127 63 2MB
English Pages 128 [160] Year 2011
Media Persian
Books in the series Media Persian Dominic Parviz Brookshaw Internet Arabic Mourad Diouri Media Arabic 2nd edition Elisabeth Kendall www.euppublishing.com/series/emev
● Essential Middle Eastern Vocabularies ●
Media Persian
Dominic Parviz Brookshaw
Edinburgh University Press
© Dominic Parviz Brookshaw, 2011 Edinburgh University Press Ltd 22 George Square, Edinburgh www.euppublishing.com Typeset in Times New Roman and printed and bound in Great Britain by CPI Antony Rowe, Chippenham and Eastbourne A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 978 0 7486 4101 7 (hardback) ISBN 978 0 7486 4100 0 (paperback) The right of Dominic Parviz Brookshaw to be identified as author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
CONTENTS User Guide
vii
Introduction
1
1. General
5
2. Politics & Government
19
3. Elections
39
4. Conflict & Security
43
5. Law & Order
61
6. Human Rights
73
7. Economics
77
8. Trade & Industry
87
9. Science & Technology
97
10. Energy
105
11. Environment
109
12. Aid & Development
113
13. Culture & Sport
119
Index
127
USER GUIDE To enhance your ability to recall the vocabulary and to pronounce it correctly, this book is accompanied by audio recordings and audio-visual e-Flashcards of the entire contents of each chapter, recorded in both English and Persian. This e-Learning material is provided in two formats: 1. Audio recordings compatible with iPods and other devices (via MP3 files at http://www.euppublishing.com/page/media persian/audio); 2. Audio-visual e-Flashcards (via http://www.euppublishing.com/page/emev/e-learning). Audio recordings Main features ● Each Persian term is recorded with authentic native pronunciation at normal speed. ● Each Persian term is preceded by its equivalent in English. ● Each chapter is recorded as a single MP3 track (the track numbers correspond to the chapter numbers, e.g. Track 01 = Chapter 1). ● The audio files can be played on a computer or transferred to an MP3 device (e.g. iPod, mobile phone, etc.), enabling you to study on the move. Tips ● Make sure that you engage actively with the audio recordings by repeating each Persian term during the pause. ● Pause the recording and challenge yourself to produce the Persian word before it is announced.
viii ● USER GUIDE Audio-visual e-Flashcards Main features ● Designed with the language-learning software Before You Know It (BYKI), available as a free download suitable for Windows or Mac at www.byki.com/fls (select ‘Farsi’ as your chosen language). ● Each e-Flashcard contains the English term on one side and the Persian on the reverse. ● Each Persian term is recorded with authentic native pronunciation. ● The native speaker sound can be slowed down for paced listening. ● Vocabulary acquisition is accelerated through a variety of fun interactive self-assessment activities. Tips ● Keep track of your progress through BYKI’s interactive self-assessment modes. ● Review it: learn and review vocabulary in e-Flashcard mode including audio, without being assessed. ● Recognise it: test your recognition of the vocabulary in English from the Persian side. ● Know it: test your knowledge of the Persian vocabulary by typing its translation in English. ● Produce it: test your knowledge of the vocabulary in Persian from the English side. ● Own it: test your production of the vocabulary by typing it in Persian from the English side. Download The Media Persian BYKI sets are available at http://www.euppublishing.com/page/emev/e-learning. For more information about BYKI, go to www.byki.com.
INTRODUCTION The terminology used in the Persian-language media is constantly evolving; new words are being coined and foreign words are adapted and adopted into the language. This is why a quick-fix vocabulary of essential media Persian is vital to learners wishing to tap into the ever-growing multi-media world of Persian-language satellite TV, radio, websites, blogs and print media both inside and outside Iran. Much of the vocabulary included in this book cannot be found in even the latest Persian dictionaries. Although focused on the Iranian form of Persian (Farsi), this book will prove just as useful to those wishing to understand broadcasting and writing in Afghan Persian (Dari). Every effort has been made to ensure that the vocabulary listed here is that currently used in the Persian-language media, and that it is as up-to-date as possible. This book is divided into thirteen chapters covering a wide range of topics frequently reported in the Persian media: General; Politics and Government; Elections; Conflict and Security; Law and Order; Human Rights; Economics; Trade and Industry; Science and Technology; Energy; Environment; Aid and Development; and Culture and Sport. A great deal of thought has gone into how best to divide vocabulary between chapters which overlap in terms of subject matter (e.g. Law and Order and Human Rights), and every effort has
2 ● INTRODUCTION been made to avoid any repetition of vocabulary between chapters, except where absolutely necessary due to nuances in meaning and usage. The vocabulary featured here is not exhaustive, but rather it is core, and provides a solid basis for undergraduates, postgraduates, journalists, diplomats, politicians, business people and others wishing to read, write, speak, listen to, and translate media Persian. Some notes on the formal presentation The vocabulary in each chapter (bar the General chapter) is arranged with particular emphasis on the etymology and meaning of words. Strict alphabetical ordering has been avoided on the whole since this is counter-productive to learning vocabulary lists. Within each chapter vocabulary items are grouped in smaller, untitled sub-sections by topic, which means that the book can be used easily as a reference tool, although it is not aimed at replacing the use of dictionaries altogether. Users will detect the internal logic of the ordering of vocabulary items. The Arabic plural has been given in brackets after those nouns for which it is commonly used. All animate nouns in Persian can be pluralised by adding ان- (or گان- if the noun ends in silent )ه. All other nouns can be pluralised by simply adding ھا. Short vowels have not been indicated, since they do not commonly appear in printed and online media Persian texts. The user should refer to the files at http://www.euppublishing.com/page/mediapersian/audio for guidance on received pronunciation.
INTRODUCTION ● 3 The ezāfe has been shown throughout to aid the correct reading and oral use of phrases where it appears in Persian. Not all transitive/intransitive forms of verbs have been given, nor have all adjectival forms, only those encountered most commonly. The following descriptors have been added wherever ambiguity might exist: (adj.) adjective; (n.) noun; (v.i.) intransitive verb; (v.t.) transitive verb. I would like to thank Elisabeth Kendall, Pouneh Shabani Jadidi, and Naseem Alizadeh for their comments on an earlier draft of this book. Dominic Parviz Brookshaw Manchester August 2010
1. GENERAL رسانه ھا
the media
رسانه ھای گروھی
mass media
چند رسانه ای
multi-media
مطبوعات
the press
مطبوعاتی
press (adj.)
اطالعيۀ مطبوعاتی بيانيه،اعالميه
press release statement
کنفرانس ِ مطبوعاتی
press conference
سخنگوی مطبوعاتی
press spokesperson
روابط ِ عمومی روزنامه روزنامه نگار روزنامه نگاری
public relations newspaper print journalist print journalism
(خبر )اخبار
news
تيتر ِ اخبار
news headlines
خبررسان
newscaster
6 ● GENERAL
خبرگزار خبرگزاری
correspondent news agency
خبرنگار
journalist
خبريابی
news gathering
اتاق ِ خبر کنفرانس ِ خبری گزارش
newsroom news conference report
گزارش دادن
to report
گزارش شده
reported
گزارشگر
reporter
تحليل
analysis
تحليل کردن تحليلگر ّ ) مفسر ّ (مفسرين برنامه تلويزيون ِ ماھواره ای
to analyse analyst commentator programme satellite television
کانال
channel
مجری
presenter
GENERAL ● 7
راديو ِ ديجيتالی گويندۀ راديو پخش کردن
digital radio radio presenter to broadcast
تھيه کننده
producer
تھيه کردن
to produce
زنده مصاحبه
live interview
مصاحبه شونده
interviewee
مصاحبه کردن با
to interview
مصاحبه گر
interviewer
بازنويسی کردن پيش نويس تيراژ
to rewrite draft print run
منتشر کردن،چاپ کردن
to publish
ناشر
publisher
ستون
column
ستون نويس سرخط
columnist header
8 ● GENERAL
تيتر،عنوان
title
سر ديبر
editor (of a newspaper)
سر دبيری کردن
to edit (a newspaper)
سر مقاله
editorial
ويراستاری کردن
to edit
ويراستار
editor
فصلنامه
periodical
(متن )متون
text
(مجله )مجالت
journal; magazine
(مطلب )مطالب
story
(موضوع )موضوعات
topic
(مقاله )مقاالت
article; essay
(منبع )منابع
source
منابع ِ معتبر
reliable sources
نظر نقطه نظر
opinion point of view
GENERAL ● 9
ِ ايرنا )خبرگزاری ِ جمھوری ِ اسالمی (ايران
IRNA (Islamic Republic News Agency)
ِ ايسنا )خبرگزاری (دانشجويان ِ ايران
ISNA (Iranian Students’ News Agency)
بی بی سی
BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation)
راديو فردا
Radio Farda
ِ صدا و سيمای جمھوری اسالمی ِ ايران صدای آمريکا صدای اسرائيل ابراز کردن ابراز ِ نگرانی کردن
IRIB (Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting) Voice of America Voice of Israel to express to express anxiety
اتفاق افتادن
to happen
ّادعا کردن
to assert, to claim
اذعان کردن
to acknowledge
ارائه کردن
to present (e.g. a view)
10 ● GENERAL
اشاره کردن به اظھار داشتن اظھار نظر کردن اعتراف کردن
to point to; to indicate to express to express an opinion to admit
اعالم کردن
to announce
افزايش دادن
to increase (v.t.)
افزايش يافتن
to increase (v.i.)
افزودن
to add
انتقاد کردن
to criticise
ايجاد کردن
to create
شدن... ِ باعث
to cause
بحث کردن
to discuss
برخورد کردن با
to encounter
برگزار کردن
to hold (an event)
به تعويق افتادن
to be delayed
GENERAL ● 11
به خطر انداختن به شکست انجاميدن بيان کردن بيانگر ِ چيزی بودن پايان دادن به
to jeopardise to fail (e.g. talks) to express to be indicative of to put an end to
پس گرفتن
to retract
پيش بينی کردن
to predict
پيشنھاد کردن
to suggest
پيوستن به تأکيد کردن بر
to join to emphasise; to stress
تجديد ِ نظر کردن
to rethink
تحت ِ فشار بودن
to be under pressure
تحت ِ فشار قرار دادن
to put under pressure
تفسير کردن
to interpret (events)
تلويحا ً گفتن
to allude to
جلوگيری کردن از
to prevent
12 ● GENERAL
خواستار ِ چيزی شدن
to seek
خواھان ِ چيزی بودن
to ask for
دانستن در نظر گرفتن درز کردن ديدار کردن با رد کردن
to consider to take into consideration to leak (e.g. information) to meet with to refute; to reject
روشن کردن
to clarify
شک کردن در
to doubt
ّ صحت ِ چيزی را مورد ترديد قرار دادن عنوان کردن فاش کردن فرض کردن قول دادن کاھش دادن
to doubt the validity of something to raise (e.g. an issue) to disclose to hypothesise to pledge to decrease (v.t.)
GENERAL ● 13
کاھش يافتن کسی را مسئول دانستن
گمراه کردن
to decrease (v.i.) to consider someone responsible to mislead
لغو کردن
to cancel
لکه دار کردن
to tarnish
مخالفت کردن با
to oppose
ّ مشخص کردن
to pinpoint
مطرح کردن مالقات کردن با منجر شدن به موفق شدن ناديده گرفتن
to put forward to meet to lead to to succeed to ignore
ناشی شدن از
to arise out of
نقش بازی کردن
to play a role
نقل ِ قول کردن
to quote
ھدف قرار دادن
to target
14 ● GENERAL
ھشدار دادن به ... ّادعا می شود که
to warn it is alleged that
... انتظار می رود که
it is expected that
... اين در حاليست که
this comes at a time when
... به اين شرط که
on the condition that
... ِ به درخواست
at the request of
... ِ به عنوان ... پيش بينی می شود که ... تا آنجايی که ... در آستانۀ در آينده ای نه چندان دور ... در ارتباط با ... ِ در پی در طی ِ چند سال اخير در اين مورد
as it is predicted that so far as on the eve of in the not so distant future in relation to in the wake of over the past few years in this regard
GENERAL ● 15
... ِ در جواب
in answer to
... در حاليکه
whereas
... در زمينۀ
in the field of
در سطح ِ جھانی
worldwide
در شرايط ِ فعلی
in the present circumstances
طی ِ چند روز ِ آينده
over the next few days
... نظر به اينکه اجتناب ناپذير انجام شدنی انعطاف ناپذير انکار ناپذير با تجربه با نفوذ
in view of the fact that inevitable doable inflexible undeniable experienced influential
باور نکردنی
unbelievable
بحث برانگيز
controversial
بدون ِ نتيجۀ قطعی
indecisive
16 ● GENERAL
ّ بلند مدت
long-term
بی اساس
baseless
بی سابقه
unprecedented
بی قيد و شرط
unequivocal
پی در پی
consecutive
پيچيده پيش بينی نشده
complex unanticipated
ّ تأسف آور
regrettable
تأييد نشده
unconfirmed
تصور کردنی ّ
conceivable
خستگی ناپذير
tireless
دست يافتنی دوررس رد کردنی رک
achievable far-reaching refutable frank
سازنده
constructive
سؤال بر انگيز
questionable
صريح
outspoken
GENERAL ● 17
ضمنی عملی
implied doable; practical
غير ِ قابل ِ پيش بينی
unpredictable
غير ِ قابل ِ فھم
unintelligible
غير ِ قابل ِ قبول
unacceptable
غير ِ منتظره فرضی
unexpected hypothetical
قابل ِ اعتماد
reliable
قريب الوقوع
imminent
قطعی
definite
کليدی
key
ّ کوتاه مدت مبھم محوری مطلع
short-term vague pivotal informed
ملموس
tangible
مساعد
favourable
موفق
successful
18 ● GENERAL
نامساعد
unfavourable
نامعلوم
unclear
ناموفق
unsuccessful
نمادين
symbolic
ھدفمند
purposeful
ھمزمان
concurrent
2. POLITICS & GOVERNMENT سياست سياست ِ ارضا سياست بازی
politics; policy appeasement politicking
سياست ِ زور
power politics
سياست گذار
policy-maker
سياست گذاری سياست مدار سياسی
policy-making politician political
سياسی شدن
politicisation
سياسی کردن
to politicise
از نظر ِ سياسی پھنۀ سياسی
politically political spectrum
سيستم ِ سياسی
political system
علوم ِ سياسی
political science
غير ِ سياسی
non-political
بی طرف
neutral
20 ● POLITICS & GOVERNMENT
آنارشيست
anarchist (n.)
