Orthographia Gallica 090547418X

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ANGLO-NORMAN PLAIN

TEXT

TEXTS 5

SOCIETY

SERIES

ORTHOGRAPHIA GALLICA Edited by

R.C.

JOHNSTON

LONDON published by the ANGLO-NORMAN TEXT SOCIETY Birkbeck

from College, London

WCIE

7HX

WESTFIELD

COLLEGE

LIBRARY

.ty — Socie man Text. Author Anglo=Nox Class.

No.

PC 2948

(5)

23

1100816

WITHDRAWN QMUL LIBRARY

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ANGLO-NORMAN PLAIN

TEXT

TEXTS S

SOCIETY

SERIES

ORTHOGRAPHIA GALLICA R.C.

Edited by JOHNSTON

LONDON published by the ANGLO-NORMAN TEXT SOCIETY from Birkbeck

College, London 1987

WCIE

7HX

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in the Plain Texts Series are not available commercially. Their distribution is restricted to individual and institutional members of the Anglo-Norman Text Society who receive them, in addition to the regular annual volumes, as part of their subscription.

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INTRODUCTION When, in 1884, J. Stürzinger published his edition of Orthographia Gallica, four manuscripts, to which he gave the sigla T, C, O and H, were known. By great good fortune, the three distinct versions were all represented, the Short by the copy made by T. Wright (in Altdeutsche Blatter, 2, 1840, 193-95) of the Lincoln's Inn manuscript, then called by Diez the Tower- or Londoner Document, which

had itself since been lost, the Long by two closely related manuscripts, one in the Cambridge University Library and the other in the library of Magdalen College Oxford, the French by a Harley manuscript in the British Museum (now Library) in London. Stürzinger committed very few errors of transcription and he was a competent proof-reader. His use of parallel columns to display the three versions showed at a glance the concordances between the 27 Rules of the Short Version, the 100 of

the Long Version, and the 98 of the French Version. The most questionable proceeding was the editor's interference with the order of the contents, which he re-arranged so as to bring together matters of similar or allied nature, thus giving his text a more learned look than that observable in any manuscript. This conforms to the idea expressed in his sub-title A/tester Traktat über Franzósische Aussprache und Orthographie, but the correct impression of the work is that given by the MS description Regulae for what are just hints and tips for English scribes who have to write or copy out French. It is in no sense a learned treatise. There is no attempt to define what is meant by /ingua gallica. The author and successive redactors are coping with ‘French’ as it would be encountered in England about the year 1300, some of it originating in England and some from across the Channel. More manuscripts have surfaced since 1884, and the one copied by Wright has been found in the library of Lincoln's Inn. It has been printed (incompetently, I fear) with an English translation by W.C. Bolland (1912). In addition to this, we now have of the Short Version two complete texts, one in the Bodleian Library and one in the library of Corpus Christi College Cambridge, and one fragment in MS B.L. Harley 4993. The libraries of. Trinity College Dublin and Longleat House have each yielded a manuscript of the Long Version, but the best text is still that of the Cambridge University Library used by Stürzinger. The new ones show considerable freedom in rewording rules and in the selection and addition of examples; they help to detect possible errors in an editor's base MS. It is, however, plain that neither the original author nor any of the redactors and scribes were really up to the level of scholarship necessary for the task, and they can all write nonsense occasionally. Their idiosyncrasies are not without interest. 1

This is especially true of the French Version, of which there is still only one manuscript, whose author can be refreshingly critical of his source. The only purpose of the present publication is to provide readable texts. The subject-matter should be discussed, as Stürzinger realized, against the whole background

of nominalia,

formularies,

grammatical

treatises etc., in fact the

congrua of the descriptive title of Orthographia Gallica, in the later period of Old French and Anglo- Norman. Much of immediate relevance can be found in a study by Ivor Arnold (1937), and in two articles by H.G. Richardson (1929,

1940-41). In the preparation of these texts, I have incurred many debts, first of all to the owners of the manuscripts who have allowed me to use them, and, except in the case of the Bodleian MSS on my doorstep, procured photographs for me. I am very grateful to the Librarian of Lincoln's Inn Library for MS T, to the Bodleian Librarian for MSS O and R, to the British Library for MSS B and H, to the Syndics of the Cambridge University Library for MS C, to the Master and Fellows of Corpus Christi College Cambridge for MS E, to the Marquis of Bath for MS L, and to the Board of Trinity College Dublin for MS D. Help was willingly given by the following: Dr Hugh Shields, who consulted MS D and supplied words that I had been unable to decipher or had read wrongly from photographs of a considerably stained MS and a by no means easy hand; Miss Sian Mosford of Worcester College Oxford, who checked and improved my transcription of MS E; Dr D.R. Howlett, the editor of the Dictionary of Medieval Latin from British Sources, who kindly read through my typescript before it went to Professor Ian Short for the thorough checking and revision to which he subjects all A.N.T.S. texts to the great profit and satisfaction of their editors. I have updated the text (e.g. distinguishing between u and v, etc.) and punctuated it in customary fashion. In the edited texts, but not always in the variant and rejected readings, I have employed italics for the individual letters discussed in the rules and for the French examples, though there is no uniformity of treatment in the MSS, where letters are usually distinguished by the use of capitals, or by surrounding them with points, or, in the case of MS H, by occasional underlining, which this scribe also uses for some of the whole words and phrases used as examples; the other MSS regard the introductory verbi gracia, ut, etc. as sufficient in themselves. I have been inconsistent in the use of

the apostrophe (e.g. Long Version, Rule 31) in examples where its insertion would make the author assert something palpably untrue. Variant and rejected readings are listed at the end of the Version to which they correspond; in recording them, I have deliberately neglected certain minimal differences in spelling. I have retained Stürzinger's numbering of the Rules, but have replaced his introductory T, CO, H (for the Short, Long, and French versions

respectively) by S, L, F. Tables of concordances are provided in the Appendix. Details of the manuscripts will be found in the critical apparatus. 2

BIBLIOGRAPHY I.D.O. Arnold, ‘Thomas Sampson and the Orthographia Gallica’ in Medium Aevum, 6 (1937), 193-209. W.C. Bolland, ‘Of a treatise on medieval French orthography' in Eyre of Kent, 6 & 7 Edward

Il, 1313-14,

Selden

Society 27 (London,

1912), II,

xliii-li. H.G. Richardson, ‘An Oxford teacher of the 15th century’ in Bulletin of the John Rylands Library, 23 (1939), 436-57. H.G. Richardson, ‘Business training in medieval Oxford’ in American Historical Review, 46 (1940-41), 259-80. J.J.

Stürzinger (ed.), Qrthographia Gallica, Altfranzósische Bibliothek 8 (Heilbronn, 1884). J. Vising, Anglo-Norman Language and Literature (London, 1923), no. 387.

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ORTHOGRAPHIA GALLICA SHORT VERSION (S) ORTHOGRAPHIA GALLICA ET CONGRUA IN LITTERIS DICTATA SECUNDUM USUM MODERNUM

GALLICIS

S1 Diccio gallice dictata habens sillabam primam vel mediam in e stricto ore pronunciatam requirit hanc litteram i ante e pronunciari, verbi gracia, bien, dieu, mieuz,

trechier,

mier,

et sic de consimilibus.

S2 Si autem hec vocalis e pronuncietur acute, per se stare debet sine hujus vocalis i precessione, verbi gracia, bevez, chevez, tenez, et sic de consimilibus.

S3 Preterea diccio terminata in e plene pronunciata geminata, verbi gracia, donee, amee.

debet scribi cum

ee

S4 Sed quando diccio terminata in e semiplene pronunciatur, non geminetur, verbi gracia, meynte feme est bone.

S5 Quando una sillaba sapit naturam duarum vocalium, ille duos [sic] vocales reputabuntur pro una, non autem

in scriptura, verbi gracia, jeo, ceo, poet.

S6 Item nomina et verba pluralis numeri hanc vocalem e habencia in ultimis sillabis requirunt

hanc

litteram

z, verbi gracia, amez,

enseignez.

$7 Item quedam sillabe pronunciate quasi cum aspiracione possunt scribi cum S ctf, Vero! gracia, est, plest," cest, etc.

S8 Item quandocumque

diccio incipiens per vocalem

sequitur immediate

diccionem in vocali terminantem, ille due vocales pro una sillaba computentur, dum tamen debeant conjunctim sine pausa pronunciari, verbi gracia, m’alme, m'aye, d'Engletere, d'Irlaunde, d'Excestre.

S9 Item diccio desinens in ¢ in singulari numero requirit hanc litteram z in plurali numero, verbi gracia, quando dicimus in singulari dyt ou fet, in plurali dicimus ditz ou fetz.

S10 Item que vel qui consuevit olim scribi cum k secundum [f. 2/5v| usum veterem, sed secundum modernos commutatur k in q, exceptis propriis nominibus et cognominibus, verbi gracia, Kateryne de Kyrkeby.

S11 Preterea prime aut medie sillabe habentes / post a vel e vel o sillabatam, dum tamen alia consonans post / sequitur immediate, ipsa / debet quasi u pronunciari,

verbi gracia, altrement,

malveis,

tresmaltalent.

S12 Item quocienscumque diccio incipiens cum consonante sequitur immediate diccionem in consonante terminantem, dum tamen sine pausa pronuncietur,

consonans ultima gracia, mieuz vaut scilicet 7, n, r que sire Williem, fetes

diccionis anterioris debet pronunciando pretermitti, verbi boyre aprés manger que devant, exceptis tribus consonantibus pronunciando non debent pretermitti, verbi gracia, Pur Dieu, mun talent.

$13 Item hee dicciones grant, quant possunt breviter scribi cum titellis, verbi gracia, g^nt, q“nt [13a] et in feminino genere g^nde et q^nt defoiz. S14

Item

moi,

toi, sei, fei, Roi et similia

indifferenter per diversitatem

et usum

possunt

scribi per o vel per e

lingue gallicane.

S15 Item hec diccio quoer, cuoer potest scribi indifferenter cum c vel q.

S16 Item notandum quod omnia propria nomina, [nomina] dignitatum, potestatum seculariumque dominancium et principia clausularum debent scribi in principio diccionis cum littera capitali, maxime in littera curiali. $17 Quandoque i stat immediate ante vel post m, n, vel u, potest mutari in y, ut legibilior sit, vel stare in sua natura.

S18 Quando diccio monosillaba incipit per s, [f. 276r] [s] solet rotundari, exempli

gracia, sum,

si, se, set et similia.

S19 Differencia est in gallicis [inter] mund,

munt et similia.

$20 Item quandoque 7 in aliqua diccione sequitur hanc consonantem g, non debet precedere, verbi gracia, busoignes et similia. $21 Item quandocumque m in aliqua diccione precedit hanc consonantem f, p debet interponi, verbi gracia, comptoun etc.; similiter quando m precedit n, p debet interponi, verbi gracia, dampnum.

S22 Notandum littere. n.

quod spacium inter dicciones continebit latitudinem

hujus

$23 Item in fine linee, si necesse fuerit, potest diccio dissillabari, sed sillaba

nullo modo

separatur.

S24 Item longe littere se extendunt usque ad medium spacium interlineare, et

quando diccio oneratur litteris longis, scribatur absque titellis, verbi gracia,

abfconder', Galfrid^, et sicut de similibus. S25 Item ad hoc quando littera equata linealiter scribatur, debes plicare vel eque cindere pergamenum pro superiori, et primam lineam per illam plicam eque dirigere. S26 Item scribendo litteram posteriorem, sillabam vel diccionem, considerare litteram anteriorem et propinquiorem.

[debes]

$27 Item in omnibus diccionibus latinis in quibus hec littera / ponitur, in eadem diccione gallica debet poni, verbi gracia, *multum' in latino vocatur molt vel mult in gallicis.

CRITICAL

APPARATUS

TO SHORT

VERSION

Four manuscripts: T (14th c.) London Lincoln's Inn Library Misc. 178, ff. 215r-216v; R (14th c.) Oxford Bodleian Rawlinson C 507, pp. 106-8; E (15th c.) Cambridge Corpus Christi College 335, f. 132r-v; B (16th c.) London British Library Harley 4993, f. 22r (this text is incomplete and gives only Rules 1-8, 10, and three words of 11; it is the only one to give the title, and the only one in which the Rules are numbered). Our base manuscript is 12 Title lacking TRE; Ortografia B S1 Diccio TEB, Quandocumque d. R; gallice dictata TB] gallica R, gallice scripta dictata E. Between dictata and e stricto ore, E inserts debet regulariter si .I. sequitur pronunciari Verumptamen in multibus casibus instancia regule reperitur quando unum scribitur et alius pronunciatur ut in subsequentibus plenius apparebit unde ne exiguet (sic) procedamus in opere presenti primo videndum que differentia fuerit inter pronunciacionem oris stricte prolatam et pronunciacionem acutam. Si tamen gallice dictata monasillaba dissilaba et trisillaba plurimave sillaba brevis habeat litteram ... sillabam primam T] p. s. RB; hanc litteram /acking B; pronunciari] lacking B, scribi E; v. g. TEB] ut R and so also in Rules 2-7 and 10; dieu mieuz trechier mier T, dieu diex miere piere mieuz treschier R, dieu trechere piere miere E, rien chien B; consimilibus 7]

similibus REB S2 autem lacking B; per se lacking E; hujus vocalis i precessione 7] hac vocali i precedente R, hac vocale i presessione E, hujusmodi (?) 1 (followed by two illegible letters expuncted) B; b., c., t. TR] b. t. c. E, b. menez t. B; et sic de consimilibus T, (similibus) R] etc. EB . S3 Preterea TR] Preteria E, lacking B; between pronunciata and debet, B has si sit feminini generis; ee geminata TRE] e duplicata B; v. g. (ut R) donee, amee TR] v. g. feminini generis causez asuesseignez B, dum tamen illa diccio fuerit feminini generis v. g. donee amee E

S4 In E, this Rule is part of Rule 3; Sed lacking T; quando diccio ... pronunciatur 7] quando semiplene pronunciata sit R, quando semiplene pronunciata E, quando in diccione plene (sic) pronunciatur B; non geminetur TR] e non n geminatur E, non geminat e B; v. g. TB] ut R, v. g. ut E; meynte TR] lacking E, illegible letters between m and t but before t an expuncted e is surmounted by superscript n B; est REB] este T S5 The readings of TRE lack a main verb and give no Rule. In their place, B's Regula quinta, which is strongly supported by the Long and the French versions (from which, of course, B may have borrowed it), has been substituted. Item una sillaba quandoque sapit 8

naturam duarum vocalium quod patet in pronunciacione verbi gracia jeo ceo poet moet etc. (reading of T, from which variants are: naturam] numeri R; quod] ut E; jeo, ceo] joe coe E; etc] lacking E)

S6 hanc vocalem T] hanc litteram E, lacking R; requirunt 7] requirit R, requirit in fine E; amez, enseignez T] amez lesez lisez enseignez R, donez ensegnez etc. E; B differs considerably: Verba singularis numeri habencia in fine hanc litteram t que sunt (two illegible words) requirunt hanc litteram z verbi gracia singularis amet liset in plurali ametz lisetz. Some conflation with Rule 9 seems to have occurred. $7 pronunciate T] sunt pronunciate R, pronunciantur E; possunt 7] et possunt R, et solent E; cum s et t TR] per s.E; e. p. c. etc. T] e. p. etc. R, ut e. prest p. etc. E; Again B differs: Quando aliqua sillaba pronuncietur quasi cum aspiracione illa sillaba debet scribi cum s et t loco aspiracionis verbi gracia dist plest cum similibus. Strongly influenced by Long and French versions.

