Phonetik und Phonologie des Spanischen: Eine synchronische Einführung [2nd revised edition] 9783110252606, 9783110252552

Citation preview

Romanistische Arbeitshefte

50

Herausgegeben von Volker Noll und Georgia Veldre-Gerner

Jutta Blaser

Phonetik und Phonologie des Spanischen Eine synchronische Einführung 2., aktualisierte und erweiterte Auflage

De Gruyter

ISBN 978-3-11-025255-2 e-ISBN 978-3-11-025260-6 ISSN 0344-676X Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Blaser, Jutta, 1960Phonetik und Phonologie des Spanischen : eine synchronische Einführung / by Jutta Blaser. -- 2., aktualisierte und erw. Aufl. p. cm. -- (Romanistische Arbeitshefte, ISSN 0344-676X ; 50) Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 978-3-11-025255-2 (alk. paper) 1. Spanish language--Phonetics. 2. Spanish language--Phonology. I. Title. PC4135.B55 2011 461‘.5--dc22 2011014707

Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.d-nb.de abrufbar. © 2011 Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG, Berlin/New York Gesamtherstellung: Hubert & Co. GmbH & Co. KG, Göttingen ∞ Gedruckt auf säurefreiem Papier Printed in Germany www.degruyter.com

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Wortbedeutung gekommen, handelt es sich um Varianten eines Phonems, um Allophone (alófonos). Allophone sind phonetische Varianten eines Phonems, die beim Austauschen keine Bedeutungsveränderung bewirken. Für die genannten Beispiele mesa – misa, mano – mono, animar – animal, pata – pasa bedeutet dies: Da sich bei Austausch des Vokals [e] durch [i] im ersten Minimalpaar, des Vokals [a] durch [o] im zweiten Minimalpaar, der Konsonanten [r] durch [l] im dritten und [t] durch [s] im vierten Minimalpaar die Bedeutung der Wörter ändert, müssen diese Laute als Phoneme klassifiziert werden: /e/, /i/, /a/, /o/, /l/, /r/, /t/, /s/.

2.3

Phoneme des Spanischen

Eine Phonemanalyse des Spanischen ergibt insgesamt 24 Phoneme, davon 5 vokalische: /a/, /e/, /i/, /o/, /u/, 19 konsonantische: /b/, /d/, /g/, /p/, /t/, /k/, /f/, /7/, /s/, /‫ݯ‬/, /x/, / te6/, /m/, /n/, /×/, /l/, /–/, /r/, /3 /. Für jedes dieser Phoneme geben wir in der folgenden Tabelle ein Wortbeispiel mit phonologischer Transkription. Tab. 1: Die spanischen Phoneme

Phonem

Wortbeispiel

Transkription

/a/

paso

/§paso/

/e/

peso

/§peso/

/i/

piso

/§piso /

/o/

poso

/§poso/

/u/

puso

/§puso/

/b/

bebo

/§bebo/

/d/

dedo

/§dedo/

/g/

gato

/§gato/

/p/

paso

/§paso/

/t/

tomo

/§tomo/

/k/

caro

/§karo/

/f/

foto

/§foto/

/7/

cero

/§7ero/

/s/

solo

/§solo/

/‫ݯ‬/

ya

/‫ݯ‬a/

24

Phonem

Wortbeispiel

Transkription

/x/

jefe

/§xefe/

/ te6/

mucho

/§mute6o/

/m/

mal

/mal/

/n/

no

/no/

/×/

año

/§a×o/

/l/

luna

/§luna/

/–/

lloro

/§–oro/

/r/

pero

/§pero/

/3/

perro

/§pe3o/

Eine Reihe von Minimalpaaren soll den Phonemstatus einzelner Sprachlaute verdeutlichen: /a/ : /e/ dado : dedo caso : queso habla : hable basar : besar

