Media Persian 9780748647521

Citation preview

Media Persian

 

Books in the series Media Persian Dominic Parviz Brookshaw Internet Arabic Mourad Diouri Media Arabic 2nd edition Elisabeth Kendall www.euppublishing.com/series/emev

 

● Essential Middle Eastern Vocabularies ●

Media Persian

Dominic Parviz Brookshaw

Edinburgh University Press

 

© Dominic Parviz Brookshaw, 2011 Edinburgh University Press Ltd 22 George Square, Edinburgh www.euppublishing.com Typeset in Times New Roman and printed and bound in Great Britain by CPI Antony Rowe, Chippenham and Eastbourne A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 978 0 7486 4101 7 (hardback) ISBN 978 0 7486 4100 0 (paperback) The right of Dominic Parviz Brookshaw to be identified as author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

 

CONTENTS User Guide

vii

Introduction

1

1. General

5

2. Politics & Government

19

3. Elections

39

4. Conflict & Security

43

5. Law & Order

61

6. Human Rights

73

7. Economics

77

8. Trade & Industry

87

9. Science & Technology

97

10. Energy

105

11. Environment

109

12. Aid & Development

113

13. Culture & Sport

119

Index

127

 

 

USER GUIDE To enhance your ability to recall the vocabulary and to pronounce it correctly, this book is accompanied by audio recordings and audio-visual e-Flashcards of the entire contents of each chapter, recorded in both English and Persian. This e-Learning material is provided in two formats: 1. Audio recordings compatible with iPods and other devices (via MP3 files at http://www.euppublishing.com/page/media persian/audio); 2. Audio-visual e-Flashcards (via http://www.euppublishing.com/page/emev/e-learning). Audio recordings Main features ● Each Persian term is recorded with authentic native pronunciation at normal speed. ● Each Persian term is preceded by its equivalent in English. ● Each chapter is recorded as a single MP3 track (the track numbers correspond to the chapter numbers, e.g. Track 01 = Chapter 1). ● The audio files can be played on a computer or transferred to an MP3 device (e.g. iPod, mobile phone, etc.), enabling you to study on the move. Tips ● Make sure that you engage actively with the audio recordings by repeating each Persian term during the pause. ● Pause the recording and challenge yourself to produce the Persian word before it is announced.

viii ● USER GUIDE  Audio-visual e-Flashcards Main features ● Designed with the language-learning software Before You Know It (BYKI), available as a free download suitable for Windows or Mac at www.byki.com/fls (select ‘Farsi’ as your chosen language). ● Each e-Flashcard contains the English term on one side and the Persian on the reverse. ● Each Persian term is recorded with authentic native pronunciation. ● The native speaker sound can be slowed down for paced listening. ● Vocabulary acquisition is accelerated through a variety of fun interactive self-assessment activities. Tips ● Keep track of your progress through BYKI’s interactive self-assessment modes. ● Review it: learn and review vocabulary in e-Flashcard mode including audio, without being assessed. ● Recognise it: test your recognition of the vocabulary in English from the Persian side. ● Know it: test your knowledge of the Persian vocabulary by typing its translation in English. ● Produce it: test your knowledge of the vocabulary in Persian from the English side. ● Own it: test your production of the vocabulary by typing it in Persian from the English side. Download The Media Persian BYKI sets are available at http://www.euppublishing.com/page/emev/e-learning. For more information about BYKI, go to www.byki.com.

 

INTRODUCTION The terminology used in the Persian-language media is constantly evolving; new words are being coined and foreign words are adapted and adopted into the language. This is why a quick-fix vocabulary of essential media Persian is vital to learners wishing to tap into the ever-growing multi-media world of Persian-language satellite TV, radio, websites, blogs and print media both inside and outside Iran. Much of the vocabulary included in this book cannot be found in even the latest Persian dictionaries. Although focused on the Iranian form of Persian (Farsi), this book will prove just as useful to those wishing to understand broadcasting and writing in Afghan Persian (Dari). Every effort has been made to ensure that the vocabulary listed here is that currently used in the Persian-language media, and that it is as up-to-date as possible. This book is divided into thirteen chapters covering a wide range of topics frequently reported in the Persian media: General; Politics and Government; Elections; Conflict and Security; Law and Order; Human Rights; Economics; Trade and Industry; Science and Technology; Energy; Environment; Aid and Development; and Culture and Sport. A great deal of thought has gone into how best to divide vocabulary between chapters which overlap in terms of subject matter (e.g. Law and Order and Human Rights), and every effort has

2 ● INTRODUCTION  been made to avoid any repetition of vocabulary between chapters, except where absolutely necessary due to nuances in meaning and usage. The vocabulary featured here is not exhaustive, but rather it is core, and provides a solid basis for undergraduates, postgraduates, journalists, diplomats, politicians, business people and others wishing to read, write, speak, listen to, and translate media Persian. Some notes on the formal presentation The vocabulary in each chapter (bar the General chapter) is arranged with particular emphasis on the etymology and meaning of words. Strict alphabetical ordering has been avoided on the whole since this is counter-productive to learning vocabulary lists. Within each chapter vocabulary items are grouped in smaller, untitled sub-sections by topic, which means that the book can be used easily as a reference tool, although it is not aimed at replacing the use of dictionaries altogether. Users will detect the internal logic of the ordering of vocabulary items. The Arabic plural has been given in brackets after those nouns for which it is commonly used. All animate nouns in Persian can be pluralised by adding ‫ان‬- (or ‫گان‬- if the noun ends in silent ‫)ه‬. All other nouns can be pluralised by simply adding ‫ھا‬. Short vowels have not been indicated, since they do not commonly appear in printed and online media Persian texts. The user should refer to the files at http://www.euppublishing.com/page/mediapersian/audio for guidance on received pronunciation.

INTRODUCTION ● 3  The ezāfe has been shown throughout to aid the correct reading and oral use of phrases where it appears in Persian. Not all transitive/intransitive forms of verbs have been given, nor have all adjectival forms, only those encountered most commonly. The following descriptors have been added wherever ambiguity might exist: (adj.) adjective; (n.) noun; (v.i.) intransitive verb; (v.t.) transitive verb. I would like to thank Elisabeth Kendall, Pouneh Shabani Jadidi, and Naseem Alizadeh for their comments on an earlier draft of this book. Dominic Parviz Brookshaw Manchester August 2010

   

 

1. GENERAL ‫رسانه ھا‬

the media

‫رسانه ھای گروھی‬

mass media

‫چند رسانه ای‬

multi-media

‫مطبوعات‬

the press

‫مطبوعاتی‬

press (adj.)

‫اطالعيۀ مطبوعاتی‬ ‫ بيانيه‬،‫اعالميه‬

press release statement

‫کنفرانس ِ مطبوعاتی‬

press conference

‫سخنگوی مطبوعاتی‬

press spokesperson

‫روابط ِ عمومی‬ ‫روزنامه‬ ‫روزنامه نگار‬ ‫روزنامه نگاری‬

public relations newspaper print journalist print journalism

(‫خبر )اخبار‬

news

‫تيتر ِ اخبار‬

news headlines

‫خبررسان‬

newscaster

6 ● GENERAL 

‫خبرگزار‬ ‫خبرگزاری‬

correspondent news agency

‫خبرنگار‬

journalist

‫خبريابی‬

news gathering

‫اتاق ِ خبر‬ ‫کنفرانس ِ خبری‬ ‫گزارش‬

newsroom news conference report

‫گزارش دادن‬

to report

‫گزارش شده‬

reported

‫گزارشگر‬

reporter

‫تحليل‬

analysis

‫تحليل کردن‬ ‫تحليلگر‬ ّ ) ‫مفسر‬ ّ (‫مفسرين‬ ‫برنامه‬ ‫تلويزيون ِ ماھواره ای‬

to analyse analyst commentator programme satellite television

‫کانال‬

channel

‫مجری‬

presenter

GENERAL ● 7 

‫راديو ِ ديجيتالی‬ ‫گويندۀ راديو‬ ‫پخش کردن‬

digital radio radio presenter to broadcast

‫تھيه کننده‬

producer

‫تھيه کردن‬

to produce

‫زنده‬ ‫مصاحبه‬

live interview

‫مصاحبه شونده‬

interviewee

‫مصاحبه کردن با‬

to interview

‫مصاحبه گر‬

interviewer

‫بازنويسی کردن‬ ‫پيش نويس‬ ‫تيراژ‬

to rewrite draft print run

‫ منتشر کردن‬،‫چاپ کردن‬

to publish

‫ناشر‬

publisher

‫ستون‬

column

‫ستون نويس‬ ‫سرخط‬

columnist header

8 ● GENERAL 

‫ تيتر‬،‫عنوان‬

title

‫سر ديبر‬

editor (of a newspaper)

‫سر دبيری کردن‬

to edit (a newspaper)

‫سر مقاله‬

editorial

‫ويراستاری کردن‬

to edit

‫ويراستار‬

editor

‫فصلنامه‬

periodical

(‫متن )متون‬

text

(‫مجله )مجالت‬

journal; magazine

(‫مطلب )مطالب‬

story

(‫موضوع )موضوعات‬

topic

(‫مقاله )مقاالت‬

article; essay

(‫منبع )منابع‬

source

‫منابع ِ معتبر‬

reliable sources

‫نظر‬ ‫نقطه نظر‬

opinion point of view

GENERAL ● 9 

ِ ‫ايرنا )خبرگزاری‬ ِ ‫جمھوری ِ اسالمی‬ (‫ايران‬

IRNA (Islamic Republic News Agency)

ِ ‫ايسنا )خبرگزاری‬ (‫دانشجويان ِ ايران‬

ISNA (Iranian Students’ News Agency)

‫بی بی سی‬

BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation)

‫راديو فردا‬

Radio Farda

ِ ‫صدا و سيمای جمھوری‬ ‫اسالمی ِ ايران‬ ‫صدای آمريکا‬ ‫صدای اسرائيل‬ ‫ابراز کردن‬ ‫ابراز ِ نگرانی کردن‬

IRIB (Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting) Voice of America Voice of Israel to express to express anxiety

‫اتفاق افتادن‬

to happen

‫ّادعا کردن‬

to assert, to claim

‫اذعان کردن‬

to acknowledge

‫ارائه کردن‬

to present (e.g. a view)

10 ● GENERAL 

‫اشاره کردن به‬ ‫اظھار داشتن‬ ‫اظھار نظر کردن‬ ‫اعتراف کردن‬

to point to; to indicate to express to express an opinion to admit

‫اعالم کردن‬

to announce

‫افزايش دادن‬

to increase (v.t.)

‫افزايش يافتن‬

to increase (v.i.)

‫افزودن‬

to add

‫انتقاد کردن‬

to criticise

‫ايجاد کردن‬

to create

‫ شدن‬... ِ ‫باعث‬

to cause

‫بحث کردن‬

to discuss

‫برخورد کردن با‬

to encounter

‫برگزار کردن‬

to hold (an event)

‫به تعويق افتادن‬

to be delayed

GENERAL ● 11  

‫به خطر انداختن‬ ‫به شکست انجاميدن‬ ‫بيان کردن‬ ‫بيانگر ِ چيزی بودن‬ ‫پايان دادن به‬

to jeopardise to fail (e.g. talks) to express to be indicative of to put an end to

‫پس گرفتن‬

to retract

‫پيش بينی کردن‬

to predict

‫پيشنھاد کردن‬

to suggest

‫پيوستن به‬ ‫تأکيد کردن بر‬

to join to emphasise; to stress

‫تجديد ِ نظر کردن‬

to rethink

‫تحت ِ فشار بودن‬

to be under pressure

‫تحت ِ فشار قرار دادن‬

to put under pressure

‫تفسير کردن‬

to interpret (events)

‫تلويحا ً گفتن‬

to allude to

‫جلوگيری کردن از‬

to prevent

12 ● GENERAL 

‫خواستار ِ چيزی شدن‬

to seek

‫خواھان ِ چيزی بودن‬

to ask for

‫دانستن‬ ‫در نظر گرفتن‬ ‫درز کردن‬ ‫ديدار کردن با‬ ‫رد کردن‬

to consider to take into consideration to leak (e.g. information) to meet with to refute; to reject

‫روشن کردن‬

to clarify

‫شک کردن در‬

to doubt

ّ ‫صحت ِ چيزی را مورد‬ ‫ترديد قرار دادن‬ ‫عنوان کردن‬ ‫فاش کردن‬ ‫فرض کردن‬ ‫قول دادن‬ ‫کاھش دادن‬

to doubt the validity of something to raise (e.g. an issue) to disclose to hypothesise to pledge to decrease (v.t.)

GENERAL ● 13  

‫کاھش يافتن‬ ‫کسی را مسئول دانستن‬

‫گمراه کردن‬

to decrease (v.i.) to consider someone responsible to mislead

‫لغو کردن‬

to cancel

‫لکه دار کردن‬

to tarnish

‫مخالفت کردن با‬

to oppose

ّ ‫مشخص کردن‬

to pinpoint

‫مطرح کردن‬ ‫مالقات کردن با‬ ‫منجر شدن به‬ ‫موفق شدن‬ ‫ناديده گرفتن‬

to put forward to meet to lead to to succeed to ignore

‫ناشی شدن از‬

to arise out of

‫نقش بازی کردن‬

to play a role

‫نقل ِ قول کردن‬

to quote

‫ھدف قرار دادن‬

to target

14 ● GENERAL 

‫ھشدار دادن به‬ ... ‫ّادعا می شود که‬

to warn it is alleged that

... ‫انتظار می رود که‬

it is expected that

... ‫اين در حاليست که‬

this comes at a time when

... ‫به اين شرط که‬

on the condition that

... ِ ‫به درخواست‬

at the request of

... ِ ‫به عنوان‬ ... ‫پيش بينی می شود که‬ ... ‫تا آنجايی که‬ ... ‫در آستانۀ‬ ‫در آينده ای نه چندان دور‬ ... ‫در ارتباط با‬ ... ِ ‫در پی‬ ‫در طی ِ چند سال اخير‬ ‫در اين مورد‬

as it is predicted that so far as on the eve of in the not so distant future in relation to in the wake of over the past few years in this regard

GENERAL ● 15  

... ِ ‫در جواب‬

in answer to

... ‫در حاليکه‬

whereas

... ‫در زمينۀ‬

in the field of

‫در سطح ِ جھانی‬

worldwide

‫در شرايط ِ فعلی‬

in the present circumstances

‫طی ِ چند روز ِ آينده‬

over the next few days

... ‫نظر به اينکه‬ ‫اجتناب ناپذير‬ ‫انجام شدنی‬ ‫انعطاف ناپذير‬ ‫انکار ناپذير‬ ‫با تجربه‬ ‫با نفوذ‬

in view of the fact that inevitable doable inflexible undeniable experienced influential

‫باور نکردنی‬

unbelievable

‫بحث برانگيز‬

controversial

‫بدون ِ نتيجۀ قطعی‬

indecisive

16 ● GENERAL 

ّ ‫بلند‬ ‫مدت‬

long-term

‫بی اساس‬

baseless

‫بی سابقه‬

unprecedented

‫بی قيد و شرط‬

unequivocal

‫پی در پی‬

consecutive

‫پيچيده‬ ‫پيش بينی نشده‬

complex unanticipated

ّ ‫تأسف آور‬

regrettable

‫تأييد نشده‬

unconfirmed

‫تصور کردنی‬ ّ

conceivable

‫خستگی ناپذير‬

tireless

‫دست يافتنی‬ ‫دوررس‬ ‫رد کردنی‬ ‫رک‬

achievable far-reaching refutable frank

‫سازنده‬

constructive

‫سؤال بر انگيز‬

questionable

‫صريح‬

outspoken

GENERAL ● 17  

‫ضمنی‬ ‫عملی‬

implied doable; practical

‫غير ِ قابل ِ پيش بينی‬

unpredictable

‫غير ِ قابل ِ فھم‬

unintelligible

‫غير ِ قابل ِ قبول‬

unacceptable

‫غير ِ منتظره‬ ‫فرضی‬

unexpected hypothetical

‫قابل ِ اعتماد‬

reliable

‫قريب الوقوع‬

imminent

‫قطعی‬

definite

‫کليدی‬

key

ّ ‫کوتاه‬ ‫مدت‬ ‫مبھم‬ ‫محوری‬ ‫مطلع‬

short-term vague pivotal informed

‫ملموس‬

tangible

‫مساعد‬

favourable

‫موفق‬

successful

18 ● GENERAL 

‫نامساعد‬

unfavourable

‫نامعلوم‬

unclear

‫ناموفق‬

unsuccessful

‫نمادين‬

symbolic

‫ھدفمند‬

purposeful

‫ھمزمان‬

concurrent

2. POLITICS & GOVERNMENT ‫سياست‬ ‫سياست ِ ارضا‬ ‫سياست بازی‬

politics; policy appeasement politicking

‫سياست ِ زور‬

power politics

‫سياست گذار‬

policy-maker

‫سياست گذاری‬ ‫سياست مدار‬ ‫سياسی‬

policy-making politician political

‫سياسی شدن‬

politicisation

‫سياسی کردن‬

to politicise

‫از نظر ِ سياسی‬ ‫پھنۀ سياسی‬

politically political spectrum

‫سيستم ِ سياسی‬

political system

‫علوم ِ سياسی‬

political science

‫غير ِ سياسی‬

non-political

‫بی طرف‬

neutral

20 ● POLITICS & GOVERNMENT 

‫آنارشيست‬

anarchist (n.)