S8 Item lacking B; incipiens TEB] incipit R; per vocalem TRB] cum vocali E; sequitur TB] .s. E (single letter between quotes as though supplying an example), et sequitur R; immediate TRE] aliam B; in v. t. TE] t. in v. RB; due v. TE] v. due R, duos v. B; pro una (sua E) sillaba computentur TRE] reputabuntur pro una B; dum tamen debeant conjunctim sine pausa pr. TE] dum tamen debeant sine coniunctione pr. R, dum sine (one letter now illegible effaced) pausa pr. debeant B; m'aye T] mamie RB, mame E; d'Engletere T] Dengleterre R, Denagletere E; Delgletere B; d'Irlaunde T] Dirland RE, lacking B; d'Ex. T] Dex. etc. RE, lacking B S9 Lacking B, but cf. 6 above. The three remaining MSS agree only on the first eight words; after that, E concludes with the anacoluthic addimus hanc litteram z verbi gracia

ditz ou fetz et simillia. From requirit to the end, TR agree in substance, but T goes astray in inserting autem before the second dicimus and repeating hanc litteram z verbi gracia after it. R's reading has been preferred. Variants are: in plurali numero R] in n. p. T; dyt ou fet

T] dist ou fait R; ditz ou fetz R] ditez fetez T S10 Regula nona in B; Item lacking B; que vel qui T] qe vel que E, Oy que et alia B, hec diccio que vel qui R; consuevit TRE] consueverunt B; olim /acking B; secundum usum veterem TE] lacking R, apud antiquos B; sed secundum modernos TR] sed secundum usum modernum E, lacking B; cummutatur TR] mutatur E, amutatur B; et cognominibus TE] lacking B, nothing here but et exceptis cognominibus added at end of rule R; Kateryne de K. 7] Katerina de K. RE, Katerine Dame de K. B; et similia E

S11 Regula desima in B, but stops after Prime vel medie at end of page; Preterea TR] Preteria E, lacking B; habencia .a. post .a. E. vel .o. E; sillabatam T] sillabicata R, sellebicatam E; post / sequitur 7] post .l. sequatur R, sequitur post vel E; ipsa/ T] ipsa R, ipsa a E;u TR] lacuna E; v. g. lacking E; malveis, tresmaltalent T] malues tresmaltalent etc E,

malueys tresmalueys maltalent

tresmaltalent

R

S12 sequitur 7] et sequitur RE; consonantem R; pausa pronuncietur 7] pausione pro-

9

nuncietur R, pausa pronunciatur E; consonans ultima diccionis anterioris 7] c. u. a. d. R, c. d. u. a. E; debet pronunciando pretermitti 7] pro. d. pre. R, debet in 1 (?) quasi sincopari E; boyre] boyr T, boire R, beyuere E; scilicet] .s. TR, lacking E; que ... pretermitti TR] que in loquendo non cincopentur £; Pur dieu, sire Williem, fetes m. t. 7] pur dieu sire fetz m. t. R, piere dieu Willem fetes m. t. et similia E $13 hee g"nt, q"nt] g^nt' q"nd q‘ntdefoiz

T] hae R, lacking E; grant quant before possunt lacking R; titellis verbi gracia titulis q^nt g^nt verbi gracia R, tutellis exempli g^nt, q^nt E, titellis ex triplici T; et in feminino genere lacking R; g^rnde et q"ntdefoiz T] g^nte qnte foye E, g^nt dolour R

S14 moi, toi, sei, fei, Roi et similia 7] mey tey sey R, mey tey fey rey sey et similia E; per d. et u. lingue gallicane 7] secundum d. usus lingue gallice E, lacking R, which, with indifferenter cum c vel q, appears to have jumped by homoeoteleuton to the last phrase of Rule 15.

S15 Lacking RE; cum .e. vel .o. of T is barely relevant to the examples given, whereas R has almost certainly preserved the correct reading cum c vel q S16 Between notandum and potestatum, again with some support from the French and Long Versions, E reads quod pronomina propria nomina et cognomina tam locorum quam hominum et omnia nomina dignitatum. From all this I have introduced only nomina before dignitatum into my edited text, based on TR. dominancium et principia] dominancium in principio 7R, desinancium et principia E; between cum and littera E has written and not expuncted one letter c (or possibly e)

S17 O. TE] Item q. R; i TR] .I. littera E; ante vel post m, (vel R) n, vel u TR] ante .v. vel post .v. vel ante .M. vel p? E; sit vel stare T] sit diccio et stare R; after mutari in y E concludes with verbi gracia ut Wymund’ y mun amy et similia $18 Q. diccio monosillaba] O. d. mona(?)sillaba T, Q. d. monasillaba E, Item q. mona-

sillaba R; per s, [s] solet rotundari] per .s. solet rotundari TR, per .s. s solet rotunditas E; exempli gracia T] verbi gracia ut R, verbi gracia E; set T] seit R; sum and set lacking E S19 est lacking R; [inter] E] lacking TR; mund, munt et s. T] mound mont etc. R, mound scriptum per .d. et mount scriptum per .t. E, which concludes with Regulariter omnis diccio debet scribi secundum quomodo pronunciatur and the date Die 4 sacrus (?) in Christi nativitate S20-27 lacking RE

S20 n] .n. .m.

T (The example shows that m is superfluous.)

S25 quando] q3 T, which Bolland expands to quando and Wright to quod; debes] 03 T, presumably an error for d3, which Wright and Bolland expand to debet, necessitating the expansion of the infinitives to passives, as Wright but not Bolland does $27 latinis] latine T; gallicis] gallic' T, expanded to gallico by Wright and Bolland

10

ORTHOGRAPHIA GALLICA LONG VERSION (L) ORTOGRAPHIA GALLICA ET CONGRUA IN LITTERIS GALLICIS DICTATA SECUNDUM USUM MODERNORUM L1 Diccio gallica dictata habens primam sillabam vel mediam in e stricto ore pronunciatam requirit hanc litteram i ante e, verbi gracia bien, chien, rien, piere, miere. L2 Quandocumque hec vocalis e pronunciatur acute, per se stare debet sine hujus 7 precessione,

verbi gracia bevez,

tenez,

lessez.

L3 Quamvis e in principio alicujus sillabe acute pronuncietur in fine anterioris sillabe,

7 bene

potest

preponi,

ut biez, priez,

liez, affiez.

L4 Quandocumque adjectivum feminini generis terminat in e plene pronunciata, geminabit

e, ut treshonoree

dame.

L5 Quamvis adjectivum masculini generis terminet in e plene pronunciata, non geminabit e, ut treshonuré sire, L5a sed in substantivis faciet, ut un Countee (a shire), un counte (a counte), et sic habetur diversitas in parvis litteris et capitalibus, ut un counte countee (a counte(s) countid), de le Counte, de tiel Counte. L6 Quamvis

adjectivum masculini generis non terminet in e, ut un homme,

meynt homme, adjectivum tamen feminini generis terminabit semiplene pronunciata, ut meynte femme, une femme.

in simplici [e]

L7 Quandocumque una sillaba capit naturam duarum vocalium, ille due vocales reputabuntur pro una, ut poet, preponendo in scriptura vocalem cujus illa diccio majorem gerit sonum. L8 Item ille sillabe je ce, jeo ceo indifferenter possunt scribi cum c.e.o. vel cum Ge: sine o; L9 Item verba singularis numeri habencia in fine hanc litteram ¢ requirunt in plurali hanc litteram z, ut in singulari amet (he loveth), /iset, in plurali amez (ye love), lisez (ye rede). 11

L10 Item omnia verba adjectiva vel participalia terminancia per sonum s debent scribi cum z, exceptis primis personis pluralis numeri cujuslibet temporis et secunda persona preteriti temporis tam singularis quam pluralis que terminabunt in s, salvo signo istius verbi ‘habeo, habes' in secunda persona preteriti temporis pluralis numeri. L11 Item omnia nomina adjectiva indifferenter possunt scribi cum s vel cum z, ut ces (these) cez, les (they) lez, et hoc verum nisi u precedat sonum s, ut foutz (all) etc. L12 Item omnia substantiva terminancia per sonum s debent scribi cum s, ut seignours (lordes), dames (ladyes), sed hoc fallit in verbis subscriptis videlicet in primis [...] L13 [...] quandocumque numerus singularis terminat in t, ut tenement, gent, lent etc., in plurali numero indifferenter possunt scribi cum s vel fz.

L14 Item quandocumque s ponitur in singulari post /, z scribetur nomine s, ut filz. L15

Item

inmediate,

quandocumque s debet

mutari

/ vel u ponitur post a vel e, si s subsequitur in x, ut deux,

loialx.

L16 Item ista pronomina nous, vous que procedunt de ‘ego, mer vel persone secunde debent scribi cum us vel cum ? illorum loco, ut nous (we) no”, vous (ye) 9 vo’.

L17 Item nos, vos que procedunt de ‘noster, nostra, nostrum’ vel ‘vester, vestra,

vestrum'

possunt

scribi indifferenter

cum

s vel cum z sine u post o.

L18 Item quandocumque aliqua sillaba pronunciatur cum aspiracione, illa sillaba debet scribi cum s et ¢ loco aspiracionis, verbi gracia est, fest, plest. L19 Item si d scribatur post e, et m inmediate subsequitur, d potest mutari in s, ut Edmond debet scribi Esmondus.

L20 Item pro William utuntur scribere Gilliam, si littera erit directa extra partes. L21 Item quandocumque hec littera s scribitur post vocalem, si m inmediate subsequitur,

s non

debet

sonari,

ut mandasmes,

fismes,

Duresme.

L22 Item quandocumque diccio incipiens per vocalem :sequitur sillabam terminantem in vocali, vocalis anterioris sillabe debet pretermitti et consonans quod sibi adjungitur debet adjungi cum vocali subsequente, verbi gracia De Engleterre debet scribi Dengleterre (of Englond), Dirlande (of Irlande) et non de Irlande. 12

L23 Item quandocumque hec littera / ponitur post a, e, o, si aliqua consonans post / subsequitur, / quasi u debet [f./53r] pronunciari, verbi gracia m’alme (my soule), /oialment, bel compaignoun. L24 Item quandocumque vocalis subsequitur /, illa littera / debet adjungi cum vocali subsequente et stabit in sua propria natura, ut malement. L25 Item quandocumque hec littera i ponitur inter m et n, i potest mutari in y, ut littera sit legibilior, et precipue in nominibus et cognominibus, ut Comyngtoun. L26 Item moy, indifferenter.

toy, soy possunt scribi cum | vel cum y, cum

o vel cum e

L27 Item quandocumque aliqua diccio incipiens a consonante sequitur aliquam diccionem terminantem in consonante in racionibus pendentibus, consonans anterioris diccionis potest scribi sed in pronunciacione non debet proferri, ut aprés manger debet sonari apré manger. L28 Item quandocumque per subtraccionem sonus vel per mutacionem sonus in littera significacio diccionis posset in dubium revocari vel variari vel eciam per adjunccionem

litterarum,

tunc

debet

sonari

secundum

quod

scribitur,

ut

scribendo deux pur de eux, vel say pur sy ay, [L28a] aut sonando singularem pro plurale, ut sonandum tenement, gent pro tenementz, gentz, sachant pro sachantz.

L29 Item /, m, n, r, t, c, k quamvis consonans subsequitur bene possunt sonari

per se vel per mutacionem

littere.

L30 Item quandocumque hoc [signum] 'the' in anglicis, /e vel /a in gallicis ponitur, si dfe] vel a precedat signum, e de /e debet pretermitti et /adjungi cum a vel cum d, verbi gracia a le tresdouté seignur, al tresdouté seignur, de le tresnoble seignur, del tresnoble seignur.

L31 Item quando aliqua vocalis inmediate subsequitur post illud signum /e, tunc debet e pretermitti et / adjungi cum vocali subsequenti, verbi gracia a le honorable seignur, a le Evesque debent scribi a lonorable seignur, a levesque etc. L32 Item quandocumque hoc signum /a in feminino genere scribitur, quamvis consonans inmediate sequatur et de vel a precedat, /a stabit in sua natura sine aliqua divisione, verbi gracia de la Dame, a la tresreverent Dame.

