Late Prehistoric Bison Procurement in Southeastern New Mexico: The 1978 Season at the Garnsey Site (LA-18399) 9780932206855, 9781951538354

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MUSEUM OF ANTHROPOLOGY, THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN

TECHNICAL REPORTS Number 12

RESEARCH REPORTS IN ARCHAEOLOGY Contribution 7

LATE PREHISTORIC BISON PROCUREMENT IN SOUTHEASTERN NEW MEXICO: THE 1978 SEASON AT THE GARNSEY SITE (LA-18399)

by John D. Speth William J. Parry

with contributions by Michael Wilson, Regge N. Wiseman, and Danny N. Wa 1ker

ANN ARBOR 1980

©

1980 Regents of The University of Michigan The Museum of Anthropology All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America ISBN 978-0-932206-85-5 (paper) ISBN 978-1-951538-35-4 (ebook)

TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS . LIST OF TABLES . . ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .

v

ix xiii

1.

INTRODUCTION

1

2.

SITE DESCRIPTION

4

3.

EXCAVATION PROCEDURE

17

4.

GRID SYSTEM.

21

5.

STRATIGRAPHY

24

6.

CHRONOLOGY . .

39

7.

THE GARNSEY BISON. Condition and Treatment. Inventory. . . . . . . . . . . Minimum Number of Individuals. Spatial Distribution . . Butchering . . . . . . . Sex . . . . . . . . . . .

45 45

46 48

55 67 81

POPULATION DYNAMICS OF THE GARNSEY SITE BISON by Michael Wilson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Garnsey Site Bison Population . . . . . . Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Individual Age and Age-Group Distributions: Mandibles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Individual Age and Age-Group Distributions: Maxi 11 ae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cranial Characters and Age Gro~ . . . . . . Age-Group Distribution at Garnsey: Discussion Seasonality of the Garnsey Site . . Introduction . . . . . . . . . . Dental Evidence for Seasonality Fetal Elements at Garnsey Summary. . . . . . . Acknowledgments . . . . . . References Cited . . . . .

100 107

9.

METHOD OF BISON PROCUREMENT.

130

10.

NON-BISON REMAINS . . . . . Human. . . . . . . . . . Other Non-Bison Remains.

134 134

8.

iii

88 88

89 89 90

114 119 119 121

123 124 125

126

134

TABLE OF CONTENTS 11 .

LITH I CS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . General Description of the Assemblage. Spatial Distribution . . . . . . . . . Raw Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . Utilized and Retouched Artifacts . . . . Metric and Non-metric Characteristics of Garnsey Lithics . . . . . . . . . . . Edge Characteristics of Tools . . . . . .

138

138 138

144 147 165 169

12.

THE CERAMICS FROM THE GARNSEY BISON KILL SITE by Regge N. Wiseman. References Cited

174 174

13.

CONCLUSIONS . . . . . .

176

APPENDIX A. BISON REMAINS FROM THE GARNSEY SITE. APPENDIX B. SEXED BISON POSTCRANIAL ELEMENTS FROM THE GARNSEY SITE . . . . . . . . . . . . . APPENDIX C. LITHIC REMAINS FROM THE GARNSEY SITE APPENDIX D. FIRE-CRACKED ROCK. . . . . . . . . . APPENDIX E. PRELIMINARY CHARCOAL IDENTIFICATION. APPENDIX F. HACKBERRY SEEDS . . . . . . . . APPENDIX G. CATALOGING OF GARNSEY MATERIAL APPENDIX H. THE GARNSEY SITE CANID by Danny N. Walker Abstract . . . . Introduction . . Discussion . . . Conclusions . . . Acknowledgments. References Cited REFERENCES CITED. . . .

iv

178 307 319 336 338 339 341 344 345 345 347 348 349 349 366

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS l. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. ll. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24.

Location of Garnsey site in southeastern New Mexico. . Bottomless Lakes area, New Mexico, showing location of Garnsey site. . . . . . . . . . . Aerial photograph of Bottomless Lakes area . . . . Aerial view of Garnsey Wash facing west. . . . . . Aerial view of Garnsey Wash facing south, showing location of principal excavations at kill site in 1977 and 1978. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . View of Garnsey Wash and modern arroyo, facing east toward spring. . . . . . . . . . . . . General view of Garnsey Wash and modern arroyo, facing southwest. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . General view of Garnsey Wash and modern arroyo, facing southeast, showing backfilled excavations at close of 1977 field season . . . . . . . . . . Modern vegetation in undissected Comanche Wash . Garnsey site (LA-18399), showing areas excavated in 1977 and 1978. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bedrock sill in floor of arroyo approximately 65 m east of the section boundary . . . . . . . . . Textural and pH analysis of deep arroyo profile (H-2; 508S502W), showing three major pal eo so 1s . . . Arroyo wall (south) approximately 30m upstream (east) from bedrock sill, showing Units A and 8, and Paleosols l and 2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Minor Unit 8 channels in section in west wall of Squares EFGH-14 (505-508S514W) . . . . . . . . . . . . . Computer-generated north-south backplot (facing east) of bone material between 501S and 5llS . . . . . . . Computer-generated north-south backplot (facing east) of bone material between 5llS and 514S . . . . . Bison skull (Ar/N/29; 501S474W/l) at up-dip terminus of gravel lens on north flank of main channel. . . Most probable age range of Garnsey site (stippled), based on MASCA-corrected radiocarbon dates . . . Observed versus expected number of skeletal elements at the Garnsey site. . . . . . . . . . Computer-generated scatterplot of Level A2 bison remains in Trenches 77-l, 77-2, 78-l and 78-5. . . Computer-generated scatterplot of Level A2 bison remains in the processing area (Trenches 78-2 and 78-4). Computer-generated scatterplot of Level 83 bison remains . . . . . . . in Trenches 77-l, 77-2, 78-l and 78-5. Principal Level 83 bone clusters in Trenches 77-l, 77-2 78-1 and 78-5. . . . . . . . . . . . . Articulated front-end of female bison (skull F-9/28; 506S509W/28) from Cluster 83-8 . . . . . . . . .

v

5 6 7 8 9 10 ll 12 13 14 15 25 26 29 31 32 37 43 54 56 57 58 59 61

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31.

32. 33.

34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41.

42. 43.

44. 45. 46. 47.

Computer-generated scatterplot of Level B3 bison remains in the processing area (Trenches 78-2 and 78-4). Computer-generated scatterplot of Level B3 bison remains in Trenches 78-6 and 78-7. . . . . . . . Computer-generated scatterplot of Level B4 bison remains in Trenches 77-1, 77-2, 78-1 and 78-5. . . . . . Computer-generated scatterplot of Level B4 bison remains in the processing area (Trenches 78-2 and 78-4). Skull of mature female bison (E-19/5; 505S519W/5). . Skull of mature male bison (G-13/5; 507S513W/5) . . . Butchered lumbar vertebra (dorsal view). . . . . Proximal ends of butchered ribs (center left and center right); spines of butchered scapulae (extreme 1eft and extreme right). . . . . . . Butchered bone debris in processing area . . . . Butchered radii from Garnsey site (P-2/25 or 516S502W/25, left; F-16/4 or 506S516W/4,right). . . . . . . . . Butchered fragment of bison pelvis (Q-3/14; 517S503W/l4) X-ray of wound in right ilium blade of bison pelvis (524S598W/14A and 14B); object causing wound entered from upper left corner of photograph . . . . . Butchered bison tibia. . . . . . . . . . Butchered bison calcaneus (unfused) with cleaver-like cut-mark (arrow) . . . . . . . . . Computer-generated scatterplot of Level B3 sexed elements (cranial and postcranial) in Trenches 77-1, 77-2, 78-1 and 78-5. . . . . . . . . Computer-generated scatterplot of Level B3 sexed elements (cranial and postcranial) in Trenches 78-6 and 78-7. . . . . . . . .. Distribution of lower molar metaconid heights by specimen and age group, showing evidence of a stepwise progression . . . . . . . Age-group distribution of mandible-based individuals at the Garnsey site. . . . . . . . . . Mean metaconid heights of lower molars by age groups Distribution of upper molar paracone heights,by specimen and age group, showing evidence of a stepwise progression . . . . . . . . . Age-group distribution of maxilla-based individuals at the Garnsey site . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mean paracone heights of upper molars by age groups. Palatal breadth graphed against individual age, showing distinctiveness of 2-year-olds from older groups . . . . . . . . .

vi

62 64 65 66 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 85 86 90 98 99 100 106 107 108

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 48.

49. 50. 51.

Views of bison skull, showing location of cranial sutures considered in text. (a) dorsal view of frontlet (=frontals and parietals); (b) occipital plane (posterior view); (c) ventral view of occipital area. Age-group distribution of bison at the Garnsey site based on combined information from mandibles and maxillae....... . . . . . . . . . . Age-group distribution of bison at the Hawken site, Wyoming, based on mandibular dentitions (after Frison et al. 1976:41). . . . . . . . . . Hypothetical population curves for single and multiple bison kills. (a) "normal population curve including males and females in all age groups; (b) nursery herd population curve, reflecting the loss of an increasing number of males in Groups 2-4 to bull groups; (c) bull group" population curve; (d) multiple kill curve made up of (b) plus 2x (c) to show beginning effects of culturally induced admixture of populations. . North-south section of Garnsey Wash along 500W line, showing the general configuration of the wash and the position of the principal bone-bearing level. Computer-generated scatterplot of Level B3 lithic items in Trenches 77-1, 77-2, 78-l and 78-5 . Computer-generated scatterplot of Level B3 lithic items in the processing area (Trenches 78-2 and 78-4) Computer-generated scatterplot of Level B3 lithic items in Trenches 78-6 and 78-7 . . . . . . . Illustrations of projectile points from Garnsey Photographs of projectile points from Garnsey. . Cores and ovate bifaces from Garnsey. . . . . Biface from Garnsey . . . . . . . . . . . . . Photographs of small unifacially retouched endscrapers from Garnsey. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Illustrations of small unifacially retouched endscrapers from Garnsey. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Broken sidescraper (511S478W/l8) from Garnsey . . . . . Combined end- and sidescraper (513S478W/7) from Garnsey . Combined end- and sidescraper (513S479W/l4) from Garnsey. Discoidal maroon quartzite scraper (513S476W/55) from Garnsey. . . . . . . . . . Bone fragments used as scraping tools . . Large uti 1i zed flakes from Garnsey. . . . . . Frequency distribution of edge angles of all Garnsey tools....... . . . ...........

112 115 116

11

11

11

11

52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68.

vii

118 131 141 142 143 153 154 157 158 159 160 161 161 162 162 163 164 168

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS APPENDIX H. Hl. H2.

H3.

THE GARNSEY SITE CANID

The Garnsey site canid skull. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Plot of individual case and group centroid discriminant scores from the discriminant analysis of New Mexico wolves, Canis lupus mogollonensis, monstrabilis and baileyi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . · . . . . . . . . Plot of individual case and group centroid discriminant scores from the discriminant analysis of New Mexico wolves, Canis lupus mogollonensis, monstrabilis and baileyi and the Wyoming canid population. . . . . .

viii

346

351

352

LIST OF TABLES l.

2. 3.

4. 5. 6.

7. 8. 9. 10. 11.

12. 13. 14. 15. 16.

17. 18. 19.

20. 21.

22. 23. 24. 25.

Coordinate grid-system equivalents for letternumber grid-square designations. Coordinate grid-system equivalents for arroyo specimen designations . . . . . . Inventory of identifiable skeletal elements in Level 83 by excavation unit . . . Radiocarbon dates from the Garnsey Bison Ki 11 . ...... . site (1977 and 1978) . . . Averaging and calibration of Garnsey radiocarbon dates Total inventory of bison remains (complete and . fragmentary) from the Garnsey site . Inventory of bison remains (complete and fragmentary) by stratigraphic level from . ... major excavation units. . . . . Minimum number of individuals (MNI) from the . . . . . . . . . . Garnsey s i te . . . Inventory of Level 83 bison remains from processing area on south side of arroyo (Trenches 78-2 and 78-4). Proportion of complete versus fragmentary bison bones. Proportion of front and rear limb elements by sex from . .......... . the Garnsey site . . front and rear complete Proportion of specific . . . . . . . . limb elements. . material. Sex of Garnsey cranial and postcranial Sex ratio of skulls and postcranial elements by . .. . . . . provenience (Level 83) the from molars mandibular of Metaconid heights . . . . . . . . . . Garnsey site. . . . of jaw lower the in Tooth eruption and replacement the bison at the Wichita Mountains Wildlife . .. . . . . . . . Refuge, Oklahoma from the molars Wear facet condition in mandibular .. . . . . . . . . . Garnsey site the from molars Paracone heights of maxillary . . . . . Garnsey site . . . . . Wear facet condition in maxillary molars from the . . . . . . Garnsey s i te . . . . . . Palatal breadths of Garnsey site bison . . . . . . . . Cranial suture fusion in Garnsey site bison. Wear facet descriptions of bison mandibles from a portion of the Gardner Herd sample of modern bison, . . University of Wyoming Anthropology Collections . Non-bison remains from the Garnsey site (1977 and 1978). Provenience of unmeasured flakes from the Garnsey . . site (maximum diameter< 4 mm) . . Categorical attributes of Garnsey lithic . . . . . . . specimens (1977 and 1978). .

ix

22 23 35 40

42 47 49 51 63

77 79 80

82 84 91

96 96 101

105 109 110

122 135 139 140

LIST OF TABLES 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32.

Lithic materials utilized at the Garnsey site (1977 and 1978). . . . . . . . . . . . Metric attributes of Garnsey lithic assemblage by stratigraphic level (1977 and 1978) . . . Descriptive statistics for each of three edgeangle modes shown in Fig. 68 (sharp, intermediate and steep edges) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Descriptive statistics for edge angles of each major tool type recognized in the Garnsey lithic assemblage. Descriptive statistics for edge angles of tools by major provenience units at the Garnsey site. . . Sherd i denti fi cations and proveniences . . . . . . Pottery type dates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . APPENDIX A.

Ala-d. A2a-c. A2d. A3. A4. A5. A6. A7. A8. A9. AlOa. A1Ob. A11.

Al2. Al3. A14. A15. Al6. A17. A18. A19. A20. A21.

A22. A23.

A24. A25. A26.

145 166 168 169 170 175 175

BISON REMAINS FROM THE GARNSEY SITE

Skull (Parts I-IV) . . Mandible (Parts I-III). . . Mandible (Additions and corrections to 1977 mandibular data). Hyo i rl . . . . Miscellaneous loose teeth (incisor/canine). Miscellaneous loose teeth (molar/premolar). t~ i s c e 11an eo us tooth fragments Atlas . . . . Axis. . . . . . . . . . Cervical vertebra . . Thoracic vertebra . . . . . . Thoracic vertebra (Previously unreported specimens from 1977 field season) Lumbar vertebra . . . Sacrum. . . . . . . . . Caudal vertebra . . . . . . . . Unidentifiable vertebral body Unidentifiable vertebral pad. Unfused vertebral process summit. Rib . . . . . . . . . . . Miscellaneous rib-vertebral process fragments Costal cartilage. Sternebra Scapula Humerus . . Radius. . . Ulna. . . . . . Radial carpal Intermediate carpal

X

182 193 198 199 200 200 201 202 203 204 208 214 215 217 218 221 222 225 226 233 237 238 239 241 243 244 245 246

LIST OF TABLES A27. A28. A29. A30. A31. A32. A33. A34. A35. A36. A37. A38. A39. A40. A41. A42. A43. A44. A45. A46. A47. A48. A49. A50. A51.

Ulnar carpal . . . . . . . . Accessory carpal. . . Fused 2nd and 3rd carpal. 4th carpa 1. . 5th metacarpal. Metacarpal. Pelvis. Femur . . Patella . Tibia . . . Astragalus. Lateral malleolus Calcaneus . . . . Navicula-cuboid . 1st tarsal . . . . Fused 2nd and 3rd tarsal . . 2nd metatarsa 1. Meta ta rsa 1 . . Metapodial. lst phalanx . . 2nd ph a 1anx . . 3rd pha 1anx . . Proximal sesamoid Distal sesamoid . Unidentifiable bone fragments

APPENDIX B. Bla-b. B2a-b. B3a-b. B4a-b. B5a-b. B6a-b. Bla-b. B8a-b. B9a-b. BlOa-b. Blla-b.

SEXED BISON POSTCRANIAL ELEMENTS FROM THE GARNSEY SITE

C2.

308 309 310

Atlas (1977-1978) . Axis (1977-1978) . . Scapula (1977-1978) Humerus (1977-1978) Radius (1977-1978). Ulna (1977-1978) . . . . Metacarpal (1977-1978). Femur (1977-1978) . . . Tibia (1977-1978) . . . Calcaneus (1977-1978) . Metatarsal (1977-1978).

APPENDIX C. Cl.

247 248 249 250 250 251 253 259 263 264 267 268 269 270 271 271 271 272 273 274 277 279 281 283 284

311

312 313 314 315 316 317 318

LITHIC REMAINS FROM THE GARNSEY SITE

Metric and non-metric attributes for total lithic assemblage from the Garnsey site (1977 and 1978). Metric and non-metric attributes for lithic tools from the Garnsey site (1977 and 1978) . . . . . .

xi

321 333

LIST OF TABLES APPENDIX D.

Dl.

Fire-cracked rock (1977 and 1978) . . . APPENDIX E.

El.

Identification of charcoal samples from the Garnsey Bison Ki 11 s i te . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Gl.

H2. H3. H4. H5. H6. H7. H8. H9. HlO. Hll.

341

CATALOGING OF GARNSEY MATERIAL

Garnsey Bison Kill site catalog numbers (1977 and 1978). APPENDIX H.

Hl.

339

HACKBERRY SEEDS

Hackberry seeds (Celtis sp.) . . . . . APPENDIX G.

337

PRELIMINARY CHARCOAL IDENTIFICATION

APPENDIX F.

Fl.

FIRE-CRACKED ROCK

343

THE GARNSEY SITE CANID

Skull measurements (minimum, maximum, mean and standard deviation) of New Mexico wolves, Wyoming prehistoric canid hybrids, New Mexico prehistoric dogs and the Garnsey site specimen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Classification prediction results of the discriminant analysis of New Mexico wolves. . . . . . . . . . Statistical table of functions derived during the discriminant analysis of New Mexico wolves . . . Standardized discriminant function coefficients derived during the discriminant analysis of New Mexico wo 1ves. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unstandardized discriminant function coefficients derived during the discriminant analysis of New Mexico wolves. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Classification function coefficients derived during the discriminant analysis of New Mexico wolves . . Classification prediction results of the discriminant analysis of New Mexico wolves and Wyoming canids Statistical table of functions derived during the discriminant analysis of New Mexico wolves and Wyoming canids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Standardized discriminant function coefficients derived during the discriminant analysis of New Mexico wolves and Wyoming canids . . . . . . . . Unstandardized discriminant function coefficients derived during the discriminant analysis of New t"lexico wolves and Wyoming canids . . . . . . . . Classification function coefficients derived during the discriminant analysis of New Mexico wolves and Wyoming canids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

xi i

353 356 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 365

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The second season of field work at the Garnsey Bison Kill site was made possible by Federal Antiquities Act Permit 77-NM-037, issued to the University of Michigan by the Department of the Interior and administered by the Bureau of Land Management in the State of New Mexico. We are particularly grateful for the continuing interest shown in the project by Mr. James H. o•connor, District Manager of the BLM in Roswell, and by Ms. Ann Ramage, District Archaeologist. We also would like to express our sincere thanks to Mr. Leo Flynn, BLM Archaeologist in Santa Fe. He played a major role in setting up the initial project and has continued to be extremely helpful throughout the course of the research. We also would like to acknowledge our gratitude to Mr. Dan Harrison of Roswell, discoverer of the site, for his generosity in making available to us for study his personal collection of artifacts from various sites in the area. We would especially like to express our sincerest gratitude to Elmer and Jane Garnsey whose kindness, interest and friendship have made it a genuine pleasure for us to work in the area. There is no way that we can adequately convey how much we have appreciated their hospitality. Richard I. Ford (Ethnobotany), William R. Farrand (Geology) and John Albanese (Geology) have contributed substantially to the success of the project, providing their expertise and assistance in the investigation of the paleoenvironment, stratigraphy and chronology of the Garnsey site. In addition, Dr. Ford, in his capacity as Director of the Museum of Anthropology of the University of Michigan, has been of invaluable help to the project by providing supplemental funds to cover unanticipated field and laboratory expenses, by providing secretarial and student assistance, and by making it possible for us to publish without delay the results of the first season at the Garnsey site in the Technical Reports of the Museum of Anthropology (Speth and Parry 1978). We are delighted to be able to include in the present report the contributions by Michael Wilson on the population dynamics of the Garnsey bison, Regge Wiseman on the ceramics and Danny Walker on the canids. These studies add invaluable depth and breadth to the report. It has been both stimulating and enjoyable for us to have had their participation in the analysis of the Garnsey site. During the course of the project many people have generously assisted us, providing us with unpublished data and manuscripts, access to important local collections, information about other sites of interest in the area and introductions to other archaeologists and environmental specialists concerned particularly with southeastern New Mexico. We are extremely grateful to Gene Bartnicki, Witchita Mountain National Wildlife Refuge, Cache, Oklahoma; Manton Botsford, BLM, Casper, Wyoming; Donald E. Clifton, Aztec, New Mexico; Michael B. Collins, University of Kentucky; George C. Frison, University of Wyoming; David Hughes, University of Oklahoma; Eileen Johnson, Texas Tech University; Randall Jones, Roswell; Jane Holden Kelley, University of Calgary; Marcel Kornfeld, University of Wyoming;

xiii

ACKNOVJLEDGMENTS Robert H. Leslie, Hobbs, New Mexico; Christopher Lintz, University of Oklahoma; Charles Mobley, Southern Methodist University; Stewart L. Peckham, Museum of New Mexico; Ronald W. Ralph 2 Texas Parks and Wildlife Department; Cassandra Richard, BLM, Socorro; Curtis Schaafsma, Museum of New Mexico; Harley J. Schroeder, U.S. Soil Conservation Service, Roswell; Cordelia Thomas Snow, Santa Fe; David H. Snow, Museum of New Mexico; Rebecca Stein, U.S. Soil Conservation Service, Roswe 11. We would like to thank C. Loring Brace for examining the human mandibular fragment from the site and Andrew K. Poznanski for providing x-rays of a bison pelvis with an unusual wound. We would also like to acknowledge the contributions of Katherine A. Spielmann (textural analysis of sediments); Virginia Popper (preliminary charcoal identifications); Robert Hanley (snail identification s); and Stephen A. Hall (preliminary palynological sampling). The members of the 1978 field crew deserve special mention. They put in long and tedious hours at the site, working in temperatures that often exceeded ll0°F in the sun. The crew included Amanda Don, University of Arizona; Pamela Jimenez, University of New Mexico; Karen Judd, City University of New York; John Kulas, University of Michigan; Dana Lepofsky, University of Michigan, Gayle Milleson, University of New Mexico; Gaston Rodriguez, City University of New York; Claudine Gignoux Scoville, University of Massachusetts; Karolina Vera Shiffman, City University of New York; and Katherine A. Spielmann, University of Michigan. Charles Hastings, John Kulas, Dana Lepofsky, Audrey Porsche, Linda Groh, Penelope Pate, Susan Gregg, Benjamin Fischler and Jennie Neumann have helped immeasurably in the laboratory processing and preliminary analysis of the archaeological materials recovered in the 1978 season. Artifact illustrations were made by Margaret Van Bolt; figures in Wilson•s contribution were drawn by Connie J. Gill. Photographs of the artifacts were taken by Francis E. Smiley and George Stuber. Statistical analyses, including the production of numerous scatterplots to illustrate the spatial distribution of bones and lithic artifacts, were performed using MIDAS, Statistical Research Laboratory, University of Michigan. Finally, we would like to extend our thanks to Mary Hodge for providing invaluable editorial assistance, and to Patty Homan for typing the final photo-ready copy of the manuscript. This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant BNS-7806875. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation.

xiv

1.

INTRODUCTION

This report summarizes the results of the second season (1978) of archaeological research at the late prehistoric-protohistoric Garnsey Bison Kill site (LA-18399) near Roswell in southeastern New Mexico (see Speth and Parry 1978 for a detailed discussion of the 1977 season). Work at the site was conducted under Federal Antiquities Act Permit 77-NM-037, issued to the University of Michigan by the Department of the Interior and administered by the Bureau of Land Management in the State of New Mexico (Roswell District). Funding for the second season was provided by the National Science Foundation (BNS7806875). The 1978 field season began on June 1 and continued for approximately two and a half months, terminating on August 15. There were 10 crew members throughout most of the season, drawn from as far afield as the University of Massachusetts and the University of Arizona. Efforts were directed simultaneously at two sites, the kill itself and a nearby campsite (Garnsey Spring site, LA-18400) located a few hundred meters to the east. The research in 1978 had several important objectives. The first of these was clarification of the stratigraphy and chronology of the kill site. Field work during the second season examined the stratigraphy in considerably greater detail, focusing specifically on the temporal relationships among bone clusters, and on the degree to which archaeological materials had been subjected to reworking and redeposition. Another objective of the second season's field work was to increase the size of the sample of bison remains from the Garnsey site, and particularly to improve its representativeness and reliability. The combined sample from the two seasons makes it possible to determine, with some degree of confidence, the extent to which specific skeletal elements are under- or over-represented at the site, and to identify recurrent patterns of breakage and disposal. These data, in turn, provide a basis for reconstructing techniques of butchering and on-site processing employed at the Garnsey locality, and to determine which portions of the bison carcasses were removed preferentially from the site for transport elsewhere. The enlarged and more reliable sample of material also provides the basis for investigating the age- and sexstructure of the kill population, and for establishing the seasonality of procurement activities. Work during the 1978 season also sought to determine whether secondary processing activities took place at the nearby Garnsey Spring campsite (the results of the excavations at the campsite will be presented in a later report). Although excavation established that the two sites overlap in time (the campsite has a considerably longer temporal sequence), the campsite does not appear to have been a locus

1

1.

INTRODUCTION

where major kill-related activities occurred. Instead, it was found that some secondary processing was carried out directly in the wash in a major processing area on the south side of the arroyo. This area contained at least two hearths, each of which was surrounded by a thin apron of ash containing fragmentary ribs and limb elements, many tiny resharpening flakes and other lithic debitage, and several complete and fragmentary tools. The discovery of the processing area provides a clearer picture of the range of activities that were taking place in the Garnsey Wash. This report, like its counterpart for the first season at the Garnsey site (Speth and Parry 1978), attempts to make available as rapidly as possible the data recovered in 1978. The report is divided into two principal sections. The first presents a general synthesis of the most significant aspects of the research to date and pulls together data from both field seasons. This section includes a revised discussion of the stratigraphy and chronology of the site, descriptions of the spatial distribution of faunal remains over the site, estimates of minimum number of individuals, observed versus expected numbers of skeletal elements, summary information on butchering patterns and method of procurement, and so forth. This section also includes a detailed study by Michael Wilson of the 11 Population Dynamics of the Garnsey Site Bison 11 • Wilson's contribution examines the age- and sex-structure of the kill population and the seasonality of procurement activities. Also included in the first section of the report is a detailed discussion of the artifacts and lithic debitage, presenting information on spatial distribution, types of raw material, patterns of edge damage, and so forth. A contribution by Regge N. Wiseman on 11 The Ceramics from the Garnsey Bison Kill Site, Southeastern New Mexico 11 describes the small sherd sample. The second section of the report consists of two substantial appendices and several smaller ones. The first (Appendix A) provides element-by-element measurements and descriptive comments for all of the bison material recovered in 1978 (similar data for the first season are available in Speth and Parry 1978). The second major appendix (Appendix C) provides a complete inventory and detailed, item-by-item measurements for all of the lithic material recovered during both seasons of excavation. The smaller appendices tabulate data on the sex of several bison postcranial elements (Appendix B); fire-cracked rock (Appendix D); preliminary charcoal identification {Appendix E); hackberry seeds (Appendix F); and catalog numbers assigned to the Garnsey material (Appendix G). The final appendix (Appendix H) presents a detailed study by Danny N. Walker of 11 The Garnsey Site Canid 11 • Walker's contribution describes a nearly complete canid skull recovered from one of the major bison bone clusters, and considers the probable relationships of the specimen to local wolf and domestic dog populations.

2

1.

INTRODUCTION

The same caveat that was made for the first report also applies to the present endeavor. The results presented here are preliminary in nature and undoubtedly will be revised, altered, and in some instances scrapped as analyses are completed and new work is undertaken. It is hoped, however, that this study will contribute to the emerging picture of bison procurement in the southern High Plains.

3

2.

SITE DESCRIPTION

The Garnsey site is located about 12 miles (20 km) southeast of Chaves County, New Mexico (Fig. 1). The site is situated on Bureau of Land Management land, approximately 0.3 miles (0.6 km) due east of the southeast corner of Bottomless Lakes State Park (SW4 of the SWh of the swa of Section 35, T.ll S. R. 26L, Bottomless Lakes 7.5 Minute Quadrangle, Topographic Series) (Fig. 2 and Fig. 3). Roswell~

The wash that contains the Garnsey site (Garnsey Wash) is one of many similar, dry washes along the eastern edge of the Pecos Valley that drain westward from a low divide at the Llano Estacada or Cap Rock (Kelley 1971). The terrain between the Llano and the Pecos, known as the Mescalero Pediment, has relatively little relief until one reaches the margin of the Pecos Valley where the pediment terminates in sheer cliffs, in places approaching 100 feet (30m) in height. The bedrock exposed in these cliffs (Permian Artesia Group) consists of alternating beds of red, brown and green siltstones and extensive layers of grayish gypsum (Kelley 1971). Along the base of the cliffs and cutting deeply into them are several large, circular or oval sinkholes, filled with deep, freshwater lakes. Six of the lakes are included within the Bottomless Lakes State Park. Dimmitt Lake, which is privately owned, lies just south of the park (Fig. 2 and Fig. 3). The mouth of the Garnsey Wash opens into the Pecos Valley near the southeast boundary of the Park, between Dimmitt and Lea Lakes. The site itself is located between about 350 and 650 m upstream from the mouth. The wash in the area of the site is relatively broad (up to 50 m wide), flat-bottomed and is bounded by 10- to 15-meter high bedrock walls. The average slope of the walls of the wash in most places is between 10° and 25°, and exceeds 45° only for very short stretches. At no place does the slope become vertical for distances of more than a few meters or for heights of more than 2 to 3 m (Figs. 4-8). The bison remains are exposed in the walls of a modern arroyo that is actively incising the alluvial filling of the wash. Major arroyocutting was initiated less than 30 years ago by nearby highway construction (NM 409 or Park Road) that blocked the original westward flow of the wash into Lea Lake and diverted it southward into Dimmitt Lake, thereby shortening and steepening the gradient (William R. Farrand, personal communication; confirmed by New Mexico State Highway Department, Roswell District). This recent arroyo has cut a channel that in places is over 4 m deep and up to 10 m wide. An estimated 50% to 60% of the site already has been destroyed by the arroyo, and erosion continues at a rapid rate. The wash today remains dry throughout most of the year. Water occasionally surges through the arroyo in the form of flash floods after particularly heavy downpours in the spring and late summer, but

4

2.

SITE DESCRIPTION

NEW M E X IC O

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Fig. 1.

Location of Garnsey sit e in sou the ast ern New Mexico.

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26

2.

SITE DESCRIPTION

Fig. 3. Aerial photograph of Bottomless Lakes area (arrow denotes location of Garnsey Bison Kill site) (BLM-ARS Series; Date 09-30-73; Image 7-51-21; Original Negative Scale 1 :31,680).

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Fig. 4. Aerial view of Garnsey Wash facing west (left arrow indicates location of principal excavations at kill site; center arrow denotes location of spring; right arrow indicates position of test trenches at Garnsey Spring campsite) (Dimmitt Lake and Lea Lake are visible in the background; photo taken July 1978).

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Fig. 5. Aerial view of Garnsey Wash facing south, showing location of principal excavations at kill site in 1977 (near-side of arroyo to right of van; backfilled) and in 1978 (far-side of arroyo opposite van and at extreme right) (East Dimmitt Wash and vertical sink wall of Dimmitt Lake visible in right background; photo taken July 1978).

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SITE DESCRIPTION

standing water seldom remains in the arroyo for more than a few days after a flood. Permanent freshwater is available at nearby Dimmitt Lake and also at a spring that seeps from a low bedrock scarp in the wash about 300m east of the site (Fig. 4). The water from the spring supports a fairly lush growth of grasses and trees in its immediate vicinity, but no water remains on the surface for more than a few meters downstream.

Fig. 8. General view of Garnsey Wash and modern arroyo, facing southeast, showing backfilled excavations at close of 1977 field season.

The vegetation in the wash today undoubtedly has been altered substantially by arroyo-cutting and subsequent lowering of the water table. Overgrazing also has contributed to the reduction of the local vegetation cover. Today the floor of the wash is covered with a relatively sparse growth of sacaton (Sporobolus sp.), grama grasses (Bouteloua sp.), snakeweed (Gutierrezia sp.), occasional prickly pear (Opuntia sp.) and scattered mesquite (Prosopis sp.). Tamarisk (Tamarix sp.) occurs on the floor of the arroyo and near the spring. On the slopes and terraces above the wash the dominant grasses tnclude tobosa (Hilaria sp.), grama (Bouteloua sp.) and curly mesquite (Hilaria sp.) Prickly pear (Opuntia sp.) occurs sporadically. Shrubs, infrequent near the site, include mesquite (Proso is sp.), saltbush (Atriplex sp.), Apache-plume (Fallugia sp.), yucca Yucca sp.) and several others. Other

12

2.

SITE DESCRIPTION

washes in the area that have not been incised by recent arroyo-cutting support much denser stands of grasses. This is nicely illustrated by Comanche Wash, located only about 7 km (4 miles) north of the Garnsey Wash (Fig. 9).

Fig. 9. Modern vegetation in undissected Comanche Wash (photo taken August 1977).

The majority of bison bones exposed in the walls of the arroyo at the Garnsey site form an irregular and discontinuous layer that varies in depth from about 1.2 to 1.7 m below the surface of the wash. At no point do the remains occur in concentrations approaching the quantities of bone encountered in jump or trap sites in the Northern Plains (cf. Reher 1977). Moreover, bones are not entirely confined to this single layer. Some bison remains occur at shallower depths, but seldom less than about 40 to 50 em below the surface. Occasionally, bones also occur at greater depths, some more than 3 m below the surface and only a few centimeters above the bedrock floor of the wash. These deeply buried specimens generally are isolated occurrences and no major clusters have been encountered at this level. Chronological studies at the site (see below) have shown that the depth of burial of these specimens does not indicate considerable antiquity. They may predate the principal bone-bearing levels by only a few centuries at most.

13

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Fig. 10.

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Garnsey site (LA-18399), showing areas excavated in 1977 and 1978.

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CONTOUR INTERVAL 1.0 M • DATUM METERS

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6

ARROYO

Fig. 15. Computer-generated north-south backplot (facing east) of bone material between 5015 and 5115 (all specimens from 501W to 508W have been projected on to section).

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Element 1. Skull 2. Mandible 3. Hyoid 7. Atlas 8. Axis 9. Cervical 10. Thoracic 11. Lumbar 12. Sacrum 13. Caudal 17. Rib 19. Costal Cart. 20. Sternebra 21. Scapula 22. Humerus 23. Radius 24. Ulna 25. Radial Carp. 26. Interm. Carp. 27. Ulnar Carp. 28. Ace. Carpal 29. Fused 2-3 Carp. 30. 4th Carpal 31. 5th Metacarp. 32. Metacarpal 33. Pelvis 34. Femur 35. Patella 36. Tibia 37. Astragalus

(b) Tr. 78-6 No. % 4 1.9 0 0.0 2 0.9 2 0.9 2 0.9 5.2 11 19 9.0 4 1.9 4 1.9 6 2.8 40 18.9 9 4.2 6 2.8 5 2.4 9 4.2 3 1.4 l 0.5 5 2.4 3 1.4 l 0.5 l 0.5 2 0.9 0 0.0 0 0.0 2 0.9 16 7.5 5 2.4 2 0.9 6 2.8 3 1.4

(a) Tr. 78-7 No. % 23 5.2 2 0.4 0 0.0 10 2.2 8 1.8 30 6.7 53 ll. 9 14 3.1 3 0.7 4 0.9 68 15.2 22 4.9 9 2.0 11 2.5 8 1.8 6 1.3 4 0.9 3 0.7 2 0.4 4 0.9 2 0.4 3 0.7 3 0.7 0 0.0 5 l.l 24 5.4 19 4.3 6 1.3 8 1.8 6 1.3 Tr. 77-2 No. % 7 2.8 2 0.8 0 0.0 8 3.1 5 2.0 15 5.9 36 14.2 9 3.5 0 0.0 4 1.6 16 6.3 9 3.5 4 1.6 10 3.9 8 3. l 5 2.0 2 0.8 3 1.2 2 0.8 3 1.2 2 0.8 4 1.6 4 1.6 5 2.0 4 1.6 10 3.9 6 2.4 2 0.8 4 1.6 2 0.8

(c)

(d) Tr. 78-7 Tr. 78-6 Tr. 77-2 No. % 34 3.7 4 0.4 2 0.2 20 2.2 15 1.6 56 6.1 108 11.8 27 3.0 7 0.8 14 1.5 124 13.6 40 4.4 19 2.1 26 2.9 25 2.7 14 1.5 7 0.8 l1 1.2 7 0.8 8 0.9 5 0.5 9 l.O 7 0.8 5 0.5 11 1.2 50 5.5 30 3.3 10 1.1 18 2.0 11 1.2 (e) Tr. 77-1 Tr. 78-1 Tr. 78-5 No. % 17 1.9 8 0.9 10 l.l 3 0.3 4 0.4 36 4.0 65 7.3 33 3.7 3 0.3 29 3.3 135 15.2 6.8 61 19 2.1 40 4.5 12 1.3 12 1.3 l3 1.5 7 0.8 14 L6 7 0.8 10 1.1 4 0.4 6 0.7 3 0.3 15 1.7 30 3.4 17 1.9 6 0.7 16 1.8 6 0.7

Table 3. alnventory of identifiable skeletal elements in Level B3 by excavation unit (numbering of elements corresponds to that used in Table 6, ahead).

Tr. 78-2 Tr. 78-4 No. % 0 0.0 2 2.5 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 .CJ1 0 0.0 4 5.0 U'l --l 1 1.3 ::::0 ;J::o --l 0 0.0 ....... 3 3.8 t:n ::::0 )::> 26 32.5 "'0 2 2.5 :c -< 1 1.3 1 1.3 1 1.3 l 1.3 0 0.0 0 0.0 2 2.5 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 1.3 0 0.0 1 1.3 5 6.3 4 5.0 2 2.5 0 0.0 1 1.3 2 2.5

(f)

w

0)

(cont.)

212

Tr. 78-6 No. % 2 0.9 4 1.9 1 0.5 0 0.0 2 0.9 0 0.0 4 1.9 8 3.8 7 3.3 8 3.8 2 0.9 1 0.5

Tr. 78-7 No. % 5 1.1 2 0.4 5 1.1 1 0.2 4 0.9 1 0.2 5 1.1 20 4.5 2.9 l3 9 2.0 17 3.8 4 0.9 446

(b)

(a)

254

Tr. 77-2 No. % 0 0.0 3 1.2 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 2 0.8 13 5. l 9 3.5 16 6.3 17 6.7 3 1.2

(c)

912

(d) Tr. 78-7 Tr. 78-6 Tr. 77-2 No. % 7 0.8 9 1.0 6 0.7 1 0. l 6 0.7 l 0.1 ll 1.2 4.5 41 29 3.2 33 3.6 36 3.9 8 0.9 891

(e) Tr. 77-1 Tr. 78-1 Tr. 78-5 No. % 9 1.0 12 1.3 10 1.1 2 0.2 7 0.8 1 0.1 ll 1.2 45 5. l 42 4.7 34 3.8 52 5.8 25 2.8

aThe

(f)

80

Tr. 78-2 Tr. 78-4 No. % 0 0.0 1 1.3 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 3 3.8 6 7.5 4 5.0 1 1.3 4 5.0 1 1.3

table omits element categories 4-6 (miscellaneous loose teeth and tooth fragments), 14-16 (unidentifiable vertebral fragments), 18 (miscellaneous rib-vertebral process fragments), 45 (metapodials), and 51 (unidentifiable bone fragments).

TOTAL

Element 38. Lat. Malleolus 39. Calcaneus 40. Navic.-Cuboid 41. lst Tarsal 42. Fused 2-3 Tar. 43. 2nd Metatarsal 44. Metatarsal 46. lst Phalanx 47. 2nd Phalanx 48. 3rd Phalanx 49. Prox. Sesamoid 50. Dist. Sesamoid

Table 3.

::c: -


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-1 ;;:o

V>

0"1

5.

STRATIGRAPHY

conclude that disturbance in the major excavation units on the north side of the arroyo primarily has involved slumping of material from the banks of the minor channels and limited reworking, which spread bones and artifacts downstream for several meters along the bottoms of the channels.

38

6.

CHRONOLOGY

As noted above, the majority of bison remains are found in Level B3 of Unit B. The bones occur in spatially discrete clusters or concentrations, separated from each other by zones with few or no remains. The precise stratigraphic relationships among these clusters in Level B3 are exceedingly difficult to establish. Correlation is hampered by frequent lateral facies changes, and particularly, of course, by the presence of the arroyo. It is clear, however, that the major clusters in Level B3 are of approximately the same age. This is demonstrated by the fact that on both sides of the arroyo they are confined stratigraphically to the relatively thin (ca. 0.5 m) bed of alluvium between Paleosol 2 and the contact with Unit A. t~oreover, the coarse nature of the alluvium which forms this portion of Unit B suggests that the total amount of time represented by these deposits is relatively brief. It is also clear, however, that these clusters do not all represent the remains of a single, site-wide procurement event. Detailed examination of the stratigraphy of Level 83 suggests that at least two, and perhaps several different events are involved, although the precise number cannot be established as yet (additional evidence for multiple kill episodes in Level B3 will be presented in a subsequent section). Moreover, the existence of clusters in Level B4, also in Unit B above the paleosol, demonstrates that multiple events occurred at the Garnsey locality within a relatively short period of time. In addition, the remains from Unit A, and from within and below Paleosol 2, testify to the occurrence of still other procurement events in the wash. In order to establish the approximate relationships among the major bone clusters, and to determine the temporal span of bison hunting activities at the Garnsey locality, an extensive program of radiocarbon dating was undertaken. Fourteen bone samples (3 from 1977; 11 from 1978) were submitted to Geochron Laboratories in Cambridge, Massachusetts for analysis. Unfortunately, adequate charcoal samples were not available from most areas of the site, and the few thc:.t were obtained were encountered at the very end of the 1978 season after all available funds for dating had been exhausted. Both gelatin and apatite were dated in most cases. All dates were corrected for C-13 fractionation. This correction was essential to compensate for the presence of C4 plants in the diet of the bison (Bender 1968; Downton 1975; Harold Krueger, personal communication). The uncorrected dates often were several decades or even centuries in the future. The C-13 corrected dates are provided in Table 4. Eleven of the 14 bone samples that were dated derive from the major bone clusters in Level B3. One sample derives from Level 84, one from Level B5 (within Paleosol 2), and one from Level 86 (below Paleosol 2). Several samples suitable for dating were recovered from the youngest deposits at the site (Unit A); however, none of these has been submitted.

39

6.

CHRONOLOGY

Table 4. Radiocarbon dates from the Garnsey Bison Kill site (1977 and 1978). Prov. Ar/S/18 Ar/S/18 Ar/S/19 Ar/S/19 Ar/N/33CD Ar/N/33CD 519S589W/16 519S589W/16 519S590W/3 519S590W/3 519S590W/12 519S590W/12 I-21/4 I-21/4 J-12/7 J-12/7 J-13/4 J-13/4 J-23/1 J-23/1 K-13/5 K- 13/5 0-4/13 0-4/13 P-2/27 P-3/55

aLab. No. d GX-5676-A GX-5676-G GX-5677-A GX-5677-G GX-5678-A GX-5678-G GX-5679-A GX-5679-G GX-5680-A GX-5680-G GX-5681-A GX-5681-G GX-5682-A GX-5682-G GX-5683-A GX-5683-G GX-5684-A GX-5684-G GX-5685-A GX-5685-G GX-5686-A GX-5686-G gGX-5098-A gGX-5098-G gGX-5097-G gGX-5099-G

Level bAg_e(± 1a} eND B5 B5 A.D. 1660 ± 145 86 A.D. 1665 ± 130 86 A.D. 1640 ± 125 83 A.D. 1805± 120 83 A.D. 1795 ± 120 eND 83 83 A.D. 1725 ± 120 83 A.D. 1375± 145 83 A.D. 1585± 125 83 A.D. 1415± 145 83 A.9. 1435± 125 Modern 83 eND 83 83 A. D. 1505 ± 105 83 A.D. 1605 ± 100 83 A.D. 905 ± 125 eND 83 eND 84 !Modern 84 83 A.D. 1690± 145 83 A.~. 1785± 125 Modern 83 83 A.D. 1845 ± l 00 83 A.D. 1560± 130 83 A.D. 1460 ± 110

oCPb~(Ofoo) -0.6 -8.3 -1.3 -8.4 -0.7 -8.8 0.0 -9.1 +0.8 -8.7 -0.2 -9.4 -0.1 eND +0.1 -8.5 +0.3 -10.7 -0.4 -8.7 +0.5 -8.8 +0.7 -8.2 -8.1 -8.7

cAge(±lo} eND A.D. 1651 ± 145 A.D. 1656 ± 130 A.D. 1631±125 A.D. 1801 ± 120 A.D. 1790 ± 120 eND A.D. 1718± 120 A.D. 1358± 145 A. D. 1574± 125 A.D. 1399 ± 145 A.Df 1420± 125 Modern eND A.D. 1492 ± 105 A.D. 1595 ± 100 A.D. 874± 125 eND eND !Modern A.D. 1682 ± 145 A.D~ 1780± 125 Modern A. D. 1842 ± 100 A. D. 1548 ± 130 A. D. 1445 ± 11 0

~All determinations were made by Geochron Laboratories, Cambridge, Mass.

1950.

Old (Libby) half-life (5570 years); age referenced to the year A.D.

~New half-life (5730 years); age referenced to the year A.D. 1950.

A (Bone

Apatit~)9

G (Bone Gelatin).

~D (No Determ1nation); specimen too small for analysis.

Age, after fractionation correction, was completely modern. gDate reported previously in Speth and Parry (1978:15). In that report it was suggested that sample 0-4/13 (GX-5098-A and GX-5098-G) may have been contaminated with "Elmer's Glue-All", rendering the dates unreliable and too young. Subsequent discussions with chemists at Borden, Inc. indicate that "Elmer's Glue-All" is manufactured from byproducts of natural gas and contains only "dead" carbon. Moreover, Harold Krueger (personal communication) of Geochron Laboratories believes that had glue been present in small to moderate amounts, it would have been removed by standard pretreatment processes. Dates GX-5098-A and GX-5098-G are therefore retained in the present listing.

40

6.