آنارشيسم
anarchism
استبداد
despotism
استعمارگر
colonialist (n.)
استعمارگری
colonialism
اسالمگرا
Islamist (n.)
اسالمگرايی
Islamism
اصالح طلب
reformist (n.)
اصالح طلبی
reformism
اصولگرا اصولگرايی اعتدالی
fundamentalist (n.) fundamentalism moderate (adj.)
(معتدل )معتدلين
moderate (n.)
افراط گرا
extremist (n.)
افراط گرايی اليگارشی امپرياليست امپرياليسم
extremism oligarchy imperialist (n.) imperialism
POLITICS & GOVERNMENT ● 21
انزوا طلب
isolationist (n.)
انزوا طلبی
isolationism
ايدآليسم
idealism
آرمان گرا
idealist
ايدئولوژی
ideology
ايدئولوژيک تندرو توتاليتر
ideological hard-liner totalitarian (adj.)
توتاليتريسم
totalitarianism
جدايی طلب
separatist (n.)
جدايی طلبی
separatism
چپگرا چپگرايی چند فرھنگی گرايی
leftist (adj. and n.) leftism multiculturalism
دموکراتيک
democratic
دموکراسی
democracy
ديکتاتور ديکتاتوری
dictator dictatorship
22 ● POLITICS & GOVERNMENT
راديکال
radical
رلديکاليسم
radicalism
راستگرا
right-wing
سرمايه دار سرمايه داری سکوالر
capitalist (n.) capitalism secular
سکوالريست
secularist
سکوالريسم
secularism
سلطنت
monarchy
سلطنت مشروطه
constitutional monarchy
سلطنت طلب
royalist (n.)
سلطنت طلبی
monarchism
سوسياليست
socialist (n.)
سوسياليسم صھيونيست صھيونيسم عملگرا
socialism Zionist (n.) Zionism pragmatist (n.)
POLITICS & GOVERNMENT ● 23
عملگرايی
pragmatism
فاشيشت
fascist (n.)
فاشيستی
fascist (adj.)
فاشيسم
fascism
فدرال
federal
فدراليست فدراليسم
federalist (n.) federalism
فرصت طلب
opportunist
فرطت طلبی
opportunism
قوم گرايی
tribalism
کثرت گرايی
pluralism
کمونيست کمونيسم
communist (n.) communism
ليبراليست
liberalist
ليبراليسم
liberalism
مائوئيست
Maoist (n.)
مائوئيسم مارکسيست
Maoism Marxist (n.)
24 ● POLITICS & GOVERNMENT
مارکسيسم
Marxism
محافظه کار
conservative
محافظه کاری
conservatism
مشروطه خواه
constitutionalist (n.)
مشروطه خواھی ملی گرا ملی گرايی نازی نازيسم نئونازيسم
constitutionalism nationalist (n.) nationalism Nazi Nazism neo-Nazism
نو محافظه کار
neo-conservative
نو محافظه کاری
neo-conservatism
واقع بين واقع بينی
realist (n.) realism
وطن پرست
patriot
وطن پرستی
patriotism
(حزب )احزاب
political party
حزب ِ اقليت
minority party
POLITICS & GOVERNMENT ● 25
حزب ِ اکثريت حزب بازی
majority party party politics
حزب ِ جمھوری خواه
Republican Party
حزب ِ دموکرات
Democratic Party
حزب ِ کارگر
Labour Party
حزب ِ ليبرال دموکرات
Liberal Democrats
حزب ِ محافظه کار
Conservative Party
حزب ِ مخالف خط ِ مشی ِ حزب
opposition party party line
تک حزبی
single-party
چند حزبی
multi-party
دو حزبی
bipartisan
جناح
wing
دسته
faction
(عضو )اعضا شدن... ِ عضو عضويت
member to become a member of membership
26 ● POLITICS & GOVERNMENT
اعضای وفادار ِ حزب پارلمان
the party faithful parliament
پارلمان ِ معلق
hung parliament
پارلمان ِ اروپا
The European Parliament
پارلمانی
parliamentary
( وکيل )وکالء،نماينده
member (of parliament)
مجلس مجلس ِ شورای ِ اسالمی
Majlis; parliament Islamic Consultative Assembly
رئيس ِ مجلس
speaker of the parliament
مجلس ِ عوام
House of Commons
مجلس ِ اعيان
House of Lords
مجلس ِ خبرگان سنا
Council of Experts The Senate
سناتور
Senator
کنگره
Congress
POLITICS & GOVERNMENT ● 27
عضو ِ کنگره انحالل اکثريت ِ مطلق دوره
member of Congress dissolution overall majority term
اجالس
meeting
اجالس ِ سران
summit
(جلسه )جلسات
meeting; session
جلسۀ غير ِ علنی
closed session
رئيس ِ جلسه
chairperson
دستور ِ جلسه
agenda
ديدار
meeting; visit
ديدار کردن با
to meet with
سفر ِ رسمی
official visit
سمينار
seminar
شورا
council
شورای نگھبان
Guardian Council
28 ● POLITICS & GOVERNMENT
ِ مجمع ِ تشخيص مصلحت ِ نظام مجمع ِ عمومی ِ ساالنه
ميزگرد نشست کميته کميسيون ھمايش،کنفرانس کنگره گرد ھم آيی
Expediency Council AGM (Annual General Meeting) roundtable session committee commission conference congress gathering; meeting
حکومت
government
حکومتی
governmental
حکومت ِ ائتالفی حکومت ِ فدرال
coalition government federal government
حکومت ِ دينی
theocracy
حکومت کردن
to govern
POLITICS & GOVERNMENT ● 29
حکم راندن حکمرانی دولت دولت ِ اقليت
to rule governance government; state minority government
دولت ِ مرکزی
central government
دولتی
governmental; state (adj.)
سخنگوی دولت
government spokesperson
کارمند ِ دولت
civil servant
کشور
country; state
کشور ِ عضو
member state
کشور ِ ميزبان
host country
قدرت ابر قدرت
power superpower
انتقال ِ قدرت
transfer of power
تقسيم ِ قدرت
power-sharing
پايگاه ِ قدرت
power base
30 ● POLITICS & GOVERNMENT
به قدرت رسيدن کناره گيری کردن
to come to power to step aside
بر کنار کردن
to oust
معزول کردن
to depose
رژيم تغيير ِ رژيم استقالل
regime regime change independence
مستقل
independent
خودمختار
autonomous
خودمختاری دستور دستور دادن رھبر رھبر ِ معظم
autonomy, self-rule order to order leader Supreme Leader
رھبری
leadership
رھنمود
directive
سران (فرمان )فرامين
heads of state decree
POLITICS & GOVERNMENT ● 31
فرمانروا فرمانروايی کردن بر سلسلۀ مراتب شايسته ساالری
ruler to rule over hierarchy meritocracy
نخبه ساالری
elitism
شھردار
mayor
مشاور
adviser; aide
ھمتا
counterpart
ارشد
senior
عالی رتبه مقامات مقامات ِ بلندپايه ّ متعھد ِ غير نظام نظم ِ نوين ِ جھانی (تابع )اتباع مليت،تابعيت
high-ranking authorities; officials high-ranking officials non-aligned political system New World Order national (n.) nationality
32 ● POLITICS & GOVERNMENT
(جامعه )جوامع جامعۀ بين المللی جامعۀ مدنی
community; society The International Community civil society
(رعيّت )رعايا
subject
شھروند
citizen
شھروندی
citizenship
مردم
the people
تودۀ مردم
the masses
عموم ِ مردم ھموطن جمھوری جمھوری ِ اسالمی ِ ايران رياست ِ جمھوری ِ )مربوط به( رياست جمھوری رئيس جمھور رئيس جمھور ِ سابق
the public compatriot republic Islamic Republic of Iran presidency presidential president former president
POLITICS & GOVERNMENT ● 33
رئيس جمھور ِ منتخب
president-elect
معاون ِ رئيس جمھور
vice-president
کاخ ِ رياست ِ جمھوری کاخ ِ سفيد نخست وزير معاون ِ نخست وزير
presidential palace The White House prime minister deputy prime minister
(وزير )وزراء
minister
معاون ِ وزير
deputy minister
وزارت وزارت خانه وزارتی کابينه کابينۀ حزب ِ مخالف ترميم ِ کابينه تعيين کردن منصوب شدن انتصاب
ministry ministry (building) ministerial cabinet shadow cabinet cabinet reshuffle to appoint to be appointed appointment
34 ● POLITICS & GOVERNMENT
ديپلمات
diplomat
ديپلماتيک
diplomatic
ديپلماسی
diplomacy
مصونيت ِ ديپلماتيک روابط ِ ديپلماتيک سفارت سفارت خانه (سفير )سفراء کنسول کنسولگری ،سازمان ِ ملل ِ متحد ملل ِ متحد،سازمان ِ ملل منشور ِ سازمان ِ ملل
diplomatic immunity diplomatic relations embassy embassy (building) ambassador consul consulate UN, United Nations UN charter
دبير ِ کل
Secretary-General
دبيرخانه
secretariat
رأی ِ منفی شورای امنيت
veto Security Council
POLITICS & GOVERNMENT ● 35
عضو ِ دائمی
permanent member
فرستادۀ ويژه
special envoy
قطعنامه کميسر ِ عالی
resolution high commissioner
کميسريای عالی
high commission
مجمع ِ عمومی
General Assembly
ِ يونسکو )سازمان علمی و،آموزشی (فرھنگی ِ ملل متحد
UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization)
ِ يونيسف )صندوق (کودکان ِ ملل ِ متحد
UNICEF (United Nations Children’s Fund)
اتحاديۀ آفريقا
African Union
اتحاديۀ اروپا
The European Union
اتحاديۀ عرب
The Arab League
ِ اتحاديۀ کشورھای مستقل ھمسود
CIS (Commonwealth of Independent States)
36 ● POLITICS & GOVERNMENT
اتحاديۀ کشورھای جنوب شرقی ِ آسيا
ASEAN (The Association of Southeast Asian Nations)
ِ سازمان ِ کنفرانس اسالمی
OIC (Organization of the Islamic Conference)
ِ شورای ھمکاری خليج ِ فارس کشورھای مشترک المنافع کميسيون ِ اروپا
GCC (Gulf Cooperation Council) The Commonwealth European Commission
گروه ِ ھفت
G7
گروه ِ بيست
G20
(اعتراض )اعتراضات
protest
اعتراض کردن
to protest
اعتصاب ِ غذا
hunger strike
اعتصاب ِ نشسته
sit-in
تظاھرات
demonstration
تظاھرات کردن
to demonstrate
POLITICS & GOVERNMENT ● 37
تظاھرکننده نافرمانی مدنی جنبش جنبش ِ اجتماعی
demonstrator civil disobedience movement social movement
جنبش ِ زنان
the women’s movement
جنبش ِ سبز
The Green Movement
راه پيمايی
street protest
شعار
slogan
ّ فعال ِ سياسی
political activist
بی تفاوتی ِ سياسی
political apathy
گروه ِ فشار
pressure group
3. ELECTIONS انتخابات
elections
ِ انتخابات ِ رياست جمھوری
presidential elections
انتخابات ِ سراسری
nationwide elections
انتخابات ِ محلی انتخابات ِ ميان دوره ای نتايج ِ انتخابات انتخاب شدن انتخاب کردن ّ ِ انتخاب مجدد
local elections mid-term elections election results to be elected to elect re-election
تبليغات ِ انتخاباتی
electioneering
دوباره انتخاب شدن
to be re-elected
دوباره انتخاب کردن حوزۀ انتخاباتی کميسيون ِ انتخاباتی مبارز
to re-elect constituency electoral commission campaigner
40 ● ELECTIONS
مبارزۀ انتخاباتی مانيفيست ناظر ِ انتخاباتی نظارت بر انتخابات (رأی )آراء صندوق ِ رأی
election campaign manifesto election monitor election monitoring vote ballot box
رأی ِ اعتماد
vote of confidence
رأی دادن به
to vote for
رأی دھنده
voter
رأی دھندگان
electorate
رأی شماری
vote-counting
رأی ِ عدم ِ اعتماد
vote of no confidence
دادن... ِ رأی عليه
to vote against
رأی ِ مثبت دادن به رأی ِ مخفی چيزی را به رأی گذاشتن رأی گرفتن
to vote in favour of secret ballot to put something to the vote to receive votes
ELECTIONS ● 41
رأی گيری
ballot; voting
اتاقک ِ رأی گيری
voting booth
برگۀ رأی گيری
ballot paper
تقلب در رأی گيری
vote-rigging
حوزۀ رأی گيری کانديدا،نامزد
candidate
نامزدی
candidacy
نامزد بودن
to stand for election
نامزد کردن
to nominate
ّ رد ِ صالحيت
de-selection
حامی
supporter
حمايت کردن از
to support
نظرسنج نظرسنجی آراء ِ عمومی آمار ھمه پرسی،رفراندوم
voting station
pollster opinion poll public opinion statistics referendum
4. CONFLICT & SECURITY (اغتشاش )اغتشاشات انتقام انتقام گرفتن
disturbance revenge to take revenge
تجاوز ِ نظامی
military invasion
تجاوز کردن به
to invade
تحريک
