o bsidian t o t hose made o f f lint i s s omewhat h igher ( c. 2 0%) j ust a s t he p roportion o f b lades i n t he t otal o bsidian i ndustry is h igher t han i n t he t otal f lint i ndustry. T he p roportion o f u nmodified m icrolithic p ieces o f f lint t o a ll u nmodified f lint p ieces i s r oughly t he s ame a s t he p roportion o f m icroliths in t he t otal f lint i ndustry, varying b etween 5 -20% f or e ach s ub-phase. H owever, t he p roportion o f o bsidian u nmodified p ieces t hat a re m icrolithic i n t he t otal o bsidian i ndustry i s c onsiderably h igher ( c. 3 3% of u nmodified p ieces a re m icrolithic w hile s lightly o ver 2 0% o f t he t otal o bsidian p ieces a re m icrolithic). T his is r easonable i f o ne a ssumes t hat t here was a g reater t endency t o u tilize e very a vailable o bsidian p iece, h ence o nly t he s mall a nd o therwise u nusable p ieces w ere l eft u nmodified. T he p rimary s tep i n t he manufacturing o f f lint b lades i s c hipping t he c ortex o ff t he c ore. T hese d ecortification f lakes a re c ommon a t ; ayöni i, a ccounting f or a bout 1 0-20% o f t he u nmodified p ieces i n m ost l evels. U se M odified B lades

( Figs.

2 .8:2;

2 .9:1,2)

U se m odified b lades a nd b lade f ragments a re. t he s ingle m ost-common c ategory o f i mplements f ound a t ; aybnu i n b oth f lint a nd o bsidian ( Fig. 2 :4). T he ; ayönt i c hipped s tone is p redominantly a u tilized b lade i ndustry ( Figs. 2 .8:2; 2 .9: 1 ,2). T hese b lades a nd b lade f ragments h ave a v ariety o f s izes ranging f rom 8 3 mm t o 5m m in length, 3 9 mm t o 5m m i n w idth, a nd 1 5 mm t o 2 mm i n t hickness ( sample o f 5 04 m easured b lades). T he a verage s ize o f a u tilized b lade f rom ;ayönü i s 3 1 mm l ong, b y 1 5 m m w ide, b y 4 mm t hick.

2 9

T he g eneral c ross-section o f t hese b lades i s m ost f requently t riangular o r t rapezoidal. O ften t he c ore p reparation i s s lightly s kewed w hich p roduces a s calene t riangle o r i rregular t rapezoid s haped c ross-section. A mong f lint b lades, t he m ost c ommon t ype o f c ross-section i s a n i rregular t rapezoid ( 32%), f ollowed b y isosceles t riangle ( 28%), s calene t riangle ( 23%), t rapezoid ( 10%), a nd multiple ( 7%). O bsidian b lades e xhibit a s imilar pattern; t he i rregular t rapezoid c ross-section i s m ost c ommon ( 35%), t he s calene t riangle n ext ( 25%), t he r egular t rapezoid t hird ( 21%), a nd t he t riangle o r multiple c ross-section is l east f requent ( 10% e ach). W hereas t he m ost c ommon c ross-section i n s ubp hase B .P. i s t he t rapezoid, a nd i n t he s ub-phase G .P. t he s calene t riangle, i n s ub-phase B .P.P. t he i rregular t rapez oid b ecomes d ominant a nd r emains d ominant i n s ub-phase C .P. a nd L .R.P. ( Fig. 2 .5). T his may r eflect a s hift i n t he t echnology w hich w ould e ncourage t he p rocedure o f p ressing o ff b lades f rom a p osition o n t he c ore, d irectly u nder w here a p revious b lade had b een d etached. V ery f ew o f t he o bsidian b lades w ere f ound i n a n u nbroken s tate ( less t han 1 % ). This c ould b e d ue t o a ny o ne o f s everal c auses: b reakage w hile s triking t he b lades o ff o f t he c ore, p reparation o f t he b lade f or u se, t he a ctivities t hey w ere b eing u tilized f or, o r a s a r esult o f s ome i ncident c onnected w ith t heir d eposition o r r ecovery. T he majority o f p ieces ( 64%) w ere m iddle f ragments t hat h ad b een b roken a t b oth e nds. I s uggest t hat t his p roportion i s t oo g reat t o b e e xplained s olely b y a ccidental r easons, a nd i nfer t hat s ome o f t he a ctivities t hese b lades w ere u tilized f or r equired m iddle s egments o f s ections o f a p redetermined l ength. T he p roport ion o f t otal o bsidian b lades t hat a re m iddle f ragments i nc reases s ignificantly f rom t he e arlier l evels ( sub-phases B .P. t hrough B .P.P. = 5 7 ( 4 ) t o t he later l evels ( sub-phases C .P. a nd L .R.P. = 7 7%). T his i s a dditional e vidence t hat p oints t o i ncreasing s pecia lization o f t ools a nd a ttention t o t he f orm o f t ools. O ver 7 5% of both the f lint a nd t he o bsidian b lades f ound a t ; ayönü a re u se m odified. O nly 1 2% t o 1 3% of the b lades h ave b een r etouched i nto m ore s pecialized t ools. T he f ormal d ivision made w ithin t he rather large c ategory o f u se m odif ied b lades was based o n t he r elative i ntensity o f t he u se t o w hich e ach b lade h ad b een s ubjected. A s o f y et, n o o bject ive measures o f u tilization h ave b een d eveloped a nd w idely a ccepted. I t is a lso b eyond p ractical t ime l imits t o d o a d etailed q uantitative m icroscopic s tudy o f e ach o f t he t ens o f t housands o f b lades. A s a m eans o f making s ome d ivision, a ll o f t he u tilized b lades ( and f lakes) w ere d ivided i nto " intensely u tilized", " moderately u tilized", o r " slightly u tilized" o n t he basis o f macroscopic o bservation ( naked e ye o r 3 X hand l ens). S ubsequently, I h ave s tudied t he nature o f u tilization o n a s ample o f t he f lint b lades. I t i s h oped t hat t his s tudy a nd t he r esearch o f o thers w ill l ead t o a u seable, o bjective s ystem o f c lassification.

3 0

A ccording t o t he d efinition u sed h ere t here a re t hree c ategories o f u tilization based o n e dge w ear. T hose w hich h ave o nly a f ew s cattered s hallow s cars a re t aken t o b e s lightly u tilized, w hile t hose w ith m any d eep s cars, t o t he p oint o f b eing j agged a re c onsidered i ntensely u tilized. T he b lades w ith e dges t hat f all i n b etween a re c ategorized a s m oderately u tilized. C learly, t his i s a c ontinuum o f i ncreasi ng w ear ( and i mplied u tilization) o f p ieces, w hose s cars w ere c aused b y a s eries o f d ifferent k inds o f a ctivities; i t i s o nly a f irst s tep i n a ny m eaningful a nalysis o f t hese i mplem ents. B ecause o f t he r elatively s ubjective n ature o f t his d ivision, i t i s n ecessary t o have o ne p erson make t he f inal d ecisions t o k eep t he r esults r easonably c onsistent. T he p roportionate b alance b etween " intensely u tilized", " moderately u tilized", a nd " slightly u tilized" f lint b lades r emains r elatively c onstant f rom s ub-phase t o s ub-phase w ith a bout 1 4.3% o f t he b lades b eing c ategorized a s i ntensely u tilized. T his p roportion j umps t o o ver 2 3% o f t he f lint b lades s howing i ntense u se d uring s ub-phase L .R.P. T he p rop ortion o f i ntensely u tilized f lakes a lso i ncreases d uring t his f inal p receramic s ub-phase. T here c ould b e a n umber o f r easons f or t his i ncrease i n t he d egree o f u tilization o f e ach p iece. O ne e xplanation i s t hat t here w as a s hift i n t he f unction o f t hese p ieces. A nother p ossible e xplanation i s t hat i t i s r elated t o a d ecrease i n s tone p rocurement a nd p rimary t ool m anufacturing d uring t his f inal s ub-phase w hich may . h ave b een a d ifficult p eriod f or t he l ast i nhabitants o f ; ayönü ( the s ite was a pparently a bandoned a nd r esettled o ne o r t wo t housand y ears later). T he p roportion o f o bsidian u tilized b lades i s r elatively c onstant o ver t he t otal p eriod o f o ccupation a t ; ayönü. A h igher p roportion o f o bsidian b lades h ave e vidence o f i ntens ive u se t han i s e xhibited b y t he f lint b lades. O ver 2 0% o f t he t otal b lades e xamined w ere c lassified a s i ntensely u tili zed b lades. F urther d ata w ere c ollected o n a s ample o f f lint b lades f rom many o f t he e xcavation p lots. T hese d ata i nclude t he l ength a nd p osition o f t he u tilized e dge(s). T he nature o f t he m odification, a nd w hich s urface(s) w as s carred w as a lso r ecorded. A n e valuation w as made o f t he m otion t hat w ould h ave p roduced t his m odification. T he d ifferent t ypes o f m otion i nclude s licing, s awing, s craping, s teep s craping, n otched s craping, g raving, r otary m otion, a nd p iercing. T hese a re e mpirical j udgments b ased o n e xperiments, a nd o n t he m orphology a nd t he t races o f u se e xhibited b y t he i mplement. U se M odified F lakes A lmost a s a bundant a s u se m odified b lades a re u se m odif ied f lakes. T hese p ieces h ave a v ariety o f f orms a nd s izes a nd p robably w ere n ot a s c arefully made a s t he b lades. T he f lakes a re d ivided i nto f our g eneral s hapes. P arallel s ided f lakes a re b roader a nd l ess e ven t han b lades, b ut i n a f ew

3 1

c ases t he d ifference i s m inor. S ome f lakes have a b asically r ound s hape w ith a c onvex e dge f or u se. Many o f t he f lakes a re b roadest a t t he b ulb o f p ercussion a nd t apered t oward t he o pposite e nd ; t hese a re r eferred t o a s c ontracting f lakes. T he m ost c ommon c ategory i s e xpanding f lakes, w hich a re b roadest a t t he e nd o pposite t he b ulb o f p ercussion. T hese o ffer a f lat t o c onvex e dge a t t he d istal e nd f or u tilization. L ess t han 2 0% of t he r etouched t ools f ound a t ç ay ni w ere made o n f lakes. This c ontrasts s harply w ith t he a lmost e qual number o f m odified b lades a nd f lakes ( c. 5 5% b lades, 4 5% f lakes). O ne c ould i nfer t hat w hile many o f t he u tilized b lades w ere i nitially i ntended t o b e made i nto t ools o r w ere u sed a s s ubstitutes f or t hese r etouched p ieces, m ost o f t he f lakes w ere p robably i ntended f or u se w ithout r etouch o r f or d ifferent a ctivities t han t heir r etouched c ounterparts. T hese u tilized f lakes may have s erved a g eneralized f unction s o t hat a lmost a ny s haped p iece w ould have b een a dequate. I t i s i nteresting t o n ote ( Table 1 ) t hat f or t he f irst f our s ub-phases t here a re m ore u se m odified f lint b lades t han f lakes, b ut f or s ub-phase L .R.P. t he u tilized f lakes o utnumber b lades 5 t o 4 . This i s a nother r eflection o f t he s hift i n t he c omposition o f t he c hipped s tone i nventory i n t he f inal p rehistoric s ub-phase. T he p roportion o f u tilized o bsidian b lades a nd f lakes s hows t he o pposite t endency ( Table 2 ), t he ratio o f b lades t o f lakes b eing a bout 3 t o 1 f or t he f our e arly s ub-phases a nd i ncreasing t o 7 t o 1 f or s ub-phase L .R.P. T he r elative proportion o f i ntensely u tilized f lint f lakes i s s imilar t o t he d istribution o f i ntensely u tilized f lint b lades. D uring s ub-phase L .R.P. a s ignificantly h igher p rop ortion o f t hese intensively u tilized p ieces w ere u sed t han d uring e arlier s ub-phases. R etouched B lades a nd F la lves

( Fig.

2 .9:6,

P l.

2 .111:4)

M ost o f t he r etouched p ieces d o n ot f it i nto e stablished c ategories o f d istinct t ool t ypes. D epending o n t heir s hape, t hese a rtifacts a re c lassified a s r etouched b lades o r r et ouched f lakes. R etouched b lades a re f ar m ore numerous t han r etouched f lakes i n b oth f lint a nd o bsidian. I n b oth r aw materials t here a re a bout f ive t imes a s many r etouched b lades a s r etouched f lakes. T his ratio s hows s ome m inor patterning w ith t he f lint p ieces; d uring s ub-phases B .P. a nd G .P. b lades a ccounted f or a bout 8 6% o f t hese p ieces, w hile d uring s ubp hases B .P.P., C .P., a nd L .R.P. b lades a ccounted f or 7 9%. T his d ecreasing p roportion o f r etouched b lades i s c ounterb alanced b y a s light i ncrease i n t he t otal p roportion o f t hese r etouched p ieces. D uring a ll o f t he s ub-phases, r et ouched b lades a nd f lakes c omposed a g reater p roportion o f t he o bsidian i ndustry ( c. 1 0% ) t han t he f lint i ndustry

( c.6% ). T hese p ieces have b een d ivided i nto c ategories o n t he basis o f f our k inds o f r etouch. T he f irst variety, f lat r etouch, is made u p o f l ong, s ometimes w ide, s cars w hich u sua lly f orm a n a cute a ngle w ith t he s urface f rom w hich t hey 3 2

w ere s truck. T his t ype o f r etouch i s n ot c ommon, m aking u p a bout 6% o f b oth r etouched b lades a nd r etouched f lakes o f f lint, a nd a bout 1 0% o f t hose o f o bsidian. S teep r etouch c onsists o f l ong s cars, s ometimes o ver-lapping, t hat f orm a n a ngle g reater t han 4 5° w ith t he s urface f rom w hich t hey w ere s truck. T his t ype o f r etouch i s f requently u sed f or backing p ieces o r p reparing e dges t o b e u sed a s s crapers. O f t he r etouched f lint a nd o bsidian b lades a nd f lakes, a pproxi mately 2 0% have s teep r etouch. T he m ost c ommon t ype o f r et ouch f or b oth f lint a nd o bsidian p ieces i s n ibbled r etouch. T his r etouch c onsists o f s hort narrow s cars u sually o n a n e dge t hat had b een s harp. T his d ulls t he e dge a nd s trengthens i t f or c utting o r f or a f orm o f s craping. O ver 6 6% of both f lint a nd o bsidian r etouched b lades a nd f lakes e xhibited t his t ype o f w ork. A s w ith t he p receding t ypes o f r etouch, i t i s p ossible t hat s ome o f t he p ieces o n w hich i t i s f ound w ere n ot r etouched b efore t hey w ere e mployed f or w ork, b ut t hat t he r etouch i s t he r esult o f t he a ctivity f or w hich t hey w ere u sed. T he f ourth c ategory o f r etouch, d enticulated a nd n otched, i s c ommon o n f lint b lades, b ut l ess c ommon o n f lint f lakes a nd o bsidian p ieces. D enticulated r etouch c onsists o f d eep s cars f laked o ff t he e dge o f a b lade w ith a n i nterval o f b lade e dge l eft in b etween ( Fig. 2 .9:6; P l. 2 .111:4). This " serrated" e dge is e ffective i n c utting a nd s craping, a nd s eems t o have b een u sed o ften i n a ctivities t hat r esulted i n a s heen o n t he b lade. T his i s t he o nly c ategory o f r et ouch i n w hich t he majority o f b lades e vidence s heen. A bout 1 0% o f t he r etouched f lint b lades e xhibit d enticulated o r n otched r etouch while f or f lint f lakes, a nd o bsidian b lades a nd f lakes, t he proportion i s a bout 5 % . T he p roportion o f b lades t hat have r etouch i s a l most t he s ame f or o bsidian a nd f lint, ranging b etween 12% a nd 1 9% f or e ach o f t he f ive s ub-phases. I n b oth f lint a nd o bsidian t his p roportion increases f rom t he l ower t o t he u pper l evels. A lso t he p roportion o f t he t otal number o f p ieces t hat a re r etouched b lades o r f lakes i ncreases f or t he later s ub-phases. W ith f lint t he p roportion o f r etouched p ieces ranges f rom 5 % f or s ub-phase G .P., t o 9% f or s ub-phase C .P., w hile i n o bs idian t his m easure g oes f rom 8 % f or s ub-phases B .P. a nd G .P., t o 1 3% f or s ub-phase B .P.P., a nd 1 2% f or s ub-phase L .R.P. T hese implements c learly make u p a n important e lement i n t he ; ayöni i c hipped s tone i ndustry, a s t hey r equire c areful p reparation b y t heir makers a nd a re m ore numerous f or a ll s ubphases t han a rtifacts i dentified a s d istinct t ool t ypes. B lades W ith S heen

( Fig.

