Late Prehistoric Bison Procurement in Southeastern New Mexico: The 1977 Season at the Garnsey Site 9780932206732, 9781951538392

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MUSEUM OF ANTHROPOLOGY, THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN

TECHNICAL REPORTS Number 8

RESEARCH REPORTS IN ARCHAEOLOGY Contribution 4

LATE PREHISTORIC BISON PROCUREMENT IN SOUTHEASTERN NEW MEXICO: THE 1977 SEASON AT THE GARNSEY SITE

by

John D. Speth William J. Parry

ANN ARBOR 1978

@1978 Regents of The University of Michigan The Museum of Anthropology All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America ISBN 978-0-932206-73-2 (print) ISBN 978-1-951538-39-2 (ebook)

TABLE OF CONTENTS iv v vii

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. LIST OF TABLES . ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 1.

INTRODUCTION .

1

2.

SITE DESCRIPTION .

2

3.

METHODOLOGY.

9

4.

STRATIGRAPHY . .

12

5.

THE BISON . . Inventory . . . . . . . . Condition and Treatment . . Minimum Number of Individuals. Age and Sex. . . . . . . . Butchering . . . . . . . . . Method of Procurement . . . . .

19 19 19 20 21 26 29

. .. .

6.

LITHIC ARTIFACTS AND CERAMICS . . . . . . General Description of the Assemblage. Distribution of the Artifacts . . . . Condition of the Lithic Artifacts . . . Description of the Ceramic Artifacts . Description of the Lithic Artifacts.

33 33 33 33 34 34

7.

CONCLUSIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

48

APPENDIX I. BISON REMAINS FROM THE GARNSEY SITE APPENDIX II. SNAILS FROM THE GARNSEY SITE . . REFERENCES CITED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

iii

50

135 137

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS l.

2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

9. 10. ll. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22.

Location of Garnsey site in southeastern New Mexico. . . . . • Bottomless Lakes area~ New Mexico, showing location of Garnsey site (adapted from USGS Bottomless Lakes 7.5 Minute Quadrangle, Topographic Series) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . General view of Garnsey Wash and modern arroyo, facing southwest (south wall of Dimmitt sinkhole visible in background). . . . . Modern vegetation in undissected Comanche Wash . . . . . Bichrome red and black pictograph near spring in Garnsey Wash (scale in centimeters). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Garnsey site, showing areas excavated in 1977 (A, Band C are datum points) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Main excavation on north side of arroyo (facing southwest), showing 11 EF 11 and 11 GW channels in section, west wall of Units EFGH-14 (prominent bulk in background). . . . . . . . 11 EF 11 channel in section, west wall of EFGH-8, showing association of bison bones and artifacts with bank deposits and channel-bottom gravels (positions of artifacts and bones in Units EFGH-8 have been projected on to section). Spatial distribution of bison remains and artifacts, showing clusters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Observed versus expected number of skeletal elements Articulated front-end of bison in Units EF-9,10. . . Butchered lumbar vertebra. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Proximal ends of butchered ribs (center left and center right); spines of butchered scapulae (extreme left and extreme right) Butchered radius . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Butchered fragment of pelvis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Projectile points from the Garnsey site. . . . . . . . . . . . Bifaces (left, E-9/16; right, 0-2/16) and core (center, E-7/S) from Garnsey site (original lateral edge of specimen on left is toward top of photograph; note that scale is in inches). Frequency distribution of medial axis angle (No.=64) . . . . Frequency distribution of platform angle (No.=62). . . . . . Endscrapers (left, EF-4/S; right, F-9/S) from the Garnsey site (note that scale is in inches) . . . . . . . . . . . . Frequency distribution of edge angles of all tools (No.=38). Comparison of edge angles of utilized (No.=l2) and retouched (No.=22) tools. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

iv

3 4 5 6 7 10 13

14 16 25 27 28 30 31 32 36 38 40 40 44 45 46

LIST OF TABLES 1.

2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

7. 8.

9.

10. 11.

Radiocarbon dates from the Garnsey site (1977) . . . . • Inventory of bison remains (complete and fragmentary from the Garnsey site ( 1977) . . . . . . . . . . . . Minimum number of individuals (MNI) . . . . . . . . . Lithic materials utilized at the Garnsey site . . . . • Metric attributes of unifacial lithic artifacts . . . Categorical attributes of unifacial lithic artifacts. Metric attributes that vary significantly among unmodified, uti 1i zed and uni facially retouched artifacts . . . . . . . Matric attributes that vary significantly among categories of lithic material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Maximum thickness and length/thickness ratio among categories of lithic material . . . . . . . . . . Edge angles of utilized and retouched tools . . . . Edge angles of tools grouped according to pattern of edge damage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . APPENDIX I.

15 20 22 35 39 41 42 42 43 45 46

BISON REMAINS FROM THE GARNSEY SITE

12a-d. Skull (parts I-IV). . . . . . . . . . . . l3a-b. Mand·i b1e (Parts I-I I) . . . . . . . . . . 14. Hyoid . . . . . . . . . . 15. Miscellaneous loose teeth (incisor/canine). 16. Miscellaneous loose teeth (molar/premolar). 17. Miscellaneous tooth fragments 18. Atlas . . . . 19. Axis. . . . . . . . . 20. Cervical vertebra 21. Thoracic vertebra . . 22. Lumbar vertebra . 23. Sacrum. . . . . . . . . 24. Caudal vertebra . 25. Unidentifiable vertebral body 26. Unidentifiable vertebral pad. 27. Unfused vertebral summit. . 28. Rib . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 29. Miscellaneous rib-vertebral process fragments 30. Costa 1 cartilage. 31. Sternebra . 32. Scapula 33. Humerus . . . 34. Radius. . . . 35. Ulna. . . . . 36. Radi a1 carpal 37. Intermediate carpal 38. Ulnar carpal. . . 39. Accessory carpal. 40. Fused 2nd and 3rd carpa 1. 41. 4th carpal. . . 42. 5th metacarpal. . . . .

.

v

.

53 62 64 65 65 66 67 68 69 7l

74 76 77 78 79 81 82 85 91 92 93 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104

LIST OF TABLES

43. 44. 45.

46. 47. 48.

49. 50. 51.

5.2. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61.

62.

Metaca rpa 1 . Pelvis. Femur . . . . Patella . . . Tibia . . . As traga 1 us. . . . Lateral malleolus . Calcaneus . . . . Navicula-cuboid . 1st tarsal . . . . Fused 2nd and 3rd tarsal. 2nd metatarsa 1. Metatarsa 1. . Metapodi a1. . . 1st phalanx . . 2nd ph a 1anx . . 3rd phalanx . . . Proximal sesamoid Distal sesamoid . . . . . . . Unidentifiable bone fragments . APPENDIX II.

63.

105 106 109

110 111 112 113

114 115 116 117 117

118 119

120 122 124 126 128 129

SNAILS FROM THE GARNSEY SITE

Snails.

136

vi

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The Bureau of Land Management (BLM) has been extremely helpful to us in all stages of our research at the Garnsey site. In particular, we would like to acknowledge the assistance given the project by Mr, James H. o•connor, District Manager of the BLM for the Roswell District, New Mexico; and also the assistance provided by Ms. Ann Ramage, District Archaeologist for the BLM, also in Roswell. We are especially grateful to Mr. Leo Flynn, BLM archaeologist in Santa Fe, New Mexico, for notifying us of the existence and potential importance of the site and for his continuing encouragement and interest. We also are grateful to Mr. Dan Harrison of Roswell who brought the site to the attention of the BLM. We also would like to acknowledge the kindness and generosity of Elmer and Jane Garnsey, l oca 1 ranchers who 1ease the 1and on which the site is located from th8 BLM. They have shown considerable interest in the project and have been extremely helpful in innumerable ways. The site has been named in their honor. Several specialists have given freely of their time and knowledge. These include Richard I. Ford (Ethnobotany and Palynology), William R. Farrand (Geology), Jeffrey and Mary Parsons (Archaeology) and David and Cordelia Thomas Snow (Archaeology). The members of the crew were excellent, and we are truly grateful for their help. Those who participated for most or all of the season included Katherine Spielmann, Mark King, Katherine Maynes, Karen Mudar, Elissa Warantz and Joan Howe. During the month of June, we benefitted immeasurably from th~ assistance of Jeffrey and Mary Parsons and Alfred Speth. Penelope Pate, Jennie Neumann and Melinda Fertig have been very helpful in the analysis of the bison remains, assisting in various stages of the work from restoration and labeling to measurement and interpretation. Finally, we would like to express our gratitude to Mary Hodge and Katherine Spielmann for their invaluable help in preparing and editing the manuscript, to George Stuber for providing photographs of several of the archaeological specimens, and to other members of the University of Michigan Museum of Anthropology staff who assisted in the preparation of the report. Financial support for the project was provided by generous grants from the Museum of Anthropology and frcm the Horace H. Rackham School of Graduate Studies (Faculty Research Grant No. 387269), both of the University of Michigan.

vii

1.

INTRODUCTION

This report presents the preliminary results of the first season of excavation conducted at the Garnsey site in Southeastern New Mexico under Federal Antiquities Act Permit No. 77-NM-037. The primary objectives of this project were to establish the archaeological nature of bones exposed in the walls of an actively eroding arroyo, to determine the approximate age of these remains and to gain some preliminary insight into the nature of the prehistoric activities they represent. The investigations of the first season demonstrated that the Garnsey site was indeed archaeological. The bones were those of modern bison (Bison bison) and were the remains of a series of kill events dating to the late prehistoric and early historic periods. Bison kills of this age have not previously been investigated in New Mexico, despite the abundant ethnohistoric documentation of the importance of bison in Pueblo subsistence and ritual and despite the frequent recovery of bison remains from prehistoric and historic Pueblo ruins (cf. White 1942; Reed 1955). Similarly, few kills of this age have been investigated elsewhere in the Southern Plains, although there too, bison remains have been recovered in considerable quantity from late prehistoric and historic campsites and villages (Dillehay 1974; Greer 1976). The Garnsey site therefore offers the potential of providing valuable insights into the role of bison procurement in the subsistence and settlement systems of late prehistoric and early historic groups in and adjacent to the western margins of the Southern High Plains. In particular, analysis of the Garnsey site should complement studies of bison remains from campsites and villages, providing information on the technology of procurement, methods of processing, seasonal timing of procurement activities and so forth. Moreover, the bison remains from the Garnsey site, including the skulls, are relatively well preserved. Analysis of these remains provides a useful corpus of data that may be compctred systematically with contemporary materials from elsewhere in the: Plains. Such comparisons contribute to an understanding of the degree and nature of geographical variation in the skeletal morphology of modern bison and ultimately form an important component of studies concerned with the evolution of the bison during the Holocene. The principal objective of this report is to make available, as rapidly as possible, the results of the first season of excavation at the Garnsey site. Included in the report is an extensive appendix providing detailed measurements on all of the bone material recovered to date. It shI

4. STRATIGRAPHY The dates were run on specimens from the south side of the arroyo. The results probably reflect the chronological situation on the north side as well, but, because of the obvious problems of correlating between alluvial deposits on opposite sides of the arroyo, the dates should be applied to the north with caution. The dates on samples P-2/27 and P-3/55 are entirely consistent with the stratigraphy, and suggest that the most intensive period of bison procurement probably occurred during the 15th or early 16th century. Earlier and later kill events are indicated, however, by the presence of bison bones~ many showing clear signs of butchering, throughout most of the sequence exposed in the walls of th~ arroyo. These earlier and later kills will be investiqated in forthcoming fieldwork. Below the gravel beds containing the bison remains and artifacts, at a depth of about 1.8 m ·is a distinctive, lD-to 20-cm thick, greenish-grey soil horizon (Paleosol No. 2). A younger soil, referred to as Paleosol No. 1, is exposed in the arroyo walls farther upstream (see discussion below). Paleosol No. 2 probably reflects a period of widespread wet-meadow or marsh conditions in the wash (William R. Farrand, personal communication). This bed may be traced with little difficulty for at least 75 to 100m upstream from the area of the 1977 excavations. Downstream, the paleosol is more difficult to follow. The majority of bison bones occur above this horizon. The age of the paleosol and the amount of time it represents are not known. Below the paleosol for the next 80 em, the sediments consist of several distinct beds of reddish-brown to brown coarse sands and gravels, frequently graded, and commonly containing large, angular blocks of gypsum up to 50 em in diameter. Bison remains are present but rare in these deposits. At a depth of approximately 2.7 m below the surface of the wash, another paleosol (No. 3) may be clearly recognized. This horizon is about 35 em thick and consists of two parts. The basal 20 em is a greenish-grey paleosol very similar to the one observed immediately beneath the gravels (No. 2). The lower part grades upward into a dark brownish-grey silt to medium sand with very distinctive vertical, blocky joints. The paleoenvironmental significance of this transition is unclear. Below Paleosol No. 3, the deposits become sandier and lighter in color (light brown to yellowish-brown). The lowest meter of the sequence is obscured by a surficial layer of mudcracked silt, indicating that during flooding up to a meter of water may be ponded temporarily in the arroyo. A third, very distinctive greenish-grey paleosol (No. 1) becomes visible in the arroyo walls about 60 to 80 m upstream from the 1977 excavations. This prominent horizon genera1ly is over 20 em thick and in places approaches 40 em. This paleosol occurs about a meter below the rim of the arroyo and 50 to 80 em above Paleosol No. 2. The sediments above the upper soil horizon are relatively fine, light reddish-brown silts and sands and contain almost no bison bones. The sediments between the two paleosols (Nos. 1 and 2) are somewhat darker, 17

4.

STRATIGRAPHY

much coarser and contain frequent remains of bison. The upper paleosol has not been identified in the excavated area. A dark brown to black, possibly correlative, soil is exposed in the arroyo downstream from the site near the mouth of East Dimmitt Wash (William R. Farrand~ personal communication). In summary) there appear to be at least three distinct paleosols in the Garnsey Wash. Each of these horizons is overlain by beds of relatively coarse and poorly sorted alluvium. Bison were most intensively hunted in the wash during the period of alluviation following the formation of the second or middle paleosol. Limited radiocarbon evidence indicates that these procurement activities occurred during the 15th or early 16th century. Somewhat earlier and later kill events also occurred, at least intermittently, in the Garnsey Wash; the dating of these events remains to be established. The three paleosols may represent periods, perhaps brief, when yearround moist conditions persisted over large parts of the wash. There is no evidence as yet to show that these soils have more than local environmental significance. Fluctuations in the amount of moisture in the wash may be linked to local changes in the karstic terrain. The possibility, of course, exists that one or more of these soils do, in fact, reflect regional climatic conditions. These prominent horizons will be investigated in considerably greater detail in forthcoming fieldwork.

18

5.

THE BISON

Inventory A total of 2231 complete and fragmentary bones were recovered from the Garnsey site in 1977. These bones are tabulated in Appendix I~ and are accompanied by descriptive comments and measurements whtre appropriate. A key to the various symbols used in these tables also is provided. Of these bones, only three are non-bison (1 lumbar, 1 scapula, 1 radius). Although these three specimens have been included in the appendix, they have not as yet been identified to genus or species. A few additional non-bison remains have been omitted entirely from the tabulations in this report, because they too have not been identified. These include a number of rodent bones and several postcranial elements of a probable canid. Of the 2228 bison bones, 1063 (47.7%) complete and fragmentary specimens were identifiable to specific skeletal part, an additional 583 (26.2%) represent small fragments of ribs or vertebral processes and 582 (26.1%) are unidentifiable debris. Table 2 provides an inventory by skeletal element of these remains. This table should not be used to estimate minimum number of individuals, however, because several of the fragments listed for a particular skeletal element may derive from the same bone. Minimum number of individuals is treated separately in Table 3. Condition and Treatment The bones from the Garnsey site generally are in good to excellent condition. In several instances preservation is remarkable. A few of the scapulae, for example, still preserve portions of cartilage on their proximal extremities. In addition, costal cartilag~ and sternebrae are well preserved. Some specimens at approximately the same depth, however, are badly weathered and corroded. This is especially true of material from Units Q and R on the south side of the arroyo. Other specimens are slightly abraded, although only a few, very small fragments actually qualify as waterworn. The weathering and abrasion of some of the bones may be the result of exposure on the surface of the wash prior to burial. They also may be the product of post-depositional soil-forming processes. The most poorly preserved bones, as might be expected, are those that were partially or complete.ly exposed in the walls of the arroyo. These are bleached white, and many are cracked and very brittle. Most specimens required no treatment prior to removal. When permitted to dry out slowly, they became relatively hard and stable. Initially, we made liberal use of acetone to dry the bones and dilute Elmer's glue to strengthen them. It became apparent that in most cases such treatment was unnecessary. The only items that required extensive treatment both in the field and in the laboratDry were the skulls. They were thoroughly doused in the field with Elmer's glue and have been stabilized subsequently with a nonacetone- and nonwater-based lacquer ("Egyptian Cement"), recommended by the Museum of Paleontology at the University of Michigan. Specimens submitted for radiocarbon dating were left untreated. They were wrapped immediately in several 19

5.

THE BISON

Table 2. Inventory of bison remains (complete and fragmentary) from the Garnsey site (1977). Element 1. Skull 2. Mandible 3. Hyoid 4. Misc. Loose Teeth (Incisor/Canine) 5. Misc. Loose Teeth (Molar/Premolar) 6. Misc. Tooth Frags. 7. Atlas 8. Axis 9. Cervical (3-7) 10. Thoracic 11. Lumbar 12. Sacrum 13. Cauda 1 14. Unident. Vert. Body 15. Unident. Vert. Pad 16. Unfused Vert. Summit 17. Rib 18. Misc. Rib-Vert. Process Frags. 19. Costal Cartilage 20. Sternebra 21. Scapula 22. Humerus 23. Radius 24. Ulna

8

% 1.3 0.4 0.4

17

0.8

20 101 12

4. 5

No. 28 9

8

36 75 33

0.9 0. 5

0.4 1.6 3.4 1. 5

2

0. 1

18

0.8

11

0. 5 1. 9

43 12 85

0.5 3.8

583 51

26.2 2.3

19

0.9

44

2.0 0.7

15 13 14

0. 6

0.6

Element (cont.) No. % 25. Radial Carpal 9 0.4 26. Intermediate Carpal 12 0.5 27. Ulnar Carpa 1 9 0.4 28. Accessary Carpal 0.4 9 29. Fused 2nd-3rd Carpal 8 0.4 30. 4th Carpal 10 0.4 31. 5th Metacarpal 7 0.3 0.7 32. Metacarpal 15 33. Pelvis 25 1.1 34. Femur 14 0.6 35. Patella 5 0.2 36. Tibia 14 0.6 37. Astragalus 7 0.3 38. Lateral Malleolus 9 0.4 0.5 39. Calcaneus 11 40. Navicula-Cuboid 10 0.4 41 . 1s t Tarsal 2 0. 1 42. Fused 2nd-3rd Tarsal 4 0.2 43. 2nd Metatarsal 1 0. 1 44. Metatarsal 10 0.4 45. Metapodial 2 0.1 2. 1 46. 1st Phalanx 47 47. 2nd Phalanx 35 1.6 1.8 48. 3rd Phalanx 41 49. Proximal Sesamoid 52 2.3 0.9 50. Distal Sesamoid 21 51. Unident. Bone Frags. 582 26.1 TOTAL 2228 99.9

layers of aluminum foil and placed in labeled double plastic bags. One specimen {0-4/13), in close proximity to a skull, apparently became contaminated with Elmer•s glue and produced an aberrant date (see Table 1 above). Minimum Number of Individuals The minimum number of individuals (MNI) has been determined by dividing the number of each specific element recovered archaeologically by the number of that element in the animal. The results are tabulated in Table 3. The MNI are provided for each side of the arroyo separately, and for the site as a whole. The values for many of the elements presented in the table undoubtedly are conservative. For example, only proximal fragments of humeri, radii and ulnae have been used in the counts. Distal fragments have been excluded to avoid counting specimens that derive from the same bone. The decision as to 20

5. THE BISON which part of an element to use, of course, is arbitrary; distal fragments could have been used instead. The values given in Table 3 are biased in favor of skulls (a total of 15 individuals, including 3 immature animals). A concerted effort was made to salvage skulls that were eroding from the walls of the arroyo. Three of these skulls ( "BLM, CC-0035/1, F-0024/1) were found more than 20 m upstream from the 1977 excavations. Postcranial elements associated with these skulls were removed only if they too were in imminent danger of being destroyed by erosion or vandalism. Three other skulls (H-2/l, I-5/1, H-27/1)~ though found considerably closer to the main excavations, undoubtedly also contribute to some extent to the bias, again because associated postcranial elements were not removed. The areas from which skulls were salvaged will be investigated thoroughly in forthcoming excavations, eliminating much of the bias in tbe present MNI table. 11

The actual number of individuals represented in the 1977 materials is at least 17, including a minimum of 4 immature animals. In addition to the 12 mature and 3 immature crania, there are 2 mandibles with no age counterparts among the skulls (a neonatal individual and a three- to four-year old). The number of individuals just within the immediate area of the 1977 excavations (i.e., excluding the "BLM, CC-0035 and F-0024 specimens but including the two mandibles mentioned above) is 14, including 4 immature animals. The spatial distribution of these skulls and mandibles may be seen in Fig. 9. 11

Using 14 as the most reasonable estimate for the~ number of bison within the excavated areas and excluding all cranial and postcranial materials from the three upstream localities, it is possible to gain an impression of the degree to which each skeletal element deviates from the number to be expected if no parts were lost or removed from the site (Fig. 10). This figure must be regarded as extremely preliminary; it will almost certainly change in the future as the sample is enlarged and as a statistically less biased sampling procedure is introduced. Age and Sex Several different criteria have been used to age the Garnsey site cranial material: (l) eruption and wear sequence of the lower and upper dentitions (Frison et al. 1976, 1978; Reher 1974; Wilson 1974); (2) degree of fusion of the parietofrontal and frontal sutures (Shackleton et al. 1975); (3) degree of rugosity of the basal horn-core burr and orbital rim in males (Shackleton et al. 1975; Skinner and Kaisen 1947). The second and third criteria were useful, particularly in males, to distinguish between mature and immature specimens when the dentitions were missing. The data on age are included in the appropriate tables in Appendix I. The age estimates presented in this report probably may be made more precise, perhaps to the point of indicating the season of death. This has notbeen attempted in the present study, however, because adequate comparative materials were not at hand. Moreover, the rate of dental attrition in the 21

N N

-

-

-

-

R

-

Accessary Carpal: L

21.

R

R

L

Ulnar Carpa 1:

20.

R

R

Intermed. Carpal: L

R

L

19.

Ulna:

Radial Carpal:

J

R

L R L

18.

17.

16 . j Ra di us :

15.

12. 13. 14.

Atlas: Axis: gCervical: gThoracic: glumbar: Sacrum: gcaudal: Rib:

4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.

L

L R Costal Cartilage: .Sternebra: -z..Scapula: L R J Humerus: L

Hyoid:

3.

R

L

-

3 3 4 3

5

7(1) 4( 1)

e7(1) 4(1) 3 3 (1 ) 4 3 4 ( l) 15 ( 1 ) 29(2) 11 2 14 28(3) 40(4) 42 15 5 1 1 4(1) 2 4(1) 4(1) 4(1) 3 3 5 3 3 4 3

5

3(1) 4 3 4(1) 3(1) 3(1) 3 2 1 2(1) 3 (1 ) 2 3 5 1 1 4(1) 2 4 ( 1) 4 (1 ) 4(1) 3 3 5

3

North MNI

bNorth No.

aMinimum number of individuals (MNI)

Element 1. Skull: 2. Mandible:

Table 3.

8(2) 1 1 0 0 9 4 11 23(1) 11 0 3 7( 1 ) 7(2) 9 4 0 2 4(2) 4(2) 1 3(2) 0 2 1 2 0 2 2 1 2 0

esouth No.

