National library buildings: Proceedings of the colloquium held in Rome, 3–6 September 1973 9783111356617, 9783794044221

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I N T E R N A T I O N A L F E D E R A T I O N OF L I B R A R Y A S S O C I A T I O N S F É D É R A T I O N I N T E R N A T I O N A L E D E S A S S O C I A T I O N S DE B I B L I O T H É C A I R E S INTERNATIONALER VERBAND DER BIBLIOTHEKAR-VEREINE M E 5 K A V H A P O A H A H EÄEPAUMH E M E J I M O T E H H b l X A C C O U H A U M H

I FLA Publications 2

National Libraiy Buildings Proceedings of the Colloquium held in Rome, 3-6 September 1973 Edited by Anthony Thompson

Verlag Dokumentation, Pullach/München 1975

IFLA Publications edited by W.R.H. Koops and P. Havard-Williams

Recommended catalogue entry: International Federation of Library Associations. National Library Buildings. Ed. by Anthony Thompson. Pullach/München: Verlag Dokumentation 1975. - 134 p; 21 cm (IFLA Publications.2.) ISBN 3-7940-4422-3

Publisher: Verlag Dokumentation Saur KG, Pullach bei München D-8023 Pullach, POB 148, Federal Republic of Germany © 1 9 7 5 by International Federation of Library Associations, The Hague, The Netherlands Printed and bound by Friedrich Pustet, Regensburg, Federal Republic of Germany ISBN 3-7940-4422-3

CONTENTS Introduction Participants at the Colloquium La Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale di Roma: Visit to the new building (Signora L. Mancusi Crisari) Official opening, September

13 13 15 17

4th

H. Liebaers, President of IFLA, Opening speech K.W. Drozd, Methodology for elaborating a programme for a national library Discussion A.W. Willemsen, Some observations on a minimum programme for a national library Discussion Frazer G. Poole, Contributory functions of national libraries, and the impact of such on building design Discussion 2nd Session, September

12

4th

0. Lepore, Director-General of Academies, Libraries and Diffusion of Culture (Italy) J.-P. Clavel, President, IFLA Committee on Library Buildings R. Pagetti, President, Italian Association of Libraries A. Thompson, Organizer of the exhibition 1st Session, September

7 8

19 22 32 36 45 50 64

5th

Signora L. De Felice Olivieri, Locaux nécessaires à une bibliothèque nationale pour les services sociaux et l'animation culturelle 67 Mlle N. Tassoul, Locaux nécessaires à une bibliothèque nationale pour les services sociaux et l'animation culturelle 73 Discussion 82 V. Vinogradov, Alterations and extensions of libraries in the USSR. . 86 Discussion 92 T.W. West, Canada's new National Science Library building 96 Discussion 104 3rd Session, September 6th H. Faulkner-Brown, Civic planning problems Discussion S. Shafa, La nouvelle Bibliothèque Pahlavi, Téhéran Discussion

107 114 117 121 5

Closing Session, September

6th

General discussion Conclusion: Recommendations in English and French

123 125

Appendices 1. Introduction to the exhibition 2. S. Bassi, On protection against 3. T. Kleindienst, Les limites de la Index

6

fire flexibilité

129 133 135 139

INTRODUCTION

The Colloquium on National Library Buildings, held in Rome, 3 - 6 September 1973, was organized by the IFLA Committee on Library Buildings as a sequel to its colloquium on university library buildings held in Lausanne in 1971. The Associazione Italiana Biblioteche issued an invitation to hold it in Rome, and the Colloquium was financed by contributions from the Italian Ministry of Public Instruction, from UNESCO, and from the International Federation of Library Associations. Organizing Committee: M. Jean-Pierre Clavel (Switzerland; Chairman of the IFLA Committee) M. Jerzy Wierzbicki (Poland; Secretary of the IFLA Committee) Signor Renato Pagetti (President, Associazione Italiana Biblioteche) Signor Giorgio de Gregori (Secretary, Assoc. Italiana Biblioteche) Signora Laura De Felice (Italy) Signora Maria Sciascia (Italy) Signor Benedetto Aschero (Italy) Signor Mario Carrara (Italy) M. Jean Pleton (France; former chairman of the IFLA Committee) President of the Colloquium: IFLA)

M. Herman Liebaers (Belgium; President of

Place of Meeting: Palazzo Braschi, Piazza S. Pantaleo (Piazza Navona), Rome. Languages: The meetings were conducted in English, French, German, Italian and Russian, with simultaneous translation into English, French, German and Italian. The Proceedings are published here as follows: the texts of the papers presented are given in English or in French, with the exception of the introductory speeches by our hosts, which are more suitable in the original Italian. The discussions, which follow the text of each paper, have been summarized into English from the originals recorded on magnetic tape. English is the most-understood language to-day, and this also gives some uniformity to the Proceedings. The Index was compiled by Ruth Bury, a past student of the College of Librarianship Wales, Aberystwyth. Exhibition: Plans and photographs, with systematic information sheets, of thirty national libraries were shown in adjoining rooms. It is of course impossible to publish the some 300 illustrations shown. Please see Appendix 1. Anthony Thompson, Editor

7

PARTICIPANTS AT THE COLLOQUIUM

Adeleye, Rowland, National Library of Nigeria, Lagos, Nigeria Aje, Simeon, National Library of Nigeria, Lagos, Nigeria Alvarez, Bianca, Biblioteca Nacional, Caracas, Venezuela Aschenborn, H.I., State Library, Pretoria, South Africa Aschero, Benedetto, Biblioteca Universitaria, Genova, Italy Auger, Roland, Bibliothèque Nationale du Québec, Montréal, Canada Barron, David, National Library of Australia, Canberra, Australia (Representative in London) Bassi, Stelio, Biblioteca Nazionale, Torino, Italy Batheas-Mollomb, Stanislas, Bibliothèque nationale populaire du Congo, Brazzaville, Congo Beckman, Margaret, University Library, Guelph, Ontario, Canada Birkelund, Palle, Kongelige Bibliotek, Copenhagen, Denmark Bleton, Jean, Direction des Bibliothèques et de la lecture publique, Paris, France Carrara, Mario, Biblioteca Comunale di Verona, Verona, Italy Carrion, Manuel, Biblioteca Nacional, Madrid, Spain Clavel, J . P . , Bibliothèque cantonale et universitaire, Lausanne, President IFLA Committee on Library Buildings Correia, Antonio, Biblioteca di Luanda, Angola Dafinov, Zdravko, Narodna Biblioteka „Cyril & Méthodius", Sofia, Bulgaria Dall'Anese, Tullio, Architect of the Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale, R o m e , Italy Dara, Maryam, Architect of the Technical Bureau, Teheran, Iran 8

De Felice Olivieri, Laura, Ex-Director, Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale, R o m e , Italy De Gregori, Giorgio, Diblioteca della Corte Costituzionale, R o m e , Italy Dolar, Jaro, National & University Library, Ljubliana, Yugoslavia Drozd, Kurt Wolfgang, Staatsbibliothek Preußischer Kulturbesitz, Berlin, Federal Republic of Germany Eaton, Andrew, Washington University, St. Louis, U.S.A. Fannoush, Mohammed, National Library, Benghazi, Libya Faulkner-Brown, Harry, Architect, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Great Britain Fiedler, Rudolf, österreichische Nationalbibliothek, Vienna, Austria Fifoot, Erik, Edinburgh University Library, Edinburgh, Great Britain Fontana, Antonietta, Biblioteca Universitaria, Genoa, Italy Foroughi, Architect, Iran Fulford, Robert, British Library, Dept. of Printed Books, L o n d o n , Great Britain Henchy, Patrick, National Library of Ireland, Dublin, Ireland Humphreys, Kenneth, University Library, Birmingham, Great Britain Kleindienst, Thérèse, Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris, France Kozelek, Karel, State Library of the C.S.S.R., Prague, Czechoslovakia Kroller, Franz, Universitätsbibliothek, Graz, Austria Liebaers, Herman, Bibliothèque royale Albert I, Bruxelles, Belgium Liebers, Gerhard, Universitätsbibliothek, Münster, Federal Republic of G e r m a n y Liguer-Laubhouet, Ketty, Bibliothèque nationale de Côte d'Ivoire, Abidjan, Ivory Coast Maigida, Umaru, National Library of Nigeria, Lagos, Nigeria

9

Mancusi Crisari, L u c i a n a , Biblioteca Nazionale C e n t r a l e , R o m e , Italy Masha, Alabi, N a t i o n a l L i b r a r y of Nigeria. Lagos, Nigeria Mazzucchelli, T e r e s a , C e n t r o di D o c u m e n t a z i o n e e c o n o m i c a per Giornalisti. R o m e . Italy M e t c a l f , Keyes, Harvard College, B e l m o n t . Mass., U.S.A. Mevissen, Werner, S t a d t b i b l i o t h e k B r e m e n , B r e m e n , F e d e r a l R e p u b l i c ot G e r m a n y Miszewski, Maciek, South African Library, Cape Town, South Africa Mohammadi A r c h i t e c t , Ministry of C u l t u r e and A r t s , T e h e r a n , Iran Momtahen D e p u t y D i r e c t o r of I n f o r m a t i o n , T e h e r a n , Iran Monte-Mor, Jannice, Biblioteca N a t i o n a l e , R i o de J a n e i r o , Brazil Pagetti, R e n a t o , Biblioteca C o m u n a l e di Milano, Milan. Italy. Presidente dell'Associazione Italiana B i b l i o t e c h e Parkhill, J o h n , Metropolitan T o r o n t o Library Board, Toronto, Canada Peymayesh A r c h i t e c t , T e c h n i c a l B u r e a u , T e h e r a n , Iran P o o l e , F r a z e r G., L i b r a r y of Congress, W a s h i n g t o n . U.S.A. P o p e s c u Bradiceni, Angela, Biblioteca N a t i o n a l , B u c h a r e s t , R u m a n i a P o s t , Willem, Koninklijke Bibliotheek, The Hague. Netherlands Roberts, E.F.D., N a t i o n a l L i b r a r y of S c o t l a n d , E d i n b u r g h , G r e a t Britain Robinson, A.M.L., South African Library, Cape T o w n , South Africa Rojnic, Matko, N a t i o n a l & University L i b r a r y . Zagreb, Yugoslavia Sandgren, Folke, Stockholm, Sweden Savescu Ingegnere, B u c h a r e s t , R u m a n i a Sciascia, Maria, S o p r i n t e n d e n t e ai Beni Librari di R o m a e Lazio, M e m b r o del Consiglio D i r e t t i v o dell'A.I.B., R o m e , Italy

10

Shafa, Shojaeddin, Imperial Library of Iran, Teheran, Iran Slajpah, Mara, University Library, Ljubljana, Yugoslavia Stankiewicz, Witold, Biblioteka Narodowa, Warsaw, Poland Tassoul, Nicole, Bibliothèque royale Albert I, Bruxelles, Belgium Tenreiro, Oscar, Architect, Biblioteca Nacional, Caracas, Venezuela Thompson, Anthony, College of Librarianship Wales, Aberystwyth, Great Britain Trausch, Gilbert, Bibliothèque Nationale, Luxembourg, Luxembourg Vedi, Sten, Universitetsbiblioteket, Trondheim, Norway Vesper, Ekkehart, Staatsbibliothek Preußischer Kulturbesitz, Berlin, Federal Republic of Germany Vinogradov, V., Moscow, USSR. West, T.W., National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Canada Wierzbicki, Jerzy, Architect, Warsaw, Poland, Secretary IFLA Committee on Library Buildings Willemsen, Arie, Koninklijke Bibliotheek, The Hague, Netherlands

11

LA BIBLIOTECA NAZIONALE CENTRALE* - VISIT TO THE NEW BUILDING

Words of welcome by Signora L. Mancusi Crisari, Director of the Biblioteca Nazionale Centrak Mr President, Ladies and Gentlemen, It is for me a great honour, and a greater pleasure, to welcome here in Rome so many colleagues who will contribute, with their highly qualified presence, to the success of the meeting on the building of national libraries. Our pleasure would be much greater if we could show to you the National Library of Rome open and functioning. I shall resist the temptation to give you the history, a very long and a very sad one, of all that has caused delay in the realization of the most important bibliographical institution in Italy. I shall only recollect amongst other things the difficulty in obtaining an area with the necessary qualities of space and centrality; and also the fact that the walls of the Castrum Romanum were discovered here, and could not be ignored or removed without the permission of the General Directorate of Antiquities and Fine Arts; and lastly the difficulty in obtaining financial increases in order to cover increased expenses. We are now proceeding to the furnishing of the reading rooms, and to the transfer of books, an extremely difficult task, owing to the uncertain static conditions of the old building of the Collegio Romano, which does not allow us to proceed without great caution. Criticisms and advice from our colleagues would obviously be considered and accepted as a witness of friendship. We shall listen with great attention to the reports, all of them very interesting, which will certainly help us in our task. I am therefore happy to give you, also on behalf of my colleagues, the warmest thanks, and to renew our best wishes to you all.

*

12

This building was illustrated with plans and p h o t o g r a p h s a m o n g s t the 30 buildings in the e x h i b i t i o n shown at t h e C o l l o q u i u m . A m o d e l was also s h o w n .

OFFICIAL OPENING, SEPTEMBER 4th

Monsieur J.-P. Clavel, président, des bibliothèques:

Commission

de la FIAB de la

construction

J'ai l'honneur d'ouvrir ce colloque consacré à la construction des bibliothèques nationales en saluant la présence de M. Lepore, Directeur général des Académies et des Bibliothèques en Italie.

Dottore Oreste Lepore, Direttore Generale Accademie, Biblioteche e Diffusione della Cultura: Sono lieto di prendere brevemente la parola per poggere il saluto più vivo e deferente agli ilustri congresisti ed agli organisatori di questo interesante colloquio; con un saluto vorrei anche formulare l'auguro più fervido dei lavori. Sono certo che costitueranno un notevole apporto per le iniziative del settore dell'edilizia delle biblioteche. E con questi sentimenti e con questi voti, che rinovo tutti, il saluto più cordiale e l'augurio più fervido di buon lavoro!

Monsieur J.-P. Clavel, président, Commission de la FIAB de la construction des bibliothèques: Monsieur le Représentant de l'Etat, Mesdames, Messieurs, La Commission de la construction de la FIAB, sous la présidence de M. J. Bleton, Inspecteur général des bibliothèques à Paris, a organisé à Lausanne en 1971 un premier colloque consacré à la construction des bibliothèques universitaires. Une partie d'entre vous y ont assisté et ont participé à des débats fort instructifs. Tous les problèmes techniques — ou à peu près — y ont été abordés: module de construction, stockage compact, air conditionné, température, hygrométrie, acoustique, moyens mécaniques, lumière, et j'en passe. Il était donc inutile de reprendre ici ces sujets, puisque les solutions dégagées pour les bibliothèques universitaires sont, dans l'ensemble, valables pour les bibliothèques nationales, et je vous invite à vous procurer les Actes de ce colloque publiés dans la collection de LIBER que dirige notre collègue K. W. Humphreys. En plus des exposés vous y trouverez une bonne partie des débats. 13

Mais la construction des bibliothèques nationales pose des problèmes qui n'ont pas été abordés à Lausanne, et à la grande surprise des organisateurs du présent colloque, il est apparu que les problèmes à traiter relevaient davantage de la bibliothéconomie que de l'architecture. Cela explique sans aucun doute que les participants de ce colloque sont en grande majorité des bibliothécaires, alors q u ' à Lausanne nous avions 20 architectes et ingénieurs pour 30 bibliothécaires. Notre colloque compte environ 70 participants provenant de 34 nations des 5 continents.Les uns sont auriolés d'une expérience mondialement reconnue, et je félicite M. Metcalf d'avoir eu le courage de faire le pélérinage de Rome par la chaleur que nous vivons, pour nous assurer son concours. D'autres au contraire sont venus pour entendre de la bouche des experts les conseils dont ils ont besoin pour entreprendre la construction d'une bibliothèque nationale. Mon souhait est que les uns et les autres bénéficient de cette rencontre. Le but de ce colloque a donc été de cerner de plus près les problèmes que pose la construction d'une bibliothèque nationale. Or, vous aurez pu constater en lisant les communications des orateurs, que les termes du problème sont difficile à fixer parce que la notion de bibliothèque nationale n'est pas figée ni définie par des canons admis universellement, et c'est là peut-être la seconde surprise des organisateurs. Ce qui semblait à première vue relativement simple lors du projet de ce colloque et que nous avions formulé par les termes "programme m i n i m u m " (nous entendions par là ce que toute bibliothèque nationale doit posséder), et "programme é t e n d u " propre à couvrir les vastes activités de la Library of Congress, ce qui pouvait paraître simple, dis-je, résiste pourtant aux analyses fouillées de nombreux bibliothécaires, et ne peut pas faire l'objet de listes de fonctions bien arrêtées. Ce qui doit amener le bibliothécaire à réfléchir lui-même sur le cas de sa propre bibliothèque, s'il ne veut pas rester dans la perplexité où nous plonge la théorie. Nous avons tenu également à faire une place à la réflexion sur les problèmes d'extension, si fréquents dans les bibliothèques nationales, aux problèmes d'urbanisme et enfin à présenter un certain nombre de cas, ainsi la Bibliothèque nationale des sciences du Canada, et la Bibliothèque Pahlavi à T é h é r a a Mais il est évident que la première étude de cas doit être consacrée à la Bibliothèque nationale de Rome. Sans doute l'hospitalité romaine, que les bibliothécaires ont pu apprécier lors du merveilleux Congrès de 1964, était un attrait suffisant pour justifier le choix de Rome comme siège du Colloque. La Bibliothèque nationale de Rome est la dernière en date des grandes constructions de bibliothèque en Europe. Elle peut fournir le sujet d'une étude sur le processus d'élaboration d'un projet de construction. Nous avons donc pu joindre l'utile à l'agréable et nous aimerions en votre nom remercier nos collègues italiens, notamment:

14

-

M. Pagetti, président de l'Associazione Italiana Biblioteche, qui a répondu à notre appel avec détermination; Mme Sciascia, Soprintendente à la Direction des bibliothèques; M. De Gregori, secrétaire général de l'AIB; Mme Mancusi Crisari, Directrice de la BNC de Rome, qui nous a fait hier les honneurs de sa maison.