L32a Item quandocumque illud signum /a in feminino genere scribitur et vocalis inmediate subsequitur, indifferenter potest / adjungi cum vocali subsequente vel stare in sua propria natura, ut a la Abbesse, de la Esglise vel a labbesse,

de lesglise. 15

L33 Item quandocumque hoc signum /e scribitur et consonans inmediate subsequitur [et] en precedit, n debet pretermitti et / adjungi cum e, verbi gracia en le Countee potest scribi el Countee. L34 Item quandocumque el, al, del ponuntur in singulari debent scribi es, as, des in plurali. L35 Item diccio scripta per litteram capitalem aliam habet significacionem quam eadem diccio scripta per parvam litteram, verbi gracia un counte countee, del Counte de tiel Countee, un Roy assist un roy etc. L36

Item

iste sillabe

seu

dicciones

quant,

grant,

demandant,

sachant

et

huiusmodi debent scribi cum simplici n sine u, sed in pronunciacione debet u proferri. L37 Item pro nulla littera excepto m debet titulus scribi nisi in certis adjectivis in quibus plures littere possunt intelligi et eciam pro consuetudine, ut *datur' etc.

L38 Item quandocumque in aliqua diccione titulus plures litteras contineat, bene potest scribi, scribendo titulum super litteram cum qua diccio poterit melius determinari, ne titulus aliter quam communis modus exigit modernorum

intellectum lectoris nullo modo obscurat. L39 Item quandocumque hec littera n scribitur inmediate post g quamvis sonet ante g, non debet inmediate prescribi, ut signifiant. L40 Item si n sonet ante g et non subsequitur, bene potest inmediate ante g Scribi.

L41 Item ‘meus, tuus, suus’ quando adjunguntur masculino genere debent scribi moun,

toun,

soun,

come

moun

seignur,

toun seignur,

soun

seignur.

L42 Item quando adjunguntur feminino genere, tunc debent scribi ma, ta, sa, come ma dame, ta Dame, sa Dame.

L43 Item quando adjunguntur neutro generi, tunc si neutrum genus concordat cum actore magis quam cum paciente vel cum principali magis quam cum accessore, tunc debent scribi mon, toun, son, come moun chief, quia ibi [‘caput’ |

vocatur [pars] corporis principalis. L44 Item quando concordat magis cum paciente seu partibus accessoriis seu

[f.153v] secundariis quam cum principali [tunc ma, ta, sa], ut ma teste, quia ibi 'caput' vocatur pars corporis equaliter cum aliis membris. L45 Item 'noster, nostra, nostrum, vester, vestra, vestrum' in singulari debent

scribi in omnibus 14

generibus nostre,

vostre et in plurali nos,

vos.

L46 Item qi, qe, gar, qant consueverunt scribi apud antiquos per k, sed apud modernos mutatur k in q, ut melius concordet cum latino, quia k non reperitur in 'quando, quis, quod'. L47 Item in propriis nominibus et cognominibus tam locorum quam hominum debent scribi cum k, ut Katerine, Dame de Knaptoun. L48 Item car et alie dicciones in quibus q non reperitur in latinis, ut ‘nam’, indifferenter possunt scribi cum c vel cum q ad voluntatem scriptoris. L49 Item deaux, ceux, eaux, veaux etc. indifferenter possunt scribi cum a vel sine a. L49a Item ista littera y aliquando ponitur pro si, sic dicendo y vous plest pur si

vous plest, et aliquando pro locucione enormativa et demonstrativa come J'ay mys mon seal a ycestes. L49b

Item aliquando ponitur pro illeoques, ut jeo y serray.

L50 Item diversitas scripture facit differenciam aliquarum diccionum, quamvis in voce sint consimiles, verbi gracia ciel, ceel; seal, seal; celee, ceele; coy, qoy vel quoy; moal, moel; cerf, serf; veile, veille; vile, ville; brahel, brael; herde, erde,

enerde; essil, huissel, assel; nief, neif, neof; baaile, baile, bale; litter, littere; forveier, forrier, foriere; rastel, rastuer; mesuere, mesiere; piel, peel; berzis, berzize; grisil, grele; towne, tonne; neym, neyn.

L51 Item sciatis quod hee littere c, d, e, f, g, |, n, p, s, et t debent mutari in sono et non in scriptura; c ante vocalem, ut ‘clerici’ cliers, ‘rudi homines' ruds hommes, et debent sonari ruz hommes; ‘bone mulieres! bones femmes, et debent

sonari bons femmes, bons dames, ita quod c, e, et n semiplene debent sonari; ‘vivi homines! vifs hommes debent sonari vys hommes et sic de similibus. L52 Item quando ista diccio grant significat magnitudinem et adjungitur cum feminino genere ita quod e sit sequens, { mutabitur in d, ut grande dame, grande

charge. L53 Item quando ista diccio grant adjungitur masculino generi, ut grant seignur, vel quando significat concessionem, non mutabitur / in d, quamvis e sequatur, ut jay granté. L54 Item post g vel g quamvis u scribatur non debet sonari, ut quatre, guerre debent

sonari

qatre,

gerre.

L55 Item jeo, moy, me, nous, vous, luy, les scribentur communiter ante verba

sine signo, ut de touz les biens quelles vous m'envoiastes. 15

L56 Item si jeo, moy, nous, vous, luy, les etc. scribantur post verba, signum debet preferri, ut jeo moy recommant a vous. L57 Item quando vous vel /uy etc. predicta seu aliquod illorum ponitur ante verbum, et nomen illius cui loquitur inmediate postponitur, [signum preponitur] vous, ut À vous seignur, sire Justice; a les Justices; a la tresexcellente dame etc.

L58 Item in accusativo casu singulari scribetur me, in reliquis casibus moy. L59 Item quando accusativus casus ponitur cum signo, tunc debet scribi moy, ut si rien (thinge) soit devers moy. L60 Item scribetis in plurali in omnibus

casibus mes,

tes, les etc.

L61 Item quando illa pronomina casus nominativi je, cil proferuntur insimul, illud subsequens ponetur pro obliquo, ut je et luy vel cil et moy.

L62 Item omnes obliqui illorum debent scribi /uy, moy, accusativo prescripto.

toy, soy excepto

L63 Item quando petitis aliquid ab aliquo, potestis dicere vous pri sanz jeo.

L64 Item si aliquis alius rogat aliquem, tunc dicetis cil vous prie. L65 Item quando non ponitur expresse signum ante verbum, ut vous pry, tunc pry vel [f.154r] m'affy debet terminari in y. L66 Item si signum expresse ponitur, tunc y mutabitur in i et addetur e, come je m'affie, jeo vous prie. Et hec regula intelligitur ubi diccio terminatur in y, sed si terminatur

in consonante,

non

tenet

regula,

ut je vous

manc.

L67 Item aliquando s scribitur et u sonabitur, come ascun sonabitur aucun.

L68 Item ista pronomina ‘ille, ipse, iste, hic’ etc. debent scribi in principio cum c, ut sic cest homme, cele femme in singulari, et in plurali ceux, cestes ou celles. L69 Item ‘suus, —a, -um' debet scribi cum s, ut son et sa in singulari et sez in plurali sine c. L70 Item verba latina scripta per c, ut ‘citra’, non mutabuntur in scriptura gallica, ut decea la mear. L71 Item si cil scribatur et si precedat, c de cil debet pretermitti et s de si debet adjungi cum il, ut si cil debet scribi sil et tantum significat unum sicut et aliud.

L72 Item aliquando c capit ad se s, sed ibi s non debet sonari, ut resceu debet sonari receu. 16

L73 Item in verbis presentis et preteriti temporis scribetis st aprés i, e, o, u, come batist, fist, est, tost, lust etc. L74 Item aliquando scribetis s in loco n, ut espernez

pur enpernez.

L75 Item pro majori parte accusativus cum signo ponitur loco dativi propter reverenciam, ut vous manderay ma lettre pur je manderay ma lettre devers vous. L76 Item in nominativo

et accusativo scribetis cestes, celles, in reliquis vero

casibus ceux, nisi res specificate sint presentes, tunc scribetis cestes, ut J'ay mys mon seal a ycestes.

L77 Item / et r aliquando geminabuntur in scriptura et non in sono, ut celle, elle, terre (londe), guerre (werre) debent sonari tere, gere, ele, cele etc. L78 Item aliquando scribetis de, du, del, des, a, au, al, as, verbi gracia de, a,

[L78a] quando hoc signum ‘the’ non subsequitur, ut a mon seignur le Counte d'Oxonforde, de mon seignour Thomas d'Irlonde, scribendo curto modo seignur vel sire; quando nomen inmediate subsequitur, scribendo eciam e supra tracta pro ... seignour et e supra tracta de sire..., vel sine e potest scribi, ut... L79 Item del, al, vel au loco al, quando 'the' sequitur et consonans sequitur

signum, ut predictum est, / de del non debet mutari in u, [L79a] sed / de al bene potest; sed du tantum significat sicut de le vel del, verbi gracia du dit portour pro de le dit portour vel del dit portour. L80 Pro omnibus dictis signis in singulari debemus scribere es, as in plurali.

L81 Item aliquando scribetis de in loco od, sicut vous dirray de bouche pro od le bouche. L82 Item scribetis od vel ov pro ‘cum’.

L83 Item scribetis ou pro ‘vel’ et ‘ubi’. L84 Item quamvis latinum curto modo poterit scribi, tamen gallicum petit dicciones integras. L85 Item pro majori parte scribetis gallicum secundum quod scribitur in latinis, ut compotum' acompte, 'septem' sept, ‘prebenda’ prebendre, ‘opus’ oeps ete: L86 Item habetur diversitas inter apprendre, prendre et reprendre; oez, oeps; vys et huys; kynil et kenil.

L87 Item habentur diversa verba gallica pro isto verbo anglico 'reed', videlicet rous

chivaler,

chival; et harang soor;

escue

de goules; une

rose

vermaile. 17

L88 Item habentur diversa verba gallica pro isto verbo anglico ‘breke’: fruschez chaud payn; debrusez l'os; rumpez la corde; enfraignez covenaunt; depessez la hanap. L89 Item pro ‘blowe’: bouche.

ventulez

od le vent; corneiez

L90 Item habetur diversitas inter estreym L91

od le corn; souflez de

(strawe) et estreyn (hansel).

Item inter daym et dayn.

L92 Item quando 7 sequitur 7 in media diccione in diversis sillabis, g debet interponi, ut certaignement, benignement etc., sed g non debet sonari.

L93 Item quando m sequitur [f.754v] e vel i in diversis sillabis et in una diccione, s debet interponi, ut Duresme, fismes, feismes.

L94 Item quando a est in media sillaba diccionis et m inmediate subsequitur, s debet

interponi,

ut mandasmes,

non

sonando

s.

L95 Item post duplices ee vel post d substantiva possunt terminari in 5 vel z indifferenter. L96 Item in presenti et in preterito tempore inter i, e, o, u et t debet s poni, ut est, fist, tost, lust etc., et.in

preterito

inter @ et £, ut amast.

L97 Item prima persona futuri temporis terminabit in ay et tercia persona in a. L98 Item qe conjunccio indifferenter potest scribi q vel ge, sed qi debet scribi sine titulo positum interrogative, sed quel et quelle debent scribi relative.

L99 Item aliquando relacio tam in anglicis quam in gallicis ponitur conjunctive, verbi gracia ‘the woman that was yersturday at Oxonforde' or ‘the woman wylke was yesturday at Oxonforde’ vel sic la femme q estoit ou q'estoit hier a Oxonforde. L100 Item omnia nomina tam locorum quam hominum, nomina dignitatum et principia clausularum debent scribi cum littera capitali, [L100a] sed in medio racionis faciet duos punctos sine incepcione cum capitali littera etc. L101 Item quandocumque titulus scribetur.

e terminat nomen

ville, e debet pretermitti et

L102 Item omnia adverbia desinencia in —ter', ut ‘audacter’, vel in ‘—e’, ut "benigne, pacifice’, vel in ‘1’, ut quamplurimi, debent sonari in gallico in —ent,

ut sic ardyfment, 18

benurement,

pesiblement, et grandment.

CRITICAL

APPARATUS

TO LONG

VERSION

Five manuscripts: C (14th c.) Cambridge University Library Ee. 4. 20, ff. 152v-154v; O (15th c.) Oxford Bodleian Library Magdalen College 188, ff. 1r-4v; D (15th c.) Dublin Trinity College 605 (E. 5. 13), pp. 427-435; L (15th c.) Warminster Longleat House 37, ff. 70r-72v. The fifth manuscript $ (15th c.) London British Library Sloane 513, f. 139r, is of no help in the establishment of the text. Our base MS is C. All the complete MSS give the title, CO with the spelling Ortographia, DL with Orthographia. In addition C has a Latin title in the left-hand margin, opposite lines 3 and 4: Ortographia scribendi in Gallicis. MS O, e.g. in Rule 5a, gives an English translation of some French words above them; in this edition, as in Stürzinger's, these translations are bracketed after the words to which they refer. The scribe of C numbers only his Rules Regula prima to Regula quinta, and thereafter usually indicates what for him is the beginning of a new Rule by the word /tem. The scribe of O apparently intended to number all his Rules; the last one is 98, but he made some omissions, e.g. 21, 23-26. D began with Regula prima, but no others are numbered; there are a hundred Rules, introduced, except for the first, by /tem, but no. 100 is a Latin-French word-list and does not really belong to the Orthographia. The scribe of L numbers his Rules 1 to 103, but is inconsistent in his use of the introductory /tem. In the interest of scholars who will still need to consult Stürzinger, I have retained his system of numbering, though not his order of printing the Rules.

