Learn Persian with Chai & Conversation- Read and Write Persian

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Read & Write Persian

INTRODUCTION Welcome to the brand new Persian Reading and Writing series from Learn Persian with Chai and Conversation. Throughout this course, you will learn the basics of reading and writing in the Persian language. Persian script may look intimidating at first, but we will teach you in an incremental way that is effective and easy. The lessons are based on a program developed by Farzaneh Nouri, one of the first Persian language instructors in the Dallas, Texas area, over the span of 30 years. They’ve been edited and adapted to serve the needs of the Chai and Conversation audience, using similar teaching techniques. Why learn how to read and write in the Persian language? In Chai and Conversation, we’ve always emphasized conversational Persian, and aim to get students communicating effectively as quickly as possible. For this reason, all of our lessons feature the words we’ve learned in phonetic English spelling. However, if you truly want to understand the Persian language, it’s important to be able to read and write as well. You will not be able to understand the language fully until you can read and write it in its original form. And although it may seem difficult, once you understand a few basic principles, it’s quite easy to get the hang of it. Ideally, you will start these lessons simultaneously with the other speaking lessons Chai and Conversation provides. So don’t be afraid- dive in and learn how to read and write in Persian script with us!

THE PERSIAN ALPHABET The Persian alphabet consists of 32 letters. Although it is based on the Arabic alphabet, there are four letters in the Persian alphabet that do not appear in Arabic. One of the biggest differences between Persian and English is that Persian is written from right to left. There are several letters in the Persian alphabet that look different but make the same sound. For example, there are four letters that represent the sound ‘z.’ Another difference between Persian and English is that Persian letters are connected, whether in print or in handwriting. For instance, in English, letters are connected only when writing in cursive. In Persian, however, they are always connected, even in print. Most letters of the Persian alphabet have two different versions- what we call a bozorg (big) version and a koocheek (small) version- similar to capital versus lowercase versions in the Learn Persian with Chai and Conversation Reading and Writing

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English language. Depending on where the letter occurs in the word, they take on different versions. You will understand this more as we demonstrate different words in the lessons. Also, many letters in the Persian alphabet are distinguished by the number and the positions of dots they have. So, many letters have the same base structure, but depending on the placement and number of dots, they are completely different sounds.

A FEW NOTES ABOUT THESE READING AND WRITING LESSONS Each letter of the alphabet has a formal name, and a sound that it makes. For the purposes of these lessons, we will initially only refer to the letter by the sound. This is the same as in English- the letter ‘W’ for instance has a formal name (double you) and a sound (wa). Also, staying true to the spirit of Chai and Conversation, we will be providing the English phonetic spelling of all the words we teach in these lessons. For the phonetic spelling, we will use the following symbols:

PRONUNCIATION GUIDE: a ā é ō

short a long a ending ‘e’ ending o

like in hat like in autumn like in elf sharp o. listen to podcast for exact sound

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ALPHABET REFERENCE GUIDE: Letter Name

Letter Sound

aleph

ā

bé

bé

pé

pé

té

té

sé

sé

jeem

jé

ché

ché

hé

hé

khé

khé

dāl

dé

zāl

zé

ré

ré

zé

zé

zhé

zhé

seen

sé

sheen

shé

sād

sé

zād

zé

tā

té

zā

zé

ayn

é

ghayn

ghé

fé

fé

gāf

ghé

kāf

ké

gāf

gé

lām

lé

meem

mé

noon

né

vāv

oo

hé

hé

yé

yé

koocheek (small)

‫آ‬ ‫ب‬ ‫پ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ث‬ ‫ج‬ ‫چ‬ ‫ح‬ ‫خ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ژ‬ ‫س‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ص‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫ع‬ ‫غ‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ک‬ ‫گ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫م‬ ‫ن‬ ‫و‬ ‫ه ه ه‬ ‫ی‬

bozorg (big)

‫آ‬ ‫ب‬ ‫پ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ث‬ ‫ج‬ ‫چ‬ ‫ح‬ ‫خ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ژ‬ ‫س‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ص‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫ع‬ ‫غ‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ک‬ ‫گ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫م‬ ‫ن‬ ‫و‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ی‬

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LESSON 1 the vowels

VOWELS We’ll first go over vowels in the Persian alphabet, and then slowly introduce the letters in later lessons. Vowels in written Persian are a bit different than those in English. There are a total of six vowels in spoken Persian. Only three of them appear as letters of the alphabet. They are the following:

‫ی‬

‫و‬

‫آا‬

ee

oo

ā

Note: ‫ آ‬and ‫ ا‬are indeed the same letter and make the same sound, ā. The letter simply appears with a ‘hat’, ‫ آ‬when it occurs at the beginning of a word. When it occurs in the middle or at the end of the word, the ‘hat’ is eliminated, and it simply looks like ‫ا‬. The second set of vowels, called short vowels, appear as symbols in writing. Please note that these symbols are generally omitted from written Persian- they are included when you first begin learning, but later, they are assumed to be understood. The vowel symbols are as follows:

ُ

ِ

َ

ō

é

a

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As an example, let’s look at how the vowels ineract with two letters of the Persian alphabet, bé (‫ )ب‬and dé (‫)د‬. Again, a review of our six vowels:

ُ

ِ

ō

َ

é

‫یی‬

a

ee

‫و‬

‫آا‬

oo

ā

Now let’s look at how the vowels affect our two sample letters:

‫د‬ dé

‫ُد‬ dō

‫ِد‬

‫َد‬

dé

da

‫دو دی‬

‫دا‬

‫آد‬

doo

dā

ād

‫بی‬

‫بو‬

‫آب با‬

bee

boo

bā

dee

‫بب‬ bé

ُ‫ب‬

bō

ِ‫ب‬ baé

َ‫ب‬

ba

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āb

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LESSON 2

the vowel ‫ ا آ‬and the letters ‫ پ ت ب‬and ‫د‬

‫آا‬ ā ‫ آ‬is the first letter of the Persian alphabet and is the long vowel ā. If it appears at the beginning of the word, it looks like this: ‫آ‬. The squiggly line above it is called a kolāh, or ‘hat’ in Persian. If it’s in the middle or at the end of a word, it looks like this: ‫ا‬. Both are pronounced the same. In this lesson, we are going to practice combining this vowel with the second letter of the Persian alphabet, bé.

‫بب‬ bé Note: In order to make distinguishing different letters in written Persian easier, we will initially present different letters with unique colors. After the introductory phase, it will be easier for you to distinguish the letters when they are joined together, as is customary in Persian writing

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.

‫آب‬ ‫با‬ ‫بابا‬ ‫باب‬ ‫آبا‬

āb (water) bā (with) bābā (father) bāb ābā

Note: Many of the words we learn for reading practice are made up words for the sake of learning to read. However, some are real words. When that is the case, we’ll include the definitions in parentheses after the word (as we did with bāba or āb above).

READING PRACTICE: Practice reading the following words from right to left. Check your pronunciation with the English phonetic spelling in the key at the end of the lesson.

‫آبا‬

‫باب‬

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‫بابا‬

‫با‬

‫آب‬

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WRITING PRACTICE: Practice writing the following words. Remember as you are practicing writing to go from right to left, and to start from top to bottom.

‫ا‬

‫ا‬

‫ا‬

‫ا‬

‫آ‬

‫آ‬

‫آ‬

‫آ‬

‫ب‬

‫ب‬

‫ب‬

‫ب‬

‫ب‬

‫ب‬

‫ب‬

‫ب‬

‫با‬

‫با‬

‫با‬

‫با‬

‫با‬

‫با‬

‫با‬

‫با‬

‫آب آب آب آب آب آب آب آب‬ ‫بابا‬ ‫آبا‬

‫بابا‬ ‫آبا‬

‫بابا‬

‫بابا‬

‫باب‬

‫ا‬bābā

‫آبا‬

‫بابا‬

‫آبا‬

‫بابا‬

‫آبا‬

‫آبا‬

‫بابا‬

‫بابا‬

‫آبا‬

‫آبا‬

Key: ‫ا‬ābā

‫آبا‬

‫ا‬bāb

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‫بابا‬

‫ا‬bā

‫با‬

‫\ا‬āb

‫آب‬ 8

Now let’s learn four popular consonants in the Persian language:

‫د‬

‫پپ‬

dé

‫تت‬

pé

‫بب‬

té

bé

These are four of the most used consonants in Persian. As you can see with the first three, the placement of dots determines what the letter is. Each of the letters has a bozorg (big) version, generally appearing at the end of a word, and a koocheek (small) version, generally appearing in the beginning or the middle of a word, except for ‫د‬, which only has one version. Now let’s looking at combining the consonants with our vowel ‫ا آ‬. Practice reading the words below. Check your reading comprehension with the key at the bottom of the page.

‫آد‬ ‫دا‬ ‫آدا‬ ‫داد‬ ‫دادا‬

‫آپ‬ ‫پا‬ ‫آپا‬ ‫پات‬ ‫پاپا‬

‫آت‬ ‫تا‬ ‫آتا‬ ‫تاب‬ ‫تابا‬

‫آب‬

‫با‬ ‫آبا‬ ‫باد‬ ‫آباد‬

Key: āb

‫آب‬

dā

‫دا‬ ‫پات‬

pāt

‫آت‬

āp

‫آپ‬

ād

‫آد‬

bā

‫با‬

ābā

‫آبا‬

ātā

‫آتا‬

āpā

‫آپا‬

ādā

‫آدا‬

dād

‫داد‬

ābād

‫آباد‬

tābā

‫تابا‬

pāpā

‫پاپا‬

āt

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‫تا‬

pā

bād

‫باد‬

tāb

dādā

‫دادا‬

tā

‫پا‬ ‫تاب‬

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WRITING PRACTICE: Practice writing the following words. Trace over the letters as they appear below:

‫آد‬

‫آپ‬

‫آت‬

‫آب‬

‫آد‬

‫آپ‬

‫آت‬

‫آب‬

‫دا‬

‫پا‬

‫تا‬

‫با‬

‫دا‬

‫پا‬

‫تا‬

‫با‬

‫دادا‬

‫پاپا‬

‫تاتا‬

‫بابا‬

‫دادا‬

‫پاپا‬

‫تاتا‬

‫بابا‬

Practice writing the following sentences below. Trace over the tinted letters, and then practice writing on your own on the third and fourth lines.

‫تاب‬

‫آداب‬

‫باد‬

‫آباد‬

.‫بابا آب داد‬

‫تاب‬

‫آداب‬

‫باد‬

‫آباد‬

.‫بابا آب داد‬

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LESSON 3

the letters ‫ز ر ن‬

In this week’s lesson, we learn the next set of popular Persian consonants, ‫ز‬، ‫ ر‬and ‫ن‬. We’ll practice combining them only with the vowel ‫آ‬.

‫آا‬ ā

‫ر‬

‫ز‬

‫نن‬

ré

zé

né

Practice reading the following combination of the letters. Practice writing each of the examples below.

‫آنان‬ ‫آنان‬

‫آنا‬ ‫آنا‬

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‫نانا‬ ‫نانا‬

‫نا‬ ‫نا‬

‫آن‬ ‫آن‬ 11

‫آر‬ ‫آر‬ ‫آز‬ ‫آز‬

‫‪12‬‬

‫را‬ ‫را‬ ‫زا‬ ‫زا‬

‫رارا‬ ‫رارا‬ ‫زازا‬ ‫زازا‬

‫آرا‬ ‫آرا‬ ‫آزا‬ ‫آزا‬

‫آزار‬ ‫آزار‬ ‫بازار‬ ‫بازار‬

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Now let’s look at how the vowel ‫ آ ا‬can be combined with all the consonants we’ve learned so far. Practice reading and writing the following words. Check your reading on the key below.

‫آا‬ ā

‫ز‬

‫ر‬

‫نن‬

ré

zé

‫بب تت پپ‬

‫د‬

né

dé

pé

‫تار‬ ‫تار‬ ‫پا‬ ‫پا‬ ‫باران باران‬ ‫بار‬ ‫بار‬ ‫بازار بازار‬

té

bé

‫تاب‬ ‫باد‬ ‫آباد‬ ‫دارا‬ ‫نان‬

‫تاب‬ ‫باد‬ ‫آباد‬ ‫دارا‬ ‫نان‬

Practice tracing the following words. Practice freeform writing them on the blank line.

‫پا‬

‫بازار‬

‫نان‬

‫بار‬

‫دارا‬

‫باران‬

‫باد‬

‫تار‬

‫تاب‬

Key: bād (wind) dārā (boy’s name) bāzār (market)

‫باد‬

‫دارا‬

‫باران‬

tār (instrument) bārān (rain) bāz (open)

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‫تار‬

tāb (swing)

‫باز‬

bār (load)

‫باران‬

pā (foot)

‫تاب‬ ‫پا‬

‫بار‬ 13

READING AND WRITING Practice reading the following words. Check your reading comprehension with the key below. Practice tracing the words below, and practice writing freeform on the bottom line.

‫پا‬

‫راز‬ ‫راز‬

‫پا‬

‫آداب آباد‬ ‫آداب آباد‬

‫آزاد‬ ‫آزاد‬

‫آزار‬ ‫آزار‬

‫دارا‬ ‫دارا‬

‫تارزان پا‬

‫بازار‬

‫باران‬

‫تار‬

‫تاب‬

‫تارزان پا‬

‫بازار‬

‫باران‬

‫تار‬

‫تاب‬

‫دامان آرام‬

‫تابان‬

‫دانا‬

‫آبادان نادان‬

‫دامان آرام‬

‫تابان‬

‫دانا‬

‫آبادان نادان‬

Key: āzād (free) tāb (swing) bārān (rain) tābān (shining) pā (foot)

‫آزاد‬

āzār (suffering)

‫باران‬

bāzār (market)

‫تاب‬

‫تابان‬

ābād dānā (wise)

‫پا‬

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Abādan

‫آزار‬

Dārā (name)

‫بازار‬

bārān (rain)

‫آبادان‬

ārām (calm)

‫آباد‬ ‫دانا‬

ādāb ānān (they)

‫دارا‬

‫آداب‬ ‫باران‬ ‫آنان‬ ‫آرام‬

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LESSON 4 The letter ‫م ما‬

‫مم‬ mé Today we introduce the letter ‫م ما‬.. We’re going to continue to combine this letter with the vowel ‫آ ا‬. In addition, we’ll practice combining it with all the other other consonants we’ve been learning. First, practice reading the following:

‫آما‬

‫ماما‬

‫ما‬

‫آم‬

‫نام‬

‫آمار‬

‫مار‬

‫مامان‬

āmā

māmā

mā

ām

nām (name)

āmār (measurement)

mār (snake)

māmān (mother)

‫بادام‬

‫مادام‬

‫داماد‬

‫دامان‬

bādām (almond)

mādām (as long as)

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dāmād (groom)

dāmān (skirt)

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READING PRACTICE: Practice reading the following sentences. The sentences all center around someone giving something. The word for ‘gave’ in Persian is ‫( داد‬dād). Check your reading comprehension with the key below.

