128 26
German Pages [21] Year 2020
Copyright © 2020 Edition Ruprecht ISBN: 9783846997161
Volker Stolle
Lutherische Theologie und Kirche, Heft 04/2019 – Einzelkapitel – Situation der Evangelisch-Lutherischen Kirche Altpreußens Ende August 1945 Lutherische Theologie und Kirche, Heft 04/2019
Edition Ruprecht
OHED>K LMHEE>
ANWXFWNSR IJU 5YFRLJPNVHM$be[uc\Zg`gZ^h \Zg^X]iZi ^hi' >cYZ 9j\jhi ,4/0 Y^Z L^ijVi^dc YZg >kVc\Za^hX](aji]Zg^hX]Zc D^gX]Z 9aiegZjtZch $>ED9% , Z^c' Y^Z ]ZjiZ ^c YZg LZaWhiucY^\Zc >kVc\Za^hX](Eji]Zg^hX]Zc D^gX]Z Vj[\Z\Vc\Zc ^hi) =^ZhZ D^gX]Z lVg YjgX] YVh Dg^Z\hZcYZ WZhdcYZgh ]Vgi \Zigd[[Zc) SjcuX]hi ]ViiZ Y^Z kdgg{X`ZcYZ Hhi[gdci Y^Z @ZbZ^c( YZc ^c YZc YZjihX]Zc Hhi\ZW^ZiZc ojg ?ajX]i \Zoljc\Zc) =^Z ;db( WVgY^Zgjc\Zc [dgYZgiZc ^]gZ He[Zg WZhdcYZgh ^c YZc LiuYiZc) O^ZaZ IVhidgZc lVgZc ojg PZ]gbVX]i Z^c\Zod\Zc' [^ZaZc Vc YZg ?gdci dYZg \Zg^ZiZc ^c @Z[Vc\ZchX]V[i) =^Z `^gX]a^X]Z Hg\Vc^hVi^dc WgVX] oj( hVbbZc) GVX]YZb 9c[Vc\ FV^ Y^Z YZjihX]Z PZ]gbVX]i `Ve^ija^Zgi ]ViiZ' [{]giZ YVh IdihYVbZg 9W`dbbZc ol^hX]Zc YZc L^Z\ZgbuX]iZc' YVh Vb -) 9j\jhi ,4/0 kZgx[[Zcia^X]i ldgYZc lVg jcY YZb ?gVc`gZ^X] b^i LX]gZ^WZc kdb 2) 9j\jhi oj\Zhi^bbi ]ViiZ' ojg OZgigZ^Wjc\ YZg ;Zkxa`Zgjc\ Vjh YZc jciZg edac^hX]Z OZglVaijc\ \ZhiZaaiZc @ZW^Z( iZc) KZhiYZjihX]aVcY ljgYZ u Vj[\gjcY YZg WZgZ^ih ^b ?ZWgjVg ,4/0 ^c CVaiV \Zigd[[ZcZc OZgZ^cWVgjc\ u ^c k^Zg ;ZhViojc\hodcZc jcY ;Zga^c ^c k^Zg LZ`idgZc Vj[\ZiZ^ai) =Vh hX]guc`iZ YZc KZ^hZkZg`Z]g ojhuioa^X] Zg]ZWa^X] Z^c) 9aaZgY^c\h ljgYZ Y^Z @ZhVbikZgVcildgijc\ YZg k^Zg 9aa^^ZgiZc $DdcigdaagVi% [Zhi\ZaZ\i jcY YVb^i Z^cZ \Zl^hhZ >^c]Z^i =ZjihX]aVcYh Zg]VaiZc) =^Z NbhZiojc\ Y^ZhZg ;ZhX]a{hhZ ojg GZjdgYcjc\ YZg kZgldggZcZc OZg]uaic^hhZ cVX] YZb SjhVbbZc( WgjX] =ZjihX]aVcYh ]ViiZ \ZgVYZ WZ\dccZc) yGTV[ WX` QhhVbbZcWgjX] jchZgZh YZjihX]Zc OViZgaVcYZh ^b CV]gZ ,4/0 ZghX]^ZcZc bZ]gZgZ PdX]Zc jcY FdcViZ ]^cYjgX] `Z^cZ SZ^ijc\Zc jcY E^iZgVijgZgoZj\c^hhZ) 9jX] YZg 9jhiVjhX] jciZg YZc ,
=^Z [g{]ZgZ >kVc\Za^hX](aji]Zg^hX]Z D^gX]Z ^c IgZjtZc $>EDI% ]ViiZ h^X] ,4.. ^c >kVc\Za^hX](aji]Zg^hX]Z D^gX]Z jbWZcVcci) ,40/ ljgYZ YVcc Z^cZ ZgcZjiZ GV( bZchucYZgjc\ WZhX]adhhZc5 >kVc\Za^hX](Eji]Zg^hX]Z $Vaiaji]Zg^hX]Z% D^gX]Z) IgZjtZc WZhiVcY _Zioi _V c^X]i bZ]g Vah Z^cZ eda^i^hX]Z @gxtZ) EjM]D /. $-+,4%' --1u-/=HB ,+)#$&%!$(%&))'"&"
BP[\H[PVU KLY 4]HUNLSPZJO$^chi^Z\ ^c hZ^cZ ?ZhiZ(;jg\( 9cYVX]i ojb -) CVcjVg ,413- jcY hX]^aYZgi YVb^i Y^Z L^ijVi^dc' Vjh YZg YVh kdga^Z\ZcYZ LX]gZ^WZc hiVbbi) =^Z LiVYi AVaaZ W^aYZiZ Z^cZc DcdiZcejc`i' Vc YZb k^ZaZ FZchX]Zc kdg{WZg`VbZc jcY GVX]g^X]iZc Vjh\ZiVjhX]i lZgYZc `dcciZc) Sj( cuX]hi ]ViiZc Y^Z 9bZg^`VcZg b^i M]{g^c\Zc jcY LVX]hZc Vb ,2) 9eg^a ,4/0 VjX] Y^ZhZ LiVYi WZhZioi' h^Z YVcc VWZg 9c[Vc\ Cja^ Vc Y^Z KjhhZc {WZg\ZWZc ^b 9jhiVjhX] \Z\Zc Y^Z ;Zga^cZg PZhihZ`idgZc) LjeZg^ciZcYZci P^a]Zab ;gVX]bVcc $,34.u,411%! hVbbZaiZ ]^Zg Bc[dgbVi^dcZc' Y^Z ^]c Vj[ jciZghX]^ZYa^X]Zc PZ\Zc YjgX] eZghxca^( X]Z ;Z\Z\cjc\Zc jcY hX]g^[ia^X]Z F^iiZ^ajc\Zc ZggZ^X]iZc' jcY [Vhh( iZ h^Z ^c Z^cZb LX]gZ^WZc ojhVbbZc' YVh jciZg YZc YVbVa^\Zc OZg( ]uaic^hhZc cVi{ga^X] c^X]i ^c \gxtZgZg Li{X`oV]a kZgk^Za[uai^\i lZgYZc `dcciZ' hdcYZgc ojb PZ^iZg\ZWZc jcY 9WhX]gZ^WZc \ZYVX]i lVg) =^Z k^ZaZc >^coZa^c[dgbVi^dcZc aVhhZc Z^c Z^cYgjX`hkdaaZh ;^aY kdc YZg L^ijVi^dc ZcihiZ]Zc' Vah Y^Z VaiZc Ligj`ijgZc lZ^i\Z]ZcY Vj[\Zaxhi lVgZc jcY Z^cZ KZdg\Vc^hVi^dc YZh D^gX]ZclZhZch cdX] `Vjb WZ( \dccZc ]ViiZ)/ =ZccdX] auhhi YZg ;g^Z[ YZjia^X] Zg`ZccZc' l^Z YZc WZig{Wa^X]Zc OZgajhiZg[V]gjc\Zc WZgZ^ih ZghiZ 9chuioZ \Z\Zc{WZg( hiVcYZc' cZjZ Bc^i^Vi^kZc ojb ?dgiWZhiVcY YZg ]xX]hi Vc\ZhX]aV\Z( cZc D^gX]Z ^c 9c\g^[[ oj cZ]bZc)0
-
.