/a/ : /i/ masa : misa casa : casi matad : mitad lateral : literal

/a/ : /o/ la : lo caro : coro sala : sola calor : color

/a/ : /u/ rata : ruta mala : mula amor : humor sabido : subido

/e/ : /i/ mesa : misa seno : sino bebe : vive pesado : pisado

/e/ : /o/ pero : poro suele : suelo queme : quemo tercer : torcer

/e/ : /u/ ser : sur mesa : musa dedo : dudo temor : tumor

/i/ : /o/ ni : no sin : son hijo : ojo tinta : tonta

/i/ : /u/ si : su miro : muro pise : puse avisar : abusar

/o/ : /u/ oso : uso modo : mudo rombo : rumbo sociedad : suciedad

25

/b/ : /d/ voy : doy debo : dedo beber : deber

/b/ : /f/ veo : feo boca : foca invierno : infierno

/b/ : /g/ bol : gol basta : gasta robar : rogar

/b/ : /m/ bar : mar voto : moto suba : suma

/b/ : /t/ ve : té roba : rota cava : cata

/p/ : /b/ par : bar pez : vez peso : beso

/p/ : /f/ paz : faz poca : foca puente : fuente

/p/ : /k/ paro : caro peso : queso apostar : acostar

/p/ : /m/ puerta : muerta esperar : esmerar apagar : amagar

/p/ : /t/ pan : tan mapa : mata trapo : trato

/d/ : /t/ día : tía modo : moto saldo : salto

/d/ : /7/ deja : ceja cada : caza caldo : calzo

/d/ : /g/ dato : gato lado : lago mando : mango

/d/ : /r/ todo : toro codo : coro mide : mire

/t/ : /k/ tomo : como toda : toca acertar : acercar

/t/ : /7/ tinto : cinco goza : gota tierra : cierra

/k/ : /g/ cana : gana coma : goma coloso : goloso

/k/ : /x/ carro : jarro vaca : baja quema : gema

/g/ : /x/ gota : jota gusta : justa higo : hijo

/f/ : /7/ café : cacé afeite : aceite bufón : buzón

/f/ : /s/ falta : salta fuerte : suerte infecto : insecto

/f/ : /m/ fiel : miel foto : moto faceta : maceta

/7/ : /s/ haz : as caza : casa cocer : coser

/7/ : /x/ caza : caja mozo : mojo cocer : cojer

26

/s/ : /x/ susto : justo oso : ojo coser : cojer

/¥/ : / te6/ haya : hacha hoyo : ocho mayo : macho

/¥/ : /×/ maya : maña huya : uña cuyo : cuño

/¥/ : /–/ cayó : calló haya : halla maya : malla

/ te6/ : /p/ chico : pico choca : poca chino : pino

/ te6/ : /t/ chapa : tapa corcho : corto mancha : manta

/ te6/ : /k/ capa : capa hcho : echo tcho : taco

/ te6/ : /×/ cacha : caña hucha : uña lecho : leño

/m/ : /n/ mido : nido mueve : nueve rama : rana

/m/ : /×/ cama : caña mama : maña timo : tiño

/n/ : /×/ una : uña cana : caña sonar : soñar

/l/ : /r/ ola : hora pelo : pero alma : arma

/l/ : /3/ cola : corra celo : cerro polo : porro

/l/ : /–/ loro : lloro ala : halla ola : olla

/–/ : /3/ callo : carro valla : barra pollo : porro

/–/ : /×/ malla : maña hallo : año calla : caña

/r/ : /3/ coro : corro pero : perro amara : amarra

Betrachtet man für die Positionen absoluter Anlaut (nach einer Pause), Inlaut (Silbenanfang) und absoluten Auslaut (vor einer Pause) die Verteilung (Distribution) der Konsonantenphoneme, können im absoluten Anlaut sowie im Inlaut alle Konsonantenphoneme auftreten, im absoluten Auslaut dagegen ist die Anzahl begrenzt. Am häufigsten vertreten sind im Auslaut /d/, /7/, /s/, /n/, /l/, /r/. Die Konsonantenphoneme /m/, /×/, /3 / , /–/, /‫ݯ‬/ treten nicht in absoluter Auslautposition auf. Man darf sich bei Wörtern, die auf -m enden, nicht von der Graphie leiten lassen, denn die Aussprache ist [n], z.B. referéndum, tándem, álbum, ultimátum [ulti§matun]. Die Anzahl der Wörter, die auf /x/ enden, z.B. boj, carcaj, reloj, troj, ist relativ gering. Selten, meist in Fremdwörtern oder Archais-



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36

mit Zungenspitze (ápice), Zungenrücken (dorso) bestehend aus Vorder-, Mittel- und Hinterzunge (predorso, mediodorso, postdorso), Zungenwurzel (raíz); Velum, auch weicher Gaumen oder Gaumensegel genannt (velo/paladar blando/velo del paladar); Zäpfchen (úvula/apéndice final del velo del paladar/campanilla). In Abbildung 1 wird der Sprechapparat (aparato fonador) mit den Artikulationsorganen schematisch dargestellt.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18.

Nasenhöhle (cavidad nasal) Mundhöhle (cavidad bucal) Lippen (labios) Zähne (dientes) Zahndamm (alvéolos) Palatum/harter Gaumen (paladar/paladar duro) Velum/weicher Gaumen (velo/palada blando) Zäpfchen (úvula) Zungenspitze (ápice de la lengua) Vorderzunge (predorso) Mittelzunge (mediodorso) Hinterzunge (postdorso) Zungenwurzel (raíz) Rachen (faringe) Kehldeckel (epiglotis) Stimmlippen (cuerdas vocales) Luftröhre (tráquea) Speiseröhre (esófago)

Abb. 1: Der Sprechapparat (adaptiert nach Barrutia/Terrell 1982: 25)

Aufgrund des Zusammenspiels der an der Artikulation beteiligten beweglichen und unbeweglichen Artikulatoren werden die spanischen Laute eingeteilt in: Bilabiale (labiales/bilabiales), Labiodentale (labiodentales), Dentale (dentales/linguodentales), Interdentale (interdentales/linguointerdentales), Alveolare (alveolares/linguoalveolares), Palatale (palatales/linguopalatales) und Velare (velares/linguo-velares)4.

4

Zwischenbereiche werden entweder mit prä- oder post- näher bestimmt, z.B. dt. präpalatal oder postalveolar, oder durch Wortzusammensetzungen wie dt. palatoalveolar (palatoalveolar) oder dt. alveolopalatal (alveopalatal) gebildet.



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