‫بادام‬

bādām (almond)

‫بابا‬ bābā (father)

.‫بابا آب داد‬ .‫مامان آب داد‬ .‫دارا آب داد‬

‫مامان‬ māmān (mother)

.‫بابا بادام داد‬ .‫مامان بادام داد‬ .‫دارا بادام داد‬

‫نان‬

nān (bread)

.‫بابا نان داد‬ .‫مامان نان داد‬ .‫دارا نان داد‬

Key: bābā bādām dād (dad gave almonds) māmān nān dād (mom gave bread) māmān āb dād (mom gave water) dārā bādām dād (dara gave almonds)

‫بابا بادام داد‬

‫مامان نان داد‬

‫مامان آب داد‬ ‫دارا بادام داد‬

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bābā nān dād (dad gave bread) bābā āb dād (dad gave water) māmān bādām dād (mom gave almonds) dārā nān dād (dara gave bread) dārā āb dād (dara gave water)

‫بابا نان داد‬

‫بابا آب داد‬

‫مامان بادام داد‬ ‫دارا نان داد‬

‫دارا آب داد‬ 16

WRITING PRACTICE: Practice writing the following words. First, trace over the tinted writing, and then practice writing freeform.

-

-

-

‫بابا‬ ‫بابا‬ ‫بابا‬ ‫باد‬ ‫باد‬ ‫باد‬ ‫بار‬ ‫بار‬ ‫بار‬ - ‫باران باران باران‬ - ‫بازار بازار بازار‬ - ‫مامان مامان مامان‬ ‫دارا‬ ‫دارا‬ ‫دارا‬ - ‫بادام بادان بادان‬ - ‫دامان دامان دامان‬ - ‫تاب تاب تاب‬ - ‫تارزان تارزان تارزان‬

Key: bābā (father) bārān (rain) dārā (boy’s name)

‫بابا‬

‫باران‬ ‫دارا‬

bād (wind) bāzār (bazaar) bādām (almond) tāb (swing)

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‫باد‬

bār (load)

‫بازار‬

māmān (mother)

‫تاب‬

tārzān (Tarzan)

‫بادام‬

dāmān (skirt)

‫بار‬

‫مامان‬ ‫دامان‬

‫تارزان‬ 17

LESSON 5 The vowel َ

First, let’s revisit vowels and see how they interact with the five consonants we have learned so far. Practice reading the combinations on your own.

ُ

ِ

َ

‫یی‬

‫و‬

‫آا‬

ُ‫ب‬

ِ‫ب‬

َ‫ب‬

‫بی بی‬

‫بو‬

‫آب با‬

‫بب‬

َ‫ت‬

‫تی تی‬

‫تو‬

‫آت تا‬

‫تت‬

ُ‫ت‬

ِ‫ت‬

‫ُد‬

‫ِد‬

‫دو دی دی َد‬

‫آد دا‬

‫د‬

‫ُر‬

‫ِر‬

‫رو ری ری َر‬

‫آر را‬

‫ر‬

َ‫ن‬

‫آن نا‬

‫نن‬

ُ‫ن‬

ِ‫ن‬

‫نی نی‬

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‫نو‬

18

َ a Until this point, we’ve only focused on one vowel- the letter ‫آ ا‬. Now we’re going to add another vowel. This time, the vowel is not a letter of the alphabet, but rather an accent. When the accent َappears in above a letter, it sounds like the vowel sound of ‘a’ in ‘hat’. See the following examples:

َ‫پ‬

َ‫ن‬

pa

na

‫َم‬

ta

ba

a

‫َر‬

‫َز‬

za

ma

َ‫ا‬

َ‫ب‬

َ‫ت‬

‫َد‬

ra

da

‫اَز بَر تَر پَر نَر َدر َرد َزن َمن‬ man

zan

rad

dar

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nar

par

tar

bar

az

19

READING AND WRITING PRACTICE: Practice reading and writing the words below. Check your reading comprehension with the key at the bottom of the page.

َ a

‫اَبر‬ ‫اَبر‬

‫نَرم‬ ‫نَرم‬

‫َمرد‬ ‫َمرد‬

‫َزن‬ ‫َزن‬

‫َزرد‬ ‫َزرد‬

‫تَن‬ ‫تَن‬

‫تَب‬ ‫تَب‬

‫بَند‬ ‫بَند‬

‫نَبات‬ ‫نَبات‬

‫دا َمن‬ ‫دا َمن‬

‫اَنار‬ ‫آنار‬

‫َدرمان‬ ‫َدرمان‬

‫َدرد‬ ‫َدرد‬

‫ما َدر‬ ‫ما َدر‬

‫نَماز‬ ‫نَماز‬

‫َمردان‬ ‫َمردان‬

‫َزنان‬ ‫َزنان‬

‫تَمام‬ ‫تَمام‬

‫َدندان‬ ‫َدندان‬

‫بَرا َدر‬ ‫بَرا َدر‬

Key: band (band) zan (woman) mādar (mother) dāman (skirt) tamām (finish)

‫بَند‬ ‫َزن‬ ‫ما َدر‬

‫دا َمن‬ ‫تَمام‬

tab (fever) mard (man) dard (pain) nabāt (sugar) zanān (women)

‫تَب‬ ‫َمرد‬ ‫َدرد‬

‫نَبات‬ ‫َزنان‬

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tan (body) narm (soft) darmān barādar (brother) mardān (men)

‫تَن‬ ‫نَرم‬

zard (yellow) abr (cloud)

‫َدرمان‬

anār (pomegranate)

‫َمردان‬

namāz (prayer)

‫بَرا َدر‬

dandān (tooth)

‫َزرد‬ ‫اَبر‬ ‫اَنار‬

‫َدندان‬ ‫نَماز‬

20

َ a

َ‫ا‬

َ

‫آ‬

a

a

ā

.‫آن َمرد اَنار دا َرد‬

.‫َمن اَنار نَدا َرم‬

.‫مامان با نان آ َمد‬

.‫مامان اَنار نَدا َرد‬

.‫مامان اَز بازار آ َمد‬

.‫آن َزن بادام دا َرد‬

.‫آن َمرد بادام نَدا َرد‬

Key:

man anār nadāram (I don’t have a pomegranate) māmān bā nān āmad (Mom came with bread) ān mard bādām nadārad (That man doesn’t have almonds) māmān az bāzār āmad (Mom came from the market)

.‫َمن اَنار نَدا َرم‬ .‫مامان با نان آ َمد‬ .‫آن َمرد بادام نَدا َرد‬ .‫مامان اَز بازار آ َمد‬

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.‫دارا بادام نَدا َرد‬

ān mard anār dārad (That man has pomegranates) māmān anār nadārad (Mom doesn’t have a pomegranate) dārā bādām nadārad (Dara doens’t have almonds) ān zan bādām dārad (That woman has almonds)

.‫آن َمرد اَنار دا َرد‬ .‫مامان اَنار نَدا َرد‬ .‫دارا بادام نَدا َرد‬ .‫آن َزن بادام دا َرد‬ 21

LESSON 6 the letter ‫س‬

‫سس‬ sé Let’s combine our new letter ‫ س‬with vowels we’ve gone over, ‫ ا‬and َ

‫ا‬ ‫سا‬

َ ‫َسا‬

‫آ‬ ‫آس‬

sā

sa

‫ساز سارا‬ ‫َسرما َسرباز‬

‫سام‬ ‫َسبز‬

Key:

sār

‫سار‬

sām

‫سام‬

sāz (instrument))

sabad (basket)

‫َسبَد‬

sabz (green)

‫َسبَز‬

sarmā (cold)

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ās

‫سار‬ ‫َسبَد‬ ‫ساز‬ ‫َسرما‬

‫سا‬ ‫َسا‬ sārā

sarbāz (soldier)

‫سارا‬ ‫َسرباز‬ 22

READING AND WRITING PRACTICE: Practice reading the following words. Then, practice writing them. First, trace over the tinted writing, and then practice writing freeform.

-

-

-

‫َدرس‬

‫َدرس‬

‫َدرس‬

-

-

-

-

-

-

‫َسبر‬

‫َسبر‬

‫َسبر‬

-

-

-

‫اَسب‬

‫اَسب‬

‫اَسب‬

-

-

-

-

-

-

‫َسبَد‬ ‫اَست‬

‫َسبَد‬ ‫اَست‬

‫َسبَد‬ ‫اَست‬

-

-

-

‫ماست‬

‫ماست‬

‫ماست‬

-

-

-

‫سارا‬

‫سارا‬

‫سارا‬

-

-

-

-

-

-

‫َسرباز‬

‫َسرباز‬

‫َسرباز‬

‫َسرد‬

‫تَرس‬

‫َسرد‬

‫تَرس‬

‫َسرد‬

‫تَرس‬

Key: dars (lesson)

‫َدرس‬

sabad (basket)

‫َسبَد‬

sarbāz (soldier)

‫َسرباز‬

sard (cold)

‫َسرد‬

sābz (green)

ast (is)

‫اَست‬

māst (yogurt)

tars (fear)

‫تَرس‬

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‫َسبز‬ ‫ماست‬

asb (horse)

‫اَسب‬

sārā

‫سارا‬

23

‫سس‬ sé

َ ‫َسا‬ sa

‫ا‬ ‫سا‬

‫آ‬ ‫آس‬

sā

ās

READING PRACTICE: Practice reading the paragraph. Check your reading with the key below.

.‫سارا با ما َدر اَز بازار آ َمد‬ .‫ما َدر َسبَد َدر َدست دا َرد‬ ‫آن َسبَد َدر َدست دا َرد‬. .‫ اَنار دا َرد‬،‫ ماست‬،‫سارا َدر َسبَد نان‬ .‫ سامان َسرباز اَست‬.‫سامان با اَسب آ َمد‬ Key: sāra bā mādar az bāzār āmad.(sara with mother came from the store) mādar sabad dar dast dārad (mother has a basket in hand) ān sabad sabz ast (that basket is green) sārā dar sabad nān, māst, anār dārad (sara in the basket has bread, yogurt, pomegranate) sāmān bā asb āmad. sāmān sarbāz ast (saman came with a horse. saman is a sodier) Learn Persian with Chai and Conversation Reading and Writing

‫سارا با ما َدر اَز بازار آ َمد‬

‫ما َدر َسبَد َدر َدست دا َرد‬ ‫آن َسبَد َسبز اَست‬

‫ اَنار دا َرد‬،‫ ماست‬،‫سارا َدر َسبَد نان‬ ‫ سامان َسرباز اَست‬.‫سامان با اَسب آ َمد‬. 24

WRITING PRACTICE: Practice writing the following paragraph by writing over the tinted letters.

‫ن‬.‫سارا با ما َدر اَز بازار آ َمد‬ ‫ن‬.‫ما َدر َسبَد َدر َدست دا َرد‬ ‫آن َسبَد َدر َدست دا َرد‬. ‫ش‬.‫ اَنار دا َرد‬،‫ ماست‬،‫سارا َدر َسبَد نان‬ ‫ ن‬.‫ سامان َسرباز اَست‬.‫سامان با اَسب آ َمد‬ Fill in the boxes below the following consonants with words that contain the letters.

‫بب‬

‫سس‬

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‫نن‬

‫د‬

‫مم‬

25

LESSON 7 the vowel ‫و‬

‫و‬ oo The letter ‫ و‬can either be a vowel or a consonant. So far, we’ve only learned it as a vowel which makes the sound oo. In this lesson, we continue to explore the use of ‫ و‬as a vowel. The following is how they interact with consonants we’ve learned:

‫ز س م‬ ‫زو سو مو‬ moo

soo

zoo

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‫ر‬ ‫رو‬ roo

‫د‬ ‫دو‬ doo

‫ت‬ ‫تو‬ too

‫ب‬ ‫بو‬

boo

26

READING AND WRITING PRACTICE: Practice reading the following words that combine consonants with the vowel ‫و‬. Check your reading with the key below. Then practice tracing the tinted words below, and then writing them freeform on the empty line.

‫سوپ مور‬ ‫سوپ مور‬ ‫موران‬ ‫موران‬

‫زور‬ ‫زور‬

‫راسو‬ ‫راسو‬

‫سو َزن‬ ‫سو َزن‬

‫روز‬ ‫روز‬

‫روبان‬ ‫روبان‬

‫تَرسو‬ ‫تَرسو‬

‫دور‬ ‫دور‬

‫دوست‬ ‫دوست‬ ‫تَرازو‬ ‫تَرازو‬

‫تور‬ ‫تور‬ ‫توران‬ ‫توران‬

‫بود‬ ‫بود‬ ‫بوران‬ ‫بوران‬

‫توپ‬ ‫توپ‬

‫بو َدن‬ ‫بو َدن‬

Key: moor

‫مور‬

soop (soup)

toor

‫تور‬

moor

door (far)

‫دور‬

boorān

‫بوران‬

moorān

‫موران‬

rooz (day)

‫روز‬

toorān

‫توران‬

boodan (being)

‫بو َدن‬

zoor (strength)

‫زور‬

doost (friend)

‫دوست‬

toop (ball)

‫توپ‬

‫تَرازو‬

tarsoo (scardy)

‫تَرسو‬

tarāzoo

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‫سوپ‬

roobān (ribbon)

‫روبان‬

‫مور‬

rāsoo (weasel)

‫راسو‬

soozan (needle)

‫سو َزن‬ 27

READING PRACTICE: Practice reading the following paragraph containing several words with the vowel ‫و‬. Check your reading comprehension with the key at the bottom of the page.

.‫ساناز توپ دا َرد‬ .‫سوسن با ساناز دوست اَست‬ َ ‫سوسن اَز تور اَست‬ َ ‫دا َمن‬ .‫آن سوپ َسرد اَست‬ ‫سوپ َسرد دوست نَدا َرد‬ ِ ‫سوزان‬ WRITING PRACTICE: In the lines below, write all the words above that contain the letter ‫و‬.

Key: sānāz toop dārad.(sanaz has a ball) soosan bā sānāz doost ast (susan is friends with sanaz) dāmané soosan az toor ast (soosan’s skirt is of net) ān soop sard ast (that soup is cold) soosān soopé sard doost nadārad (susan does not like cold soup) Learn Persian with Chai and Conversation Reading and Writing

‫ساناز توپ دا َرد‬.

‫سوسن با ساناز دوست اَست‬. َ ‫سوسن اَز تور اَست‬ َ ‫دا َمن‬ ‫آن سوپ َسرد اَست‬.

‫سوپ َسرد دوست نَدا َرد‬ ِ ‫سوزان‬ 28

LESSON 8 the vowel ‫ی‬

‫ی‬ ee In this lesson we are covering the letter ‫ ی‬when used as a vowel sound- ee. First, let’s go over how this letter would interact with vowels we’ve previously learned. Then, let’s make some simple words using the combination of our consonants with our vowel ‫ی‬.

‫نن‬ ‫نی‬

‫مم‬ ‫می‬

‫ز‬ ‫زی‬

‫ر‬ ‫ری‬

‫د‬ ‫دی‬

‫نیم‬

‫میز‬

‫زیر‬

‫ریز‬

‫دیر‬

nee

neem (half)

mee

meez (table)

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zee

zeer (under)

ree

reez (tiny)

dee

deer (late)

29

‫سس‬ ‫سی‬

‫ز‬ ‫زی‬

‫تت‬ ‫تی‬

‫پپ‬ ‫پی‬

‫بب‬ ‫بی‬

‫سیر‬

‫زیم‬

‫تیم‬

‫پیر‬

‫بید‬

see

seer (garlic)

zee

tee

zeem

pee

teem

bee

peer (old)

beed

READING AND WRITING PRACTICE: Practice reading the following words. Check your reading comprehension with the key at the end of the page. Then, practice writing them. First, trace over the tinted writing, and then practice writing freeform.