‫آنارشيسم‬

anarchism

‫استبداد‬

despotism

‫استعمارگر‬

colonialist (n.)

‫استعمارگری‬

colonialism

‫اسالمگرا‬

Islamist (n.)

‫اسالمگرايی‬

Islamism

‫اصالح طلب‬

reformist (n.)

‫اصالح طلبی‬

reformism

‫اصولگرا‬ ‫اصولگرايی‬ ‫اعتدالی‬

fundamentalist (n.) fundamentalism moderate (adj.)

(‫معتدل )معتدلين‬

moderate (n.)

‫افراط گرا‬

extremist (n.)

‫افراط گرايی‬ ‫اليگارشی‬ ‫امپرياليست‬ ‫امپرياليسم‬

extremism oligarchy imperialist (n.) imperialism

POLITICS & GOVERNMENT ● 21  

‫انزوا طلب‬

isolationist (n.)

‫انزوا طلبی‬

isolationism

‫ايدآليسم‬

idealism

‫آرمان گرا‬

idealist

‫ايدئولوژی‬

ideology

‫ايدئولوژيک‬ ‫تندرو‬ ‫توتاليتر‬

ideological hard-liner totalitarian (adj.)

‫توتاليتريسم‬

totalitarianism

‫جدايی طلب‬

separatist (n.)

‫جدايی طلبی‬

separatism

‫چپگرا‬ ‫چپگرايی‬ ‫چند فرھنگی گرايی‬

leftist (adj. and n.) leftism multiculturalism

‫دموکراتيک‬

democratic

‫دموکراسی‬

democracy

‫ديکتاتور‬ ‫ديکتاتوری‬

dictator dictatorship

22 ● POLITICS & GOVERNMENT 

‫راديکال‬

radical

‫رلديکاليسم‬

radicalism

‫راستگرا‬

right-wing

‫سرمايه دار‬ ‫سرمايه داری‬ ‫سکوالر‬

capitalist (n.) capitalism secular

‫سکوالريست‬

secularist

‫سکوالريسم‬

secularism

‫سلطنت‬

monarchy

‫سلطنت مشروطه‬

constitutional monarchy

‫سلطنت طلب‬

royalist (n.)

‫سلطنت طلبی‬

monarchism

‫سوسياليست‬

socialist (n.)

‫سوسياليسم‬ ‫صھيونيست‬ ‫صھيونيسم‬ ‫عملگرا‬

socialism Zionist (n.) Zionism pragmatist (n.)

POLITICS & GOVERNMENT ● 23  

‫عملگرايی‬

pragmatism

‫فاشيشت‬

fascist (n.)

‫فاشيستی‬

fascist (adj.)

‫فاشيسم‬

fascism

‫فدرال‬

federal

‫فدراليست‬ ‫فدراليسم‬

federalist (n.) federalism

‫فرصت طلب‬

opportunist

‫فرطت طلبی‬

opportunism

‫قوم گرايی‬

tribalism

‫کثرت گرايی‬

pluralism

‫کمونيست‬ ‫کمونيسم‬

communist (n.) communism

‫ليبراليست‬

liberalist

‫ليبراليسم‬

liberalism

‫مائوئيست‬

Maoist (n.)

‫مائوئيسم‬ ‫مارکسيست‬

Maoism Marxist (n.)

24 ● POLITICS & GOVERNMENT 

‫مارکسيسم‬

Marxism

‫محافظه کار‬

conservative

‫محافظه کاری‬

conservatism

‫مشروطه خواه‬

constitutionalist (n.)

‫مشروطه خواھی‬ ‫ملی گرا‬ ‫ملی گرايی‬ ‫نازی‬ ‫نازيسم‬ ‫نئونازيسم‬

constitutionalism nationalist (n.) nationalism Nazi Nazism neo-Nazism

‫نو محافظه کار‬

neo-conservative

‫نو محافظه کاری‬

neo-conservatism

‫واقع بين‬ ‫واقع بينی‬

realist (n.) realism

‫وطن پرست‬

patriot

‫وطن پرستی‬

patriotism

(‫حزب )احزاب‬

political party

‫حزب ِ اقليت‬

minority party

POLITICS & GOVERNMENT ● 25  

‫حزب ِ اکثريت‬ ‫حزب بازی‬

majority party party politics

‫حزب ِ جمھوری خواه‬

Republican Party

‫حزب ِ دموکرات‬

Democratic Party

‫حزب ِ کارگر‬

Labour Party

‫حزب ِ ليبرال دموکرات‬

Liberal Democrats

‫حزب ِ محافظه کار‬

Conservative Party

‫حزب ِ مخالف‬ ‫خط ِ مشی ِ حزب‬

opposition party party line

‫تک حزبی‬

single-party

‫چند حزبی‬

multi-party

‫دو حزبی‬

bipartisan

‫جناح‬

wing

‫دسته‬

faction

(‫عضو )اعضا‬ ‫ شدن‬... ِ ‫عضو‬ ‫عضويت‬

member to become a member of membership

26 ● POLITICS & GOVERNMENT 

‫اعضای وفادار ِ حزب‬ ‫پارلمان‬

the party faithful parliament

‫پارلمان ِ معلق‬

hung parliament

‫پارلمان ِ اروپا‬

The European Parliament

‫پارلمانی‬

parliamentary

(‫ وکيل )وکالء‬،‫نماينده‬

member (of parliament)

‫مجلس‬ ‫مجلس ِ شورای ِ اسالمی‬

Majlis; parliament Islamic Consultative Assembly

‫رئيس ِ مجلس‬

speaker of the parliament

‫مجلس ِ عوام‬

House of Commons

‫مجلس ِ اعيان‬

House of Lords

‫مجلس ِ خبرگان‬ ‫سنا‬

Council of Experts The Senate

‫سناتور‬

Senator

‫کنگره‬

Congress

POLITICS & GOVERNMENT ● 27  

‫عضو ِ کنگره‬ ‫انحالل‬ ‫اکثريت ِ مطلق‬ ‫دوره‬

member of Congress dissolution overall majority term

‫اجالس‬

meeting

‫اجالس ِ سران‬

summit

(‫جلسه )جلسات‬

meeting; session

‫جلسۀ غير ِ علنی‬

closed session

‫رئيس ِ جلسه‬

chairperson

‫دستور ِ جلسه‬

agenda

‫ديدار‬

meeting; visit

‫ديدار کردن با‬

to meet with

‫سفر ِ رسمی‬

official visit

‫سمينار‬

seminar

‫شورا‬

council

‫شورای نگھبان‬

Guardian Council

28 ● POLITICS & GOVERNMENT 

ِ ‫مجمع ِ تشخيص‬ ‫مصلحت ِ نظام‬ ‫مجمع ِ عمومی ِ ساالنه‬

‫ميزگرد‬ ‫نشست‬ ‫کميته‬ ‫کميسيون‬ ‫ ھمايش‬،‫کنفرانس‬ ‫کنگره‬ ‫گرد ھم آيی‬

Expediency Council AGM (Annual General Meeting) roundtable session committee commission conference congress gathering; meeting

‫حکومت‬

government

‫حکومتی‬

governmental

‫حکومت ِ ائتالفی‬ ‫حکومت ِ فدرال‬

coalition government federal government

‫حکومت ِ دينی‬

theocracy

‫حکومت کردن‬

to govern

POLITICS & GOVERNMENT ● 29  

‫حکم راندن‬ ‫حکمرانی‬ ‫دولت‬ ‫دولت ِ اقليت‬

to rule governance government; state minority government

‫دولت ِ مرکزی‬

central government

‫دولتی‬

governmental; state (adj.)

‫سخنگوی دولت‬

government spokesperson

‫کارمند ِ دولت‬

civil servant

‫کشور‬

country; state

‫کشور ِ عضو‬

member state

‫کشور ِ ميزبان‬

host country

‫قدرت‬ ‫ابر قدرت‬

power superpower

‫انتقال ِ قدرت‬

transfer of power

‫تقسيم ِ قدرت‬

power-sharing

‫پايگاه ِ قدرت‬

power base

30 ● POLITICS & GOVERNMENT 

‫به قدرت رسيدن‬ ‫کناره گيری کردن‬

to come to power to step aside

‫بر کنار کردن‬

to oust

‫معزول کردن‬

to depose

‫رژيم‬ ‫تغيير ِ رژيم‬ ‫استقالل‬

regime regime change independence

‫مستقل‬

independent

‫خودمختار‬

autonomous

‫خودمختاری‬ ‫دستور‬ ‫دستور دادن‬ ‫رھبر‬ ‫رھبر ِ معظم‬

autonomy, self-rule order to order leader Supreme Leader

‫رھبری‬

leadership

‫رھنمود‬

directive

‫سران‬ (‫فرمان )فرامين‬

heads of state decree

POLITICS & GOVERNMENT ● 31  

‫فرمانروا‬ ‫فرمانروايی کردن بر‬ ‫سلسلۀ مراتب‬ ‫شايسته ساالری‬

ruler to rule over hierarchy meritocracy

‫نخبه ساالری‬

elitism

‫شھردار‬

mayor

‫مشاور‬

adviser; aide

‫ھمتا‬

counterpart

‫ارشد‬

senior

‫عالی رتبه‬ ‫مقامات‬ ‫مقامات ِ بلندپايه‬ ّ ‫متعھد‬ ِ ‫غير‬ ‫نظام‬ ‫نظم ِ نوين ِ جھانی‬ (‫تابع )اتباع‬ ‫ مليت‬،‫تابعيت‬

high-ranking authorities; officials high-ranking officials non-aligned political system New World Order national (n.) nationality

32 ● POLITICS & GOVERNMENT 

(‫جامعه )جوامع‬ ‫جامعۀ بين المللی‬ ‫جامعۀ مدنی‬

community; society The International Community civil society

(‫رعيّت )رعايا‬

subject

‫شھروند‬

citizen

‫شھروندی‬

citizenship

‫مردم‬

the people

‫تودۀ مردم‬

the masses

‫عموم ِ مردم‬ ‫ھموطن‬ ‫جمھوری‬ ‫جمھوری ِ اسالمی ِ ايران‬ ‫رياست ِ جمھوری‬ ِ ‫)مربوط به( رياست‬ ‫جمھوری‬ ‫رئيس جمھور‬ ‫رئيس جمھور ِ سابق‬

the public compatriot republic Islamic Republic of Iran presidency presidential president former president

POLITICS & GOVERNMENT ● 33  

‫رئيس جمھور ِ منتخب‬

president-elect

‫معاون ِ رئيس جمھور‬

vice-president

‫کاخ ِ رياست ِ جمھوری‬ ‫کاخ ِ سفيد‬ ‫نخست وزير‬ ‫معاون ِ نخست وزير‬

presidential palace The White House prime minister deputy prime minister

(‫وزير )وزراء‬

minister

‫معاون ِ وزير‬

deputy minister

‫وزارت‬ ‫وزارت خانه‬ ‫وزارتی‬ ‫کابينه‬ ‫کابينۀ حزب ِ مخالف‬ ‫ترميم ِ کابينه‬ ‫تعيين کردن‬ ‫منصوب شدن‬ ‫انتصاب‬

ministry ministry (building) ministerial cabinet shadow cabinet cabinet reshuffle to appoint to be appointed appointment

34 ● POLITICS & GOVERNMENT 

‫ديپلمات‬

diplomat

‫ديپلماتيک‬

diplomatic

‫ديپلماسی‬

diplomacy

‫مصونيت ِ ديپلماتيک‬ ‫روابط ِ ديپلماتيک‬ ‫سفارت‬ ‫سفارت خانه‬ (‫سفير )سفراء‬ ‫کنسول‬ ‫کنسولگری‬ ،‫سازمان ِ ملل ِ متحد‬ ‫ ملل ِ متحد‬،‫سازمان ِ ملل‬ ‫منشور ِ سازمان ِ ملل‬

diplomatic immunity diplomatic relations embassy embassy (building) ambassador consul consulate UN, United Nations UN charter

‫دبير ِ کل‬

Secretary-General

‫دبيرخانه‬

secretariat

‫رأی ِ منفی‬ ‫شورای امنيت‬

veto Security Council

POLITICS & GOVERNMENT ● 35  

‫عضو ِ دائمی‬

permanent member

‫فرستادۀ ويژه‬

special envoy

‫قطعنامه‬ ‫کميسر ِ عالی‬

resolution high commissioner

‫کميسريای عالی‬

high commission

‫مجمع ِ عمومی‬

General Assembly

ِ ‫يونسکو )سازمان‬ ‫ علمی و‬،‫آموزشی‬ (‫فرھنگی ِ ملل متحد‬

UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization)

ِ ‫يونيسف )صندوق‬ (‫کودکان ِ ملل ِ متحد‬

UNICEF (United Nations Children’s Fund)

‫اتحاديۀ آفريقا‬

African Union

‫اتحاديۀ اروپا‬

The European Union

‫اتحاديۀ عرب‬

The Arab League

ِ ‫اتحاديۀ کشورھای مستقل‬ ‫ھمسود‬

CIS (Commonwealth of Independent States)

36 ● POLITICS & GOVERNMENT 

‫اتحاديۀ کشورھای‬ ‫جنوب شرقی ِ آسيا‬

ASEAN (The Association of Southeast Asian Nations)

ِ ‫سازمان ِ کنفرانس‬ ‫اسالمی‬

OIC (Organization of the Islamic Conference)

ِ ‫شورای ھمکاری‬ ‫خليج ِ فارس‬ ‫کشورھای مشترک المنافع‬ ‫کميسيون ِ اروپا‬

GCC (Gulf Cooperation Council) The Commonwealth European Commission

‫گروه ِ ھفت‬

G7

‫گروه ِ بيست‬

G20

(‫اعتراض )اعتراضات‬

protest

‫اعتراض کردن‬

to protest

‫اعتصاب ِ غذا‬

hunger strike

‫اعتصاب ِ نشسته‬

sit-in

‫تظاھرات‬

demonstration

‫تظاھرات کردن‬

to demonstrate

POLITICS & GOVERNMENT ● 37  

‫تظاھرکننده‬ ‫نافرمانی مدنی‬ ‫جنبش‬ ‫جنبش ِ اجتماعی‬

demonstrator civil disobedience movement social movement

‫جنبش ِ زنان‬

the women’s movement

‫جنبش ِ سبز‬

The Green Movement

‫راه پيمايی‬

street protest

‫شعار‬

slogan

ّ ‫فعال ِ سياسی‬

political activist

‫بی تفاوتی ِ سياسی‬

political apathy

‫گروه ِ فشار‬

pressure group

 

3. ELECTIONS ‫انتخابات‬

elections

ِ ‫انتخابات ِ رياست‬ ‫جمھوری‬

presidential elections

‫انتخابات ِ سراسری‬

nationwide elections

‫انتخابات ِ محلی‬ ‫انتخابات ِ ميان دوره ای‬ ‫نتايج ِ انتخابات‬ ‫انتخاب شدن‬ ‫انتخاب کردن‬ ّ ِ ‫انتخاب‬ ‫مجدد‬

local elections mid-term elections election results to be elected to elect re-election