/
0
?ZhiZ(;jg\(DVaZcYZg [{g YVh CV]g ,413 $/2) C\)%' 6LYOHYK 6LZJO !7N%"# GZjZcYZi( iZahVj) u MXkg5 E^ /',15 yBa ]XaXa PbV[Xa haW FbaTgXa ^baagX Xf ZXfV[X[Xa' WTs `TaV[Xe' WXe XgjTf _XfXa jb__gX' mhe T_gXa ;\UX_ Ze\YY)v OZg[VhhZg P^a]Zab ;gVX]bVcc' hZ^i ,4-- IVhidg ^c AVaaZ*LVVaZ $I[VggWZo^g` AVa( aZ(LVc\Zg]VjhZc%' hZ^i ,4.1 LjeZg^ciZcYZci YZg M]{g^c\^hX](LuX]h^hX]Zc =^xoZ( hZ' VW ,40- IVhidg jcY Li^[ikdghiZ]Zg ^c @jWZc) sWZg Y^Z @ZhX]Z]c^hhZ ^c LX]aZh^Zc WZg^X]iZiZ heuiZg FHS[OLY 6eU[OLY' 9ah Y^Z LiZgWZcYZc jcY h^Z]Z' l^g aZWZc6 Vah Y^Z @Zo{X]i^\iZc jcY YdX] c^X]i ZgixiZi' D>E@ ,++ $,40+%' -0u-3' /.u/0) Sjg ;Zg^X]iZghiViijc\ {WZg Y^Z lZ^iZgZ >cil^X`ajc\ k\a) =HY[PU ;P\URL' PVh \ZhX]V] ^c jchZgZg D^gX]Z hZ^i ,4/08 D>E@ ,++ $,40+%' ,+u,,)--u-0).3u/.) O\a) YVcc5 FLYULY ;ScU' ?ajX]i' OZgigZ^Wjc\' KZdg\Vc^hVi^dc `^gX]a^X]Zc EZWZch ,4/0u,40/) =Vh ;Z^he^Za hZaWhihiucY^\Zg ZkVc\Za^hX](aji]Zg^hX]Zg D^gX]Zc' ^c5 D^L APLZRL !7N%"# F^\gVi^dc jcY Ddc[Zhh^dc' $ED@@ -2%' @{iZghad] -+,+' .+3u .-/)
--3
EVSRLY B[VSSL
2UNJKJINWNSR 9WhX]g^[i, Bb AZggc \Za^ZWiZ ;g{YZg ^b 9bi! Bb AZggc \Za^ZWiZ @aVjWZchWg{YZg j uhX]lZhiZgc! @dii ojb @gjt jcY jchZgc AZggc g[jgi6 I) E^X)
1
=Zg ;g^Z[ aV\ b^g ^c olZ^ 9WhX]g^[iZc kdg' Z^cZg ]VcY\ZhX]g^ZWZcZc $9% jcY Z^cZg bVhX]^cZchX]g^[ia^X]Zc $;%) =Vh LX]g^[ihi{X` $9% jb[Vhhi YgZ^ ;auiiZg =BG 9/' kdgYZghZ^i^\ WZhX]g^ZWZc) >^cZ =VijbhVc\VWZ [Z]ai) 9ah 9WhX]gZ^WZg ^hi Vj[\gjcY hZ^cZg AVcYhX]g^[i IVhidg @Zdg\ FVgi] $,32/u,403% Vjh\Zl^ZhZc' YZg >cYZ ?ZW( gjVg ,4/0 ^b F^hh^dch]Vjh ^c ;aZX`bVg 9j[cV]bZ \Z[jcYZc ]ViiZ6 Zg lVg Ydgi kdc ,4+0 W^h ,4,, Vah F^hh^dch^cheZ`idg iui^\ \ZlZhZc) u >^cZ bVhX]^cZc( hX]g^[ia^X]Z 9WhX]g^[i $;% WZ[^cYZi h^X] ^b D^gX]ZcVgX]^k YZg L>ED ^c HWZgjghZa' L^\c) P>= ++,' jaW mjTe `\g =Tgh`fTaZTUX yAT__X(L) .,)3)/0v6 f\X h`YTffg ZWZc[Vaah YgZ^ ;auiiZg =BG 9/' Z^chZ^i^\ WZhX]g^ZWZc) =^Z >Y^i^dc [da\i YZg 9W( hX]g^[i 9 jcY kZgbZg`i Y^Z OVg^VciZc YZg 9WhX]g^[i ; ^c YZc ?jtcdiZc) ;Z^b OZg\aZ^X] WaZ^WZc NciZghX]^ZYZ ^b @ZWgVjX] kdc 9W`{gojc\Zc jcY ^c YZg SZ^( X]ZchZiojc\ jcWZg{X`h^X]i^\i) 2 ;5 Z^cZ hdaX]Z) 3 ;5 Z^cigV[Zc) 4 IVhidg AZgbVcc AdaYi $& ,321%' hZ^i ,4+2 IVhidg ^c DdchiVYi*HWZghX]aZh^Zc) ,+ IVhidg ?ZgY^cVcY LV[i $,33,u,402 ^c LiZ^cWVX](AVaaZcWZg\%' hZ^i ,4-3 IVhidg ^c @ad\Vj*G^ZYZghX]aZh^Zc) ,, IVhidg Cd]VccZh GV\Za $,321u,413 ^c P^YYZgh]VjhZc%' hZ^i ,4,+ IVhidg ^c LigZ]aZc*HWZghX]aZh^Zc' ,,) ?ZWgjVg ,4/0 9c`jc[i ^c >g[jgi WZ^ Ld]c ?g^i]_d[
BP[\H[PVU KLY 4]HUNLSPZJO$EDI Vjh\ZhX]^ZYZc' VW ,4.- IVhidg ^c AVaaZ(@^ZW^X]ZchiZ^c P^a]Zab Cjc\ZgbVcc $,34,u,401 ^c ;Zga^c%' hZ^i ,4/+ IVhidg ^c LX]cZ^YZ( b{]a*@gZcobVg` IdhZc(PZhiegZjtZc $IdbbZgc%' cVX] ,4/0 ?a{X]ia^c\h( e[VggVbi 9aibVg`) KZcViV FZnZg' \ZW) AV^cb{aaZg $,4,,u,434 ^c AVccdkZg%' >]Z[gVj kdc P^aa^WVaY FZnZg $,4+2u,42. ^c AVccdkZg%' hZ^i ,4.- IVhidg ^c AVaWZghiVYi' YVbVah cVX] PZ]gY^Zchi ^c VbZg^`Vc^hX]Zg @Z[Vc\ZchX]V[i' ,4/1 >^cgZ^hZ ^c Y^Z hdl_Zi^hX]
-.+
EVSRLY B[VSSL
