Saladin and the Fall of the Kingdom of Jerusalem 9781463212421

Citation preview

SALADIN A N D T H E FALL O F T H E K I N G D O M O F JERUSALEM

Saladin and the Fall of the Kingdom of Jerusalem

STANLEY LANE-POOLE

GORGIAS PRESS

2008

First Gorgias Press Edition, 2008

The special contents of this edition are copyright © 2008 by Gorgias Press LLC

All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise without the prior written permission of Gorgias Press LLC. Published in the United States of America by Gorgias Press LLC, New Jersey

This edition is a facsimile reprint of the original edition published by G.P. Putnam's Sons, New York, 1898

ISBN 978-1-59333-559-5

GORGIAS PRESS 180 Centennial Ave., Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA www.gorgiaspress.com

T h e paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the American National Standards. Printed in the United States of America

PREFACE.

S

A L A D I N is one of the few Oriental P e r s o n a g e s who need no introduction t o E n g l i s h readers. Sir W a l t e r S c o t t h a s p e r f o r m e d that friendly office with the w a r m t h a n d insight of a p p r e c i a t i v e g e n i u s . I t was S a l a d i n ' s g o o d f o r t u n e to attract the n o t i c e not only of the great romancer, b u t also of K i n g R i c h a r d , a n d to this a c c i d e n t he p a r t l y o w e s the result that, i n s t e a d of remaining a dry historical e x p r e s s i o n , Salah-edu n d e r t h e A r a b i c s t y l e of " cl-Melik en-Nasir din Yicstcf ibn Ayyub," he h a s b e c o m e , b y the abbrevia t e d n a m e of " S a l a d i n , " t h a t familiar and a m i a b l e c o m p a n i o n which is called a h o u s e h o l d word. The idea, it is true, is v a g u e a n d romantic. T h e Talisman h a s given us a n o b l e portrait of t h e S u l t a n w h o s e chivalry and g e n e r o s i t y e x c i t e d the admiration of t h e C r u s a d e r s , b u t the reader is left in uncertainty a s to the history and a c h i e v e m e n t s of t h e hero, and w h a t he is told in t h o s e fascinating p a g e s is not a l w a y s strictly authentic. On the historical relation of the novel to which S a l a d i n owes so m u c h of his f a m e s o m e t h i n g is said at the end of this b o o k . T h e p r e s e n t b i o g r a p h y , the first that has been writiii

IV

Saladin.

ten in English, aspires to fill in, from contemporary sources, the details of the picture. It is singular that, so far as English literature is concerned, the character and history of Saladin should have been suffered to remain where Scott left them seventy years ago, and that no complete L i f e of the celebrated adversary of Richard Cceur de Lion should have been written in our language. T h e materials are abundant, even exhaustive, so far as eastern scholars understood biography. W e must not expect the personal details which delight the student of " interviews " : there were no illustrated papers in Saladin's time. But for the essential facts of his life and the qualities of his nature we have the best possible evidence, rich in extent and faithful in detail. T h e writers of the two chief Arabic records had excellent opportunities of ascertaining the truth, and both were men of learning and high character. Baha-ed-din, who was only seven years younger than Saladin, though he survived him by forty, was an Arab of the celebrated tribe of Asad, born at Mosil on the Tigris in 1 1 4 5 . He went through the arduous course of study by which Moslems in those days qualified themselves for the judicial office of K a d y . In the famous Nizamiya college at Baghdad, founded by the great Vezir Nizam-el-mulk, the friend and schoolfellow of the astronomer-poet Omar K h a y y a m , Baha-ed-din attended the lectures of the most distinguished professors of the day, men who had wandered, like our own medieval scholars, from university to university, from Spanish Cordova to Tatar Samarkand, teaching and learning as they went. H e

Preface.