‫تبليغات ِ انتخاباتی‬

electioneering

‫دوباره انتخاب شدن‬

to be re-elected

‫دوباره انتخاب کردن‬ ‫حوزۀ انتخاباتی‬ ‫کميسيون ِ انتخاباتی‬ ‫مبارز‬

to re-elect constituency electoral commission campaigner

40 ● ELECTIONS 

‫مبارزۀ انتخاباتی‬ ‫مانيفيست‬ ‫ناظر ِ انتخاباتی‬ ‫نظارت بر انتخابات‬ (‫رأی )آراء‬ ‫صندوق ِ رأی‬

election campaign manifesto election monitor election monitoring vote ballot box

‫رأی ِ اعتماد‬

vote of confidence

‫رأی دادن به‬

to vote for

‫رأی دھنده‬

voter

‫رأی دھندگان‬

electorate

‫رأی شماری‬

vote-counting

‫رأی ِ عدم ِ اعتماد‬

vote of no confidence

‫ دادن‬... ِ ‫رأی عليه‬

to vote against

‫رأی ِ مثبت دادن به‬ ‫رأی ِ مخفی‬ ‫چيزی را به رأی گذاشتن‬ ‫رأی گرفتن‬

to vote in favour of secret ballot to put something to the vote to receive votes

ELECTIONS ● 41  

‫رأی گيری‬

ballot; voting

‫اتاقک ِ رأی گيری‬

voting booth

‫برگۀ رأی گيری‬

ballot paper

‫تقلب در رأی گيری‬

vote-rigging

‫حوزۀ رأی گيری‬ ‫ کانديدا‬،‫نامزد‬

candidate

‫نامزدی‬

candidacy

‫نامزد بودن‬

to stand for election

‫نامزد کردن‬

to nominate

ّ ‫رد ِ صالحيت‬

de-selection

‫حامی‬

supporter

‫حمايت کردن از‬

to support

‫نظرسنج‬ ‫نظرسنجی‬ ‫آراء ِ عمومی‬ ‫آمار‬ ‫ ھمه پرسی‬،‫رفراندوم‬  

voting station

pollster opinion poll public opinion statistics referendum

 

4. CONFLICT & SECURITY (‫اغتشاش )اغتشاشات‬ ‫انتقام‬ ‫انتقام گرفتن‬

disturbance revenge to take revenge

‫تجاوز ِ نظامی‬

military invasion

‫تجاوز کردن به‬

to invade

‫تحريک‬

provocation

‫تحريک کردن‬

to provoke

‫تخريب کردن‬

to destroy

‫تسخير کردن‬

to capture (territory)

ّ ‫تعرض‬ ‫تنش‬ ‫توسل به زور‬ ‫توطئه‬ (‫تھديد )تھديدات‬ ‫تھديد کردن‬

aggression tension use of force conspiracy threat to threaten

44 ● CONFLICT & SECURITY 

‫تھديد آميز‬ (‫حمله )حمالت‬

threatening attack

‫حمله کردن‬

to attack

‫حمله کننده‬

attacker

‫خشن‬ ‫خشونت‬ ‫خونريزی‬ ‫درگيری‬

violent violence bloodshed clash

‫زد و خورد‬

scuffle

‫شدت گرفتن‬

to escalate

‫شدت گيری‬

escalation

‫کش مکش‬ ‫مبارزه کردن با‬ ‫محاصره‬ ‫مناقشه‬

conflict; skirmish to combat blockade; siege dispute

‫نابود کردن‬

to annihilate

‫نجات دادن‬

to rescue; to save

‫نزاع‬

dispute; quarrel

CONFLICT & SECURITY ● 45  

‫ھجوم‬

attack; raid

‫اشغال‬

occupation

‫اشغال کردن‬

to occupy

‫اشغالگر‬

occupier

‫اشغالی‬

occupied

‫اراضی ِ اشغالی‬ ‫شھرک ِ يھودی نشين‬ ‫جنگ‬

The Occupied Territories Jewish settlement war

‫در حال ِ جنگ‬

at war

‫جنگنده‬

fighter

‫جنگيدن‬

to fight

‫جنگ ِ جھانی‬

world war

‫جنگ ِ تحميلی‬

The Imposed War (the Iran–Iraq War)

‫جنگ ِ داخلی‬ ‫جنگ ِ سرد‬ ‫جنگ ِ عادالنه‬

civil war The Cold War just war

46 ● CONFLICT & SECURITY 

‫اعالن ِ جنگ کردن‬ ‫جنگ ساالر‬ ‫جنايت ِ جنگی‬ ‫محکمۀ جنايات ِ جنگی‬

to declare war warlord war crime war crimes tribunal

‫جنايتکار ِ جنگی‬

war criminal

‫جنايت ِ عليه ِ بشريت‬

crime against humanity

(‫اسير )اسراء‬ ‫جانباز‬ ‫خط ِ مقدم‬ ‫دشمن‬

prisoner of war war wounded frontline enemy

‫ھمدست ِ دشمن‬

collaborator

‫رزمنده‬

war veteran

(‫شھيد )شھداء‬ ‫تسليم‬ ‫تسليم شدن‬

martyr; war dead surrender to surrender

‫پيروزی‬

victory

‫دفاع‬

defence

CONFLICT & SECURITY ● 47  

ّ ِ ‫دفاع‬ ‫مقدس‬ ‫شکست‬ ‫شکست خوردن‬ ‫شکست دادن‬ ‫آسيب‬ ‫آسيب ديدن‬ ‫پاکسازی ِ نژادی‬ ‫قتل ِ عام‬ ‫ قوم کشی‬،‫نژادکشی‬ ‫تلفات‬ ‫زخمی‬ ‫زخمی شدن‬

Sacred Defence defeat to be defeated to defeat injury; damage to be injured ethnic cleansing mass killing genocide loss of life injured to be injured

‫قربانی‬

victim

‫کشتار‬

killing

‫کشته‬

killed

‫شمار ِ کشته شدگان‬

death toll

(‫مجروح )مجروحين‬

wounded

‫مجروح شدن‬

to be wounded

48 ● CONFLICT & SECURITY 

‫مرگبار‬ ‫ارتش‬ ‫ارتش ِ اشغالگر‬ ‫اردوگاه‬

deadly army occupying army army camp

‫پادگان‬

barracks

‫استراتژی‬

strategy

‫بسيج‬

mobilisation; Basij

‫تاکتيک‬

tactic

‫تيمسار‬

general

،‫خدمت ِ نظام وظيفه‬ ‫سربازی‬ ‫حملۀ زمينی‬ ‫درجه‬ ‫درجه دار‬ ‫سپاه ِ پاسداران‬ ‫ستاد‬ ‫ستاد ِ ارتش‬

military service ground attack rank non-commissioned officer Revolutionary Guard headquarters army staff

CONFLICT & SECURITY ● 49  

‫سرباز ِ وظيفه‬ ‫عقب نشينی‬

conscript withdrawal

‫عمليات‬

operations

‫فراری‬

deserter

‫فرمانده‬

commander

‫فرماندۀ کل ِ قوا‬

commander-inchief

‫گشت‬

patrol

‫مانور‬

manoeuvre

‫متفقين‬

allies

ِ ‫ناتو )سازمان ِ پيمان‬ (‫آتالنتيک ِ شمالی‬ ‫نظامی‬ ‫نظامی سازی‬ ‫غير ِ نظامی سازی‬

NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) military militarisation demilitarisation

‫نظامی کردن‬

to militarise

‫نظامی گرايی‬

militarism

‫منطقۀ نظامی‬

militarised zone

50 ● CONFLICT & SECURITY 

‫غير ِ نظامی‬ ‫نيروھا‬ ‫نيروھای احتياط‬

civilian forces reserves

‫نيروھای مسلح‬

armed forces

‫نيروی انتظامی‬

police

‫نيروی دريايی‬

navy

‫نيروی ھوايی‬

air force

‫پايگاه ِ ھوايی‬

airbase

‫ اسلحه‬،‫سالح ھا‬

arms; weapons

‫سالح ھای اتمی‬

nuclear weapons

‫سالح ھای شيميايی‬ ‫سالح ھای کشتار ِ جمعی‬ ‫خلع ِ سالح‬

chemical weapons WMD (weapons of mass destruction) disarmament

‫خلع ِ سالح ھای اتمی‬

nuclear disarmament

‫منع ِ گسترش ِ سالح ھای‬ ‫اتمی‬

nuclear nonproliferation

‫مسابقۀ تسليحاتی‬

arms race

CONFLICT & SECURITY ● 51  

‫مسلح‬ ‫غير ِ مسلح‬ (‫انفجار )انفجارات‬ ‫مواد ِ منفجره‬ ‫بمب‬

armed unarmed explosion explosives bomb

‫بمب خنثی کردن‬

to defuse a bomb

‫بمب ِ خوشه ای‬

cluster bomb

‫بمب ِ کنار ِ جاده ای‬

roadside bomb

‫خودروی حاوی ِ بمب‬

car bomb

‫محل ِ انفجار ِ بمب‬

bombsite

‫بمباران‬ ‫بمباران کردن‬ ‫بمبگذار‬ ‫بمبگذار ِ انتحاری‬ ‫بمبگذاری‬ ‫بمبگذاری ِ انتحاری‬

bombardment to bomb (aerial) bomber suicide bomber bombing suicide bombing

‫تيراندازی‬

shooting

‫تيرادازی کردن‬

to shoot

52 ● CONFLICT & SECURITY 

‫تانک‬ ‫خمپاره‬ ‫رادار‬ ‫زير دريايی‬ ‫مسلسل‬ ‫منطقۀ پرواز ممنوع‬ ‫موشک‬ ‫موشک ِ دوربرد‬

tank mortar radar submarine machine gun no-fly zone missile long-range missile

‫موشک ِ ضد ِ ھوايی‬

anti-aircraft missile

‫موشک ِ کوتاه برد‬

short-range missile

‫مھمات‬ ّ ‫مين‬ ‫مين ياب‬ ‫ميدان ِ مين‬ ‫نارنجک‬ ‫ناو ِ جنگی‬ ‫ھواپيمای بدون ِ سرنشين‬ ‫انقالب‬

ammunition land mine mine detector minefield hand grenade warship unmanned aircraft revolution

CONFLICT & SECURITY ● 53  

‫انقالب ِ اسالمی‬

Islamic Revolution

‫انقالب ِ فرھنگی‬

cultural revolution

‫انقالب ِ مخملی‬

velvet revolution

‫انقالب ِ مشروطه‬

Constitutional Revolution

(‫انقالبی )انقالبيون‬

revolutionary

‫کودتا‬ ‫بر انداختن‬

coup to overthrow

‫براندازی‬

overthrow

‫بی ثباتی‬

instability

‫فروپاشی‬

collapse

‫فروپاشيدن‬

to collapse

‫شورش‬

revolt, rebellion; insurgency; riot

‫شورشی‬

rebel; insurgent; rioter

‫شورشی را فروخواباندن‬

to put down a revolt

‫پليس ِ ضد ِ شورش‬

riot police

‫ظلم کردن به‬

to oppress

54 ● CONFLICT & SECURITY 

‫سرکوب کردن‬ ‫سرکوبگر‬

to suppress repressive

‫قيام‬

uprising

‫گاز ِ اشک آور‬

tear gas

‫مبارز ِ آزادی خواه‬ ‫شبه ِ نظاميان‬ ِ ‫ارتش ِ جمھوری خواه‬ ‫ايرلند‬ ‫حزب ﷲ‬ ‫طالبان‬ ‫مجاھدين‬ ‫سازمان ِ مجاھدين ِ خلق‬

‫مقاومت‬ ‫مقاومت ِ مسلحانه‬ ‫مقاومت کردن‬ ‫نا آرامی‬

freedom fighter militia IRA (Irish Republican Army) Hezbollah Taliban Mujahideen MKO (Mojahedin-e Khalq Organization) resistance armed resistance to resist unrest

CONFLICT & SECURITY ● 55  

‫نارضايتی‬

discontent

‫آدم ربا‬

kidnapper

‫آدم ربايی‬ ‫القاعده‬

kidnapping Al-Qaeda

‫ترور‬

assassination

‫ترور کردن‬

to assassinate

‫تروريست‬ ‫گروه ِ تروريستی‬ ‫تروريسم‬

terrorist terrorist group terrorism

‫تروريسم ِ دولتی‬

state terrorism

‫جنگ عليه ِ تروريسم‬

War on Terror

‫گروگان‬

hostage

‫گروگان گرفتن‬

to take hostage

‫گروگان گيری‬

hostage taking

‫محور ِ شرارت‬ ‫ھواپيما ربا‬ ‫ھواپيما ربايی‬ ‫امنيت‬

Axis of Evil hijacker hijacking security (n.)

56 ● CONFLICT & SECURITY 

‫امنيت ِ جمعی‬ ‫امنيت ِ ملی‬ ‫امنيتی‬

collective security national security security (adj.)

‫مخاطرۀ امنيتی‬

security risk

‫نيروھای امنيتی‬

security forces

‫انگشت نگاری‬

finger printing

‫کارت ِ شناسايی‬

identity card

‫ايست ِ بازرسی‬

check point

‫حالت ِ اضطراری‬ ‫خاموشی‬ ‫پليس ِ مخفی‬ ‫جاسوس‬ ‫جاسوس ِ دوجانبه‬ ‫جاسوسی‬ ‫سازمان ِ اطالعات‬

state of emergency curfew secret police spy double agent espionage intelligence agency

‫لباس شخصی‬

plain clothes

‫مأمور ِ مخفی‬

secret agent

‫نظارت‬

surveillance

CONFLICT & SECURITY ● 57  

‫بن بست‬

impasse

‫آتش بس‬

ceasefire

‫آرام‬ ‫آرامش‬ ‫آشتی‬ ‫حقيقت و آشتی‬ ‫آشتی کردن‬

calm (adj.) calm (n.) reconciliation truth and reconciliation to make peace

‫حل ِ اختالف‬

conflict resolution

‫حل ِ درگيری‬

dispute resolution

‫حل کردن‬ ‫صلح‬ ‫ مسالمت آميز‬،‫صلح آميز‬ ‫جنبش ِ صلح‬

to resolve; to solve peace peaceful peace movement

‫روند ِ صلح‬

peace process

‫سپاه ِ صلح‬

The Peace Corps

‫نيروی حافظ ِ صلح‬ ‫عدم ِ خشونت‬

peace-keeping force non-violence

58 ● CONFLICT & SECURITY 

‫پيمان‬ ‫پيمان بستن‬ ‫توافق‬ ‫به توافق رسيدن‬

agreement; pact to enter into an agreement agreement to reach an agreement

‫عھدنامه‬

treaty

‫قرارداد‬

agreement

‫قرارداد ِ دوجانبه‬

bilateral agreement

‫امضا کننده‬

signatory

‫امضا کردن‬

to sign

‫گفتگو‬ ‫گفتگوی تمدن ھا‬

dialogue Dialogue Among Civilizations

‫گفتگوھا‬

talks

‫مذاکرات‬

negotiations

‫مذاکرات ِ دوجانبه‬

bilateral negotiations

CONFLICT & SECURITY ● 59  

 

‫مذاکره کننده‬

negotiator

‫مذاکره کردن‬

to negotiate

‫ميز ِ مذاکره‬

negotiation table

‫داوری‬

arbitration

‫ميانجی گری‬

mediation

 

‫‪5. LAW & ORDER‬‬ ‫‪law‬‬ ‫‪legality‬‬ ‫‪rules and‬‬ ‫‪regulations‬‬ ‫‪legal‬‬

‫قانون )قوانين(‬ ‫قانونيت‬ ‫قوانين و مقررات‬ ‫قانونی‬

‫‪illegal‬‬

‫غير ِ قانونی‬

‫‪to legalise‬‬

‫قانونی کردن‬

‫‪to break the law‬‬

‫قانون را نقض کردن‬

‫‪law-abiding‬‬

‫مطيع ِ قانون‬

‫‪constitution‬‬

‫قانون ِ اساسی‬

‫‪constitutional‬‬ ‫‪unconstitutional‬‬

‫مبتنی بر قانون ِ اساسی‬ ‫مغاير ِ قانون ِ اساسی‬

‫‪penal law‬‬

‫قانون ِ جزايی‬

‫‪criminal law‬‬

‫قانون ِ جنايی‬

‫‪penal code‬‬ ‫‪civil law‬‬

‫قانون ِ مجازات ِ عمومی‬ ‫قانون مدنی‬

‫‪ ‬‬

62 ● LAW & ORDER 

‫تدوين ِ قوانين‬ ‫اليحۀ قانونی‬ ‫ماده‬

bill article (of law)

‫اختيار ِ قانونی‬

jurisdiction

‫پيگرد ِ قانونی‬

prosecution

‫حاکميت ِ قانون‬

rule of law

‫مھلت ِ قانونی‬

moratorium

‫حقوق ِ بين المللی‬ ‫قانون گذاشتن‬ ‫قانونگذار‬ ‫قانونگذاری‬ ‫)مربوط به( قانونگذاری‬

 

codification

international law to legislate legislator legislation legislative (adj.)