Title Orthographia gallia D L1 Space for initial D not filled in by rubricator of D; gallica d. CO] gallice d. L, lacking D; habens ... pronunciatam CO] habens e in sillaba ubi consonans immediate subsequitur stricto ore pronunciato (sic) D, habens sillabam ubi E (following t erased) semiplene pronunciatur et consonans immediate subsequitur in nimia subtraccione lingue L; requirit COL] requiritur D; chien, rien ODL] rien chien C; concludes with et similia O L2 Q. (Item quando D) h. v. e pronunciatur acute COD] Set si E plene pronuncietur L; sine hujus (huiusmodi C) i precessione (processione O) CO] sine procestacione ipsius .I. D, sine I precessione L L3 CO agree except for pronuncietur C, pronunciatur O; a. sillabe O, a. diccionis C; biez C, bies O; liez C, lez O. Quamvis in principio alicuius sillabe E scribatur I bene potest esse littera finalis dictionis sillabe precedentis et acute pronunciari ut biez priez liez L; Item licet .I. precedat .e. in diversis sillabis hec vocalis .I. bene potest preponi ut sic priez liez criez D

19

LA in added above caret mark O; geminabit e C] g. ee OL; Rule 4 is lacking from D, but it is summed up in the final phrase of the Rule following. L5 In C, Rules 5-7 inclusive are all run together with no capital Q starting 6 and 7, but a very distinct point at the end of 6. From 8 onwards ltem indicates the start of anew Rule. Quamvis CO] Item quandoque D, licet L; terminet COL] terminat D; in CD] lacking OL; pronunciata CO] pronunciatur DL; geminabit COL] geminabitur D; ut COL] ut sic D; secus est in feminino after sire in D. At this point, D inserts a Rule composed from C 7 and C 8 and D's own 9 and 10, for which see below. L5a sed in substantivis faciet, ut un Countee C] Nisi ad differenciam une Countee

O;

diversitas C] differencia O; de le Counte, de tiel Counte C] lacking O. The subject-matter of 5a is treated in D 6 and D 7 and in L 7: Item omnia nomina substantiva tam masculini generis quam feminini plene pronunciata geminabunt .ee. ut sic bountee Countee. Item aliquando verba scripta per parvam litteram aliam habent significacionem quam si scriberentur cum capitali ut sic un Counte de tiel Counte ou (?) un Counte a un Countesse D, Quandocumque E pronunciatur acute in substantivis geminabit ee ut Countee amistee loialtee L L6 Quamvis CO] Item licet D, Licet L; ut un homme, meynt (vient O) homme CÓ] lacking DL; in simplici e O] in simplici cum C, in e DL; semiplene pronunciata] semiplene pronunciatur C, se implere pronunciata O, lacking DL; meynte femme, une femme CO] un hom un ffemme mon seignur ma dame D, un homme un femme L L7 Item q. D; reputantur C; pro una sillaba O; ut poet CO] ut sic poet voet D, ut poet voet L. The version given in D 5 differs by substituting from preponendo to the end: non autem in scriptura verbi gracia ieo. ceo. poet. etc. At this point, L 9 introduces a Rule corresponding to 26. L8 Item ille s. lacking L; je ce, jeo ceo CO] seu dicciones ieo ceo D, ie ieo ce ceo L; ind. possunt COD] p. i. L; cum c.e.o. vel cum c.e. sine o C] cum ceo vel ce sine o O, cum ceo vel ce etc L, cum ie tamen vel cum ieo sed melior modus est scribere cum e tamen ut sic ie ce D L9 This extremely puzzling Rule appears to have originated in Rule 9 of the Short Version, which refers to the 3rd. p. sing. and the 2nd. p. pl. (though without stating this) of dire and faire. CO repeat the sense of the Rule but take amer and lire as examples, with amet and liset in C, aymet and licet in O, instead of ayme(t) and lit. Between habencia and in fine both insert the words in singulari (to which C adds numero). D and L rewrite the rule to refer to 2nd. p. sing. and pl. forms, and assert that the 2nd. p. sing. ends in —t: Item verba singularis numeri secunde persone habencia in fine hanc litteram t requirunt in plurali hanc litteram z ut in singulari dicendo aymet liset in plurali dicetur aymez lysez D, Verba singularis numeri habencia in fine diccionis T in secunda persona singularis numeri terminabunt in z in secunda persona pluralis numeri ut amas tu aymet (sic) amatis vous amez L 20

L10 et before adj. OL; vel lacking ODL; sonum de littera s D; cum littera z D; between z and exceptis L adds nisi E semiplene pronuncietur; at exceptis Stürzinger begins a new Rule 10a; et lacking after temporis L; secunda persona COL] secundis personis D; both D and L name the tense after the sing. and pl. reference in the forms pret. t. indicativi modi D, perfecti t. ind. mod. L; tam s. COL] tam s. numeri D; quam pl. COD] quam pl. numeri L; COD agree on que terminabunt to end, except for terminabit O, salvo CD] et O, istius CD] huius O, habes OD] bes C, and in D after habes the addition of que (?) before in sec. pers. pl. num. and debet scribi sic avez after that phrase; instead of que terminabunt ... to end L reads excepto signo de habeo habes ut avez et aliqua secunda persona presentis temporis indicativi modi ut habeo iay habes tu as sum ie suy es tu es &c L11 Item /acking O; adj. CO] adj. et pronomina DL; vel cum z COD] velz L; ut ... lez O] ut sez ses lez les C, ut mez tez sez nos et vos D, ut mes mez tes tez ses sez nos noz L; et hoc ... etc COL except ut lacking O, and touz C, and nisi u precedat ut vous L] et in hoc verbo ubi littera s precedat litteram z ut touz tunc debet scribi cum z D L12, 13 Written as one Rule in CODL. Item lacking OL; s. ODL] nomina s. C; cum s deleted before per sonum s D; ut s. COL] ut sic seignourz D; qu. COD] si L; int... s vel tz CO (except for omission of numero indifferenter C)] in d t ee tunc plurali numero indeferenter potest scribi cum s vel cum z ut sic tenementez bountesz vel sic tenementes bountees etc D, in T S ee tunc in plurali numero potestis indifferenter scribere s vel z ut tenementz vel tenements gentz vel gents bleez blees amisteez amistees sed quandoque z sequitur | in singulari debet scribi cum z ut filz L

L14 Continuous with previous Rule; see above, L. O as in C but lacking scribetur nomine s. Item qu. s sonatur post | in singulari numero debet scribi cum z ut sic filz D L15 O as C but first vel lacking. Item qu. | vel v scribitur et postea x | s subsequitur tunc debet x scribi loco s ut sic deux fioalx D, Qu. | vel v sequitur E vel EA et consonans immediate post | sequitur s debet mutari in x ut deux loialx L L16 ista COD] illa L; mei vel p. s. debent scribi CD] mei. Et p. s. d. scribi O, mei p. s. indifferenter possunt scribi L; vel cum 9 illorum (corrected from eorum O) loco, ut CO] vel cum 9 ut supra ut sic D, vel 9 superscripto L; examples nous ... vo? C] no? nous vous vo? O, nous vous vel no? vo? D, lacking L L17 Text of O. indifferenter cum s vel cum z o] cums (expuncted) cum z vel cum s C. Item illa pronomina noz voz indeferenter possunt scribi ut (sic) cum s vel cum z sine u ut supra D, Illa pronomina noz nos voz vos que procedunt de noster nostrum vestrum possunt indifferenter scribi cum s vel z sine u L

L18 /n spite of beginning with Item, this Rule runs on unnumbered with the previous one in L. aliqua lacking DL; cum a. CO] quasi cum haspiratione D, cum modica a. L; loco aspiracionis CDL] in loco aspiracione O; plest C] pleist O, lacking D, tost loust L

L19 si COL] qu. D; scribatur CL] scribitur OD; immediate

CO] lacking DL; sub21

sequitur CDL] sequitur O; d potest m. in s CO] d debet m. in s D, s debet scribi in loco d L; ut Ed. debet scribi Es. D] ut Esmon L, lacking CO L20 si 1. ... partes CO] in partibus transmarinis L. Forms one Rule with 19 in D, Esmondus being followed by et in partibus transmarinis utuntur scribere pro William Gillyam. Between 20 and 21, D inserts the following Rule: Item qu. e semiplene pronunciatur ante s in fine diccionis s non mutabitur in scriptura sed a (sic) acute pronunciatur indeferenter potest scribi cum s vel cum z L21 si m CO] et consonans

L; fismes D.] fismes duresme

CO, fisme disme

D. L;

rephrased as: Item qu. m. subsequitur e. I. o. vel u. in diversis sillabis tunc debet s. interponi ut Duresme ffismes etc. D, which makes a separate Rule for mandasmes, as follows: Item qu. m. sequitur .a. in medio (inserted over fine deleted) diccionis et diversis sillabis tunc debet .s. interponi ut madasmes (sic)

L22 sillabam CO] aliquam sillabam DL; De E. debet CDL] debent O; Dengleterre Dirlande C] dengleterre (of Englond) De irlande debet scribi dirlande (of Irlande) O, sic Dengleterre Dirland D, Dengleterre de Irland debet scribi Dirland L; et non de Irlande C] lacking ODL

L23 ponitur COD] scribatur L; o CL] et o O, vel o D; si aliqua c. C] si aliquod c. OD, et c. L; post 1 subsequitur C] post 1 sequitur ©, inmediate subsequitur D, immediate subsequitur 1 L; 1 quasi u ...to end CO] 1 debet mutari in signum .v. et indeferenter potest scribi cum .v. vel cum 1, ut al tresnoble sire vel au tresnoble sire altre chose vel autre chose D, hec littera 1 debet mutari in u verbi gracia malme debet sonari maume

loial loiau molt mout

bel beu

L

L24 Item qu. COD] Si L; subsequitur 1 CO] sequitur 1 D, immediate 1 sequitur L; illa littera 1 debet C] illa littera debet O, tunc debet 1 L; subsequenti O; everything from illa littera ... subsequente et replaced in D by tunc; stabit ... natura lacking L; ut malement L] lacking CO, ut malement lealment (sic) etc D .

L25 m et n CDL| m n u O; i potest C] potest O, tunc potest i D, i debet L; et precipue ... cognominibus D] lacking CO, potissime in propriis nominibus hominum vel villarum L; ut Comyngtoun CO] ut Deymond Deynton Deynllerun (?) D, ut W L. L26 Rule lacking L. Between

Item and moy D inserts iste sillabe seu dicciones, and

places indeferenter before possunt and not at end. Text as in D] per e vel o vel y vel i C, cum e vel o per y vel j O L27 aliqua and aliquam lacking L; potest scribi CO] debet scribi DL; anterioris CL] interioris OD; sed in pr. non debet (lacking O) proferri CO] sed noun debet sonari D; sed non proferri L; ut COL] verbi gracia D; d. s. a. m. CO] d. s. a. m. etc L, lacking D L28 per subtr. sonus vel per m. sonus C] vel per m. sonus lacking O, per m. sonus seu subtr. L; posset C] possit O, poterit L; vel eciam lacking L; tunc lacking L; ut scr. CL] vel

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scr. O; deux CL] deaux O; eux CL] eaux O, say OL] sey C; vel lacking L; plurale CO] plurali L; sonandum /acking L; tenement gent pro tenementz gentz CO] t. pur tenementz g. pur gentz L; s. pro s. C] s. pur s. O, etc L. In place of Rule 28, D has two Rules: Item qu. silliba (sic) vel intellectus diccionis mutatur per huius subtr. sonus tunc debet sonari secundum quod scribitur ut sic tenementez iay fait; Item qu. per subtr. vel per adiunccionem litterarum significacio ... variari (as in L) ut sonando tenement pur tenementez vel deux pur de eux vel say pur sy (sic) tunc debet sonari sec. quod scribitur et scribi sec. quod sonatur. L29 | ... k CO] iste littere mnrgk D, mnrcetk L; quamvis COL] licet D; subsequitur COL] inmediate sequatur D; bene ... littere CO] non debent mutari in sono mon clercs pur solom prist D, semper debent sonari ut mon coer salnom nostre clerc L L30 The pairs of Rules CO 30, 31, D 33, 34, L 28, 29 overlap in subject-matter; each scribe seems to have tried to arrange matters. The edited text is that of C; variant readings from O are given here, followed by the full texts of D and L. e de le] e delle C; a le tresdoute s. C] a le tresredoute s. O; al t. s. lacking O; del tresnoble s. lacking O; Item qu. hoc signum in anglicis debet dici the debet dici in gallicis le et cum ponitur post de a en (delle deleted) ne et consonans subsequitur inmediate tunc ulterior e del le debet pretermitti et | adiungi cum vocali precedente ut sic del al el nel ffrai D, le in anglicis the si vocalis immediate subsequitur e de le debet pretermitti et | adiungi cum vocali precedente subsequente ut le ordre debet scribi lordre le euesqe debet scribi leuesqe L

L31 debet e C] debet le O; between seignur and a le Evesque, C erroneously repeats al tresdoute s. from Rule 30; it is not in O; Item qu. vocalis subsequitur illud signum le tunc

debet | adiungi cum vocali subsequente verbi gracia ale honurable seignur debet scribi a lo honurable seignur D, Qu. lé sequitur a de en ne et consonans immediate subsequitur e del le debet pretermitti et | adiungi cum a de en ne ut a le Counte debet scribi al Counte de le seignur debet scribi del seignur en le Countee debet scribi el Countee ne le frai nel fray L L32 quamvis lacking C; quamvis ... to end] quamvis a ne de en precedat la non debet dividi nec adiungi cum de a ne en D. The complete Rule in L: la non debet adiungi cum vocali precedente (Regula introduced erroneously) ut a la dame L

L32a illud signum /acking D; femenino O; in f. g. lacking D; scribitur et v. inm. subs. CO] scribitur post a de en ne et v. subs. D; potest 1 CO] potest D; subsequente C sequente OD; O has ou before de la E. and vel before de lesglise; D concludes ut a la abbesse a la Eglise potest scribi a labbesse a leglise; the complete Rule in L reads: la cum vocali subsequente indifferenter potest adiungi vel demitti ut a la esglise vel a lesglise a la abbesse vel a labbesse

L33 This rule not in DL, but see L 29; [et] lacking C; en precedit C] n precedat O; debet C] potest O L34 el al del C] al del O, el al nel D, el al del nel L; es as des COD] es as des nes L

23

L35 After Item C has quandocumque; diccio CO] aliqua diccio DL; litteram capitalem COL] parvam litteram D; habet ODL] habebit C; eadem diccio CO] eadem DL; per parvam |. CL] per unam |. O, per capitalem D; v.g. COL] ut D; un counte countee C] une Countee counte O, counte Countee D, une counte (gap or erasure of 5mm.), countee (letter altered and expuncted in 6 mm. gap) L; de tiel COD] du tiel L; un Roy ... roy etc COD] lacking L; la Roigne prist une (?) Roigne added in D L36 iste COD] Ille L; simplici lacking D; sed ... proferri COL] in logendo (sic) debent sonari

D; O adds etc after proferri

L37 Item sciendum est quod pro n. l. excepta M D; nisi in CO] exceptis D, nisi pro L; certis CDL] ceteris O; pro consuetudine] pro cons? C, de cons L, pro consimili O; from this point, L has ut datur et in fine nominum villarum ut W.H. (sic) et pro qe coniunctione ut q; D diverges after certis adjectivis, continuing with que possunt referri ad diversa substantiva ut datur vel nominibus villarum ut Horton Norton etc vel coniunctiva ut q etc.