provocation
تحريک کردن
to provoke
تخريب کردن
to destroy
تسخير کردن
to capture (territory)
ّ تعرض تنش توسل به زور توطئه (تھديد )تھديدات تھديد کردن
aggression tension use of force conspiracy threat to threaten
44 ● CONFLICT & SECURITY
تھديد آميز (حمله )حمالت
threatening attack
حمله کردن
to attack
حمله کننده
attacker
خشن خشونت خونريزی درگيری
violent violence bloodshed clash
زد و خورد
scuffle
شدت گرفتن
to escalate
شدت گيری
escalation
کش مکش مبارزه کردن با محاصره مناقشه
conflict; skirmish to combat blockade; siege dispute
نابود کردن
to annihilate
نجات دادن
to rescue; to save
نزاع
dispute; quarrel
CONFLICT & SECURITY ● 45
ھجوم
attack; raid
اشغال
occupation
اشغال کردن
to occupy
اشغالگر
occupier
اشغالی
occupied
اراضی ِ اشغالی شھرک ِ يھودی نشين جنگ
The Occupied Territories Jewish settlement war
در حال ِ جنگ
at war
جنگنده
fighter
جنگيدن
to fight
جنگ ِ جھانی
world war
جنگ ِ تحميلی
The Imposed War (the Iran–Iraq War)
جنگ ِ داخلی جنگ ِ سرد جنگ ِ عادالنه
civil war The Cold War just war
46 ● CONFLICT & SECURITY
اعالن ِ جنگ کردن جنگ ساالر جنايت ِ جنگی محکمۀ جنايات ِ جنگی
to declare war warlord war crime war crimes tribunal
جنايتکار ِ جنگی
war criminal
جنايت ِ عليه ِ بشريت
crime against humanity
(اسير )اسراء جانباز خط ِ مقدم دشمن
prisoner of war war wounded frontline enemy
ھمدست ِ دشمن
collaborator
رزمنده
war veteran
(شھيد )شھداء تسليم تسليم شدن
martyr; war dead surrender to surrender
پيروزی
victory
دفاع
defence
CONFLICT & SECURITY ● 47
ّ ِ دفاع مقدس شکست شکست خوردن شکست دادن آسيب آسيب ديدن پاکسازی ِ نژادی قتل ِ عام قوم کشی،نژادکشی تلفات زخمی زخمی شدن
Sacred Defence defeat to be defeated to defeat injury; damage to be injured ethnic cleansing mass killing genocide loss of life injured to be injured
قربانی
victim
کشتار
killing
کشته
killed
شمار ِ کشته شدگان
death toll
(مجروح )مجروحين
wounded
مجروح شدن
to be wounded
48 ● CONFLICT & SECURITY
مرگبار ارتش ارتش ِ اشغالگر اردوگاه
deadly army occupying army army camp
پادگان
barracks
استراتژی
strategy
بسيج
mobilisation; Basij
تاکتيک
tactic
تيمسار
general
،خدمت ِ نظام وظيفه سربازی حملۀ زمينی درجه درجه دار سپاه ِ پاسداران ستاد ستاد ِ ارتش
military service ground attack rank non-commissioned officer Revolutionary Guard headquarters army staff
CONFLICT & SECURITY ● 49
سرباز ِ وظيفه عقب نشينی
conscript withdrawal
عمليات
operations
فراری
deserter
فرمانده
commander
فرماندۀ کل ِ قوا
commander-inchief
گشت
patrol
مانور
manoeuvre
متفقين
allies
ِ ناتو )سازمان ِ پيمان (آتالنتيک ِ شمالی نظامی نظامی سازی غير ِ نظامی سازی
NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) military militarisation demilitarisation
نظامی کردن
to militarise
نظامی گرايی
militarism
منطقۀ نظامی
militarised zone
50 ● CONFLICT & SECURITY
غير ِ نظامی نيروھا نيروھای احتياط
civilian forces reserves
نيروھای مسلح
armed forces
نيروی انتظامی
police
نيروی دريايی
navy
نيروی ھوايی
air force
پايگاه ِ ھوايی
airbase
اسلحه،سالح ھا
arms; weapons
سالح ھای اتمی
nuclear weapons
سالح ھای شيميايی سالح ھای کشتار ِ جمعی خلع ِ سالح
chemical weapons WMD (weapons of mass destruction) disarmament
خلع ِ سالح ھای اتمی
nuclear disarmament
منع ِ گسترش ِ سالح ھای اتمی
nuclear nonproliferation
مسابقۀ تسليحاتی
arms race
CONFLICT & SECURITY ● 51
مسلح غير ِ مسلح (انفجار )انفجارات مواد ِ منفجره بمب
armed unarmed explosion explosives bomb
بمب خنثی کردن
to defuse a bomb
بمب ِ خوشه ای
cluster bomb
بمب ِ کنار ِ جاده ای
roadside bomb
خودروی حاوی ِ بمب
car bomb
محل ِ انفجار ِ بمب
bombsite
بمباران بمباران کردن بمبگذار بمبگذار ِ انتحاری بمبگذاری بمبگذاری ِ انتحاری
bombardment to bomb (aerial) bomber suicide bomber bombing suicide bombing
تيراندازی
shooting
تيرادازی کردن
to shoot
52 ● CONFLICT & SECURITY
تانک خمپاره رادار زير دريايی مسلسل منطقۀ پرواز ممنوع موشک موشک ِ دوربرد
tank mortar radar submarine machine gun no-fly zone missile long-range missile
موشک ِ ضد ِ ھوايی
anti-aircraft missile
موشک ِ کوتاه برد
short-range missile
مھمات ّ مين مين ياب ميدان ِ مين نارنجک ناو ِ جنگی ھواپيمای بدون ِ سرنشين انقالب
ammunition land mine mine detector minefield hand grenade warship unmanned aircraft revolution
CONFLICT & SECURITY ● 53
انقالب ِ اسالمی
Islamic Revolution
انقالب ِ فرھنگی
cultural revolution
انقالب ِ مخملی
velvet revolution
انقالب ِ مشروطه
Constitutional Revolution
(انقالبی )انقالبيون
revolutionary
کودتا بر انداختن
coup to overthrow
براندازی
overthrow
بی ثباتی
instability
فروپاشی
collapse
فروپاشيدن
to collapse
شورش
revolt, rebellion; insurgency; riot
شورشی
rebel; insurgent; rioter
شورشی را فروخواباندن
to put down a revolt
پليس ِ ضد ِ شورش
riot police
ظلم کردن به
to oppress
54 ● CONFLICT & SECURITY
سرکوب کردن سرکوبگر
to suppress repressive
قيام
uprising
گاز ِ اشک آور
tear gas
مبارز ِ آزادی خواه شبه ِ نظاميان ِ ارتش ِ جمھوری خواه ايرلند حزب ﷲ طالبان مجاھدين سازمان ِ مجاھدين ِ خلق
مقاومت مقاومت ِ مسلحانه مقاومت کردن نا آرامی
freedom fighter militia IRA (Irish Republican Army) Hezbollah Taliban Mujahideen MKO (Mojahedin-e Khalq Organization) resistance armed resistance to resist unrest
CONFLICT & SECURITY ● 55
نارضايتی
discontent
آدم ربا
kidnapper
آدم ربايی القاعده
kidnapping Al-Qaeda
ترور
assassination
ترور کردن
to assassinate
تروريست گروه ِ تروريستی تروريسم
terrorist terrorist group terrorism
تروريسم ِ دولتی
state terrorism
جنگ عليه ِ تروريسم
War on Terror
گروگان
hostage
گروگان گرفتن
to take hostage
گروگان گيری
hostage taking
محور ِ شرارت ھواپيما ربا ھواپيما ربايی امنيت
Axis of Evil hijacker hijacking security (n.)
56 ● CONFLICT & SECURITY
امنيت ِ جمعی امنيت ِ ملی امنيتی
collective security national security security (adj.)
مخاطرۀ امنيتی
security risk
نيروھای امنيتی
security forces
انگشت نگاری
finger printing
کارت ِ شناسايی
identity card
ايست ِ بازرسی
check point
حالت ِ اضطراری خاموشی پليس ِ مخفی جاسوس جاسوس ِ دوجانبه جاسوسی سازمان ِ اطالعات
state of emergency curfew secret police spy double agent espionage intelligence agency
لباس شخصی
plain clothes
مأمور ِ مخفی
secret agent
نظارت
surveillance
CONFLICT & SECURITY ● 57
بن بست
impasse
آتش بس
ceasefire
آرام آرامش آشتی حقيقت و آشتی آشتی کردن
calm (adj.) calm (n.) reconciliation truth and reconciliation to make peace
حل ِ اختالف
conflict resolution
حل ِ درگيری
dispute resolution
حل کردن صلح مسالمت آميز،صلح آميز جنبش ِ صلح
to resolve; to solve peace peaceful peace movement
روند ِ صلح
peace process
سپاه ِ صلح
The Peace Corps
نيروی حافظ ِ صلح عدم ِ خشونت
peace-keeping force non-violence
58 ● CONFLICT & SECURITY
پيمان پيمان بستن توافق به توافق رسيدن
agreement; pact to enter into an agreement agreement to reach an agreement
عھدنامه
treaty
قرارداد
agreement
قرارداد ِ دوجانبه
bilateral agreement
امضا کننده
signatory
امضا کردن
to sign
گفتگو گفتگوی تمدن ھا
dialogue Dialogue Among Civilizations
گفتگوھا
talks
مذاکرات
negotiations
مذاکرات ِ دوجانبه
bilateral negotiations
CONFLICT & SECURITY ● 59
مذاکره کننده
negotiator
مذاکره کردن
to negotiate
ميز ِ مذاکره
negotiation table
داوری
arbitration
ميانجی گری
mediation
5. LAW & ORDER law legality rules and regulations legal
قانون )قوانين( قانونيت قوانين و مقررات قانونی
illegal
غير ِ قانونی
to legalise
قانونی کردن
to break the law
قانون را نقض کردن
law-abiding
مطيع ِ قانون
constitution
قانون ِ اساسی
constitutional unconstitutional
مبتنی بر قانون ِ اساسی مغاير ِ قانون ِ اساسی
penal law
قانون ِ جزايی
criminal law
قانون ِ جنايی
penal code civil law
قانون ِ مجازات ِ عمومی قانون مدنی
62 ● LAW & ORDER
تدوين ِ قوانين اليحۀ قانونی ماده
bill article (of law)
اختيار ِ قانونی
jurisdiction
پيگرد ِ قانونی
prosecution
حاکميت ِ قانون
rule of law
مھلت ِ قانونی
moratorium
حقوق ِ بين المللی قانون گذاشتن قانونگذار قانونگذاری )مربوط به( قانونگذاری
codification
international law to legislate legislator legislation legislative (adj.)
عرف
common law
شرع
religious law
شريعت
Sharia (Islamic law)
مشروع
legitimate
مشروعيت
legitimacy
نا مشروع
illegitimate
LAW & ORDER ● 63
دادگاه جلسۀ دادگاه دادگاه ِ استيناف دادگاه ِ انقالب دادگاه ِ عالی ِ ديوان ِ بين المللی دادگستری ديوان ِ بين المللی ِ کيفری دادخواھی
hearing court of appeal revolutionary court High Court International Court of Justice International Criminal Court lawsuit
دادرسی
legal procedure
دادستان
public prosecutor
عدالت،دادگستری وزارت ِ دادگستری بی عدالتی عادالنه غير ِ عادالنه محاکمه
court of law
justice Ministry of Justice injustice just unjust trial
64 ● LAW & ORDER
محاکمه شدن محاکمه کردن
to try
محکوم کردن
to convict
حکم
sentence; verdict
حکم ِ اعدام
death sentence
حکم ِ برائت
verdict of not guilty
حکم صادر کردن
to issue a verdict
حکم ِ محکوميت
verdict of guilty
ّ مقصر دانستن عفو قاضی قوۀ قضائيه
to be tried
to find guilty pardon judge judiciary
(وکيل )وکالء
lawyer
ھيئت ِ منصفه
jury
شاکی
plaintiff
ّ مدعی
claimant
مظنون
suspect
(شاھد )شھود
witness
LAW & ORDER ● 65
شاھد ِ عينی شھادت شھادت دادن
testimony to testify
سوگند خوردن
to swear an oath
(اتھام )اتھامات
charge
متھم متھم شدن متھم کردن احضار کردن احضاريه اجرا اجرا کردن
eye witness
accused to be accused to accuse to summon summons implementation to implement
استدالل
argumentation
استيناف
appeal
استيناف دادن
to appeal
اقامۀ دعوی
litigation
(اقدام )اقدامات
measure
بی گناه
innocent
66 ● LAW & ORDER
case; file document permit
پرونده سند )اسناد( مجوز ّ
evidence
مدرک )مدارک(
to prove
ثابت کردن
to prosecute
تحت ِ تعقيب قرار دادن
prosecution
تعقيب ِ کيفری
to ratify
تصويب کردن
to file for divorce
تقاضای طالق کردن
to abide by
رعايت کردن
indictment
کيفر خواست
to indict to abolish to contravene settlement crime crime rate
کيفر خواست صادر کردن عليه ِ منسوخ کردن نقض کردن واگذاری جرم ،جنايت )جنايات( ميزان ِ جنايت
LAW & ORDER ● 67
مجرم،جنايتکار
criminal (n.)