J'aimerais également dire notre vive reconnaissance aux autorités italiennes, plus particulièrement au Ministère de l'éducation nationale, ainsi q u ' à la Commission nationale de l'Unesco, qui ont fourni les fonds nécessaires à la mise sur pied de cette rencontre. Je remercie -

le Bureau exécutif de la FIAB, qui nous a non seulement apporté son aide financière, mais encore nous a prêté son président, M. Liebaers; - M. A n t h o n y T h o m p s o n , qui a mis ses forces et ses connaissances à notre disposition pour organiser l'exposition sur la construction des bibliothèques nationales, et qui va, de surcroît, assumer la publication des Actes du Colloque; - enfin Mesdames et Messieurs les orateurs, sans qui le colloque ne saurait avoir lieu, et qui ont bien voulu se plier au savant découpage du programme pour en traiter chacun une partie, apportant aussi par sa contribution une pièce à l'édifice que nous construisons. Je vous ai dit tout à l'heure que la FIAB nous avait prêté son président. Qui d'autre, en effet, que M. Liebaers pouvait mieux présider ce colloque? D fallait un directeur d'une bibliothèque récemment construite, un bibliothécaire jouissant d'une autorité incontestée, un h o m m e connaissant bien les langues. Je le remercie d'avoir répondu à notre attente. Mais avant de lui céder le siège de président j'aimerais donner la parole à M. Pagetti qui veut s'adresser à vous au nom de l'Associazione Italiana Biblioteche.

Signor R. Pagetti, Presidente, Associazione Italiana Biblioteche Signor Presidente, Direttore Generale, Signore e Signori, cari Colleghi! A nome dell'Associazione Italiana Biblioteche, desidero portare il saluto più cordiale dei bibliotecari italiani alle Autorità, agli Architetti ed ai Colleghi qui convenuti da t u t t o il m o n d o per dibattere il problema delle Biblioteche Nazionali dal p u n t o di vista della costruzione. E' grande onore per l'A.I.B. ospitare questo incontro d'alto livello specialistico e nello stesso tempo motivo di preziosi apprendimenti su un tema, in assoluto, sempre aperto perchè presuppone a monte la definizione di tutti i possibili servizi che deve svolgere una Biblioteca Nazionale per dare a questi servizi razionali soluzioni architettoniche. Ma questi servizi, se si esclude al limite, la 15

raccolta e la conservazione di t u t t o q u a n t o viene stampato nel Paese e alla relativa pubblicizzazione, sono servizi la cui esistenza viene giustificata dalla realtà bibliotecaria dei singoli paesi pertanto diversissima. Bene, così, è stato previsto nel programma di questo Convegno di non ipotizzare in astratto una Biblioteca Nazionale ideale, ma esaminare i vari servizi che, a seconda delle diverse realtà locali, possono far parte della Biblioteca stessa. E in questo senso si giustifica il carattere internazionale delle varie relazioni tutte legate ad effettive realtà ed esperienze. E già stato più volte d e t t o che la Biblioteca non è una costruzione per custodire i libri, ma una costruzione idonea a ricevere l'uomo che vuol leggere i libri. I tanti mezzi che le tecnologie più avanzate oggi ci propongono sono sostanzialmente in grado di risolvere in favore dell'uomo il diritto all'informazione più ampia senza intaccare il dovere della conservazione che è in definitiva, anch'esso, un elemento per dare senso reale allo stesso diritto. In fine un ringraziamento alla FIAB e alla Commissione per l'edilizia, perchè accanto a queste cose, questo Convegno ha o f f e r t o l'occasione di una visita e di un conseguente qualificato giudizio sulla nostra nuova Biblioteca Nazionale : il primo, al di fuori delle immancabili polemiche che sorgono in ogni Paese di fronte ad opere di questo tipo. Con il più vivo augurio di buon lavoro, chiudo ricordando e ringraziando tutti coloro che questo incontro hanno reso possibile con il loro contributo di idee, di attività e di finanziamento già citati dal nostro presidente Clavel, in particolare l'UNESCO, il Ministerio Italiano della Pubblica Istruzione, ed il Comune di Roma che ci ha o f f e r t o questa magnifice sede, e i membri della Commissione Italiana. II Ministro, che avrebbe desiderato essere presente a questa riunione, ha m a n d a t o questo telegramma: "Non mi consentono rammaricato precedenti improrogabili impegni intervenire ceremonio inaugurale colloquio internazionale edilizia biblioteche nazionali. Ringrazio per l'invito e formulo voti orali per svolgimenti lavori. Malfatti, Ministro dell'Istruzione" Ancora grazie e ancora auguri di buon lavoro! E siate benvenuti a R o m a !

16

Mr Anthony Thompson, Organizer of the exhibition Just a few words about the exhibition* which I have prepared. You will find it here in three rooms, on 37 screens, and divided into two parts: 23 complete national library buildings, and 7 extensions of libraries. Now, you may think I have made a selection; and in order to avoid any jealousies or international incidents I should tell you that about 40 requests were sent out from Aberystwyth to national libraries in different parts of the world, and we received a very good response — from the four winds of the earth. The exhibition consists of plans and illustrations sent in by the libraries themselves. Each library was asked for material to cover a screen of 1 metre square; a few have in fact occupied two screens, but this was simply because the illustrations were too big, and there were no privileges. I have added only two items: 1) the systematic arrangement of the information on the information sheets, to facilitate comparison of libraries; 2) a simple comparative table of the essential data on each library, set out in the "Introduction" of which copies were distributed.* Now, scientists have laboratories, so we thought it good to offer to you librarians about 30 "experiments" to examine carefully; and we only hope that you will find enough time for this. We should like to publish the exhibition, but there are of course problems of expense, etc. But we do promise to circulate the exhibition to any institutions interested in showing it. It will be sent back to the College of Librarianship Wales in Aberystwyth, and from there it may be borrowed, for of course a small charge, and cost of transport. I am very much indebted to our Italian colleagues here, especially to Signora Sciascia, Signora De Felice and to the photographer, who have mounted the material sent from Wales. And finally I must simply apologize for giving you so much homework to do!

*

See Appendix 1

17

1st SESSION, SEPTEMBER 4th

Opening speech of the Président of the Colloquium, Mr Hermán Liebaers Ce colloque fait suite à celui qui fut organisé il y a deux ans à Lausanne et consacré à la construction de bibliothèques universitaires. Je crois toutefois que le sujet de cette année est plus difficile à traiter. La notion même de bibliothèque nationale est moins précise que celle de bibliothèque universitaire. Sans vouloir dire qu'il existe un modèle stéréotypé de la bibliothèque universitaire, je crois que vous serez quand même d'accord avec moi pour constater que le commun dénominateur des bibliothèques universitaires est beaucoup plus élévé que celui des bibliothèques nationales. L'inconvénient des bibliothèques nationales est d'être nationales, c.à.d. de s'inscrire dans un contexte national qui, par définition, est différent de tout autre contexte national, même si l'on tient compte des influences plus ou moins grandes sur le plan politique, institutionnel ou professionnel. Ici l'histoire, la lente contribution des siècles impose, d'une manière rigoureuse, ses droits: on n'invente pas le contexte national, mais on le subit avec toute la sensibilité dont on est capable. La bibliothèque nationale, dans un pays donné, sera souvent seule à fournir certains services et si elle désire s'appuyer sur un ou plusieurs précédents, elle devra nécessairement aller les chercher à l'étranger. Une confrontation internationale est donc indispensable, et notre colloque s'en trouve amplement justifié. Une seconde justification est le fait qu'actuellement on construit ou on projette de construire de nombreuses bibliothèques nationales. Il s'agit toujours de projets de grande envergure, parce que les bibliothèques nationales sont grandes par définition. Chacun ici présent, s'il est en train de construire ou s'il est sur le point de construire, a de bonnes raisons de le faire: trop peu de place dans un bâtiment vétusté et presque toujours conçu pour une bibliothèque, des livres empilés dans tous les coins et partant inutilisables, des voûtes qui s'affaissent sous le poids, etc., etc. Je suis aussi passé par là et je comprends parfaitement ces préoccupations, qui trahissent une conscience professionnelle réelle Et cependant, je voudrais soulever — dès le début de notre colloque — un problème qui me préoccupe beaucoup: ne construisons-nous pas trop de bibliothèques, ne sont-elles pas trop grandes, ne sont-elles pas trop onéreuses? J'espère sincèrement que cette question restera présente dans nos esprits tout au long de nos débats et je voudrais, avec votre permission, y consacrer un bref commentaire. 19

Il est certain que, dans la chronologie des événements qui nous amènent à la décision de construire — et vous êtes ici parce que vous avez pris cette décision — le problème d'une surproduction de bâtiments ne se pose plus. En d'autres mots, pour vous ici présents, les dés sont jetés, et mes préoccupations arrivent trop tard. Si j'en parle quand-méme, c'est parce que vous représentez les dirigeants de la profession, ceux qui ont l'obligation morale d'affronter ce problème, de regarder au-delà de leurs besoins immédiats. Dans le passé nous avons trop négligé cette obligation éthique, et la conséquence de cette négligence peut, un jour, se retourner contre nous. Elle s'est peut-être déjà retournée contre nous ici à Rome. Une des raisons pour lesquelles nous avons décidé de nous réunir à Rome, est la situation inquiétante dans laquelle se trouve la nouvelle bibliothèque nationale. Il est toujours délicat de juger de l'extérieur une situation locale, mais seules les questions délicates valent la peine d'être examinées, et il y a quand-méme des indices par trop visibles. Ce beau bâtiment, achevé depuis plus de trois ans, n'est toujours pas en fonction. Ici le magnifique rejoint le tragique. Nos collègues italiens, je le sais, sont gênés par cette situation, et si notre présence ici a pour effet d'accélérer l'ouverture de la bibliothèque au public, notre colloque n'aura pas été vain. On nous dit que c'est le manque d'argent qui arrête la marche normale des opérations. Quel que soit notre pays d'origine, le manque d'argent est un problème avec lequel nous sommes confrontés durant toute notre vie professionnelle. De fait, notre vie se passe à justifier l'utilisation raisonnable des crédits mis à notre disposition. La croissance des dépenses requises par le fonctionnement normal des bibliothèques est constante, parce que la complexité grandit avec la quantité. Parmi ces différentes sortes de dépenses le bâtiment — sa construction, son entretien, son utilisation — pèse très lourd et, si vous voulez ma conviction profonde, trop lourd. C'est parce que pour le bâtiment nous avons un allié — un faux allié oserais-je dire — l'architecte. Lorsqu'il s'agit de défendre notre budget d'acquisitions, d'achats de nouveaux livres, périodiques, disques et bandes magnétiques, nous sommes seuls; lorsqu'il s'agit de défendre le recrutement du personnel qualifié, nous sommes seuls. Mais pour le bâtiment nous avons un allié très intéressé, surtout lorsqu'il s'agit de constructions nouvelles. De plus, la construction, le bâtiment est aussi la partie la plus spectaculaire. La raison d'être d'une bibliothèque: un service de qualité au lecteur individuel, n'a rien de spectaculaire. Tandis que le bâtiment, qui n'est tout de même qu'un moyen de traivail parmi d'autres, devient facilement un but en soi. Ici, à Rome, les architectes ont réussi: le bâtiment a de la classe. Que leur réussite se traduise par une défaite pour les bibliothécaires, devrait être une leçon pour nous tous. Je le dis donc très nettement: l'architecte est un ami redoutable qu'il faut vaincre à tout prix. Refusez son monument et imposez lui votre instrument. En d'autres mots: l'essentiel est le programme,

20

et je suis heureux que ce colloque commence par les préalables de la construction. La partie est gagnée ou perdue avant que l'architecte ne commence à dessiner. Je voudrais encore indiquer brièvement les moyens que j'envisage pour lutter contre la surproduction de bâtiments. Les bibliothèques ne peuvent pas continuer à grandir indéfiniment, même que les bibliothèques nationales qui sont par définition des bibliothèques de conservation. Elles conservent en effet beaucoup de collections mortes. Dans ma propre bibliothèque, j'oserais estimer ces collections à près de 90%. Aujourd'hui cette partie inutile est presque toujours aussi onéreuse que la partie utile. C'est notre erreur fondamentale. Il faut sortir ces collections mortes du centre de la ville et les conserver à la campagne dans de simples hangars. D faut aussi que ces dépôts, le mot péjoratif dépotoir ne m'effraye pas, soit commun à plusieurs bibliothèques. L'exemple du „Center for Research Libraries" à Chicago mérite ici une attention particulière. L'évolution de cette remarquable institution est passionnante à bien des égards. Elle résoud non seulement la question des collections mortes, usées par le temps, mais aussi le problème des documents mort-nés de plus en plus nombreux. Je ne m'étends pas sur cette question. D faudrait aussi que les bibliothécaires s'organisent non pas uniquement pour la conservation de ces collections mortes, mais également pour leur destruction. Je m'explique. Nous n'avons pas encore le courage de la destruction, mais nous n'y échapperons pas. Que nos collègues italiens constituent une collection de prêt international de tous les livres italiens, et je pourrai, la conscience tranquille, détruire les livres italiens conservés à Bruxelles que personne ne lit. De mon côté, j'aurai conservé tous les livres belges, surtout les mauvais, pour les prêter au rare lecteur italien qui en aurait besoin. Voltaire déjà disait: les livres sont comme les hommes: seuls quelques-uns émergent. Je concède volontiers que mon raisonnement est déterminé par une expérience professionnelle dictée par une société hautement industrialisée, et que d'autres considérations entrent en ligne de compte lorsqu'on étudie le même problème sous l'angle des pays en voie de développement ou des pays jeunes. Je me rends compte de ma maladresse en évoquant ce problème de la surproduction de bâtiments devant vous, chers collègues, qui êtes tous décidés à construire la meilleure bibliothèque possible et surtout devant messieurs les architectes. Mais je vous demande de m'écouter encore une minute. N'y a-t-il pas, de par le monde, trop de bibliothèques — grandes et petites - qui sont mal hébergées dans des palais ou des hôtels vétustés parce que nous n'avons pas su convaincre nos autorités supérieures, nos instances financières, que nos exigences en matière de construction sont modestes, sont raisonnables et représentent des dépenses proportionnées aux services à rendre? Nous avons, tous ensemble, la responsabilité de faire passer ce message. Dans quelques instants nous allons nous lancer dans des discussions techniques, et inévitablement le bâtiment va devenir un but en soi; laissez-moi vous rappeler une dernière fois qu'il n'est qu'un moyen parmi d'autres et même pas le plus important. 21