CHRONOLOGY

The results of the radiocarbon analyses are perplexing, introducing a~most as many problems as they resolve. On the one hand the dates, taken at face value, clearly establish the relatively late age of the Garnsey site, placing the major procurement activities of Unit B between about A.D. 1360 (ignoring GX-5684-A) and A.D. 1840 (ignoring 11 modern 11 dates). If MASCA corrections are applied, the range is narrowed slightly to between about A.D. 1360 and A.D. 1710 or 1790 (Ralph et al. 1973). Moreover, the results indicate that much of the alluvial sequence exposed at th~ Garnsey site was deposited within a relatively brief span of time. The two most deeply buried specimens (one from Paleosol 2; the other from just above Paleosol 3) yielded dates which are virtually identical to each other, and which both fall squarely within the range indicated for the principal bone clusters in Unit B above the second paleosol. On the other hand, the dates show no apparent correlation with the stratigraphy. Moreover, the spread of dates within bone clusters, including those from clusters on the south side of the arroyo, is as great as the spread among clusters. Thus, for example, the cluster in Squares 519S589W and 519S590W (Trench 78-6) has a range (not MASCAcorrected) of nearly 400 years, from A.D. 1358 to A.D. 1718. The cluster in Squares 0-4, P-2 and P-3 (Trench 77-2) also has a range (not MASCAcorrected) of 400 years, from A.D. 1445 to A.D. 1842. If these dates are accepted at face value, one is forced to conclude that t~e clusters in Level B3 represent accumulations of bone reworked from upstream deposits which span at least 400 years. This conclusion is difficult to accept for reasons which have been outlined in the preceding section. There appears to be no simple explanation for the unexpectedly high within-cluster spread of the radiocarbon dates. Perhaps the spread is linked in some manner to the unusually pronounced variations in atmospheric radiocarbon levels which are known to have occurred during the past five centuries (cf. Ralph et al. 1973; Stuiver 1978). Or perhaps the difficulty stems directly from unresolved problems in the dating of bone. Whatever its source, the spread of dates within clusters that are believed to be the undisturbed remains of single events poses a serious obstacle to assessing accurately the age of the Garnsey site, and it rules out any possibility of ordering individual clusters in time. Until a better procedure can be worked out, a somewhat less-than-ideal approach has been chosen to provide what hopefully is at least a reasonable approximation for the age of the site. First, weighted averages and standard deviations have been calculated for groups of dates that on archaeological grounds appear to represent single events (e.g., all dates from the bone cluster in Squares 519S589-590W or Trench 78-6; all dates from th~ cluster in Squares 0-4, P-2 and P-3 or Trench 77-2; and so forth; see Table 5) (Long and Rippeteau 1974; Davies 1961 :133). Each weighted average was then expressed as an age range, determined by adding and subtracting the appropriate standard deviation. The endpoints of each range were adjusted using MASCA corrections (Ralph et al. 1973). Finally, each MASCA-corrected range was plotted on a graph. The most probable age

41

6. Table 5.

CHRONOLOGY

Averaging and calibration of Garnsey radiocarbon dates.

aWeighted bMASCA-Corrected Subsample of dates Mean and SD Age Range (+lo) 1. All Dates (excl. only A.D. 1580 ± 29 A.D. 1440 - 1520 modern specimens) 2. All Dates (excl. only A.D. 1619 ± 30 A.D. (1460-1500)modern specimens and (1520-1610) GX-5684-A) 3. All Dates (excl. only A.D. 1595 ± 32 A.D. 1450-(1510-1600) modern specimens, GX-5684-A, GX-5678-A, and GX-5678-G) 4. Paleosols (incl. only A.D. 1645 ± 77 A.D. 1450 - 1640 GX-5676-G, GX-5677-A, and GX-5677-G) 5. AR/N/33CD (incl. only A.D. 1630 - ? A.D. 1796 ± 85 GX-5678-A and GX-5678-G) 6. 519S589-590W Cluster A.D. 1511 ± 58 A.D. 1410-(1460-1500) (incl. only GX-5679-G, GX-5680-A, GX-5680-G, GX-5681-A, GX-5681-G) 7. JK-12,13 Cluster (incl. A.D. 1400 - 1450 A.D. 1487 ±52 only GX-5683-A, GX-56g3-G, GX-5684-A, GX-5684-G, GX-5686-A, GX-5686-G) 8. JK-12,13 Cluster (incl. A.D. 1450-(1530-1630) A.D. 1617 ±58 only GX-5683-A, GX-5683-G, GX-5686-A, GX-5686-G) 9. OP-2,4 Cluster (incl. A.D. 1634 ± 64 A.D. 1450 - 1630 only GX-5098-G, GX-5097-G, GX-5099-G) aWeighted means and standard deviations computed according to procedu£es discussed in Long and Rippeteau (1974) and Davies (1961 :133). MASCA corrections determined according to procedures outlined by Ralph et al. (1973). 11

11

11

11

11

11

42

6.

-

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CHRONOLOGY

AD 1750

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7.

THE GARNSEY BISON

recovered in 1977. This difference is due almost entirely to the inclusion in the 1978 tallies of materials from a processing area on the south side of the arroyo (Trenches 78-2 and 78-4). Almost all of the bone from this area was highly fragmented. Many of the fragments were identifiable as ribs, thereby inflating the 1978 values for category 17 as well. Table 7 provides an inventory of bison remains (complete and fragmentary) by stratigraphic level (Al through 86). Unlike Table 6, this table includes only materials recovered from the major excavation units (Trenches 77-1, 77-2, 78-1, 78-2, 78-4, 78-5, 78-6, 78-7; no material was recovered from 78-3; see Fig. 10 for location of units). Remains salvaged from the walls of the arroyo (N = 146) and backdirt items with no provenience (N = 13) have not been included. Exclusion of arroyo items reduces the sample size of Levels B5 and 86, since these levels were encountered primarily in the deep arroyo exposures. The majority of arroyo items, ho\'!ever, are attributable to Level 83. As noted earlier only a few items, all from the processing area on the south side of the arroyo (Trench 78-4), are attributable to Level Al. The existence of very shallow remains farther upstream, however, may indicate that events equivalent in age to Level Al may have occurred elsewhere in the wash. Minimum Number of Individuals The minimum number of individuals (MNI) has been determined by dividing the number of each specific eZement recovered archaeologically by the number of that element in the animal. The results are presented in Table 8. The table presents MNI estimates for 1977 and 1978 separately, as well as MNI estimates for the two seasons combined. Table 8 differs from its counterpart in Speth and Parry (1978:22) in two major respects. First, the distinction made in the previous report between material on the north and south sides of the arroyo has been dropped in the present tabu,lation. Second, the previous listing made no attempt to provide MNI estimates based on different parts of the same element. The present tabulations have been expanded substantially to include MNI estimates based on both proximal and distal portions of limb elements. Values used for the expected number of elements in the skeleton of the bison are based on figures provided by Olsen (1960). The expected number of caudal vertebrae presented the only problem. White (1956:402) gives a value between 12 and 14. His figures for the expected number of lumbar and thoracic (dorsal) vertebrae are incorrect, however, rendering his figure for caudals questionable. Frison (personal communication) suggests that a figure between 10 and 12 is more plausible. A value of 10 has been used in the present MNI estimates. The best estimate for the minimum number of individuals recovered in the two seasons of excavation at the Garnsey site is 35, based on the skulls (see Table 8; all stratigraphic levels, all excavation units and all arroyo materials were used in arriving at this figure). Higher estimates would be obtained if: (1) each stratigraphic level were 48

'-0

+:>

Elemeot l. Skull 2. Mandible 3. Hyoid 4. Misc. Loose Teeth (Incisor/Canine) 5. Misc. Loose Teeth (Molar/Premolar) 6. Misc. Tooth Frags. 7. Atlas 8. Axis 9. Cervical ( 3-7) l 0. Thoracic ll. Lumbar 12. Sacrum 13. Caudal 14. Unident. Vert. Body 15. Unident. Vert. Pad 16. Unfused Vert. Summit 17. Rib 18. ~1isc. Rib-Vert. Process Frags. 19. Costal Cartilage 20. Sternebra 21. Scapula 22. Humerus 23. Radius 24. Ulna 25. Radial Carpal 26. Intermediate Carpal 27. Ulnar Carpal 28. Accessory Carpal 1 2 0 0 0 l 2 1 3 6 2 6 4 5 0 16 54 3 l 2 l 2 l l 2 2 0

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

l3

N

%

N

Al

0.0

0.3 0.6 0.0 0.0

%

0.9 0.3 0.6 0.3 0.6 0.3 0.3 0.6 0.6 0.0

0.3 0.6 0.3 0.9 4.0 1.8 0.6 1.8 1.2 1.5 0.0 4.9 16.4

A2

0.5

0.8 0.2 0.2 0.3

%

l 03 39 67 38 27 20 18 23 15 15

1.7 0.6 l.l 0.6 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.2 0.2

168 2.7 23 0.4 19 0.3 92 1.5 177 2.9 l.O 61 10 0.2 48 0.8 20 0.3 123 2.0 28 0.5 285 4.6 975 15.8

30

51 14 12 21

N

B3

0.0

l.l 1.5 0.0 1.5

%

0 l 2 l 0 0 0 l l 0

0.0 0.4 0.7 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.4 0.0

9 3.3 2 0.7 1 0.4 0 0.0 2 0.7 0 0.0 0 0.0 2 0.7 0 0.0 3 l.l 0 0.0 2 0.7 34 12.5

0

3 4 0 4

N

B4

0.0

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

%

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 3 60.0

0

0 0 0 0

N

B5

0.0

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

%

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 50.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0

0

0 0 0 0

N

B6

Table 7. ainventory of bison remains (complete and fragmentary) by stratigraphic level from major excavation units (table excludes materials salvaged from arroyo walls).

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(cont.) N % 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 7 100.0 7

Al

2 0 1 1 0 1 l 0 0 0 0 1 7 6 5 2 0 165 329

2

N 1 2 0 1 %

0.3 0.6 0.0 0.3 0.6 0.6 0.0 0.3 0.3 0.0 0.3 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 2. 1 1.8 1.5 0.6 0.0 50.2

A2

3 13 2 25 7 93 75 68 92 34 2905 6163

16

N 14 13 9 31 84 49 16 35 19 16 22 %

0.2 0.2 0. 1 0.5 1.4 0.8 0.3 0.6 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.4 0. 1 1.5 1.2 1.1 1.5 0.6 47.1

B3

0 0 0 0 l 0 1 0 0 1 0 192 272

0

1 1 0 0

0

1

2

N 0 0 0 %

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.4 0.0 0.4 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 70.6

B4 %

0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 20.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 20.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 5

N

B5

%

0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 50.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 2

N

B6

aThis table should not be used to estimate minimum number of individuals, since many of the fragments listed for a particular skeletal element may derive from the same bone. Material listed in this table derives exclusively from excavation (Trenches 77-1, 77-2, 78-1, 78-2, 78-4, 78-5, 78-6 and 78-7); materials salvaged from the walls of the arroyo have notbeen included.

Element 29. Fused 2nd-3rd Carpal 30. 4th Carpal 31. 5th Metacarpal 32. Metacarpa 1 33. Pelvis 34. Femur 35. Patella 36. Tibia 37. Astragalus 38. Lateral Malleolus 39. Calcaneus 40. Navicula-Cuboid 41. lst Tarsal 42. Fused 2nd-3rd Tarsal 43. 2nd r1eta tars a1 44. Metatarsal 45. Metapodi al 46. lst Phalanx 47. 2nd Phalanx 48. 3rd Phalanx 49. Proximal Sesamoid 50. Distal Sesamoid 51. Unident. Bone Frags. TOTAL

Table 7.

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Atlas: Axis: Cervical: Thoracic: Lumbar: Sacrum: Caudal: Rib:

4. 5.

Prox. Humerus:

Dist. Humerus:

Prox. Radius:

Dist. Radius:

Ulna:

Radial Carpal:

15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

20.

12. Costal Cartilage: 13. Sternebra: 14. c Scapula:

ll.

8. 9. l 0.

6. 7.

Hyoid:

3.

Element l. Skull: 2. Mandible: 1977 - bl5(3) L 4( l) R 4 L 3( l) R 4 - 12 ( l ) 8( l ) - 26(1) - 59(3) - 22 2 - 17 L 35(4) R 47(6) - 51 - 19 L 5 R 3 L 5(2) R 8(3) L 4 R 5( l) L 3 R 6(2) L 2( 1) R 6(2) L 5( 1 ) R 4( l) L 4 R 5

N

3( 1 ) 4( l ) 2 3 5 3 5(2) 8(3) 4 5( l) 3 6(2) 2(1) 6(2) 5(1) 4( 1) 4 5

2

MNI 1977 bl5(3) 4( l ) 4 3( l ) 4 12 ( 1) 8( l ) 6( l ) 5( l ) 5 2 38 51 (10) 50 ( 14) 56 22 7 7 9 10(2) 10 l 0( 1) 7( l ) 7(4) 8(3) 8(3) 5( l ) 9(2) 2 8

ll

60(8) 93(2) 23

l3

N 1978 20(2) 5(1) 9(2) 2 2 17(3)

7 9 10(2) 10 l 0( l ) 7(1) 7(4) 8(3) 8(3) 5( 1 ) 9(2) 2 8

7

5 ll 4 4( l ) 4(1) 2 4

7 (l)

MNI 1978 20(2) 5( l ) 9(2) 2 2 17(3) 13 12(2) N 1977-78 35(5) 9(2) 13(2) 5( l) 6 29(4) 21 ( l ) 86(9) 152(5) 45 13 55 86(14) 97(20) l 07 41 12 10 14( 2) 18(5) 14 15(2) 10( 1) 13(6) 10(4) 14( 5) 10(2) 13 ( 3) 6 13

MNI 1977-78 35(5) 9(2) 13(2) 5( l) 6 29(4) 21 ( l) 18(2) ll ( l) 9 13 6 7( l ) 7(2) 4 6 12 10 14(2) 18(5) 14 15 ( 2) l 0 ( 1) 13(6) 10(4) 14(5) 10(2) 13(3) 6 13

Table 8. aMinimum number of individuals (MNI) from the Garnsey site (table includes all identifiable materials recovered by excavation and salvaged from arroyo walls).

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91TEMSI

TOTAL BONE LEVEL A21N"292l

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Fig. 21. Computer-generated scatterplot of Level A2 bison remains in the processing area (Trenches 78-2 and 78-4; see Fig. 10 for trench designations).

5205

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9 ITEMS)

TOTAL BONE LEVEL B3

3

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9X3X33 X 136 141 1 2 242 2 3 12457474 2X11 2]>3 r2511 2546122151 1 1 j5 1 11 1 8112 3 1 5 1 913 1 141 1 X X61 X 111X1X 2 1 2 3 133413 11572 6 1 121122231621 1 1

Fig. 26. Computer-generated scatterplot of Level 83 bison remains in Trenches 78-6 and 78-7 (see Fig. 10 for trench designations).

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Fig. 27. Computer-generated scatterplot of Level B4 bison remains in Trenches 77-l, 77-2, 78-l and 78-5 (see Fig. 10 for trench designations).

KEY, 1 (1 ITEM) X (>91TEMS)

TOTAL BONE LEVEL B4 !N= 172!

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TOTAL BONE LEVEL B4NlOOI

1

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Fig. 28. Computer-generated scatterplot of Level 84 bison remains in the processing area (Trenches 78-2 and 78-4; see Fig. 10 for trench designations).

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7.

THE GARNSEY BISON

Sex The sex of the Garnsey cranial material was most readily determined with the transverse horn-core diameters and the cranial widths (Measurements 12 and 14, respectively, of Skinner and Kaisen 1947). Other measurements also proved useful in certain cases (e.g., Measurement 8, Greatest Width at Auditory Openings). r1andibles were sexed using the mandibular width below M3 as described by Reher (1974), and the distance from the posterior of M3 to the posterior edge of the articulating process (r~easurement 13, as described by Shackleton et al. 1975:872). Based on the skulls, maZes outnumber females by a ratio of 60:40 (Table 13). Based on mandibles, females outnumber males by a ratio of nearly 60:40 (Table 13). Eleven postcranial elements have been sexed using crossplots of various metric attributes and ratios (see Appendix B for details). In nine of the elements, females outnumber males (Table 13). In two cases (axis and ulna) the ratio is 50:50. In no cases do males outnumber females. The striking disparity in the sex ratio between skulls and other skeletal elements is not likely to be an artifact of sampling bias, nor does it reflect problems in sexing the postcranial material. Smiley (1979), using a totally independent set of measurements, arrived at virtually identical sex determinations for various limb elements from the Garnsey site. If anything, there should be a bias in the present sex determinations in favor of males rather than females. For example, fragmentary limb elements, in which the degree of fusion of the epiphyses is unknown, can be sexed as male if the requisite metric attributes fall clearly within the male mode. Such specimens, however, cannot be classified as female if they fall within the female mode, because they may represent immature males. Thus, fragmentary female specimens are more likely to be excluded than fragmentary male specimens. Table 14 summarizes the data by provenience for sexed cranial and postcranial material in Level B3. ThE! spatial distribution of sexed elements in this level is illustrated in Figs. 39 and 40. The sample of material from the processing area in Level B3 (Trenches 78-2 and 78-4), and from all proveniences in other stratigraphic levels, is too small to warrant illustration. Considering first the data for skulls in Table 14, the preponderance of maZe crania on the south side of the arroyo is apparent. The higher proportion of female crania on the north side may reflect a real difference between the two sides of the arroyo but could also be an artifact of small sample size. Turning to the much larger sample of postcranial material, female elements tend to outnumber male elements on both sides of the arroyo, but the ratio on the north is noticeably higher (73:27) than on the south (56:44; using the combined data from Trenches 77-2, 78-6 and 78-7). Clusterby-cluster analysis of Level 83 material from the north side of the

81

co

N

M

F

t·1

F M F M F

t~l

F

~~1

Sex

7. Dist. Humerus:

F M F 8. Prox. Radius: M F 9. Dist. Radius: M F 10. Ulna M F ll. Prox. Metacarpal: M F 12. Dist. Metacarpal: M F 13. Prox. Femur: M F ~1 14. Dist. Femur: F M 15. Prox. Tibia: F t1 16. Dist. Tibia: F

6. Prox. Humerus:

5. Scapula:

4. Axis:

3. Atlas:

2. Mandible:

Element l. Skull:

Sexed Fragments % N 21 63.6 12 36.4 46.7 7 8 53.3 7 35.0 65.0 l3 50.0 9 50.0 9 6 30.0 14 70.0 4 25.0 12 75.0 33.3 6 12 66.7 4 36.4 7 63.6 38.5 5 8 61.5 8 50.0 50.0 8 25.0 4 75.0 12 25.0 4 12 75.0 10.0 l 90.0 9 10.0 l 90.0 9 25.0 3 75.0 9 35.7 5 64.3 9 Sexed MNI N % 18 60.0 12 40.0 41.7 5 58.3 7 35.0 7 65.0 13 50.0 9 50.0 9 4 33.3 66.7 8 2 25.0 6 75.0 33.3 3 66.7 6 33.3 2 66.7 4 42.9 3 57.1 4 50.0 5 5 50.0 27.3 3 8 72.7 27.3 3 72.7 8 16.7 l 83.3 5 16.7 l 83.3 5 2 28.6 71.4 5 37.5 3 62.5 5 60.0 46.2 50.0 76.9 61.1 84.6 66.7 42.9 38.9 61.5

47.8 54.2 57 .l 51.6 64.0 33.3 34.5 40.0 63.6

44.4

100.0

85.7

69.0

92.3

85.7

Percent of Total MNI Sexed

62. l

48.5

27.4

85.7

69.0

55.6

50.8

Percent of Total Frags. Sexed

Table 13. Sex of Garnsey cranial and postcranial material (includes all proveniences and all stratigraphic levels).

J::>

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aincludes mandibles.

77-1,78-1,78-5) 77-2) 78-6) 78-7) 77-2,78-6,78-7) 78-2,78-4)

Level 83 83 83 B3 B3 83 N 2 2 2 8 12 0 %

40.0 50.0 66.7 66.7 63.2 0.0

Male

SKULL Female N % 3 60.0 2 50.0 l 33.3 4 33.3 7 36.8 0 0.0

aPOSTCRANIAL r~a 1e Female N % N % 17 27.0 46 73.0 52.4 10 47.6 ll 8 42. l ll 57.9 17 40.5 25 59.5 36 43.9 46 56.1 0 0.0 4 100.0

Sex ratio of skulls and postcranial elements by provenience (Level 83).

Provenience North Side (Tr. South Side (Tr. South Side (Tr. South Side (Tr. South Side (Tr. South Side (Tr.

Table 14.

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f

M

f f

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f

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1

2

METERS 3 ·-

~

f

i

j

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M

wtn

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f

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f -~ M

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MM

F

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f

M

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f

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VF

f

f

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501W 5015

499W

5185

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Fig. 39. Computer-generated scatterplot of Level B3 sexed elements (cranial and postcranial) in Trenches 77-1, 77-2, 78-1 and 78-5 (see Fig. 10 for trench designations).

KEY, M (MALE) F (FEMALE)

F

f

r~~--1--J----

---ARROYO

--.......

f

SEXED ELEMENTS LEVEL B3 (MALE 33; FEMALE 60)

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----------'=---==-='='"-''='=-">....___.>~>._>...._ .l=L.I=f

BL/522S595W/ll BL/Ar/N/33 BL/523S597W/61 BL/0-4/17 BL/1-4/1 Legend:

X 0

u

1.0 2.0 2.0 3.0 4.0

XXXX0 0 0 0 XXXXX XXX XXXXXXXX XXXXX XXX XXXXXXXX

'=' '='

....... 1--1 1--1

,_,,_.,_. > > > >

UUUUUUUU

XXXXXX0 0 XXXX0 0 0 0 XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX

1--1

-

UUUUUUUUUU U U U U U U U U UU X X0 0 0 0 U U UU X XXXXXX0 0 U

in complete wear; i.e., linked to other facets in light wear, usually as an elongate loop, often distinct from other facets unworn, possibly some polish but no dentine exposed

96

I-t 1--1 1--1

................ > ........................ >< ......._....... ...... '=' > > > > ..........

8.

POPULATION DYNAMICS OF THE GARNSEY SITE BISON

Although Brumley (pers. comm. 1979) now accepts the use of dentitions in seasonality determination, his skeptical comments remain on record, influencing researchers. It is important that they be discussed here. Recent summaries of theory and technique (Frison l978a, 1978b) and comparison of dentitions at the Big Goose Creek kill/campsite complex in Wyoming (Frison et al. 1978:29-31) provide empirical support, through addition of modern comparative data and testing of archaeological samples. These were unavailable to Brumley (1973), but early theoretical works on population dynamics (Voorhies 1969; Reher 1970) indicate a flaw in analysis led to his skepticism. While visual comparison of eruption/wear can allow estimation of seasonality, it is a ponderous task with raw data difficult to quantify. Wear-facet description (Frison et al. 1976) improved the situation but difficulties in cluster analysis and data portrayal remain. Resolution lies in the long-documented technique of metaconid height measurement as the initial- analytic step. Metaconid measurements can be manipulated easily by statistical means. In a catastrophic kill, existence of seasonality is shown by periodicity of metaconid heights, which form a series of evenly spaced peaks. Determination of the season is thus not a prerequisite to demonstration of the fact of seasonality. To suggest that the technique does not work flies in the face of clear indications that seasonality is there (Voorhies 1969; Reher 1970, 1974). A skeptic must provide an explanation for the demonstrated periodicity in these samples. If these are not seasonally restricted annual peaks -- the first few shown to be at yearly intervals, based on data from modern herds -- what are they? In being skeptical, Brumley (1973) threw the baby out with the bathwater. He did not measure metaconids in the 24HL101 sample. He therefore had not first shown that seasonality was indicated in the sample; and if this had not been done, it was pointless to go further and try to determine the season, except in a very general way. This could provide an answer, but certainly did not constitute a test. Absence of clusters in the sample would have supported the multiple season/one layer hypothesis, an important factor in need of additional study (see, for instance, comments by Albanese in Davis 1978:289). Age groups based upon mandibular dentitions from Garnsey are shown in Fig. 42. This distribution is apparently bimodal, although the low number of individuals per age group must be emphasized. Given the relatively high percentage of prime adult individuals, the distribution resembles catastrophic rather than attritional curves (Reher 1974:118). 11

11

A plot of metaconid height versus age (using means for age groups) shows fairly regular molar attrition (Fig. 43), but accelerated wear on M? and M3 is noted after cupping of antecedent teeth (M 1 , M?). Since tne metaconid is in the preselenid of each tooth, I hypothesize that breakdown of a given molar results in increased vulnerability of the following preselenid. Cupping of M1 is followed by increased wear of M2 , then M~; while cupping of M? again causes increased wear on M~. This could reflect a realignment of the entire attritional surface to a new and even plane, since cupping creates a temporary depression locally. 97

8.

POPULATION DYNAMICS OF THE GARNSEY SITE BISON

3

N

2 1

0

1

2

3

4

56 7

B

910111213

Age Group Fig. 42. Age-group distribution of mandiHle-based individuals at the Garnsey site. The rate of M1 attrition at Garnsey over 10 documented years is 5.24 mm/yr. That of M2 over 9 years is 6.94 mm/yr; and that for M3 over 9 years is 5.71 mm/yr. If only the skeletally adult groups (7-13 in this case, since 6 is an empty set) are considered, M1 wear slows to 3. 73 mm/yr over 5 years, but M2 wear remains at 6. 64 mm/yr over 5 years and M3 wear rises to 7.63 mm/yr over 6 years. These rates are higher than rates documented for other kills by Reher (1974:120). Reher found the fo 11 owing: Several lines of evidence suggest to the writer that the Casper Site Bison antiguus population was under greater stress and selective pressure than the Bison bison populations. Greater rates of tooth wear are evident in the Casper Site population which is certainly contra-survival in a grazing animal. At Wardell and Glenrock mature animals averaged 3.3 and

98

8.

POPULATION DYNAMICS OF THE GARNSEY SITE BISON

,..... E E ......

-.;'

..c.

C)

Q)

80

50

'U

40

0

(.)

co ...... Q) ~

c

co Q) ~

".

~

60

J:

c

M1 cups

70 ...

........... ..

"'

30

...

'

.. ... .....

..

1 ... --·

1 ' .......... ',

M2'-,Ma,

,,

20 10 0

M 2 cups

1

2

34 5

6

7

B

'

~

. ....

. . ...

910111213

Age Group Fig. 43. Mean metaconid heights of lower molars by age groups. are from Table 15.

Data

3.2 mm of molar tooth wear per year, respectively. The Casper Site specimens averaged 4.2 mm· of molar tooth wear per year and ranged as high as 5.6 mm. Average annual attrition on all three molars at Garnsey is 5.96 mm/yr if all available age groups are considered, and a surprisingly close 6.00 mm/yr if only skeletally adult groups are considered. The fact that this is slightly higher than the Casper reading, and markedly higher than in the two Late Prehistoric kills (Glenrock and Wardell), suggests thdt the Garnsey animals were grazing on more abrasive forage than their contemporaries in Wyoming. In view of the fact that Garnsey is marginal to the known historic bison range, this is extremely plausible; forage quality has been demonstrated by Reher (1978a, 1978b) to be an important constraint upon bison populations. Heavy attrition at Casper could also reflect less than optimum forage conditions (Reher 1974: 120-24; personal communication 1979) in analogy w·;th the Garnsey case. Lower molar attrition at the Paleo-Indian Horner site, Wyoming (8800 years B.P.) was similarly high at 5.4 mm/yr (Todd and Hofman 1978:69), perhaps for similar reasons. The Horner site lies in the Big Horn Basin, a rainshadow area which has probably not seen particularly favorable grazing conditions more than a few times during the Holocene. 99

8.

POPULATION DYNAMICS OF THE GARNSEY SITE BISON

As at Casper, life expectancy at Garnsey was on the order of 12 years, whereas at Wardell and Glenrock reduced attrition allowed survival to at least 16.4 and 14.5 years, respectively. Individual Age and Age-Group Distributions: Maxillae. Most maxillae in the sample were present as pairs, although a few isolated specimens were present in younger age groups. These could be determined to be from different individuals on the basis of dental size and morphology. As in the case of mandibles, enamel heights were used as the initial grouping device: paracone heights of Ml, M2 and M3 were measured. As in the case of mandibular teeth, a stepwise distribution (particularly in lower ages) is apparent (Table 18, Fig. 44). The hypothesis that this was because of the presence of annual groups was tested through examination of the state of eruption and wear. As with mandibular teeth, the maxillary teeth suggest that the Casper and Garn~ey sites differ in seasonality. In Garnsey 2.0-year-olds, for instance, M is unerupted and well below the level of the alveolus.

70 60

'E E

_...... /

\

.. -........

50

~

.E

01 "0)

40

I Q)

c

30

0

(.)

~

Cll

a..

20 10 0

Specimen Age Group

Specimen and Age Group

Fig. 44. Distribution of upper molar paracone heights by specimen and age group, showing evidence of a stepwise progression. Specimens are numbered after the order in which they appear in Table 18.

100

8.

Table 18.

Grou12 1

POPULATION DYNAMICS OF THE GARNSEY SITE BISON

Paracone heights of maxillary molars from the Garnsey site.

Age Ctr) 0±0. 1

Number no specimens

2

1.0

no specimens

3

2.0

BL/H:-27/l BL/Ar/N/33* BL/CC-0035/l BL/P-3/45

X Group 4

3.0

Side

R R&L R R

3

BL/523S595W/9 BL/524S597W/7 BL/522S595W/l2 BL/523S597W/60

R&L R&L R&L R

X Group 4

Ml

M2

M3

47.45 44.94 44.67 44.09

61.04 62.92

45.29

63.51

(34.28) 34.14 29.91 29.24

(56.73) 54.80 49.12 50.72

60.58 62.59 60.06

(31.89)

(52.84)

61 .08

66.58

5

4.0

BL/523S597W/l0

R&L

27.43

43.38

55.05

6

5.0

BL/Ar/S/70** BL/ 523S596W/62

R&L R&L

20.18

37.74 37.09

47.56 42.70

------------------------------

7

8

6.0

7.0

X Group 6

20.18

37.42

45.13

BL/F-9/28*** R&L BL/P-3/5 BL/P-4/3 R&L

17.54

32.42

40.14 (36.05)

X Group 7

17.54

32.42

(38.10)

30.49

33.29

28.96 24.06

33.99 33.91

(12.29)

27.84

33.73

14.06

21 .46

(24.90) 20.62

14.06

21.46

(22.76)

BL/501S474W/8 BL/EF/BKDRT BL/H-2/l BL/0-4/4

X Group 9

8.0

R&L R R&L R&L

8

BL/G-21/4 BL/E-19/5 X Group 9

101

L R&L

( 13.00) 12.69 11.18

8.

Table 18.

POPULATION DYNAMICS OF THE GARNSEY SITE BISON

(cont.)

10

Age(,lr) 9.0

11

10.0

Grou~

11.0

M3

Side R L

Ml

BL/523S596W/3l BL/G-13/5

R&L R&L

5. 51 0

(10.00) 10.59

( 13.00) . 14.84

2.76

( 10. 30)

(13.92)

X Group 11 12

M2

Number BL/523S596W/35 BL/522S595W/36

BL/524S597W/12

*matches mandible BL/Ar/N/33 **unusual wear (shear mouth) ***matches mandibles BL/F-9/56

102

R

15.90 (15.90)

(9.80)

8.

POPULATION DYNAMICS OF THE GARNSEY SITE BISON

M2 is in wear on the preselene, but only slightly on the postselene at Garnsey. In Casper 2.6-year-olds, M2 wear is slightly more advanced, being light only on facets VII-VIII of the postselene; and eruption of M3 is well under way. Casper 2.6-year-olds show very slight or no wear on the preselene of M3, but in the next group up in the Garnsey sample (3.0 yr) all facets of M3 are in wear, with light wear on VII-VIII. Thus the groups from the two sites are out of step, and a separation of at least a few months is indicated by the extent of wear. The age groups of maxillae from the Garnsey site are as follows: Group 1 (0.0 yr):

No specimens available.

Group 2 (1.0 yr):

No specimens available.

Group 3 (2.0 yr): op2-4 enamel bases are above alveolus. op2 is worn flat; p2 is unerupted in bud below. op3 is worn nearly flat to completely flat, and in most specimens is beginning to cup in preselene. p3 unerupted in bud below. op4 weakly bilophodont to moderately bilophodont; interfossette may still be present; entostyle is a loop joined to main occlusal surface. Ml enamel base well below alveolus; tooth strongly bilophodont; entostyle unworn but barely below level of occlusal surface and may show polish on tip. M2 enamel base well below alveolus; tooth strongly bilophodont; entostyle below or barely visible at alveolus. M3 unerupted in bud. Group 4 (3.0 yr): p2-4 all recently erupted and moderately to strongly peaked; wear facets on p4 are all joined into one occlusal surface. Ml enamel base barely at or slightly below level of alveolus; tooth weakly to moderately bilophodont; entostyle worn to loop and joined to main occlusal surface. M2 enamel base below alveolus; tooth strongly to moderately bilophodont; entostyle lightly worn to loop not joined to main occlusal surface, or unworn and just below occlusal surface. M3 enamel base well below alveolus; tooth strongly bilophodont; entostyle not visible or barely visible at alveolus; tooth partially worn. Group 5 (4.0 yr): Very similar to Group 4 but distinguishable on basis of paracone height. M3 now in full wear. Group 6 (5.0 yr): One specimen (BL/Ar/S/70; 506S555W/1A) exhibits abnormal concave wear surfaces with premolars and M3s more prominent than Ml-2 The left dentition is worn less than the right, indicating an asymmetric bite,or Shear mouth., condition. Measurements were taken from the left side. In Group 6, Ml is worn flat; enamel base at or above alveolus; entostyle in wear and joined to main occlusal surface. M2 is weakly to moderately bilophodont; enamel base still below alveolus; entostyle worn to an elongate triangle nearly joined or newly joined to occlusal surface. M3 moderately to weakly bilophodont; enamel base well below level of alveolus; entostyle not in wear but close to occlusal surface and may be polished on tip. 11

103

POPULATION DYNAMICS OF THE GARNSEY SITE BISON

8.

Group 7 (6.0 yr): Ml weakly bilophodont to worn flat; enamel base above alveolus; entostyle a loop joined to main occlusal surface. M2 moderately bilophodont; enamel base just below or at alveolus; entostyle worn to an elongate triangle nearly joined or newly joined to main occlusal surface. M3 moderately bilophodont; enamel base well below alveolus; entostyle at occlusal surface and not in wear or worn to a triangle not connected to main occlusal surface. Group 8 (7.0 yr): Ml worn flat; fossettes reduced and prefossette may be absent causing preselene to start cupping out. Ml enamel base above level of alveolus; entostyle becoming obscure. M2 moderately to slightly bilophodont; enamel base at alveolus~ entostyle a loop joined or barely joined to main occlusal surface. M~ moderately bilophodont; enamel base well to slightly below alveolus; entostyle near occlusal surface and unworn or worn to a triangle not connected to occlusal surface. Group 9 (8.0 yr): Ml worn flat, fossettes strongly reduced and may be absent in preselene, with some cupping. Ml enamel base well above alveolus; entostyle obscure. M2 worn flat; enamel base above alveolus; entostyle becoming obscure. M3 weak to moderately bilophodont; enamel base slightly below alveolus; entostyle a triangle joined to main occlusal surface. Group 10 (9.0 yr): Ml not represented in sample. M2 worn flat; fossettes reduced and occlusal surface weakening; entostyle obscure. M3 worn flat; entostyle a loop joined to occlusal surface; enamel base probably at alveolus. Group 11 (10.0 yr): Ml cupped or with tiny, weak fossettes at most; enamel base well above alveolus; entostyle obscure. M2 worn flat; enamel base above alveolus; entostyle obscure or a loop joined to main occlusal surface. M3 worn flat or weakly bilophodont; enamel base above alveolus; entostyle merging with main occlusal surface to produce a small interfossette. Group 12 (11 .0 yr): Ml and M2 not represented. entostyle merged with main occlusal surface.

M3 worn flat;

From this exercise it is clear that upper dentitions can be used as well as lowers to provide an idea of the age-group distribution. Wear facet condition in maxillae is summarized in Table 19. Difficulties with the uppers result in part from the fact that M3 has no third loph comparable to the hypoconulid of M3; the latter (wear facets IX-IX') can be extremely useful in the segregation of groups. In upper dentitions at a comparable stage of eruption and wear to lower groups where IX-IX' are critical, the only guide is overall crown height--a less defi ni ti ve criterion at times. 11

11

104

8.

Table 19.

POPULATION DYNAMICS OF THE GARNSEY SITE BISON

Wear facet condition in maxillary molars from the Garnsey site. FACET S Ml

Specimen/Age

........

........

BL/H-27/1 BL/Ar/N/33 BL/CC-0035/l BL/P-3/45 BL/523S594W/9 BL/524S597W/7 BL/522S595W/l2 BL/523S597W/60 BL/523S597W/l0 Legend:

2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 4.0

M2 ...... ......

......

..............

M3 ...... 1-1 ......

.....................

........

...... ......

......

........ ...... ....................

................ ;::. ........ 1-1 ...... ............................ > > > >

.............................. > > > >

........ .................... > > > >

XXXXXXXX X XXXXXX X XXXXXXXX XX XXXXXX XX XXXX XX XXXXXX XX XX XXXXXX X XXXXXXX XXXXXXXX

XXXX0 0 0 U XXXX0 0 UU (missing) u0 uu uuuu XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX

uuuuuuuu uuuuuuuu uuuuuuuu

;::.

;::.

XXXX0 0 U U XXXX0 0 0 U XXXXXX0 0 (missing) X X X X X X0!~ / x

X-- in complete wear; i.e., linked to other facets 0 -- in light wear, usually as an elongate loop, often distinct from other facets U -- unworn, possibly some polish but no dentine exposed

105

8.

POPULATION DYNAMICS OF THE GARNSEY SITE BISON

Like the age-group distribution of mandible-based individuals, that based upon maxillae is bimodal (Fig. 45). Once again, 11 prime adult'' individuals (of both sexes) are well represented, and the distribution resembles catastrophic rather than attritional curves.

4 -

N

3 2 1 -

0

1

2

3

4

5

B 7

B 910111213

Age Group Fig. 45. Age-group distribution of maxilla-based individuals at the Garnsey site. A plot of paracone height versus age (based upon means for age groups) shows fairly regular attrition of molars (Fig. 46), with minor perturbations in the curves causld by small sample size and variability in the age at which cupping of M occurred. The onset of cupping seems slightly more variable in timing as far as uppers are concerned, but the small sample size in both uppers and lowers makes any inference along this line unwise at this time. The rate of Ml attrition at Garnsey over 8 documented years is 5.32 mm/yr. That of M2 over 8 years is 6.65 mm/yr; and that for M3 over a period of 8 years is 6.41 mm/yr. These figures are extremely close to those determined for lower molars. If the skeletally adult groups (6-12) are considered, Ml wear slows to 3.48 mm/yr over 5 years, M2 slows to 5.42 mm/yr over 5 years, and M3 wear slows to 5.89 mm/yr over 6 years. Average annual attrition on all three upper molars is 6.13 mm/yr if all available age groups are considered, and 4.93 mm/yr if only skeletally adult groups are considered.

106

8.

......

.c.

.Ql Q)

I Q)

c: ...-.. 0 u E

co E co.._, ~

a..

c:

POPULATION DYNAMICS OF THE GARNSEY SITE BISON

•.........

60 50

"-. .... ... ~ .... M , .... •. M3

40 30

...... ...

"- ......

~... ...

20

co

10

~

0

Q)

' ''

70

~--~......... ......

~

2

3

4

5

a

7

a s

~a ~~a ~3

Age Group Fig. 46. Mean paracone heights of upper molars by age groups. are from Table 18.

Data

Upper molar groups confirm that life expectancy at Garnsey was not much more than 12 years; one or two edentulous skulls (postmortem tooth loss) may represent Age Group 13, as is documented already by mandibles. Cranial Characters and Age Groups. Although many of the crania from the Garnsey site had associated dentitions, a residue remained including frontlets, partial frontlets, and edentulous (postmortem tooth loss) maxillae with or without associated frontlets. An attempt was made to assign at least some of these to age groups on the basis of alternative characteristics. In addition, individuals of known age (from dentition) were described as to the development of the characters in question, to provide a comparative base. The first character investigated was palatal breadth, a measurement not used by Skinner and Kaisen (1947). Studies of European bison by Empel (1962) and Krysiak and Swiezynski (1967) have demonstrated that width measurements from the skull are the most useful indicators of sex. Graphs of cranial width against age also show considerable utility in aging, since lateral expansion is great in the early age groups (Empel 1962:90; Wilson 1975:239-244). For the present study the width of the palate between Ml entostyles was chosen (Table 20, Fig. 47). The measurement proved useful in segregating Age Groups 2 and 3, between which there was no overlap. To a lesser extent sexual dimorphism was 107

8.

POPULATION DYNAMICS OF THE GARNSEY SITE BISON

reflected, although overlap was present. Regrettably, many of the older males in the sample lacked maxillae, so that their sample for this measurement was small. Palatal breadth therefore helped to demonstrate the discreteness of Age Groups 2 and 3, but did not add to our knowledge of age groups in older animals. Three very old, edentulous (postmortem tooth less) individuals were assigned a tentative age of 12 years (Age Group 13) on the basis of the fact that all molars had erupted to the point that enamel bases were above the alveoli; and because Ml root alveoli were becoming very shallow, indicating imminent shedding of the tooth. These three individuals could not be assigned more closely on the basis of palatal breadth. From Fig. 47, it appears that significant lateral expansion of the palate ceases at about age 4 or 5 years.

.

........ E E

120

i-

110

-

100

-

~

2 ~ ~ >. «< .....

a..£

0

~

90 80

r-

70 0

Immature Isex indeterminate) Female X Male [ l Age estimated

A

I I I I I I I I I

J

X

lX

... t

•.•

• • l

I I

X

•

I

3

4

5

6

7

8

I I

9

[Xl [Xl [.)

I I I

i

I 2

I I I

10

11

12

Age (yr)

Fig. 47. Palatal breadth graphed against individual age, showing distinctiveness of 2-year-olds from older· groups. Dots are immatures of indeterminate sex (horn-cores are absent); triangles are females; x•s are males. Data in parentheses are of estimated age only. Vertical lines denote ages for which measurements could not be obtained. Data are from Table 20. The second character complex examined was the degree of fusion of cranial sutures. Shackleton et al. (1975) provided some data pertaining to cranial sutures based upon a sample of modern bison skulls from Elk Island National Park, Alberta (all of the plains subspecies).

108

8.

Table 20. Age Group

POPULATION DYNAMICS OF THE GARNSEY SITE BISON

Palatal breadths of Garnsey site bison. Age

Number

3

2.0

4

3.0

5 6 7

4.0 5.0 6.0

8

7.0

9 11

8.0 10.0

13?

12.0?

BL/H-27/1 BL/Ar/N/33 BL/CC-0035/1 BL/P-3/45 BL/523S594W/9 BL/524S597W/7 BL/522S595W/12 BL/523S597W/10 BL/523S596W/62 BL/F-9/28 BL/P-3/5;BL/P-4/3 BL/501S474W/8 BL/H-2/1 BL/0-4/4 BL/E-19/5 BL/523S595vJ/31 BL/G-13/5 BL/501S474vJ/1 BL/524S598W/1 BL/523S596W/5

109

Sex

Palatal Breadth between Ml Entostyles

? ? ? ? F M M M F F F M F F F F M

(87.0 mm) 79.8 (84.0) (85.0) (99.8) 96.0 102.1 109.0 94.0 (98±5) 99.8 (101.0) 98.5 (95.0) 102.1 103.5 111 . 0 (101±2) 104.3 95.3

M

M F

0

__,

__,

I

Age

I I

I

I I

I I I

-8 +-!;

s....

Vl

ttl

,.....

tl)

ctS ·r-

res

S-IS... ~0 4.j..) 4s....

BLjG-13/5

BL/501S474W/8

I

I

I

I

I

:10.0

I

I

:

I

:

!

I I

I I

7.0

I

I

!

I

I

FFFFFFF0

? F? F? FP0

p0 p ? p? ? ?

5.0

BL/Ar/S/70 ~

FLFFPPOO

4.0

_I

BL/523S597W/l0~

I

BL/519S590W/42 BL/522S596W/94 BL/522S596W/8

BL/523S595W/35

Number

1

aJ .j..)

s.... r--

s....

rtl

r-Vl

•

FFFFFP0 0 FFFFFPP0

FFFF0 0 0 0

FFP0 000 0

Im F F

00000000 0 L0 0 0 0 0 0

Im 0 ? 0 ? ? ? ? ?

000 ? ? ? ? ?

.~ ~ill"' Jgj.~ .~

0 4- 0 0 ·~.-~ OOOS....S.... .,.... .j..) s.... +' 4- 4-

aJ 0 S....S:::UOJOOJS....S.... ·.- (l) aJ (l) OJ u .,.... +'..t:Ol-El-+'+'

0X 0I

rtl +'r--r-I .j..) •r- .,.... r--1 t: .,.... t: rtl' ttl UUI'OOUO+'+' u u .j-)1 s.... u s.... t: t:

.j..)~;:)r-.j..)r-

.,.... .,.... Vl rtl ..... ttl

I

BL/523S596W/3l :10.0

FFFFFP0 0

: 8.0 : F F F F F F P 0 I -

7.0 ! F F ? P F 0 0 0 -t·-----------':--1

I I I __l

I

u 0

u

:~~';;

I

.--j ~ ~ m -8 .j..)~~ os::

rom

r-

1

I

BL/E-19/5

BL/H-2/l

: 6.0 BL/F-9/28 BL/P-3/5;BL/P-4/3 6.0

I

I I I_ I

I

3.0

2.0 2.0 2.0

1.0

Age

I ~I

Females and Immatures*

BL/523S596W/62 : 5.0

I BL/523S594W/9

_____l_

~

+'..C:OS....El-+'+' XrtlaJttlCS:: t: .j..) ......b_QJ

(l)

S....S:::U~OQJS....S.... .,.... aJ OJ aJ u .,....

0 XII aJ 0 ...... .j-)1

I

0..

+'r--r-I+' .,.... •.- r-- t: .,.... t: rtl ttl UUI'OOUO+'+' UU+'l-Ul-t:t: o 1 o .,.... 4- o 4- o o

•r- .,.....

.j..) r-r-- lr-OS:: ttl mrtlO. rtl +'+.J;:)...-.j..)r--

~~

0+-l

u s.... u aJ

•r- tC

O.r--

•.-

+-!

r-littl

Males

Cranial suture fusion in Garnsey site bison.

BL/522S595W/12: 3.0 p L 0 0 0 0 0 0 BL/524S597W/7 : 3.0 P ? o ? o o o o BL/523S596W/94: 3.0 . P L 0 F 0 0 0 0

Number

Table 21.

-1

:::J;:>

z

0

(/)

co .......

I"Tl

-f

1---i

(/)

-


0

-< ::z:

z

0

1---i

~

r

c:

"'0 0 "'0

co

--' --' --'

cont.

11

Legend:

11

0 = suture completely open P = suture partially closed L =synchondrosis closed to a visible line F = suture completely fused

11 •

marked F

* Immature l.O and 2.0-year-olds are indicated with Im

Table 21.

11 ;

2.0-year-old females are

:z:

0

(/)

.......

OJ

[T1

-I

.......

(/)

-


Ci)

[T1

:c

-I

0

,

("") (/)

-< :z: 2:;· ..!.>. .......

CJ

:z:

0

.......

-I

I ):::>

c

'""0

0

'""0

00

8.