2 .9:3 6;

P ls.

2 .

1 1:14;

2 .111:4,5)

A pproximately 7 % of a ll t he f lint b lades f ound a t a yönü have t races o f a l ustrous d eposit o n o ne o r m ore o f t heir e dges. T he m ost r easonable e xplanation f or t his p henomena is t hat t hese p ieces w ere u sed i n t he c utting o f p lant materia l, e ither f or harvesting o r s ome o ther f orm o f c utt ing o r s craping. B ecause t his f unction i s w idely a cknowle dged, t hese p ieces a re o ften r eferred t o a s s ickle b lades a nd t he l uster a s s ickle s heen. T his s heen i s f ound a l most e xclusively o n b lades ( 869 p ieces) w ith o nly t hree f lakes

3 3

e xhibiting s heen.

T here i s g reat d iversity i n

t he s ize o f

t he b lades. T he number o f b lades e xhibiting s heen a re e venly d ivided b etween p ieces t hat have b een m odified b y u se a nd t hose w ith r etouch. W ithin t he c ategory o f u se m odified b lades, t he h ighest p roportion o f b lades t hat have s heen a re t he i ntensely u tilized p ieces w hile t he m ost n umerous a re t he m oderately u tilized b lades ( Fig. 2 .9:4,5, P l. 2 .111:5) . T he m ost c ommon t ype o f r etouched b lades e xhibiting s heen a re t he n ibbled p ieces, a lthough o nly 3 3% t o 2 5% o f t he t otal n umber o f n ibbled p ieces have s heen. T herefore, e ven t hough t his t ype o f b lade was o ften e mployed i n a ctivities r esulti ng i n s heen, t hese w ere n ot i ts o nly u ses. U nlike t he p rop ortion o f n ibbled r etouch p ieces w ith s heen, o ver h alf o f t he b lades w ith d enticulate r etouch a re f ound t o h ave s heen. I t i s p ossible t o i nfer t hat o ne o f t he p rimary u ses, i f n ot t he s ole u se, o f t hese d enticulated p ieces w as a s s ickle b lades ( Fig. 2 .9:6; P l. 2 .111:4). A s ignificant n umber o f s ickle b lades a re s teeply b acked ( 36). T hese f orm o nly a s mall p roportion o f t he t ota l n umber o f b lades w ith s teep r etouch, m ost o f w hich w e c an a ssume w ere d esigned f or p urp oses o ther t han s ickle b lade u se. O ften t he s heen i s n ot o bvious, e specially s ince l ess t han p erfect l ighting makes i t d ifficult t o o bserve. C onseq uently, t he n umber o f b lades w ith s heen may b e g reater t han is r eported i n Tables 1 a nd 3 , but h opefully t his u nderestimation i s c onsistant f or a ll l evels. I n s ome c ases t he s heen is v ery d istinct a nd i t i s p ossible t o r ecord v ery p recisely t he e xtent o f t he l uster ( Fig. 2 .9:3 ; P ls. 2 .11:14; 2 .111:5). Two h undred a nd s ixty b lades w ith s heen h ave b een s ubj ected t o a s eries o f d etailed m easurements a nd o bservations. T he mean s ize o f t hese b lades i s 3 4 m m l ong , 12 mm w ide, a nd 3 mm t hick. O n t he a verage, b lades w ith s heen a re l onger, narrower, a nd t hinner t han b lades w ithout s heen. T heir m ost c ommon c ross s ection i s t rapezoidal ( 32%) f ollowed b y t ria ngular ( 26%), s calene ( 20%), irregular t rapezoidal ( 19%), a nd multiple ( 3%). I n m ost c ases b lades have s heen p rimarily o n o ne o f t heir s urfaces, o ccurring e qually o n t he v entral s urface ( 46%) o r d orsal s urface ( 41%). A bout 13% o f t he b lades have s ignificant s heen o n b oth s urfaces. T his s upports t he i nference t hat t hese b lades w ere e mployed u sually i n a s craping o r p ulling m otion rather t han a s awing o r s licing m otion. T he e xtent o f t he s heen o n m ost b lades i s d isting uishable a nd c overs o nly a p ortion o f t he s urface. O n t he a verage, t he l ength o f t he s heen is 7 5% of t he l ength o f t he b lade a nd t he d epth i s l ess t han 2 5% o f t he w idth o f t he b lade ( 2 mm o n t he v entral s urface; 3 m m o n t he d orsal s urf ace). A nother d istinctive f eature i s t hat o n m ost b lades t here is s ignificant s heen a long o nly o ne e dge ( 88.5%). T his implies t hat t he b lades w ere n ot r ehafted o n t he r everse e dge a fter t he f irst e dge was e xhausted. T he p roportion o f b lades u sed i n a ctivities t hat r esulted i n s heen i ncreased t hroughout t he p eriod o f o ccupation a t a yönü, g oing f rom 6% o f t he b lades d uring s ub-phase G .P. $ t o 1 1% o f t he f lint b lades d uring s ub-phase L .R.P. T his

3 4

i ncrease p robably r eflects t he g rowing i mportance o f a ctivi ties s uch a s c utting a nd harvesting p lant material d uring t he later s ub-phases o f t he s ite's o ccupation. S crapers

( Figs.

2 .9:7-10;

2 .10:1-8;

P l.

2 .1:13-18)

F lint a nd o bsidian p ieces t hat w ere p urposefully s haped i nto s crapers a re a s pecialized t ype o f t ool. T hese s crapers o ccur o n b lades, f lakes, a nd c ores. A lthough t he p roportions v ary f rom l evel t o l evel, a pproximately e qual n umbers o f s crapers w ere made o n b lades, f lakes, a nd c ores. B ased o n t heir f orm, t hey c an b e c lassified a s e nd s crapers, s ide s crapers, c ircular, o r s teep s crapers. T he m ost c ommon t ype o f s craper, e specially i n t he f lint a ssemblage i s a n e nd s craper o n a b lade ( Fig. 2 .10:1,2,4,7,8; P l. 2 .1:13-17). T here a re a bout a s m any e nd s crapers a s t here a re a ll o ther t ypes t ogether. I n t he e xcavated l evels t hat w ere a nalyzed, 1 07 f lint e nd s crapers o n b lades, a nd 3 9 made of o bsidian, w ere f ound. E nd s crapers o n b lades manifest s everal variat ions. S ix o f t he p ieces had s craping e dges o n b oth e nds ( Fig. 2 .10:1; P l. 2 .1:16). T his m odification may h ave b een d one w hen o ne e nd was e xhausted, o r t o a id i n h afting, o r f or a s pecial t ype o f a ctivity. O ther e nd s crapers o n b lades have had t heir b utt e nds w orked. T he p ieces i n F igure 2 .10: 2 a nd P late 2 .1:15 w ere p robably f ashioned i n t he l atter way t o a id i n hafting o r h olding. T he s hape o f t he e dge t hat was u sed f or s craping w ould have a s ignificant e ffect o n w hat t he i mplement c ould b e u sed f or. T hese e dges have a v ariety o f s hapes a nd I h ave c ategorized t hem u sing a s ystem d evised f or U pper P aleol ithic s crapers ( Movius, D avid, B ricker, a nd C lay 1 968).

A symmetric

n

P ointed

S traight ( After M ovius,

F lattened

C oncave D avid,

I rregular

C onvex

B ricker a nd C lay

1 968)

T he w orking e dge o n e nd s crapers o n b lades i s a symmetric ( 27% o f f lint, 3 3% o f o bsidian), p ointed ( 0% o f f lint, 3 % o f o bsidian), f lattened ( 33% of f lint, 3 0% o f o bsidian), i rregular ( 7% o f f lint, 5 % o f o bsidian), s traight ( 15% o f f lint, 14% o f o bsidian), c oncave ( 3% o f f lint, 2 % o f o bsidi an) o r c onvex ( 15% of . f lint a nd 9 % of o bsidian).

3 5

O n t he basis of s cars f rom u se i t s eems t hat t he p rimary m otion t o w hich e nd s crapers o n b lades a nd m ost o f t he o ther t ypes o f s crapers w ere s ubjected was n ot l ike a p ush p lane. T he l ong a xis o f t he p iece p robably w ould b e h eld a t a n a cute a ngle ( approaching t he p erpendicular) t o t he s urface o f t he material b eing s craped, a nd t he p iece m oved w ith t he v entral s urface o f t he s craper f orward a nd w ith t he r etouched s crapi ng e dge i n c ontact w ith t he material. I t h as b een s uggested t hat t his t ype o f implement c ould b e e ffectively e mployed t o s crape a nd s often h ides a nd s kins i n t his m anner ( Semenov 1 964). S cars o f varying s izes o n t he d orsal s urface o f m ost s crapers a ttest t o t his t ype o f m otion, a lthough t hey s uggest a d iversity o f materials o n w hich t hey m ight h ave b een u sed. I n a lmost e very c ase t he v entral s urface o f t he b lade n ear t he w orking e dge is f ree f rom a ny s carring, w hich i mplies t hat t hese p ieces w ere u sed w ith a m otion d rawing t hem i n t he d iret c tion o f t heir l ong a xis. O n t he f lint s crapers, e ven u nder t he m icroscope ( low magnification, c . 3 0 p ower), n o r ounding o f t he s craping e dge c ould b e o bserved. H owever, o n s everal o bsidian p ieces v ery p ronounced r ounding was o bserved a t t he e xtremities o f t he w orking e dge a nd s ometimes a long t he s ide o f t he p iece. I t i s u nclear w hether t his r ounding was t he r esult o f t he u tili zation o f t he p iece o r was a m eans o f p reparing t he e dge f or s ubsequent r etouch o r t o a id i n h olding t he t ool.

C onvergent R etouch ( after M ovius,

S emi-convergent R etouch D avid,

B ricker,

N on-convergent R etouch a nd C lay 1 968)

T he r etouch o n t he w orking e dge c an b e d ivided i nto t hree d ifferent t ypes ( Movius e t a l., i bid). T hese a re: c onvergent, s emi-convergent, o r n on-convergent. O f t hese t hree t ypes, s emi-convergent r etouch i s t he m ost c ommon o n b oth f lint ( 44%) a nd o bsidian ( 48%) e nd s crapers o n b lades. N on-convergent was s econd i n f requency i n o bsidian ( 32%) w ith c onvergent r etouch b eing u sed o n o nly 2 0% o f t he o bsidian p ieces. C onvergent a nd n on-convergent r etouch w ere u sed e qually o n t he f lint p ieces. M uch o f t he r etouch o n t he w orki ng e dge i s p robably t he r esult o f t he u tilization o f t he p iece a nd n ot o f p urposeful r etouch b efore t he i mplement w as u sed. C onsequently, i n t he c lassification s ystem o ne c an d ifferentiate b etween s crapers w hich w ere s haped p rimarily b y p urposeful r etouch a nd t hose w hich w ere s haped largely b y t heir u se.

3 6

A n umber o f p ieces t hat have b een c lassified a s s ide s crapers o n b lades, a re f ormed b y e ither u se o r r etouch. T hese a re p ieces, o n s teeply r etouched t hick b lades, t hat s eem t o have b een f ashioned i nto a d istinct s craping t ool. T here i s a c ontinuum b etween t his c ategory a nd w hat i s c lassified a s s teeply r etouched b lades. S eparation i s based o n w hether t he f orm o f t he b lade l ends i tself t o s craping; i f n ot, t he t ool i s d esignated a s b eing s teeply r etouched o r b acked. A bout 3 5% of the s crapers f ound a t ; ay d nü w ere m anufact ured o n f lakes ( Fig. 2 .9:7-10; P l. 2 .1:18). T hese f lakes h ave d ifferent s hapes, d epending o n h ow t hey w ere s truck o ff o f t heir c ores. S ome f lakes a re narrow a t t he b ulb o f p erc ussion a nd e xpand t owards t he d istal e nd ( 21%); w hile o thers a re b roadest a t t he b ulbar e nd a nd c ontract f rom t here ( 20%). A nother s hape o f e qual f requency ( 21%) i s r ectangular f lakes, w hile r ound f lake s crapers a re m ore c ommon ( 38%) t han r ectang ular f lakes. T hese f lake s crapers a re p rimarily e nd s crape rs ; l ess t han 3 3% of t hem a re s ide s crapers. T he s hape o f t he e nd varies a nd - i n t he s ense o f M ovius e t a l. ( op.cit., p .13) - t he d egrees o f a rc o f t he r ounded u tilized e dge r ange f rom 5 0° t o 2 00 0 . I f t he d egree o f a rc o f t he r etouched e dge c overs m ore t han 2 00 0 o f t he c ircumference o f a r ound f lake, t hen t he p iece i s c ategorized a s a c ircular s craper ( Fig. 2 .9:8). I n g eneral, t he w orking e dge o f a f lake s craper i s f ar m ore c onvex t han t he r elatively f lat e dge o f a b lade s craper. T his w ould s uggest t hat t heir f unctions may h ave d iffered. T he f lake s craper i s m ore e ffective i n s craping o ut g rooves, o r i n w orking w ith v ery p liable material, y et has t he d isadvantage o f h aving l ess l everage a nd b eing m ore d ifficult t o h old. C onsequently, many o f t he f lake s crapers, a s w ell a s s ome o f t he b lade s crapers, w ere p robably h afted. I n t he manufacturing o f many o f t he s crapers, t he b asic t echnique was t o s hape t he w orking e dge w ith w ide d eep s cars a nd t o f inish t he p reparation w ith s maller s econdary f laking t hat a ctually f orms t he w orking e dge ( Pl. 2 .1:18). S cars f rom u se o r f rom r e-sharpening a re o f t his s econdary nature o r m ore o ften o f a t ertiary t ype, s maller, l ess r egular t han t he s econdary t ype, a nd a ppearing a s b attering a long t he e dge. S teep s crapers w ere rare a t ; ayönt i b ut o ccurred i n b oth f lint a nd o bsidian ( Fig. 2 .10:5). T hese p ieces a re d isting uished b y t he h eight a nd narrowness o f t he s craper a nd i ts v ery s teep r etouch. A s ignificant n umber o f p ieces w ere c lassified a s c ore s crapers ( 59 f lint, 1 6 o bsidian). T hese a re p redominantly b lade c ores t hat h ave b een r e-used a s s crapers ( Fig. 2 .10:3,6). T he w orking e dge may b e a t t he e dge o f t he s triking p latform o r i t may b e a long t he c rested r idge. M any o f t he c ores f ound a t ; ayönü h ave b een r eu tilized a fter t hey c eased t o f unction a s c ores. T he d ist inction b etween r e-utilized c ores a nd c ore s crapers i s b ased o n t he a mount o f p urposeful r e-shaping a nd t he t ype o f w orking e dge t hat i s f ormed.