L38 in a. d. t. lacking L; litteras ODL| littere C; bene COD] tunc bene L; super CDL] supra O; cum qua diccio C] umqua diccio O, cum diccio D, ut L; p.m. determinari CD] p.m. deteriorari O, m. p. determinari L; after determinari ‘L ends with etc. L39, 40 The edited text is that of CO, whose variant readings are: scribitur lacking C;

prescribi O] scribi C; ante lacking after sonet O; potest im. ante g scribi C] potest A im. prescribi O. These Rules attempt to cope with the spelling of palatalised n, and both author and scribes have experienced difficulty. D has done some rephrasing and provided other examples; L has expanded the matter into three Rules with no gain in clarity. D42: Item quandocumque hec littera n sonet ante g et non post scribitur, tunc debet prescribi, ut Lyngton, Longford. D43: Item si n scribitur inmediate post g, dat duplicem sonum, videlicet sonat ante g sed tunc non debet prescribi g, ut significant, verbi gracia seignour debet scribi et non seingnour. L37: Item hec littera n si scribatur post g, debet sonare tam ante g quam post g, ut signifiant. L38: Quandocumque n se[qui]tur g, non debet prescribi etc. L39: Quandoque g capit sonum n ante et n non subsequitur g, tunc n bene potest prescribi, ut K. L41 Everything lacking except Item seignour ton seignour son seignour O; Item lacking L; qu. precedes meus D; genere CL] generi D; debent CL] debet D; moun, toun etc. C] mon ton etc DL; come CL] ut D; moun s. toun s. soun s. C] monsire DL, tonsire D, ton seignur L, sonsire D, lacking L

L42 Item lacking L; qu. adj. CO] qu. meus tuus suus adj. DL; genere CL] generi D, lacking O; come C] com O, ut sic D, verbi gracia L; ma d. etc. COL] ma d. ta mere sa seure

DJ

L43, 44 These Rules gave trouble. CO omitted a few L is following the same text in 43, but muddles the end thereafter seems to be correcting individually. D has generi] genere CO; debent C] debet O; toun C] ton O;

24

words, which Stürzinger supplied. of it with the beginning of 44, and two much simplified statements. come C] com OJ.; acc. seu sec. C]

sec. seu acc. O; ma teste C] teste O. L42, 43: Item quando adiunguntur neutro generi si neutrum genus concordat magis cum agente quam cum paciente vel cum prin[cipali quam cum accessorio ut mon chief quia (?) chief potest adiungi pluribus capitalibus rebus quam teste Regula xliii? que [con]cordat plus cum accessorio quam principali ut ma teste debet scribi ma teste ta teste sa teste quia teste applicatur tamen animalibus tam racionalibus quam brutis et est minus digna quam chief. D46: Item quando meus tuus suus adiunguntur neutro generi tunc debet scribi secundum exigenciam diccionis si diccio sit equivocus ut ma test (sic) mon chief. D47: Item quando una diccio sit magis digna vel magis vulgaris quam altera tunc ma ta sa ut ma test quare (?) chief debet poni omnibus capitalibus rebus. L45 Item quandoque D; noster ... vestrum D] noster vester —ra -rum C, noster nostra -tra -trum O, noster nostrum nostra vester vestra —rum L; scribi lacking O; in o. g. ... n.

v. COL] tunc sonantur sic nostre vostre in o.g. D; plurali COL] pl. numero D; nos, vos C] nous vous ©, noz voz que substantiva sunt (aliis crossed out) illis scilicet adiuncta D, noz voz nos vos L L46 Item Jacking L; qi ge gar qant L] qi ge qar C, qi qe qant O, omnia adverbia et relativa que maxime et sonantur per q ut qi qe qant qare D; aliquando before consueverunt C; apud antiquos /acking CO; ut melius C, lacking O, quare m. D, ut littera sit legibilior seu magis L; concordet] concordat CL, concordent O, concordat (?) D; everything after latino lacking D; quia k CL] J k O; in quando quis quod C] in quando quis quod sed J O, in quia sed Q ut in quando sed O L L47 Rules 47 and 48 in CO, 46 and 47 in L, are interverted in D as 51 and 50, and some-

what rephrased. Item lacking L; nominibus lacking L; debent scribi cum k ut C] et debent scribi cum ©, scribetur K ut L; Dame de Knaptoun C] Dame Kamptoun O, dame de K (sic) L. D's Rule is: Item k semper appropriatur propriis nominibus et cognominibus villarum et locorum ut Katerina vel sic ma dame de Ketlastoun mon seignur de Kegdeorth (= Kegworth ?) L48 Both D and L rephrase: Item set nomina indifferenter possunt scribi cum q vel cum c; quare q non habetur in nam istud [verbum] scribetur cum c D; Item in car k c vel q reperitur, indifferenter potest scribi cum c vel q sed magis correcter scribitur cum q L L49 deaux ceux eaux veaux C/ Deux ceaux eaux O, deux ceux loelx D, deux deaux ceux ceaux L; cum a vel sine a C] eux vel eaus O, cum e tamen vel cum ea DL

L49a, 49b Two Rules in CO each introduced by Item, but not before the same word; D begins with Item and offers a short amalgam of both Rules, with a last line of 4words of writing followed by 8 spaces to the end of the line indicated by dashes between sloping bars; L also has an amalgam, numbered Regula xlix, with no introductory Item. There seems to have been confusion somewhere higher up in the line of filiation. C's version has been printed in the edited text (except for dicendo] didendo C); Stürzinger's number 49b has been placed before Item, and not before Et aliquando, where he put it. The other MS versions are given in their entirety here: Item ista littera y aliquando ponitur pro si, sic

25

dicendo y vous pleyst vous pur vous pleist et aliquando pro locucione enormantica. Item aliquando com y serray et Demonstrativa come iay mys mon ceal a ycestes O; Item ista littera y aliquando [ponitur] pro sy, aliquando pro nominibus demonstrativis, aliquando ] D; Regula xlix hec littera y pro illeques, ut ieo y vous plest od .y. cestes | aliquando ponitur pro illeosges, aliquando pro si, aliquando pro coniunctione enormativa, ut je y serray y vous plest a yceste dismenge L. L50 scripture CDL] stricture O; d. aliquarum diccionum CDL] d. aliquam O; sint COL] sunt D. In the list of examples, each MS has its own version, differing in length and content; D divides the Rule into two unequal parts. Stürzinger, with C and O (which are fairly similar) and the very brief French version to guide him, was unaware of the personal nature of these lists and attempted to conflate them: a meaningless process. I have printed C in the edited text and given here variant readings of O, and, though this involves repetition, complete readings of D and L. The lists are plainly compiled with indebtedness to other writers, e.g. Walter of Bibbesworth. Variant readings from O; between serf and veile O inserts teindre tendre tenir attendre atte[i]ndre esteant esteyant aymer amer foail fel feal (or stal ?) veele viel; veile veille] veile veile, vile ville] ville ville; brael] breele; herde erde interverted; neif neof baaile baile] neif suef noef boaile baile; bale] bale balee; berzis berzize] berziz berzi; towne tonne interverted; concludes with etc. D's list (with Latin and

English words italicized and .i. = id est modernised as i.e.): ciel celum, seall sigillum, seel sella, siel sal, celee i.e. celata, tiel tale, coi tacitum, quo qoi (=quod ?), moal anglice an anestoke, moal a 3okk, cerf cervus, sarvant servus, tendre

tenere, te[i]ndre i.e. tingere,

tenire tenere, atte[i]ndre attingere, attendre i.e. attendere, entendre intelligere, un brahel a cartdehel; brahel a brygir, del herder i.e. (...) herede enherede idem (...?), enherde (?), huissel a naridhole, assel a cartclout, neef nativus vel vanus (?), neof nix, noef novem, noef novum, noef, bale a bagge, baille i.e. tradicio vel liberatio, baale a bale of madere,

liter’ a horsbere, liter i.e. strame, luter derastel (?) sive litigare, forreyer to (...?) forray, forore a hadelande, forsveire i.e. deviare, rastel a rake, rasteler to rake, bastone (?) a ribbe, bastoun i.e. baculus, mesier i.e. maceries, mesniere i.e. materfamilias, messere i.e.

metere, messour i.e. messor, pielle 1.e. pellis, peele anglice a houshovelle, berzil i.e. wort, berzyze growte, grysil grande grele, grandmat greel, grantile towne, tonitruat tonne, tonaile a tonne; D55: Item tonne i.e. pes dormit, tonoire i.e. tonitruum, neym a nykere, non i.e. nomen,

nemy i.e. noun, esteant i.e. stans, esteantez i.e. stantes, aymer(e) i.e.

amare, amer(e) amarum, foial vel feal i.e. fidel, fiel i.e. pravus, feelle i.e. fel, feele i.e. prava, veal i.e. vitulus, viele a fithelle, veile i.e. vigilia, veil i.e. velum templi, vile i.e. vilia, ville i.e. villa; L's list: ciel pro celo, seel pro sella, siel pro sale, seal pro sigillo, celle pro illa, celee pro celata, qui pro quis, quoi pro quo, coy pro silencio, moal pro uefuestol, moel pro 3olke, meel hone i.e. melle, cerf pro cervo, serf pro servo, servant pro sirviente

(?), ceindre pro cingere, tendre pro tenero, atteindre attingere, attendre..., essens esteant, stans esteiant, amare aymer, amarum amer, foial fidel, feel pro felle, fiel pravus, veil vetus, veal vitulus, viele pro fithle, vile vile, ville villa, veile vetula, veille vigilia, cervel pro cerebro, seirveile seravigilia (serabigilia L), brahel pro lumbare, brael i.e. a cartwyche, herde de cervis, congeries erde de feldefares, a erder ou a herder i.e. adherere, esseil exeltre, exil i.e. exilium, huissel assellum, assel a cartclout, neif nativus vel navis, neef i.e.

nix, neof novem, vel neef novum, bailer take, baailer (...?), bale a bagge, liter a horsbere, litere stre, forsveier deviare, forreier foragium colligere foraigne, forere i.e. forera, rastel

26

rake, skyn, wort, towne

rastuer a rybbe, mesnere a hoswyf, maceries i.e. mesiere, messer i.e. messor, piel pail stre vel heer, paile anglice one schivel, paiele a panne, peel a battestaf, berezil berzize grout, grisil haiel, gresle hayleth, greesle siuale, tonoil ou tonel a tonne, doromit (sic), ut pes, neym a dwargh, neyn niverus

LS1 All MSS give the first five of the ten letters (but in C the order is d c g e f); thereafter O omits 1, D omits | and s, L omits t and adds m in the order m nlp s. COL do their best with the rest of the Rule; D shortens and simplifies. C as edited except for ruds h.] rudus h.: Debent mutari in sono in strictura c ante vocalem ut clerici clers et debet in gallico clers rudi homines ruds hommes et debet sonari ruz hommes bones Dames debent bon dames et tunc n sonari solempne vyfs hounte loget vis homme et sic de aliis O; debent subcheri (= subticeri ?) in sono et non in scriptura: c ante vocalem, ut clerici clercs debet sonari clerz, rudi homines ruds hommes debent sonari suz (sic) hommes, bones femmes Ita quod o debet produci et e n simplene (sic) pronunciari, vifs hommes debent sonari vis hommes etc L; in fine diccionis non debent sonari ante s, ut clerici clercs sed debent sonari clers, rudz hommes debent sonari ruz hommes et sic de ceteris, set e et n debent sonari semiplene, ut bones dames, bones (sic) hommes D

L52 C interverts 52 and 53; ista d. CO] hec d. D, lacking L; graunt sight mgnitudinem (sic) O; et adj. ... genere CD] et lacking O; et vocalis sequitur inmediate post t L; ita quod CD] ita ut O, lacking L; e sit sequens lacking L; t mutabitur CD] t mutatur O, hec littera t mutabitur L; g. d., g. charge CO] g. d. g. femme D, grant homme grande dame grande charitee L

L53 genere D; vel quando O] vel CD; confessionem O; non m. tin d O] non m. dint C, tunc t non m. in d ut prudome (?) (...?) D; quamvis to end CO (but sequitur O)] quamvis e sit sequens t ut iay grante à luy tiel chose D. Rule is rephrased in L: Quando grant ponitur pro concessione vel si sit masculini generis ita quod vocalis non subsequitur t tunc sed (error for hec) littera non mutabitur in d.

