Lagash I: The Ceramic Corpus from Al-Hiba, 1968-1990: A Chrono-Typology of the Pottery Tradition in Southern Mesopotamia during the 3rd and Early 2nd Millenium BCE (Aratta) (Aratta, 1) 9782503590202, 2503590209

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lagash i — the ceramic corpus from al-hiba, 1968–1990

ARATTA I STUDIES IN ARCHAEOLOGY & HISTORY, FROM MESOPOTAMIA TO THE INDUS VALLEY

General Editors Marc Lebeau, European Centre for Upper Mesopotamian Studies Holly Pittman, University of Pennsylvania Editorial Board Fereidoun Biglari, National Museum of Iran Rémy Boucharlat, Maison de l’Orient et de la Méditerranée, Lyon Elizabeth Carter, University of California, Los Angeles Robert Carter, University College London, UCL Qatar Franco D’Agostino, Università degli Studi ‘La Sapienza’ di Roma Jacob L. Dahl, University of Oxford Aurore Didier, CNRS, UMR 7041, Nanterre Nasir Eskandari, University of Jiroft Hassan Fazeli Nashli, University of Tehran Guillaume Gernez, Université Paris 1, Panthéon-Sorbonne Barbara Helwing, University of Sydney Roger Matthews, University of Reading Augusta McMahon, University of Cambridge Bruno Overlaet, Royal Museums of Art & History, Brussels Cameron Petrie, University of Cambridge Dan Potts, Institute for the Study of the Ancient World, New York University Piotr Steinkeller, Harvard University Massimo Vidale, Università degli Studi di Padova Rita Wright, New York University

ARATTA is a part of the ARWA Collection

Cover image: Drawing of an Early Dynastic I vessel from al-Hiba (drawing by S. Renette, courtesy of the Al-Hiba Publication Project).

Lagash I — The Ceramic Corpus from al-Hiba, 1968–1990 a chrono-typology of the pottery tradition in southern mesopotamia during the third and early second millennium bce

Steve Renette

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

Keywords: Archaeology, Middle East, Southern Mesopotamia, Early Bronze Age, Lagash, Pottery, Typology, Legacy Data.

© 2021, Brepols Publishers n.v., Turnhout, Belgium All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. ISBN: 978-2-503-59020-2 e-ISBN: 978-2-503-59021-9 DOI: 10.1484/M.ARATTA-EB.5.120688 D/2021/0095/242 Printed in the EU on acid-free paper

This volume is dedicated to

Edward L. Ochsenschlager

Contents

List of Illustrations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix List of Tables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvii Acknowledgements.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxi Foreword by Holly Pittman. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxiii Chapter One: Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Pottery Studies of Southern Mesopotamia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 The al-Hiba Excavation Project. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Structure of this Volume. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Chapter Two: Methodo­logy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Al-Hiba Pottery Recording System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Goals and Shortcomings of the Dataset. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Structuring Principles of the Main Typo­logy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Additional Typo­logies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tools for Analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

13 13 17 20 21 21

Chapter Three: Typo­logy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Main Typo­logy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Base Typo­logy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 Ribbed Ware (HR). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 Unbaked Clay Ware (HS). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 Painted Ware. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 Chapter Four: Analysis.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 Assemblages. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 Development of Different Classes of Vessels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142

viii Chapter Five: Conclusions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 The Contribution of the Excavations at al‑Hiba to Mesopotamian Archaeo­logy. . . . . . . 161 New Approaches to an Old Dataset. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 The Typo­logy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 Reconstructing the Strati­graphic Sequence.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 The History of Lagaš as Reflected in the Development of Ceramic Assemblages.. . . . . . 164 Avenues for Future Research. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 Plates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 Type HA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 Type HB. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186 Types HC and HD.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 Type HE.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206 Type HF.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217 Type HG. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256 Type HH. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266 Type HI. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288 Type HJ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300 Type HK. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319 Type HL.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344 Type HM. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386 Type HN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396 Type HO. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405 Type HP. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408 Type Hbase. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416 Types HR and HS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 432 Godin III Painted Vessels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 436 Selected Photographs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 436 Biblio­graphy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441

contents

List of Illustrations Figures Figure 1.1. Map of al-Hiba with main areas of excavation.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Figure 1.2. Map of southern Mesopotamia with main cities of the third millennium bce. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Figure 2.1. Examples of an original pottery type sheet and day sheet.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Figure 2.2. The al-Hiba team documenting pottery in the field. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Figure 2.3. Examples of original pottery recording sheets from the first two seasons.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Figure 4.1. Early ED I ceramic assemblage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 Figure 4.2. Late ED I ceramic assemblage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 Figure 4.3. ED IIIA ceramic assemblage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 Figure 4.4. ED IIIB ceramic assemblage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 Figure 4.5. Transitional and early Akkadian ceramic assemblage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 Figure 4.6. Late and post-Akkadian ceramic assemblage.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 Figure 4.7. Ur III to early Isin-Larsa ceramic assemblage.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 Figure 4.8. Late Isin-Larsa ceramic assemblage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 Figure 4.9. Scatter plot of mass-produced conical bowls and beakers based on diameter/height ratio. . . . . . . . 143 Figure 4.10. Development of small open vessels.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 Figure 4.11. Development of large bowls.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 Figure 4.12. Development of pot stands.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 Figure 4.13. Development of cooking pots and portable jars. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 Figure 4.14. Development of medium-sized jars.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 Figure 4.15. Development of spouted jars, vats, and large storage jars. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159

Plates Plate 1. Type HA-1a: Conical beaker. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 Plate 2. Type HA-1a: Conical beaker cont’d.