‫بینی‬ ‫بینی‬

‫پیری‬ ‫پیری‬

‫شیر‬ ‫شیر‬

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‫سیر‬ ‫سیر‬

‫میز‬ ‫میز‬

‫دیر‬ ‫دیر‬

30

‫زیر‬ ‫زیر‬

‫زیبا‬ ‫زیبا‬

‫بینا‬ ‫بینا‬

‫نیمی‬ ‫نیمی‬

‫َسبزی‬ ‫َسبزی‬

‫پیروز‬ ‫پیروز‬

‫بازی‬ ‫بازی‬

‫پیر‬ ‫پیر‬

‫سوزی‬ ‫سوزی‬

‫سیب‬ ‫سیب‬

‫تیر‬ ‫تیر‬

‫پیروزی سینی‬ ‫پیروزی سینی‬

Key: deer (late) meez (table) seer (garlic) sheer (milk/lion) sabzee (greens)

‫دیر‬

peeree (old age)

‫سیر‬

seeb (apple)

‫میز‬

teer (arrow)

‫شیر‬

peer (old)

‫َسبزی‬

neemee

‫پیری‬

peerooz (victor)

‫سیب‬

zeebā (beautiful)

‫تیر‬

‫پیر‬

‫نیمی‬

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beenā (seer) zeer (under)

‫پیروز‬ ‫بینا‬

‫زیبا‬ ‫زیر‬

peeroozee (victory) seenee (tray) soozee (burn) bāzee (game)

‫پیروزی‬ ‫سینی‬

‫سوزی‬ ‫بازی‬

31

READING PRACTICE:

‫ شیرین‬.‫ سیما اَز کار می آ َمد‬.‫دیدم‬ َ ‫دیروز سیما را َدر تاکسی‬ ‫ َدر پا َکت سیب َزمینی اَست‬.‫پا َکتی َدر َدست دا َرد‬ ِ .‫َزنبور نیش می َزنَد‬ ‫نیش َزنتور َدرد دا َرد‬ ِ .‫آب َدریا آبی اَست‬ ِ ‫آسمان آبی اَست‬ WRITING PRACTICE: In the lines below, write all the words above that contain the letter ‫ی‬،

Key: deerooz seemā rā dar tāxi deedam.(yesterday I saw Seema in a taxi) seemā az kār meeyāmad (Seema came from work) sheereen pakatee dar dast dārad (sheereen has a packet in her hand) zanboor neesh meezanad (bee stings) neeshé zanboor dard dārad (a bee sting hurts) ābé daryā ābee ast (the water of the ocean is blue) āsemān ābee ast (the sky is blue) Learn Persian with Chai and Conversation Reading and Writing

‫دیدم‬ َ ‫دیروز سیما را َدر تاکسی‬. ‫سیما اَز کار می آ َمد‬.

‫شیرین پا َکتی َدر َدست دا َرد‬. ‫ َزنبور نیش می َزنَد‬.

ِ ‫نیش َزنتور َدرد دا َرد‬ ِ ‫آب َدریا آبی اَست‬. ِ ‫آسمان آبی اَست‬

32

LESSON 9

the consonants ‫ ک‬and ‫ش‬

In this lesson, we add two new consonants, ké and shé.

‫کک‬

‫شش‬

zé

ré

Let’s see how our new consonants interact with our six vowels.

‫ُش‬

shō

‫ُک‬

kō

‫ِش‬ shé

‫ِک‬ ké

‫آش شا شو شی َش‬ sha

shee

shoo

‫کو کی َک‬ ka

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kee

koo

shā

āsh

‫آک کا‬ kā

āk

33

READING AND WRITING PRACTICE: Practice reading the following words that combine consonants with the vowel ‫و‬. Check your reading with the key below. Then practice tracing the tinted words below, and then writing them freeform on the empty line.

‫ُشما‬ ‫ُشما‬

‫ِشنا‬ ‫ِشنا‬

‫َشب‬ ‫َشب‬

‫شیر‬ ‫شیر‬

‫شور‬ ‫شور‬

‫شام‬ ‫شام‬

‫آش‬ ‫آش‬

‫َکباب ِکتاب ُک َمک ُکت‬ ‫َکباب ِکتاب ُک َمک ُکت‬

‫کیش‬ ‫کیش‬

‫کور‬ ‫کور‬

‫کار‬ ‫کار‬

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34

LESSON 10

review and the letter ‫گ‬

In this lesson, we add one new consonant, gé.

‫گگ‬ gé

First, practice reading our new consonant with the six vowels.

‫ُگ‬

gō

‫ِگ‬ gé

‫َگ‬ ga

‫گو گی‬ gee

goo

‫آگ گا‬ gā

āg

Some examples with our new letter:

‫گاری گویا گیر َگب ِگل ُگل‬ gōl

gel

gab

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geer

gooyā

gāree

35

READING AND WRITING PRACTICE: Practice reading the following words. Check your comprehension with the key at the end of the guide. Then write them on the line below.

ُ

َ ‫یی‬

‫و‬

‫آ‬

‫بِدان بُر‬

‫بَد‬

‫بید‬

‫بود‬

‫ب ب آبا‬

‫تُند‬

‫تِز‬

‫تَب‬

‫تیر‬

‫تور‬

‫ت ت تارا‬

‫ُدر‬

‫ِدنا‬

‫َدر‬

‫دیر‬

‫دور‬

‫دارا‬

‫د‬

‫ُرز‬

‫َرب ِرند‬

‫ریز‬

‫روز‬

‫راز‬

‫ر‬

‫ُزنا‬

‫تا ِزه‬

‫َزن‬

‫زیر‬

‫آزار زور‬

‫ز‬

‫نُت‬

‫نِدا‬

‫نَم‬

‫نیما‬

‫نور‬

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‫نان‬

‫نن‬ 36

‫مم‬

‫آ‬

‫و‬

‫یی َ‬

‫آمار موش مینا‬

‫ک ک آکبَند کور‬

‫ُ‬

‫َمرد ِمداد ُمد‬

‫کیش َکر‬

‫َکتاب ُکر‬

‫گ گ آگاه گوش گیسو َگرم ِگرد ُگردا‬ ‫س س آسان سوپ سیب َسرد ِسن‬

‫ُسرور‬

‫ش ش آش شور شیر َشب ِشنا‬

‫ُشما‬

‫‪37‬‬

‫‪Learn Persian with Chai and Conversation Reading and Writing‬‬

WRITING PRACTICE: The following Persian words contain only vowels and consonants we’ve covered so far, and are written in phonetic English. Rewrite them in Persian. Make sure to include accents if needed. Check your work with the key below.

bood

seeb

āb

seenee

bābā

seer

nān

ast

door

sarbāz

rooz

dars

bārān

māst

sheer

medād

ketāb

garm

peer

goosh

Key: bood (was) āb (water) bābā (father) nān (bread) door (far)

‫بود‬

‫آب‬

rooz (day) bārān (rain)

‫بابا‬

sheer (milk/lion)

‫دور‬

peer (old)

‫نان‬

kabāb

‫روز‬

seeb (apple)

‫باران‬

seenee (tray)

‫َکباب‬

ast (is)

‫شیر‬

seer (garlic)

‫پیر‬

sarbāz (soldier)

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‫سیب‬

‫سینی‬ ‫سیر‬

‫اَست‬

‫َسرباز‬

dars (lesson) māst (yogurt) medād (pencil) garm (warm) goosh (ear)

‫َدرس‬

‫ماست‬ ‫ِمداد‬ ‫َگرم‬

‫گوش‬ 38

Key (for pages 36 and 37): ābā bood (was) beed (father) bad (willow) bedān (know) bor (cut) āzār (torment) zoor (force) zeer (under) zan (woman) tāzé (new) zonā (far) āgāh (informed) goosh (ear) geesoo (hair) garm (warm) gerd (round) gerdā

‫آبا‬

tārā (Tara)

‫بید‬

teer (arrow)

‫بود‬ ‫بَد‬ ‫بِدان‬

toor (lace) tab (fever) tez (thesis)

‫بُر‬ ‫آزار‬

nān (bread)

‫زیر‬

neemā (name)

‫تازِه‬

nedā (call)

‫زور‬

tond (fast) noor (light)

‫َزن‬

nam (name)

‫ُزنا‬

note (note)

‫آگاه‬

‫گوش‬ ‫گیسو‬ ‫َگرم‬ ‫ِگرد‬ ‫ِگردا‬

āsān (easy) soop (soup) seeb (apple) sard (cold) sen (age) soroor (joy)

‫تارا‬

dārā (Dara)

‫تیر‬

deer (late)

‫تور‬

‫تَب‬ ‫تِز‬

door (far) dar (door) denā (Dena)

‫تُند‬ ‫نان‬

āmār (statistics)

‫نیما‬

meenā (glaze)

dor

‫نور‬

moosh (mouse)

‫نَم‬ ‫نِدا‬

medād (pencil)

‫نُت‬

‫آسان‬

mard (man) mod (fashion) āsh (soup)

‫سوپ‬

shoor (salty)

‫َسرد‬ ‫ِسن‬

shenā (swim)

‫سیب‬

‫ُسرور‬

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sheer (milk) shab (night) shomā (you)

‫دارا‬

‫دور‬ ‫دیر‬ ‫َدر‬ ‫ِدنا‬ ‫ُدر‬

‫آمار‬

‫موش‬ ‫مینا‬

‫َمرد‬ ‫ِمداد‬ ‫ُمد‬

‫آش‬

dars (lesson) māst (yogurt) medād (pencil) garm (warm) goosh (ear) door (far) ākband koor (deaf) keesh (Keesh) kar (deaf) ketāb (book) kor

‫َدرس‬

‫ماست‬ ‫ِمداد‬ ‫َگرم‬

‫گوش‬ ‫دور‬

‫آکبَند‬ ‫کور‬ ‫کیش‬ ‫َکر‬

‫ِکتاب‬ ‫ُکر‬

‫شور‬ ‫شیر‬

‫َشب‬ ‫ِشنا‬ ‫ُشما‬

39

LESSON 11

the letter ‫ ک‬revisited

In this lesson, we revisit the consonant ké.

‫کک‬ ké

‫نَمکدان‬

‫نَمک‬

namakdān

namak

READING PRACTICE:

.‫ َکباب نَ َمک دا َرد‬.‫ نَ َمک شور اَست‬.‫َدر نَ َمکدان نَ َمک اَست‬ ‫آن َکباب شور اَست‬ Key: dar namakdān namak ast.(in the saltshaker there’s salt) namak shoor ast (salt is salty) kabāb namak dārad (kabobs have salt) ān kabāb shoor ast (that kabob is salty) Learn Persian with Chai and Conversation Reading and Writing

‫َمک اَست‬ َ ‫َمکدان ن‬ َ ‫َدر ن‬ ‫َمک شور اَست‬ َ‫ن‬

‫َمک دا َرد‬ َ ‫َکباب ن‬

‫آن َکباب شور اَست‬ 40

READING AND WRITING PRACTICE: Practice reading the following words that contain the letter ‫ک‬. Check your reading with the key below. Then practice tracing the tinted words below, and then writing them freeform on the empty line.

‫کار َمند‬ ‫کار َمند‬

‫کاردار‬ ‫کاردار‬

‫کادر‬ ‫کادر‬

‫کار‬ ‫کار‬

‫کا‬ ‫کا‬

‫َکباب‬ ‫َکباب‬

‫َک َمر‬ ‫َک َمر‬

‫ندن‬ َ ‫َک‬ ‫ندن‬ َ ‫َک‬

‫َکرد‬ ‫َکرد‬

‫َک‬ ‫َک‬

‫دارکوب‬ ‫دارکوب‬

‫کور‬ ‫کور‬

‫کو َدک‬ ‫کو َدک‬

‫کوکو‬ ‫کوکو‬

‫کو‬ ‫کو‬

‫کار‬ ‫َکرد‬

‫کادر‬

Key: kā kārmand (worker) kabob (kabob) koor (blind)

‫کا‬

‫کار َمند‬ ‫َکباب‬ ‫کور‬

kār (work) kard (did) koo (where) dārkoob (woodpecker)

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‫کو‬

‫دارکوب‬

kādr (frame) kardan (to do) kookoo

‫َکر َدن‬ ‫کوکو‬

kārdār (clerk) kamar (waist) koodak (child)

‫کاردار‬ ‫َک َمر‬

‫کو َدک‬ 41

‫کاشت‬ ‫کاشت‬

‫َکبوتَر‬ ‫َکبوتَر‬

‫َکشک‬ ‫َکشک‬

‫کو َدک‬ ‫کو َدک‬

‫کور‬ ‫کور‬

‫َک َمر‬ ‫َک َمر‬

‫َکرد‬ ‫َکرد‬

‫کار َمند‬ ‫کار َمند‬

‫کار‬ ‫کار‬

‫ِکتاب‬ ‫ِکتاب‬

‫َمکان‬ ‫َمکان‬

‫تَکان‬ ‫تکان‬

‫َشر َکت َشک‬ ‫َشر َکت َشک‬

‫کاشان‬ ‫کاشان‬

‫نَ َمکدان کانون‬ ‫نَ َمکدان کانون‬

‫نَ َمک‬ ‫نَ َمک‬

Key: namak (salt) kabootar (pigeon) kard (did) kāshān makān (place)

‫َمک‬ َ‫ن‬ ‫َکبوتَر‬

namakdān (saltshaker)

‫کاشان‬

sherkat (participate)

‫َکرد‬

‫َمکان‬

kāsht (planted) kamar (waist) ketāb (book)

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‫َمکدان‬ َ‫ن‬ ‫کاشت‬ ‫َک َمر‬

‫َشر َکت‬ ‫ِکتاب‬

kashk (whey) kār (work) koor (blind) shak (doubt)

‫َکشک‬

kānoon (focus)

‫کار‬

kārmand (worker)

‫َشک‬

takān (movement)

‫کور‬

koodak (child)

‫کانون‬

‫کار َمند‬ ‫کو َدک‬ ‫تَکان‬

42

LESSON 12

the letter ‫ گ‬revisited

In this lesson, we revisit the consonant gé.

‫گگ‬ gé

First, let’s take a look at how the consonant interacts with the six vowel sounds we’ve learned:

‫ُگ‬

gō

‫ِگ‬ gé

‫َگ‬ ga

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‫گو گی‬ gee

goo

‫آگ گا‬ gā

āg

43

READING AND WRITING PRACTICE: Practice reading the following words that contain the letter ‫ک‬. Check your reading with the key below. Then practice tracing the tinted words below, and then writing them freeform on the empty line.