v

became a professor himself at his native city of Mosil, and his wisdom and j u d g m e n t so c o m m e n d e d him to the A t a b e g or ruler of M e s o p o t a m i a that he chose him repeatedly to be his ambassador in grave political emergencies. Baha-ed-din was at Mosil when Saladin twice laid siege to it in 1 1 8 2 and 1 1 8 5 ; he went 011 an embassy to Damascus in 1 1 8 4 , when Saladin was so much impressed by his ability that he offered him a judgeship, which was loyally declined b y the envoy ; but t h e y met again at Harran in the spring of 1 1 8 6 , when Baha-ed-din assisted in drawing up a treaty of peace between his sovereign and Saladin. A f t e r m a k i n g the pilgrimage to Mekka, and to J e r u s a l e m , then newly recovered from the Christians, he visited the Sultan once more, and from that time forth he seldom left his side. E n t e r i n g his service on 28th J u n e , 1 1 8 8 , he was present throughout his subsequent campaigns, witnessed the siege of A c r e from the beginning to the end, accompanied him as he harassed R i c h a r d ' s march down the coast, took a prominent part in the engagements at J a f f a in 1 1 9 2 , and was at Saladin's bedside during his fatal illness. A f t e r the Sultan's death, he accepted the high dignity of j u d g e of A l e p p o , and there he devoted his zeal and his savings to founding colleges and training doctors to be learned in the law. One of his pupils has left a touching description of the venerable K a d y , as he knew him, when a heated alcove and h e a v y furs could not warm the chilled blood of 85 ; but the old scholar still loved to teach the students who came to him a f t e r F r i d a y prayers, when he could no longer

Saladin.

VI

g o to t h e m o s q u e , and w h e n e v e n in his p r i v a t e devotions

he

could

scarcely

keep

his

feet.

" He

d r o o p e d like an u n f l e d g e d bird for w e a k n e s s , " s a y s his b i o g r a p h e r , and in 1234 he died, t w o s c o r e y e a r s a f t e r t h e e v e n t s h e related in his L i f e of his master. F o r t h e last five y e a r s of S a l a d i n ' s career, Baha-eddin is an i n c o m p a r a b l e a u t h o r i t y , an e y e - w i t n e s s of w h a t passed, and an i n t i m a t e friend and c o u n s e l l o r of t h e S u l t a n .

F o r t h e earlier p e r i o d s he is less ac-

c u r a t e a n d m u c h less d e t a i l e d ; b u t e v e n h e r e he is able to record s e v e r a l i m p o r t a n t t r a n s a c t i o n s at first h a n d , and his familiar i n t e r c o u r s e w i t h S a l a d i n

and

his officers and k i n s m e n m u s t h a v e s u p p l i e d h i m w i t h m u c h of his i n f o r m a t i o n .

H e writes, it is true, as an

a v o w e d p a n e g y r i s t , b u t t h o u g h in his e y e s t h e K i n g can d o no w r o n g , he is so f r a n k and guileless in his narrative, and so o b v i o u s l y w r i t e s e x a c t l y w h a t h e saw and t h o u g h t , t h a t t h e b i o g r a p h y has n o t s u f f e r e d b y t h e writer's hero-worship.

I t bears t h e u n m i s t a k -

able s t a m p of truth, and its p e r s o n a l bias and oriental h y p e r b o l i s m are easily d i s c o u n t e d .

A s our sole first-

hand w i t n e s s to t h e n e g o t i a t i o n s b e t w e e n R i c h a r d I. and Saladin, Baha-ed-din's s i m p l e v e r a c i t y is especially a q u a l i t y of i m p o r t a n c e . If Baha-ed-din is an a v o w e d hero-worshipper, in t h e o t h e r p r i m e a u t h o r i t y w e find a u s e f u l c o r r e c t i v e to undue admiration.

I b n - e l - A t h i r had e v e r y p o l i t i c a l

reason to d e c r y the s u p p l a n t e r of his local lords, and his annals contain criticism of S a l a d i n ' s and one or t w o g r a v e r accusations.

generalship

Ibn-el-Athir, w h o

w a s also an A r a b , of t h e tribe of S h e y b a n , was

fifteen

y e a r s y o u n g e r than Baha-ed-din, and was born in TI6O

Prcfacc.

