No Stone on Another: Studies in the Significance of the fall of Jerusalem in the Synoptic Gospels 9004016031

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NO STONE ON ANOTHER STUDIES IN THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE FALL OF JERUSALEM IN THE SYNOPTIC GOSPELS

BY

LLOYD GASTON

LEIDEN

E. J. BRILL 1970

SUPPLEMENTS TO

NOVUM TESTAMENTUM EDITORIAL BOARD

President: W.

C. VAN UNNIK. Bilthoven (Utr.) Netherlands

A. GEYSER W. GROSSOUW A. F. J. KUJN PH. H. MENOUD

P. BRATSIOTIS

K. W.

H.

CLARK

CLAVIER

J. W. DOEVE J. DORESSE C.

W.

DOM

Bo REICKE

K. H.

DUGMORE

J.

DUPONT 0 S. B.

E.

STAUFFER

VOLUME XXIII

LEIDEN

:..

E. J. BRILL I97°

RENGSTORF

P.SCHUBERT

COPl'ight 1970 b] E. J. Brill, Leiden, Netherlanas All rights resertletl. No PM' of Ihis book ",al be reproallua 0' t"anslalea in 471] {fir"" b] print, ,hotoprint, ",;"rofil"" ",icrofiche or an] olher ",eans wilbolll wrille7lpe"",iss;o" f"o", Ihe pllbliJher PlUNTl!D IN THII NIiTHIIIlLANDS

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TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface. . . . . 1. Introduction I. The Problem. 2. Questions . . II. Analysis of Mark 13 I. Analysis. . . . . 2. Form and Function of Mark 13 3. The Genesis of Mark 13 . . .

IX I

I

6 8 IO

41 61

III. Jesus and the Temple. . . . . . 65 1. The Temple Cult in the Gospels. 75 2. The Destruction of the Temple . 102 A. The Expectation of the New Temple. 105 B. The Cleansing of the Temple. . . . . II2 C. Opposition to the Temple in Qumran. II9 D. Lustrations and Sacrifice. . . . . . . 128 E. Jewish-Christian Opposition to the Temple. 140 F. The Messiah and the Temple. 147 G. Stephen and the Temple. . . . . . . . . 154 3. The New Temple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 A. The Community as the Temple in Qumran 163 B. The Ambiguity of the Image of the Temple in the N.T. Epistles. . . . . . . . . . . . . .'. 176 C. Jesus as the Temple in the Fourth Gospel. . . 205 D. The Stone and the Foundation. . . . . . . . 213 E. The Community as the Temple in the Teaching of Jesus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229 4. Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242 IV. The Fall of Jerusalem as a Political Event in Luke-Acts 1. The Theory of Proto-Luke . 2. The Birth Stories. . . . . . 3. Jesus, Prophet and Messiah . 4. Jesus and Israel . . . . . . S. The Promise of Peace and the Threat of War. 6. Appendix: Jerusalem and the Temple in the Lucan Writings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

244 244 256 276 298 334 365

XIII

v.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

The Fall of Jerusalem and Eschatology. I. Jesus and the Future. . . . . . . . A. The Son of Man. . . . . . . . . B. The Kingdom of God as Promise and Crisis. C. Israel and the Gentiles . . . . . . . . . . 2. Prophets of the Early Church and Predictions of the End . . . . • . . . . . . . . . 3. Mark and the Fall of Jerusalem

Bibliography . . Index Auctorum Index Locorum .

PREFACE It is often difficult to convey to the reader the excitement which the author experiences in seeing new perspectives arise out of his research on the much-studied New Testament. That one also cannot convey the many disappointments involved when promising paths turn into dead ends is perhaps better for all concerned. The present study arose out of a series of con~ected questions, some of which could not be answere.d to the satisfaction of the author, but some of· which led him to answers which surprised him greatly. Because of the surprise, hence the excitement. It is hoped that in the \velter of detail and wide-ranging