مجرم ِ جنسی
sex offender
جرم شناس
criminologist
جرم شناسی
criminology
جنايی سابقۀ جنايی خالف متخلف،خالفکار خالفکاری شدن... ِ مرتکب باند ِ تبھکار قتل ِ عمد
criminal record minor offence offender wrongdoing to commit (a crime) criminal gang murder
قتل ِ غير ِ عمد
manslaughter
قتل ھای زنجيره ای
serial killings
(قاتل )قاتلين
murderer
به قتل رساندن
to murder
تجاوز کردن به
to rape
تخطی
criminal (adj.)
transgression
68 ● LAW & ORDER
خشونت ِ خانگی خيانت
treason
( سارق )سارقين،دزد
thief
سرقت،دزدی
theft
سرقت کردن،دزدی کردن قاچاق قاچاقچی ّ قاچاقچی ِ مواد مخدر ّ فروشندۀ مواد مخدر گانگستر مافيا آزاد شدن آزاد کردن آزادی ِ مشروط به قيد ِ ضمانت آزاد کردن تبرئه شدن
domestic violence
to steal smuggling smuggler drug smuggler drug dealer gangster Mafia to be released to release conditional release to release on bail to be acquitted
(اعتراف )اعترافات
confession
اعتراف کردن
to confess
LAW & ORDER ● 69
بازجو بازجويی توقيف،بازداشت بازداشت ِ حمايتی
interrogation detention protective custody
بازداشت شدن
to be detained
بازداشت شده
detainee
بازداشت کردن
to detain
بازداشتگاه
detention centre
بازرس
inspector
بازرسی
inspection
بررسی
investigation
بررسی کردن
to investigate
پرس و جو
inquiry
تفتيش کردن
to inspect; to search
توقيف کردن
to seize
حبس حبس ِ ابد
interrogator
confinement life imprisonment
70 ● LAW & ORDER
حبس ِ انفرادی دستگير شدن دستگير کردن دستگيری کالنتری زندان زندانی زندانی ِ سياسی
to be arrested to arrest arrest police station prison prisoner political prisoner
زندانی کردن
to imprison
ضبط ِ اموال
confiscation of property
مصادره کردن اعدام اعدام شدن اعدام کردن جريمه جريمه شدن
solitary confinement
to confiscate execution to be executed to execute fine to be fined
LAW & ORDER ● 71
دار زدن قدغن کردن مجازات قابل ِ مجازات مجازات شدن مجازات کردن مجازات ِ مرگ ممنوع کردن ممنوعيت
to hang to ban punishment punishable to be punished to punish capital punishment to prohibit ban
6. HUMAN RIGHTS (حق )حقوق
right
حقوق ِ بشر
human rights
نقض ِ حقوق ِ بشر
human rights violation
ِ اعالميۀ جھانی ِ حقوق بشر ديده بان ِ حقوق ِ بشر عفو ِ بين الملل حقوق ِ مدنی حقوق ِ ھمجنسگرايان آزادی آزادی ِ اجتماعات آزادی ِ اديان آزادی ِ بيان
Universal Declaration of Human Rights Human Rights Watch Amnesty International civil rights gay rights freedom freedom of association freedom of religion freedom of speech
74 ● HUMAN RIGHTS
آزادی ِ مطبوعات
freedom of the press
تبعيض
discrimination
تبعيض آميز
discriminatory
مورد ِ تبعيض قرار دادن
to discriminate against
تبعيض ِ جنسی
sex discrimination
تبعيض ِ نژادی
racial discrimination
اذيت و آزار بردگی تجارت ِ انسان تجاوز خشونت عليه ِ زنان سانسور
persecution slavery human trafficking rape violence against women censorship
سانسور کردن
to censor
سوء ِ استفاده
abuse
شکنجه
torture
HUMAN RIGHTS ● 75
شکنجه دادن
to torture
شکنجه گر
torturer
نژاد پرست
racist
نژاد پرستی
racism
يھودی ستيزی
anti-Semitism
ھمجنسگرا ستيزی
homophobia
مھاجرت
immigration; migration
مھاجرت ِ اجباری
forced migration
مھاجر
immigrant
پناه جو
asylum seeker
پناھندگی
asylum
پناھنده
refugee
ِ کميسيون ِ عالی ِ پناھندگان ِ سازمان ملل غربت تبعيد کردن
UNHCR (United Nations High Commission for Refugees) diaspora; exile to exile
7. ECONOMICS اقتصاد اقتصادی بھبود ِ اقتصادی پيشبينی ِ اقتصادی اقتصاددان اقتصاد ِ بازار ِ آزاد
economics; economy economic economic recovery economic forecasting economist free market economics
اقتصاد ِ خرد
micro economics
اقتصاد ِ کالن
macro economics
اقتصاد ِ صنعتی اقتصاد ِ کشاورزی اقتصاد ِ معيشتی مالی بحران ِ مالی
industrial economy agrarian economy subsistence economy financial; fiscal financial crisis
78 ● ECONOMICS
برنامۀ نجات ِ مالی سال ِ مالی
financial rescue package financial year
ّ محرک ِ مالی
fiscal stimulus
نظارت ِ مالی
financial regulation
حسابرس
auditor
حسابرسی
auditing
حسابرسی کردن
to audit
،تأمين ِ مالی ِ خرد ميکروفاينانس تأمين ِ اجتماعی بودجه کسر ِ بودجه ّ تورم ّ تورم ِ عنان گسيخته ّ تورم ِ صفر رشد رشد ِ منفی
microfinance social security budget budget deficit inflation hyperinflation zero inflation growth negative growth
ECONOMICS ● 79
رشد کردن
to grow
رکود
recession
کساد،دچار ِ رکود
depressed
يارانه،سوبسيد
subsidy
سوبسيد دادن به
to subsidise
صرفه جويی کردن صندوق
to economise fund
صندوق ِ بازنشستگی
pension fund
کاھش ِ ھزينه
spending cut
کاله برداری ارز ارز ِ قوی ذخيرۀ ارزی نرخ ِ ارز
fraud foreign currency hard currency currency reserves exchange rate
پول
currency; money
پولی
monetary
بازار ِ پول
money market
تزريق ِ پول
cash injection
80 ● ECONOMICS
سيستم ِ پولی تبديل کردن ّ صرافی تضعيف ِ ارزش ِ پول صندوق ِ بين المللی ِ پول حوزۀ يورو
monetary system to change (money) bureau de change devaluation IMF (International Monetary Fund) Eurozone
بانک
bank
شعبه
branch
عابر بانک
کارت ِ بانکی بانکداری بانکدار بانک ِ جھانی بانک ِ مرکزی گروه ِ بانکی سيستم ِ بانکداری
ATM (Automated Teller Machine), cashpoint bank card banking banker The World Bank central bank banking group banking system
ECONOMICS ● 81
نرخ ِ بانکی
bank rate
نرخ ِ پايه
base rate
پس انداز
savings
حساب
account
حسابدار حسابداری اعتبار
accountant accountancy credit
بحران ِ اعتبار
credit crunch
خط ِ اعتبار
line of credit
درجۀ اعتبار
credit rating
کارت ِ اعتباری
credit card
طلبکار
creditor
بدھکار
debtor
بدھکار بودن بدھی بدھی ِ ملی بھره بدون ِ بھره
to be in debt debt national debt interest interest-free
82 ● ECONOMICS
نرخ ِ بھره پيش پرداخت،بيعانه
interest rate down payment
بازپرداخت
repayment
(قسط )اقساط
instalment
قصور در پرداخت
default
بيمه
insurance
ضامن
guarantor
ضمانت
guarantee
ضمانت کردن (قرض )قروض قرض دادن
to guarantee loan to loan
قرض گرفتن
to borrow
قرض گيری
borrowing
وام وام دادن وام گرفتن وام ِ مسکن اموال،دارايی
loan to loan to take out a loan home loan assets
ECONOMICS ● 83
liquid assets capital capitalist capitalism floating capital investor investment to invest capital gain risk risk taking venture capital cash cash flow liquidity
دارايی ھای نقدی سرمايه سرمايه دار سرمايه داری سرمايه در گردش سرمايه گذار سرمايه گذاری سرمايه گذاری کردن سود ِ سرمايه مخاطره ،ريسک مخاطره جويی سرمايه گذاری ِ مخاطره آميز پول ِ نقد جريان ِ نقدی نقدينگی
yield
بازده
income
درآمد
84 ● ECONOMICS
سود
profit
سود بردن از
to profit from
سود ِ خالص
gross profit
سوددھی
profitability
سود ِ ناخالص
net profit
خسارات
losses
ضررده
loss-making
ماليات ماليات بندی ماليات بر ارث ماليات بر ارزش ِ افزوده ماليات بر درآمد
tax, taxes taxation inheritance tax value added tax income tax
ماليات ِ خريد
purchase tax
ماليات بستن به
to levy tax on
ماليات دادن
to pay tax
ماليات دھنده
tax payer
اظھارنامۀ مالياتی
tax return
بدون ِ ماليات
tax-free
ECONOMICS ● 85
tax evasion
پرھيز از ماليات
tax haven
پناھگاه ِ مالياتی
tax relief
تخفيف ِ ماليات
pre-tax profit tax-deductible
سود قبل از ماليات قابل ِ کسر از ماليات
taxable
مشمول ِ ماليات
tax exempt
معاف از ماليات
tax assessor
ّ مميز ِ مالياتی
8. TRADE & INDUSTRY تجارت،بازرگانی
commerce; trade
تجارت کردن
to trade
تجارت ِ آزاد
free trade
سازمان ِ تجارت ِ جھانی
WTO (World Trade Organization)
کسری ِ تجاری
trade gap
تجارتی،تجاری
commercial; trade (adj.)
تجاری کردن عالمت ِ تجاری مارک
to commercialise trademark brand
تاجر،بازرگان
merchant; trader
اتاق ِ بازرگانی
chamber of commerce
نمايشگاه ِ تجاری
trade fair
(تحريم )تحريمات
sanction
ممنوعيت ِ خريد و فروش
embargo
88 ● TRADE & INDUSTRY
ِ ممنوعيت گذاشتن روی رفع ِ ممنوعيت کردن صادرات
to impose an embargo on to lift an embargo exports
صادر کردن
to export
صادرکننده
exporter
واردات
imports
وارد کردن
to import
واردکننده
importer
گمرک
customs
عوارض
duty; toll
ِ معاف از عوارض گمرکی
duty-free
بار با کشتی فرستادن بازار
cargo to ship market; bazaar
بازار ِ آزاد
free market
بازار ِ سياه
black market
TRADE & INDUSTRY ● 89
بازار ِ کار بازاری به بازار عرضه کردن
job market bazaari to market
روندھای بازار
market trends
شرايط ِ بازار
market conditions
قيمت ِ بازار (سفارش )سفارشات سفارش دادن عرضه و تقاضا
market price order to order supply and demand
عرضه کردن
to supply
قدرت ِ خريد
buying power
کاال کاالھای اساسی کاالھای مصرفی سھام،اوراق ِ بھادار بورس ِ سھام
goods commodities consumer goods stocks stock exchange
دالل ِ سھام
stockbroker
سود ِ سھام
dividend
90 ● TRADE & INDUSTRY
صاحب ِ سھام،سھامدار
shareholder
سھم ِ متعارف
equity
شاخص
index
مبتنی بر شاخص آگھی آگھی کردن اداره اداره کردن ادارۀ مرکزی مدير مدير ِ کل مدير ِ عامل مديريت ھيئت ِ مديره ادغام انحصار بخش ِ دولتی بخش ِ خصوصی
index-linked advertisement to advertise office; management to manage head office manager; director general manager managing director management board merger monopoly state sector private sector
TRADE & INDUSTRY ● 91
خصوصی سازی
privatisation
بخش ِ عمومی
public sector
جھانی سازی
globalisation
خرده فروش
retailer
خرده فروشی
retail
عمده فروش
wholesaler
عمده فروشی
wholesale
ارقام ِ فروش
sales figures
رئيس
boss
رقابت
competition
رقابت کردن با رقيب شرکت
to compete with competitor; rival company
شرکت ِ چند مليتی
multinational
شرکت ِ سھامی ِ عام با مسئوليت ِ محدود
PLC (private limited company)
(شريک )شرکاء
business partner
92 ● TRADE & INDUSTRY
کسب و کار
business (field)
تعاونی
cooperative
قرارداد
contract
مشتری
customer
معامله
deal
ملی سازی
nationalisation
ملی کردن
to nationalise
ورشکست شدن ورشکستگی
to go bankrupt bankruptcy
ھزينه
cost
حرفه
career; profession
حرفه ای شغل شغل ِ آزاد
professional job self-employment
اشتغال
employment
بيکاری
unemployment
کارفرما
employer
کارگر
worker
TRADE & INDUSTRY ● 93
کارمند نيروی کار
employee work force
ھمکار
colleague
پيمانکار
contractor
کار آموز
trainee
کار آموزی اتحاديۀ صنفی
training trade union
اتحاديۀ کارگری
workers’ union
روابط ِ کارگر و کارفرما
labour relations
اخراج شدن
to be fired
اخراج کردن
to fire
استخدام شدن
to be hired
استخدام کردن
to employ; to hire
استعفا
resignation
استعفا دادن اعتصاب اعتصاب شکستن
to resign strike to break a strike
94 ● TRADE & INDUSTRY
اعتصاب شکن
strike breaker
اعتصاب کردن
to strike
اعتصاب کننده
striker
بازنشستگی
retirement
بازنشسته شدن
to retire
حقوق ِ بازنشستگی
pension
ترفيع
promotion
ترفيع دادن به
to promote
ترفيع گرفتن تنزيل ِ مرتبه
to be promoted demotion
حقوق
wage; salary
درآمد
income
معاش
livelihood
حد ِ اقل ِ دستمزد (صنعت )صنايع صنعتی صنعتی کردن پسا صنعتی
minimum wage industry industrial industrialisation post-industrial
TRADE & INDUSTRY ● 95
صنايع ِ توليدی
manufacturing industry
صنايع ِ سنگين
heavy industry
صنعت ِ توريسم جھانگردی،گردشگری
tourism industry tourism
اکوتوريسم
ecotourism
کشاورزی
agriculture
(توليد )توليدات
production; product
خط ِ توليد
production line
توليد ِ انبوه
mass production
توليد کردن
to produce
توليد کننده
producer
توليد ِ ناخالص ِ داخلی
GDP (Gross Domestic Product)
توزيع
distribution
محصول،فرآورده ()محصوالت فرآوردۀ جنبی
product by-product
96 ● TRADE & INDUSTRY
کميت
quantity
کيفيت
quality
کنترل ِ کيفی
quality control
ماشينی شدن
mechanisation
مصرف
consumption
مصرفی
consumer (adj.)