L54 debent COL] set debent D L55 Item Regula lv? L; jeo CO] ie L; quelles CO] que L; m'envoiastes C] memorastes O, mavez fait L. Rule expanded in D: Item qu. hec verba scribantur, scilicet si ieo, moy, me, nous, vous, luy, lez ante verba eis sequencia, signum non debet proferri, ut ieo

moy tieue paie, nous vous mandons, vous nous priastes, vous moi mandastes, vos me chargeastes L56 CO same text except proferri O; ie moy recommans O. DL expand: Item si ieo moi me vel aliquod pronomen predictum scribatur post verbum tunc signum debet proferri ac ecciam ante verbum si non inmediate subsequitur verbi gracia jeo moi recomand a vous, a lez justicez nostre seignur le Roy D. quando hec pronomina scribuntur post verba debent scribi cum signo ut ie me recomant a vous, À vous sire Justice comande ma cause et A mons. John D L L57 All MSS show some confusion. Separate Rule not in D but has been partly conflated

27

with D 61. Edited text follows CO: predicta Stürzinger] predictus (?) C, predictus O; verbum C] verbis O; Stürzinger's text] inmediate post ponitur vous C, i. preponitur vous O; seignur lacking O; etc. lacking O. Regula lvii? quando ille cui loquitur ponitur ante verbum post illud pronomen tunc id (= illud) signum debet preponi ut a vous sire Seneschal ou a vous moun treshonure seignur L L58 casu lacking OD; singularis numeri L; scribetur O] lacking C, scribitis D, debetis scribere L; casubus C; D concludes with verbi gracia ieo moi recomank a vous et in aliis vous moi mandastes

L59 This Rule, lacking Item, placed between CO 62 and 63 L; qu. cum s. ponitur D; moi toi soi D; Qu. acc. c. efficitur cum signo, ut devers moy, tunc acc. c. ponetur pro cetero obliquo L L60 scribetur O; in pl. scribetis L; mes tes ses lez L; etc lacking OL; Item mon ton son

debent scribi in pl. in o. c. et generibus mez tez sez D. At this point L inserts as its Rule 60: In nominativo casu debetis scribere cil ou il Et in plurali numero ils ou sils.

L61 illa CO] hec DL; je cil lacking DL; illud COD] ut cil il id L; subsequens CDL] subsequente O; ponetur OL] lacking C, debet poni D; je et luy CL] et luy O, ieo et luy D; vel CO} et Dy lacking L; cl. COD] il L i L62 Rule lacking D. Item lacking L; luy ... soy C luy ... et soy O, moi toi soi luy L; ex. a. p. C] extra accusativis presentis O, lacking L

L63 petit OD; prie L; sanz ie OL; ab aliquo in prima persona tunc potest verbum scribi sine nominativo ut vous pri D

L64 Rule lacking D. roget L; aliquem lacking L; tunc dicetis C] dicetis O], tunc oz (?) diceris L; prie CL] pry O L65 qu. non expresse ponitur O] qu. non ponitis ex. C, qu. non ponitur ex. D, qu. non exprimitur L; ut vous pry lacking DL; tunc CDL] item O; pry vel ... to end CO] dices vous pri (sic) maffy terminando in y D, scribetis maffy vous pri (sic) cum y L

L66 si COD quando L; mutabitur COD] mutabit L; come C] com ©, in fine ut D, ut L; jeo vous prie CO] vel ieo vous prie D, lacking L; Et hec ... to end (si terminetur O) CO] lacking DL L67 come C] cum O; aucun C] acun O. DL rephrase: Item post a, s scripta in hoc verbo ascun, sonabitur u pro s et dicetur aucun D; Item quando s scribitur post a et c subsequitur inmediate, tunc s mutabitur in u, ut ascun debet sonari aucun L

L68 The printed text is that of D except for plurali] plari; cestes] cestez. The other texts are: Item ista pronomina ille, ipse, iste, hic, et hijs debent scribi cum C, com le cest homme in singulari celles et cestes in plurali CO; Item illa pronomina Aic, ipse, iste debent scribi 28

cum c, ut cest homme, cel homme etc L. Between 68 and 69, L has four Rules, or bits of Rules, of its own numbered 70-73: L70 (which relates to 68): cil, il in singulari debent [scribi] in nominativo pluralis numeri cils, ils et in ceteris obliquis ceux, sed in acusativo les; L71 (Cf. 76): cele, elle in singulari debent scribi celle[s], elles in plurali in nominativo, in ceteris obliquis ceux; L72 (expands the last clause of L70: sed semper accusativus casus in omnibus generibus debet scribi /es; L73 (Cf. 78a): Item omnes casus nominativi in plurali numero, cum nomina generalia sequuntur debent scribi /ez seignurs lez dames, lez manciples d'Oxenfforde fenrount (sic) d'une accorde.

L69 suus, —a, -um CL] suus sua suum D, suus sua sum O; debet scribi CO] debent scribi D, scribitur semper L; in s. CO] in s. numero D; sine c lacking D; after cum s L ends with et eciam si coniunctis

L70 per c COD] per se L; ut citra CO] ut citra contra D, lacking L; mutabuntur CD] mutabitur O debent mutari L; in s. gallica O] in s. CD, in gallico L; d. la m. COL decia la m. contre la pece (?) D

L71 CO the same except Item si cil] Item si sil O; scribi sil et t.] scribi et sil et t. O; et aliud] aliud O. DL rephrase: Item si cil scribitur et cil (sic) precedat, ut si ille, tunc debet c pretermitti et s de si debet adiungi cum cil, ut sil debet scribi pro cil D; Si si scribitur et cil

subsequitur inmediate debetis scribere sil pro si cil et tantum sign[ific]at unum sicut et aliud L L72 (Cf. 67) Text edited is that of CO: capit a de se s C; ut resceu debet sonari lacking O. DL differ considerably: Item qu. c sequitur vocalem in diversis sillabis, ut a c, 0 c, ic, s debet interponi scribendo ascun, chescune, visconte, rescrivere etc., et non sonando s D; Qu. c sequitur aliquam vocalem, si aliqua sit aspiracio, hec littera s interponitur, ut resceu, ascun, viscont[e] etc., s non debet sonari nisi post a, et tunc mutabitur sonus in u, ut

Sed

ty

L73 (Cf. 18) O differs from C in temporum scribetur; com; baptiste; test. DL vary greatly: Item communiter qu. t sequitur vocalem, si aliqua sit aspiracio, s debet interponi et precipue in presenti et preterito tempore, ut est, cest, fest, fust, sceust D; Semper inter omnes vocales et t, qu. t sequitur inmediate cum aliqua aspiracione, s debet interponi, ut est, feust, tost, leust, eust etc. L L74 scribitis CDL] scribitur O; in loco CDL] loco O; espernez CL] mespernez O, espernere D; pur enpernez OL] pro enpernez C, lacking D. Here D inserts two Rules, 77 and 78, about pronouns, somewhat repetitive of material earlier and to come, e.g. CO 68 and 76: D77: Item ipse, iste etc in singulari numero debent scribi cil ou il pro masculino genere et celle ou elle pro feminino genere; D78: Item ipsi isti in plurali debent scribi in masculino genere ceux ou eux et in feminino celles ou elles. L75 Rule lacking D. Text of CO except ut ie vous m. O; L differs; Item pro m. p. scribetur dativus casus cum signo in accusativo casu, ut je mandai ma lettre a vous debetis dicere propter reverenciam Je manday ma letre devers vous. 2

L76 Rule lacking at this point in DL (but see 49a, D 77-78, and L 70-73) cestis O; ceus O; y. cestes C, ycestis O L77 Item aliquando DL; villa, ville D, terra, terre L; debent s. COL] que debet s. D; tere D, tere, illa, elle debet s. ele L; etc. lacking ODL. Here L inserts an 82nd Rule: in nominibus materialiter (?) positis / geminatur in scriptura, debet geminari in sono, ut Welles, Hortonwelle, Harwelle etc. L78-80a This matter is covered with considerable variation and uncertainty in D80-83 and L83-87. Here are variant readings of C and O from the edited text, followed by the Rules given in D and L: L78 scribetur C; oxeneforde O; T. d'I. C] Johan de Waynflete O; vel sire C] vel O; e supra tracta O] A supra C; pro seignour C] pro O; de sire sine vel sine e C, de scire sine e O; L79 del C] de le O; du tantum /acking O; sicut C] se O; pro de le d. p. lacking O. We have not reproduced the palaeographic abbreviations in our edited text.

L80 signis O] signes C; scribere lacking C; D80: Item aliquando scribetis de ou del, dez, a, al au, et tunc qu. hoc signum in anglico the sequitur a, de, en, ne, tunc / de le debet adiungi cum vocali precedente, cum de le seignur de[bet] scribi del seignur, a le tresdouté seignur al tresdouté seignur, ne le ffray sed nel fra, en le Countee, et in plurali az Justices, dez bienz, nez ffray, nel fra, ez Countez; D81: Item qu. a vel d[e] scribuntur sine adiunccione non significat nisi unum verbum, ut a monseignur, de monseignur; D 82: Item qu. vocalis sequitur dicta signa, tunc d stabit in sua propria natura, et / debet adiungi cum vocali subsequente, verbi gracia a l'onurable seignur, de l'onurable seignur, ne l'oefe (?) fare en l'evesque. D83: Item qu. dicta signa ponuntur pro duabus diccionibus, tunc / non mutabitur in u post e, sed post a bene potest, ut al tresdouté seignur potest scribi au tresdouté seignur, et du significat tantum sicut del; L83: Littera / debet mutari in sonum u qu.

scribetur post a, e[t] non tamen debet mutari in u post e, qu. una sillaba ponitur pro duabus sillabis, ut del vel al, sed post a bene potest, ut al seignur etc.; L64: du, del tantum significat sicud de le; Ló5: qu. scribitur de, tunc non ponitur nisi pro una diccione, ut pro genitivo vel prepositione; LS6: sed del vel du semper possunt scribi pro duabus diccionibus, ut del vel du dit portour du (?) cestes, et tunc scribitur du (...?) de y; L87: licet el, al, del, nel debeant scribi es, as des, nes in plurali, tamen de prepositio stabit (...?) tam in singulari quam plurali.

L81 scribetis COL] scribet D; od CO] prepositionis cum D, ove L; dirray COL] dirra D; pro od le b. CO] i. vous dirray od vel ov le bouche D, pur ove le bouche L L82 Item sciendum est quod pro prepositione [cum] potest scribi indifferenter od vel ove D; cum prepositio solebat scribi cum od vel ove indifferenter, sed (...?) utuntur in (...2) scribere tamen cum ove permittendo od L L83 DL re-order: Item pro vel et ubi DL; debet scribi semper ou D, debetis scribere ou

L L84 poterit COL] debet D; scribi lacking O; after integras D adds ut de Oxon, Eboracum, Doxenforde, Everwyke etc. 30

L85 maiori COL] maiore D; scribetis COL] debes scribere D; sec. quod s. in l. COD] post formationem latini L; compotus DL; acompt D; prebenda /acking C; prebenda ... opus interverted D; etc. CO] lacking L; et p non debet sonari D L86 C interverts 86 and 88 and omits 87; inter ap., rep., comprendre, emprendre; huys et vys; k. et k. lacking D; ap., pr., comp., emp., rep.; huys, oilz, vys, oeps; kinil, kenyl L L87 Rule lacking in C; L interverts 87 and 88; verba lacking DL; verbo lacking D; reed ... to end: redewyne i. vin vermaile vin rouz chivalier chival chivale; harank soor; la goule de aust; rose rouge ou vermaile D; reed, ut vin vermail, haranc soor, chevalier rouz, sauce rouge, paynture de goules etc. L L88 verba lacking L; hab.d. v. g. lacking OD; v. anglico breke CO] v. breke L, v. ffrango D; fruschez C] fruchez O, dicetur (?) frussez D, ut frusshez L; chaude p. C; debrise bos (?) O, debrusez losse D, debrisez lez L; rompez L; d. la h.] lacking CD, debrises la h. O, depessez lez hanaps esquielx et verres estroez lescrin (?) L

L89 Item pro hoc v. fflare dicetur (?) ventulez D, Item habentur d. g. pro isto v. blowe ventulez L; cornyez od le corn C, corneiez od le corne O, corneiez cum le corne D, L interverts: souflez od le b. corneiez od le corn; de b. CO, od le b. D

L90, 91 Conflated in D93, L97. d. h. inter estreym estrein daym et daysme D, h. d. inter daym et daysme et deigne et digne fraym et fraigne estein et esteigne areym ou araym a raysme estreym estreyn L

L92 Item qu. hec littera i scribitur post vocalem et n inmediate subsequitur aliquando g interponitur et aliquando s nt certeignement atteignalment esloigne busoigne vel sic eisne D, Qu. n sequitur i in diversis sillabis aliquando s interponitur et aliquando g prout melius concordare poterit cum latino ut meisne meigne freisne freigne certaigne, ent eisne filz etc. et tunc nec s nec g debet sonari L L93 (Cf. 21, D 22-23, L 20) Rule lacking here D. e veli COJieou L; etin una d. s debet C] et una diccio debet O, cum aliqua aspiracione s debet L; ut fismes duresne abesme feusmes L L94 Rule lacking D; m lacking C; Qu. m sequitur s in trissillabis vel tetrasillabis cum aliqua aspiracione s debet interponi ut mandasmes comandasmez etc. secus est in bissillabis. L L95 Rule lacking DL.

duplex ee vel del O; debent t. in s vel z O

L96 (Cf.18, 73, D19, 75, L17, 78) Rule lacking here DL. in presente preterito temporum OQ; i lacking O, poni C, scribi O; feust toust O; lust etc. lacking O; et t debet s scribi ut amastis

O

L97 in ay CL, in ax O, in ay ut ieo aymeray D; et in t. p. in a ut ieo (sic) aymera; in a ut

31

amabo j'aymeray -bit cil aymera L Here L has a Rule 102: Vocalis sequens ff facit ff mutari L98

in v, ut vif homme, O ends

vive dame.

with this Rule.

L98, 99 Conflated in D, both lacking in L. Item qe C, Item q O; q vel qe C, qe vel q O; sed q O; quel et lacking O. Item que ut (= ef?) qui in gallico possunt scribi indeferenter sic qe vel qi scilicet coniunctive vel relative ecciam et in anglicis ut sic the mann thatt was here vel the mann the which was here D

L100, 101 n. tam l. quam h. CD] n. et cognomina h. et |. L; n. dignitatem] n. dignitatis C, et n. dignitatum D, dignitatum L; clausularum CL] litterarum D; scribi CL] scribi scribi et incipi D; sed ... to end] et maxime curiali L, et insuper in medio racionis alicuius clausule faciet duos punctus sic s (expuncted) sine incepcione de (crossed out) cum (added over caret mark) capitali decremanenter (?) eiusdem racionis donec pervenerit ad inicium nove clausule faciens quod in fine cuiuscumque racionis unum punctum sit D. CL end with this Rule. L101, L102 appear in D only; D has one further Rule which is irrelevant

57

ORTHOGRAPHIA GALLICA FRENCH VERSION (F) F1 Diccio gallice d[ictata] habens primam sillabam vel mediam in e stricto ore pronunci[a]tam [r]equirit hanc litteram i ante e in scriptura, verbi gracia bien, rien, chien, [F2] set si autem hec vocalis e pronuncietur acute, per se stare debet sine hujus vocalis 7 processione, verbi gracia bevez, menez, tenez, pernez. F3 Mes la darreine reule est obscure; purceo entendez qu'a la foithe escriverez i devant e, mesqe l'avantdit e soit pronuncié come devant est dit aprés tous les lettres de l'abc:

aprés b, come

biez, aprés c, come

ciez, et similia.