‫ُگم‬ ‫ُگم‬

‫ِگران‬ ‫ِگران‬

‫َگرم‬ ‫َگرم‬

‫گیر‬

‫گوش‬

‫گاز‬

‫ُگرگ‬ ‫ُگ ُگرگ‬

‫ِگردو‬ ‫ِگردو‬

‫َگر َدن‬ ‫َگر َدن‬

‫گیسو‬

‫گوشت‬

‫گام‬

‫ُگل‬ ‫ُگل‬

‫گوشی‬

‫گاری‬

‫گیر‬

‫َگرم‬

‫گوشی‬

‫گیر‬

‫گیسو‬

‫گوش‬

‫گوشت‬

‫گاز‬

‫گام‬

‫گاری‬

Key: gāz (gas) gerān (expensive) geesoo (hair) gāree (wagon)

‫گاز‬

‫ِگران‬

‫گیسو‬

‫گاری‬

goosh (ear) gom (lost) gardan (neck) gooshee (earphone)

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‫گوش‬ ‫ُگم‬

‫َگر َدن‬

‫گوشی‬

geer (stuck) gām (step) gerdoo (almond) gol (flower)

‫گام‬

‫ِگردو‬ ‫ُگل‬

garm (warm) goosht (meat) gorg (wolf)

‫گوشت‬ ‫ُگرگ‬ 44

READING PRACTICE:

‫گگ‬ gé

ِ ‫سم َس‬ ‫گ گیتا ُگرگی اَست‬ ِ ِ‫ا‬ ِ َ‫گیتا ُگرگی را ب‬ ‫رای َگر ِدش بیرون میبَ َرد‬ ‫یِک روز گیتا ُگرگی را َدر پارک ُگم می ُکنَد‬

Key: esmé sagé geetā gorgee ast.(the name of Geeta’s dog is ‘Gorgee’) gorgee sagé ārām ast (Gorgee is a calm dog) geetā gorgee rā barāyé gardesh beeroon meebarad (Geeta takes Gorgee out for a walk)) yek rooz geetā gorgee rā dar park gom meekonad (one day Geeta loses Gorgee in the park) Learn Persian with Chai and Conversation Reading and Writing

ِ ‫سم َس‬ ‫گ گیتا ُگرگی اَست‬ ِ ِ‫ا‬ ِ ‫ُگرگی َس‬ ‫گ آرام اَست‬

ِ َ‫گیتا ُگرگی را ب‬ ‫رای َگر ِدش بیرون میبَ َرد‬ ‫یِک روز گیتا ُگرگی را َدر پارک ُگم می ُکنَد‬ 45

LESSON 13

the letters ‫ آ و‬and ‫ ی‬in a new light

As we said in the very first lesson of our reading and writing program, there are a total of six vowel sounds in the Persian language. Three of these vowels appear in the form of accents, and three of them are distinct letters. However, the vowels that are letters sometimes act differently than pure vowels in different contexts. In fact, the letters ‫ و‬and ‫ ی‬become consonants in some instances, and ‫ آ‬also behaves a bit differently when viewed not solely as a vowel. In order to demonstrate this, let’s take a look at our three vowel letters in a new light.

‫یی‬ yé

‫و‬

‫آا‬

vé

ā

As you can see in the phonetic English version of the words above, while ‫ ا آ‬is still pronounced the same whether it’s acting solely as a vowel or otherwise, ‫ ی‬and ‫ و‬can completely change depending on context and become consonants. This will become clear in examples, but first, let’s look at our ‘new letters’ and see how they interact with our vowels (sometimes with themselves acting as vowels).

ُ‫ا‬ ō

ِ‫ا‬

َ‫ا‬

‫یا‬

‫ای‬

‫او‬

‫آ‬

é

a

yā

ee

oo

ā

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46

As you can see, when ‫ آ‬interacts as a ‘letter’ with other vowels, it simply takes on the properties of the vowel, allowing for a pure vowel sound. Let’s see some examples:

‫اُردو‬

ordoo (camping)

‫اَرز‬

arz (currency)

‫ایرانی‬

‫او‬

‫این‬

eerānee (Iranian)

‫آبان‬

oo (he/she)

een (this)

ābān (late)

Now let’s look at our other two letters as consonants.

‫و‬ vé

‫ُو‬

vō

‫ِو‬ vé

‫َو‬

‫وو وی‬

va

vee

voo

‫وا‬

‫آو‬

vā

āv

So as you can see, when ‫ و‬is acting as a vowel, it sounds like oo. However, when it acts as a consonant, it sounds like vé. Whether it is acting as a vowel or consontant is a matter that becomes apparent with context, and with experience of reading and writing in Persian. Note: Also, as you can see in the example above, it’s possible to have one ‫ و‬in a word be a vowel and another ‫ و‬be a consonant. You can see in the example of ‫ وو‬above, the first ‫ و‬is a consonant with a vé sound and the secone ‫ و‬acts as the vowel sound oo, so together, it’s read voo. Let’s look at some examples of our ‘new’ consonant interacting with the vowels.

‫ِورد‬

‫َور ِزش‬

‫ویران‬

‫تَوان‬

‫وا ِرد‬

verd (formula)

varzesh (exercise)

veerān (devestated)

tavān (able)

vāred (experienced)

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47

Our next vowel turned consonant goes from sounding like ee when it’s a vowel, to become a yé when it acts as a consonant. So let’s take a look at how our ‘new’ consonant interacts with different vowels.

‫یی‬ yé

ُ‫ی‬ yō

ِ‫ی‬

َ‫ی‬

‫یی‬

‫یو‬

‫یا‬

‫آی‬

yé

ya

yee

yoo

yā

āy

Just like with our last example, here you can see that sometimes ‫ ی‬can interact with itself in different forms in the same word. In the example above, ‫ یی‬is read ‘yee’- the first ‫ ی‬acts as a consonant, and the second acts as a vowel. Let’s take a look at some examples with our ‘new’ consonant:

‫یُد‬

yod (Iodine)

‫یارو یو ِرش دانایی یَواش یِک‬ yek (one)

yavāsh (slowly)

dānāyee (wisdom)

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yooresh (attack)

yāroo (guy)

‫یا‬ yā (or)

48

READING PRACTICE: Practice reading the following words. Check your reading comprehension with the key below.

‫این ایران اَبرو اِسم اُر ُدن‬

‫اون‬

‫ا‬

‫َور ِزش نِوِشت‬

‫آوا‬

‫و‬

‫یارو یِو ِرش یَواش بایِد‬

‫ی‬

‫یَک یُد‬

‫ویران‬

‫وام‬

Key: oon (that) esm (name) veeroon (devestated) yooresh (attack) yek (one)

‫اون‬ ‫اِسم‬

‫ویران‬

‫یِورِش‬

een (this) ordon (Jordan) varzesh (exercise) yavāsh (slow)

‫یَک‬

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‫این‬

‫اُر ُدن‬

‫َورزِش‬ ‫یَواش‬

eerān (Iran) āvā (voice) nevesht (wrote) bāyad (must)

‫ایران‬ ‫آوا‬

‫نِوِشت‬ ‫بایِد‬

abroo (eyebrow) vām (loan) yāroo (guy) yod (Iodine)

‫اَبرو‬ ‫وام‬

‫یارو‬ ‫یُد‬

49

READING AND WRITING PRACTICE: Practice reading the following words that contain the letter ‫ک‬. Check your reading with the key below. Then practice tracing the tinted words below, and then writing them freeform on the empty line.

‫اُستاد ایشان او‬ ‫اُستاد ایشان او‬

‫اِسفَند این‬ ‫اِسفَند این‬

‫ایران ایست اَبر‬ ‫ایران ایست اَبر‬

‫ویران َوزیر ِوزا َرت پَرویز پَروین تَ َولُد‬ ‫ویران َوزیر ِوزا َرت پَرویز پَروین تَ َولُد‬ ‫یاس‬ ‫یاس‬

‫ایمان میان یا َور‬ ‫ایمن میان یا َور‬ َ

‫آوا‬ ‫آوا‬

‫وا ِرد‬ ‫وا ِرد‬

‫یاران یَواش یِک‬ ‫یاران یَواش یَک‬

‫یاد‬ ‫یاد‬

Key: eerān (Iran) een (this) vāred (enter) vezārat (ministry) yād (remember) eemān (faith)

‫ایران‬

‫این‬

‫وارِد‬

eest (stop) ostād (professor) āvā (voice)

‫وِزا َرت‬

parveez (name)

‫ایمان‬

meeyān (among)

‫یاد‬

yārān (lovers)

‫ایست‬ ‫اُستاد‬ ‫آوا‬

‫پَرویز‬ ‫یاران‬ ‫میان‬

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abr (cloud) eeshān (him/her) veerān (devestated) parveen (name) yavāsh (slow) yāvar (helper)

‫اَبر‬

‫ایشان‬ ‫ویران‬

‫پَروین‬ ‫یَواش‬ ‫یا َور‬

esfand (Esfand) oo (he/she) vazeer (minister) tavalod (birthday) yek (one) yas (jasmine)

‫اِسفَند‬ ‫او‬

‫َوزیر‬ ‫تَ َولُد‬ ‫یِک‬

‫یاس‬ 50

LESSON 14 the letter ‫ه‬

In this lesson, we introduce a brand new letter, ‫ه‬. This letter is particulary unique because it has four different versions depending on what position it is situated in a word. All four versions make the same sound, hé, altough as you’ll see, when the sound occurs at the end of a word following a consonant, it can sometimes be a ‘silent’ é.

‫ه‬

‫ه‬

‫ه‬

‫ه‬

hé or é

hé

hé

hé or é

at end of word, connected one side

middle of word, connected both sides

beginning of word, connected one side

end of word, not connected

You will see the above versions of hé as they appear in different positions in a word. We’ll go over different examples so you can see the different versions at play. Please note that the third from the left above shows a hé in the middle of a word when it’s connected to both the letter to its left and the letter to its right. You’ll see in the video for this lesson that the appearance of this letter in print differs from the handwritten version, similar to the English letter ‘a’. When you see that version of the letter in print, it will always appear as it is is written above- however, the handwritten version will always appear the way it was shown in the video. When you practice writing, you should practice as it was shown in the video. Now, let’s look at the way our letter interacts with our different vowels:

‫ُه‬

hō

‫ِه‬

hé

‫هو هی َه‬

ha

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hee

hoo

‫ها‬ hā

51

Now let’s see examples of all four versions of the letters in words.

‫سا ِده‬

‫پا ِره‬

‫تَرِه‬

‫َکرِه‬

‫اَره‬

‫پَر ِده‬

‫ه‬

sādé (simple)

pāré (torn)

taré (tarragon)

karé (butter)

aré (saw)

pardé (curtain)

hé

‫شانِه‬

‫ِسه‬

‫َشبانِه‬

‫پَنبِه‬

‫تَرانِه‬

‫نا ِمه‬

‫ه‬

shāné (comb)

sé (three)

shabāné (nightly)

panbé (cotton)

tarāné (song)

nāmé (letter)

hé

‫ُهنَر‬

‫هار‬

‫َهشت‬

‫َهوا‬

‫َهستِه‬

‫ِهزار‬

‫ه‬

honar (talent)

hār (rabid)

hasht (eight)

havā (air)

hasté (seed)

hezār (thousand)

hé

‫ِمهمان‬

‫آنها‬

‫بَهرام ِمهران‬

‫تِهران َشهباز‬

‫ه‬

mehmān (guest)

ānhā (they)

mehrān (name)

bahrām (name)

shahbāz (cheerful)

tehrān (Tehran)

hé

As you see, the first two examples show hé occuring at the end of a word following a consontant. In these examples, the hé is ‘silent’, and makes the vowel sound é. In the last two examples, when the hé appears in the beginning or middle of the word, it has the sound hé.

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52

READING AND WRITING PRACTICE: Practice reading the following words that contain the letter ‫ک‬. Check your reading with the key below. Then practice tracing the tinted words below, and then writing them freeform on the empty line.

‫پا ِره سا ِده‬ ‫پا ِره سا ِده‬

‫َکرِه تَرِه‬ ‫َکرِه تَرِه‬

‫پَرده اَره‬ ‫پَرده اَره‬

‫ه‬ ‫ه‬

‫نا ِمه تَرانِه دانِه َشبانِه پَنبِه بِه‬ ‫نا ِمه تَرانِه دانِه َشبانِه پَنبِه بِه‬ ‫َهستِه َهشت َهمان ُهما‬ ‫َهستِه َهشت َهمان ُهما‬ ‫ُم ِهم‬ ‫ُم ِهم‬

‫بَهار‬ ‫بَهار‬

‫ه‬ ‫ه‬

‫ه‬ ‫ه‬

‫ه‬ ‫ه‬

‫ه‬ ‫ه‬

‫ه‬ ‫ه‬

‫ِهزار َهوا‬ ‫ِهزار َهوا‬

‫ه‬ ‫ه‬

‫ه‬ ‫ه‬

‫ه‬ ‫ه‬

‫تِهران َمهسا َشهر‬ ‫تِهران َمهسا َشهر‬

‫ه‬ ‫ه‬

‫ه‬ ‫ه‬

‫ه‬ ‫ه‬

Key: pardé (curtain) pāré (torn) dāné (seed) hezār (thousand) hamān (that) shahr (city)

‫پَرده‬ ‫پارِه‬ ‫دانِه‬

shabāné (nightly)

‫َهمان‬

homā (name)

‫ِهزار‬ ‫َشهر‬

aré (yeah) sādé (simple) havā (air) bahār (spring)

‫اَره‬ ‫سا ِده‬

‫َشبانِه‬ ‫َهوا‬

‫ُهما‬

‫بَهار‬

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karé (butter) nāmé (letter) panbé (cotton) hasté (seed) tehrān (Tehran) mohem (important)

‫َکرِه‬ ‫نا ِمه‬

taré (tarragon)

‫تِهران‬

mahsā (name)

‫پَنبِه‬ ‫َهستِه‬ ‫ُمهِم‬

tarāné (song) bé (to) hasht (eight)

‫تَرِه‬ ‫تَرانِه‬ ‫بِه‬

‫َهشت‬ ‫َمهسا‬

53

LESSON 15 the letter ‫ل‬

In this lesson, we add one new consonant, lé.

‫لل‬ lé Let’s see how our new consonant interact with our six vowels.

ُ‫ل‬

lō

ِ‫ل‬ lé

َ‫ل‬ la

‫لی‬

‫لو‬

‫ال‬

‫آل‬

lee

loo

lā

āl

Some examples with our new letter:

‫الک لوس لیمو لَب لِباس لُر‬

lor (Lor)

lebās (clothes)

lab (lip)

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leemoo (lemon)

loos (silly)

lāk (nailpolish)

54

READING AND WRITING PRACTICE: Practice reading the following words. Then, practice writing them. First, trace over the tinted writing, and then practice writing freeform.