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173

Plate 3. Type HA-1b: Conical beaker with narrow foot.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 Plate 4. Type HA-1c: Small, crude conical beaker. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 Plate 5. Type HA-2: Large, coarse beaker. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176

x

List of Illustrations

Plate 6.

Type HA-3: Solid footed goblet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177

Plate 7.

Type HA-4: Tall beaker with flaring mouth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178

Plate 8.

Type HA-5: Globular cup; Type HA-6: Round-bottom beaker. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179

Plate 9.

Type HA-7: Small cup with bulbous rim; Type HA-8: Tubular cup.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180

Plate 10. Type HA-9: Carinated cup.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 Plate 11. Type HA-10: Footed cup; Type HA-10a: Cup with flat string-cut foot; Type HA-10b: Cup with small pedestal base; Type HA-10c: Cup with very low carination. . . . . . . . . . . . 182 Plate 12. Type HA-11: Footed, cylindrical goblet.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 Plate 13. Type HA-12: Fine globular cup with stepped shoulder; Type HA-13: Squat cup with low carination.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 Plate 14. Type HA miscellaneous.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 Plate 15. Type HB-1a: Conical bowl.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190 Plate 16. Type HB-1a: Conical bowl cont’d.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 Plate 17. Type HB-1a: Conical bowl cont’d.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192 Plate 18. Type HB-1b: Small, crude conical bowl. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 Plate 19. Type HB-1c: Slightly rounded conical bowl. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194 Plate 20. Type HB-2: Conical bowl with bevelled rim; Type HB-3: Bevelled rim bowl.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 Plate 21. Type HB-4a: Carinated conical bowl. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196 Plate 22. Type HB-4b: Conical bowl with very small carinated rim; Type HB-6: Inwardly bevelled rim bowl.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 Plate 23. Type HB-5: Greyware bowl.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198 Plate 24. Type HB miscellaneous.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199 Plate 25. Type HC-1: Jar stopper.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

202

Plate 26. Type HC-2a: Sinuous-sided lid cap; Type HC-2b: Small, conical lid cap; Type HC-2c: Lid cap with flaring rim; Type HC-2: Miscellaneous.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 Plate 27. Type HC-3: Lid with handle; Type HC-4: Small jar plug.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204 Plate 28. Type HD-1: Funnel; Type HD-2: Colander.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 Plate 29. Type HE-1: Plain flat tray. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208 Plate 30. Type HE-2: Flat tray with internal ring. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 Plate 31. Type HE-2: Flat tray with internal ring cont’d. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210 Plate 32. Type HE-3: Very low flat tray. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 Plate 33. Type HE-3: Very low flat tray cont’d. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212

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Plate 34. Type HE-4a: Bowl-tray with flat rim; Type HE-4b: Bowl-tray with flat rim and finished base.. . . . . . . . 213 Plate 35. Type HE-5: Bowl-tray with plain rounded rim; Type HE-6: Basin with bevelled triangular rim. . . . . . . 214 Plate 36. Type HE-7: Coarse oval tray.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215 Plate 37. Type HE miscellaneous. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216 Plate 38. Type HF-1: Deep bowl with plain rim. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225 Plate 39. Type HF-2: Large carinated bowl.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226 Plate 40. Type HF-3: Deep bowl with a wavy line below a plain rim.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227 Plate 41. Type HF-4: Large bowl with fold-over rim. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228 Plate 42. Type HF-5: Deep bowl with flat rim.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229 Plate 43. Type HF-6: Deep bowl with upturned bevelled rim.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230 Plate 44. Type HF-7: Deep bowl with thickened rim. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231 Plate 45. Type HF-8a: Decorated necked bowl. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232 Plate 46. Type HF-8b: Decorated deep bowl with bulbous rim. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233 Plate 47. Type HF-8b: Decorated deep bowl with bulbous rim cont’d. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234 Plate 48. Type HF-8c: Deep bowl with a notched band below a triangular rim. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235 Plate 49. Type HF-8c: Deep bowl with a notched band below a triangular rim cont’d.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236 Plate 50. Type HF-8c: Deep bowl with a notched band below a triangular rim cont’d.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237 Plate 51. Type HF-8d: Deep bowl with plain ridge. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238 Plate 52. Type HF-8d: Deep bowl with plain ridge cont’d. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 Plate 53. Type HF-9: Bowl with rounded triangular rim — Group 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240 Plate 54. Type HF-9: Bowl with rounded triangular rim — Group 2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 Plate 55. Type HF-9: Bowl with rounded triangular rim — Group 3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242 Plate 56. Type HF-10a: Bowl with overhanging triangular rim.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 Plate 57. Type HF-10b: Upward-curving bowl with overhanging rim. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244 Plate 58. Type HF-11: Ledge-rim bowl.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245 Plate 59. Type HF-12: Carinated bowl with ledge rim; Type HF-16: Bowl with inwardly bevelled rim. . . . . . . . . . 246 Plate 60. Type HF-13: Deep bowl with fingernail-impressed band below a ledge rim.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247 Plate 61. Type HF-14: Very large bowl with applied rope decoration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248 Plate 62. Type HF-15: Straight-sided ledge rim bowl. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249 Plate 63. Type HF-17: Inward-curving bowl with flattened bulbous rim. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250 Plate 64. Type HF-18: Carinated deep bowl.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251