vil

at Jezirat-ibn-Omar on the Tigris, over which city his father was Waly or prefect. T h e historian spent most of his life in laborious study at Mosil, where his brother was a distinguished councillor of the Atabeg who ruled Mesopotamia. Another brother held a post in Saladin's chancery. Ibn-el-Athir, like Baha-ed-din, was present when Saladin besieged Mosil in 1 1 8 5 , and he accompanied the contingent which the Mesopotamian princes afterwards sent to join the Sultan's army in his north Syrian campaign of 1 1 8 8 ; he was also a traveller, and in his journeys to Damascus, Jerusalem, and Aleppo, he had means of verifying his information. His History of the Atabcgs of Mosil, completed in 1 2 1 1 , is as much a panegyric as Baha-ed-din's biography of Saladin, but it is a panegyric of Saladin's enemies ; its author can never forgive him for supplanting the dynasty of the Atabegs in Syria, and making even the great lord of Mosil his vassal. Thus, if anything can be urged in disparagement of Saladin, we may be sure that Ibn-el-Athir will not pass it over. Y e t , with this natural bias in favour of his family's old masters and benefactors, he is not usually unfair. He recognises Saladin's great services to Islam, and in his later work, the Kamil, or Perfection of History, which is brought up to within three years of his death in 1233, he shows a more impartial spirit than in his special eulogy of the Atabegs of Mosil. These two historians must be the prime authorities for a L i f e of Saladin ; but there are others of great value for particular portions or aspects of his career. Of these Imad-ed-din of Ispahan, generally

vin

Saladin.

known as el-Katib, " the Scribe," Saladin's chief secretary or chancellor for the Syrian provinces, is of the first importance ; but unfortunately only a small part of his work has been printed. H e was with his master at the siege of A c r e , and his writings, despite their intolerable rhetoric, have the merit of firsthand documents. T h e Autobiography of Osama, an A r a b prince and poet, of the castle of S h e y z a r on the Orontes, w h o witnessed the greater part of the Crusading period from his birth in 1095 to his death in 1188, presents a vivid picture of the t i m e s ; but although in his old age he lived for some years at Damascus in frequent intercourse with Saladin, his reminiscences in this regard are disappointing : the old A r a b was too full of himself to give much space to the sayings and doings of others. Ibn-Khallikan, the assiduous biographer of eminent men, and A b u Sliama, the author of The Two Gardens, were neither of them contemporaries ; but both knew people who knew Saladin, and their writings sometimes supply what was missing, or amplify what was meagre, in the contemporary records. A m o n g the Christian chroniclers we are fortunate in the presence in Palestine of the incomparable A r c h bishop William of T y r e , whose Historia, far transcending in vividness, grasp and learning all Latin or Arabic annals of the time, deals with the events in the East from 1144 to 1183 from personal knowledge. T h e A r c h b i s h o p left no successor of his own calibre, and that he should not have lived to carry his history ten years further, to the end of the Third Crusade, is a loss which every student of the period,

Preface.

IX

and not least the biographer of Saladin, must lament. The various continuators of his work cannot lay claim to his great qualities as an historian, but their merits are not to be undervalued, and the Chronicle of Ernoul in particular supplies valuable contemporary evidence. Ernoul was squire to Balian of Ibelin, who played a prominent part in the Holy W a r and was frequently in personal relations with Saladin ; and the squire doubtless attended his master to the memorable field of Hittin and afterwards in the defence of Jerusalem. Ernoul's narrative, which is full of vivid personal touches, is thus extremely valuable as representing the Christian side of events which the Arabic writers describe from a Mohammedan point of view. It is also useful, in a less degree, in checking the exuberant Ricardolatry of the Itinerarium Regis Ricardi, which forms our fullest authority for the Third Crusade, and, despite its exaggerations and party spirit, is a marvellously graphic recital of the achievements of the English hero. These then are the chief sources from which the present Life of Saladin is drawn. They are nearly all contemporary, and a large part of the story is told by actual eye-witnesses, whilst in no instance has an authority been relied upon who was more than one generation removed from the events he relates. References to these sources are given when a statement seemed to require authentication, and in the later chapters, when it is important to distinguish the testimony of Christian from that of Moslem witnesses, such footnotes are frequent; but in the earlier