2 0 2 2 1 2 0

1

3(2) 0 2

1

8(2) 1 1 0 0 9 4 3 2(1) 3 0 1 1( 1) 1 (1) 1 1 0 2 4(2) 4(2)

South MNI

4 6 3

5

4 '3(1) 4 12 8(1) 26 ( l) 52(3) 22 2 17 35(4) 47(6) 51 19 5 3 5(2) 8(3) 3 7(3) 4( 1) 6(1) 4 5 5 7

5(1)

15( 3)

dcombined No.

~3(2)

5 7 5 4 6 3

5

h4(2) h3 4 5 3 5(2) 8(3) 3 7(3) 4( l) 6(1) 4

4 f3(l) 5( 1) 12 8 (1) h6(1) h5(2) 6 2 1

5(1 )

15(3)

Combined MNI

-I

z

0

(../)

o:;J ,__,

rr1

:c

(.J'J

w

N

(cont.)

L

Naviculo-Cuboid:

1st Tarsal:

33.

34.

38.

35.

1st Phalanx:

Fused 2nd and 3rd Tars a 1: 36. .2nd Metatarsal: 37. JMetatarsal:

Calcaneus:

Latera 1 Ma 11 eo 1us: L

31.

32.

L

IIRII

nln

R

L

-

R

L

R

L

R

L

R

L

R

R

Astragalus:

30.

L

R

L

R

L

R

L

-

R

29. JTibia:

Patella:

L R

R L R

28.

27. j Femur:

26. kPelvis:

24 . . 5th Metacarpal: 25. JMetacarpal:

Element 22. Fused 2nd and 3rd Carpal: 23. 4th Ca rpa 1 : .

Tab 1e 3.

b

North No. 2 2 3 3 2 4(2) 4(1) 2 6 1 4 1 2 6 (1) 1 4 1 6 3 3 5(1) 5 5 0 1 1 3 1 5 3 14 17 ( 1 ) North MNI 2 2 3 3 1 4(2) 4(1) 2 6 1 4 1 2 6 (1) 1 4 1 6 3 3 5( 1) 5 5 0 1 1 3 1 5 3 4 5(1)

c

South No. 2 2 2 1 5 2 2 1 3(1) 1 1 ( 1) 1 1 0 5(3) 1 1 0 0 2 1 ( 1) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 ( 1) 4(1) 7 0 0 0 1 1 ( 1) 1(1) 2

0

South MNI 2 2 2 1 3 2 2 1 3( 1) 1 1 ( 1) 1 1 0 5(3) 1 1 0 0 2 1(1) 0 0 0

dCombined No. 4 4 5 4 7 6(2) 6(1) 3 9(1) 2 5(1) 2 3 6(1) 6(3) 5 2 6 3 5 6(2) 5 5 0 1 1 3 1 6 4( 1) 18(1) 24(1) 1 1 3 1 f7(1) 4(1) h5(1) 7{ 1)

0

Combined MNI 4 4 5 4 4 6(2) 6(1) 3 9( l) 2 5( 1) 2 3 6 (1 ) 6(3) 5 2 6 3 5 6(2) 5 5

0 2

Vl

1-1

o:1

rr1

-I

:c

()1

.

~

(con t . )

9 9

8

7 9 10

13(1)

bNorth No. 13 (1) 13(1) 12 North MNI 4(1) 4(1) 3 4(1) 2 3 3 2 3 3 0

3 10 3 2 2 1

11

South No. 6 3( 1) 5

South MNI 2 1(1) 2 3 1 3 1 1 1 1 10

11

dcombined No. 19 (1) 16(2) 17 24( 1) 10 19 13 10 4

h3 h4

6 4

h3

5(2) 5 6(1)

!7(2)

Combined MNI

aMNI (Minimum Number of Individuals); bison only; determined by dividing number of each specific elem~nt recovered archaeologically by number of that element in animal. North side of arroyo (Units A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I). ~South side of arroyo (Units CC, FF, 0, P, Q, R). North and South sides of arroyo combined. eNumbers in parentheses refer to number of immature elements and minimum number of immature indijiduals. Figure includes adjustment for number of immature individuals. ~Includes only specimens in which at least part of vertebral body is preserved. In most cases, the combined MNI obtained by dividing the combined or total number of an element for the site as a whole by the number of that element in the animal is identical to the figure obtained by adding the separate MNis for the North and South sides of the arroyo; the latter figure is used in those cases in which it is higher. ~Includes only specimens in which at least part of glenoid cavity and neck are preserved. ~Includes only specimens in which at least part of proximal end is preserved. Includes only specimens in which at least part of acetabulum is preserved.

42.

41.

40.

uLu IIRII uLu 3rd Phalanx: IIRII .. ,c IIL Proxima 1 IILII,P Sesamoid: IIRII ,c IIRII,P Distal Sesamoid: 11 L11 IIRU

Element 39. 2nd Phalanx:

Tab 1e 3.

z

0

(/)

.......

co

rrT

:r:

--i

U1

5.

SKULL ATLAS AXIS HUMERUS INTERMEDIATE CARPAL METACARPAL PELVIS CALCANEUS 1ST PHALANX CERVICAL (3-7) 3RD PHALANX T.IBIA NAVICULO CUBOID METATARSAL MANDIBLE RADIUS ULNA RADIAL CARPAL ULNAR CARPAL ACCESSORY CARPAL 4TH CARPAL LATERAL MALLEOLUS 2ND PHALANX LUMBAR FUSED 2ND 3RD CARPAL THORACIC HYOID SCAPULA 5TH METACARPAL FEMUR ASTRAGALUS PROXIMAL SESAMOID RIB STERNEBRA DISTAL SESAMOID PATELLA SACRUM FUSED 2ND-3RD TARSAL COSTAL CARTILAGE CAUDAL 1ST TARSAL 2ND ME~•~•n u

10

z

w

:::J

2

5

01::

LL

o~~--+--T--~~--r-~~~~--

40

60

100

80

MEDI AL AXIS

140

120

ANGL E ( 0

)

Frequen cy distribu tion of medial axis angle (No.

Fig. 18.

=

64).

15

>u

z

10

w

::>

0

w

at

5

u...

0 ~~2~0~--4~0--~6~0--~~8-0~~10~0~~,~20~~140

PlATFORM

Fig. 19.

ANGlE ( 0 )

Frequen cy distribu tion of platform angle (No. = 62). 40

6.

LITHIC ARTIFACTS AND CERAMICS

The non-metric attributes recorded for the assemblage of unifaoial lithic artifacts are summarized in Table 6. Table 6.

Categorical attributes of unifacial lithic artifacts No. 57 7

Attributes and Attribute State 1. Maximum Width Position: (a) Position 1 (b) Position 2 (c) Position 3 (d) Position 4 (e) Position 5 2. Platform Pre~aration: (a) Unmodified Cortex (b) Unmodified Tool Edge (c) Flat (d) Faceted 3. Platform Abrasion: (a) Present (b) Absent 4. Termination: (a) Feathered (b) Hinged 5. Dorsal Face: (a) Unmodified Cortex (b) Cortex with Flaking (c) Flat (d) Flaked 6. Condition: (a) Complete (b) Proximal Fragment (c) Distal Fragment (d) Medial or Lateral Fragment 7. ~:Unmodified Flake (b) Utilized Flake (c) Retouched Flake

6

16 13 15 69 15 15 32 7 70 24 46 87 62 25 135 10 9 25 91 125 52 14 21 38 137 118 11

8

%

12.3 10.5 28.1 22.8 26.3 21.7 21.7 46.4 10. 1 34.3 65.7 71.3 28.7 7.4 6.7 18.5 67.4 41.6 11.2 16.8 30.4 86.1 8.0 5.8

Three categorical or non-metric attributes were used to divide the unifacial lithic assemblage into a number of subsets. These attributes were condition, type and material (the latter is described in Table 4 above). The metric attributes of each subset were then compared to those of other subsets, in order to determine whether the mean values of the attributes under study are the same among all subsets. The statistical test employed was Analysis of Variance (F-test; 0.01 level of significance). The test was performed using MIDAS, Statistical Research Laboratory, University of Michigan. No significant differences were found in any metric attribute among different subsets of artifact condition. This indicates that the average dimensions 41

6.

LITHIC ARTIFACTS AND CERAMICS

of the broken pieces are essentially the same as those of the complete specimens. As a result, the values observed for the entire assemblage (Table 5) are representative of the population of complete artifacts, despite the fact that many broken items were included in the sample. The mean values of several metric attributes (length, width, bulbar thickness, maximum thickness and platform width) vary significantly among artifacts of different type (unmodified, utilized and retouched). The results of the Analysis of Variance are summarized in Table 7. In each case, retouched flakes had larger mean values of these attributes than utilized flakes, and utilized flakes had larger mean values than unmodified flakes. Table 7. Metric attributes that vary significantly among unmodified, utilized and unifacially retouched artifacts Attained Attribute No. Significance F-Sta ti sti c 1. Length 134 .0002 9.08 2. Width 134 .0002 9.42 3. Bulbar Thickness 6.18 75 .0033 4. Maximum Thickness 134 .0003 8.64 5. Platform Width 5.23 .0077 68

Only one metric attribute, the maximum thickness of flakes, was found to differ significant~ among categories of lithic material. The ratio of length to maximum thickness also behaved in a similar manner (see Tables 8 and 9). Table 8. material

Metric attributes that vary significantly among categories of lithic

Attribute 1. Maximum Thickness 2. LoglO Max. Thickness 3. Length/Thickness 4. LoglO Length/Thickness

No. 122 122 122 97

F-Statistic 3.41 3.03 6.40 2.95

Attained Significance .0006 .0020 .OQOl .0031

Data presented in Table 9 suggest that the flakes of probable non-local lithic materials tend to be thinner than the flakes of local materials. One obvious explanation for this rather interesting phenomenon is that local and non-local lithic materials differ in some fundamental way intheirmechanical properties. This seems unlikely. Since the majority of flakes are the products of resharpening, it is possible that different techniques of trimming tool edges were used for local and non-local materials. A third explanation is that the tools made from non-local materials tended to have steeper (i.e., larger) edge angles. The basis for this suggestion is as follows. 42

6.

LITHIC ARTIFACTS AND CERAMICS

Experiments were conducted in whicn steel balls of constant size were dropped from a fixed height on to massive equilateral and right-angle glass prisms (Speth 1978). These experiments were designed to i~vestigate the effects of varying platform angle and prism size on the shape and size of hard-hammer percussion flakes. The results indicate that for prisms of comparable size, an increase in the prism angle (the counterpart of the edge of a tool) from 45° to 60° was accompanied by a significant decrease in the average thickness of flakes, and by increases in the maximum possible flake length and in the average values of the length/width and length/thickness ratios. The results of these experiments suggest that the higher length/thickness ratios, observed among resharpening flikes of non-local materials, may be the direct outcome of trirrming tools with larger average edge angles. ln order to check this possibility, a very small sample of resharpening flakes from the Garnsey site, that preserved measureable remnants of the original working edge of the tool, were examined. The average edge angle of the nonlocal specimens was about nine degrees larger than that of the local pieces. The present sample is far too small to b~ conclusive, but it does at least very tentatively suggest that there may be consistent functional differences between tools made on local versus non-local materials. Table 9. Maximum thickness and length/thickness ratio among categories of 1i th i c rna teri a1 Lithic Material l. Grey-tan-and-blue chert 2. Grey chert 3. Chalky white-tan chert 4. Milky chalcedony 5. Igneous 6. Red-yellow chert 7. Quartzite 8. Yellow-tan chalcedony 9. Grey chalcedony 10. Banded chalcedony

Max. Thickness s Mean 2.12 3.15 1~61 2.54 1·. 94 3.08 1. 70 4.17 8.42 8.25 1.87 4.00 1.80 2.42 0~22 0.90 l. 14 1.90 1.04 2.20

No. 52 12 12 9 6 6 6 5 5

5

Length/Thickness s Mean 2.10 4.45 2.50 4.48 2.18 4.83 1. 21 3.59 1.99 3.42 1.57 3.59 1.63 3.79 4.40 12.00 4.08 6.45 2.45 6.21

Among the unifacial lithic artifacts under discussion are a small number of utilized and retouched specimens. These include 2 complete, unifacially retouched endscrapers (Fig. 20), fragments of 6 other unifacially retouched tools and 11 flakes or fragments with evidence of utilization. Both of the endscrapers are small (about 2 em in diameter) and very steep. There is no unambiguous evidence of hafting on either specimen. One of the endscrapers, however, is broken on the side opposite the retouch and has traces of crushing on the lateral edges adjacent to the break. Both features suggest that this specimen may have been hafted and that it broke during use, either at or within the haft (F-9/S). 43

6.

LITHIC ARTIFACTS AND CERAMICS

111111 t lllll t lllfl ' ljlllll II ' I 1'1' II jill llllt.l II3I I II I' II INCHES I 2

Fig. 20. Endscrapers (left, EF-4/S; right, F-9/S) from the Garnsey site (note that scale is in inches). Edge Characteristics of Tools: The obvious limitations of the very small sample of unifacially and bifacially retouched tools and utilized flakes from the Garnsey site prompted a close examination of the unmodified flakes, in the hope that additional inferences might be made concerning tool use. Previous work by Frison (1968) has indicated that tool utilization patterns often may be inferred from an analysis of the resharpening flakes. As has been previously noted, the majority of the lithic artifacts from the Garnsey site are believed to represent the biproducts of trimming the edges of various tools. Eighteen of the unmodified flakes (representing a minimum of 12 tools) showed unmistakable traces on their platforms of the original working edge of the tool from which they were removed . At least 8 of these trimming flakes were removed from bifacial tools of one sort or another. In most cases, the edge angle of the original tool, patterns of use-wear and characteristics of the retouch could be ascertained. For this reason, these attributes of the 18 resharpening flakes were included in the analysis of the otherwise extremely small collection of utilized and retouched tools. The biface (0-2/16) discussed above also has been included. The angles formed by the utilized and retouched edges of the tools varied widely, from a minimum of 20° to a maximum of 90°. The frequency distribution of these edge angles (Fig. 21) shows several modes, suggesting that the edge angles tend to cluster around certain values. There are two, and perhaps three distinct modes (20°-30°; 40°-50°; and 75°-85°)r The first mode (i.e.~ the smallest edge angles) corresponds almost exclusively to the utilized pieces. The second mode contains both utilized and retouched pieces. And finally, the third mode (i.e., the largest edge angles) consists almost entirely of retouched tools, both unifacial and bifacial (Table 10; Fig. 22).

44

6.

LITHIC ARTIFACTS AND CERAMICS

10

> u

z

w

~

5

0

w a:::

LL

0

20

40

Table 10.

80

100

EDGE ANGLE ( 0

TOOL Fig. 21.

60

)

Frequency distribution of edge angles of all tools (No.= 38).

Edge angles of utilized and retouched tools

Tool Type 1. Utilized 2. Unifacially Retouched 3. Bifacially Retouched 4. All Tools Combined

No. Edges

Mean 37.7° 63.3° 65.5° 56.6°

11

12 ll

37

s 16.3° 16.7° 16.2° 20.0°

Min. 20° 35° 30° 20°

Max. 80° goo goo goo

Several distinct patterns of macroscopic edge damage were observed on the working edges of tools. These were classified into four types: abrasion only, irregular chipping, microretouch and scalar retouch (the latter two forms of retouch, as noted earlier, correspond approximately to types 11 g11 and 11 e_, 11 respectively, as illustrated in Brezillon 1971:109). Mean edge angles differed markedly among subsets of tools that exhibited different forms of edge damage (Table 11).

45

6.

LITHIC ARTIFACTS AND CERAMICS

----

UTILIZED

FLAKES

RETOUCHED

10

TOOLS

> u

zw

~

5

I \

,.

::J

0

I

I

I \

\

\

\

I

w

I

I

01::

I

u..

I

0

I

20

40

60

80

100

ANGLE { 0 ) Fig. 22. Comparison of edge angles of utilized (No. = 12) and retouched (No. = 22) tools. TOOL

Table 11.

EDGE

Edge angles of tools grouped

Damage Pattern l. Abrasion Only 2. Irregular Chipping 3. Microretouch 4. Sea 1a r Retouch

No. Edges 6 9 11 11

according to pattern of edge damage

Mean 55.0° 33.9° 56.S 0 75.9°

s l3.S 0 10.5° lS. l 0 13.S 0

Min. 40° 20° 35° 60°

Max. S0° 50° S0° goo

Macroscopic abrasion was observed on the working edges of 53% (19 of 36) of the lithic tools. This percentage remained more or less constant among all tool types (i.e., utilized, unifacially retouched and bifacially r~touched), regardless of edge angle or pattern of retouch or chipping. The frequency of abrasion. also was similar among complete tools, fragmentary tools and unquestionable resharpening flakes. The abrasion, therefore, appears to be the result of tool use and not the product of platform preparation or postdepositional disturbance. 46

6.

LITHIC ARTIFACTS AND CERAMICS

To generalize, it appears that the tools from the Garnsey site tend to cluster into three groups. The first group is typified by unifacially utilized flakes, with mean edge angles around 30° and with edge damage in the form of irregular chipping. The second group includes both utilized and retouched tools (unifacial and bifacial), with mean edge angles around 55° and with edge damage in the form of microretouch and/or abrasion. The third group is typified by retouched tools, with mean edge angles around 75° and with damage in the form of scalar retouch. Approximately half of the tools in each group have observable abrasion in addition to other edge damage. These three groups of tools probably represent different functional categories. A study of Paleo-Indian tools by Wilmsen (1970) reached similar conclusions. Wilmsen observed three modal edge angles in the Paleo-Indian assemblages (26°-35°; 46°-55°; and 66°-75°). Although the Garnsey site material is almost 11,000 years younger, comparable functional categories appear to be present. Most of the Garnsey tools probably relate to a relatively limited set of activities concerned with the procurement and initial processing (butchering) of bison. Since only a small proportion of the Garnsey site has been investigated, however, other sets of activities performed at the site may remain to be documented.

47

7.

CONCLUSIONS

In light of the evidence presently available, the Garnsey site appears to have been the locus of periodic ambushes of bison that were grazing in the wash or that were attracted to the area by the spring. Other methods of procurement, however, cannot be ruled out entirely at this stage in the analysis. Procurement activities at the site were most intense during the 15th or early 16th century, although kills may have occurred somewhat earlier and probably continued to be made, at least intermittently, into-the early historic period. The seasonal timing of procurement activities at the site cannot be specified precisely until a more detailed analysis of the dentitions has been completed. An almost equal proportion of males and females were taken, and the majority of these were relatively old adults. At least one neonatal animal was killed. The other immature bison taken at the site were between the ages of one and two. Prime adults between the ages of three and six or seven are conspicuously underrepresented. In general, the animals appear to have been heavily butchered. Only one front-end was left intact. The other carcasses were almost totally disarticulated. Several skeletal elements commonly were broken during the butchering process. These include the lumbar vertebrae, sacra, ribs, scapulae, radii, pelves and tibias. Other elements seldom showed direct evidence of butchering. These include the skulls, mandibles, metacarpals and metatarsals. Many postcranial elements are underrepresented, suggesting that certain portions of the carcasses may have been preferentially removed from the kill area for further processing or for transport elsewhere. For example, bones from rear-leg units tend to be somewhat less well-represented than those from front-leg units. Since only a relatively small proportion of the site has been sampled, this difference may derive largely from sampling bias or from differential preservation. This synthesis obviously is far from complete, and much remains to be learned about the Garnsey site. Forthcoming excavations should clarify many of the problems raised in the present study concerning methods of procurement and processing, seasonality and frequency of procurement activities, meat yields and so forth. Continued excavation at the Garnsey site is one aspect of a broader program of archaeological research in the Bottomless Lakes area, directed toward the investigation of local subsistence and settlement systems during the late prehistoric and early historic periods. An important focus of this work concerns the apparent transition, during the 13th and 14th centuries, from sedentary horticultural adaptations to semior non-sedentary hunting and gathering adaptations, based heavily on the procurement of bison (Jelinek 1967; Collins 1966, 1971). Most studies of huntergatherer and horticultural adaptations have focused on the unidirectional 48

7.

CONCLUSIONS

shift from simple, non-sedentary systems to more complex, sedentary ones. The ongoing research in the Bottomless Lakes area should contribute to our understanding of cultural evolution in the Southwest and elsewhere, by examining the conditions that favor adaptive shifts in the opposite direction, that is, toward less complex and less sedentary hunting and gathering adaptations.

49

APPENDIX I.

BISON REMAINS FROM THE GARNSEY SITE

50

APPENDIX I KEY TO FAUNAL TABLES

I.

General Comments on Tables A. B. C. D.

II.

All specimens listed in these tables are bison, unless specifically noted otherwise. All measurements are given in centimeters. Most of the abbreviations used as column headings in each table are explained in footnotes at the end of the table; a few headings that are used in all or most of the tables are explained below. The symbols used as entries in the tables are explained below. Often these symbols are accompanied by a footnote explaining some aspect of the particular entry; such footnotes are found at the end of each table.

Specific Table Headings and Entries A.

Prov. (Provenience) ,--.-F-3/2 (Unit F-3; 2. Bkdt (Recovered 3. F-3/S (Unit F-3; 4. F-3/Blk (Unit F-3; 5. F-3/2A (Unit F-3;

Item 2) in backdirt; recovered in removed from Item 2A; two

no exact provenience) screen; provenience approximate) bulk) or more items with same number)

B.

Side (of body) ,--.-F (Front) 2. Re (Rear) 3. L (Left) 4. R (Right) 5. "L 11 (Left side of foot; side of animal unknown) 6. 11 R11 (Right side of foot; side of animal unknown) 7. I (Internal side of foot; side of animal known) 8. E (External side of foot, side of animal known) 9. C (Center or midline of foot; side of animal unknown) 10. P (Periphery or edge of foot; side of animal unknown)

C.

Port. (Portion) -1.-Ab (Abaxi a 1) 2. An (Anterior) 3. Ax (Axial) 4. B (Vertebral body only) 5. Bl (Blade fragment only) 6. Bo (Border fragment; side unknown) 7. C (Complete) 8. CB (Scapula missing most of blade) 9. Cd (Caudal) (Cranial) 10. Cr 11 . D ( Di s ta 1 ) 12. Da (Damaged) 51

APPENDIX I C.

D.

Port. (cont.) (Distal epiphysis) (Diaphysis) 14. Di 15 . Do ( Dorsa 1 ) 16. L (Left) 17. La (Lateral) 18. LTP (Left transverse process) 19. M (Medial) 20. Ms (Midsection of specimen) 21. P (Proximal) 22. Pcd (Caudal vertebral pad) 23. Per (Cranial vertebral pad) 24. Pe (Proximal epiphysis) 25. Po (Posterior) 26. R (Right) 27. Rs (Restored) 28. RTP (Right transverse process) 29. SP (Complete spinous process) 30. SPdo (Spinous process dorsal section) 31. SPms (Spinous process midsection) 32. Spn (Spine) 33. SPs (Unfused spinous process summit) 34. SPv (Spinous process ventral section) 35. TP (Transverse process; side unknown) 36. V (Ventral) 37. Vo (Volar or plantar) l~De

But. (Butchering) (None evident) (Breakage and/or cut-marks evident; usually described in footnote at base of table)

--1.--0 2. l E.

F.