3 7

S crapers a re t he o nly k ind o f d istinct t ool t ype f abric ated o n f lakes. D uring t he f irst f our s ub-phases o f o ccupation a t ; ayönü, b lade s crapers w ere m ore f requent t han f lake s crapers, but t his r elationship i s r eversed d uring t he f ifth s ub-phase. A lmost e qual numbers o f o bsidian b lade a nd f lake s crapers a re f ound i n e ach o f t he o ccupation l evels. T he proportion o f o bsidian s crapers t o t otal p ieces o f o bsidian d oes n ot c hange s ignificantly f rom t he e arlier t o t he later l evels a s d oes t he p roportion o f f lint s crapers. W herea s d uring s ub-phases B .P. a nd G .P., f lint s crapers made u p o nly 0 .7% o f t he f lint a ssemblage, t hey a ccounted f or 1 .9% o f t he a ssemblage d uring s ub-phases C .P. a nd L .R.P. T he k inds o f a ctivities t hat f lint s crapers w ere a ssociated w ith, c learly increased f rom t he e arlier t o t he later s ub-phases. T his may b e a ssociated i n s ome way w ith t he i ntroduction o f d omesticated s heep a nd g oats a nd a n i ncreasing u se o f h ides. B urins

( Fig.

2 .12:1-4;

P ls.

2 .1:19-23;

2 .111:6)

B urin-like i mplements a re a nother t ype o f t ool f ound a t ; ayt tnü. A lmost a ll o f t hese a re f lint ( 51 o ut o f 5 5) a nd a ll o ccur o n b lades. B urins a re made b y t aking o ff l ong t hin f lakes ( spa ns) f rom o ne o r m ore o f t he e dges o f t he b lade. I h ave c ategorized t he b urins a ccording t o t he manner in w hich t he s triking p latform was p repared a nd t he b urin f lake t aken o ff ( Movius e t a l., i bid). B urin E dge \\u ;

B reak

D ihedra l ( after M ovius,

D avid,

B ricker,

a nd C lay 1 968)

T he m ost c ommon t ype o f b urin f ound a t ; ayönü was t he " break b urin" i n w hich t he s triking p latform f or t he s pall r emoval is t he u nmodified b roken o r s napped e nd o f a b lade f ragment ( Fig. 2 .12:3 2 4 ; P l. 2 .1:20,22,23). T he s econd t ype o f b urin f ound a t ; aydn i i r esults f rom t wo d iagonal b lows w hich f orm a d ihedral a ngle t oward t he c enter o f t he b lade ( Fig. 2 .12: 1 ,2 , P l. 2 .1:21). O n t hese p ieces t he b urin a ngle may b e a s l ittle a s 4 5°. C onsequently t hey w ere p robably u sed f or p urposes s omewhat d ifferent f rom t hose o f t he o ther t ypes o f b urins. B urins may h ave b een u sed f or a variety o f f unctions. T hey have b een c losely s tudied i n c ontext o f U pper P aleol ithic i ndustries a nd a re n ot a s f requent i n e arly v illage 3 8

a ssemblages s uch a s T he f irm, s harp e dge w hich i s p roduced b y t he b urin b low makes a n e ffective e ngraver. T hese i ncisions c ould b e f or d ecorative p urposes o r t hey m ight b e a m ethod o f making g rooves f or m ore f unctional p urposes s uch a s c utting. T he d irection o f p ressure i s c ommonly t hought t o r esult f rom m oving t he b urin w ith t he s pall s ide f orward. H owever, t he u se s carring o n s ome o f t he ; ayönü b reak b urins implies t hat t he s napped e dge was i n t he f orward p osition ( cf. s carring o n s palled s ide, P l. 2 .111:6). I t i s i nteresting t o n ote t hat t he d istribution o f b urins f or t he d ifferent s ub-phases o f t he s ite's o ccupat ion is c learly l imited. F ifty-two o f t he b urins w ere f ound i n d eposits o f s ub-phases B .P., G .P., o r B .P.P., w hile o nly t hree b urins w ere f ound i n d eposits o f s ub-phases C .P. a nd L .R.P. T his s harp d ecline s uggests t hat w hatever b urins w ere b eing u sed f or d uring t he e arlier s ub-phases, t his f unction was e ither e liminated o r was p erformed b y a t ool o ther t han a b urin. I f i t is a ssumed t hat e ngraving, e spec ially o f b one, was t he p rimary f unction o f b urins, t hen t he d istribution o f i ncised b ones i s s omewhat p roblematical. A ll e ight o f t he p ieces c lassified a s i ncised a re f rom d ep osits o f s ub-phases B .P.P., C .P., a nd L .R.P., w ith f ive o f t he p ieces b eing f ound i n s ub-phase C .P. a nd L .R.P. d eposits. T he mutually e xclusive nature o f t he t emporal d istribution o f b urins a nd i ncised b ones s uggests t hat t hey w ere n ot a ssocia ted i n a manufacturing a ctivity. T he d istribution o f b one n eedles is much m ore l ike t hat o f b urins. I f o ne e xamines t he e yes o f t hese n eedles c losely, i t i s c lear t hat s ome s ort o f s harp s tone i mplement w ould have b een n ecessary t o " incise" t hese h oles. T he b urins m ight have b een u sed w ith b one a nd f inely g round s tone p ieces, s uch a s b racelets w hose s ubp hase d istribution is s imilar t o t hat o f t he b urins. P ieces w ith T ip A ttention a s Main F eature ( Perforators) ( Figs. 2 .6, 2 .11:1-15; 2 .12:6; 2 .13:1-4; P ls. 2 .11:1-12 ; 2 .11:1-3) I mplements w ith a w ide r ange o f w ork o n t heir t ip a s t he major f eature o f t heir m odification a re g rouped i nitially i nto o ne l arge c ategory, p erforators. T his i ncludes p ieces t hat w ere u tilized a s d rills, p unches, p rojectile p oints o r e ven k nives. A s a part o f t he p reliminary t ally ( Tables 1 a nd 2 ), t hese p ieces a re d ivided o n t he basis o f s ize a nd d egree o f m odification. T his b road c lassification i s f urt her s ubdivided i nto t en c ategories b ased o n t he nature o f t he r etouch a nd m orphology o f t he t ip ( Fig. 2 .6). E xtens ive m easurements a nd o bservations w ere r ecorded f or a large s ample o f t he p ieces. F lint p ieces o f t his t ype a re f ar m ore c ommon t han o bsidian p ieces ( 10 t o 1 ), e ven i n d eposits w here o bsidian i s r elatively a bundant. T he m ost c ommon t ype o f o bsidian p iece w ith t ip a ttent ion a s i ts main f eature i s o ne w ith f lat r etouch o n e ither o r b oth v entral a nd d orsal s urfaces ( Fig. 2 .13:3,4). T his c ategory a ccounts f or h alf o f t he o bsidian p ieces w ith t ip

3 9

a ttention f ound a t ; ayöni i. S ome o f t he a rtifacts c lassified a s having f lat r etouch c ould a l so b e t hought o f a s f itting i nto t he c ategory p rojectile p oints, b ut w ere n ot s o c lassif ied b ecause t heir m orphology s uggested t hat t hey w ere m ore l ike knives o r p erforators t han p rojectile p oints. A nother c ommon t ype o f f lint a nd o bsidian p iece w ith t ip a ttention is p ointed i n s hape a nd r etouched o nly o n t he v entral s urface ( Fig. 2 .11:7 is a n e xample o f t his t ype i n f lint). T he v entrally r etouched p ointed p ieces c ould b e e ffective a s s mall p rojectile o r p erforator p oints. O ther p ieces have r etouch a long o ne e dge o n t he v entra l s urface a nd a long t he o ther e dge o n t he d orsal s urface s o t hat i f t he p iece w ere t urned i n a r otary f ashion a s harp e dge w ould b e f orward a ll t he t ime ( Fig. 2 .11:6 i s a n e xample of t his t ype i n f lint). T hese p ieces w ith a lternate r et ouch c ould f unction a s r eamers o r d rills u sed i n a s ingle d irectional r otary m otion. A ccounting f or a bout 3 0% o f t he a bundant f lint p ieces w ith t ip a ttention i s a c ategory r eferred t o a s d rills. T he l ong c ylindrical p oints, f ormed b y r etouch o n t hese p ieces, c ould b e u sed f or p erforating a h ole w ith e ither d irect p ressure o r r otary m otion ( Fig. 2 .11:1,4,5; P l. 2 .11: 8 ,10.12). A bout 8 5% of t hese d rills w ere f ound i n s ubp hase G .P. d eposits a nd a bout 6 6% of those in a s ingle cache o f f lint p ieces a djacent t o t he f oundations o f a g rill b uilding ( Qe5, L evel 3 ). T hese d rills a re made o n b lades o r b lade-like s plinters ( see F ig. 2 .11:2,3 f or u sem odified e xamples), a nd o ver half o f t he p ieces f ound a re o f a m icrolithic s ize. Many o f t hese t iny d rills a re v ery f ragile a nd d emonstrate q uality c raftmanship b oth i n t heir manufacture a nd in t heir u se. T hese p ieces w ere p robably u sed f or d rilling h oles o r d epressions i nto b one o r w ood p ieces, a nd p erhaps t o p erforate o r t o r eam t he h oles i n s ome o f t he s tone b eads o r p endants. Many o f t hese d rills must have b een hafted i n o rder t o u se t hem. F rom t he nature o f t heir r etouch a nd w ear marks i t a ppears t hat t hese t ools w ere u sed w ith e ither d irect pressure t wo-directional r otary m otion, o r a s ingle d irectional r otary m otion. T he r otary m otion may h ave involved s ome k ind o f b ow d rill o r o ther mechanical d evice. T he a lternate r etouch a nd t races o f w ear o n a f ew o f t he p ieces c onfirm t he u se o f s ingle d irectional m otion ( Pl. 2 .11:10 w hich i s a lso P l. 1 11:2). T he s econd m ost c ommon f lint p erforator c ategory, a s i n o bsidian, is t hat o f a rtifacts w ith p ointed t ip a nd v entra l r etouch ( Fig. 2 .11:7,8,14). Many o f t hese p ieces a re o f a s mall t riangular s hape ( Fig. 2 .11:7) a nd c ould have f unct ioned a s p rojectile p oints. O thers a re made o n l onger b lades a nd have r etouch f ar d own t he s ide a nd o ften a t t he base, h ere o ther u ses a re i mplied. T he n ext m ost f requent c ategory a lso c onsists o f p ointed p ieces, b ut i n t his c ase w ith d orsal r et ouch ( Fig. 2 .11:9,15). T hese p ieces have a s teeper a ngle o f r etouch n ear t he p oint t han d o p ieces w ith v entral r etouch. A nother c ommon c ategory a re p ieces w ith r etouch o n t he v entral s urface a long o ne e dge a nd d orsal s urface o n t he o ther ( Fig.

40

2 .11:6). T hese a lternate r etouched p ieces c ould b e u tili zed e ffectively i n a r otary m anner. A rtifacts t hat f it t he c lassic n otion o f p rojectile p oints a re r elatively s carce a t ; ayön i i. T hese a re l ong narrow p ieces t hat have b een w orked a t o ne e nd f or a ttachm ent t o a s haft a nd r etouched a t t he o ther i nto a p oint ( Figs. 2 .12:6; 2 .13:1,2 ; P l. 2 .11:1-6). T hese p ieces may h ave f unctioned m ore e ffectively a s h eads f or h and-held l ances rather t han a s parts o f p rojectiles. O f t he a rtif acts c lassified a s " tanged p ieces" f rom a yöns t i , s ome may n ot have b een u sed a s p rojectiles o r l ance h eads, b ut rather a s p erforators ( Fig. 2 .13:2 ; P l. 2 .11:2,3) w hile o thers may have s erved a s k nives ( Figs. 2 .12:6; 2 .13:1; P l. 2 .11:1,6). I n s o f ar a s o ne w ould e xpect t o f ind p rojectile p oints d ep osited i n a s ettlement, t hey a re u ncommon a t ç aydni i. I f p rojectile p oints w ere c ommon, t hey w ere c omposed o f o ther t ypes o f c hipped s tone, p erhaps u sed i n a c omposite f ashion o r w ere made i n a s hape n ot d irectly i dentifiable a s a p roj ectile p oint. O ther c ategories o f f lint p ieces w ith t ip a ttention i nc lude t hose w ith f lat r etouch a nd t wo t ypes o f p ieces w ith r ounded t ips, o ne w ith v entral r etouch a nd t he o ther w ith d orsal r etouch. T hese r ound t ipped a rtifacts w ould n ot have b een u sed a s n orma l p erforators o r p rojectile p oints, s o t heir f unction is s omewhat d ifferent f rom t he o ther p ieces i n t his g eneral c ategory. T he a rtifacts w ith d orsal r et ouch ( Fig. 2 .11:12) make g ood s crapers b ecause o f t he s teep a ngle o f t heir r etouch. S ome o f t he e xamples c lassified u nder t ip a ttention a re v ery s imilar t o w hat m ight b e c alled s teep s crapers, a l though t hey a re n ot a s t hick a s s teep s crapers. T he r ounded, v entrally r etouched p ieces a re n ot s imilar t o a ny o ther t ype o f t ool a t ; ay ' dnü ( Fig. 2 .11:13 ; P l. 2 .111:3). F rom t he m orphology o f t he t ool, i t s eems t hat s ome s ort o f s craping f unction, e specially i n g rooves, w ould b e t he m ost e fficient u se o f t his t ool ( see F ig. 2 .10:5 a nd p . f or d iscussion o f s imilar p ieces c onsidered a s s crapers). I n o nly o ne c ase was t he p erforator p oint f ormed o ther t han b y c hipping. T his e xample o n a f lint b lade--found i n b uilding U 4 o f s ub-phase L .R.P.--was f inely g round t o c reate a d ull p oint ( Pl. 2 .III:1). T his p iece c ould h ave s erved a s a r eamer. I n g eneral, t he t echnique o f g rinding f lint was a lmost n on-existent a t ; ayönü a nd i t i s p ossible t hat t his g round i mplement was b rought i n f rom e lsewhere. T he r elative f requency o f t he t ypes o f t ip a ttention i s s imilar f or e ach o f t he d ifferent s ub-phases e xcept f or t he a bundance o f d rills a nd m icrodrills f or s ub-phase G .P. d eposits ( Table 1 a nd F ig. 2 .6). T he m ost c ommon t ypes o f p erforators a re t he s ame f or f lint a nd o bsidian, e xcept t hat p ieces w ith f lat r etouch a re t he m ost n umerous c ateg ory o f o bsidian a nd d rills a re t he largest f lint c ategory. T ip a ttention i s n ot a major c ategory o f o bsidian t ools. O nly d uring s ub-phase B .P.P. d oes i t a ccount f or a s m uch

4 1

a s 1 0% o f t he t otal r etouched o bsidian p ieces. F or a ll s ubphases t here a re many m ore p ieces w ith t ip a ttention made f rom f lint; o nly f or s ub-phase C .P. d o t he o bsidian p ieces a ccount f or a s much a s 3 3% of the t otal number o f p ieces w ith t ip a ttention. C ontrary t o t his pattern, p ieces w ith t ip a ttention a re t he m ost c ommon t ype o f t ool i n t he f lint inventory. T he proportion o f r etouched f lint p ieces t hat have t ip a ttention a s t heir main f eature f alls b elow 1 0% o nly f or s ub-phase L .R.P. F or t he o ther s ub-phases i t i s 1 5% o r h igher, a nd f or s ub-phase G .P., p erforators a ccount f or 3 3% of the retouched pieces. Activities which involve p iercing, d rilling, a nd s pecialized f orms o f c utting a nd s craping a re i mportant d uring a ll s ub-phases o f t he ; ayönü o ccupation a nd i t a ppears t hat f lint s erved a s a b etter r aw materia l f or i mplements t o p erform t hese particular t asks t han o bsidian. B acked B lades

( Figs.