X

part, where nearly e v e r y t h i n g rests upon the authority of Ibn-el-Athir and Baha-ed-din, references are given only when there is a serious discrepancy between the two. In an historical s t u d y founded upon original research such verification is, of course, essential ; but where none is given, some confidence, it is hoped, will be placed in the biographer. There is not a line in this v o l u m e that cannot be substantiated by practically contemporary evidence. It has been remarked as strange that such abundant materials should not long ago have been utilised in an e x h a u s t i v e L i f e of Saladin, but it would not be fair to ignore the admirable labours of M. Marin, " un écrivain aussi connu par la douceur de ses m œ u r s que par l'étendue de ses lumières et l'élégance de sa p l u m e . " M. L o u i s - F r a n ç o i s - Claude Marin was born in Provence, where he eventually held the posts of Censeur R o y a l et de la police, and Sécrétaire général de la L i b r a i r i e et des A c a d é m i e s de Marseille et N a n c y . In 1758 he published in two charmingly printed duodecimo volumes an Histoire de Saladm, Sultliau d'Egypte et de Syrie (Paris, chez Tilliard, L i b r a i r e , Quai des A u g u s t i n s , à l ' I m a g e Saint Benoit). T h e book appears to be almost unknown, or it would surely have found a translator. A t once scho'larly, philosophic, and written with that light touch by which the French, preeminently, are able to carry off the ponderous effect of real learning, M. Marin's biography has only to be read to be admired. H e made a full use of the Crusading chronicles, and of Schultens' edition of Baha-ed-din. and he consulted Ibn-el-Athir's Atabegs in an A r a b i c

Preface.

XI

manuscript at Paris, So far as his contemporary materials go, he is excellent; but he relied overmuch on later writers, and on unequal though learned compilations such as Herbelot's Bibliothique Orientale ; and of course a great deal has been discovered and published since his time. Still, considering his necessary limitations, he achieved a remarkable success, and the only serious fault to be found with his manner of dealing with such authorities as he was able to use is a tendency to read more " b e t w e e n the lines" than the text really justifies. M. Marin employed what is called " the historical imagination " over freely, and despite his frequent references to original sources one can detect a personal equation which has to be eliminated. It is much more interesting to give oneself a free hand in writing history, but the temptation must be subdued and the letter of the text must be respected. Some authors, in treating of the history of Mesopotamia, have thought it necessary to prepare their readers by beginning at the Flood. M. Marin considered that his Life of Saladin demanded an introduction which went back to Mohammed and the first preaching of Islam. I have not tried the patience of the reader quite so severely, but without some account of the course of history in western Asia during the eleventh and twelfth centuries, the political situation in which Saladin began his career would be unintelligible. Especially important is the position achieved by his great forerunner, Zengy, the conqueror of Edessa, whose unfulfilled ambitions prepared the way for the imperial realisations of

Xll

Saladin.

Saladin. The introductory chapters, however, have been reduced to as small a compass as possible. Oriental names are naturally a stumbling-block to western readers, and the use of accents, long marks, dots, and the like, does not seem to be of much assistance to the unlearned. In the present work, therefore, the names are written as simply as possible, and the reader is only asked to pronounce the vowels after the Italian manner. Those who are curious as to the more precise transliteration will consult the index, where every name is furnished with the proper accents and distinguishing marks, and can be at once converted by the scholar into the Arabic character. In the text, the article el is generally omitted before the well-known names of towns, such as el-Mosil, erRamla, and western names are given when familiar, as in the ease of Edessa (for er-Ruha), Aleppo (for Halab), and Cairo (for el-Kahira). When a town has two names, one used by the Arabs, the other by the " F r a n k s " or Crusaders, both are given on its first occurrence, and Crusading names are retained so long as the place remained in the hands of the Crusaders. Tables of contemporary sovereigns and princes in western Asia, of Saladin's family, and of the chief Crusading houses, will help the reader to understand the political situation. The maps are based upon the " Survey of Western Palestine," Thuillier and Rey's " North Syria," and the Arab geographers. Much assistance has been derived from Mr. Guy Le Strange's valuable work on Palestine under the Moslems; the notes contributed by Gen.

Preface.

xm

Sir Charles Wilson and Lieut.-Col. Conder, R.E., to the Palestine Pilgrims' T e x t Society's translation of Baha-ed-din have been consulted ; but the text of that work, not being directly translated from the Arabic, has not been cited. T h e author is specially indebted to Mr. T. A. Archer, not only for ready help in any difficulty that arose in connexion with the Crusading chronicles, but also for permission to quote his translation of parts of the Itinerary of King Richard, originally published in his fascinating little book, The Crusade of Richard /., in the series of " English History from Contemporary Writers," edited by Professor York Powell. His thanks are also due to Mr. E. B. Knobel, late President of the Royal Astronomical Society, for kindly investigating the chronology of the eclipses recorded in the course of Saladin's campaigns, and to the editor of the Quarterly Review for permission to reprint part of an article on " T h e Age of Saladin."