/

Fus. (Fusion) Fus. ( P) (Fusion Fus.(D) (Fusion Fus. ( Cr) (Fusion Fus. ( Cd) (Fusion Fus . ( Ms c ) (Fusion 6. Fus.(Lsc) (Fusion 7. Fus. (Sgt) (Fusion 8. 0 (Unfused) 9. 0.5 (Fusing) 10. 1 (Fused) --1.-2. 3. 4. 5.

of of of of of of of

proximal end) distal end) cranial pad) caudal pad) medial sacral crest) lateral sacral crest) supraglenoid tubercle)

Other Symbols 1. (Indeterminate or not relevant) 2. (1.35) (Measurement is close approximation of real value) 3. [1.35] (Measurement applies to broken, damaged or incomplete specimen; measurement does not reflect real value for complete specimen) 52

w

U1

noa Ppo rPo sPo tR,An uL,Po vL,Po wDa Yo a aa§,An b Po ccPo ddR,Po

me

hDa . An -z-L,Po Jpo koa z,Po

8 ~,An

Port. cDa

(1)

1 (0) 0 0 0 0 0 (0) 1 1

(1)

0 1 0 0

(l)

But. 0 0 0 ( 1) 0 [34.9]

[34.9]

b4

---

b3

---

---

b5

12.3 (10.5)

-----

7--

-----

-----

---

---

---

[40.8]

[40.8]

(17.9)

---

-----

(15.7)

---

17.0

(24.3)

17.3

20.6

20.4

24.1

b8

88

[4.7] 88 [22.5]

---

16.2 [25.0] 16.3 17.1

---

---

---

(17.9) 19.5

---

6.9 22.1 24.5 5.0 16.3 20.6 q(7.8) q(24.4) q(22.6)

---

0

5.6

(7.3)

---

-----

14.3 (13.0)

---

(17.5)

5.3

5.0 [6.9] 5.1 5.5

---

0

--13.0 (11.0)

---

(20.5)

---

[10.2] [12.5] [10.0] x[l3.8] x[l6.0] x[l3.5] ----- (11.2) (11.5) (11.0) z(44.0) z(44.5) ----- z(l2.0)

0

--(2'5. 0)

---

---

---

[51.8]

[36.7]

---

---

b7

d[7 .0] d[27 .0]

b6

-----

---

[51 . 8]

[36.7]

-----

g(50.0) g(50.0) g(l4.0) g(15.5) g(l3.5)

b2

bl

13.7

10.9

14.3

10.8

13.8 11.7 12.5

11.5

11.3

13.0

b9

aSee Parts II, III and IV of Table for additional measurements and observations on skulls. bl (Spread of Horn Cores, Tip to Tip); 2 (Greatest Spread of Cores on Outside Curve); 3 (Core Length on Upper Curve, Tip to Burr); 4 (Core Length on Lower Curve, Tip to Burr); 5 (Length, Tip of Core to Upper Base at Burr); 6 (Vertical Diameter of Horn Core); 7 (Circumference of Horn Core); 8 (Greatest Width of Auditory Openings); 9 (Width of Condyles) (after Skinner and Kaisen 1947). cSkull prior to removal nearly complete; posterior region partially exposed in arroyo wall; specimen removed by graduate student ca. 1974-75 (?) at request of local Bureau of Land Management archaeologist for ~dentification; horn cores from approximately burr to tip destroyed in process of removal. Values for vertical diameter and circumference of horn core are approximations' and are probably somewhat too high; measurements were taken between burr and base, but not perpendicular to longitudinal axis of horn core.

II

Prov. BLM" CC-0035/l E-19/5 EF-9, 10/S F-0024/1 F-8/2 F-9/28 G-11 , 12/S G-13/5 H-2/1 H-16/1 0 H- 16/l 0 (Assoc. ) H-18/ 5 H-27/1 I-5/ 1 0-3/16 0-4/4 P-3/5 (P4/7) P-3/45 P-3/69 P-3, 4/S P-4/28

Table l2a. aSkull (Part I)

U1

.p.

eRight maxilla fragment from first molar forward, including adjacent palate and right premaxilla; spec~en removed from arroyo wall. Nearly complete skull; tips of both horn cores damaged; entire skull compressed dorso-ventrally. gTip of both horn cores damaged; values given in Table for Measurements 1-5 are estimates; actual valu~s were (1) 46.6, (2) 46.6, (3) 13.4, (4) 12.6, (5) 13.0 . .Small anterior fragment of left nasal bone only. ~Skull fragment exposed in arroyo wall; specimen consists of left posterior section only (left horn.core, frontal, orbit, occipital condyle and jugular process). JRear and right (subhorn) portions of parietal only. kcomplete skull; horn-core tips damaged during excavation; specimen collapsed during transport; artizulated with mandibles F-9/56AB. Unfused, right jugular process only, broken from remainder of occipital bone. mNearly complete skull; right horn core and left premaxilla broken off, perhaps during butchering. nskull exposed in arroyo wall; specimen complete prior to exposure; when discovered, right longitudinal half of skull had collapsed into arr.oyo; right horn core completely destroyed. 0 Tip of left horn core slightly damaged; values given in Table for Measurements 3-5 are estimates; actual values were (3) 10.2, (4) 12.6, (5) 10.0. PPosterior portion of skull; specimen consists of complete occipital bone, rear and left (subhorn) parietal, all of left and part of right frontal, basal stub of left horn core, slab-like ventral stub of right horn core, and small portion of dorsal rim of left orbit. qValues given in Table for Measurements 6-8 are probably slightly smaller than true values due to exfoliation of horn-core surface. rRight occipital condyle only; found against right (subhorn) parietal of Skull H-16/10. 8 Complete, unfused occipital bone only. tRight maxilla fragment from third molar to fourth premolar, including portion of adjacent palate; removed from arroyo wall. uSkull fragment removed from arroyo wall; specimen consists of left posterior section only (rear parietal, portion of occipital bone excluding condyles and jugular processes, basal portion of left horn core, complete left frontal and left orbit). vSkull fragment exposed in arroyo wall; specimen consists of left posterior section only (basal portion of left horn core, complete occipital bone, rear and left parietal, complete left orbit, left and sortion of right frontal). Skull partially exposed in arroyo wall; specimen complete except for right horn core; specimen deformed, particularly in maxillary region. xValues for Measurements 3-5 in Table are estimates; actual values were (3) 10.7, (4) 11 .0, (5) 10.5.

Table 12a. (cont.)

()1 ()1

(cont.)

Yskull nearly complete; badly corroded; horns and premaxillae damaged during excavation and transport; palate and teeth smashed, probably during butchering. 2 Values estimated from photographs with included scale. ~~Right maxilla fragment from third molar forward, including adjacent palate and right premaxilla. Nearly complete, fused occipital bone; both jugular processes broken off. ~~Right, fused jugular process only. Skull consists of right posterior section only (complete right horn core, portion of right frontal, and small portion of dorsal rim of right orbit). eeVentral portion of horn core badly exfoliated (part of ventral portion may have been cleaved off during butchering process); damage to core rendered measurement of vertical core diameter and core circumference impossible; transverse diameter of horn core not affected by damage.

Table 12a.

0'\

(J1

11

6. 1

6.1

10.2

(11.6)

10.8 13.0

7.6 9.6

(6.9) (7.4)

10.9

bll

7.5

bl 0

23.0

(8.7)

5.2 5.5

(9 .1 )

5.2

(8.2)

5.5

(17.6)

---

8.0

---

(17.0)

---

---

16.9

---

5.2

---

(8.0)

---

5.4

---

bl2 bl3 c[8.3] d(25.5)

21.8

27.1

20.6

22.2

bl4 28.8

[24.3] (27.0)

33.1

26.3

27.3

bl5 32.8 16.9

17.7

bl7

(18.3) (19.8)

(15.1) 17.0

23.8 f 17.7 (16.4)

19.6

bl6 23.4

(13.8) 14.0

14.8

14.5

(10.4) 14.3 --- g(l4.8) (15.9)

10.8 ---

10.0

bl8 bl9 11.5 e(l5.l)

9.2

8.7

9.7

b20

9 .1

(9.2)

g(9.1)

8.6

(8. 0)

e

aSee Parts I, III and IV of Table for additional measurements and observations on skulls. blO (Depth, Occipital Crest to Top of Foramen Magnum); 11 (Depth, Occipital Crest to Bottom of Foramen Magnum); 12 (Transverse Diameter of Horn Core); 13 (Width between Bases of Horn Cores); 14 (Width of Cranium between Horn Cores and Orbits); 15 (Greatest Post-Orbital Width); 16 (Anterior Orbital Width at Notch); 17 (Width of Skull at Masseteric Processes above Ml); 18 (Rostral Width at Maxillary-Premaxillary Suture); 19 (P2-M3, Alveolar Length); 20 (Ml-M3, Alveolar Length) (after Skinner and Kaisen 1947). cvalue approximate; measured between burr and base of horn core. din all cases, the values of Measurement 13 are approximate because of the difficul~ of locating the base of the horn core in a consistent and replicable manner.

11

Prov. BLM CC-0035/1 E-19/5 EF-9, 10/S F-0024/l F-8/2 F-9/28 G-11, 12/S G-13/5 H-2/l H-16/10 H-16/10 (Assoc.) H-18/5 H-27/1 I-5/l 0-3/16 0-4/4 P-3/5 (P-4/7) P-3/45 P-3/69 P-3, 4/S P-4/28

Table 12b. aSkull (Part II)

U1 '-1

(cont.)

8

In all cases, Measurements 19 and 20 were on the buccal side of the tooth row. !Measurement approximate; obtained by standing maxillae next to each other with appropriate parts of palate in articulation. gMeasured from posterior alveolus (damaged) of unerupted M3.

Table 12b.

(.T1

co

11

---

---

----(43.6) ---

-----

47.5

---

45.1

bF-P 49.7

---

---

[39.2] (39.8)

-----

---

---

----(20.5) ---

(23.0)

---

21.0

21.5

43.7 24.8 e(39.4) e(21.0)

39.5

40.4

bo-T bo-N c ( 44. 6) c ( 23. 9)

(8.9)

---

(11.6)

-----

---

---

(9.4)

---

11.0

---

12~3

bM-P

---

(19.0) 19.3

-----

---

18.9 18.4

18.5

18.9

bN-T 20.7

(69°) 69°

( 710) ( 730)

15°) (150)

~15°)

(12°)

(16°) (170) (12°)

710

(70°) (700)

(90)

d(i2~)

b22

69°

---

70°

b21

aSee Parts I, II and IV of Table for additional measurements and observations on skulls. bO-P (Length, Occipital Crest to Tip of Premaxilla); F-P (Basilar Length, Foramen Magnum to Tip of Premaxilla); 0-T (Length, Occipital Crest to Tip of Nasals); 0-N (Length, Occipital Crest to Nasal-Frontal Suture); M-P (Length, Beyond P2 to Tip of Maxilla); N-T (Length of Nasal Bone); 21 (Angle of Posterior Divergence of Horn Core); 22 (Angle of Proximal Depression of Horn Core) (after Skinner and Kaisen 1947). cOccipital crest damaged; values given in Table for Measurements 0-P, 0-T and 0-N are estimates; actu~l values were (0-P) 54.1, (0-T) 43.7, (0-N) 23.0. In all cases Measurement 22 was very difficult to make in a consistent and replicable manner. eoccipital crest damaged; values given in Table for Measurements 0-P, 0-T and 0-N are estimates.

11

bo-P Prov. c(55.0) BLM CC-0035/1 --E-19/5 48.2 EF-9, 10/S F-0024/1 F-8/2 F-9/28 (48.3) G-11, 12/S G-13/ 5 52.5 e(48.8) H-2/l H-16/10 --H-16/10 (Assoc.) H-18/5 H-27/1 I-5/1 --0-3/16 --0-4/4 (48.5) P-3/5 (P-4/7) --P-3/45 --P-3/69 P-3, 4/S P-4/28

Table 12c. aSkull (Part III)

(J1

1.0

aSkull (Part IV)

---

-----

98.1 100.0

---

----96.2 ---

-----------

---

-------

---

------48.0 -----

-----

---

---

------(32.8) -----

---

------(29 .1) -----

-----

32.2

---

( 63 .1)

---

---

bindex 5 (30.5)

bindex 4

------( 68. 7) -------

---

58.8 (67.5)

---

-----

86.3 90.9 (95 .1)

---

107.7

---

(91. 3)

(84.4)

----(80.9) ---

---

--98.2 ---

bindex 3

bindex 2

---

---

(80. 7)

--. ---

-------

---

--81.3 ------78.3 --81.9 -----

cindex 6 87.8

x(Mature)

ca. 7-8 uca. 7-9 vca. 1-2 w(Mature)

~(~8)

Pimmature qca. 1-2 rMature

0(~8)

nca. 8-10

m ~9

ca. 6-8 z.Immature

M

F F

M

F

F M

M

F

M

~Mature

~(Mature)

F

M

eSex

f ~8 gca. 1-2 hca. 8-10

dApprox. Age (,~rs.)

asee Parts I, II and III of Table for additional measurements and observations on skulls. bindex 1 (Horn-Core Curvature); Index 2 (Horn-Core Compression); Index 3 (Horn-Core Proportion); Index 4 (Horn-Core Length); Index 5 (Tooth-Row Proportion) (after Skinner and Kaisen 1947). cindex 6 (Index of Orbital Protrusion (after Guthrie 1966, cited in Wilson 1974). dAge estimates of upper dentitions based on eruption and wear sequences published by Wilson (1974) and by Frison et al. (1978); where dentitions are absent, assignment of male skulls to broad, relative age classes based on degree of fusion of parietofrontal and frontal sutures, rugosity of orbits, prominence of burr at base of horn cores and so forth, as described by Skinner and Kaisen (1947) and Shackleton et a1. (1975).

bindex 1 Prov. 11 BLM 11 --CC-0035/1 --E-19/5 (114.8) EF-9, 10/S --(142.9) F-0024/1 F-8/2 --F-9/28 --G-11, 12/S --116.3 G-13/5 (123.8) H-2/1 H-16/10 --H-16/10 (Assoc.) H-18/5 --H-27I 1 --I-5/1 --0-3/16 --(104.6) 0-4/4 P-3/5 (P-4/7) --P-3/45 --P-3/69 --P-3, 4/S P-4/28 ---

Table 12d.

0"1 0

(cont.)

evid;nt in other measures. All permanent teeth fully erupted and in full wear; (left) P2, Ml missing {post-mortem), lingual side -of P4 damaged; (right)P2, P3, P4, Ml missing (post-mortem); parietofrontal suture completely closed and no longer visible; frontal suture closed but entirely visible; orbital rim highly rugose. gDP2 shed or lost, P2 erupting; DP3 and DP4 in place; maxilla older than H-27/1 (DP4 style slightly more worn); maxilla also older than P-3/45 (DP3 more cupped and lingual enamel line higher). hAll permanent teeth fully erupted and in full wear; all teeth present; parietofrontal suture completely closed and no longer visible; frontal suture closed but entirely visible, orbital rim only sligbtly rugose. ~Dentition entirely missing; orbital rim highly rugose; burr on horn core pronounced. Jsize and thickness of parietal fragm~nt suggest mature individual; age assignment tenuous. kAll permanent teeth fully erupted and in full wear; all teeth present; parietofrontal and frontal sutuzes entirely visible; orbital rim smooth. Unfused. mAll permanent teeth fully erupted and in full wear; (left) P2, P3, P4 missing (post-mortem); (right) P2, P3, P4, Ml missing (post-mortem?}; some possible bone resorption ~n right side; parietofrontal suture completely closed and no longer visible; frontal suture no longer visible posteriorly; orbital rim highly rugose. nAll permanent teeth fully erupted and in full wear; all teeth present; parietofrontal and frontal sutures visible; orbital rim smooth. 0 Dentition entirely missing, frontal suture no longer visible posteriorly. Punfused. · qDP4 in place, M2 almost completely erupted; M3 unerupted; maxilla younger than CC-0035/1 (DP4 style slightly less worn); maxilla older than P-3/45 (M2 slightly further erupted and more worn). rDentition entirely missing, parietofrontal suture not entirely visible; orbital rim smooth. 8 Dentition entirely missing; parietofrontal and frontal sutures completely closed and no longer visible. tAll permanent teeth fully erupted and in full wear; (left) P2, P3, P4, Ml missing (post-mortem); (right) P2, P3, P4 missing (post-mortem); parietofrontal and frontal sutures entirely visible; orbital rim smooth. uAll permanent teeth fully erupted and in full wear; (left) P2 missing (post-mortem), P3 and P4 smashed to level of alveoli, Ml and M2 partially smashed; (right) P2, P3, P4, and Ml missing (postmortem), M2 smashed to level of alveolus, M3 partially smashed; damage to teeth and palate probably due to butchering; parietofrontal suture closed and barely visible; frontal suture fully Visible; orbital rim smooth.

esex of skulls based on clear bimodality of horn-core transverse diameters; comparable bimodality is

Table 12d.

0"1

--'

(cont.)

vDP2 missing (shed or lost); P2 unerupted; DP3 and DP4 in place; Ml fully erupted; M2 erupting; M3 unerupted; maxilla younger than CC-0035/1 (DP3 less cupped and lingual enamel line lower); maxilla younger than H-27/1 (M2 less erupted and less worn). wFused. xDentition entirely missing; burr on horn core pronounced.

Table 12d.

~

Side L L R L R L R L R 0 0 1

Joa

kc

~c

(1)

38.83

b4

11.54 27.70 (6.25) --12.72 (25.40) 12.05 26.75 12.11 26.73

b3

27.15 12.35 27.30 27.60 27.75

b5

7 15.78

b

33.08 14.77 --33.35 (14.67) 33.95 15.68 33.78 15.72

b6

11.42 25.90 25.80 31.72 14.67 (12.80) ------- (27.80) --- (14.90) ( 34. 10) ( 36. 15) [9.69] (24.00} [24.70] [31 .00] (16.05} 37.25

bl b2 But. 39.72 43.26 0 0 [15.35] [16.20] 0 38.40 (39.95) 0 39.40 40.48 0 39.53 40.75

~Po

ec fc gc

dDa

cc

Port.

---

9. 61 (8.10) (9.09)

(9.22) 10.15 10.22

10.07

b8

4.88 (5.85) (6.17)

5.53 (6.13) (6.34) 5.59 5. 51

b9

aSee Part II of this Table for additional measurements and observations on mandibles. bl (Length from Angle to Infradentale); 2 (Length from Condyle to Infradentale); 3 (Length from Angle to M3); 4 (Length of Horizontal Ramus between M3 and Infradentale); 5 (Length from Angle to front of P2); 6 (Length from Angle to Mental Foramen); 7 (Length of Cheektooth Row}; 8 (Length of Molar Row); 9 (Length of Premolar Row} (after von den Driesch 1976). ~11 incisors and canine missing (post-mortem}. Damaged during excavation; partially restored; lingual side missing; oral portion with incisors and canine destroyed. ~11 incisors and canine missing (post-mortem). Il missing (post-mortem}. gCanine missing (post-mortem}. hFragment of ascending ramus only; exposed in arroyo; condylar process complete; coronoid process and anterior border of ramus broken off; ramus broken from rest of mandible along relatively straight surface just.below mandibular foramen. ~All incisors, canine and P3 missing (post-mortem); P2 and M3 damaged (post-mortem). Jsevere weathering damage due to exposure in arroyo; ventral border, all incisors and canine, their sock~ts and symphysis lost (post-mortem); P2, aboral half of M2, and M3 missing (post-mortem}. Coronoid process butchered off; incisors and canine; their sockets, and most of symphysis missing ~robably intentionally broken off}; all premolars and molars present; all teeth except M3 smashed off at level of alveoli; mandible appears to have been used as chopping or hammering tool.

Prov. E-10/4 E-22/1 F-4/2 F-9/56A F-9/56B H-2/1 H-18/ 3 0-4/5 0-4/17

Table 13a. aMandible (Part I)

m w

(1.90)

1.62 5.42

z--5.26 z--ca. 3-4

l3~99

~~10

~ca. 7-8

---

F (M) M.

b10 (Length of M3); lOA (Breadth of M3); 11 (Length of Diastema P2-I4); 12 (Aboral Height of Ramus); 13 (Middle Height of Ramus); 14 (Oral Height of Ramus); l5A (Height of Mandible behind M3); 158 (Height of Mandible in front of Ml); 15C (Height of Mandible in front of P2) (after von den Driesch 1976). cAges presented in table are tentative and subject to revision as sample is increased by subsequent exca~tion; ages based on eruption sequence and wear (see Frison et al. 1916). All permanent teeth fully erupted and in full wear. j.DP2 partially erupted; DP3 and DP4 fully erupted; very light wear on DP4; Ml visible but not erupted. All permanent teeth fully erupted and in full wear; P2, P3 and P4 missing (ante-mortem); loss of premolars accompanied by bone resorption; Ml lost (probably post-mortem); M2 worn flat and smooth below enamel, leaving no trace of cusps or fossettes; M3 worn almost to base of enamel, nearly obliterating prefossette. ~All permanent teeth fully erupted and ~n full wear; art~culated w~th skull F-9/28 . .All permanent teeth fully erupted and 1n full wear; art1culated w1th skull F-9/28. ~All permanent teeth fully erupted and in full wear. JMl, oral half of M2 and P4 lost (ante-mortem); considerable bone resorption; ramus swept back more than in other mandibles, perhaps result of bone resorption. kAll permanent premolars and molars fully erupted; wear on facets I-IV and light wear on facets V and VI o£ M3 (see Frison et al. 1976). Measured on lingual side. mMeasured on buccal side. nw (Width of mandible below M3) (after Reher 1974). 0 Based on values of W (see Reher 1974); results should be used with caution due to small sample size.

7.81

6.95

(7. 35 )

F F F

6.64 6.92 6.94

~10

~eonatal

gca. 6-7 hca. 6-7

Sex M

0

7.45

nw

Approx. Age(yrs.) d ca. 5. 5-6.5

z4.53

bl5A b15B bl5C z. z 7.39 5.51 4.48 (4.90) m~3.62) mf2.09) 7.17' z3.76 z3.88 7.40 z5.11 z4.40 7.44 5.09 4.46

(9.01) 15.53 14.66 19.60 7.25 --- [14.45] [13.25] [19.00] [6.30] (8.40) 13.95 ----8.03

blOA bll b12 bl3 b14 1.55 12.47 14.60 14.80 20.75 --[3.05] 4.98 5.39 [7.23] 1.79 (11.12) 14.85 14.15 19.40 1.58 11.15 14.70 (14.80) (20.25) 1.57 11.42 14.60 14.35 19.50

c

asee Part I of Table for additional measurements and observations on mandibles.

Prov. blO E-10/4 4.36 E-22/1 --F-4/2 3.96 F-9/56A 4.23 F-9/568 4.22 H-2/l H-18/3 (4.28) 0-4/5 0-4/17 (4.10)

Table l3b. aMandible (Part II)

(j)

..j:::.

of

L L

L R

R

---

R

R

Side

Hyoid

Da Da

aDa

c c

Port. boa Ms eMs 1 1 0 0 0 (0) 0

0

But.

aGLS [11. 47] [12.35] [3.25] 15.00 15.02 [11.86] [6.58] [8.42] 4.83 5.05 5.15 [3.33] [4.18]

aGLT [2.46] [4.08]

[2.03]

3.51 3.55 [3.21]

aGLSA (3.75) [3.53]

S~ylohyoid

aGLS (Greatest Length of Stylohyoid); GLT (Greatest Length of Tympanohyoid); GLSA (Greatest Length Angle). Anterior end and tympanohyoid arm missing; stylohyoid angle damaged. ~Fragment of stylohyoid near base of stylohyoid angle and tympanohyoid arm. Anterior end of stylohyoid missing; hyoid of an immature individual.

Prov. A-2/1 E-3/9 EF-5, 6/S F-9/28A F-9/288 F-10/3 G-11/7 H-14/1 0

Table 14.

01

0)

Miscellaneous loose teeth (incisor/canine)

aD (Deciduous); P (Permanent).

Prov. a Comment E-l/8 D p E-10/13 EF-3, 4/S (5/30/77) P; heavily worn EF-8/S (6/5/77) D EF-9, 10/S (6/15/77) P; heavily worn p EF-9, 10/S (6/16/77) EF-11/S (6/28/77) (P) p EF-11/S (7/l/77) p EF-25, 26/S (7/18/77) p F-5/4 p F-7 /2 F-9/(Assoc. with F-9/56) p F- 10/27 D p F-1 0/30 GH-11, 12/S (7/15/77) P; heavily worn p GH-19, 20/S (8/3/77) p #715 Alidade Foresite

Table 15.