POPULATION DYNAMICS OF THE GARNSEY SITE BISON

a

£___~ ...___ _ parietofrontal

dorsal

parietofrontal lateral

b

temporooccipital exoccipital-supraoccipital interexoccipital

c

Fig. 48. Views of bison skull, showing location of cranial sutures considered in text. (a) dorsal view of frontlet (=frontals and parietals); (b) occipital plane {posterior view); (c) ventral view of occipital area.

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POPULATION DYNAMICS OF THE GARNSEY SITE BISON

These authors found that the states of fusion of the parietofrontal and interfrontal sutures were useful in distinguishing subadult males from adults, the dividing line being set at 5.5 years. Fusion of the parietofronta 1 sutures began in a number of 4.5-year-old males from Elk Island, but did not extend along the common frontal suture until the males were 5.5 years of age ..•. Fusion of sutures was not as useful a criteria [sic] for separating female age classes. Fusion of the parietofrontal and frontal sutures is varied between females and does not appear to start until the animal is at least 5.5 years of age. For the archaeologist wishing to age kill-site samples to estimate the season of the kill, the biological importance of separating females older than 3.5 years may be limited (1975:880-881). Rather than restrict my attention to these two sutures, I chose a series of easily visible sutures in the occipital area, for which variations in the extent of closure were clearly visible in the Garnsey sample. Sutures selected included the interfrontal, parietofrontal, temporooccipital, exoccipital-supraoccipital and interexoccipital, plus the spheno-occipital suture or synchondrosis. The interfrontal suture was evenly divided into posterior and anterior halves; the parietofrontal was divided into dorsal and lateral portions (see Table 21 and Fig. 48). My findings with respect to parietofrontal dorsal and interfrontal sutures are similar to those of Shackleton et al. (1975). Fusion of parietofrontal dorsal in males began at 4 years, and was complete in a 7-year-old. In females it began at 6 years and was complete in one 8-year-old, while still partial in a 10-year-old. Partial fusion of the interfrontal posterior was noted in a 7-year-old male, with complete fusion of this zone in a 10-year-old; but the absence of adequate crania of 5 and 6-year-old males prevents closer estimation of the onset of fusion. In females partial fusion of the interfrontal posterior was observed in one 6-year-old and an 8-year-old, but the suture was open in another 6-year-old, a 7-year-old, and even a 10-year-old. Apart from the minimum date for first onset of fusion in some individuals, therefore, fusion of parietofrontal dorsal and interfrontal sutures is not very helpful as a guide to individual age. In males, partial fusion of the parietofrontal dorsal indicates a 4-year-old or older; in females a 5.5-year-old or older (cf. Shackleton et al. 1975). Other cranial sutures are useful in lower age groups. At Garnsey the interexoccipital suture remained wide open in 2-year-olds. In 3-year-old males partial fusion was noted, at the ventral end of the suture next to the foramen magnum. In a 3-year-old female the suture was fully fused. Similarly, the spheno-occipital suture or synchondrosis

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8.

POPULATION DYNAMICS OF THE GARNSEY SITE BISON

was wide open in 2-year-olds, but fused completely in 3-year-old females. In 3-year-old males partial fusion with an easily visible line was observed. In 2-year-olds, the exoccipital-supraocci pital suture was wide open; while in a 3-year-old female it was partially fused. In males the suture remained open in 3-year-olds but was fused by 4 years. A difference of approximately one year is therefore apparent between the sexes in fusion of the exoccipital-supraocc ipital suture. On the basis of these data it appears that females precede males in the fusion of occipital sutures, whereas males precede females in the fusion of parietofrontal and perhaps interfrontal sutures. Early fusion of parietofrontals in males may reflect a greater need for structural rigidity in support of the larger horn-cores. The general agreement between my findings and those of Shackleton et al. (1975) as to the timing of parietofrontal fusion provides independent support for the age determination of the Garnsey site bison by dental eruption and wear. The critical importance of such an independent verification cannot be denied. Aging of crania on the basis of suture closure adds one 1-year-old (Group 2) to the count of individuals shown in Fig. 45. Age-Group Distribution at Garnsey: Discussion. Age-Group distribution curves based on Garnsey site mandibles and maxillae differ slightly in sample size, but agree in the presence of bimodality. The curves, being from a small sample, partially complement one another. While several groups are better represented by maxillae, the 6-year-olds (Group 7) are better represented by mandibles, as are Groups 1 and 2. Using the largest available minimum count of individuals per age group combined into a single curve, we can therefore produce a more accurate portrayal of the overall Age-Group distribution (Fig. 49). The combined curve remains bimodal, with peaks at 3 and 7 years. The strong peak at 7 years suggests that we are not dealing with a situation of attritional natural mortality, as 7 years (even with accelerated molar attrition) seems far too young for the onset of mortality through lowered condition in advanced age 11 • Survivorship curves based upon catastrophic mortality situations at other bison kills drop off steeply after 10 to 13 years of age, indicating senescence at this point (Reher 1974:120). 11

Interpretation of the combined curve could go in at least three directions. One avenue would be based upon a belief that all of the observed Age-Group pattern is ascribable to sampling error in an admittedly small sample. While this is possible it is notable that bimodality showed up in both the mandible and maxilla samples, even though material was widely scattered in the site, only a portion of the site was excavated, and only two maxillae could clearly be associated with mandibles. Furthermore, bimodality at Garnsey was similar in the

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8.

POPULATION DYNAMICS OF THE GARNSEY SITE BISON

two tests and was accentuated (not lessened) by a merger of the results. If sampling error was the case, the expectation would be that bimodality would be lessened by a merger.

4

N

3

2 1

0

., 0

1

2

3

2

3

4

4 5

5

a

Age Age Group

Fig. 49. Age-Group distribution of bison at the Garnsey site based on combined information from mandibles and maxillae (minimum number of individuals indicated on vertical axis). A second avenue of interpretation for the Garnsey site sample is that the observed bimodality is the result of cultural selection. Bimodality would in this case be ascribed to differential removal of animals of specific age or sex. Differential removal has been hypothesized to account for the underrepresentation of the youngest age group or groups at most kill sites: juvenile animals and especially calves are almost universally underrepresented in kill sites .... Data on bison weights indicate that these animals could have been reduced to more easily portable packets with a minimum of field dressing and quartering .... In some kill situations removal of these animals would have facilitated efficient butchering of the mature animals which produced the largest meat packets (Reher 1974:117-122).

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8.

POPULATION DYNAMICS OF THE GARNSEY SITE BISON

This mechanism would account for the low recovery of neonates and yearlings from the Garnsey site. However, it is equally possible that many of the neonates were lost during the drive itself, because they were unable to keep up with the herd. Yearlings should have had no difficulty in this regard, and their underrepresentation, as at Garnsey, could be the result of cultural processes. It is more difficult to attrfbute the low frequency of 4-year-olds and 5-year-olds to cultural selection. In this respect the Garnsey sample differs markedly from the Glenrock and Wardell samples (Reher 1974:118). The Casper site population is low in 3.6 and 4.6-year-olds, but the previous two age groups are similarly underrepresented, unlike the situation at Garnsey. Similarity exists between the curves at Garnsey and the Hawken site (Frison et al. 1976:41), although at Hawken the bimodality is relatively weak. The most interesting similarities between the two involve the regular rise in number of individuals from Age Group 5 to Age Group 7, fo 11 owed by a drop (Fig. 49, 50), and the fact that the bimodality is therefore reflected by nearly the same age groups in the two samples. The Horner site curve (Todd and Hofman 1978:76) is also similar, with peaks in Groups 2, 5, and 9.

20 r------------------------------- ------

15

N

10

5

0

~

2

3

4

!5

a

7

a

s

~a~~2

Age Group Fig. 50. Age-group distribution of bison at the Hawken site, Wyoming, based on mandibular dentitions (after Frison et al. 1976:41).

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8.

POPULATION DYNAmcs OF THE GARNSEY SITE BISON

Th~ third avenue of interpretation considers these similarities, and while hypothetical, may be the most productive. This avenue investigates the possibility that multiple kills are represented; and that despite common seasonality, these kills can be distinguished on the basis of the unusual age-group distribution. Specifically, bimodality is viewed as the product of two superimposed catastrophic curves, one representing a cow-calf nursery herd, and the oth~r representing one or more bull groups.

ThE! 1a rge nursery herds, called "cow groups" (McHugh 1958: 14-15) do not in modern herds ever show a predominance of males. During the rut as high as 44% males are present, but even th~se remain peripheral to the main herd. It is debatable whether peripheral males at this season would respond to a drive attempt in the same way as the females and juveniles. Outside the rut, the percentage of males drops as low as 17%, most of them being juveniles or subadults up to approximately 4.5 years of age. Cow groups were probably more easily driven than bull groups; and most archaeological kill-site populations have resembled cow groups. At Casper, for instance, the sample included only 4 mature males (5.2%) of a total of 77 individuals (Wilson 1974:132). Of the calves, another 4 were probably males, doubling the percentage to 10.4%. Even if some male calves had been lost due to sampling error, attainment of the 17% figure for all males would be unlikely. Sampling error would probably mean that some females had been missed as well, moderating the effect on percentages. Attainment of the 17% level would require that 5 or 6 males in the recovered sample had been misidentified, a near impossibility given the strong sexual dimorphism in adult and subadult crania, and given the independent confirmation from metapodial dimorphism. Based upon postcranial material, the Garnsey site contains approximately a 60:40 ratio of females to males (Speth and Parry, this volume, Table 13). A proportion of 40% males agrees with that seen in the peak of the rutting season, but there is compelling evidence that Garnsey was a spring kill, both from dentitions and from the presence of neonates. Thus it cannot be viewed as a rutting herd, and the frequency of males is apparently too high for a spring single-herd event. The mere presence of a large number of males therefore suggests drives of one or more bull groups in addition to a cow group. The question, then, is whether this might relate directly to the observed bimodality in the age-group distribution. The key lies in the fact that bull groups are effectively restricted to mature animals. A hypothetical catastrophic curve for a population with males and females in shown in Fig. 5la (after Reher 1974:118). When adult males are excluded, as in nursery herds, the herd population curve (as opposed to the overall population curve of the deme) should exhibit a rapid

117

8.

POPULATION DYNAMICS OF THE GARNSEY SITE BISON

c

a >() c

()

c

C])

C])

::J

::J

c:r ~ u..

c:r

~

Age

Age

b

d

>c

()

C])

C])

::J

::J

()

c

c:r ~ u..

c:r ~ u..

nn Age

Age

Fig. 51. Hypothetical population curves for single and multiple bison kills. (a) 11 normal 11 population curve including males and females in all age groups; (b) "nursery herd 11 population curve, reflecting the loss of an increasing number of males in Groups 2-4 to bull groups; (c) 11 bull group .. population curve; (d) multiple kill curve made up of (b) plus 2 x (c) to show beginning effects of culturally induced admixture of populations. drop at 3-4 years of age, with slight drops in the preceding group (McHugh 1958:14). This would reflect expulsion of adult males to smaller bull groups and their isolation from nursery herds for much of the year (Fig. 5lb). If a bull group (Fig. 5lc) equal in size to that element missing nursery herd were driven to the same site as the nursery herd the from result should be an apparently ordinary catastroph1c curve the kill, as in Fig. 5la. If a larger bull group or a series of bull groups were driven to the kill, the result would be augmentation of the upper age groups, giving a bimodal curve (Fig. 5ld). The key, therefore, is the killing of more males than are necessary to fill out the nursery

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8.

POPULATION DYNAMICS OF THE GARNSEY SITE BISON

herd curve to "normal population" status. Significantly, bimodality of this sort occurs at Garnsey and Hawken, two sites that are also uncommonly rich in male crania. Their bimodality is similar, though not identical, in age distribution with that of the model. Hawken is likely a multiple kill on stratigraphic grounds(Frison et al. 1976:37). At the Horner site, males were not well represented: only 12% were males in the mature class (Todd and Hofman 1978:99). It is my feeling at this time that the Garnsey population curve most likely reflects this third hypothesis: that a number of seasonally inseparable kills are represented, and that one or more of these consisted of adult bulls. The strength of the bimodality could well be evidence for multiple kills of bull groups. This finding, if supported by further sampling, is significant in demonstrating repeated use of a single kill locality over a seasonally limited period of time. This suggests a drive tradition rather than a "situational" kill of animals observed in a "set-up" situation. It suggests the ability of the hunters to drive animals in a preselected direction and distance, since it is unlikely that all herds were driven from precisely the same spot. It also serves as a warning that any observed "differential treatment" of crania or other elements during butchering may relate to different kills and processing events rather than selective processes within a single event. · A case can be made for hunters having had a preference for the meat of cows and calves. Many references refer to bulls as being sinewy (an advantage in some cases, where sinew was sought) and tough. Furthermore, if the brain was required for use in hide-processing or as food, skulls of cows--even mature cows--are much more easily broken than those of bulls. Numerous arguments relating to specific processing goals have been and could doubtless be made that would favor cows and calves. Should such a preference prove to have operated, it could be hypothesized that the driving of males from bull groups would be more frequent in marginal situations where bison were not numerous and the choice of herds was limited. Data along these lines should be sought, for both Garnsey and Hawken could reflect situations of limited choice-Garnsey because of its geographical location w·ith respect to the bison range, and Hawken because of its temporal position within a climatically stressful interval. Seasonality of the Garnsey Site Introduction. Clustering of Garnsey site individuals into agegroups with demonstrable discontinuities indicates a seasonally restricted series of events. Comparison of the sample with those already described from Glenrock (Frison and Reher 1970; Reher 1970), Wardell (Reher 1973},

119

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Casper, (Reher 1974; Wilson 1974), Hawken (Frison et al. 1976), and Big Goose Creek, Wyoming (Frison et al. 1978) as well as modern samples (Frison and Reher 1970; Brumley 1973; Bartnicki 1978) allows close determination of the season of the kills. Happily, the Garnsey sample falls within a seasonal period not well represented to date, thereby demonstrating that it is possible to reach a conclusion other than the late summer/fall/earlywinter period using dental characteristics. While this seems altogether reasonable, if not self-evident, I feel that it is worthy of discussion. In private discussions a number of my colleagues have been surprisingly skeptical of the use of dentitions in determination of seasonality. The published feelings of Brumley (1973) have already been considered above, and I find his misgivings premature. Others have suggested that the tight clustering of dentitions "claimed" by Reher_, Frison, and myself in various articles is "too good", and thus there must be something fishy. One suggested that early calves probably grew more slowly than normal, while late calves grew faster than normal-thus giving an "artificial" cluster by the time fall rolled around. I can only point out that this would not negate the determination of seasonality, though it might make determination of some seasons difficult. Furthermore, if the latter was the case, those samples would be intractable because they wouZd not exhibit cl-ustering_, and as mentioned earlier, the presence of clusters has been clearly demonstrated in several site samples. I find the differential growth hypothesis rather far-fetched at this time, and mention it only because it was suggested to me in public at a meeting, in discussion of a paper. Other authors have attempted to refute the "contention that buffalo jumps were only conducted in the fall" by presenting historical and archaeological evidence that other seasons were used as well. One goal seems to be to prove that since the archaeological data have indicated fa 11 kills too many times, they conflict with historic evidence and therefore must be erroneous. It should already be evident that published findings to date range from summer through late winter--a fair range of variation considering the small number of detailed studies conducted to date. It must also be pointed out that few, if any authors have in fact.claimed that bison jumps were restrictedto the fall, though I have seen suggestions by several that the fall was the prime season for bison drives. Proof that bison drives were run in winter does not negate this, and historic documents listing winter as the prime season for driving relate to specific plains-marginal areas (parklands). They may or may not relate to open plains situations well into the Great Plains. To date, I have seen no conclusive "refutation" of the hypothesized fall emphasis, nor do I see any major disagreement between historic evidence for winter drives and archaeological evidence for summer, fall, and winter drives. Garnsey adds spring to the archaeological documentation, which in all truth now seems to be more liberal in terms of time-of-year assignment than the supposed winter emphasis claimed on the basis of sacred historic documents.

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POPULATION DYNAMICS OF THE GARNSEY SITE BISON

Reher (1974:122), following a path blazed by Frison (1967), provided a rational explanation for what could have been a fall emphasis in the high plains of Wyoming and adjacent states: The main purpose of the fall communal kill was to obtain large packets of meat which could have been processed for winter storage. It also seems reasonable that processing hides for winter clothing would have been important .... During frequent periods of the Plains winter, snow and intense cold restrict any subsistenceoriented mobility.. . . It is during such periods that the stored meat obtained from the communal bison kills would have become a critical resource in the strictest ecological sense of the word. Elsewhere than in Wyoming, bison may have been a critical resource at slightly different seasons. If bison were seasonally absent from an area, drives might have become intensified in the period immediately prior to their movement onto other ranges,so that stored meat could be used (frozen or dried meat) during their absence for as long as possible. This argument could apply at Garnsey (a spring kill) as easily as in the Canadian parklands, where winter kills fill the historic documents (Arthur 1975). Dental Evidence for Seasonality. Various authors have used the ratio of males to females, and the presence or absence of fetal remains, to indicate seasonality. The absence of fetuses or the presence of only a small number is specifically problematic inasmuch as fetuses could have been selectively removed from sites for processing elsewhere. It is therefore important that we investigate dental eruption and wear. This allows more than one age group to be used, since eruption continues into the fourth year. Determination of this seasonality is based upon a comparison with dentitions from modern animals of known age, and such samples are being augmented significantly in the collections of the Department of Anthropology, the University of Wyoming, through the efforts of George C. Frison, Charles A. Reher, George M. Zeimens, and their associates. Interpretation of the Garnsey sample followed detailed description of eruption state and of the wear on various dental crown facets, and description of a grab-sample of a portion of the extensive Wyoming collection of December-killed animals. The latter sample was donated by Pete ( Bison Pete Gardner of Wheatland, Wyoming, and consisted of mandibles largely from immature bulls killed over a period of several years (Table 22). The eruption characteristics of this sample were nearly equivalent to those of the Hawken site sample described by Frison et al. (1976:39-40). Those of the Garnsey site sample have already been presented in the ag.e-group descriptions in the Population Dynamics section 11

11

)

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8.

POPULATION DYNAMICS OF THE GARNSEY SITE BISON

Table 22. Wear facet descriptions of bison mandibles from a portion of the Gardner Herd sample of modern bison, University of Wyoming Anthropology Collections.

Specimen/Age

~

~~

~~>

~~~

B 0058 B 0060 B 0068 B 0062 B 0022 B 0059 B 0054 B 0174 B 0166 B 0172 B 0173 B 0161 B 0168

1.7 1.7 1.7 l. 7 1. 7 1. 7 1.7 l. 7 1. 7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7

XXXXXX0 0 X XX XXX0 0 XXXXXX0 0 X XXXXX0 0 X XX XXXXX XXXXXXXX X XX XXXXX XXXXXXXX XXX XXXXX X XXXXXXX XXXXXXXX X XX XXXX X XXXXXXXX

B 0154 B 0153 B 0219 B 0230 B 0237 B 0294 B 0266 B 0231 B 0221 B 0291 B 0269 B 0232

2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2. 7 2.7 2.7

XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX X XX XX XX X X XX XXXX X X XX XX XX X X XX XXXXX X XX XXXX X X XX XXXX X XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX X XX XXXX X

X 0

u

~~

~~~

1--11--11--11--1>>>>

1--11--11--11--1>>>>

Legend:

1--1

1--1

1--1 ~

~~>

0

0

~

~~

-

~~~xx ~~> 1--11--11--fl--l>>>>~--~~--~

uuuuuuu uuuuuuu 0 0 0 uuuu 0 0 0 0 0 uu uuuuuuu 0 uuuuuu 0 u0 u0 uu 0 0 0 uuuu 0 0 0 uuuu

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X0 XX0 0 UU

X0 X X0 0 UU X X X X0 0 U U X XX X0 0 U U XXXXXX XX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX X XX XX XXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX X XXXX XX X XXXXXXXX XXXXXXX X XXXXXXXX

uuuuuuuuuu uuuuuuuuuu uuuuuuuuuu uuuuuuuuuu uuuuuuuuuu uuuuuuuuuu 0 uuuuuuuuu 0 0 uuuuuuuu 0 0 uuuuuuuu 0 0 0 0 uuuuuu 0 0 0 0 0 uuuuu 0 0 u0 0 u0 uuu

in complete wear, i.e., linked to other facets in light wear, usually as an elongate loop, often distinct from other facets unworn, possibly some polish but no dentine exposed

122

8.

POPULATION DYNAMICS OF THE GARNSEY SITE BISON

(see above). Garnsey dentitions fall near Hawken age groups in terms of eruption. For instance, in Group 1 (0. 7 yr) at Hawken, M2 is unerupted, though visible in an opening behind M1. In Group 2 at Hawken (1.7 yr) M2 is erupted and starting to wear, while M3 is visible in an opening behind M2, though unerupted (ibid.:39). In Group 2 at Garnsey (1 .0 yr) M2 is unerupted; while in Group 3 (2.0 yr) M2 shows wear on all facets and M3 is unerupted. Group 3 at Garnsey is therefore not far enough beyond Group 2 at Hawken to display a difference in eruption, but it is far enough to show a considerable difference in wear. A slight difference in the state of eruption is noted between Group 3 at Hawken (2.7 yr) and Group 4 at Garnsey (3.0 yr). In the Hawken group, M3 is nearly fully erupted but the hypoconulid is still below the level of the alveolus. Only the most anterior facets of the tooth are worn. In the slightly older Garnsey individuals, the M3 hypoconulid is erupted, but unworn. Wear appears on about two-thirds of the tooth; more than at Hawken. Wear facets (described after Frison et al. 1976:38) on Garnsey mandibles fall consistently between successive Hawken age groups and successive Gardner Herd modern age groups in terms of the extent of wear (Table 17; Table 22), with minimal overlap. Wear facets therefore indicate a temporal period somewhere between the successive late-winter groups of Hawken. Similarity in eruption indicates that while Garnsey groups are more heavily worn than the closest Hawken/Gardner Herd groups, they cannot be more than a few months older in each case. On this basis I would view spring (N + 0.0 yr) as the most likely assignment, with a range of +0. 1 yr as appropriate. The presence of an unworn right dP3 (BL/EF-11/Scr), and of a mandible with barely worn milk dentition (BL/E-22/l; wear on dP4 ranges from polish on some facets to very light enamel attrition with wear surfaces not joined from one facet to the next), support this age assignment, as does the presence of some fetal postcranial elements. However, the lessons of the Casper site as to out-of-season fetuses (Wilson 1974:151-52) cannot be ignored, and I readily acknowledge that Age Group 1 at Garnsey (fetal/ neonatal) is not well represented considering the number of mature cows present. By fall long yearlings (1.5 yr) show partial eruption of M2, sometimes with slight or no wear·; long two-yearlings (2.5 yr) show partial eruption of M3 (Frison and Reher 1970:46-47). This is significantly beyond the situation noted at Garnsey, prcviding some support for the belief that Garnsey is a spring kill. Fetal Elements at Garnsey. As already noted, I prefer the evidence of dental eruption and attrition (in that order) to the presence or absence of fetal remains as a seasonal indicator. I would be remiss, however, if the fetal and neonatal material were not described at this

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POPULATION DYNAMICS OF THE GARNSEY SITE BISON

point. One mandible (BL/E-22/1) is clearly neonatal with only slight wear; a right dP3 is unworn and probably fetal (BL/EF-11/Scr); and the bulk of the other Age Group 1 bones are large enough to be from neonates. A small number of limb elements is, however, small enough to be classed securely as near-full-term fetal. Fetal elements include a right scapula (0-3/38), right radius (512S476W/4) left metacarpal (G-15/1), and a fragmentary metacarpal (E-8/l) that cannot be referred to its side. The scapula and metacarpals show conspicuous layering of periosteal tissue with open cancellous interspaces, suggesting that the bones had not been subjected to loading (Wilson 1974:147-48). Neonatal elements include a left femur (523S596W/34), left tibia (524S597W/9), right metacarpal (G-10/1), and left metatarsal (I-7/1). All four exhibit glossier surfaces than the fetal elements, and the layering of the periosteum has been partially obscured through infilling of cancellous interspaces by fibrous osteons. This probably occurred in response to loading after birth, and the elements are from larger individuals than those represented by fetal elements described above. Two third phalanges (EF-9,10/Scr and K-12/17) are large enough to be referred to neonates. Several elements, mostly axial or limb girdle support elements, cannot be classed securely as fetal or neonatal, though they are clearly one or the other. Many of these exhibit layering and open interspaces but since the elements are not subjected to direct loading upon birth in all cases, this criterion may not be applicable. For the present I use this only with limb elements. Fetal/neonatal cranial elements include a right frontal (P-4/27), a left occipital fragment (OP-2,4/Scr), and a right premaxilla (EF-22/Scr). Other elements include vertebrae (EF-9,10/Scr; H-18/9; EF-1,2/Scr Z=l40; E-19/Scr; E-23/5), ribs (E-20/2; E-23/4), two tarsals (518S590W/79; 519S590W/Scr), three right ilia -(J-13/14;J-8/Scr; 519S589W/8), and two other pelvic fragments (K-13/24; I-14/Scr). The ilia demonstrate that at least three individuals are present, and the definitely fetal bones seem to be from at least one slightly smaller individual, suggesting a minimum of four. Summary The relatively small size of the Garnsey site sample introduces some difficulty into the inference of population dynamics and seasonality. Nevertheless, I feel that such studies are fully justified, and provide significant insights. Its anomalous bimodal age-group distribution resembles that of the Hawken site, and may be evidence for more than one kill event, at least one of which exploited a bull group. Dental evidence and the presence of fetal and neonatal individuals indicates a spring series of kills. Such spring kills could relate to a seasonal disappearance of bison from the area in summer, and a

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consequent need of the indigenous people for stored meat to last at least for part of the summer until other resources could be harvested. Dental wear per annum of the bison at Garnsey was heavier than it was on the northern. plains. This may reflect stresses affecting a population that occupied marginal bison range, with less than optimum forage. Variations in tooth attritional rates through time in areas such as this could in the future help to elucidate the effects of climatic change upon forage and bison populations, but such comparative data are not available at present. Such data must be sought at other Southwest and southern plains bison kills, as the evidence for multiple drives at the Garnsey site points to a drive tradition rather than an accidental event. The waxing and waning of such a tradition through time would have had repercussions in the scheduling of other resource procurement activities, and perhaps on the settlement patterns of inhabitants of the region. Acknowledgments The analysis of the Garnsey site crania, mandibles, and fetal elements was conducted in response to a request by John D. Speth for assistance with the determination of seasonality at the site. To John must go credit for ensuring that such a study was performed as an integral part of the site analysis. I am deeply grateful to John for his having arranged funding for travel and expenses in support of my trip to Ann Arbor; funding was provided by the Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan. I am particularly grateful to John for his hospitality during my stay in Ann Arbor. ' George C. Frison granted permission for me to examine the Gardner herd sample in Laramie. 1om Larson, of the Wyoming State Archaeologists's Office (Laramie) guided me through the collections, which mysteriously have become organized since my departure from Laramie. I am grateful to Tom and to George Zeimens for their hospitality at Laramie, and to Chuck Reher for helpful discussions of some of my embryonic ideas concerning the Garnsey site sample. My report was written in haste, though I hope not without due care, in the month following my trip to Ann Arbor. During most of this period I was engaged in field work at a site in southern Alberta, and the report no doubt embodies the erratic nature of my evening work periods in a succession of varied writing styles. Rarely were two successive evenings available. Fortunately for me, Dr. C.S.("Rufus") Churcher spent some time with us in the field, and was able to skim the report and provide many helpful suggestions. Upon his advice I have modified my dental cusp terminology from the acceptable but not widely used "endostyle/exostylid" couplet to the more widely accepted "entostyle/ ectostylid". His comments regarding cranial suture terminology and

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8.

POPULATION DYNAMICS OF THE GARNSEY SITE BISON

concerning various improvements in the presentation of data and discussions also proved extremely helpful. I must emphasize, however, that other duties prevented him from undertaking a thorough editing job, and any errors that may remain cannot in any way be ascribed to him, or to any individual other than the author. The Garnsey sample has given me much food for thought. It has been an exciting sample to work with, in that it has stimulated speculation on several fronts. I am sincerely thankful that the opportunity came my way. References Cited Arthur, George W. 1975 An Introduction to the Ecology of Early Historic Communal Bison Hunting among the Northern Plains Indians. National Museum of Man Mercury Series, Archaeological Survey of Canada Paper 37. Bartnicki, Gene 1978 Tooth Eruption and Replacement in the Lower Jaw of the Bison at the Wichita Mountains Wildlife Refuge, Oklahoma. 1 p. photocopied. Brumley, John H. 1973 Quantitative Methods in the Analysis of Butchered Faunal Remains: A Suggested Approach. Archaeology in Montana 14(1):1-40. Davis, Leslie B. 1978 Panel Discussion: Symposium on Bison Procurement and Utilization. In: Bison Procurement and Utilization: A Symposium, edited by Leslie B. Davis and Michael Wilson, pp. 287-311. Plains Anthropologist Memoir 14 (Vol. 23, no. 82, pt. 2) . Di 11 ehay, Tom 1974 Late Quaternary Bison Population Changes on the Southern Plains. Plains Anthropologist 19:180-96. Empel, W. 1962

Morphologie der Schadels von Bison bonasus (Linnaeus 1758). Acta Theriologica 6:53-110.

Frison, George C. 1967 The Piney Creek Sites, Wyoming. Publications 33(1):1-92.

126

University of Wyoming

8. l978a

POPULATION DYNAMICS OF THE GARNSEY SITE BISON

Prehistoric Hunters of Press.

the_~igh

Plains.

New York: Academic

l978b Animal Population Studies and Cultural Inference. In: Bison Procurement and Utilization: A Symposium, edited by Leslie B. Davis and Michael Wilson, pp. 44-52. Plains Anthropologist Memqir 14 (Vol. 23, no. 82, pt. 2). Frison, George C., and Charles A. Reher 1970 Age Determination of Buffalo by Teeth Eruption and \IJear. In: The Glenrock Buffalo Jump, 48C0304: Late Prehistoric Period Buffalo Procurement and Butchering on the Northwestern Plains, by George C. Frison, pp. 46-50. Plains Anthropologist Memoir 7 (Vol. 15, no. 50, pt. 2). Frison, Geroge C., Michael Wilson, and Danny N. Walker 1978 The Big Goose Creek Site: Bison Procurement and Faunal Analysis. Occasional Papers on Wyomin__g Archaeology l. Frison, George C., Michael Wilson, and Diane J. Wilson 1976 Fossil Bison and Artifacts from an Early Altithermal Period Arroyo Trap in Wyoming. American Antiqui!i 41(1):28-57. Fuller, W.A. 1959 The Horns and Teeth as Indicators of Age in Bison. of Wildlife Management 23(3):342-44.

Journal

Howard, James H. 1977 The Plains-Ojibwa or Bungi: Hunters and Warriors of the Northern Plains with Special Reference to the Turtle Mountain Band. Reprints in Anthropo~ 7. Hogben, J. n.d. Bison Jaw Aging. Manuscript report on file at National Bison Range, Moiese, Montana. Jefferson, Robert 1929 Fifty Years on the Saskatchewan. Canadian Historical Soci~ Publications 1(5):1-160.

North-l~est

Klein, Richard G. 1979 Stone Age Exploitation of Animals in Southern Africa. American Scienti~ 67(2):151-60. Krysiak, K., and K. Swiezynski 1967 The Present State of Research on the Morphology of the European Bison. Acta Theriolo9ica 12(22):339-48. McHugh, Tom 1958 Social Behavior of the American Buffalo (Bison bison bison). Zoologica 43(1):1-40. 127

8.

POPULATION DYNAMICS OF THE GARNSEY SITE BISON

Nimmo, Barry 1971 Population Dynamics of a Wyoming Pronghorn Cohort from the Eden-Farson Site, 48SW304. Plains Anth~opologist 16:285-88. Reher, Charles A. 1970 Population Dynamics of the Glenrock Bison bison Population. In: The Glenrock Buffalo Jump, 48C0304: Late Prehistoric Period Buffalo Procurement and Butchering on the Northwestern Plains, by George C. Frison, pp. 51-55. Plains Anthropologist Memoir 7 (Vol. 15, no. 50, pt. 2~ 1973 The Wardell Bison bison Sample: Population Dynamics and Archaeological Interpretation. In: The Wardell Buffalo Trap 48SU301: Communal Procurement in the Upper Green River Basin, Wyoming, by George C. Frison, pp. 89-105. Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Anthropological Paper 48. 1974

Population Study of the Casper Site Bison. In: The Casper Site, edited by George C. Frison, pp. 113-24. New York: Academic Press.

1977 Adaptive Process on the Shortgrass Plains. In: for Theory Building in Archaeology, edited by Lewis R. Binford, pp. 13-40. New York: Academic Press. 1978

Buffalo Population and Other Deterministic Factors in a Model of Adaptive Process on the Shortgrass Plains. In: Bison Procurement and Utilization: A Symposium, edited by Leslie B. Davis and Michael Wilson, pp. 23-39. Plains Anthropologist Memqir 14 (Vol. 23, no. 82, pt. 2).

Shackleton, D.M., L.V. Hills, and D.A. Hutton 1975 Aspects of Variation in Cranial Characters of Plains Bison (Bison bison bison Linnaeus) from Elk Island National Park, Alberta~ Journal of Mammal~ 56(4):871-87. Skinner, M.F., and O.C. Kaisen 1947 The Fossil Bison of Alaska and Preliminary Revision of the Genus. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 89(3):123-256. Speth, John D., and William J. Parry 1978 Late Prehistoric Bison Procurement in Southeastern New Mexico: The 1977 Season at the Garnsey Site. Museum of Anthropology, University of_Michigan, Technical Report 8.

128

8.

POPULATION DYNAMICS OF THE GARNSEY SITE BISON

Todd, Lawrence C., Jr., and Jack L. Hofman 1978 A Study of Bison Mandibles from the Horner and Finley Sites: Two Paleoindian Bison Kills in Wyoming. Wyoming Contributions to Anthropology 1:67-104. Voorhies, Michael R. 1969 Taphonomy and Population Dynamics of an Early Pliocene Vertebrate Fauna, Knox County, Nebraska. University of Wyoming Contributions to Geology, Special Paper 1:1-69. Wilson, Michael 1974 The Casper Local Fauna and its Fossil Bison. In: The Casper Site, edited by George C. Frison, pp. 125-71. New York: Academic Press. 1975

Holocene Fossil Bison from Wyoming and Adjacent__ Areas. Unpublished M.A. Thesis in Anthropology, University of Wyoming, Laramie.

129

9.

METHOD OF BISON PROCUREMENT

The following observations are relevant to an understanding of the method of bison procurement employed at the Garnsey site: (l) several different procurement events are represented at the site (at least two in Level B3, plus additional older and younger events); (2) these events appear to have taken place in the spring (see discussion by Wilson in preceding section); (3) these events probably involved kill populations with different proportions of male and female animals (i.e., both COW groups and bull groups may have been taken; see discussion by Wilson in preceding section); (4) the bone clusters occur out on the floor of the wash along a major, perhaps perennially moist channel rather than close to the bedrock walls of the wash or within the narrower tributaries of the wash; (5) the bone clusters occur in groups, widely separated from other similar groups (at least two such groups were excavated in Level 83, one on the north side of the arroyo, the other about 80 to 100 m downstream on the south side; one or more such groups also may exist farther upstream); (6) hunting was probably done on foot and without the aid of firearms; (7) projectile points are scarce (10 points for more than 35 animals). 11

11

11

11

The methods by which the bison were gathered, contained and killed at the Garnsey site remain somewhat unclear. There is no evidence to suggest that the site was an arroyo trap. Bison remains do not occur in or near any of the major tributaries in the vicinity of the site, and it seems unlikely that the carcasses would have been hauled over great distances from more remote trap localities. Nor was the site a classic jump locality in which the animals would have been killed or disabled by the fall from a precipice. The walls of the wash in the vicinity of the site are neither high enough nor steep enough, and today at least offer no effective obstacle to the movement of cattle in and out of the wash (see Figs. 4 and 5). The unsuitable nature of the wash as a jump locality is brought out more clearly in Fig. 52, which presents a north-south section of the site along the 500W line. A variant of the classic cliff-jump which may have been used at Garnsey was a stampede over the edge of the wash into some sort of pound or corral (see Frison 1978:243ff for a detailed description of this method). One of the earliest Spanish expeditions to explore the Pecos Valley observed a large corral in the general vicinity of Carlsbad which may have been used for precisely this purpose. The twenty-third [of November 1590] we left this place, where the river turned sharply toward the west, and we came upon a very large corral used by the Indians for enclosing cattle (Castano de Sosa in Hammond and Rey 1966:260-61). If corral trapping was in fact employed at the Garnsey site, the spatial distribution of bones in the wash indicates that at least two structures would have been in operation during the period represented by Levels A2, 130

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Fig. 52. North-south section of Garnsey Wash along 500W line, showing the general configLration of the wash and the position of the principal bone-bearing level (Level B3; denoted by series of

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9.

METHOD OF BISON PROCUREMENT

83 and 84, one on the north side of the arroyo near the major excavations in Trenches 77-l, 78-1 and 78-5, the other on the south side near Trenches 78-6 and 78-7. Unfortunately, no direct evidence for corrals was encountered during the two seasons of excavation, but it must be noted that the site was not sampled with this specific objective in mind .. A more opportunistic method of procurement which may have been used at the Garnsey locality was cooperative ambushing or surrounding of animals grazing along the channel, or attracted to the area by the spring located a few hundred meters upstream from the site. This method would account for the occurrence of bone clusters in widely separated parts of the wash; but it would not satisfactorily account for the repeated occurrence of kill episodes at the same place within the wash, as evidencedbythe superposition on the north side of the arroyo of bone clusters in Levels A2, 83 and 84. Whichever method of procurement was employed--trapping animals in a corral or surrounding them on the floor of the wash--the scarcity of projectile points is problematic. Frison (l978:243ff) notes that large numbers of points generally are recovered from kill sites which did not involve a lethal jump. The unusual conical wound found in one of the pelves from the Garnsey site raises the possibility that projectile points of materials other than flint were being used. Early Spanish expeditions noted the use of bone. Coronado, for example, in 1540 collected samples of weapons in the Southwest, including ... a shield, a mallet, and a bow with some arrows, among which there are two with bone points .... (in Hammond and Rey 1940: 177) Onate, later in the same century, stated that The Spaniards saw some arrows with long bone tips, although only a few, as the flint is better for killing the cattle than the spear. (in Hammond and Rey 1953:404) The use of wooden-tipped arrows or spears also is a possibility. Luxan's account of the Espejo expedition of 1582, for example, mentions some sort of spear or javelin which may have been made entirely of wood. This place we called El Arroyo de las Garrochas, because we found many goad sticks with which the Indians kill the buffalo. (in Hammond and Rey 1966:207) Mason (1893) documents the widespread occurrence among historic groups in the Southwest of arrows tipped only with wood. He provides the following example concerning the use of wood among the Apache. The arrow of the Apache sometimes terminates in a triangular piece of hard wood, which seems to be

132

9.

METHOD OF BISON PROCUREMENT

perfectly effective as a weapon. (letter by J.G. Bourke, quoted in Mason 1893:669) Opler offers a similar example concerning the use of wooden points the Apache

~mong

When flints are to be affixed, the shaft is split, the arrowhead is inserted, and the shaft is tightly wrapped with moistened sinew. More commonly, however, no flint is used; the wooden tip of the arrow is simply sharpened and fire hardened. (Opler 1965:389). Unfortunately, no direct evidence for the use of either bone or wood points, other than the peculiar wound in the pelvis, has been found in the excavations at the Garnsey site. Thus, we are presently unable to offer more than a very tentative explanation for the unexpectedly small number of projectile points recovered from the kill.

133

10.

NON-BISON REMAINS Human

Only a single, small fragment of human bone was encountered at the Garnsey site. The specimen (K-11/S (6/20/78); 5llS5llW/S), from Cluster B3-C, was examined by C. Loring Brace of the University of Michigan, who furnished the following assessment: This fragment is a piece of human mandible. The part preserved includes the basalar portion of the symphysis with the bottoms of the sockets of both central incisors and the bottom of the socket for the deciduous right lateral incisor. Below and lingual to this latter is the unerupted crown of the permanent right lateral incisor. The mesial-distal diameter of this tooth crown is 6.5 mm. The size plus the spatulate form suggest that it is Native American rather than European. The state of the eruption of the permanent incisors allows the assignment of an age between 7 and 8 years for this individual. The specimen was found in Trench 78-1 within a major bone cluster on the north flank of the main channel. The association of this solitary fragment of a child among quantities of butchered bison bones is puzzling. Other Non-Bison Remains A total of 49 nori-bison bones were recovered in two seasons of excavation at the Garnsey site (excluding the human mandible discussed above, and a variety of microfauna which have not as yet been analyzed). The non-bison remains are summarized in Table 23. Of these bones, 40 (81.6%) are canid, 8 (16.3%) are antelope and 1 (2.0%) is deer. Canid bones are clearly the most common non-bison remains on the site. They were invariably found directly within the major clusters of bison bones, and many were unmistakably butchered. A complete canid cranium was recovered from Cluster B3-K (Trench 78-6); this specimen is discussed in greater detail by Danny N. Walker in Appendix H. Based on tibias, at least four animals are represented (one immature; three mature, including both a small and large form). The Garnsey data suggest that bison carcasses many have been used as secondary traps for scavenging carnivores (see Frison et al. 1978:45 for similar observations in the northern plains). At least two antelopes were killed and butchered at the Garnsey site, including one mature animal and a second, immature animal. Only a single fragment attributable to deer was recovered, but the specimen is clearly butchered.

134

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LITH I CS

Table 25. Categorical attributes of Garnsey lithic specimens (1977 and 1978). Attribute/Attribute State l. Maximum Width Position: (a) At Platform (b) Between Platform and Midpoint (c) At Midpoint of Medial Axis (d) Between Midpoint and Termination (e) At Termination 2. Platform Pre aration: a Unmodified Cortex (b) Unmodified Tool Edge (c) Flat (d) Faceted 3. Platform Abrasion: (a) Present (b) Absent 4. Termination: (a) Feathered (b) Hinged 5. Dorsa 1 Face: (a) Unmodified Cortex (b) Cortex with Flaking (c) Flat (d) Flaked 6. Condition: (a) Complete (b) Proximal Fragment (c) Distal Fragment (d) Medial or Lateral Fragment 7. Fire Damage: (a) Present (b) Absent 8. Artifact Type: (a) Unmodified Flake (b) Utilized Flake (c) Unifacially Retouched (excl. Endscrapers) (d) Core (e) Projectile Point (f) Ovate Biface (g) Resharpening Flake (h) Endscraper (i) Biface or Knife Fragment

140

N

%

255

24 31 94 40 66 292 40 33 164 55 292 131 161

9.4 12.2 36.9 15.7 25.9 13.7 11.3

56.2 18.8 44.9 55.1

339

226 113

66.7 33.3

583

22

68 142 351 596 244 76 94 182 601 62 539

602 459 40 19 3

10 3

54 6 8

3.8 11.7 24.4 60.2 40.9 12.8 15.8 30.5 10.3 89.7 76.2 6.6 3.2 0.5 1.7 0.5 9.0 1.0 1.3

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LITHICS

Fig. 55 illustrates the spatial distribution of Level B3 lithics in Trenches 78-6 and 78-7 (N=2l). The sample is small, but the distribution is similar to that found in bone clusters elsewhere on the site (see Fig. 53). Only 88 lithic items were recovered from Level 84 (not shown) at the Garnsey site. Of these, 47 (53.4%) were found on the north side of the arroyo in Trenches 77-l, 78-l and 78-5. The remaining 41 (46.6%) came from the processing area (Trenches 78-2 and 78-4). These cluster in two groups, one stratigraphically below the hearth at the western end of Trench 78-4 (see Fig. 16), the other at the extreme western end of Trench 78-2. The latter yielded a single biface fragment (517S494W/4). The most productive lithic cluster in Level B4 occurred on the north side of the arroyo in Trench 78-5 (see Fig. 15). This cluster, probably on the bottom and flanks of an early Unit B minor channel, yielded two projectile points (D-7/5; D-8/l), an endscraper (D-7/ll), and a core (D-7/4). No Level 84 lithics were found in Trenches 77-2, 78-6 or 78-7 on the south side of the arroyo. Only a few items were recovered from Levels B5 and 86, all salvaged from the walls of the arroyo. None of these specimens were retouched. Raw Materia 1 A relatively wide range of materials was employed in the manufacture of tools. The majority were made from fine-grained chert or chalcedony, of which several varieties were distinguished on the basis of color and surface texture. Smaller quantities of quartzite, basalt and obsidian also were employed. The frequency of each type of material within the total Garnsey site assemblage is summarized in Table 26. Virtually all of these materials were probably obtained from local sources. Several types of chert formerly believed to represent nonlocal materials (Speth and Parry 1978:34 9 42-43) are now known to be locally available. A brief summary of known local sources follows. Milky white chalcedony. This material is available as pebbles and cobbles within the Pecos Valley, particularly to the south of Roswell. It may also occur on the Mescalero Pediment, perhaps derived from the Ogallala formation of the Llano Estacada. Similar material also has been reported from a source north of Roswell in Macho Draw (Ross 1973). Mottled gray chert. This material, perhaps the most intensively used at the Garnsey site, is available at numerous outcrops of Permian San Andres formation west of Roswell. Many of the large unifacial tools found in the processing area have been chipped from tabular pieces of this material and presumably derive from these bedrock sources. This material also is available in the form of small pebbles in gravel

144

ll.

LITHICS

Table 26. alithic materials utilized at the Garnsey site ( 1977 and 1978) . Type N l. Obsidian 4 2. Glassy black basalt 2 3. Fine-grained igneous 11 4. Unidentified, weathered, non-siliceous 8 5. Quartzite 18 6. Milky white chalcedony, with red and gray mottles 30 7. Gray chalcedony 29 8. Yellow, orange, tan or brown chalcedony 14 9. Banded olive, brown, tan and gray chalcedony or chert 6 10. Grainy pink chalcedony l 11. Mottled, predominantly gray chert (with brown, tan, blue and/or dark gray bands or mottles) 222 12. Gray chert 140 13. Green or olive chert 7 14. Mottled red and/or yellow chert (including Alibates-like varieties) 17 15. White chert 2 16. "Fingerprint" chert (fine white, gray and/or brown bands) ll 17. Mottled black chert or chalcedony 22 18. Dark brown chert or chalcedony 5 19. Chalky white, tan or light gray chert 30 20. Bone 2 21. Caliche-like (burned?) 18 22. Yellow-brown jasper 2 23. Oolitic chert 3 TOTAL 604

% 0.7

0.3 1.8 1.3

3.0 5.0 4.8

2.3 1.0 0.2 36.8

23.2 1.2 2.8 0.3 1.8 3.6 0.8 5.0

0.3 3.0 0.3 0.5 100.0

aType number corresponds to material code in Appendix C.

145

11.

LITHICS

terraces of the Pecos River north of Roswell, and occasionally as pebbles on the Mescalero Pediment to the east. Similar material is reported from the Dunahoo Hills north of Roswell (Jelinek 1967:17, 142). Mottled red and/or ~low chert. This rather broad category of material is predominantly dark red to reddish brown to maroon, with bands or mottles of yellowish brown, tan or beige and blue-gray or white. Superficially, the cherts in this group resemble Alibates, and some specimens may actually derive from the classic sources north of Amarillo. Some of the Garnsey specimens more closely match material from the Quitaque area northeast of Plainview in the Texas Panhandle (Tecovas chert). Still other specimens are more uniformly red, lacking the distinctive brown and gray mottling or banding. These more closely resemble material from Palma Mesa, an outlier of the caprock northeast of Roswell (this source was pointed out by Donald E. Clifton). The Palma Mesa material tends to be heavily fractured or jointed, reducing its suitability for tool manufacture. Cherts falling within this same broad category are also available in the form of small pebbles in terrace gravels of the Pecos River. No attempt has been made in the present study to distinguish between specimens made of Alibates or Tecovas chert and those made of similar local material. It was felt that such distinctions could not be made reliably withoutthe aid of petrographic thin-sections, given the extremely small size of most Garnsey flakes. Fingerprint chert. This distinctive material consists of fine concentric bands of white, gray and occasionally brown. The nearest outcrops of fingerprint chert known to the authors are found in the Permian San Andres formation to the west of Roswell. Two utilized flakes from Level 84 (Trench 78-5) have been chipped from a tabular core of this material, and may derive from these bedrock sources. However, small pebbles of fingerprint chert are available in terrace gravels of the Pecos River in the Roswell area. Other local cherts. A wide variety of chert is available in the form of fist-sized or smaller pebbles in the terrace gravels of the Pecos. Samples collected on the west side of the river, about 15 miles (25 km) northeast of Roswell, include gray chert, red chert, brown chert, yellow chert, black chert, white chert, green chert, oolitic chert, silicified wood and vein quartz. Other local materials. Several varieties of quartzite are available in the Pecos gravels. These include fist-sized cobbles of a very distinctive maroon quartzite, and fine-grained light to dark gray quartzites. Obsidian. This is the only material present in the Garnsey site assemblage which is clearly of non-local origin. Four pieces (0.7%) were found. The source of the obsidian has not been determined as yet.

146

11.

LITHICS

Utilized and Retouched Artifacts Projectile Points. Ten projectile points have been recovered from the Garnsey site. Only one point is complete; the remaining nine are fragmentary. Eight of the specimens represent small, sidenotched points which fall within the widespread Harrell type. One point has a straight base, one has a concave base, one has a deeply indented ( V -shaped) base~ and two others have bases with a central notch. These five all derive from Level B3. The three remaining Harrell points consist only of tips which have been broken off at the notches. One of these is from Level B3; the other two are from Level B4 (Trench 78-5). 11

11

Of the remaining two projectile points, one is an unidentifiable serrated tip; the other is a large, barbed cornernotched point which has been broken and bifacially reworked into a hafted knife. The 10 projectile points are described in detail in the following section. The descriptive terms used are those proposed and defined by Binford (1963). Measurements enclosed by brackets apply to broken, damaged, or incomplete specimens, and do not reflect the true value for the complete specimen. A.

0-7/5 (Level 84) (Figs. 56d and 57) (1) Description: distal fragment of small sidenotched point. Broken through notches, tip damaged. (2) Material: mottled gray chert (3) ~e~ape: irregular, approximating an excurvateinc~rvate outline, convexo-triangular transverse section. (4) Longitudinal section: biconvex. (5) Blade chipping scars: primary scars deep, expanding, bifacially placed; with terminations extending just beyond the midpoint of the face; resulting in an irregular, wavy edge not modified by secondary chipping. Lateral edges of blade crudely serrated as a result of this technique of retouching. Tip damaged by impact fracture. (6) Base: absent. (7) JUnCture: narrow sidenotches. Right-angled-angular distal points of juncture. (8) Haft element: absent. (9) Tang: absent. (10) Metric attributes: (a) Width at shoulder = 12.0 mm (b) Blade length = [20.5 mm] (c) Thickness = 4.0 mm (d) Weight = 0.89 g

147

11.

LITHICS

B.

D-8/l (Level B4) (Figs. 56b and 57) (1) Description: distal fragment of small, sidenotched point, broken through notches. (2) Material: green chert. (3) Blade shape: symmetrical, ovate outline, biconvex transverse section. (4) Longitudinal section: biconvex. (5) Blade chipping scars: primary scars flat, lamellar, bifacially placed; with terminations extending well beyond the midpoint of the face. Secondary scars expanding, continuous, and placed bilaterally on alternate faces. Lateral edges of blade finely serrated as a result of secondary retouch. (6) Base: absent. (7) JUnCture: narrow sidenotches. Obtuse-angular distal points of juncture. (8) Haft element: absent. (9) Tang: absent. (10) Metric attributes: (a) Widlh at shoulder = 12.0 mm (b) Blade length = 24.5 mm (c) Thickness = 4.5 mm (d) Weight= 1.31 g

C.

D-12/l (Level B3) (Figs. 56i and 57) (1) Description: tip of point, broken near midsection of blade. (2) Material: mottled gray chert. (3) Blade shape: symmetrical, biconvex transverse section. (4) Longitudinal section: incomplete. (5) Blade chipping scars: primary scars flat, lamellar, bifacially placed; with terminations extending just beyond the midpoint of the face; no secondary chipping. Lateral edges of blade deeply serrated as a result of this technique of retouching. (6) Base: absent. (7) Juncture: absent. (8) Haft element: absent. (9) Tang: absent. (10) Metric attributes: (a) Width of blade= [17.0 mm] (b) Blade length = [16.0 mm] (c) Thickness = 4.0 mm (d) Weight = 0.92 g

D.

E-2/4 (Level B3) (Figs. 56c and 57) (1) Description: distal fragment of small, sidenotched point, broken through notches. (2) Material: mottled gray chert. (3) Blade shape: symmetrical, excurvate-incurvate outline, plano-convex transverse section. 148

11.

LITHICS

(4) Longitudinal section: asymmetrically concave-convex. (5) Blade chipping scars: primary scars flat, lamellar; with terminations near the midpoint of the face; placed on external face only (internal face is the unmodified fracture surface of the original flake blank); secondary scars expanding, discontinuous, bifacially-bilaterally placed. Lateral edges of blade weakly serrated as a result of the secondary retouch. (6) Base: absent. (7) JUnCture: narrow sidenotches. Obtuse-angular distal points of juncture. (8) Haft element: absent. (9) Tang: absent. (10) Metric attributes: (a) vJidth at shoulder= 11.5 mm (b) Blade length = 26.0 mm (c) Thickness = 3.0 mm (d) Weight= 1.03 g E.

H-17/l (Level B3) (Figs. 56a and 57) (l) Description: intact small, sidenotched point. (2) Material: mottled gray chert. (3) Blade shape: symmetrical, triangular outline, biconvex transverse section. (4) Longitudinal section: biplano. (5) Blade chipping scars: primary scars flat, lamellar, bifacially placed; with terminations extending well beyond the midpoint of the face; secondary scars expanding, continuous, and placed bilaterally on alternate faces. Lateral edges of blade finely serrated as a result of the secondary retouch. (6) Base: straight, bifacially thinned, finely serrated with slightly projecting lateral "ears", grinding absent. (7) Juncture: narrow sidenotches. Lateral-lateral juncture, with acute-angular distal points of juncture, acute medial points of juncture, and right-angled-angular proximal points of juncture. (8) Haft element: symmetrical, grinding absent. (9) Tang: parallel, grinding absent. (10) Metric attributes: (a) Width of base= 11.5 mm (b) Width of notches = 4.5 mm (c) Width at shoulder = 10.0 mm (d) Total axial length= 27.5 mm (e) Blade length = 20.5 mm (f) Notch length = 2.0 mm (g) Tang length = 6.0 mm (h) Thickness = 2.5 mm (i) Weight= 0.72 g

149

11.

LITHICS

F.

I-13/1 (Level B3) (Figs. 56j and 57) (1) Description: cornernotched, barbed point; broken and reworked into a knife. (2) Material: chalky white chert. (3) Blade shape: symmetrical, modified to semi-circular outline through reworking, plano-convex transverse section. (4) Longitudinal section: plano-convex. (5) Blade chipping scars: primary scars flat, conchoidal, bifacially placed; with terminations near the midpoint of the face; secondary scars expanding, continuous, and bifacially-bilaterally placed. Working edge shows tertiary scars (scalar retouch) from use. (6) Base: straight, bifacially thinned, grinding present. (7) ~ture: broad cornernotches. Lateral-basal juncture with acute-angular distal points of juncture, acute medial points of juncture, and acute-angular proximal points of juncture. (8) Haft element: symmetrical, grinding present inside notches. (9) Shoulder: barbed. (10) Tang: expanding, grinding absent. (11) Metric attributes: (a) Width of base = 13.0 mm (b) Width of tang= 11.0 mm (c) L~i dth at shoulder = 30.0 mm (d) Total axial length= [27.0 mm] (e) Blade length = [20.0 mm] (f) Tang length= 7.0 mm (g) Thickness = 5.0 mm (h) Weight = 3.45 g

G.

511S477W/14 (Level B3) (Figs. 56e and 57) (1) Description: nearly intact small, sidenotched point. (2) Material: gray chert. (3) Blade-shape: symmetrical, triangular outline, biconvex transverse section. (4) Longitudinal section: plano-convex. (5) Blade chipping scars: primary scars flat, lamellar; with terminations near the midpoint of the face; placed on external face only (internal face is the unmodified fracture surface of the original flake blank); secondary scars expanding, continuous, bifaciallybilaterally placed. (6) Base: subconcave, with slightly projecting lateral ears (one damaged) and a deep central notch, bifacially thinned, grinding absent. (7) Juncture: narrow sidenotches. Lateral-lateral juncture, with right-angled-angular distal points of juncture, acute medial points of juncture, and obtuse-angled proximal points of juncture. (8) Haft element: symmetrical, grinding absent. (9) Tang: parallel, grinding absent. 11

150

11

ll.

LITHICS

G.

(cont.) (10) Metric attributes: TciT~Jidth of base= [11.0 mm] (b) Width at notches = 6.0 mm (c) Width at shoulder = 10.0 mm (d) Total axial length = 19.5 mm (e) Blade length = 10.0 mm (f) Notch length = 2.0 mm (g) Tang length= 7.0 mm (h) Thickness = 2.5 mm (i) Weight= 0.44 g

H.

512S476W/29 (Level B3) (Figs. 56g and 57) (l) Description: midsection of small, sidenotched point (tip and both ears damaged); similar in form and material to 5llS477W/l4. (2) Material: gray chert. (3) Blade shape: symmetrical, ovate outline, biconvex. (4) Longitudinal section: plano-convex (5) Blade chipping scars: primary scars flat, lamellar, bifacially placed; with terminations near the midpoint of the face; secondary scars expanding, continuous, bifacially-bilaterally placed. (6) Base: damaged; deep central notch. (7) JUnCture: narrow sidenotches. Lateral-lateral juncture, with right-angled-angular distal points of juncture and acute medial points of juncture. (8) Haft element: symmetrical, grinding absent. (9) Tang: damaged. (10): Metric attributes: (a) Width at notches= 7.0 mm (b) Width at shoulder = 10.5 mm (c) Blade length = [9.0 mm] (d) Thickness = 3.0 mm (e) Weight = 0.43 g 11

11

I. 514S477W/S(7/8/78) (Level B3) (Figs. 56h and 57)

(l) Description: proximal fragment of small, sidenotched point, broken through notches. (2) Material: brown chert. (3) Blade: absent. (4) Base: damaged, probably concave, bifacially thinned, grinding absent. (5) Juncture: narrow sidenotches. Right-angled-angular proximal points of juncture. (6) Haft element: absent. (7) Tang: parallel, light grinding present.

151

ll.

LITHICS

(cont.) (8) Metric attributes: (a) Width of base = [12.0 mm] (b) Length of tang = 6.0 mm (c) Thickness = 2.5 mm (d) Weight = 0.22 g

I.

J.

518S483W/2 ( Leve 1 B3) (Figs 56f and 57) (1) Description: lateral fragment of small, sidenotched point, broken along midline. (2) Material: mottled gray chert. (3) Blade shape: damaged. (4) Longitudinal section: plano-convex. (5) Blade chipping scars: primary scars flat, lamellar, bifacially placed; secondary scars expanding, continuous, bifacially-bilaterally placed. (6) Base: triangulo-concave, with projecting lateral ears bifacially thinned, grinding absent. (7) Juncture: narrow sidenotches. Lateral-lateral juncture, with right-angled-angular distal points of juncture, acute medial points of juncture, and right-angled-angular proximal points of juncture. (8) Haft element: grinding absent. (9) Tang: parallel, grinding absent. (10) Metric attributes: (a) Width of base = [7.5 mm] (b) Total axial length = [19.0 mm] (c) Blade length = [10.0 mm] (d) Notch length = 2.0 mm (e) Tang length= 7.0 mm (f) Thickness = 3.0 mm (g) Weight = 0.38 g 11

11 ,

Bifaces. In addition to projectile points, seven other bifaces (complete or major fragments) were recovered from the Garnsey site. Three are small, thick ovate or discoidal bifaces with one or more distal noseS A fourth is a large, lanceolate-shaped flake with heavy bifacial retouch along the lateral edges. The remaining three bifaces are broken fragments. Two of these appear to be unfinished specimens, perhaps knives or point preforms broken during manufacture. In addition to the seven bifaces already described, there are four other very small biface fragments derived from tools of unknown form. Still other bifaces are represented by resharpening flakes. Identifiable bifaces are described in the following section. 11

11

•

152

11.

LITHICS

,-,

'

'

.. __ _ ''

,' ,'

f

h

'' '

-,

'' '

lCM

Fig. 56. Illustrations of projectile points from Garnsey. (a) H-17/1 (b) D-8/1 (c) E-2/4; (d) D-7/5; (e) 511S477W/14; (f) 518S483W/2; (g) 512S476W/29; (h) 514S477W/S(7/8/78); (i) D-12/l; (j) I-13/l. 153

11.

LITHICS