2 .14:1,2;

2 .15:1-3;

P l.

2 .11:15-18)

Backed b lades a re v ery rare i n t he f lint i ndustry, b ut c omprise t he m ost f requent t ype o f o bsidian t ool a t ; ayön i i. T his t ool t ype has s everal u nique a ttributes w hich make i t a d istinctive i mplement t hat may have b een u sed f or o ne o r m ore t asks. T hese p ieces a re o bsidian b lades t hat h ave b een s teeply r etouched a long o ne o r b oth e dges o n t he d orsa l s urf ace. T his r etouch i s u sua lly v ery r egular, t he s cars e xt ending u p t he f ull t hickness o f t he b lade, t ransforming t he b lade's t rapezoidal c ross s ection into a n early r ectang ular c ross s ection. T he r etouch d oes n ot e xtend a long t he e dges a ll t he way t o e ither t he bulbar o r d istal e nd s o t he p iece m aintains its o riginal b lade w idth a t t hose p oints ( Fig. 2 .15:1). B ecause o f t he b rittle nature o f o bsidian, many o f t he p ieces a re b roken b efore r ecovery ( Fig. 2 .15:3; P l. 2 .11:18). T he m ost d istinctive a ttribute o f t hese o bsidian b acked b lades is o bvious t races o f w ear o n t heir v entral s urface ( Pl. 2 .11:15). T hese w ear s triations a re f inely g round i nto t he s urface a nd a re o riented para llel t o t he l ong a xis o f t he b lade. T he s triations vary in i ntensity f rom a f ew l ightly i ncised s cratches t o h eavy g rinding o ver much o f t he s urface. I n m ost c ases it is p ossible t o d ifferentiate t he individual s triations, w hile s ometimes t he t ool h as b een u sed s o o ften t hat a ll o f t he s triations have o verlapped t o t he p oint o f s eeming l ike a n a rea o f c onstant a brasion. I n a bout 3 3% of the examples d iscovered o nly o ne e dge has b een r etouched. T hese b lades e xhibit t he w ear s triations o n t he v entra l s urface b elow t he e dge t hat i s r etouched, b ut t here a re n o s triations o n t he v entral s urface a djacent t o t he u nr etouched e dge. C learly t here i s a r elationship b etween t he s teep r etouch a nd t he l inear s triations. I n a l most e very c ase t he s triations a re parallel t o t he r etouched e dge, b ut s ome p ieces d o have s triations t hat a re s omewhat d iagona l t o t he r etouched e dge. T he s triations s eldom c over t he e ntire v entral s urface o f t he p iece, n ormally e xtending a bout 5 mm i n f rom t he r etouched e dge. H ence, m ost p ieces h ave a n a rea r unning d own t he c enter o f t he v entral s urface t hat h as n o

4 2

s triations. O ften t he s triations a re h eavier o n o ne s ide t han t he o ther w hich i mplies • a c ertain i ndependence i n t he u se o f t he t wo e dges. O ccasionally t here a re b acked b lades w ith s triations t ransverse t o t he l ong a xis o f t he p iece, a nd u sually o n t he b ulbar e nd o f t he v entral s urface. T hese s triations may h ave b een made d uring t he u se o f t he p iece o r may have b een a n a ttempt t o f latten o ut t he b ulbar e nd. O bsidian b acked b lades a nd f ragments a re c ommon i n a ll o f t he o ccupation l evels a t 0 .yönü e xcept f or s ub-phase B .P., w here o nly o ne e xample w as r ecovered. T hey o ccur i n a w ide r ange o f s izes f rom 2 00 mm t o 9m m l ong a nd a ll s izes i n b etween ( average 3 3 mm l ong). T his s omewhat e nigmatic t ool t ype m erits m ore e xtensive i nvestigation t han o ther u nexp lained p ieces, b ecause o f i ts g reat a bundance. F our h und red f orty-five o f t hese p ieces have b een f ound a t ; ayön l i i n t he t allied l evels, w hich makes i t b y f ar t he m ost c ommon t ool t ype made o f o bsidian. I ts u biquitous p resence i n a ll b ut t he l owest l evels o f t he s ite i mplies t hat i t w as a n i ntegral e lement i n t he t echnological i nventory o f t hese e arly v illage p eople. I n s ome ways t he g reat a bundance o f t hese backed b lades i s a n a id t o t heir e xplanation b ecause t here a re m any e xamples t o s tudy, b ut i t i s a d isadvantage t o a ny s ingle e xplanation b ecause t here i s a lways a n e xcept ion t o a ny f unctional h ypothesis t hat h as b een s et u p. O ne e xplanation f or t his s ituation i s t hat t hese b acked b lades w ere p robably u sed f or a variety o f f unctions i n s everal d ifferent a ctivities. I f t he s teeply r etouched e dge h ad b een u sed f or s crapi ng, t hen t he u se s triations w ould h ave b een p erpendicular t o t he e dge. S ince t he d irection o f t he s triations i s p arallel t o t he e dge, i t w ould s eem t o i mply t hat t he r et ouch was f or a d ifferent p urpose, p erhaps f or f irming t he w orking e dge s o t hat i t c ould b e u sed f or g rinding o r c utt ing. T he s triations s eem t o have b een p roduced b y s ome f ine g rained h ard s ubstance t hat c ame r epeatedly i n c ontact w ith t he o bsidian i n a l inear m otion. T his m otion c ould i nvolve c utting o r g rinding. T he s ubstance c ausing t he s triations m ust have b een a t l east a s h ard a s t he o bsidian i tself. T his c ould have b een s ome f orm o f s tone, i mpurities s uch a s s and i n a s ofter m edium, a g rinding c ompound a dded t o a id i n t he a brasion, o r f ragments o f t he o bsidian g lass i tself. E xperiments s hould b e c onducted t o d etermine t he a brasive e ffect o f t hese d ifferent materials o n o bsidian. J udging b y t he parallel a lignment a nd e ven nature o f t he s triations, I i nfer t hat t he b acked b lade w as t he m obile e lement i n t he g rinding o r c utting p rocess a nd t hat i ts m otion may h ave b een r estricted b y s ome s ort o f g uide. O ne o f t he p ossible u ses f or t hese i mplements c ould b e i n t he s haping o f f inely g round s tone o bjects s uch a s b racel ets. B y m oving t he backed b lade u p a nd b ack a cross t he i ns ide o f a r ough b racelet t he b lade w ould c ome i n c ontact w ith t he s tone a long i ts t wo e dges a nd n ot d own t he c enter. T his a grees w ith e vidence o f manufacturing t echniques o bserved o n s everal o f t he l imestone b racelets. A lthough t his i s a

4 3

p ossible u se, i t c learly w as n ot t he s ole u se i n t hat p ieces w ith w ear s triation o n o nly o ne e dge c ould n ot h ave b een u sed i n t he manner s uggested. B acked b lades c ould a lso have b een u sed f or c utting o bjects b y a brading a g roove. T he b lade w ould b e h eld a t a n a ngle s o t hat t he e dge a t t he j uncture o f t he s teep r et ouch a nd t he v entral s urface w ith t he s triations w ould s erve a s t he c utting e dge. T his c ould b e u sed f or m aking d eep g rooves i n materials s uch a s b one, w ood, o r s tone. T he g roove e nables t he c raftsman t o n eatly b /eak t he p iece b y f orce. A g rinding c ompound m ight b e a dded t o a id i n t he c utting o f h arder s ubstances. U tilization o f t he a bove m ethods f or c utting i s p ossible, b ut o ne w ould e xpect t o f ind s ome s triations a long t he r idges o f t he s teep r etouch o n t he b acked b lades i f t hey w ere s o u sed, w hich i s n ot t he c ase. A lso, p ieces w ith i rregular e dges s uch a s t he o ne i n F igure 2 .14:2 w ould n ot h ave b een e ffective f or c utting i n t his m anner. C utting o r f ine g rinding o f s ma ll s tone o bjects l ike b eads i s a nother p ossible u se, b ut i s o ne n ot c learly s upported b y t he e vidence. O n t he b asis o f a d etailed m icroscopic e xamination I a m n ot a ble t o o ffer a ny s ingle i nterpretation f or t he u se o f o bsidian b acked b lades. R ather, I v iew t hem a s m ultip urpose i mplements t hat w ere u sed i n a n umber o f d ifferent ways f or g eneral g rinding a nd c utting a ctivities. T he w ide r ange o f s izes o f b acked b lades r einforces t he n otion o f s everal d ifferent f unctions f or t his t ool t ype. T he o bsidian backed b lade i s o nly i ntroduced i n q uantity d uring t he s econd s ub-phase o f o ccupation a t ; ajönü a nd i nc reases i n r elative f requency d uring e ach o f t he s uccessive s ub-phases ( sub-phase G .P., 2 .9% o f o bsidian; s ub-phase L .R.P., 5 .3% of obsidian). T his s hows a g eneral t endency t oward w ider u se o f t hese i mplements d uring l ater s ub-phases. M iscellaneous

( Fig.

2 .12:5;

P ls.

2 .11:7,13 ;

2 .111:7)

T here a re a n umber o f o ther t ypes o f c hipped s tone t ools t hat d o n ot f it i nto t he c ategories a lready d iscussed, b ut n one o f t he t ypes h ave many e xamples. U nlike many o f t he t erminal P leistocene c ultures o f t he N ear E ast, t he ; ayönü i ndustry d oes n ot i nclude l arge n umbers o f s ma ll g eometrics. T he o nly d istinctive g eometric f ound a t ; ayön l i c omes f rom t he p rotohistoric l evels a nd i s n ot m icrolithic i n s ize. T hese a re f lint b lades t hat w ere s teeply b acked i nto t he s hape o f a c rescent w ith a s traight b lade e dge. T hese p ieces a re u sua lly 2 0-30 mm l ong a nd h ave b een f ound o nly i n t he l evels t hat f ollow t he m a in p rehistoric p hase ( not i ncluded i n T ables 1 a nd 2 ). S imilar p ieces w ere f ound n earby i n t he t op l evels o f G erikihaciyan ( see ; ambel a nd B raidwood, 1 980). T here a re a s eries o f p ieces w ith t angs t hat a re n ot c lassified a s p rojectile p oints b ecause t hey a re n ot p ointed. T hese i tems c ould h ave b een u sed a s b lunt p rojectile p oints

4 4

o r a s hafted b lades. T here is o ne o bsidian p iece f rom d eposits o f s ub-phase B .P.P. t hat d eserves a s pecial n ote ( Pl. 2 .11:7). I t i s u nique i n t he ; ayönl i a ssemblage, b oth a s t o m orphology a nd t he t echnology o f manufacture. T his a rtifact p robably s erved a s a knife o r p erhaps a s a p rojectile p oint. I ts m ost d istinctive f eature is t he l ong f lat r etouch o n o ne s urface. T he " ripple f laking" o n t his p iece i s t he o nly e xample f rom ; ayön i l o f i ts k ind. C onsidering t hat t his k ind o f w ork r equired s pecial s kill, it i s p ossible t hat t his p iece was b rought t o ; ayönü f rom e lsewhere, o r t hat t here i s a major a spect o f t he ç aybnu o bsidian i ndustry t hat i s s till u nknown t o u s. A d ark g ray f lint a rtifact f rom a s ub-phase C .P d eposit i s a nother u nique ;ayönü a rtifact ( Fig. 2 .12:5; P l. 2 .11:13). T his i s a large b lade w ith r etouch o n b oth e nds f orming p oints. T he e dges o f t he b lade have b een s lightly s carred, implying s ome u se. T he p ointed e nds a re m ore a ppropriate f or b eing f itted i nto handles t han f or u se a s d rills o r p oints. T hus, t his a rtifact may have f unctioned a s a t wohandled d raw-knife. T here a re a number o f p ieces i n b oth f lint a nd o bsidian t hat have d efinite e vidence o f s evere b urning. T he m ost s triking e xamples a re a s eries o f l ong o bsidian b lades r ec overed f rom o ne o f t he b urnt s tructures o f s ub-phase C .P. T hese p ieces t urned m olten, b ubbled, a nd b ent b ecause o f t he h eat a nd p ressure f rom t he c ollapsing b uilding ( Pl. 2 . I II:?) . I t i s p erhaps p ossible, b ecause a n i nordinate p rop ortion o f t he b urnt p ieces a re v ery l ong o bsidian b lades, t hat t he burning was purposeful. I n t his c ase t he t wisting m ight n ot have b een a ccidental, b ut t he i ntent o f t he b urner. I n e ither c ase, t hese l ong b lades c overed w ith b urned m udb rick a re s pectacular a rtifacts. S UMMARY O n t he basis o f t he d istribution o f c hipped s tone a rtif act t ypes f ound in t he d eposits o f t he d ifferent s ub-phases o f o ccupation d uring t he 1 968 a nd 1 970 f ield s easons, i t w ould b e u nwise t o s peak o f a s ingle ;ayön l i c hipped s tone i ndustry. C learly, t here a re major d ifferences b etween t he s ub-phases i n t erms o f t ypes p resent a nd c hanging p roport ions o f t ools. I n s ome c ases a t ool t ype s eems t o h ave b een i ntroduced d uring t he s equence o f o ccupation, s uch a s o bsidian backed b lades d uring s ub-phase G .P. 2 a nd i n o ther c ases s ome s eem t o have g one o ut o f u se, s uch a s b urins d uring s ub-phases B .P.P. t o C .P. D espite t he s ignificant d ifferences b etween t he c hipped s tone i nventory f rom o ne l evel t o a nother, t he o verwhelming i mpression i s o f c ontinuity, a t l east w ithin g eneral b ounds. A lthough t he p rop ortions o f t ypes may have c hanged d uring t he o ccupation ( such a s s crapers i ncreasing i n number f rom o nly 0 .6% o f t he a ssemblage f or s ub-phase B .P. 2 t o 1 .5% f or s ub-phase L .R.P. 2 o r t he ratio o f o bsidian t o f lint p ieces c hanging

4 5

f rom . 06 t o 1 .02 d uring t he p rehistoric p eriod o f o ccupat ion), t he b reaks i n s equence d o n ot s eem s ufficiently a brupt t o s uggest a c ultural o r p opulation d iscontinuity. Rather, I i nterpret t hese c hanges a s n ormal i n t he f unct ioning a nd d evelopment o f a n a ctive c ommunity t hat i s s uccessful i n i ts a daptation, a nd t hat i nteracts w ith g roups a round i t a nd w ith t hose a t g reat d istances. I n o rder t o d ocument a d istinctive c hange, s uch a s o ne t hat m ight a ccompany a l ong h iatus o r a r eoccupation o f t he s ite b y d ifferent p eoples, o ne w ould e xpect t o f ind s ignif icant d ifferences i n many a spects o f t he r emains o f t he c ommunity, a ll c hanging a t o ne t ime. T his i s n ot t he c ase w ith t he various q uantitative a nd q ualitative m easures made o f t he ; ayön i l c hipped s tone i nventory. D ifferences d id e xist, t o a c ertain d egree b etween t he s ub-phases, b ut t hese d ifferences w ere s pread o ut o ver e ach o f t he f our p ossible t ransitions b etween t he s ub-phases. T he v ast majority o f t he a ssemblage r emained t he s ame o ver e ach t ransition, s trong e vidence f or t he g eneral c ontinuity o f o ccupation d uring t he m ain p rehistoric p hase a t ; ay. ö nü. T his o verall p icture o f d iversity a nd c hange w ithin a g ene rally s imilar c omplex o f t ools i s p robably a n a ccurate r eflection o f t he d evelopmental s ituation t hat t he ; ayjär i l i p eople w ere e xperiencing. A CKNOWLEDGMENTS T he a bove r eport i s t he r esult o f t he c ombined e fforts o f t he m embers o f t he J oint P rehistoric P roject o f I stanbul U niversity a nd t he U niversity o f C hicago. M y d eep a pprec iation g oes t o t he d irectors o f t he p roject, H alet ; ambel a nd R obert J . B raidwood, w ho e nabled m e t o d o t his s tudy a nd a ided m e a t v arious p oints o f t he i nvestigation. A rcheo logy s tudents f rom T urkey, t he U nited S tates, S weden, a nd F rance w ere i nstrumental i n t he c lassification a nd i llust ration o f t he a rtifacts d iscussed i n t his r eport. T his r esearch w as s upported b y g rants f rom t he N ational S cience F oundation, t he O riental I nstitute o f t he U niversity o f C hicago, a nd t he F ord F oundation A rcheological T raineeships. M ost i mportant w as t he h elp a nd e ncouragement I r eceived f rom t he J oint P rehistoric P roject's t wo L indas. L inda S . B raidwood d evised a nd i nstructed m e i n t he g enera l s ystem o f c lassification f or t he c hipped s tone t ools, a nd p rovided n eeded a dvice a t v arious s tages o f t he a nalysis. M y w ife, L inda, w as r esponsible f or c arrying o ut a major s hare o f t he a nalysis, i ntegration o f t he r esults, a nd t he p reparat ion o f t his r eport. I n a ddition, I w ish t o t hank A y e O zkan f or h er e xcellent d rawings. B IBLIOGRAPHY B raidwood, R .J., H . ; ambel, a nd P .J. W atson 1 969 P rehistoric I nvestigations i n S outheastern T urkey S cience, 1 64:1275-1276.