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Plate 65. Type HF-19: Carinated deep bowl with flattened rim. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252 Plate 66. Type HF-20: Decorated hemispherical bowl.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253 Plate 67. Type HF-21: Bowl with a plain ridge below a flattened rim.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254 Plate 68. Type HF miscellaneous. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255 Plate 69. Type HG-1: Large bowl with plain rim. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258 Plate 70. Type HG-2: Large bowl with inward-turning rim; Type HG-3: Large bowl with upturned bevelled rim.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259 Plate 71. Type HG-4: Bowl with triangular bevelled rim. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260 Plate 72. Type HG-5a: Bowl with a ridge beneath a small triangular rim — Group 1.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261 Plate 73. Type HG-5a: Bowl with a ridge beneath a small triangular rim — Group 2.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262 Plate 74. Type HG-5b: Bowl with fingernail-impressed band below a plain to bevelled rim. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263 Plate 75. Type HG-5c: Decorated double-ledge rim bowl; Type HG-6: Bowl with overhanging band rim.. . . . . . . 264 Plate 76. Type HG miscellaneous.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265 Plate 77. Type HH-1a: Pedestalled bowl. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271 Plate 78. Type HH-1b: Decorated stemmed dish.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272 Plate 79. Type HH-1b: Decorated stemmed dish cont’d.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273 Plate 80. Type HH-2a: Decorated hollow stand. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274 Plate 81. Type HH-2b: Sinuous hollow stand. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275 Plate 82. Type HH-2b: Sinuous hollow stand cont’d. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276 Plate 83. Type HH-2c: Ribbed hollow stand.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277 Plate 84. Type HH-3a: Fenestrated stand. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278 Plate 85. Type HH-3a: Fenestrated stand cont’d; Type HH-3b: Squat stand with notched band below rim.. . . . . 279 Plate 86. Type HH-4a: Squat stand with attached bowl. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280 Plate 87. Type HH-4b: Trapezoidal squat stand.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281 Plate 88. Type HH-4c: Concave squat stand — Group 1.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282 Plate 89. Type HH-4c: Concave squat stand — Group 2.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283 Plate 90. Type HH-5: Cylinder stand.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284 Plate 91. Type HH-6: Hollow sieve stand.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285 Plate 92. Type HH-7: Solid stand; Type HH-8: Kiln separator.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286 Plate 93. Type HH miscellaneous.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287 Plate 94. Type HI-1: Plain vat with flattened rim. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290 Plate 95. Type HI-2a: Vat with triangular rim and notched ridges. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291

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Plate 96. Type HI-2b: Vat with small ridge below a bulbous rim. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292 Plate 97. Type HI-2b: Vat with small ridge below a bulbous rim cont’d. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293 Plate 98. Type HI-2c: Vat with square, grooved rim.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294 Plate 99. Type HI-2d: Vat with grooves below a distinctive triangular rim.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295 Plate 100. Type HI-2e: Vat with ridges below a flattened triangular rim. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296 Plate 101. Type HI-3: Vat with hole in bottom.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297 Plate 102. Type HI miscellaneous.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298 Plate 103. Type HI miscellaneous cont’d.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299 Plate 104. Type HJ-1a: Hole-mouth jar with plain rim; Type HJ-1b: Hole-mouth jar with band rim.. . . . . . . . . . . . . 303 Plate 105. Type HJ-2: Neckless jar with flat ledge rim.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304 Plate 106. Type HJ-3: Neckless jar with sloping band rim.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305 Plate 107. Type HJ-4: Wide-mouth ledge rim jar. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306 Plate 108. Type HJ-4: Wide-mouth ledge rim jar cont’d.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307 Plate 109. Type HJ-4: Wide-mouth ledge rim jar cont’d.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308 Plate 110. Type HJ-5: Neckless globular jar with rounded triangular rim. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309 Plate 111. Type HJ-6: Large, globular neckless jar.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310 Plate 112. Type HJ-6: Large, globular neckless jar cont’d. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311 Plate 113. Type HJ-7: Neckless jar with inward sloping rim; Type HJ-9: Wide-mouth neckless jar with ridged shoulder below a triangular rim. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312 Plate 114. Type HJ-8: Elaborately decorated jar.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313 Plate 115. Type HJ-10: Very large footed jar. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314 Plate 116. Type HJ-11: Jar with flaring rim.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315 Plate 117. Type HJ-12: Cylindrical ledge rim jar.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316 Plate 118. Type HJ-13: Cylindrical jar with inwardly thickened band rim. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317 Plate 119. Type HJ miscellaneous.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318 Plate 120. Type HK-1: Low-necked jar with plain rim.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324 Plate 121. Type HK-1: Low-necked jar with plain rim cont’d.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325 Plate 122. Type HK-1: Low-necked jar with plain rim cont’d.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326 Plate 123. Type HK-1: Low-necked jar with plain rim cont’d.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327 Plate 124. Type HK-1: Low-necked jar with plain rim cont’d.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328 Plate 125. Type HK-1: Low-necked jar with plain rim cont’d.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329 Plate 126. Type HK-1a: Low-necked jar with grooved shoulder.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330