P; unerupted P2

M; upper

p

P2

p

P; unerupted Heavily worn

Ml ; upper P2

p p p p

P2

a Comment

aM (Molar); P (Premolar).

Prov. Bkdt ( 1977) Bkdt (1977) E-2/5 E-9/2 E-10/11 E-12/l EF /Bkdt ( 1977) EF-4/S (5/31/77) EF-9, 10/S (6/13/77) EF-11/S (6/28/77) EF-11, 14/S (6/15/77) F-9/34 F-1 0/S (6/14/77) G-5, 6/S (6/4/77) G-12/3 G-14/3 G-21/4 GH-16, 18/S (7/18/77) H-18/l 0 OP-2, 4/S (8/4/77)

Table 16. Miscellaneous loose teeth (molar/premolar)

en en

-

1 1

H-27/1 OP-2, 4/S (8/l/77) OP-2, 4/S (8/4/77) OP-2, 4/S (8/5/77) OP-2, 4IS (819/77) P-3, 4IS1IS (6111177) P-4/7

7 3 4 1 2 2 1 1 1 4 2

5

With small maxilla fragment

Comments

aUnidentifiable fragments only.

2 3 3 1

1

No. 2 1 1 2 4 1 2 6 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Comments

Prov. G-5, 6/S (6/4/77) G-13/S (7/ll/77) G-21, 22/S (8/3/77) GH-11, 12/S (7/15/77) GH- 11 , 12Is (7I16I77 ) GH-11, 12/S (7/17/77) GH-13, 14/S (7/11177) GH-13, 14/S (7/12/77} GH-13, 14/S (7116/77) GH-1615 (7/19/77) GH-16, 18/S (718/77) GH-16, 18/S (7118177) GH-16, 19/S (7/5/77) GH•17 /S ( 7/9/77) GH-18/S (7/17177) H-2/1 H-16/S. Wa1l/S (7/ll/77) H-18/14

No. 3 1 1 4 2 1 3 2 1 3 1 2 1

Prov. 0-11, 12/S (7/ll/77) D-12/ s (7I 12/77) E-3, 4/S (6/4/77) E-5, 6/S (6/7/77) E-8/5 E-915 (6114177) E-11/S {6/27/77) EF-1, 2/S (5/30177) EF-1, 2/S (5/31177) EF-415 (5/31/77) EF-4, 5/S (5/31/77) EF-5, 6/S (6/6/77) EF-7, 8/S (6/6/77) EF-9, 10/S (6/13/77) EF-9, 10/S (6/14/77) EF-9, 10/S (6/16/77) EF-11/S (6/28/77) EF-11/S (7/11/77) EF-11, 12/S (6126/77) EF-11, 14/S (6115/77) EF-22/S (7/25/77) EF-25, 26/S (7/18/77) F-1, 2IS (Lower Gravel) F-315 ( 613177) F-514

(cont.)

Table 17.

Table 17. aMiscellaneous tooth fragments

0"1 ""'-1

c

Port. L c c R L c c c R c R

Atlas

0

e ( 1)

(11.70)

8.00

13.85

20.99

1

g (1)

0

f~

l

1 e ( 1)

0 0

do

aGL [12.00] 10.70 (11.62) (10.01) (13.20) 13.51 10.90 10.85

aGB [10.00] 15.35 (17.13) (14. 70) [18.88] l 9. 70 14.55 15.52

Fus. 1 l 1 1 1

But. bl 0 0 cl

(9.65)

8.21

7.81

11 . 05

11.42

13.05

---

8.97 9.93 9.62 10.58 10 .-59 9.55 9.62

---

9.94 10.99 [9 .15] [10.96] 11 .85 9.62 10.39

aGLF

aBFcd

11.10 12.60 ll. 58 [12.81] 12.59 10. 70 12.31

---

aBFcr

[6.23]

11.10

[10.00] 9.48 (10.39) 9.18 [10.81] (9.68) [8.10] 9.51

aH

aGB (Greatest Breadth); GL (Greatest Length); BFcr (Greatest Breadth of Cranial Articular Surface); BFcd (Greatest Breadth of Caudal Articular Surface); GLF (Greatest Length from Cranial Articular Surface to c3udal Articular Surface); H (Height) (after von den Driesch 1976). Left wing broken along midline of dorsal and ventral arches. ~Major portion of left wing and part of caudal articular surface missing. Major portion of right wing and part of ventral arch missing. 8 Dorsal arch cracked along line of fusion. fcranial fragment of right wing with alar foramen; this atlas is distinct from and larger than Q-4/l. gFragments of right wing with alar foramen; also fragments of ventral arch and left cranial articular surface.

Prov. F-0024/5 F-9/55 G- 13/l H-2/1 0-2/4 0-3/25 0-3/27 P-2/2 P-2/22 Q-3/5 Q-4/1 R-002/l

Tab 1e 18.

0"\

co

Axis aLAPa

---

6.88 7.05 (7. 19) 8.35 8.62

aBFcr aBPacd

10.80 [8.28] 9.80 10.11 10.15 10.10 10.45 9.39 9.90 11.27 [9. 41] 11.23 11.92 11.60 11.86 [10.03] [9.77] (10.92)

aLCDe

---

[8.80] 9.88 9.47 [11. 78] (12.43)

aBPtr aBFcd

aH

5.88 4. 72 12.00 6.13 4.61 12.55 6.20 (4.65) 11.90 7.30 (5. 23) [ 14. 40] 7.66 (5 . 60) (15. 50) 7.17 --- [14.10]

aSBV

aLCDe (Greatest Length of Body); LAPa (Length of Arch including Caudal Articular Process); BFcr (Breadth of Cranial Articular Surface); BPacd (Breadth across Caudal Articular Process); BPtr (Breadth across Transverse Processes); SBV (Smallest Breadth of Vertebra); BFcd (Breadth of Caud3l Articular Surface); H (Greatest Height) (after von den Driesch 1976). From immature individual. 0 Ventral fragment of dens and cranial articular surface. dPartial separation of caudal pad may be due to weathering rather than to incomplete fusion.

Prov. Port. But. Fus.(Cd) bv c(l) E-1 0/12 F-9/17 1 c 0 c F-9/54 0 1 1 F-12/2 c 0 Da 0-2/ll 0 0 d(0.5) 0-3/20 c 0 Da P-3/42 --~0) Q-3/ll; Q-4/14 v 1

Table 19.

~

O'l

Cervical vertebra

Fus. Fus. Port. But. (Cr) (Cd) Pcd 0 --- 0 c 0 0 0 Pcd 0 --- 0 Pcd 0 --- 0 Pcd 0 --- 0 Da 0 1 0.5 Pcd 0 --- 0 Per 0 0 --cc 0 0 0 B,TP d1 1 0.5 cc 0 1 1 ec 0 1 1 fc 0 1 1 gc 0 1 1 he .0 1 1 chB,TP 'Z-1 1 1 c 1 0 1 goa 1 0 1 foa 0 1 1 ~c 0 1 1 JRs k(l) 0 0 Da 0 0 0 Da 0 1 0 lB,SPv (0) --- --mB,RTP (0) --- 1 Pcd 0 --- 0 Da 0 0 0 Da 0 0 0.5 Pcd 0 --- 0 (Pcd) 0 --- 0 Da 0 0 0 ns 1 1 1 Pcd 0 --- 0 c .0 0 0 B, TP -z. ( 1 ) 0 0 c 0 1 1

Table 20.

Prov. E-5/l E-6/23 E-9/S E-19/7 E-23/l E-24/4 EF-9, 10/S EF-11, 14/S F-8/3 F-8/348 F-9/49 F-9/50 F-9/51 F-9/52 F-9/53 F-12/l F-12/3 F-12/4 F-12/5 F-12/6 GH-18/S 0-2/2 0-3/7 0-5/l OP-2, 4/S OP-2, 4/S P-2/10 P-3/19 P-3/31 P-4/5 P-4/22 P-4/23 Q-3/11 Q-3/21 Q-4/2 R-2/2

-----

8.40

6.00

-----

a

-----

7.70

-----

---

---

---

7.60

---

---

---

a

-----

9.75

---

---

---

BPtr

(8 .40) 8.00 11.30

a

BPacr BPacd

2.73 3.49 3.69 3.29 4.13

(5.05) 8.65 10.20 9.80 13.20 (5. 00) (8 . 00) 10.15 9.60 11.85 6.30 (8.65) [10.45] [9.90] 14.75

---

6.25 . [6.70] 8.25 [8.70]

6.10 7.50

---

5.90 9.45

---

---

---

(3.40) 6.00

---

---

---

---

---

3.64 3.40

---

---

3.53

-------

3.09

BFcr

(3.45) 3.39 3.36 3.19 2.91 3.12 3.31 3.46 3.52 3.32 3.34 3.14 3.02 2.56 (3.45) 4.01

a

(5.75) [8.90] (9.20) [9.20][11.30] (5.35) 8.00 10.05 9.25 [10.60]

---

7.80 8.65 (7.15) 10.75 8.80 8.40 [9.65] 7.35 8.15 8.70 7.65 11.45 8.00 8.65 8.70 10.50 8.45 (8.85) 8.70 [10.00] 9.05 8.40 8.50 11.60 9.40 7.50 7.80 10. 90 8.15 6.70 10.75 8.10 9.10 8.05 7.80 [9.35] 7.70 8.30 7.90 [9.35] 7.50 8.35 7.75 [8.90] 7.40 8.30 7.30 10.10 --- (5.50) 5.40 --- --(4.65) [6.85] (10.45) --- [10.50] (6.40) [8.25] 10.85 [10.50] [12.75] ------- [7.50] ---

(4.25) 5.75 5.50 6.00 6.10 6.30 6.30 5.10 5.65 5.50 5.35 5.50

---

---

(4. 60) ( 7. 35)

-----

GLPa

---

b

---

aPL

---

5.09

BFcd

(4.63)

4.80 5.28 5.11

5.79 5.53 5.96

5.82 (16.85) 5.45 [14.10] 5.94 [13.05]

[9.90] [9.20]

(5.32) 5.03 (12.85) 5.16 (5.75) [17.20] 4.64 4.43

---

[13. 75] [10.70] 2.4. 65 17.25 14.10 12.80 11 .15 [13.95] 11 . 05 (12.00) (13.20) 16.45 [5.70] [12.10] (18.65)

4.68 [11 .00] 4.23 4.73 4.66 4.68 4. 72 4.66 4.86 4.70 4.60 4. 72 4.63 4.57 [2.45] [4.59] (5.76)

a

3.50 (3.95) (3.66) 4.66 5.10 4. 77

---

4.67 5.18

---

(4.70) 4.14 6.22 4.19 (5.04) 4.45 5.99 4.49 4.68 ~.50 4.84 4.25 4.95 4.29 4. 72 4.48 (6.41) 3.78 4.88 3.86 4.84 4.05 4.76 (3.93) 4.44 (2.94) [2.65] (4.48) (5.68) 5.46 (6.17)

a

aH HFcd --- --- 4.38 4.76 (5.78) 4.82 [15.90] --- [4.87] [4.75] 4.68 5.03 --HFcr

(4.45)

a

"'-J

0

{cant. )

aPL (Length of Body); BPacr (Breadth across Cranial Articular Processes); BPacd (Breadth across Caudal Articular Processes); BPtr (Breadth across Transverse Processes); BFcr (Breadth of Cranial Articular Surface); HFcr (Height of Cranial Articular Surface); BFcd (Breadth of Caudal Articular Surf~ce); HFcd (Height of Caudal Articular Surface); H (Greatest Height) (after von den Driesch 1976). GLPa (Greatest Length from Cranial to Caudal Articular Processes) (after von den Driesch 1976); values obtained for left and right sides differed significantly; only values for right side listed above. 0 7th cervical vertebra. dSpinous process and right lateral branch of transverse process missing. /6th cervical vertebra. 5th cervical vertebra. ~4th cervical vertebra . .3rd cervical vertebra. ~Spinous process missing. JFrom immature individual. kspecimen damaged during excavation; only partially restored; spinous process, both ventral laminae of transverse processes and one lateral branch of transverse process missing. ZBadly weathered; fragment of caudal articular processes and portion of spinous process only. mBadly weathered; caudal half of body and right ventral lamina of transverse process only. nBoth transverse processes and spinous process missing.

Tab 1e 20.

"'-J __,

Port. But. b1 B c 0 c 0 cc 0 c 0 c 0 Pcd 0 Pcd 0 Da 0 c 0 c 0 0 de c 0 B,SPv e1 SPs 0 Da (0) hB,SPv 1 c 0 Per 0 Pcd 0 cc 0 lo,SPv e1 B,SPv el cB SPv el g ' bl hSPv .1 B 'Z-1 SP c 0 c 0 Per 0 0 hSPs gl SPv Per 0 Da 0 Pcd 0

Prov. D-1/S E-1/6 E-l/7 E-2/1 E-2/11 E-2/16 E-7 /1 E-7 /3 E-9/5 E-9/6 E-9/7 E-9/13 E-10/6 E-25/1 EF-5, 6/S F-9/4 F-9/12 F-9/57 F-1 0/2 F-1 0/4 F-22/6 F-24/l F-24/2 F-24/5 G-8/S G-11/3 G-13/8 G-13/9 G-18/4 G-21/2 GH-7, 8/S GH-9, 10/S GH-11, 12/S H-7 /1 H-14/6

---

--3.30 ---

---

--0 ------1 0

---

-----

0 1

1 0 0

0

---

0 1 1 1

1 0

---

5.70

---

5.85 (4.62)

( 4. 91 ) 5.95 6.15 6.00

(4.40) 3.40 5.39

-----

0 0 1 1 1

0 0 1

---

---

0 0 1 0

---

---

Fus.(Cd) aPL --- [5.30] 1 5.23 1 5.48 1 5.40 0 (3.75) 1 5.60 0 --0 --1 5.61 1 5.60 5.60 1 5.50 1 1 5.25 6.00 1

---

1 1 1 1 1 1

---

Fus.{Cr) 1 1 1 1 0 1

Thoracic vertebra

Tab1 e 21.

---

---

---

---

4.81 (3.18) 6.81. [3.54] 4.73 5.25 12.55

---

---

-----

-----

-----

---

4.80 3.66 10.82 [9.42]

4.63 7.65 3.84 6.61 [3.18]

-----

3.92 3.44 3.97 4.01 3.90

5.23 4.93 (3. 96)

---

---

---

( 3. 71) (2.93) 3.98

(3.46)

---

---

(3.85) (5.80) (2.80) 4.85 4.15 [5.73] (3.74) ----- (4.92) 3.52 5.99 (4.13) 6.31 (3.91) 5.36 4.04 6.63

[36.85]

[4.28]

[22.60] 39.80 22.21

15.25 [9.05] [11.45] [9.72] [9. 10]

[29.09] [7.70] 33.38

---

18.35 17.72 15.20 25.20 33.50

3.62 3.66 (3 .37) (3.82) (4.62) 4. 61 (3.64) 4.43 4.20 4.16 4.06 (3.43) [4.32]

[25.35] 30.20 33.30 35.70 15.51 [20.73]

aH

aHFcd

[3 . 12] [ 3 . 09 J

-----

[3.30]

---

-----

4. 93 4.81 6.19 5. 12

---

4.17 (3.44) 4. 74 (4.29)

9.13 9.10 11.01 9.52

-----

[9.20] [6.53] 10.88

---

aBFcr aHFcr aBFcd --- [4.46] (4.66) 9.45 4.66 3.81 5.26 8.97 4.36 3.74 5.01 (7.41) 4.75 (3.39) (5.55) 8.38 [3.80] (3.60) (5.86) 10.52 4.28 7.48 5.09 7..45 ----[4.48] ----- --(9.25) 4.70 4.19 6.66 9.54 4.39 4.15 6.86 (9.45) 4.34 4.00 6.53 [9.45] 4. 61 3.97 6.22 8.53 4.30 3.54 5. 31 [11. 31] 5.61 [4.35] (6.52)

aBPtr

-.....! N

(cont.)

Port. But. Prov. 0 c H- 17 I 13 0 H-18/6 c 8 1 B,SPv 7 H-18/ 0 H-20/1 c c 0 H-21/2 Pcd 0 I-16/2 0 I-16/3 Per 8 B,SPv 1 I-16/5 Per 0 0-2/9 B,SPv 8 1 0-3/19 0 0-3/36 Da 0 0-4/6 c SPs 0 OP-2, 4/S 8 OP-2, 4/S hB,SPv (1) 0 P-2/5 .Da Jc 0 P- 2/15 P-2/24 bo c 1 B P-2/31 P-3/3 SPdo k£1) 1 SPdo P-3/29 0 Pcd P-3/36 dB,SPv 8 1 P-3/37 0 SPs P-3/46 c P-3/68 bo 1 B P-3/69 B,SPv 8 1 P-3/71 B,SPv 8 1 P-4/15 0 P-4/28 &29 Pcd e1 B,SPv P-4/30 Da 0 Q-1/3 0 Da Q-2/1 B,SPv e(1) Q-3/l 0 0 c Q-3/13 0 Da (0) Q-3/19

Table 21.

---

---

0 (0) 1 0 1 1

---

1 1 0 0

0

5.92 [3.39] 4.12 (5.99)

---

[6.84] [12.90] (28.85) [5.87.] 16.20 [8.82] [2. 77] [2. 77] 4.95 3.12 3.27 4.05

-----

3.81 (7.24) [6.69] 9.30 [6. 13] [6.20] [9.39] (2.70) [3.90] 5.85 (4.50) 4.90 5.80

---

20.20 [13.50]

3.84 4.07 (4.60) (2.98) 3.51 5.07 3.07 [3.12] (3.75) 5.79 (6.96) [4.55] 4.64 [4.59] 7.58 (4.96) 4. 81 [8. 17] 3.76 (3. 87) 4.21 [3. 77] 9.55 [8. 77] (4.55) (4.65) 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1

---

28.95 5.18 7.48 5.24 5.76

1o. 79 5.80

4.04

[7 .61] 2.98

---

1

2.95

[1 0. 00] [25.55]

------3.28

[9.20] [5.94] 17.55 31 .35 3.66 (2.82) 3.85 [3.86]

21.65

17.13

[16.75]

(4. 67) (2.98) 6.22 7.20

[4.52] 3.93 3. 77

5.50

---

---

3.78 [2.71] (3.94) (4.40)

7.68 6.09 6.01

(3.85)

---

---

[4.07] [2.32] 4.92 5.06

-----

10.11 10.36

---

[6.90]

4.46 [3.92] 3.85

[10.35]

17.70 38.90 [7.60] 15.75 19.81

aH

0 0

-----

1 0 0.5 1 (0)

1 0 0.5 1 (0)

-------

5.00 (2.90) 5.65 5.45 (4.95)

(l)

(1)

1 0

5.44 10.63 (9. 21 ) [4.37] 9. 20 4.74

aBPtr aBFcr aHFcr aBFcd aHFcd Fus.(Cd} aPL 1 5.30 8.55 4.25 4.83 3.79 3.74 6.20 11.28 1 5.60 5.53 8.03 5.82 0 (5.50) (7.95) 4.68 (3.98) (5.48) (3.68) 5.30 1 8.62 3.74 3.55 4.07 5.00 1 9.58 3.78 (5.35) (3.56) 5.11 4. 70 0 ----- [5.63] 3.70 ----3.86 77] 4. [ --------1 5.50 [8. 10] [3.78] (3.80) (5.04) 3.69 6.00 (5.25) (5.30)

0 1 0 1 0

---

Fus.{Cr) 1 1 0 1 1

-.....!

w

Port. But. Fus.(Cr) i(l) SP --0.5 Da 0 0 0 fDa Da (0) 0 .SPv g ( 1) JDa (0) l(0.5)

(cont.)

---

---

---

---

(4.80) 9.23 (5.15) (9.27) ( 5. 30) (10. 29)

---

0.5 0 0

---

aBPtr

Fus. {Cd) aPL

---

---

5.04 4.54 (6.03)

aBFcr

---

---

4.08 (3.79) (3.72)

aHFcr

---

---

6.83 (5.95) 5.03

aBFcd

---

---

3. 77 [2.68] 3.65

aHFcd

[14.80] [15.38] [12.80] [14.50] [8.80]

aH

aPL (Length of Body); BPtr (Breadth across Transverse Processes); BFcr (Breadth of Cranial Articular Surface}; HFcr (Height of Cranial Articular Surface); BFcd (Breadth of Caudal Articular Surface); HFcd (Hei~ht of Caudal Articular Surface); H (Greatest Height) (after von den Driesch 1976). Fragment of vertebral body only. ~Probable 13th thoracic vertebra. Probable 12th thoracic vertebra. espinous process butchered off. frrobable 14th thoracic vertebra. ~Portion of arch and ventral fragment of spinous process only . . From immature individual. ~Complete spinous process including portion of arch. ~Probable 12th or 13th thoracic vertebra. Dorsal portion of spinous process only. lspecimen damaged during excavation; badly weathered; partial separation of cranial pad from body of vertebra may be due to damage and weathering rather than to incomplete fusion.

Prov. Q-4/10 Q-4/ll Q-5/l Q-6/2 QR-3, 4/S R-1/1

Table 21.

"'-J ,J:>.

J1 0 0 0 0 0 al

~1

1 0 0 .0

hO)

g1

g1

e1

ol 0 e1 01 al g1 g1 g1 e1

t,

0 01 do 1 e1 0 e1

hl

But.

Lumbar vertebra

Prov. Port. B,SP CC-0035/2 c E-2/17 B E-2/20 Pcd E-3/15 B,SP E-19/4 &6 EF-1, 2/S SPdo c F-2/4 SPdo F-3/7 B,SP F-4/l B F-9/15 c F-9/37 F-11/4 SPdo 8 F-19/2 8 F-24/8 RTP F-24/9 RTP F-24/1 0 TP F-24/11 SPdo F-24/12 SPdo F-24/13 LTP F-24/l5A LTP F-24/158 8, Oa H-15/2 c H-21/7 Da 0-2/2 c 0-3/11 Oa 0-4/18 B,LTP 0-4/19 k8,TP P-2/3 Oa P-3/9 c P-3/30 loa P-3/32 loa P-3/33 P-3/44 c 8 Q-3/l

Table 22.

0 0 0

---

1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0

0 0

0 0

1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1

1 0 0

0

Fus.{Cd) 0 0 1 0 0

1 1 0

0.5

0

---

Fus. {Cr) 0 0 1

3.80

4.31 (4.50) 3.53

4.63 (4. 19)

[8.55] 4.58 [7.55] (3.60) [7.20] 4.69 3.94 18.95 [25.95] 5.38 [11.00] (3.60) [15.10] (4.95) [2.85] 2.45 (30.40) 4.67 [21 .95] [5.10]

[6.05]

6.20 (30.05) (5.80) ---

[5.80~

5.25 (5.05) (5.80) 5.40 6.00 (5.15) (6.05) 2.70 6.00

[4.90] 5.65

5.85 [15.40] (5.35) [10.45] 4.85 [16.15]

4.98

(5.75) [25.65]

---

5.37

---

(6. 00) [ 17 . 10]

---

aBPtr aBFcr (5.60) [9.55] 4.30 (5.70) (26.70) 4.40 6.35 [8.70] 4.98

aPL

3.96 (3.62)

(2.84) (3.16) 4.05 3.68 3.91 (3.32) (3.77) 1.48 3. 71 [3.48]

3.55

3. 61 3.71 3.18

3.83

5.81 (4.93)

(5.75) 4.52 4.81 4.23 7.22 4.04 (4.75) 2.44 6.01 (7.24)

4.40

5.67 (6.07) 4.03

6.57

12.70 15.7-§ 13.70 [12.95] [8.60] [9.30] (4.35) 11 .85 [13.80]

[9.50]

[12.20] [8.45] 11.70

13.30

13.80

(13.35) 12.60 [8.70]

aH

3.87 [13.05] ( 3. 31 )

2.89 3.59 4.00 3.48 3.65 3.47 (3.78) (1. 34) 3. 51 [3 .16]

3.47

3.48 3.39 3.03

3.81

aHFcr aBFcd aHFcd (3.75) 5.04 3.63 3,59 3.49 5.64 3.69 (6 ;44) (3.58) 6. 72 3.65 --6.94 4.01 3.47

(.11

.......,

(cont.)

aPL (Length of Body); BPtr (Breadth across Transverse Processes); BFcr (Breadth of Cranial Articular Surface); HFcr (Height of Cranial Articular Surface); BFcd (Breadth of Caudal Articular Surface); HFcd (HeiBht of Caudal Articular Surface); H (Greatest Height) (after von den Driesch 1976). Both transverse processes missing; spinous process broken off but restored. cBoth transverse processes and spinous process missing. dleft transverse process and tip of right transverse process missing. eDorsal section of spinous process only. fsoth transverse processes and caudal articular processes missing. hUnrestorable butchered transverse process only . .Tip of left transverse process missing. ~Right transverse process, tip of left transverse process and entire spinous process missing. ~Tips of both transverse processes and entire spinous process missing. Non-bison. ZBadly weathered and corroded .