AV^cb{aaZg-+' ^]gZ kZg]Z^gViZiZ LX]lZhiZg-, b^i - D^cYZgc) Gjg cdX] idi `dcciZc \ZWdg\Zc lZgYZc5 AZgg I) AV^cb{aaZg--' ?gVj I) LX]gx( iZg-. Vjh ;gZhaVj(@daYhX]b^YZc hVbi ^]gZc / D^cYZgc jcY Y^Z _{c\h( iZ jckZg]Z^gViZiZ MdX]iZg kdc I) AV^cb{aaZg-/) 9jX] hdchi lVg ^c YZg @ZbZ^cYZ hX]lZgZg LX]VYZc Vc\Zg^X]iZi) =Vh k^ZaZc WZ`VcciZ ?ga) P^c`ZabVcc lVg b^i ^]gZg FjiiZg ZWZc[Vaah Z^c MdYZhde[Zg YZh [jgX]iWVgZc 3) /) =^Z @ZbZ^cYZ ]Vi Z^c cZjZh NciZg`dbbZc ^c Z^cZg `aZ^cZc DVeZaaZ \Z[jcYZc) >h [Z]aZc ^]g @ZhVc\W{X]Zg' 9\ZcYZ' 9WZcYbV]ah\ZguiZ j) VaaZ bjh^`Va^hX]Z 9jhhiViijc\) 9jX] FV\YZWjg\ ljgYZ hX]lZg WZigd[[Zc) =dX] Wa^ZW I) ED9 ojb CV]gZhlZX]hZa ,4/2*/3 jcY PZX]hZa cVX] GZj`adhiZg*FZX`aZcWjg\' ,42- ZbZg^i^Zgi) D^cYZg5 Sl^aa^c\Z >YZa\VgY jcY g hdaa ^c jchZgZg =^xoZhZ kZglZcYZi lZgYZc) I) =g) Ad[bVcc Th^XU.0 `Vb cVX] EZ^eo^\ j) l^gY ld]a ^c LVX]hZc 9c( hiZaajc\ [^cYZc' ld VjX] hX]dc I) MucoZg .1 Z^chilZ^aZc ^c ;dgcV WZ^ -1 O\a) ;SH\Z ;L[LSO\[' =^Z @ZhX]^X]iZ YZg >kVc\Za^hX](Eji]Zg^hX]Zc DgZjo\ZbZ^c( YZ ^c @di]V' ^c5 9dYN ;HSSLUZLL !7N%"' =Zg I[VggWZo^g` @di]V u F{]a]VjhZc u 9gchiVYi' @di]V -+,+' 2u.-' Ydgi ,.u,/) -2 ;5 ljgYZ hX]lZg \Zigd[[Zc) -3 ;5 >WZchd =ZhhVj) -4 GZj]Vjh Vb KZcclZ\' ,4.3 @ZbZ^cYZ ZcihiVcYZc $I[VggWZo^g` LiZ^cWVX]( AVaaZcWZg\ A^a[hegZY^\Zg KZ^c]VgY LX]Z[[aZg $&,4,.' dgY) ,4.2%' ,4.4 @dii[g^ZY PZ^X`Zg $,4,-u,443 ^c @gxWZcoZaa*HWZgWVnZgc%' kZgauhhi ,4/, Vj[ Z^\ZcZc PjchX] YZc D^gX]ZcY^Zchi) .+ ; d]cZ5 \ZWa^ZWZc) ., IVhidg AVch F{aaZg' hZ^i ,4/, IVhidg ^c 9ai`gVco' ,4/- ojg PZ]gbVX]i Z^cWZgj( [Zc) .- ; d]cZ5 Y^Z IVgdX]^Z) .. =Zg ?gZ^hiVVi LVX]hZc ljgYZ kdc YZg hdl_Zi^hX]Zc ;ZhViojc\ ^c Z^cZg jb Z]Z( bVa^\ egZjt^hX]Z @ZW^ZiZ ZglZ^iZgiZc ?dgb gZhi^ij^Zgi' W^h ,40- Z^cZ OZglVa( ijc\hgZ[dgb Y^Z EucYZg ^c YZg ==K Vj[axhiZ' W^h Zg YVcc ,44+ l^ZYZgWZ\g{cYZi ljgYZ) ./ ; d]cZ5 ojaZioi) .0 ;5 Ad[[bVcc) u IVhidg =g) e]^a) DVga Ad[[bVcc $,34/u,42. ^c AVbZac%' hZ^i ,4-- IVhidg ^c IdhcVc $IdhZc%' cVX] kZghX]^ZYZcZc OZgigZijc\hY^ZchiZc l^gY Zg ,4/1 IVhidg ^c D^iohX]Zg ^b D^gX]Zc`gZ^h ;dgcV) .1 IVhidg PZgcZg MucoZg $,4+1u,42, ^c EVcYg^c\]VjhZc%' hZ^i ,4.0 IVhidg ^c Kdi( ]ZcWjg\*HYZg' oZ^ilZ^hZ Mui^\`Z^i ^c YZg huX]h^hX]Zc EVcYZh`^gX]Z $;dgcV%) ,40+
-.-
EVSRLY B[VSSL
EZ^eo^\ `dbb^hhVg^hX] Z^c\ZhZioi ^hi) I) FV]a`Z.2 ]Vi ^c IVgiZchiZ^c ^c ;VnZgc Z^cZ I[VggZ Zg]VaiZc' ZWZchd I) DdcgVY GV\Za.3 ^c YZg @Z( \ZcY ol^hX]Zc P{goWjg\ jcY D^io^c\Zc) I) LiVX]Z .4 lVcYiZ h^X] cVX] >gaVc\Zc' jb ^c YZg ^ccZgZc F^hh^dc ;VnZgch h^X] kZglZcYZc oj aVhhZc) I) K^Z\Zg/+ ljgYZ b^i YZg I[VgghiZaaZ GZj]Vjh V) Kl\) /, WZigVji) I) =g) AZ^ZX`/- `Z]giZ cVX] SZjaZcgdYV/. ojg{X`)
.2
.3
.4
/+
/, /-
/.
K{X``Z]g ^c Y^Z >ED9 jcY IVhidg ^c 9c\Zgb{cYZ' ,40/u,401 IVhidg ^c 9ge`Z( LZZgh]VjhZc $VaiZ L>ED%' YVcc PZX]hZa ^c Y^Z AVccdkZghX]Z EVcYZh`^gX]Z $>^c( hViodgiZ5 9X]^b' =^Ze]dao' AVccdkZg(F^hWjg\ jcY hZ^i ,41+ [Zhi Vc\ZhiZaai ^c EVcYg^c\]VjhZc%) IVhidg >gl^c FV]a`Z $,4,-u-+++ ^c EdaaVg%' ,4.3 A^a[hegZY^\Zg ^c @jWZc' ,4.4 ojg PZ]gbVX]i Z^c\Zod\Zc' ,4/1 I[VggkZglVaiZg ^c IVgiZchiZ^c*LeZhhVgi jcY ^c ?^a`Z' ,4/3 IVhidg ^c P^YYZgh]VjhZc jcY HWZghj]a $VaiZ L>ED%' ,413 LjeZg^c( iZcYZci YZg ]Zhh^hX]Zc =^xoZhZ' ,42- YZh D^gX]ZcWZo^g`h AZhhZc(GdgY YZg L>ED) IVhidg DdcgVY GV\Za $,4+4u-++, ^c )
//
/0 /1
/2
/3
/4
0+
0, 0-
0.