PRINCIPAL AUTHORITIES. Ibn-el-Athïr (1160-1233), el-BS-

enbourg, 2 vols., Paris, 1886-

\

hir : History of the A t â b e g s of el-Môsil, written in

93)-

1211

c

Imad-ed-dîn

el-Kâtib

{Recueil des historiens des Croi-

1201), el-Fcth

sades :

Landberg,

historiens

orientaux,

tome ii., 2, Paris, 1S76). Ibn-el-Athlr (1160-1233}, mil

fi-t-tarlkh

(1125-

el-Kussy

vol.

i.,

(ed.

Leyden,

1888). el-Kâ-

A b u - S h ä m a (ob. 1267), Kitäb

er-

: General His-

Rôdateyn : History of Nür-cd-

tory, written up to 1231 (ed.

dîn and Saladin (2 vols., Cairo,

Tornberg, 1866-76 ;

14 vols., Recueil,

Leyden, tome

1870-71).

i ,

William of T y r e (c. 1137-1185),

1872 ; tome ii., 1, 1887).

Ilistoria

Bahà-ed-din, I b n - S h e d d â d ( i t 4 5 1234), en-Nawàdir ya wa-l-Mahàsin

es-Sultani-

iii., 1884;

in

el- Y/lsîiJlya :

parìibìts

gestarum

cueil : historiens

{Re-

occidentaux,

tome i., Paris, 1844).

L i f e of Saladin (ed. Schultens, Leyden, 1732 ; Recueil,

rerum

transmarinis

Ernoul (fi. 1187), Chronique

tome

{ti.

Mas Latrie, Paris, [871).

and Palestine Pil-

Itinerarium

Peregrinorjim

et

grims' T e x t Society, ed. Sir C.

Gesta

W.

92) (ed. Stubbs, Rolls Series,

Wilson,

K.C.B.,

RE.,

1897). IVe-

Archer, T . A . , The

el-A^ynn : Biographical

Richard

Dictionary (trans, de Slane, 4

(iigo-

;

of un-

der the Moslems (Palestine E x -

Osama ibn Munkidh (1095-1188), cl-Ptibàr

Crusade

I. (London, 1888).

L e Strange, Guy, Palestine

vols., Paris, 1843-71). Kitàb

Ritardi

vol. xxxviii. a, L o n d o n , 1864).

I b n - K h a l l i k a n (1211-1282), fayât

Regis

ploration F u n d ,

Autobio-

iSyo).

R e y , E . , Les colonia

graphy (ed. and trans. I I . Der-

de Syrie (Paris, 1883).

Other works are also referred to in the footnotes. xv

franques

CONTENTS. PAGE

PREFACE PRINCIPAL

.

.

.

I.

. .

D Y N A S T I E S OF TWELFTH

II.

"

.

AUTHORITIES

LIST OF I L L U S T R A T I O N S TABLE

.

THE

.

.

.

WESTERN

CENTURY

FAMILY

OF

.

iii

.

.

xiv

.

.

XX i

.

ASIA

IN

THE

.

o "3

SALADIN

III.

K I N G S OF JERUSALEM, PRINCES OF A N T I O C H , A N D C O U N T S OF T R I POLIS

IV.

THE GREAT

L O R D S OF P A L E S T I N E .

PART

L—INTRODUCTORY. C H A P T E R I.

SALADIN'S

WORLD

.

.

.

.

C H A P T E R II. THE

FIRST

CRUSADE,

IO98

.

.

.

.

24

C H A P T E R III. THE

HARBINGER,

1127

35

.

C H A P T E R IV. THE

FALL

OF

EDESSA,

II27-II44 xvii

.

47

xviii

Contents. PART

II.—EGYPT,

1138-1174.

CHAPTER

V.

PAGE

SAI.ADIM'S YOUTH, 1 1 3 8 - 1 1 6 4 .

.

CHAPTER

.

VEZIR OK EGYPT, I 1 6 9 - I I 7 1

.

.

.

, 1 1 1

1174-1186. IX. .

.

.

.

.

DAMASCUS, 1 1 8 3 - 1 1 8 6

PART

IV—THE

.

.

CHAPTER

.

164

.

175

1187-1191.

XIII. .

CHAPTER

XIV.

.

.

WAR,

THE B A T T L E OF HITTIN, I 1 8 7

JERUSALEM REGAINED, I 1 8 7

.

XII. .

HOTV

147

XI.

THE CONQUEST OF MESOPOTAMIA, 1 1 8 1 - 1 1 8 3 CHAPTER

131

X.