-

-

-

‫ل‬

‫ل‬

‫ل‬

-

-

-

‫ل‬

‫ل‬

‫ل‬

-

-

-

‫سال‬

‫سال‬

‫سال‬

-

-

-

‫بال‬

‫بال‬

‫بال‬

-

-

-

-

-

-

‫َسبَد‬ ‫لَب‬

‫َسبَد‬ ‫لَب‬

‫َسبَد‬ ‫لَب‬

-

-

-

-

-

-

‫لِباس‬

‫لِباس‬

-

‫لولِه‬

‫لِباس‬

-

-

-

-

-

‫ال َدن‬

‫ال َدن‬

‫ال َدن‬

-

-

-

-

-

-

‫َسالم‬

‫َسالم‬

‫َسالم‬

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‫باال‬

‫بَالل‬

‫لولِه‬ ‫باال‬

‫بَالل‬

‫لولِه‬ ‫باال‬

‫بَالل‬ 55

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

‫َمالل‬

‫َمالل‬

‫َمالل‬

‫کالن‬

‫کالن‬

‫کالن‬

‫واال‬

‫واال‬

‫اللِه‬

‫اللِه‬

‫واال‬

‫اللِه‬

Key: sāl (year) loolé (hose) balāl (corn) lālé (tulip)

‫سال‬ ‫لولِه‬

‫بَالل‬ ‫اللِه‬

bāl (wing) lādan (name) malāl (pain)

‫بال‬

‫ال َدن‬

‫َمالل‬

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lab (lips) bālā (up) vālā (really)

‫لَب‬

lebās (clothes)

‫واال‬

kalān (great)

‫باال‬

salām (hello)

‫لِالس‬ ‫َسالم‬ ‫َکالن‬

56

LESSON 16 the letter ‫ف‬

In this lesson, we add one new consonant, fé.

‫فف‬ fé Let’s see how our new consonant interact with our six vowels.

ُ‫ف‬

fō

ِ‫ف‬ fé

َ‫فی ف‬ fa

fee

‫فو‬

‫آف فا‬

foo

fā

āf

Some examples with our new letter:

‫فارسی فیل فِشار فوت فَرش َدفتَر‬

daftar (notebook)

farsh (rug)

fot (death)

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feshār feel (pressure) (elephant)

fārsi (farsi)

57

READING AND WRITING PRACTICE: Practice reading the following words. Then, practice writing them. First, trace over the tinted writing, and then practice writing freeform.

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-

-

‫ل‬

‫ل‬

‫ف‬

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-

-

‫ل‬

‫ل‬

‫ف‬

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-

-

‫فیل‬

‫فیل‬

‫فیل‬

-

-

-

‫فوت‬

‫فوت‬

‫فوت‬

-

-

-

-

-

-

‫َدفتَر‬

‫فَرمان‬

‫َدفتَر‬

‫فَرمان‬

‫َدفتَر‬

‫فَرمان‬

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-

-

-

-

-

‫ُمفید‬

‫فُروش‬

‫ُمفید‬

‫فُروش‬

‫ُمفید‬

‫فُروش‬

-

-

-

‫فامیل‬

‫فامیل‬

‫فامیل‬

-

-

-

‫فَردا‬

‫فَردا‬

‫فَردا‬

Key: feel (elephant) mofeed (useful)

‫فیل‬

‫ُمفید‬

fot (death) foroosh (sale)

‫فوت‬

‫فُروش‬

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daftar (notebook) fāmeel (family)

‫َدفتَر‬ ‫فامیل‬

farmān (command) fardā (tomorrow)

‫فَرمان‬ ‫فَردا‬

58

READING PRACTICE:

‫فف‬ fé

‫فَرشاد با فَرزاد دوست اَست‬ ِ ‫فوتبال َمد ِر ِسه َهستَند‬ ‫تیم‬ ِ ‫َهر دو َدر‬

‫تیم َمد ِر ِسه ِی فِردوسی بازی می ُکنَد‬ ِ ‫تیم آنها فَردا با‬ ِ ‫ ما بازی را می بَریم‬،‫فَرزاد می گویَد‬

ِ ‫فَرشاد بازی ِک ُچن‬ ‫ناسد‬ ِ ‫های‬ َ ‫تیم َمد ِر ِسه ِی فِردوسی را می ِش‬

Key: farshād bā farzād doost ast.(Farzad and Farshad are friends) har do dar teemé footbālé madresé hastand (they are both on the school’s football team) teemé ānhā fardā bā teemé madreseyé ferdosy bāzee meekonad (their team is playing ferdowsi’s school team tomorrow) farzād meegooyad mā bāzee rā meebareem (farzad says we will win the game) farshād bāzeekonhāyé teemé madreseyé ferdosee rā meeshenāsad (farshād knows the players of ferdowsi’s school team)

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‫فَرشاد با فَرزاد دوست اَست‬ ِ ‫فوتبال َمدر‬ ِ ‫ِسه َهستَند‬ ‫تیم‬ ِ ‫َهر دو َدر‬

ِ ‫تیم َمدر‬ ‫ِسه ِی فِردوسی بازی‬ ِ ‫تیم آنها فَردا با‬ ِ ‫می ُکنَد‬ ‫ ما بازی را می بَریم‬،‫فَرزاد می گویَد‬ ِ ‫تیم َمدر‬ ِ ‫فَرشاد بازی ِکن‬ ‫ِسه ی فِردوسی را‬ ِ ‫های‬ ِ ‫ناسد‬ ‫ش‬ ‫می‬ َ 59

LESSON 17 the letter ‫ق‬

In this lesson, we add one new consonant, ghé. This sound is one of two sounds in the Persian language that doesn’t exist in the English language- the other sound is khé.

‫قق‬ ghé Let’s see how our new consonant interact with our six vowels.

ُ‫ق‬

ghō

ِ‫ق‬ ghé

َ‫قی ق‬ gha

ghee

‫قو‬

‫قا‬

‫آق‬

ghoo

ghā

āgh

Some examples with our new letter:

‫قیف قِر ِمز قاب قَند قوری قَلب‬ ghalb (heart)

ghoree (kettle)

ghand (sugarcube)

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ghāb (frame)

ghermez (red)

gheef (funnel)

60

READING AND WRITING PRACTICE: Practice reading the following words. Then, practice writing them. First, trace over the tinted writing, and then practice writing freeform.

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-

-

‫ق‬

‫ق‬

‫ق‬

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-

‫ق‬

‫ق‬

‫ق‬

-

-

-

‫قالی‬

‫قالی‬

‫قالی‬

-

-

-

-

-

-

‫َرقیب‬

‫َرقیب‬

‫َرقیب‬

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-

-

‫قَ َشنگ‬

‫قَ َشنگ‬

‫قَ َشنگ‬

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-

-

-

-

-

‫بُشقاب بُشقاب بُشقاب‬

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-

-

-

‫قَلَم‬

‫قَلَم‬

‫قَلَم‬

‫قاشق‬ ُ

‫قاشق‬ ُ

‫قاشق‬ ُ

-

‫قَناری‬

‫قَناری‬

‫قَناری‬

-

‫قُنداق‬

‫قُنداق‬

‫قُنداق‬

Key: ghālee (rug) boshghāb (plate)

‫قالی‬

‫بُشقاب‬

ragheeb (rival) ghāshogh (spoon)

‫َرقیب‬ ‫قاشق‬ ُ

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ghalam (pen) ghanāree (canary)

‫قَلَم‬

‫قَناری‬

ghashang (beautiful) ghondāgh (swaddle)

‫َشنگ‬ َ‫ق‬ ‫قُنداق‬

61

READING PRACTICE:

‫قق‬ fé

‫َدر مو ِزه قوری و قَندان های قَ َشنگی اَست‬

ِ ‫روی قوری ها و قَندان ها بِه زیبایی نَقاشی ُش ِده اَست‬

ِ ِ ‫ایرانی قَ َشنگی َهم بِه دیوار آویزان اَست‬ ‫قالی‬

Key: dar moozé ghooree va ghandānhāyé ghadeemeeyé ghashangee ast. (in the museum there are nice kettles and sugar holder) rooyé ghooree hā va ghandān hā bé zeebāyee naghāshee shodé ast (on the kettle and sugar holder there is a nice design) ghālee eerānee ghashangee ham bé deevār āveezān ast (there is a nice Iranian rug hanging on the wall) Learn Persian with Chai and Conversation Reading and Writing

ِ ‫َدر موزِه قوری و ق‬ ‫َشنگی اَست‬ َ ‫َندان های ق‬

ِ ‫روی قوری ها و قَندان ها بِه زیبایی نَقاشی ُش ِده‬ ‫اَست‬ ِ ِ ‫َشنگی َهم بِه دیوار آویزان اَست‬ ‫قالی‬ َ ‫ایرانی ق‬ 62

LESSON 18

the letter ‫ج چ ح خ‬

In this lesson, we learn four brand new letters that all have the same base, and are only differentiated by the number of dots they have:

‫خخ‬

‫حح‬

khé

‫چچ‬

hé

ché

‫جج‬ jé

Now, let’s practice writing the letters both in their bozorg form and in their koocheek form

-

-

-

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-

‫ج‬ ‫ج‬ ‫چ‬ ‫چ‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ج‬ ‫خ‬ ‫خ‬

‫ج‬ ‫ج‬ ‫چ‬ ‫چ‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ح‬ ‫خ‬ ‫خ‬

‫ج‬ ‫ج‬ ‫چ‬ ‫چ‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ح‬ ‫خ‬ ‫خ‬

63

Now, let’s focus on one of those letters, ‫خ‬, pronounced khé. Khé is the one letter in addition to ghé that does not exist in the English language.

‫خخ‬ khé Let’s see how our new consonant interacts with our six vowels.

‫ُخ‬

khō

‫ِخ‬ khé

‫آخ خا خو خی َخ‬ kha

khee

khoo

khā

ākh

Some examples with our new letter:

‫خار خوب خیس ُخرما ِخرس َخر‬

khar (donkey)

khers (bear)

khormā (walnut)

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khees (wet)

khoob (good)

khār (thorn)

64

READING AND WRITING PRACTICE: Practice reading the following words. Then, practice writing them. First, trace over the tinted writing, and then practice writing freeform.

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‫خ‬

‫خ‬

‫خ‬

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-

‫خ‬

-

-

‫خانِه‬

‫خ‬

-

‫خانِه‬

‫خ‬

‫خانِه‬

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-

-

‫خیس‬

‫خیس‬

-

-

-

ِ ‫ِخ‬ ‫نده‬

‫خیس‬

-

-

-

‫َخر‬

‫َخر‬

‫َخر‬

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-

-

‫خیابان‬

‫خیابان‬

-

-

-

‫ُخلُق‬

‫خیابان‬ ‫ُخل‬

‫ُخل‬

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-

-

‫خوک‬

‫خوک‬

‫خوک‬

-

-

ِ ‫ِخ‬ ‫نده‬

ِ ‫َخ‬ ‫نده‬

- ‫ِخد َمت ِخد َمت ِخد َمت‬

Key: khāné (house) kheeyābān (street)

‫خانِه‬

‫خیابان‬

khees (wet) khol (crazy)

‫رخرد‬ ُ َ‫ب‬ ‫ُخل‬

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khandé (laughter) khook (pig)

ِ ‫خ‬ ‫َنده‬

‫خوک‬

khar (donkey) khedmat (service)

‫خَر‬

‫ِخد َمت‬ 65

READING PRACTICE:

‫خخ‬ khé

ِ ‫َد‬ ‫رس اِمروز ِخیلی َسخت بود و َمن َخستِه ُش َدم‬ ‫خانُم اَ َخوان ُدختَر خالِه ی خانُ ِم َخرازی اَست‬

Key: darsé emrooz khayli sakht bood va man khasté shodam. (today’s lesson was hard and I got tired ) khānom akhavān dokhtar khāleyé khānom kharāzee ast (Mrs. Akhavan is the cousin of Mrs. Kharazee) Learn Persian with Chai and Conversation Reading and Writing

ِ ‫َد‬ ‫رس اِمروز ِخیلی َسخت بود و َمن خَستِه ُش َدم‬ ‫ُم خَرازی اَست‬ ِ ‫خانُم اَخَوان ُدختَر خالِه ی خان‬ 66

LESSON 19

the exception ‫خوا‬

We’ve mentioned before that the Persian language is very phonetic when it comes to reading and writing. Generally, what you see written sounds exactly like it is when it’s read. This is very different from English, which has many strange ways to spell things. One of the most common exceptions is the one we’ll focus on in today’s lesson, and that is that the combination of letters ‫ خوا‬in many cases is read as ‫خا‬.

‫خوا = خا‬ khā Let’s look at a few examples that use ‫ خوا‬to make the khā sound.

‫خواب خواست خواند خوا َهر خوا ِهش‬ khāhesh (pleading)

khāhar (sister)

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khānd (read)

khāst (want)

khāb (sleep)

67

READING AND WRITING PRACTICE: The following are examples of words that have ‫ خوا‬and ‫ خا‬used to make the khā sound in several words. Check your reading with the key below.

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-

‫خار‬

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-

-

- ‫خاموش خاموش خاموش‬

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-

-

‫خال‬

‫خال‬

‫خال‬

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-

-

‫خواب‬

‫خواب‬

‫خواب‬

-

-

- ‫خواست خواست خواست‬

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-

- ‫خوا ِهش خوا ِهش خوا ِهش‬

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-

‫خانِه‬

‫خالِه‬

‫خوا َهر‬ ‫خواند‬

‫خار‬

‫خار‬

‫خانِه‬

‫خانِه‬

‫خالِه‬

‫خوا َهر‬ ‫خواند‬

‫خالِه‬

‫خوا َهر‬ ‫خواند‬

Key: khār (thorn) khāl (mole) khāhar (sister)

‫خار‬

‫خال‬

‫خوا َهر‬

khāné (house) khāb (sleep) khānd (read)

‫خانِه‬

‫خواب‬ ‫خواند‬

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khālé (aunt) khāst (want)

‫خالِه‬

‫خواستک‬

khāmoosh (extinguish) khāhesh (pleading)

‫خاموش‬ ‫خوا ِهش‬ 68

LESSON 20 the letter ‫چ‬

In this lesson, we study the letter ‫ چ‬in more detail. This letter makes the sound ché.

‫چچ‬ ché Let’s see how our new consonant interact with our six vowels.

‫ُچ‬

chō

‫ِچ‬ ché

‫آچ چا چو چی َچ‬

cha

chee

choo

chā

āch

Some examples with our new letter:

‫َچپ َچسب َچ َمن آچار چای پیچ‬

peech (screw)

chāyee (tea)

āchār (hammer)

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chaman (grass)

chasb (tape)

chap (left)

69

READING AND WRITING PRACTICE: The following are examples of words that have ‫ خوا‬and ‫ خا‬used to make the khā sound in several words. Check your reading with the key below.