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Plate 127. Type HK-1b: Large piriform jar with plain everted rim. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331 Plate 128. Type HK-1c: Shouldered jar with pointed base.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332 Plate 129. Type HK-2a: Low-necked jar with triangular rim.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333 Plate 130. Type HK-2b: Ridge-shouldered jar with triangular rim.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334 Plate 131. Type HK-3: Low-necked jar with convex triangular rim.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335 Plate 132. Type HK-4: Low-necked jar with rounded ledge rim. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336 Plate 133. Type HK-5: Low-necked jar with oval band rim. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337 Plate 134. Type HK-6: Large low-necked, wide-shouldered storage jar.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338 Plate 135. Type HK-7: Rim-tabbed jar.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339 Plate 136. Type HK-8: Jar with applied pierced columns.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340 Plate 137. Type HK-9: Ovoid low-necked jar with ledge rim.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341 Plate 138. Type HK-10: Wide-mouth jar with band rim. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342 Plate 139. Type HK: Miscellaneous. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343 Plate 140. Type HL-1a: Small medium-necked jar.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353 Plate 141. Type HL-1b: High-necked elongated jar.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354 Plate 142. Type HL-1b: High-necked elongated jar cont’d.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355 Plate 143. Type HL-1c: Wide-mouth globular jar.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356 Plate 144. Type HL-1d: Restricted globular jar.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357 Plate 145. Type HL-1d: Restricted globular jar cont’d.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358 Plate 146. Type HL-2: Medium- to high-necked jar with a bevelled to triangular rim. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359 Plate 147. Type HL-2: Medium- to high-necked jar with a bevelled to triangular rim cont’d. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360 Plate 148. Type HL-2: Medium- to high-necked jar with a bevelled to triangular rim cont’d. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361 Plate 149. Type HL-3: Large jar with triangular rim. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362 Plate 150. Type HL-3: Large jar with triangular rim cont’d. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363 Plate 151. Type HL-4a: High-necked, ring-base jar with a small triangular rim. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364 Plate 152. Type HL-4b: Tapered ring-base jar with a triangular rim; Type HL-5: Wide-mouth globular jar with a single ridge on the shoulder. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365 Plate 153. Type HL-6: Ring-base jar with a ridge below the rim.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366 Plate 154. Type HL-7a: Cylindrical jar with stepped shoulder.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367 Plate 155. Type HL-7b: Round-bodied jar with stepped shoulder.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368 Plate 156. Type HL-8: Medium-necked jar with sloping band rim.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369 Plate 157. Type HL-9: High-necked jar with oval band rim.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

370

List of Illustrations

xv

Plate 158. Type HL-10a: Jar with elongated band rim.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371 Plate 159. Type HL-10b: High-necked jar with outward-flaring, elongated band rim; Type HL-10c: Ovoid high-necked jar with elongated band rim. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372 Plate 160. Type HL-11: High-necked jar with flat rim.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373 Plate 161. Type HL-12: Ledge rim jar.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374 Plate 162. Type HL-12a: Squat carinated jar. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375 Plate 163. Type HL-12a: Squat carinated jar cont’d; Type HL-12b: Tall carinated jar.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376 Plate 164. Type HL-12b: Tall carinated jar cont’d. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377 Plate 165. Type HL-12c: Ledge rim jar with impressed decoration on the shoulder. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378 Plate 166. Type HL-12d: Large jar with a row of fingernail impressions at the base of the neck. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379 Plate 167. Type HL-12e: Ledge rim jar with a decorated ridge high on the shoulder. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380 Plate 168. Type HL-13: Upright-handle jar.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381 Plate 169. Type HL-14: Burnished elongated jar with everted rim. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382 Plate 170. Type HL-15a: Elongated double-ridge rim jar; Type HL-15b: Double-ridged rim jar with a wide shoulder. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383 Plate 171. Type HL-16: Multi-lobed rim jar; Type HL-17: Jar with drooped, everted rim; Type HL-18: Jar with protruding band rim and lid support.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384 Plate 172. Type HL miscellaneous. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385 Plate 173. Type HM-1: Large spouted jar with plain rim — Phases K-L (ED I).. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388 Plate 174. Type HM-1: Large spouted jar with plain rim — Phases I-J (ED I–IIIA).. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389 Plate 175. Type HM-1: Large spouted jar with plain rim — Phases G-H (ED III).. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390 Plate 176. Type HM-2: Small spouted jar with plain rim. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391 Plate 177. Type HM-3: Tall carinated spouted jar; Type HM-5: Squat spouted jar with band rim. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392 Plate 178. Type HM-4: Large spouted jar with a bevelled rim — Phase K.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393 Plate 179. Type HM-4: Large spouted jar with a bevelled rim — Phases I–J.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394 Plate 180. Type HM miscellaneous. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395 Plate 181. Type HN-1: Bottleneck jar. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399 Plate 182. Type HN-2: Small bottle with short neck.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400 Plate 183. Type HN-3: Small bottle with high neck. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401 Plate 184. Type HN-4: Bottle with two pierced lugs; Type HN-7: Small footed bottle.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402 Plate 185. Type HN-5: Small globular flask. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403 Plate 186. Type HN-6a: Carinated flask with ledge rim; Type HN-6b: Carinated flask with flaring rim.. . . . . . . . . . 404 Plate 187. Type HN-6c: Carinated cylindrical jar with ledge rim.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405

xvi

List of Illustrations

Plate 188. Type HO-1: Drain tube.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406 Plate 189. Type HO-2: T-joint drain spout. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407 Plate 190. Type HP-1: Tiny rounded cup; Type HP-2: Tiny cup; Type HP-3: Tiny funnel.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410 Plate 191. Type HP-4: Tiny squat, concave hollow stand; Type HP-5: Tiny stemmed dish. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411 Plate 192. Type HP-6: Tiny globular jar; Type HP-7: Tiny piriform jar.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412 Plate 193. Type HP-8: Tiny piriform neckless jar with a pointed base; Type HP-9: Miniature low-necked jar. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413 Plate 194. Type HP-10a: Miniature flat-base jar.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414 Plate 195. Type HP-10b: Miniature footed jar.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415 Plate 196. Type Hbase-1a: Flat base with flaring sides. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420 Plate 197. Type Hbase-1b: Footed flat base. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421 Plate 198. Type Hbase-1c: Flat goblet base; Type Hbase-3: Concave base.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422 Plate 199. Type Hbase-2: Convex base. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423 Plate 200. Type Hbase-4: Round base; Type Hbase-5: Pointed base.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 424 Plate 201. Type Hbase-6a: Low ring base — Groups 1 and 3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425 Plate 202. Type Hbase-6a: Low ring base — Group 2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 426 Plate 203. Type Hbase-6b: Pedestal base; Type Hbase-6c: Pinched ring base; Type Hbase-6d: Channel ring base.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427 Plate 204. Type Hbase-6e: Bulbous ring base. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 428 Plate 205. Type Hbase-6f: Square ring base.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429 Plate 206. Type Hbase-6g: Convex ring base.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 430 Plate 207. Type Hbase-7: Tripod base; Type Hbase-8: Hollow pedestal base.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431 Plate 208. Type HR: Ribbed ware bowls.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