‫عرف‬

common law

‫شرع‬

religious law

‫شريعت‬

Sharia (Islamic law)

‫مشروع‬

legitimate

‫مشروعيت‬

legitimacy

‫نا مشروع‬

illegitimate

LAW & ORDER ● 63  

‫دادگاه‬ ‫جلسۀ دادگاه‬ ‫دادگاه ِ استيناف‬ ‫دادگاه ِ انقالب‬ ‫دادگاه ِ عالی‬ ِ ‫ديوان ِ بين المللی‬ ‫دادگستری‬ ‫ديوان ِ بين المللی ِ کيفری‬ ‫دادخواھی‬

hearing court of appeal revolutionary court High Court International Court of Justice International Criminal Court lawsuit

‫دادرسی‬

legal procedure

‫دادستان‬

public prosecutor

‫ عدالت‬،‫دادگستری‬ ‫وزارت ِ دادگستری‬ ‫بی عدالتی‬ ‫عادالنه‬ ‫غير ِ عادالنه‬ ‫محاکمه‬

 

court of law

justice Ministry of Justice injustice just unjust trial

64 ● LAW & ORDER 

‫محاکمه شدن‬ ‫محاکمه کردن‬

to try

‫محکوم کردن‬

to convict

‫حکم‬

sentence; verdict

‫حکم ِ اعدام‬

death sentence

‫حکم ِ برائت‬

verdict of not guilty

‫حکم صادر کردن‬

to issue a verdict

‫حکم ِ محکوميت‬

verdict of guilty

ّ ‫مقصر دانستن‬ ‫عفو‬ ‫قاضی‬ ‫قوۀ قضائيه‬

 

to be tried

to find guilty pardon judge judiciary

(‫وکيل )وکالء‬

lawyer

‫ھيئت ِ منصفه‬

jury

‫شاکی‬

plaintiff

ّ ‫مدعی‬

claimant

‫مظنون‬

suspect

(‫شاھد )شھود‬

witness

LAW & ORDER ● 65  

‫شاھد ِ عينی‬ ‫شھادت‬ ‫شھادت دادن‬

testimony to testify

‫سوگند خوردن‬

to swear an oath

(‫اتھام )اتھامات‬

charge

‫متھم‬ ‫متھم شدن‬ ‫متھم کردن‬ ‫احضار کردن‬ ‫احضاريه‬ ‫اجرا‬ ‫اجرا کردن‬

 

eye witness

accused to be accused to accuse to summon summons implementation to implement

‫استدالل‬

argumentation

‫استيناف‬

appeal

‫استيناف دادن‬

to appeal

‫اقامۀ دعوی‬

litigation

(‫اقدام )اقدامات‬

measure

‫بی گناه‬

innocent

‫‪66 ● LAW & ORDER ‬‬

‫‪case; file‬‬ ‫‪document‬‬ ‫‪permit‬‬

‫پرونده‬ ‫سند )اسناد(‬ ‫مجوز‬ ‫ّ‬

‫‪evidence‬‬

‫مدرک )مدارک(‬

‫‪to prove‬‬

‫ثابت کردن‬

‫‪to prosecute‬‬

‫تحت ِ تعقيب قرار دادن‬

‫‪prosecution‬‬

‫تعقيب ِ کيفری‬

‫‪to ratify‬‬

‫تصويب کردن‬

‫‪to file for divorce‬‬

‫تقاضای طالق کردن‬

‫‪to abide by‬‬

‫رعايت کردن‬

‫‪indictment‬‬

‫کيفر خواست‬

‫‪to indict‬‬ ‫‪to abolish‬‬ ‫‪to contravene‬‬ ‫‪settlement‬‬ ‫‪crime‬‬ ‫‪crime rate‬‬

‫کيفر خواست صادر کردن‬ ‫عليه ِ‬ ‫منسوخ کردن‬ ‫نقض کردن‬ ‫واگذاری‬ ‫جرم‪ ،‬جنايت )جنايات(‬ ‫ميزان ِ جنايت‬

‫‪ ‬‬

LAW & ORDER ● 67  

‫ مجرم‬،‫جنايتکار‬

criminal (n.)

‫مجرم ِ جنسی‬

sex offender

‫جرم شناس‬

criminologist

‫جرم شناسی‬

criminology

‫جنايی‬ ‫سابقۀ جنايی‬ ‫خالف‬ ‫ متخلف‬،‫خالفکار‬ ‫خالفکاری‬ ‫ شدن‬... ِ ‫مرتکب‬ ‫باند ِ تبھکار‬ ‫قتل ِ عمد‬

criminal record minor offence offender wrongdoing to commit (a crime) criminal gang murder

‫قتل ِ غير ِ عمد‬

manslaughter

‫قتل ھای زنجيره ای‬

serial killings

(‫قاتل )قاتلين‬

murderer

‫به قتل رساندن‬

to murder

‫تجاوز کردن به‬

to rape

‫تخطی‬  

criminal (adj.)

transgression

68 ● LAW & ORDER 

‫خشونت ِ خانگی‬ ‫خيانت‬

treason

(‫ سارق )سارقين‬،‫دزد‬

thief

‫ سرقت‬،‫دزدی‬

theft

‫ سرقت کردن‬،‫دزدی کردن‬ ‫قاچاق‬ ‫قاچاقچی‬ ّ ‫قاچاقچی ِ مواد‬ ‫مخدر‬ ّ ‫فروشندۀ مواد‬ ‫مخدر‬ ‫گانگستر‬ ‫مافيا‬ ‫آزاد شدن‬ ‫آزاد کردن‬ ‫آزادی ِ مشروط‬ ‫به قيد ِ ضمانت آزاد کردن‬ ‫تبرئه شدن‬

 

domestic violence

to steal smuggling smuggler drug smuggler drug dealer gangster Mafia to be released to release conditional release to release on bail to be acquitted

(‫اعتراف )اعترافات‬

confession

‫اعتراف کردن‬

to confess

LAW & ORDER ● 69  

‫بازجو‬ ‫بازجويی‬ ‫ توقيف‬،‫بازداشت‬ ‫بازداشت ِ حمايتی‬

interrogation detention protective custody

‫بازداشت شدن‬

to be detained

‫بازداشت شده‬

detainee

‫بازداشت کردن‬

to detain

‫بازداشتگاه‬

detention centre

‫بازرس‬

inspector

‫بازرسی‬

inspection

‫بررسی‬

investigation

‫بررسی کردن‬

to investigate

‫پرس و جو‬

inquiry

‫تفتيش کردن‬

to inspect; to search

‫توقيف کردن‬

to seize

‫حبس‬ ‫حبس ِ ابد‬

 

interrogator

confinement life imprisonment

70 ● LAW & ORDER 

‫حبس ِ انفرادی‬ ‫دستگير شدن‬ ‫دستگير کردن‬ ‫دستگيری‬ ‫کالنتری‬ ‫زندان‬ ‫زندانی‬ ‫زندانی ِ سياسی‬

to be arrested to arrest arrest police station prison prisoner political prisoner

‫زندانی کردن‬

to imprison

‫ضبط ِ اموال‬

confiscation of property

‫مصادره کردن‬ ‫اعدام‬ ‫اعدام شدن‬ ‫اعدام کردن‬ ‫جريمه‬ ‫جريمه شدن‬

 

solitary confinement

to confiscate execution to be executed to execute fine to be fined

LAW & ORDER ● 71  

‫دار زدن‬ ‫قدغن کردن‬ ‫مجازات‬ ‫قابل ِ مجازات‬ ‫مجازات شدن‬ ‫مجازات کردن‬ ‫مجازات ِ مرگ‬ ‫ممنوع کردن‬ ‫ممنوعيت‬

 

 

to hang to ban punishment punishable to be punished to punish capital punishment to prohibit ban

 

6. HUMAN RIGHTS (‫حق )حقوق‬

right

‫حقوق ِ بشر‬

human rights

‫نقض ِ حقوق ِ بشر‬

human rights violation

ِ ‫اعالميۀ جھانی ِ حقوق‬ ‫بشر‬ ‫ديده بان ِ حقوق ِ بشر‬ ‫عفو ِ بين الملل‬ ‫حقوق ِ مدنی‬ ‫حقوق ِ ھمجنسگرايان‬ ‫آزادی‬ ‫آزادی ِ اجتماعات‬ ‫آزادی ِ اديان‬ ‫آزادی ِ بيان‬

Universal Declaration of Human Rights Human Rights Watch Amnesty International civil rights gay rights freedom freedom of association freedom of religion freedom of speech

74 ● HUMAN RIGHTS 

‫آزادی ِ مطبوعات‬

freedom of the press

‫تبعيض‬

discrimination

‫تبعيض آميز‬

discriminatory

‫مورد ِ تبعيض قرار دادن‬

to discriminate against

‫تبعيض ِ جنسی‬

sex discrimination

‫تبعيض ِ نژادی‬

racial discrimination

‫اذيت و آزار‬ ‫بردگی‬ ‫تجارت ِ انسان‬ ‫تجاوز‬ ‫خشونت عليه ِ زنان‬ ‫سانسور‬

persecution slavery human trafficking rape violence against women censorship

‫سانسور کردن‬

to censor

‫سوء ِ استفاده‬

abuse

‫شکنجه‬

torture

HUMAN RIGHTS ● 75  

‫شکنجه دادن‬

to torture

‫شکنجه گر‬

torturer

‫نژاد پرست‬

racist

‫نژاد پرستی‬

racism

‫يھودی ستيزی‬

anti-Semitism

‫ھمجنسگرا ستيزی‬

homophobia

‫مھاجرت‬

immigration; migration

‫مھاجرت ِ اجباری‬

forced migration

‫مھاجر‬

immigrant

‫پناه جو‬

asylum seeker

‫پناھندگی‬

asylum

‫پناھنده‬

refugee

ِ ‫کميسيون ِ عالی‬ ِ ‫پناھندگان ِ سازمان‬ ‫ملل‬ ‫غربت‬ ‫تبعيد کردن‬

UNHCR (United Nations High Commission for Refugees) diaspora; exile to exile

 

7. ECONOMICS ‫اقتصاد‬ ‫اقتصادی‬ ‫بھبود ِ اقتصادی‬ ‫پيشبينی ِ اقتصادی‬ ‫اقتصاددان‬ ‫اقتصاد ِ بازار ِ آزاد‬

economics; economy economic economic recovery economic forecasting economist free market economics

‫اقتصاد ِ خرد‬

micro economics

‫اقتصاد ِ کالن‬

macro economics

‫اقتصاد ِ صنعتی‬ ‫اقتصاد ِ کشاورزی‬ ‫اقتصاد ِ معيشتی‬ ‫مالی‬ ‫بحران ِ مالی‬

industrial economy agrarian economy subsistence economy financial; fiscal financial crisis

78 ● ECONOMICS 

‫برنامۀ نجات ِ مالی‬ ‫سال ِ مالی‬

financial rescue package financial year

ّ ‫محرک ِ مالی‬

fiscal stimulus

‫نظارت ِ مالی‬

financial regulation

‫حسابرس‬

auditor

‫حسابرسی‬

auditing

‫حسابرسی کردن‬

to audit

،‫تأمين ِ مالی ِ خرد‬ ‫ميکروفاينانس‬ ‫تأمين ِ اجتماعی‬ ‫بودجه‬ ‫کسر ِ بودجه‬ ّ ‫تورم‬ ّ ‫تورم ِ عنان گسيخته‬ ّ ‫تورم ِ صفر‬ ‫رشد‬ ‫رشد ِ منفی‬

microfinance social security budget budget deficit inflation hyperinflation zero inflation growth negative growth

ECONOMICS ● 79  

‫رشد کردن‬

to grow

‫رکود‬

recession

‫ کساد‬،‫دچار ِ رکود‬

depressed

‫ يارانه‬،‫سوبسيد‬

subsidy

‫سوبسيد دادن به‬

to subsidise

‫صرفه جويی کردن‬ ‫صندوق‬

to economise fund

‫صندوق ِ بازنشستگی‬

pension fund

‫کاھش ِ ھزينه‬

spending cut

‫کاله برداری‬ ‫ارز‬ ‫ارز ِ قوی‬ ‫ذخيرۀ ارزی‬ ‫نرخ ِ ارز‬

fraud foreign currency hard currency currency reserves exchange rate

‫پول‬

currency; money

‫پولی‬

monetary

‫بازار ِ پول‬

money market

‫تزريق ِ پول‬

cash injection

80 ● ECONOMICS 

‫سيستم ِ پولی‬ ‫تبديل کردن‬ ّ ‫صرافی‬ ‫تضعيف ِ ارزش ِ پول‬ ‫صندوق ِ بين المللی ِ پول‬ ‫حوزۀ يورو‬

monetary system to change (money) bureau de change devaluation IMF (International Monetary Fund) Eurozone

‫بانک‬

bank

‫شعبه‬

branch

‫عابر بانک‬

‫کارت ِ بانکی‬ ‫بانکداری‬ ‫بانکدار‬ ‫بانک ِ جھانی‬ ‫بانک ِ مرکزی‬ ‫گروه ِ بانکی‬ ‫سيستم ِ بانکداری‬

ATM (Automated Teller Machine), cashpoint bank card banking banker The World Bank central bank banking group banking system

ECONOMICS ● 81  

‫نرخ ِ بانکی‬

bank rate

‫نرخ ِ پايه‬

base rate

‫پس انداز‬

savings

‫حساب‬

account

‫حسابدار‬ ‫حسابداری‬ ‫اعتبار‬

accountant accountancy credit

‫بحران ِ اعتبار‬

credit crunch

‫خط ِ اعتبار‬

line of credit

‫درجۀ اعتبار‬

credit rating

‫کارت ِ اعتباری‬

credit card

‫طلبکار‬

creditor

‫بدھکار‬

debtor

‫بدھکار بودن‬ ‫بدھی‬ ‫بدھی ِ ملی‬ ‫بھره‬ ‫بدون ِ بھره‬

to be in debt debt national debt interest interest-free

82 ● ECONOMICS 

‫نرخ ِ بھره‬ ‫ پيش پرداخت‬،‫بيعانه‬

interest rate down payment

‫بازپرداخت‬

repayment

(‫قسط )اقساط‬

instalment

‫قصور در پرداخت‬

default

‫بيمه‬

insurance

‫ضامن‬

guarantor

‫ضمانت‬

guarantee

‫ضمانت کردن‬ (‫قرض )قروض‬ ‫قرض دادن‬

to guarantee loan to loan

‫قرض گرفتن‬

to borrow

‫قرض گيری‬

borrowing

‫وام‬ ‫وام دادن‬ ‫وام گرفتن‬ ‫وام ِ مسکن‬ ‫ اموال‬،‫دارايی‬

loan to loan to take out a loan home loan assets

‫‪ECONOMICS ● 83‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬

‫‪liquid assets‬‬ ‫‪capital‬‬ ‫‪capitalist‬‬ ‫‪capitalism‬‬ ‫‪floating capital‬‬ ‫‪investor‬‬ ‫‪investment‬‬ ‫‪to invest‬‬ ‫‪capital gain‬‬ ‫‪risk‬‬ ‫‪risk taking‬‬ ‫‪venture capital‬‬ ‫‪cash‬‬ ‫‪cash flow‬‬ ‫‪liquidity‬‬

‫دارايی ھای نقدی‬ ‫سرمايه‬ ‫سرمايه دار‬ ‫سرمايه داری‬ ‫سرمايه در گردش‬ ‫سرمايه گذار‬ ‫سرمايه گذاری‬ ‫سرمايه گذاری کردن‬ ‫سود ِ سرمايه‬ ‫مخاطره‪ ،‬ريسک‬ ‫مخاطره جويی‬ ‫سرمايه گذاری ِ‬ ‫مخاطره آميز‬ ‫پول ِ نقد‬ ‫جريان ِ نقدی‬ ‫نقدينگی‬

‫‪yield‬‬

‫بازده‬

‫‪income‬‬

‫درآمد‬

84 ● ECONOMICS 

‫سود‬

profit

‫سود بردن از‬

to profit from

‫سود ِ خالص‬

gross profit

‫سوددھی‬

profitability

‫سود ِ ناخالص‬

net profit

‫خسارات‬

losses

‫ضررده‬

loss-making

‫ماليات‬ ‫ماليات بندی‬ ‫ماليات بر ارث‬ ‫ماليات بر ارزش ِ افزوده‬ ‫ماليات بر درآمد‬

tax, taxes taxation inheritance tax value added tax income tax

‫ماليات ِ خريد‬

purchase tax

‫ماليات بستن به‬

to levy tax on

‫ماليات دادن‬

to pay tax

‫ماليات دھنده‬

tax payer

‫اظھارنامۀ مالياتی‬

tax return

‫بدون ِ ماليات‬

tax-free

‫‪ECONOMICS ● 85‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬

‫‪tax evasion‬‬

‫پرھيز از ماليات‬

‫‪tax haven‬‬

‫پناھگاه ِ مالياتی‬

‫‪tax relief‬‬

‫تخفيف ِ ماليات‬

‫‪pre-tax profit‬‬ ‫‪tax-deductible‬‬

‫سود قبل از ماليات‬ ‫قابل ِ کسر از ماليات‬

‫‪taxable‬‬

‫مشمول ِ ماليات‬

‫‪tax exempt‬‬

‫معاف از ماليات‬

‫‪tax assessor‬‬

‫ّ‬ ‫مميز ِ مالياتی‬

 

8. TRADE & INDUSTRY ‫ تجارت‬،‫بازرگانی‬

commerce; trade

‫تجارت کردن‬

to trade

‫تجارت ِ آزاد‬

free trade

‫سازمان ِ تجارت ِ جھانی‬

WTO (World Trade Organization)

‫کسری ِ تجاری‬

trade gap

‫ تجارتی‬،‫تجاری‬

commercial; trade (adj.)