جامعۀ مصرفی
consumer society
مصرف گرايی
consumerism
مصرف کردن
to consume
مصرف کننده
consumer
مواد
materials
مواد ِ خام
raw materials
9. SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY (علم )علوم علمی
scientific
دانشمند
scientist
آزمايش
experiment; test
آزمايش کردن آزمايشگاه تجربی،آزمايشی کارشناس ّ ّ (متخصصين ) متخصص ّ تخصص مخترع
to test laboratory experimental expert specialist specialisation inventor
(اختراع )اختراعات
invention
اختراع کردن
to invent
(اکتشاف )اکتشافات کشف کردن پژوھش
science
discovery to discover research (n.)
98 ● SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
پژوھشگر ّ ،تکنولوژی فن آوری
technology
ّ فن آوری ِ اطالعات
IT (information technology)
تکنولوژی ِ زيستی
biotechnology
ّ فن آوری ِ سبز ّ فنی روبات روبات سازی
green technology technological robot robotics
ھوش ِ مصنوعی
AI (artificial intelligence)
واقعيت ِ مجازی
virtual reality
رصدخانه ستاره
observatory star
ستاره شناس
astronomer
ستاره شناسی
astronomy
ّ ) سياره ّ (سيارات کرۀ زمين
researcher
planet planet earth
SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY ● 99
کھکشان ِ راه ِ شيری گيتی،کيھان
universe
ماھواره
satellite
منظومۀ شمسی فضا ايستگاه ِ فضايی
solar system space space station
عصر ِ فضا
space age
فضاپيما
spacecraft
فضانورد
astronaut
ابزار
device; gadget
پويشگر،اسکنر
scanner
پويش کردن،اسکن کردن
to scan
چاپگر،پرينتر
printer
چاپ کردن،پرينت گرفتن
to print
مخابرات موبايل،تلفن ِ ھمراه پيامک
The Milky Way
telecommunications mobile phone text, SMS (Short Message Service)
100 ● SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
پيامگير
answerphone
دستگاه
device
دورنگار
fax
ديجيتالی
digital
کتاب ِ راھنما گوشی
earpiece
ھدفون
headphones
رايانه،کامپيوتر
computer
برنامه نويس
programmer
برنامه نويسی
programming
حافظه
memory
حذف کردن
to delete
داده ھا
data
داده پردازی
data processing
ذخيره کردن
to save (e.g. data)
سخت افزار
hardware
نرم افزار
software
سيستم ِ عامل
manual
operating system
SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY ● 101
صفحۀ کليد فايل
file
گيگابايت
gigabyte
مگابايت
megabyte
مانيتور
monitor
نصب کردن
to install
وارد کردن
to input
ويروس
virus
آنالين
online
آپلود
upload
آپلود کردن
to upload
دانلود
download
دانلود کردن پست ِ الکترونيکی،ايميل اينترنت اينترنت ِ پرسرعت
keyboard
to download email internet high-speed internet
کافی نت
internet café
اينترانت
intranet
102 ● SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
بی سيم
wireless
پادکست
podcast
رمز ِ عبور سايت ِ پايگاه،وب سايت اينترنتی سرور سرويس دھنده شبکه شبکۀ اجتماعی
site website server service provider network social networking site
وب،شبکۀ جھانی
worldwide web
(صفحه )صفحات
webpage
صفحۀ اصلی فيلتر فيلترشکن فشار دادن،کليک کردن گشت زدن در وب
password
home page filter filter breaker to click surfing the web
SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY ● 103
لينک جستجو کردن
link to search (e.g. the web)
موتور ِ جستجو
search engine
وبالگ
weblog, blog
وبالگ نويس
blogger
وبالگ نويسی
blogging
10. ENERGY انرژی انرژی ِ اتمی
nuclear energy
رآکتور ِ اتمی
nuclear reactor
غنی سازی ِ اورانيوم زبالۀ اتمی پرتوزا پرتوزايی ِ آژانس ِ بين المللی انرژی ِ اتمی
uranium enrichment nuclear waste radioactive radioactivity IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency)
انرژی ِ جايگزين
alternative energy
انرژی ِ تجديدپذير
renewable energy
مصرف ِ انرژی
energy
energy consumption
کارايی انرژی
energy efficiency
انرژی ِ بادی
wind power
توربين ِ بادی
wind turbine
106 ● ENERGY
انرژی ِ خورشيدی
solar energy
صفحۀ خورشيدی
solar panel
انرژی ِ زمين گرمايی بازار ِ انرژی نيرو
energy market power
نيروی ھسته ای
nuclear power
نيروگاه
power station
برق
electricity
برق ِ آبی
hydroelectricity
قطع ِ برق
power cut
ژنراتور
generator
باطری ِ قابل ِ شارژ سوخت ِ سوخت،سوخت ِ فسيلی سنگواره ای زغال سنگ گاز
geothermal energy
rechargeable battery fuel fossil fuel coal gas
ENERGY ● 107
گاز ِ طبيعی منابع ِ طبيعی
natural resources
منابع ِ معدنی
mineral resources
معدن معدن چی معدن کاری نفت
mine miner mining oil
نفت ِ خام
crude oil
نفت خيز
oil-rich
نفت کش
oil tanker
ِ اوپک )سازمان کشورھای صادرکنندۀ (نفت
OPEC (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries)
بشکه
barrel
بنزين
petrol
بنزين ِ بدون ِ سرب پااليشگاه
natural gas
lead-free petrol refinery
108 ● ENERGY
پتروشيمی
petrochemical
چاه ِ نفت
oil well
حفاری
drilling
سکوی حفاری خط ِ لوله
pipeline
ذخاير ِ نفت
oil reserves
شرکت ِ نفت
oil company
صنعت ِ نفت
oil industry
مخزن ِ نفتی
oil reservoir
ميدان ِ نفتی
oilfield
نشت ِ نفت
oil spill
وابسته به نفت
drilling rig
oil-dependent
11. ENVIRONMENT محيط ِ زيست محيط زيستی
environmental
حفظ ِمحيط ِ زيست
environmental protection
سازگار با محيط ِ زيست
environmentally friendly
طرفدار ِ محيط ِ زيست
environmentalist
ّ فعال ِ محيط ِ زيست
environmental activist
اکوسيستم
ecosystem
بوم شناختی
ecological
بوم شناس
ecologist
تداوم پذيری
sustainability
بازيافت
recycling
بازيافتن،بازيابی کردن
to recycle
قابل ِ بازيافت،بازيافتنی
recyclable
بازيافته
environment
recycled
110 ● ENVIRONMENT
زباله قابل ِ تجزيۀ زيست شناختی
biodegradable
طبيعت
nature
طبيعی
natural; organic
اقليم،آب و ھوا ،تغيير ِ آب و ھوا تغيير ِ اقليم
climate climate change
اثر ِ گلخانه ای
greenhouse effect
گازھای گلخانه ای
greenhouse gases
،افزايش ِ دمای زمين گرمايش ِ زمين
global warming
ِ باال آمدن ِ سطح ِ آب درياھا
the rising of sea levels
ذوب شدن ِ يخ ھای قطبی رد ِ پای کربن نشر ِ کربن
rubbish
polar ice cap melting carbon footprint carbon emissions
سوراخ ِ اوزون
ozone hole
اليۀ اوزون
ozone layer
ENVIRONMENT ● 111
آلودگی آلودگی ِ ھوا مه دود آلوده آلوده کردن رفع ِ آلودگی
air pollution smog polluted to pollute decontamination
مادۀ آلوده کننده
pollutant
انفجار ِ جمعيت
population explosion
رشد ِ جمعيت کاھش ِ جمعيت انقراض در معرض ِ انقراض منقرض
population growth depopulation extinction endangered extinct
منقرض شدن
to become extinct
حيات ِ وحش
wildlife
ِ صندوق ِ جھانی ِ حيات وحش
pollution
WWF (Worldwide Fund for Nature)
112 ● ENVIRONMENT
بيابان شدن
desertification
جنگل زدايی
deforestation
بالی طبيعی
natural disaster
توفان
storm
توفند
hurricane
خشکی،خشکسالی
drought
زمين لغزه،ريزش
landslide
زمين لرزه،زلزله
earthquake
سونامی سيل
erosion
آتشفشان
volcano
خاکستر ِ آتشفشانی ابر ِ خاکستر ِ آتشفشانی
flood
فرسايش
انفجار ِ آتشفشانی
tsunami
volcanic eruption volcanic ash volcanic ash cloud
12. AID & DEVELOPMENT کمک،امداد کمک رسانی،امدادرسانی سازمان ِ امدادی
relief work aid organisation
امدادگر
aid worker
داوطلب
volunteer
داوطلبانه
voluntary
سازمان ِ خيريه
charity
سازمان ِ غير ِ انتفاعی
non-profit organisation
سازمان ِ غير ِ دولتی
NGO (nongovernmental organisation)
اعانه
donation
اھدا کردن
to donate
اھداکننده بخشيدن ِ قروض کمک ِ مالی
aid
donor debt cancellation financial assistance
114 ● AID & DEVELOPMENT
انسان دوستانه
humanitarian
بحران ِ انسانی
humanitarian crisis
فاجعه آميز پزشکان ِ بدون ِ مرز سازمان ِ جھانی ِ بھداشت
صليب ِ سرخ ھالل ِ احمر ميزان ِ مواليد
MSF (Médecins Sans Frontières) WHO (World Health Organization) Red Cross Red Crescent birth rate
ميزان ِ مرگ و مير
mortality rate
احتمال ِ طول ِ عمر
life expectancy
تنظيم ِ خانواده
family planning
بيماری ِ مسری
infectious disease
بيماری ِ ھمه گير
epidemic
ايدز
catastrophic
AIDS
AID & DEVELOPMENT ● 115
طاعون
plague
وبا
cholera
بھداری پيراپزشک درمانگاه
paramedic clinic
کمکھای اوليه
first aid
واکسن
vaccine
واکسن زدن به فقر فقر زده
to vaccinate poverty poverty-stricken
خط ِ فقر
poverty line
تھيدستی
destitution
قحطی سوء ِ تغذيه برنامۀ جھانی ِ غذا ويران سازی،تخريب بازسازی
public health
famine malnutrition WFP (World Food Programme) destruction reconstruction
116 ● AID & DEVELOPMENT
حلبی آباد پيشرفت
progress
توسعه
development
آژانس ِ توسعه
development agency
توسعه يافته
developed
توسعه نيافته
underdeveloped
در حال ِ توسعه
developing
جھان ِ سوم
third world
غربی شدن
westernisation
مدرن سازی
modernisation
برنامۀ توسعۀ ملل ِ متحد
آبياری تصفيۀ آب تصفيۀ فاضالب
shanty town
UNDP (United Nations Development Programme) irrigation water purification waste water treatment
AID & DEVELOPMENT ● 117
شيرينسازی بی سوادی نھضت ِ سواد آموزی امکانات زير بنا
desalination illiteracy literacy campaign facilities infrastructure
13. CULTURE & SPORT فرھنگ
culture
فرھنگی
cultural
با فرھنگ
cultured
ِ فرھنگستان ِ زبان و ادب فارسی
فرھنگسرا رايزن ِ فرھنگی
cultural centre cultural counsellor
ِ سازمان ِ ميراث فرھنگی ِ کشور
Iranian Cultural Heritage Organization
آثار ِ ميراث ِ جھانی
World Heritage Sites
ِ وزارت ِ فرھنگ و ارشاد اسالمی (اثر )آثار اثر ِ ھنری
Academy of Persian Language and Literature
Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance work work of art
120 ● CULTURE & SPORT
ھنر ھنری ھنرھای زيبا
artistic fine arts
تجسمی ھنرھای ّ
plastic arts
ھنر ِ اسالمی
Islamic art
ھنر ِ معاصر
contemporary art
ھنر ِ مفھومی
conceptual art
ھنرمند
artist
استوديو
studio
افتتاحيه
opening
نمايشگاه
exhibition
به نمايش گذاشتن
to exhibit
مجموعه
collection
مجموعه دار
collector
جمع کردن
to collect
حراج
auction
گالری
gallery
موزه
art
museum
CULTURE & SPORT ● 121
موزه دار بيننده
viewer
شنونده
listener
سمعی – بصری تلويزيون برنامۀ تلويزيونی سريال ِ تلويزيونی
audio-visual television television programme television series
راديو
radio
تئاتر
theatre
سن صحنه نمايش نامه نمايش نامه نويس درام
museum curator
stage scene; stage play playwright drama
تراژدی
tragedy
کمدی
comedy
سينما
cinema
122 ● CULTURE & SPORT
فيلم فيلمساز
film-maker
کارگردان
director
فيلمبرداری
filming
فيلم ِ مستند
documentary
جشنوارۀ فيلم
film festival
(جايزه )جوايز
prize
ھنرپيشه
actor
ستاره
star
شھرت
fame
عکاس
photographer
عکاسی
photography
(منتقد )منتقدين خاطرات رمان رمان نويس (شاعر )شعراء (شعر )اشعار
film
critic memoir novel novelist poet poetry; lyrics
CULTURE & SPORT ● 123
شعر خوانی
poetry reading
شب ِ شعر
poetry evening
نويسنده کانون ِ نويسندگان ِ ايران کتاب ِ پرفروش نقد ِ کتاب موسيقی موسيقی ِ پاپ موسيقی ِ سنتی ساز،آلت ِ موسيقی موزيسين،نوازنده
Iranian Writers’ Association best seller book review music pop music traditional music musical instrument musician
زدن،نواختن
to play
آلبوم
album
سی دی ضبط کردن آھنگ آھنگ ساز
writer
CD to record song composer
124 ● CULTURE & SPORT
خواننده
singer
اپرا
opera
رپ ِ فارسی اجرا اجرا کردن ارکستر رھبر ِ ارکستر
performance to perform orchestra conductor
استاد
maestro
کنسرت
concert
تاالر ِ کنسرت ورزش
concert hall sport
ورزشکار
sportsperson; sporty (adj.)