TRUCES AND TREATIES, I 1 7 6 - I 1 8 1 CHAPTER

. 9 8

.

THE CONQUEST OF SYRIA, 1 1 7 4 - 1 1 7 6 CHAPTER

- 7 7

.

.

III.—EMPIRE, CHAPTER

.

VIII.

SAI.ADIX AT CAIRO, I 1 7 1 - I I 7 3

PART

.

VII. .

CHAPTER

- 6 5

VI.

THE CONQUEST' OF EGYPT, I 1 6 4 - I 1 6 9 CHAPTER

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

197

.

217

xix

Contents. CHAPTER THE

RALLY

AT

TYRE,

XV.

1187-1188

CHAPTER THE

BATTLE

OF

ACRE, 1 1 8 9

SIEGE

PART

OF

ACRE,

.

.

LOSS

OF

ACRE, I I 9 I

COAST

MARCH,

SIGHT

OF

LAST

FIGHT

AT

REST,

II92-II93

JAFFA,

INDEX

IN .

.

ROMANCE

.

.

.

.

.

265

1191-1192.

.

.

281

XIX. 1191

.

.

.

300

XX. II92.

324

XXI.

1192.

CHAPTER SALADIN

251

.

JERUSALEM, SEPT., I 191 —JULY,

CHAPTER AT

.

.

.

AUG.-SEPT.,

CHAPTER THE

.

.

.

CHAPTER IN

235

XVIII.

CHAPTER THE

.

ANJ) SALAD/¿V,

CHAPTER THE

.

XVII.

I189-II9I

I'.—RICHARD

.

XVI.

CHAPTER THE

I'AGE.

.

.

.

.

343

XXII. .

.

.

.

358

.

.

.

378

XXIII. .

403

ILLUSTRATIONS.

T H E C I T A D E L OF C A I R O , E A S T A N G L E * Sc T O R M I N G OF A N T I O C H ,

.

Frontispiece

IO98

24 26

R O B E R T OF N O R M A N D Y U N H O R S E S A S A R A C E N * CRUSADERS PURSUING SELJUKS

3°

.

34 36

ASTROLOGICAL

CALCULATOR

MADE

BY

IBN K . U T L U K H OF MOSIL, A . H . 6 3 9

MOHAMMEL .

.

.

44

[ I n the British M u s e u m . ] F A

PARTY

OF

CRUSADERS

FORAGING EXPEDITION

RETURNING .

.

.

FROM .

A

.

46

[ F r o m a thirteenth-century manuscript of W i l l i a m of T y r e . ] X T H E G R E A T O M A Y Y A D MOSQUE A T D A M A S C U S

.

74

* CRUSADERS AND E G Y P T I A N S BEFORE ASCALON

.

8O

* N o s . 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 10 represent paintings 011 glass w i n d o w s , now demolished, at the abbey of St. D e n y s , e x e c u t e d by order of A b b o t Suger in the m i d d l e of the t w e l f t h century, and are v a l u a b l e as contemporary attempts to depict Crusaders and Saracens in their armour.

T h e y are reproduced f r o m M o n t f a u c o n ' s Monuments

Monarchie

Française,

f R e p r o d u c e d f r o m Archer's Crusades I R e p r o d u c e d f r o m the Journal A

de la

T o m e I . , pl. I.I.-L1V.

rchitects. xxi

of Richard

of the Royal

I.

Institute

of

British

Illustrations.

XXII

PAGE

P R A Y E R N I C H E FROM T H E C H A P E L OF SIT TA NEFISA, CAIRO

82

[ I n the Arab Museum, Cairo.] 96

* MOSQUE OF T H E IMAM E S H - S H A F I Y O U T S I D E C A I R O GOLD COIN OF N U R - E D - D I N ,

STRUCK

AT CAIRO

IN

A . H . 5 6 9 ( A . D . I 1 7 3 - 4 ) BY O R D E R OF S A L A D I N

98

[ I n t h e British M u s e u m . ] E A G L E S C U L P T U R E D ON T H E W A L L OF T H E C I T A D E L OF C A I R O

.

.

.

.

.

.