Je ne voudrais pas ouvrir ce Colloque sans remercier tous ceux qui l'ont préparé et je le fais avec d'autant plus de gratitude que moi-même je n'y ai pris aucune part. Je citerai d'abord la commission de la construction de la FIAB, et en particulier son président, M. J.-P. Clavel, qui a pris l'initiative du colloque. Grâce aux efforts conjoints du Ministère de l'Education nationale d'Italie, de l'Unesco et du comité organisateur italien, les moyens financiers ont été trouvés pour réunir une pléiade d'experts, et je remercie tout particulièrement M. Pagetti, président de l'Association des bibliothécaires italiens, et Mme Sciascia, secrétaire du comité organisateur. Methodology for elaborating a programme for a national library By Kurt Wolfgang Drozd (Original: German) The librarian who is entrusted with planning a national library building takes on not only an important but also a very difficult task within his professional career. Where should he start? How should he put the manifold requirements of a national library into order, analyze the present state of his library, calculate future developments, determine the optimal location of the library, estimate the future volume of work and deduce from it future needs in terms of staff and material, and finally determine the spatial and organizational correlation between the various parts of the library and translate this correlation into a space distribution programme which must be well-grounded if it is to be accepted by the financiers? The approval of the space distribution programme and the decision on the location of the library, as well as the call for tenders, are then followed - one hopes - by fruitful cooperation with the architect, by a careful consideration of functions and design, the struggle to create a structure which is truly functional and in which representation must never be an end in itself. Very often the regulations of the building supervisory board curtail the wishes of the architect as well as of the librarian. Unforeseen cuts in the budget or a slowing down of the flow of financial means make it necessary to reduce the programme or the equipment, which means that existing plans have to be changed. Or maybe the building operations are broken down into various building stages and are spread out over many years. When starting to compile the programme for a national library on behalf of his authority, the librarian knows nothing about all this. National libraries are individual organizational units with their own particular characteristics. According to their different genesis and their age they have different functions and even in those cases in which their tasks are similar they have different organizational structures. In this paper I do not want to develop an abstract model of an ideal national library which would anyway have to be adapted to the particular situation of T)

the country concerned. I shall rather present a number of empirical quantification models which might facilitate the work of those who have to develop a programme for a national library in their own country, taking into account the particular circumstances of that country. 1. Tasks of a national library Tasks

Activities

Correlation of activities in general internal sector

Collection and preservation of national literature

Acquisition by means of purchase, exchange, donations, deposit copy

Collection of foreign literature for research and teaching

Compilation of catalogue Binding

Care for special fields (maps, music, pictures, films, etc.)

Application of classification number Preparation for use Special catalogues

Collection of manuscripts and rare books

Compilation of central catalogue, restoration, special catalogues

Bibliographic information, Bibliographic information centre general information Indexing of national literature

Editing of national bibliography

Distribution of catalogue cards

Building-up of clearing-centre

Keeping of a national central catalogue

Building-up of a department for central catalogues

Control of national lending services

Building-up of clearing-centre

Participation in international exchange of publications

Building-up of clearing-centre

Advisory service to other libraries

Building-up of methodology centre Teaching in library schools

Training of librarians Coordination at national level

Acquisition policy, documentation projects, EDP application

International cooperation Supra-regional activities Fig. 1

public sector

specific range of work of a national library

Fig. 1 contains a list of the classical tasks of a national library. This list must be completed according to local circumstances, for instance in those cases in which the national library besides its normal functions must fulfil the functions of a parliamentary, university or museum library. If the national library is one where books can be consulted only on the spot, the coordination of national lending services and the compilation of central catalogues should possibly be done in a different place. This is true also for training, if this activity is linked with the university. After drawing up the list of tasks and bringing it into line with the other libraries of the country these tasks must be translated into activities (column 2). These activities can be assigned to certain sections within the library. In this way it is possible to arrive at a preliminary structure for the future organization of the library. 2. Departments

of a national library

I

Managing director ED P

1 Administration |

III

1

Central catalogues

I 1 1

Restoration

!

III

, National bibliography 1

|

Bookstacks

' Methodology centre

1

Facilities for use of library

1

1 r

,

NN

11

Processing - acquisition - cataloguing - technical processing

Documentation International exchange

Planning / Staff

'

I

M II

a

~

Specialized departments

1

Bibliographical centre

Library School

1! |

NN

Fig. 2

If we arrange the departments of the national library (Fig. 2) in such a way that departments fulfilling specific tasks, listed under III, are considered the "limbs" and the classical departments the "trunk", i.e. the central departments of the organization, the resulting functional section I is the head of the organizational unit. The administration and the staff support the managing director in preparing decisions, evaluating and distributing statistical data and other information. Since electronic data processing is relevant to almost all departments, a special department under the direct responsibility of the managing director is required for this purpose. 24

The classical functions such as acquisition, cataloguing, multicopying, binding and the application o f classification numbers, are organized in one Processing Department. The diagram does not contain any reference to the various experts w h o decide on orders and are in charge of the subject catalogues. It would be possible to list them under III as a scientific department or to assign them to the facilities for use department, since they are also responsible f o r scientific information. Under Ila w e find those specialized departments which deal with manuscripts, autographs, music, maps and pictures. The organization of material in these departments requires special knowledge, and this is w h y they should not be included in the central processing. The specialized departments listed under III can be extended at will. Here, as well as for the bookstacks, reserve capacity should be set aside for unforeseen developments. The diagram permits a tentative quantification of capacities. H o w many titles must be announced yearly in the national bibliography? H o w many bibliographical units must be catalogued in the Processing Department? H o w many cards will have to be added yearly to the Central Catalogue? When can w e expect EDP to be implemented? The answer to these questions give us basic figures which make it possible to calculate staff and space requirements.

3. Correlations between the departments of a national library ( F i g . 3 see p. 2 6 )

In the case of many new library buildings the mistake was made of informing the architect of the size of the various departments, but not of the essential functional relationship between the various work areas (Fig. 3). A s soon as we have a fairly precise knowledge o f the size of the departments, by means of quantification procedures according to Fig. 1 and by calculating staff and space requirements, we can use Fig. 3 in order to deduce the correlations between the various departments. The communication diagram shows — vertically and horizontally — the departments of a national library. For each department and each line 120 marks are allotted. In this w a y we can show whether communication between the department indicated in column 1 with the other departments is intense, poor or non-existant. Thus, for instance, the Restoration Department in line 8 has rather lively relations with the specialized departments (manuscripts, old maps, pictures: 90 marks) because it receives orders from those departments. It furthermore seeks the advice o f the Methodology Centre and takes part in teaching activities in the Library School. Relations with the Restoration Department account for a relatively small portion (25 marks) of the activities of the specialized departments (line 4). By adding up the vertical columns we get the communication quota of each department. This quota tells us to what extent the department in question needs the services of the other departments. This criterion is particularly important, not only for the determination of correlations

25

26 II General department

Ila Specialized department III Department for special functions of a national library

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O i/"ì Ov — CO W) — o

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© — »o — © © © © © V Í » O V - > X — CT*

'£

S 5

M 2

1

13 ge

Artists Non-resident users (other libraries) (28%)

_

X X

_

2100

Other users (5%)

X

X

400

50

Degree of utilization of facilities:

-

-

140

2800

25

500

2545 3625

Fiu fx

-

1025

1110

535

550

610

29

The subject of the foregoing considerations was the assessment, quantification and improvement of the services offered by a national library. It is now necessary to compare these services with the demand. What is the use of the best facilities if they do not correspond to existing needs? In Fig. 6 and Fig. 7 an a t t e m p t is made to examine the question of utilization and degree of utilization. If the library has already a stock of registered users it is possible to break them down into percentages by using the system shown here or a similar one. If, on the contrary, a new library is to be built, one has to rely on estimates. The weighting is carried out in the following way: for each line 100 marks are allotted to the various facilities, taking into account users' habits and the respective groups of users. The respective scores are multiplied by the percentage of the users, and the results are entered into the table. Example: users in the publishers and book-shop group apply primarily to the editor's office of the national library for information ( 4 0 marks x 5 = 200 marks). T o a large extent these enquiries are made in writing. So these people only rarely go t o the reading-room (5 marks x 5 = 25 marks). In the case of our model the lending service to non-residents is in the first place, followed by the services to university graduates. An evaluation of the utilization of all facilities of the national library by the total number of users shows that the lending service t o non-residents (3,625 marks) exceeds the attendance of the readingroom (2,545 marks). Requests for books f r o m other libraries (external lending) are less frequent than the use of the bibliographical centre. Therefore particular attention must be paid to the design and equipment of the counter hall for local and external lending, whereas the reading-room is of minor importance. The results of our model case would be quite different if the national library concerned pursued a limited lending policy (reference library). The question of location or communication is relevant only to the user w h o goes himself to the library but not to external lending services, telephone and telex services. If the library is located near the university, students (if they are admitted) might use their spare time between lectures to visit the library. They will not do so if the library is at too great a distance, even if transport facilities are satisfactory. The efficiency of competing libraries in the same town will influence the attendance of the library by students, because general introductory literature which is sufficient for undergraduates can be found also in other libraries. On the contrary, the user w h o has to do some scientific research work cannot do without the more specialized and more comprehensive literature he finds in the national library. However, the percentage of users doing scholarly work is usually lower than what the national libraries would like it to be. From a quantitative point of view there is not very much in it. Those w h o today want to build national libraries with large, stately reading-rooms for several hundreds of people will have to be ready to offer services to people requesting information and to students, if they do not want their reading-rooms to remain empty.

30

7. Location of a national library, with reference to transport facilities

Fig. 7

Fig. 7 shows the ideal location of a national library surrounded by its principal users. According to whether a certain average distance is exceeded, or whether the distance of the user to the library remains under that average, the respective distances can be expressed in quotients which must be brought into relation with the expected number of users. As far as local lending is concerned, disadvantages of location can partly be compensated by a book-van service between the large libraries. This, however, does not solve the problem of reading-room attendance. If the location of the library is unfavourable, the number of short-time users will be lower. On the other hand, long-time users, i.e. those who stay all day in the library, expect to find recreation rooms such as smoking-room and restaurant. Thus if a library, on account of its disadvantages of location, has to expect a great number of the latter type of users, the necessary facilities must be provided for in the building plan.

31

8. Summary:

How to work out a programme for a national

library

Discussion (summarized) of paper by Mr. Drozd Mr Liebaers: In tables 2 and 3 there is no explicit mention of reprography services (studios and techniques of photography and microphotography). Where are they in this table? Mr Drozd: In the Technical Department (with printing of cards, multicopying, xerocopying, etc.). Mr Liebaers: Is this the right place for a photographic studio, a department which has become the greatest reader in the library? In my own experience we have had to multiply the space by five since the original planning. If you put it into book-processing, you lose the example you have yourself quoted in table 3, no. 8, restoration, where there is a close link between reprography and restoration. Mr Drozd: That is true; in our case the area for the photographic department was extended later, and it depends whether the Technical Department (includ32

ing restoration) should also be near to the special departments, as shown in the diagram, and a closer link made here with the Processing Department. It is questionable whether the head of the Technical Department should be a librarian at all, or a technician, since here the problems are mainly technical, and not library problems. Library decisions on how a book should be bound, or what the class-marks should look like, are decided by a so-called "instruction office" (Leitstelle) at the beginning of the processing operations, and everything is marked here with signals of different colours, so that the Technical Department is a purely executive department. Mile Kleindienst: A word on the siting of the Reprography Department, which we have greatly developed at the BN: it must certainly have great possibilities of expansion. Before the last world war the BN had only a little department, but now the department is concentrated in the basement, a considerable development. But a decentralization is now to be carried out, putting "cells" into different departments for photographing precious and fragile items, to avoid transferring them from place to place, and to avoid administrative procedures. The preservation of negatives, now in a central department, is to be sent out to the Annexe, with a librarian in charge. It has been said that war is too serious a matter to be left to the military; well, this is too serious a thing to leave to the average technician. Restoration must be managed by a librarian, with a highly trained technician as deputy, and the librarian has the responsibility for the preservation and diffusion of cultural property. The word "cultural property" is used here because of the similarity with the situation in museums. The liaison between the departments must be the responsibility of a librarian. Mr Drozd: This question is too strongly orientated. There are also of course librarian administrators for restoration; but even if one decentralizes the technical services, one still needs technical supervision, which must be co-ordinated in one place. Mr Carrion: Mr Drozd omitted one important task of the national library, the diffusion of national bibliography, of popular knowledge of the national culture inside and outside the country. This demands the planning of exhibitions and the provision of exhibition rooms. Mr Drozd: Yes, of course there must be exhibition rooms. Under the task of the national library to collect and preserve the national literature we should add the words "and to display". MrRojnic: In Fig. 6 on page 29 it is indicated that professors are about 10% of all readers. This figure is too high. We should remember that professors, who are specialists, want to have their literature in their institutes or seminar libraries. In the IFLA enquiry, which we made when I was president of the University Libraries Section, we reckoned that in university libraries only about 20 professors worked in the professors' reading room. On the other hand the number for students using the national library is too small. Both graduates and 33

undergraduates will come when there are not sufficient seats or books in the university library. Mr Drozd: This is only a model table, and therefore the figures are variable. The 10% applies to research material provided for professors. This figure applies perhaps more to a new national library planned for a developing country. To obtain the correct figures for one's own library one must analyze the local figures. M. Clavel: A question on Fig. 3: Mr Drozd has tried to quantify the communications between one function and another. But some functions have not the same quality, and have priorities over others, and therefore have not the same importance. Is it possible to weight each function in such a way as to indicate their differences in communication, i.e. not to give 120 points to each function, but to vary this factor, so as to arrive at figures which indicate exactly the most important liaisons. Mr Drozd: Once again I say that this is only a model. One could of course compile statistics on how strongly the different departments communicate with each other, in order to obtain more reliable figures. Mr Metcalf: I much appreciated Mr Drozd's paper, and would emphasize the last section of the summary, on page 8, on the programme for a national library. Location is important and greatly influences use. Who will use it? If a national library like in the United States the government employees have the first chance, then the scholars, and then the local users. It is very difficult to estimate the size of the collection, and the rate of growth. Mr Drozd did not emphasize enough the local use which may come. For example some 45 years ago, when I was working in the New York Public Library, it was overwhelmed by readers, because it is in the centre of New York. In one week, with 728 seats in the main reading room, there were always over 1,000 readers there, 250 of whom were standing or sitting on the floor. Every library must be flexible, to allow for change, and must be sited where it may be added to. The Library of Congress 3rd building, now being built, may not be big enough when finished. MrAje: When making the preliminary considerations, at what stage should we consider the space needs for bookstock? Mr Drozd: As soon as possible, if you have enough information. This figure does, however, arise to a great extent from all the other figures. Mme Popescu-Bradiceni: In the table of functions great attention must be given to the quantity of readers, which determines the number of seats in the reading rooms, and the space required for open access, closed store-rooms, etc. Mr Drozd: In my summary I have already indicated that for each library a local investigation of use must be made, and the figures obtained can then be converted into space needs, into square metres. 34

Mlle Kleindienst: Mr Drozd has presented ail excellent method of calculation, but did not sufficiently emphasize the distinction between "consumption material" and unique, rare and precious materials. The latter are the great responsibility of national libraries, and special conditions are needed for their preservation and security, since they are irreplaceable. The Dépôt de Versailles has been built with much glass, and the materials stored there suffer; it was built like "La Sainte Chapelle des bibliothèques". The solid walls of an old building are often more suitable for the storage of precious materials. Mr Liebaers: Mile Kleindienst has made a very important point, on the security of collections for which national libraries have special responsibility. The question of exhibitions has also been mentioned, and I would suggest that national libraries need a meeting room, for the use of people other than readers, to promote the external contacts of the library. Mr Humphreys: I should like to emphasize a point from the president's inaugural speech, that buildings are not in themselves important, but are reflections of the functions of the library. I am therefore very grateful to Mr Drozd for stressing the need to examine the functions and techniques before determining spaces and sizes of rooms. We should remember the tendency in all libraries, especially in national libraries, towards a fossilization of functions. A new building must not necessarily take these over, but an investigation must be made, as recommended by Mr Drozd, into the functions needed, and into work flow, during which some new departments of the library may arise, which incorporate both old and new functions.