ورزشگاه
sports club
باشگاه
club
بازی
game
بازی ھای المپيک بازی کردن
Persian rap
Olympic Games to play
CULTURE & SPORT ● 125
بازيکن
player
بردن
to win
برنده
winner
باختن
to lose
بازنده
loser
تقلب کردن (مسابقه )مسابقات
competition; match
مسابقۀ حذفی
qualifier
راه يافتن به
to qualify
دور ِ نيمه نھايی
semi-final
بازی ِ نھايی،فينال قھرمان قھرمانی جام ِ جھانی ليگ (امتياز )امتيازات مدال استاديوم
to cheat
final champion championship The World Cup league point; score medal stadium
126 ● CULTURE & SPORT
زمين ِ تنيس زمين ِ فوتبال
football pitch
تيم ِ ملی
national team
کاپيتان
captain
داور
referee
ِ بازيکن،فوتباليست فوتبال
football player
گل زدن
to score a goal
پنالتی
penalty
تماشاگر،تماشاچی
spectator
طرفدار
supporter
ّ مربی
tennis court
coach
INDEX abide by, to, 66 abolish, to, 66 abuse, 74 Academy of Persian Language and Literature, 119 account, 81 accountancy, 81 accountant, 81 accuse, to, 65 accused, to be, 65 achievable, 16 acknowledge, to, 9 acquitted, to be, 68 actor, 122 add, to, 10 admit, to, 10 advertise, to, 90 advertisement, 90 adviser, 31 African Union, 35 agenda, 27 aggression, 43 agreement, 58 bilateral agreement, 58 enter into an agreement, to, 58 reach an agreement, to, 58 agriculture, 95 AI (artificial intelligence), 98 aid, 113 aid organisation, 113 aid worker, 113
aide, 31 AIDS, 114 airbase, 50 air force, 50 album, 123 alleged, 14 allude to, to, 11 Al-Qaeda, 55 ambassador, 34 Amnesty International, 73 analyse, to, 6 analysis, 6 analyst, 6 anarchism, 20 anarchist (n.), 20 annihilate, to, 44 announce, to, 10 answer, 15 answer phone, 100 anti-Semitism, 75 appeal (legal), 65 appeal, to, 65 court of appeal, 63 appeasement, 19 appoint, to, 33 appointed, to be, 33 appointment, 33 Arab League, The, 35 arbitration, 59 argumentation, 65 arise out of, to, 13 armed, 51 arms, 50 arms race, 50
128 ● INDEX army, 48 army camp, 48 army staff, 48 arrest, 70 arrest, to, 70 arrested, to be, 70 art, 120 conceptual art, 120 contemporary art, 120 fine arts, 120 Islamic art, 120 plastic arts, 120 article (essay), 8 article (legal), 62 artist, 120 artistic, 120 ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations), 36 ask for, to, 12 assassinate, to, 55 assassination, 55 assert, to, 9 assets, 82 liquid assets, 83 astronaut, 99 astronomer, 98 astronomy, 98 asylum, 75 asylum seeker, 75 attack, 44, 45 attack, to, 44 ground attack, 48 attacker, 44 auction, 120 audio-visual, 121 audit, to, 78 auditing, 78 auditor, 78
authorities, 31 autonomous, 30 autonomy, 30 Axis of Evil, 55 ballot, 41 ballot box, 40 ballot paper, 41 secret ballot, 40 ban, 71 ban, to, 70 bank, 80 bank card, 80 banker, 80 bank rate, 81 central bank, 80 World Bank, The, 80 banking, 80 banking group, 80 banking system, 80 bankrupt, to go, 92 bankruptcy, 92 barracks, 48 barrel (oil), 107 baseless, 16 base rate, 81 Basij, 48 bazaar, 88 bazaari, 89 BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation), 9 best seller, 123 bill (legal), 62 biodegradable, 110 bipartisan, 25 birth rate, 114 blockade, 44
INDEX ● 129 blog, 103 blogger, 103 blogging, 103 bloodshed, 44 board (of a company), 90 bomb, 51 bomb, to (aerial), 51 bombardment, 51 bomber, 51 bombing, 51 bombsite, 51 car bomb, 51 cluster bomb, 51 roadside bomb, 51 book review, 123 borrow, to, 82 borrowing, 82 boss, 91 branch (of a bank), 80 brand, 87 broadcast, to, 7 budget, 78 budget deficit, 78 business (field), 92 business partner, 91 cabinet, 33 cabinet reshuffle, 33 shadow cabinet, 33 calm (adj. and n.), 57 campaigner, 39 cancel, to, 13 candidacy, 41 candidate, 41 capital (financial), 83 capital gain, 83 floating capital, 83 venture capital, 83
capitalism, 22, 83 capitalist, 22, 83 captain, 126 capture, to (territory), 43 carbon emissions, 110 carbon footprint, 110 career, 92 cargo, 88 case (legal), 66 cash, 83 cash flow, 83 cash injection, 79 catastrophic, 114 cause, to, 10 CD, 123 ceasefire, 57 censor, to, 74 censorship, 74 chairperson, 27 champion, 125 championship, 125 change, to (money), 80 bureau de change, 80 channel (TV), 6 charge (legal), 65 charity, 113 cheat, to, 125 check point, 56 cholera, 115 cinema, 121 circumstances, 15 CIS (Commonwealth of Independent States), 35 citizen, 32 citizenship, 32 civil disobedience, 37 civil servant, 29 civilian, 50
130 ● INDEX claim, to, 9 claimant, 64 clarify, to, 12 clash, 44 click, to (computer), 102 climate, 110 climate change, 110 clinic, 115 club (e.g. social), 124 coach (sport), 126 coal, 106 codification, 62 collaborator, 46 collapse, 53 collapse, to, 53 colleague, 93 collect, to, 120 collection, 120 collector, 120 colonialism, 20 colonialist (n.), 20 column, 7 columnist, 7 combat, to, 44 comedy, 121 commander, 49 commander-in-chief, 49 commentator, 6 commerce, 87 chamber of commerce, 87 commercial (adj.), 87 commercialise, to, 87 commercialisation, 87 commission, 28 commit (a crime), 67 committee, 28 commodities, 89
Commonwealth, The, 36 communism, 23 communist (n.), 23 community, 32 International Community, The, 32 company, 91 PLC (Private Limited Company), 91 compatriot, 32 compete, to, 91 competition (e.g. in business), 91 competition (match), 125 competitor (e.g. in business), 91 complex, 16 composer, 123 computer, 100 conceivable, 16 concert, 124 concert hall, 124 concurrent, 18 condition (stipulation), 14 conductor, 124 conference, 28 confess, to, 68 confession, 68 confinement, 69 solitary confinement, 70 confiscate, to, 70 confiscation of property, 70 conflict, 44 conflict resolution, 57
INDEX ● 131 congress, 28 Congress, 26 member of Congress, 27 conscript, 49 consecutive, 16 conservative, 24 conservatism, 24 consider, to, 12 consider someone responsible, to, 13 take into consideration, to, 12 conspiracy, 43 constituency, 39 constitution, 61 constitutional, 61 constitutionalism, 24 constitutionalist (n.), 24 constructive, 16 consul, 34 consulate, 34 consume, to, 96 consumer (adj. and n.), 96 consumer goods, 89 consumer society, 96 consumerism, 96 contract, 92 contractor, 93 contravene, to, 66 controversial, 15 convict, to, 64 cooperative (n.), 92 correspondent, 6 cost, 92
council, 27 Council of Experts, 26 Expediency Council, 28 Guardian Council, 27 counterpart, 31 country, 29 host country, 29 coup, 53 court of law, 63 High Court, 63 International Court of Justice, 63 International Criminal Court, 63 revolutionary court, 63 create, to, 10 credit, 81 credit card, 81 credit crunch, 81 credit rating, 81 line of credit, 81 creditor, 81 crime, 66 crime against humanity, 46 crime rate, 66 criminal (adj. and n.), 67 criminal gang, 67 criminal record, 66 criminologist, 67 criminology, 67 critic, 122 criticise, to, 10 crude oil, 107 cultural, 119 cultural centre, 119 cultural counsellor, 119
132 ● INDEX Iranian Cultural Heritage Organization, 119 culture, 119 cultured, 119 Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance, 119 curfew, 56 currency, 79 currency reserves, 79 foreign currency, 79 hard currency, 79 customer, 92 customs, 88 damage, 47 data, 100 data processing, 100 deadly, 48 deal, 92 death toll, 47 debt, 81 debt cancellation, 113 in debt, to be in, 81 national debt, 81 debtor, 81 decontamination, 111 decrease, to (v.i. and v.t.), 12, 13 decree, 30 default (in payment), 82 defeat, 47 defeat, to, 47 defeated, to be, 47 defence, 46 Sacred Defence, 47 definite, 17 deforestation, 112
delayed, to be, 10 delete, to, 100 demilitarisation, 49 democracy, 21 democratic, 21 demonstrate, to, 36 demonstration, 36 demonstrator, 37 demotion, 94 depopulation, 111 depose, to, 30 depressed (e.g. economy), 79 desalination, 117 de-selection, 41 deserter, 49 desertification, 112 despotism, 20 destitution, 115 destroy, to, 43 destruction, 115 detain, to, 69 detained, to be, 69 detainee, 69 detention, 69 detention centre, 69 devaluation, 80 developed, 116 developing, 116 development, 116 development agency, 116 device, 99, 100 dialogue, 58 Dialogue Among Civilizations, 58 diaspora, 75 dictator, 21 dictatorship, 21
INDEX ● 133 digital, 100 digital radio, 7 diplomacy, 34 diplomat, 34 diplomatic, 34 diplomatic immunity, 34 diplomatic relations, 34 directive, 30 director (of a company), 90 managing director, 90 disarmament, 50 nuclear, 50 disclose, to, 12 discontent, 55 discover, to, 97 discovery, 97 discriminate against, to, 74 discrimination, 74 racial, 74 sex, 74 discriminatory, 74 discuss, to, 10 dispute, 44 dispute resolution, 57 dissolution, 27 distribution, 95 disturbance, 43 dividend, 89 doable, 15, 17 document, 66 documentary (film), 122 donate, to, 113 donation, 113 donor, 113
double agent, 56 doubt, to, 12 doubt the validity of, to, 12 download, 101 download, to, 101 down payment, 82 draft (piece of writing), 7 drama (theatre), 121 drilling, 108 drilling rig, 108 drought, 112 drug dealer, 68 duty (customs), 88 duty-free, 88 earpiece, 100 earthquake, 112 ecological, 109 ecologist, 109 economic, 77 economic forecasting, 77 economic recovery, 77 economics, 77 free market economics, 77 macro economics, 77 micro economics, 77 economise, to, 79 economist, 77 economy, 77 agrarian economy, 77 industrial economy, 77 subsistence economy, 77 ecosystem, 109 edit, to (e.g. a book, newspaper), 8
134 ● INDEX editor of a book, 8 of a newspaper, 8 editorial, 8 elect, to, 39 elected, to be, 39 elections, 39 election campaign, 40 election monitor, 40 election monitoring, 40 election results, 39 local elections, 39 mid-term election, 39 nationwide elections, 39 presidential elections, 39 stand for election, to, 41 electoral commission, 39 electricity, 106 elitism, 31 email, 101 embargo, 87 impose an embargo, to, 88 lift an embargo, to, 88 embassy, 34 emphasise, to, 11 employ, to, 93 employee, 93 employer, 92 employment, 92 self-employment, 92 encounter, to, 10 endangered, 111
enemy, 46 energy, 105 alternative energy, 105 energy consumption, 105 energy efficiency, 105 energy market, 106 geothermal energy, 106 nuclear energy, 105 renewable energy, 105 solar energy, 106 environment, 109 environmental, 109 environmental activist, 109 environmental protection, 109 environmentalist, 109 environmentally friendly, 109 epidemic, 114 equities, 90 erosion, 112 escalate, to, 44 escalation, 44 espionage, 56 essay, 8 ethnic cleansing, 47 European Commission, The, 36 European Union, The, 35 Eurozone, 80 evidence, 66 exchange rate, 79 execute, to, 70 executed, to be, 70 execution, 70 exhibit, to, 120 exhibition, 120