4 6

B raidwood, R .J., H . ; ambel, C .L. R edman, a nd P .J. W atson 1 971 B eginnings o f V illage-Farming C ommunities i n S outhe astern T urkey. P roceedings o f t he N ational A cademy o f S ciences 6 8:1236 -1 240. B raidwood, R .J., H . ; ambel, B . L awrence, C .L. R edman, a nd R .B. S tewart 1 974 B eginnings o f V illage-Farming C ommunities i n S outhe astern T urkey - 1 972. P roceedings o f t he National A cademy o f S ciences U .S.A . 7 1:568-572. a mbel, H alet, a nd R obert J . B raidwood 1 980 T he J oint I stanbul-Chicago U niversities' P reh istoric R esearch P roject i n S outheastern A natolia C omprehensive V iew : t he W ork t o D ate, 1 963 -1 972 . T he J oint I stanbul-Chicago U niversities' P rehistoric R esearch i n S outheastern A natolia, I . ; ambel a nd B raidwood, e ds. p p. 3 3 -6 4. I stanbul: E debiyat F akult esi B asimevi. M ovius,

H .L., N .C. D avid, H .M. B ricker, a nd R .B. C lay T he A nalysis o f C ertain M ajor C lasses o f U pper P alaeolithic t ools. A merican S chool o f P rehistoric R esearch B ulletin N o. 2 6. C ambridge: P eabody M useum.

1 968

M ortensen, P eder 1 971 A P reliminary S tudy o f t he C hipped S tone I ndustry f rom B eidha. A cta A rchaeologica X LI: 1 -54. R edman,

C harles L . M ultistage F ieldwork a nd A nalytical T echniques. A merican A ntiquity 3 8:61-79.

1 973

R edman,

C harles L . A rcheological S ampling S trategies. W esley M odule i n A nthropology N o. 5 5.

1 974

A ddison-

R edman, C harles L . a nd Patty J o Watson 1 970 S ystematic, I ntensive S urface C ollection. c an A ntiquity 3 5:279-291.

A meri-

R enfrew ,

C ., J .E. D ixon, a nd J .R. C ann O bsidian a nd E arly C ultural C ontact i n t he N ear E ast. P roceedings o f t he P rehistoric S ociety 3 2:30-72.

1 966

S emenov, S .A . 1 964 P rehistoric T echnology. M oonraker P ress.

B radford-on-Avon:

T ringham, R ., G . C ooper, G . O dell, B . V oytek, a nd A . W hitman 1 974 Experimentation i n t he F ormation o f E dge D amage: a N ew A pproach t o L ithic A nalysis. J ournal o f F ield A rchaeology 1 :171-196. W right,

G ary O bsidian A nalyses a nd P rehistoric N ear E astern T rade: 7 500 t o 3 500 B .C. M useum o f A nthropology, U niversity o f M ichigan, A nthropological P apers 3 7.

1 969

1 + 7

I LLUSTRATED A RTIFACTS:

MATERIALS A ND F INDSPOTS

F ig. 1 . 4 . 7 . 1 0.

2 .7 B lade c ores ( 1-6) a nd b lade c ore f ragments ( 7-10): f lint B 3 -0/2, 2 . f lint Q C5 2 -0/10, 3 . f lint W C1 1 0/2 2 f lint Q C5 2 0/9 2 5 . f lint R 5 .8/1 2 6 . f lint Q C5 1 -0/1 2 f lint R 1 1-4, 8 . f lint K 6 4, 52 9 . o bsidian D 2 -1/1, f lint Q C5 4 -0/8

F ig. 2 .

2 .8 F lake c ore a nd large b lade: o bsidian R 2 -10/4

1 .

f lint G 3 -1/1,

F ig. 2 .9 U se m odified b lades, b lades w ith s heen, a nd s crapers: 1 . f lint Q C5 4 1, 2 . f lint U 3 -3/1, 3 . f lint R 1 9-0, 4 . f lint P 1 -2, 5 . f lint F 3 -0/1, 6 . f lint R 2 • . .5 2 7 . o bsidian Q C5 4 -0/1, 8 . o bsidian S AI 1 0/1 2 9 . o bsidian G 3 -0/1, 1 0. f lint U 3 -3/1 N ote: d otted l ines o n n os. 3 -6 i ndicate e xtent o f s heen. F ig. 2 .10 S crapers: 1 . f lint F 3 -0/1, 2 . f lint C 2 . « •2/1 2 3 . f lint Q C5 3 a, 4 . o bsidian R G . .5/1 2 5 . f lint C 1 . . .0/1 2 6 . o bsidian R 5 . • .8/1 2 7 . o bsidian D 3 -0/1, 8 . o bsidian S AI 3 -0/4 F ig. 1 . 4 . 7 . 1 0. 1 3.

2 .11 P ieces w ith t ip a ttention a s t heir m ain f eature: f lint Q C5 3 -0/19, 2 . f lint Q C5 3 1 2 3 . f lint Q C5 3 -1 2 f lint F 5 .0/2 2 5 . f lint B 3 . .0/1 2 6 . f lint B 4 . • .0 2 f lint R 7 4, 8 . f lint K 9 2 , 9 . f lint R 1 1-0/1, f lint R 12-1/1, 1 1. f lint E F 1 -2, 1 2. f lint C 1 -0/2, f lint R 9 5 2 1 4. f lint R 2 0-2, 1 5. f lint R 1 4-0/1

F ig. 2 .12 B urins, a nd p ieces w ith t ip a ttention a s t heir main f eature: 1 . f lint Q C5 4 -0/60, 2 . f lint R 2 0 92 3 . f lint P 5 18 2 4 . f lint U 3 •4 4 -2 5 . f lint S 0 0 /39 6 . f lint B 4 -0/1 F ig. 2 .13 P ieces t hat m ight b e p rojectile p oints: 1 . o bsidian S 0 -1/1, 2 . f lint T 1 -1/1 2 3 . o bsidian S 0 -0/1 2 4 . o bsidian 5 0 -0/2 F ig. 2 .14 R 3 -0/2, F ig. 3 .

L arge d ouble b acked o bsidian b lades: 2 . R 3 -0/1

2 .15 B acked o bsidian b lades: U 4 -7/1

1 .

R 6 -5/1,

1 .

2 .

E 3 .0/1

2

P l. 2 .1 C ores ( 1-9, 1 1, 1 2), c rested b lade ( 10), s crapers ( 13-18), a nd b urin-like p ieces ( 19-23): 1 . f lint Q C5 2 -0, 2 . f lint U 3 . f lint B 1 .0 2 4 . f lint U 4 -23, 5 . f lint Q C5 2 -0/10 2 6 . f lint P 5 . • .18 2 7 . f lint W C1 1 -0/3, 8 . f lint Q C5 2 -0/9 2 9 . o bsidian R 5 -8/1, 1 0. o bsidian D 2 -1/1, 1 1. f lint E 4 -0/1, 1 2. f lint G 3 -1/1, 1 3. f lint R 1 8-0, 14. f lint U 5 -24, 1 5. f lint W C1 1 -0/7, 1 6. f lint F 3 -0/1, 1 7. o bsidian R 6 -5/1, 1 8. f lint U 3 -3/1, 1 9. f lint P 5 -18, 2 0. f lint F 2 -0, 2 1. f lint R 2 0-9, 2 2. f lint R 1 6-0, 2 3. f lint P 8 -16

4 8

I LLUSTRATED A RTIFACTS,

C ONTINUED

P l. 2 .11 P ieces w ith t ip a ttention ( 1-12), m iscellaneous t ools ( 13-14), a nd b acked b lades ( 15-18): 1 . f lint B 4 -0/1, 2 . f lint R 1 2-1, 3 . f lint T 1 -1/1, 4 . f lint U 5 -48/1, 5 . f lint P 1 -8/1, 6 . o bsidian S 0 -1/1, 7 . o bsidian R 5 -8, 8 . f lint B 3 -0, 9 . f lint B 3 -0/1, 1 0. f lint U 5 -49, 1 1. f lint B 5 -0, 12. f lint Q C5 3 -1, 1 3. f lint S 0 -0/3, 1 4. f lint R 1 9-0, 1 5. o bsidian R 4 -0/5 ( magnified), 1 6. o bsidian R 6 -5/1, 1 7. o bsidian R 6 -7/1, 1 8. o bsidian U 4 -7/1 P l. 2 .111 M icrophotographs ( 1-6: magnification a bout 1 0 p ower) o f p ieces w ith t ip a ttention ( 1-3), b lades w ith s heen ( 4-5), a nd a b urin ( 6): 1 . f lint U 5 -24, 2 . f lint U 5 -49, 3 . f lint R 9 -5, 4 . f lint R 2 -5, 5 . f lint P 1 -2, 6 . f lint R 1 4-3, 7 . b urned o bsidian b lade f rom R 2 -10/1, s cale 1 :1

h3 a s2 e_

r 2

3

R .

1

71 I II

2

I I

U • C B p

1

H A S EP S p

2

5

4

6

2

5

7

3

2

2 2 3

3

9

4 5 5 4 2 3

a 2

6

8

8 9

3

4

1 3

9 1

3

8 9

8

3 7

B .

2

5

3 3

P .

9 1

12

1 4

P . 2 0

B C

D E

F G P

R

T L I J

S A I S B I L 65 BNE BN L . B4 WC I 005

1 968

1 970 EXCAV AT I ON

UN ITS

K 2 3

K K ie

116

1 964

F ig. 2 .2 C hart o f t entative c orrelations o f l evels i n d ifferent e xcavation u nits f rom t he 1 964, 1 968, a nd 1 970 f ield s easons. ( See n ote, p . 9 ; h owever, t he c orrelations s uggested h ere a re n o l onger c urrent. E ds.)

4 9

8 0 6 0 SUBPHASE

4 0

T OT A L

L .R .P .

SA M PL E Sa Mp le

S I ZE 2

Mean S td Dev

2 0

N%

2 53 2 21 9 3

5 0 2 1 8 9 3

C C U i

10 0

I

8 0-

( . 5 -

6 0 -

z

SUBPHA SE

C .P .

4 0

Sa mp le s ize Mean S td De,

TO T A L 4 61 72 9 94

2 9 0 / 0 13 9 1 05

2 0 L i i

c n

8 0 -

L U

6 0

_ J

4 0

u _

2 0

a D 0

UBPHASE

BP .P

Sa mple s ize Mean S td Dev

n

c L U a D

T OT A L 4 32 2 4 6 11 7

2 0 % 87 25 4 11 2

f l= 1 76 PM

1 00

2

SUBPHASE

8 0

G .P .

6 0 4 0 -

Sa m ple s ize Mean S td Dev

T OT AL 61 3 2 8 4 I0 9

2 0 % 1 23 2 81 9 9

2 0 —

SUBPH A SE

O B SI DI A N

BLA D E

LE N GT H

I N

BP

T OT AL Sa mpl e s ize 8 8 Mean 2 49 S td Dev 87

2 0 % 16 2 36 1 2

MI LLI M E T E R S

F ig. 2 .3 D istribution o f o bsidian b lade a nd b lade f ragment l engths ( with d ata f rom a ll p ieces m easured c ompared t o t he 2 0% s ample). A c ache o f u nusually l arge s ized p ieces i s n ot i ncluded .

5 0

3

O

BL ADES

AND F LAKES

— 1

MATER IALS

t ypes b y t he

RETOUCHED

c r b c * ,

• r i

F r i

0

• r i

w — L i .

2 w

5 1

3

S ub-phase

2 0 L .R.P. 1 0 . M« .• •• • • •••••• M M R IM I I M

I M M I M M i e •• ••••••••

C .P .

B .P.P.

P ERCENTAGE

3 2

;

1

G .P.

B .P .

U r )

a )

r d 9 4 0 N

A Cc i c e •H H 0 N

a )

E 1

c r )

b oo

P4 c e

o p .4 S Ic e

o H P4 1 1

4 )

H

F ig. 2 .5 P roportions o f o bsidian b lade c ross s ections t allied b y t he s ub-phases r ecognized i n 1 964, 1 968 a nd 1 970

5 2

5 4 4 0 3

O BSIDIAN P IECES ( 63)

3 0 2 5 2 0

C ATEGORY

1 5 1 0

5

1

2

1

F LINT P IECES ( 600)

2 0 15

1 0 5

C o 4 ) r 1

o O • 4 > I ( I ) • Z • r i e

1 0 P i4 >

aa )a lD )

11

rC i

e

r1

C I S a ) a l g 4 4 > 4 -)

• 0 O

I P i 0

0 0 r a4

OH

P

c a ; 1 0 0 C i s

c o

0

H • H H • ( 1 c • t 0

c t i ( I ) > 0

• H >

• , 1 0 P

4 ) 0

T anged P oints

PERCENTAGE

3 0

C . ) 0 IP PA0 r i

0 0 P 0

• u )

P

O • 0

H

F 4 ( I )

o

F ig. 2 .6 Proportions of d ifferent t ypes o f p ieces w ith t ip a ttention a s t heir major f eature

5 3

6

8

F ig.

1 0

2 .7 B lade c ores

( 1-6);

b lade c ore

5 4

f ragments

( 7-10)

1 2

F ig.

2 .8 F lake c ore a nd l arge b lade

5 5

4

3

F ig. 2 .9 U se m odified b lades ( 3-6), s crapers ( 7-10)

5 6

( 1,2),

6

b lades w ith s heen

1

4

6

8

7 J

F ig.

2 .10 S crapers

5 7

3

7 6 8

1 2 1

1 0

1 4

F ig.

2 .11 P ieces w ith t ip a ttention a s main

5 8

f eature

' 2

3

4

5

6

F ig. 2 .12 B urins f eature ( 52 6 )

( 1-4);

p ieces w ith t ip a ttention a s main

5 9

2

1

4

3

F ig.

2 .13 P rojectile p oints

6 0

( ?)

1 2

F ig.

2 .14 Large d ouble b acked o bsidian b lades

6 1

1

2

F ig.