KZhi\ZbZ^cYZ YjgX] IVhidg ?g^io AdgWVc` kdc YZg >kVc\Za^hX](Eji]Zg^hX]Zc ?gZ^`^gX]Z WZigZji) IVhidg 9j\jhi PdgWZh $,301u,4/0 ^c PZgc^\ZgdYZ%' hZ^i ,33/ IVhidg ^c PZgc^( \ZgdYZ' ,4,0u,4-4 LjeZg^ciZcYZci YZg M]{g^c\^hX](LuX]h^hX]Zc =^xoZhZ' ,4.ZbZg^i^Zgi) IVhidg Cd]VccZh LX]l^c\Z $,4,-u,4/.%' hZ^i ,4/+ IVhidg ^c Dxac' ,4/, ojg PZ]gbVX]i Z^c\Zod\Zc) IVhidg ?g^ZYg^X] PZYY^c\' ojb CV]gZhlZX]hZa ,4/+*/, Vjh YZg IgZjt^hX]Zc >kVc\Za^hX]Zc EVcYZh`^gX]Z {WZg\ZigZiZc ojg >kVc\Za^hX](Eji]Zg^hX]Zc D^gX]Z 9aiegZjtZch' egdWZlZ^hZ 9chiZaajc\' ,4/. Vah IVhidg ^c DdgWVX] $OZgigZijc\ [{g IVhidg AZgWZgi Hiid% ojb PZ]gY^Zchi Z^cWZgj[Zc' ,4/2 cdX] kZgb^hhi) IVhidg K^X]VgY DVW^io $,322u,401 ^c P^iiZc%' hZ^i ,4-2 IVhidg ^c LX]l^go' ,4/+ ^c LX]lVgolVaY*PVgi]Z\Vj' ,4/0 ?ajX]i jcY K{X``Z]g ^c hZ^cZ [g{]ZgZ @Z( bZ^cYZ @Zb{cYZc' LjeZg^ciZcYZci' ,40+ Kj]ZhiVcY) IVhidg AZ^cg^X] PZiiZga^c\ $,342u,423%' hZ^i ,4-4 IVhidg ^c BchiZg( Wjg\*HhiegZjtZc' ,4// cVX] YZg ?ajX]i Pd]ch^io ^c DVhhZa(P^a]Zabh]x]Z' OZg( igZijc\ ^c YZg IVgdX]^Z DdgWVX]' ,4/3 IVhidg ^c DVhhZa) IVhidg FVgi^c ?j]gbVcc $,4+.u,414 ^c =dgibjcY%' ,4.4 IVhidg ^c FZhZ( g^io*@gZcobVg`' ,4/0 cVX] >ciaVhhjc\ Vjh VbZg^`Vc^hX]Zg @Z[Vc\ZchX]V[i IVh( idg ^c =dgibjcY) IVhidg AZgWZgi DdZehZaa $,4+2u,43+ ^c Dxac%' hZ^i ,4.4 IVhidg ^c S{a( a^X]Vj*Igdk^co ;gVcYZcWjg\' ,4/0 IVhidg ^c Dxac' ojcuX]hi kdc Pd]cjc\ ^c >aWZg[ZaY Vjh) IVhidg >WZg]VgY DdZehZaa $,4,-u-++- ^c AZgbVcchWjg\%' ,4.4 HgY^cVi^dc jcY I[Vggk^`Vg ^c @gZ^[ZcWZg\' YVcVX] PZ]gY^Zchi' ,4/0 IVhidg ^c LX]VgcZWZX`) IVhidg KjYda[ P^a`Z $,4,.u,44/ ^c 9ZgoZc%' ,4.4 A^a[hegZY^\Zg ^c LiZii^c' YVcc ojg PZ]gbVX]i Z^c\Zod\Zc' ,) H`idWZg ,4/0 IVhidg ^c LVVgWg{X`Zc( PVaeZgh]d[Zc' ,401 PZX]hZa ^c Y^Z ]VccdkZghX]Z EVcYZh`^gX]Z) IVhidg PZgcZg EVc\Z $,4,-u,440 ^c >hhZc%' ,4.4 ojg PZ]gbVX]i Z^c\Zod\Zc' ,4/- -) >mVbZc ^c ;gZhaVj' ,4/1 ^c P^ZhWVYZc dgY^c^Zgi' ,4/2 IVhidg ^c L^Z\Zc)
-./
EVSRLY B[VSSL
@{ci]Zg0/) KZcYVci Pda[gVb ;ZngZ^hh00 ^hi ^c ;VY Ingbdci) ?gVj I) ?j]gbVcc01 ^c Adaob^cYZc' ?gVj I) Ad[bVcc02 ^c ;Va]dgc) =^Z VaiZ ?gVj I) Pd]a\Zbji03 ^hi hVbi ^]gZg LX]l^Z\ZgidX]iZg' ?gVj I) Pd]a( \Zbji04 jcY ^]gZc - MxX]iZgc ZcilZYZg ^c EjcYZc ^c AdahiZ^c dYZg ^c @gu[Z[^c\ WZ^ F{cX]Zc) 9jh Z^cZb ;g^Z[Z kdc A) DK) =g) @{ci]Zg1+ Vjh PVaYZcWjg\ kdb ,/) 3) \Z]i ]Zgkdg' YVt Zg ^c PVaYZcWjg\ ^hi' YVh edac^hX]Z ;ZhVi( ojc\ ]Vi) =Vh @ZbZ^cYZaZWZc \Z]Z hZ^cZc1, \Zld]ciZc @Vc\) LZ^cZ WZ^YZc uaiZhiZc Lx]cZ1- ]VWZc h^X] cdX] c^X]i \ZbZaYZi) LZ^cZ \gdtZ MdX]iZg1. VgWZ^iZi ^c Z^cZg ?VWg^`) LX]jaZc \^Wi Zh VjX] Ydgi cdX] c^X]i) 4+ hZ^cZg @ZbZ^cYZ\a^ZYZg [Z]aZc cdX]) =V[{g h^cY VcYZgZ Vjh 0/ IVhidg >gl^c @{ci]Zg $,4,.u,433%' ,4/+ -) >mVbZc jcY YVcVX] ojg PZ]gbVX]i Z^c\Zod\Zc' ,4/. dgY^c^Zgi ^c ;gZhaVj' ,4/0 9jh]^a[hY^Zchi ^c YZg WVnZg^hX]Zc EVcYZh`^gX]Z' {WZgcdbbZc ,4/2 Vah I[VggZg ^c Pjch^ZYZa) 00 KZcYVci Pda[gVb ;ZngZ^hh $,4+/u,421 ^c Adaob^cYZc%' ,4-4 KZcYVci YZg 9aa( \ZbZ^cZc D^gX]Zc`VhhZ' ,4/, LdaYVi YZg PZ]gbVX]i' @Z[Vc\ZchX]V[i' ,4/1 DgZ^h`^gX]ZcgZcYVci ^c Adaob^cYZc' ,4/3 oj\aZ^X] KZcYVci YZg 9aa\ZbZ^cZc D^gX]Zc`VhhZ) 01 BgbV ?j]gbVcc \ZW) EVgdhZ $,4+1u,44, ^c =dgibjcY%' >]Z[gVj kdc FVgi^c ?j]gbVcc' ig^[[i Vb 3) =ZoZbWZg ,4/0 ^c =dgibjcY Z^c) 02 ?gVj E^ZhZadiiZ Ad[bVcc \ZW) L^ZWZgi $,4,+u,44, ^c P^iiZc%' >]Z[gVj kdc IVhidg Cd]VccZh Ad[bVcc $,4+0u,4// ^c LZlVhideda*Dg^b%' hZ^i ,4., IVhidg ^c KZ^ch( lVaYZ' ,4/. ojg PZ]gbVX]i Z^cWZgj[Zc) ;Z^ Dg^Z\hZcYZ [a^Z]i Y^Z P^ilZ b^i MZ^( aZc YZg KZ^chlVaYZg @ZbZ^cYZ cVX] ;Va]dgc) SlZ^iZ >]Z b^i IVhidg ?g^ZYg^X] LZZ[ZaYi $,4+4u,432 ^c P^iiZc%' IVhidg ^c P^iiZc' ,41, PZX]hZa ^c Y^Z WgVjc( hX]lZ^\^hX]Z EVcYZh`^gX]Z) 03 FVg^V Pd]a\Zbji] \ZW) Odt $,312u,40+ ^c BioZ]dZ%' >]Z[gVj kdc IVhidg AZg( bVcc Pd]a\Zbji] $,310u,4-- ^c M]dgc%' 04 @ZgigjY Pd]a\Zbji] \ZW) ;jc\`Vi $,334u,43, ^c AVccdkZg%' >]Z[gVj kdc IVhidg FVgi^c Pd]a\Zbji] $,34-u,41/ ^c ;VY EVjiZgWZg\%' hZ^i ,4,4 IVhidg ^c Dxc^\hWZg\*HhiegZjtZc' ,4/1 ?a{X]ia^c\hhZZahdg\Zg ^c ;dX`ZcZb*AVgo' ,4/3 sWZgcV]bZ ^c Y^Z ]VccdkZghX]Z EVcYZh`^gX]Z jcY IVhidg ^c ;VY EVjiZgWZg\) MxX]iZg =ZWdgV $,4-+u,44, ^c AVccdkZg% jcY Cd]VccV $,4--u,44+ ^c AVccd( kZg% 1+ IVhidg =g) PVai]Zg @{ci]Zg $,34+u,42. ^c HWZgjghZa%' hZ^i ,4-1 IVhidg ^c PVaYZcWjg\*LX]aZh^Zc' ,4.. D^gX]ZcgVi' ,-) Cjc^ ,4/1 9jhlZ^hjc\ jcY YVcc IVhidg ^c PjeeZgiVa(>aWZg[ZaY) 1, ; d]cZ5 hZ^cZc) 1- =^ZiZg @{ci]Zg $& ,4-- ^c LZZ[ZaY% jcY FVgi^c @{ci]Zg $& ,4-/ ^c LZZ[ZaY%) 1. =dgdi]ZV @{ci]Zg $& ,4-1 ^c PVaYZcWjg\%)
BP[\H[PVU KLY 4]HUNLSPZJO$g `dcciZ _ZYdX] Z^cZh =Vgb`ViVgg]h lZ\Zc cdX] c^X]i Vbi^ZgZc) I) Ig^Z\Za hZc) 12 ^hi ^c @xga^io' I) @{ci]Zg13 hZ^i >cYZ FV^ l^ZYZg ^c PZ^\ZghYdg[) DK) =g) @{ci]Zg lVgiZi hZ]ca^X]hi Vj[ GVX]g^X]iZc) BX] lZgYZ ^]c Y^ZhZc ;g^Z[ hdl^Z YZc kdc DK) S^ZbZg14 kdb ,) 3) ojhZcYZc) 9b -1) 2) `Vb I) PVaiZg LX]gxiZg 2+ ]^Zg YjgX] Vjh YZb EVoVgZii KdhidX` j) Zbe[^c\ kdc b^g Y^Z igVjg^\Z2, GVX]g^X]i kdb MdYZ hZ^cZg E^ZWZc) 9b MV\Z YVgVj[ `Vb I) DjhX]`Z2- ]^Zg YjgX]) >g gZ^hiZ lZ^iZg cVX] @V]bV ^c M]{g^c\Zc oj hZ^cZg ?gVj) 1/ IVhidg =g) i]Zda) FVgi^c D^jc`Z $,343u,43.%' hZ^i ,4.+ IVhidg ^c E^Z\( c^io*LX]aZh^Zc' ,4.4 E^X) i]Zda) ^c >gaVc\Zc' ,4// D^gX]ZcgVi ^b AVjeiVbi ^c ;gZhaVj' ^c kZghX]^ZYZcZc @ZbZ^cYZc iui^\' ,4/3 =doZci Vc YZg Eji]Zg^hX]Zc M]Zdad\^hX]Zc AdX]hX]jaZ' ,40/ PZX]hZa ^c Y^Z Eji]Zg^hX]Z EVcYZh`^gX]Z kdc AVccdkZg) 10 IVhidg IVja LX]gxiZg $,32.u,41. ^c Da^iiZc%' hZ^i ,4,+ IVhidg ^c ;g^Z\*;Zo^g` ;gZhaVj' ,4-, LjeZg^ciZcYZci YZg =^xoZhZ ;gZhaVj' `Z]gi cVX] YZg >kV`j^Zgjc\ cVX] ;g^Z\ ojg{X`' ,4/2 Vjh LX]aZh^Zc Vjh\Zl^ZhZc' ,4/3 IVhidg ^c Da^iiZc' ,40/ ZbZg^i^Zgi) 11 IVhidg @Zg]VgY Daj\Z $,322u,4/3 ^c IdihYVb%' hZ^i ,4+1 IVhidg ^c H]aVj*LX]aZh^Zc' [a^Z]i ,4/0 ojcuX]hi jcY `Z]gi YVcc l^ZYZg cVX] H]aVj oj( g{X`' hZ^i ,4/2 IVhidg ^c IdihYVb) 12 IVhidg Cd]VccZh Ig^Z\Za $,322u,41+ ^c PdaiZghYdg[ WZ^ ;Zga^c%' hZ^i ,4-, IVhidg ^c @xga^io' ,402 ZbZg^i^Zgi) 13 IVhidg >gchi @{ci]Zg $,320u,42- ^c LX]lZg^c%' hZ^i ,4-4 IVhidg ^c PZ^\Zgh( Ydg[*EVjh^io' ,40/ ZbZg^i^Zgi) 14 IVhidg E^X) i]Zda) =g) e]^a) >gchi S^ZbZg $,32-u,4/4 ^c ;Zga^c%' ,340 =g) e]^a) Bc ;gZhaVj' E^X) i]Zda) ^c >gaVc\Zc' ,4+2 IVhidg ^c ;gZhaVj(GdgY' ,4,2 D^gX]ZcgVi) 2+ IVhidg PVaiZg LX]gxiZg $,4++u,43- ^c E{cZWjg\%' hZ^i ,4-3 IVhidg ^c 9ai( `gVco*LX]aZh^Zc' ,4/+ ^c @daYhX]b^ZYZc' ,4/. ojg PZ]gbVX]i Z^c\Zod\Zc' 9c( [Vc\ ,4/0 ]ViiZ Zg d[[ZcWVg kZghjX]i' cVX] LX]aZh^Zc ojg{X`oj`Z]gZc $;g^Z[ ;gVX]bVcch kdb ,+),),4/0 Vc ^]c' ^c5 =j ]Vhi _V @diiZh Pdgi a^ZW) ,20 CV]gZ @ZbZ^cYZ Li) FVg^V(FV\YVaZcV oj AVaaZ Vc YZg LVVaZ' AVaaZ -++4' 0.%' ^c olZ^( iZg >]Z kZg]Z^gViZi b^i >a^hVWZi] \ZW) ?gdbb`cZX]i' MdX]iZg 9ccZa^ZhZ kZg]) Cdcchdc $& ,4/3%' hZ^i AZgWhi ,4/1 IVhidg ^c YZg ]VccdkZghX]Zc EVcYZh`^gX]Z) 2, ; d]cZ5 igVjg^\Z) 2- IVhidg PVaiZg DjhX]`Z $,342u,42. ^c P^achYdg[(KjYZghYdg[%' hZ^i ,4.1 IVhidg ^c ;jWa^io(NWZYZa' ,4.4 ojg PZ]gbVX]i Z^c\Zod\Zc' OZgjgiZ^ajc\ YjgX] Dg^Z\h\Z( g^X]i lZ\Zc qjtZgjc\ ojb 9jh\Vc\ YZh Dg^Z\Zh' LjheZcY^Zgjc\ Vah I[VggZg' Gd(
-.1
EVSRLY B[VSSL
?gVj HDK) GV\Za2. kZghiVgW Vb @g{cYdccZghiV\ ^c Z^cZb DgVc( `Zc]Vjh WZ^2/ I^ahZc) ?gVj DK) PZ^X`Zg20 kZghiVgW21 ^c KdhidX` olZ^ MV\Z cVX] ^]gZb >^cigZ[[Zc Ydgi ^b Fugo' cVX]YZb h^Z cdX] o)M) ^b MgZX` Ydgi]^c \Z`dbbZc lVg22) I) =g) CVXdWh`xiiZg23 ldaaiZ ]ZjiZ b^i 3 =^V`dc^hhZc Vjh LdcYZgh( ]VjhZc cVX] @jWZc' jb Ydgi Y^Z P^ZYZgVj[cV]bZ Z^cZh MZ^aZh YZg 9gWZ^i Z^cojaZ^iZc)24 =^Z cVX] LdcYZgh]VjhZc \Z[a{X]iZiZc LX]lZh( iZgc jcY Y^Z I[Vgg[Vb^a^Z kZgadgZc WZ^ Z^cZb ;gVcYZ YZh Ydgi^\Zc DgVc`Zc]VjhZh ^c[da\Z ;dbWZc Vjh YZg Ej[i VjX] cdX] YVh EZioiZ ^]gZg AVWhZa^\`Z^iZc) F^i AZggc3+ I) =g) CVXdWh`xiiZg ]ViiZ ^X] ojhVbbZc b^i I) @VhYZ 3, Vjh @di]V Vb =^ZchiV\ Z^cZ OZg]VcYajc\ lZ\Zc >^chX]Vaijc\ jchZ( gZg M]{g^c\Zg @ZbZ^cYZc ^c YZc @ZhjcYjc\hegdoZt YZg M]{g) >k) Eji]) EVcYZh`^gX]Z) Gu]ZgZh `Vcc YVg{WZg 3- cdX] c^X]i \ZhV\i lZg( YZc) >h l^gY kdb b^g Z^c OZgigV\hZciljg[ ol^hX]Zc jchgZg j) YZg M]{g) EVcYZh`^gX]Z Vjh\ZVgWZ^iZi lZgYZc' YZg jciZg PV]gjc\ YZg