‫تجاری کردن‬ ‫عالمت ِ تجاری‬ ‫مارک‬

to commercialise trademark brand

‫ تاجر‬،‫بازرگان‬

merchant; trader

‫اتاق ِ بازرگانی‬

chamber of commerce

‫نمايشگاه ِ تجاری‬

trade fair

(‫تحريم )تحريمات‬

sanction

‫ممنوعيت ِ خريد و فروش‬

embargo

88 ● TRADE & INDUSTRY 

ِ ‫ممنوعيت گذاشتن روی‬ ‫رفع ِ ممنوعيت کردن‬ ‫صادرات‬

to impose an embargo on to lift an embargo exports

‫صادر کردن‬

to export

‫صادرکننده‬

exporter

‫واردات‬

imports

‫وارد کردن‬

to import

‫واردکننده‬

importer

‫گمرک‬

customs

‫عوارض‬

duty; toll

ِ ‫معاف از عوارض‬ ‫گمرکی‬

duty-free

‫بار‬ ‫با کشتی فرستادن‬ ‫بازار‬

cargo to ship market; bazaar

‫بازار ِ آزاد‬

free market

‫بازار ِ سياه‬

black market

TRADE & INDUSTRY ● 89  

‫بازار ِ کار‬ ‫بازاری‬ ‫به بازار عرضه کردن‬

job market bazaari to market

‫روندھای بازار‬

market trends

‫شرايط ِ بازار‬

market conditions

‫قيمت ِ بازار‬ (‫سفارش )سفارشات‬ ‫سفارش دادن‬ ‫عرضه و تقاضا‬

market price order to order supply and demand

‫عرضه کردن‬

to supply

‫قدرت ِ خريد‬

buying power

‫کاال‬ ‫کاالھای اساسی‬ ‫کاالھای مصرفی‬ ‫ سھام‬،‫اوراق ِ بھادار‬ ‫بورس ِ سھام‬

goods commodities consumer goods stocks stock exchange

‫دالل ِ سھام‬

stockbroker

‫سود ِ سھام‬

dividend

90 ● TRADE & INDUSTRY 

‫ صاحب ِ سھام‬،‫سھامدار‬

shareholder

‫سھم ِ متعارف‬

equity

‫شاخص‬

index

‫مبتنی بر شاخص‬ ‫آگھی‬ ‫آگھی کردن‬ ‫اداره‬ ‫اداره کردن‬ ‫ادارۀ مرکزی‬ ‫مدير‬ ‫مدير ِ کل‬ ‫مدير ِ عامل‬ ‫مديريت‬ ‫ھيئت ِ مديره‬ ‫ادغام‬ ‫انحصار‬ ‫بخش ِ دولتی‬ ‫بخش ِ خصوصی‬

index-linked advertisement to advertise office; management to manage head office manager; director general manager managing director management board merger monopoly state sector private sector

TRADE & INDUSTRY ● 91  

‫خصوصی سازی‬

privatisation

‫بخش ِ عمومی‬

public sector

‫جھانی سازی‬

globalisation

‫خرده فروش‬

retailer

‫خرده فروشی‬

retail

‫عمده فروش‬

wholesaler

‫عمده فروشی‬

wholesale

‫ارقام ِ فروش‬

sales figures

‫رئيس‬

boss

‫رقابت‬

competition

‫رقابت کردن با‬ ‫رقيب‬ ‫شرکت‬

to compete with competitor; rival company

‫شرکت ِ چند مليتی‬

multinational

‫شرکت ِ سھامی ِ عام با‬ ‫مسئوليت ِ محدود‬

PLC (private limited company)

(‫شريک )شرکاء‬

business partner

92 ● TRADE & INDUSTRY 

‫کسب و کار‬

business (field)

‫تعاونی‬

cooperative

‫قرارداد‬

contract

‫مشتری‬

customer

‫معامله‬

deal

‫ملی سازی‬

nationalisation

‫ملی کردن‬

to nationalise

‫ورشکست شدن‬ ‫ورشکستگی‬

to go bankrupt bankruptcy

‫ھزينه‬

cost

‫حرفه‬

career; profession

‫حرفه ای‬ ‫شغل‬ ‫شغل ِ آزاد‬

professional job self-employment

‫اشتغال‬

employment

‫بيکاری‬

unemployment

‫کارفرما‬

employer

‫کارگر‬

worker

TRADE & INDUSTRY ● 93  

‫کارمند‬ ‫نيروی کار‬

employee work force

‫ھمکار‬

colleague

‫پيمانکار‬

contractor

‫کار آموز‬

trainee

‫کار آموزی‬ ‫اتحاديۀ صنفی‬

training trade union

‫اتحاديۀ کارگری‬

workers’ union

‫روابط ِ کارگر و کارفرما‬

labour relations

‫اخراج شدن‬

to be fired

‫اخراج کردن‬

to fire

‫استخدام شدن‬

to be hired

‫استخدام کردن‬

to employ; to hire

‫استعفا‬

resignation

‫استعفا دادن‬ ‫اعتصاب‬ ‫اعتصاب شکستن‬

to resign strike to break a strike

94 ● TRADE & INDUSTRY 

‫اعتصاب شکن‬

strike breaker

‫اعتصاب کردن‬

to strike

‫اعتصاب کننده‬

striker

‫بازنشستگی‬

retirement

‫بازنشسته شدن‬

to retire

‫حقوق ِ بازنشستگی‬

pension

‫ترفيع‬

promotion

‫ترفيع دادن به‬

to promote

‫ترفيع گرفتن‬ ‫تنزيل ِ مرتبه‬

to be promoted demotion

‫حقوق‬

wage; salary

‫درآمد‬

income

‫معاش‬

livelihood

‫حد ِ اقل ِ دستمزد‬ (‫صنعت )صنايع‬ ‫صنعتی‬ ‫صنعتی کردن‬ ‫پسا صنعتی‬

minimum wage industry industrial industrialisation post-industrial

TRADE & INDUSTRY ● 95  

‫صنايع ِ توليدی‬

manufacturing industry

‫صنايع ِ سنگين‬

heavy industry

‫صنعت ِ توريسم‬ ‫ جھانگردی‬،‫گردشگری‬

tourism industry tourism

‫اکوتوريسم‬

ecotourism

‫کشاورزی‬

agriculture

(‫توليد )توليدات‬

production; product

‫خط ِ توليد‬

production line

‫توليد ِ انبوه‬

mass production

‫توليد کردن‬

to produce

‫توليد کننده‬

producer

‫توليد ِ ناخالص ِ داخلی‬

GDP (Gross Domestic Product)

‫توزيع‬

distribution

‫ محصول‬،‫فرآورده‬ (‫)محصوالت‬ ‫فرآوردۀ جنبی‬

product by-product

96 ● TRADE & INDUSTRY 

‫کميت‬

quantity

‫کيفيت‬

quality

‫کنترل ِ کيفی‬

quality control

‫ماشينی شدن‬

mechanisation

‫مصرف‬

consumption

‫مصرفی‬

consumer (adj.)

‫جامعۀ مصرفی‬

consumer society

‫مصرف گرايی‬

consumerism

‫مصرف کردن‬

to consume

‫مصرف کننده‬

consumer

‫مواد‬

materials

‫مواد ِ خام‬

raw materials

9. SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY (‫علم )علوم‬ ‫علمی‬

scientific

‫دانشمند‬

scientist

‫آزمايش‬

experiment; test

‫آزمايش کردن‬ ‫آزمايشگاه‬ ‫ تجربی‬،‫آزمايشی‬ ‫کارشناس‬ ّ ّ (‫متخصصين‬ ) ‫متخصص‬ ّ ‫تخصص‬ ‫مخترع‬

to test laboratory experimental expert specialist specialisation inventor

(‫اختراع )اختراعات‬

invention

‫اختراع کردن‬

to invent

(‫اکتشاف )اکتشافات‬ ‫کشف کردن‬ ‫پژوھش‬  

science

discovery to discover research (n.)

98 ● SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 

‫پژوھشگر‬ ّ ،‫تکنولوژی‬ ‫فن آوری‬

technology

ّ ‫فن آوری ِ اطالعات‬

IT (information technology)

‫تکنولوژی ِ زيستی‬

biotechnology

ّ ‫فن آوری ِ سبز‬ ّ ‫فنی‬ ‫روبات‬ ‫روبات سازی‬

green technology technological robot robotics

‫ھوش ِ مصنوعی‬

AI (artificial intelligence)

‫واقعيت ِ مجازی‬

virtual reality

‫رصدخانه‬ ‫ستاره‬

observatory star

‫ستاره شناس‬

astronomer

‫ستاره شناسی‬

astronomy

ّ ) ‫سياره‬ ّ (‫سيارات‬ ‫کرۀ زمين‬

 

researcher

planet planet earth

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY ● 99  

‫کھکشان ِ راه ِ شيری‬ ‫ گيتی‬،‫کيھان‬

universe

‫ماھواره‬

satellite

‫منظومۀ شمسی‬ ‫فضا‬ ‫ايستگاه ِ فضايی‬

solar system space space station

‫عصر ِ فضا‬

space age

‫فضاپيما‬

spacecraft

‫فضانورد‬

astronaut

‫ابزار‬

device; gadget

‫ پويشگر‬،‫اسکنر‬

scanner

‫ پويش کردن‬،‫اسکن کردن‬

to scan

‫ چاپگر‬،‫پرينتر‬

printer

‫ چاپ کردن‬،‫پرينت گرفتن‬

to print

‫مخابرات‬ ‫ موبايل‬،‫تلفن ِ ھمراه‬ ‫پيامک‬

 

The Milky Way

telecommunications mobile phone text, SMS (Short Message Service)

100 ● SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 

‫پيامگير‬

answerphone

‫دستگاه‬

device

‫دورنگار‬

fax

‫ديجيتالی‬

digital

‫کتاب ِ راھنما‬ ‫گوشی‬

earpiece

‫ھدفون‬

headphones

‫ رايانه‬،‫کامپيوتر‬

computer

‫برنامه نويس‬

programmer

‫برنامه نويسی‬

programming

‫حافظه‬

memory

‫حذف کردن‬

to delete

‫داده ھا‬

data

‫داده پردازی‬

data processing

‫ذخيره کردن‬

to save (e.g. data)

‫سخت افزار‬

hardware

‫نرم افزار‬

software

‫سيستم ِ عامل‬  

manual

operating system

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY ● 101  

‫صفحۀ کليد‬ ‫فايل‬

file

‫گيگابايت‬

gigabyte

‫مگابايت‬

megabyte

‫مانيتور‬

monitor

‫نصب کردن‬

to install

‫وارد کردن‬

to input

‫ويروس‬

virus

‫آنالين‬

online

‫آپلود‬

upload

‫آپلود کردن‬

to upload

‫دانلود‬

download

‫دانلود کردن‬ ‫ پست ِ الکترونيکی‬،‫ايميل‬ ‫اينترنت‬ ‫اينترنت ِ پرسرعت‬

 

keyboard

to download email internet high-speed internet

‫کافی نت‬

internet café

‫اينترانت‬

intranet

102 ● SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 

‫بی سيم‬

wireless

‫پادکست‬

podcast

‫رمز ِ عبور‬ ‫سايت‬ ِ ‫ پايگاه‬،‫وب سايت‬ ‫اينترنتی‬ ‫سرور‬ ‫سرويس دھنده‬ ‫شبکه‬ ‫شبکۀ اجتماعی‬

site website server service provider network social networking site

‫ وب‬،‫شبکۀ جھانی‬

worldwide web

(‫صفحه )صفحات‬

webpage

‫صفحۀ اصلی‬ ‫فيلتر‬ ‫فيلترشکن‬ ‫ فشار دادن‬،‫کليک کردن‬ ‫گشت زدن در وب‬

 

password

home page filter filter breaker to click surfing the web

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY ● 103  

‫لينک‬ ‫جستجو کردن‬

 

link to search (e.g. the web)

‫موتور ِ جستجو‬

search engine

‫وبالگ‬

weblog, blog

‫وبالگ نويس‬

blogger

‫وبالگ نويسی‬

blogging

 

10. ENERGY ‫انرژی‬ ‫انرژی ِ اتمی‬

nuclear energy

‫رآکتور ِ اتمی‬

nuclear reactor

‫غنی سازی ِ اورانيوم‬ ‫زبالۀ اتمی‬ ‫پرتوزا‬ ‫پرتوزايی‬ ِ ‫آژانس ِ بين المللی‬ ‫انرژی ِ اتمی‬

uranium enrichment nuclear waste radioactive radioactivity IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency)

‫انرژی ِ جايگزين‬

alternative energy

‫انرژی ِ تجديدپذير‬

renewable energy

‫مصرف ِ انرژی‬

 

energy

energy consumption

‫کارايی انرژی‬

energy efficiency

‫انرژی ِ بادی‬

wind power

‫توربين ِ بادی‬

wind turbine

106 ● ENERGY 

‫انرژی ِ خورشيدی‬

solar energy

‫صفحۀ خورشيدی‬

solar panel

‫انرژی ِ زمين گرمايی‬ ‫بازار ِ انرژی‬ ‫نيرو‬

energy market power

‫نيروی ھسته ای‬

nuclear power

‫نيروگاه‬

power station

‫برق‬

electricity

‫برق ِ آبی‬

hydroelectricity

‫قطع ِ برق‬

power cut

‫ژنراتور‬

generator

‫باطری ِ قابل ِ شارژ‬ ‫سوخت‬ ِ ‫ سوخت‬،‫سوخت ِ فسيلی‬ ‫سنگواره ای‬ ‫زغال سنگ‬ ‫گاز‬

 

geothermal energy

rechargeable battery fuel fossil fuel coal gas

ENERGY ● 107  

‫گاز ِ طبيعی‬ ‫منابع ِ طبيعی‬

natural resources

‫منابع ِ معدنی‬

mineral resources

‫معدن‬ ‫معدن چی‬ ‫معدن کاری‬ ‫نفت‬

mine miner mining oil

‫نفت ِ خام‬

crude oil

‫نفت خيز‬

oil-rich

‫نفت کش‬

oil tanker

ِ ‫اوپک )سازمان‬ ‫کشورھای صادرکنندۀ‬ (‫نفت‬

OPEC (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries)