Fig. 57. Photographs of projectile points from Garnsey. Top row, from left to right: H-17/1, 0-8/1, E-2/4, D-7/5, 511S477W/14; middle row, from left to right: 518S483W/2, 512S476W/29, 514S477W/S(7/8/78), D-12/1; bottom row: I-13/1.

154

LITHICS

11. A.

E-9/16 (Level B3) (Fig. 17 in Speth and Parry 1978:38) (1) Description: lateral fragment of biface midsection. Edge is battered and steep, with chipping scars terminating in hinge fractures, resulting in a medial hump. Edge shows no evidence of utilization. This item appears to represent an unfinished piece, possibly a point preform or knife. (2) Material: grainy mottled gray chert. (3) Metric attributes: (a) Length = [T6--:-o mm] (b) Width = [19.0 mm] (c) Thickness = 8.0 mm (d) Edge angle = 60° (e) Weight = 2.75 g

B.

0-2/16 (Level B3). (Fig. 58) (1) Description: small, crude ovate biface with pronounced Edges show central hump and several lateral noses retouch scalar of form the in evidence of utilization base. convex the along microretouch around one nose and potlid with chert, pebble (2) Material: yellow-red mottled fractures. (3) Metric attributes: (a) Length = 44.0 mm (b) Width = 36.5 mm (c) Thickness = 15.5 mm (e) Edge angle = 75-80° (f) Weight = 23.50 g 11

11

11 •

11

C.

511S477W/15 (Level B3) (Fig. 59) (1) Description: lanceolate flake with extensive bifacial retouch along the lateral edges. One edge is steeply retouched and shows edge damage reflecting use as a scraper, the other edge is denticulated and also shows evidence of utilization. (2) Material: mottled gray-tan chert. (3) Metric attributes: (a) Length = 49.5 mm (b) Width = 30.0 mm (c) Thickness= 7.0 mm (d) Edge angles= 55°, 40° (e) Weight = 8.85 g

D.

512S468W/l (Level A2) (Fig. 58) (1) Descripti_9n: small, crude ovate biface with pronounced Lateral edges shovJ central hump and distal nose scalar retouch reflecting utilization. (2) Material: maroon quartzite. 11

155

11 •

11.

LITHICS

D.

(cont.) (3) Metric attributes: (a) Length = 34.5 mm (b) Width = 26.0 mm (c) Thickness = 14.5 mm (d) Edge angle = 80° (e) Weight = 13.79 g

E.

512S472W/6 (Level B3)(Fig. 58) (1) Description: small, crude ovate biface with pronounced central hump and distal "nose". Lateral edges near nose show microretouch reflecting utilization. (2) Material: yellow-white mottled pebble chert. (3) Metric attributes: (a) Length = 42.0 mm (b) Width = 32.5 mm (c) Thickness = 19.0 mm (d) Edge angle = 50° (e) Weight = 24.66 g

F.

513S469W/l (Level A2) (not illustrated) (1) Description: lateral fragment of small biface with concave base, acute "ears'', and shallow sidenotch. Broken during manufacture by a lateral thinning blow, followed by an abortive attempt to thin the fracture face. No evidence of utilization. This item appears to represent an unfinished sidenotched point. (2) Material: grainy gray chert. (3) Metric:iattributes: ~Length = 30.0 mm (b) Width = [12.0 mm] (c) Thickness = 5.0 mm (d) Weight= 1.95 g

G.

517S494W/4 (Level B4) (not illustrated) (1) Description: lateral fragment of the midsection of a small, thin biface. Lateral edge shows abrasion and microretouch, reflecting utilization. (2) Material: brown chalcedony. (3) Metric attributes: (a) Length = ~0 mm] (b) Width = [13.0 rnm] (c) Thickness = 4.5 mm (d) Edge angle = 40° (e) Weight= 0.76 g

156

11.

LITHICS

Fig. 58. Cores (top row) and ovate bifaces (bottom row) from Garnsey. Top row, from left to right: arroyo surface find, 0-7/4, E-7/S(Z=98); bottom row, from left to right: 512S468W/l, 0-2/16, 512S472W/6.

157

11.

Fig. 59.

LITHICS

Biface (511S477W/15) from Garnsey.

Cores. Three cores have been recovered from the Garnsey site (Fig. 58). One, found in Level 84 in Trench 78-5 (0-7/4), is a battered cobble of milky chalcedony approximately 6 em in length by 4 em in width (weight ca. 100 g). Several large flakes have been detached from this core. A second nearly identical specimen (weight ca. 100 g) is a surface find from the arroyo. The third core, from Level 83 in Trench 77-1 (E-7/S Z=98), is a small, flat pebble of gray chert from which one large flake has been removed (diameter 3 em; weight ca. 9 g). The two larger cores display heavy battering on their edges, possibly produced by flake removal, but more likely reflecting use of the cores as hammers or pounding tools. The three cores all appear to have been used to produce from one to several flakes, each between two and four em in length. The cores are not prepared in any way, and probably reflect the production of expedient flake tools during butchering.

158

11.

LITHICS

Unifacially Retouched Tools. Eight largely intact, unifacially retouched tools have been recovered from the Garnsey site. These include four small endscrapers (F-9/S, Level 83; one surface find; EF-4/S, Level 83; 0-7/ll, Level 84); three combined end- and sidescrapers (511S478W/l8, broken, Level 83; 513S478W/7, Level 83; 513S479W/14, Level 83); and one large discoidal maroon quartzite scraper (513S476W/55, Level 83). These eight unifacially retouched tools are illustrated in Figs. 60-65.

Fig. 60. Garnsey.

Photographs of small unifacially retouched endscrapers from From left to right: F-9/S, surface find, EF-4/S, 0-7/11.

The three combined end- and sidescrapers and the quartzite discoidal scraper all derive from the processing area; none show evidence of having been hafted. The three small endscrapers which were found in situ all derive from bone clusters on the north side of the arroyo. Two of the small endscrapers (F-9/S and the surface find) are broken on the side opposite the retouch, and the lateral edges exhibit crushing. These features suggest that the small endscrapers may have been hafted and broke at or within the haft during use. Accounts by early Spanish explorers in the Southwest describe the use of what may be similar tools. One of the most detailed is provided by Pedro de Castaneda, one of Coronado•s chroniclers. Castaneda witnessed a bison kill in the late spring or summer of 1541, somewhere on cut the plains east of the Pecos River. He observed the Indians open the cow at the back and pull off the skin at the joints, using a flint the size of a finger, tied to a small stick, doing this as 11

•••

159

ll.

LITH I CS

b

d

0

c

Fig. 61.

Garnsey.

lCM

Illustrations of small unifacially retouched endscrapers from (a) EF-4/S; (b) F-9/S; (c) surface find; (d) D-7/ll.

160

11.

0

Fig. 62.

LITHICS

1 CM

Broken sidescraper (511S478W/l8) from Garnsey.

ITtitritH !Ill tt uillnlllt fill JUllltiltti llU In Fig. 63.

Combined end- and sidescraper (513S478W/7) from Garnsey.

161

ll.

LITHICS

5

litiliill illlll Illlilll! Ill tliliii!IU !dtltll! ll l Fig. 64.

Combined end- and sidescraper (513S479W/l4) from Garnsey.

Fig. 65.

Discoidal maroon quartzite scraper (5l3S476W/55) from Garnsey.

162

ll .

LITH I CS

handily as if they used a fine large tool. They sharpen the flints on their own teeth. It is remarkable to see how quickly they do it" (Hammond and Rey 1940:262). In addition to the stone tools, two fragments of bone may also represent scraping tools (Fig. 66). A small flake from the midshaft region of a longbone (5llS477W/l6, Level 83) has a notch at one end. The edge within the notch (edge angle 55°) shows heavy scalar retouch indicative of utilization. A second, larger flake from the midshaft region of a longbone (I-22/l, Level 83) has been retouched on one edge by a continuous series of small, conchoidal flakes. The retouched edge (edge angle 50°) is somewhat obscured by weathering, but appears to show wear in the form of abrasion and microretouch. This item may represent a sidescraper.

Fig. 66. Bone fragments used as scraping tools. right: I-22/l.

163

Left: 5llS477W/16;

11.

LITHICS

It is interesting to note that these two bone artifacts are comparable to the unifacially retouched stone tools from the site. They are generally similar in size, edge configuration, edge angle, patterns of retouch and patterns of wear. It would appear in these two cases that standard stoneworking techniques were applied expediently to bone. Closer examination of the unidentifiable bone debris might reveal additional bone tools. Utilized Flakes. The Garnsey assemblage includes a number of utilized flakes, mostly fragmentary (Fig. 67). Most were small, with large specimens (over 40 mm) present only in the processing area.

Fig. 67. Large utilized flakes from Garnsey. From left to right: 514S478W/4, 0-32/1, 513S479W/15, 513S478W/l0, 512S469W/l. Among the utilized flakes are a number of specimens which morphologically resemble microblades. Four of these are intact; a few additional specimens are fragmentary. The microblades have parallel lateral edges and triangular cross sections with a single dorsal ridge. Most show edge damage reflecting utilization. They have been struck from tabular pieces of chert, with a flat area of cortex forming the

1~

11.

LITH I CS

striking platform. Platform edges have been prepared by abrasion. These items are similar to microblades from eastern Texas described by Patterson (1973). No prepared cores have been recovered from the Garnsey site~ and it is not known if the Garnsey "microblades" were deliberately made~ or are simply fortuitous products of flint-working. Metric and Non-metric Characteristics of Garnsey Lithics Table 27 summarizes the principal metric attributes of the Garnsey lithic assemblage by stratigraphic level. Non-metric or categorical attributes for the assemblage are presented in Table 25 (see above). Selection of attributes was based to a large extent on a list proposed by Wilmsen (1970)~ with revisions where appropriate. The metric attributes include: (1) Length of medial axis (mm; on fragments where the medial axis could not be determined~ maximum overall length was measured) (2) Maximum width (mm; perpendicular to medial axis) (3) Bulb thickness (mm) (4) Maximum thickness below bulb (mm) (5) Weight (grams) (6) Medial axis angle (intersection~ on ventral face~ of medial axis with plane of striking platform) (7) Platform angle (intersection of projected plane of platform with ventral face below bulb) (8) Maximum width of latform (mm) (9) Thickness of platform mm; measured at cone on plane of platform) The non-metric or categorical attributes listed in Table 25 are with the possible exception of fire damage. This category was coded "present" for a specimen only when crazing or potlidding was in evidence. Color changes arising from exposure to heat were not coded because they were too difficult to identify reliably by visual means alone. self~explanatory~

Perhaps the most striking aspect of the assemblage is the diminutive size of the majority of specimens. The median weight is less than 0.2 g (the mean is considerably greater because of the presence of several heavy "outliers"). The means for seven of the metric attributes in Table 27 decrease from Level 84 to Level 83, and again from Level 83 to Level A2. The two exceptions to this pattern are platform angle and medial axis angle. Examination of minimum and maximum values reveals that the pattern is probably fortuitous~ resulting from the inclusion of a very large and heavy outlier in Level B4~ and a moderately large outlier in Level B3.

165

CJ) CJ)

--'

604 604 313 604 604 277 252 297 297 604 74 74 51 74 74 46 43 49 49 420 420 207 420 420 179 163

Level A2 . 1. Length (mm) 2. Width (mm) 3. Bulb Thickness (mm) 4. Max. Thickness (mm) 5. Weight (grams) 6. Medial Axis Angle( 0 ) 7. Platform Angle ( 0 ) 8. Platform Width (mm) 9. Platform Thick. (mm)

Level B3 1. Length (mm) 2. Width (mm) 3. Bulb Thickness (mm) 4. Max. Thickness (mm) 5. Weight (grams) 6. Medial Axis Angle( 0 ) 7. Platform Angle ( 0 )

N

n.

2.5 2.5 0.5 0.5 0.0 55.0 10.0

2.0 3.0 0.5 0.5 0.0 70.0 20.0 1.0 0.0

2.0 2.5 0.5 0.5 0.0 55.0 10.0 0.5 0.0 0.2

1-~i

65.5 42.0 16.0 19.0 52.0 155.0 135.0

58.0 37.0 10.0 16.0 24.2 140.0 125.0 21.0 7.0

65.5 55.0 17.5 43.0 99.9 155.0 135.0 31.0 17.0 3.7

Max.

12.3 11.2 2.7 3.0 l.l 92.6 69.0

10.7 9.6 2.0 2.3 0.9 96.1 64.2 5.3 1.6

12.6 11.4 2.8 3.2 1.5 93.8 67.9 6.3 2. l 1.2

Mean

8.4 6.5 2.1 2.6 3.8 13. l 18.4

9.2 6.2 1.6 2.6 3.3 13.1 20.8 4.2 1.3

9.0 7.2 2.4 3.6 7.0 13.7 19.4 4.8 2.0 0.5

S.D.

a

2.6 1.9 2.4 2.4 8. l 0.6 0.5

3.3 2.0 2.7 3.5 5.6 l.O 0.4 1.8 2. 1

2.5 2.0 3.0 4.9 l 0.8 0.5 0.4 2. l 3.3 1.2

Skew

Kurt.

8.8 4.2 9.6 8.1 84.2 2.5 1.9

11.9 5. l 9.8 13.8 33.4 2.0 0.7 3.3 5.4

7.8 5.3 12.2 38.4 137.4 1.5 1.0 5.6 17.4 2.2

b

Metric attributes of Garnsey lithic assemblage by stratigraphic level (1977 and 1978).

Level/Attribute All Levels Combined l. Length (mm) 2. Width (mm) 3. Bulb Thickness (mm) 4. r~ax. Thickness (mm) 5. Weight (grams) 6. Medial Axis Angle ( 0 ) 7. Platform Angle ( 0 ) 8. Plat form Width (mm) 9. Platform Thick. (mm) 10. Length/Width Ratio

Table 27.

--'

(/)

n

1-1

:c

-1

1-1

r

--'

-....,J

en

---'

2.0 3.0 0.5 l.O 0.0 55.0 30.0 1.0 0.0

Min. 0.5 0.0 60.0 55.0 17.5 35.0 99.9 125.0 115.0 27.0 17.0

Max. 30.0 16.0 14.5 13. 1 3.6 4.1 2.5 97.3 68.9 7.3 2.6

Mean 6. 1 2.0

S.D. 4.5 1.9 9.3 9. 1 3.8 4.8 10.9 15.7 19.6 5.7 2.9

aSkew (Skewness = m3/(m 2)3/2 where mj is the jth sample moment). bKurt (Kurtosis= (m4/m~)-3 where mj is the jth sample moment).

88 88 44 88 88 41 35 42 40

Level 84 1. Length (mm) 2. Width (mm) 3. Bulb Thickness (mm) 4. Max. Thickness (mm) 5. Weight (grams) 6. Medial Axis Angle( 0 ) 7. Platform Angle ( 0 ) 8. Platform Width (mm) 9. Platform Thick. (mm)

N

195 197

(cont.)

Level/Attribute 8. Platform Width (mm) 9. Platform Thick. (mm)

Table 27.

3.3

1.8

2.0 2. 1 2.5 3.9 8.4 -0.5 0.1

aSkew. 1.9 3.0

5.5 5.2 6.0 19.3 72.4 0.1 -0.4 3.1 12.7

bKurt. 5.2 15.6

() (/)

........

:r:

-1

........

r

---'

---'

11.

ANGLE 0.00 8.18 16.36 24.55 32.73 40.91 49.09 57.27 65.46 73.64 81.82 90.00

PERCENT 0.0 0.0 5.2 2.2 9.0 15.7 18.7 13.4 2.2 17.2 10.4 6.0

LITHICS

N

0 0 7 :::::::::::::::::-:-·

3 12 ::::::::::::::::::::::-:·:-.·....

~i 1! •1!: ! ~! ! 1 •! 1• !• :• • :• :. !1!1!!111!11

~:

ii

j ·j j .j :J: ij.ijj iJi. ••

·••··:-::···················· ·. ·

I? •• • •·•·• . . . . .

15 2 5 (INTERVAL WIDTH= 8.18) 134 100.0 TOTAL Fig. 68. Frequency distribution of edge angles of all Garnsey tools (N=l34).

Table 28. Descriptive statistics for each of three edge-angle modes shown in Fig. 68 (sharp, intermediate and steep edges). asam~le

Sharp (U) Interm. (U,UR,BR,RS) Steep (U,UR,BR,RS)

No. Edges 10 79 45

Min. 15 30 70

Max. 25 65 90

tvlean S.D. 21.0 3.2 46.7 9.9 77.7 7.4

hskew. -0.1 0.0 0.5

bKurt. -0.4 -1.0 -1.0

aU (Utilized); UR(Unifacially Retouched); BR (Bifacially Retouched); RS (§esharpening Flakes). Skew (Skewness); Kurt (Kurtosis); see footnote in Table 27 for explanation.

168

11.

LITHICS

Edge Characteristics of Tools Fig. 68 presents a frequency distribution of edge angles recorded on all utilized flakes, unifacially and bifacially retouched tools, and resharpening flakes with preserved remnants of the original tool edge on their striking platforms. On tools with more than one working edge, each edge was treated separately, bringing the total sample size to 134. Fig. 68 is clearly trimodal, with modes very much like those observed in the much smaller sample from the first season (Speth and Parry 1978:45). Table 28 presents the mean and other descriptive statistics for each of the three edge-angle modes in Fig. 68 (sharp, intermediate and steep edges). The first edge-angle mode (sharp edges) in Fig. 68 contains only utilized edges (10; 22.7%); none of the edges with retouch, and none of the edges preserved on resharpening flakes, had edge angles less than 30°. The majority of utilized edges (32; 72.7%) fall within the intermediate edge-angle mode (i.e., between 30° and 65°). Only two utilized edges (4.5%) fall within the steep mode. Edges with unifacial retouch were relatively evenly divided between the intermediate and steep edge-angle modes (43.2% and 56.8%, respectively). Edges with bifacial retouch tended to be concentrated within the intermediate mode (62.8%) with only 37.2% in the steep mode. Edges preserved as remnants on resharpening flakes were concentrated in the steep edge-angle mode (65.0%) with only 35.0% falling within the intermediate mode. This interesting result suggests that resharpening flakes are to a large extent debris resulting from use-related attrition or re-edging of tools with edge angles greater than about 70°. 11

11

Table 29 presents the mean edge angle and other descriptive statistics for each major tool type recognized in the Garnsey assemblage. Table 29. Descriptive statistics for edge angles of each major tool type recognized in the Garnsey lithic assemblage. No. Tool T,tj2e Edges Utili zed Flake 43 Unifac. Ret. (excl. Endscr.) 19 Endscraper 7 Projectile Point 9 Ovate Biface 6 Biface or Knife 9 Resharpening Flake 41

Min. 15 35 40 32 30 40 40

Max. 80 90 90 50 80 80 90

Mean 39.0 60.8 67.9 41.9 65.0 55.2 68.9

S.D. a Skew. aKurt. 0.1 14.5 0.5 -1.0 16.9 0.3 18.7 -0.3 -1.3 6.4 0.0 -1.3 20.5 -1.0 -0.7 -0.6 13.3 0.6 13.6 -0.4 -0.3

aSkew (Skewness); Kurt (Kurtosis); see footnote in Table 27 for explanation. 169

11.

LITHICS

Table 30 compares the edge angles of tools originating in the processing area (Trenches 78-2 and 78-4) with those of tools from the north side of the arroyo (Trenches 77-1, 78-1, 78-5). Because of the small sample sizes, all stratigraphic levels were combined. Table 30. Descriptive statistics for edge angles of tools by major provenience units at the Garnsey site. No. Edges 59 56

Min. 15 20

Max. 90 90

Mean 53.7 56.1

S.D. b Skew. bKurt. -0.9 0.0 20.3 -0.9 0.2 19.4

6

35 50

90 90

55.0 71.7

0.8 16.6 15. 1 -0.2

-0.2 -1.2

Endscraper (North Side) Eridscraper (Proc. Area)

3 3

60 50

85 90

75.0 70.0

13.2 20.0

-0.6 0.0

-1.5 -1.5

Biface-Knife (North Side) Biface-Knife (Proc. Area)

1

8

55 40

55 80

55.0 55.3

14.2

0.6

-0.9

aSam~le/Provenience

U,UR,BR,RS (North Side) U,UR,BR,RS (Proc. Area) UR (ex. Endscr.) (North Side) UR (ex. Endscr.) (Proc. Area)

11

aU (Utilized); UR (Unifacially Retouched); BR (Bifacially Retouched); RS (§esharpening Flakes). Skew (Skewness); Kurt (Kurtosis); see footnote in Table 27 for explanation. Although the edge angles of tools on the north side of the arroyo and in the processing area are similar, two interesting differences may be seen in Table 30. First, biface and/or knife fragments are restricted almost entirely to the processing area. Second, the mean edge angle of unifacially retouched tools (excluding endscrapers) is considerably lower on the north side. More than 80% of these tools.on the north side have edge angles which fall between 35° and 65° (intermediate edges); whereas nearly 70% of these tools in the processing area have edge angles greater than 75° (steep edges). The Garnsey lithic data offer some useful insights into tool function which cannot be observed as clearly in more complex, multipleactivity settlement types. This is because the Garnsey assemblage derives from a limited range of activities associated primarily with the procurement and initial processing of a single species of animal. Moreover, theseactivities took place within a relatively brief period of time, and they were carried out in different parts of the wash. Perhaps the major shortcoming of the Garnsey lithic sample is its small size. Bearing in mind the potential limitations of the sample, the following observations concerning the assemblage are of interest.

170

11.

LITHICS

First, the assemblage is dominated by small, unmodified flakes. An unknown number of these probably are debris from tool use and resharpeni ng. Many hcrwever may be expedient cutting tools, used without modification in the butchering process, and then discarded. It is interesting in this regard that the cores were found in the killbutchering areas, not in the processing area (despite the considerably larger quantity of lithic debitage in the latter area). The cores may have been used as hammers or pounding tools in activities related to butchering. But their principal function probably was to provide a ready source of raw material for the expedient manufacture of sharp cutting implements. The expedient nature of flakes in the killbutchering areas is also indicated by the considerably greater diversity of raw material types in these areas than in the processing area. Other differences between the butchering and processing areas can be observed. Virtually all of the biface fragments were recovered from the processing area. Most of these tools had edge angles between 40° and 65°. The two specimens with steep edge angles came from the processing area. Interestingly, resharpening flakes from bifacial tools were more numerous in the kill-butchering areas than in the processing area. This would imply that, while bifacial tools were used and resharpened in the primary butchering areas, they were put to tasks which produced a higher rate of breakage and discard in the processing area. Alternatively, since the majority of specimens are fragmentary, it is possible that two different types of bifaces are actually represented in the two areas. Among the endscrapers, the small varieties all came from the killbutchering areas; the larger, more elongated combination end- and sidescrapers came from the processing area. The range of edge angles in endscrapers from both areas is comparable, including both intermediate and steep edges. The differences in size and shape of endscrapers from the two areas may reflect functionally distinct tool types. It is poss i b1e, however, that the differences reflect functionally comparable tools at different stages of attrition. The latter would imply that endscrapers were being manufactured in the processing area and/or that the activities in the butchering areas produced higher rates of attrition. Unifacially retouched tools (excluding endscrapers), like other categories of retouched tools, have representative s in both the intermediate and steep edge-angle modes. Unlike the other tool categories, however, the unifacial tools are segregated spatially, with the majority of intermediate-ed ged specimens occurring in the kill-butcherin g areas, and the majority of steep-edged specimens occurring in the processing area. Resharpening flakes from unifacial tools occur in comparable numbers in both areas. Projectile points show no apparent stratigraphic patterning at Garnsey. The majority come from Level 83 deposits; included among them

171

11.

LITHICS

are specimens with straight, concave and deeply indented bases, specimens with double and triple notches, and specimens with and without serration. The diversity of point forms within a series of closely related kill and processing events is not unexpected. Bourke, for example, notes that among the historic Apaches The same warrior may have in his quiver representatives of several types [of points], sometimes serrated, sometimes non-serrated, but all deadly. (quoted in Mason 1893:669) Moreover, the ethnographic literature is replete with examples of the astounding diversity of arrow forms that may be in use~within a single community (see, for example, the inventory provided by Watanabe 1975). Spatially, the Garnsey points display some degree of patterning, although the small sample size makes interpretation difficult. First, serrated blades occur only in the kill-butchering areas. This suggests that, while their primary function was as arrow points, they may also have been employed as hafted cutting tools during subsequent butchering activities. Second, point tips (three snapped off at the notch and one broken off near the midsection of the blade) come from the kill-butchering areas. Point fragments from the processing area appear to preserve more of the basal portion below the notches. This might indicate that the haft elements of points broken or damaged during the kill were removed and discarded in the processing area. The significance of the trimodal edge-angle distribution observed in the Garnsey tools deserves further comment. The modes do not appear to be the fortuitous byproducts of measurement error or sample size. Nearly identical modes showed up in the samples from both field seasons. Moreover, Wilmsen (1970:68-74) has observed very similar trimodal distributions in a variety of Paleo-Indian assemblages, and Frison (1970: 36-38, 1974:92) has noted comparable sharp and intermediate modes in at least two bison kills (Glenrock and Casper, respectively). Both authors associate the sharp mode with cutting operations. Frison (1970:36) attributes the intermediate mode to scraping functions, while Wilmsen (1970:70) suggests a somewhat broader range of activities including both scraping and heavy cutting. Wilmsen (1970:71) attributes the steep mode to activities involving wood working, bone working and heavy shredding. If his assessment of the nature of activities associated with steep-edged tools is reasonable, then the absence of this mode in primary kill sites such as Glenrock and Casper, both of which lacked processing areas, is not surprising (Frison 1970:2, 1978:173). The presence of the steep edge-angle mode at Garnsey, then, would imply that the range of activities at this site was broader than that at either Glenrock or Casper. This conclusion is certainly supported by the existence of a distinctive processing area at Garnsey. Moreover, the occurrence of steep-edged tools within the kill-butchering areas, as well as within the processing area, may indicate that a fair amount of processing was taking place throughout the site. This would help to account for the high degree of disarticulation of bones within the bone clusters. 172

11.

LITHICS

An alternative explanation for the existence of the steep edgeangle mode should be noted. This mode may represent a stage in the attrition of butchering tools, rather than a distinct functional category (cf. Wilmsen 1970:71). This view is made plausible by the fact that all of the unifacially and bifacially retouched tool categories at Garnsey have representative s in both the intermediate and steep edgeangle modes, and by the fact that most identifiable resharpening flakes are derived from steep-edged tools. But if the steep-edged specimens do in fact represent a stage in the attrition of more acute-edged tools, one would expect the distribution of edge angles to grade from intermediate values into steep values, rather than to display the clear-cut mod a 1ity present in Fig. 68. The multimodal patterning of tool edge-angles appears to be a real phenomenon. However, in order to arrive at a more adequate understanding of the significance of this patterning, the functional and spatial correlates of tool edge angles need to be examined in a much wider variety of butchering and processing contexts.

173

12.

THE

FROM THE GARNSEY BISON KILL SITE, SOUTHEASTERN NEW MEXICO

CERA~1ICS

by Regge N. Wiseman Museum of New Mexico Santa Fe, New Mexico Nineteen sherds were recovered from various proveniences in the Garnsey Bison Kill site (Table 31). Six previously described pottery types are represented by one or more examples with only one sherd being unassignable. Jelinek•s (1967) definitions (especially temper types) were used to distinguish the brown ware types, and the identification of the El Paso and Chupadero sherds was based on the writer•s familiarity with these wares. In retrospect, it seems likely that several, if not all of those sherds typed as Chupadero might fit the criteria for Middle Pecos Black-on-White (Jelinek 1967:56-58), particularly with regard to the softer, more crumbly paste he attributes to Middle Pecos B/W. All sherds are quite small (thumbnail size or smaller), making the use of criteria other than temper and paste characteristics difficult if not impossible. A thirty-power binocular microscope was used for temper identifications. Tentative assignment of the ceramic assemblage to one or more of Jelinek•s (1967) phases is virtually impossible because of the small sample size, the poorly dated nature of all the types involved (Table 32), and the fact that only an incomplete phase sequence for the immediate Roswell area has been suggested. The fact that South Pecos Brown apparently was primarily an early type and that McKenzie Brown was primarily a late type opens the possibility that either one long or two or more shorter occupations are represented, though this is far from certain. It is concluded only that a general time period of approximately A.D. 900 to 1400 is indicated by the pottery. Functional evidence is also quite scanty, mostly because of the small sherd sizes which limit the ability to make vessel type (jar versus bowl) determinations. It is interesting that at least four of the black-on-white sherds are from bowls; at least three different vessels are represented. References Cited Breternitz, David A. 1966 An Appraisal of Tree-Ring Dated Pottery in the Southwest. Anthropological Papers of the University of Arizona 10. Jelinek, Arthur J. 1967 A Prehistoric Sequence in the Middle Pecos Valley, New Mexico. University of Michigan, Museum of Anthropology, Anthropological Pap~r 31. 174

12.

Table 31.

THE CERAMICS FROM THE GARNSEY BISON KILL SITE, SOUTHEASTERN NEW MEXICO Sherd identifications and proveniences.

Provenience BL/F-3/S Z=l34

~e

(6/6/77)

BL/G-5,6/SC Z=90-l20 BL/5l3S476W/28 BL/0-8/9 BL/523S595W/l9 BL/D-8/ll BL/5l8-20S589-9lW/S (7/18/78) BL/G-5,6/SB Z=90-l20 BL/Ar/S/56 (496S464W/2) BL/5llS473W/S (7/16/78) BL/F-8/36 BL/E-2/S Z=l23-l34 (5/28/77) BL/5l9S590-91W/S (7/17/78) BL/5l4S475W/S (7/21/78) BL/G-5,6/SA Z=90-l20 BL/D-9/S (6/25/78) BL/C-7/7 BL/5l4S477W/S (8/9/78) BL/5l4S477W/3

Table 32.

El Paso Black-on-Brown or Polychrome Chupadero B/W bowl (?) Chupadero B/W bowl Chupadero B/W bowl Chupadero B/W bowl Chupadero B/W bowl Chupadero B/W jar El Paso Brown or Polychrome Jornada Brown Jornada Brown Jornada (?) Brown McKenzie Brown McKenzie Brown Roswell Brown bowl rim (nontapered, rounded lip) South Pecos Brown South Pecos Brown South Pecos Brown South Pecos Brown, red washed or slipped variety Unidentified brown

aPottery type dates.

Pottery Type Chupadero Black-on-White El Paso Polychrome r~cKenzi e Brown Roswell Brown

Dates (Reference) A.D. 1150-1400; best 1250-1400 (B) A.D. 14th century (B) A.D. 1100-1300+ (J) before A.D. 900 to 1300+; most common after 1100 (J) before A.D. 900 to 1300+; most common 900-1100 (J)

South Pecos Brown

a(B) after Breternitz 1966; (J) after Jelinek 1967.

175

13.

CONCLUSIONS

Based on the evidence currently available, between ca. A.D. 1450 and A.D. 1600 the Garnsey site was the locus of recurrent, communal procurement activities,in which bison were either surrounded within the wash or driven over the edge of the wash into corrals. Although several different events are recorded in the Garnsey deposits, all took place during the same season of the year--the spring. Different kjll episodes appear to have involved bison herds of different composition, some events focusing on 11 COW groups 11 or 11 nursery herds 11 , others focusing on 11 bu11 group s 11 • Communal procurement activities may have been timed in the spring to occur prior to the seasonal abandonment of the area by local bison populations. Kill activities may have been aimed at procuring supplies of dried meat for the summer months, and perhaps at providing meat, hides and other bison products for exchange with other groups in the region. Horticulturally based puebloan communities may have been a major focus of this exchange. Rib units and the upper portions of the rear limbs, particularly of males, were principal targets of the butchering process. Hides and tongues also may have been selectively removed. The high degree of disarticulation of elements in the discard piles, while to some extent an artifact of post-depositional disturbance, probably reflects intensive butchering of the Garnsey bison. In addition, the presence in the kill-butchering areas of steep-edged tools, not found in northern plains bison kills which lacked on-site processing areas, suggests that considerable secondary processing may have been taking place over much of the Garnsey site. Heavier butchering of rear limb elements, particularly those of the upper leg, in conjunction with the preferential butchering of metacarpals, suggest that marrow production may have been an important consideration in the processing activities .. The Garnsey site documents a local efflorescence in communal bison hunting during the period represented by Levels B4, B3 and A2. The Garnsey data are consistent with evidence presented by Jelinek (1967), Collins (1966, 1971), Dillehay (1974) and others which points to an increase after ca. A.D. 1300-1400 in the importance of bison in subsistence systems throughout much of the southern plains region. Jelinek (1967), working within the Middle Pecos itself, postulated that by A.D. 1400 bison herds had become such an attractive resource that local horticultural communities were completely abandoned in favor of a more nomadic mode of subsistence, focused heavily on the procurement of bison. The Garnsey data, while consistent with a view of generally increasing exploitation of bison in the Middle Pecos area, cast doubt on the likelihood that bison became sufficiently abundant or predictable to have brought about the transformation of village-farming systems into bison-hunting economies. The high rate of dental attrition

176

13.

CONCLUSIONS

and the comparatively short life expectancy of the Garnsey bison attest to the marginal nature of local forage during this period. In all likelihood, bison populations in the area remained relatively small and probably were very vulnerable to fluctuations in precipitation which altered local pasture conditions (cf. Reher 1977). It seems likely that exploitation of local bison populations in the Middle Pecos region during the late prehistoric period would have been opportunistic, with frequent recourse to other hunted, gathered or perhaps cultivated resources. Although increasing bison availability may have been a factor in the abandonment of local village-farming communities, it seems doubtful that this would have been the sole or primary cause.

177

APPENDIX A.

BISON REMAINS FROM THE GARNSEY SITE

APPENDIX A KEY TO FAUNAL TABLES I. General Comments on Tables A. All specimens listed in these tables are bison, unless specifically noted otherwise. B. All measurements are given in centimeters. C. Most of the abbreviations used as column headings in each table are explained in footnotes at the end of the table; a few headings that are used in all or most of the tables are explained below. D. The symbols used as entries in the tables are explained below. Often these symbols are accompanied by a footnote explaining some aspect of the particular entry; such footnotes are found at the end of each table. E. The term damage is used to denote breakage due to excavation or to exposure in the arroyo, but not to denote breakage that probably occurred as a result of butchering activites. F. Specimens specifically identified in the footnotes with the comment immature animal are exceptionally small and probably derive from fetal or neonatal individuals. 11

11

11

11

II. Specific Table Headings and Entries A. Prov. (Provenience) ~-3/2 (Unit F-3; Item 2) 2. 511S482W/2 (Unit 511S482W; Item 2) 3. Bkdt (Recovered in backdirt; no exact provenience) 4. F-3/S (Unit F-3; recovered in screen; provenience approximate) 5. F-3/Blk (Unit F-3; removed from bulk) 6. F-3/2A (Unit F-3; Item 2A; two or more items with same number) 7. F-3/2(Assoc)(Unit F-3; found in association with Item 2) 8. Ar/N/4 (Item 4 from north wall of arroyo) B.

c.

Side (of body) (Front) 2. Re (Rear) 3. L (Left) 4. R (Right) 5. L (Left side of foot; side of animal unknown) 6. R (Right side of foot; side of animal unknown) 7. I (Internal side of foot; side of animal known) 8. E (External side offoot; side of animal known) 9. C (Center or midline of foot; side of animal unknown) 10. P (Periphery or edge of foot; side of animal unknown) ~

11

11

11

11

Port. (Portion) (Abaxial) 2. An (Anterior) 3. Ax (Axial)

~b

179

APPENDIX A C.

D.

E.

Port. (cont.) (Vertebral body only) 5. Bl (Blade fragment only) 6. Bo (Border fragment; side unknown) 7. C (Complete) 8. CB (Scapula missing most of blade) 9. Cd (Caudal) 10. Cr (Cranial) 11 . D ( Di s tal) 12. Da (Damaged in excavation or by exposure in arroyo) 13. De (Distal epiphysis) 14. Di ( Diaphysis) 15. Do (Dorsal) 16. L (Left) 17. La (Lateral) 18. LTP (Left transverse process) 19. M (Medial) (Midsection of specimen) 20. Ms 21. P (Proximal) 22. Pcd (Caudal vertebral pad} 23. Per (Cranial vertebral pad) 24. Pe (Proximal epiphysis) 25. Po (Posterior) 26. R (Right) 27. Rs (Restored) 28. RTP (Right transverse process) 29. SP (Complete spinous process) (Spinous process dorsal section) 30. SPdo 31. SPms (Spinous process midsection) 32. Spn (Spine) 33. SPs (Unfused spinous process summit) 34. SPv (Spinous process ventral section) 35. TP (Transverse process; side unknown) 36. V (Ventral) 37. Vo (Volar or plantar) ~

But.

( B.utcheri ng) (None evident) 2. 1 (Breakage and/or cut-marks evident; usually described in footnote at base of table)

-l.-0

Fus. (Fusion) -1.-Fus. (P) 2. Fus.(D) 3. Fus.(Cr) 4. Fus.(Cd) 5. Fus.(Msc)

(Fusion (Fusion (Fusion (Fusion (Fusion

of of of of of

180

proximal end) distal end) cranial pad) caudal pad) medial sacral crest)

APPENDIX A E.

F.

Fus. (cont. ) 6.Fus. ( Lsc) (Fusion of lateral sacral crest) 7. Fus.(Sgt) (Fusion of supraglenoid tubercle) 8. 0 (Unfused) 9. 0.5 (Fusing) 10. 1 (Fused) Other Symbols 1. (Indeterminate or not relevant) 2. (1.35) (Measurement is close approximation of real value) 3. [1.35] (Measurement applies to broken, damaged or incomplete specimen; measurement does not reflect real value for complete specimen)

181

OJ N

......

a

JJ

---

.~1..-Po

~~Da

ggc

f Da

e?no

. Da 1...R,An ~L ,Po z.R,An L,Po m L,An nR,An 0 Po Ppo q (L) ,Po rR Po s ' tR,Po L,Po uPo v (Lj ,Po Da xpo YL 2Po Da ~~L,Po R,Po cc~ Po ClPo

~,Po

eAn f Po gl,Po

c aDa

Port.

Skull (Part I)

Prov. Ar/N/29 Ar/N/33A Ar/N/69 Ar/S/12 Ar/S/64 Ar/S/70A Ar/S/71 (Assoc) C-7/10 I-13/9 J-9/2 J-10/5 K-12/S (6/14/78) K-13/18 K-13/21 K-13/S(6/l4/78) 511S478W/6 518S590W/11 518S590W/21 519S590W/ 42 519S591W/2 522S595W/12 522S596W/8 522S598W/1 523S595W/9 523S595W/15 523S595W/17 523$595\J/ 33 523S595W/35 523S596W/2 523S596W/5 523S596W/31 523S596W/62 523S596W/94 523S596W/117

Table Ala.

(l)

(1 ) (1 ) (1 ) 1 (1) 1 1 . (0) (0) (1 ) (0) 0 (0) (0) (0) (1) (0) (1 ) (0) 1 0 0 0 (0)

(l) (l)

But. 0 (0) (1) (0) (0) (0) (1 )

-----

---

b5

---

-------

(47.5) (46.3) (36.3) [53.5]

(48.0) (47.5) 36.3 [53.5]

(13.5) 13.3 6.8 18.1

---

---

(15.8) (13.0) 16.5 12.6 6.7 7.1 19.8 16.0

(5.2) 5.5 4.2 7.4

---

14.0

42.6

40.2

---

p6.5j 45.5

f56.5j 43.3

---

[6.3] 8.7 4.7 (7.0) 5.6

-----

---

---

---

24.8 17.0 (15.1) (11.0) --- [15.0] 18.0 12.9 19.7 (11.9)

---

---

(8.5) 5.5 [7.3]

---

[3.2]

(5.6) (7. 5) 7.2

8.0

b6

---

-----

--- [7 .9] --- [16.0]

[9.5] [15.0] --22.0 13.0

[11. 0]

[13.5] [12.7]

b4

-----

-------

(16.1)

[9.7]

[13.0]

b3

(18.5) (14.8) (12.0) --- [18.0]

-------

---

-------

---

b2

(19.4) (12.7)

---

---

(54.0)

-----

[38.6]

---

[44.9]

bl

(13.8) 12.0 9.4 11.2 (12.4)

-----

20.7 20.5 (20.2) 22.0

11.8 (19.7)

(15.4) 16.7 13.1 22.5

12.2 11 .6

11.4

12.4

13.2

b9

F3.5? 19.2

19.9

(23.5)

25.9

b8

22.9 15.1 (23.0) 17.2

16.7

(16.8) (22.3) 23.1

23.6

b7

co w

(cont.)

(1) (0) (l ) (1 ) (0)

(1 )

(l)

But. 0 (l )

---

---

[53.0]

---

[53.0]

---

(59.0)

(57.5) (14.2)

---

(16. 8)

---

[19.3]

---

[68.0]

-----

[67.0]

b3

b2

bl b5

---

(17.5) (13.6)

---

(21.8) (14.7)

--- [18.0] ------- [6.8]

b4

(7.3)

---

(7.3)

[2. 1J

[5.0]

b6

(22.4)

---

( 21 . 5)

[23.0]

b7

(25.6)

22.5 [22.3]

[25.2]

b8

13.5

12.2

12.5

bg

Parts II, III and IV of Table for additional measurements and observations on skulls. 1 {Spread of Horn-Cores, Tip to Tip); 2 (Greatest Spread of Cores on Outside Curve); 3 (Core Length on Upper Curve, Tip to Burr); 4 (Core Length on Lower Curve, Tip to Burr); 5 (Length, Tip of Core to Upper Base at Burr); 6 (Vertical Diameter of Horn-Core); 7 (Circumference of Horn-Core); 8 (Greatest Width of Auditory Openings); 9 {Width of Condyles) (after Skinner and Kaisen 1947). 0 0riginally complete skull; left horn-core destroyed by exposure in arroyo; tip of right horn-core damaged in eacavation; no evidence of horn sheaths. Specimen consists of both premaxillae, both maxillae, palate, both nasals, right orbit, and small anterior portions of left and right frontals. eSpecimen consists of dorsal portion of base of both horn-cores (no horn sheaths), complete right frontal, and }ntercornual protuberance. Specimen consists of complete left horn-core (no sheath), occipital crest area, left two-thirds of rear parietal, left lateral parietal~ left squamous temporal, left occipital condyle, and most of rear one-third of left frontal. gSpecimen consists of right horn-core (no sheath, tip damaged), dorsal one-half of right orbit, right fronhal and right lateral parietal; horn-core exfoliated. Originally complete skull; specimen collapsed during removal; skull positioned in deposits with frontals up; intercornual protuberance and frontals sheared off horizontally, perhaps due to butchering or erosion (horn-cores not damaged); no sheaths on horn-cores; premaxillary area damaged by exposure in arroyo. ~Right premaxilla and small attached fragment of maxilla only. ~Probable left temporal process of malar (zygomatic) bone only. zFragment of right premaxilla only. Left jugular process of unfused occipital bone only. mFragment of left maxilla above masseteric process and infraorbital foramen, extending from junction with premaxilla to suture with lacrimal and malar (zygomatic) bones only.

~See

Prov. Port. kkoa 523S597W/l 0 Zi\ Po 523S597W/45 mmPo 523S597W/47 nnL,An 523S597W/57 00 R An 523S597W/60 PPoa 524S597W/7 qqPo 524S597W/25 rrR Po 524S597W/60(Assoc) 88 524S598W/l Da

Table Ala.

__,

_J:::;

co

(cont.)

0 Tip

nRight palatine process of premaxilla only. of horn-core only (no sheath). Psmall basal fragment of horn-core and associated horn sheath; specimen was difficult to preserve in field, but dimensions indicate that specimen is female or immature. qProbable left temporal process of malar (zygomatic) bone only. rRight horn-core and associated horn sheath only; horn-core butchered from skull just basal of burr. 8 Specimen consists of rear parietal, occipital bone, complete right horn-core (no sheath), right latefal parietal, right squamous temporal, ventral one-half of right orbit and left squamous temporal. Specimen consists of left horn-core and associated horn sheath, and adjacent portion of left frontal with small remnant of left orbit only. uFragmentary unfused occipital bone; basilar part and right condyle missing. vProbable left horn-core only (possible traces of horn sheath); remainder of skull may have been destroyed by erosion in arroyo. wNearly complete skull; approximately one-third of left horn-core tip damaged; no evidence of horn sheaths; orbits damaged in excavation; nasals displaced and pushed aborally; frontals·damaged and compressed ventrally by 10 em gypsum rock found on frontals. xSpecimen consists of both horn-cores (no horn sheaths, both tips slightly damaged), both lateral parietals, rear parietal, occipital bone, both frontals. Yspecimen consists of left horn-core (no sheath, tip damaged), most of left orbit, left frontal, left articular tubercle of temporal, left squamous temporal and left lateral parietal. 2 Nearly complete skull; both horn-cores complete (no sheaths); left maxilla and nasal area crushed and distorted. ~Left unfused jugular process of occipital bone only. Right malar (zygomatic) bone only. ccRight unfused jugular process of occipital bone only. ddunfused occipital bone of immature animal; damaged during excavation; right jugular process and dorsal arch of foramen magnum missing. eeSpecimen consists of occipital bone, interior structure of rear parietal (exterior of rear parietal butchered off), base of left horn-core (no sheath), small basal fragment of right horn-core (no sheath), lef}/nnd right lateral parietals, left and right squamous temporals, and most of left and right frontals. Originally nearly complete skull; specimen collapsed during removal; patella in left orbit. ggNearly complete skull; left anterior extremity of premaxilla slightly damaged; horn-cores weathered and ~xfoliated but nearly complete (no sheaths). h Nearly complete skull; adult female with unusually small horn-cores; both horn-cores nearly complete (no.sheaths); left nasal displaced and both nasals slightly damaged. ~~Specimen consists of both horn-cores (no sheaths, nearly complete), occipital bone, both lateral parietals, rear parietal, both squamous temporals, both frontals, and small posterior portions of both orbits.