Table 22.

""-J 0"1

Port.

C

Prov.

E-3/8 G-12/2 1

o.5

bo 1

Fus.(Cr)

But.

o

Fus.(Cd)

o

Fus.(Msc).

o.5

Fus~Lsc)

26.00

aGL 24.80

aPL

aBFcr

21.15 7.09 [14.31] 8.32

aGB

3.34 (3.33)

aHFcr

aGL (Greatest Length); PL (Combined Length of Bodies); GB (Greatest Breadth); BFcr (Breadth of Cranial Articular Surface); HFcr (Height of Cranial Articular Surface) (after von den Driesch 1976). Cranial portion of first sacral vertebra only; specimen cleaved from sacrum along relatively flat plane passing through base of arch and pelvic sacral foramina of vertebra.

Cr

Sacrum

Table 23.

"'-.J "'-.J

C 0

e(l) 0 0 0

aDa aDa aDa

0

0

bDo

C

~C

a

0 l l

0

(0) (0) 1 0 1 l 0 (0) l

0

1

0.5

l 1

1

l l 1

0

---

[3.85] 4.70 [3.00]

[4.00] [3.70] 4.50 ( 1 . 95) 2.25

---

[4.92] [6.20] [9.20]

[6.20] [4.30] (9.46)

( 2. 31 ) ( 4. 01 )

(2.74) [7.25] [3.81] [5.40]

3.70 (4. 15) (4.30) 1.25 1.80 2.20 3.00

aBPtr

aPL

1.90 1.60 2.76 0.92 0. 71 ( l. 09) l. 75 (3.04) 2.34

aBFcr 1.44 2.49 1.85 2.05 0.50 0.70 0.81 1. 21

1.85 ( l. 30) 1.13

0.99 0.81

( l . 57) 1.15

1.24

aHFcr 1.81 1.38 1.87 ( 1.42) 0.52 0.86 0.96 1.34

---

(2.18) 2.75 (2.37)

---

(1.50) l .76 (1.26)

1.61 0.81 0.85

0.45 0.66 0.84 l . 20 l . 41 (1.23) 2.52 l. 02 0.77

1 . 72

0.44 0.66 0.74 1 . 20 1 . 70 (2.31)

l. 57 ( 1. 03)

aHFcd

1 . 90

l. 64 (2. 87)

aBFcd

(2.94)

3.07

(2.90) (2.50) 4.38

1. 75

2.62 4.26 3.04 3.40

aH

aPL (Length of Body); BPtr (Breadth across Transverse Processes); BFcr (Breadth of Cranial Articular Surface); HFcr (Height of Cranial Articular Surface}; BFcd (Breadth of Caudal Articular Surf~ce); H~cd (Height ?f Caudal Articular Surface~; H (Greatest Height) (after von den Driesch 1976). From m1ddle one-th1rd of caudal vertebral ser1es. ~From cranial one-third of caudal ·vertebral series. From caudal one-third of caudal vertebral series. eDorsal fragment only.

GH-18, 22/S H-12/l OP-2, 4/S P-3/76 Q-3/6 Q-3/22

G-11 /6

0 0

0

C

aDa aDa aDa

0

bC

0

0 0 0 0

dC

~C

l 1 l l l l

0

1

1 0

0

Fus. (Cd)

Fus.(Cr)

Port. he aC aDa aC

Prov. E-2/23 E-2/24 E-23/2 E-23/3 EF-7, 8/SA EF-7, 8/SB EF-7, 8/SC EF-13, 14/S F-9/l 0 F-9/ll F-9/12 But.

Caudal vertebra

Table 24.

co

""'-1

0

(1) (1)

( 1)

(l) (l)

(1)

1. 20

5.45 [6.01] 1.40 [4.51] [3. 72]

[5.10]

0

(l)

But. (1) 0

bPL [5.26] 1. 30

aFragmentary vertebral bodies of unknown type that have had their arches, spinous and transverse proc~sses removed. PL (Length of Body) (after von den Driesch 1976). cUnfused disc-like vertebral body from immature individual.

0-3/23 Q-3/10

0-2/l

CH-18/9

F-25/2

Prov. E-24/l CEF-1, 2/S (5/30/77) CEF-9, 10/S (6/26/77) EF-15/S (7/26/77) EF-1~-22/S (6/27/77) F-4/l

Table 25. aunidentifiable vertebral body

........

1.0

(3.54)

4.04 4.57

---

4.24 [4.38]

---

---

---

---

(3.15)

3.81

5.14

4.25

4.93

4.07

---

-----

[3.63j

---

---

---

5.57

---

---

aBFed 4.75 1. 70

---

---

aHFer

---

---

aBFer

Unidentifiable vertebral pad

Prov. Port. E-l/12 bPcd E-19/S ( 6/28/77) Ped EF/Bkdt Ped EF-1, 2/S (5/30/77) Ped EF-3, 4/S (5/30/77) Ped EF-3, 4/S (5/30/77) (Z=98) Pcd Ped EF-5, 6/S (6/6/77) EF-9, TWS (6/10/77) (Z=250) Ped Ped EF-9, 10/S (6/13/77) Per EF-9, 10/S (6/13/77) Per EF-9, 10/S (6/16/77) Ped EF-15/S (7/30/77) Ped EF-17, 18/S (6/26/77) (7/18/77) Ped EF-21, 22/S Ped F-9/16 Ped F-10/2 F-10/23 Ped Per F-24/6 Per G-l0/3A Ped G-10/38 Per G-ll/3A Pcd G-ll /3B Per G-17/l Ped GH-11, 12/S (7/16/77) Per GH-13, 14/S (7/16/77) Per GH-15/B1k (7/29/77) Per GH-16/B1k (7/18/77) Per GH-18/S (7/9/77) Ped GH-19, 22/S (7/23/77) Per H-2/7 Ped. H-12/S (7/17/77) Per H-17 /3 Ped I-5/l Per I-16/1 Ped 0-4/10

Table 26.

3.94

3.22

3.99

3.34

3.22

3.55

aHFed 3.94 1. 57

CXl

0

(cont. ) Port. aBFcr Pcd Pee, Per Pcd Per Pcd Per Pcd aHFcr

aHFcd

4.13

aBFcd

[7.25]

aBFcr (Breadth of Cranial Articular Surface); HFcr (Height of Cranial Articular Surface); BFcd (Breadth of Caudal Articular Surface); HFcd (Height of Caudal Articular Surface) (after von gen Driesch 1976}. From immature individual.

Prov. OP-2, 4/S (8/ll/77) OP-2, 4/S (8/ll/77) P-3/l 0 P-3, 4/S~/S (6/ll/77) P-3, 4/S~/S (6/12/77) P-4/28 (Assoc.) Q-4/S (6/6/77) QR-001, 002/S (6/13/77)

Table 26.

co

-'

P-4/9

aUnfused summits of vertebral transverse and spinous processes; vertebral type unknown.

Q-4/S (6/6/77)

3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

No.

aUnfused vertebral summit

Prov. EF-1, 2/S (5/30/77) EF-7, 8/S (6/5/77) G-5, 6/S (6/4/77) GH-15/S (7/29/77) GH-19, 20/S (8/3/77) H-14/13 H-17/10 OP-2, 4/S (8/9/77)

Table 27.

co

N

Prov. B-2/2 D-2/1 E-1/1 & 2 E-1/3 E-1/4 E-1/13&14 E-2/2 E-3/1 E-3/5 E-4/9 E-4/1 0 E-8/7 E-8/8 E-8/9 E-8/l 0 E-8/11 & 23 E-8/12 E-8/ 14 E-8/15 E-8/25 E-8/26 E-9/4 E-9/8 E-9/9 E-9/18 E-1 0/1 E-11/1 E-18/1 E-19/3 E-19/9 E-23/6 F-0024/7 F-0024/11 F-1/A

Table 28.

aRib

R R

R

---

L

L

R L L

R

L L

R R

R

R R L

R R R R R

Da Do Do Do Ms,Do Ms ,Do

c c Da c c Da c Da c c Da c c c Ms, V c c

Da Do Do

L

R L

0 Da

Ms,V

c c c

Port. Do Ms Da

R

L L

R

L

R R

(L)

Side

1 1 1 1

1

0 0 0

1

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

1

0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0

1

0 0 0

1

But. 1 1

1

(l)

1

1

1

1

1

1

---

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1

---

1

(0)

0.5 1

]

Fus. 0 [34.80] (56.00) 40.35 51.75 40.30 [47.70] (28.60) [38. 45] [8.99] [13. 06] 38.70 48.25 [43.90] 50.50 52.70 [52.50] 31.30 [40.00] 53.35 50.80 [45.80] 43.40 (38.55) 43.30 [50.30] 38.10 34.65 [30.20] [11. 27] [5.70] [22.80] [22.00] [20.80]

bGL

6.18 7.37

(5.17)

(4.11) 5.78 5. 81 6.01 [4.87]

4.86 4.60 6.09 6. 19 6.46 6.23 (5.06) 6.28

4.17 [4.76] 3.19 4.54 [2.75] 4.63 4. 77

3.07 (7.38) 6.30

bGLht

w

(X)

Prov. F-2/1 F-3/1 F-7 /1 F-8/28 F-9/14 F-9/38 F-9/45 F-9/46 F-9/47 F-9/58 F-9/59 F-9/60 F-9/61 F-10/17 F-1 0/19 F- 10/20 F- 16/1 F- 16/2 F-16/5 F-24/5 G-11/5 G-11/11 G-14/l G-16/1 G-18/2 G-19/7 GH-19, 22/S H-12/3 H-14/5 H-14/11 H-16/3 H-17/2 H-17 /5A H-17/58 &8

Table 28.

R

R L

R

R

(R) L

(L)

L R R R

L L

R L R R R R

L

L R R R R

L L

R

L

R R R L

Side

(cont.)

dDa

c Ms,V cc

Da Do Ms,Do Da Ms ,Do Do Do Da Da

c c

Do Ms,Do

cc

Da Da

c Da c ccc c c c cc c

Da Ms, V

c

Port. Ms,V

1

1 0 0 0 1 0 0

1

(l)

---

0

---

1 1 1 1

---

1 l 1 1

1

1 1 l 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 (0) (0) 1

---

---

[5.60] [45.15? (51 . 60 48.35 [48.70] 26.90 [23.00]

---

[36.10] 35.70 [33.20] [48.90] 46.75 [50.00] 36.10 31.25 27.70 38.65 35.45 31.95 27.40 57.35 [49.75] [42.55] 26.95 [16.20] [45.85] 58.00 43.80 [49.50] [8.73] [23. 15] [37.00] [36.50]

--1

bGL

Fus.

0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1

0

But. 1

4.75

[3.42] 7.35

5.62

---

4.60 6.21 5.11 4.61 4.86 5.67 5. 12 4.68 4.87 5.68 4.94 4.25 (4.42) 4. 71 [2.93] 7.58 6.78 6.12 (7.30) 4.97

6.06

bGLht

+::>

co

---

L L

---

R R

L L L

R

L

R

L

R

L

R

Side L

(cont.)

Do Ms ,Do Do Da .Da Do Ms,Do Do Do

c

Ms ,Do Do

c

Do Do

c c

Port. But. 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1

1

1

1 1 1

1 0 1 0 l l 0 1 (1)

l

Fus. 1 5.73 4.70 5.67 (5.91) 5.46 (4.40) 4.31 5.86 (4.28) 4.55 (6.70) (5.93) 5.16 (6.40)

[18.10]

bGLht

52.10 29.10 [6.02] [9.50] (36.50) [11.20] [8.53] 35.00 [16.50] [28.80] [6. 15] [36.00] [32.50]

---

bGL

entry may be treated as a different rib when determining minimum number of individuals. GL (Greatest Length); Glht (Greatest Length between Head and Tubercle). ~Cranial rib with greatly enlarged ventral portion of blade. From immature individual.

~Each

--

Prov. H-17/14 H-17/17 H-21 I 4 0-2/7 0-3/6 & 12 0-3/26 0-4/12 P-3/40 P-3/63 P-3/72 P-4/l P-4/8 & 11 P-4/13 P-4/14 Q-4/8 Q-4/19 Q-5/1

Table 28.

00

CJ1

Prov. AB-1, 21S (Z=l04) C-liS (Z= 128) C-2/S (Z=l28) D-211 0-312 0-1 Oil A o- 11 , 121 s (7I 11 I 77) 0-1215 (7110177) E-115 (5128177) E-313 E-3111 E-3, 41S (614177) E-3, 4IS (615177) E-415 E-416 E-511 E-5, 61S (617177) E-614 E-615 E-712 E-813 E-915 E-1015 (6!14177) E-1115 (6127177) E-18112 E-2215 E-2613 EF IBkdt EFIBkdt (6127177) EF-1, 215 (5129177) EF-1, 215 (5130177) EF-1, 2IS (5131/77) EF-3, 4IS (5/30/77) EF-3, 4IS (615177) 10 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 19 9 4 1

1

No. 1 1 1 1 l 1 6 1 1 1 1 7 6 1 1 1.8 1.7 0.9 57.0 3.2 6.2 4.6 1.2 1.3 2.6 13.4 4.7 3. 1 3.6 2.3 1.6 13.2 1.1 24.8 27.0 13.5 11.0 4.0 1.9 0.6 36.1 9.5 77.7 1.9 0.8 14.5 11.8 3.7 0.4

Wt. {g)

dRT RB RB 3RB

RB RB RB CRS

RB

RB

bRB

Comments

Table 29. aMiscellaneous rib-vertebral process fragments

0'1

():)

Prov. EF-4/S EF-5, 6/S (6/5/77) EF-5, 6/S (6/6/77) EF-5, 6/S (Z=98) EF-7, 8/S (5/31/77) EF-7, 8/S (6/5/77) EF-7, 8/S (6/6/77) EF-8/S (6/5/77) EF-9, 10/S (6/10/77) EF-9, 10/S (6/12/77) EF-9, 10/S (6/13/77) EF-9, 10/S (6/14/77) EF-9~ 10/S (6/16/77) EF-9, 10/S (6/26/77) EF-11/S (B1k) (6/28/77) EF-11/S (7/1/77) EF-11,.12/S (6/26/77) EF-11, 14/S (6/14/77) EF-11 , 14/S ( 6/15/77) EF-15/B1k (7/30/77) EF-16, 18/S (6/27/77) EF.,.17, 18/S (6/26/77) EF-21, 22/S (7/18/77) EF-22/S (7/25/77) EF-22/S (7/26/77) EF-22/S {7/29/77) EF-23, 26/S (7/23/77) EF-23, 26/S {7/25/77) EF-25, 26/S (7/18/77} F-0024/2 F-0024/10 F-0024/12 F-0024/S F-1, 2/Lower Gravel

Table 29. (cont.)

4 3 3 10 3 1 11 1 1 2 1 2 2 4 1 1 1 5 2

l3

No. 9 1 6 4 1 5 15 2 2 6 14 17 18 1 Wt.{g) 14.3 1.5 24.1 20.9 0.8 4.7 15.2 3.2 1.4 6.2 9.9 15.2 16.7 1.0 13.8 5.5 3.0 10.4 8.4 4.2 2.4 26.2 1.6 6.2 9.7 1.1 3.5 4.2 4.4 46.5 100.1 1.4 7. 1 3.7 Screening of talus

RB RB; RS

1RB 1RH

1 with sharp cut

1RH

1RS; 1 wa terworn

1RB

1RT

1RB 1RB

Comments lRB; leRH

co

""-J

(cont.)

Prov. F-2/S (Z=l22) F-3/S ( 6/3/77) F-3/2 F-3/4 F-3/6 F-4/5 F-5/S (5/30/77) (Z=98) F-7 /1 F-8/22 F-9/2 F-9/14 F-9/33 F-9/38 F-9/44 F-10/S (6/14/77) F- 10/7 F-1 0/21 F-1 0/22 F-1 0/29 F-11 /3 F-11/5 F- 11 I 6 F-14, 15/S (6/27/77) F-16/1 F- 16/3 F-16/6 F-18/1 F-22/7 F-22/1 0 F-24/5 G-5, 6/S (6/4/77) G-6/1 G-7 /1 G-7/2 G-7/3

Table 29.

1 6 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 1 1 1 1

No. Wt.(g} 4.5 6.3 30.6 3.1 1.1 2.7 2.2 0.9 23.5 6.2 1.0 46.2 9. 1 3.0 0.5 3.7 26.8 3.5 3.2 3.8 1.6 3.3 5.0 1.2 39.4 2.0 94.8 22.6 26.0 2.0 13. 1 3.7 2.9 3.3 1.9 RB RB RB

fRHs RB

RH RS

RB

RB

1 waterworn RB

Comments

(X) (X)

(cont.)

Prov. G-9/2 G-11/2 G-11, 12/S (7/17/77) G-12/l G-12/5 G-13/S (7/10/77) G-13/6 G-13/1 0 G-15/2 G-16/6 G-16/7 G-19/3 G-19/4 G-20/2 G-20/3 G-21, 22/S (8/3/77) G-22/l GH-7, 8/S (6/4/77) GH-11, 12/S (7/12/77) GH-11, 12/S ( 7/16/77) GH-13, 14/S (7/11/77) GH-13, 14/S (7/12/77) GH-13, 14/S (7/15/77) GH-14, 15/S (7/9/77) GH-15/B1k (7/29/77) GH-16/S (7/4/77) GH-16/B1k (7/19/77) GH-16, 18/S (7/12/77) GH-16, 19/S (7/5/77) GH-17/S (7/9/77) GH-18/S, (7/9/77) GH-19, 20/S (8/3/77} GH-19, 22/S (7/23/77) GH-19, 22/S (7/25/77) GH-19, 22/S (7/26/77)

Table 29.

4.0

1.4

1.0 1.2 2.4 4.8 5.8 6.6 15.4 4.4 6.3 6;0 3.2 17.6 3. 1 1.4 9.9 8.6 7.0 1.6 2.7

21.4

1 1 2 l 2 5 3 7 8 4 3 4 11 3 3 7 10 4 2 4 2 4

1

1 1 1

1

1

1

Wt. (g) 8.5 6.6 0.7 14.2 16.9 1.0 12.8 4.0 1.3 1.4 1.4 5.5 3.0

No. 1 1 2 1 1 1

lRH

1RS; 1RH

2 burned

lRHs

RB

RS; cranial-type rib

RHs

RB RS RHs RS

Comments RS RB

\0

co

(cont.)

Prov. H-211 H-515 (7122~77~ H-9, lOISil. ( 114177) H-11, 1215 (713177) H- 121 s (7I 17I 77) H-1615 (S. Wall) (7/11177) H-16114 H-16, 1815 (7111177) H-16, 1815 (7116177) H-17116 H-1912 H-1913 H-1914 0-216 0-3114 0-3128 0-3132 0-4115 0-4120 OP-2, 4IS (7130177) OP-2, 4IS (811177) OP-2, 4IS (814/77) OP-2, 4IS (815177) OP-2, 4/S (818177) OP~2, 4IS (819177) OP-2, 4IS (8110177) OP-2, 4IS (8111177) P-219 P-2/26 P-2130 P-315 (6113177) P-3/12 P-3117 P-3120 P-3126

Table 29.

2 1 9 18 19 26 3 2 8 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 1

-1

1 1

'I

1 6 2 1 1 1 1

3

No. 2 1 1 1 2

Wt. (g} 6.2 1.0 1.0 2.4 4.9 6.0 6. 1 11.2 2.7 1.7 9. 1 7. 1 2.0 13.0 1.6 0.8 6.0 2.3 0.8 9.3 11.1 20.3 19.0 4.0 1.7 9.1 2.5 3.4 1.5 2.5 4.1 14.7 8.7 5.7 3.0 RB RB

RB

1g RS; 1RHs; 1RT ~RS; 2RH RS

RS

RS

RB

RH

Corrments

0

1.0

(cont.)

1 2

1

1 1 1 2

1

2 1 1 2

1

No. 2 1 1 1 6 10 1 1 1 1 7.3 2.3 4.7 1.0 6.2 10.6 6.2 1.2 0.5 8. 1 3.4 0.5 0.4 1o. 9 1.4 1.6 2. 1 0.7 8. 1 2.7 12.5 2.0 1.7

Wt. (g}

RS RH

gRB

RS

T

hT

RB

lgRB

RT

Corrments RB

aFragments of ribs not to be included in computation of minimum number of individuals; also fragments of ribs and vertebral processes with one or more old breaks (butchering debris); some of thes5 fragments undoubtedly represent natural disintegration products. Fragment of rib blade or midsection. ~Fragment of sternal extremity of rib. Rib tubercle fragment. ~ib head fragment. Unfused cap (epiphysis) of rib head. gFrom immature individual. hPossible fragment of thoracic spinous process.

Prov. P-3/28 P-3/66 P-3/69 P-3/79 P-3, 4/S~/S (6/ll/77) P-3, 4/S~/S (6/12/77) P-4/6 P-4/8 P-4/15 Q-l/2 Q-2/2 Q-3/S (6/6/77) Q-3/6 Q-3/20 Q-4/S (6/10/77) Q-4/3 Q-4/27 Q-4/28 Q-4/35 Q-5/1 Q-6/1 QR-1, 2/S (6/6/77) QR-3, 4/S (6/4/77)

Table 29.

......

1..0

Prov. D-11,12/S (7/11/77) E-3,4/S (6/4/77) E-8/2 E-8/22 E-9/S (6/14/77) E-19/2 E-20/4 EF-4/S (5/31/77) EF-5,6/S (6/6/77) EF-9 (near F-8/30) EF-9 (near F-8/30) EF-9,10/S (6/12/77) EF-9,10/S (6/26/77) EF-11/S (7/1/77) EF-23,26/S (7/16/77) F-8/l F-8/6 & 30 F-8/31 F-8/32 F-8/37A F-8/37B F-8/38 F-8/39 F-8/41A F-8/41B F-8/ 41 C

bGB [0.98] [1. 47] 2.75 1.05 [0.73] 4.41 2.65 [2.20] [1. 30] 2.21 [l. 89] [1 . 91 J [0. 89] 2.69 (3. 18) [1.42] 3.67 2.21 2.39 2.75 2.67 [1. 90] 2.25 2.38 2.41 2.56

hGL [1.25] [0.77] 9.35 [9.96] [11.60] (22.20) [4.58] [3.50] [10.90] [8.50] [4.15] [2.95] [4.31] 5.87 [6.46] [11.35] 18.85 [7.97] 9.94 9.03 [5.48] 8.83 13.10 7.10 6.76 6.84

Table 30. aCostal cartilage. (cont.) [7.17] [12.35] 16.40 [11. 30] ( 18. 50) [5.96] [5.45] [10.68] [4.15] [3.08] (18.65) [14.65] [6.32] [8.20] [14.50] (8.95) 7.20 10.03 [12.00] 21.60 [3.47] (5.30) [5.99] [3.78] [3.09]

bGL 2.61 1. 38 2.28 (0.88) 3.23 [0.93] [1. 10] 2.83 [1.80] [1. 31] 2.48 1. 59 2.60 ( 1. 34) 2.50 3.02 3.30 2.91 2.25 1. 58 (2.06) (2.75) (2.49) [1. 68] [1. 43]

bGB

aAll items listed above represent different, nonrestgrable specimens of costal cartilage. GL (Greatest Length); GB (Greatest Breadth).