‫بشکه‬

barrel

‫بنزين‬

petrol

‫بنزين ِ بدون ِ سرب‬ ‫پااليشگاه‬

 

natural gas

lead-free petrol refinery

108 ● ENERGY 

‫پتروشيمی‬

petrochemical

‫چاه ِ نفت‬

oil well

‫حفاری‬

drilling

‫سکوی حفاری‬ ‫خط ِ لوله‬

pipeline

‫ذخاير ِ نفت‬

oil reserves

‫شرکت ِ نفت‬

oil company

‫صنعت ِ نفت‬

oil industry

‫مخزن ِ نفتی‬

oil reservoir

‫ميدان ِ نفتی‬

oilfield

‫نشت ِ نفت‬

oil spill

‫وابسته به نفت‬

 

drilling rig

oil-dependent

11. ENVIRONMENT ‫محيط ِ زيست‬ ‫محيط زيستی‬

environmental

‫حفظ ِمحيط ِ زيست‬

environmental protection

‫سازگار با محيط ِ زيست‬

environmentally friendly

‫طرفدار ِ محيط ِ زيست‬

environmentalist

ّ ‫فعال ِ محيط ِ زيست‬

environmental activist

‫اکوسيستم‬

ecosystem

‫بوم شناختی‬

ecological

‫بوم شناس‬

ecologist

‫تداوم پذيری‬

sustainability

‫بازيافت‬

recycling

‫ بازيافتن‬،‫بازيابی کردن‬

to recycle

‫ قابل ِ بازيافت‬،‫بازيافتنی‬

recyclable

‫بازيافته‬

 

environment

recycled

110 ● ENVIRONMENT 

‫زباله‬ ‫قابل ِ تجزيۀ زيست‬ ‫شناختی‬

biodegradable

‫طبيعت‬

nature

‫طبيعی‬

natural; organic

‫ اقليم‬،‫آب و ھوا‬ ،‫تغيير ِ آب و ھوا‬ ‫تغيير ِ اقليم‬

climate climate change

‫اثر ِ گلخانه ای‬

greenhouse effect

‫گازھای گلخانه ای‬

greenhouse gases

،‫افزايش ِ دمای زمين‬ ‫گرمايش ِ زمين‬

global warming

ِ ‫باال آمدن ِ سطح ِ آب‬ ‫درياھا‬

the rising of sea levels

‫ذوب شدن ِ يخ ھای قطبی‬ ‫رد ِ پای کربن‬ ‫نشر ِ کربن‬

 

rubbish

polar ice cap melting carbon footprint carbon emissions

‫سوراخ ِ اوزون‬

ozone hole

‫اليۀ اوزون‬

ozone layer

ENVIRONMENT ● 111  

‫آلودگی‬ ‫آلودگی ِ ھوا‬ ‫مه دود‬ ‫آلوده‬ ‫آلوده کردن‬ ‫رفع ِ آلودگی‬

air pollution smog polluted to pollute decontamination

‫مادۀ آلوده کننده‬

pollutant

‫انفجار ِ جمعيت‬

population explosion

‫رشد ِ جمعيت‬ ‫کاھش ِ جمعيت‬ ‫انقراض‬ ‫در معرض ِ انقراض‬ ‫منقرض‬

population growth depopulation extinction endangered extinct

‫منقرض شدن‬

to become extinct

‫حيات ِ وحش‬

wildlife

ِ ‫صندوق ِ جھانی ِ حيات‬ ‫وحش‬

 

pollution

WWF (Worldwide Fund for Nature)

112 ● ENVIRONMENT 

‫بيابان شدن‬

desertification

‫جنگل زدايی‬

deforestation

‫بالی طبيعی‬

natural disaster

‫توفان‬

storm

‫توفند‬

hurricane

‫ خشکی‬،‫خشکسالی‬

drought

‫ زمين لغزه‬،‫ريزش‬

landslide

‫ زمين لرزه‬،‫زلزله‬

earthquake

‫سونامی‬ ‫سيل‬

erosion

‫آتشفشان‬

volcano

‫خاکستر ِ آتشفشانی‬ ‫ابر ِ خاکستر ِ آتشفشانی‬

 

flood

‫فرسايش‬

‫انفجار ِ آتشفشانی‬

 

tsunami

volcanic eruption volcanic ash volcanic ash cloud

12. AID & DEVELOPMENT ‫ کمک‬،‫امداد‬ ‫ کمک رسانی‬،‫امدادرسانی‬ ‫سازمان ِ امدادی‬

relief work aid organisation

‫امدادگر‬

aid worker

‫داوطلب‬

volunteer

‫داوطلبانه‬

voluntary

‫سازمان ِ خيريه‬

charity

‫سازمان ِ غير ِ انتفاعی‬

non-profit organisation

‫سازمان ِ غير ِ دولتی‬

NGO (nongovernmental organisation)

‫اعانه‬

donation

‫اھدا کردن‬

to donate

‫اھداکننده‬ ‫بخشيدن ِ قروض‬ ‫کمک ِ مالی‬

 

aid

donor debt cancellation financial assistance

114 ● AID & DEVELOPMENT 

‫انسان دوستانه‬

humanitarian

‫بحران ِ انسانی‬

humanitarian crisis

‫فاجعه آميز‬ ‫پزشکان ِ بدون ِ مرز‬ ‫سازمان ِ جھانی ِ بھداشت‬

‫صليب ِ سرخ‬ ‫ھالل ِ احمر‬ ‫ميزان ِ مواليد‬

MSF (Médecins Sans Frontières) WHO (World Health Organization) Red Cross Red Crescent birth rate

‫ميزان ِ مرگ و مير‬

mortality rate

‫احتمال ِ طول ِ عمر‬

life expectancy

‫تنظيم ِ خانواده‬

family planning

‫بيماری ِ مسری‬

infectious disease

‫بيماری ِ ھمه گير‬

epidemic

‫ايدز‬

 

catastrophic

AIDS

AID & DEVELOPMENT ● 115  

‫طاعون‬

plague

‫وبا‬

cholera

‫بھداری‬ ‫پيراپزشک‬ ‫درمانگاه‬

paramedic clinic

‫کمکھای اوليه‬

first aid

‫واکسن‬

vaccine

‫واکسن زدن به‬ ‫فقر‬ ‫فقر زده‬

to vaccinate poverty poverty-stricken

‫خط ِ فقر‬

poverty line

‫تھيدستی‬

destitution

‫قحطی‬ ‫سوء ِ تغذيه‬ ‫برنامۀ جھانی ِ غذا‬ ‫ ويران سازی‬،‫تخريب‬ ‫بازسازی‬

 

public health

famine malnutrition WFP (World Food Programme) destruction reconstruction

116 ● AID & DEVELOPMENT 

‫حلبی آباد‬ ‫پيشرفت‬

progress

‫توسعه‬

development

‫آژانس ِ توسعه‬

development agency

‫توسعه يافته‬

developed

‫توسعه نيافته‬

underdeveloped

‫در حال ِ توسعه‬

developing

‫جھان ِ سوم‬

third world

‫غربی شدن‬

westernisation

‫مدرن سازی‬

modernisation

‫برنامۀ توسعۀ ملل ِ متحد‬

‫آبياری‬ ‫تصفيۀ آب‬ ‫تصفيۀ فاضالب‬

 

shanty town

UNDP (United Nations Development Programme) irrigation water purification waste water treatment

AID & DEVELOPMENT ● 117  

‫شيرينسازی‬ ‫بی سوادی‬ ‫نھضت ِ سواد آموزی‬ ‫امکانات‬ ‫زير بنا‬

 

desalination illiteracy literacy campaign facilities infrastructure

 

13. CULTURE & SPORT ‫فرھنگ‬

culture

‫فرھنگی‬

cultural

‫با فرھنگ‬

cultured

ِ ‫فرھنگستان ِ زبان و ادب‬ ‫فارسی‬

‫فرھنگسرا‬ ‫رايزن ِ فرھنگی‬

cultural centre cultural counsellor

ِ ‫سازمان ِ ميراث‬ ‫فرھنگی ِ کشور‬

Iranian Cultural Heritage Organization

‫آثار ِ ميراث ِ جھانی‬

World Heritage Sites

ِ ‫وزارت ِ فرھنگ و ارشاد‬ ‫اسالمی‬ (‫اثر )آثار‬ ‫اثر ِ ھنری‬

 

Academy of Persian Language and Literature

Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance work work of art

120 ● CULTURE & SPORT 

‫ھنر‬ ‫ھنری‬ ‫ھنرھای زيبا‬

artistic fine arts

‫تجسمی‬ ‫ھنرھای‬ ّ

plastic arts

‫ھنر ِ اسالمی‬

Islamic art

‫ھنر ِ معاصر‬

contemporary art

‫ھنر ِ مفھومی‬

conceptual art

‫ھنرمند‬

artist

‫استوديو‬

studio

‫افتتاحيه‬

opening

‫نمايشگاه‬

exhibition

‫به نمايش گذاشتن‬

to exhibit

‫مجموعه‬

collection

‫مجموعه دار‬

collector

‫جمع کردن‬

to collect

‫حراج‬

auction

‫گالری‬

gallery

‫موزه‬  

art

museum

CULTURE & SPORT ● 121  

‫موزه دار‬ ‫بيننده‬

viewer

‫شنونده‬

listener

‫سمعی – بصری‬ ‫تلويزيون‬ ‫برنامۀ تلويزيونی‬ ‫سريال ِ تلويزيونی‬

audio-visual television television programme television series

‫راديو‬

radio

‫تئاتر‬

theatre

‫سن‬ ‫صحنه‬ ‫نمايش نامه‬ ‫نمايش نامه نويس‬ ‫درام‬

 

museum curator

stage scene; stage play playwright drama

‫تراژدی‬

tragedy

‫کمدی‬

comedy

‫سينما‬

cinema

122 ● CULTURE & SPORT 

‫فيلم‬ ‫فيلمساز‬

film-maker

‫کارگردان‬

director

‫فيلمبرداری‬

filming

‫فيلم ِ مستند‬

documentary

‫جشنوارۀ فيلم‬

film festival

(‫جايزه )جوايز‬

prize

‫ھنرپيشه‬

actor

‫ستاره‬

star

‫شھرت‬

fame

‫عکاس‬

photographer

‫عکاسی‬

photography

(‫منتقد )منتقدين‬ ‫خاطرات‬ ‫رمان‬ ‫رمان نويس‬ (‫شاعر )شعراء‬ (‫شعر )اشعار‬  

film

critic memoir novel novelist poet poetry; lyrics

CULTURE & SPORT ● 123  

‫شعر خوانی‬

poetry reading

‫شب ِ شعر‬

poetry evening

‫نويسنده‬ ‫کانون ِ نويسندگان ِ ايران‬ ‫کتاب ِ پرفروش‬ ‫نقد ِ کتاب‬ ‫موسيقی‬ ‫موسيقی ِ پاپ‬ ‫موسيقی ِ سنتی‬ ‫ ساز‬،‫آلت ِ موسيقی‬ ‫ موزيسين‬،‫نوازنده‬

Iranian Writers’ Association best seller book review music pop music traditional music musical instrument musician

‫ زدن‬،‫نواختن‬

to play

‫آلبوم‬

album

‫سی دی‬ ‫ضبط کردن‬ ‫آھنگ‬ ‫آھنگ ساز‬

 

writer

CD to record song composer

124 ● CULTURE & SPORT 

‫خواننده‬

singer

‫اپرا‬

opera

‫رپ ِ فارسی‬ ‫اجرا‬ ‫اجرا کردن‬ ‫ارکستر‬ ‫رھبر ِ ارکستر‬

performance to perform orchestra conductor

‫استاد‬

maestro

‫کنسرت‬

concert

‫تاالر ِ کنسرت‬ ‫ورزش‬

concert hall sport

‫ورزشکار‬

sportsperson; sporty (adj.)

‫ورزشگاه‬

sports club

‫باشگاه‬

club

‫بازی‬

game

‫بازی ھای المپيک‬ ‫بازی کردن‬

 

Persian rap

Olympic Games to play

CULTURE & SPORT ● 125  

‫بازيکن‬

player

‫بردن‬

to win

‫برنده‬

winner

‫باختن‬

to lose

‫بازنده‬

loser

‫تقلب کردن‬ (‫مسابقه )مسابقات‬

competition; match

‫مسابقۀ حذفی‬

qualifier

‫راه يافتن به‬

to qualify

‫دور ِ نيمه نھايی‬

semi-final

‫ بازی ِ نھايی‬،‫فينال‬ ‫قھرمان‬ ‫قھرمانی‬ ‫جام ِ جھانی‬ ‫ليگ‬ (‫امتياز )امتيازات‬ ‫مدال‬ ‫استاديوم‬  

to cheat

final champion championship The World Cup league point; score medal stadium

126 ● CULTURE & SPORT 

‫زمين ِ تنيس‬ ‫زمين ِ فوتبال‬

football pitch

‫تيم ِ ملی‬

national team

‫کاپيتان‬

captain

‫داور‬

referee

ِ ‫ بازيکن‬،‫فوتباليست‬ ‫فوتبال‬

football player

‫گل زدن‬

to score a goal

‫پنالتی‬

 

penalty

‫ تماشاگر‬،‫تماشاچی‬

spectator

‫طرفدار‬

supporter

ّ ‫مربی‬

 

tennis court

coach

INDEX abide by, to, 66 abolish, to, 66 abuse, 74 Academy of Persian Language and Literature, 119 account, 81 accountancy, 81 accountant, 81 accuse, to, 65 accused, to be, 65 achievable, 16 acknowledge, to, 9 acquitted, to be, 68 actor, 122 add, to, 10 admit, to, 10 advertise, to, 90 advertisement, 90 adviser, 31 African Union, 35 agenda, 27 aggression, 43 agreement, 58 bilateral agreement, 58 enter into an agreement, to, 58 reach an agreement, to, 58 agriculture, 95 AI (artificial intelligence), 98 aid, 113 aid organisation, 113 aid worker, 113

aide, 31 AIDS, 114 airbase, 50 air force, 50 album, 123 alleged, 14 allude to, to, 11 Al-Qaeda, 55 ambassador, 34 Amnesty International, 73 analyse, to, 6 analysis, 6 analyst, 6 anarchism, 20 anarchist (n.), 20 annihilate, to, 44 announce, to, 10 answer, 15 answer phone, 100 anti-Semitism, 75 appeal (legal), 65 appeal, to, 65 court of appeal, 63 appeasement, 19 appoint, to, 33 appointed, to be, 33 appointment, 33 Arab League, The, 35 arbitration, 59 argumentation, 65 arise out of, to, 13 armed, 51 arms, 50 arms race, 50

128 ● INDEX  army, 48 army camp, 48 army staff, 48 arrest, 70 arrest, to, 70 arrested, to be, 70 art, 120 conceptual art, 120 contemporary art, 120 fine arts, 120 Islamic art, 120 plastic arts, 120 article (essay), 8 article (legal), 62 artist, 120 artistic, 120 ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations), 36 ask for, to, 12 assassinate, to, 55 assassination, 55 assert, to, 9 assets, 82 liquid assets, 83 astronaut, 99 astronomer, 98 astronomy, 98 asylum, 75 asylum seeker, 75 attack, 44, 45 attack, to, 44 ground attack, 48 attacker, 44 auction, 120 audio-visual, 121 audit, to, 78 auditing, 78 auditor, 78

authorities, 31 autonomous, 30 autonomy, 30 Axis of Evil, 55 ballot, 41 ballot box, 40 ballot paper, 41 secret ballot, 40 ban, 71 ban, to, 70 bank, 80 bank card, 80 banker, 80 bank rate, 81 central bank, 80 World Bank, The, 80 banking, 80 banking group, 80 banking system, 80 bankrupt, to go, 92 bankruptcy, 92 barracks, 48 barrel (oil), 107 baseless, 16 base rate, 81 Basij, 48 bazaar, 88 bazaari, 89 BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation), 9 best seller, 123 bill (legal), 62 biodegradable, 110 bipartisan, 25 birth rate, 114 blockade, 44