. I I O

GOLD COIN OF S A L A D I N S T R U C K AT A L E X A N D R I A IN A.H. 5 7 9 (A.D.

m

1183-4)

BAB Z U W E Y L A , G A T E OF T H E F A T I M I D P A L A C E OF CAIRO, B U I L T IN T H E E L E V E N T H C E N T U R Y t MOSQUE NINTH

OF

IBN-TULUN,

CENTURY

CAIRO,

.

.

BUILT .

A T O W E R IN T H E C I T A D E L OF C A I R O * GATE OF VICTORY

.

112

IN

THE

.

.

.

Il6

.

.

.

Il8

( B A B E N - N A S R ) , CAIRO, E L E V -

ENTH CENTURY

.

.

.

.

.

X SIEGE OF A S A R A C E N F O R T . . . . [From a thirteenth-century manuscript.]

.

124

.

128

SILVER COIN OF S A L A D I N STRUCK A T DAMASCUS IN A.H. 5 7 3 (A.D. 1 1 7 7 - 8 ) THE

GATE

OF

STEPS, IN

i

THE

CITADEL

OF

W I T H S A L A D I N ' S I N S C R I P T I O N OVER T H E A R C H § INSCRIPTION

OF S A L A D I N

AND

KARAKUSH

3 I

CAIRO, 152

OVER

T H E G A T E OF STEPS, R E C O R D I N G T H E F O U N D A T I O N OF T H E C I T A D E L OF CAIRO, D A T E D A . H . 579 (A.D. 1 1 8 3 - 4 ) * R e p r o d u c e d f r o m L a n e - P o o l e ' s Cairo. f R e p r o d u c e d f r o m L a n e - P o o l e ' s Art of the Saracens, f R e p r o d u c e d f r o m G. Paris' Guillaume de Tyr. § R e p r o d u c e d from Mémoires publiés par les Membres de la Archéologique Française au Caire.

. 1 5 4

Mission

Illustrations.

xxin

C O P P E R C O I N OF S E Y F - E D - D I N G H A Z Y I I . , A T A R E G OF MOSIL, S T R U C K II79-80) SILVER

COIN

AT

. OF

JEZIRA .

.

SALAD1N,

A.H. 582 (A.D.

IN

A.H. 575

.

.

STRUCK

11SÓ-7)

.

(A.D,

.

AT

.

.

163

ALEPPO

.

.

IN

.

164

* DOME OF O M A Y Y A D MOSQUE A T D A M A S C U S

.

.

184

C O P P E R C O I N S OF S A L A D I N O V A S S A L S

.

.

194

.

[ 1 . S u k m a n I I . , O r t u k i d prince of I v e y f a , A.H. 584 (A.D. 1188). 2. Y u l u k A r s l a n , O r t u k i d prince of M a r i d i n , A.H. 581 (A.D. 1185). 3. K u k b u r y , e m i r of I l a r r a n and Irbil, A.H. 587 (A.D. 1191). 4. ' I z z - e d - d l n M e s u d , A t a b e g of MosiJ, A.H. 585 (A.D. 1189). A l l four b e a r S a l a d i n ' s n a m e as S u z e r a i n . ] S E A L OF R E G I N A L D OF C H Ä T 1 L L 0 N . S E A L OF R A Y M O N D OF T R I P O L I S f CASTLE

OF S A H Y U N

IN 1 1 8 8 .

.

I SIEGE OF A F O R T

.

.

.

(SAONE), T A K E N . .

. .

. .

.

216 234

P,Y S A I . A D I N

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

. .

246 250

[ F r o m a thirteenth-century m a n u s c r i p t . | f T H E K U R D S ' C A S T L E , C R A C DES C H E V A L I E R S S E A L OF R I C H A R D I. ( 1 1 9 5 ) COPPER

COIN

(A.D.

OF

1187-8)

.

SALADIN, .

C A S K E T OF E L - ' A D I L II. .

.

.

STRUCK .

IN

. .

.

.

.

A.H.

.

.

.

.

256 299

583 .

323

.

.

338

[ I n the South K e n s i n g t o n M u s e u m . ] * R e p r o d u c e d from the Journal

of the Royal

Institute

of

British

Architects. f R e p r o d u c e d f r o m G . R e y ' s Monuments laire des

tie L'Architecture

Croises.

* R e p r o d u c e d f r o m G . Paris' Guillautne

dc

Tyr.

Mili-

XXIV

Ilhistrations.