2 .15 B acked o bsidian b lades 6 2

P l. 2 .1 C ores ( 1-9,11,12); c rested b lade ( 13-18); b urin-like p ieces ( 19-23)

6 3

( 10);

s crapers

P l. 2 .11 P ieces w ith t ip a ttention ( 1-12); t ools ( 13,14); b acked b lades ( 15-18)

6 1 +

m iscellaneous

2 3

P l. 2 .111 M icrophotographs ( 1-6: magnification a bout 1 0 p ower); b urned o bsidian b lade ( 7)

6 5

E XPLANATION OF T HE TABLES Table 1 F lint p ieces b y t ypes; o ver 3 4,000 p ieces ( ca. 7 5% of the 1968 a nd 1 970 i nventory) d ivided i nto s tratigraphic s ub-phases a nd l isted b y m orphol ogical t ypes. Various s ub-totals have b een i ncluded t o a id i n c omparisons. F our c ulturally m eaningful c ontexts have b een i ncluded s eparately b ut t heir c ontents a re a lso i ncluded i n t he s ub-phase t allies ( cache R 2 0-2 in t he s ub-phase B .P.; b uilding E F 2 i n s ub-phase G .P.; b uilding U 9 i n s ub-phase C .P.; a nd b uilding U 4 i n s ub-phase L .R.P.) T able 2 O bsidian p ieces b y t ypes: o ver 1 1,000 p ieces ( ca. 7 5% of the 1968 a nd 1 970 i nventory) d ivided i nto s tratigraphic s ub-phases a nd l isted b y m orphological t ypes. Various s ub-totals have b een i ncluded t o a id i n c omparisons. T able 3 a D iagnostic ratios o f t ypes o f f lint p ieces: s elected c omparisons a re made t o f acilitate i nterpret ation o f c hanges b etween t he f ive s ub-phases a nd/or t he f our c ultural u nits. T able 3 h D iagnostic ratios o f o bsidian p ieces: s elected c omparisons a re made t o f acilitate i nterpretation o f c hanges b etween t he f ive s ub-phases a nd/or t he f our c ultural u nits. T able 3 c Diagnostic ratios of t ypes o f f lint a nd o bsidian p ieces c ombined: s elected c omparisons. T able 4 A verage w eight f or f lint a nd o bsidian p ieces: w eights f or t otal number o f f lint a nd o bsidian p ieces ( i.e., i tems 8 , 16, and 17) are calculated on the e ntire a nalyzed s ample o f o ver 4 5,000 p ieces ( 34,500 f lint a nd 1 1,100 o bsidian). T he f igures f or s pecific t ool t ypes a re based o n w eighing a bout 2 0% o f t he e xamples f rom t he a nalyzed l evels o r a bout 9 ,000 p ieces.

6 6

T ABLE 1 .

T ABULATION O F F LINT P IECES B Y T YPE C ache

S ub-phase d esignations F lint . ieces b y C ategory 2 1ade C ore% 1 -directional,

p yramidal: n ormal n ormal-utilized mic ro.

m icro. utilized n ormal n ormal-utilized m icro. m icro. utilized : n ormal 1direct.,parallel side d n ormal-utilized m icro. m icro. utilized n ormal b ipolar,parallel sided n ormal-utilized m icro. n ormal 1directional,other: m ultidirectional: n ormal n ormal-utilized m icro. B lade C ore F ragment§ t ablets a nd p latforms: n ormal n ormal-utilized m icro. m icro. utilized c rested b lades: n ormal n ormal-utilized m icro. m icro. utilized n ormal v arious f ragments: n ormal-utilized m icro. m icro. utilized F lake C ores n ormal 1 -directional,pyramidal: 1 -direction a l, d iscoid a l n ormal n ormal m ultidirect.,discoidal: n ormal-utilized m icro,-utilized n ormal m ultidirect.,spheroid: n ormal-utilized m icro. m icro. utilized n ormal F lake C ore F ragments: n ormal-utilized m icro. m icro. utilized b ipolar, p yramidal:

S UBTOTALS T otal b lade T otal b lade T otal f lake T otal f lake T otal c ores

c ores c ores a nd c ore f ragments c ores c ores a nd c ore f ragments a nd c ore f ragments(all k inds) .

7 nmodified(waste) P iece§ B lades a nd f ragments

F lakes a nd f ragments

M isc.chips a nd c hunks

S U BTOTALS T otal u nmodified T otal u nmodified r otal u nmodified T otal u nmodified

S Ize n ormal n ormal m icro. m icro. n ormal n ormal m icro. m icro. n ormal n ormal m icro. m icro.

w /cortex w /cortex w /cortex w /cortex w /cortex w /cortex

E P

G P

2 6 O 4

4 2 0 6

1 6 0 3

5 2

1 4 0

1 0

O 1 o 8 o o O

1 4 C

O 1

2 4

o o

8 7

lades a nd F lakes U se M odified B tilized b lades n ormal I ntensely u n ormal w /cortex /sheen n ormal w m icro. m icro, w /cortex m icro, w /sheen M oderately u lades n ormal tilized b n ormal w /cortex n ormal w /sheen m icro. /cortex m icro. w /sheen m icro. w n ormal S lightly u tilized b lades /cortex n ormal w m icro. /cortex m icro. w ormal I ntensely u tilized f lakes n /cortex n ormal w m icro. M oderately u tilized f lakes n ormal /cortex n ormal w m icro. /cortex m icro. w n ormal S lightly u tilized f lakes /cortex n ormal w m icro. /cortex m icro. w S UBTOTALS T otal U se M odified B lades T ABLE 1 .

o o

3 5

1

4 2 2 9

,

5 5 2 5 7 2

5 0

o o

o 0

1 0

o 1 1 o 0

o 0

3

0

1 o o 1 o o 0

3 0 0 0 o 7 1 0 0 1 40 1 4 2 0

o o

4 0 0

E r .2

o o o o o o

1 4 3 2 1 2 6 9 3 2 2 2 4 72 1 12 2 5 3

1

3 1 2

B uildings

R 20-2

o o

2 1 6 O 3 2 5 1 O O 2 11 7 7 O

6 8

L RP

o o

9 O 1 20 4 7 O

O

2 9

C P

o o o 1 o

3 0 1 3 0 2 4 2 6 0 5 1 2 : 0 4 0

2

1 45

o

1 8 7 1 14 2 3 2 7 4 1 78 5 2 1 3 9

O

0

2

0 3

o o 2 3

0

0

5

0 3

U 9

.1 0

U 4

o 1

o o 1 o o o 1 o o o o o e 0

o c 0 0 o o o o 0 o 0 o

o 0

C 0

3

0

0 1 6

2 4 2

? 1

2 0 0

6 0

G 1 6 1 3 0 4 2 8 3 1

0 6 2 0 0 1 1 .

0 1 7 0 3 0 4 7 0

0 4 0 0 0 5 2

1

0

0

0

0

a

0 1 0 0 o 2 4 6 0 0 8 1 9

0 C 2 1 o 7 3 G 1 2 7 2 1 3 . 1

0 0 0 0 . : 3 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0

0 0 0 c o 1 0 0 0 7 0 0 0

0 0 o 0 0 2 1 0 0 1 1 1 3 0 0

1 1

8 2 3

4 9 3 2 7 3 6

6 0

1 2 2

a o 0

o 0

1 0 5

a

0 o 0

c

0 0 0 o 0 1 0 0 0 0 5 5 0 0 0

o

7 0

0

0 2 3 0 3 . 5 0

1 9 1 19 3 1 1 21 2 40

1 0 4 7 1 4 6 6 1 13

1 23 2 2 3 1 2 8 13 3 63 4 7 O 3 08 7 0 9 O

5 46 4 2 1 20 2 2 575 3 20 4 35 1 3 1 148 1 22 2 29 3 8

1 13 8 2 0

5 4 4 1 6 0 2 34 2 5 3 5 1 2 46 1 2 3 3 0

3 2 5 1 6 3 1 65 9 3 5 1 1 37 6 4 3 0

1 0 6 3

4 2

2 00 9 9 2 5 0 1 25 5 5 3 3

2 9 3 5 0 8 1 2

1 4 5 1 1 1 7

7 4 2 95 2 91 6 60

5 6 2 10 1 86 4 52

1 9 3 24 1 83 5 26

1 0 3 7 1 1 5 8

7 2 1 1 7 4 5

2 23 o 3 9 1 0

1

6 7 5

6 1 5 1 3 5 O 5 9 12 1 60 6 6 3 5 4 m 0 3 77 1 42 1 8 O 5 45 2 17 7 8 1 2

2 249

1 42 7 36 4 55 1 333

4 78 1 9 8 6 5 1

2 05 1 3 2 9 8

1 15 9 6 2 92 2 0 1 396 1 16 4 74 1 4 2 06 2 1 6 2 114 2 17 7 4 5 1 370 2 32 1 36 8

3 5 3 1 6 5 , 0 3 82 2 7 1 19 0 9 2 7 9 4 26 5 7 2 2 0 3 34 2 9 6 9 C

1 2 1 5 62

4 704

o o 5 8 6

1 501

C ontinued, n ext p age.

6 7

o

3 2 6 4 1 6 4 2

0

2 5 1 56 1 1 1 67 3 23

7 10 3 343 1 537 5 590

2 9 1 16 1 0 ' 5 1 81

0

1 78 7 97 1 27 7 39 1 536

5 62 6 5 1 04 5 3 46 1 4 9 3 2

2

c o o o 0 o e o o 1 o o o o o 1 o o

0 2

8 5 3 83 3 6 2 61 6 44

1 78 1 223 3 87 1 788

b lades a nd f ragments f lakes a nd f ragments c hips a nd c hunks p ieces ( all k inds)

o

B PP

3

,

o

9 3 5 1 4 3

5 6 0 1 2 1 2

3 0 , 4 7

1 7 0 ' 0

3 07 1 2 3 4 3 4 0 0 2 69 1 1

1 46 2 1 3 2 0 0

1 58 1 9 2 5 1 3 0

4 3 3

3 3 1

0 4 7

3 9 5 0

3 3 1

o o

o 0

1

«

0 2 06 2 0 5 0 3 11 1 16 3 5 0

4 1 52 3 6 1 4

3 76 5 9 2 4 C 9 4 C 9 5 6 6 1 4.

1 23 • . 2 0 3 1 2

8 7 8 4 4 2 9

8 43

3 44

5 8

1

67 4

1 1

1

5

o

e

7 23

o o 1

G 0

o

4

C 0 1 4 4 4

c 1 0

1 10

1 5

1

o

o 0

o

3

o 1 0

o o

2 2 0

C 0

0

1 3

0 3

c 0 0 0 3 0

0 o

7 2 2 4 0 6 0 1 8

o

1 4 7 8 6 9 1 61 1 6 0 6

o o 0

4 8

4 0

1

2 3

2 6

3 0 2 0 0 1 1

6 0 1 1.

1

1 1

0

1 8 3

0 o

5 5

1 1

2i 3 1

0

5 7

1 2

o 1 04

T AB LE 1 .

T ABULATION O F F LINT P IECES B Y T YPE , ( CONT.)

F lint P ieces b y C ategory

B P

S UBTOTALS ( CONT.) T otal U se M odified F lakes T otal U se M odified B lades a nd F lakes R etouched B lades a nd F ragments F lat r etouch n ormal n ormal m icro. S teep r etouch n ormal n ormal m icro. N ibbled r etouch n ormal n ormal m icro. m icro. D enticulated & n otched n ormal n ormal m icro. m icro. 2 1 .212IlL T otal r etouched b lades a nd

w /sheen w /sheen w /sheen w /eheen w /sheen w /sheen

f ragments

R etoUched F lakes a nd F ragment§ F lat r etouch n ormal m icro. S teep r etouch n ormal m icro. N ibbled r etouch n ormal n ormal w /sheen m icro. D enticulated & n otched n ormal S UBTOTAL T otal r etouched f lakes a nd f ragments T otal r etouched b lades a nd f lakes D istinct T ool T ypes: S crapers E nd S craper o n b lade n ormal b y u se n ormal b y r etouch S ide s craper o n b lade n ormal b y u se m icro, b y u se n ormal b y r etouch m icro. b y r etouch E nd s craper o n a f lake n ormal b y u se' n ormal b y r etouch S ide s craper o n a f lake n ormal b y u se n ormal b y r etouch m icro, b y r etouch C ircular s crapers n ormal b y u se n ormal b y r etouch S teep s crapers n ormal b y r etouch C ore s crapers n ormal b y u se m icro, b y u se n ormal b y r etouch S UBTOTALS T otal b lade s crapers ( end & s ide) T otal f lake s crapers(end,side, & c ircular) T otal s crapers ( all k inds) D istinct T ool T vres: B urins T runcated p ieces

M iscellaneouq n ormal n ormal m icro. P erforators n ormal n ormal w /sheen m icro. m icro. w /sheen P erfs p oorly d efined n ormal n ormal w /sheen m icro. m icro. w /sheen F abricators n ormal B acked b lades,both e dges n ormal m icro. B acked b lades, o ne e dge n ormal m icro. G eometrics(backed c rescents) n ormal m icro. T anged p ieces n ormal m icro. M iscellaneous n ormal S UBTOTALS T otal p erforators T otal M isc. D istinct t ool t ypes V arious T ypes n 9t i ncluded a bove R olled p ieces n ormal P ecked p ieces n ormal B urned p ieces n ormal L arge f ragments w ith u se n ormal F laked p ebble d isks n ormal O ther s truck p ieces n ormal O ther m isc. p ieces n ormal T OTAL F LINT P IECES O F A LL T YPES

S ub-phase d esignations • U P B PP G P

1 450 3 699

4 389 9 093

1 045 2 546

1 3 1 0 4 4 2 9 1 62 7 0 6 1 2 1 6 1 7 0 0

4 7 5 1 1 23 2 2 5 3 75 1 08 3 8 6 2 9 4 5 1 3

1 9 1 0 4 1 4 2 1 36 5 1 4 1 1 6 1 4 0 0

3 52

8 08

2 89

5 0 1 2 2 3 4 0 2 1 5 6 4 08 6 1 6 0 0 0 0 3 2 3 1 0 3 3 0 7 0 3 2 2 1 5 4 7 1 4 0 0 4 8 0 1 6 0 4 3 1 4 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 2 0 0 1 13 1 31 5 4 1 0 2 9 4 7 6 6 899

6 8

7 0 3 4 1 8 4 0 0 8 1 34 9 42 1 3 3 2 5 0 7 0 8 7 8 2 0 1 3 3 2 2 1 0 1 6

4 0 2 2 1 4 1 3 0 4 7 5 3 64

7 25 1 568 1 1 4 0 4 2 5 1 8 7 3 9 0 1 1 1 9 1 0 2 11 5 0 1 3 9 2 4 0 1 3 5 5 2 66

C ache

B uildings

L RP

R 20-2 _

E F2

U 9

U k

4 34 7 78

4 10 1 133

6 1 1 71

3 6 9 1

1 07 2 11

3 0 0 1 3 3 2 3 2 2 0 1 1 7 4 1 0

0 0 0 3 0 5 2 1 1 8 6 1 1 3 0 0 0

1 0 0 2 0 0 1 8 4 0 0 2 2 0 0

8 7

6 7

2 9

1 1 1 1 0 8 0 0 2

2 0 0 3 2 0 6 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 4

2 0 0 4 1 0 1 2 8 0 0 2 0 1 0 3 0

0 0 0 1 5 0 1 0

0 0 2 0 2 0 0 1

0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0

7 7 4

5 3 4

1 1 5

1 3 0 0 3 0 4 3 3 7 0 1 2 3 2 0 0

4 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 3

0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0

1 3 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 1 0 1 2 0 1 0 0

2 3 1 10

0 0 4 0 5 0 0 2 1 1 4 1

7 1 2 6 0 0 0 3 1 0 1 1 1 5 0 3 0 4

1 0 7 8 1 6 1 1 5 1 4 0 6 4 0 1 1 1

5 7 4 1 1 35

2 5 1 2 4 4

3 3 2 1 5 7

7 2 0 2 9

6 3 1 2

0 1 1

2 1 3

4 8 1 3

2 4 3 2 1 75 2 2 09 1 4 4 0 1 08 0 3 3 0 6 4 4 1 9 1 0

1 0 0 0 5 3 2 6 0 2 3 0 3 0 0 3 0 5 0 8 0 3 0 0

1 0 0 2 9 0 1 1 0 1 7 0 2 0 1 5 0 3 0 1 0 5 0 1

2 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 3 0 1 0 0 4 1 1 0 3 0 0 0 0

5 0 0 1 2 0 8 0 7 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 5 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 3 0 0 0 1 0 I 0 0 4 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

5 9 7 5

1 5 2 6

2 8 3 5

8 8

1 3

5 1 1

4 6 2 , 9 3 7 4 7

2 7 3 2 1 2 9 1 5

0 3 0 0 2 0 2

0 1 0 0 0 1 2

2 2 0 0 1 1 8 1 1

5 39 5 99 3 2 0 7 9 6 2 52 8 7 1 8279

8 7 1 16 1 2 4 1 0 5 5 5 3 4 4 837

2 974

1 567

3 0 0 0 1 5 1 . 1 971

3 21

1 84

5 07

T ABLE 2 .