Prov. F-8/41 D F-8/41 E F-9/48 F-1 0/8 G-12/6 G-12/S (7/12/77) GH-11,12/S (7/16/77) GH-19,22/S (7/15/77) GH-19,22/S (7/23/77} H-10/S (6/26/77) H-14/9 H-14/14 H-16,17/S (7/23/77) H-16,17/S (7/23/77) H-18/17 H-20/2 0-3/3 0-3/33 P-2/8 P-3/62 P-.3/77 P-4/4 P-4/12 P-4/17 QR-3,4/S (6/4/77)

Table 30.

N

1..0

Comments a3rd or 4th (probable 4th) 1st (manubrium) 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th; fusing to F-9/29G 7th; fusing to F-9/29F 2nd 5th 2nd; damaged 2nd; damaged unidentified fragment 1st (manubrium) 3rd, 4th or 5th; weathered 3rd 6th 4th or 5th (probable 5th) 5th or 6th (probable 5th)

Sternebra

aSternebrae from F-8/29 articulated.

F-8/29A F-8/298 F-8/29C F-8/290 F-8/29E F-8/29F F-8/29G G-22/7 G-22/8 GH-7, 8/S GH-19, 22/S GH-19, 22/S H-21/10 H-27/2 P-3/54 P-3/65 P-4/25 R-2/1

E-8/16

Prov.

Table 31.

w

l.O

Prov. Side A-1/1 --A-2/3 L A-2/ 4(2 pieces) --A-2/5 L C-1/S (Z=128) --D-1 0/1 B --D-11,12/S (7/11/77) --E-4/3 L E-8/5 L E-1 0/1 --E-1 0/4 --E-12/2 --E-24/5 L EF-11/S (6/28/77} --EF-11,14/S (6/15/77}--EF-13,14/S (6/26/77)--F-0024/8 R F-1/6 R F-4/8 --F-4/S (5/30/77} --F-9/36 R F-1 0/8 L G-5,6/S (6/4/77) --GH-16/Blk (7/18/77) L GH-16, 18/S (7/18/77) (L) GH-16,18/S (7/18/77) (L) H-2/l --H-9, 10/S!/S(6/14/77) --H-16/6 --H-16/8 L H-16,18/S (7/ll/77) --H-16,18/S (7/11/77) --H-17/12 --H-18/12 ---

Table 32. Scapula

p

B1 D Spn Cd Bo 81 Bl Spn 81 Bl z. Bl

gc81 gc

p

Cd

c

Bl 81

p

Bo Bl Bl CB

c

Port. 81 Cd 81 Cd 81 81 81 CB

bo

el b1 bl kl bl bl b1

.J,

~1

h1 .1

1

---

(1)

1

1

1

1 1

aDHA

---

(26.00}

aLd

---

---

---

---

41.60 41.60 41.40 4L50

---

---

21 .1 0 20.90

(45.10} [44.30] [19.80]

[30. 15] [28.90] [12.61]

[36.60] --50.25 47.70

Fus. (SGT) aHS

f1 bl b1 0 c1 f1 bl 0

a,

b1 b1 d1 1 0 el b1 b1

~l

But. b1 c1 bl

---

---

6.57 6.58

6.45

6.12

5.69 7.70

aSLC

---

---

7.68 7.54

7.97

7.58

7. 14 9.65

aGLP

5.23 5.17

(5.32)

4.96

4.46 6.20

aBG

(7.13) (5.35)

6.42 6.45

6.92

6.25

6.26 7.75

aLG

~

(cont.)

L

~~

al pl bl el bl

Cci Spn Bl Bo Bl

-------

R

-----

p p

Bl

nDa

---

R

---

R

But. ml bl _bO) fl

Port. D Bl

Side (0) [8.59]

Fus. (SGT) aHS 1 --[5.76]

---

--[9.64]

aLd

aDHA 2.27

aSLC 7. 77

aLG aBG ( 7. 37) 6.37 (2. 92) ( 1. 50)

aGLP 9.05

---

aHS (Height along Spine); DHA (Diagonal Height); Ld (Dorsal Length}; SLC (Smallest Length of Neck); GLP (Greatest Length of Glenoid Process); LG (Len£th of Glenoid Cavity); BG (Breadth of Glenoid Cavity)' (aft5r von den Driesch 1976). Small fragment of blade. ~Fragment of caudal border. Major portion of caudal and cranial blade missing; distal portion of spine including acrcmion broken off but restored. eFragment of bor·der; side unknown. fPrcximal extremity with portion of border. gPortion of cartilage on proximal border remains intact. ~Glenoid cavity and small portion of neck only; fused supraglenoid tubercle ·missing. ~Four partially restorable fragmentsof spine. ~Fragment of caudal angle. Proximal end of spine. ZFragment of cartilage from proximal extremity. mDistal end with intact glenoid cavity, portion of neck, and butchered fragment of acromion area of sRine. Probable non-bison. aCaudal angle and portion of proximal caudal border. PMajor portion of spine.

Prov. 0-3/1 0-3/15 0-3/38 0-4/18 OP-2,4/S (8/4/77) OP-2,4/S (8/5/77) P-2/32 P-3/73 P-3/S (6/13/77) Q-3/S (6/3/77) Q-4/7

Table 32.

()1

\D

Side R L

Prov. E-2/8 EF-3,4/S F-9/8 F-9/27 F-10/18 G-22/5 H-15/1 0-2/15 0-4/7 fo-4/13 P-2/11 P-3/4 P-3/35 P-3/64 Q-4/5 Jpe p

~Pe

1 0 ko 1

.P

£l)

0 0

d l

c (1)

bo 1 0 0 0

But.

c c gp

D 8 Rs

p

c c

c

D

c

Port.

1 0 0 l

l

1 1

---

(l)

l l

1

---

Fus. {P) 0

---------

l 1

1

l 1 l

(1)

---

30.20 36.55 [21.00] [17 .37] [6.78]

[26.25]

31.90 32.10 37. 7l

---

Fus.{D) aGL l 30.90

---

---

10.55 l 0. 50 12.61

---

aBe 9.65

9.90 10.75 --- 12.30 [15.49] (10.32) --- [4.42] --- [12.65]

27.41 31.80

---

28.65 28.66 33.00

aGLC 27.95

4.13 4.53

4.92

4.30 4.36 4.94

---

3.85

aSD

8.30 9.08

9.25

7.91 [7.52] 8.10 8.28 9.40

aBd

(8.12) 8.96

9.00

7.68 [7.52] 7.90 7.85 9.25

aBT

aGL (Greatest Length); GLC (Greatest Length from Head); Bp (Proximal Breadth); SO (Smallest Breadth of D1aphysis); Bd (Distal Breadth); BT (Greatest Breadth of Trochlea) (after von den Driesch 1976). Distal condyle only. cLateral tuberosity only. dProximal end of humerus from deltoid tuberosity upward is missing; shaft is broken obliquely to form slight posterior-medial projection; small flake-like scars on exterior surface of projection suggest possible use as chopping or defleshing tool; no polish. eHumerus weathered and completely fragmented by exposure in wall of arroyo; partial restoration i ndi _rates thc.t specimen probably had not been butchered. Shaft submitted to Geochron Laboratories, Cambridge, Mass. for radiocarbon analysis (No. GX-5098-A; GX-5098-G). gShaft broken off irregularly in vicinity of deltoid tuberosity; no evidence for use as tool. hshaft broken obliquely near deltoid tuberosity to form anterior point; small, flake-like scars on exter.ior surface of point suggest possible use as chopping or defleshing tool; no polish. ~Fragment of unfused epiphyseal lateral tuberosity; not from same individual as P-3/64. ~Fragment of unfused epiphyseal head only; not from same individual as P-3/3~. Fragment of head only.

R L R R (L)

L

R R ( R) R R L

L

Humerus

Table 33.

1.0 0"1

Side (R) (L) L L

Prov. E-3/16 E-19/8 F-0024/12 F-9/9 F-9/26 F-16/4 G-20/1 H-ll/4 H-14/2 0-3/41 P-2/25 P-3/38 Q-4/13 Q~OOl, 002/S -z-Oe

.c

Di D

c c

D

p p

c c

p p

p

Port.

0 0 gl hl 0

,,

But. bl al 0 0 do 1 el

0.5

1 1

Fus. (P) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0

---

1 1

---

(D)

Fus.

P-3/38

H-11 I 5 H-14/l P-4/10

F-0024/ 13 F-9/9 F-9/26 (F-16/7)

Assoc. Ulna

---

---

6.89

-----

9.50 10. 15

8.48 8.36 8.46 8.84 3.80

aBd

7.91 [4.62] 7.88 4.44 7.46 7.84 4.40 7.80 8.06 3.69 --- --- [6.10] 8.93 (5.10) 8.35 9.31 5.57 9.46 --- [4.76] [8.14] 4.47 7.50 --6.68 3.44 6.56 [7.25]

aSD aGL aBp aBFp [22.45] [5.94] [4.17]

[19.50] 39.35 30.09 39.00 30.05 [25.22] [3.28] [22.38] [40.01] 33.50 33.89 [24.53] [27.20] 23.90

aGL(RU)

7.24 6.36 (7.25)

(5.88) 8.28 (8.47)

6.95 7. 01

aBFd

aGL(RU) (Greatest Length of Articulated Radius and Ulna); GL (Greatest Length); Bp (Proximal Breadth); BFp (Breadth of Proximal Articular Surface); SO (Smallest Breadth of Diaphysis); Bd (Distal Breadth); BFd (Bre3dth of Distal Articular Surface) (after von den Driesch 1976). Medial half of proximal end and shaft; distal end missing; distal end slightly pointed suggesting possible use as chopping or defleshing tool; specimen badly weathered. 0 Lateral half of proximal end; no shaft remaining; specimen weathered. dProximal end and entire lateral half of shaft; distal end missing; shaft pointed at distal end suggesting possible use as chopping or defleshing tool; no flake-scars or polish on point. eProximal end only; probable non-bison. foistal end (unfused) and posterior-lateral half of shaft; styloid process broken off; proximal end of shaft pointed suggesting possible use as chopping or defleshing tool; specimen badly weathered. gDistal portion of diaphysis; distal epiphysis missing; anterior-lateral portion of shaft toward proximal end projects to form a point suggesting use as chopping or defleshing tool; small flake-scars on e~terior surface; no polish. Distal end and shaft; shaft broken obliquely to form medial point suggesting use as chopping or defleshing tool; flake-scars on exterior surface of point; no polish. -z-Distal epiphysis only; styloid process missing; badly weathered.

R

R R L R R R R R

R

Radius

Table 34.

\.0

-.....J

R R

L

R

L

---

R R

L

p

c

D

D

p

Ms Ms Da

p

p p

Side Port. p L p L --Ms c L

Ulna

cl 0 do 1 el fl cl cl 0 gl ~1 &1

---

But. bl

(0)

-----

1 1 1

---

---

---

---

-----

---

---

1 1

-----

---

Fus.{D}

---

l 1 1 0 l

---

Fus.{P} 0 l

P-3/38 0-3/41

---

H-11/4 H-14/2

-----

(F-16/4)

---

F-9/9 F-9/26

--F-0024/12 ---

Assoc. Radius [9.35] [28.30] [7. 61] 38.20 37.31 [22.65] [20.30] [13.10] [10.35] [17. 80] [38.80] [14.71] [19.20] [22.70]

aGL

[7.98] 10.46

(10.43) 10.61 (12. 70) [10.31] [8.55]

[8.32] l 0. 79

aLO

8.90 8.03

7.. 64 7.73 [8.29] 9.09 (7.81)

aDPA [4.35] 7.56

(6.39} 6.92

5.59 5.52 [5.90] 6.02 (5.77)

[4.84] 5.68

aS DO

5.60 4 . 57

4.78 (4.74) (4.74) 5. 18 (4 . 60)

aBIPC [2.55] 4.84

aGL (Greatest Length); LO (Length of Olecranon); DPA (Depth across Processus Anconaeus); SDO (Sma1lest Depth of Olecranon); BPC (Breadth across Coronoid Process) (after von den Driesch 1976). Proximal epiphysis missing; caudal border of olecranon and entire shaft missing. ~Ulnar shaft fragment only. Shaft broken off below coronoid process; proximal tuberosity of olecranon battered. eProximal epiphysis missing; shaft broken off below coronoid process. fshaft broken off below coronoid process; proximal tuberosity of olecranon battered. ~Shaft broken off at coronoid process . .Shaft broken off well above styloid process; shaft completely fused to body of radius. &Fragment of ulnar shaft that restores to remnant of shaft and styloid process of 0-3/41.

Prov. E-9/19 F-0024/13 F-l/3 F-9/9 F-9/26 F-11/l F- 16/7 F- 17/2 F-25/l H-11 I 5 H- 14/l H-17/6 P-3/38 P-4/10

Table 35.

\.0

co

L L R R L

R

Da

But. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

aGB 2.66 2.86 2.80 (2.82) (2.55) 2.90 (3.09) 2.85 [2.50] bGL 3.27 2.99 2.99 (3.10) (3.03) 3.24 3.26 3.34 [3.28]

(Greatest Breadth) (after von den Driesch 1976). GL (Greatest Length).

~GB

c

R

c c c c c c c

Side

Prov. E-10/1 F-9/35F F-9/440 F-24/4 H-ll/3B H-16/5 P-3/13 P-3/49 Q-3/7

L R

Port.

Radial carpal

Table 36.

~ ~

-

R L R R R

L

R L

L

R

L

R

Side

c c c c c c c c c Da c c

Port.

Intermediate carpal But. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

aGBQ 3.17 3.17 3.05 3.14 2.96 3.10 3. 01 3.59 [2.96] 2.96 3.35 3.64 3.74 3.80 3.90 4.00 3.95 3.87 [3.54] 4.52 3.8/ [3.94] 4.24 4.53

aGO 2.78 (2.68) 2. 72 2.65 2.57 2. 71 2.65 3.18 2.71 2.50 2.90 3.16

aDL

aGBp (Greatest Proximal Breadth in Proximal Plane); GO (Greatest Depth); DL (Dorsal Length).

Prov. F-9/11 F-9/35H F-9/44C G-5,6/S G-22/3 H-10/l H-ll/3A H-14/4C H-16, 18/S HI-16,19/S P-3/23 P-3/52

Table 37.

......

0 0

c

L L

c

c c c

c 0 0 0 0 0 0

2.57 2.60 2.97 (2.40) 2.95 2.55 b2.81 1.72

3.11

aGB

From immature individual .

~GB (Greatest Breadth) (after von den Driesch 1976).

L L

R R

c 0

0 0

c

c

R L

F-9/S F-9/35E G-6/2 H-ll/3C H-14/4B 0-3/39 P-2/19 P-4/24

R

E-2/3

But.

Port.

Side

Ulnar carpal

Prov.

Table 38.

...... 0 ......

c c c c c c c c c

But. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2.01 1. 72 1.63 1.66 2. 51 2.05 2.55 1.83 1.49

aGB GL 2.66 2.62 2.32 2.64 3.42 2.98 3.46 2.66 2.56

0

2.70 2.51 2.48 2.57 3.23 3.14 3.39 2.65 2.18

aGD

aGB (Greatest Breadth); GL (Greatest Length); GO (Greatest Depth, measured perpendicular to articular surface) .

(L) L (L)

R

L (L)

R R

Side (L)

Prov. E-2/12 EF-9, 10/S EF-9, 10/S F-9/35A G-13/7 H-14/lB H-14/15 P-2/18 P-3/22 Port.

Accessory carpal

Table 39.

--'

N

0

R L R

L

Da

c c c c c c c

Port.

4.02 [3.97]

4.14 4.15

(3.60)

3. 77

0 0 0 0 0

3.76

0

(4.30)

aGB

0

0

But.

(Greatest Breadth) (after von den Driesch 1976). From Units EF-13,22.

~GB

L

H-11 /3B

0-4/22 P-2/7 P-3/21 P-3/39

R

L R

Side

Fused 2nd and 3rd carpal

Prov. bBkdt F-9/35G F-9/44B

Table 40.

--'

w

0

---

R

L L

R R

L

R

Side L L

4th carpal

Da

c c c c c c c c c

Port. But. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 .l 0 2.83 3.12 2.96 3.09 3. 77 3.25 3.80 3.64

aGB 2.47 2.49 2.48 2.58 2.55 3.01 2.72 3.09 2.93

bGL

GL (Greatest Length).

~GB (Greatest Breadth) (after von den Driesch 1976).

--

Prov. F-9/35B F-9/35C F-9/44A GH-16/Blk GH-19,20/S H-14/4A P-2/6 P-3/16 P-3,4/S!/S P-3,4/SUS

Table 41.

__.

,.J::>.

0

5th metacarpal

c

Da

c

c

c

c c

Port.

But. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.03 0.96 1.06 1. 22 1.12 1.02 0.94

aGB

aGB (Greatest Breadth); GL (Greatest Length).

-

Prov. Side R EF-9, 10/S F-9/350 L OP-2,4/SA L OP-2,4/SB --L P-2/17 P-3 ,4/SUS --P-4/28 (Assoc.) ---

Table 42.

2. 77

aGL 3. 15 3.50 4.60 [2.91] 3.98 [2.32]

__,

(J1

0

0 0

fo 1

1

l

1

---

1 l

---

( 1) 1 1 1 1 ( l)

---

Fus. (P) aGL

[ 4. 06] [9.80] l ( 19. 53) 1 21.00 1 20.00 --- [8.04] 0 [10.31] --- [6.83] 0 (19.85) l 21.00 [3.50] 0 --- [17.21] 1 21.05 1 20.65 1 19.35

---

Fus. (D) 0

--2.27 2.41 2.42

--3.60 3.69 3.73 6.26 6.59 6.57

---

3.37 3. 04 3.04

(3.12) 3.46 3.07

3.19 2.88 2.85

---

3.50 2. 77

(3.00) (2.81) 3.00 2.92 3.05 2.94

2.88 2.79 2.85

(2.65) 3.05 2.65

2.63 2.67 2.66

2.62 2.63 2.61

2.78 2.38

2.36 2.41 2.36

aBd bWCm bWCl bWTm bWTl (6.63) 3.11 (2.92) 2.69 2.56

2.40 1.57 1.68 (l .18) [5.07] (3.50) 2.44 [5.81] 7.35 4.70 2.73 7.52 --- --- --- (6.30) 7.30 5.01 3.02 6.98 3.87 2.56 7.08 6.20 3.58 2.43 6.60 6.39 3.87 2.62 6.44

[4.54] 5.92 6.25 6.27 [3.72] 3.86

---

aDD

aSD

aBQ

aGL (Greatest Length); Bp (Proximal Breadth); SO (Smallest Breadth of Diaphysis); DO (Smallest Depth of D~aphysis); Bd (Distal Breadth) (after von den Driesch 1976). WCm (Width of Distal Medial Condyle); WCl (Width of Distal Lateral Condyle); WTm (Width of Distal Medial Trochlea); WTl (Width of Distal Lateral Trochlea) (after Payne 1969). ~Identification as metacarpal uncertain; specimen badly weathered. Proximal end and shaft of immature individual. eShaft of immature individual; distal end broken off perpendicular to longitudinal axis of bone; tracj of depressed fracture near break. Two flakes of bone spalled from anterior surface of shaft; may be result of in situ weathering --or use of metacarpal as hammer.

L L

c c c

Side Port. But. R De 0 c(l) p (L) R c 0 L c 0 R 0 c p (L) 1 ( R) dp ,Di 0 eo; ( 1) --L Da 0 R c 0 L De 0 p R 0

Prov. A-2/28 0-12/2 F-5/1 F-9/18 F-9/40 F-10/14 G-10/l G- 15/1 H- 11/2 H-14/3 H-18/1 0-3/4 0-4/22 P-3/41 P-3/43

R

Metacarpal

Table 43.

__,

(j)

0

X

YR ZR

UR VR WR

tR

SR

qR rL

PR

L

ZR mR nhR)

JR kR

~L

gR ~L

fL

el

CR dL

oR

Side

Pelvis

[19.68]

[8.41] 7.31

[3.73] [13.90] [14.80] [2.15] [1 0.40] [13.70] [6.05] [16.90] [1 0. 47] [29.32] 8.36 [11.05] [13. 82] ---

5.57

3.74

3.07 (2.20)

2.04

l. 60 2.54

[8.63] 3.31 --[7.76] 3.93

[4.65] [23.70] (6.32) 43.00 7.02

2.68 2.04

aSB

2. 11

aSH 4.82 4.21 4.07

aLS --12.74 13.28

aLA

[34.55] (8.45) 48.20 7.71 48.23 7.62

aGL

13.95

9.65

8.25 l 0. 35

12.20 10.45 10.45

asc aGBTc

aGBA aGBTi

aSBI

[8.69]

10.25 (44.50) (25.00) (22.00) (15.50) 10.61 (44.50) (25.00) (22.00) (15.50)

aLFo

aGL (Greatest Length); LA (Length of Acetabulum); LS (LE'ngth of Symphysis); SH (Smallest Height of Ilium Shaft); SB (Smallest Breadth of Ilium Shaft); SC (Smallest Circumference of Ilium Shaft); LFo (Inner Length of Obturator Foramen); GBTc (Greatest Breadth across Coxol Tubers); GBA (Greatest Breadth across Acetabula); GBTi (Greatest Breadth acrGss Ischiatic Tubers); SBI (Smallest Breadth across Bodies of I~chia) (after von den Driesch 1976). Ilium with acetabulum only; pubis removed at acetabulum through notches; ischium removed just caudally of acetabulum through lesser ischiatic notch; iliac crest and sacral tuber abraded and weathered; ilium and ischium fused; pubis probably fused; coxal tuber fused; fusion of sacrql tuber unknown.

Prov. E-2/6 E-2/18 E-2/19 E-4/l F-0024/6 F-8/5 F-8/6 F-9/l F-12/7 G-11/13 G-1 9/3 G-22/2 H-15/3 H-16/7 H-18/18 0-2/5 0-3/17 0-4/20 0-4/21 P-2/l P-3, 4/SVS Q-002/l Q-l/1 Q-3/14 Q-4/S

Table 44.

__,

~

0

(cont.)

cComplete; sacral tuber damaged; ilium, ischium and pubis fused; coxal tuber unfused and missing; fusign of sacral tuber unknown; ischiatic tuber unfused and missing; match for E-2/19. Complete; ilium, ischium and pubis fused; coxal tuber unfused and missing; sacral tuber unfused (?) and missing; ischiatic tuber unfused and missing; match for E-2/18. ersolated, unfused coxal tuber only. frsolated pubis; exposed in arroyo and weathered. gAcetabulum with adjacent portions of ilium, ischium and pubis; ilium cut at caudal end of shaft; ischium cut at lesser ischiatic notch and at junction of symphyseal branch of pubis with ischium; ilium and ~schium fused; pubis probably fused . . Almost complete pelvis; caudal side of obturator foramen opened by cut through symphyseal branch of ischium at junction with pubis; second cranial-caudal cut through ischial tabula beginning at caudal end of obturator foramen; minor breakage at pubic symphysis; sacral tuber damaged; ilium, ischium and pubis fuse~; coxal tuber fused; fusion of sacral tuber unknown; ischiatic tuber fused. ~Fragment of fused coxal tuber and small attached portion of iliac crPst. JFused coxal tuber, adjacent portion of iliac crest and wing. kcranial branch of pubis only, including portion of acetabulum, symphyseal branch of pubis removed; pubil probably fused. Fragment of wing of ilium extending from iliac crest to, and including, greater ischiatic notch; lateral border of ilium, coxal tuber and sacral tuber removed; coxal tuber probably fused. mshaft of ilium only; ischium and pubis detached by cutting acetabulum; iliac wing removed by cut through shaft at cranial end of greater ischiatic notch; ilium and ischium fused; pubis probably fused. nFragment of wing of ilium only; includes small portion of greater ischiatic notch; iliac crest, coxal tuber, sacral tuber and lateral border removed. °Fragment of wing of ilium only; includes small portion of greater ischiatic notch; iliac crest, coxal tuber, sacral tuber and lateral border removed. PAcetabulum fragment only; ischium detached at acetabular fossa; pubis removed by cutting through midpoint of cranial branch of pubis; ilium detached by cutting through shaft at point where it joins acetabulum; ilium, ischium and pubis fused. qlschiatic tuber and adjacent portion of ischium only; ischiatic tuber fused; very robust; weathered. rlschiatic tuber fragment and small portion of adjacert ischium; fusion unknown; baaly weathered. 8 Ilium shaft, acetabulum and cranial branch of pubis only; wing of ilium detached above greater ischiatic notch; ischium detached at acetabulum; pubis cut near midpoint of cranial branch; ilium~ ischtum and pubis fused~ Ischial shaft (body) fragment only, extending from just caudal of the acetabulum to the caudal end of the obturator foramen. uCoxal tuber and adjacent portion of iliac wing; includes large portion of lateral border; fusion unknown.