2. 2/ 20 21 22 23 24
3+ 3,
3-
kZbWZg ,4/0 9j[]ZWjc\ Y^ZhZg LjheZcY^Zgjc\' ,4/1 IVhidg ^c LVc\Zg]VjhZc' ZbZg^i^Zgi ,41-6 kZg]Z^gViZi b^i DVi]Vg^cV \ZW) F{aaZg $,340u,424 ^c P^achYdg[( KjYZghYdg[% Vjh F{]a]VjhZc*M]{g^c\Zc) FVg^V GV\Za \ZW) DVW^h $,33+ u -4).),4/0 ^c P^ZhZc\gjcY*;x]bZglVaY%' P^ilZ kdc HWZg`^gX]ZcgVi @dii[g^ZY GV\Za $,321u,4// ^c @jWZc%) ; d]cZ5 Z^cZb DgVc`Zc]Vjh WZ^) E^cV PZ^X`Zg \ZW) AZchdaYi $,304u,4/0 ^c KdhidX`%' P^ilZ kdc FVgi^c PZ^X`Zg $,301u,4/+%' Vah IVhidg ^c g`ZccZc hZ^cZg PZ\lZ^hjc\) Bc Wg{YZga^X]Zg OZgWjcYZc]Z^i \Zo) P) ;gVX]bVcc
>FHMGJQJUOXRLJR =^Z 9WhX]g^[i 9 YZh ;g^Z[Zh Zci]uai `Z^cZ =VijbhVc\VWZ6 Y^Z 9W( hX]g^[i ; cZcci YZc .,) 9j\jhi ,4/0) =Zg Bc]Vai WZhiui^\i Y^ZhZh 9W( [Vhhjc\hYVijb) 9b -0) Cja^ lVg ;gVX]bVcch ;gjYZg Cd]VccZh \Z( hidgWZc) 9b ,/) 9j\jhi lVg YZg ;g^Z[ Vjh PVaYZcWjg\ \ZhX]g^ZWZc ldgYZc' YZc ;gVX]bVcc WZgZ^ih Zg]VaiZc ]Vi) GdX] ^b 9j\jhi `Z]g( iZc Y^Z @jWZcZg =^V`dc^hhZc cVX] @jWZc ojg{X`' YZgZc ]Zji^\Z 9W( gZ^hZ b^i\ZiZ^ai l^gY) =Vh ZghiZ ]Z`id\gVe]^ZgiZ KjcYhX]gZ^WZc YZh HWZg`^gX]Zc`daaZ\^jbh ZghX]^Zc VaaZgY^c\h Zghi jciZg YZb ,-) =Z( oZbWZg ,4/0 cVX] YZg ZghiZc Odaah^iojc\ YZh HWZg`^gX]Zc`daaZ\^jbh ^b GdkZbWZg ,4/0 ^c ;Zga^c $KjcYhX]gZ^WZc Gg) - [da\iZ ^b ?ZWgjVg ,4/1%' hd YVhh c^X]i `aVg ^hi' Vj[ lZaX]Z PZ^hZ YVh HWZg`^gX]Zc`daaZ( \^jb hZ^cZ Mui^\`Z^i WZgZ^ih l^ZYZg Vj[\ZcdbbZc ]ViiZ) 30 =Vh >^cigZ[[Zc YZg 9bZg^`VcZg lVg b^i Z^cZb 9WWgjX] YZh Bc[dg( bVi^dch[ajhhZh Vjh YZc xhia^X]Zc EVcYZhiZ^aZc kZgWjcYZc \ZlZhZc) 3. ;5 LeuiZg) 3/ ; d]cZ5 lZgYZc) 30 =Zg ;Zg^X]i WZ^ D^jc`Z' PVh \ZhX]V] ^c jchgZg D^gX]Z hZ^i ,4/08 {WZg YVh @Z( hX]^X` YZh HWZg`^gX]Zc`daaZ\^jbh' ,+u,,' cZcci Y^Z ZghiZ Odaah^iojc\ ^c ;Zga^c ^b GdkZbWZg ,4/0)
-.3
EVSRLY B[VSSL
Bcol^hX]Zc ]ViiZ Y^Z ;ZhViojc\hbVX]i \ZlZX]hZai' hd YVhh DdciV`iZ ojb HhiZc ]^c l^ZYZg bx\a^X] lVgZc) =Vh WZhV\i VjX] Y^Z KZYZ kdc X\aX` y?eX\fgTTg LTV[fXav) GVX]YZb ;gVX]bVcc Y^Z ^]b kZg[{\WVgZc Bc[dgbVi^dcZc b^i\Z( iZ^ai ]Vi' \Z]i Zg ojb 9WhX]ajhh Vj[ Z^c^\Z ?gV\Zc Z^c' Y^Z h^X] Vjh YZg WZhX]g^ZWZcZc L^ijVi^dc Zg\VWZc) Ld auhhi Zg Y^Z IgdWaZbZ Zg`Zc( cZc' Y^Z Vjh hZ^cZg L^X]i ]ZgVjh _Zioi Z^cZg Exhjc\ oj\Z[{]gi lZgYZc b{hhiZc) SjZghi WZg^X]iZi Zg kdc Z^cZg ZghiZc ;ZgVijc\ YVg{WZg' l^Z h^X] aha W\X @X`X\aWXa \a WXa y@XfhaWhaZfcebmXsv WXe g[re\aZ\fV[Xa EVcYZh`^gX]Z Z^cWg^c\Zc `xccZc' Y^Z ^b IgdiZhi \Z\Zc Y^Z AZgghX]V[i WXe y=XhgfV[Xa cihX]Z^Yjc\' dW h^Z WaZ^WZc dYZg ^c ^]gZ [g{]ZgZ D^gX]Z ojg{X``Z]gZc hdaaiZc) Sj YZg Vc\ZhegdX]ZcZc kZgigV\a^X]Zc Daugjc\ `Vb Zh c^X]i' YV Y^Z K{X`WZh^ccjc\ YZg i]{( g^c\^hX]Zc EVcYZh`^gX]Z b^i YZg >^c\a^ZYZgjc\ ^c Y^Z >kVc\Za^hX]Z D^gX]Z ^c =ZjihX]aVcY $>D=% kZgWjcYZc lVg) 33 Pu]gZcY IVhidg K^Z( \Zg ojb I[VggZg YZg cVX] Dg^Z\hZcYZ kV`VciZc aVcYZh`^gX]a^X]Zc @ZbZ^cYZ GZj]Vjh WZgj[Zc ljgYZ jcY hZ^cZ @ZbZ^cYZ ^]b [da\iZ jcY YVb^i Vjh YZg >ED9 VjhhX]^ZY' Y^Z @ZbZ^cYZ SZjaZcgdYV h^X] ^c Z^cZb auc\ZgZc IgdoZhh Vj[axhiZ' Zgl^ZhZc h^X] Y^Z @ZbZ^cYZW^aYjc( \Zc ^c @di]V jcY 9gchiVYi Vah cVX]]Vai^\)34