35

Some observations on a minimum programme for a national library By Arie W. Wilkmsen On being asked to talk about a m i n i m u m program for a national library a f t e r visiting the Italian National Library yesterday, I feel like H u m p t y D u m p t y only trying to d o his best. There is still n o legal deposit in the Netherlands; the Royal Library at The Hague does not fulfil its primary task of making a complete collection of the nation's literature. F r o m next year, however, all b o o k s will be received f r o m the regular book trade under a voluntary agreement with the publishers' organization, and we hope very soon to introduce legal deposit. I Departing f r o m a definition in the long term program for IFLA of 1963 and f r o m the concept of the British National Libraries C o m m i t t e e , set u p in October 1967, G o d f r e y Burston distinguishes in a recent article (1) several types of national libraries, some of which have only in c o m m o n that they serve " t h e nation at large, or any section of the nation widely scattered socially and geographically" (2). Burston divides national libraries into five main types, namely a) cultural national libraries, b) dual-purpose libraries, c) national subject libraries, d) reference and lending libraries, e) national libraries for handicapped readers. Among the cultural national libraries he includes the " n a t i o n a l " libraries of a country as a whole as well as those libraries which serve a cultural c o m m u n i t y within a c o u n t r y or are the " n a t i o n a l " library of a federal state. T o the last subcategory belong libraries like the Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, the National Library of Scotland, the National Library of Wales, the national libraries of the Yugoslavian federal states. Some cultural national libraries of b o t h subcategories transcend national borders. So the Jewish National Library at Jerusalem is not intended to be only the national library of the state of Israel, the National Library of Wales concerns itself with the cultures of the Celtic peoples. Both intend to be a kind of central " n a t i o n a l " library for groups with a c o m m o n cultural, linguistic or religious background, which are scattered over several countries. This closely resembles the task m a n y national libraries of a c o u n t r y fulfil, i.e. the acquisition of all foreign publications concerning that c o u n t r y or in the language of that c o u n t r y . A c o m m o n trait of nearly all cultural national libraries is that they try to cover all the literature published in a c o u n t r y or in a region, mostly b y means of a legal deposit system (some regional cultural 1) Godfrey Burston, National libraries: an analysis, International nr. 2 (April 1973), p. 1 8 3 - 1 9 4 . 2) Burston, p. 184.

36

Librarv

Review,

vol. 5,

national libraries receive legal deposit copies of the publications, published not only in their region, but in the country as a whole, of which their region is a part). Among the dual-purpose libraries, which at the same time may be cultural national libraries, Burston distinguishes three subcategories, i.e. a) nationalacademic libraries (as Helsinki University Library, Oslo University Library, the Croatian National and University Library, the Jewish National and University Library), b) national-public libraries as formerly were the South African Public Library in Cape Town and the State Library in Pretoria and now are some national libraries in developing countries, c) national-parliamentary libraries, the most important of which is the Library of Congress in Washington. The National Diet Library in T o k i o is modelled on the Library of Congress. The third main type (again according to Burston) is that of the national subject libraries as the Scientific and Technical Library of the U.S.S.R. and the state libraries of agriculture, medicine and the social sciences in the same country, the National Library of Medicine and the National Agricultural Library in the U.S.A., the National Lending Library for Science and Technology in Great Britain until now, the Zentrale Fachbibliotheken in Germany. The fourth type, reference and lending libraries, is overlapping the former types. The British Museum Library, which is a cultural national library, is a reference library, the National Lending Library at Boston Spa a subject library. I cannot quite see this type as a different type. All the types of national libraries, mentioned above, may be either reference libraries, or lending libraries or both. The same remark applies ot the national libraries for handicapped readers. In fact they are a different kind o f subject libraries, of which the subject is the special kinds of material they are providing for special kinds o f users. As you see - and we all have been aware of it, long before we had the intention to discuss these problems in this symposium — there is a large variety of national libraries, not only of types of national libraries, but also within the different categories and subcategories. It is not only a question of functions, but also of the combination of functions and of the scale, on which functions are performed. There is, of course, some difference between the National Library of Luxemburg and the Library of Congress, however closely perhaps their functions may resemble each other. It is perhaps best to narrow down our subject to the type of the cultural national libraries and thus to go back to the concept of a national library which the participants at the UNESCO Symposium on National Libraries in Europe, held in Vienna in 1958 ( 3 ) , had in mind, when they were discussing the functions and problems of national libraries. Not that this will solve all our problems. Here I 3) National Libraries: Their problems and prospects. Paris, U N E S C O , 1 9 6 0 .

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may remind you of the confession of the late Pierre Bourgeois, who was in charge of the Symposium. In his foreword to its proceedings he wrote: "We still do not know what a national library really is, nor can we name with certainty the qualities a library must possess or the functions it must fulfil in order to be rightly called 'national'." Nevertheless, it is clear, that the kind of national library, which was the subject of the Vienna symposium, is a rather "traditional" national library, a library, which collects in the first place all the nation's literature and in the second place has an encyclopedic character, while acquisitioning foreign literature on a rather wide scale, and therefore plays a prominent role in the concert of libraries in a country. Herman Liebaers stresses this point, perhaps too far, if we still want to include in our definition of a national library a cultural national library, which is not the national library of a country (e.g. the Bayerische Staatsbibliothek), or a library as for instance the Royal Library in The Hague, which is to a much higher degree sharing national responsibilities with other research libraries, as is the situation in a country as, let us say, Belgium . . . Liebaers stresses this point by defining, at the same Symposium (4), a national library as follows: "The main characteristic of a national library is without any doubt the leading place it occupies compared with other libraries in the country. This position is due to the extent and encyclopaedic character of its collections, the variety of material held and the diversity of specialized departments and services. It thus has a general and national responsibility: within the profession, in all cases; outside it, more often than not." For our purpose we will exclude on the one hand all kinds of specialized "modern" national libraries, as "national" libraries for medicine, for agriculture, for technical sciences, but include those truly national — and also "traditional" national - libraries, which have as their sole task the care for the nation's literature. Thus far we have been trying to come somewhat nearer to a concept of the national library, of which we are supposed to give a minimum programme, but does Liebaers' definition and do the discussions of 1958 in Vienna help us very much in outlining a sort of minimum programme for a national library of the more traditional type? The Vienna Symposium did not, of course, concern itself specially with building problems. The main conclusions about buildings and premises were: a) that "the only acceptable site for the national library is a central one; subsidiary depots away from the main library are usually the result of some practical necessity, but they have advantages as well as limitations", b) that "the provision of only one reading room is not to be recommended; it is better to have several rooms for different purposes. The installation of exhibition and lecture rooms is particularly important" (5).

4) National libraries, p. 27. 5) National libraries, p. 111; see also p. 41.

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These recommendations are not very helpful. What is more important still: the above-mentioned definitions of a national library, from which a variety of national library types emerges, can lead to only one conclusion: as there does not exist a standard national library, it is an impossible task t o try and define something like a minimum programme for a national library as a type of library. II Perhaps another, less general approach, can offer us some grip on our subject. I am thinking of the approach made by Dr. K.W. Humphreys in t w o subsequent articles, written after resp. the IFLA Congress of 1963 at Sofia and the IFLA Congress of 1965 at Helsinki, where the functions of national libraries were discussed on the basis of material collected on the functions of some important national libraries (6). In these articles Humphreys distinguishes 1) fundamental functions of a national library, 2) desirable functions of a national library, 3) functions of the national library service which are not necessary functions of the national library. The fundamental functions of a national library comprise, according to Humphreys, a) possessing the outstanding and central collection of the nation's literature, b) acquiring, in connection with this, all the current published material by means of a legal deposit, c) the coverage of foreign literature, d) the publication of the national bibliography, e) being the national bibliographical information centre, a function which entails the publication of catalogues. The desirable functions of a national library are a) being the centre for interlibrary lending and therefore maintaining union catalogues, b) keeping up an index to locations of manuscripts, c) being the workshop for research on library techniques. As functions of the national library service which are not necessary functions of the national library, Humphreys mentions a) international exchange service, b) distribution of duplicates, c) books for the blind, d) professional training, e) assistance to other libraries in library techniques, f) library planning. The question with which we are c o n f r o n t e d here is, whether or not the above classification of functions offers a starting point for defining a minimum programme for the designing of a new or the extension of an existing library-building. In other words, should these fundamental functions of a national library have an absolute priority when it comes to designing a new building? And, in the case of an existing building being due for extension or of supplementary accommodation having to be prepared on a different site, should these same 6) K.W. Humphreys, The role of the National Library: a preliminary statement, Libri, 14 ( 1 9 6 4 - 6 5 ) , p. 3 5 6 - 3 6 8 ; National Library functions, UNESCO bulletin for libraries, XX (1966), p. 1 5 8 - 1 6 9 .

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functions be situated in the central part of the building respectively in the central building? On first thoughts the answer would perhaps seem to be affirmative. But is this really so? 1 think we should, before answering this question t o o readily, distinguish t w o aspects f r o m each other, a) the functions of the library as such and b) the functioning of the library as a working-place for the public and as a workshop for the internal library process. The first kind we could perhaps call the existential functions, the other the operational functions. Let us for the m o m e n t assume that a national library fulfils the fundamental and the desirable functions, as mentioned by Humphreys, and that for all these functions adequate housing, adequate also with respect to the necessary interconnection of these functions, has to be provided. I think we may agree that the most important functions of a national library are the two mentioned first in the category of fundamental functions, i.e. possessing the outstanding and central collection of the nation's literature and maintaining a legal deposit. But does this mean that these collections at any price must be housed in the central building? I think the answer is easily given. The greater part of this material is not in strong demand. If storage elsewhere of part of the national library's holdings is unavoidable, the legal deposit collection, or at any rate the bulk of it, will in m a n y cases be the first t o qualify for this measure. Sometimes only the collections are housed in an annex, while the processing departments of the national literature and the staff for compiling catalogues and the national bibliography stay in the main building; sometimes the whole department - both collections and staff — are accommodated in an annex (as for instance the newspaper library of the British Museum, by n o means the least important part of that institution). On the other hand I can imagine that the department of interlibrary lending, " o n l y " a desirable function for a national library, will at all costs - at least in medium-sized libraries without a separate lending library be kept in the main building, union catalogues and the other reference material, connected with this f u n c t i o n , being of immediate importance to the staff of the whole library and to the visitors. From the above-mentioned instances we may, I think, safely deduce that the priorities regarding the functions of a national library are by n o means identical with the priorities to be observed in designing a new building or planning an extension of an existing one, and that the building programme has its own priorities, to be deduced f r o m other factors. Some of these factors have already been mentioned, i.e. what kind of use is to be made, by the public and by the staff, of library materials, which departments are closely interrelated and which can, without loss to their effectiveness, function independently, both with regard to their internal operations and to their service to the public. Let us try to sum this up more systematically.

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As we are now dealing only with the operational functions of a national library, I think that there are, in this respect, not very many differences, at any rate not many fundamental differences between national libraries and other research libraries. I think we can agree that two very fundamental aspects in formulating a program for the operational functions of a library are: 1. How can the main body of the users be helped in the most adequate way? 2. How can the internal organisation — processing etc. — function as effectively and smoothly as possible? Regarding the first question, it seems self-evident a) that the main building is situated in a central, very accessible place, b) that reading rooms — we remember that one of the conclusions of the Vienna Symposium was that a national library should have more than one reading room — have enough seats even at peak hours and that they contain a large stock of reference material, c) that they are situated near the catalogues and general bibliographical collections (in so far as they are not reading rooms of a special department, e.g. a manuscript department), d) that the most frequently used collections are housed in the main building, near at hand and that only those collections are stored in annexes which are not in heavy demand, e) that whole departments (e.g. a newspaper department or a map department) are only housed in annexes, if this does not constitute any considerable handicap for the public (commuting to and from the main building) and, for the same reasons, for the staff of the departments. With respect to the second question, it is evident that in the first place processing departments — in so far as they do not handle special material as e.g. manuscripts and maps — must be housed a) in a logical order, b) with easy access to the bibliographical reference material, a large proportion of which is also used by the public. The above-mentioned aspects seem to have such a self-evident relation to the problems at hand that I am sadly conscious of forcing an open door. One conclusion, however, seems relevant: the more specific approach as made by Humphreys by classifying the functions of a national library according to its priorities in general, does not lead us to a solution of the question: what is a minimum programme in designing the building or the extension of a national library? Only some general remarks can be made about the operational functions of a type of library. It is desirable to work with a model, as has been so admirably elaborated by Mr Drozd (7), but — as the discussion showed — problems present themselves immediately when we confront the model with a specific situation. One can only be specific and concrete about a building programme if it is related to the functions and the functioning of one specific library. 7) See in this v o l u m e : K u r t Wolfgang D r o z d , M e t h o d o l o g y for e l a b o r a t i n g a p r o g r a m m e for a national library.

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Perhaps it is possible to obtain a firmer hold of our subjects - what is a minimum building programme - by abandoning the general approach and having, in the first place, a closer look at the program for one specific library. It seems possible that the conclusions to be drawn from this individual case may lead to a discussion of a more general nature. I hope, therefore, that you will allow me to tell you something about plans for the library of which I have some intimate knowledge, the Royal Library in The Hague. Ill The Royal Library in The Hague is not yet a fully developed national library. In the Netherlands there is no legal deposit system and, what is perhaps worse, the Royal Library does not even try at this m o m e n t to collect all Dutch literature. It does not prepare and publish the national bibliography (this is done by a private firm). It does not collect foreign publications on all subjects. It is, even for a rather small country as the Netherlands, a middle-sized library with collections amounting to about 1,000,000 volumes. Its main national function at the moment is the maintainance of the most important Dutch union catalogues and thus being the most important centre for interlending. The library possesses a considerable collection of manuscripts and early printed books. It has, although it does not collect all Dutch publications, the most important collections of Dutch literature in the country (e.g. a large collection of newspapers). In the Dutch library system it also plays a prominent role, as its chief librarian is the ex officio chairman of the State Advisory Committee on Library Affairs and of the State Advisory Committee for Public Libraries. The Royal Library never played and never will play such a dominant role in the national library system as some other national libraries do. As regarding the main function of national libraries, it is the intention that in the Netherlands legal deposit will be introduced. T o that end a bill was drafted in recent years by a special committee, nominated by the Minister of Education and Sciences. In the future the national bibliography will probably be prepared by the Royal Library in co-operation with the firm which does the j o b now. As a first step to legal deposit we hope next year to establish, in close co-operation with the publishers' organization, a voluntary deposit of all Dutch publications marketed by the regular book trade. The buildings of the Royal Library are inadequate even for its present tasks. Therefore some years ago a programme for a new library was designed by some members of the staff in co-operation with the Government department of public works. In the summer of 1969 the programme was forwarded to the Government. In the mean time it has been approved, a site has been allotted and a firm of architects contracted. The actual building process will start, we hope, within five years. This leaves us some time to prepare intensively the building plans.

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This will be done by a building team, consisting of the architect, representatives of the government building office and representatives of the Royal Library. Although the Royal Library may be a " m i n i m u m " national library, the programme for a new building is not a minimum programme in the sense that there will n o t be enough room for all the functions the library will have to perform in the future and for housing during a long time all the publications it will acquire. We were allowed — if such a thing is possible — to plan for a period of 5 0 years. The chosen site is ideally situated, in the centre of The Hague, very near the two railway stations, near the main roads leading into the town and in the heart of the public traffic system of The Hague. Moreover, the site has room for expansion. It is the intention that some other cultural and research institutions (e.g. the Museum and Documentation Centre for Dutch Literature and the Central Bureau for Dutch History) will be housed in the same building. It rather seems to be too good to be true, but I can assure you that the planning has now reached a stage which justifies a considerable measure of confidence. The main functions of the future Royal Library will be: 1. Collecting all Dutch literature, also, as far as possible, in retrospect. 2. Preparing, in co-operation with other agencies, the national bibliography and furnishing other bibliographical services with respect to Dutch literature (including subject bibliographies in some fields). 3. Collecting foreign literature in the fields of the humanities and the social sciences (possibly in co-operation with other libraries in a co-ordination plan for foreign literature, now in preparation). 4. Functioning as a centre for interlending by the maintainance of union catalogues and as a lending library (it is the intention that the Royal Library in the future will, with some modifications, continue to function both as a reference and as a lending library). 5. Being, in close co-operation with the main research libraries in the country and in connection with the function mentioned in point 2 and point 4, a centre for library automation. 6. Being, in close co-operation with the old university libraries, a centre for the description and indexing of manuscripts and for the cataloguing of and research on old books (including restoration). 7. Housing some small "research factories" in the field of the humanities. 8. Organizing the Dutch International Exchange Service. 9. Housing the bureau of the Dutch Library Board which, in due time, is to replace the two committees mentioned above. 10. Providing accommodation for meetings, classes etc. Which consequences does this programme of existential functions have for the operational functions of the library?