Table Ala.

(cont.)

JJunidentifiable cranial fragment. kkNearly complete skull; both horn-cores weathered and exfoliated (both tips damaged; both horn sheaths probably present); ventra-basal areas of both horn-cores damaged by rodent activity; left premaxilla displaztd aborally. Left zygomatic process and articular tubercle of temporal bone only. mmTip of horn-core and probable traces of horn sheath only. nnleft premaxilla only. 00 Specimen consists of right maxilla only; fragment includes infraorbital foramen and masseteric process, and extends from suture area with malar (zygomatic bone) and lacrimal to just anterior of infraorbital foramen; speci me'n preserves a 11 teeth except M3. PPNearly complete skull; both nasals absent; both horn-cores complete (no sheaths), except for rodent damage to ventra-basal areas; right orbit damaged in excavation. qqSpecimen consists of occipital bone with adjacent ventral bones including both articular tubercles of the temporals, fragments of the tympanic bullae, and remnants of the auditory openings. rrRight jugular process of unfused occipital bone only. 88 Nearly complete skull; right horn-core nearly complete (possible horn sheath); tip of left horn-core oo ~ damaged (possible horn sheath); both horn-cores weathered and exfoliated.

Table Ala.

0"1

co

__,

---

[7.5] 5.5 (6.9) (7.2)

---

---

(11.2) 10.9 1o. 9 (11.6)

(7.5) 6.8 7.4 (8.4)

---

11.2

---

7.4

4.9 5.4 4.5 8.0

[6.8] 7.7 5.0 (8.1) 5.7

---

12.6 (11.4)

5.4 (8.9)

[4.5]

-----

8.8 7.6

---

-----

---

---

20.9

21.7 22.9 21.1 26.0

18.7 17.4 15.8 (22.8)

27.6 21.4

---

---

27.3

b14

16.9

24.0 18.3

---

-----

-------------

21.3

7.5

---

12.5

bl3

8.9

bl2

bll

blO

aSkull (Part II)

Prov. Ar/N/29 Ar/N/33A Ar/N/69 Ar/5/12 Ar/5/64 Ar/S/70A Ar/5/71 (Assoc) C-7 /10 I-13/9 J-9/2 J-1 0/5 K-12/5(6/14/78) K-13/18 K-13/21 K-13/5(6/14/78) 511S478W/6 518S590W/l1 518S590W/21 5195590W/42 5195591W/2 5225595W/12 5225596W/8 522S598W/1 523S595W/9 523S595W/15 523S595W/ 17 523S595W/33 523S595W/35 523S596W/2 523S596W/5 5235596W/31 5235596W/62 5235596W/94 5235596W/117

Table Alb.

---

20.9 (17.7)

---

28.2 26.1 28.7

(17.5)

---

---

---

23.2

b16

24.5

[29.9]

(31.7)

---

32.2

b15

(17.2) 17.7 16. 1

---

19.0

18.2

18.3 14.2

bll b19

b20

10.1 10. 1 10.1

---

10.7

---

(14.1) 13.5 13.7

15.3

15.8

15.7

8.6 8.4

9.0

9.5

9.7

10.4 (15.2) ----- c(15.6) c(10.0)

b18

__.

'-..J

co

(cont.)

23.7 22.5

7.5 (7.7)

11.7 12. 1

8.3

23.7

8.2

8.7

12.5

b13

8.7

b12

bll

blO

[30.7] 31.8

25.6

31.9

27.7

27.2

b15

b14

(24.1)

---

23.6

b16

18.1

(17.0)

18.3

b17

(11.0)

11.2

---

b18

15.2

15.5

bl9

(15.4)

9.3

9.9

b20

blO (Depth, Occipital Crest to Top of Foramen Magnum); 11 (Depth, Occipital Crest to Bottom of Foramen Magnum); 12 (Transverse Diameter of Horn-Core); 13 (Width between Bases of Horn-Cores); 14 (Width of Cranium between Horn~ores and Orbits); 15 (Greatest Post-Orbital Width); 16(Anterior Orbital Width at Notch); 17 (Width of Skull at Masseteric Processes above Ml); 18 (Rostral Width at Maxillary-Premaxillary Suture); 19 (P2-M3, Alveolar Length); 20 (Ml-M3, Alveolar Length) (after Skinner and Kaisen 1947). cDistance to aboral border of unerupted M3.

aSee Parts I, III and IV of Table for additional measurements and observations on skulls.

Prov. 523S597W/l0 523S597W/45 523S597W/47 523S597W/57 523S597W/60 524S597W/7 524S597W/25 524S597W/60(Assoc) 524S598W/l

Table Alb.

():) ():)

---

---

---

---

---

---

---

---

(36.4) [36.5]

---

44.3 42.8

---

46.4 46.8

---

(39.6)

42.8

---

[42.2]

47.6

---

46.9

51.9

---

---

---

43.0

---

47.6

---

53.4

bo-T

bF-P

bo-P

aSkull (Part III)

Prov. Ar/N/29 Ar/N/33A Ar/N/69 Ar/S/12 Ar/S/64 Ar/S/70A Ar/S/71 (Assoc) C-7/10 I-13/9 J-9/2 J-1 0/5 K-12/5(6/14/78) K-13/18 K-13/21 K-13/5(6/14/78) 511S478W/6 518S590W/11 518S590W/21 519S590W/42 519S591W/2 522S595W/12 522S596W/8 522S598W/1 523S595W/9 523S595W/15 523S595W/17 523S595W/33 523S595W/35 523S596W/2 523S596W/5 523S596W/31 523S596W/62 523S596W/94 523S596W/117

Table Ale.

---

---

20.0 (20.2)

20.2

22.8

---

---

---

24.4

bo-N

---

---

(18.5) (16.4) [16.0]

19.4

---

1o. 7 9.3 10.8

-----

---

18.6 (16.3)

bN-T

(11.7)

---

---

11.9 9.2

bM-P

(67°) 62° 74° (65°)

60°

65° (60°)

( 730)

b2l c69o

21° 13° ( 19°)

go

26°

c16o

b22

co

1..0

(cont.) bF-P 47.6

43.4 47.5

bO-P 52.4

(51.1) 52.3

24.4

(21.9)

--44.7

bo-N 23.1

bo-T 4L9

11.3

11.5

bM-P (12.5)

20.3

---

bN-T 18.8

20° 22°

730

25°

68°

720

b22

b21

asee Parts I, II and IV of Table for additional measurements and observations on skulls. bo-P (Length, Occipital Crest to Tip of Premaxilla); F-P (Basilar Length, Foramen Magnum to Tip of Premaxilla); 0-T (Length, Occipital Crest to Tip of Nasals); 0-N (Length, Occipital Crest to Nasal-Frontal Suture); M-P (Length, Beyond P2 to Tip of Maxilla); N-T (Length of Nasal Bone); 21 (Angle of Posterior Divergence of Horn-Core); 22 (Angle of Proximal Depression of Horn-Core) (after Skinner and Kaisen 1947). cMeasurements 21 and 22 were extremely difficult to determine with accuracy and should be considered approximate at best; due to slight changes in procedure, the values presented above differ from those in Speth and Parry (1978:58).

Prov. 523S597W/10 523S597W/45 523S597W/47 523S597W/57 523S597W/60 524S597W/7 524S597W/25 524S597W/60(Assoc) 524S598W/l

Table Ale.

~

0

---

---------

---

(121.5) 131.0 106.0 123.8

--(106 .1) 101.9 93.3 92.5

---

---

---

---

---

139.5

---

---

---

113.0 94.0 (86.4) 98.2

-----

(87. 7) 79.6 51.9 80.4

-----

---

81.4

-----

86.0 (78.8)

-----

(76.0)

---

(69. 7)

101.9

-----

(101.8) (108. 7) (100.0)

---

145.9 (137.3)

-------

---

(123.3)

169.2

---

---

-----

---

---

(62.2) 58.1 32.2 69.6

-----

-·--

67.0

---

71.4 (55.6)

---------

---

---

-------

-----

---

---

---

---

30.5 32.0

-----

81.2 80.8 90.6

-------

-------

85.3

-----

pmmature) Immature u>5.5 v>5.5 w>9.0 xca.y ___6-8 8

---

qca. 2-4 r (Immature)

ca.p ___6-8

--0

-----

-------

----n (Immature)

7-9

m(Mature)

l

kca.

J ---

dApprox. Jl.ge (,~rs. ) !>5.5 gc~. 0.5-2.5 . >5. 5 -z-(t1ature)

---

-------

35.7

-----

33.7

---

---

-------

-------

---

brndex 1 brndex 2 brndex 3 brndex 4 b~ndex 5 clndex 6 ---, 108.0 (31.9) --84.8 ---

a5kull (Part IV)

Prov. Ar/N/29 Ar/N/33A Ar/N/69 Ar/5/12 Ar/5/64 Ar/5/70A Ar/5/71 (As soc) C-7/10 I-13/9 J-9/2 J-10/5 K-12/5(6/14/78) K-13/18 K-13/21 K-13/5(6/14/78) 5115478W/6 5185590W/11 5185590W/21 519S590W/42 519S591W/2 5225595W/12 522S596W/8 5225598W/1 5235595W/9 523S595W/15 5235595W/17 523S595W/33 523S595W/35 523S596W/2 523S596W/5 523S596W/31 523S596W/62 523S596W/94 523S596W/117

Table Ald.

M

F F F

M

(F)

M

M

M

M

(F)

M

M M

(F)

M

e5ex M

\.0

(cont.) b

(128. 7)

----(63.4)

---

---

(94.8)

---

---

---

---

Index 3

( 78. l )

b

(97.3)

---

---

(148.3)

---

Index 2

---

Index l

b

b

(55.5)

---

---

(61.8)

---

---

Index 4

b

(32.4)

-----

35.0

---

Index 5 32.6

c

80.5

---

---

-----

Index 6 86.8

3-5 ca. 5-7 cc

e>5.5

dd~Im;~~ure)

bbca.

aa

d Approx. Age (,~rs.) z ca. 6-8 e

M

M (M)

M

Sex

Parts I, II and III of Table for additional measurements and observations on skulls. Index I (Horn-Core Curvature); Index 2 (Horn-Core Compression); Index 3 (Horn-Core Proportion); Index 4 (Horn-Core Length); Index 5 (Tooth-Row Proportion) (after Skinner and Kaisen 1947). cindex 6 (Index of Orbital Protrusion) (after Guthrie 1966, cited in Wilson 1974). dAge estimates of upper dentitions based on eruption and wear sequences published by Wilson (1974) and by Frison et al. (1978); where dentitions are absent, assignment of male skulls to broad, relative age classes based on degree of fusion of parietofrontal and frontal sutures, rugosity of orbits, prominence of burr at base of horn cores and so forth, as described by Skinner and Kaisen (1947) and Shackleton et al. (1975). Age estimates based on paracone heights of maxillary molars are presented in Table 18. esex of skulls based on clear bimodality of horn-core transverse diameters as well as comparable bimodality in other measures. fDentition entirely missing (post-mortem); parietofrontal suture completely closed and obliterated; aboral half of frontal suture closed and obliterated. gRight: DP2 in place but almost entirely displaced by P2, DP3 and DP4 in place, Ml and M2 erupted, M3 at level of alveolus; Left: DP2 and DP3 lost, P2 and P3 unerupted but visible in sockets, DP4 in place, Ml in p~ace, M2 and M3 and associated maxilla missing. Dentition entirely missing; parietofrontal suture and preserved portion of frontal suture completely closed and obliterated. ~Dentition entirely missing; transverse supraoccipital suture across rear parietal completely closed and obliterated, suggesting that individual is mature. Jsex based on horn-core size. kAll permanent teeth erupted and in full wear; Right: dentition complete; Left: Ml missing (post-mortem).

~See

Prov. 523S597W/l0 523S597W/45 523S597W/47 523S597W/57 523S597W/60 524S597W/7 524S597W/25 524S597W/60(Assoc) 524S598W/l

Table Ald.

--'

1',)

1..0

(cont.)

Zsize of horn sheath indicates specimen derives from female or immature individual. mDentition entirely missing; transverse supraoccipital suture across rear parietal closed and obliterated, suggesting that individual is mature. noccipital unfused. 0 All permanent teeth erupted and in wear; dentition complete. Prransverse supraoccipital suture across rear parietal visible. qDentition complete; Right: P2 and P3 damaged, M3 in early stage of eruption; Left: M3 in early stage of eruption. rJugular process unfused. 8 Jugular process unfused. tvery small, unfused occipital bone of 'immature animal; spongy bone texture. uPreserved portion of frontal suture closed and obliterated; dentition entirely missing. vParietofrontal and frontal sutures closed and obliterated; dentition lost (post-mortem) except for base of left M3. wAll permanent teeth erupted and in full wear; Right: P2 broken but small portion of occlusal surface preserved; Left: P2 and P3 broken. xAll permanent teeth erupted and in full wear; Right: dentition complete; Left: P2 missing (post-mortem). Yrransverse supraoccipital suture across rear parietal visible; dentition entirely lost. 2 All permanent teeth erupted and in wear; Right: P2, P3, P4 and Ml broken; Left: P2 broken, P3 damaged. ~~Specimen includes only P2 (broken), P3 (broken), P4, Ml and M2. All permanent teeth erupted and in wear; dentition complete. ccSex based on distance between auditory openings; value given is at least one em less than rea~dvalue in undamaged specimen. Jugular process unfused. eeDentition missing except for basal fragments of right M2; parietofrontal and frontal sutures closed and obliterated.

Table Ald.

__,

w

1..0

L L

R

~Da

sc tc

qPo rDa

PAn

oc

Jpo kAn loa moa no a 1 l 1 l 0 0

(0)

1 0 0

(0) 1

1 (0) 0 0 0

(0)

But.

[38.55] 29.06 (31.95)

[40.85] [26.10] (38.73)

[42.66] (39.90)

[39.55] (39.62) [28.85] (37.60) [37.50] 37.25 [31 .50]

30.30 33.13

40.71

(43.90)

(39.11) [41.50] 38.63

b2

bl

[12.18]

(12.64)

[12.98]

(11.35) [12.29] 10.87

(13.86) (12.11)

b3

[26.25]

26.35

(27.65)

(25.65) [25.00] 26.00

[25.63] (26.30)

b4

[27.00] 19.38 21.75

(26.56)

[28.10]

(24.35) [28.22] 25.50

(28.85) (27.02)

b5

[34.30] 24.80 27.02

(33.42)

[34.50]

(32.18) [35.65] 31.87

(36.75) (33.69)

b6

(15.17)

14.29

(15.27)

(13.28) (15.97) 14.64 (15.62)

(15.23) (14.94)

b7

asee Parts II and III of this table for additional measurements and observations on mandibles. b1 (Length from Angle to Infradentale); 2 (Length from Condyle to lnfradentale); 3 (Length from Angle to M3); 4 (Length of Horizontal Ramus between M3 and Infradentale); 5 (Length from Angle to front of P2); 6 (Length from Angle to Mental Foramen); 7 (Length of Cheektooth Row) (after von den Driesch 1976). coamaged by exposure in arroyo; oral area damaged; condyle and tip of coronoid process damaged; angle slightly damaged; all incisors and canine missing (post-mortem); P3 missing (post-mortem); P4, Ml, M2 and M3 broken. doamaged by exposure in arroyo; entire ventral border from angle to mental foramen missing; coronoid process butchered off; all incisors and canine missing (post-mortem); P2, P3 and P4 missing (post-mortem). 8 Damaged by exposure in arroyo; entire mandible aborally of aboral edge of M3 missing; all incisors and canine missing (post-mortem), except unerupted Il. !specimen exposed in arroyo, but nearly complete; minor damage to oral end and angle; all incisors and canine missing (post-mortem); P3 and P4 broken; M2 broken. gDamaged by exposure in arroyo; oral end broken off at mental foramen; angle slightly damaged; all incisors and canine missing (post-mortem?); P2 missing (post-mortem?); M3 found nearby (Ar/S/4) and reinserted in mandible.

517S481 W/18 517S481W/l9 522S595W/ll 523S597W/61

(L)

K-ll/3

R

L

R

gDa ~c

~a

R

R

R

Port. coa do a

Side

L L L R L R R

aMandible (Part I)

Prov. Ar/N/l Ar/N/2 Ar/N/33B Ar/N/34 Ar/S/3 Ar/S/ 15 Ar/S/16 C-8/6 D-8/16 1-4/l 1-5/2 1-6/1 J-12/9

Table A2a.

--'

.f;:>

1.0

(cont.)

hspecimen exposed in arroyo, but nearly complete; all incisors and canine missing (post-mortem); P2 damaged; Ml missing (ante-mortem?), with possible bone resorption. ~Damaged by exposure in arroyo; oral end damaged; entire mandible aborally of aboral edge of M3 missing; all incisors and canine missing (post-mortem?). Jcondyle only. koiastema and symphyseal areas, with mental foramen only. loamaged by exposure in arroyo; consists of two nonrestorable segments, broken at Ml; ventral border from below Ml to angle missing; angle missing; coronoid process missing; all incisors and canine missing (post-mortem); P2, P3 and P4 broken; Ml missing (post-mortem). moamaged by exposure in arroyo; oral end slightly damaged; ventral border from mental foramen to angle missing; all incisors and canine missing (post-mortem); P4 missing (post-mortem); Ml missing (ante-mortem), with bone resorption. noamaged by exposure in arroyo; oral end slightly damaged; entire mandible aborally of aboral edge of Ml missing; all incisors and canine missing (post-mortem); P4 missing (ante-mortem?), with possible bone resorption; Ml missing (ante-mortem?), with possible bone resorption. °Complete, except for removal of coronoid process by butchering; slight damage to angle; all incisors and canine missing (post-mortem); P2, P3 and P4 missing (post-mortem); Ml missing (post-mortem); M2 and M3 smashed off at level of alveoli. Poiastema and symphyseal areas, with mental foramen only. qFragment of coronoid process only. rspecimen badly corroded; oral end slightly damaged in excavation; most of ascending ramus (including coronoid process and condyle), and aboral half of ventral border with angle butchered off; all incisors and canine missing (post-mortem); P2, P3 and P4 missing (post-mortem). 8 Complete; all incisors and canine missing (post-mortem). tcomplete; slight damage to oral end; all deciduous incisors and canine missing (post-mortem?); unerupted Il visible in socket; DP2 missing (post-mortem?).

Table A2a.



(cont. )

Prov. J-8/5(6/19/78) J-9/5(6/5/78) J-10,11/5(6/10/78) J-10,11/5(6/12/78) J-ll/5(6/9/78) J-ll/$(6/ll/78) J-ll/5(6/12/78) J-ll/5(6/14/78) J-ll/5(6/17/78) J-12/5(6/13/78) J-12/$(6/14/78) J-12,13/$(6/13/78) J-13/$(6/9/78) J- 13/5 (6/13/78) J-13/5(6/14/78) J-13/5(6/17/78) J-14/5(6/11/78) J-14/$(6/12/78) J-14/5(6/13/78) J-14/5(6/14/78) J-15/5(6/10/78) J-15/5(6/11/78) J-21/5(6/13/78) J-22/5(6/14/78) J-22/5(6/17/78) J-23/5(6/17/78) K-12/ll K-12/20 K-14/1 K-14/13 K-9/5(6/12/78) K-11,12/5(6/13/78) K-12/5(6/14/78) K-13/$(6/17/78) K-13/$(6/19/78)

Table Al8.

1 1 3 2 4 5

l

No. l 1 1 2 2 8 l l l 5 l 4 1 2 1 4 2 1 3 2 l 1 1 5 1 2 1 1 Wt.(g) 0.61 l. 94 0.45 1.37 1.16 5.37 1.82 1.46 l. 14 3.28 2. 13 4.16 1. 98 2.92 3.76 7.39 3.53 0.99 3.43 7.20 2.43 0.75 1.05 6.94 6.36 1.07 1.43 l. 57 3.76 10.02 3.76 5. 72 2.52 4.62 5.51

(cont.)

512S470W/5(8/1/78) 5125472W/5(7/21/78) 5125476W/5(7/7/78) 5125476W/5(7/8/78) 512S476W/5(7/10/78) 512S477W/S(7/1/78)

5125479~J/21

Prov. K-13/5(6/20/78) 511 5472W/l 511S473W/9 5115475W/l 511 5478W/l5 511S469W/S(7/l7/78) 5115469W/5(8/1/78) 5115475W/5(7/10/78) 5115475-76W/5(7/l0/78) 5115476W/5(7/7/78) 511S477W/5(6/25/78) 511S477W/5(6/26/78) 5115479W/5(7/4/78) 511S478-79W/5(6/24/78) 5125474W/6 5125476W/2 5125476W/5 5125476W/l0 5125476W/l8 512S478W/1 5125478W/3 5125478W/7 5125479W/9 5125479W/10 5125479W/ll 5125479W/13 5125479W/l5 5125479W/19

Table Al8. No. 3 1 1 1 1 1 5 1 3 3 3 2 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 4 1 3 1 4 1

Wt. {g) 5.36 5.32 2.95 0.78 0.62 0. 91 9.92 0.63 5.23 5.27 3.83 12.26 1.92 0.66 0.32 1.50 6.49 1.60 1.06 0.79 3.97 6.08 7.10 9.88 8.45 5.28 1.52 1.18 2.87 17. 19 1.28 2. 72 1.08 6.41 1.43

N

w

(J1

(cont. )

Prov. 513546BW/1 5135473W/2 5135476W/10 513S477W/1 5135477W/l4 5135477W/91 5135478W/l1 5135478W/28 513547BW/5B 5135479W/2 5135479W/4 5l35479W/l0 5135479W/l2 5135479W/25 5135479W/5(7/2/7B) 5145475W/3 5145475W/4 5145476W/3 5145477W/l 514S477W/2 514S477W/ 14 5145479W/2 5145466W/5(7/25/78) 5145473W/5(7/20/78) 514S475W/S(7/20/78) 514S476W/S(7/18/7B) 5145477W/5(7/2/78) 514S479W/S(6/30/7B) 5145479W/S(7/3/7B) 517S480W/1 5175480W/2 517S480W/5 51754BOW/9 517S480W/10 517S4BOW/11 517S480W/l3

Table AlB.

1 1

2

No. 1 4 1 1 bl 5 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 6 1 3 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Wt. (g) 24.6B 12.98 3.43 1.50 l. 92 B.OO 0. 72 l. 71 1.10 l. 21 2.99 5.35 3.93 1.04 0. 71 B.99 5.32 9.83 3.32 1.88 1.59 1.90 0.95 l.OB 1.13 0.75 0.31 2.84 4.33 1.25 0.35 1.10 1.41 9.04 8.27 0.60

(cont.)

Prov. 51754BOW/15 51754B1W/9 51754B1W/ll 5175481W/12 51754B1 W/13 51754BlW/l7 51754B1W/1B 51754B1W/20 51754B1 W/21. 517S4BlW/22 517S4B2W/7 51754B2W/9 51754B2W/16 51754B2W/1B 517S4B2W/24(Assoc) 51754BBW/4 51754BBW/5 51754BOW/5(B/2/7B) 517S4BlW/S(8/4/7B) 517S4B2W/S(B/9/7B) 5175482W/5(B/l0/7B) 5175488W/S(8/B/78) 517548BW/5(B/10/78) 5175489W/S(8/4/78) 51B5481W/3 51854B1W/5 518S485W/3 and 4(Assoc) 518S487W/l 5185489W/1B 518S489W/17 51B5590W/10(Assoc) 5185590W/35(Assoc) 51B5590W/53 518S590W/69 518S590W/73 51B5590W/B2

Table AlB.

1 1

2

7 6 1B 1 1 2 1 5 2 1 1 1 4 1 1 2 1 1 17 3 2 1 1 3 1 1

7

l l l

1

No. 1 1

Wt. {g) l. 97 1.02 1.77 0.40 2.30 0. 91 B.96 12.3B 7.53 42.33 1.34 B.OO 10.50 1.35 10.55 0.73 0.95 1.10 0.47 4.42 0.64 l. 62 2.63 0.91 1.40 34.68 3.60 1.72 1.49 2.74 9.00 1.07 0.91 l. 79 2.02 10.36

w

N

(J)

(cent.) No. 1 3 1 1 2 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 1 cl cl 2 1 1 70

Wt. (g) 3.47 5.28 1. 91 1. 78 1. 46 0.88 3.70 0.94 4.37 3.05 5.34 2.48 1.15 2.63 1.04 2.74 2.80 1.66 5.12 5.00 18.21 3.86 2.25 1.14 2.63 107.01

aUnidentifiable fragments, generally very small, which derive from ribs or vertebral processes; the majority probably are products of butchering, although some undoubtedly represent natural disintegration prodMcts. Probable fragmentary lumbar vertebra process. cProbable fragmentary dorsal end of thoracic spinous process.

Prov. 518494W/S(7/21/78) 518-20S589-91W/S{7/l8/78) 519S590W/26 519S591W/23 519S589W/S(6/20/78) 519S590W/S(6/l9/78) 519S590W/S{7/7/78) 519S591W/S(7/l7/78) 520S589W/10 520S590W/l3 520S590W/15 520S590W/l9 520S589W/S(6/20/78) 520S589W/S(7/7/78) 520S589W/S(7/ll/78) 520S589W/S(7/l6/78) 520S590W/S(7/3/78) 520S590W/S(7/4/78) 522S597W/19(Assoc) 523S596W/27 523S596W/43 523S596W/76 523S597W/58 523S597W/60(Assoc) 524S597W/59 522-24S595-98W/S

Table Al8.

N

""-.]

w

bGB [0.85] 2.70 [1.00] [0.90] [1.78] [0.80] 2.12 [0.59] [0.85] 2.75 [0.34] [0.54] [0.56] [0.51] [l. 19] 2.65 [l . 28] 3.08 3.88 [l. 37] [1. 31] ( l. 76) [2. 17] [0. 77] [ 1. 35] [0.71] [1.40] [1.82] 2.32 2. 72 [l. 71] 2.75 2.97 [0.85] 2.28

bGL [5.25] 20.55 [3.65] [2.70] [11.19] [2.51] (11.50) [4.39] [5.25] [8.65] [2.20] [2.80] [2.09] [12.01] [5.93] 8.62 [2.25] (11.03) [4.58] [3.92] [11. 26] [7.13] (11.65) [4.80] [3.95] [3.72] [7.82] [11.01] [9.23] 8.88 [3.91] [5.29] 10.89 [2.80] 21.85

aCostal cartilage

Prov. Ar/5/490 Ar/5/2C I-19/5(6/12/78) I-20/5(6/4/78) I-21/5(6/9/78) J-10/5(6/18/78) J-10/48 J-ll/S(6/ll/78) J-ll/3 J-12/16 J-l4/4(Assoc) J-23/$(6/17/78) J-23/5(6/19/78) K-ll,l2/S(6/l2/78) K-ll,l2/S(6/l3/78) K-l3/S(6/l8/78) K-l3/S(6/l8/78) K-13/7 K-13/32 K-14/9 5115476W/3 511S477W/S(6/26/78) 511 S477W/6 5115479W/3 5125474W/1 5185589W/5(6/26/78) 5185590W/25 519S589W/l0 519S590W/20 519S590W/24 519S590W/28 519S590W/38 519S591W/20 520S589W/5 522S595W/16

Table Al9. (cont.)

16.33 [8.34] [3.59] [5.17] 3.20 [7.83] 9.83 [4.82] [8.64] [5.14] 12.92 ll. 65 9.92 [8.38] [6.48] [8.72] [11.55] [3.75] [5.08] [7.28] [4.65]

bGL 1.55 3.05 2.75 2.93 3.09 2.74 3.00 [l. 88] 2.17 2.28 2.69 2.49 2. 72 2.23 2.90 [1.98] 2.25 [l. 00] 2.94 [1 .45] [1.66]

bGB

aEach entry listed above constitutes a discrete specimen that may be counted in the determination of minimum number of individuals. GL (Greatest Length); GB (Greatest Breadth).

Prov. 5225595W/3l 5225595W/32 522S595W/38(Assoc) 522S596W/ll 5235596W/49(Assoc) 523S596W/67 523S596W/77 523S596W/90(Assoc) 523S596W/97 523S597W/3 524S598W/29 522-24S595-98W/SA 522-24S595-98W/SB 522-24S595-98W/SC 522-24S595-98W/SD 522-24S595-98W/SE 522-24S595-98W/SF 522-24S595-98W/SG 522-24S595-98W/SH 522-24S595-98W/SI 522-245595-98W/5J

Table Al9.

Sternebra Comments 4th or 5th (probable 4th) 7th (xiphoid) Unidentified fragment Unidentified fragment 4th or 5th Unidentified fragment Unidentified fragment 3rd or 4th 2nd; burned 2nd · alth (xiphoid) a6th 6th 1st (manubri urn) 3rd 1st (manubrium) 3rd or 4th (probable 3rd) 4th or 5th 7th (xiphoid) 1st (manubrium) 1st (manubri urn) Unidentified fragment

a520S590W/22A and 22B articulated.

Prov. I-19/5 I-23/4 J-10,ll/S(6/l2/78) J-13/$(6/17/78) L-12/l 513S476W/2(Assoc) 517S482W/S(8/7/78) 518S590W/22 518S590W/60 519S589W/20 520S590W/22A 520S590W/22B 520S591W/l N 522S595W/ 34 gs 523S595W/12 523S595W/25 523S596W/26 523S596W/30 523S596W/67 524S597W/ll 524S597W/42 522-24S595-98W/S

Table A20.

\.0

w

N

Scapula

R

L L (L) L L

---

L R (R) (L)

L

R R

L L

R R

---

(R) ---

-------

CB

c

Da CB D Spn Cd Spn CB,Bl D Cr,P Cd

c Da c D c

B1 B1 Spn Spn Bl CB

p

Spn

p

---

---

L

R

Port. CB Cd

Side

0 nl 0 of~) ql .Y'l sl t1 ul vl wl x1 0 yl

m(O)

1 1

-----

1 1

-----

---

(1) 1 (1 ) 1 (1 ) 1 ( 1) 1 1

---

---

---

Jl kl ll 0

~1

-----

---

---

-----

Fus. {SGT) 1

g1 ~1

c, a, e1 r,

But. bl

aDHA

aLd

48.70 [5.50] 46.80 [40.90] [23.70] [16.45] [9.12] [11. 30] [6.96] [51. 00] [6.75] [14.80] [17.80] 41.75 [37.80]

---

---

---

7.84

6.05 5.73

aSLC 6.13

---

---

---

---

---

40.72 (20.55)

---

---

---

5.98 6.28

---

[8.45]

---

44.01 (24.65) 7.42 [34.70][18.80] 7. 10 --- [11.30] 6.25

46.20 (24.00)

[31.50] ----[23.40] [5.44] [6.45] [3.96] [12.00] [5.03] [5.85] [6.89] [5.10] [36.50] ----38.70 (36.80)(20.20)

aHS

aLG aBG 6.37 4.80

7.50 6.07 (6.25)(4.75) 7.90 6.11 --- [5.08] (7.19) 5.10 (7 .07) 4.80

7.50 7.61

6.47 5.01 6.42 4.65

9.70 8.48 6.56 (8.43) (8.12)(5.80)

8.90 [6.65] 8.83 [8.30] 8.32 7.65

[6.75] [6.24] 5.19 6.93 6.08 (5.02)

aGLP 7.40

aHS (Height along Spine); DHA (Diagonal Height); Ld (Dorsal Length); SLC (Smallest Length of Neck); GLP (Greatest Length of Glenoid Process); LG (Length of Glenoid Cavity); BG (Breadth of Glenoid Cavity) (after von den Driesch 1976).

--

Prov. Ar/S/54A I-11!1 I-19/5(6/12/78) IJ-14,15/5(6/12/78) J-12/5(6/13/78) J-13/9 J-14/4(Assoc) J-23/5(6/17/78) K-12/18 K-13/5(6/17/78) 511S478W/l 513S478W/l 517S482W/4 518S589W/l8 518S590W/58 519S590W/2 519S590W/18 520S590W/16 522S595W/42 522S596W/l0 523S595W/32 523S596W/9 523S596W/33(+522S596W/5) 523S597W/l8 523S597W/58 523S597W/63 524S597W/21 524S597W/35

Table A21.

N

~

(cont.)

bProximal and cranial portions of blade and associated spine butchered off. cProximal two-thirds of caudal border and adjacent blade, and small portion of proximal border only; rema~nder of scapula butchered off. Small fragment of proximal border only. ~mall fragment of proximal portion of spine only. Small fragment of proximal border only. gProximal segment of spine and adjacent portions of blade only; remainder of scapula butchered off; no remnant of proximal border. ~Small fragment of blade only; position unknown. ~Small fragment of spine base and adjacent blade; spine itself butchered off; specimen probably deri~es from distal one-third of scapula. ~Small fragment of spine base and adjacent blade; spine itself butchered off; position unknown. Small fragment of blade only; position unknown. ZProximal and caudal portions of blade butchered off; spine remains intact except for proximal extremity. mSpecimen badly corroded; originally probably complete but could not be salvaged; only distal end preserved. nDistal end and small portion of neck only; remainder of scapula butchered off. 0 Badly corroded; glenoid area, cranial border and caudal angle damaged. Poistal end, neck and small area of blade only; remainder of scapula, including spine, butchered off. qDistal end and neck only; remainder of scapula butchered off. rsmall segment of spine and adjacent blade only; specimen probably derives from proximal area of blade. ~Small fragment of caudal border only; specimen probably derives from midsection of border. Small fragment of proximal spine and adjacent blade only. uNearly complete scapula assembled from 10 butchered fragments, 7 of which were found in a single small pile; crania-proximal area of blade not found; acromion butchered off. vDistal end only; remainder of scapula butchered off through neck. wProximo-cranial portion of blade with spine base only; spine butchered off; remainder of scapula butchered off. xProximal one-third of caudal border and caudal angle only; remainder of scapula butchered off. Yrroximal one-quarter of cranial border, proximal two-thirds of caudal border and entire spine including acromion butchered off.

Table A21.

+=:> __.

N

Humerus

---

~~

1 u1

s ~l)

0 0 0 ql 0

ol P(l)

1 0 ml 0 nl

jkl) zl

---

h(l)

gl

-----

0 1

---

0.5 1 1

1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1

1 1 1 1

--1 ---

1 1

---

---

---

1

---

32.00 28.00 29.75

---

[32.05] 30.23 [18.00] --[14.75] ---

35.12 31.40 (32.95) [12.35]

---

[17.50] --[21.00] --32.75 29.00 [20.30] --32.10 28.92 [23.85] ---

Fus. aGL aGLC {D) 32.60 29.40 1 1 [18.50] --1 [ 31. 00] [ 27. 80] --- [19.55] --38.10 33.70 1 1 37.60 32.80 1 [19 .83] --1 (33.70) 30.80 1 [19.90] ----- [23.42] --(1 ) [12.37]

---

0

---

1

1

---

1 1 1 1

---

0 0 el

a,

bo1 co

But.

Fus. {P) 1

---

---

---

---

-----

---

4.48 (4.05) 4.28

9.01 8.28 11.03 9.92 (8. 65) (7. 64)

9.70 8.10 8.83 8.86

8.95 7.65 8.36 8.10

8. 21 9.00

4.05

[7.75] 9.51 8.09

---

9.82 9.34 8.03 8.26 7.50

10.60 4.36 8.85

---

---

aBT

9.10 8.02 8.97 8.05 [8.99] [7.75]

aBd

5.05 11.20 5.05 10.80 --- 8.81 4.26 9.50 --- 7.97

4.27

4.24

aSD

[10.75] 4.46

---

11 . 50 9.30 9.65

10.50 [9.65] 10.15 (10.85)

---

---

[9.20]

( 11.60)

---

10.20

---

10.33 (10.90) 12.50 12.00

(9.70)

aB~

aGL (Greatest Length); GLC (Greatest Length from Head); Bp (Proximal Breadth); SO (Smallest Breadth of Diaphysis); Bd (Distal Breadth); BT (Greatest Breadth of Trochlea)(after von den Driesch 1976).

Prov. Side Port. Ar/S/19 L c Ar/S/53 D R Ar/S/68A Da L p Ar/S/688 R I-21/4 L c J-12/7 c L K-9/2 R D K-13/5 c L K-13/13 D L p K-13/31 R .D 514S474W/S(8/l/78) L 517S493W/3 --- -z.Pe 518S590W/30 D (L) p 518S591W/5 L 519S589W/26 R D 519S590W/3 c R p 519S590W/7 L 519S590W/21 c R p 519S590W/59 R p 519S589-91W/S(6/24/78) (L) p 520S590W/2 L 522S595W/29 R c 522S595W/30 R c R 522S597W/l c 523S596W/55 D R rpe 523S596W/113 R R 523S597W/14 c D 523S597W/52 L D L 524S597W/58

Table A22.

N

+::>

N

(cant. )

boistal articular end and distal one-third of shaft; shaft broken obliquely to form pointed posterior projection; no evidence of use as tool. cDistal end slightly damaged by exposure in arroyo. dProximal articular end and proximal one-quarter of shaft; shaft broken to form broad, semi-pointed anterior projection; orientation of specimen uncertain making Bp measurement approximate; no evidence of use as tool. eDistal articular end and distal one-third of shaft; shaft broken obliquely to form pointed lateropostfrior projection; no evidence of use as tool. Distal articular end and distal one-third of shaft; shaft broken obliquely to form posteriorlateral pointed projection; no evidence of use as tool. gProximal articular end and proximal one-quarter of shaft; shaft broken obliquely to form pointed latera-anterior projection; no evidence of use as tool; orientation of specimen uncertain making Bp measMrement approximate. Medial trochlea of distal condyle and small medial portion of shaft just proximal to condyle only; remainder of humerus probably butchered off. ~Unfused proximal epiphysis of head only. Joistal condyle only; entry for BT may be reasonable approximation of value in complete specimen. kProximal articular end and proximal one-quarter of shaft; shaft broken obliquely to form irregular, slig~tly pointed anterio-medial projection; no evidence of use as tool; lateral tuberosity damaged. Distal articular end and distal one-third of shaft; shaft broken obliquely to form flat-ended posterio-lateral projection; no evidence of use as tool. mProximal articular end and proximal one-third of shaft; shaft broken obliquely to form flatended anterior projection; no evidence of use as tool; lateral tuberosity battered. nProximal articular end and proximal one-half of shaft; shaft broken obliquely to form flat-ended anterio-lateral projection; no evidence of use as tool; orientation of specimen uncertain making Bp measurement approximate. °Fragment of proximal head only; remainder of humerus butchered off. Psadly corroded; lateral tuberosity only; remainder of humerus probably butchered off. qDistal articular end and distal one-quarter of shaft; shaft broken slightly obliquely to form irre~ular, flat-ended anterio-medial projection; no evidence of use as tool. Unfused proximal epiphysis of lateral tuberosity only. 8 Lateral tuberosity butchered off from otherwise complete specimen. toistal articular end and distal one-quarter of shaft; shaft broken obliquely to form small, flatended posterio-lateral projection; no evidence of use as tool. uDistal articular end and distal one-quarter of shaft; shaft broken obliquely to form flat-ended anterio-medial projection; no evidence of use as tool.

Tab 1e A22.

w

..p,

N

R

L L

R R

De De

c .c 1-D c c

L L

R

eDa fD gD

c c c bDi c cP,Di c dp, Di c

Port.

L L

R

L L

R

L

R

R

R R

Side

Radius

But. 0 0 0 (0) (0) 0 0 1 0 (0) l l (0) 0 1 0 0 0 0

-----

1 1

---

1 1

---

---

1 1 l 1 l l

---

Fus. (P) 1 1 1

1 1 0 1 0 0

h(l)

0 1

(1)

l

---

-----------

---

aGL{RU) 39.75 [34.40] 42.00

-----

-------------

---

---

-----

---

-------

---

---

518S485W/4 [36.17]

---

---

Fus. Assoc. {D) Ulna 1 Ar/N/33D 0 Ar/N/47 1 Ar/S/52B 0 --1 --0 ----0

---

---

-----

aGL aBQ 30.86 8.68 27.80 7.55 32.15 9.60 [22.20] [5.60] 32.90 10.13 [24.50] (7.90) (31.60) (9.50) [14.79] [3.08] 29.43 8.24 [27. 80] 8.60 [21. 90] --[18.90] --34.81 (10.20) 31 . 15 8.42 [13.42] --30.00 8.40 32.20 9.01

---

---

---

---

[7.82] 8.48

---

9.38 7.98

---

7.97 8.34

9.19 (7.40) (8.73)

aBFQ 8.11 6.93 8.89

aBd 7. 71 7.15 8.85 [6.90] 9.24 [6.75] 8.55 (4.48) 7.30 4.44 [7. 12] --8.40 9.20 --5.08 8.60 4.12 7.75 --- [8.05] (4.23) 7.60 4.51 8.24 --- (7.70) --- [6.65]

aSD 4. 34 4.00 5.05 3.92 (5.60) 3.90 (5.03)

(8.00) 8.66 8.34 7.43 [7.30] 7.38 7.82 7.22 [6.40]

(6.78)

(8.00)

8.97

aBFd (7.11) 6.25 8.17

aGL(RU) (Greatest Length of Articulated Radius and Ulna); GL (Greatest Length); Bp (Proximal Breadth); BFp (Breadth of Proximal Articular Surface); SD (Smallest Breadth of Diaphysis); Bd (Distal Breadth); BFd (Bregdth of Distal Articular Surface) (after von den Driesch 1976). Diaphysis only; proximal end damaged; unfused distal epiphysis missing. cunfused distal epiphysis missing. dMedial portion of proximal articular end and diaphysis only. [Specimen originally complete; badly corroded and damaged during excavation; distal end damaged. Distal articular end and distal one-quarter of shaft; shaft broken obliquely to form lateraposterior, flat-ended projection; no evidence of use as tool. gDistal articular end and distal one-fifth of shaft; shaft broken obliquely to form lateral sharp projhction; no evidence of use as tool . . Fusion of distal end uncertain; specimen either broken along old line of fusion or in process of fusing. &Distal articular end and distal one-quarter of shaft; shaft broken obliquely to form pointed anterior projection; no evidence of use as tool.

Prov. Ar/N/33C Ar/N/36 Ar/S/52A J-13/16 K-12/2 L-11 /2 L-12/4 5llS472S/5 511 S476W/14 518S485W/3 518S589W/ll 518S590W/46 518S590W/67 522S595W/10 522S595W/35 522S597W/18 523S596W/42 523S596W/68 523S596W/98

Table A23.

-~='>

N

.j::'>.

Ulna

R R L R L L R R L

R

R R L

R

Side

np Op

mDi

p

ko· z1

~p ~Da Jp

?c gc

do;

cc

Port. hoa

(0) 1 0 (1 ) 0 1 (1 )

(l) (l)

0 0

(l)

But. (0) 0

0 1 0 1 1

---

Fus. (P} 1 1 0 1 1 1 1

---

---

---

---

Ar/S/52A

---

---

-------

-----

---

-----

(1) 518S485W/3

---

---

-----

---

Ar/N/33C Ar/N/36

--1

Assoc. Radius

Fus. (D} aLO [9.03] 11.37 [6.33] 13.75 12.29 12.35 10.15 [8.32]

[20.70] [5.69] [23.50] 12.75 [17.00] [5.72] [20.40] 13.26 [25.80] 13.75

---

[14.98] [28.62] [23.75] [23.20] [34.20] [30.50] [23.75]

aGL

6.49 9.30 (6.09) 9.48 9.74

---

aDPA 7.08 7.94 (5.64) 9.79 8.86 8.67 7.30 5.15 6.95 4.50 6.39 7.20

---

5.29 5.63 4.55 6.94 6.81 6.11 5.53

aS DO

[3.96] 5.52 4.11 5.68 (5.33)

aBPC [4.08] 5.06 3.82 5.41 5.28 4.95 4.45 (5.05)

aGL (Greatest Length); LO (Length of Olecranon); DPA (Depth across Processes Anconaeus); SDO (Sma11est Depth of Olecranon); BPC (Breadth across Coronoid Process) (after von den Driesch 1976). Part of olecranon, coronoid process and distal extremity of shaft damaged. cUlnar shaft broken off proximal to styloid process; break probably post-depositional; dista1 end ~f ulnar shaft fused to styloid process and to body of radius. Distal extremity of ulnar shaft broken in vicinity of styloid process; break may be postdepositional. [Ulnar shaft lost due to exposure in arroyo. Distal extremity of ulnar shaft damaged. ~Distal extremity of ulnar shaft broken; may be post-depositional break . . Ulnar shaft broken; break may be post-depositional. ~Badly corroded; specimen originally complete but damaged in excavation; olecranon damaged; ulnar. shaft fused to body of radius. JFragment of trochlear notch and processes anconaeus only. ~Unfused olecranon missing; ulnar shaft damaged; slight damage to coronoid process. Ulnar shaft broken; break may be post-depositional. munfused olecranon missing; ulnar shaft damaged. nUlnar shaft broken off close to coronoid process. 0 Ulnar shaft broken; break may be post-depositional.

Prov. Bkdt/1978 Ar/N/330 Ar/N/47 Ar/S/9 Ar/S/528 J-14/10 J-22/3 518S485W/4 519S590W/37 522S594W/l 522S595W/l3 522S595W/4l 523S596W/40 523S596W/47

Table A24.

N

.j:::. (.n

c c c c c c c c c

Port. Da But. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 (3.22)

[2.00] 2.85 3.23 2.47 2.69 2.71 2.60 3.23 2.70 3.50 3.61 (3.12) 3.05 3.11 3.52 3.63 3.15 3.82

bGL

aGB

(Greatest Breadth) (after von den Driesch 1976). GL (Greatest Length).

~GB

--

Side R L L R R R R R R R

Radial carpal

Prov. I-12/3 518S485W/2B 518S590W/10(Assoc) 518S590W/84 518S590W/85 519S589W/l3 520S590W/4 522S595W/l8 523S595W/28 523S597W/ 48

Table A25.

m

~

N

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

But. [2.75] 3.10 (3.23) 3. 16 2.99 [2.72] 3.48 3.31 3.46 3.00 2.96 2.88 2.95

aGBp [3.96] 4.04 4.11 3.80 4.10 (3.56) 5.00 (4.23) 4.66 4.34 4.27 3.68 3.78

aGO (2.74) 2.63 2.94 2.54 2. 61 (2.36) 3.11 2. 91 3.07 2.73 2.57 2.48 2.49

aDL

aGBp (Greatest Proximal Breadth in Proximal Plane); GO (Greatest Depth); DL (Dorsal Length).

L

R R

L

L L

R

L L L

R

Da

c c c c Da c c c c c c c

L L

0-10/2

I-15/3 J-12/17 J-23/3 K-ll/5(6/23/78) 511S476W/S(7/11/78) 517S481W/22 518S485W/3 and 4(Assoc) 518S589W/6(Assoc) 519S590W/23 5195591 W/19 523S596W/ 41 523S596W/64

Port.

Side

Intermediate carpal

Prov.

Table A26.

"-J

-t:::>

N

Ulnar carpal

R L

R

L

R

L L L L

R

Side

c c c c c bAn c c c c

Port. But. 0 0 0 0 0 (1 ) 0 0 0 0

aGB 2.11 2.97 2.67 2.61 2.73 [2.28] 2.68 2.37 2.59 2.45

aGB (Greatest Breadth) (after von den Driesch 1976). bAnterior spiral portion only; remainder may have been butchered off.

Prov. Ar/S/188 Ar/S/498 D-10/1 J-22/11 518S485W/3 and 4(Assoc) 519S589-91W/S(6/24/78) 523S595W/22 523S597W/56 524S597W/25(Assoc) 524S597W/43

Table A27.

N

..j:::, ():)

c

c Da c c c c

Port. But. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

aGL

1.87 2.65 [1.70] [2.35] 2.13 3.14 1.69 2.72 2.27 3.45 1.81 2.84 1.85 3.10

aGB

aGD 2.57 [2.03] 3.18 2.46 3.06 2.73 (2.80)

aGB (Greatest Breadth); GL (Greatest Length); GO (Greatest Depth, measured perpendicular to articular surface).

--

L

L

R L

L

R

Side L

Accessory carpal

Prov. Ar/S/540 J-11/5 J-11/7 J-11/5(6/14/78) 519S590W/l9 522S595W/38(Assoc) 523S595W/23

Table A28.

..j::::.

N

1..0•

c c c c c c c

Port. Da But. b ( 1) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 (4.58) 3.98 4.60 4.16 4.01 3.79 3.95

aGB

aGB (Greatest Breadth) (after von den Driesch 1976). bFragmentary specimen; breaks may be the result of butchering.

--

R L R L L R L

---

Side

Fused 2nd and 3rd carpal

Prov. J-13/5(6/14/78) 517S482W/6 518S485W/2A 519S590W/7 519S591W/S(7/l7/78) 522S597W/3 523S595W/20 524S597W/30

Table A29.

N

tn

0

4th ca rpa 1

L L

R

L L

R

Side

c c c c c c

Port. 0 0 0 0

0

But. 0

aGB 3.35 2.99 3.35 3.80 3.44 3.24

5th metacarpal

(L)

Side 0 0

c

c

But.

Port.

aGB (Greatest Breadth); GL (Greatest Length).

Prov. K-12/8 517S481W/7

Table A31.

bGL 2.88 2.45 2.75 2.90 3.03 2.68

aGL aGB (3.81) 1.37 (4.89) 1.49

%GB (Greatest Breadth) (after von den Driesch 1976). GL (Greatest Length).

Prov. Ar/S/64(Assoc) 514S475W/2 518S485W/3 and 4(Assoc) 522S597W/14 523S596W/79 524S597W/25(Assoc)

Table A30.

(.)1

N

Metacarpal

R

L

R

L

R

c

~,Di p

iP ,Di

.c

Side Port. cDa R L iD (R) L c eDa R L c (R) De R c L c fDa R gp L hP,Di (L) L c L c L .c L -z-P,Di But. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 (l ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0

Fus. Fus. aGL as~ asD aDD aBd hwcm (P) (D) l 0 (18.95) 5.75 3.27 2.25 [5.75] 2.90 1 1 21 .05 7.21 4.31 2.78 7.56 3.67 ( 1 ) --[19.90] --- (5.45)(2.72)(8.40)(3.87) 1 1 19.90 6.42 3.87 2.47 6.65 3.21 1 (0) (20.25)[6.50][4.57][2.93][7.50](3.55) 1 l 19.58 6.20 3. 72 2.45 6.45 3.08 --- --- --- --- 6.75 3.21 --- 0 1 1 19.60 6.20 3.56 2.39 6.65 3.23 l l 19.95 6.30 3.44 2.48 6.30 3.18 (l) --- (19.15)(6.07)(3.78) 2.40 [5.72] --1 --- [5.47][4.87] l --- [10.27][5.47] l l 20.90 6.55 4.05 2.60 6.70 2.98 l l 20.80 6.20 3.80 2.41 6.53 3. l 0 1 19.45 6.06 3.68 2.45 6.40 3.07 0 l 0 [16.98] 5.96 3.23 2.28 [5.75] 19. 10 6.00 3.64 2.32 6.37 3.03 1 l 1 0 [15. 12] 5.80 2.93 2.05 [5.45] 1 0 [17.12] 6.40 3.28 2.40 [6.15] 1 --- [12.70] 7.75 21.20 7.52 5.25 2. 77 8.02 3.95 l l 3.63

3.30

2.63

2.68 2.78 2.61

3.01 2.87 2.97 2.89

---

bwTm 2.50 3.04 (3.26) 2.79 (2.99) 2.74 2.76 2.92 2.71 (3.48) (3.68) 3.06 (3.23) 2.94 3.01 (2.95) (2.78) 2.85

---

hwc1

aGL (Greatest Length); Bp (Proximal Breadth); SD (Smallest Breadth of Diaphysis); DD (Smallest Depth of D1aphysis); Bd (Distal Breadth) (after von den Driesch 1976). WCm (Width of Distal Medial Condyle); WCl (Width of Distal Lateral Condyle); WTm (Width of Distal Medial Trochlea); WTl (Width of Distal Lateral Trochlea) (after Payne 1969). cDistal lateral condyle damaged. dDistal articular end and distal one-half of shaft only; remainder of metacarpal lost in arroyo. ~adly corroded and damaged; state of distal fusion uncertain; distal end cracked along fusion line. Specimen damaged by backhoe; proximal and distal ends damaged. gProximal articular end and small anterior portion of diaphysis only; remainder butchered off.

--

Prov. Ar/S/73 D-7/15 I-4/2 I-23/6 J-10/6 J-ll/15 J-22/8 5llS474W/ll 512S474W/l6 512-l3S476-77W/S(7/7/78) 5l3S474W/S(7/3l/78) 517S494W/2 5l8S485W/l 518S486W/l 518S590W/3 5l9S590W/9 522S596W/19 522S596W/28 523S595W/l8 524S597W/60 524S597W/6l

Table A32.

2.90

(2.34)

2.53 2.51 2.42

2.81 (2.99) (2.68) (2.78) 2.53 2.46 (2.50) 2.47 2.40

bwTl

N

(Jl

N

(cont.)

hBadly corroded; anterior portion of proximal articular end and small portion of dorsa-proximal shaft only; remainder probably butchered off. ~Proximal articular end and entire diaphysis only; unfused distal epiphysis missing. iProximal articular end and entire diaphysis only; unfused distal epiphysis missing. Proximal articular end and entire diaphysis only; unfused distal epiphysis missing. lProximal articular end and proximal one-half of shaft; remainder butchered off; shaft displays deep, axe-like cut across posterior face perpendicular to long axis of bone.

Table A32.

rv U1 w

Pelvis

Prov. Ar/N/24 Ar/N/28 Ar/N/33F Ar/S/5 Ar/S/6(Assoc) Ar/S/21 A Ar/S/21B Ar/S/64 Ar/S/67 I-19/11 I-19/S(6/23/78) J-8/S (6/18/78) J-9/3 J-9/9 J-12/3 J-12/4 J-13/14 J-22/12 J-24/4 K-7 /2 K-7 /3 K-12/4 K-12/25 K-13/24 K-14/15 511 S477W/1 0 512S473W/2 512S477W/10 517S482W/l9 517S489W/4A 517S489W/4B 517S494W/l 518S589W/13

Table A33. But. aGL 1 [49.20] 1 [6.48] 1 [8.50] (l) [21.85] 1 [5.95] 1 [13.17] 1 [17.50] 1.[5.48] --jl 1 [26.70] kl 1 [23.80] l~R) --- [2.38] R (1 ) [6.76] nR 0 [41.90] OL 1 [13.06] PL 1 [12.25] ql 1 [14.73] rR 1 [6.09] SR 1 [6.56] tl 1 [8.25] UL 1 [19.96] VR 1 [20.35] WR 1 [11.95] XR 1 [20.42]' YR --- [4.60] ZL 1 [12.65] aa 1 [5.56] bb~[23.00] 1 cc --- 1 [6.32] dd --- 1 [13.30] (l) (44.05) e~ f L gg ___ (1) [40.30] 1 [15.95] hhR l [36.25] Side bR CR dl eR f ___ gR .hR

---

4.56 2.41

11.60

---

(8.23) ---

5. 19

4.82 (2.65) 12.40 --- (2.61) ---

1.18

---

l. 73

---

---

1.93 (1.12) 5.21 4.38 2.29 11.30 10.04

---

---

---

---

aLFo aGBTc

3.74 2.07 9.80

aSH ass asc 5.80 l. 75 13.10

---

7.74 ---

8. 51

---

7.15

---

7.51

7.29

8.40

aLA aLS 8.14 ---

aGBTi

aSBI

(23.40) (23.90) --(23.40) (23.90)

aGBA

N

+'>

(J1

(cont.)

Prov. 518S590W/29 518S590W/39 and 51 518S590W/45 and 50 518S590W/53A 518S590W/53B 518S590W/53C 518S590W/55 519S589W/8 519S589W/23 519S589W/29 and 36 519S589W/30 519S590W/31 522S595W/25 522S595W/38 522S596W/24 522S596W/27 522S596W/34A 522S596W/34B 522S597W/19 523S595W/30 523S596W/46 and 53 523S596W/60 and 80 523S597W/22 523S597W/23 523S597W/33 523S597W/35 523S597W/64 524S597W/52 524S597W/55 524S598W/14A 524S598W/14B 522-24S595-98W/SA 522-24S595-98W/SB 522-24S595-98W/SC

Table A33. Side But. aGL 1 [19.35] ~~L JJR 1 [17.70] kkl 1 [18.60] UR 0 [45.40] mml 0 [45.40] nnl 1 [10.92] OOR 1 [25.55] PPR 1 [7.23] qqR 0 [48.00] rrR 0 [36.30] ss --1 [4.40] ttR 1 [20.75] . UUR 0 [43.55] VVL 1 [12.16] UJWL 1 [26.85] XXL 1 [4.38] YYR --- [37.40] ZZR --- [7.89] aaaR 1 [35.60] bbbR 1 [24.40] ~cc Y,-) 0 [44.90] dd L 1 [21. 80] eeel 0 [47.50] fff ___ --[11.20] gggl 1 [34.20] 1 [44.70] ~~~R 1 [22.15] ~~~R JJJL 0 [13.53] kkk [8.69] lliR.- 10 (45.92) mmml 0 (45.95) nnn --- 1 [8.05] OOOL 1 [5.52] PPE __ 1 [7.56]

aLS

---

---

---

8. 51 7.81

aSB asc

---

---

6.87

9.95

---

--- 10.43 (38.50) --- --4.08 2.42 11.00 10.48 (38.50) 7.76 --7,76 ---

---

----4.60

7. 85 16.96 7.88 16.96

10.71 2.64 11.70 10.61

---

4.58 2.42 11.60 11 . 07 (3.25)(1.89) (8.70) 4.99 3.09 13.20 11.02

2.26

4. 28 ( 2. 43) 11. 10

4.64 2.20 11.30

1. 91 1.14 5.20 4.88 2.86 12.60 11.73 9.00 (8.49) 3.54 1.81

---

8.23 --6.70 --8.17 ---

aLFo aGBTc aGBA

aGBTi

aSBI

24.80 16.40 24.80 16.40

25.20 [21.10](17.20) 25.20 [ 21 . 10] (17 . 20 )

24.65 24.65

5.20 3.03 13.90 10.79 (44.20) (26.10) [17.20] --5.18 3.02 13.90 10.99 (44.20) (26.10) [17.20] --(2.99)(1.62) (7.80)

aSH

8.02

8.28 --7.34 ---

---

---

8. 41 --8.40 ---

aLA

~

N

(cont.)

11

11