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-

-

‫چ‬

‫چ‬

‫چ‬

-

-

-

‫چ‬

‫چ‬

‫چ‬

-

-

-

‫آچار‬

‫آچار‬

‫آچار‬

-

-

-

-

-

‫پیچ‬

‫پیچ‬

‫پیچ‬

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-

-

-

-

-

‫ُمچ‬

‫َگچ‬

‫ُمچ‬

‫َگچ‬

‫ُمچ‬

‫َگچ‬

-

-

-

-

-

-

‫َک َچل‬

‫َک َچل‬

‫َک َچل‬

-

-

-

- ‫دو َچر ِخه دو َچر ِخه دو َچر ِخه‬

‫َچسب‬

‫چا ِره‬

‫َچسب‬

‫چا ِره‬

‫َچسب‬

‫چا ِره‬

Key: āchār (wrench) gach (plaster)

‫آچار‬ ‫َگچ‬

docharké (bike) kachal (bald)

‫دو َچر ِخه‬ ‫َک َچل‬

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peech (screw) chasb (tape)

‫پیچ‬

‫َچسب‬

moch (fist) chāré (recourse)

‫ُمچ‬

‫خچارِه‬ 70

READING PRACTICE:

‫چچ‬ ché

‫َمنوچِهر دو َچر ِخه َسواری دوست دا َرد‬

‫ َچسب و َچک ُکش اَز َوسایِل ِمکانیکی َهستَند‬،‫ پیچ‬،‫آچار‬ ِ ‫ماشین َچ َمن َزن می َزنَد‬ ‫پدر َچ َمن را با‬ َ

Key: manoochehr docharkhé savāree doost dārad (Manoochehr likes bike riding) āchār, peech, chasb va chak kosh az vasāyel mekāneekee hastand (A wrench, screw, tape and hammer are mechanic tools) pedar chaman rā bā māsheen chaman zan zanad (Father cuts the grass with the lawnmowe) Learn Persian with Chai and Conversation Reading and Writing

‫َمنوچِهر دو َچر ِخه َسواری دوست دا َرد‬

‫ َچسب و َچک ُکش اَز َوسایِل ِمکانیکی‬،‫ پیچ‬،‫آچار‬ ‫َهستَند‬ ِ ‫ماشین َچ َمن َزن می َزنَد‬ ‫پدر َچ َمن را با‬ َ 71

LESSON 21

the consonants ‫ خ‬and ‫ح‬

In this lesson, we go a bit more in depth with two consontant, khé and hé.

‫خخ‬

‫حح‬

khé

hé

Let’s see how our new consonants interact with our six vowels.

‫ُخ‬

khō

‫ُح‬

hō

‫ِخ‬ khé

‫ِح‬ hé

‫آخ خا خو خی َخ‬ kha

khee

khoo

khā

ākh

‫آح حا حو حی َح‬

ha

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hee

hoo

hā

āh

72

READING PRACTICE: Practice reading the following words. Some are real words, and others are made up. Check your reading with the key below:

‫ُخ‬ ‫ِخ‬ ‫ِخرس ُخنَک‬ ‫ِخد َمت ُخرما‬

‫َخ‬ ‫َخر‬ ِ ‫َخ‬ ‫نده‬

‫خی‬ ‫خیس‬ ‫بَرخی‬

‫خو‬ ‫خوب‬ ‫خوک‬

‫خا‬ ‫خار‬ ‫خانِه‬

Practice reading the following words. We’ve used colors to differentiate the letter ‫ خ‬in the individual words:

‫بَرخاست‬ ‫َخمیر‬ ‫خوبان‬

‫خاک‬ ‫َخندان‬ ‫خون‬

‫خارا‬ ‫َخر‬ ‫خوک‬

‫خار‬ ‫َخراب‬ ‫خوب‬

‫خا‬ ‫َخ‬ ‫خو‬

Key: khār (thorn) khers (bear) barkhee (some) khārā (granite) khandān (smiling) khoon (blood)

‫خار‬

‫ِخرس‬

khoob (good) khonak (cool)

‫بَرخی‬ ‫خارا‬

khandé (laughter)

‫خون‬

khoobān (good ones)

‫خَندان‬

khāk (dust) khameer (dough)

‫خوب‬

khees (wet)

‫ُخنَک‬ ِ ‫خ‬ ‫َنده‬

khedmat (service)

‫خَمیر‬

khoob (good)

‫خاک‬

‫خوبان‬

Learn Persian with Chai and Conversation Reading and Writing

khāné (house) barkhāst (takeoff)

‫خیس‬ ‫خانِه‬

‫ِخد َمت‬

‫بَرخاست‬ ‫خوب‬

khar (donkey) khook (pig) khormā (date) kharāb (ruined)

‫خَر‬

‫خوک‬ ‫ُخرما‬

‫خَراب‬

73

READING AND WRITING PRACTICE: Practice reading the following words that contain the letter ‫خ‬. Check your reading with the key below. Then practice tracing the tinted words below, and then writing them freeform on the empty line.

‫َخستِه خیابان‬ ‫َخستِه خیابان‬ ‫ُسرخ ُمخ‬ ‫ُسرخ ُمخ‬ ‫تَبخیر‬ ‫تَبخیر‬

‫ِخیلی‬ ‫ِخیلی‬

‫ِد َرخت َخربُزِه نُخودی َخرید‬ ‫ِد َرخت َخربُزِه نُخودی َخرید‬

‫َخرج تُخم‬ ‫َخرج تُخم‬

‫تاریخ‬ ‫تاریخ‬

‫َخر‬ ‫َخر‬

‫َسخت تَلخ‬ ‫َسخت تَلخ‬

‫شاخ‬ ‫شاخ‬

‫کاخ‬ ‫کاخ‬

‫خمل تَخت‬ َ ‫َم‬ ‫خمل تَخت‬ َ ‫َم‬

‫باخ‬ ‫باخ‬ ‫تَختِه‬ ‫تَختِه‬

Key: derakht (tree) khayli (very) kākh (castle) tokhm (egg) makhmal (velvet) tāreekh (hisotry)

‫ِد َرخت‬ ‫ِخیلی‬ ‫کاخ‬

‫تُخم‬

‫خمل‬ َ ‫َم‬ ‫تاریخ‬

kharbozé (cantaloupe) khasté (tired) shāk (horn) khareed (purchase) takhté (backgammon) tabkheer (evaporation)

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‫خَربُزِه‬ ‫خَستِه‬

nokhodee (a name)

‫خَرید‬ ‫تَختِه‬

mokh (brain)

‫شاخ‬

‫تَبخیر‬

kheeyābān (street) khar (donkey) sakht (difficult) sorkh (red)

‫نُخودی‬ ‫خیابان‬ ‫خَر‬

‫ُمخ‬

‫َسخت‬ ‫ُسرخ‬

sorkh (red) bākh (Bach) kharj (expense) takht (bed) talkh (bitter)

‫ُسرخ‬ ‫باخ‬

‫خَرج‬

‫تَخت‬ ‫تَلخ‬

74

LESSON 22 the symbol

ّ

ّ

tashdeed

ّ

In this lesson we are covering the symbol called tashdeed, which looks like this: When you see this symbol, it means that the letter is actually repeated in the word. Instead of writing the letter twice, the tashdeed appears above the letter which is repeated. In the following examples, we first write the word with the repeated letter. Below it, we write the word as it is actually written, using the tashdeed symbol:

‫اَو َول ِدققَت ُدو ُوم ِسو ُوم بَززاز قَنناد َکففاش نَققاش‬ ‫اََّول ِدقَّت ُد ّوم ِس ّوم بَ ّزاز قَّناد َکفّاش نَقّاش‬

nagh-ghāsh (painter)

kaf-fāsh (shoemaker)

ghan-nād (baker)

baz-zāz (draper)

sev-vom (third)

dov-vom (second)

degh-ghat (attention)

av-val (first)

Here are a few more common words using the tashdeed symbol:

‫ِش ّدت‬

shed--dat (intensity)

‫َم ِّزه‬

maz-zé (taste)

‫ُم َرتّب اَِّره‬

ar-ré (saw)

morat-tab (tidy)

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‫قیت ُم َّدت‬ َّ َ‫ُم َوف‬

mod-dat movafaghe-yat (period of time) (success)

‫بَّنا‬

ban-nā (carpenter)

75

LESSON 23 the letter ‫ص‬

In this lesson, we study the letter ‫ ص‬in more detail. This letter makes the sound sé. As we’ve said before, there are several letters in the Persian alphabet that make this same sound. It’s simply a matter of memorization to know which sé to use in a particular word.

‫صص‬ sé Let’s see how our new consonant interact with our six vowels.

‫ُص‬

sō

‫ِص‬ sé

‫آص صا صو صی َص‬

sa

see

soo

sā

ās

Some examples with our new letter:

‫ُصبحانِه‬

sobhané (breakfast)

‫ندلی صو َرت ُصبح‬ َ ‫َصندوق َص‬

sobh (morning)

soorat (face)

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sandalee (chair)

sandogh (chest)

‫صابون‬ sāboon (soap) 76

READING AND WRITING PRACTICE: Practice reading the following words that contain the letter ‫ص‬. Check your reading with the key below. Then practice tracing the tinted words below, and then writing them freeform on the empty line.

‫ُصبخانِه‬ ‫ُصبخانِه‬

‫صو َرت‬ ‫صو َرت‬

‫َصف‬ ‫َصف‬

‫ِصدا‬ ‫ِصدا‬

‫تَصا ُدف‬ ‫تَصا ُدف‬

‫ِصداقَت‬ ‫ِصداقَت‬

‫ندلی‬ َ ‫َص‬ ‫ندلی‬ َ ‫َص‬

‫صابون‬ ‫صابون‬

‫ُصبح‬ ‫ُصبح‬

‫َمخصوص تَصویر‬ ‫َمخصوص تَصویر‬

‫قُرص‬ ‫قُرص‬

‫تَصمیم‬ ‫تَصمیم‬

‫َصبور‬ ‫َصبور‬

‫صرف‬ َ ‫َم‬ ‫صرف‬ َ ‫َم‬

Key: sobh (morning) sobhāné (breakfast) sedā (sound) tasmeem (decision) soorat (face)

‫ُصبح‬ ‫ُصبخانِه‬ ‫ِصدا‬

‫تَصمیم‬

‫صو َرت‬

sāboon (soap) ghors (pill) saf (queue) sedāghat (honesty) tasveer (picture)

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‫صابون‬ ‫قُرص‬ ‫َصف‬

‫ِصداقَت‬ ‫تَصویر‬

sandalee (chair) makhsoos (special) saboor (patient) tasādof (accident) masraf (consumption)

‫ندلی‬ َ ‫َص‬

‫َمخصوص‬ ‫َصبور‬

‫تَصا ُدف‬ ‫صرف‬ َ ‫َم‬

77

READING PRACTICE:

‫صص‬ sé

‫صابون ُصبخانِه‬ sobhané (breakfast)

‫صو َرت‬

sāboon (soap)

soorat (face)

‫ِصدا‬ sedā (voice/ sound)

‫ُصبح‬ sobh (morning)

ِ ‫بح زود با ِص‬ ‫ َدست‬.‫دای باران اَز خواب بیدار ُش َدم‬ ِ ‫اِمروز ُص‬

‫ ُصبخانِه خور َدم و َدر آن‬.‫و صو َرتَم را با آب و صابون ُشستَم‬

.‫بح بارانی با مامان بِه َمد ِر ِسه َرفتَم‬ ِ ‫ُص‬

Key: emrooz sobhé zood bā sedāyé bārān az khāb beedār shodam (Early this morning I woke up with the sound of rain) dast ō sooratam rā bā sāboon shostam (I washed my hands and face with water and soap) sobhāné khordam va dar ān sobhé bārānee bā māmān bé madresé raftam (I ate breakfast and in that rainy morning I went to school with mom) Learn Persian with Chai and Conversation Reading and Writing

ِ ‫بح زود با ِص‬ ‫دای باران اَز خواب بیدار ُش َدم‬ ِ ‫اِمروز ُص‬. ‫ َدست و صو َرتَم را با آب و صابون ُشستَم‬. ِ ‫بح بارانی با مامان بِه َمدر‬ ‫ِسه َرفتَم‬ ِ ‫صبخانِه خور َدم و َدر آن ُص‬. ُ 78

LESSON 24 the letter ‫ض‬

In this lesson, we study the letter ‫ ض‬in more detail. This letter makes the sound zé.

‫ضض‬ zé Let’s see how our new consonant interact with our six vowels.

‫ُض‬

zō

‫ِض‬

‫آض ضا ضو ضی َض‬

zé

za

zee

zoo

zā

āz

Some examples with our new letter:

‫َض َرر‬

zarar (loss)

‫فَضا‬ fazā (space)

‫ِضد‬ zed (against)

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ِ ‫حاضر‬ hāzer (ready)

‫َمریض‬

mareez (sick)

‫َضرب‬ zarb (drum)

79

READING AND WRITING PRACTICE: Practice reading the following words that contain the letter ‫ض‬. Check your reading with the key below. Then practice tracing the tinted words below, and then writing them freeform on the empty line.

‫ربدر‬ َ ‫َض‬ ‫ربدر‬ َ ‫َض‬

‫َضرب‬ ‫َضرب‬

‫حوض‬ ‫حوض‬

‫َمریض‬ ‫َمریض‬

‫َض َرر‬ ‫َض َرر‬

‫ِرضا‬ ‫ِرضا‬

‫ِرضایَت‬ ‫ِرضایَت‬

‫اَرض‬ ‫اَرض‬

ِ ‫حاضر‬ ِ ‫حاضر‬

‫ِضد‬ ‫ِضد‬

‫فَرض‬ ‫فَرض‬

‫فَضا‬ ‫فَضا‬

‫تَضمین‬ ‫تَضمین‬

‫ضا َرب‬ ‫ضا َرب‬

‫ضا ِمن‬ ‫ضا ِمن‬

‫تَضاد‬ ‫تَضاد‬

‫تَقاضا‬ ‫تَقاضا‬

‫راضی‬ ‫راضی‬

Key: rezā (man’s name) hoz (pool) fazā (space) hāzer (ready) rāzee (satisfied) zamen (sponsor)

‫رِضا‬

‫حوض‬ ‫فَضا‬ ِ ‫حاضر‬

‫راضی‬ ‫ضا ِمن‬

zarar (loss) zarb (drum) farz (assumption) arz (earth) taghāzā (demand) zāreb (drummer)

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‫َض َرر‬

mareez (sick)

‫َضرب‬

zarbdar (multiplication)

‫اَرض‬

rezāyat (consent)

‫فَرض‬ ‫تَقاضا‬

‫ضارِب‬

zed-dé (against) tazād (conflict) tazmeen (guarantee)

‫َمریض‬

‫ربدر‬ َ ‫َض‬ ِ‫ِضد‬

‫رِضایَت‬ ‫تَضاد‬ ‫تَضمین‬

80

LESSON 25 the letter ‫ط‬

In this lesson, we study the letter ‫ ط‬in more detail. This letter makes the sound té. There are several letters that make this same sound, té. To know which letter to use, you must memorize which the correct té must be used.

‫ط‬ té Let’s see how our new consonant interact with our six vowels.

‫ُط‬ tō

‫ِط‬ té

‫آط طا طو طی َط‬ ta

tee

too

tā

āt

Some examples with our new letter:

‫َخط‬ khat (line)

‫َط َرف‬

taraf (side)

‫َحیاط‬

hayāt (yard)

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‫َطناب‬ tanāb (rope)

‫قَطار‬ ghatār (train)

‫طوطی‬ tootee (parrot) 81

READING AND WRITING PRACTICE: Practice reading the following words that contain the letter ‫ط‬. Check your reading with the key below. Then practice tracing the tinted words below, and then writing them freeform on the empty line.