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In the first place: we thought it necessary to consider as the heart of the new building its public functions. Therefore the programme is rather generous with respect to the facilities for the individual user (mostly research workers). In the main reading room, to begin with, each reader has to have adequate room. Besides there are planned a rather large number of small individual study rooms. In the heart of the building will be situated: a) the catalogue room, b) the room housing the general bibliographies, which will be accessible to the public, c) the main reading room, or rather: the complex of closely interconnected reading areas, which will accommodate extensive reference collections relating to the main subject fields covered by the Royal Library. Staff rooms for subject specialists will be grouped around this area in such a way that these will be available at short notice to assist the readers. Special reading rooms, for which a close contact with the catalogue room and the general bibliographies is not such a vital requirement, can be situated less centrally. As the service to the public is a first priority, we have situated rooms for the small "factories" (heavy users of the library) near the heart of the library, that is near the main reading room. Within easy reach of the users of the main reading area some large open access collections have been planned. These will comprise a selection of the most frequently used collected works, large publications of source material, bound volumes of the most important periodicals and, perhaps, a limited choice of current books. In a second echelon are situated the departments for newspapers, official publications, manuscripts, early printed books, preciosa, bookbindings and other special collections, in the third echelon we will situate the legal deposit and national bibliography department with its reading room(s) (it is the intention that the Royal Library will collect duplicates of the most important Dutch publications for "daily use" and lending). A rather tricky problem for the architect will be: situating the various processing departments in such a way that, without prejudicing the priority of the public service as sketched above, those departments also have a short and easy access to catalogues, bibliographies etc. In connection with the processing department, room has been reserved for an automation department. In how far the responsibility for an automated national bibliography, which the Royal Library will have to shoulder, will result in other national tasks for this department is a question which is as yet undecided. As we have already seen, the legal deposit department will not be housed in the centre of the building. In fact, it will be a relatively self-contained unit. Now let us for a moment imagine that at some point of time it should prove necessary to "strip" the central library building of some of its operational functions. Such a possibility might arise if, against all expectations, financial considerations would compel us to reduce the plans to more modest proportions or if, after the completion of the plans as they stand now, the library would 44

grow faster than is now expected. In that case, a purely hypothetical case, I hasten to say, what elements would qualify for accommodation outside the main building and in what order? To begin with: let us imagine an unforeseen shortness of shelving space. In that case part of our legal deposit collections would have to go elsewhere. Should it prove necessary to house one or more departments outside the main building — a contingency which, in spite of the flexibility at which our planning aims, might arise from an unexpectedly rapid expansion of our public services — then the order of negative priority would be as follows. (The figures between brackets refer to the list of main functions). 1. Bureau of the Dutch Library Board (9). 2. International Exchange Service (8). 3. The map division of the legal deposit department (including accommodation for staff and users) (1). 4. The music department of the legal deposit department (including accommodation for staff and users) (1). 5. The entire newspaper department (mainly 1). 6. The entire "small print" department (1). 7. Those among the "factories" for which adequate facilities would be available in another library (7). 8. The automation department. 9. The bindery. I hope you will agree with me that this "count-down" has brought me dangerously near the point where a minimum programme for the designing of a natural library becomes intolerably minimal indeed. Nevertheless I hope that this rather macabre exercise has served its purpose. I am fully aware that in each national library and in each "national situation" other priorities may emerge. I hope that by this pragmatical approach I have provided some material for a discussion on the question what a minimum programme for a national library should be.

Discussion (summarized) of paper by Mr Willemsen Mr Fiedler: To the broad spectrum of the national library as we understand it, so excellently presented by Mr Willemsen, one must add one nuance. This is the example of our National Library in Vienna, which has a special position like no other. In the mid-14th century it was a small private library, which developed into a central library, a royal library, and finally a national library of a great empire of 50 millions of many different nationalities. It had the task 45

of collecting the literature of this whole empire; but in 1918 the empire came to an end. What was to be done? Austria is now a little state of seven million people. But the tradition remains, and we feel bound to continue collecting Slavica, etc. And this does not mean competition with Prague, Budapest, etc. We simply try to do justice to our old tradition. Mr Dohr: I wish to speak about an existing state with many nationalities — Yugoslavia. We have not one, but many national libraries, each with a different language. Our legal deposit is therefore twofold: the narrower field of each republic's production, and the wider field of the federal production of publications. Each national library concentrates on its own language. Another problem is that in most of the republics the national library and the university library are one, although they have different aims in collecting; but in Ljubljana we have at last decided to separate. Another problem is the collecting of early printed books of our country, because so many of these are only in Vienna in the Austrian National Library: So we have to collect photocopies. We also print many foreign books, because printing is cheaper in Yugoslavia, and this is a service to other countries. Lastly, we find it necessary for each national library to have a centre for library methodology. Mr Vesper: From the sorrowful history of our library (the Staatsbibliothek Preußischer Kulturbesitz) I can only point out once again the importance of an integrated building for a national library. Mr Willemsen described how parts of the library might be housed outside when there is not enough space in the central building. But I would emphasize strongly that for new buildings the problem of decentralization should be dealt with from the start. The building is indeed not as important as the stock, but I should like to say from our experience in Berlin that, however good the bookstock, it cannot be properly presented to readers if the library has no integrated building. I find it ridiculous to burden a new building with such problems from the start. A national library will of course expand more quickly than other libraries, and the problem of the storage library will present itself sooner. But I think it will not be easy to define less-used literature in such a way that one can separate it out easily and sensibly. To sum up: an integrated building is extremely important when planning a new building; one should do everything possible to implement this, and not start with splitting and decentralization. Mr Willemsen: It was not the intention of the Royal Library at The Hague to decentralize; but in a given situation you may have to decentralize. For example, even if you plan with possibilities of extension, nobody can foresee what will happen in 30 to 40 years, even if it is a good building. Mr Vesper: Our difference of opinion is that clearly you plan with the idea that you can predict the next 50 years; but I would earnestly dispute this. I believe that in cultural matters one can plan for only about 20 years, and I should not have confidence in planning for as much as 50 years. 46

Mile Kleindienst: Regarding the period of 50 years mentioned by Mr Willemsen - at the Bibliothique nationale we had adopted this figure, when we had to more than double the capacity of our central bookstacks in 1 9 5 4 - 5 8 ; we realized that our bookstacks would be full in less than 50 years, owing to the accelerated production of printed matter. But there is also something new which has appeared since the 1950s, the new media, which need not necessarily be stored under the same conditions as books; and indeed we do not know what new media may still appear in the years to come. The result is that now at the BN we tend not to look beyond 25 years, for fear of creating buildings unsuitable for a later date. Secondly, Mr Willemsen's title "A minimum programme" might cause misunderstanding, even dangerous misunderstanding, because the "financial ears are listening"! I believe we are concerned not so much with a minimum programme for a national library as with a minimum programme for the central building of a national library; and this ought to appear in our conclusions. A national library should have secondary sites within 20 kilometres of the central building, and also farther away. Dispersion is a factor in preservation. A national library needs not so much a minimum programme as a reasonable programme, which is necessarily a vast one. I remind you of the words of Sir Frank Francis at the Vienna Symposium of 1958, when he emphasized the necessary amplitude of a national library's collections, which so greatly favours research. Mr Clavel: There is some misunderstanding of the term "minimum programme", which was intended by the Organizing Committee for developing countries, which have not usually the heavy traditions of our European libraries, and have to be content with a minimum of national activities. In Switzerland the National Library in Berne was founded in 1895, and in 1911 a law determined its functions as the collection of modem Helvetica and the publication of a national bibliography - only two functions, whereas Mr Willemsen listed ten! Since then the National Library in Berne has undertaken inter-library lending functions which it does in spite of the law! A minimum programme is therefore clearly insufficient. Mr Carrion: I refer to point 5 on page 45 of Mr Willemsen's paper, and I cannot agree that the entire periodicals department should be put away into storage. From my experience in Madrid it is shown to be impossible to do research in the fields of letters, and social, economic and political history if one cannot consult books and periodicals in the same place at the same time. Books and periodicals must be kept together. Mr Willemsen: There was a wrong translation here; I referred not to periodicals but to newspapers, and the separate store for newspapers is working well at The Hague, as in London and Paris. Mr Liebaers (from the Chair): Does anyone wish to recommend siting the whole library outside the city? (There was no response.) 47

Mr Birkelund: 1. Readers should have a considerable amount of open access; but I should like to ask Mr Willemsen how much. 2. Mr Willemsen made 10 points for the functions of national libraries, and there are some special conditions in the Netherlands, but he did not mention a museum of the book, which is essential for a national library. 3. A department for exhibitions is also essential, to organize travelling exhibitions, library publications, etc., and generally to publicize the activities of the library. 4. We should discuss further the question of co-ordinated decentralization. Many older libraries are compelled to do this. There is a great variety of readers: highly qualified, researchers, students, the general public, etc. The reading circle must be analyzed, and then we shall see the need for decentralization. Readers in fact like to go to special departments where they can consult people knowing their subject. It is an advantage, e.g., to put music in a separate building (as in Paris — ed.). One should not therefore regret having to decentralize. It is good to have one big organization with various service points for different kinds of users. Mr Willemsen: In answer to point 1: There cannot be public access to all stores, but it is needed for great categories of study material. And we must remember that storage can be converted into open access. To point 2: In the Netherlands the Museum of the Book is a separate institution; this is why I did not include it. To point 3: I did not give all details on exhibitions. For educational purposes and guided tours of the library a department is necessary, but in Holland it is not intended to make a big business of it. To point 4: On decentralization, one must envisage that it may be necessary and should be possible to decentralize. One problem is storage, since we do not know what kind of storage we shall have in another 15 years. For example, shall we use the American "Randtriever" system? The problem should in any case be presented to the architect. Mme Popescu-Bradiceni: On decentralization: In Bucharest we have not planned a single building, but a complex of small buildings containing the different departments. There will be a building with central bookstacks with less-used publications (slow circulation), and in another building reading rooms with their own stacks of much-used publications. The reading rooms are for special subject fields and also for different forms of publication, such as periodicals, with open access for the much-used literature. Thus we are planning for decentralization in order to separate the less-used and the much-used literature, in order to give quick access for readers to the latest and most important literature. MrAje: A view from one of the developing countries — You have old libraries, often now turned into national libraries, and you have recently re-defined their functions. We have therefore considered creating national libraries, but our conception is much modified, since we have not this background. We have learnt from your experience and have defined our own functions. These include the stimulation and promotion of libraries of all types, and also the training of librarians. In centralization we are also at the cross-roads. Although we are 48

building a central national library, we must extend the service to all parts of the territory, and we may build branches of the National Library in each of the constituent states, which is a form of decentralization. Mr Liebaers: I tend to search for what the industrialized and developing countries have in common, and not for what separates them. In the older countries, e.g. Europe, libraries are very different from those in developing countries. But we should not generalize too much; in Africa civilization is largely oral, but in parts of Africa, and in Asia and Latin America there are precious collections, which if not in national libraries ought to be there. National libraries in the developing countries are more like our public libraries in Europe, and even more like those in the USA. There is also a tendency in some countries, e.g. in the socialist countries to give to national libraries a responsibility for all types of libraries in the country. Mr Rojnic: Some national libraries are also university libraries, and so have a double function, which must be considered in planning. A special study on this is needed. The plan should be made for a long time ahead, about 50 years, because governments often make us wait some 20 years for the building. In a small country with a small national library centralization is the best way. In Zagreb we have planned a building for a national and university library with 40,000 square metres of floor area, which should serve us for a longer period. Mr Willemsen: I did not mention combined national and university libraries, because I know nothing about this problem, but restricted my subject to national libraries alone. I agree that centralization is best for small countries.

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Contributory functions of national libraries, and the impact of such functions on building design By Frazer G. Poole A.

Introduction

Despite the numerous books and articles written on library planning, the fundamental procedures and criteria for planning and designing a good library are often unknown or unheeded by librarians and, equally often, given little more than lip service by architects. A national library may well be a monument to the cultural status of the country involved, but it must also be a working, functional building if it is to justify its cost and fulfill the purposes for which it was designed. In the present day, a new library may cost millions of dollars to plan, construct, and equip. The new building of the Library of Congress, the third structure in the national library building complex of the United States, will cost, with the necessary furnishings and equipment, in excess of 100 million dollars. Whether a building costs 1 million or 100 million dollars, is largely irrelevant, however. In the country concerned, such an expenditure requires a major investment of funds, and the construction of a new national library is not a project which can be undertaken without the most careful planning. Mr Drozd spoke on the preliminaries to the construction process. Mr Willemsen discussed the minimum programme of a national library. This paper will expand upon these subjects by discussing what the written programme defines as the "annexed elements of a national library", i.e., those functions which a national library undertakes beyond, or in addition to, those which are generally considered the basic responsibilities of any national library. Nearly a decade ago, K. W. Humphreys, writing in the Unesco Bulletin for Libraries, identified three categories of national library activities: "essential functions, desirable functions, and inessential functions". In the discussion which follows I have departed somewhat from Mr. Humphreys' categorization. Too often, our functions are thrust upon us by circumstances not always logical. In practice, what may be an "annexed" function for one library may be basic to the operation of another. The reverse is also true. Humphreys considered the distribution of books for the blind as "non-essential" for a national library. In the Library of Congress such services are a very important aspect of the total operation. In this paper it is considered an annexed function since it would probably play such a role in most national libraries. Those functions a national library must ultimately accept depend largely on the extent to which library services are centralized or decentralized. Where national library services are largely centralized, there will tend to be more annexed functions. We live in an age when changes take place in the political order, the social order, and the cultural order of our respective countries with almost start50

ling rapidity. In some instances, what was unthinkable five years ago, unaccepted even a year ago, is today commonplace. Libraries must change with the times. Thus, services which were scarcely considered a few years ago are today necessary, even fundamental parts of our library operations. Tomorrow, or next year, will see the addition, the "annexation" if you will, of still newer and probably as yet unforeseen functions to the programs of national libraries. Such services often make very special demands upon the buildings, and thus require consideration in the very earliest stages of planning. I shall return to the subject of building planning, especially the type of planning I call "planning for change" later in this talk, but let me first discuss some of the auxiliary functions which contribute to the total mission of some of the world's national libraries. The functions selected for discussion in this paper are certainly not all-inclusive, but they do represent some of the more common tasks which national libraries may be called upon to add to their basic objectives. B. Auxiliary functions of national libraries 1. Reference and research services to the governing

body

In the United States, the Library of Congress is the de facto national library although it has never been formally so designated. As the name implies, it had its origin as a library for Congressmen and very quickly became a library for the Congress. Located in the Capitol building, it provided, almost from the beginning, a library for the country's legislative body. Today, one hundred and seventy-three years after its establishment, the provision not alone of basic library services but of in-depth research services for the members and committees of Congress, constitutes one of the most important functions of the Library of Congress. Indeed, in this instance, these services are far more than annexed services. With a total staff of 650 persons, presently occupying a floor space of some 84,000 square feet, staffed to conduct in-depth research projects, provided with the most sophisticated computer facilities, the "Congressional Research Service" is an integral unit of the Library of Congress. I include it in this discussion on annexed services because it is not normally considered a basic function of a national library, and because it has significant implications for building planning. Such a service may, if initiated on a small scale, utilize the general collections of the library and depend only upon the general reference staff. In time, however, it is likely that the regular staff would be unable to serve both normal reference functions and the specialized and demanding requirements of a legislative organization. The result would almost certainly be the creation of a separate research staff and the gradual but inexorable development of a separate body of research materials collected for the use of this staff and requiring separate storage facilities. While the demands of such an annexed function might at first be minor, they are demands which should be most carefully considered when the new library is in the planning stage. 51

At the outset, the planning group should make every e f f o r t to determine whether such services are likely to constitute a function of the national library. If they are, then careful thought must be given to the site of the new building in order that legislators and their assistants will find it easy and convenient to use. An active, efficient reference and research service inevitably means a degree of personal contact which cannot be fully compensated for by telephones, teletypewriters, or computer terminals. In those cases where the governing b o d y of a country depends upon the national library for research and reference service, the national library building may well be, not only a part of the government building complex, but should be within convenient walking distance of the capitol building itself. In this connection, we can note that the Library of Congress is less than a five minute walk f r o m the Capitol, that it is connected directly to the Capitol building by a pneumatic tube system for carrying books, and that, when the Library's new building is completed, all three buildings in the Library of Congress complex will be connected with the Capitol by a pedestrian tunnel system. The planning group for a national library which will house a research service for the country's governing body would be well advised to plan from the start to operate it as a separate function. This means, in essence, planning a library within a library. Space must be provided for the director of the service and his immediate supporting staff, for research personnel and their supporting clerical staffs, for the basic reference library of the research service, and for those mechanical and electronic services which can be foreseen. We will not discuss these in detail, but let me suggest a few of the salient points to be k e p t in mind: (a) the research staff will undoubtedly require larger offices than would ordinarily be the case, because most research persons prefer to have the basic working tools of their specialties immediately at hand. This usually means that an office for a member of the senior research staff will require — in addition to the customary desk, work table and chairs — f r o m 80 t o 150 linear feet (25 to 50 meters) of book shelving; (b) a special library serving the reference needs of the research staff and containing the fundamental tools of any reference service will undoubtedly be required. This, in turn, means bookstacks, formal and informal reading facilities, and an office for the librarian in charge. Let me add a further note of explanation in this regard - the great advantage of providing a legislative reference service within the national library lies in the usefulness of the national library's broad and comprehensive collections to the research staff. Despite the proximity of these materials, however, most research people prefer to have their basic working tools near at hand rather than in the general stacks, t h u s the need for a separate library and for office collections: (c) in an age when the computer increasingly privides electronic assistance in the storage, organization, and dissemination of information, it cannot be ignored. Unfortunately, it is not always possible to know what will be needed 52

next month or next year, to say nothing of what may be needed a decade hence. Nevertheless, library planners would be derelict if they did not recognize the genera] problem and do what can be done to plan for its solution. Thus, every research analyst's office should be so designed that it can later be equipped with one or possibly two computer terminals, i.e., space for the terminals should be available and necessary conduits provided. In addition, the building must provide for the basic computer service (if the computer is to be housed in the library building), with the necessary duct work within the building to allow for the input of data to the computer and output to the terminals, must have sleeves in the building walls to permit the running of cables to other terminals and computers exterior to the building, and must provide concentrator rooms and other auxiliary components required for adequate computer service. 2. Special services to other

libraries.