O B V E R S E OF C O P P E R

C O I N OP I M A D - E D - D I N ,

PAGE

AT ABEG

OF S I N J A R , W I T H T W O - H E A D E D E A G L E ,

STRUCK

IN A . H. 5 8 4 ( A . D. I I 8 8 )

357

T O M B OF S A L A D I N , D A M A S C U S

.

.

.

.

368

[ F r o m a p h o t o g r a p h bv Boniils.] NOTE.—The

head-

and

tail-pieces not

described

above

consist of K u f i c inscriptions and arabesques not later than the thirteenth

century.

MAPS A N D PLANS. M A P OF S A L A D I N ' S E M P I R E IN I i g o P L A N OF C A I R O IN S A L A D I N ' S T I M E ,

.

.

I I 70

.

M A P OF P A L E S T I N E T O I L L U S T R A T E S A L A D I N ' S QUEST

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

xxiv

.

114

CON.

. 1 9 6

M A P OF C O U N T R Y P E T W E E N T I B E R I A S A N D A C R E

.

206

* P L A N OF J E R U S A L E M

.

226

.

.

.

.

[ F r o m a t w e l f t h - c e n t u r y manuscript of F u l c h e r of Chartres at Brussels.] t P L A N OF A C R E A B O U T | P L A N OF T H E | PLAN 1

OF

THE

I29I

.

.

.

.

R A T T L E OF A C R E , O C T O B E R 4 , BATTLE

OF

258 I I 89

ARSUF, SEPTEMBER

' 91

7, 314

* R e p r o d u c e d f r o m L e l e w e l ' s Gtfo^raphie dii Movcn f Reproduced from Archer's

262

Crusades.

\ R e p r o d u c e d f r o m C . O m a n ' s Art

of

War.

,-/;v.

TABLE

I.—DYNASTIES

OK

WESTERN

ASIA

SYRIA EGYPT

PALESTINE

TRIPOLIS

ANTIOCH

FATIMID CALIPHS

K I N G S OF JERUSALEM

COUNTS

PRINCES

["97

MESOP DAMASCUS SELJUK

SULTAN

ALEPPO SELJUK

EDESSA

SULTANS

COUNTS

DIYAR

IiEKR

ORTUKID PRINCES of KEYFÄ

MÄRIDIN

Raymond of St. Giles] 1098

Bohemond I

1095

Dukak

1095

Ridwin

1098

Baldwin of

1099

IIOI

el-Amir

Godfrey of Bouillon x 100 Baldwin I of Boulogne

Baldwin du

["05

1109

William Jordan]

Bertram Pons

1.18

1104

„„

Tancred

ATABEGS BURIDS 1103 Tughtigin

- K ,

ORTUKIDS 1117 Suleyman I

Bohemond I I d. I «3^-1

el-Hafiz

II 3 X

FulkofAnjou

-

Baldwin du

1104

Ibrahim CK)

1108

Dâwûd ( K ) 1108 Il-Ghâzy CM)

112T

Suleyman I I

1123

Balak

1118

Joscelin de Courtenay 1122 Timurtâsh ( M )

ATABEGS 1128 Bury

130

Tancred

Sukmän CK)

1113 Alp-Arslan I I 1114 Sultan Shah

Baldwin I I du Bourg

1126

-

1101

1132

1128

Zengy I of MOsil 113T

Isma'il

Joscelin 11

1134 Mahmiid (.MtSin-ed-din Anar, vezir^ 1136

1 1

1143

37

Raymond 1

Raymond of Poitiers d. 1 1 4 9 1138 Mohammad 1139 Abak

Baldwin I I I 1146

149

ez Zafir

154

el-Fai'z

160

el-Adid d. » 7 1

-

Zengy I

KlJ

DÏN

1148 Karä-Arslän (K) 1152

1163

Amalric I

1174

Baldwin IV

Raymond 11

1152

1163

A Y Y U B I D S 169

NCK

X152

Reginald of Châtillon ii54

Nur-ed-din

II74

SALADIN

Alpi CM)

Bohemond 1 I I d. 1 2 0 1

SALADIN

171

viceroy

175

king

1174

es-Snlih ^

1174

Atäbeg of Mösil

1174

Nur-ed-din j Mohammad ( K ) j 1176

n8t

'Imad-ed-din

1183

SALADIN

j 1182

1184-5

Il-Ghâzy I I (M)

SALADIN

Vassals of SALADIN 1184

Baldwin V

YülukArslân (M)

1185

I1