Table44.

__,

OJ

0

{cont.)

vlsolated, unfused fragment of coxal tuber; damaged. wFragment of ischium just crania1 to ischiatic tuber, including portion of lesser ischiatic notch and obturator foramen. xSmall fragment, probably from crest of ischium. YAcetabulum with portion of iliac shaft and remnant of ischiatic shaft; iliac shaft cut at caudal end of greater ischiatic notch; ischium cut at cranial end of lesser ischiatic nc.tch; pubis removed at acetabular fossa; ilium, ischium and pubis fused. 2 Fragment of cranial branch of pubis, including portion of acetabulum; pubis and ilium appea~ to be in process of fusing (?).

Table 44.

I.D

0

__.

-----

L

R

L

--~1

k(l)

D Pe

Jl

D

0 .0

f~

c p c c

L

R R

---

R R R

Port. But. bl D 0 c c 0 c 0 al p a, D el p

Side L

Femur

0

1

go

1 1 1 1 1

0

1

1

1 (l)

l

1 1

(D)

Fus.

1 1

Fus. (P)

---

---

5.70 4.95 5.37

---

a DC

[13. 75] ------[11. 10] --(14.06) 5.21 37.59 36.25 12.60 4.91 [5.57] [38.00] 38.00 [10.40] 5.22 40.00 38.75 12.34 5.33 [16.50] -------

---

---

[19.75] --42.80 40.50 37.60 36.13 (38.85) (38.28) 15.40 12.55 13.05

aB~

aGLC

aGL

---

---

---

aBd

---

3.95 4.02

4. 10

-----

---

13.30 13.25

13.82

---

---

10.40 10.25 10.15

l 0.12

[8.68]

(12.45) 4.70 15.81 11.85 4.18 13.79 10. 13 (4. 48) (14. 58) (10. 35)

a CD

aSD

aGL (Greatest Length); GLC (Greatest Length from Head); Bp (Proximal Breadth); DC (Greatest Depth of Head); SO (Smallest Breadth of Diaphysis); CD (Smallest Circumference of Diaphysis); Bd (Distal Breadth) (aftEr von den Driesch 1976). Distal end of femur; shaft broken diagonally to form sharp, lateral point; small, flake-like scars on exterior surface of point suggest possible use as chapping or defleshing tool; no polish. aFemoral head only. dDistal end of femur; shaft broken diagonally to form sharp, anterior point; no flake scars or polish on paint; extreme distal end broken; trochlea battered. eTrochanter major of femur cut off posteriorly along plane parallel to longitudinal axis of shaft; shaf} broken away from proximal end just below head. Fragment of femoral head only. gUnfused trochanter major missing. ~Shaft submitted to Geochron Laboratories, Cambridge, Mass. for radiocarbon analysis (No. GX-5097-G). ~Distal end of femur; shaft broken diagonally to form slight anterior point; no flake scars or polish on point; trochlea battered. Joistal condyle fragment; weathered. kFragment of unfused epiphyseal head only.

Prov. B-l/2 E-2/7 E-8/4 F-10/15 F-22/5 F-26/lA H-16/4 H-18/ 3 0-3/30 hP-2/12 P-2/27 P-3/60 Q-3/2 QR-3,4/S

Table 45.

0

__, __,

R

L L

R

R

Side

Patella

c Da c c c

Port. But. 0 0 0 0 0 [5.50] [5.20] 6.14 4.96 7.25

aGB aGL 6.62 [6.91] 7.15 6.29 [6.98]

aGB (Greatest Breadth); GL (Greatest Length) (after von den Driesch 1976).

Prov. B-2/1 G-18/1 H-21/1 0-3/24 Q-4/24

Table 46.

.........

R R R

L L L

R R L

L

R L

Di Pe

c c c

D Pe

c c

p p

D

L

c

R p

Port.

Side

Tibia

0 0 g ( 0) 0 0 0

f(l)

bo 1 cl d~l) 1 0 0

But.

0 1 1 1 0 0

---

1 1 1 1

---

Fus.{P) 0.5 1

---

1 1 1 0

---

1 1 1

---

--1 ---

Fus.(D} 1

---

[10.68] (11. 07) 10.34

---

(10.17) (10.04)

aB~

(10.90) 35.62 10.36 40.50 12.09 37.45 (10.18) [24. 12] [8.38] --- (9. 71)

---

37.43 [15.75] [13.91] [15.10] [10. 14] (37. 10) 36.51 [34.32]

aGL

4.05 5.11 4.30 (3.09)

(4.91) 4.18 (4.68)

(4.73)

(4.42)

aSD

6.69 7.71 6.48 [5.48]

7.32 6.32 7.27

7.34

(6.62)

aBd

aGL (Greatest Length); Bp (Proximal Breadth); SO (Smallest Breadth of Diaphysis); Bd (Distal (after von den Driesch 1976). Proximal end of tibia with projecting tibial crest. ~Shaft broken along irregular surface perpendicular to longitudinal axis of bone. Anterior portion of proximal end with projecting tibial crest. ~roximal end including most of articular surface; tibial crest missing. Shaft broken along irregular surface perpendicular to longitudinal axis of bone; specimen dama~ed during excavation. Elongate; rectangular hole (8.4 em x 1.2 em) in shaft just distal of midpoint on posterior faceh piece may have been broken out while using tibia as hammer. Shaft submitted to Geochron Laboratories, Cambridge, Mass. for radiocarbon analysis (No. GX-5099-G).

Brea~th)

11

Prov. BLM'' C-2/1 E-9/39 E-23/l E-24/3 F-0024/4 F-10/10 G-9/1 G-21 /3 H-16/2 hH-17/19 P-3/55 P-3/70 P-3/75

Table 47.

'

X

N

_, _,

R

L L L

R

Side L L

Astragalus

c c c c c

c c

Port. But. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7.10 7.18 7.23 7.30 7.73 7.99 7.96

aGL 1 7.06 6.80 6.51 6.74 7.20 7.62 7.50

aGLm 4.03 4.19 4.02 4.01 4.29 4.43 4.50

aDl 4.30 4.18 4.11 4.26 4.49 4.40 4.70

aDm 4.83 4.97 4.64 4. 77 5.03 5.34 5.31

aBd 5.00 5.20 4.93 5.40 5.45 5. 51 5.73

aGB

aGLl (Greatest Length of Lateral Half); GLm (Greatest Length of Medial Half); Dl (Greatest Depth of Lateral Half); Om (Greatest Depth of Medial Half); Bd (Greatest Breadth of Distal End); GB (Greatest Breadth) (after von den Driesch 1976).

-

Prov. E-19/l E-26/4 F-8/33 F-11 /2 H-16/ 13 P-2/35 P-3/ll

Table 48.

__, __, w

c c c c c c c c c

Port. But. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2.74 2.88 2.94 2.98 2.67 2.91 2.57 (2.61) 2.63

aGL

bGD 3.30 3.66 4.13 4.07 3.42 3.68 3.43 (3.49) 3.50

GO (Greatest Depth) (after von den Driesch 1976).

R L

L

R

L

R L

Side L L

Lateral malleolus

~GL (Greatest Length, measured perpendicular to GO).

-

Prov. A-2/2A E-3/2 EF-7,8/S EF-11 /SA EF-11/SB F-2/2 F-8/16 F-8/18 G-12/4

Table 49.

.+::>

...... ......

L L

R

L

R

L L

R

R R

R

Side

Calcaneus

c

c

dMs,D

c c eMs c c Da c

Port. Da 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0

But.

11

11 ) ;

Fus.(P) aGL (13. 52) l 1 14.41 1 13.73 [10.95] 0 13.49 1 1 14.32 1 (14. 00) 1 14.35 0 [10.90] 15. 10 1 15.35 1

aGB 4.85 4.86 4.81 [5.20] 4.85 5.12 4.90 4.80 [4.25] 5.40 5.30 bAPW 5.55 5.89 5.52 [6.35] 5.38 5.65 5.50 5.99 5. 31 6.15 6.05 bTWE (3. 37) 3.49 3.57 [3.04] 3.41 3.68 [3.13] 3.83 [2.64] 3.60 3.92

bAPWE (3. 52) 3.88 4.02 [4.09] 3.91 4.21 (3.89) 3.90 [3.23] 3.89 4. 51

aGL (Greatest Length); GB (Greatest Breadth) (after von den Driesch 1976). bAPW (Anterior-Posterior Width of Wing TWp (Transverse Width of Proximal End); APWp (Anterior-Posterior Width of Proximal End) (after Lorrain 1968) . cUnfused proximal epiphysis missing; distal anterior process removed by cleaver-like cut thatdpenetrated to uniform depth of ca. 3 mm across entire anterior-posterior width of calcaneus. Unfused proximal epiphysis missing.

-

Prov. D-3/1 E-9/3 E-ll /5 F-8/15 F-8/19 F-14/4 G-7/4 H-17/4 0-3/2 0-3/9 0-3/31

Table 50.

......

c.n

......

L L L L

R R R R

But. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5.20 4.95 4. 77 (4.08) 4.18 4.83 4.46 4.14 4.08 3.96

aL 6.64 5.95 5.89 [5.44] 5.70 6.64 5.78 5.56 5.43 5.63

~w

aAPW 6.31 5.67 5.74 [5. 12] 5.21 6.08 5.58 5.76 5.41 5.39

aL (Length); TW (Transverse Width); APW (Anterior-Posterior Width) (after Lorrain 1968) .

-

c c c Da c c c

R

c c c

Port.

Side

Prov. D-ll/6 E-6/4 F-8/17 F-9/7 F-14/1 H-12/2 H-17/20 H-18/15 I-16/4 I-16/6

L

Navicula-cuboid

Table 51.

O"l

__. __.

-

0 0

c c

---

R

But.

Port.

Side

lst tarsal

GB

1. 33 1.10

a

1.00

GL 1. 41

a

GO 1.92 1.42

a

aGB (Greatest Breadth); GL (Greatest Length); GO (Greatest Depth).

Prov. D-11/8 F-8/13

Table 52.

--' '-I

c c c c

R R R

L

Port.

Side But. 0 0 0 0

Fused 2nd and 3rd tarsal 3.60 3.03 2.91 2.92

aGB

Side But. 0

Port.

c

aGB 2.00

aGB (Greatest Breadth); GL (Greatest Length).

Prov. F-8/ll

2nd metatarsal aGL 1. 52

aGB (Greatest Breadth) (after von den Driesch 1976).

Table 54.

-

Prov. D-11 /7 F-8/14 F-8/26 F-8/40

Table 53.

00

=

Side R R L R L L L L L R

Prov. 8-11/1 D-11/5 E-3/6 E-10/7 E-10/8 E-25/2 F-8/12 H-8/1 0-3/5 P-3/59

Fus. (P) 1 1 l 1 1 1 1 1 1 --Fus. (D) 1 1 1 c(l) 1 1 1 1 1 0 aGL 24.60 25.40 25.81 23.31 26.10 [23.65] 24.71 26.58 24.89 [3.62] aBp 4.94 5.79 5.23 4.76 5.35 [4.51] 4.85 5.76 5.24 --aDD

2.64 3.09 2.83 2.57 2.99 (2.72) 2.78 3.22 2.78 ---

aSD

2.77 4.03 2.89 (2.98) 3.40 (2.85) 3.08 (3.85) 3.08 ---

aBd 5.89 7.14 6.45 5.78 6.49 [5.2B] 5.98 6.84 6.09 (5.31) WCm 2.66 3.39 3.04 2.71 2.93 2.71 2.82 3.26 2.89 2.50

h

WCl 2.59 3.16 2.89 2.52 2.82 --2.64 3.02 2.70 2.34

h

WTm 2.60 3.09 2.92 2.42 2.81 2.63 2.64 3.09 2.73 2.32

h

2.33 2.69 2.43 2.10

WTl 2.34 2.73 2.60 2.18 2.59

h

aGL (Greatest Length); Bp (Proximal Breadth); SD (Smallest Breadth of Diaphysis); DD (Smallest Depth of DiapBysis); Bd (Distal Breadth) (after von den Driesch 1976). WCm (Width of Distal Medial Condyle); WCl (Width of Distal Lateral Condyle); WTm (Width of Distal Medial Trochlea); WTl (Width of Distal Lateral Trochlea) (after Payne 1969). cDamaged during excavation producing fracture along distal line of fusion. dspecimen consisted of more than 20 restorable fragments; breakage occurred in situ after burial; shattering may have been result of using metatarsal as hammer. eAnterior surface of shaft toward proximal end shattered and spalled; breakage occurred~ situ after burial; shattering may have been result of using metatarsal as hammer.

Port. But. C 0 C 0 C 0 C 0 C 0 Rs d(l) C 0 C e(l) C 0 De 0

Metatarsal

Table 55.

1.0

_, _,

0

---

---

Fus. (P)

---0

Fus. (D) [3.33] [3 .11 J

bGL

---

bB~

---

hsD

----

hoo (5.20)

bBd CWCl cWTm

CWTl

(2.35) (2.16) (2.32) (2.10)

cwcm

aFragments that caul d not be assigned to metacarpal or metatarsal. bGL (Greatest Length); Bp (Proximal Breadth); SD (Smallest Breadth of Diaphysis); DD (Smallest Depth of Diaphysis); Bd (Distal Breadth) (after von den Driesch 1976). cwcm (Width of Distal Medial Condyle); WCl (Width of Distal Lateral Condyle); WTm (Width of Distal Medi~l Trochlea); WTl (Width of Distal Lateral Trochlea) (after Payne 1969). Single distal condyle; width of condyle 2.74; width of trochlea 2.68.

De

---

do

---

Bkdt P-4/21

(L)

But.

Port.

Side

Prov.

Table 56. aMetapodial

0

N

......

1st phalanx

II

Prov. Side Port. dBkdt "L" c IIRII A-2/lA c Ill II D-11 /3 c IIRII E-8/17 c "L" E-16/1 Da "Lu EF-Bkdt Da EF-9,10/S "L" Da F-0024/3 --- eo;,o "Ru F-8/7 c L,E F-8/20A c R,E F-8/21A c F,L,I c F-9/20 F,L,E c F-9/21 "Lu c F- 10/1 IIRII F-10/7 c "Lu F-1 0/11 c "Ru F- 14/3 Da IIR'' F-17/1 c IIRII F-18/2 c "R" F-19/1 c IIRII F-21/3 c uLu F-22/2 c "Ru F-22/8 c L'4 c F-22/9 "R'' F-22/B1k c IIRII G-14/5 c GH-19, 22/SA II R11 Pe P,La GH-19,22/SB --Da H- 11/1 --"Ru H-14/7 Da "Lu c H-17/9 uL" H-18/8 c URII H-20/3 c ulu c H-21/3

Table 57.

0 0 0 0 0 0

(l)

But. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1

1 0 1 1 1

(1)

1 1 1

1

Fus. 1

6.19 6.34 6.36 7.10 6.33

---

(3. 27) 3.42 3.02 3.95 3.44

---

---

2.93 2.75 3.30 2.96

---

aSD aGLQe aBE 6.71 3.52 3.14 5.97 2.93 2.50 7.06 3.59 3.18 6.23 3.39 2.93 (6 .37) ----[6.20] [3.31] 3.09 [4.05] ----[4.57] [2.50] 2.34 6.18 2.98 2. 75 6.21 2.94 2.76 6.43 3. 01 2.74 6.18 3.37 2.92 3.21 3.06 6.02 6.60 3.02 2.70 6.62 3.09 2.68 2.98 2.49 6.45 (6.18) ( 2. 77) 2.62 6.82 (3. 57) 3.07 7.12 3.58 3.09 6. 54 2.91 2.61 3.26 2.83 6.73 6.92 3.30 3.09 6.19 3.24 3.11 3.35 3.16 6.30 6.44 (3. 44) 2.89 3.28 2.73 6.18 2.81 ----3.26 3.05 3.30 3.18 3.58 3.64

0.05 0.01 0. 11 0.40 0.45

---

0.06 0.04 0.14 0.35 0.02 0.01 0.10 0.05 0.05 0.08 0.38 0.07

L

R

R L L

R L (L) R R

(R)

R R L

( R)

R R R L R

R

R

L

bDVR CDVRD (0.33) L (R) --(0.25) L 0.28 R (L) ---

3.27 (0.32) 3.38 (0.32) 3.49 (0.19) 3.88 0.43 3.56 (0.31)

aBd a DE 3.61 3.92 2. 77 3.22 (3.77) 3.97 3.11 3.29 2.88 --3.35 [3.67] --- [3.83] 2.66 2.92 3.47 2.95 3.53 3.00 3.55 3.11 3.40 3.06 3.41 2.93 3.36 2.92 3.44 2.84 3.22 2.94 3.17 3.34 3.92 3.40 3.95 2. 87 3.35 3.25 (3.48) 3.36 3.63 3.26 3.43 3.27 3.24 3.24 (3.28) 2.84 3.36 --- (2.84)

........

........

N

But. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

(1 )

1 1

1 1 1 1

1

t6

Fus. l 1

aSD aGLEe aBE 7.43 3.75 3.27 6.82 [4.10] [3.46] 7.25 4.02 3.73 6.80 2.83 (2.43) 6.23 3. 25 3.07 3.45 3.05 6.56 5.85 3.32 2. 76 3.98 3.42 7.02 7.36 2.98 3. 61 6.52 (3 . 76) (3. 39) 6.85 3.10 2.82 [6. 19] [5.23] [2.53] 2.29

2.78

aBd 3.60 (3.86) 3.93 2.92 3.08 3.31 3.10 3.87 3.40 3.73 3.16

bDVR aDE 4.05 0.07 (3.77) 4.14 0.01 3.49 0.11 3.52 0.25 3.59 0.18 3.30 0.33 3.89 0.39 3.88 0.23 3.75 0.34 3. 51 0.13 0

R R L L R L R R R

DVRD L

aGLpe (Greatest Length of Peripheral Half); Bp (Proximal Breadth); SO (Smallest Breadth of Diaphysis); Bd (Bistal Breadth); Dp (Proximal Depth) (after von den Driesch 1976). DVR (Distal-Volar Rock); Observed by placing specimen volar surface down and measuring distance of rock as viewed distally (after Duffield 1970:80-81). ~DVRD (Di sta 1-Vo 1ar Rock Direction); DVR clockwise (Right); DVR counterclockwise (Left). Extreme west end of Trench EFGH. ~roximal epiphysis missing. Proximal epiphysis unfused but present.

---

c c c c c c c c c Da c

Port.

Da eoi,D

Side "R" "R" "L" "L" "L" "R" "R" "L" "R" "R" "R"

Prov. 0-2/8 0-4/3 0-4/9 P-2/4 P-3/47 P-3/48 P-3/ 57 P-3/78 P-3/80 Q-3/4 Q-3/15 Q-3/S Q-4/18

---

(cont.)

Table 57.

---'

N N

Re,"R 11 ulu Da

c c

Side Port. IIRII Pe ulu c Re, 11 R11 c Re, 11 L11 c Re, 11 L" c c (F),"R" Re, "R 11 c F,IIRII c R,E c R,I c F,L,I c F,L,E c "Ru Da ( uLu) Di, D Re,"R" c Re, "L" c Re, 11 L11 c F, 11 R11 c Re,"R 11 c (Re), 11 R11 c IIRII c 11 Re, L" c (Re), 11 l 11 c (II L") Da F,"L" c F, "L" c Re, "L" c "Ru Pe F, IlLII c (Re),"l 11 Da Re,"L" c F,"R" c

Prov. Bkdt D-11/2 E-2/13 E-2/22 E-20/3 E-26/2 F-4/7 F-6/S F-8/208 F-8/21 B F-9/22 F-9/23 F-1 0/5 F-1 0/9 F-10/12 F-21/2 G-11/4 G-19/1 G-21,22/S G-21,22/S G-22/4 GH-19 ,22/S H-10/2 H-11, 12/S H-14/12 H-14/13 0-3/29 OP-2,4/S P-2/14 P-3/82 P-4/18 P-4/20 Q-3/17 Q-4/16 QR-5,6/S

F, IlLII

2nd phalanx

Table 58. But. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

1 1

1

1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 0

1

1 1 1 1

1 1

1

co

Fus. 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

4.87 4. 53 4.98 4. 28 4. 61 4.34 [3. 69]

---

4.30 4.76 4.46

---

(3.09) 3.88 2.92 (2. 67) 3.84 2.91 3.54 3.43 3.89 2.85

(2.52) 3.29 2.43 3.47 2.45 2. 92 2.98 3.41 (2.11) [2.61]

2.94 ( 2. 27) 2. 70 2.70 3.06 2.10 [2.39]

2. 92 2.58 2.93 2.68 (2.48) 2.65 (2.94) 2.46 2.47 2.52 2.64 [2.76] 2.46 2.39 2.81 2.86 3.03 (2. 83) 2.76 (3.06) 2.90 (3.13)

asd

2.39 3.00 2.18

2.60 2.40 2.50 2.38 2.53 2.43 2. 77 2.30 2.32 2.60 2.50 2.45 2.10 2.24 2.49 2.49 2.87 2.67 2.70 2.94 2.75 2.58

(2.55) ( 3. 61) 3.15 3. 57 3.19 3.19 3.13 3.55 2.99 3.09 3.22 3.23 3. 21 [2.54] 2.96 3.36 (3. 44) 3.54 3.42 3.37 (3.62) 3.55 3.62

4.77 4.45 4.85 4.27 4.18 4.55 4.49 4.26 4.26 4.10 4.11 4.19 [2.86] 4.22 4.69 4.73 4.30 4.80 4.69 [4.49] 4.83 4.66

---

aso

as~

aGL

2.87 2.08 2.31 2.45

2.51

2.27 2.42 2.82

2.44 2.73 2.67 2.08 2.87 2.62 2.49 2.73 (2.65)

2.63 2.63 2. 77 (2.40) 2.15 (2.69) 2.32 2.33 .2. 25 1.97 1.99 [2. Ol]

bo

__.

w

N

(cont.)

aGL (Greatest Length); Bp (Proximal Breadth); SO (Smallest Breadth of Diaphysis); Bd (Distal Breagth) (after von den Driesch 1976). D (Dorsal Length) (after Duffield 1970:81). cProximal epiphysis missing.

Table 58.

N

--'

+=>

E-2!15 E-6/1 E-23/7 EF-9,10/S F-2/3 F-8/13 F-8/34A F-9/24 F-9/25 F-9/32 F-9/43 F-10/24 F-21 /1 F-22/3 F-24/7 G-11 /8 G-11/9 G-11/12 G-18/3 G-19/2 GH-7,8/S H-16/ 12 H-18/ 2 H-21 /6 0-2/3 0-2/10 0-4/8 0-4/14 OP-2 ,4/S P-3/6 P-3/8 P-3/14 P-3/27 P-3/61

bBkdt

Prov.

Table 59.