INDEX ● 135 exile, 75 exile, to, 75 expected, 14 experienced, 15 experiment, 97 experimental, 97 expert, 97 explosion, 51 explosives, 51 export, to, 88 exporter, 88 exports, 88 express, to, 9, 10, 11 express an opinion, to, 10 express anxiety, to, 9 extinct, 111 extinct, to become, 111 extinction, 111 extremism, 20 extremist (n.), 20 facilities, 116 faction, 25 fail, to (e.g. talks), 11 fame, 122 family planning, 114 famine, 115 far-reaching, 16 fascism, 23 fascist (adj. and n.), 23 favourable, 17 fax, 100 federal, 23 federalism, 23 federalist, 23 field (e.g. of study), 15
fight, to, 45 fighter, 45 freedom fighter, 54 file (computer), 101 file (legal), 66 file for divorce, to, 66 film, 122 film director, 122 film festival, 122 filming, 122 film-maker, 122 filter (internet), 102 filter breaker, 102 final, 125 semi-final, 125 financial, 77 financial assistance, 113 financial crisis, 77 financial regulation, 78 financial rescue package, 78 financial year, 78 fine, 70 fined, to be, 70 finger printing, 56 fire, to, 93 fired, to be, 93 first aid, 115 fiscal, 77 fiscal stimulus, 78 flood, 112 football pitch, 126 football player, 126 forces, 50 armed forces, 50 frank, 16
136 ● INDEX fraud, 79 freedom, 73 freedom of association, 73 freedom of religion, 73 freedom of speech, 73 freedom of the press, 74 frontline, 46 fuel, 106, fossil fuel, 106 fund, 79 pension fund, 79 fundamentalism, 20 fundamentalist (n.), 20 future, 14 G7, 36 G20, 36 gadget, 99 gallery, 120 game, 124 gangster, 68 gas, 106 natural gas, 107 gathering, 28 GCC (Gulf Cooperation Council), 36 general (military), 48 General Assembly, 35 generator, 106 genocide, 47 gigabyte, 101 globalisation, 90 global warming, 110 goods, 89 govern, to, 28 governance, 29
government, 28, 29 central government, 29 coalition government, 28 federal government, 28 government spokesperson, 29 governmental, 28, 29 greenhouse effect, 110 greenhouse gases, 110 grow, to, 79 growth, 78 negative growth, 78 guarantee, 82 guarantee, to, 82 guarantor, 82 hand grenade, 52 hang, to (execute), 71 hard-liner, 21 hardware (computer), 100 happen, to, 9 header, 7 headphones, 100 headquarters, 48 heads of state, 30 hearing, 63 Hezbollah, 54 hierarchy, 31 high commission, 35 high commissioner, 35 high-ranking, 31 hijacker, 55 hijacking, 55
INDEX ● 137 hire, to, 93 hired, to be, 93 hold, to (an event), 10 home page, 102 homophobia, 75 hostage, 55 hostage taking, 55 take hostage, to, 55 House of Commons, 26 House of Lords, 26 humanitarian, 114 crisis, 114 hunger strike, 36 hurricane, 112 hydroelectricity, 106 hypothesise, to, 12 hypothetical, 17 IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency), 105 idealism, 21 idealist, 21 identity card, 56 ideology, 21 ignore, to, 13 illegal, 61 illegitimate, 62 illiteracy, 117 IMF (International Monetary Fund), 80 immigrant, 75 immigration, 75 imminent, 17 impasse, 57 imperialism, 20 imperialist (n.), 20 implement, to, 65 implementation, 65
implied, 17 import, to, 88 importer, 88 imports, 88 imprison, to, 70 life imprisonment, 70 income, 83, 94 increase, to (v.i. and v.t.), 10 indecisive, 15 independence, 30 independent, 30 index (fiscal), 90 index-linked, 90 indicate, to, 10 indicative of, to be, 11 indict, to, 66 indictment, 66 industrial, 94 industrialisation, 94 post-industrial, 94 industry, 94 heavy industry, 95 manufacturing industry, 95 tourism industry, 95 inevitable, 15 infectious disease, 114 inflation, 78 hyperinflation, 78 zero inflation, 78 inflexible, 15 influential, 15 informed, 17 infrastructure, 117 injured, 47 injured, to be, 47 injury, 47
138 ● INDEX injustice, 63 innocent, 65 input, to, 101 inquiry, 69 inspect, to, 69 inspection, 69 inspector, 69 instability, 53 instalment (of payment), 82 install, to, 101 insurance, 82 insurgency, 53 insurgent, 53 intelligence agency, 56 interest (fiscal), 81 interest-free, 81 interest rate, 82 internet, 101 high-speed internet, 101 internet café, 101 interpret, to (events), 11 interrogation, 69 interrogator, 69 interview, 7 interview, to, 7 interviewee, 7 interviewer, 7 intranet, 101 invade, to, 43 military invasion, 43 invent, to, 97 invention, 97 inventor, 97 investigate, to, 69 investigation, 69 investment, 83 investor, 83
IRA (Irish Republican Army), 54 IRIB (Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting), 9 IRNA (Islamic Republic News Agency), 9 irrigation, 116 Islamic Consultative Assembly, 26 Islamism, 20 Islamist (n.), 20 ISNA (Iranian Students’ News Agency), 9 isolationism, 21 isolationist (n.), 21 jeopardise, to, 11 Jewish settlement, 45 job, 92 join, to, 11 journal, 8 journalist, 6 judge, 64 judiciary, 64 jurisdiction, 62 jury, 64 just, 63 justice, 63 Ministry of Justice, 63 key (adj.), 17 keyboard, 101 kidnapper, 55 kidnapping, 55 killed, 47 killing, 47 mass killing, 47 serial killing, 67
INDEX ● 139 laboratory, 97 labour relations, 93 land mine, 52 mine detector, 52 minefield, 52 landslide, 112 law, 61 break the law, to, 61 civil law, 61 common law, 62 criminal law, 61 international law, 62 law-abiding, 61 lawsuit, 63 lawyer, 64 penal code, 61 penal law, 61 religious law, 62 rule of law, 62 leader, 30 Supreme Leader, 30 leadership, 30 league (e.g. football), 125 leak, to (information), 12 leftism, 21 leftist (adj. and n.), 21 legal, 61 legal procedure, 63 legalise, to, 61 legality, 61 legislate, to, 62 legislation, 62 legislative (adj.), 62 legislator, 62 legitimacy, 62 legitimate, 62 liberalism, 23 liberalist, 23 life expectancy, 114
link (internet), 103 liquidity, 83 listener, 121 literacy campaign, 116 litigation, 65 live, 7 livelihood, 94 loan, 82 loan, to, 82 home loan, 82 take out a loan, to, 82 long-term, 16 lose, to, 125 loser, 125 loss of life, 47 losses, 84 loss-making, 84 lyrics, 123 machine gun, 52 maestro, 124 Mafia, 68 magazine, 8 Majlis, 26 malnutrition, 115 manage, to, 90 management, 90 manager, 90 manager, general, 90 manifesto, 40 manoeuvre, 49 manslaughter, 67 manual (n.), 100 Maoism, 23 Maoist, 23 market, to, 89 market, 88 black market, 88 free market, 88
140 ● INDEX job market, 89 market conditions, 89 market price, 89 market trends, 89 martyr, 46 Marxism, 24 Marxist, 23 masses, the, 32 match (sport), 125 materials, 96 raw materials, 96 mayor, 31 measure (legal), 65 mechanisation, 96 medal, 125 media, the, 5 mass media, 5 multi-media, 5 mediation, 59 meet, to, 12, 13 meeting, 27, 28 AGM (Annual General Meeting), 28 megabyte, 101 member, 25 become a member, to, 25 permanent member, 35 membership, 25 memoir, 122 memory, 100 merchant, 87 merger, 90 meritocracy, 31 microfinance, 78 migration, 75 forced migration, 75
militarisation, 49 militarise, to, 49 militarised zone, 49 militarism, 49 military, 49 military service, 48 militia, 54 Milky Way, The, 99 mine, 107 miner, 107 mineral resources, 107 mining, 107 minister, 33 deputy minister, 33 ministerial, 33 ministry, 33 mislead, to, 13 missile, 52 anti-aircraft missile, 52 long-range missile, 52 short-range missile, 52 MKO (Mojahedin-e Khalq Organization), 54 mobile phone, 99 mobilisation, 48 moderate (adj. and n.), 20 modernisation, 116 monarchy, 22 constitutional monarchy, 22 monarchism, 22 monetary, 79 monetary system, 80 money, 79 money market, 79 monitor (computer), 101 monopoly, 90
INDEX ● 141 moratorium, 62 mortality rate, 114 movement, 37 Green Movement, The, 37 social movement, 37 women’s movement, the, 37 MSF (Médecins Sans Frontières), 114 Mujahideen, 54 multiculturalism, 21 multinational, 91 murder, 67 murder, to, 67 murderer, 67 museum, 120 museum curator, 121 music, 123 pop music, 123 traditional music, 123 musical instrument, 123 musician, 123 national (n.), 31 nationality, 31 national team, 126 nationalise, to, 92 nationalisation, 92 nationalism, 24 nationalist, 24 NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization), 49 nature, 110 natural, 110 natural disaster, 112 natural resources, 107
navy, 50 Nazi, 24 Nazism, 24 neo-Nazism, 24 negotiate, to, 59 negotiator, 59 negotiations, 58 bilateral negotiations, 58 negotiation table, 59 neo-conservatism, 24 neo-conservative, 24 network, 102 neutral, 19 New World Order, 31 news, 5 news agency, 6 newscaster, 5 news conference, 6 news gathering, 6 news headlines, 5 newspaper, 5 newsroom, 6 NGO (nongovernmental organisation), 113 no-fly zone, 52 nominate, to, 41 non-aligned, 31 non-commissioned officer, 48 non-political, 19 non-profit organisation, 113 non-proliferation, 50 non-violence, 57 novel, 122 novelist, 122
142 ● INDEX nuclear disarmament, 50 energy, 105 non-proliferation, 50 reactor, 105 waste, 105 weapons, 50 observatory, 98 occupation (military), 45 occupied, 45 Occupied Territories, The, 45 occupier, 45 occupy, to, 45 occupying army, 48 offence, 67 offender, 67 sex offender, 67 office, 90 head office, 90 officials, 31 OIC (Organization of the Islamic Conference), 36 oil, 107 crude oil, 107 oil company, 108 oil-dependent, 108 oilfield, 108 oil industry, 108 oil reserves, 108 oil reservoir, 108 oil-rich, 107 oil spill, 108 oil tanker, 107 oil well, 108 oligarchy, 20 Olympic Games, 124
online, 101 OPEC (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries), 107 opening (e.g. gallery), 120 opera, 124 operations, 49 operating system, 100 opinion, 8 opinion poll, 41 pollster, 41 opportunism, 23 opportunist, 23 oppose, to, 13 oppress, to, 53 orchestra, 124 order (command), 30 order, to, 30 order (commercial), 89 order, to, 89 organic, 110 oust, to, 30 outspoken, 16 overall majority, 27 overthrow, 53 overthrow, to, 53 ozone hole, 110 ozone layer, 110 pact, 58 paramedic, 115 pardon (legal), 64 parliament, 26 European Parliament, 26 hung parliament, 26 member of parliament, 26
INDEX ● 143 speaker of the parliament, 26 parliamentary, 26 party, 24 Conservative Party, 25 Democratic Party, 25 Labour Party, 25 Liberal Democrats, 25 majority party, 25 minority party, 24 multi-party, 25 opposition party, 25 party faithful, 26 party-line, 25 party politics, 25 Republican Party, 25 single-party, 25 password, 102 patriot, 24 patriotism, 24 patrol, 49 peace, 57 make peace, to, 57 Peace Corps, The, 57 peaceful, 57 peace-keeping force, 57 peace movement, 57 peace process, 57 penalty (football), 126 pension, 94 pension fund, 79 people, the, 32 perform, to, 124 performance, 124 periodical, 8 persecution, 74 Persian rap, 124
petrochemical, 108 petrol, 107 lead-free petrol, 107 photographer, 122 photography, 122 pinpoint, to, 13 pipeline, 108 pivotal, 17 plague, 115 plain clothes, 56 plaintiff, 64 planet, 98 planet earth, 98 play (theatre), 121 playwright, 121 play, to musical instrument, 123 a role, 13 sport, game, 124 player, 125 pledge, to, 12 pluralism, 23 podcast, 102 poet, 122 poetry, 122 poetry evening, 123 poetry reading, 123 point (score), 125 point of view, 8 point to, to, 10 polar ice cap melting, 110 police, 50 police station, 70 secret police, 56 policy, 19 policy-maker, 19 policy-making, 19