31 Sjg sWZgcV]bZ YZg i]{g^c\^hX]Zc D^gX]Z YjgX] Y^Z =< k\a) 9VHJOPT ;YH\ZL' Bb @_ThUXa Ta @bgg haW A\g_Xe) =\X y=XhgfV[Xa ^cWZgj[jc\Zc ojg PZ]gbVX]i lVgZc Y^Z `^gX]a^X]Zc @Z]Vaih( oV]ajc\Zc Z^c\ZhiZaai ldgYZc) =Zg @ZcZgVahncdYZ' Y^Z ^b LZeiZbWZg ,4/2 hiVii[VcY' ljgYZ kdc 3 ^bbZg cdX] kZgb^hhiZc IVhidgZc WZ( g^X]iZi)4PZ^iZg heg^X]i ;gVX]bVcc Y^Z MVihVX]Z Vc' YVhh Z^cZ \VcoZ KZ^]Z kdc I[VggZgc' Y^Z c^X]i ^c ^]gZ VaiZc I[VgghiZaaZc ]ViiZc ojg{X``Z]gZc `xccZc' ^c EVcYZh`^gX]Zc 9chiZaajc\ \Z[jcYZc ]ViiZc) @ZcVcci ]ViiZ Zg kdg]Zg YgZ^' Y^Z ^c Y^Z huX]h^hX]Z' k^Zg' Y^Z ^c Y^Z WVnZg^hX]Z EVcYZh`^gX]Z \Z\Vc\Zc lVgZc6 YgZ^ lZ^iZgZ YZg @ZcVcciZc kZga^ZtZc Y^Z >ED9 WVaY YVcVX]) L^Z ljgYZc c^X]i \aZ^X] kdaa {WZgcdbbZc' hdcYZgc ]Va[Zc `dbb^hhVg^hX] Vjh jcY \Z]xgiZc lZ^iZg YZb I[VggZg( hiVcY YZg >ED9 Vc) B]gZ K{X``Z]g ^c YZc =^Zchi Y^ZhZg D^gX]Z Zg( hX]^Zc VWZg WZgZ^ih YVbVah Vah [gV\a^X]) Bc LX]aZh^Zc Zg\VW h^X] ojg \aZ^X]Zc SZ^i Z^cZ Zc\Z SjhVbbZcVgWZ^i b^i IVhidgZc jcY @ZbZ^c( YZc YZg ;Z`ZccZcYZc D^gX]Z6 YV YZg ;gZhaVjZg LiVYiYZ`Vc =g) CdVX]^b DdcgVY $,4+.u,424% Vc YZg ZghiZc D^gX]ZckZghVbbajc\ kdb -2) W^h ., 9j\jhi ,4/0 ^c MgZnhV iZ^a\ZcdbbZc ]ViiZ' Zg\VWZc
4+ KjcYhX]gZ^WZc Vc jchZgZ IVhidgZc kdb ,-) =ZoZbWZg ,4/0' B) 9bia^X]Zh' 0) 4, >WY)' B' 1) 4- 6LYOHYK AVZ[ !7N%"' LncdYVaWZhX]a{hhZ YZg >kVc\Za^hX](aji]Zg^hX]Zc $Vaiaji])% D^gX]Z' Cjc^ ,42,' 0-)
-/+
EVSRLY B[VSSL
h^X] =^h`jhh^dcZc {WZg Z^c oj`{c[i^\Zh F^iZ^cVcYZg) 4. A^Zg oZ^X]cZiZ h^X] Z^c i]Zdad\^hX]Zg Ddc[a^`i ]^ch^X]ia^X] YZg lZ^iZgZc >^\Zchiuc( Y^\`Z^i YZg >ED9 VW' YVYjgX] ]Zgkdg\Zgj[Zc' YVhh bVc b^i YZc `dc( `gZiZc GxiZc jcY egV`i^hX]Zc AZgVjh[dgYZgjc\Zc jboj\Z]Zc kZg( hjX]iZ) >^c CV]g heuiZg `Vb Zh oj Z^cZg hX]Vg[Zc 9jhZ^cVcYZghZiojc\) LZX]h IVhidgZc' Y^Z ^c YZg WVnZg^hX]Zc EVcYZh`^gX]Z iui^\ lVgZc' g^X]iZiZc ^b 9j\jhi ,4/1 ^c Z^cZb d[[ZcZc ;g^Z[ Z^cZ >^c\VWZ Vc YVh HWZg`^gX]Zc`daaZ\^jb b^i YZg ?dgYZgjc\' ^c Z^c Zc\Zh F^iZ^cVc( YZg oj YZc aji]Zg^hX]Zc EVcYZh`^gX]Zc oj igZiZc' hiVii Z^cZc Z^\ZcZc PZ\ ojhVbbZc b^i YZg F^hhdjg^(LncdYZ ^c YZc NL9 oj hjX]Zc) 4/ =^Z 9cildgi YZh HWZg`^gX]Zc`daaZ\^jbh auhhi Vc LX]ug[Z c^X]ih oj l{chX]Zc {Wg^\)40 =^Z ;ZiZ^a^\jc\ YZg aji]Zg^hX]Zc EVcYZh`^gX]Zc Vc YZg IaVcjc\ Z^cZg >kVc\Za^hX]Zc D^gX]Z ^c =ZjihX]aVcY $>D=% fjVa^( [^o^ZgZ Y^ZhZc OdghX]aV\ Vah Z^cZ OZgaZj\cjc\ YZg Z^\ZcZc Vci^jc^d( a\fg\fV[Xa >agfV[X\WhaZ5 yP\e f\aW ThV[ Yre X\aXa ZhgXc KVi _ZYZg( oZ^i d[[Zc) ?gZ^a^X] bjt Zg hX]dc Vj[ Z^cZ \g{cYa^X]Z LVX]`Zccic^h Vj[\ZWVji hZ^c) =VgVc [Z]ai Zh aZ^YZg ^c B]gZb LX]gZ^WZc) AVWZc L^Z Z^cbVa @ZcVjZgZh kdc MgZnhV jcY YZg >D= \Z]xgi8 =V h^cY Y^Z aj( i]Zg^hX]Zc EVcYZh`^gX]Zc ^c Z^cZc D^gX]ZckZgWjcY' \ZcVcci >kVc\Z( 4. FHS[OLY 6eU[OLY' G^ZYZghX]g^[i {WZg bZ^cZ KZ^hZ cVX] ;gZhaVj' H]aVj' ;g^Z\ jcY LigZ]aZc kdb ,.) W^h ,4),+)/0 $9WhX]g^[i b^i PZ^iZgaZ^ijc\hcdi^o jcY >be[uc( \ZgVc\VWZ kdc P^a]Zab ;gVX]bVcc%' D^gX]ZcVgX]^k YZg L>ED ^c HWZgjghZa' L^\c) P>= ++,) 4/ Sj YZc 9c[uc\Zc YZh DdciV`ih ojg F^hhdjg^(LncdYZ' YZg 9c[Vc\ ,4/3 VjX] ojg >g`augjc\ kdc D^gX]Zc\ZbZ^chX]V[i b^i YZg >kVc\Za^hX](aji]Zg^hX]Zc ?gZ^`^gX]Z ThYZehaW WXe y>\a\ZhaZffpgmXv %XeTeUX\gXg iba >aWX ,4/0 U\f LXcgX`UXe ,4/2' T_f yOb__ThfZTUXv Tb^i 9WYgjX` YZg ;^WZa( jcY ;Z`Zccic^hhiZaaZcU ^b =gjX` Zg( hX]^ZcZc ^b 9eg^a ,4/3% [{]giZ' k\a) EVSRLY B[VSSL' Eji]Zg^hX]Z D^gX]Z ^b \ZhZaa( hX]V[ia^X]Zc PVcYZa YZh ,4) jcY -+) CV]g]jcYZgi $HNA)> -.%' @xii^c\Zc -+,4' -3/u-4.) 40 yP\X ^Taa `Ta ahe ^\eV[XaeXV[g_\V[X haW WbZ`Tg\fV[X ;XZe\YYX fb f\aa_bf YjgX]Z^cVcYZg l^ggZc! 9j[ jchZgb M]Zdad\^hX]Zc LZb^cVg ]VWZc L^Z hdaX] Zi( lVh \Vco \Zl^t c^V[g ZX_Xeag)v ;e\XY WXf HUXe^\eV[Xa^b__XZ\h`f' Ybe`h_\Xeg iba LjeZg^ciZcYZci ?g^ZYg^X] @gjWZ $,32/u,40.% ^c ;Zga^c' YZg [{g Y^Z SZ^i YZg OZg( ]^cYZgjc\ kdc D^gX]ZcgVi PVai]Zg @{ci]Zg b^i L^io jcY Li^bbZ oj YZc L^iojc( \Zc ]^coj\Zod\Zc ldgYZc lVg $KjcYhX]gZ^WZc Vc jchZgZ IVhidgZc kdb ,-) =Z( oZbWZg ,4/0' B) ,)%' Vc Y^Z IVhidgZc >gl^c @{ci]Zg' 9a[gZY Dxc^\' DdcgVY GV\Za' ;Zgc]VgY LiVX]Z' >gchi CuhX]`Z jcY >gl^c FV]a`Z kdb -+) LZeiZbWZg ,4/1' ^c5 KjcYWg^Z[ [{g jchZgZ IVhidgZc Gg) 3 LZeiZbWZg ,4/1' /u2' Ydgi 0)