The Library of Congress privides a number of special services which may, under some circumstances, be considered as "annexed" services. Included among these are: (a) the printing and distribution of catalog cards for materials cataloged by the Library, (l>) the production and distribution of machine-readable cataloging data, (c) the publication of printed catalogs. Space does not permit a review of the full impact such services may have upon a national library building, but let us note those which are likely t o have the greatest effect on building design. There is, first, the basic requirement to provide space for the staff who will prepare and edit such publications. If the printing of catalog cards is t o be done in-house, space for printing and auxiliary equipment must be provided. However, this is not to recommend that such operations be carried on within the library building. For many reasons, "annexed" functions of this type are probably better located in outlying areas where property values and building costs are likely to be lower. Nevertheless, these operations may sometimes be dictated by other than economic considerations and thus the possible need to provide for them should be considered. 3. Other publishing services - bibliographies,

scholarly studies, etc.

Again, it is doubtful that a library would want to plan for the inclusion of the actual printing operation in the national library building. However, the resources which make possible the compilation of bibliographies and other scholarly studies are usually housed in the library, while those persons who do the actual writing are most frequently members of the library staff. It is logical therefore that those responsible for preparing manuscripts for publication should

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have their work stations in the library. Under these circumstances, space must be provided for the editorial and layout staff, f o r files of manuscript materials, and for the other requirements of a publications unit.

4. Library services to special groups - e.g., the blind and physically handicapped. As indicated above, H u m p h r e y s considered such services "inessential", although they are a very important aspect of service at the Library of Congress. If however, these services are t o be provided centrally on a nationwide scale it may be quite logical to place them in the national library. Because materials for the blind and physically handicapped require far more extensive storage space than do collections of similar materials in printed form, additional space must be included in the building plans. It should be particularly noted that if the library is t o contain a reading room for the blind, or for other readers so handicapped that they must use phonographic or tape reproductions, then special facilities must also be provided for the use of such equipment. This means an electrical outlet at each reading position, as well as tables of special design. If the " a n n e x e d " function also includes the production of talking books and/or tape recordings, then special studios will be required where "readers" may record materials under the best possible conditions. Finally, it should be noted, again, that collections of special materials, i.e., materials which are in special format, or which require special mechanical or electrical facilities for their use, or whose clientele is unique, also require, in most instances, special facilities for storing and servicing. Thus, of the library is to have a reading room for the blind, special shelving and storage facilities will be required for the Braille books, phonograph records, tapes, and tape cassettes which such readers use.

5. Photoduplication services. In view of the increased use of photoduplication in the reproduction of library materials this may not properly fall under the heading of an "annexed" function. It has, however, such important implications for the building that it is included here. Microfilming for preservation, to save wear and tear on valuable original materials, for more economical storage, and for the use of those who have no access to, or w h o do not need, the originals, is more and more a necessary part of our everyday library functions. As will be readily understood, these highly technical operations require specialized facilities which need to be programmed into the building at the earliest stage of the planning. Such facilities as camera rooms, editing rooms, studios, processing and dark rooms of one or more types, are all essential. It is particularly important that a national library contain storage facilities or vaults designed t o ensure the longest possible life for the master negative of microfilm and related materials. 54

Such storage requires air conditioning capable of maintaining temperature at 50 to 60°F. and humidity at 15 to 20 %. Although color microfilm is little used at the present, storage of this material would impose even more stringent conditions on the design of the storage vaults, since temperatures at or below freezing are recommended. Where storage below 50°F. (10°C) is used, a conditioning room is required to avoid the danger of condensation. Obviously the actual design of such facilities is a matter for the experts and all we can do here is to suggest that these problems be taken into account early in the planning process. Indeed, the program prepared by the librarian or the planning staff should set forth in detail the necessary environmental conditions for the building, while leaving the actual design of the system to the engineers. 6. Conservation/Restoration

services and related research programs.

Again it is not clear whether such services should be considered as basic functions or annexed functions. It is clear, that the justification for establishing a conservation service within a national library springs from the inherent obligation not only to provide maximum protection for the library collections but also to preserve them for the future. This obligation is particularly binding with regard to materials which may be publications of the country involved, are of a type which can be considered universal or world treasures, or which are so rare or unique that it would be unthinkable to permit them to deteriorate from lack of appropriate care. Thus, it is possible that the provision of basic conservation facilities may be an essential function. However, if the library provides preservation services to other libraries and archives, and if it extends such services to include research then we may think of these services as annexed services. A properly equipped restoration shop requires adequate space, special plumbing, special air conditioning, a location with natural light, and an extraordinary amount of special equipment. If the basic conservation program is supported by a research laboratory, additional space and equipment will be required. Finally, let us note that if the national library's conservation program includes the training of conservators, some training facilities should be included in the plans for the building. 7. Materials in unusual formats. The housing and servicing of books, manuscripts, maps, atlases, prints and photographs are probably not to be considered as annexed functions. Under some circumstances, however, the development of facilities to acquire, store, process, and preserve materials in unusual formats may require very special facilities. Consider, for example, the problems related to the proper storage, servicing, and preservation of motion pictures, videotapes, sound tapes, and the like. Each of these materials requires special viewing or listening facilities, 55

specialized and precisely controlled storage conditions, and laboratory-like spaces for reviewing, editing, and similar functions. If a national library expects to acquire as gifts, or by purchase, such materials as pre-1950 nitrate motion picture film, then even more precisely controlled storage conditions are required, together with a laboratory equipped to convert such films (which are subject to the most severe deterioration) to modern safety base, tri-acetate, or polyester film. 8. Copyright services. At the present time, the United States appears to be the only country in which, by law, the Copyright Office is a part of the national library. In other countries, the depot légal is not a part of the national library, although one or more copies of most works eventually find their way into the collections of the national libraries. It does not seem unlikely, however, that some of the now developing countries may elect to place the depot légal within the organizational structure of the national library as a very useful device for ensuring the development of a national collection. Where this occurs, copyright services may be classed as an annexed function. The copyright function requires special facilities which may, again, be likened to a library within a library. At the Library of Congress, the Copyright Office not only includes the usual offices for the administrative staff, but offices for the staff who serve as members of the Examining Division, the Cataloging Division, and the Reference Division. If the statutes governing copyright include three-dimensional objects, special storage facilities will be required in the building. 9. Cultural Services to the Public. Most public and academic libraries in the United States provide some cultural services, while the Library of Congress provides an unusually full range of such services. Concerts, poetry readings, lectures, and other programs of a similar type require auditorium facilities which should be programmed into the new library in the planning stage. In a modern auditorium, even one of modest size, good acoustics; projection facilities for motion pictures, slides, and transparencies; and monitors for live television or videotape recordings are nearly mandatory. Where live concerts of small ensembles, string quartets, and piano recitals are likely, the facilities must be planned accordingly. Exhibits and displays also constitute a type of cultural service, but are considered part of the basic function of a national library. Thus we will not dwell on them here, except to note that good exhibit facilities require the most careful planning, including the air conditioning of display cases in order to protect the valuable materials housed with them. We have not mentioned library schools, although under some circumstances these may constitute an annexed function and one which would require very 56

special planning. The same is true of bookstores, which may also be considered an annexed function for a national library. In summary, it seems clear that n o two national libraries have precisely the same mission or the same goals, and the functional problems of each must therefore be different. Even problems basically similar must be solved in the context of the local situation and the needs of the individual institution. With this somewhat abbreviated review of those specific functions of national libraries which may be considered as annexed or auxiliary functions rather than basic functions, I should like to turn to those general features of the building design which would make it possible to add these annexed functions to the mission of a national library. As noted earlier in this paper, we live in a time when changes in the social and political orders take place with great rapidity. Yet even before the increased rate of change became so noticeable, librarians had known the difficulty of predicting what tasks they might be required to undertake in the future. The murals on the ceilings of the Library of Congress were scarcely dry in 1897, before structural changes were taking place. At the end of its first quarter-century, walls had been torn out, new walls erected, courtyards had been filled in t o provide space for the growing collections, and new and demanding functions had been added to the original responsibilities of the Library. In the present age, national library buildings constructed in those countries in the enviable position of standing on the threshold of their political and cultural development may, indeed, almost certainly will, find themselves in the same situation. Change is inevitable. Equally inevitable is the fact that we cannot know with certainty what responsibilities we may have tomorrow, or what demands those responsibilities may make upon library buildings. Y e t even without knowing what new and differsnt annexed functions national libraries may be called upon t o perform, there are ways in which we can plan buildings so that they can be more readily adapted to new needs. Expansion capability and flexibility of design are the twin keys to the successful planning of new libraries. C. Planning for Change 1. Capability for

Expansion.

If there is one aspect of library management librarians may safely take for granted it is the long-established fact that libraries grow. The rate of growth may vary from library to library or from one period to another, but growth itself is almost inevitable. In the United States, research libraries tend to double the size of their collections every sixteen to twenty years. At the Library of Congress, the size of the manuscript collection doubled during the fifteen year period from 1944 to 1959 and then doubled again in the fifteen years 1957 to 1972. The general 57

collections doubled during the twenty-six year period 1946 to 1972. The map collection doubled in approximately the same period. Not only do collections grow, functions multiply, and personnel increase and the librarian is faced with the fact that the building has become too small. The pattern of growth in research libraries, including national libraries, is too well known to belabor the point. Yet, despite such knowledge, planning may not always take growth, and the consequent need for expansion into account. Planning for change also means providing sufficient land for building expansion. Such expansion may consist of an additional building or buildings, as in the case of the Library of Congress, or it may take the form of additions to an existing building. Many architects dislike the idea of designing a building so that it may be expanded, yet given the right site and a sympathetic architect, it is entirely possible to design a library so that it can be expanded at least once, and perhaps twice, without sacrificing either harmony of design or efficiency. On the other hand, it may be more feasible, both economically and practically, to expand the library by constructing a second or even a third building adjacent to the first. A decision as to which course of action is the most feasible depends upon many factors, discussion of which is beyond the scope of this paper. 2. Design factors which help to achieve

flexibility.

Having made certain that sufficient land is available for an expansion of the initial building and that the proposed plan is expandable, there are a number of key elements which contribute to that flexibility of design mentioned above. Before we discuss these, however, two observations are in order: (1) building flexibility is expensive and (2) total flexibility is impossible. At the same time, I believe it can be demonstrated in the great majority of cases, that the added cost of such flexibility is generally returned in later years by the ease and economy with which the building can be adapted to new functions and changed requirements. With these preliminary notes let us discuss the several aspects of building design which contribute to this flexibility. a) Modular design. Modular design has been defined in many ways by different authors, but it means, in essence, a building in which: (1) no internal walls are load-bearing (external walls may or may not be load-bearing), and (2) all floors are supported by columns which bear the weight of the structure above. In the United States, the distance from the center of one column to the center of the next column is called the module, while the space enclosed by any four columns standing at the corner of a square or rectangle is called a bay. Various dimensions have been suggested as the most appropriate module or bay size for a library, but this is a matter which can be determined only in the context of such other factors as the overall size of the building, the height and number of floors, construction techniques and materials available to the 58

builder, and costs. In general, however, library planners recognize that the larger the bay, the more efficient the building, since larger sizes mean fewer restrictions of the placement of bookstacks, furniture, and other equipment. T o summarize: it is the lack of load-bearing walls and the consequent large areas of unobstructed space on each floor which gives a building its basic flexibility and thus enables the librarian to shift functions from one part of the library to another. All other factors being equal, the larger the module the more efficient the building. Thus a 27-foot or a 30-foot module is to be preferred over a 22.5-foot module. The final decision on module size must be determined by costs and by other factors, all of which must be considered by the architect and the librarian working together. b) The basic structure. For many years it was customary to design library buildings with four basic kinds of space: (1) space designed for reading rooms, (2) space designed only for bookstacks, (3) space designed especially for exhibits, and (4) space designed especially for offices. Often known as fixed-function buildings, these buildings utilized multi-tier stacks so constructed that the bookstacks on each level held up the floors above. Changing the utilization of any one of the four types of space in such buildings was costly at best and impossible at worst. While such designs may have saved money initially, the cost of making substantial changes often overbalanced any savings. The use of multi-tier stacks makes it impossible to use the space they occupy for other purposes. Although such stacks continue to be useful in certain situations, it should be recognized that they provide an inflexible design which may prevent the best and most efficient use of the building in later years. By contrast with such older buildings, a well-designed contemporary structure employs a modular concept, makes all space usable for a variety of functions, provides independent, structural floors holding freestanding bookstacks instead of multi-tier stacks, and severely restricts costly, non-functional floor space. Let me emphasize that a functional building can be a very handsome building and vice-versa - functionalism and good design are not mutually self-exclusive. Indeed, the measure of a good library building is the extent to which it combines successfully both aesthetics and function. c) Fbor loading factors. The load capacity of a floor which is to be used only for office-type functions, or similar light-duty service, need be designed for no more than 75 to 80 pounds per square foot of live load. Free-standing bookstacks, on the other hand, require a load factor of 150 pounds per square foot of live load. For modern compact bookstacks, where the entire floor area is loaded with books, a load factor of 250 or preferably 300 pounds per square foot is used.

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To gain flexibility which enables any space in the library to be used interchangeably for reading rooms, book storage, or office space, all floors should be structurally independent and capable of withstanding live loads of up to 150 pounds per square foot. Experience in the Library of Congress has indicated that there have been many occasions during the past three-quarters of a century when it would have been highly desirable to change the functions of different parts of the building from book-use to people-use or the reverse. Unfortunately, the load factor of floors which have been originally designed for "people use" has prevented this change. Moreover, because the air-conditioning design was not sufficiently flexible, it has been difficult or in some areas impossible to accommodate staff operations on the floors of the bookstacks. For this reason six floors of the new 2.5 million square foot (196,000 square meters) Madison Building have been designed to sustain a live load of 150 pounds per square foot. (If we were doing the building again we would use the 300 pound figure.) Architects may well observe that designing all floors to carry such heavy loads is more expensive than designing some floors to carry only people-type operations, and using multi-tier stacks for books. They are correct, of course, but the overwhelming advantage of being able to place bookstacks on any part of any floor will nearly always be worth the added cost. Nothing is more restrictive to the proper functioning of a national library (of any large library for that matter), or more detrimental to the proper administration and organization of many annexed functions, than the inability to locate people and collections where they are needed for maximum efficiency. This is not to suggest that all floors should be designed for 300 pounds per square foot, since costs probably increase here more rapidly than can be justified. On the other hand, where the need for compact stacks is clear and justifiable, and the locations can be identified in the early stages of planning, seme heavier floors may well be included in the building. Final decisions in such cases must result from an analysis of all factors involved, and from data which can only be supplied by the architect and structural engineer. d) A ir-conditioning. Equally as important as properly designed floors, in its contribution to flexibility, is the air-conditioning of the building. One of the limiting factors in the effective utilization of space in the present buildings of the Library of Congress is the fact that the air-conditioning in the bookstacks is inadequate for any large number of people. This is a major flaw in the design of the present buildings simply because it reduces the flexibility which is so important to the proper administration of a national library.