144 ● INDEX political, 19 political activist, 37 political apathy, 37 political science, 19 political spectrum, 19 political system, 19, 31 politically, 19 politician, 19 politicise, to, 19 politicisation, 19 politics, 19 power politics, 19 politicking, 19 pollute, to, 111 pollutant, 111 polluted, 111 pollution, 111 pollution, air, 111 population explosion,111 growth, 111 poverty, 115 poverty line, 115 poverty-stricken, 115 power, 29 buying power, 89 come to power, to, 30 power base, 29 power-sharing, 29 transfer of power, 29 power (energy), 106 power cut, 106 power station, 106 practical, 17 pragmatism, 23 pragmatist, 22 predict, to, 11 predicted, 14
present, to (e.g. a view), 9 presenter (e.g. television), 6 presidency, 32 presidential, 32 presidential palace, 33 president, 32 former president, 32 president-elect, 33 vice-president, 33 press, the, 5 press (adj.), 5 press conference, 5 press release, 5 press spokesperson, 5 pressure, pressure group, 37 put under pressure, to, 11 under pressure, to be, 11 prevent, to, 11 prime minister, 33 deputy prime minister, 33 print, to, 99 print journalism, 5 print journalist, 5 print run, 7 printer, 99 prison, 70 political prisoner, 70 prisoner, 70 prisoner of war, 46 private sector, 90 privatisation, 90 prize, 122
INDEX ● 145 produce, to film, 7 goods, 95 producer film, 7 goods, 95 product, 95 by-product, 95 GDP (Gross Domestic Product), 95 production, 95 mass production, 95 production line, 95 profession, 92 professional, 92 profit, 84 profit from, to, 84 gross profit, 84 net profit, 84 pre-tax profit, 85 profitability, 84 programme, 6 programmer, 100 programming, 100 progress, 116 prohibit, to, 71 promote, to (employment), 94 promoted, to be, 94 promotion, 94 prosecute, to, 66 prosecution, 62, 66 protective custody, 69 protest, 36 protest, to, 36 street protest, 37 prove, to, 66 provocation, 43 provoke, to 43
public (n.), 32 public health, 115 public opinion, 41 public prosecutor, 63 public relations, 5 public sector, 91 publish, to, 7 publisher, 7 punish, to, 71 punishable, 71 punished, to be, 71 punishment, 71 punishment, capital, 71 purposeful, 18 put forward, to, 13 qualifier, 125 qualify, to, 125 quality, 96 quality control, 96 quantity, 96 quarrel, 44 questionable, 16 quote, to, 13 racism, 75 racist, 75 radar, 52 radical, 22 radicalism, 22 radio, 121 digital radio, 7 Radio Farda, 9 radio presenter, 7 radioactive, 105 radioactivity, 105 raid, 45 raise, to (an issue), 12
146 ● INDEX rank, 48 rape, 74 rape, to, 67 realism, 24 realist (n.), 24 rebel, 53 rebellion, 53 rechargeable battery, 106 reconciliation, 57 truth and reconciliation, 57 reconstruction, 115 record, to, 123 recycle, to, 109 recyclable, 109 recycled, 109 recycling, 109 Red Crescent, 114 Red Cross, 114 re-elect, to, 39 re-elected, to be, 39 re-election, 39 referee (e.g. football), 126 referendum, 41 refinery, 107 reformism, 20 reformist (n.), 20 refugee, 75 refute, to, 12 refutable, 16 regard, 14 regime, 30 regime change regrettable, 16 reject, to, 12 relation, 14 release, to, 68
conditional release, 68 release on bail, to, 68 released, to be, 68 reliable, 17 relief work, 113 repayment, 82 report, to report, 6 reported, 6 reporter, 6 repressive, 54 republic, 32 Islamic Republic of Iran, 32 request, 14 research (n.), 97 researcher, 98 rescue, to, 44 reserves (military), 50 resign, to, 93 resignation, 93 resist, to, 54 resistance, 54 armed resistance, 54 resolution, 35 resolve, to, 57 retail, 91 retailer, 91 rethink, to, 11 retire, to, 94 retirement, 94 retract, to, 11 revenge, 43 take revenge, to, 43 revolt, 53 put down a revolt, to, 53
INDEX ● 147 revolution, 52 Constitutional Revolution, 53 cultural revolution, 53 Islamic Revolution, 53 velvet revolution, 53 revolutionary, 53 Revolutionary Guard, 48 rewrite, to, 7 right (legal), 73 civil rights, 73 gay rights, 73 human rights, 73 human rights violation, 73 Human Rights Watch, 73 Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 73 right-wing, 22 riot, 53 rioter, 53 riot police, 53 rising of sea levels, 110 risk, 83 risk taking, 83 rival, 91 robot, 98 robotics, 98 roundtable, 28 royalist (n.), 22 rubbish, 110 rule, to, 29, 31 ruler, 31 rules and regulations, 61
salary, 94 sales figures, 91 sanction, 87 satellite, 99 satellite television, 6 save, to (rescue), 44 save, to (e.g. data), 100 savings, 81 scene (e.g. in a film), 121 science, 97 scientific, 97 scientist, 97 score, 125 score a goal, to, 126 scuffle, 44 search, to (e.g. a house), 69 search, to (e.g. the web), 103 search engine, 103 secret agent, 56 secretariat, 34 Secretary-General, 34 secular, 22 secularism, 22 secularist, 22 security (adj.), 56; (n.), 55 collective security, 56 national security, 56 Security Council, 34 security forces, 56 security risk, 56 seek to, to, 12 seize, to, 69 self-rule, 30 seminar, 27 Senate, The, 26 Senator, 26
148 ● INDEX senior, 31 sentence (legal), 64 death sentence, 64 separatism, 21 separatist (n.), 21 server (internet), 102 service provider, 102 session, 27, 28 closed session, 27 settlement (legal), 66 scan, to, 99 scanner, 99 shanty town, 116 shareholder, 90 ship, to, 88 shoot, 51 shooting, 51 short-term, 17 siege, 44 sign, to, 58 signatory, 58 singer, 124 site (internet), 102 sit-in, 36 Sharia (Islamic law), 62 skirmish, 44 slavery, 74 slogan, 37 smog, 111 SMS (Short Message Service), 99 smuggler, 68 drug smuggler, 68 smuggling, 68 social networking site, 102 social security, 78 socialism, 22 socialist, 22
society, 32 civil society, 32 software, 100 solar energy, 106 solar panel, 106 solar system, 99 solve, to, 57 song, 123 source, 8 reliable sources, 8 space, 99 space age, 99 spacecraft, 99 space station, 99 special envoy, 35 specialisation, 97 specialist, 97 spectator, 126 spending cut, 79 sport, 124 sports club, 124 sportsperson, 124 sporty, 124 spy, 56 stadium, 125 stage, 121 star astronomical, 98 film, 122 state (adj. and n.), 29 member state, 29 state sector, 90 state of emergency, 56 statement, 5 statistics, 41 steal, to, 68 step aside, to, 30
INDEX ● 149 stocks, 89 stockbroker, 89 stock exchange, 89 storm, 112 story, 8 strategy, 48 stress, to, 11 strike, 93 strike, to, 94 striker, 94 studio, 120 subject, 32 submarine, 52 subsidise, to, 79 subsidy, 79 succeed, to, 13 successful, 17 suicide bomber, 51 suicide bombing, 51 suggest, to, 11 summit, 27 summon, to, 65 summons, 65 superpower, 29 supply, to, 89 supply and demand, 89 support, to, 41 supporter, 41, 126 suppress, to, 54 surrender, 46 surrender, to, 46 surveillance, 56 suspect (n.), 64 sustainability, 109 swear an oath, to, 65 symbolic, 18 tactic, 48 Taliban, 54
talks, 58 tangible, 17 tank, 52 target, to, 13 tarnish, to, 13 tax, 84 income tax, 84 inheritance tax, 84 levy tax on, to, 84 pay tax, to, 84 purchase tax, 84 taxable, 85 tax assessor, 85 tax-deductable, 85 tax evasion, 85 tax exempt, 85 tax-free, 84 tax haven, 85 tax payer, 84 tax relief, 85 tax return, 84 value added tax, 84 tear gas, 54 technological, 98 technology, 98 biotechnology, 98 green technology, 98 IT (information technology), 98 telecommunications, 99 television, 121 satellite television, 6 television programme, 121 television series, 121 tennis court, 126 tension, 43 term, 27
150 ● INDEX terrorism, 55 state terrorism, 55 terrorist, 55 terrorist group, 55 test, 97 test, to, 97 testify, to, 65 testimony, 65 text, 8 text message, 99 theatre, 121 theft, 68 thief, 68 theocracy, 28 third world, 116 threat, 43 threaten, to, 43 threatening, 44 tireless, 16 title, 8 toll, 88 topic, 8 torture, 74 torture, to, 75 torturer, 75 totalitarian (adj.), 21 totalitarianism, 21 tourism, 95 ecotourism, 95 trade (adj. and n.), 87 trade, to, 87 free trade, 87 trade fair, 87 trade gap, 87 trademark, 87 trader, 87 trade union, 93 WTO (World Trade Organization), 87
tragedy (theatre), 121 trainee, 93 training, 93 transgression, 67 treaty, 58 trial, 64 tried, to be, 64 try, to, 64 tribalism, 23 tsunami, 112 UN (United Nations), 34 UN charter, 34 UNDP, 116 UNESCO, 35 UNHCR, 75 UNICEF, 34 unacceptable, 17 unanticipated, 16 unarmed, 50 unbelievable, 15 unclear, 18 unconfirmed, 16 unconstitutional, 61 undeniable, 15 underdeveloped, 116 unemployment, 92 unequivocal, 16 unexpected, 17 unfavourable, 18 unintelligible, 17 universe, 99 unjust, 63 unmanned aircraft, 52 unprecedented, 16 unpredictable, 17 unrest, 54 unsuccessful, 18
INDEX ● 151 upload, 101 upload, to, 101 uprising, 54 uranium enrichment, 105 use of force, 43 vaccinate, to, 115 vaccine, 115 vague, 17 verdict, 64 issue a verdict, to, 64 of guilty, 64 of not guilty, 64 veto, 34 victim, 47 victory, 46 viewer, 121 violence, 44 domestic violence, 68 violence against women, 74 violent, 44 virtual reality, 98 visit, 27 official visit, 27 Voice of America, 9 Voice of Israel, 9 volcano, 112 volcanic ash, 112 volcanic ash cloud, 112 volcanic eruption, 112 voluntary, 113 volunteer, 113 vote, 40 vote against, to, 40 vote-counting, 40 vote for, to, 40 vote in favour of, to, 40
vote of confidence, 40 vote of no confidence, 40 vote-rigging, 41 voter, 40 voting, 41 voting booth, 41 voting station, 41 wage, 94 minimum wage, 94 war, 45 at war, 45 civil war, 45 Cold War, The, 45 declare war, to, 46 Imposed War, The (the Iran–Iraq War), 45 just war, 45 war crime, 46 war crimes tribunal, 46 war criminal, 46 war dead, 46 warlord, 46 War on Terror, 55 warship, 52 war wounded, 46 war veteran, 46 world war, 45 warn, to, 14 waste water treatment, 116 water purification, 116 weapons, 50 chemical weapons, 50 nuclear weapons, 50 WMD (weapons of mass destruction), 50
152 ● INDEX web webpage, 102 website, 102 worldwide web, 102 surfing the web, 102 westernisation, 116 WFP (World Food Programme), 115 White House, The, 33 WHO (World Health Organization), 114 wholesale, 91 wholesaler, 91 wildlife, 111 win, to, 125 winner, 125 wind power, 105 wind turbine, 105 wing, 25 wireless, 102 withdrawal, 49 witness, 64 eye witness, 65
work (oeuvre), 119 work of art, 119 worker, 92 workers’ union, 93 work force, 93 World Cup, The, 125 World Heritage Sites, 119 worldwide, 15 wounded, 47 wounded, to be, 47 writer, 123 Iranian Writers’ Association, 123 wrongdoing, 67 WWF (Worldwide Fund for Nature), 111 yield, 83 Zionism, 22 Zionist (n.), 22