BP[\H[PVU KLY 4]HUNLSPZJO$\a[X\gw' j\X f\X mhXefg ThY YZc ;Z`Zccic^hhncdYZc ^c ;VgbZc' =V]aZb jcY 9j\hWjg\ h^X]iWVg \ZldgYZc) PZcc Y^ZhZ ;Z`Zccic^hhncdYZc B]cZc Z^c ;Z\g^[[ hZ^c hdaaiZc' hd lZgYZc L^Z oj\ZWZc b{hhZc' YVt bVc Ydgi c^X]i cVX] YZb aji]Zg^hX]Zc ;Z`Zccic^h \Z]VcYZai ]Vi) O^ZaaZ^X]i VjX] x[[cZi B]cZc ^c B]gZg Zci]jh^Vhi^hX]Zc ;ZjgiZ^ajc\ YZg aji]Zg^hX]Zc EVcYZh( `^gX]Zc Y^Z MVihVX]Z Z^c lZc^\ Y^Z 9j\Zc' YVt jcauc\hi Y^Z YdX] cdb^cZaa ZkVc\Za^hX](aji]Zg^hX]Z D^gX]Z P{giiZbWZg\h h^X] ZcY\{a( g\Z iba WXe ZXc_TagXa xOXeX\a\ZgXa XiTaZX_\fV[(_hg[Xe\fV[Xa D\eV[Xw ZXgeXaag [Tg haW mjTe h` WXe x>iTaZX_\fV[Xa D\eV[X =XhgfV[_TaWfw l^aaZc) Ld bjt YdX] Y^Z >D= `Z^c hdaX] ]VgbadhZg D^gX]ZcWjcY hZ^c' T_f WXa `Ta f\X \a `TaV[Xa DeX\fXa [\amhfgX__Xa UX_\XUg)v41 =^Z `^gX]a^X]Z EV\Z ]ViiZ h^X] ^col^hX]Zc \Z\Zc{WZg YZb SZ^i( ejc`i YZg =^ZchiVj[cV]bZ YZg IVhidgZc' Y^Z YZg >ED9 Vc\Z]xgiZc' ^c YZg WVnZg^hX]Zc EVcYZh`^gX]Z kZgucYZgi) Bb 9j\jhi ,4/1 ]ViiZ ^c MgZnhV $]ZjiZ LX]lVabhiVYi% Z^cZ olZ^iZ D^gX]Zc[{]gZg`dc[ZgZco Y^Z ;^aYjc\ YZg >D= dg\Vc^hVidg^hX] kdgWZgZ^iZi) 42 =^ZhZ OdgZcihX]Z^( Yjc\ lZgiZiZ YVh HWZg`^gX]Zc`daaZ\^jb WZgZ^ih Vah ZcY\{ai^\) =^Z Vc\ZhegdX]ZcZc IVhidgZc kZgigViZc YV\Z\Zc Y^Z LiZaajc\' Y^Z VjX] PZgcZg >aZgi $,330u,40/% Z^ccV]b43' YZg [g{]Zg hZaWhi LZb^cVgY^gZ`( idg ^c ;gZhaVj \ZlZhZc lVg) 9jh YZg @gjeeZ YZg eZi^i^dc^ZgZcYZc jcY VW\Z`VcoZaiZc IVhidgZc `Z]giZ cjg Z^cZg ^c YZc KVjb YZg hZaWhihiuc( Y^\Zc ZkVc\Za^hX]Zc D^gX]Zc ojg{X`)44 =^Z `^gX]a^X]Zc GZjdgYcjc( 41 >WY)' /u0) 42 =^Z @g{cYjc\ YZg OZgZ^c^\iZc >kVc\Za^hX](Eji]Zg^hX]Zc D^gX]Z =ZjihX]aVcYh $O>ED=% Zg[da\iZ YVcc Vb 3) Cja^ ,4/3' Z]Z YVgVj[ Vb ,.) Cja^ Y^Z >D= YjgX] 9ccV]bZ YZg OZg[Vhhjc\ ^ch EZWZc igVi) 43 O\a) >aZgih ;g^Z[ kdb -4) =ZoZbWZg ,4/3 Vc L^Z\[g^ZY AZWVgi $,4+4u,44+% ^c 9YZaV^YZ*9jhigVa^Zc $6LYOHYK =eSSLY' AZgbVcc LVhhZ Vah F^i\a^ZY jcY Vah Dg^i^( `Zg YZg M]Zdad\^hX]Zc ?V`jaiui >gaVc\Zc ,4.. W^h ,4/0' ^c5 KLYZ)' 9g\jbZci jcY >^ch^X]i T9D@; 43U' G{gcWZg\ -+,4' ,/1u,32' Ydgi ,23u,24%) 44 Sj >gl^c @{ci]Zg' >gl^c FV]a`Z' DdcgVY GV\Za jcY ;Zgc]VgY LiVX]Z h)d) u IVhidg >gchi CuhX]`Z $,4,,u-++1 ^c AZghWgjX`%' ,4/+ K{X``Z]g Vah F^hh^dcVg Vjh FdhX]^*HhiV[g^`V' ,4/, IVhidg ^c @aZ^l^io' WVaY YVcVX] ojg PZ]gbVX]i Z^c( \Zod\Zc' ,4/0 9jh]^a[hY^Zchi ^c ?{gi]*;VnZgc $WVnZg^hX]Z EVcYZh`^gX]Z%' hZ^i ,4/2 IVhidg ^c G{gcWZg\' ,400 9WdgYcjc\ Vah F^hh^dcVg cVX] GZj\j^cZV' ,41>mZ`ji^khZ`gZiug YZg EZ^eo^\Zg F^hh^dc ^c >gaVc\Zc) IVhidg 9a[gZY Dxc^\ $,340u ,43,%' hZ^i ,4.. IVhidg ^c @gdt(Cjhi^c*IdbbZgc' ,4.4 ojg PZ]gbVX]i Z^c\Zod(
-/-
EVSRLY B[VSSL
\Zc' Y^Z cVX] YZb Dg^Z\hZcYZ ^c Z^cZb >cil^X`ajc\hegdoZhh Zg[da\( iZc' WgVX]iZc Vahd Zg]ZWa^X]Z Bgg^iVi^dcZc b^i h^X] jcY ]ViiZc YZjia^( X]Z 9jhl^g`jc\Zc Vj[ Y^Z >ED9' YV h^Z cZjZ K^X]ijc\hZcihX]Z^Yjc( \Zc Zg[dgYZgiZc) ^chVio _{c\ZgZg Dgu[iZ Ydgi oj Zg`jcYZc),++ =^Z hd\ZcVcciZ OZgigZ^Wjc\ ljgYZ cdX] c^X]i Vah Odg\Vc\ Z^\ZcZg 9gi lV]g\ZcdbbZc' Y^Z 9jhlZ^hjc\Zc hiVcYZc cdX] WZkdg) =Vh ;^aY' YVh Y^ZhZh KjcYhX]gZ^WZc W^ZiZi' oZ^\i jcVWlZ^hWVg' YVhh YVh Dg^Z\hZcYZ c^X]i cjg ujtZgZ jcY eZghxca^X]Z ;ZaVhijc\Zc b^i h^X] WgVX]iZ' hdcYZgc VjX] d[[ZcWVgiZ' YVhh Y^Z BciZ\gVi^dch`gV[i YZh aji]Zg^hX]Zc ;Z`Zccic^hhZh c^X]i hd hiVg` lVg' l^Z bVc ld]a \Z]d[[i ]ViiZ) =Vh WZigV[ c^X]i cjg Y^Z IVhidgZchX]V[i' Y^Z ^c YZb LX]gZ^WZc WZhdcYZgh ^b ?d`jh hiZ]i' hdcYZgc ZWZchd Y^Z @ZbZ^cYZ\a^ZYZg) =Zg `^gX]a^X]Z SjhVbbZc]Vai lVg c^X]i hd hZaWhikZghiucYa^X]' YVhh c^X]i Z^cZ \Z^hia^X]Z Liug`jc\ ZgWZiZc lZgYZc bjhhiZ' l^Z Zh ;gVX]bVcc Vb >cYZ hZ^cZh LX]gZ^WZch iji)
\Zc' ,4/0 9bihVjh]^a[Z ^c YZg WVnZg^hX]Zc EVcYZh`^gX]Z' ,4/2 {WZgcdbbZc Vah I[VggZg ^c HWZghYdg[ WZ^