aGL (Greatest Length); LA (Length of Acetabulum); LS (Length of Symphysis); SH (Smallest Height of Ilium Shaft); SB (Smallest Breadth of Ilium Shaft); SC (Smallest Circumference of Ilium Shaft); LFo (Inner Length of Obturator Foramen); GBTc (Greatest Breadth across Coxal Tubers); GBA (Greatest Breadth across Acetabula); GBTi (Greatest Breadth across Ischiatic Tubers); SBI (Smallest Breadth across Bodies of I~chia) (after von den Driesch 1976). Almost complete pelvis; symphyseal branch of pubis butchered off; crest of ilium in coxal tuber area damaged making GL measurement approximate; ilium, ischium, pubis, coxal tuber, sacral tuber and ischiatic tuber fused. ccranial (acetabular) branch of pubis only; pubis apparently fused to ilium and ischium. dFragment of symphyseal branch of pubis only; fusion of pubis unknown. eAcetabulum with associated small portions of pubis and ischium only; ilium butchered off directly at acetabulum; ilium, ischium and pubis fused. !small fragment of ilium crest only; fusion unknown. gischium fragment only; ischiatic spine butchered off; symphyseal branch of pubis and most of adjacent border of obturator foramen butchered off; ischiatic tuber area shows signs of butchering and abrasion; fusion unknown. hAcetabulum with small adjacent portions of ischium and ilium only; entire pubis butchered off; ilium butchered off near acetabulum; ischium butchered off through body; ilium, ischium and pubis fused. ~Fragment of Y -shaped epiphysis from ischiatic tuber (portion which forms junction between left and right halves of pelvis). JAcetabulum with adjacent portions of ilium, ischium and pubis only; ilium butchered off just cranially to greater ischiatic notch; ischium butchered off just caudally to obturator foramen; pubis including most of symphyseal branch intact; lines of fusion between ilium, ischium and pubis in the acetabular area are cracked and visible; visibility of fusion lines may indicate pelvis in process of fusi~g, or breakage along lines of weakness in already fused specimen; may represent immature animal. ~omplete ilium only; remainder of pelvis butchered off through ilium shaft; coxal tuber damaged; sacr~l tuber fusing. Cranial branch of small, unfused pubis only; immature animal. mAcetabular end of ilium and portion of ilium shaft only; ilium, ischium and pubis unfused; immature animal. nAlmost complete pelvis; ilium, ischium, pubis fused; coxal, sacral and ischiatic tubers unfused and missing, making GL measurement approximate. 0 Ischium fragment only; entire acetabular area, ischiatic spine, symphyseal area of pubis including most of adjacent border of obturator foramen butchered off; fusion of ischiatic tuber unknown.

Table A33.

N

~

(cont.)

PSmall fragment of ischial portion of acetabulum and adjacent border of obturator foramen only; remainder of pelvis butchered off; pubis, ilium and ischium probably fused. qischium fragment only; entire acetabular area, ischiatic spine, and symphyseal area of pubis including most of adjacent border of obturator foramen butchered off; ischiatic crest butchered making state of fusion of ischiatic tuber unknown. rAcetabular end of ilium and portion of ilium shaft only; ilium, ischium and pubis unfused; immature animal. 8 Angle of sacral tuber of ilium only; sacral tuber fused. tsymphyseal branch fragment of pubis only; fusion unknown. uAcetabulum with adjacent small portions of ilium, ischium and pubis only; pubis, ilium and ischium fused. Vcoxal tuber area of ilium only; sacral tuber and shaft butchered off; remainder of pelvis butchered off; coxal tuber fused. wCranio-medial fragment of ilium shaft only; fusion unknown. xllium only; remainder of pelvis butchered off through ilium shaft; coxal and sacral tubers fused. YAcetabular end of ischium and small portion of ischium body, including part of acetabular fossa only; ilium,ischium and pubis unfused; immature animal. zcentral area of ilium blade only; ilium crest, coxal and sacral tubers and entire shaft butchered off; remainder of pelvis butchered off through shaft~ fusion unknown. aasmall fragment of ilium blade only; fusion unknown. bbcoxal tuber and shaft area of ilium only; sacral tuber area butchered off; remainder of pelvis butchered off through ilium shaft; coxa·l tuber fused. ~~Pelvic blade fragment only; position in pelvis unknown; fusion unknown. Ischiatic spine fragment only; fusion unknown. eeAlmost complete pelvis; entire pubis butchered off; ischiatic tuber damaged; ilium, ischium and pubis fused; coxal, sacral and ischiatic tubers fused; right half 517489W/4A fused to left half 517f4.89W/4B. !Almost complete pelvis; entire pubis butchered off; ischiatic and coxal tubers damaged; ilium, ischium and pubis fused; coxal, sacral and ischiatic tubers fused; left half 517S489W/4B fused to right half 517S489W/4A. ggischiatic spine fragment only; fusion unknown. hhAcetabulum, nearly complete ischium, cranial branch of pubis and ilium shaft only; ilium butchered off.through shaft; ilium, ischium and pubis fused; ischiatic tuber damaged. ~~Coxal tuber area and shaft of ilium only; sacral tuber and sacral border of shaft butchered off; remainder of pelvis butchered off through ilium shaft; coxal tuber fused.

Table A33.

N

'-l

U"l

(cont.)

jjAcetabular fragment of ischium (item 39) and adjacent cranial branch of pubis (item 51) only; ischiatic tuber and symphyseal branch of pubis butchered off; ilium missing; ilium, ischium and pubis unfused; imm~kure anima 1. Coxal tuber (item 45) and fragment of sacral tuber (item 50) of ilium only; part of sacral tuber dam2~ed; remainder of pelvis butchered off through ilium shaft; coxal tuber unfused. Almost complete pelvis; ischiatic tuber damaged; ilium, ischium and pubis fused; coxal tuber, sacral tuber and ischiatic tuber fused; right half 518S590W/53A articulates with left half 518S590W/53B. mmAlmost complete pelvis; ischiatic tuber damaged; ilium, ischium and pub·is fused; coxal tuber, sacral tuber and ischiatic tuber fused; left half 518S590W/53B articulates with right half 518S590W/53A. nnAcetabular end of ilium and adjacent portion of ilium shaft only; ilium, ischium anc' pubis probably unfused; immature animal. 00 Ilium only; remainder of pelvis butchered off through ilium shaft; coxal tuber fused; sacral tuber damaged. PPAcetabular end of ilium and adjacent portion of ilium shaft only; ilium, ischium and pubis unfused; immature animal. qqAlmost complete pelvis; ilium blade damaged; symphyseal branch of pubis damaged; ilium, ischium and pubis fused; coxal tuber, sacral tuber and ischiatic tuber unfused and missing, making GL measurement approximate. rrAlmost complete pelvis; ilium (item 29), ischium (item 29) and pubis (item 36) unfused; coxal tuber, sacral tuber and ischiatic tuber unfused and missing, making GL measurement approximate; immature animal. 88 Small fragment of ischiatic blade only; fusion unknown. ttAcetabulum with small adjacent portions of ischiatic spine and cranial branch of pubis only; ilium, ischium and pubis fused. uuAlmost complete pelvis; ilium, ischium and pubis fused; coxal tuber, sacral tuber and ischiatic tuber unfused and missing, making GL measurement approximate. vvCoxal tuber and shaft of ilium only; sacral tuber and sacral border of shaft butchered off; re~nder of pelvis butchered off through shaft; coxal tuber unfused. Ilium only; small portion of sacral tuber butchered off; remainder of pelvis butchered off through ilium shaft; coxal tuber fused. xxischiatic rim of acetabulum only; fusion unknown. YYcomplete ilium, acetabulum and shaft of ischium only; pubis lost in arroyo; specimen probably originally restored to ischiatic tuber fragment 522S596W/34B but weathering in arToyo has made restoration impossible; ilium, ischium and pubis fused; coxal and sacral tubers unfused. zzischiatic tuber only; specimen probably originally Y'estored to ilium and acetabulum 522S596W/34A, but weathering in arroyo has made restoration impossible, ischiatic tuber unfused.

Table A33.

N

~

(cont.)

aaacomplete ilium, acetabulum and pubis only; entire ischium· butchered off at acetabulum; ilium, ischium and pubis fused; coxal tuber fusing; sacral tuber damaged; specimen reassembled from several buEggered fragments in closed proximity. Ilium only; remainder of pelvis butchered off through ilium shaft; coxal and sacral tubers unfused. cccAlmost complete pelvis; ilium, ischium and pubis fused; coxal tuber (item 46), sacral tuber and isa~~tic tuber unfused, making GL measurement approximate. Acetabular end of ilium and adjacent portion of ilium shaft (item 60), pl~s almost complete ischium (item 80) only; ilium butchered off through shaft; pubis including symphyseal branch butchered off or lost due to post-depositional disturbance; pubis, ilium and ischium unfused; ischiatic tuber unfused; imma~ure animal. ee Almost complete pelvis; ischiatic tuber damaged in excavation; ilium, ischium and pubis fused; coJJ}' and sacral tubers unfused; ischiatic tuber unfused; GL measurement approximate. "Y"-shaped epiphysis from ischiatic tuber (portion which forms junction between left and right halves of pelvis). gggComplete ischium, acetabulum and pubis only; ilium butchered off through ilium shaft; ilium, is~~Aum and pubis fused; ischiatic tuber fused; left half of pelvis fusing to right half 523S596W/35. Complete ischium, acetabulum and pubis only; ilium butchered off in sacral and coxal tuber areas; ilium, ischium and pubis fused; ischiatic tuber fused; right half of pelvis fusing to left half 523S596W/33. ~~~Ilium only; remainder of pelvis butchered off through ilium shaft; coxal tuber fusing; sacral tuber. fusing. JJJcomplete ischium only; ilium, ischium and pubis unfused; ilium and pubis, including symphyseal br~~£h missing; ischiatic tuber unfused; immature animal. Small ilium blade fragment only; fusion unknown. ZZZAlmost complete pelvis; ilium, ischium and pubis fused; coxal, sacral and ischiatic tubers fused; right half of pelvis fused to left half 524S598W/14B; lateral face of ilium has large, distinct conical hole entering body from rear; hole does not penetrate through blade of ilium; x-rays reveal no object lo~~d inside. Almost complete pelvis; ilium, ischium and pubis fused; coxal, sacral and ischiatic tubers fused; left half of pelvis fused to right half 524S598W/l4A. nnnsmall fragment of sacral tuber area of ilium only; fusion unknown. 00 °Fragment of ischiatic rim of acetabulum only; fusion unknown. · PPPsmall fragment of ilium blade only; position unknown, fusion unknown.

Table A33.

N U1 \.0

Femur

Prov. Ar/S/7 Ar/S/8 Ar/S/50 Ar/S/61 I-8/4 I-13/7 I-14/5(6/23/78) J-ll/16 J-23/9 K-ll/2 K-12/24 L-ll /3 512S472W/1 513S475W/6 513S479W/1 514S468W/2 518S590W/26 518S590W/52 518S590W/69 519S589W/1 519S589W/16 522S595W/3 522S595W/8 522S595W/9 522S595W/14 522S596W/7 522S598W/1 B 523S595W/11 523S596W/3 523S596W/18 523S596W/34A 523S596W/34B

Table A34.

L L L

R

---

L (L)

---

R

L L L L L L

R

--R ------L ---

dd 0 ;

ceo

bbDe

aac

Zp

Yo;

c

wo; xPe

c vo; c

Sp tp Up

ro

Op Pp qp

no

. p

t-o;,o Jo kpe Zoe mp

L L

(R)

L

fpe go· h 1

eo;

Port. ho CD do

---

L

R R R

Side

0 1 0

(l)

0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1

l

1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 (1 ) 0 (1 ) 1 1 1

---

But. (1 ) 1

0

0

---

---

1 1

---

1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1

---

1 0 1

---

1

1 0 0 0

---

--1 ---

1 0 1 0

1

-------

1

---

---

0

0 1

---

(l) -------

1 1

(D)

Fus.

---

0

0 0 0

-------

Fus. (P)

-----

---

---

-----

aGLC

---

[11.00]

---

-----

aB~

(1. 94)

---

---

---

aDC

---

-----

aSD

---

[8.80]

aBd

--- (11.15) --- (11 . 63)

aCD

[26.60] ----- ------- 10.35 [24.00] --(14.85) (5.10) [10.41] --- [12.35] 5.13 [14.30] ----- [5.50] --35.62 35.10 12.43 5.14 3.94 13.20 (9.73) [28.20] --[9.10] --- 3.34 11.45 [7.05] 37.70 36.64 13.10 5.21 4.00 13.50 10. 15 [25.30] --[8.00] --- 2.81 10.10 [7. 13] ------- (4.96) --40.80 39.60 13.32 5.58 4.40 15.00 10.48 [16.40] ----- (5. 08) ----- --39.21 37.94 13.20 5.46 4.47 14.60 10.25 --- ------- ----- (5.72) [16.50] ----- --- --- --- [7.00] [2.60] --- 1. 79 6.20 [3.40] [12.10] ---

35.73 [33.20] [11.60] [4.90] 3.56 11.95 9.50 [29.10] ------- --- --- (10. 06) ------- (5.11) ----- (8 .40) ----- ----[9.50] ----- (5.10) ------[14.25] ----- --- --- --- [4.75]

[11.60]

[23.50] [21.85] [17.90] [14.30]

aGL

~

N

(cont.)

---

---

(R)

L

---

L L L

R

Side

JJoe kkoe UPe mmPe

~~Pe

~~De

ggD

ffDi

eec

Port.

0 0

--0 0

---

Fus. But. (P) 0 (0.5) 0 0 --l --0 0 0 0 ---

---

---

0 0

---

0

1

Fus. (D) 1 0

-----

---

-----

-----

-----

---

aGLC 38.15 36.40 [23.35] --[27.50] ---

aGL

---

---

(5.47) (5.26)

aBd aCD aDC aSD aBE 13.15 5.38 3.96 13.30 10.00 [7.35] --- 2.58 8.95 [6.76] --- --- --- --- ( ll . 50) ----- 10.95 --- ----- (5.38) --- --- --- --- 10.90

aGL (Greatest Length); GLC (Greatest Length from Head); Bp (Proximal Breadth); DC (Greatest Depth of Head); SO (Smallest Breadth of Diaphysis); CD (Smallest Circumference of Diaphysis); Bd (Distal Breadth) (aft~r von den Driesch 1976). Distal articular end and distal one-half of shaft; shaft broken obliquely to form flat-ended lateral projection; no evidence of use as tool; specimen exposed in arroyo. cDistal articular end and distal one-half of shaft; shaft broken perpendicular to long axis; indented area with numerous bone chips and fragments on medial side of shaft suggesting point of impact; no e~idence of use as tool. Distal articular end and distal one-quarter of shaft; shaft broken obliquely to form irregular, flat-ended medial projection; no evidence of use as tool; posterior side of condyles damaged in excavation. eProximal one-fifth of diaphysis only; proximal articular epiphyses unfused and missing; shaft broken obliquely just below epiphyseal surface to form slight posterior projection; no evidence of use as t~l. Unfused proximal epiphysis of head only; orientation of specimen uncertain making DC measurement approximate; specimen from very small, immature animal. gTrochanter minor, neck and epiphyseal surface of head only; unfused proximal epiphysis of head miss~ng . . Fragment of trochanter minor only; remainder of femur butchered off. ~Complete unfused diaphysis with unfused distal epiphysis and unfused proximal epiphysis of trochanter only; unfused epiphysis of head missing. Joistal articular end and distal one-half of shaft only; shaft broken obliquely to form long, poinked posterio-lateral projection; no evidence of use as tool. Unfused proximal epiphysis of head only; orientation of specimen uncertain making DC measurement approximate.

Prov. 523S596W/37 523S596W/49 523S596W/ 51 523S596W/95 523S597W/26 523S597W/ 30 524S597W/ 16 524S598W/l6 F-23/S(Z=270)(8/l/77)

Table A34.

N 0"\

(cont.)

Complete diaphysis only; unfused proximal and distal epiphyses missing; immature animal; probably restores to distal epiphysis 523S596W/l8.

buta~ered.

lunfused distal epiphysis only; lateral condyle damaged; immature animal. mFused head and portion of neck only; remainder of femur butchered off; orientation of specimen uncertain making DC measurement approximate. none distal condyle and adjacent portion of distal shaft only; other condyle, remainder of shaft and entire proximal end butchered off; trochlea area battered; specimen abraded and corroded; remaining fragment of shaft forms pointed prujection; no evidence of use as tool. °Fragment of fused head only; remainder of femur butchered off; specimen damaged. Punfused epiphysis of trochanter major only. qFragment of fused head and small portion of neck only; remainder of femur probably butchered off; specimen badly corroded and slightly damaged. rDistal articular end and distal one-third of shaft; shaft broken obliquely in classic spiral fracture to form pointed lateral projection; no evidence of use as tool; portion of trochlea butchered off. 8 Proximal articular end and proximo-medial one-quarter of shaft; shaft split obliquely from lateral to medial side to form long, pointed medial porjection; no evidence of use as tool; trochanter major dama~ed; specimen abraded and corroded. Proximal articular end and small posterior projection of shaft; no evidence of use as tool; trochanter major damaged. uTrochanter minor, fragment of neck and fused head only; remainder of femur butchered off. vcomplete diaphysis only; unfused proximal and distal epiphyses missing. wcomplete diaphysis only; unfused proximal and distal epiphyses missing. xunfused proximal epiphysis of head only; orientation of specimen uncertain makihg DC measurement approxi rna te. YPosterior fragment of shaft including supracondyloid fossa and distal portion of trochanter minor only; remainder of femur butchered off. 2 Fragment of fused head and portion of neck only; remainder of femur butchered off; orientation of specimen uncertain making DC measurement approximate. aasmall old break on trochanter major perhaps due to butchering. bbunfused distal epiphysis only; immature animal; probably restores to shaft 523S596W/34B. ccDistal articular end and distal one-quarter of shaft; shaft broken slightly obliquely to for~ small irregular posterior projection; no evidence of use as tool; distal medial condyle damaged; trochlea

Table A34.

J',)

0'1

N

(cont.)

eeEpiphysis of head almost entirely fused but line of fusion visible; trochanter major was broken lootf during excavation and glued back on. Complete diaphysis only; unfused proximal and distal epiphyses missing. ggDistal articular end and distal one-half of shaft; shaft broken obliquely to form broadly poi~~ed anterior projection; no evidence of use as tool; specimen exposed in arroyo . .. Unfused distal epiphysis only. ~~Unfused proximal epiphysis of head only; orientation of specimen uncertain making DC measurement appr.oximate. JJunfused distal epiphysis only. kkunfused distal epiphysis only; specimen destroyed in order to remove two skulls; salvaged fra~Tents only partially restorable. Unfused proximal epiphysis of head only; orientation of specimen uncertain making DC measurement approximate. mnSpecimen recovered in 1977, but inadvertently omitted from Speth and Parry (1978); orientation of specimen uncertain making DC measurement approximate; unfused proximal epiphysis of head only.

Table A34.

N

w

(j)

Patella

R

L

R R R

L L

R

L

c c c c c

c

c c c c c

c c c

R R

L L L

Port.

Side But. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 (6. 70) 6.62 6.80 (7.14) 7.36 6.40 7.45 6.61 6.87 (6.16) 7.09 7.16 (6.58) 7.55

aGB

(6. 62) (6. 07) [5.80] (6.61) 6.39 (5.26) [6.23] 5.52 6.27 5.50 6.58 (6.19) 5.85 6.44

aGL

aGB- (Greatest Breadth); GL (Greatest Length) (after von den Driesch 1976).

Prov. Ar/N/63 Ar/S/49F C-10/1 J-8/2 J-ll /9 K-13/37 5l8S590W/89 519S589W/l1 522S595W/7 522S596W/26 523S596W/l2 523S596W/94(Assoc) 523S596W/ll4 523S596W/ll6

Table A35.

.p.

N 0"'\

Tibia

Prov. Ar/N/30 Ar/S/13 Ar/S/18A Ar/S/22 Ar/S/49A D-1 0/5 I-12/5(6/23/78) I-21/6 J-8/13 J-9/4 J-9/12 J-13/5(6/18/78) K-13/19 511S478W/7 517S489W/5 518S590W/10A 518S590W/37 518S591W/2 519S590W/12 519S591W/7 519S591W/S(6/30/78) 522S595W/6 522S595W/15 522S595W/43 522S596W/6 522S597W/11 522S597W/20 523S596W/63 524S597W/9 Q-4/22 (1977)

Table A36.

R

L

L

R R R R R

L L L L L

R R

L

R R R R R R

L

R R R R R R R

Side

De

c

vPe wo; xo;

c

D UDi

~Di

c c roe c c

Pp qp

0

mPe np

~Di

Jpe ko

~Pe

.c

foa gPe hpe

eo;

dp ,Di

cDa

Port. bo

0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1

---

1 0 1

1

But. 1 (0) 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

---

0 1 0 0

---

1 1 0

---

0 1 1 1 1

---

0 1

-----

0 0

l

l 0 0

---

--l 0

Fus. (P)

0 0

---

1

---

1 1 0 1 1 0 1

-----

1

---

-----

---

1

-----

1

---

--l ---

l 0

Fus. {D} 1

---

---

---

( 11. 07) (9.30)

---

10.68 (8.57) (9.24) 10.35 (8.60) ( 10.85)

---

36.96 10.60 39.70 11.75 [26.80] [8.30] [7.30] --[17.90] [9.20] 40.62 12.40 (8.89) --[16.35] [5.70] [5.64] ---

---

---

aBd 6.70 7.30 [5.07]

[5.90] 6.60

(6.60)

6.30

7.51 2.15 [4.13] --- [5.82]

5.25

6.90 6.80 --- (3.89) 6.55 4.11 4.98 7.35 3.30 [5.60] --- [6.20]

4.31 4.37

---

4.65

---

4. 21

(4.45) [6.40]

--2.65 ---

---

[5.65] 8.60

a so

aBQ

38.26 10.95 [11.00] 10.88 [21.90] [9. 10] 37.03 (10.74) 37.55 10.90

---

[27 .15]

---

[13. 30] [21.90]

---

---

36.42

-----

aGL [12.65] [38.60] [26.55] [21.00] [33.50]

N O'l 'J1

(cont.)

aGL (Greatest Length); Bp (Proximal Breadth); SO (Smallest Breadth of Diaphysis); Bd (Distal Breagth) (after von den Driesch 1976). Distal articular end and distal one-third of shaft; shaft broken perpendicular to long axis; no evidence of use as tool. cSpecimen is split longitudinally through the proximal articular end and along the proximal three-quarters of the shaft, preserving only the medial portions; distal one-quarter of shaft and dist~l articular end intact; loss due to exposure in arroyo. Specimen complete except for missing unfused distal epiphysis; unfused proximal epiphysis found a few centimeters away in identical strategraphic context and restored to specimen. eShaft only; proximal articular end butchered off perpendicular to shaft just below epiphysis; disttl end damaged due to exposure in arroyo. Specimen complete except for damaged distal end; damaged due to exposure in arroyo; SO measurement may be slightly high due to presence of open longitudinal cracks. ~Unfused proximal epiphysis only. .Unfused proximal epiphysis only. ~Unfused proximal epiphysis only. Junfused proximal epiphysis only. koistal articular end and distal one-quarter of shaft; shaft split longitudinally preserving prim?rily anterior face; shaft fragment pointed and flat-ended; no evidence of use as tool. Lateral border fragment of diaphysis only. munfused proximal epiphysis only. nProximal articular end and proximal one-third of shaft; shaft broken obliquely to form long, pointed anterior projection extending distally from cranial border; no evidence of use as tool. 0 Badly corroded fragment of distal epiphysis only; state of fusion unknown. PProximal articular end and proximal one-sixth of shaft; shaft broken irregularly more or less perpendicular to long axis; no evidence of use as tool. qProximal articular end and proximal one-third of shaft; shaft broken obliquely to form broadly pointed anterior projection extending distally from cranial border; no evidence of use as tool. rUnfused distal epiphysis only; specimen not completely ossified; immature animal. 8 Complete diaphysis only; unfused proximal and distal epiphyses missing. toistal articular end and very small lateral portion of shaft; shaft broken obliquely across articular end removing part of epiphysis. uProximal one-half of diaphysis only; unfused proximal epiphysis missing; distal half of shaft and distal articular end butchered off; shaft broken irregularly more or less perpendicular to long axis.

Table A36.

0'\

N 01

(cant. )

vUnfused proximal epiphysis only. wComplete diaphysis only; unfused proximal and distal epiphyses missing; immature animal. xRecovered in 1977 but omitted from Speth and Parry (1978); distal one-fifth of diaphysis only; unfused distal epiphysis mfssing; shaft broken more or less perpendicular to long axis.

Tab 1e A36.

N

(J")

'-.1

As traga 1us

c c boa c c c c c c c c c c

R

R R R

L L

R R R R

L L L

Port.

Side

0 0 0

0

But. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

aGL 1 aGLm 7.30 6.97 7.85 7.23 [6.62] --7.25 6.88 7.27 6.82 7.78 7. 12 7.89 7.27 7.82 7.43 7.03 6.67 7.75 7.24 7.58 7.32 7.55 6.84 7.39 6.95 3.96 4.13 4.29 4.40 (4.42) 4.00 4.28 4.20 4.10 4.07

---

---

3.93 3.91 4.25 4.60 4.17 3.95 4.21 4.07 4.34 4.01

---

(4.49) 4.83 5.14 5.45 (4.95) 4.75 5.08 4.86 4.97 4.99 5.00 4.84 5.24 5.73 5.32 4.82 5.55 5.10 5.24 5 .ll

aDm aBd aGB 4.06 3.89 4.83 5. 10 4.28 4.18 (4.81) 5.24

aDl

aGLl (Greatest Length of Lateral Half); GLm (Greatest Length of Medial Half); Dl (Greatest Depth of Lateral Half); Om (Greatest Depth of Medial Half}; Bd (Greatest Breadth of Distal End); GB {Greatest BreaBth) (after von den Driesch 1976). Medial fragment only; specimen corroded and damaged.

Prov. K-14/2 512S472W/5 512S472W/S(7/21/78) 512S475W/5 5l8S590W/24 518S590W/54 518S590W/72 522S595W/l 522S595W/5 522S597W/9 522S597W/2l 523S597W/4 523S596-97W/S(7/28/78)

Table A37.

N

co

Q')

L L

R R

L

R

Side L

Lateral malleolus

c c c c c c c

Port.

But. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

aGL 2.85 2.73 2.80 3.02 3.21 2.44 2.94

~GL

(Greatest Length, measured perpendicular to GO). GO (Greatest Depth) (after von den Driesch 1976).

--

Prov. 520S590W/12 520S590W/23 522S595W/4 523S595W/10 523S596W/96 523S596W/1ll 524S597W/50

Table A38.

4.01 3.55 3.41 3.67 4.24 3.05 3.63

bGD

N

0..0

(j)

Ca 1cane us

L

L

L

R R R

L

L

---

L

R R R

Side

ePe gDi ,D gDi,D

c c

foa gDi,D

cc

do a ePe

cc cc cc

Port. But. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0

0

1 1

0

---

Fus.(P} 1 1 1 1 0 l

[13.07](4.80) [11.05](4.35)

5.93 [3.03] 5.23 [2.33]

[3.50] [2.84]

aGL aGB bAPW hTw~ bAPW~ 14.21 (4.65) [5.68] 3.65 3.98 15.95 5.71 [6.23] 4.37 4.65 16.02 5.49 [6.50] 4.00 4.21 (14 . 45) 5 . 06 6.33 [3.43] [4.20] --- ----[3.10] [3.76] 14.05 [4.63] [5.57] 3.58 3.68 [10.60][4.92] [5.76] [2.96] [12.87](4.55) 5.54 [2.75] [3.45] 14.45 5.00 6.20 3.75 4.09 14.67 4.99 5.85 3.57 4.22

aGL (Greatest Length); GB (Greatest Breadth) (after von den Driesch 1976). bAPW (Anterior-Posterior Width of 11 Wing 11 ) ; TWp (Transverse Width of Proximal End); APWp (Anterior-Posterior Width of Proximal End) (after Lorrain 1968). ~Specimen slightly damaged in excavation. Proximal end slightly damaged. eUnfused proximal epiphysis only. fsadly corroded; damaged to both proximal and distal ends. gComplete specimen except for missing, unfused proximal epiphysis.

Prov. Ar/S/70C J-8/9 J-12/10 J-13/10 J-14/8 511 S473W/4 518S480W/2 518S589W/8 518S590W/5 519S590W/4 519S591W/5 522S596vJ/ 31 523S596W/ll0

Table A39.

0

'-.!

N

Navicula-cuboid

L

R

L

R R

L

R R R

Side L

c c c c c c c c c c

Port_. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0

But. 0 5.14 4.10 4.24 4.31 4.26 4.71 4.55 3.83 5.00 4.73

al 6.62 5.64 5.66 5.57 5.44 6.26 6.17 5.39 6.66 6.35

aTW

aAPW 6.54 5.19 5. 10 5.42 5.56 5.81 5.75 5. 14 6.25 6.12

Lorrain 1968). al (Length); TW (Tranvserve Width); APW (Ante rior-P osteri or Width) (after

--

Prov. Ar/N/27 Ar/S/55B Ar/S/65 511S477W/11 519S590W/l3 522S595W/46 523S595W/34 523S596W/112 524S597W/25(Assoc) 524S597W/34

Table A40.

N '-.1

lst tarsal Side But. 0

Port.

e

aGB aGL aGD l . 42 1 . 14

e e e e e

be be

e e

Port. But. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

aGB 3.28 3.43 3.23 (1. 98) ( l. 85) 3,08 3.23 2. 71 3.37

2nd metatarsal Side

But. 0

Port.

e

aGB (Greatest Breadth); GL (Greatest Length).

Prov. 523S595W/27

Table A43.

aGB aGL 1.89 1.74

(Greatest Breadth) (after von den Driesch 1976). Immature animal; specimen not completely ossified.

~GB

--

L L L

R

(L)

(R)

Side L L L

Fused 2nd and 3rd tarsal

Prov. IJ-14,2l/Bkdt(6/l0/78) K-12/12 K-13/15 518S590W/79 519S590W/S(7/l/78) 523S595W/37 523S596W/l08 523S596W/ll2 524S597W/32

Table A42.

aGB (Greatest Breadth); GL (Greatest Length); GO (Greatest Depth).

Prov. 522-23S596W/S(7/24/78)

Table A41.

N -......! N

Metatarsal

R

L

R

L (L) L L L

R

L L L L

R R R R

h

c c c c

c c

1-p

D P.,Di

gc

Di

fDa

eD

ac

c c

c

Side Port. R cp ,Di But. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 (1) 0 (1 ) 0 0 0 0 0 0

a

a

a

a

a

so DO Bd GL B~ 18.70 4.77 2.24 2.32 4.70 1 1 24.35 4.73 2.73 2.72 5.75 1 1 24.65 4.87 3.17 2.70 5.97 1 1 24.60 5.89 (3.91) 2.97 6.97 23.98 5.01 2.75 2.94 5.80 1 1 [15.70] --- 1 --- --- 2.87 6.60 1 (1) (24.25) [4.93](2.92) 2.65 (6.75) --- --- [16.80] --- (3.70)(3.05) --24.61 5.22 3.21 2.85 6.09 1 1 --- 1 [10.80] --- --- 2.63 6.03 1 0 [21.60] 5.17 3.07 2.98 [6.00] (0) --- [5.32] (3.37) 1 1 (24.45) 5.01 2.73 2.59 5.86 25.00 4.90 (3.10) 2.78 6.10 1 1 0.5 22.20 4.58 2.46 (2.42) 5.35 1 25.50 5.22 3.12 2.90 6.28 1 1 1 1 24.92 5.63 3.46 2.93 6.54 25.52 5.91 3.67 3.15 6.95 1 1

Fus.Fus. {P) {D) 1 0 b

2.82 2.96 2.52 2.97 3.16 3.30

3.00 2.74

2.62 2.81 3.11 2.73 3.26 3.06

WCm

WCl

b

WTm

b

WTl

2.71 2.77 2.45 2.86 2.91 3.14

2.63 2.57

2.61 2.64 2.49 2.75 2.88 3.03

2.60 2.65

(2.46) (2.34) (2.29) (2.60) 2.55 ( 2. 71)

2.33 2.26

2.59 2.56 2.42 2.72 2. 61 (2.32) 2.90 (2.94) 2.50 2.65 2.69 (2.47) 2.96 3.03 2.75 (2.90) 2.65 [2.38]

b

aGL (Greatest Length); Bp (Proximal Breadth); SD (Smallest Breadth of Diaphysis); DD (Smallest Depth of DiapBysis); Bd (Distal breadth) (after von den Driesch 1976). WCm (Width of Distal Medial Condyle); WCl (Width of Distal Lateral Condyle); WTm (Width of Distal Medial Trochlea); WTl (Width of Distal Lateral Trochlea) (after Payne 1969). cComplete specimen except for missing unfused distal epiphysis. dDistal articular end and distal one-half of shaft; remainder of metatarsal lost in arroyo. eSlight proximal damage; distal articular end cracked along fusion line; stage of distal fusion eithfr fused or fusing. Diaphysis only; damaged in excavation; proximal articular end butchered off; distal end damaged. gDistal articular end and distal one-third of shaft; remainder of metatarsal butchered off; spec~men abraded . . Complete specimen except for missing unfused distal epiphysis. -z-Proximal one-quarter of diaphysis only; proximal epiphysis probably unfused and missing; proximal end of diaphysis incompletely ossified; immature animal.

Prov. Ar/S/23 Ar/S/55A I-21/7 J-13/4 J-22/2 L-12/3 512S473W/3A 513S474W/S(7/3l/78) 517S493W/2 518S589W/12 518S591W/l 519S590W/l 519S590W/50 523S596W/39 523S596W/106 523S597W/53 524S597W/33 524S597W/47

Table A44.

N

w

-.....)

aMetapodi a l

---

---

----JDi

~D

~D l

(1 ) ---

---

1

(0)

(R)

~i gD

---

---

But.

Side Port. --- do

bGL

bB~

hso boo bBd

--- --- [2.52] --- --- [16.25] [5.23] 3.90 2.47 [5.46] --- ------- l [7.41] --- 0 [2.61]

Fus. Fus. (P) {D) --- (0) cwcm CWCl

cWTm

aFragments that could not be assigned to metacarpal or metatarsa l. bGL (Greatest Length); Bp (Proximal Breadth); SD (Smallest Breadth of Diaphysis); DD (Smallest Depth of Diaphysis); Bd (Distal Breadth) (after von den Driesch 1976). cwcm (Width of Distal Medial Condyle); WCl (Width of Distal Lateral Condyle); WTm (Width of Distal Medi~l Trochlea); WTl (Width of Distal Lateral Trochlea) (after Payne 1969). Fragment of distal condyle only; unknown whether medial or lateral condyle. fnragment of distal condyle only; unknown whether medial or lateral condyle. Diaphysis only; proximal and distal ends damaged. gFragment of distal condyle only; unknown whether medial or lateral condyle. ~Fragment of distal condyle and small portion of shaft only; remainder of metapodial butchered off. ~Fragment of distal condyle only; unknown whether medial or lateral condyle; specimen not completely ossified; immature animal. JFragment of distal shaft only; specimen preserves foramen; probable metacarpal.

Prov. J-24/l K-13/9 514S474W/S(8/l/78) 518S48lW/l 518S589W/9 523S596W/99 524S598W/20

Table A45.

CWTl

+:>

N -.....!

lst phalanx

Prov. Ar/S/59 Ar/S/708 I-9/4 I-9/SA(6/23/78) I -9 /SB ( 6/23/78) I-10/5 I -13/4 J-10/1 J-10/2 J-11 /8 J-11 /13 J-12/4 J-13/11 J-13/20 J-24/2 K-12/16 K-13/12 511S472W/4 511S477W/3 511 S477W/5 512S470W/S(8/1/78) 512S473W/38 512S473W/3e 513S476W/4 513S476W/6 513S477W/8 514S478W/2(Assoc) 516S493W/1 517S483W/6 517S489W/2 517S493W/1 518S489W/1

Table A46. Side 11l11 11L11 IlLII IIRII IlLII IlLII IlLII IIRII IIRII IlLII IIRII --IIRII IIRII IIRn (IILu) "LII IlLII IIR" IlLII IIRII Ill" IIRII IIRII IIRII 11L11 11L11 IlLII IIRII IIRu IIRII IIR"

c e c

nDa Da oe Da

c me

Pe ·C t-Da e ·C J kDa zDa Da

he

fpe goa e

e e e eDa e

aep

Port. e e e But. 0 0 0 0 ( 1) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Fus. l l l l 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 (6.38)(3.19) 2.94 3.15 [3.43] 6.48 3.73 3.11 3.59 3.68 6.60 3.04 2.75 2.99 3.54 --- (1.97) --- --- 2.04 6.00 (3.05) 2.57 3.02 3.12 6.60 [2.96] 2.78 (3.00)[3.55] 6.06 (3.16) 2.67 3.00 3.25 6.11 3.24 2.70 (3.09) 3.05 [6.71](3.88) 3.38 3.73 [3.57] [6.66][2.90][2.73][3.1 0][2.95] (6.44)[3.29] 2.79 (3.33)[3.30] 6.82 3. 17 2.76 3.09 [3.33] (6.45) 2.93 2.64 2.91 3.40 6.87 [2.98][2.59][3.20][3.1 0] (7.39)(3.88)(3.33)(3.8 1)[3.49] (6.25)(2.85) 2.53 3.02 3.32 (6.70)[4.02] 3.49 3.77 [3.80] 6.26 (3.42) 2.80 3.15 3.39 6.55 3.23 2.90 3.30 3.60 6.36 3.70 3.20 3.40 (3.51)

a a Glj2e BQ aSD aBd aD 12 6.55 3.35 2.87 3.28 3.66 7.04 3.98 3.80 4.ll 4.13 6.61 3.14 2.83 3.08 3.56 6.98 3.27 2.90 3 '21 3.65 [6.00](2.93) 2.87 [2.90](3.64) 6.09 3.17 2.79 3.10 3.25 6.63 3.63 3.25 3.40 4.00 6.86 3.85 3.50 3.94 4.04 (6.83)[1. 77][1.03][1.49][3.36] 6.67 3.27 2.58 3.20 3.60 6.78 3.70 3.21 3.72 3.73 L L R L R R R R

0.36 0.22 0.12 0.42 (0.05) 0.16 0.45 0.30

0.23 0.31 0.72

0.12

0.10 0. 21

R R (R)

L

( R) L

L (L) R L

L (R) L R

0.26 0.06 0.29 0.36

(0.05) (0.07) 0.44 0.37

CDVRD

bDVR

(,Jl

N -...J

(cont.)

II

II

Side Port. uR" c "R" c "L c "L" c "Lu Poa "Ru c "R" c qDa "L'' uR" c "L" c "L" c "Ru rD,Di "L" c "Ru c Ill c ulu c "Ru c ''L" c IIRII c R" c Ru c Ru c R" c Lu c Lu c "Lu c "L'' c ''L" c 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

a

But. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

a Fus. GLQe aB Q aSD aBd aD Q bDVR 1 6.83 3.99 3.43 3.79 3.95 0.30 1 6.93 3.96 3.38 3.80 3.91 0.34 1 7.30 3.50 3.19 3.56 3.96 0.18 1 6.41 3.42 3.13 3.42 3. 63 (0. 03) 1 (6.76) [3.05][3.05](3.48)[3.06] --7.38 3.76 3.34 3.65 4.15 0.20 1 1 6.14 (3.10) 2.77 2.91 3.38 0.25 1 6.69 3.24 [2.60][3.21] 3.41 (0.26) 1 6.70 3.21 2.74 3.10 3.56 0.09 1 6.50 3.00 2.53 2.91 3.32 0.09 1 6.82 2.94 2.70 2.95 3.47 (0.02) 0 [4.52] [2.54] 2.33 2.82 [2.93] --1 6.49 4.02 3.41 3.79 3.75 0.58 1 6.46 3.44 3.08 3.60 3.55 0.14 1 6.78 3.88 3.32 3.80 3.92 0.38 5.81 0 2.44 2.10 2.49 3.07 (0.02) 0 (5.75) (2.53) 2.22 2.60 [3.10](0.36) 1 6.68 2.93 2. 70 2.92 3.43 0.08 1 6.46 2.90 2.43 2.83 3.27 0.13 1 6.70 3.13 2.83 3.20 3.48 (0.03) 1 6.66 3.70 3.23 3.56 4.06 0.24 6.52 3.76 3.27 3.66 3.77 0.43 1 1 6.95 3.04 2.89 3.10 3.63 0.18 1 6.41 3.44 3.04 3.40 3.56 0.26 1 6.47 3.82 3.32 3.60 3.82 0.43 1 6.34 3.52 2.95 3.30 3.47 0.20 6.77 4.09 3.57 4.00 4.12 0.32 1 1 6.44 3.05 2.72 3.07 3.51 0.25 L L L (R) (R) R L R R R L R L L L L

R R (L) L R (L)

R R L R

CDVRD

aGLpe (Greatest Length of Peripheral Half); Bp (Proximal Breadth); SO (Smallest Breadth of Diaphysis); Bd (Bistal ~readth); Dp (Proximal Depth) (afte~ von de~ Driesch 1976). . . DVR (Dlstal-Volar Rock); observed by plac1ng spec1men volar surface down and measur1ng d1stance of rock as viewed distally (after Duffield 1970:80-81). cDVRD (Distal-Volar Rock Direction); DVR clockwise (Right); DVR counterclockwise (Left).

Prov. 518S590W/12 518S590W/48 519S589W/24 519S590W/26 519S591W/3 519S59lW/3l 520S589W/l 520S589W/2 522S596W/23 522S596W/35 523S595W/l3 523S596W/45 523S596W/54 523S596W/88 523S596W/l 00 523S596W/103 523S596W/104 523S596W/107 523S597W/6 523S597W/12 523S597W/l5 523S597W/39 523S597W/54 523S597W/55 524S597W/2 524S597W/3l 524S597W/44 524S598W/l3

Table A46.

O"l

N "'-..1

(cont.)

dDistal articular head broken off, possibly butchered. [Fragment of abaxial half of phalanx only; damaged. Unfused proximal epiphysis only; damaged. gSlight proximal damage. ~Unfused proximal epiphysis only; specimen not completely ossified; immature animal. ~Specimen damaged proximally and axially. Jspecimen damaged slightly. kspecimen corroded and damaged in excavation. Zspecimen corroded and damaged proximally in excavation. mspecimen damaged; volar-axial portion missing. nvolar portion of specimen damaged. 0 Specimen damaged slightly in excavation. Pspecimen damage~; proximal-axial portion missing. qSpecimen corroded and damaged, particularly on volar side. rspecimen complete except for missing unfused proximal epiphysis.

Table A46.

1'0 '-1 '-1

2nd phalanx

Prov. Bkdt/1978(8/11/78) Ar/S/14 I-7 /7 I- 13/3 I-19/6 I-19/7 I-20/5 IJ-10,ll/S(6/l1/78) J-8/1 J-8/3 J-8/6 J-8/10 J-ll/6 J-11/11 J-ll/12 J-23/10 J-24/3 K-8/2 K-1 0/3 511S474W/2 511 54 77W/l2 511S477W/l3 512S473W/3D 513S475W/l 513S476W/24 514S477W/S(7/8/78) 517S481W/21 517S482W/1 517S483W/7 517S489W/3 518S590W/75 518S590W/88 519S589W/9

Table A47.

"L" IlLII IIRII IIRII "LII "RII IIRII IIlii IIRII "LII IIRII IIRII IlLII IIlii "RII 11l11 11l11 Ill II IIRII

IlLII IlLII Lll Lll Lll Rll Rll R•1 Rll Rll ILII "LII IIRII IlLII

Side

hoa

c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c do a c c ec c foa c c goa c c c c

cc

Port.

(0) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0

But. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Fus. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

aB~

aSD aBd

4.68 (3.31) 2.72 2.69 4.78 3.87 2.91 3.27 4.45 3.04 2.31 2.65 4.45 3.47 2.70 2.75 4.55 3.49 2.66 2.94 4.22 3.13 2.32 2.51 4.10 3.14 2.39 2. 51 4. 72 3.46 2.69 2.90 4.45 3.53 2.82 3.16 (3. 97) 3.03 2.44 (2.47) 4.26 3.25 2.58 2.80 4.76 3.85 3.17 3.44 (4.34) 2.98 2.16 2.39 4.52 3.35 2.53 2.81 4.30 3.01 2.32 2.39 4.52 3.40 2.61 2.76 4.66 3.88 3.10 3.55 4.64 3.78 3.04 3.19 4.81 3.35 2.50 2.82 4.15 3.19 2.30 [2.33] 4.56 3.11 2.38 2.57 4.95 (3. 57) 2.87 2.91 3.44 2.52 ( 2. 60) --4.14 2.90 2.10 2.40 [4.07] ( 4. 07) 3.23 2.43 2.65 4.58 3.90 3.00 3.27 [4.00] --(2.32) (2.42) 4.66 3.92 3.00 3.32 4.66 3.43 2.62 2.83 4.34 3.30 2.58 2.85 4.46 3.00 2.27 2.50 (4.74) [3.66] [3.06] [3.16]

aGL

---

(2.66) (3.06) 2.31 2.77 [2.45]

2.07 (2.48)

2.60 2.80 ( 2 . 58) 2.33

(2.96) 2.51 2.79 2.56 2.53 2.30 2.53 (2.69) 2.30 (2.27) 2.08 (2.57) (2.55) 2.48 2.46 2.55 2.18 2.36 2.88

ho

N '-1

(X)

(cont.)

11l11

IIRII

11l11 11l11

IIRII IIRII

11l11

IIRII

11l11 ''lll

IIR IIRII

Ill Ill Ill Ill Ill

Side

c c c c c c c c c c c c c c

-z..oa

.c

c

Port.

But. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1

1

Fus. l 1 1 l 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1

aGL 4.68 4.65 [4.44] 4.76 4.83 4.45 (4.03) 4.49 4.22 4.26 4.18 4.23 4.54 4.42 4.74 4.58 4.93

bo a so aBd aBQ 3.69 2.96 3.30 2.52 3.45 2.58 2.98 2.64 (3.49) 2.85 2.75 3.42 2.79 2.83 2.80 3. ll 3.33 (2.71) 3. 9-1 3.06 2.41 2.59 2.57 (3.32) 2.51 2. 77 2.11 3.02 2.34 2. 51 2.70 3.22 2.50 2.70 2.36 3.02 2.25 2.57 2.70 2.52 1.90 (2.17) [2.69] 2.63 2.02 2,23 2.56 3.53 (2.68) 2.76 2.64 3.00 (2.26) 2,48 2.66 3.73 2.86 3.50 2.29 3.17 2.40 2.65 2.67 3.98 3. 17 3.50 2.57

!Peripheral (i.e. away from midline of foot) longitudinal fragment only. hSpecimen damaged proximally during excavation . .Specimen damaged during excavation. -z..Specimen corroded and damaged during excavation.

impo~ible.

aGL (Greatest Length); Bp (Proximal Breadth); SO (Smallest Breadth of Diaphysis); Bd (Distal Breagth) (after von den Driesch 1976). D (Dorsal Length) (after Duffield 1970:81). ~Exposed by backhoe in Trench 78-4 on south side of arroyo. Specimen damaged slightly during excavation. eSpecimen preserved in articulated position with lst phalanx 512S473W/3C, rendering GL measurement

Prov. 519S590W/23 5l9S591W/9 519S591W/30 520S590W/ll 522S596W/2 522S596W/30 523S595W/2 523S595W/l6 523S596W/57 523S596W/87 523S596W/l02 523S596W/l05 523S597W/29 523S597W/62 524S597W/4A 524S597W/29 524S597W/45

Table A47.

N

"

1..0

3rd phalanx

5l8S590W/6 5l8S590W/78 518S590W/80 Sl9S590W/l4 519S590W/15 519S591W/l6 519S59lW/32 522S595W/45 523S596W/56 523S596W/l0l 523S596W/l09 524S597W/4B 524S597W/l3 524S597W/20 524S597W/25(Assoc) 524S597W/37

5l8S59m~/4

Prov. I-7 /3 I-l9/SA(6/6/78) I-l9/SB(6/6/78) J-8/4 J-9/$(6/20/78) J-ll/14 J-19/2 K-1 0/2 K-12/5 K-12/17 K-14/4 K-14/5 K-14/10 5llS474W/3 5llS477W/7 518S48lW/5

Table A48. Side IlLII nLu 11L11 nLn IIRII IlLII 11L11 nLn 11L11 nLn nLn IIRII IIRII IIRII nLn nLn Rn ( Rn) Ln Lu Rn Ru 11L11 IIRII IlLII ilL II nLn IIRII IIRII IIRII IIRII nLn 11l11

c c .c -z-Oa .c Jpo c c koa lc c c c c c

Oa

he

c Oa c c c

gPo

f~

c c c

eo a

c:fnn Po c

Port. boa But. 0 l 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 (l ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

aOLS [6.48] [3.68] [4.03] 7.63 [6.35] 7.57 8.20 7.37 7. 72 (2.67) [6.12] 6.76 [6.77] 7.16 6.18 (7.62) 6.65 [4.12] 7.36 6.79 (6.03) [5.59] 7.46 [5.64] 7.48 7.17 [4.67] 5. 41 7.07 7.60 8.70 7.70 7.95 [3.20] (2.23) 6.18 2.74 [4.16] 2.70 5.96 2.71 6.35 3.32 5.54 2.73 6.57 3.01 (2.42) (0.99) --- (2.80) 5.63 2.26 [5.35] (2.70) 6.20 2.46 5.07 2.35 (6.12) 3.00 5.07 2.04 [3.55] [1.24] 5.89 2.75 5.82 2.34 (5.14) 2.45 5.40 2.33 6.22 2.67 [3.70] 2.27 5.75 2.40 5.46 2.47 [3.94] (1.67) 4.55 l. 70 5.85 (3.14) 5.69 2.62 6.49 3.23 5.92 2.63 6.00 3.15

aMBS [4.68] (2.58)

aLd

00

N

0

(cont.)

aDLS (Greatest Diagonal Length of Sole); Ld (Length of Dorsal Surface); MBS (Middle Breadth of Solet (after von den Driesch 1976). Anterior tip damaged during excavation. ~nterio-ventral one-third of phalanx only; remainder butchered off. Anterior one-halt damaged during excavation. ~nterior tip damaged during excavation. Immature animal. gAnterior tip damaged during excavation. ~Badly corroded; anterior tip damaged during excavation. ~Posterior heel damaged during excavation. JAnterior tip probably butchered off. ~Specimen damaged during excavation; immature animal. Immature animal.

Table A48.

00 __,

N

Side 11 L'' ,P R'' ,C L11 ,P R11 ,P R11 ,P R11 ,C L11 ,P 11 L11 ,P 11 R11 ,P II Rll 'p II R11 ,c 11 L11 ,P IIRII 'p II R11 ,c 11 R 11 ,C 11 L11 ,C 11 L11 ,C 11 R11 ,C 11 R11 ,P 11 R11 ,P 11 R11 ,P II R11 ,c 11 R11 ,P II R11 ,c 11 L11 ,P 11 L11 ,C 11 L11 ,C 11 L",P 11 R11 , C 11 R",P II R11 ,C 11 LII ,c 11 L" ,C 11 R11 ,C

Proximal sesamoid

Prov. CD-9,10IS(6126178) I-811 I-1315 I-17/5(619/78) I-1915(616/78) I- 19Is (6I 121 78 ) J-1014A J-1015(6119178) J-1115(6111178) J-1115(6114178) J-13ISA( 6/17178) J-13ISB(6117/78) J-2214 J-2315 (6/17/78) JK-101SA(6117178) JK-lOISB(6117178) K-1 016 K-11 I 5 K-12115 K-13122 L-1114 512S473WI3E 512S473WI3F 514S478WIS(714178) 517S481WI22 518559m~l 41 519S590WIS(6124178) 522S595WI39 5225596W/5 5225596WI20 5225596WI21 522S596WI22 5225597WI13 522S597W/l5

Table A49. Port. ·-- But. c 0 c 0 c 0 boa 0 c 0 c 0 c 0 c 0 c 0 c 0 c 0 c 0 c 0 0 c cDa 0 c 0 c 0 0 c do a 0 0 c c 0 eo a 0 0 c c 0 0 c 0 c c 0 c 0 c 0 c 0 0 c 0 c c 0 c 0

aGL 2.04 2.47 2.09 [1.85] 2.25 2.25 2.58 2.26 1.99 1.84 (2.80) l. 93 2.64 2.50 [2. 55] 2.65 2.35 2.93 [2.15] 2.49 2.01 [2.38] (1.94) (2.95) (2.43) 2. 77 2.79 2.28 2.15 2. 14 2.52 2.51 3.07 2.32

aGB 1.59 1.66 1. 75 (1.42) 1. 74 1.36 1.81 1.55 1.42 1.49 1.83 1.46 2.04 1.66 [1. 59] 1.66 1.41 1. 93 (1. 72) 1.88 1.60 [1.45] (1.58) 1.85 (1.79) 1.82 1.69 1.66 1.35 1. 67 1.50 1.53 1.92 1.57

aGD 1.93 1.72 2.31 [1.65] 2.17 1.50 2.45 2' 15 2.02 1.97 (1.89) 1.98 2.52 1.72 [1. 73] l. 78 1.53 1.94 [1.96] 2.49 2,18 (1.65) (2.23) (1.90) (2.64) 1.82 1.80 2.16 1.33 2.14 1.58 1.66 2.02 1.57

N

co

N

(cont.)

IILII,c

Ill II ,c

Side IIRII,P 1l11 ,P IILII,c IIRII 'p IILII,c IILII,P IIRII,P IILII,P c

c c

c

f~ gc

Port. c c c

0

0

But. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

aGD

2.05 2.40 1.59 2.53 l.ll 1.29 2.48 2.79 l. 61 l. 60

aGL 2. 01 2.03 2.44 2.44 1.87 l. 59 2.34 2.67 2.49 2.61

aGB 1.60 1. 62 1.56 2.08 1.20 l. 19 l. 76 l. 94 1.54 1.65

Specimen damaged eSpecimen damaged !Articulated with gArticulated w~th

in excavation. in excavation. 523S596W/l06B; probable immature animal. 523S596W/l06A; probable immature animal.

~Specimen damaged in excavation.

Specimen damaged in excavation.

~GB (Greatest Breadth); GL (Greatest Length); GO (Greatest Depth).

Prov. 522S597W/l6 523S595W/26 523S595W/39 523S596W/92 523S596W/l06A 523S596W/l06B 523S597W/ 51 524S597W/6l(Assoc) 524S598W/lB 524S598W/lC

Table A49.

CD

N

w

Damaged in excavation.

c c c boa c c c c c c c c c

Port.

0 0

0 0

But. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2.59 2.43 2.38 [2. 53] 2.60 2.69 2.83 2.29 2.79 2. 51 2.80 3.07 3. 13

aGB aGO 1.27

1.43 [l .48] 1.65 1. 75 1.65 1.40 1.67 1. 52 1. 79 1.62 1. 99 1.42 1.44 1 .45 1.22 1.45 1. 37 1.65 1.62 1.80

1.24

( 1. 49)

( 1. 34) (1. 20)

aGL

~GB (Greatest Breadth); GL (Greatest Length); GO (Greatest Depth).

"L" "L"

"R"

"L" "L" "L" 11L11

"R" "R"

"L" 11L" 11L"

"R"

Side

Distal sesamoid

Prov. I-7 /SA I -7 /5B I-19/13 J-10,ll/S(6/l2/78) J-l4/S(6/l2/78) K-ll , 12/S (6/13/78) K-14/8 511S476W/S(7/2/78) 519S589W/S(6/20/78) 522S595W/20 523S595W/8 523S596W/43 524S598W/l(Assoc)

Table A50.

N

+::>

co

4 l 1 1 2 12 3 1 1 5 2

2

1 l 3 1

ll

7 3 2 1

ll

No. 1 1 l 1 1 8 3 13 3

aUnidentifiable bone fragments