T ABULATION O F O BSIDIAN P IECE S B Y T YPE S ub-phase d esignations

O bsidian P ieces b y C ategory B lade C ores 1 -directional, p yramidal b ipolar . p yramidal 1 -direct. ‚ parallel-sided b ipolar,

p arallel-sided

1 -directional, o ther m ultidirectional B lade C ore F rarments t ablets a nd p latforms c rested b lades

v arious f ragments

F lake C ores 1 -directional, p yr a midal m ultidirection-discoidal m ultidirection-spheroid F lake C ore F ragments S UBTOTALS T otal b lade T otal b lade T otal f lake T otal c ores

F lakes a nd f ragments

c hips a nd c hunks

G P

B PP

C P

C ache UP

B uildings

R 20-2

E F2

0 9

U k

S ize n ormal m icro. n ormal n ormal m icro. n ormal m icro. n ormal m icro. n ormal m icro.

2 o O O 0 1 O O O O O

1 1 5 4 8 4 2 2 0 0 0 1

7 1 1 1 4 0 0 0 0 0 1 1

2 1 0 1 0 2 1 0 0 0 0

0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0

1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0

o 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 1 0 1 o 1 0 0 0 0 0

n ormal n ormal-utilized m icro. n ormal n ormal-utilized m icro. m icro.-utilized n ormal n ormal-utilized m icro. m icro.-utilized

6 O O 4 O O O 5 2 0 O

3 0 2 1 0 2 1 2 5 2 3 2 2 2 0 0

3 0 0 1 3 1 7 0 4 o 2 5 0 1 0

1 7 0 5 5 0 2 o 5 1 1 9 1

3 0 0 3 0 0 0 1 0 9 2 0

o o o 4 0 o 0 0 2 0 0

0 o 0 0 0 o o 0 0 0 0

2 0 0 0 0 o 0 2 0 0 0

0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 7 0 0

n ormal n ormal n ormal m icro. n ormal n ormal-utilized m icro.

O O O o 5 2 O

1 1 4 1 6 3 9 7

0 0 1 0 2 9 0 o

0 0 3 0 1 02 2 0

0 1 3 1 1 1 3 4

0 0 0 o 0 2 o

0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 5 1 1 0

0 0 1 1 1 0 0

c ores c ores a nd f ragments c ores a nd f ragments a nd c ore f ragments ( all k inds)

U nmodified ( waste) P ieces B lades a nd f ragments

M isc,

B P

n ormal n ormal w /cortex m icro. n ormal n ormal w /cortex m icro. m icro. w /cortex n ormal n ormal w /cortex m icro m icro w /cortex

S UBTOTALS T otal u nmodified b lades a nd f ragments T otal u nmodified f lakes a nd c hips T otal u nmodified p ieces ( all k inds)

3 2 0 7 2 7

3 7 1 63 8 6 2 49

2 5 1 15 3 0 1 45

7 9 8 1 07 2 05

6 3 3 2 3 5 6

2 8 2 1 0

1 1 0 1

0 4 5 2 5 6

3 1 2 3 1 5

2 3 O 3 2 4 1 1 2 1 6 O 1 O .

1 59 2 8 0 4 04 7 1 04 9 1 47 2 8 2 4

5 0 0 3 1 1 42 1 1 10 0 8 7 1 5 5 0

4 2 4 4 1 64 2 7 3 0 1 01 0 1 04 0

3 8 0 2 2 1 08 0 4 7 0 4 0 2 5 6 0

3 0 0 3 o 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 4 1 o 0 0 3 o 0 0

2 0 0 6 0 4 0 3 o 0 0

9 0 6 3 8 0 1 0 0 2 1 o 1 2 0

8 1 3 96 4 77

5 0 4 44 4 94

6 0 2 53 3 13

3 3 6

4 4 8

2 1 3 1 5

1 5 8 1 9 6

2 57 2 8 3 34 7 8 2 12 1 08 4 1 0 1 1 44 1 1 6 1 19 4 3 6 0

2 36 4 1 5 19 1 60 2 35 9 5 3 7 0 5 1 29 0 3 1 80 0 8 3 o

9 7 8 3 2 53 1 54 1 38 7 5 1 7 0 3 4 4 0 1 0 4 1 0 4 o

8 o 2 4 1 1 2 3 2 0 o 4 0 0 6 0 0 o

0 o 5 0 3 1 1 0 o 0 o o 9 0 0 o

1 7 o 2 5 0 2 4 0 4 0 0 1 3 o 0 1 9 0 2 o

4 6 3 1 07 2 0 4 7 1 8 4 0 2 2 7 0 5 2 5 0 0 o

8 00 1 19 9 19

4 8 1 2 6 0

9 1 0 1 9

6 6 3 8

2 41

2 6 4 5 7 1

U se M odified B lades a nd F lakes I ntensely u tilized b lades n ormal m icro. M oderately u tiliz.blades n ormal m icro. ormal S lightly u tilized b lades n m icro. I ntensely u tilized f lakes n ormal n ormal w /cortex m icro. M oderately u tiliz alakes n ormal n ormal w /cortex m icro. S lightly u tilized f lakes n ormal /cortex n ormal w m icro. m icro. w /cortex S UBTOTALS T otal U se M odified B lades lakes T otal U se M odified F lades a nd F lakes T otal U se M odified B ragments R etouched B lades a nd F n ormal F lat r etouch m icro. n ormal S teep r etouch m icro. n ormal N ibbled r etouch m icro. D enticulated & n ot c hed n ormal m icro. S UBTOTAL des a nd f ragments T otal r etouched b ia ragments R etouched F lakes a nd F n ormal F lat r etouch m icro. n ormal S teep r etouch m icro. n ormal N ibbled r etouch m icro. n ormal D enticulated & n otched S UBTOTALS a n d f ragments T otal r etouched f lakes nd f lakes T otal r etouched b lades a

3 5 5 6 1 8 5 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 0 O 1 4 6 9 1 4 o 1 73 1 03 2 76

2 35 2 9 5 31 1 21 3 64 1 62 7 9 0 5 1 78 3 1 9 1 76 4 4 4 2 1 442 5 10 1 952

1 017 3 62 1 379

1 286 4 37 1 723

3, 6 2 +

3 1 6 O 1 8 2 1 O

2 9 2 5 3 4 1 21 1 8 4 2

2 2 1 3 7 3 1 30 2 6 1 4 o

1 9 1 5 6 7 1 11 2 2 1 2 5

1 4 1 2 9 6 1 02 1 0 1 6 5

0 0 0 0 4 o o 0

0 o 0 1 4 0 o 0

1 o 3 0 1 3 1 0 0

8 0 1 2 3 2 3 0 6 0

3 1

2 33

2 33

2 33

1 83

4

5

1 8

5 2

3 1 3 0

o 0 0 0

o o o 0

1 o o 0

o o 2 0

0 1

0 o

1 0

0 o

0 1

1 6

1 1 9

4 5 6

O o 1 O 2

O O

3 3 4 T ABLE 2 .

2 41 7 59 1 000

8

o 1 6 0 3 1 4 2 6 1 2 94

1 6 o 1 6 2 5 1 0 3 8 8 3 21

C ontinued, n ext p age.

6 9

1 3 o 9 3 2 2 0 0 4 7 2 10

8

1 6 1 99

o 0 4

0

0

1

T ABLE 2 .

T ABULATION O F O BSIDIAN P IECES B Y T YPE, ( CONT.) S ubphase d esignations

O bsidian

P ieces b y C ategory

D istinct T ool T ypes: S crapers E nd s craper o n a b lade n ormal n ormal S ide s craper o n a b lade n ormal n ormal E nd s craper o n a f lake n ormal n ormal S ide s craper o n a f lake n ormal n ormal C ircular s crapers n ormal n ormal S teep s crapers n ormal C ore s crapers n ormal m icro, n ormal

B P b y b y b y b y b y b y b y b y b y b y b y b y b y b y

u se r etouch u se r etouch u se r etouch u se r etouch u se r etouch r etouch u se u se r etouch

S UBTOTALS T otal b lade s crapers ( end & s ide) T otal f lake s crapers ( end, s ide, & c ircular) T otal s crapers ( all k inds) D istinct T ool T ypes: B urins

M iscellaneoua n ormal m icro B urin s palls m icro P erforators n ormal m icro P erfor., p oorly d efined n ormal m icro. F abricators m icro B acked b lades,both e dges n ormal m icro. B acked b lades, o ne e dge n ormal m icro. G eometrics n ormal T anged p ieces n ormal M iscellaneous n ormal m icro.

S UBTOTALS T otal p erforators T otal b acked b lades T otal m iscellaneous d istinct t ool

t ypes

V arious T ypes n ot i ncluded a bove B urned p ieces n ormal O ther m isc, p ieces n ormal

0 0 0 o 0 0 0 0 0 0 o 0 0 0

4 9 4 1 5 7 3 0 o 7 1 1 o 3

T OTAL F LINT A ND O BSIDIAN P IECES

B PP 0 8 2 1 3 8 0 1 0 4 o 8 o 1

C L ' 6 6 2 0 I . 2 4 3 0 o 1 o o 2

C ache L IU '

R 20-2

4 2 2 3 3 1 2 0 3 o o o 1 1

B uildings E F2

U 9

U 4

0 o o 0 0 0 0 0 0 o o o o 0

,0 o 1 0 0 o 0 0 0 o o o o o

0 o o 0 0 o 1 0 0 o o o o o

0 1 1 0 0 o 1 0 1 o 0 0 o o

0 0 0

1 0 1

0 1 1

2 2 4

0 0 0

1 8 2 2 4 0

1 1 1 6 2 7

1 4 1 0 2 4

1 1 9 2 0

2 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

1 1 1 8 1 5 1 1 4 5 1 8 3 4 8 1 3 0 0

0 0 0 4 9 2 3 0 0 5 0 8 3 3 1 7 0 0 3 0

0 0 1 1 7 0 5 0 0 8 1 1 0 4 6 9 0 7 1 1

0 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 4 2 1 5 2 4 4 0 0 1 0

0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 3 7 3 0 0 I 0

1 8 5 8 9

1 o 1

0 o 0

1 1 3

0 2 3 2 4

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

2 1 5

1 5 1 05 1 28

0 o

T OTAL O BSIDIAN P IECES O F A LL T YPES

T ABLE 3 a .

G P

0 2

5 4 1 08 1 65 1 0

2 2 1 46 1 78 9 0

.

4 13

3 665

2 515

2 912

1 596

8 1

3 5

1 98

4 99

7 312

2 1944

7 352

5 887

3 163

2 052

3 56

3 82

1 006

D IAGNOSTIC R ATIOS O F F LINT P IECES S ub-phase d esignations

B lade c ores t o a ll c ores B lade c ores & f ragments t o a ll c ores & f ragments P yramidal b lade c ores t o p yr. & p arallel s ided B lade c ores: m icrolithic t o t otal F lake c ores: m icrolithic t o t otal B lade c ores: u tilized t o t otal F lake c ores: u tilized t o t otal A ll c ores & f ragments: m icrolithic t o t otal A ll c ores & f ragments: u tilized t o t otal A ll c ores t o t otal f lint A ll c ores & f ragments t o t otal f lints U nmodified w aste p ieces: m icrolithic t o t otal U nmodified w aste p ieces t o t otal f lint I ntensely u tilized b lades t o a ll u tilized b lades I ntensely u tilized f lakes t o a ll u tilized f lakes U tilized b lades t o a ll u tilized p ieces U tilized p ieces: e icrolithic t o t otal U tilized p ieces t o t otal f lint R etouched b lades: m icrolithic t o t otal R etouched f lakes: m icrolithic t o t otal R etouched b lades t o r etouched b lades & f lakes B lade s crapers t o t otal s crapers E nd s crapers t o t otal s crapers T otal s crapers t o t otal r etouched p ieces T otal s crapers t o t otal f lint P ieces w ith t ip a ttention: m icrolithic t o t otal P ieces w ith t ip a ttention t o a ll r etouched p ieces P ieces w ith t ip a ttention t o t otal f lint T otal r etouched p ieces: m icrolithic t o t otal T otal r etouched p ieces t o t otal f lint T otal d istinct t ool t ypes t o t otal f lint U nmodified b lades t o t otal b lades U tilized b lades t o t otal b lades R etouched b lades t o t 6tal b lades T otal b lades t o t otal f lint P roportion o f u tilized b lades w ith s ickle s heen P roportion o f r etouched b lades w ith s ickle s heen R etouched s ickle b lades t o t ota : , , s ickle b lades B lades w ith s ickle s heen: m icrolithic t o t otal B lades w ith s ickle s heen t o t otal b lades B lades w ith s ickle s heen t o t otal f lint T otal f lint p ieces: m icrolithic t o t otal

C ache

B uildings

B P

G P

B PP

C F

L IU

P 20-2

E F2

. 702 . 595 . 633 . 059 . 083 . 024 . 111 . 051 . 028 . 018 . 093 . 050 . 259 . 124 . 042 . 608 . 062 . 536 . 043 . 071 . 363 . 468 . 574 . 080 . 007 . 186 . 193 . 016 . 072 . 085 . 026 . 064 . 809 . 127 . 403 . 043 . 290 . 520 . 095 . 072 . 029 . 057

. 583 . 519 . 446 . 107 . 047 . 062 . 291 . 092 . 187 . 017 . 084 . 150 . 306 . 135 . 053 . 517 . 128 . 497 . 067 . 007 . 858 . 422 . 444 . 081 . 007 . 590 . 322 . 029 . 227 . 092 . 040 . 114 . 756 . 130 . 340 . 039 . 234 . 511 . 032 . 060 . 021 . 138

. 694 . 483 . 833 . 120 . 000 . 000 . 091 . 056 . 087 . 007 . 067 . 169 . 276 . 170 . 103 . 590 . 115 . 526 . 024 . 013 . 794 . 568 . 523 . 084 . 009 . 103 . 166 . 018 . 034 . 108 . 033 . 073 . 777 . 150 . 399 . 040 . 246 . 556 . 007 . 070 . 028 . 115

. 380 . 496 . 500 . 105 . 000 . 211 . 194 . 033 . 129 . 017 . 081 . 129 . 222 . 136 . 044 . 538 . 0 m . 527 . 014 . 182 . 793 . 579 . 404 . 143 . 019 . 220 . 148 . 020 . 073 . 134 . 044 . 066 . 747 . 187 . 379 . 057 . 275 . 547 . 009 . 094 . 036 . 088

. 417 . 416 . 714 . 200 . 071 . 100 . 357 . 088 . 327 . 015 . 072 . 217 . 283 . 233 . 129 . 442 . 122 . 496 . 057 . 043 . 791 . 241 . 379 . 176 . 019 . 133 . 091 . 010 . 055 . 105 . 035 . 115 . 706 . 179 . 311 . 076 . 322 . 519 . 037 . 111 . 034 . 135

. 744 . 641 . 769 . 000 . 000 . 000 . 000 . 017 . 000 . 020 . 092 . 059 . 267 . 061 . 032 . 638 . 102 . 575 . 328 . 286 . 905 . 500 . 500 . 099 . 006 . 321 . 231 . 014 . 289 . 061 . 024 . 023 . 894 . 083 . 410 . 048 . 433 . 453 . 266 . 079 . 032 . 094

. 429 . 619 . 667 . 000 . 250 . 000 . 250 . 119 . 071 . 022 . 131 . 190 . 181 . 164 . 066 . 643 . 058 . 533 . 000 . 000 . 853 . 000 1 .000 . 023 . 003 . 000 . 186 . 025 . 000 . 134 . 028 . 067 . 738 . 195 . 464 . 013 . 207 . 750 . 000 . 054 . 025 . 0g1

7 0

U 9 . 500 . 652 1 .000 . 000 . 000 1 .000 . 000 . 000 . 043 . 011 . 109 . 067 . 245 . 073 . 056 . 604 . 044 . 495 . 000 . 000 . 933 . 667 . 667 . 143 . 016 . 000 . 048 . 005 . 000 . 114 . 033 . 092 . 724 . 184 . 413 . 055 . 143 , . 490 . 000 . 066 . 027 . 038

U 4 . 571 . 250 . 667 . 250 . 000 . 000 . 333 . 028 . 417 . 014 . 071 . 075 . 318 . 212 . 140 . 493 . 081 . 416 . 033 . 000 . 732 . 308 . 462 . 200 . 026 . 200 . 077 . 010 . 046 . 128 . 047 . 095 . 703 . 203 . 292 . 135 . 300 . 391 . 087 . 155 . 045 . 065

T ABLE 3 1 D.