433

Plate 209. Type HR miscellaneous.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 434 Plate 210. Type HS: Unbaked clay vessels.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435 Plate 211. Godin III monochrome painted vessels.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437 Plate 212. Godin III monochrome painted vessels — cont’d.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 438 Plate 213. Godin III monochrome painted vessels; Scarlet Ware sherd; HL-14 high-necked jar with burnished red slip.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439 Plate 214. Scarlet Ware sherds; HO-2 T-joint drain spouts; example of ‘wrinkle/textured slip’.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 440

List of Tables Table 1.1. Archaeo­logical periodization of southern Mesopotamia during the third millennium bce with the main strati­graphic sequences.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Table 3.25. HB-5 type attestation per phase.. . . . . . . . 38

Table 1.2. Occupation phases of al-Hiba with the excavation levels per area... . . . 10

Table 3.27. HC-1 type attestation per phase.. . . . . . . . 38

Table 1.3. Sherd count per phase. Open types (HA to HI) and Closed types (HJ to HN).. 11

Table 3.24. HB-4b type attestation per phase... . . . . . 36 Table 3.26. HB-6 type attestation per phase.. . . . . . . . 38 Table 3.28. HC-2a type attestation per phase.. . . . . . . 39 Table 3.29. HE-1 type attestation per phase.. . . . . . . . 40