Prov. C-7/2 C-7 /3 C-7/6 C-7/8 C0-7/5(6/10/78) C0-7,8/5(6/20/78) C0-7,8/5(6/23/78) C0-7,8/5(6/24/78) C0-7,8/5(6/25/78) C0-7,9/5(7/26,27/78) C0-9,10/5(6/25/78) C0-9,10/5(6/26/78) 0-7/2 0-7/4 0-7/5(6/17/78) 0-8/l 0-8/12 0-8/5(6/17/78) 0-9/4 0-10/3 I-8/2 I-8/3 I-8/5 I-8/5(6/5/78) I-8/5(6/6/78) I-8/5(6/9/78) I-8/5(6/23/78) I-9/2 I-9/5(6/6/78) I-9/5(6/9/78) I-9/5(6/11/78)

Table A51. Wt. {g) 4.90 0.85 8.03 1.45 1.67 12.00 2.03 6.58 5.49 22.12 7.34 4.35 19.87 72.68 ll . 07 0.45 8.76 3.31 0.60 28.80 11.18 0.75 1.84 1.48 l. 28 7.07 l. 78 7. 14 0. 77 1.34 0.93 LBF

Slightly water-worn l LBF (Condyle fragment of Humerus?) l LBF

LBF

c1 LBF (Humerus or Femur?) LBF (Humerus or Femur?) l LBF

l 5AF

b5AF

Pelvic fragment?

Comments

OJ

N

(J1

(cont.)

Prov. I-9/5(6/23/78) I-10/2 I-10/4 I-10/5(6/12/78) I-10/5(6/19/78) I-10/5(6/23/78) I-ll/5(6/17/78) I-11/5(6/23/78) I-12/3 I-12/4 I-12/5 I-12/5(6/13/78) I-12/5(6/23/78) I-13/9 I-13/5(6/23/78) I-14/5(6/9/78) I-14/5(6/10/78) I-14/5(6/23/78) I-15/5(6/6/78) I-15/5(6/9/78) I-l5/S(6/ll/78) I-15/$(6/13/78) I-16/8 I-16/11 1-16/5(6/5/78) I-16/5(6/10/78) I -16/5 (6/11/78) I-16/5(6/12/78) I-17/5(6/9/78) I-17/5(6/12/78) I-18/5(6/6/78) I-18/S(6/l1/78) I-19/9(Assoc)

Table A51.

9 36 2 39 1 7 1 1 1 5 2 1 7 3 1 3 1

4

No. 2 1 1 1 1 12 1 1 1 1 1 5 20 1 17 5.07 5.65 13.77 0. 50 1.47 4.38 4.08 0.19 0.91 0.31 0.94 6.98 8. 98 0.28 7.50 1.14 3.55 19.86 0.45 35.01 0.22 3.96 28.56 18.68 l. 17 3.27 0.74 0.64 7.09 0.53 0.18 2.80 2.28

Wt. ( g}

LBF (Humerus or Femur?) LBF (Humerus or Femur?)

7 LBF

1 LBF; 1 burned?

1 LBF

LBF

5AF LBF

Comments

(cont.)

Prov. I-19/5(6/6/78) I-19/5(6/9/78) I-19/5(6/10/78) I-19/5(6/12/78) I-19/5(6/13/78) I-20/1 I-20/2 I-20/3 I-20/5(6/9/78) I-20/5(6/12/78) I-21/5 I-21/5(6/9/78) I-21/5(6/11/78) ~ I-21/5(6/12/78) ""' I-22/l IJ-7,9/5(6/18/78) IJ-11,12/5(6/9/78) IJ-12, 13/5(6/12/78) IJ-14,15/5(6/6/78) IJ-14,15/5(6/11/78) IJ-14,15/5(6/12/78) J-7/5(6/19/78) J-8/5(6/5/78) J-8/5(6/18/78) J-8/5(6/19/78) J-8/5(6/20/78) J-9/5(6/5/78) J-9/5(6/13/78) J-9/5(6/18/78) J-9/5(6/20/78) J-10/5(6/10/78) J-10/5(6/13/78) J-10/5(6/17/78) J-10/5(6/18/78) J-10/5(6/19/78)

Table A51.

4 9 1 1 1 1 4 9 1 4 6 1 1 3 1 5 2 3 3 2 1 2 4 1 2 1 3 8 2 2 10 8 10

2

No. 5

Wt. (g} 6.24 0.63 2.22 3.32 0.27 1.16 1.34 3.12 2.33 8.58 8.85 5.76 4.56 0.19 14.50 6.80 16.27 3.76 2.52 1.39 3.80 2.10 9.79 1.57 1.77 0. 17 2.18 3.56 3.92 59.35 1.26 4.69 10.92 5.34 11.04 1 LBF 1 LBF

LBF 1 LBF 1 LBF; 2 SAF; 1 water-worn

SAF

LBF (Edge flaked; probable tool) 1 LBF 5AF

1 LBF LBF

Comments 1 LBF

~

-....!

Table A51. (cont.) Prov. J-10,11/5(6/10/78) J-10,11/5(6/12/78) J-11/1 J- 11 I 4 J-11/5(6/9/78) J-11/5(6/10/78) J-11/$(6/11/78) J-ll/$(6/14/78) J-12/1 J-12/2 J-12/4 J-12/9 J-12/5(6/6/78) J-12/5(6/13/78) J-12/$(6/17/78) J-12,13/5(6/13/78) J-13/7 J-13/$(6/9/78) J-13/$(6/13/78) J-13/$(6/17/78) J-14/2 J-14/4(Assoc) J-14/9 J-14/5(6/11/78) J-14/5(6/12/78) J-14/$(6/13/78) J-14/$(6/14/78) J-14,15/5(6/10/78) J-15/2 J-15/5(6/9/78) J-15/5(6/10/78) J-15/5(6/ll/78) J-15/5(6/13/78) J-22/7 No. 2 16 1 1 3 1 35 9 1 1 5 6 3 12 1 5 2 1 9 6 1 7 1 6 6 3 4 3 1 1 1 4 9 6 Wt.{g) 15.27 14.21 7. 18 19.00 3.83 0.49 23.49 8.30 12.58 4.50 l. 98 3.14 4.12 7.82 l. 36 3.83 5.64 1.46 17.18 9.90 2.74 2.42 2.27 2.88 4.07 2.05 3.61 7.14 0.08 l. 24 0.95 3.80 6.57 29.30 6 LBF

1 LBF

3 LBF

1 LBF

5AF

1 SAF

LBF

Comments 2 LBF 1 LBF; 1 5AF

N

()) ())

(cont.)

Prov. J-22/S(6/14/78) J-22/S(6/l7/78) J-23/28 J-23/S(6/l4/78) J-23/S(6/17/78) J-24/5 J-24/S ( 6/17I 78) JK-l0/S(6/17/78) K-9/1 K-9/3 (Assoc) K-9/S(6/l8/78) K-10/1 K-10/4 K-10/7 K-1 0/S ( 6/l 0/78) K-l0/S(6/19/78) K-l0/S(6/20/78) K-11 /2 K-11/S(6/17/78) K-11/5(6/20/78) K-11/S(6/23/78) K-ll,l2/S(6/l2/78) K-11,12/5(6/13/78) K-12/3 K-12/26 K-12/S (6/14/78) K-12/5(6/17/78) K-13/9 K-13/5(6/13/78) K-13/5(6/17/78) K-13/5(6/18/78) K-13/5(6/19/78) K-14/ 3 K-14/11 K-14/14 K-14/15

Table A51. No. 15 10 2 2 9 1 4 3 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 7 11 1 6 1 7 4 6 1 1 15 3 1 2 7 1 13 1 1 1 15 Wt. (g) 16.81 14. 51 11 . 79 6.56 4.71 2.59 2.37 12.27 3.94 0.70 0.59 1.84 l. 51 10.72 0.18 4.43 8.11 2.55 5.12 0.80 5.96 4.75 4.58 5.31 3.53 12.30 0.75 27.18 1.82 10. 15 1.02 8.60 10.64 8.45 2.53 17.74 Restorable to single fragment?

LBF (Waterworn)

LBF

LBF

1 LBF 1 LBF Slightly water-worn

LBF

1 LBF SAF

2 LBF

Comments 1 LBF (Burned)

·\.0

cc

N

(cont.)

Prov. K-14/S(6/17 /78) K-14/S (6/18/78) K-14/5(6/19/78) L-11/5 511 S472W/7 511S473W/1 511S473W/3 511 S473W/5 511S474W/10 511S475W/7 511 S475W/1 0 511S476W/9 511 S476W/1 0 511S476W/11 511 S477W/1 511 S477W/ 4 511S477W/6 511 S477W/8 511 S477W/9 511S477W/17 511S477W/19 511S477W/25 511 S477W/27 511 S477W/30 511 S478W/2 511S478W/3 511S478W/5(Assoc) 511S478W/9 511 S478W/1 0 511S478W/12 511 S478W/16 511S478W/17 511S478W/20 511 S479W/1 511 S479W/2 511S479W/3

Table A51. No. 1 2 12 1 3 6 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 3 2 4 1 2 1 1 Wt. (g) 0.15 0.99 11.00 8.25 3.35 13.56 7.06 11 . 45 32.82 6.76 0.61 7.17 2.21 0.70 3.22 2.51 0.37 2.80 3.09 0.81 1.59 1.34 2.86 4.28 6. 12 3.65 0.59 0.86 7.28 9.41 1.39 4.85 0. 77 2.13 7.72 2.56 LBF SAF

2 LBF

LBF 1 LBF

LBF

LBF? SAF

LBF

LBF?

LBF LBF (Humerus or Femur?) LBF

6 SAF

2 LBF

Comments

1.0 0

N

(cant.)

Prov. 511S479W/4 5llS479W/6 511S479W/7 5llS468W/S(7/l8/78) 5llS469W/S(7/l7/78) 5llS469W/S(8/l/78) 511S472W/S(7/17/78) 5llS473W/S(7/l0/78) 5llS473W/S(7/ll/78) 5llS475W/S(7/l0/78) 511S475W/S(7/11/78) 5llS475W/S(7/l6/78) 5llS476W/S(7/2/78) 511S476W/S(7/8/78) 511S477W/S(6/25/78) 511S477W/S(6/26/78) 511S477W/S(6/30/78)Feat. 1 5llS479W/S(7/2/78) 511S479W/S(7/4/78) 511-12S478-79W/S(6/24/78) 512S466W/5 512S472W/3 512S472W/S(7/20/78) 512S472W/S(7/21/78) 512S473W/1 512S473W/S(7/l8/78) 512S473W/S(7/l9/78) 512S473W/S(7/3l/78) 512S474W/3 512S474W/5 5l2S474W/11 512S474W/l3 512S474W/l5 512S474W/31 512S474W/S(7/18/78)

Table A5l. No. 2 1 l 1 l l 3 4 l 4 7 3 3 9 1 7 2 2 1 3 2 1 4 10 1 2 3 3 1 l 1 l l 1 4

Wt. (g} 4. 01 2.12 1.13 0.20 0.07 0.22 11.46 1.36 0.40 1.05 11.95 4.48 8.49 25.26 1.25 5.05 l. 61 3.42 l. 36 l. 25 7.53 4.24 2.34 26.04 4.35 1.35 3.11 3.84 13.04 0.32 2.68 0.45 3.95 0.77 1.83 SAF

6 SAF; 1 Burned SAF

2 LBF (1 Burned)

1 Burned 2 SAF SAF

l LBF; l water-worn 2 LBF; 1 burned

1 LBF (Water-worn)

1 LBF

Burned

Comments

N

\.0 ___,

(cont.)

Prov. 5l2S474W/S(7/19/78) 512S474W/S(7/31/78) 512S475W/l 512S475W/2 512S475W/3 512S475W/4 5l2S475W/6 5l2S475W/7 512S475W/8 512S475W/9 512S475W/l0 512S475W/l1 §l2S475W/l3 512S475W/ 15 512S475W/l8 512S475W/S(7/17/78) 512S476W/3 512S476W/5 512S476W/6 512S476W/7 512S476W/8 512S476W/9 512S476W/ll 512S476W/12 512S476W/l3 512S476W/14 512S476W/15 512S476W/l6 512S476W/17 512S476W/19 512S476W/20 512S476W/21 512S476W/22 512S476W/23 512S476W/24 512S476W/25

Table A5l. No. 5 l l l l 2 2 l l 2 l 2 l 1 2 5 l l 2 1 l 1 1 1 l 1 l l 5 1 l 32 2 4 l l Wt.(g) 1.40 1. 63 1. 22 ll .85 1.62 1. 34 0.98 6.06 3.75 4.15 6.70 0.65 0.48 6.39 1.02 3.36 0.65 1.35 0.66 2.98 5.57 0.45 1.84 0. 77 1.04 0.59 2.85 5.85 3.95 3.93 2.95 47.38 6.11 17.42 8.85 3.63 3 SAF LBF

LBF 4 SAF SAF LBF 7 LBF; 7 SAF

LBF

LBF

LBF SAF 2 SAF LBF

LBF LBF

LBF

Comments

N

\..{")

N

(cont.)

Prov. 512S476W/26 512S476W/32 512S476W/33 512S476W/34 512S476W/35 512S476W/36 512S476W/37 512S476W/39 512S476W/40 512S476W/4l 512S476W/42 512S476W/43 512S476W/44 512S476W/45 512S476W/46 512S476W/48 512S476W/49 512S476W/51 512S476W/53 512S476W/S(7/7/78) 512S476W/S(7/8/78) 512S476W/S(7/10/78) 512S476W/S(7/l1/78) 512S477W/6 512S477W/10(Assoc) 512S477W/11 512S477W/13 512S477W/l4 512S477W/22 512S477W/26 512S477W/38 512S477W/39

Table A51. No. 4 1 2 1 2 13 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 5 1 17 1 1 1 5 9 26 36 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 2 Wt.{g) 12.11 1.11 2. 72 1. 57 5.43 25.22 1.54 1.49 14.58 10.49 0.36 1.83 1.28 1.24 3.69 36.19 4.69 3.04 3.93 1.45 9.18 38.41 22.96 1.84 1.02 35.80 0. 75 1. 23 2. 01 4.87 0.87 9.13 LBF (Humerus or Femur?)

l LBF; l SAF 2 LBF; 7 SAF 1 LBF; 8 SAF LBF

LBF? LBF

LBF 6 LBF; 5 SAF

LBF? LBF?

3 LBF SAF

1 LBF 2 LBF; 1 SAF

Comments

rv

w

1.0

(cont.)

Prov. 512S477W/S(7/l/78) 512S477W/S(7/3/78) 512S477W/S(7/7/78) 512S477W/S(7/8/78) 512S477W/S(8/l0/78) 512S478W/9 512S478W/l0 512S478W/S(7/8/78) 512S479W/3 512S479W/4 512S479W/5 512S479W/6 512S479W/7 512S479W/9 512S479W/l0 512S479W/ 11 512S479W/14 512S479W/l5 512S479W/l6 512S479W/17 512S479W/18 512S479W/19 512S479W/20 512S479W/S(7/l/78) 512S479W/S(7/2/78) 512S479W/S(7/3/78) 513S466W/3 513S467W/2 513S468W/S(7/20/78) 513S469W/2 513S473W/l 513S473W/2 513S474W/l 513S474W/2 513S474W/3

Table A51. No. 2 1 6 12 1 1 1 14 2 13 1 4 1 1 6 4 3 1 2 2 1 10 2 8 13 11 3 1 1 1 16 17 7 2 1 Wt. {g) 1.66 2.55 11.16 17.59 1.12 7. 61 l. 74 30.71 10.06 15.60 5.51 6.97 9.47 0.67 5.91 6.74 7.02 1.06 2.71 3.16 1.10 18.76 1.85 13. 19 18.20 10.36 2.86 0.56 0.26 l. 09 8.07 22.76 12.45 1.63 l. 92 SAF

Restorable to 2 fragments? Restorable to 3 fragments (1 LBF) 3 SAF

Burned

2 LBF 1 SAF 1 SAF

2 LBF; 3 SAF

1 SAF

1 SAF 1 LBF; 1 SAF 1 LBF

SAF

LBF LBF 7 LBF; 1 Burned

4 LBF 2 LBF; 5 Burned (from hearth)

Comments

N

l.O

-+»

(cont.)

Prov. 513S475W/2 513S475W/7 513S475W/8 513S475W/S(7/l6/78) 513S475W/S(7/l9/78) 513S476W/11 513S476W/l3 513S476W/l6 513S476W/17 513S476W/18 513S476W/21 513S476W/22 513S476W/23 513S476W/26 513S476W/27 513S476W/29 513S476W/3l 513S476W/32 513S476W/35 513S476W/36 513S476W/38 513S476W/40 513S476W/41 513S476W/42 513S476W/43 513S476W/44 513S476W/45 513S476W/46 513S476W/48 513S476W/49 513S476W/S(7/10/78) 513S476W/S(7/1l/78)

Table A51.

1 4 3 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 4 15 7

11

No. 1 1 1 3 4 l 2 4 2 3 2 2 6 1 l 1

Wt.(g} 4.18 5.24 2.91 6.99 3.92 1.80 l. 17 5.24 1.03 2.30 3.70 0.83 3.83 0.44 1.25 0.64 10.04 0.97 0.63 0.33 2.75 6.64 3.84 0. 78 7.95 2. l 0 18.61 4.63 3.63 1.60 l 0. 04 2.52 3 SAF

LBF l LBF 1 LBF LBF SAF

1 LBF LBF (Humerus or Femur?) LBF

1 LBF; 5 SAF LBF

l LBF 1 LBF 5 SAF

4 SAF l SAF

Comments LBF LBF LBF 1 LBF 1 LBF

N

Ul

1..0

(cant. )

Prov. 513S476W/S(7/16/78) 513S477W/1 513S477W/2 513S477W/4 5l3S477W/5 5l3S477W/l 0 513S477W/1l 513S477W/l2 5l3S477W/l3 5l3S477W/17 513S477W/18 513S477W/19 513S477W/23 513S477W/24 513S477W/27 513S477W/28 513S477W/29 513S477W/30 513S477W/33 513S477W/34 513S477W/37 513S477W/39 513S477W/ 42 513S477W/43 51 3S4 77W/ 44 51 3S4 77W/ 46 51 3S4 77W/ 48 513S477W/ 49 513S477W/51 513S477W/55 513S477W/58 513S477W/61 513S477W/67 513S477W/70 513S477W/72

Table A51. No. 10 8 1 4 1 7 2 1 l 1 3 3 1 1 5 1 3 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 7 2 1 5 3 1 5 2 1 8 6 Wt. ( g} 6.93 2.52 0.42 3.69 20.57 49.16 52.18 42.14 9.78 3.50 8.00 7.75 0.12 1. 75 57.96 5.79 9.04 0.44 0.42 1.17 0.25 0.85 0.13 0.24 2.28 3.76 0.08 4.43 2.00 4.04 1. 70 0.43 2.44 11.21 18.39 LBF 2 LBF 6 LBF

1 LBF; 1 SAF Burned 3 LBF 1 LBF LBF

Burned 1 Burned Burned Burned Burned Burned

LBF 5 LBF (Humerus or Femur?) LBF (Humerus or Femur?) 1 LBF

l LBF LBF (Femur?) 4 LBF (Humerus or Femur?) 2 LBF (1 Humerus or Femur?) LBF (Femur?) Acetabulum fragment? LBF 2 LBF 3 LBF

Comments 3 LBF; 1 SAF

(J)

N \.0

(cont.)

Prov. 513S477W/75 513S477W/81 513S477W/82 513S477W/85 513S477W/86 513S477W/90 513S477W/93 513S477W/96 513S477W/98 513S477W/99 513S477W/106 51 354 77W/l 07 513S477W/108 513S477W/S(7/1/78) 513S477W/S(7/3/78) 513S477W/S(7/7/78) 513S478W/2 5l3S478W/3 513S478W/5 513S467W/8 513S478W/12 513S478W/l3 513S478W/l4 513S478W/15 513S478W/16 513S478W/17 513S478W/18 513S478W/19 513S478W/20 513S478W/21 513S478W/23 513S478W/24 513S478W/26 5l3S478W/27 513S478W/28

Table A51.

1 1 2 1 1 1 1 5 7 2 1 1 1 8 1 2

1

1 1 3 8 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 6 1 1

2

No. 5 Wt.(g) 7.29 1.83 0.86 0.15 5.32 8.63 1.22 l. 91 2.70 13.50 3.85 6.59 0.67 2.23 0.58 2.25 9.12 5.46 5.50 1.45 1.66 1.44 11.69 3.12 0.63 2.56 3.59 6.84 3.76 4. 12 0.67 6.94 6.48 0.49 0.51 2 LBF; 1 SAF 1 LBF; 1 SAF SAF

LBF

1 LBF LBF LBF

LBF (Humerus or Femur?) SAF LBF

LBF LBF LBF 1 LBF LBF

Comments 1 LBF 1 LBF LBF? Burned 2 SAF 5 Burned

N \.0 --.1

(cont.)

Prov. 513S478W/29 513S478W/30 513S478W/31 513S478W/32 513S478W/35 513S478W/36 513S478W/38 513S478W/39 513S478W/40 513S478W/41 513S478W/42 513S47'8W/46 513S478W/52 513S478W/53 513S478W/54 513S478W/56 513S478W/58 513S478W/59 5l3S478W/60 513S478W/61 513S478W/63 513S478W/S(7/3/78) 513S478W/S(7/8/78) 513S479W/6 513S479W/7 513S479W/8 513S479W/9 513S479W/l 0 513S479W/11 513S479W/l2 513S479W/13 513S479W/16 513S479W/17 513S479W/l8

Table A51.

2 4 1 1 5 7 18 8 2 7 1 6 1 9 6 2 4 7

2

1 4 2 1 2 2

4

No. 3 1 2 3 4 1 3 2

Wt. (g) 2.24 5.33 31.38 1.03 11.88 1.47 1. 57 1.42 6.93 0.35 4.44 5.83 7.70 18.55 3.22 0.50 1. 74 4.58 0.04 3.91 2.85 7.42 6.50 6.28 1.60 3.79 5,06 19.58 4.56 22.01 13.93 5.86 7.22 12.35 LBF 4 LBF SAF 2 LBF 1 LBF 1 SAF 1 LBF; 2 SAF 2 LBF; 2 SAF

3 SAF 5 Burned

1 LBF 1 LBF Burned SAF

2 Burned 1 LBF; 2 SAF Burned 2 LBF 1 LBF; 1 SAF LBF 2 LBF (1 Humerus or Femur?) l LBF

3 LBF; 1 SAF LBF

Comments ---1 LBF LBF 2 LBF (Humerus or Femur?)

N

\.0

00

(cont.)

Prov. 513S479W/l9 513S479W/22 513S479W/23 513S479W/24 513S479W/25 513S479W/26 513S479W/28 513S479W/29 513S479W/ 38 513S479W/S(6/30/78) 513S479W/S{7/2/78) 513S479W/S(7/3/78) 514S466W/1 514S466W/l6 514S466W/22 514S466W/25 514S467W/14 5l4S467W/28 514S467W/32 514S467W/35 514S468W/9 514S469W/2 514S475W/3 514S476W/10 514S476W/ll 514S476W/12 514S476W/l3 514S476W/14 514S476W/15 514S476W/l6 514S476W/17 514S477W/1 514S477W/2

Table A51. No. 1 1 3 1 4 1 1 3 1 4 1 2 l 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 8 1 1 1 1 1 4 2 1 1 5 Wt.(g} 0.47 1.40 2.50 0.86 6.37 1.24 0. 15 1.11 0.18 3.84 2.28 2.41 25.92 0.93 0.05 1.05 2.68 17.98 2.02 5. 16 2.11 15.37 2.65 7.79 0.41 8.55 2.99 5.11 10.66 6.36 3.13 1.29 12.89 1 LBF; 1 SAF

LBF LBF LBF (Humerus or Femur?) 1 LBF 1 LBF LBF

LBF

SAF SAF

SAF (Burned)

2 Burned

1 LBF; 1 SAF (Burned) LBF 1 SAF Proximal radius fragment?

2 LBF SAF

Comments

N

1..0

\0

(cont.)

Prov. 5T4S477W/4 5l4S477W/6 514S477W/9 514S477W/l 0 514S477W/l3 514S477W/l4 514S477W/l5 514S477W/l8 514S477W/l9 5l4S477W/2l 514S477W/22 514S477W/26 514S478W/l 5l4S478W/5 514S478W/6 514S478W/7 514S478W/8 514S478W/l3 514S478W/l5 514S478W/16 514S478W/l9 514S478W/2l 514S478W/22 514S478W/23 514S478W/24 514S478W/25 514S478W/26 514S478W/27 514S478W/28 514S478W/29 514S478W/30 514S478W/31 514S478W/32 514S465W/S(7/24/78)

Table A5l. No. l l 2 l 2 2 3 3 2 2 l l l 5 l l l l l l 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 l 2 2 Wt. {g) 1.82 0.62 3.20 2.02 7. 18 1.88 3.43 0.81 1.40 l 0.43 9.58 1.08 7.49 1.85 13. 16 7.64 l. 15 0.44 l. 16 0.71 9. 13 0.43 0.80 0.93 2.41 l o. 77 1.60 2.48 14.00 19.29 5.41 1.24 8.52 0.46 l SAF

LBF (Humerus or Femur?) LBF l LBF

LBF? SAF (Head of Humerus?) SAF

LBF

LBF?

SAF Restorable to l fragment? LBF (Humerus or Femur?) LBF

2 LBF (l Humerus or Femur?)

l LBF; l SAF

LBF 2 LBF?

Comments LBF

(cont.)

Prov. 514S466W/S(7/27/78) 514S467W/S(7/27/78) 514S468W/S(7/24/78) 514S468W/S(7/25/78) 514S469W/S(7/l9/78) 514S471W/S(7/30/78) 514S472W/S(7/24/78) 514S473W/S(7/20/78) 514S474W/S(7/3l/78) 514S475W/S(7/20/78) 514S475W/S(7/2l/78) 514S476W/S(7/18/78) 514S476W/S(8/9/78) ~ 514S477W/S(6/30/78) 514S477W/S(7/2/78) 514S477W/S(7/7/78) 514S477W/S(7/8/78) 514S478W/S(7/3/78) 514S478W/S(7/4/78) 514S479W/S(6/30/78) 514S479W/S(7/3/78) 517S480W/4 517S480W/7 517S480W/8 517S480W/l2 517S480W/15 517S480W/S(8/1/78) 517S480W/S(8/2/78) 517S480W/S(8/3/78) 517S481W/1 517S481W/2 517S481W/3

Table A51. No. 1 9 1 3 2 3 7 2 2 1 1 4 l 4 10 29 7 7 6 3 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 6 8 1 1 2 Wt. (g) 1. 59 1. 94 l. 98 0.30 0.73 5.38 8.55 0.86 3.86 0.21 1.59 2.11 19.97 1.47 6.82 38.21 5.57 8.35 1.69 7.26 2.18 1.57 1.84 1.42 1.63 2.55 0.22 2.84 l. 79 10.26 1.17 7.33 Burned Burned LBF LBF (Restorable to 1 fragment?)

LBF

1 Burned

Lumbar fragments? 6 LBF; 3 SAF; 2 Burned 1 LBF 1 LBF; 2 SAF 2 Burned 1 LBF

LBF

1 LBF?

3 1 1 4

Comments LBF 9 Burned

w

0 __,

(cont.)

Prov. 517S481W/6 517S481W/l0 517S481W/13 517S481W/l8 517S481W/20 5175481 W/21 517S481W/22 517S482W/l 517S482W/2 517S482W/4(Assoc) 517S482W/5 517S482W/8 517S482W/ll 517S482W/l2 517S482W/l3 517S482W/l4 517S482W/20 517S482W/22 517S482W/24(Assoc) 517S482W/S(8/9/78) 517S483W/l 5l7S483W/3 517S483W/4 517S483W/5 517S483W/9 517S483W/l0 517S483W/S(8/3/78) 517S484W/S(7/3l/78) 517S485W/S(8/2/78) 517S485W/S(8/9/78) 517S488W/4 517S489W/4

TableA51.

2 l 1 l l 1 1 1 2 2 3 3

ll

1 1 2 2

3

No. 1 2 1 28 5 19 23 l 1 2 1 1 2 1 Wt. (g} 2.03 1.44 o. 13 22.76 15.08 5.37 12.03 0.56 l. 19 11.02 l. 25 2.30 3.26 11.95 2.86 1.83 l. 74 7.02 2.55 9.45 4.23 5.85 8.38 2.70 2.51 l. 79 o. 76 0.49 0.57 l. 51 0.85 1.47 LBF?

2 SAF LBF LBF?

Scapula border?

1 LBF

Many restorable? Many restorable?

2 SAF; Many restorable?

Comments

w

0 N

(cont.)

Prov. 518S481W/2 518S48lW/5 518S483W/8 518S485W/3 and 4 518S487W/S(8/3/78) 518S493W/S(7/21/78) 518S494W/S(7/2l/78) 518S589W/6(Assoc) 518S589W/7 518S589W/13 518S589W/l4 518S589W/15 518S589W/17 518S589W/2l 518S589W/23 518S589W/24 518S589W/S(6/23/78) 518S589W/S (6/24/78) 518S589W/S(6/25/78) 518S589W/S ( 7I 10/78) 518S590W/10(Assoc) 518S590W/30 518S590W/3l(Assoc) 518S590W/34(Assoc) 518S590W/35(Assoc) 518S590W/40(Assoc) 518S590W/44 5l8S590W/53 518S590W/ 62 518S590W/65 518S590W/70 518S590W/7l 518S590W/81 518S590W/85 518S590W/87

Table A51.

1 14 3 3 10 2 1 2 2 l l 1 2 1 3 1 7 4 2 3 l l 1 2 1 6 3 1 1 1 1 1 1

11

No. 2 Wt. (g} 1.80 8.33 37.46 17. 13 4.60 0.58 9. 01 4.56 1.11 2.30 1.18 l. 31 3.90 1.01 3.30 5.38 6.64 1.25 2. 72 7. 12 1.34 10.28 1.18 3.31 0.45 8.00 6.85 11.95 3.16 0.70 6.23 5.12 5.81 1.98 1. 37 LBF

3 SAF; Restorable to 1 fragment?

Vertebral fragments?

1 SAF Proximal cartilage from scapula? 1 LBF; 1 SAF

LBF 1 LBF

Burned

Vertebral fragments? 2 SAF

SAF 5 SAF 1 LBF

Comments

w 0 w

(cont.)

Prov. 518S590W/S(7/7/78) 518S590W/S(7/8/78) 518-19S589W/S(7/10/78) 518-19S589-90W/S(7/3/78) 518-20S589-91W/S{7/17/78) 5l8-20S589-91W/S(7/18/78) 518-21S589-91W/S(7/16/78) 519S483W/4 519S493W/S{7/25/78) 519S589W/7 519S589W/12 519S589W/19 519S589W/23 519S589W/25 519S589W/27 519S589W/29 519S589W/30 519S589W/ 32 519S589W/33 519S589W/35 519S589W/S(6/l8/78) 519S589W/S(6/20/78) 519S589W/S(7/ll/78) 519S589W/S(7/17/78) 519S589W/S(7/18/78) 519S590W/5 519S590W/17 519S590W/23 519S590W/30 519S590W/32 519S590W/ 36 519S590W/38 519S590W/39 519S590W/40A and B

Table A51. No. 7 1 21 5 11 34 13 1 1 1 2 5 7 1 1 2 10 1 1 1 1 2 29 3 1 5 1 2 1 1 3 1 1 2 Wt. (g} 9.00 1.15 11.94 4.72 10.15 19.87 5.40 14.12 1.14 3.67 1.27 4.08 20.47 11.61 1.92 3.76 5.48 2.00 0.49 14.84 0.68 2.03 14.57 2.31 0.94 20.05 3.60 1.37 2.34 2.80 2.55 2.06 2. 51 4.42 LBF 2 LBF

LBF 3 LBF

2 SAF LBF 1 SAF

3 LBF

LBF

6 SAF

3 SAF LBF LBF

1 SAF 2 SAF

2 LBF; 1 Burned 2 LBF; 2 SAF 1 LBF; 1 SAF; 1 Burned

1 LBF

Comments

w

~

0

(cont.)

Prov. 519S590W/41 519S590W/42 519S590W/ 44 519S590W/45 519S590W/46 519S590W/48 519S590W/49 519S590W/ 51 519S590W/52 519S590W/53 519S590W/54 519S590W/56 519S590W/57 519S590W/S(6/19/78) 519S590W/S(6/23/78) 519S590W/S(7/1/78) 519S590W/S(7/7/78) 519S590W/S(7/16/78) 519S59lW/3 519S591W/6 519S59lW/lO 519S591W/l5 5195591 W/22 519S591W/25 519S591W/27 519S591W/29 519S591W/S(6/30/78) 519S59lW/S(7/l7/78) 519S591W/S(7/l8/78) 519S589-91W/S(6/24/78) 520S589W/4 520S589W/5 520S589W/6 520S589W/7 520S589W/8

Table A5l. No. 1 3 2 l l l 1 l 1 1 l 2 1 4 2 4 8 6 5 l 1 l l 1 l 1 2 8 1 20 2 l l l l

Wt. (g) 5.55 10.50 0.68 0.45 17.95 8.42 6.92 19.09 1.53 24.87 9.43 1.49 0.17 4.67 0.55 2.02 5.82 8.42 5.22 0.29 1.38 1.04 19.99 4.58 2.83 4.60 1.63 8.42 l .40 28.08 3.12 0.26 1.42 15.32 3.45 6 SAF

l LBF

LBF

LBF

1 LBF 1 LBF 5 SAF

1 SAF

LBF (Femur?) LBF (Femur?) LBF (Femur?) LBF (Femur?) LBF LBF (Femur?) LBF (Femur?) 2 LBF

Comments SAF

0 01

w

(cont.)

Prov. 520S589W/S(6/l9/78) 520S589W/S(6/20/78) 520S589W/ S(7/7/78) 520S589W/S(7/ll/78) 520S589W/S(7/l6/78) 520S590W/2 520S590W/5 520S590W/l0 520S590W/l7 520S590W/l8 520S590W/2l 520S590W/22 520S590W/24 520S590W/26 520S590W/28 520S590W/S(6/l9/78) 520S590W/S(7/2/78) 520S590W/S(7/3/78) 520S590W/S(7/4/78) 520S591W/3(Assoc) 522S596W/4 522S596W/9 522S597W/ll 523S595W/l 523S595W/l4 523S595W/42 523S596W/lO(Assoc) 523S596W/ 11 523S596W/52(Assoc) 523S597W/2 523S597W/l7 523S597W/ 58 523S597W/63 524S597W/l6 524S597W/28 524S598W/ll(Assoc)

Table A51.

3 1 2 3 19 6 2 1 1 3 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 12 1 l

1

No. 1 1 1 3 8 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 Wt. (g) 1.46 l. 15 0.75 5.52 13. 17 31.44 2.06 8.42 1.00 1.53 3. 10 0.84 8.66 1.50 6.00 1.87 1.63 16.68 4.62 1.48 19.77 8.80 7.76 19.29 65.28 19.56 3.01 1.60 2.14 1.12 27.62 12. 51 13.95 74.28 23.96 0.05 LBF 11 LBF (Femur?) Pelvis or Scapula fragment? Burned

SAF

Vertebral fragment?

LBF (Humerus or Femur?) LBF 3 LBF SAF SAF 2 SAF

2 SAF

LBF

LBF

1 SAF 1 SAF 3 SAF SAF SAF

Comments

m.

0

w

(cont.) No. 154 2 l 3 l l 2 l l dl 2 l. 55

336.46 6.66 4.36 6.26 2.22 0.50 6. 77 0.99 2.79 2.62

Wt~)

2 Burned

LBF

Comments 11 LBF; 3 SAF l slightly water-worn

aUnidentifiable bone fragments; the majority represent butchering debris; a small proportion of these fragments are the result of damage during excavation; an undetermined proportion of these fragments represent products of the natural in situ disintegration of long bones, ribs, vertebrae and so fgrth. SAF (Spongy Articular Fragment); these fragments include primarily the articular ends of long bones, as well as unidentifiable portions of scapular glenoid cavities, acetabula, vertebral bodies and so forth. cLBF (Long-Bone Fragment). dspecimens recovered in 1977 and inadvertently omitted from tabulations in Speth and Parry (1978).

P-3,4/S~/S(6/ll/77)

Prov. 522-24S595-98W/S Ar/N/2(Assoc) Ar/N/42 Ar/N/45 Ar/S/6 Ar/S/51 Ar/S/64 Ar/S/66 Ar/S/67 Ar/S/70A

Table A5l.

APPENDIX B.

SEXED BISON POSTCRANIAL ELEMENTS FROM THE GARNSEY SITE

307

w

0

co

Atlas (1977)

-----

M

---

F F

(M) M

F F F

---

aS ex

asex based principally on bimodality in GB, GL, BFcr and GLF.

Prov. F-0024/5 F-9/55 G-13/l H-2/1 0-2/4 0-3/25 0-3/27 P-2/2 P-2/22 Q-3/5 Q-4/l R-002/l

Table Bla. Atlas (1978)

(F)

M

F F F

F

M

F

M

F F

M

aSex

aSex based principally on bimodality in GB, GL, BFcr and GLF.

Prov. Ar/N/62 Ar/S/700 J-13/17 J-23/l 513S474W/3 514S478W/2 518S590W/75 520S590W/3 522S597W/2 522S597W/l7 523S596W/28 523S596W/36 523S596W/48 523S596W/73 523S597W/l6 523S597W/49AB + /50 524S597W/l

Table Blb.

w

0

\.0

Axis (1977)

F F F M M (M)

aSex

aSex based principally on bimodality in BFcr, BPacd, SBV and BFcd.

Prov. E-10/12 F-9/17 F-9/54 F-12/2 0-2/ll 0-3/20 P-3/42 Q-3/ll; Q-4/14

Table B2a. Axis (1978)

(M)

M

F F F

F

M M M

F F

M

a Sex

asex based principally on bimodality in BFcr, BPacd, SBV and BFcd.

Prov. Ar/S/71 J-22/l 511 S477W/8 518S590W/9 518S590W/56 522S596W/9 522S597W/7 522S598W/lC 523S596W/20 523S596W/58 523S597W/2 524S597W/4l 524S598W/9

Table B2b.

w

0

--'

F~9136

H-1616 H-1618 H-16,1815(7111/77) H-16,1815(7111/77) H-17112 H-18112

H-9,10/5~15(6114177)

F-10/8 G-5, 6/S (6/4/77) GH-161Blk(7/18177) GH-16,1815(7118177) GH-16,18IS(7118/77) H-2/1

a

(cont.)

---

---

--F ---------

F F

F

-------

---

---

F

---

a5ex based principally on bimodality in SLC, LG and BG.

---------

M

-------------

Sex

---

a

Q-4/7

Q-315(613!77)

Prov. 0-3/1 0-3115 0-3/38 0-4/18 OP-2,415(814177) OP-2 ,415(815/77) P-2132 P-3/73 P-31 5(6!13177)

Table B3a.

---

---

M

F

-------

-----

---

---

Sex

Scapula (1977)

Prov. A-1/1 A-213 A-2/4(2 pieces) A-2/5 C-liS(Z=128) D-10118 o- 11 , 1215 (7I 11 I 77) E-413 E-815 E-1011 E-1014 E-1212 E-2415 EF-1115(6128177) EF-11,14/S(6115177) EF-13,14IS(6126177) F-0024/8 F-1/6 F-418 F-4IS(5/30177)

Table B3a.

F F

M M

F F

M

F

M

(F) F

Sex F

a5ex based principally on bimodality in SLC, LG and BG.

a

Scapula (1978)

Prov. Ar/S/54A I-1111 I-19/5(6/12/78) IJ-14,1515(6/12178) J-1215(6113/78) J-1319 J-l4(Assoc) J-2315(6117/78) K-12118 K-1315(6117/78) 511S478W/l 513S478Wil 5175482WI4 518S589W/l8 518S590WI58 519S590WI2 5195590W/18 520S590Wil6 522S595WI42 522S596W/l0 523S595WI32 523S596WI9 523S596W/33(+5225596WI5) 5235597Wil8 5235597WI58 523S597WI63 5245597WI21 524S597W/35

Table B3b.

__,

w __,

---

---

-----

--F (F) ---

(M)

---

(M)

F F

---

---

a Sex

Humerus (1977)

aSex based principally on bimodality in GL, Bp, SD, Bd and BT.

Prov. E-2/8 EF-3 ,4/S F-9/8 F-9/27 F-10/18 G-22/5 H-15/l 0-2/15 0-4/7 0-4/13 P-2/11 P-3/4 P-3/35 P-3/64 Q-4/5

Table B4a.

~

(M)

F

F F

(M)

F

F

(M)

aSex based principally on bimodality in GL, Bp, SD, Bd and BT.

-.--

519S590W/7 519S590W/21 519S590W/59 519S589-91W/S(6/24/78) 520S590W/2 522S595W/29 522S595W/30 522S597W/l 523S596W/55 523S596W/ll3 523S597W/l4 523S597W/52 524S597W/58

519S59m~/3

F

M M

F

F

a Sex

Humerus (1978)

Prov. Ar/S/19 Ar/S/53 Ar/S/68A Ar/S/68B I-21/4 J-12/7 K-9/2 K-13/5 K-13/13 K-13/31 514S474W/S(8/1/78) 517S493W/3 518S590W/30 518S591W/5 519S589W/26

Table B4b.

w

---'

N'

--F -----

M

---------

F F

-----

---

a sex

Radius (1977)

aSex based pri nci pa lly on bimoda 1ity in GL, Bp, SO, Bd and BFd.

Prov. E-3/16 E-19/8 F-0024/12 F-9/9 F-9/26 F-16/4 G-20/l H-11/4 H-14/2 0-3/41 P-2/25 P-3/38 Q-4/13 QR-001,002/S

Table B5a.

(F)

F

(M) M

(F)

F

M

(M)

F

a Sex

Radius (1978)

aSex based principally on bimodality in GL, Bp, SO, Bd and BFd.

--

Prov. Ar/N/33C Ar/N/36 Ar/S/52A J-13/16 K-12/2 L-11 /2 L-12/4 511 S472W/5 511S476W/14 518S485W/3 518S589W/ ll 518S590W/46 518S590W/67 522S595W/l0 522S595W/35 522S597W/18 523S596W/42 523S596W/68 523S596W/98

Table B5b.

w --' w

Ulna (1977)

-----

(F)

(M)

-----

F

(M)

---

Ulna (1978)

M

M

M

F

M M M

aS ex (F) F

aSex based principally on bimodality in LO, DPA and SDO.

Ar/N/47 Ar/S/9 Ar/S/52B J-14/10 J-22/3 518S485W/4 519S590W/37 522S594W/l 522S595W/13 522S595W/ 41 523S596W/40 523S596W/47

F F

F

Ar/~/330

---

---

Prov. Bkdt/1978

Table B6b.

aSex

aSex based principally on bimodality in LO, DPA and SDO.

Prov. E-9/19 F-0024/13 F-1 /3 F-9/9 F-9/26 F-11 /1 F-16/7 F- 17/2 F-25/l H-11 /5 H-14/l H-17 /6 P-3/38 P-4/ 10

Table B6a.

~

--'

w

F F

(M)

---

---

M

-----

---

---

F F F

-----

a Sex

Metacarpal (1977)

aSex based principally on bimodality in Bp, Bd, GL/Bp and GL/Bd.

Prov. A-2/2B D-12/2 F-5/l F-9/18 F-9/40 F-10/14 G-10/l G-15/1 H-11 /2 H-14/3 H-18/1 0-3/4 0-4/22 P-3/ 41 P-3/43

Table B7a. Metacarpal (1978)

aSex based principally on bimodality in Bp, Bd, GL/Bp and GL/Bd.

--

aSex Prov. Ar/S/73 D-7/15 M I-4/2 I-23/6 F J-10/6 J-11/15 F J-22/8 5llS474W/l1 F 512S474W/l6 F 512-13S476-77W/S(7/7/78) 513S474W/S(7/31/78) 517S494W/2 518S485W/l F 518S486W/l F 518S590W/3 519S590W/9 522S596W/l9 F 522S596W/28 523S595W/l8 524S597W/60 524S597W/61 M

Table B7b.

w

--' (.)1

Femur (1977)

---

-----

F

-----

F

---

-----

F F

M

---

aSex

aSex based principally on bimodality in GL, Bp, CD and Bd.

Prov. B-1/2 E-2/7 E-8/4 F-10/15 F-22/5 F-26/lA H-16/4 H-18/3 0-3/30 P-2/12 P-2/27 P-3/60 Q-3/2 QR-3,4/S

Table B8a.

F

F

F

F

---

-----

-------------

---

-----

asex

Femur (1978)

Prov. Ar/S/7 Ar/S/8 Ar/S/50 Ar/S/61 I-8/4 I-13/7 I-14/5(6/23/78) J-11/16 J-23/9 K-11 /2 K-12/24· L-ll/3 512S472W/l 513S475W/6 513S479W/l 514S468W/2 518S590W/26 518S590W/52 518S590W/69 519S589W/l 519S589W/l6 522S595W/3 522S595W/8 522S595W/9 522S595W/l4 522S596W/7 522S598W/lB 523S595W/ll 523S596W/3 523S596W/l8 523S596W/ 34A 523S596W/34B

Table B8b.

(cont.)

aSex based principally on bimodality in GL, Bp, CD and Bd.

asex Prov. (F) 523S596W/37 523S596W/49 523S596W/51 523S596W/95 523S597W/26 523S597W/30 524S597W/16 524S598W/16 F-23/S(Z=270)(8/1/77) ---

Table B8b.

w __,

0>

11

Tibia (1977)

-----

F M F

---

F (M)

---

---

---

(M)

---

F

a Sex

aSex based principally on bimodality in GL, Bp, SO and Bd.

11

Prov. BLM C-2/l E-9/39 E-23/1 E-24/3 F-0024/4 F-10/10 G-9/l G-21/3 H-16/2 H-17/19 P-3/55 P-3/70 P-3/75

Table B9a. Tibia (1978)

M

F M

F

F

F

(F)

a Sex

aSex based principally on bimodality in GL, Bp, SO and Bd.

Prov. Ar/N/30 Ar/S/13 Ar/S/l8A Ar/S/22 Ar/S/49A 0-10/5 I-12/5(6/23/78) I-21/6 J-8/13 J-9/4 J-9/12 J-13/S(6/l8/78) K-13/19 5llS478W/7 517S489W/5 518S590W/lOA 518S590W/37 518S591W/2 519S590W/12 519S591W/7 519S591W/S(6/30/78) 522S595W/6 522S595W/15 522S595W/43 522S596W/6 522S597W/ll 522S597W/20 523S596W/63 524S597W/9 Q-4/22 (1977)

Table B9b.

--'

w

-.....J

M M

---

F F F F

---

aSex F F F

Calcaneus (1977)

aSex based principally on bimodality in GL and GB.

Prov. 0-3/l E-9/3 E-ll/5 F-8/15 F-8/19 F-14/ 4 G-7/4 H-17/4 0-3/2 0-3/9 0-3/31

Table BlOa.

F F

(F)

F

M M

aSex F

Calcaneus (1978)

aSex based principally on bimodality in GL and GB.

Prov. Ar/S/70C J-8/9 J-12/10 J-13/10 J-14/8 511 S473W/ 4 518S480W/2 518S589W/8 518S590W/5 519S590W/4 519S591W/5 522S596W/ 31 523S596W/ll0

Table BlOb.

w --' co

F M F

F

F M F

a Sex

Metatarsal (1977)

asex based principally on bimodality in Bp, Bd, GL/Bp and GL/Bd.

Prov. B-11 /l D-11 /5 E-3/6 E-10/7 E-10/8 E-25/2 F-8/12 H-8/1 0-3/5 P-3/59

Table Blla.

aSex based principally on bimodality in Bp, Bd, GL/Bp and GL/Bd.

M

F M

(F)

F F

F

M F

F

F

a Sex

Metatarsal (1978)

Prov. Ar/S/23 Ar/S/55A I-21/7 J-13/4 J-22/2 L-12/3 512S473W/3A 513S474W/S(7/31/78) 517S493W/2 518S589W/l2 518S591W/l 519S590W/l 519S590W/50 523S596W/39 523S596W/l06 523S597W/53 524S597W/33 524S597W/47

Table Bllb.

APPENDIX C.

LITHIC REMAINS FROM THE GARNSEY SITE

319

APPENDIX C CODING KEY FOR TABLE Cl

A. B.

c. D.

E. F. G.

H.

I.

J.

K. L. M. N. 0. P.

Q. R.

s.

T.

u.

v.

w.

Item ID Number: same as in Table C2 (sequential; not all numbers used). Grid Square: all proveniences coded in terms of meters south and meters west of an arbitrary reference point ( 11 S'' for south, and 11 W11 for west have been omitted); screening items from groups of squares screened together have been coded into the northeastern square; squares coded 11 999999 11 are surface finds lacking provenience. Field Item Number: items coded 11 999 11 were recovered in screening. Association Code: numbers indicate multiple items assigned to same field item number; items coded 11 98 11 were associated with another numbered specimen to which a field item number was assigned; items coded 11 99 11 were recovered in screening. Depth of Item (em): depth below Datum C (see Fig. 10). Material Tyte: same as in Table C2 (see Table 26). Condition:l) Intact; (2) Proximal Fragment; (3) Distal Fragment; (4) Medial and/or Lateral Fragment. Artifact Type: (1) Unmodified Flake; (2) Utilized Flake; (3) Retouched Tool (excluding Endscrapers); (4) Core; (5) Projectile Point; (6) Ovate Biface; (7) Resharpening Flake; (8) Endscraper; (9) Biface or Knife Fragment. Length of Medial Axis (mm): [xx.x] Width (mm): [xx. x] Bulb Thickness (mm): [xx.x] Maximum Thickness (mm): [xx.x] Maximum Width Position: (l) At Platform; (2) Midway Between Platform and ~1idpoint; (3) At Midpoint; (4) Midway Between Midpoint and Termination; (5) At Termination. Medial Axis Angle in Degrees: [xxx] Platform Angle in Degrees: [xxx] Weight (grams): [xx.xx] Platform Pre}aration: (1) Unmodified Cortex; (2) Unmodified Tool Edge; (3 Flat; (4) Faceted. Platform Abrasion: (1) Present; (2) Absent. Maximum Platform Width (mm): [xx.x] Platform Thickness (mm): [xx.x] Termination: (1) Feathered; (2) Hinged. Dorsal Face: (1) Unmodified Cortex; (2) Cortex Modified by Some Flaking; (3) Flat; (4) Flaked. Fire Damage: (1) Present; (2) Absent.

Note: Missing values are coded 0 (categorical attributes)and -0 (analytical attributes).

320

APPENDIX

c

Table Cl. Metric and non-metric attributes for total 1ithi c assemblage from the Garnsey site ( 1977 and 1978). 1 2 :;

..5 0

7 d 9 1u

11 12 13 1 ,, 624 11 34:> 08 626 05 SQ) .,.... +-> (/)

ro

_.........

eldentification of charcoal samples from the Garnsey Bison Kill site.

Provenience b b512S477W/Hearth b512S477W/Hea rth c517-18S482W/Hearth 512S475W;Nw Corner) 511S476W 12 512S479W/l 513S479W/5 512S466W/6 E-9/1 I-9/S(6/ll/78) E-22/3

Table El.

APPENDIX F.

HACKBERRY SEEDS

340

~ ,....,

w

P-3,4/S~/5(6/11/77)

1 l 1 l l 1 l 1 1 1 l 1 1

1

2 1 3 2 2 2 1 l 1 l 1 l 4 4

1

No. Pieces 1 1 5 3 2 7 1 1 l 6 2

aSeeds recovered during the 1977 and 1978 field seasons.

511S472W/2(1978) 512S476W/S(7/7/78) 514S468W/S(7/25/78) 517S480VJ/1 (1978) 517S480W/14(1978) 517S482W/S(8/9/78) 517S493W/S(7/24/78) 517S493W/S(7/31/78) 518S590W/75(Assoc)(l978) 519S589W/S(7/1l/78) 519S589-91W/S(6/24/78) 519S590W/S(7/7/78) 520S590W/S(7/1/78) o23S595W/S(7/24/78) 523S596W/S(7/24/78)

1 1 1 1 4 1 1 l l 1 1

1

No. Seeds

aHackberry seeds (Celtis sp.)

Prov. E-3/S (6/4/77) E-10/S(6/l6/77)NE Corner GH-19,22/5{7/23/77) GH-19,22/5(7/25/77) GH-19,22/5(7/31/77) H-9/1 (1977) I-14/5(6/6/78) l-19/5(6/6/78) J-3/2(1978) P-3/5(6/10/77)

Table Fl.

APPENDIX G.

CATALOGING OF GARNSEY MATERIAL

342

APPENDIX G CATALOGING OF GARNSEY MATERIAL All of the faunal and cultural materials recovered from the Garnsey Bison Kill site during the 1977 and 1978 field seasons have been catalogued into the permanent collections of the University of Michigan Museum of Anthropology for curation, as stipulated by Federal Antiquities Act Permit No. 77-NM-037. A list of the catalog numbers which have been used is provided below in Table Gl.

Table Gl. Garnsey Bison Kill site catalog numbers (1977 and 1978). t•1ateri a 1 Material Lithic Artifacts Lithic Debitage Ceramics Other (Fire-Cracked Rock, etc.)

Year 1977 1977 1977 1977 1977

Catalog Number 83201 83202 83203 83204 83205

Lithic Artifacts Lithic Debitage Ceramics Osteological Material Other (Fire-Cracked Rock, etc.)

1978 1978 1978 1978 1978

83206 83207 83208 83209 83210

Osteologi~al

343

APPENDIX H.

THE GARNSEY SITE CANID by

Danny N. Walker Department of Anthropology University of Wyoming Laramie, Wyoming

344

APPENDIX H.

THE GARNSEY SITE CANID by

Danny N. Walker Department of Anthropology University of Wyoming Laramie, Wyoming

Abstract A single canid skull, recovered from the Garnsey site, New Mexico, appears to represent a New Mexico canid population related to similar canids from Wyoming that have recently been determined to be a hybrid cross between wolves and large Indian dogs. Introduction A single canid skull (Fig. Hl) was recovered during the 1978 excavations at the. Garnsey site, Chaves County, New Mexico. This specimen was sent to the present author by the principal investigator of the site, Dr. John Speth, for examination in connection with a study of canids from bison kill siteson the Northwestern Plains (Walker and Frison 1979). The Garnsey site is found within the historic range of Canis lupus monstrabilis, the Texas Gray Wolf (Young and Goldman 1944:466-468); however, it is near the common boundary with two other subspecies of wolf that also occurred in New Mexico, Canis lupus mogollonensis and baileyi. Findley et al. (1975:283-285) report that the wolf was virtually eliminated from New Mexico by 1927, except for a few isolated and scattered i ndi vidual s in the rugged mountainous country of southwestern New Mexico. Numerous records exist in the area for the domestic dog (Canis familiaris), particularly from Puebloan and Basketmaker archaeological sites (Colton 1970; Lawrence 1944; Olsen 1968, 1972). Most of these archaeological specimens fall into the size range of Allen•s (1920) large and small Pueblo dogs or Haag•s (1948) Southwestern dog. The aboriginal dog specimens all differ in size by a large margin from the local wolf populations (Table Hl). Table Hl also shows that the Garnsey site specimen is larger than aboriginal dogs from the Southwest and is well within the range of variation of most measurements for the three indigenous wolves; the only two measurements not within the range are the two skull length measurements. Even these are only slightly under the minimum for the smaller of the three wolves, Canis lupus baileyi. The measurements also show that the Garnsey specimen is larger than the skull of the coyote (Canis latrans), and that there is no problem distinguishing them.

345

APPENDIX H.

Fig. Hl.

THE GARNSEY SITE CANID

The Garnsey site canid skull (518S590W/l).

346

APPENDIX H.

THE GARNSEY SITE CANID

Based on a recent study of large canids from archaeological sites in Wyoming (Walker and Frison 1979), the Garnsey site skull was identified as a member of a population of large canids that are apparently crosses or hybrids between the large prehistoric aboriginal dog (i.e., the Large Indian Dog or Sioux Indian Dog of Allen) and the local wolf populations. The comparison however was with the three wolf subspecies that were present in Wyoming, Canis lupus youngi, nubilus and irremotus (Long 1965:675-678), none of which occurred in New Mexico. The three New Mexico subspecies are all much smaller than the Wyoming subspecies. In fact, Canis lupus baileyi is the smallest subspecies of wolf in North America (Young and Goldman 1944:469-471). Because of the overlap in size of the Garnsey skull with the New Mexico wolves, it was felt that the specimen should be compared in some manner to the New Mexico wolves in order to confirm the fact that it was not a member of a wo 1f population. The measurements for the three New Mexico wolves, as presented in Young and Goldman (1944), were utilized as the basis for a discriminant function analysis (Klecka 1975) to distinguish between the three groups statistically. This was the same method utilized in the Wyoming study to distinguish between Wyoming wolves and the Wyoming prehistoric canids. Following this analysis, a comparison was made between the Wyoming prehistoric canid population and the New Mexico wolves. The Wyoming canids were used in this study because it appeared that the Garnsey canid was more closely related to that population than to any wolf group. The Garnsey site specimen was then entered into the comparison between the Wyoming canids and the New Mexico wolves by the use of the classification function coefficients, a feature of the discriminant analysis program that allows an unknown specimen to be assigned into one of the known groups used in the analysis. Discussion When the Wyoming wolf populations were compared by the use of discriminant analysis, they appeared to be very similar to each other (Walker and Frison 1979). The analysis showed that, for the most part, the different wolf subspecies from a specific geographic area (i.e., the Northern Plains) actually grade into each other in terms of their skull characteristics. This finding substantiates the results of other investigators who also have found a close similarity between geographically close subspecies of wolves (Jolicoeur 1959, 1975; Skeel and Carbyn 1977), and raises the possibility that the groups should not be given subspecific rank. However, the results of the discriminant analysis of the New Mexico wo 1f subspecies were different. Here, the three subspecies were fairly distinct (Fig. H2) and, for the most part, showed very little overlap

347

APPENDIX H.

THE GARNSEY SITE CANID

with each other. Very few members of the monstrabilis and baileyi groups were predicted to belong to another subspecies (Table H2), although 30% of the mogollonensis population were predicted to belong to another. For the most part, the three groups appeared fairly distinct. Young and Goldman (1944) stated that Canis lupus youngi, nubilus and irremotus are very gradational along their subspecific range borders, and that specimens collected along the borders were hard to distinguish. This was not the case with the New Mexico wolves: ... evidence of intergradation is clear, but the geographic transition from mogollonensis to the neighboring races, especially to youngi, in northern New Mexico, and from mogollonensis to baileyi in the southwestern part of the state, was remarkably abrupt .... (Young and Goldman 1944: 465-466) The results of the discriminant analysis show that, while Canis lupus_ youngi, irremotus and nubilus (especially the two latter, as concluded by Skeel and Carbyn 1977) may not be as distinct subspecifically as originally described, Canis lupus mogollonensis, monstrabilis and baileyi appear to be very distinct in their skull characteristics and the original subspecific distinctions may be very valid. Tables H3, H4, H5 and H6 present the statistical data for this discriminant. As can be seen in Table H4, the transverse diameter of the first upper molar and the condylobasal length of the skull are loaded heaviest on the two functions derived, and form the basis for most of the differentiation. A discriminant analysis was then run comparing the Wyoming canid population with the New Mexico wolves (Fig. H3; Tables H7, H8, H9, HlO and Hll). This analysis revealed that the New Mexico wolves were much more similar to each other, when compared to the Wyoming canids. Only a slight overlap with baileyi was present, despite the fact that most individual variables overlapped between the four groups (Table

Hl).

Using the classification function coefficients, the Garnsey canid was classified as belonging to the Wyoming canid group, again despite its similarity in individual measurements to the New Mexico wolves. The position of the specimen on the plot of cases shows that it is, in fact, fairly distinct from the wolves (Fig. H3). Conclusions The Garnsey site canid appears to represent a New Mexico canid population related to similar canids from Wyoming that have recently been determined to be a hybrid cross between wolves and large Indian

348

APPENDIX H.

THE GARNSEY SITE CANID

dogs. Such canids have been recorded numerous times in the early explorer journals throughout the Northern Plains region (Walker and Frison 1979). The Garnsey specimen records the presence in New Mexico of this hybrid form for the first time. The study has also shown that the three subspecies of New Mexico wolves (Canis lupus mogollonensis, monstrabilis and baileyi) are fairly distinct from each other, and may be considered to be better subspecies'' than other adjoining wolf subspecies such as Canis lupus nubilus and irremotus (Skeel and Carbyn 1977; Walker and Frison 1979). This substantiates the original specific description of baileyi as being fairly distinct from its adjoining relatives (Young and Goldman 1944:469-471). 11

Acknowledgments I thank Dr. John Speth for permission to study the Garnsey site specimen. Dr. George Frison read a preliminary version of the manuscript and his comments are much appreciated. Caren Collins aided in the collection of the measurements for the Garnsey site skull as well as the Wyoming canid population. Laboratory facilities and computer time were furnished by the Department of Anthropology, University of Wyoming. Fig. Hl was photographed by C. Robert Swaim. References Cited Allen G.M. 1920 Dogs of the American Aborigines. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, 63(9):431-517. Colton, H. S. 1970 The Aboriginal Southwestern Indian Dog. 35(2) :153-158.

American Antiquity

Findley, J.S., A.H. Harris, D.E. Wilson, and C. Jones 1975 ~~ammals of New Mexico. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. Haag, W.G. 1948 An Osteometric Analysis of Some Aboriginal Dogs. University of Kentucky, Reports in Anthropology 7(3) :107-264. Jolicoeur, Pierre 1959 Multivariate Geographical Variation in the Wolf Canis Lupus L. Evolution 13(3):283-299. 1975 Sexual Dimorphism and Geographical Distance as Factors of Skull Variation in the Wolf Canis Lupus L. In: The Wild Canids, edited by M.W. Fox, pp. 54-61. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.

349

APPENDIX H.

THE GARNSEY SITE CANID

Klecka, W.R. 1975 Discriminant Analysis. In: SPSS: Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, edited by N.H. Nie, et al ., pp. 434-467. New York: McGraw-Hill. Lawrence, B. 1944 Bones from the Governador Area. In: Early_ Stockaded Settlements in the Governador, New Mexico, by E.T. Hall, Jr., Appendix C. New York: Columbia University Press. Long, C.A. 1965 The Mammals of Wyoming. University of Kansas, Publications of the Museum of Natural History 14(18):493-758. Olsen, S.J. 1968 Canid Remains from Grasshopper Ruin. 1972

Kiva 34(1):33-40.

The Small Indian Dogs of Black Mesa, Arizona. 45(2):47-54.

Plateau

Skeel, M.A., and L.N. Carbyn 1977 The Morphological Relationship of Gray Wolves (~anis lupus) in National Parks of Central Canada. Canadian Journal of Zoology 55:737-747. Walker, D.N., and G.C. Frison 1979 The Continual Domestication of Wolf/Dog Hybrids on the Northwestern Plains. Paper presented at the 44th Annual Meeting, Society for American Archaeology, April 23-25, 1979. Young, S.P., and E.A. Goldman 1944 The Wolves of North America. Institute.

350

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