Purceo

entendés qe la reule estoit et serra entendue des sillables come latyn dit ‘habens primam sillabam in e', [F4] et [sa]chés [q'en] ceste sillable devant e dont ne mitterez pas i, come venez. [F4a] Mes lez cas qe parlent de i avant e mesqe la dite lettre e soit longe serront entenduz des paroules [dont l'une] sillable termine en et l'autre comence par e, come biez, ciez. Sic totum verum cum [omnibus] ca[sibus] plana regula. F5 Preteria diccio terminata in e plene pronunciata, si sit feminini generis, debet scribi cum ee duplicata in fine, verbi gracia Femme amee, douee et enseigné et similia, [F6] set quando semiplene pronuncietur, non geminat e, verbi gracia Meinte femme est bone, F7 Mes ceste reule est ausqes obscure pur jeosne gentz, purceo est mester q'ele soit pluis overtement clarifiez, qar ascune foithe escriverez paroule sanz e al fyn et ascune foithe escriverez ovesqe une e symple et ascune foithe par ee double: sans e al fyn come adjectifs en gendre de madle, verbi gracia Franc home, rud home, sotil home; ovesqe e al fyn come en adjectyfs en le gendre femele, come France dame, sotile dame; ovesqe double ee, come [en] adjectyfs, qant le gendre madle avera une e, la femele avera deux, verbi gracia Treshonuré sire, treshonuree dame.

F8 Et entendez qe ceaux lettres serront changetz en soune: c, d, e, f, g, I, n, p, s, et t, nun pas en scripture: c devant paroule qe comence par vouele escriveretz et lirretz, [come] vifs cliercs est il; d, come ruds home est il; e, come larges homme est il; f, come vifs homme est il, [et] lirrés vif; g, come rougs home est il; 1, come

nul home, et lirrés nuls —

nul escriverés en le madle gendre et nule en

gendre femele, cil et celle, il et elle, [et] l'une / entrelesse[z] en lisant; n escriverez, come bon homme et bon gré, et illeosqes serra n soné par son soun devant vouele, et lirrés bons home; p, come oept; s, come ascun, et lirrés acun: t devant consonne escriverez et lirrés d; devant vouele dit est v endroit de

33

f, elle serra changé en v en le madle et en la femele — en le madle lirrez [?], endroit de g lirrés [?] avant vouele, come rougs home.

F9 Purceo entendez qe dirrés rougs home, chival rous, harang sor, escue de goules, vin vermail rose, drap rouge, mes ceo ne dy jeo mye pur l'ortografie mes pur la diversité de ceste paroule engleys ‘red’, qui ad taunt des nounes.

F11 [(f. 4v] Item quant, grant, demandant, sachant, tant et totes participl[e]s serront escriptz ove n sans u, mes en lisant il avera le soun de [F12] Item tielz participl[e]s joyn[t]es a la femelle fyneront en e el singuler et le madle sanz e. [F13] Item grant, quant il serra joynt a la femele, la t tornera d, come grande pité.

les u. en en

F14 Et sachetz qe aprés g ne q u ne serra pas soné, come quatre, guerre lirrez qatre, gere. F15 Item jeo, moy, nous, verbes,

come

vous

vous

vous, luy, les serront escript touz jours avant les

aforcez,

nous

vous

mandons,

il vous prie, cil vous

manace. [F15a] Et issint serrount si bien les datifs et acusatifs de ‘ego, mei’, persone secunde et tercie mys devant les verbes come les nominatifs. F16 Item qant vous voillés prier nully, vous purretz dire vous prie sanz jeo myse. [F17] Oant nulle autre supplie, dont vous escriverez cil ou il vous prie, et altres disont ci/ ou i/ vous plest et faillont, qar pry, ples[t] sont des diversez significacions. [F18] Et sachez qant jeo est mys devant le verbe, ut sic jeo vous pry, jeo m'affy, [F19] oustant le jeo escriverez i en lieu de y et joignez e a luy, come vous prie, m'affie. Et ceo est a entendre en verbes quelles termynent en y, mes en verbes qe terminent en consonant, la ou jeo est mys devant, ne frez e al fyn, verbi gracia bien est dit jeo vous manc et similia. F20 Item ista pronomina ‘iste, ipse' en latyn serront escript en fraunceys cil par c, [F21] mes ‘suus, -a, -um' serra escript son and sa par s. F22 Quant paroule commensant par vowele suyt une sillable fynant en vowele, le vowele de la sillable [anteriure] interlessés, [F23] et aillours vous [f. Sr] purrés escrire cil ou il de vostre volunté. F24 Item altrefoithe c prent a luy s, et ne serra pas sonee qe c, come /j’/ay resceu serra sonee j’ay receu. [F25] Et altrefoithe simple s serra sonee double $$ escript, come puisse, fuisse, eusse, [F26] et altrefoithe escriveretz c vel q indefferenter, come cuer ou qoer, [F27] et altrefoithe solonc le latyn, ut 'qi, cum, qe', [F28] k en propres nounes dez homes et villes, come Katerine, Kyngesmorttoun et hujus[modi].

F29 Item quedam sillabe [qe] pronuncientur quasi cum aspiracione possunt scribi cum sf, ut est, fest, plest. [F30] Et sachés q'en verbes de present temps et 34

preter[i]t escriverez [s, come batist. [F31] Mes ente[n]dez quant escriverez s et quant ne mie: adeprimes sachetz qe parentre t et e, i, o, et u escriverez en verbes de present temps et preter[i]t, come batist etc., e come est, i, come fist, o, come fost, u, come lust etc. F32 Et a la foithe escriveretz s en lieu de u, come ascun, et serra soné aucun en lieu de s. [F33] [Et altrefoithe escriveretz s en lieu de n, come] espernez pur enpernez. [F34] Et a la foithe escriverez s pur bele escripture, come mesme pur

meme, treschier trechier. [F35] Et quant s est joynt [a la ¢], ele avera le soun de h, come

est, plest serront sonez egt, pleght.

F36 Item la primer persone el plurell de touz temps, la secunde persone el

singuler de preter[i]t des indicatyfs mods fyneront persone de touz altres temps finera en f, et la secunde de touz participl[e]s fyneront en z. [F38] Auxint les sustentifs qe fineront el singuler en f, eles fyneront volonté

de l'escriptour,

come

tenements

ou

[en] s. [F37] La secunde persone de plurell et la fyn

nons adjectyfs et tiels nons el plurell en s ou en z a la

tenemenz,

ses,

sez.

F39 Item quando aliqua diccio incipiens per vocalem sequitur aliquam sillabam terminantem in vocale, vocalis anterioris sillabe debet pretermitti et consonans quod adjungitur debet adjungi cum vocali subsequente, verbi gracia m alme, d'Engleterre, d'Irland, que sine pausacione debent pronunciari.

F40 Et ceste reule est voir[e] la que la significacion de cest [paroule] ne soit tolu n'ostee, come d'eux pur de eaux ou s'ay pur si ay, [F40a] et bons ditours eschueront de faire nulle vowel sivre altre en paroules, come solempne bone est. Mes altrefoithe lour covient faire de parler lour nature honestement. F41 Item hee dicciones moy,

secundum

diversitatem

toy, soy, Roi scriby possunt per o vel per e

lingue [gallicane], per i vel Y.

F42 Auxint vous escriverez altrefoithe moy altrefoithe me, come si rien soit devers moy et me recommandetz a un tel, issint qe par tot le pluis qant ascun

datyf s'ensuyt [f. 5v] l'acusatif de moi, toy, soy, ils serront tornez en rne, te, se. [F43] Et sachetz ge le nominatyf et l'acusatyf de ‘ego, mei’ secunde et tercie persone el singuler serront escriptz me, te, se, si null tel signe destourbe, come

devers moy, devant [toy] et [altres] preposiciones. [F43a] Et touz les altres oblics fyneront en y, come moy, toy, soy. F44 Et altrefoithe vous dirrez moy ou /uy et altrefoithe jeo ou cil, come cil et moy, jeo et luy. [f44a] Dont sachez qe vous garderés ceste reule en tiel manere: jeo et cil pur le nominatif et moy et luy pur les oblics. Et qant vous nomerés nul devant vous, come cil et moy, celle moy est en manere de oblic. F45 Auxint altrefoithe vous escriverez cestes et altrefoithe ceaux. Dont sachez

qe cestes serront pur la nominatif et l'acusatyf et ceaux serront escriptz en touz 35)

les altres cases. [F45a] Mes si les chosez sont en present, ceaux tornera en cestes, come de troverez prest. |FA6] Auxint vous escriverez cesteassavoir: les nominatifs et accusatifs

presentz ou sunt nomez overtement cestes choses ou en cestes chosez me altrefoithe totes et altrefoithe touz, totes et les altres oblics touz.

F47 Preterea prime vel medie sillabe habentes / post a vel e vel o sillabicatam, si aliquod consonans inmediate / sequitur, / quasi u debet pronunciari, come m' alme,

malveis.

F48 Mes

altrefoithe

ceste

reule faille, come

del bien.

F49 Qant wouelle suyt / en la mot en fyn dul paroule, / avera soun propre sone et serra joynt a la vowele, come beal[e]ment.

F50 Auxint altrefoithe vous escriverez del, de, du, des, al, au a, as; [F51] dont qant vous escriveretz l'un ou l'autre, pernés bone garde: qant de est devant /e, e del /e serra oustee et / serra joynt al de, come de /[e] Evesqe serra escript del Evesqe, [de le seignour| del seignour. F52 Mes qant vous escriverez /a [et de est devant /a], celle a ne ser[ra] ousté, come

de la dame,

de la vale etc.

:

F53 Auxint devant propres nouns des hommes et femmes et villes escriverez de.

F54 Et qant vous escriverez de vel del el singuler noumbre, vous escriverez des el plurell. F55 Et altrefoithe escriveretz devant adjectifs de et altrefoithe du: de, come de ceste chose,

du, come

dudit portour

et similia.

F56 Auxint tel difference y ad en, come

en de ceste assavoir.

F57 Oant le suyt a, il serra escript al, et as el plurell; [F58] mais /a ne serra pas changé, come a la dame. F59 Et altrefoithe escriverez de en lieu de od, come bouche.

de bouche

pur od le

F60 Et sachetz qant de est devant /a, come de la vale, de la Rivere, de la dame, [f. 6r] vous n'escriveretz point del pur de. [F61] Et altrefoithe escriveretz / pur u, come

ascun,

blasmer

etc.

F62 Item sachetz qe vous covient prendre garde bone a la difference parentre s et c pur diverce significacion, come pro ‘celo’ ciel, ‘sal’ seel, ‘sigillo’ seal, pro 'cervo' cerf, pro ‘servo’ servant, serf, [F63] et en plusours lieux acorderés ove le latyn, come 'septem' sept, ‘prebenda’ prebendre et serra soné provendre. 36

F64 Item altrefoithe [escriverez] y litteram pur si, come y vous plest, et y pur illeosqes, come jeo y serray, [F65] et pur entre, parentre.

F66 Item cestes paroules Auissel, assel, essel bien acordent en soune. F67 Item qant jeo et l'acusatif case sunt mys devant le verbe et puis aprés le datyf case [F67a] ou qe le datyf comence la resoun, celle datyf case avera son signe, verbi gracia jeo me recomant a vous etc. Pur le primere: A vous, sire, et a

ma treshonuree dame vostre compaigne, jeo me recommant, [F68] et la [u] vous est aprés le verbe, la donqes devers vous pur la secunde. F69 Et sachez q'en tel manere escriverez la ou le pur vostre ou sue, come jeo suy le vostre escoler ou servant en qancqe jeo puisse faire ou jeo suy la sue ancelle vel sic /e vostre en tut tel etc., pur parler le pluis curteisement, et nommément qant le noun n'es[t] pas nomé, come jeo suy le vostre etc.

F70 Item omnia nomina et cognomina tam locorum quam hominum, nomina eciam officii et dignitatis, et principia clausularum secularium dominancium debent scribi cum littera capitali et maxime [in littera] curiali.

F71 Mes q'en la moité de la resoun vous frez vos poyntz de counstr[uccion] quant vous devez attendre sanz faire lettre capitale. F72 Et [en] plusours lieux pur division faire escriveret[z]; come parentre nous etc., et pur copulacion faire, ut sic [?] come jeo m'affie et sovereignement jeo m'asseure en vous. F73 Auxint tiels parouls eisnez, puissnez et plusours altres nons de dignité serront escriptz od z et n'averont point le soune. F74 Item altrefoithe pur mesmes dismaigne escriveretz y dismenge. 3

F75 Auxint les pronons de

E

escriveretz vs

‘ego, mei’, come nous,

y, come

pur mesme G

cesty ;

vous, no”, vo”, escriveretz

od v. ous [vel o?] sanz z, [F76] mes nostre, vostre, noz, voz , ut noz, voz lettres.