Table 3.1. HA-1a type attestation per phase. . . . . . . 25

Table 3.30. HE-2 type attestation per phase.. . . . . . . . 40

Table 3.2. HA-1b type attestation per phase.. . . . . . 25

Table 3.31. HE-3 type attestation per phase.. . . . . . . . 40

Table 3.3. HA-1c type attestation per phase... . . . . . 25

Table 3.32. HE-4a type attestation per phase.. . . . . . . 42

Table 3.4. HA-2 type attestation per phase.. . . . . . . . 26

Table 3.33. HE-4b type attestation per phase.. . . . . . . 42

Table 3.5. HA-3 type attestation per phase.. . . . . . . . 26

Table 3.34. HE-5 type attestation per phase.. . . . . . . . 42

Table 3.6. HA-4 type attestation per phase.. . . . . . . . 26

Table 3.35. HE-6 type attestation per phase.. . . . . . . . 43

Table 3.7. HA-5 type attestation per phase.. . . . . . . . 29

Table 3.36. HF-1 type attestation per phase.. . . . . . . . 44

Table 3.8. HA-6 type attestation per phase.. . . . . . . . 29

Table 3.37. HF-2 type attestation per phase.. . . . . . . . 44

Table 3.9. HA-7 type attestation per phase.. . . . . . . . 29

Table 3.38. HF-3 type attestation per phase.. . . . . . . . 44

Table 3.10. HA-8 type attestation per phase.. . . . . . . . 30

Table 3.39. HF-4 type attestation per phase.. . . . . . . . 45

Table 3.11. HA-9 type attestation per phase.. . . . . . . . 30

Table 3.40. HF-5 type attestation per phase.. . . . . . . . 46

Table 3.12. HA-10a type attestation per phase.. . . . . 30

Table 3.41. HF-6 type attestation per phase.. . . . . . . . 46

Table 3.13. HA-10b type attestation per phase.. . . . . 31

Table 3.42. HF-7 type attestation per phase.. . . . . . . . 46

Table 3.14. HA-10c type attestation per phase.. . . . . 32

Table 3.43. HF-8a type attestation per phase.. . . . . . . 48

Table 3.15. HA-11 type attestation per phase... . . . . . 32

Table 3.44. HF-8b type attestation per phase.. . . . . . . 48

Table 3.16. HA-12 type attestation per phase... . . . . . 32

Table 3.45. HF-8c type attestation per phase.. . . . . . . 48

Table 3.17. HA-13 type attestation per phase... . . . . . 33

Table 3.46. HF-8d type attestation per phase.. . . . . . . 49

Table 3.18. HB-1a type attestation per phase... . . . . . 34

Table 3.47. HF-9 type attestation per phase.. . . . . . . . 50

Table 3.19. HB-1b type attestation per phase... . . . . . 34

Table 3.48. HF-10a type attestation per phase.. . . . . . 50

Table 3.20. HB-1c type attestation per phase.. . . . . . . 34

Table 3.49. HF-10b type attestation per phase... . . . . 50

Table 3.21. HB-2 type attestation per phase.. . . . . . . . 35

Table 3.50. HF-11 type attestation per phase.. . . . . . . 52

Table 3.22. HB-3 type attestation per phase.. . . . . . . . 36

Table 3.51. HF-12 type attestation per phase.. . . . . . . 52

Table 3.23. HB-4a type attestation per phase... . . . . . 36

Table 3.52. HF-13 type attestation per phase.. . . . . . . 52

xviii

List of Tables

Table 3.53. HF-14 type attestation per phase.. . . . . . . 53

Table 3.86. HI-2d type attestation per phase.. . . . . . . 70

Table 3.54. HF-15 type attestation per phase.. . . . . . . 54

Table 3.87. HI-2e type attestation per phase.. . . . . . . 70

Table 3.55. HF-17 type attestation per phase.. . . . . . . 54

Table 3.88. HI-3 type attestation per phase.. . . . . . . . 71

Table 3.56. HF-18 type attestation per phase.. . . . . . . 54

Table 3.89. HJ-1a type attestation per phase.. . . . . . . 72

Table 3.57. HF-19 type attestation per phase.. . . . . . . 55

Table 3.90. HJ-1b type attestation per phase.. . . . . . . 72

Table 3.58. HF-20 type attestation per phase.. . . . . . . 56

Table 3.91. HJ-2 type attestation per phase.. . . . . . . . 72

Table 3.59. HF-21 type attestation per phase.. . . . . . . 56

Table 3.92. HJ-3 type attestation per phase.. . . . . . . . 74

Table 3.60. HG-1 type attestation per phase.. . . . . . . . 56

Table 3.93. HJ-4 type attestation per phase.. . . . . . . . 74

Table 3.61. HG-2 type attestation per phase.. . . . . . . . 57

Table 3.94. HJ-5 type attestation per phase.. . . . . . . . 74

Table 3.62. HG-3 type attestation per phase.. . . . . . . . 58

Table 3.95. HJ-6 type attestation per phase.. . . . . . . . 75

Table 3.63. HG-4 type attestation per phase.. . . . . . . . 58

Table 3.96. HJ-7 type attestation per phase.. . . . . . . . 76

Table 3.64. HG-5a type attestation per phase... . . . . . 58

Table 3.97. HJ-8 type attestation per phase.. . . . . . . . 76

Table 3.65. HG-5b type attestation per phase.. . . . . . 59

Table 3.98. HJ-9 type attestation per phase.. . . . . . . . 76

Table 3.66. HG-5c type attestation per phase... . . . . . 60

Table 3.99. HJ-10 type attestation per phase.. . . . . . . 77

Table 3.67. HG-6 type attestation per phase.. . . . . . . . 60

Table 3.100. HJ-11 type attestation per phase.. . . . . . . 78

Table 3.68. HH-1a type attestation per phase.. . . . . . 60

Table 3.101. HJ-12 type attestation per phase.. . . . . . . 78

Table 3.69. HH-1b type attestation per phase.. . . . . . 62

Table 3.102. HJ-13 type attestation per phase.. . . . . . . 78

Table 3.70. HH-2a type attestation per phase.. . . . . . 62

Table 3.103. HK-1 type attestation per phase.. . . . . . . . 79

Table 3.71. HH-2b type attestation per phase.. . . . . . 62

Table 3.104. HK-1a type attestation per phase... . . . . . 80

Table 3.72. HH-2c type attestation per phase.. . . . . . 63

Table 3.105. HK-1b type attestation per phase.. . . . . . 80

Table 3.73. HH-3a type attestation per phase.. . . . . . 64

Table 3.106. HK-1c type attestation per phase... . . . . . 80

Table 3.74. HH-3b type attestation per phase.. . . . . . 64

Table 3.107. HK-2a type attestation per phase... . . . . . 82

Table 3.75. HH-4a type attestation per phase.. . . . . . 64

Table 3.108. HK-2b type attestation per phase.. . . . . . 82

Table 3.76. HH-4b type attestation per phase.. . . . . . 65

Table 3.109. HK-3 type attestation per phase.. . . . . . . . 82

Table 3.77. HH-4c type attestation per phase.. . . . . . 66

Table 3.110. HK-4 type attestation per phase.. . . . . . . . 83

Table 3.78. HH-5 type attestation per phase... . . . . . . 66

Table 3.111. HK-5 type attestation per phase.. . . . . . . . 84

Table 3.79. HH-6 type attestation per phase... . . . . . . 66

Table 3.112. HK-6 type attestation per phase.. . . . . . . . 84

Table 3.80. HH-7 type attestation per phase... . . . . . . 67

Table 3.113. HK-7 type attestation per phase.. . . . . . . . 84

Table 3.81. HH-8 type attestation per phase... . . . . . . 68

Table 3.114. HK-8 type attestation per phase.. . . . . . . . 85

Table 3.82. HI-1 type attestation per phase.. . . . . . . . 68

Table 3.115. HK-9 type attestation per phase.. . . . . . . . 86