INDEX ● 129   blog, 103 blogger, 103 blogging, 103 bloodshed, 44 board (of a company), 90 bomb, 51 bomb, to (aerial), 51 bombardment, 51 bomber, 51 bombing, 51 bombsite, 51 car bomb, 51 cluster bomb, 51 roadside bomb, 51 book review, 123 borrow, to, 82 borrowing, 82 boss, 91 branch (of a bank), 80 brand, 87 broadcast, to, 7 budget, 78 budget deficit, 78 business (field), 92 business partner, 91 cabinet, 33 cabinet reshuffle, 33 shadow cabinet, 33 calm (adj. and n.), 57 campaigner, 39 cancel, to, 13 candidacy, 41 candidate, 41 capital (financial), 83 capital gain, 83 floating capital, 83 venture capital, 83

capitalism, 22, 83 capitalist, 22, 83 captain, 126 capture, to (territory), 43 carbon emissions, 110 carbon footprint, 110 career, 92 cargo, 88 case (legal), 66 cash, 83 cash flow, 83 cash injection, 79 catastrophic, 114 cause, to, 10 CD, 123 ceasefire, 57 censor, to, 74 censorship, 74 chairperson, 27 champion, 125 championship, 125 change, to (money), 80 bureau de change, 80 channel (TV), 6 charge (legal), 65 charity, 113 cheat, to, 125 check point, 56 cholera, 115 cinema, 121 circumstances, 15 CIS (Commonwealth of Independent States), 35 citizen, 32 citizenship, 32 civil disobedience, 37 civil servant, 29 civilian, 50

130 ● INDEX  claim, to, 9 claimant, 64 clarify, to, 12 clash, 44 click, to (computer), 102 climate, 110 climate change, 110 clinic, 115 club (e.g. social), 124 coach (sport), 126 coal, 106 codification, 62 collaborator, 46 collapse, 53 collapse, to, 53 colleague, 93 collect, to, 120 collection, 120 collector, 120 colonialism, 20 colonialist (n.), 20 column, 7 columnist, 7 combat, to, 44 comedy, 121 commander, 49 commander-in-chief, 49 commentator, 6 commerce, 87 chamber of commerce, 87 commercial (adj.), 87 commercialise, to, 87 commercialisation, 87 commission, 28 commit (a crime), 67 committee, 28 commodities, 89

Commonwealth, The, 36 communism, 23 communist (n.), 23 community, 32 International Community, The, 32 company, 91 PLC (Private Limited Company), 91 compatriot, 32 compete, to, 91 competition (e.g. in business), 91 competition (match), 125 competitor (e.g. in business), 91 complex, 16 composer, 123 computer, 100 conceivable, 16 concert, 124 concert hall, 124 concurrent, 18 condition (stipulation), 14 conductor, 124 conference, 28 confess, to, 68 confession, 68 confinement, 69 solitary confinement, 70 confiscate, to, 70 confiscation of property, 70 conflict, 44 conflict resolution, 57

INDEX ● 131   congress, 28 Congress, 26 member of Congress, 27 conscript, 49 consecutive, 16 conservative, 24 conservatism, 24 consider, to, 12 consider someone responsible, to, 13 take into consideration, to, 12 conspiracy, 43 constituency, 39 constitution, 61 constitutional, 61 constitutionalism, 24 constitutionalist (n.), 24 constructive, 16 consul, 34 consulate, 34 consume, to, 96 consumer (adj. and n.), 96 consumer goods, 89 consumer society, 96 consumerism, 96 contract, 92 contractor, 93 contravene, to, 66 controversial, 15 convict, to, 64 cooperative (n.), 92 correspondent, 6 cost, 92

council, 27 Council of Experts, 26 Expediency Council, 28 Guardian Council, 27 counterpart, 31 country, 29 host country, 29 coup, 53 court of law, 63 High Court, 63 International Court of Justice, 63 International Criminal Court, 63 revolutionary court, 63 create, to, 10 credit, 81 credit card, 81 credit crunch, 81 credit rating, 81 line of credit, 81 creditor, 81 crime, 66 crime against humanity, 46 crime rate, 66 criminal (adj. and n.), 67 criminal gang, 67 criminal record, 66 criminologist, 67 criminology, 67 critic, 122 criticise, to, 10 crude oil, 107 cultural, 119 cultural centre, 119 cultural counsellor, 119

132 ● INDEX  Iranian Cultural Heritage Organization, 119 culture, 119 cultured, 119 Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance, 119 curfew, 56 currency, 79 currency reserves, 79 foreign currency, 79 hard currency, 79 customer, 92 customs, 88 damage, 47 data, 100 data processing, 100 deadly, 48 deal, 92 death toll, 47 debt, 81 debt cancellation, 113 in debt, to be in, 81 national debt, 81 debtor, 81 decontamination, 111 decrease, to (v.i. and v.t.), 12, 13 decree, 30 default (in payment), 82 defeat, 47 defeat, to, 47 defeated, to be, 47 defence, 46 Sacred Defence, 47 definite, 17 deforestation, 112

delayed, to be, 10 delete, to, 100 demilitarisation, 49 democracy, 21 democratic, 21 demonstrate, to, 36 demonstration, 36 demonstrator, 37 demotion, 94 depopulation, 111 depose, to, 30 depressed (e.g. economy), 79 desalination, 117 de-selection, 41 deserter, 49 desertification, 112 despotism, 20 destitution, 115 destroy, to, 43 destruction, 115 detain, to, 69 detained, to be, 69 detainee, 69 detention, 69 detention centre, 69 devaluation, 80 developed, 116 developing, 116 development, 116 development agency, 116 device, 99, 100 dialogue, 58 Dialogue Among Civilizations, 58 diaspora, 75 dictator, 21 dictatorship, 21

INDEX ● 133   digital, 100 digital radio, 7 diplomacy, 34 diplomat, 34 diplomatic, 34 diplomatic immunity, 34 diplomatic relations, 34 directive, 30 director (of a company), 90 managing director, 90 disarmament, 50 nuclear, 50 disclose, to, 12 discontent, 55 discover, to, 97 discovery, 97 discriminate against, to, 74 discrimination, 74 racial, 74 sex, 74 discriminatory, 74 discuss, to, 10 dispute, 44 dispute resolution, 57 dissolution, 27 distribution, 95 disturbance, 43 dividend, 89 doable, 15, 17 document, 66 documentary (film), 122 donate, to, 113 donation, 113 donor, 113

double agent, 56 doubt, to, 12 doubt the validity of, to, 12 download, 101 download, to, 101 down payment, 82 draft (piece of writing), 7 drama (theatre), 121 drilling, 108 drilling rig, 108 drought, 112 drug dealer, 68 duty (customs), 88 duty-free, 88 earpiece, 100 earthquake, 112 ecological, 109 ecologist, 109 economic, 77 economic forecasting, 77 economic recovery, 77 economics, 77 free market economics, 77 macro economics, 77 micro economics, 77 economise, to, 79 economist, 77 economy, 77 agrarian economy, 77 industrial economy, 77 subsistence economy, 77 ecosystem, 109 edit, to (e.g. a book, newspaper), 8

134 ● INDEX  editor of a book, 8 of a newspaper, 8 editorial, 8 elect, to, 39 elected, to be, 39 elections, 39 election campaign, 40 election monitor, 40 election monitoring, 40 election results, 39 local elections, 39 mid-term election, 39 nationwide elections, 39 presidential elections, 39 stand for election, to, 41 electoral commission, 39 electricity, 106 elitism, 31 email, 101 embargo, 87 impose an embargo, to, 88 lift an embargo, to, 88 embassy, 34 emphasise, to, 11 employ, to, 93 employee, 93 employer, 92 employment, 92 self-employment, 92 encounter, to, 10 endangered, 111

enemy, 46 energy, 105 alternative energy, 105 energy consumption, 105 energy efficiency, 105 energy market, 106 geothermal energy, 106 nuclear energy, 105 renewable energy, 105 solar energy, 106 environment, 109 environmental, 109 environmental activist, 109 environmental protection, 109 environmentalist, 109 environmentally friendly, 109 epidemic, 114 equities, 90 erosion, 112 escalate, to, 44 escalation, 44 espionage, 56 essay, 8 ethnic cleansing, 47 European Commission, The, 36 European Union, The, 35 Eurozone, 80 evidence, 66 exchange rate, 79 execute, to, 70 executed, to be, 70 execution, 70 exhibit, to, 120 exhibition, 120

INDEX ● 135   exile, 75 exile, to, 75 expected, 14 experienced, 15 experiment, 97 experimental, 97 expert, 97 explosion, 51 explosives, 51 export, to, 88 exporter, 88 exports, 88 express, to, 9, 10, 11 express an opinion, to, 10 express anxiety, to, 9 extinct, 111 extinct, to become, 111 extinction, 111 extremism, 20 extremist (n.), 20 facilities, 116 faction, 25 fail, to (e.g. talks), 11 fame, 122 family planning, 114 famine, 115 far-reaching, 16 fascism, 23 fascist (adj. and n.), 23 favourable, 17 fax, 100 federal, 23 federalism, 23 federalist, 23 field (e.g. of study), 15

fight, to, 45 fighter, 45 freedom fighter, 54 file (computer), 101 file (legal), 66 file for divorce, to, 66 film, 122 film director, 122 film festival, 122 filming, 122 film-maker, 122 filter (internet), 102 filter breaker, 102 final, 125 semi-final, 125 financial, 77 financial assistance, 113 financial crisis, 77 financial regulation, 78 financial rescue package, 78 financial year, 78 fine, 70 fined, to be, 70 finger printing, 56 fire, to, 93 fired, to be, 93 first aid, 115 fiscal, 77 fiscal stimulus, 78 flood, 112 football pitch, 126 football player, 126 forces, 50 armed forces, 50 frank, 16

136 ● INDEX  fraud, 79 freedom, 73 freedom of association, 73 freedom of religion, 73 freedom of speech, 73 freedom of the press, 74 frontline, 46 fuel, 106, fossil fuel, 106 fund, 79 pension fund, 79 fundamentalism, 20 fundamentalist (n.), 20 future, 14 G7, 36 G20, 36 gadget, 99 gallery, 120 game, 124 gangster, 68 gas, 106 natural gas, 107 gathering, 28 GCC (Gulf Cooperation Council), 36 general (military), 48 General Assembly, 35 generator, 106 genocide, 47 gigabyte, 101 globalisation, 90 global warming, 110 goods, 89 govern, to, 28 governance, 29

government, 28, 29 central government, 29 coalition government, 28 federal government, 28 government spokesperson, 29 governmental, 28, 29 greenhouse effect, 110 greenhouse gases, 110 grow, to, 79 growth, 78 negative growth, 78 guarantee, 82 guarantee, to, 82 guarantor, 82 hand grenade, 52 hang, to (execute), 71 hard-liner, 21 hardware (computer), 100 happen, to, 9 header, 7 headphones, 100 headquarters, 48 heads of state, 30 hearing, 63 Hezbollah, 54 hierarchy, 31 high commission, 35 high commissioner, 35 high-ranking, 31 hijacker, 55 hijacking, 55

INDEX ● 137   hire, to, 93 hired, to be, 93 hold, to (an event), 10 home page, 102 homophobia, 75 hostage, 55 hostage taking, 55 take hostage, to, 55 House of Commons, 26 House of Lords, 26 humanitarian, 114 crisis, 114 hunger strike, 36 hurricane, 112 hydroelectricity, 106 hypothesise, to, 12 hypothetical, 17 IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency), 105 idealism, 21 idealist, 21 identity card, 56 ideology, 21 ignore, to, 13 illegal, 61 illegitimate, 62 illiteracy, 117 IMF (International Monetary Fund), 80 immigrant, 75 immigration, 75 imminent, 17 impasse, 57 imperialism, 20 imperialist (n.), 20 implement, to, 65 implementation, 65

implied, 17 import, to, 88 importer, 88 imports, 88 imprison, to, 70 life imprisonment, 70 income, 83, 94 increase, to (v.i. and v.t.), 10 indecisive, 15 independence, 30 independent, 30 index (fiscal), 90 index-linked, 90 indicate, to, 10 indicative of, to be, 11 indict, to, 66 indictment, 66 industrial, 94 industrialisation, 94 post-industrial, 94 industry, 94 heavy industry, 95 manufacturing industry, 95 tourism industry, 95 inevitable, 15 infectious disease, 114 inflation, 78 hyperinflation, 78 zero inflation, 78 inflexible, 15 influential, 15 informed, 17 infrastructure, 117 injured, 47 injured, to be, 47 injury, 47

138 ● INDEX  injustice, 63 innocent, 65 input, to, 101 inquiry, 69 inspect, to, 69 inspection, 69 inspector, 69 instability, 53 instalment (of payment), 82 install, to, 101 insurance, 82 insurgency, 53 insurgent, 53 intelligence agency, 56 interest (fiscal), 81 interest-free, 81 interest rate, 82 internet, 101 high-speed internet, 101 internet café, 101 interpret, to (events), 11 interrogation, 69 interrogator, 69 interview, 7 interview, to, 7 interviewee, 7 interviewer, 7 intranet, 101 invade, to, 43 military invasion, 43 invent, to, 97 invention, 97 inventor, 97 investigate, to, 69 investigation, 69 investment, 83 investor, 83

IRA (Irish Republican Army), 54 IRIB (Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting), 9 IRNA (Islamic Republic News Agency), 9 irrigation, 116 Islamic Consultative Assembly, 26 Islamism, 20 Islamist (n.), 20 ISNA (Iranian Students’ News Agency), 9 isolationism, 21 isolationist (n.), 21 jeopardise, to, 11 Jewish settlement, 45 job, 92 join, to, 11 journal, 8 journalist, 6 judge, 64 judiciary, 64 jurisdiction, 62 jury, 64 just, 63 justice, 63 Ministry of Justice, 63 key (adj.), 17 keyboard, 101 kidnapper, 55 kidnapping, 55 killed, 47 killing, 47 mass killing, 47 serial killing, 67

INDEX ● 139   laboratory, 97 labour relations, 93 land mine, 52 mine detector, 52 minefield, 52 landslide, 112 law, 61 break the law, to, 61 civil law, 61 common law, 62 criminal law, 61 international law, 62 law-abiding, 61 lawsuit, 63 lawyer, 64 penal code, 61 penal law, 61 religious law, 62 rule of law, 62 leader, 30 Supreme Leader, 30 leadership, 30 league (e.g. football), 125 leak, to (information), 12 leftism, 21 leftist (adj. and n.), 21 legal, 61 legal procedure, 63 legalise, to, 61 legality, 61 legislate, to, 62 legislation, 62 legislative (adj.), 62 legislator, 62 legitimacy, 62 legitimate, 62 liberalism, 23 liberalist, 23 life expectancy, 114

link (internet), 103 liquidity, 83 listener, 121 literacy campaign, 116 litigation, 65 live, 7 livelihood, 94 loan, 82 loan, to, 82 home loan, 82 take out a loan, to, 82 long-term, 16 lose, to, 125 loser, 125 loss of life, 47 losses, 84 loss-making, 84 lyrics, 123 machine gun, 52 maestro, 124 Mafia, 68 magazine, 8 Majlis, 26 malnutrition, 115 manage, to, 90 management, 90 manager, 90 manager, general, 90 manifesto, 40 manoeuvre, 49 manslaughter, 67 manual (n.), 100 Maoism, 23 Maoist, 23 market, to, 89 market, 88 black market, 88 free market, 88

140 ● INDEX  job market, 89 market conditions, 89 market price, 89 market trends, 89 martyr, 46 Marxism, 24 Marxist, 23 masses, the, 32 match (sport), 125 materials, 96 raw materials, 96 mayor, 31 measure (legal), 65 mechanisation, 96 medal, 125 media, the, 5 mass media, 5 multi-media, 5 mediation, 59 meet, to, 12, 13 meeting, 27, 28 AGM (Annual General Meeting), 28 megabyte, 101 member, 25 become a member, to, 25 permanent member, 35 membership, 25 memoir, 122 memory, 100 merchant, 87 merger, 90 meritocracy, 31 microfinance, 78 migration, 75 forced migration, 75

militarisation, 49 militarise, to, 49 militarised zone, 49 militarism, 49 military, 49 military service, 48 militia, 54 Milky Way, The, 99 mine, 107 miner, 107 mineral resources, 107 mining, 107 minister, 33 deputy minister, 33 ministerial, 33 ministry, 33 mislead, to, 13 missile, 52 anti-aircraft missile, 52 long-range missile, 52 short-range missile, 52 MKO (Mojahedin-e Khalq Organization), 54 mobile phone, 99 mobilisation, 48 moderate (adj. and n.), 20 modernisation, 116 monarchy, 22 constitutional monarchy, 22 monarchism, 22 monetary, 79 monetary system, 80 money, 79 money market, 79 monitor (computer), 101 monopoly, 90