[F77] In singulari nostre lettre, vostre lettre. F78 Item quando aliqua diccio incipiens cum consonante sequitur [aliquam] diccionem terminantem in consonante in racionibus pendentibus, consonans anterioris diccionis quamvis scribatur non debet sonari nec in pronunciacione

proferri, [F78a] exceptis m, n, [f. 6v] et r que in pronunciando non debe[n|t sonari pretermitti, verbi gracia pur Dieu, William, faitz mon talent. F79 Set in fine aliquarum racionum vel in medio racionis ad punctum bene possunt proferri, come cez sont mes compaignons. 37

F80 Item pro nulla littera per se excepto m debet scribi titulus, nisi in certis adjectivis in quibus plures littere possunt intellegi et eciam pro consuetudine, ut ‘datur’ etc. F81 Item ubicumque plures litteras diccio contineat cum titulo bene potest scribi, scribendum titulum super litteram cum [qua] diccio melius poterit determinari, ne per titulum aliter quam communis modus exigit modernorum intellectum lectoris nullo modo obscurat.

F82 Item quandocumque hec littera n scribitur post g, non debet prescribi, come signifiant; [F83] set si non postponitur, tunc preponatur. F84 Item ‘meus, tuus, suus', quando adjunguntur masculino generi, debent scriby mon, ton, son, [F85] quando feminino ma, ta, sa.

F86 Item le nominatif et l'accusatyf el plurel de ‘is, eius' serra escript celles, le genetyf, datyf, et ablatyf ceaux. F87 Item ‘meus, tuus, suus' in neutro genere, quando suum substantivum magis concordat cum agente quam cum paciente, tunc scribetur son, [F88] sin autem

sa.

F89 Item quando una sillaba capit naturam duarum vocalium, ille due vocales in pronunciacione reputabuntur pro una, ut jeo, ceo, cea ceaux, deaux scribendo ea pro e — preponendo in scriptura vocalem cujus illa diccio majoris gerit sonum; [F90] set ille sillabe seu dicciones jeo, ceo possunt scriby per e sine o, ut je, ce: F91 Item quando aliqua sillaba pronuncietur quasi cum aspiracione, illa sillaba debet scribi cum s et [¢] in loco aspiracionis, verbi gracia est, fest, plest. F92 Item quandocumque hec vocalis i inter m et n vel u ponitur, potest mutari in y, ut littera sit legibilior legenti. F93 Item post substantiva que terminant in te vel duplici ee jungas z, sicut feez, amistez,

bountez,

leez, et post sermones

terminantes in d scribe z, come

redz,

bledz, [F94] aprés /, come genulz. F95 Item prima persona futuri temporis terminabit in ay et tercia persona in a. F96 Item inter 7 et n quando dissillabicentur debet scribi g, come

certaigne-

ment, [F97] set quando simul sillabicentur, non scribetur g, come certein. F98 Et sachez qe fraunceis ne serra pas escript si courtement come latyn, qar fraunceis demande paroules entiers. 38

CRITICAL

APPARATUS

TO FRENCH

VERSION

One manuscript: H (14th c.) London British Library Harley 4971, ff. 4r-6v (new numbering). In the Table of Contents, the text is called Modus pronunciandi dicciones in gallicis starting on f. 1 (old numbering); part of a text listed as Modus numerandi in gallicisf? 1° et 3° interrupts the Orthographia text from the bottom of f. 4r, from the end of Rule 9, to line 12 of f. 4v, whose second word is /tem beginning Rule 11. The absence of these lines from Stürzinger's edition accounts for his having no Rule 10. The Rules are unnumbered in the manuscript. F2 processione,

as in L2, MS 0 presumably

with the sense of precessione.

F3 foithe. / have used this spelling throughout the text, although foith is an acceptable A.-N. form and although it is sometimes difficult to detect the barred h = he. The full form foithe is sometimes used. Stürzinger proposed correcting biez and ciez to bien and chien. de l'abc] dul abc F5 Femme

enseigné.

Cf. in 8 lettres serront changetz and elle serra changé.

F7 sanz e al fyn] sanz ee double al fyn. An error, as the example Franc home shows. F8 dit est v endroit de f] dit est il endroit de.F. The end of the Rule is very confused; at [?] 1 assume that the appropriate letters or sounds have been omitted. F9 vin vermail rose. Stürzinger corrects to vin vermail, rose vermaile; another suggestion

might be vin v. [ou] rose. F10 Rule omitted; see above F18 le verbe]

F22 Quant

le verbes;

ut sic] ut hic

paroule] deux paroules

F24 /jJay resceu serra sonee j’ay receu] ay resceu

F27 qi, cum,

serra sonee

iay resceu

qe] qe cum qe

F31 The text between parentre and escriverez is more or less illegible and has been reconstituted from the examples; Stürzinger read it as d et c e q et v (see Varianten p. 32); fist] issint (?)

39

F37 Add [de singuler] before de touz altres temps ?; touz participl[e]s] touz altres participls (with altres crossed out) F39 m'alme, d'E., d'I.] malme

Dengleterre

Dirland

F40 d'eux] deux; s'ay] say F43 preposiciones] proposiciones

F47 sillabicatam] sillabicatur F48 del bien] altres del bien F49 Scribe fails to illustrate the rule just stated F52 The added words, not bracketed in Stürzinger, could be dispensed with, as the scribe

did. F56 Presumably the rule showed treatment of en + el, but it is irrecoverable from the scribe's muddle. Stürzinger's addition of ovesqe before en is insufficient to repair the damage. F60, 61 Not printed in numerical order by Stürzinger. The first is doubled up with 52, the second with 32. They are both repetitious. The examples show that | is an error for s.

F66 acordent] acordant F70 nomina eciam F72

... dignitatis placed between dominancium

and debent in MS.

Omitted from Stürzinger; it is quite unclear.

F75 come nous, vous, no’, vo?] come nous vo? noz voz. As the Rule seems to specify when s not z is to be written, emendation

is demanded.

Mine is closer to the text than

Stürzinger's nous no”, vous vo”, while his addition of [u de la seconde persone] after mei is not necessary.

F76 vostre] vestre; ut] vel F79 possunt] possint F80 pro] quod; adjectivis] adiectifs; intellegi] intelligi F91 End of aspiracionis repeated in error F93 After sermones

40

scribe has crossed out istos

F95 terminante

crossed out after temporis

F96 dissillabicentur]

dissalibicentur

F97 sillabicentur] illegible to me; Stürzinger has no qualms

41

APPENDIX Table

of concordances

of the Rules

in the Short

with those of the Long and French

Nn

CON BR DN D ©

42

Version

Versions.

L

F

1 2 4 6 2j

1 2 5 6 8-9

18 22

29,35,91 39

9

=

46-47 23 27,29

(cf. 27-28) 47 78-78a

26 = 100 25

41 26 70 92

39

82

Table

in MSS

of the concordances

of the Rules

C, O, D, L of the Long Version

CO

D

I

CO

D

n

je3 4 5 = Sa " 6-7 2 8-9 10-10a 11 12-13 14 15-17 18 19 20 : 21 22 23 24-25 26

1:3 i 4 5 6 7 8-9 = 10-11 12 13 14 15 16-18 19 20 with 20 21 22-23 24 25 26-27 28

1-3 4 5 = 6 78 “ 9 10-11 12 13 14 = 15-1 with 17 18 19 =. 20 21 22 23-24 =

CO

D

E

27 28-28a 29-32 32a 33 34 35 36-38 39-40 41-46 47 48 49 49a-49b 50 51 O52,C53 053,C52 54-55 56-57 58 59 60 CO

29 30-31 22525 36 x 37 38 39-41 42-43 44-49 51 50 52 53 54-55 56 57 58 59-60 61 62 63 64 = D

25 26 27-30 31 (cf. L29) 32 33 34-36 37-39 40-45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54-55 56-57 58 63 59 60 L

61 62 63 64 65-68 A 69-72 73 74 5 75 76 77 : 78-80

65 : 66 » 67-70 ^ 71-74 75 76 37278 = 79 2 80-83

61 62 64 65 66-69 70-73 24277 78 79 2 80 81 82 83-87

81-85 84-88 88-92 O86,C88 89 93 O87 90 95 O88,C86 91 94 89 92 96 90-91 93 97 92 94 98 93° «(e£ D22:23) =. 199 94 = 100 95 E , 96 (cf. D19,75) (cf. L17,78) 97 95 101 = 102 98,C99 96 E C100-101 97 103 = 98-99 2 43

Table

of concordances

of the Rules

in the French and Long Versions

F

i

F

i

F

L

122 34 4a 5 6 i 8 9 (TES: 14-15 15a 16-19 20-21 p» 23-24 25-26 20529 29.35.91 30 31 32,61 33 34 35 (=29)

122 3 4 6 5 51,57 87 36,52 54-55 = 63-66 68-69 = 71-72 46-47 18 73 96 67 74 21,93-94

36 37 38 39 40 40a 4l 42 43 44 44a 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52.60 53 54 55 56 57 58 59-61

10a (cf. 10) 13 22 28 P 26 = 58,59 = 61 76 S 23 (cf. 79) 24 78 30 32 78-78a 34 79 34 (cf. 32) :

62,66 63 64 65 66-67a 68 69 70271 2 ' 738-74 75-16 77 78 78a 79 80-85 86 87-88 89-90 91 (=29) 92 93 94 95 96 97 98

50 85 49a = 56-57 75 = 100-101 (cf. 65,66) 16-17 45 27 29 3 37-42 = 43-44 758 25 95 14 97 92 > 84

N.B. The following Rules in the Long Version are lacking from the French Version: 5a, 9-12, 15, 19-20, 31, 32a, 33, 35, 48, 53, 60, 70, 79, 82-83, 86, 88-91, 93-94, 98-99.

44

PUBLICATIONS Annual

Texts

OF THE

ANGLO-NORMAN

TEXT

SOCIETY

Series:

No. I (for 1939) La Petite Philosophie, ed. W.H.Trethewey (1939) No. II (for 1940) Le Livre de Seyntz Medicines, ed. E.J. Arnould (1940) No. III (for 1941-2) Anglo-Norman Letters and Petitions from All Souls MS

182, ed. M. Dominica Legge (1941)

No. IV (for 1943) La Seinte Resureccion, ed. M.K. Pope, T. Atkinson Jenkins, J.M. Manly and Jean G. Wright (1943) No. V (For 1944) Le Secré de Secrez, by Pierre d'Abernun of Fetcham, ed. O.A. Beckerlegge (1944) No. VI (for 1945-6) An Anglo-Norman Rhymed Apocalypse, with Commentary, ed. Olwen Rhys and Sir John Fox (1946) No. VII (for 1947-8) St Modwenna, ed. A.T. Baker and A. Bell (1947) No. VIII (for 1949) Dialogue de saint Julien et son Disciple, ed. Adrien Bonjour (1949) Nos. IX-X (for 1950-2) Romance of Horn, by Thomas, Vol. I, ed. M.K. Pope (1955) No. XI (for 1953) Anglo-Norman Political Songs, ed. I.S.T. Aspin (1953) Nos. XII-XIII (for 1954-5) Romance of Horn, Vol. II, ed. M.K. Pope and T.B.W. Reid (1964) Nos. XIV-XVI (for 1956-8) Estoire des Engleis, by Gaimar, ed. A. Bell (1960) No. XVII (for 1959) Crusade and Death of Richard I, ed. R.C. Johnston (1961) No. XVIII (for 1960) Life of St. Catherine, by Clemence of Barking, ed. W. MacBain (1964) No. XIX (for 1961) La Vie de seint Auban, ed. A.R. Harden (1968) No. XX (for 1962) Le Petit Plet, by Chardri, ed. B.S. Merrilees (1970) Nos. XXI-XXII (for 1963-4) An Anglo-Norman Brut (Ms. B.M. Royal 13.A.xxi), ed. A. Bell (1969) No. XXIII (for 1965) The Anglo-Norman Text of the Holkham Bible Picture Book, ed. F.P. Pickering (1971) No XxXIVe (for 1966) Le Lai du Cor;:ed. C.T. Erickson (1975) No. XXV (for 1967) The Anglo-Norman Pseudo-Turpin Chronicle of William de Briane, ed. I. Short (1973) Nos. XXVI-XXVIII (for 1968-70) Fouke le Fitz Waryn, ed. E.J. Hathaway, P.T. Ricketts, C.A. Robson and A.D. Wilshere (1975) Nos. XXIX-XXXI (for 1971-73) The Anglo-Norman Alexander (Le Roman de toute chevalerie), by Thomas of Kent, Vol. I, ed. B. Foster (1976) Nos. XXXII-XXXIII (for 1974-5) The Anglo-Norman Alexander, Vol. I, ed. B. Foster (1977) 45

. XXXIV (for 1976) La Vie de saint Laurent, ed. D.W. Russell (1976) . XXXV (for 1977) La Vie des Set Dormanz, by Chardri, ed. B.S. Merrilees

(1977)

. XXXVI (for 1978) La Passiun de seint Edmund, ed. J. Grant (1978) . XXXVII (for 1979) Le Livre de Sibile, by Philippe de Thaon, ed. H. Shields

(1979)

. XXXVIII (for 1980) The Life of Saint John the Almsgiver, Vol. I, ed. K. Urwin (1980) . XXXIX (for 1981) The Life of Saint John the Almsgiver, Vol. II, ed. K. Urwin (1981) No. XL (for 1982) Mirour de Seinte Eglyse, ed. A.D. Wilshere (1982) No. XLI (for 1983) La Estoire de seint Aedward le Rei, by Matthew Paris, ed. K.Y. Wallace (1983) No. XLII (for 1984) The Hospitallers’ Riwle..., ed. K.V. Sinclair (1984) No. XLIII (for 1985) Les Enfaunces de Jesu Crist, ed. M. Boulton (1985) Occasional

Publications

Series:

1 Medieval French Textual Studies in Memory of T. B.W. Reid, ed. Ian Short (1984)

Plain Texts Series [available to members 1 Rauf de Linham,

only]:

Kalender, ed. Tony Hunt

(1983)

2 Philippe de Thaon, Comput, ed. Ian Short (1984) 3 Les Gius Partiz des Eschez, ed. Tony Hunt (1985) Anglo-Norman

Dictionary

Fasc.

1 A-C

(1977)

Fasc.

4 M-O

(1985)

[published in conjunction with M.H.R.A.]:

Fasc. 2 D-E (1981) Fasc. 3 F-L (1983)

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