"R"

"L"

Ill II Ill II IIRII IIRII "RII ul11 IlLII IIRII "R"

"L"

"lu "R" ulu IIRII IIRII ulu ulu "Ru ul11 IIRII IIRII ulu

F,L,I F,L, E "L"

"R" It II "R" "R" "R" "L" "Ru IIRII

Side Port.

c c c c cc c c c c c c c c c c Da c c c Da c c c c c c Da c c c Da c c c c

3rd phalanx But. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

aDLS 8.26 8.73 7.50 7. 50 3.10 5.87 6.75 6.50 7.58 7.30 6.87 6.42 (7 .19) (7. 35) 7.38 6.31 7.42 (6.84) 7. 67 [6.66] 8.23 6.64 7. 21 6.63 5.94 8.20 [6.46] 7.08 6.19 7.74 [6.76] 8.13 7.69 6.46 6.97 [6.00] 6. 57 (6.33) 6. 21 [2.74] 5.02 5.80 5.50 5.69 5.65 5.89 5.54 5.47 (5.24) 6.38 [5.13] 5.60 (5.74) 6.16 5.85 6.40 5.54 6.04 5.81 4.77 6.40 [5.44] 5.62 5. 11 6.55 [5.15] 6.24 6.45 5.22 5.80

ald aMBS 2.73 2.81 2.72 2.36 (1.18) 2.07 2.24 2.20 2.50 2.62 2.31 2.37 2.60 (3.06) 2.43 (2.08) ( 2. 51) 2.27 2.64 2.68 3.14 2.41 2.30 2.50 2.06 3. 27 ( 2. 29) 2.30 2.18 2.84 2.32 2.83 (2.45) 2.27 2.67

__,

N

(.11

Side Ru Lu Ru Ru R" R"

(cont.)

Vo Da

c c Da c

Port. 0 0 e ( 1) 0

d(l)

But. 0

aDLS 7.78 (6.53) [6.87] 7.09 [4.28] [7.42]

---

5.84 (5.50) [5.38] 5.99 [3.23]

aLd aMBS 2.85 2.26 2.73 2.35 (2.50) [2.52]

Sole~

aDLS (Greatest Diagonal Length of Sole); Ld (Length of Dorsal Surface); MBS (Middle Breadth of (after von den Driesch 1976). Extreme west end of Trench EFGH. cFrom immature individual. dLongitudinal break (pieces still attached). eTransverse break near midsection.

Prov. Q-3/16 Q-3/18 Q-3/24 Q-4/15 Q-4/32 Q-4/S

Table 59.

N 0"1

......

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

II

Side "L'' ,P "R",P ("R"),C "L",C "L",P "L ,c "R",P "R",P "R" ,C "L", C "L ,P L",P R",C R",C R",P R",C L",C R" ,C L",P "RII 'p "L",C "L" ,P R ,C II R 'c L" ,C L",P R ,P ( R"),C R",P L ,P R" 'p L ,P "R" ,C II L" ,c R" ,C

Prov. 0-11/4 E-4/2 E-5,6/S E-7/S E-8/27 E-9/S E-ll/4 EF-9, 10/S EF-19,20/S EF-19,20/S EF-21,22/S EF-22/S EF-24/S F-0024/14 F-8/27 F-8/35 F-9/19A F-9/19B F-9/l9C F-9/190 F-9/ 41 F-9/42 F-10/6 F-10/26 F-20/1 F-22/4 F-26/lC G-ll/1 0 G-11, 12/S G-16/5 G-21,22/S H-11 ,12/S H-l4/l6A H-l4/16B H-16,18/S

c c c c c c

Da Da Da

c c c Da c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c

Port.

Proximal sesamoid

Table 60. But. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.87 1.72 1.38 [1.97] ( l. 54) 1.52 1.66 1. 51 1.83 1. 58 1.66 l. 51 2.06 1.92 1. 76 1.54 l. 76 1.62 1.71 1.62 1.64 1.53 1.52 1.67 (1. 69) 1.62 (1. 68) 1.56 ( l. 60) 1.64 1.52 1.67 1.60 1.66 1.64

aGB 2.37 2. 21 2.66 [2.71] l. 98 2.38 2.18 2.03 [2.98] [2.43] 2.11 2.08 3.19 2.81 2.15 2.40 2.50 2.56 2.34 2. 21 (2.58) 2.18 2.49 2.59 (2.71) (2.22) [2.42] [2.35] [2. 18] 2.10 2.14 2.12 2. 51 2.60 2.61

aGL 2.45 2.26 1.61 [2.07] 1.77 1.47 ( l. 89) 2.25 2.00 [1. 66] 2.04 2.07 2.21 2.03 2.40 1.42 1.63 1. 63 1.99 2.07 ( l. 60) 2.07 1.55 1.77 (1.72) 2.18 [2.36] [1. 36] [l. 87] 2.12 2. 13 2.12 1. 70 l. 71 1. 75

aGO

N -....!

......

c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c

Port.

0 0

0

0 0 0

0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0

But. 0 0 1.68 1.89 1.43 l. 27 1.09 l. 55 l. 55 l. 74 1.82 1.47 1.50 1.65 1.81 1. 71 1.65 1.42 1.85

aGB 2.10 2.71 l. 94 (2.19) (1.74) 2.35 2.13 2.17 2.92 2.49 2.50 2.33 2.88 2.25 2.25 1.90 2.70

aGL

aGO 2.15 2.42 l. 92 (2.05) l. 59 1.53 1. 93 2.30 1.98 1.57 1.62 2.00 2.06 2.13 2.29 1.81 2.22

aGB (Greatest Breadth); GL (Greatest Length); GO (Greatest Depth).

--

Side "L",P "R",P "L",P "L'' 'p "L",P "L",C "L",P "L",P "R",C "L",C "R" ,C "L 'p "L ,C "L ,P "L ,P R 'p "L 'p

Prov. 0-2/8 0-4/11 OP-2,4/SA OP- 2, 4/SB OP-2,4/SC OP-2,4/SAA OP-2,4/SBB P-2/29 P-2/33 P-2/34 P-3/15 P-3/ 53 P-4/26 Q-3/9 Q-4/29 Q-4/30 Q-4/31

II

(cont.)

Table 60.

.......

co

N

I

Rll Ru Ru Lu Lu Ru Lu Ru Lu R" L" "Lu "L" (II Rll) uLn

IIRII

IIRII

"Ln

IIRII

Side uLu "Lu

c

Da Da

c c c c c c c c c c c

Da Da

c c c c c

Port.

Distal sesamoid But. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2.85 2.97 2.45 2.45 2.49 [2.34] [2.40] 2.43 2.45 2.33 2.46 2.49 2.30 2.96 2.40 2.88 2.58 2.46 2.49 [1.39] 2.78

aGB

1.34 1. 60 [1. 62] (1.27) 2.03 1.37 1.80 1.63 1.49 1. 59 [1.45] 1.44

1.55

[1.54] 1. 74 (1. 40) 1. 52 1.48 ( l. 27) 1.68 l. 55

aGL

1. 2'3 1.31 ( l. 24) ( 1. 55) 1.25 1.22 1.11 1.33 1.29 1.09 1.54 1.11 1. 65 1.43 1.22 [1.30] [1.07] 1.34

( l. 22)

1.50

(1.61)

aGD

aGB (Greatest Breadth); GL (Greatest Length); GD (Greatest Depth).

Prov. B-1/1 E-2/10 E-7/4 E-9/S EF-1,3/S EF-5,6/S EF-7,8/S F-8/8 F-8/9 F-8/24 F-9/SA F-9/SB F-9,10/S G-10/2 GH-15/Blk GH-19,22/S GH-19,22/S I-16/7 P-3/50 Q-4/20 QR-5,6/S

Table 61.

__,

1.0

N

Prov. C-2/S (Z=l28) D-10/2 D-11,12/S (7/ll/77) D-12/S (7/10/77) E-1/S (5/31/77) E-1 /11 E-2/9 E-2/14 E-2/21 E-3/4 E-3/10 E-3/13 E-3/14 E-3,4/S (6/4/77) E-3,4/S (6/5/77) E-8/5 E-9/S (6/14/77) E-1 0/2 E-1 0/3 E-11/S (6/27/77) E-15/l E-16/2 E-19/S(Blk) (7/29/77) E-19/2 E-20/l E-20/3A E-22/2 E-26/5 & E-27/1 EF-1,2/S (Z=l22-132) EF-1,2/S (5/30/77) EF-1,2/S (5/31/77) EF-1,2/S (5/31/77) EF-3,4/S (5/30/77) EF-5,6/S (6/5/77) EF-5,6/S (6/6/77) 1 1 1 14 3 2 6 1 14

1

1 1

1

No. 4 1 9 7 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 7 7 4 4 1 1 2 1 1 Wt. (g) 8.9 28.9 5.7 4. 1 4.0 4.3 47. 1 37.0 4.5 5.9 1.9 3.6 8.2 6.9 5.2 6.6 2.6 6.9 44.4 3.8 18. 1 46.3 1.8 1.7 2.9 0.5 4.3 5.5 2.8 36.2 4.3 12.8 15.8 2.8 24.3

Table 62. aUnidentifiable bone fragments

3 LBF LBF 3 LBF

LBF LBF 4 LBF

LBF; burned LBF; mineralized (?) 1 waterworn LBF (ulna?) LBF

LBF LBF LBF; waterworn (?) Cartilage (?) 1 waterworn

LBF 2 LBF

bLBF

Comments

0

__. w

(cont.)

Prov. EF-5,6/S (6/7/77) EF-5,6/S (Z=98) EF-7,8/S (Z=98) EF-7,8/S (5/31/77) EF-7,8/S (6/5/77) EF-7,8/S (6/6/77) EF-9,10/S (6/10/77) EF-9,10/S (6/12/77) EF-9,10/S (6/13/77) EF-9,10/S (6/14/77) EF-9,10/S (6/16/77) EF-9,10/S (6/18/77) EF-9,10/S (6/26/77) EF-11/S (6/28/77) EF-11/S (7/l/77) EF-11,12/S (6/26/77) EF-13,14/S (6/26/77) EF-16,18/S (6/15/77) EF-16,18/S (6/27/77) EF-17,18/S (6/26/77) EF-21,22/S (7/16/77) EF-22/S (7/25/77) EF-22/S (7/26/77) EF-23,26/S (7/12/77) EF-23,26/S (7/23/77) EF-23,26/S (7/25/77) EF-25,26/S (7/18/77) F-1/A (lower gravel) F-l/2 F-1,2/S (lower gravel) F-1,2/S (5/28/77) F-3/3 F-3/5 F-3/S (6/3/77) F-4/l

Table 62.

3 9 3 4 2 8 15 1 7 9 3 2 4 1 2 1 1 3 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 3 2

2

No. 6 4 1

Wt. (g) 12.2 12. 1 2.6 4.8 3.8 13.5 13.6 8.2 8.9 7.3 15.9 0.9 14.9 11.0 2.4 8.1 19.5 2.8 4.6 14.9 3.4 13.5 5.0 1.5 22.3 7.2 2.2 8.6 6.4 4.8 2.0 22.9 4.5 2.4 3.2 waterworn LBF; 1 wa terworn LBF; 1 waterworn LBF; 1 waterworn LBF waterworn LBF; 5 waterworn; 1 burned

LBF

l LBF LBF LBF LBF

3 LBF 2 LBF

LBF

1 LBF

2 waterworn 3 LBF

2 1 1 2 1 1 3

. Comments 1 LBF 1 LBF LBF

__. w __.

(cont.)

Prov. F-5/4 F-7 /l F-7/S (5/30/77) F-8/23 F-9/3 F-9/36 F-9/44 F-9/52 F-1 0/2 F-1 0/13 F-10/25 F-10/28 F-16/S (6/26/77) F-18/l F-20/2 F-22/11 & 12 F-24/14 F-26/ lA F-26/lB F-0024/S (misc.) G-2/1 G-5,6/S (6/4/77) G-15,18/Blk (8/2/77) B-16/2 G-16/3 G-16/4 G-19/3 G-19/6 G-19/8 G-20/3 G-20/4 G-20/5 G-22/9 G-21 ,22/S (8/3/77) GH-9,10/S (7/12/77)

Table 62.

1 2 1 1 1 12 1 6 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 3

1

No. 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 Wt. (g) 0.3 1.3 1.3 10.9 1.8 0.6 1.8 1.1 5.0 4.8 4.7 12.6 4.7 8.9 7.3 9. 1 2.9 13.4 10.4 38.5 0.8 14.3 4.4 4.2 3.0 1.8 2.2 1.1 4.8 3.2 5.6 1.4 16.0 3.4 5.0 LBF (ulna?)

Scapula (?)

2 LBF LBF

LBF (metapodial?) LBF 2 LBF Scapula (?) LBF (femur head?) LBF Screening of talus deposit below skull F-0024/l

LBF

LBF

Comnents

N

__, w

(cont.)

Prov. GH-11,12/S (7/12/77) GH-ll,l2IS (7115177) GH-11,1215 (7116177) GH-11, 12/S (7/17/77) GH-12,13/S (7/ll/77) GH-13,14/S (7111177) GH-13,14/S (7/12/77) GH-13,14/S (7/15177) GH-13,14/S (7/16/77) GH-14,15/S (7/9/77) GH-15/S (B1k) (7/29/77) GH-16,1815 (7112177) GH-16,19IS (715177) GH-16/S (7/4177) GH- 16IS (7I 9I 77 ) GH-161S (7119/77) GH-16,18/S (718177) GH-1715 (7/4177) GH-17 /S (7 19/77) GH-18/S (719177) GH-18/S (7/17/77) GH-19,22IS (7115/77) GH-19,22/S (7122/77) GH-19,22/S (7/23177) GH-19,2215 (7/25177 GH-19,2215 (7/26/77) GH-19,20IS (813/77) H-515 (7122177) H-9,10/S (6/14/77) H-11/2 H-11,1215 (713177) H-1215 (7117177) H-11,1215 (7118/77) H-14/8 H-16/S (7111177) (S. Wall) H-16/S (7/15/77)

Table 62.

1 2 1

3

No. 5 3 14 l 2 7 4 4 2 4 7 4 5 10 3 4 1 7 7 1 1 4 3 6 1 2 4 2 1 1 3 2

Wt. (g) 5.7 9.2 34.6 0.3 4.3 5.0 4.8 13.9 4.4 5.8 6.5 5.7 8.2 15.0 3.2 6.3 2.8 7.9 6.2 2.4 5.2 16. 1 2.7 6.4 0.1 0.9 1.9 4. 1 1.0 2.4 2. 1 2.1 6.2 6.8 3.8 3. 1 1 rod-like fragment (hyoid?)

Burned

LBF

1 LBF

1 LBF

1 LBF l LBF

Comments 2 waterworn 1 LBF 1 LBF; 1 burned

(cont.)

Prov. H-16/l H-16/9 H-16/ll H-17/15 H-18/11 H-17,18/S (7/10/77) H-19/l I-5/1 0-2/9 0-2/12 0-2/13 0-3/10 0-3/32 0-3/35 __. 0-3/37 w w 0-3,4/arroyo talus OP-2,4/S (7/30/77) OP-2,4/S (8/l/77) OP-2,4/S (8/4/77) OP-2,4/S (8/5/77) OP-2,4/S (8/8/77) OP-2,4/S (8/9/77) OP-2,4/S (8/10/77) OP-2,4/S (8/ll/77) P-2/36 P-3/2 P-3/7 P-3/24 P-3/25 P-3/51 P-3/67 P-3/69 P-3/74 P-3/75 P-3,4/S (N. Wall)

Table 62.

l l 1 1 1 1 l 1 1 1 1

2

6

13

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 5 12 8 21 3

c30

1 1 2

l

No. 1 1 Wt. {g) 30.4 10.5 11.2 6.3 1.8 1.8 20.1 8.9 0.6 3.4 7.6 2.9 5.3 5.5 1.2 29.8 13.2 17.0 5.3 21.0 9.2 12.3 17.4 8.4 4.7 2.3 5.9 15. l 8.3 5.2 2.3 2.2 5.2 8.9 5.3 LBF LBF LBF

2 rod-like fragments (hyoid?) 2 LBF l rod-like fragment (hyoid?) l LBF l LBF LBF LBF LBF LBF LBF LBF

2 LBF; badly weathered 2 LBF 2 LBF

LBF

LBF

Corranents LBF

..,:::.

w

.....

(cont.)

8

1

2 2 1 1

1 1

1 1 1 1 2 4 1

1

1

1

1

9

No. 16.6 3.2 7. 1 4.4 3.3 1.6 15.8 4.8 35.7 5. 1 5.3 2.1 4.4 3. 1 3. 1 2.8 7. 1 1.6 6.5 11.1

Jit~(g)

LBF 2 rod-like fragments (hyoids?)

LBF

Comments 1 LBF LBF; slightly waterworn

frag~ents

aUnidentifiable bone fragments with one or more old breaks (butchering debris); some of these undoubtedly represent natural disintegration products. LBF (Long-Bone Fragment). cOnly largest fragments are included; more than 60 additional tiny fragments were discarded; fragments were found in concentrated deposit probably representing fill of old rodent burrow; none were identifiable.

(6/11/77) P-3,4/S (6/12/77) P-4/2 P-4/19 P-4/30 Q-1/1 Q-2/S (N. Wall)(6/5/77) Q-2/Blk (6/13/77) Q-3/6 Q-3/10 Q-3/S (6/6/77) Q-4/4 Q-4/6 Q-4/17 Q-4/21 Q-4/25 Q-6/3 QR-001,002/S (6/12/77) QR-001,002/S (6/13/77) QR-3,4/S (6/4/77)

P-3,4/S~/S

Prov.

Table 62.

APPENDIX II.

SNAILS FROM THE GARNSEY SITE

135

~

0"1

c...v

aS nails

1 1 l 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 l l

1

No.

p p

u p u u

c c

u

c

p

p

c

hcornment

aldentifications by Robert Hanley, Collection Manager, Mollusc Division, Museum of Zoology, of Michigan; stratigraphic context of snails has not yet been evaluated. C (Catinella cf. avara, Family Succinidae); P (Physa virgata Gould, Family Physidae); U (Unidentifiable); ~· avara is amphibious, inhabiting permanently moist areas; t. virgata inhabits rocky substrates or macrophytic vegetation up to one meter below surface in freshwater streams, ponds or lakes (McMahon 1975:1167). cAssociated with H-14/10.

11

Univ~rsity

11

Prov. BLM Arroyo Profile/Geol/E G-13,14/S (7/11/77) H-11,12/S (7/18/77) CH-14/S (7/12/77) 0-3/40 OP-2,4/S (7/29/77) OP-2,4/S (7/29/77) OP-2,4/S (7/30/77) P-2/20 P-2/30 P-3/34 P-3/58

Table 63.

REFERENCES CITED Bedard, Jean Newman 1974 Morphological Variation in Bison Metacarpals and Metatarsals. In: The Casper Site, edited by George C. Frison, pp. 199-240. New York: Academic Press. Binford, Lewis R. 1963 A Proposed Attribute List for the Description and Classification of Projectile Points. Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Anthropological Paper 19:193-221. Brezillon, Michel N. 1971 La Denomination des Objets de Pierre Taillee. Prehistoire, Supplement IV.

Gallia-

Collins, Michael B. 1966 The Andrews Lake Sites: Evidence of Semi-Sedentary Prehistoric Occupation in Andrews County, Texas. Midland Archaeological Society Bulletin 1:27-43. 1971 A Review of Llano Estacada Archeology and Ethnohistory. Plains Anthropologist 16:85-104. Dillehay, Tom D. 1974 Late Quaternary Bison Population Changes on the Southern Plains. Plains Anthropologist 19:180-96. von den Driesch, Angela 1976 A Guide to the Measurement of Animal Bones from Archaeological Sites Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University, Peabody l~useum Bulletin 1. Duffield, Lathel F. 1970 Some Panhandle Aspect Sites: Their Vertebrates and Paleoecology. Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation. University of Wisconsin, Madison. Ferguson, George A. 1966 Statistical Analysis in Psychology and Education (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. Frison, George C. 1968 A Functional Analysis of Certain Chipped Stone Tools. Antiquity 33:149-55.

American

Frison, George C., Michael Wilson, and Diane Wilson 1976 Fossil Bison and Artifacts from an Early Altithermal Period Arroyo Trap in Wyoming. American Antiquity 41:28-57. Frison, George C., Michael Wilson, and Danny N. Walker 1978 The Big Goose Creek Site: Bison Procurement and Faunal Analysis. Occasional Papers on Wyoming Archeology 1.

137

REFERENCES CITED Greer, John W. 1976 Notes on Bison in Val Verde County, Texas: Plains Anthropologist 21:237-39.

Additions to Dillehay.

Guthrie, R.D. 1966 Pelage of Fossil Bison--A New Osteological Index. Mammalogy 47:725-27.

Journal of

Jelinek, Arthur J. 1967 A Prehistoric Sequence in the Middle Pecos Valley, New Mexico. t~useum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Anthropological Paper 31. Kelley, Vincent C. 1971 Geology of the Pecos Country, Southeastern New Mexico. State Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources Memoir 24.

New Mexico

Lorrain, Dessamae 1968 Analysis of the Bison Bones from Bonfire Shelter. In: Bonfire Shelter: A Stratified Bison Kill Site, Val Verde County, Texas, by David Dibble and Dessamae Lorrain, pp. 77-138. Texas Memorial Museum, Miscellaneous Paper 1. McMahon, Robert F. 1975 Effects of Artificially Elevated Water Temperatures on the Growth, Reproduction and Life Cycle of a Natural Population of Physa virgata Gould. Ecology 56:1167-75. Payne, Sebastian 1969 A Metrical Distinction Between Sheep and Goat Metacarpals. In: The Domestication and E.Jrnloitation of Plants and Animals, edited by Peter J. Ucko and G.W. Dimbleby, pp. 295-306. Chicago: Aldine. Ralph, E.K., H.N. Michael, and M.C. Han 1973 Radiocarbon Dates and Reality. Reed, Erik K. 1955 Bison Beyond the Pecos.

MASCA Newsletter 9:1-20.

Texas Journal of Science 4:130-35.

Reher, Cnarles A. 1974 Population Study of the Casper Site Bison. In: The Casper edited by George C. Frison, pp. 113-24. New York: Academic 1977 Adaptive Process on the Shortgrass Plains. In: For Theory in Archaeology, edited by Lewis R. Binford, pp. 13-40. New Academic Press.

Site, Press. Building York:

Runyan, John W., and John A. Hedrick 1973 Pottery Types of the SWFAS Area. Transactions of the Eighth Regional Archaeological Symposium for Southeastern New Mexico and Western Texas: 19-45. 138

REFERENCES CITED Shackleton, D.M., L.V. Hills, and D.A. Hutton 1975 Aspects of Variation in Cranial Characters of Plains Bison (Bison Bison Bison Linnaeus) from Elk Island National Park, A1berta·. Journa 1 of Mammal ogy 56:871-87. Skinner, Morris F., and Ove ~ Kaisen 1947 The Fossil Bison of Alaska and Preliminary Revision of the Genus. American Museum of Natural History Bulletin 89:123-256. Speth, John D. 1978 The Role of Platform Angle and Core Size in Hard-Hammer Percussion Flaking. In: Lithic Analysis in Archaeology, edited by Ruth E. Tringham. New York: Academic Press. White, Leslie A. 1942 The Pueblo of Santa Ana, New Mexico. Association Memoir 60.

American Anthropological

Wilmsen, Edwin N. 1970 Lithic Analysis and Cultural Inference: A Paleo-Indian Case. University of Arizona, Anthropological Paper 16. Wilson, Mi chae 1 1974 The Casper Local Fauna and its Fossil Bison. In: The Casper Site, edited by George C. Frison, pp. 125-71. New York: Academic Press. Wobst, H. Martin 1975 Computers and Coordinates: Strategies for the Analysis of Paleolithic Stratigraphy. Unpublished manuscript on file at the Department of Anthropology, University of Massachusetts.

139