INDEX ● 141   moratorium, 62 mortality rate, 114 movement, 37 Green Movement, The, 37 social movement, 37 women’s movement, the, 37 MSF (Médecins Sans Frontières), 114 Mujahideen, 54 multiculturalism, 21 multinational, 91 murder, 67 murder, to, 67 murderer, 67 museum, 120 museum curator, 121 music, 123 pop music, 123 traditional music, 123 musical instrument, 123 musician, 123 national (n.), 31 nationality, 31 national team, 126 nationalise, to, 92 nationalisation, 92 nationalism, 24 nationalist, 24 NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization), 49 nature, 110 natural, 110 natural disaster, 112 natural resources, 107

navy, 50 Nazi, 24 Nazism, 24 neo-Nazism, 24 negotiate, to, 59 negotiator, 59 negotiations, 58 bilateral negotiations, 58 negotiation table, 59 neo-conservatism, 24 neo-conservative, 24 network, 102 neutral, 19 New World Order, 31 news, 5 news agency, 6 newscaster, 5 news conference, 6 news gathering, 6 news headlines, 5 newspaper, 5 newsroom, 6 NGO (nongovernmental organisation), 113 no-fly zone, 52 nominate, to, 41 non-aligned, 31 non-commissioned officer, 48 non-political, 19 non-profit organisation, 113 non-proliferation, 50 non-violence, 57 novel, 122 novelist, 122

142 ● INDEX  nuclear disarmament, 50 energy, 105 non-proliferation, 50 reactor, 105 waste, 105 weapons, 50 observatory, 98 occupation (military), 45 occupied, 45 Occupied Territories, The, 45 occupier, 45 occupy, to, 45 occupying army, 48 offence, 67 offender, 67 sex offender, 67 office, 90 head office, 90 officials, 31 OIC (Organization of the Islamic Conference), 36 oil, 107 crude oil, 107 oil company, 108 oil-dependent, 108 oilfield, 108 oil industry, 108 oil reserves, 108 oil reservoir, 108 oil-rich, 107 oil spill, 108 oil tanker, 107 oil well, 108 oligarchy, 20 Olympic Games, 124

online, 101 OPEC (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries), 107 opening (e.g. gallery), 120 opera, 124 operations, 49 operating system, 100 opinion, 8 opinion poll, 41 pollster, 41 opportunism, 23 opportunist, 23 oppose, to, 13 oppress, to, 53 orchestra, 124 order (command), 30 order, to, 30 order (commercial), 89 order, to, 89 organic, 110 oust, to, 30 outspoken, 16 overall majority, 27 overthrow, 53 overthrow, to, 53 ozone hole, 110 ozone layer, 110 pact, 58 paramedic, 115 pardon (legal), 64 parliament, 26 European Parliament, 26 hung parliament, 26 member of parliament, 26

INDEX ● 143   speaker of the parliament, 26 parliamentary, 26 party, 24 Conservative Party, 25 Democratic Party, 25 Labour Party, 25 Liberal Democrats, 25 majority party, 25 minority party, 24 multi-party, 25 opposition party, 25 party faithful, 26 party-line, 25 party politics, 25 Republican Party, 25 single-party, 25 password, 102 patriot, 24 patriotism, 24 patrol, 49 peace, 57 make peace, to, 57 Peace Corps, The, 57 peaceful, 57 peace-keeping force, 57 peace movement, 57 peace process, 57 penalty (football), 126 pension, 94 pension fund, 79 people, the, 32 perform, to, 124 performance, 124 periodical, 8 persecution, 74 Persian rap, 124

petrochemical, 108 petrol, 107 lead-free petrol, 107 photographer, 122 photography, 122 pinpoint, to, 13 pipeline, 108 pivotal, 17 plague, 115 plain clothes, 56 plaintiff, 64 planet, 98 planet earth, 98 play (theatre), 121 playwright, 121 play, to musical instrument, 123 a role, 13 sport, game, 124 player, 125 pledge, to, 12 pluralism, 23 podcast, 102 poet, 122 poetry, 122 poetry evening, 123 poetry reading, 123 point (score), 125 point of view, 8 point to, to, 10 polar ice cap melting, 110 police, 50 police station, 70 secret police, 56 policy, 19 policy-maker, 19 policy-making, 19

144 ● INDEX  political, 19 political activist, 37 political apathy, 37 political science, 19 political spectrum, 19 political system, 19, 31 politically, 19 politician, 19 politicise, to, 19 politicisation, 19 politics, 19 power politics, 19 politicking, 19 pollute, to, 111 pollutant, 111 polluted, 111 pollution, 111 pollution, air, 111 population explosion,111 growth, 111 poverty, 115 poverty line, 115 poverty-stricken, 115 power, 29 buying power, 89 come to power, to, 30 power base, 29 power-sharing, 29 transfer of power, 29 power (energy), 106 power cut, 106 power station, 106 practical, 17 pragmatism, 23 pragmatist, 22 predict, to, 11 predicted, 14

present, to (e.g. a view), 9 presenter (e.g. television), 6 presidency, 32 presidential, 32 presidential palace, 33 president, 32 former president, 32 president-elect, 33 vice-president, 33 press, the, 5 press (adj.), 5 press conference, 5 press release, 5 press spokesperson, 5 pressure, pressure group, 37 put under pressure, to, 11 under pressure, to be, 11 prevent, to, 11 prime minister, 33 deputy prime minister, 33 print, to, 99 print journalism, 5 print journalist, 5 print run, 7 printer, 99 prison, 70 political prisoner, 70 prisoner, 70 prisoner of war, 46 private sector, 90 privatisation, 90 prize, 122

INDEX ● 145   produce, to film, 7 goods, 95 producer film, 7 goods, 95 product, 95 by-product, 95 GDP (Gross Domestic Product), 95 production, 95 mass production, 95 production line, 95 profession, 92 professional, 92 profit, 84 profit from, to, 84 gross profit, 84 net profit, 84 pre-tax profit, 85 profitability, 84 programme, 6 programmer, 100 programming, 100 progress, 116 prohibit, to, 71 promote, to (employment), 94 promoted, to be, 94 promotion, 94 prosecute, to, 66 prosecution, 62, 66 protective custody, 69 protest, 36 protest, to, 36 street protest, 37 prove, to, 66 provocation, 43 provoke, to 43

public (n.), 32 public health, 115 public opinion, 41 public prosecutor, 63 public relations, 5 public sector, 91 publish, to, 7 publisher, 7 punish, to, 71 punishable, 71 punished, to be, 71 punishment, 71 punishment, capital, 71 purposeful, 18 put forward, to, 13 qualifier, 125 qualify, to, 125 quality, 96 quality control, 96 quantity, 96 quarrel, 44 questionable, 16 quote, to, 13 racism, 75 racist, 75 radar, 52 radical, 22 radicalism, 22 radio, 121 digital radio, 7 Radio Farda, 9 radio presenter, 7 radioactive, 105 radioactivity, 105 raid, 45 raise, to (an issue), 12

146 ● INDEX  rank, 48 rape, 74 rape, to, 67 realism, 24 realist (n.), 24 rebel, 53 rebellion, 53 rechargeable battery, 106 reconciliation, 57 truth and reconciliation, 57 reconstruction, 115 record, to, 123 recycle, to, 109 recyclable, 109 recycled, 109 recycling, 109 Red Crescent, 114 Red Cross, 114 re-elect, to, 39 re-elected, to be, 39 re-election, 39 referee (e.g. football), 126 referendum, 41 refinery, 107 reformism, 20 reformist (n.), 20 refugee, 75 refute, to, 12 refutable, 16 regard, 14 regime, 30 regime change regrettable, 16 reject, to, 12 relation, 14 release, to, 68

conditional release, 68 release on bail, to, 68 released, to be, 68 reliable, 17 relief work, 113 repayment, 82 report, to report, 6 reported, 6 reporter, 6 repressive, 54 republic, 32 Islamic Republic of Iran, 32 request, 14 research (n.), 97 researcher, 98 rescue, to, 44 reserves (military), 50 resign, to, 93 resignation, 93 resist, to, 54 resistance, 54 armed resistance, 54 resolution, 35 resolve, to, 57 retail, 91 retailer, 91 rethink, to, 11 retire, to, 94 retirement, 94 retract, to, 11 revenge, 43 take revenge, to, 43 revolt, 53 put down a revolt, to, 53

INDEX ● 147   revolution, 52 Constitutional Revolution, 53 cultural revolution, 53 Islamic Revolution, 53 velvet revolution, 53 revolutionary, 53 Revolutionary Guard, 48 rewrite, to, 7 right (legal), 73 civil rights, 73 gay rights, 73 human rights, 73 human rights violation, 73 Human Rights Watch, 73 Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 73 right-wing, 22 riot, 53 rioter, 53 riot police, 53 rising of sea levels, 110 risk, 83 risk taking, 83 rival, 91 robot, 98 robotics, 98 roundtable, 28 royalist (n.), 22 rubbish, 110 rule, to, 29, 31 ruler, 31 rules and regulations, 61

salary, 94 sales figures, 91 sanction, 87 satellite, 99 satellite television, 6 save, to (rescue), 44 save, to (e.g. data), 100 savings, 81 scene (e.g. in a film), 121 science, 97 scientific, 97 scientist, 97 score, 125 score a goal, to, 126 scuffle, 44 search, to (e.g. a house), 69 search, to (e.g. the web), 103 search engine, 103 secret agent, 56 secretariat, 34 Secretary-General, 34 secular, 22 secularism, 22 secularist, 22 security (adj.), 56; (n.), 55 collective security, 56 national security, 56 Security Council, 34 security forces, 56 security risk, 56 seek to, to, 12 seize, to, 69 self-rule, 30 seminar, 27 Senate, The, 26 Senator, 26

148 ● INDEX  senior, 31 sentence (legal), 64 death sentence, 64 separatism, 21 separatist (n.), 21 server (internet), 102 service provider, 102 session, 27, 28 closed session, 27 settlement (legal), 66 scan, to, 99 scanner, 99 shanty town, 116 shareholder, 90 ship, to, 88 shoot, 51 shooting, 51 short-term, 17 siege, 44 sign, to, 58 signatory, 58 singer, 124 site (internet), 102 sit-in, 36 Sharia (Islamic law), 62 skirmish, 44 slavery, 74 slogan, 37 smog, 111 SMS (Short Message Service), 99 smuggler, 68 drug smuggler, 68 smuggling, 68 social networking site, 102 social security, 78 socialism, 22 socialist, 22

society, 32 civil society, 32 software, 100 solar energy, 106 solar panel, 106 solar system, 99 solve, to, 57 song, 123 source, 8 reliable sources, 8 space, 99 space age, 99 spacecraft, 99 space station, 99 special envoy, 35 specialisation, 97 specialist, 97 spectator, 126 spending cut, 79 sport, 124 sports club, 124 sportsperson, 124 sporty, 124 spy, 56 stadium, 125 stage, 121 star astronomical, 98 film, 122 state (adj. and n.), 29 member state, 29 state sector, 90 state of emergency, 56 statement, 5 statistics, 41 steal, to, 68 step aside, to, 30

INDEX ● 149   stocks, 89 stockbroker, 89 stock exchange, 89 storm, 112 story, 8 strategy, 48 stress, to, 11 strike, 93 strike, to, 94 striker, 94 studio, 120 subject, 32 submarine, 52 subsidise, to, 79 subsidy, 79 succeed, to, 13 successful, 17 suicide bomber, 51 suicide bombing, 51 suggest, to, 11 summit, 27 summon, to, 65 summons, 65 superpower, 29 supply, to, 89 supply and demand, 89 support, to, 41 supporter, 41, 126 suppress, to, 54 surrender, 46 surrender, to, 46 surveillance, 56 suspect (n.), 64 sustainability, 109 swear an oath, to, 65 symbolic, 18 tactic, 48 Taliban, 54

talks, 58 tangible, 17 tank, 52 target, to, 13 tarnish, to, 13 tax, 84 income tax, 84 inheritance tax, 84 levy tax on, to, 84 pay tax, to, 84 purchase tax, 84 taxable, 85 tax assessor, 85 tax-deductable, 85 tax evasion, 85 tax exempt, 85 tax-free, 84 tax haven, 85 tax payer, 84 tax relief, 85 tax return, 84 value added tax, 84 tear gas, 54 technological, 98 technology, 98 biotechnology, 98 green technology, 98 IT (information technology), 98 telecommunications, 99 television, 121 satellite television, 6 television programme, 121 television series, 121 tennis court, 126 tension, 43 term, 27

150 ● INDEX  terrorism, 55 state terrorism, 55 terrorist, 55 terrorist group, 55 test, 97 test, to, 97 testify, to, 65 testimony, 65 text, 8 text message, 99 theatre, 121 theft, 68 thief, 68 theocracy, 28 third world, 116 threat, 43 threaten, to, 43 threatening, 44 tireless, 16 title, 8 toll, 88 topic, 8 torture, 74 torture, to, 75 torturer, 75 totalitarian (adj.), 21 totalitarianism, 21 tourism, 95 ecotourism, 95 trade (adj. and n.), 87 trade, to, 87 free trade, 87 trade fair, 87 trade gap, 87 trademark, 87 trader, 87 trade union, 93 WTO (World Trade Organization), 87

tragedy (theatre), 121 trainee, 93 training, 93 transgression, 67 treaty, 58 trial, 64 tried, to be, 64 try, to, 64 tribalism, 23 tsunami, 112 UN (United Nations), 34 UN charter, 34 UNDP, 116 UNESCO, 35 UNHCR, 75 UNICEF, 34 unacceptable, 17 unanticipated, 16 unarmed, 50 unbelievable, 15 unclear, 18 unconfirmed, 16 unconstitutional, 61 undeniable, 15 underdeveloped, 116 unemployment, 92 unequivocal, 16 unexpected, 17 unfavourable, 18 unintelligible, 17 universe, 99 unjust, 63 unmanned aircraft, 52 unprecedented, 16 unpredictable, 17 unrest, 54 unsuccessful, 18

INDEX ● 151   upload, 101 upload, to, 101 uprising, 54 uranium enrichment, 105 use of force, 43 vaccinate, to, 115 vaccine, 115 vague, 17 verdict, 64 issue a verdict, to, 64 of guilty, 64 of not guilty, 64 veto, 34 victim, 47 victory, 46 viewer, 121 violence, 44 domestic violence, 68 violence against women, 74 violent, 44 virtual reality, 98 visit, 27 official visit, 27 Voice of America, 9 Voice of Israel, 9 volcano, 112 volcanic ash, 112 volcanic ash cloud, 112 volcanic eruption, 112 voluntary, 113 volunteer, 113 vote, 40 vote against, to, 40 vote-counting, 40 vote for, to, 40 vote in favour of, to, 40

vote of confidence, 40 vote of no confidence, 40 vote-rigging, 41 voter, 40 voting, 41 voting booth, 41 voting station, 41 wage, 94 minimum wage, 94 war, 45 at war, 45 civil war, 45 Cold War, The, 45 declare war, to, 46 Imposed War, The (the Iran–Iraq War), 45 just war, 45 war crime, 46 war crimes tribunal, 46 war criminal, 46 war dead, 46 warlord, 46 War on Terror, 55 warship, 52 war wounded, 46 war veteran, 46 world war, 45 warn, to, 14 waste water treatment, 116 water purification, 116 weapons, 50 chemical weapons, 50 nuclear weapons, 50 WMD (weapons of mass destruction), 50

152 ● INDEX  web webpage, 102 website, 102 worldwide web, 102 surfing the web, 102 westernisation, 116 WFP (World Food Programme), 115 White House, The, 33 WHO (World Health Organization), 114 wholesale, 91 wholesaler, 91 wildlife, 111 win, to, 125 winner, 125 wind power, 105 wind turbine, 105 wing, 25 wireless, 102 withdrawal, 49 witness, 64 eye witness, 65

work (oeuvre), 119 work of art, 119 worker, 92 workers’ union, 93 work force, 93 World Cup, The, 125 World Heritage Sites, 119 worldwide, 15 wounded, 47 wounded, to be, 47 writer, 123 Iranian Writers’ Association, 123 wrongdoing, 67 WWF (Worldwide Fund for Nature), 111 yield, 83 Zionism, 22 Zionist (n.), 22