Table 3.83. HI-2a type attestation per phase.. . . . . . . 68

Table 3.116. HK-10 type attestation per phase... . . . . . 86

Table 3.84. HI-2b type attestation per phase.. . . . . . . 69

Table 3.117. HL-1a type attestation per phase.. . . . . . . 86

Table 3.85. HI-2c type attestation per phase.. . . . . . . 70

Table 3.118. HL-1b type attestation per phase.. . . . . . . 88

List of Tables

xix

Table 3.119. HL-1c type attestation per phase.. . . . . . . 88

Table 3.152. HM-5 type attestation per phase.. . . . . . 106

Table 3.120. HL-1d type attestation per phase.. . . . . . . 88

Table 3.153. HN-1 type attestation per phase... . . . . . 108

Table 3.121. HL-2 type attestation per phase.. . . . . . . . 89

Table 3.154. HN-2 type attestation per phase... . . . . . 108

Table 3.122. HL-3 type attestation per phase.. . . . . . . . 90

Table 3.155. HN-3 type attestation per phase... . . . . . 108

Table 3.123. HL-4a type attestation per phase.. . . . . . . 90

Table 3.156. HN-4 type attestation per phase... . . . . . 109

Table 3.124. HL-4b type attestation per phase.. . . . . . . 90

Table 3.157. HN-5 type attestation per phase... . . . . . 110

Table 3.125. HL-5 type attestation per phase.. . . . . . . . 92

Table 3.158. HN-6a type attestation per phase.. . . . . 110

Table 3.126. HL-6 type attestation per phase.. . . . . . . . 92

Table 3.159. HN-6b type attestation per phase.. . . . . 110

Table 3.127. HL-7a type attestation per phase.. . . . . . . 92

Table 3.160. HN-6c type attestation per phase.. . . . . 111

Table 3.128. HL-7b type attestation per phase.. . . . . . . 93 Table 3.129. HL-8 type attestation per phase.. . . . . . . . 94 Table 3.130. HL-9 type attestation per phase.. . . . . . . . 94 Table 3.131. HL-10a type attestation per phase.. . . . . . 94 Table 3.132. HL-10b type attestation per phase... . . . . 96 Table 3.133. HL-10c type attestation per phase.. . . . . . 96 Table 3.134. HL-11 type attestation per phase.. . . . . . . 96 Table 3.135. HL-12 type attestation per phase.. . . . . . . 97 Table 3.136. HL-12a type attestation per phase.. . . . . . 98 Table 3.137. HL-12b type attestation per phase... . . . . 98 Table 3.138. HL-12c type attestation per phase.. . . . . . 98 Table 3.139. HL-12d type attestation per phase... . . . 100 Table 3.140. HL-12e type attestation per phase.. . . . . 100 Table 3.141. HL-13 type attestation per phase.. . . . . . 100 Table 3.142. HL-14 type attestation per phase.. . . . . . 101 Table 3.143. HL-15a type attestation per phase.. . . . . 102

Table 3.161. HN-7 type attestation per phase... . . . . . 112 Table 3.162. HO-1 type attestation per phase.. . . . . . . 112 Table 3.163. HO-2 type attestation per phase.. . . . . . . 112 Table 3.164. Hbase-1a type attestation per phase... . 115 Table 3.165. Hbase-1b type attestation per phase... 116 Table 3.166. Hbase-1c type attestation per phase... . 116 Table 3.167. Hbase-2 type attestation per phase... . . 116 Table 3.168. Hbase-4 type attestation per phase... . . 117 Table 3.169. Hbase-5 type attestation per phase... . . 118 Table 3.170. Hbase-6a type attestation per phase... . 118 Table 3.171. Hbase-6c type attestation per phase... . 118 Table 3.172. Hbase-6d type attestation per phase... 119 Table 3.173. Hbase-6e type attestation per phase... . 120 Table 3.174. Hbase-6g type attestation per phase.. . 120

Table 3.144. HL-15b type attestation per phase... . . . 102

Table 4.1. Occurrences of mass-produced vessels (HA-1; HA-3; HB-1) per phase... . . . . . . . . 144

Table 3.145. HL-16 type attestation per phase.. . . . . . 102

Table 4.2. Occurrences of cooking pots per phase... 146

Table 3.146. HL-17 type attestation per phase.. . . . . . 104

Table 4.3. Occurrences of storage jars per phase.. . . 148

Table 3.147. HL-18 type attestation per phase.. . . . . . 104

Table 4.4. Occurrences of portable jars per phase... 149

Table 3.148. HM-1 type attestation per phase.. . . . . . 104

Table 4.5. Occurrences of spouted jars per phase... . 150

Table 3.149. HM-2 type attestation per phase.. . . . . . 105

Table 4.6. Occurrences of vats per phase.. . . . . . . . . . . 151

Table 3.150. HM-3 type attestation per phase.. . . . . . 106

Table 4.7. Occurrences of large bowls per phase.. . . 152

Table 3.151. HM-4 type attestation per phase.. . . . . . 106

Table 4.8. Occurrences of pot stands per phase.. . . . 153

Acknowledgements By the time I became involved with the al-Hiba project in 2010, the last excavations at the site had already concluded twenty years earlier. Donald Hansen, director of the excavations, had passed away in 2007 and Holly Pittman, my PhD supervisor at the University of Pennsylvania, had adopted the responsibility to curate the archive from the al-Hiba excavations and produce final publications of their results. I accepted the arduous task to organize the pottery records in preparation of publication, bringing to completion the decades-long work of Edward Ochsenschlager who had supervised the pottery recording in the field. On several visits to upstate New York, I had the great pleasure to engage Edward on his ideas about pottery classification and stylistic variation that had shaped the al-Hiba pottery recording system. I am extremely grateful to Edward for trusting me with the responsibility to finish the work he began in 1968 and on which he had spent so many years of his life. While his legacy with al-Hiba might be best known from his ground-breaking ethno­graphic work, published in the book Iraq’s Marsh Arabs in the Garden of Eden, this interest began with the study of excavated pot sherds and ancient clay techno­logy. Edward Ochsenschlager’s and Donald Hansen’s diligence in recording, for the first time in southern Iraq, a detailed catalogue of ceramic material with strati­graphic and spatial information was ahead of its time as there was no techno­logy available within the limits of an archaeo­ logical budget to manage a dataset of this size. I hope that this volume does justice to their work and is true to the original vision they developed with the excavations at al-Hiba. While this volume carries my name as author, the work that lies behind these pages was done by a team to whom I am deeply indebted. First and foremost, Holly Pittman, as director of the al-Hiba Publication Project, put her faith in a group of junior archaeo­logists to assist her with this important dataset, provided the guidance and resources to develop the necessary skills, and persevered to push the project forward when the daunting scale of the never-ending tasks became increasingly clear. I am grateful to her for including me in this project, and more importantly for pushing me in new directions that resulted in this publication.