‫طا ِهرِه‬ ‫طا ِهرِه‬

‫َط َرف‬ ‫َط َرف‬ ‫ِطفل‬ ‫ِطفل‬

‫قَطار‬ ‫قَطار‬

‫طوطی‬ ‫طوطی‬

‫َو َسط‬ ‫َو َسط‬ ‫فا ِط ِمه‬ ‫فا ِط ِمه‬

‫طول‬ ‫طول‬

‫طایِر‬ ‫طایِر‬

‫َسطح‬ ‫َسطح‬

‫َطناب‬ ‫َطناب‬

‫َخّیاط‬ ‫َخیاط‬ ‫َطال‬ ‫َطال‬ ‫َحیاط‬ ‫َحیاط‬

‫َطرح‬ ‫َطرح‬ ‫َطبیب‬ ‫َطبیب‬

Key: tanāb (rope) taheré (name) talā (gold) ghatār (train) khayāt (tailor) tootee (parrot)

‫َطناب‬ ‫طا ِهرِه‬ ‫َطال‬

‫قَطار‬

hayāt (yard) taraf (side) fatemé (name) tefl (vulnerable)

‫خَیاط‬

‫طوطی‬

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tāyer (wheel)

‫َحیاط‬ ‫َط َرف‬

‫فا ِط ِمه‬ ‫ِطفل‬ ‫طایِر‬

vasat (middle) tarh (design) tool (length) tabeeb (doctor) sat-h (surface)

‫َو َسط‬ ‫َطرح‬ ‫طول‬

‫َطبیب‬ ‫َسطح‬

82

READING PRACTICE:

‫ط‬

té

‫َط َرف‬

taraf (side)

‫َحیاط‬

hayāt (yard)

‫طا ِهرِه‬ tāheré (name)

ِ ‫َمد ِر ِسه ی طا ِهرِه َح‬ ِ ‫یَک َط َر‬.‫یاط بُ ُزرگی دا َرد‬ ‫ف َحیاط َوسایِ ِل‬ .‫بازی اَست‬

Key: madreseyé tāheré hayāté bozorgee dārad (Tehere’s school has a big yard) een tarafé hayāt vasāyelé bāzee ast (on one side of the yard there is play equipment) Learn Persian with Chai and Conversation Reading and Writing

ِ ‫ِسه ی طا ِهرِه َح‬ ِ ‫َمدر‬ ‫یاط بُ ُزرگی دا َرد‬ ِ ‫یَک َط َر‬ ِ ‫ف َحیاط َوسای‬ ‫ِل بازی اَست‬ 83

LESSON 26 the letter ‫ظ‬

In this lesson, we study the letter ‫ظ‬. This letter makes the sound zé and is called zā. ‫ ظ‬is one of four letters in the Persian alphabet that make the sound zé.

‫ظ‬ zé First, let’s see how the letter ‫ ظ‬interacts with the vowels:

‫ُظ‬ zō

‫ِظ‬

‫آظ ظا ظو ظی َظ‬

zé

za

zee

zoo

zā

āz

Some examples with our new letter:

‫ُظهر‬

‫نا ِظم‬

‫َظرف‬

‫نَظیف‬

‫ظا ِهر‬

zohr (noon)

nāzem (principal)

zarf (plate)

nazeef (clean)

zāher (appearance)

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84

READING PRACTICE:

‫ظ‬

zé

‫موا ِظبَت‬

movazebat (carefulness)

‫نا ِظم‬

‫ُظهر‬

‫َظرفها‬

nāzem (principal)

zohr (noon)

zarfhā (dishes)

‫ما َدر َظرفها را َدر َسبَ ِد پیک نیک جا داد تا آن ُظه ِر زیبای‬

‫ ن‬.‫بَهاری ناهار را َدر پارک بُخوریم‬

‫ نر‬.‫َدر پارک نا ِظ ِم َمد ِر ِسه مان را دیدیم‬

ِ َ‫او ب‬ .‫رای موا ِظبَت اَز ُدختَ ِر کو َچ َکش بِه پارک آ َم ِده بود‬ Key: māder zarfhā rā dar sabadé peek neek jā dād tā ān zohré zeebāyé bahāree nāhar rā dar pārk bokhoreem (mother put the dishes in a picnic basket so we could eat lunch in a park on that beautiful sunny noontime) dar pārk nāzemé madresémān rā deedeem (at the park, we saw our school principal) oo barāyé movāzebat az dokhtaré koochakesh bé pārk āmadé bood (he/ she had come to the park to take care of her/his kid) Learn Persian with Chai and Conversation Reading and Writing

‫ما َدر َظرفها را َدر َسبَ ِد پیک نیک جا داد تا آن ُظه ِر زیبای‬ ‫بَهاری ناهار را َدر پارک بُخوریم‬

ِ ‫َدر پارک نا ِظ ِم َمدر‬ ‫ِسه مان را دیدیم‬ ِ َ‫او ب‬ ‫رای موا ِظبَت اَز ُدختَ ِر کو َچ َکش بِه پارک آ َم ِده بود‬ 85

READING AND WRITING PRACTICE: Practice reading the following words that contain the letter ‫ظ‬. Check your reading with the key below. Then practice tracing the tinted words below, and then writing them freeform on the empty line.

‫َظرفیَت‬ ‫َظرفیت‬

‫ُموا ِظب نِظام‬ ‫ُموا ِظب نِظام‬

‫تَظا ُهرات‬ ‫تَظا ُهرات‬

‫ظا ِهر‬ ‫ظا ِهر‬

‫ُظ ُهور‬ ‫ُظ ُهور‬

‫نَ َظر‬ ‫نَ َظر‬

‫َظرف‬ ‫َظرف‬

‫نَظم‬ ‫نَظم‬

‫ُظهر‬ ‫ُظهر‬

‫ُخداحافِظ َظریف‬ ‫ُخداحافِظ َظریف‬

‫نِظافَت‬ ‫نِظافَت‬

‫نا ِظم‬ ‫نا ِظم‬

‫ِحفظ‬ ‫ِحفظ‬

‫ُمنا ِظرِه‬ ‫ُمنا ِظرِه‬

‫ُمحافِظ‬ ‫ُمحافِظ‬

‫حافِظ‬ ‫حافظ‬

Key: zarf (dish) zarfeeyat (tolerance) khodāhāfez (space) tazāhorat (protests) hāfez (keeper) zohoor (appearance)

‫َظرف‬

‫َظرفیت‬ ‫ُخداحافِظ‬ ‫تَظا ُهرات‬ ‫حافِظ‬ ‫ُظهور‬

nazm (order) nezām (system/order) nezāfat (assumption) zāher (appearance) hefz (memorize) nazar (opinion)

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‫نَظم‬ ‫نِظام‬

‫نِظافَت‬ ‫ظا ِهر‬ ‫ِحفظ‬ َ‫ن‬ ‫َظر‬

zohr (noon) movāzeb (careful) nāzem (moderator) zareef (delicate) monāzeré (debate) mohāfez (bodyguard)

‫ُظهر‬ ‫ُموا ِظب‬ ‫نا ِظم‬

‫َظریف‬ ‫ُمنا ِظرِه‬ ‫ُمحافِظ‬

86

LESSON 27 the letter ‫ع‬

In this lesson, we study the letter ‫ ع‬in more detail. This letter makes the sound é and has four forms, depending on whether it comes in the beginning/middle of a word or at the end, and whether it has connecting letters before or after it. See the four forms below:

‫عع ع ع‬ é Let’s see how our new consonant interacts with our six vowels.

‫ُع‬

ō

é

‫ِع‬

‫عو عی َع‬

a

ee

oo

‫عا‬ ā’

‫آع‬ ā’

Some examples with our new letter:

‫عا َدت موعود عید َع َمل ِعلم عا ِدل‬

ādel (righteous)

elm (science)

amal (action)

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aid (celebration)

mo-ood (promise)

ādat (habit)

87

READING PRACTICE: Practice reading the following words. Check your reading with the key below:

‫ِع‬ ‫ِعلم‬

‫ُع‬ ‫ُعمر‬

‫َع‬ ‫َع َمل‬

‫عی‬ ‫عید‬

‫عو‬ ‫موعود‬

‫عا‬ ‫عا َدت‬

Practice reading the following words. We’ve used colors to differentiate the letter ‫ ع‬in the individual words:

‫عا ِدل‬ ‫َعدل‬ ‫عا ّدی‬ ‫َمعنی‬ ِ ‫اعتِماد َمعلوم ُمعا ِملِه ِعدالَت ِع‬ ‫ین‬

‫عدن‬ َ ‫َم‬

‫َع َسل‬

Key: amal (action) ma’nee (meaning) asal (honey) e’dālat (justice)

‫َع َمل‬

eid (celebration)

‫َع َسل‬

ādel (justice)

‫َمعنی‬

‫ِعدالَت‬

ma’dan (mine) mo’amelé (negotiation)

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‫عید‬

‫عدن‬ َ ‫َم‬ ‫عا ِدل‬

‫ُمعا ِملِه‬

mo’ood (promised) omr (life) adl (ordinary) ma’loom (obvious)

‫موعود‬ ‫ُعمر‬

‫َعدل‬

‫َمعلوم‬

ādat (habit) elm (science) ā’dee (ordinary) e’temād (trust) einé (essence)

‫عا َدت‬ ‫ِعلم‬

‫عا ّدی‬ ‫اعتِماد‬

ِ ‫ِع‬ ‫ین‬

88

READING PRACTICE:

‫عع ع ع‬ é

‫ِرعایَت‬ re’āyat (concern)

‫یَعنی‬ ya’ni (meaning)

‫اِعتِماد‬ e’temād (trust)

‫َعلی‬

ali (man’s name)

‫عابِران‬ āberān (pedestrians)

‫عا َدت‬ ādat (habit)

‫ نا‬.‫او عا َدت داشت َدر خیابان بِه عابِران َسالم ُکنَد‬

.‫َعلی بِه دوستَش اِعتِماد َکرد‬

ِ َ‫ِعدالَت یَعنی رعای‬ َ ‫بدون َدر‬ ِ ‫حقوق اِنسان ها‬ ِ ‫نظر ِگرِفتَ ِن‬ ‫ت‬

ِ ‫َر‬ ‫ نا‬...‫ ِم ّلیَت و‬،‫نگ پوست‬

Key: oo ādat dāsht dar kheeyābān bā āberān salām konad (he/she is used to saying hello to the pedestrians in the street)

Ali bé doostash e’temād kard (Ali trusted his friend) edālat ya’ni re’āyaté hoghoogh ensānhā bedooné dar nazar geraftané rangé poost, melee-yat va... (justice means respecting human rights without taking into consideration the color of skin, nationality, and...)

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‫او عا َدت داشت َدر خیابان بِه عابِران َسالم ُکنَد‬.

‫ َعلی بِه دوستَش اِعتِماد َکرد‬. ِ ‫نظر ِگرِفتَن َر‬ َ ‫حقوق اِنسان ها بدون َدر‬ ِ ‫نگ‬ ‫ِعدالَت یَعنی رعایَت‬ ‫ ِم ّلیَت و‬،‫پوست‬... 89

READING AND WRITING PRACTICE: Practice reading the following words that contain the letter ‫ظ‬. Check your reading with the key below. Then practice tracing the tinted words below, and then writing them freeform on the empty line.

‫ِعلم‬ ‫ِعلم‬

‫ُعمر‬ ‫َعمر‬ ‫عا ِدل‬ ‫عا ِدل‬ ‫ِعین‬ ‫ِعین‬

‫َعدل‬ ‫َعدل‬ ‫ِعدالَت‬ ‫ِعدالَت‬

‫ِعید‬ ‫ِعید‬

‫َع َمل‬ ‫َع َمل‬ ‫عا ّدی‬ ‫عا ّدی‬

‫ُمعا ِملِه‬ ‫ُمعا ِملِه‬

‫َمعلوم‬ ‫َمعلوم‬

‫موعود‬ ‫موعود‬

‫عا َدت‬ ‫عا َدت‬

‫َمعنی‬ ‫َمعنی‬

‫عدن‬ َ ‫َم‬ ‫عدن‬ َ ‫َم‬

‫اِعتِماد‬ ‫اِعتِماد‬

‫َع َسل‬ ‫َع َسل‬

Key: eid (celebration) omr (life) ā’dee (ordinary) asal (honey) mo’amelé (negotiation)

‫ِعید‬

‫َعمر‬

‫عا ّدی‬

‫َع َسل‬ ‫ُمعا ِملِه‬

moo’ood (promised) elm (science) ma’nee (meaning) ādel (righteous) ma’loom (obvious)

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ein (similar)

‫موعود‬ ‫ِعلم‬ ‫َمعنی‬ ‫عا ِدل‬

‫َمعلوم‬ ‫ِعین‬

ādat (habit) amal (action) ma’dan (mine) adl (justice) e’temād (trust) e’dālat (justice)

‫عا َدت‬ ‫َع َمل‬

‫عدن‬ َ ‫َم‬

‫َعدل‬ ‫اِعتِماد‬

‫ِعدالَت‬ 90

LESSON 28

the letters ‫ آ و‬and ‫ ی‬revisited

Let’s review the very important letters ‫آ‬، ‫و‬، and ‫ ی‬when viewed not purely as vowels.

‫یی‬ yé

‫و‬

‫آا‬

vé

ā

As you can see in the phonetic English version of the words above, while ‫ ا آ‬is still pronounced the same whether it’s acting solely as a vowel or otherwise, ‫ ی‬and ‫ و‬can completely change depending on context and become consonants. Let’s look at examples of our letters interacting with vowels, and see some examples words.

ُ‫ا‬ ō

ِ‫ا‬

َ‫ا‬

‫یا‬

‫ای‬

‫او‬

‫آ‬

é

a

yā

ee

oo

ā

‫آبان او این ایرانی اَرز اِرا ِده اُردو‬ ordoo (camp)

erādé (will)

arz (currency)

eerānee (Iranian)

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een (this)

oo (he/she)

ābān

91

‫ِو‬

‫ُو‬ ō

‫َو‬

é

a

‫وی‬

‫وو‬

‫وا‬

ee

oo

ā

‫ویران َور ِزش ِورد‬

verd (formula)

‫یو‬ ُ ō

varzesh (exercise)

‫وا ِرد‬

‫تَوان‬

veerān (destroyed)

tavān (power)

vāred (versant)

ِ‫یا‬

َ‫یا‬

‫ی یا‬

‫یو‬

‫یا‬

é

a

ee

oo

ā

‫یاد یارو یو ِرش دانایی یَ َمن یَک یُد‬

yod (iodine)

yek (one)

yaman (Yemen)

dānāyee (wisdom)

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yooresh (attack)

yāroo (guy)

yād (memory)

92

READING PRACTICE: Practice reading the following words. Check your reading comprehension with the key below.

‫آرا ِمش اوالد ایشان اَندام اِرا ِده اُستاد‬ ‫ِورد‬

‫َولی‬

‫یِکان تَمایُل‬

‫ویرایَش‬ ‫یَلدا‬

‫تَوان‬

‫ا‬ ‫و‬

‫آیا یوزپَلَنگ‬

‫ی‬

Key: andām (orga) āyā (whether) tamayol (tendency)

‫اَندام‬ ‫آیا‬

‫تَمایُل‬

eeshān (he/she) tavān (ability) verd (formula) yekān (flash)

‫ایشان‬ ‫تَوان‬ ‫وِرد‬

‫یِکان‬

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oolād (children) ostād (professor) valee (but) yaldā (Yalda)

‫اوالد‬ ‫اُستاد‬ ‫َولی‬

‫یَلدا‬

ārāmesh (calmness) erādé (will) veerāyash (edit) yoozpalang (cheetah)

‫آرا ِمش‬ ‫اِرا ِده‬

‫ویرایَش‬ ‫یوزپَلَنگ‬ 93

READING AND WRITING PRACTICE: Practice reading the following words that contain the letter ‫ظ‬. Check your reading with the key below. Then practice tracing the tinted words below, and then writing them freeform on the empty line.