D IAGNOSTIC R ATIOS O F O BSIDIAN P IECE S S ubphase d esignations B P

B lade c ores t o a ll c ores 1 .000 B lade c ores & f ragments t o a ll c ores & f ragments . 741 P yramid.blade c ores t o p yramid.& p arallel s ided . 667 B lade c ores: m icrolithic t o t otal . 000 F lake c ores: m icrolithic t o t otal . 000 A ll c ores & f ragments: m icrolithic t o t otal . 000 A ll c ores & f ragments: u tilized t o t otal . 148 A ll c ores t o t otal o bsidian . 007 A ll c ores & f ragments t o t otal o bsidian . 065 U nmodified ( waste) p ieces: m icrolithic t o t otal . 099 U nmodified p ieces t o t otal o bsidian . 172 I ntensely u tilized b lades t o a ll u tilized b lades . 231 I ntensely u tilized f lakes t o a ll u tilized f lakes . 126 U tilized b lades t o a ll u tilized p ieces . 627 U tilized p ieces: m icrolithic t o t otal . 149 U tilized p ieces t o t otal o bsidian . 668 R etouched b lades: m icrolithic t o t otal . 097 R etouched f lakes: m icrolithic t o t otal . 000 R etouched b lades t o r etouched b lades & f lakes . 912 B lade s crapers t o t otal s crapers E nd s crapers t o t otal s crapers T otal s crapers t o t otal r etouched p ieces . 000 T otal s crapers t o t otal o bsidian . 000 P ieces w ith t ip a ttention: m icrolithic t o t otal . 000 P ieces w ith t ip a ttention t o a ll r etouched p ieces . 051 D ouble b acked b lades t o t otal b acked b lades 1 .000 B acked b lades: m icrolithic t o t otal . 000 B acked b lades t o t otal r etouched p ieces . 128 B acked b lades t o t otal o bsidian . 002 T otal r etouched p ieces: m icrolithic t o t otal . 077 T otal r etouched p ieces t o t otal o bsidian . 094 T otal d istinct t ool t ypes t o t otal o bsidian . 012 U nmodified b lades t o t otal b lades . 113 U tilized b lades t o t otal b lades . 752 R etouched b lades t o t otal b lades . 135 T otal b lades t o t otal o bsidian . 557 T otal o bsidian p ieces: m icrolithic t o t otal . 123

T ABLE 3 c.

G P

B PP

. 841

. 961

. 655 . 556

. 324 . 143 . 229 . 068 . 012 . 068 . 279 . 273 . 183 . 165

. 739

. 196

. 533

. 793 . 391

. 080 . 000 . 138 . 000 . 010 . 058 . 411 . 190 . 280 . 116

. 737

C ache

C P

R 20-2

E F2

U 9

. 600

1 .000 . 800

1 .000 1 ;000

. 071 -

. 600 . 067

. 000 . 000 . 400 . 025 . 123 . 000 . 074 . 167 . 167 . 800 . 067

. 000 1 .000 . 000 . 029 . 029 . 500 . 229 . 000 . 100 . 474 . 053

. 000 . 000. . 018 . 000 . 283 . 267 . 076 . 258 . 105

. 500 . 133 . 466 . 010 . 030 . 292 . 192 . 203 . 095

. 225

. 200 . 161 . 250 . 006 . 035 . 399 . 196 . 225 . 168 . 871 . 358

. 019

. 158

. 000 -

. 700

. 478 . 429

. 589 . 500 . 333

. 286 . 000 . 093 . 020 . 003 . 070 . 366 . 170 . 215 . 096

. 746

. 194

. 548

. 591

. 129 . 023

. 150 . 064

. 120 . 062

. 450 . 625 . 087 . 011 . 133 . 032 . 600 . 248 . 227 . 029 . 132 . 126

. 407 . 704 . 053 . 011

. 583 . 625 . 050 . 008

. 550 . 450 . 065 . 013

. 126

. 046

. 753

. 122 . 523 . 213

. 726

. 832

. 037

. 741

. 92o

. 000

. 105

. 5oo . 000

. 576

. 112 . 066

. 793

1 .000

. 000 . 000

. 000

. 046

. 623

. 67o .

. 231 . 211 . 043 . 115 . 204

. 130 . 303 . 050 . 122 . 165

. 061 . 764 . 175

. 032 . 820 . 149

. 224 . 276 . 053 . 153 . 193 . 068 . 058 . 767 . 175

. 215

. 222

. 320

. 076

. o69

. 529

. 539

. 200 . 167

. 229

. 012

. 056 . 679

. 635

L . 5 : 6 . 7 . 8 .

9 . 1 0. 1 1. 1 2. 1 3 . 1 4. 1 5. 1 6. 1 7.

. 793

. 609 . 058

. 000

. 000 . 929 . 500 . 250 . 048 . 008

. 947

. 000 . 000 . 043 . 005

. 000

. 043

_

. 000

1 .000

. 565

. 000 . 043 . 005 . 043

. 261

. 020 . 023 . 767 . 209

. 056 . 049 . 782 . 169

. 035

. 174

. 116

. 514

. 434

C ache

B P

G P

' DPP

C P

L RP

. 274

. 046 . 107

. 168

. 617

. 040 . 038 . 069 . 062 . 076 . 000 . 017 . 016 . 001 . 027 . 115 . 027 . 127 . 412 . 006 . 002 . 025 . 061 . 056 . 060

. 139 . 152 . 177 . 216 . 235 . 229 . 027 . 025 . 005 . 017 . 236

. 310 . 264 . 351 . 495 . 408 . 380 . 380 . 019 . 015 . 018 . 495

. 128 . 371 . 008 . 001 . 041 . 151

. 160 . 444 . 010 . 001 . 048 . 149

. 201

. 520

. 461 . 428 . 524 . 548 . 582 . 296 . 272 . 014 . 025 . 018 . 712 . 605 . 165 . 458 . 014 . 000 . 057 . 154 . 495 . 979

. 331 . 414 . 542 . 651 . 682 . 408 . 067 . 005 . 027 . 017 . 669 . 665 . 176 . 484 . 015 . 001 . 052 . 241 . 505 1 .019

1 8

6 1

1 9

3 4

1 7

. 186

. 167

. 545

. 342

B uildings

8 20-2 _

E F2

U 9

0 4

. 052 . 011 . 050 . 040 . 064 . 000 . 034 . 014 . 000 . 031 . 021 . 021 . 082 . 421 . 006 . 002 . 023 . 092 . 039 . 041

. 023 . 121

. 709 . 250

. 294

. 140 . 108 . 500 . 000 . 022 . 000 . 022 . 235 . 100 . 203

. 523 . 531 . 250 . 500 . 005 . 003 . 013 . 500 . 400 . 198

. 564 . 675 . 235 . 000 . 005 . 023 . 023 . 725 . 538 . 180

. 006 . 000 . 028 . 096 . 098 . 109

. 010 . 000 . 026 . 037 . 518 1 .076

. 017 . 000 . 052 . 119 . 496 . 984

. 281

. 016

. 065

. 318

. 100

. 469

1

. 533

. 424

1 2

9

W EIGHTS O F P IECES I N G RAMS S ub-phase d esignations

1 . 2 . 3 .

. 333 . 333

. 525 . o55

. 833

. 049

. 062

. 000

U Z

F LINT A ND O BSIDIAN R ATIOS

O bsid. c ores & f ragments t o a ll c ores & f ragments O bsid. u nmodified p ieces t o a ll u nmodified p ieces O bsidian u tilized p ieces t o a ll u tilized p ieces O bsidian r etouched p ieces t o a ll r etouched p ieces O bsidian b lades t o a ll b lades O bsidian s crapers t o a ll s crapers O bsidian t ip a ttention t o a ll t ip a ttention P ieces w ith t ip a ttention t o a ll f lint & o bsid. B acked o bsidian b lades t o a ll f lint & o bsid. B lades w ith s ickle s heen t o a ll f lint & o bsid. O bsidian m icroliths t o a ll m icroliths D istinct o bsid.tool t ypes t o a ll d istinct t ools P roportion o f b lades w ith r etouch T otal b lades t o t otal f lint a nd o bsidian T otal s crapers t o t otal f lint a nd o bsidian T otal b urins t o t otal f lint a nd o bsidian D istinct t ool t ypes t o t otal f lint a nd o bsidian T otal f lint a nd o bsidian: m icrolithic t o t otal O bsidian t o o bsidian 8 , f lint O bsidian t o f lint p ieces P roportion o f p ieces f rom r espective p hase i n e ach c ultural u nit

T ABLE 4 .

. 543

. 873 . 073

. 200 . 000 . 000 . 000

. 654

. 000 1 .000

1 .000 . 000 . 143 . 029 . 000 . 000 . 000 . 286 . 200 . 029 . 222 . 500 . 278

. 000

. 003

. 537

S ub-phase d esignations

N UMBER O F E XCAVATION U NITS I N S AMPLE

B uildings

L RP

U nmodified p ieces o f f lint I ntensely u tilized b lades o f f lint M oderately u tilized b lades o f f lint T otal u tilized b lades o f f lint I ntensely u tilized f lakes o f f lint M oderately u tilized f lakes o f f lint T otal u tilized f lakes o f f lint T otal f lint p ieces U nmodified p ieces o f o bsidian I ntensely u tilized b lades o f o bsidian M oderately u tilized b lades o f o bsidian T otal u tilized b lades o f o bsidian I ntensely u tilized f lakes o f o bsidian M oderately u tilized f lakes o f o bsidian T otal u tilized f lakes o f o bsidian T otal o bsidian p ieces T otal f lint a nd o bsidian p ieces

7 1

B P

G P

B PP

C P

L RP

5 .41

5 .43

2 .60 2 .78 4 .92

2 .41 2 .63 4 .30

3 .32

7 .97 2 .48

3 .40 3 .06

2 .88 6 .94

6 .27 4 .01 5 .68

4 .96 4 .84 3 .84

6 .08 5 .20 7 .40

4 .28 4 .01 3 .83 8 .19

5 .26

6 .68 6 .80

6 .44 . 70 1 .06 . 88 . 87 3 .00 1 .00 1 .81 1 .91 6 .08

1 .20 2 .47

1 .16

1 .47 3 .21 2 .32 3 .18 1 .55 5 .13

2 .29 2 .39 3 .47

1 .22 1 .39 1 .01 1 .05 3 .58 5 .62 5 .70 1 .93 3 .09

3 .69 3 .92 4 .89

1 .20 1 .85 2 .96 2 .97 2 .07 2 .07 2 .08

3 .79

5 .29

4 .22 5 .07

. 80 1 .88 . 84 . 94 2 .00 1 .66 1 .74 1 .19 4 .44

. 374 . 590

.

. 453

8

C HAPTER

3

T HE g AYÖN i i G ROUND S TONE b y M ichael K .

D avis

I NTRODUCTION T his s ection c ontains a r ecord o f t he g round s tone a rtifacts r ecovered d uring t he f irst s even s easons o f e xcavation a t ; ayönt i ( through 1 980). I ncluded i n t he d escriptions a re a ll o f t he o bviously u tilitarian a rtif acts e xcept f or s maller f ine-grained s tone b owls. A lso e xcluded a re s mall a rtifacts o f f ine-grained s tone w hich a re b elieved t o h ave b een f or p ersonal o rnamentation o r f or o ther n on-utilitarian p urposes. I n e ffect, t he s tone a rtifacts p resented h ere a re p rimarily l arge a rtifacts, p resumably made f or i mmediate p ractical u ses. T hey w ere s haped b y c hipping a nd p ecking a nd f inished b y g rinding a nd, o ccasionally, p olishing. M ost o f t he o bjects d iscussed h ere w ere made o f b asalt. T here a re e xtensive b asalt o ccurrences a bout 2 0 k m s outh o f ; ayönü o n t he D iyarbakir p lain. O ther r aw materials i nclude s erpentine, s teatite, g ranite, c hert, s andstone a nd l imestone. T here i s a g ood e xposure o f l imestone j ust a cross t he r iver, s outh o f ç ay5nu. T he e xact s ources o f t he o ther materials, h owever, a wait identification. T he r eport w hich f ollows i s m eant t o b e p rimarily d escriptive. I p lan a f urther s tudy t hat w ill c onsider h ow t he g round s tone i nventory r eflects t he d aily l ife o f t he ; ayönü i nhabitants d uring t he s ite's m ain p rehistoric p hase. G round s tone a rtifacts a re e specially p lentiful a t ; ayönt i a nd d emonstrate a w ide r ange o f m orphological c haracteristics. T raditional c ategories s uch a s p estles, h andstones, a nd c elts a re r epresented b y d ozens o f c omplete s pecimens a nd, i n s ome c ases, b y s cores o f r ecognizable f ragments. T aking i nto c onsideration t he l imited e xpos ures i n b oth t he e arliest n ow-available s ub-phase a nd t he r ather r estricted o ccurrences o f c ontexts w ith t he b uilding t races f irst a ssigned t o a " large r oom" s ub-phase ( see p .5), t he g round s tone i ndustry a ppears t o h ave c hanged l ittle o ver t he a pproximately h alf m illenium o f ; ayönü ls main p rehistoric p hase. A lthough t his c ollection i llustrates l imited m orphol ogical c hanges t hrough t ime, i t e xhibits a w ide s pectrum o f u se-wear p atterns. D iverse s igns o f s uperficial

7 3

a brasion, c hipping, a nd e rosion f rom u se a re o bserved o n c omplete e xamples a nd e specially o n large n umbers o f f ragments. 2 8

2 8

LB

. I • •••• •

• • •

0 I

2 0L

A D 1 9M

f r om l U

1 9

N

H E H B

HA

S A

B -NE S B IT

S E

K 2

2 7N

H O

H D

1 0 I

2 pm

X

K 3

K 5 2 7M

2 1M

I

K 8

K 6