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The air-conditioning system of a new building should be planned, therefore, so that it provides a range of temperatures and humidity conditions and air flow, adequate for both personnel and for books. The appropriate temperature and humidity ranges for people will vary somewhat with the conditions to which those who will work in the building have become accustomed. Thus, in the United States, people are generally used to working in, and tend to demand, higher temperatures than people engaged in the same kind of work in the British Isles or other northern European countries. As for books - it has been demonstrated that a decrease in temperature of 36°F. (2°C) will increase the life of books and manuscripts approximately 7 times. Thus for materials on paper and for other materials as well, the lower the temperature, the longer the expected life of the collections. Where temperatures in office areas may need to be kept in a range of 72 to 75°F. (22 to 24 - salle de travail convertie en deux étages de bureaux et locaux de classement (Administration), - magasins convertis en bureaux et locaux de classement (Périodiques), - locaux de classement convertis en ateliers ( P h o t o g r a p h i e ) , - soute k charbon convertie en salle des catalogues, - bureaux convertis en salle de travail (Manuscrits o r i e n t a u x ) , - magasins convertis en salle de travail ( R é s e r v e ) , - cours converties en magasins (Estampes, Médailles, Périodiques), - combles à usage de magasins secondaires convertis e n magasins et en bureaux (Manuscrits - Entrées - Périodiques) o u en atelier ( R e s t a u r a t i o n ) - bâtiments anciens entièrement restructures (Cartes et plans, Estampes, partie des Entrées et des Périodiques), - magasins a f f o u i l l é s et surélevés passant de quatre à o n z e niveaux ( I m p r i m é s ) .

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INDEX

A b i d j a n : Bibliothèque Nationale de Côte d'Ivoire 1 1 4 - 1 1 5 academic users 2 9 - 3 1 , 3 3 - 3 4 , 8 3 , 1 2 1 access: closed 3 4 , 4 8 , 1 17 - : o p e n 34, 4 4 . 4 8 accessibility see location acquisitions 2 0 , 2 3 - 2 5 activities see national libraries: f u n c t i o n s adaptations 2 9 , 6 0 , 6 3 - 6 6 , 8 6 - 9 4 , 137-138 additional buildings 27, 4 0 - 4 1 , 58, 6 8 , 9 0 - 9 2 , 9 4 , 137 Adeleye, R. 125 a d m i n i s t r a t i o n 24, 27, 32 33 advisory services 2 3 aesthetics: buildings 1 0 1 - 1 0 3 air c o n d i t i o n i n g 5 5 - 5 6 , 6 0 - 6 1 , 1 0 0 101, 112, 123, 133 Aje, S. 4 8 , 105, 116 Alvarez, B. 123 a n n e x e s see additional buildings architects 14, 20, 4 8 , 5 8 - 6 0 , 73, 82, 8 4 - 8 5 , 9 2 , 104, 107, 1 1 2 , 1 14, 124, 126-127 archives 1 0 8 - 1 1 1 , 114, 116, 120, 130 Argentina: national library 106 assembly halls 56, 6 7 - 6 9 , 78, 90, 100 audio-visual e q u i p m e n t 4 7 , 5 4 - 5 6 , 7 8 - 7 9 , 100, 1 2 6 - 1 2 7 , 136, 138 Australia: National Library of Australia 105, 115, 131 Austria: Österreichische Nationalbibliothek 4 5 - 4 6 , 132 automation 4 3 - 4 5 , 5 2 - 5 3 , 9 7 - 9 8 , 1 1 4

b a s e m e n t s see vaults Bassi, S. 1 3 3 - 1 3 4 bays: m o d u l a r design 5 8 - 5 9 Bcckman, M. 114 Belgium: Bibliothèque Royale Albert I 6 7 . 7 4 - 8 1 , 105, 131 Bellemans, J. 74 Benghazi: national library: Libya 123 Berlin: Staatsbibliothek Preußischer Kulturbesitz 3 2 , 4 6 , 8 4 , 105, 131, 133 Berne: national library: Switzerland 4 7 , 131 bibliographic i n f o r m a t i o n centres 23, 29, 30, 38, 1 14. 120. 130

bibliographies: national see national bibliographies Biblioteca Nacional: Venezuela 123 Biblioteca National: R u m a n i a 48 Biblioteca National: Spain 4 7 , 9 3 - 9 4 Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale: Italy 12, 1 4 , 2 0 , 6 7 - 7 3 , 8 2 - 8 4 , 117, 131 Biblioteca Nazionale, T u r i n : Italy 133 Bibliothèque Nationale: France 33, 35, 4 7 , 8 2 - 8 3 , 9 4 , 104, 1 3 1 - 1 3 2 , 134, 137-138 Bibliothèque Nationale de C ô t e d'Ivoire: Ivory Coast 1 1 4 - 1 1 5 Bibliothèque Royale Albert I: Belgium 6 7 , 7 4 - 8 1 , 105, 131 binding d e p a r t m e n t s 2 5 , 4 5 , 9 8 Birkelund, P. 4 8 , 116 Bleton, J. 1 3 , 8 4 - 8 5 , 117 blinds 102 blind users 39, 50, 54, 7 9 , 108 b o o k m u s e u m s 4 8 , 7 6 , 79 b o o k processing see processing b o o k s see literature b o o k s : early see rare material bookstacks 2 4 , 3 4 , 5 9 , 6 1 - 6 4 , 8 4 , 9 0 9 1 , 101, 137 b o o k s t a c k s : c o m p a c t 6 0 , 137 b o o k s t a c k s : multi-tier 5 9 , 60 bookstalls 5 7 , 7 1 Bourgeois, P. 38 branch libraries see additional buildings; depots British Library: Great Britain 36, 9 4 , 121, 132-133 Brussels: Bibliothèque Royale Albert I 6 7 , 7 4 - 8 1 , 105, 131 Bucharest: Biblioteca National 48 building designs see planning: buildings building materials 9 7 , 1 1 5 - 1 1 6 , 1 2 4 , 1 3 4 building plans see planning: buildings buildings: national libraries: exhibition 7, 17, 129, 1 3 1 - 1 3 2 building t e a m s 4 3 , 8 5 , 9 2 , 125 Bulgaria: " N a r o d n a Bibliotcka Cyril & Methodius" 93 B u r s t o n . G . 36

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cafeterias see eating facilities Canada: National Library of Canada 96, 105, 1 1 0 - 1 1 2 , 114, 116, 131 - : National Science Library 9 6 - 1 0 5 , 131 Canberra: National Library of Australia 105, 115, 131 canteens see eating facilities Cape Town: South African Library 115 Caracas: Biblioteca Nacional 123 car parks 97, 110 carpets 102 carrels 44, 99, 101 Carrion, M. 3 3 , 4 7 , 9 3 catalogue card services 53, 108, 120, 130 catalogues: internal 4 0 - 4 1 , 9 0 , 115 catalogues: national see national catalogues cataloguing departments 2 3 - 2 5 , 5 3 central catalogues see national catalogues centralization 46, 49, 50, 74 charts see maps classification departments 2 3 , 2 5 Clavel, J.-P. 1 3 - 1 5 , 2 2 , 3 4 , 4 7 , 8 2 , 125 clearing centres 23 cloakrooms 68, 71, 90, 99, 102 closed access 3 4 , 4 8 , 1 1 7 collections of literature see literature columns: modular design 5 8 , 8 4 Committee on Library Buildings: USSR 92 committees: building 4 3 , 8 5 , 9 2 , 125 communications: external 30, 34, 52, 79, 9 0 , 9 3 , 110, 115, 121, 138 - : internal 3 3 - 3 4 , 63, 6 8 - 6 9 , 71, 80, 83, 9 1 , 9 7 , 1 0 0 - 1 0 1 , 109, 117, 136 compact bookstacks 60, 137 compactness 1 1 6 - 1 1 7 competitions: building planning 8 4 - 8 5 , 126-127 computers (EDP) 2 3 - 2 5 , 28, 5 2 - 5 3 , 63, 98, 100, 105, 1 2 6 - 1 2 7 condensation 55 conditioning rooms 5 5 , 9 0 conference rooms see assembly halls conservation of material 21, 55, 61, 1 3 5 136 consultants 8 4 - 8 5 conveyor systems 9 7 - 9 8 , 101 cooperation: international 23, 119 - : national 121, 1 2 6 - 1 2 7 coordination: national library services 2 3 24, 130 Copenhagen: Kongelige Bibliotek 116, 132 copyright services 56 corridors 62, 70, 8 2 - 8 3 , 90

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costs 20, 22, 32, 50, 59, 65, 84, 86, 9 0 9 1 , 9 3 , 9 6 - 9 7 , 1 0 4 - 1 0 5 , 108, 112, 1 1 4 - 1 1 5 , 121, 1 2 3 - 1 2 4 , 126, 135 courtyards 8 2 - 8 3 , 90, 93, 137 crèches 72, 8 1 - 8 2 Crisari, L.M. 12 cultural services 56, 6 7 - 7 1 , 7 4 - 8 0 , 82, 1 0 8 - 1 0 9 , 111, 114, 119, 1 2 0 - 1 2 1 , 135 culture: national 33, 36, 110, 118, 120

Dafinov, Z. 93 decentralization 33, 4 5 - 4 8 , 90, 116, 121, 123, 125, 138 De Felice Olivieri, L. 6 7 - 7 3 , 8 3 , 8 5 Delers, R. 74 Denmark: Kongelige Bibliotek 116, 132 departments 2 4 - 2 6 , 2 9 , 4 0 - 4 1 , 8 7 , 116-117 departments: interrelationships 25, 33, 44,68-71,80,90-91,136 - : subject specialization 2 5 - 2 6 , 48, 90, 1 0 8 - 1 0 9 , 111 deposit of material see legal deposit depots 21, 38, 47, 49, 86, 91, 9 3 - 9 4 , 1 3 7 designs see planning: buildings deterioration 135 developing countries 34, 38, 4 7 - 4 9 , 56, 65, 113, 1 2 6 - 1 2 7 division of rooms 6 9 , 9 3 , 1 0 0 documentation services 2 3 - 2 4 , 26 Dolar, J. 46 doors 102 drinking facilities see eating facilities Drozd, K. W. 2 2 - 3 4 , 4 1 dual-purpose national libraries 23, 37,49, 7 4 , 8 7 , 109, 1 1 2 - 1 1 3 , 116, 123, 130 Dublin: National Library of Ireland 121 ducts 5 3 , 6 3 , 9 7 duplicate material 3 9 , 1 1 4

earthquakes 97 eating facilities 31, 62, 7 2 - 7 3 , 8 1 - 8 3 , 99,100 economics see costs Eire: National Library of Ireland 121 electronic data processing see computers engineers 1 4 , 5 5 , 6 0 - 6 1 entrance halls 6 8 - 6 9 , 8 2 - 8 3 , 91, 9 9 , 1 0 2 environmental conditions 5 5 , 1 0 9 , 1 3 5 , 1 3 7 -: see also air conditioning, humidity, lighting, temperatures

estimates of utilization 30 exchange of material 2 3 - 2 4 , 2 6 - 2 7 , 39, 4 5 , 108, 120 e x h i b i t i o n r o o m s 33, 38, 6 2 , 6 7 - 7 0 , 7 5 78, 8 2 - 8 3 e x h i b i t i o n s 33, 4 8 , 56, 6 9 , 7 0 , 7 5 , 8 2 - 8 3 , 120, 121, 130 Kxhibition of National Library Buildings 7, 17, 129, 1 3 1 - 1 3 2 expansion see extension e x p e n d i t u r e see costs extension 14, 57 5 8 , 8 8 - 9 1 , 9 3 - 9 4 , 1 0 9 113, 1 1 5 - 1 16, 1 2 6 - 127, 132, 1 3 7 - 1 3 8 external c o m m u n i c a t i o n s see c o m m u n i c a tions extra buildings see additional buildings

F a n n o u s h , M. 6 5 , 1 2 3 F a u l k n e r - B r o w n , H. 6 4 , 8 5 , 105, 1 0 7 - 1 13, 1 1 5 - 1 1 7 , 124 Federal R e p u b l i c of G e r m a n y : Staatsbibliothek Preußischer K u l t u r b e s i t z 32, 4 6 , 8 4 , 105, 131, 133 Fiedler, R. 45 films 23. 5 5 - 5 6 , 79 fire p r e c a u t i o n s 63, 83, 100, 124, 1 3 3 - 1 3 4 f i x e d - f u n c t i o n buildings 5 9 , 1 2 2 flexibility 34, 5 8 - 6 6 , 6 8 , 8 2 - 8 3 , 101, 105, 109, 112, 1 1 5 - 117, 1 2 6 - 1 2 7 , 133, 1 3 5 138 floor levels 7 8 floor-loading 5 9 - 6 0 , 112, 137 floors 5 8 - 5 9 , 102, 115 flow of material 28 foreign literature see literature forward planning see planning fragile material 33, 108 France: Bibliothèque Nationale 35, 4 7 , 8 2 8 3 , 9 4 , 104, 1 3 1 - 1 3 2 , 134, 1 3 7 - 1 3 8 Francis, F. 47 F u l f o r d , R. 9 4 , 121 f u r n i t u r e 59, 7 6 , 101, 124

gangways 6 2 , 7 0 , 8 2 - 8 3 , 9 0 gardens 8 2 - 8 3 glass screens: e x h i b i t i o n s 7 0 , 7 7 governmental libraries 24. 37, 51, 1 1 1. 1 30 governmental users 3 4 , 5 2 , 1 0 8 - 1 0 9 Great Britain: British Library 9 4 , 121, 1 3 2 133 growth rate 21, 34, 57. 87. 1 1 1

h a n d i c a p p e d users 37, 39, 5 0 , 5 4 , 7 9 , 8 1 , 102, 1 0 8 - 1 0 9 , 111, 120 heating see t e m p e r a t u r e height: r o o m s 5 8 , 9 3 . 137 H e n c h y , P. 121 historical buildings 9 0 - 9 1 , 9 3 h u m i d i t y 5 5 , 6 0 , 9 7 , 133 H u m p h r e y s , K.W. 1 3 - 14, 35, 39, 50, 8 2 , 121, 125

Iceland: n a t i o n a l library 105, 1 1 0 - 1 1 3 , 1 1 6 - 1 1 7 , 131 I F L A congresses 14, 3 9 , 4 0 i n c u n a b u l a see raie material indexing services 23 i n f o r m a t i o n services 3 0 , 9 9 , 100, 120 insulation 102 integration 4 6 , 4 9 , 5 0 , 7 4 inter-library lending services 3 9 , 4 0 , 9 8 , 120, 130 internal c o m m u n i c a t i o n s see c o m m u n i c a tions international cooperation 2 3 , 1 1 9 interrelationships of d e p a r t m e n t s see departments i n t e r r u p t i o n of services 8 9 , 9 3 Iran: Pahlavi Library 1 4 , 1 1 7 - 1 2 0 Italy: Biblioteca Nazionale C e n t r a l e 12, 1 4 , 2 0 , 6 7 - 7 3 , 8 2 - 8 4 , 117, 131 - : Biblioteca Nazionale T u r i n 1 3 3 Ivory C o a s t : B i b l i o t h è q u e Nationale 1 1 4 115

journals 45, 47, 9 3 - 9 4 Kleindienst, T . 33, 3 5 , 4 7 , 6 5 , 8 2 , 9 4 , 104, 121, 1 3 5 - 1 3 8 Kongelige Bibliotek: D e n m a r k 116, 132 K o n i n k l i j k e Bibliothcek: N e t h e r l a n d s 36, 38,42-43

laboratories 5 6 Lagos: National Library of Nigeria 106, 116, 125, 131 land 5 8 lecture r o o m s see meeting r o o m s legal d e p o s i t 23, 28, 3 6 , 39, 4 0 , 4 4 - 4 6 , 5 6 , 8 8 , 108, 138 lending services 2 3 - 2 4 , 29, 3 0 - 31, 37, 94-95