‫ِگریفتَن اِض ِمحالل اُرسی‬ ‫ِگریفتَن اِض ِمحالل اُرسی‬ ‫نِوِشت‬ ‫نِوِشت‬

‫َو َسط‬ ‫َو َسط‬

‫نِشاَت‬ ‫نِشاَت‬

‫َروایَت‬ ‫َروایَت‬

‫والِدین‬ ‫والِدین‬

‫اِصرار‬ ‫اِصرار‬ ‫وایِر‬ ‫وایِر‬

‫ویران‬ ‫ویران‬

‫ویسنده‬ َ ِ‫ن‬ ‫ویسنده‬ َ ِ‫ن‬

Key: neshān (indication) orsee (sash) ravāyat (story) neveesandé (writer)

‫نِشاَت‬ ‫اُرسی‬

‫َروایَت‬ ‫ویسنده‬ َ ِ‫ن‬

vāledeen (parent) ezmehlāl (vanishing) veerān (destroyed) nevesht (wrote)

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‫والِدین‬ ‫اِض ِمحالل‬ ‫ویران‬ ‫نِوِشت‬

esrār (insistence) gereftan (received) vāyer (wire) vasat (middle)

‫اِصرار‬

‫ِگریفتَن‬ ‫وایِر‬ ‫َو َسط‬

94

LESSON 29 the letter ‫غ‬

In this lesson, we learn the letter ‫ غ‬in more detail. This letter makes the sound ghé, just like the letter ‫ ق‬which we learned in a previous lesson. Though they make the same sound, the letter ‫ غ‬is less common than the letter ‫ق‬. ‫ غ‬has the same base as the letter ‫ع‬, and similarly has four different forms depending on where it’s located in a letter, and whether or not it has other letters surrounding it.

‫غغ غ غ‬ ghé Let’s see how our new consonant interact with our six vowels.

‫ُغ‬ ghō

‫ِغ‬ ghé

‫غو غی َغ‬ gha

ghee

ghoo

‫غا‬

‫آغ‬

ghā

āgh

Some examples with our new letter:

‫غُروب‬

ghoroob (sunset)

‫ِغرا َمت‬

gherāmat

(compensation)

‫غَرب‬ gharb (west)

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‫غو ِطه َور َصغیر‬

sagheer (minor)

ghooté var (float)

‫غار‬

ghār (cave) 95

READING AND WRITING PRACTICE: Practice reading the following words that contain the letter ‫غ‬. Check your reading with the key below. Then practice tracing the tinted words below, and then writing them freeform on the empty line.

‫ِغیبَت‬ ‫ِغیبَت‬

ِ ‫باغچه‬ ِ ‫باغچه‬

‫تیغ‬ ‫تیغ‬

‫غُرور‬ ‫غُرور‬

‫داغ‬ ‫داغ‬

‫باغ‬ ‫باغ‬

‫بَغَل‬ ‫بَغَل‬

‫ُصه‬ ّ‫غ‬ ‫ُصه‬ ّ‫غ‬

‫غُبار‬ ‫غُبار‬

‫تَغییر‬ ‫تَغییر‬

‫َرض‬ َ‫غ‬ ‫َرض‬ َ‫غ‬

‫َمغز‬ ‫َمغز‬

‫اَفغانِستان‬ ‫اَفغانِستان‬

‫اَفغان‬ ‫اَفغان‬

‫بِغض‬ ‫بِغض‬

‫َغ َزل‬ ‫َغ َزل‬

‫َمغلزِه‬ ‫َمغلزِه‬

Key: ghoroor (pride) gheybat (gossip) tagheer (change) baghal (in one’s arms) boghz (spite)

‫غُرور‬ ‫ِغیبَت‬

dāgh (hot) bāghché (garden)

‫تَغییر‬

gharraz (purpose)

‫بُغض‬

ghazal (sonnet)

‫بَغَل‬

ghos’sé (worries) afghānestān (Afghanistan)

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‫داغ‬

bāgh (garden)

‫َرض‬ َ‫غ‬

maghz (brain)

ِ ‫باغچه‬ ‫ُصه‬ ّ‫غ‬ ‫َغ َزل‬

‫اَفغانِستان‬

teegh (thorn) ghobār (dust) maghāzé (store) afghān (Afghan)

‫باغ‬

‫تیغ‬

‫َمغز‬

‫غُبار‬

‫َمغلزِه‬ ‫اَفغان‬

96

READING PRACTICE:

‫غغ غ غ‬ ghé

ِ ‫َر‬ ِ َ‫َدر َمد ِر ِسه بَرای ِغیب‬ ‫ نا‬.‫رات َسختی بود‬ َ ‫ت شا ِگردان ُمق‬ .‫دیدم‬ َ ‫آن روز غُروب او را َدر َمغا ِزه َع ّطاری‬

‫ نا‬.‫ِچقَدر تغییر َکر ِده بود‬

Key: dar madresé barāyé gheybaté shāgerdān moghararāté sakhtee bood (in school, for the absense of students, there were harsh requirements)

ān rooz ghoroob oo dar maghāzé atāree deedam (that day at noon, I saw him/her at the pharmacy)

cheghadr tagheer kardé bood (he/she had changed so much!) Learn Persian with Chai and Conversation Reading and Writing

ِ ‫َدر َمدر‬ ِ ‫َر‬ ِ َ‫ِسه بَرای ِغیب‬ ‫رات َسختی بود‬ َ ‫ت شا ِگردان ُمق‬

‫دیدم‬ َ ‫آن روز غُروب او را َدر َمغازِه َع ّطاری‬ ‫ ِچقَدر تغییر َکر ِده بود‬. 97

LESSON 30

the letters ‫ ژ‬and ‫ذ‬

In this lesson, we learn the letter ‫ژ‬. ‫ ژ‬makes a unique sound in spoken Persian, a sound that is not used in the English language. Phonetically, we describe this sound as zhe, but it is most similar to the English sound jé or gé. There is an equivalent sound in the French language.

‫ژ‬ zhé First, let’s see how the letter ‫ ژ‬interacts with the vowels:

‫ُژ‬ zhō

‫ِژ‬ zhé

‫ژو ژی َژ‬ zha

zhee

zhoo

‫ژا‬

‫آژ‬

zhā

āzh

Some examples with our new letter:

‫پیژا ِمه‬

‫گاراژ‬

peejāmé (pajamas)

garage (garage)

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‫ژاپُن‬

zhapon (Japan)

‫ِژست‬

‫ژا َکت‬

zhest (gesture)

zhākat (jacket) 98

READING AND WRITING PRACTICE: Practice reading the following words that contain the letter ‫ژ‬. Check your reading with the key below. Then practice tracing the tinted words below, and then writing them freeform on the empty line.

‫ِژست‬ ‫ِژست‬

‫ُمژِه‬ ‫ُمژِه‬

‫ژیان‬ ‫ژیان‬

ِ ‫ژولیده‬ ِ ‫ژولیده‬

‫ژَرف‬ ‫ژَرف‬

‫ِر ِژه‬ ‫ِر ِژه‬

‫ِژنِرال‬ ‫ِژنِرال‬

‫ِژلِه‬ ‫ِژلِه‬

‫ژورنال‬ ‫ژورنال‬

ِ ‫پَژ ُمر ِده ِژ‬ ‫نده‬ ِ ‫پَژ ُمر ِده ِژ‬ ‫نده‬

‫آژانس‬ ‫آژانس‬

‫گاراژ‬ ‫گاراژ‬

‫اِنِرژی‬ ‫اِنِرژی‬

‫ِرژیم‬ ‫ِرژیم‬

‫پیژا ِمه‬ ‫پیژا ِمه‬

‫ژا َکت‬ ‫ژا َکت‬

‫ماساژ‬ ‫ماساژ‬

Key: zhooleedé (disheveled) zhest (pose) zhoornāl (journal) rejé (parade) rezheem (regime) āzhance (agency)

ِ ‫ژولیده‬ ‫ژِست‬

‫ژورنال‬ ‫ِرژِه‬

‫رِژیم‬

‫آژانس‬

zharf (deep) mozhé (eyelash) zhendé (ragged) zheneral (general) peezhāmé (pajama) gārazh (garage)

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‫ژَرف‬ ‫ُمژِه‬ ِ‫ژ‬ ‫ِنده‬

‫ِژنِرال‬ ‫پیژا ِمه‬ ‫گاراژ‬

jāckat (jacket) zhiān (man’s name) pazhhmordé (wilted) zhelé (Jello) māsāzh (massage) enerzhee (energy)

‫ژا َکت‬

‫ژیان‬ ‫پَژ ُمر ِده‬ ‫ِژلِه‬

‫ماساژ‬ ‫اِنِرژی‬ 99

READING PRACTICE: The following words containing the letter ‫ ژ‬are all popular names in the Persian language.

‫ژ‬ zhé

‫ُمژ ِده‬

mozhdé

‫ُمژگان‬

mozhgān

‫ژالِه‬

‫ژیال‬

zhālé

‫َمنیژِه‬

zheelā

maneezhé

‫بی َژن‬ beezhan

ِ ‫بی َژن و َمنیژِه اَز داستان های‬ ‫عاشقانِ ِه شاهنا ِمه ی فِردوسی‬

‫دید ِن ُمژگان بِه خانِه ی او‬ َ ‫ ژیال و ژالِه َدر ژاپُن بَرای‬.‫اَست‬

‫دید ِن ِر ِژه ی َور ِزشکاران آرژانتین بَرای‬ َ ‫ ُمژ ِده پَس اَز‬.‫َرفتَند‬ ‫ ن‬.‫ِگرِفتَ ِن ماساژ بِه جیم َرفت‬

Key: beezhan va mozhdé az dāstānhāyé āsheghāné shāhnāmé ferdosee ast (Bejan and Mojdeh is one of the love stories of the Shahnameh)

zheelā va zhālé dar zhāpon barāyé deedané mozhgān bé khāneyé oo raftand (In Japan Jila and Jaleh went to Mojdeh’s house in order to see her) mozhdé pas az deedané rezhé-yé varzeshkāran ārgānteen barāyé gereftané māsāzh bé geem raft (After watching the parade of atheletes from Argentina, Mojdeh went to the gym to get a massage) Learn Persian with Chai and Conversation Reading and Writing

ِ ‫بی َژن و َمنیژِه اَز داستان های‬ ‫عاشقانِ ِه شاهنا ِمه ی‬ ‫فِردوسی اَست‬. ‫دید ِن ُمژگان بِه خانِه‬ َ ‫ژیال و ژالِه َدر ژاپُن بَرای‬ ‫ی او َرفتَند‬. ‫دید ِن ِرژِه ی َورزِشکاران آرژانتین‬ َ ‫ُمژ ِده پَس اَز‬ ‫بَرای ِگرِفتَ ِن ماساژ بِه جیم َرفت‬. 100

In this lesson, study the last letter of the Persian alphabet that we haven't learned before, the letter ‫ذ‬. This letter is called zāl and makes the sound zé. We’ve learned four letters now that make this sound- they are ‫ظ‬، ‫ز‬، ‫ ض‬and ‫ذ‬. ‫ ذ‬is the least commonly used letter with the zé sound.

‫ذ‬ zé First, let’s see how the letter ‫ ظ‬interacts with the vowels:

‫ِذ‬

‫ُذ‬ zō

‫ذو ذی َذ‬

zé

za

zee

zoo

‫ذا‬

‫آذ‬

zā

āz

Some examples with our new letter:

‫ُذغال‬ zoghāl (charcoal)

‫لَذیذ‬

‫ُذ ّرت‬ zor-rat (corn)

lazeez (delicious)

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‫غَذا‬ ghazā (food)

‫آ َذر‬ āzar (woman’s name)

101

READING AND WRITING PRACTICE: Practice reading the following words that contain the letter ‫ذ‬. Check your reading with the key below. Then practice tracing the tinted words below, and then writing them freeform on the empty line.

‫ُذغال‬ ‫ُذغال‬

‫لِ َّذت‬ ‫لِ َّذت‬

‫لَذیذ‬ ‫لِذیذ‬

‫َذ ّره‬ ‫َذ ّره‬

‫ُگ َذر‬ ‫ُگ َذر‬

‫ُگذاشت‬ ‫ُگذاشت‬ ‫ِذکر‬ ‫َذکر‬

‫آ َذر‬ ‫آ َذر‬

‫غَذا‬ ‫غَذا‬

‫َذرق و بَرق ُذ َّرت‬ ‫َذرق و بَرق ُذ َّرت‬ ‫َذلیل‬ ‫َذلیل‬

‫َذ ّره بین‬ ‫َذ ّره بین‬

Key: lazeez (delicious) zargh ō bargh (bling) goz-zar (pass)

‫لَذیذ‬

‫ذَرق و بَرق‬ ‫ُگ َذر‬

ghazā (food) zoghāl (charcoal) gozāsht (put) zar-ré been (microscope) zaleel (weak)

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‫غَذا‬

‫ذُغال‬

‫ُگذاشت‬ ‫َذ ّره بین‬ ‫ذَلیل‬

āzar (woman’s name) lez-zat (pleasure) zor-rat (corn) zar-ré (bit) zekr (chant)

‫آذَر‬ ‫لِ َّذت‬

‫ُذ َّرت‬ ‫َذ ّره‬ ‫ِذکر‬

102

READING PRACTICE:

‫ذ‬ zé

‫آ َذر‬ āzar (woman’s name)

‫لِ ّذت‬

‫لَذیذ‬ lazeez (delicious)

lezzat (pleasure)

‫ُذغال‬ zoghāl (charcoal)

‫ُذ ّرت‬ zorrat (corn)

ِ ‫بَالل َهمان ُذ ّرت اَست ِکه‬ ‫روی ُذغال َکباب می َش َود و َمر ُدم‬

ِ ‫خوشمزِه‬ ‫غذاهای‬ ‫ آ َذر با ُذ ّرت‬.‫برند‬ َ َ ‫اَز خور َد ِن آن لِ ّذت می‬ ‫ نن‬.‫و لَذیذی ُد ُرست می ُکنَد‬

Key:

balāl hamān zor-rat ast ké rooyé zoghāl kabāb meeshavad va mardom az khordané ān lez-zat meebarand (corn on the cob is corn that has been grilled over charcoal and people get pleasure out of eating it)

āzar bā zor-rat ghazāhāyé khoshmazé va lazeezee dorost meekonad (Azar makes delicious and tasty food with corn) Learn Persian with Chai and Conversation Reading and Writing

ِ ‫بَالل َهمان ُذ ّرت اَست ِکه‬ ‫روی ذُغال َکباب می َش َود و َمر ُدم اَز‬ ‫خور َد ِن آن لِ ّذت می بَ َرند‬

ِ ‫خوشمزِه و لَذیذی ُد ُرست می ُکنَد‬ ‫غذاهای‬ ‫آذَر با ُذ ّرت‬ َ 103