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lending services: inter-library 39, 4 0 , 9 8 , 120, 130 Lenin Library: USSR 8 6 , 9 1 - 9 2 , 9 4 Lepore, O. 13 less-used material 9 3 , 137 librarian-in-charge 2 4 , 27. 6 2 , 8 4 - 8 5 , 107, 124, 1 2 6 - 1 2 7 librarians see staff library c o n s u l t a n t s 8 4 - 8 5 library e c o n o m i c s see costs Library of Congress: USA 34. 5 0 - 5 3 , 5 6 5 7 , 6 0 , 6 3 , 6 5 - 6 6 , 8 4 , 1 0 4 - 105, 115, 124, 131 library schools 2 4 , 2 6 - 2 8 , 5 6 Libya: national library 123 Liebaers, H. 15, 1 9 - 2 2 , 32, 35, 3 8 , 4 9 . 6 5 , 8 3 - 8 4 , 9 4 , 116 lifts 7 3 , 78, 9 8 , 101 lighting 5 5 , 6 2 , 7 6 - 7 7 , 83, 9 9 , 100, 1 0 2 103, 112, 115, 135 L i g u e r - L a u b h o u e t , K 114 literature: d i f f e r e n t languages 4 5 - 4 6 - : foreign languages 23, 36. 3 8 - 3 9 , 108. 130 : n a t i o n a l language 2 3 , 3 6 , 3 8 - 3 9 , 4 0 , 5 6 . 1 0 8 - 11 1. 1 19, 125, 130 Ljubliana: National and University Library: Yugoslavia 4 6 , 131 loading: f l o o r s 5 9 - 6 0 , 112, 137 localized use 30, 34 location 3 0 - 3 1 , 34, 38. 4 1 . 4 3 . 4 7 . 5 2 , 68, 9 0 - 9 1 , 1 0 7 - 1 1 7 . 121, 1 2 6 - 1 2 7 L o n d o n : British Library 9 4 , 121. 133

Madrid: Biblioteca Nacional 4 7 . 9 3 - 9 4 m a i n t e n a n c e 9 2 , 135 management 2 4 , 2 6 - 2 7 , 3 2 - 3 3 m a n u s c r i p t s 23, 25, 38, 4 1 , 5 4 - 5 5 , 5 7 . 61. 1 0 8 - 1 0 9 , 118, 130 m a p s 23, 25, 28, 4 5 , 5 5 , 5 8 materials: buildings 9 7 . 1 1 5 - 1 1 6 , 124, 134 medical r o o m s 6 8 . 72, 81, 9 8 meeting r o o m s 27. 35, 38. 71. 7 3 , 7 8 - 7 9 meetings: staff 2 7 . 7 1 Mctcalf, K. 34, 6 5 . 84, 105 m e t h o d o l o g y centre 23 - 2 4 . 26. 28. 39. 4 6 . 120, 130 m i c r o f o r m s 5 4 - 5 5 , 100 Miszewski, M. 83, 105, 1 16. 123 m o d e r n i z a t i o n see a d a p t a t i o n m o d u l a r design 5 8 - 5 9 . 6 5 , 8 4 modules 5 8 - 5 9

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Moscow: Lenin Library 8 6 . 9 1 - 9 2 , 9 4 - : N a t i o n a l Historical Library 9 1 - 9 2 m o t i o n pictures 2 3 , 5 5 - 5 6 , 7 9 m u s e u m libraries 24 museums 4 8 , 7 6 , 7 9 . 1 0 8 - 1 1 0 music 2 3 , 2 5 , 2 8 , 4 5 , 4 8 , 7 8 - 7 9

N a r o d n a Biblioteka "Cyril & M e t h o d i u s " : Bulgaria 9 3 national bibliographies 23. 2 5 - 2 6 . 28 29, 33, 39, 4 0 , 4 4 national catalogues 23 - 2 6 , 29, 3 9 , 4 0 , 114, 120, 130, 138 national c o o p e r a t i o n 19, 121, 1 2 6 - 1 2 7 national c u l t u r e 33, 36, 110, 1 18, 120 National Historical Library: USSR 9 1 - 9 2 national libraries: dual p u r p o s e see dual purpose . . . f u n c t i o n s 20, 23, 32. 34 35, 37, 39, 4 0 , 4 3 , 5 0 - 5 7 , 6 7 - 6 8 , 7 5 , 108, 1 1 8 121, 123, 1 2 6 - 1 2 7 , 1 2 9 - 1 3 0 , 135 - : internal libraries 52 : role 19, 20, 3 6 - 38 : Argentina 106 - : Australia 105, 115, 131 - : Austria 4 5 - 4 6 , 132 -: Belgium 6 7 , 7 4 - 8 1 . 105, 131 -•: Bulgaria 9 3 - : C a n a d a 9 6 - 1 0 5 , 1 1 0 - 1 12, 1 14. 1 16, 131 - : D e n m a r k 116. 132 : Eire 121 : Federal R e p u b l i c of G e r m a n y 32, 4 6 , 8 4 , 105. 131, 133 - : F r a n c e 33, 3 5 , 4 7 , 8 2 - 8 3 , 9 4 , 104, 131 - 132, 134, 1 3 7 - 1 3 8 - : G r e a t Britain 9 4 , 1 2 1 , 1 3 2 - 1 3 3 - : Iceland 105. 1 1 0 - 1 1 3 , 1 1 6 - 1 1 7 , 131 - : Iran 14. 1 1 7 - 1 2 0 - : Italy 12, 14, 20. 6 7 - 7 3 . 8 2 - 8 4 , 117, 131. 133 - : Ivory Coast 1 14 - 115 : Libya 123 - : N e t h e r l a n d s 36. 38. 42 4 3 - : New Zealand 105 : Nigeria 106, 116. 125. 131 - : Rumania 48 : S o u t h Africa 115 : Spain 4 7 . 9 3 - 9 4 - : Switzerland 4 7 . 131 USA 1 4 , 3 4 . 5 0 - 5 3 . 5 6 - 5 7 . 6 0 . 6 3 , 6 5 - 6 6 , 84. 104- 105. 115. 124. 131

national libraries: USSR 8 6 , 9 1 - 9 2 , 9 4 - : Venezuela 123 - : Yugoslavia 4 6 , 1 31 National Libraries in E u r o p e : UNESCO Symposium: Vienna 1958 3 7 - 3 8 , 4 1 , 4 7 National Library Buildings: Exhibition 7, 17, 129, 1 3 1 - 1 3 2 national library service 39, 105 national literature see literature National Science Library: Canada 9 6 - 1 0 5 , 131 newspapers 4 5 , 4 7 , 9 3 - 9 4 New Zealand: national library 105 Nigeria: national library 106, 116, 125, 131 noise 80, 8 2 - 8 3 , 1 0 1 - 1 0 2 , 1 1 5 - 1 1 6 , 135

offices 5 9 , 6 0 - 6 3 , 6 8 , 9 9 . 1 0 1 , 1 2 3 open access 3 4 , 4 4 , 4 8 organization 24, 27, 32 Österreichische Nationalbibliothek: Austria 4 5 - 4 6 , 132 Ottawa: National Library of Canada 96, 105, 1 1 0 - 1 1 2 , 1 1 4 - 1 1 6 , 131 - : National Science Library 9 6 - 1 0 5 , 131

Pagetti, R. 1 5 - 1 6 Pahlavi Library: Iran 1 1 7 - 1 2 0 paintings see pictures Paris: Bibliothèque Nationale 35, 47, 8 2 8 3 , 9 4 , 104, 1 3 1 - 1 3 2 , 134, 1 3 7 - 1 3 8 parliamentary libraries 24, 37, 111, 130 partition walls 6 3 , 6 5 , 6 9 , 136 passageways 6 2 , 7 0 , 8 2 - 8 3 , 9 0 periodicals 4 5 , 4 7 , 9 3 - 9 4 photographic material 3 3 , 5 4 - 5 5 , 7 9 pictures 23, 25, 55 planning: buildings 2 7 - 2 8 , 39, 8 4 - 8 5 , 9 6 . 1 0 4 - 1 0 5 , 107, 124, 1 2 6 - 1 2 7 - : services 22, 2 4 - 2 5 , 4 6 - 4 7 , 4 9 , 58, 65, 86, 8 8 - 8 9 , 93 plumbing 55 Poole, F . G . 5 0 - 6 6 , 104, 124 Popescu-Bradiceni, A. 4 8 power supplies 53. 63, 97 preservation of material 2 3 . 3 5 . 4 7 printing 53 processing of material 2 4 - 2 6 . 28, 3 2 - 3 3 , 40,98 programme: services 14, 20, 32, 3 6 - 4 4 , 4 7 , 5 0 , 8 8 . 115

publications 48, 53, 98, 108, 120 public libraries 3 7 , 4 9 , 8 7 - 8 9 , 1 1 6 public libraries: USA: New York 34, 106 - : USSR: Saltikov-Schedrin Public Library 8 6 , 9 1 - 9 2 - : Venezuela: Caracas 123 public relations 71, 121

rare material 23, 25, 33, 35, 38, 4 1 , 4 6 , 5 4 - 5 5 , 57, 61, 99, 1 0 8 - 1 0 9 , 1 18, 130 readers 29, 3 0 , 4 8 , 88, 112, 1 1 6 - 1 1 7 , 121 reader services 68, 71, 83, 99 reading r o o m s 29, 30, 34, 38, 41, 4 4 , 48, 5 9 - 6 0 , 6 2 - 6 3 , 86, 9 0 - 9 1 , 93, 99 recommendations 1 2 5 - 1 2 7 recreation rooms 3 1 , 8 3 , 1 0 0 reference collection 24, 37, 41, 44 reference services 3 0 , 5 1 - 5 2 , 1 0 8 , 1 2 0 regional libraries 87, 89, 9 2 regulations see standards relationship to o t h e r libraries 30, 31 relaxation rooms 31, 83, 100 remuneration 29 reprographic services 25, 3 2 - 3 3 , 54, 90 research material 23, 34, 4 7 , 51, 55, 87, 111, 118, 1 2 0 - 1 2 1 research services 5 1 - 5 2 , 1 0 8 research staff 5 2 - 5 3 research workers 23, 30, 33, 44, 86, 96, 121, 130, 135 restaurants see eating facilities restoration of material 24, 26, 33, 55, 138 rest r o o m s 6 8 , 7 1 - 7 2 , 9 0 , 9 9 , 1 0 1 retention of material 2 0 - 2 1 Reykjavik: national library 105, 1 1 0 - 1 1 3 , 1 1 6 - 1 1 7 , 131 Robinson, A . M . L . 115 Rojnid, M. 3 3 , 4 9 R o m e : Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale 12, 1 4 , 2 0 , 6 7 - 7 3 , 8 2 - 8 4 , 117, 131 rooms: division 69, 93, 100 Rumania: Biblioteca National 48

scholarly users see research workers screens: glass: exhibitions 70, 77 seating see space: distribution secondary sites see d e p o t s security 3 5 , 8 2 - 8 3 , 1 1 0 , 1 1 7 , 1 3 3 - 1 3 5 seminar r o o m s see meeting rooms serials 4 5 , 4 7 , 9 3 - 9 4 service desks 62

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services see advisory ...; catalogue card ...; copyright ...; c u l t u r a l . . . ; d o c u m e n t a t i o n ...; indexing ...; i n f o r m a t i o n ...; interlibrary lending ...; lending ...; reader ...; reference ...; reprographic ...; research...; t e c h n i c a l . . . ; translation ... Shafa, S. 1 1 7 - 1 2 0 shelving see b o o k s t a c k s showers 81 signposting 70, 102 site see location smoking-rooms 31 snack-bars see eating facilities social activities see cultural activities Sofia: N a r o d n a Biblioteka "Cyril & Methodius" 93 s o u n d p r o o f i n g 80, 1 0 1 - 1 0 2 S o u t h African Library: Cape T o w n 115 space: distribution 22, 25, 2 7 - 2 8 , 35, 59, 6 0 , 6 2 - 6 3 , 6 8 - 6 9 , 7 1 , 7 3 , 9 7 - 1 0 1 , 112, 116-117 Spain: Biblioteca Nacional 4 7 , 9 3 - 9 4 specialization: d e p a r t m e n t s 23, 2 5 - 2 6 , 28 Staatsbibliothek Preußischer Kulturbesitz: Federal Republic of G e r m a n y 32, 4 6 , 84, 105, 131, 133 stacks see b o o k s t a c k s staff 20, 2 4 - 2 5 , 29, 32, 6 0 , 9 3 , 123 standards 14, 29, 88, 9 3 storage 25, 35, 4 8 , 5 4 - 5 6 , 5 9 - 6 2 , 83, 9 3 , 123, 1 3 6 - 1 3 8 storehouses see d e p o t s students 30, 33, 112 studios 5 4 , 79 study r o o m s 4 4 , 9 9 , 101 subject specialists 25, 4 4 subject specialization: d e p a r t m e n t s 2 5 - 2 6 , 48,90, 108-109, J l l - : libraries 3 7 - 3 8 supplementary buildings see additional buildings Switzerland: national library 4 7 , 131 tasks see national libraries: f u n c t i o n s Tassoul, N. 7 3 - 8 1 , 8 3 teaching 2 3 team: building 4 3 , 85, 9 2 , 125 technical services 25, 3 2 - 3 3 , 54, 5 6 , 9 0 , 126-127 T e h e r a n : Pahlavi Library 1 4 , 1 1 7 - 1 2 0 telephones 3 0 , 6 3 , 6 8 , 7 1 , 9 9 t e m p e r a t u r e 55, 6 0 - 6 1 , 133 t e m p o r a r y walls 6 3 , 6 5 , 6 9 , 136 T h o m p s o n , A. 7, 1 7 , 7 4 , 129

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training: librarians 2 3 - 2 4 , 39, 4 8 , 5 5 - 5 6 , 108, 120, 123 translation services 120 transport 3 0 - 3 1 Turin: Biblioteca Centrale 133 UNESCO S y m p o s i u m : National Libraries in E u r o p e : Vienna 1958 3 7 - 3 8 , 4 1 , 4 7 union catalogues see national catalogues university libraries 13, 19, 24, 37, 4 9 , 88, 1 0 8 - 1 0 9 , 112, 114, 116 university libraries: Canada: T o r o n t o 114 - : Eire: Trinity College 121 - : Great Britain: L o n d o n School of E c o n o m i c s 121 - : Switzerland: Basle 125 - : USA: Harvard 106 university students 30, 33, 112 unused material 21 USA: Library of Congress 14, 34, 5 0 - 5 3 , 5 6 - 5 7 , 6 0 , 63, 6 5 - 6 6 , 84, 1 0 4 - 1 0 5 , 115, 1 2 4 , 1 3 1 users see readers USSR: Lenin Library 86, 9 1 - 9 2 , 94 - : National Historical Library 9 1 - 9 2 utilities 7 1 - 7 3 , 8 0 - 8 1 utilization of material 29, 30, 32, 48 vaults 3 3 , 5 4 - 5 5 , 9 0 , 9 3 , 9 7 , 1 2 3 vending machines see eating facilities Venetian blinds 102 Venezuela: Biblioteca Nacional 123 Vesper, E. 4 6 , 84, 105 video equipment see audiovisual equipment Vienna: Österreichische Nationalbibliothek 4 5 - 4 6 , 132 Vinogradov, V. 8 6 - 9 3 walls 5 8 - 5 9 , 6 3 , 6 5 , 6 9 , 1 0 3 , 1 2 4 , 1 3 6 warfare: p r o t e c t i o n 125 Washington, DC: Library of Congress 14, 34, 5 0 - 5 3 , 5 6 - 5 7 , 60, 63, 6 5 - 6 6 , 84, 1 0 4 - 1 0 5 , 115, 124, 131 West, T.W. 9 6 - 1 0 5 Wierzbicki, J. 82 Willemsen, A.W. 3 6 - 4 5 , 4 7 - 4 8 , 74, 82, 115 window blinds 102 w i n d o w s 82, 102 1 1 5 - 1 1 6 work flow 35 w o r k r o o m s 2 5 , 62 Yugoslavia: National and University Library 4 6 , 131