I also owe gratitude to my colleague Darren Ashby who joined the project at the same time as me. His detailed study of the temple architecture of al-Hiba produced the strati­graphic framework that formed the foundation for the chrono­logical development of the ceramic typo­logy. We worked together on all segments of the al-Hiba archive resulting in years of productive discussions that in many ways have shaped the ideas contained in this mono­graph. Even as we move forward on our individual career paths, our collaboration and our friendship continue to be a source of inspiration. Over the years, the publication project has included many collaborators. I need to mention especially Gabe Pizzorno who designed the first relational database to visualize the digitized data. More than that, however, he was an invaluable source of information on how to deal with archival data, from whom I learned a great deal about database design and digital data management. Our discussions made me rethink how archaeo­logical data processing works, giving me the confidence to initiate my own research projects and sparking an interest in archive archaeo­logy. Similarly, Robert Bryant, who took over Gabe Pizzorno’s role in the project at a later stage, developed the second database (TARA), which offered the computational platform that allowed the compiled data extraction for the tables and ­graphs in this mono­graph. I am further indebted to Giacomo Benati, Reed Goodman, and Marc Marin Webb, who joined the project at different stages and took on different parts of the dataset. Especially Giacomo Benati’s own archival project on the site of Ur offered an exemplary casestudy that guided my own work, but more than that, our discussions in person during his research trips to Philadelphia and over long emails provided a soundboard to test and challenge ideas. I will keep striving to live up to his advice to “just get it done” and make the dataset available beyond the walls of the al-Hiba office. And finally, I cannot emphasize enough that so much of the publication project has depended on the painstaking scanning, data entry, and data cleaning conducted by a small army of work students, part-time employees, and volunteers. While I cannot list them all, a spe-

xxii cial mention goes to Henry Bernberg, Anne Bomalaski, Narges Bayani, McKay Burdette, Malkia Okech, Brittany Bennett, and Virginia Seymour. In addition, my work on the al-Hiba pottery and the production of this mono­graph benefitted greatly from interactions with people not involved with the publication project. First of all, I wish to thank Sara Pizzimenti who has taken on the role as ceramicist for the new fieldwork at al-Hiba. It is one of the most awarding experiences in academia to work with like-minded colleagues who are equally eager to exchange information and ideas. While ten years of working with pottery from al-Hiba was enough for me, I am excited that the work continues and that I can collaborate with a talented team of individuals with fresh ideas who will undoubtedly push our understanding of the pottery tradition at ancient Lagaš far beyond what I was able to do. Furthermore, I am grateful to the productive discussions with Richard Zettler and Karen Wilson who have graciously shared unpublished data from the Inanna Temple Sequence at Nippur. This corpus offered rare comparative anchor points for the earliest levels at al-

Acknowledgements Hiba, especially when published sequences from the more distant northern alluvium, such as the Diyala material, were of limited use. Their experience with Mesopotamian material culture, accrued over decades, proved invaluable in my own novice work on this material. Once the volume was largely written, useful additional feedback on the manu­script was provided by James Armstrong, Augusta McMahon, and Daniel Calderbank. All the people mentioned here, and many more, made a largely solitary task of pottery analysis and manu­script writing feel much less lonely of an effort. I was fortunate to benefit from generous graduate student funding by the University of Pennsylvania and the Louis J. Kolb Society, while the Penn Museum became my second home and offered valuable workspace during my life in Philadelphia. Last, but certainly not least, this volume could not have materialized without the generous support and patience of the White-Levy Program for Archaeo­logical Publications and the Charles K. Williams Fund for Publication of the Art History Department at the University of Pennsylvania.

Foreword In the Fall of 1968, the Institute of Fine Arts, New York University and The Metropolitan Museum of Art initiated a joint expedition to excavate the site of al-Hiba in southern Iraq, approximately twenty-four kilometres east of the modern town of Shatra. Under the direction of Vaughn Crawford and the field direction of Donald P. Hansen, five seasons of fieldwork were undertaken in alternating years. Having earlier been identified as the ancient city of Lagash, Crawford and Hansen chose alHiba because visible on the surface of this enormous low mound were monumental architecture, industrial areas, waterways, and open areas dating to the Early Dynastic period, easily accessible because of the lack of extensive later occupation on the site. Their work was interrupted by the Iran-Iraq war (1980–1988) and began again in 1990 when Hansen served as Director and I represented the Penn Museum. As the life of an archaeo­logist would have it, this renewed effort was again halted after one season by the first Gulf War, at which point the IFAMMA excavations ceased. Although preliminary reports were published and one unpublished dissertation was completed, full presentation of the results of the excavation remained unpublished. On the death of Donald Hansen in 2007, the executor of his estate, Edward Ochsenschlager, asked me to assume responsibility for the publication of project. The archive was moved from the IFA in New York to the Penn Museum at the University of Pennsylvania, where it now resides. This was the beginning of an ambitious goal to fully digitize the excavation records in preparation for a comprehensive analysis and publication of the four operations undertaken by the expedition. The initial conception of the digitization project was designed and executed in collaboration with Gabriel Pizzorno (PhD  2011), who built a database that he called DATACORE run on FileMaker proprietary software. In 2015, with substantial funding from the University of Pennsylvania’s Provost’s Research Fund, the project was able to hire a programmer, Robert Bryant, who built from scratch an open access data base compatible with the earlier program. This powerful program, named TARA (Toolkit for Archaeological Research and

Analysis), now serves as an open source relational database with GIS freely available and adaptable for any project. After two years digitizing all of the assets, a team of then-current graduate students, together with me, began the systematic work of analysis. Fundamental to this project was the analysis of the vast corpus of ceramic evidence that had been carefully recorded in the field under the supervision of Ochsenschlager, who served as the project’s ceramicist as well as its ethno­ grapher and general manager. Over the course of the six seasons of excavation, more than 180,000 sherds were systematically recorded in standardized lists and organized based on a field typo­logy. For his dissertation, Darren Ashby (PhD 2017) undertook the strati­graphic and architectural analysis of operations A and B, which had revealed two temples of Early Dynastic date. At the same time, Ashby and I undertook the strati­graphic analysis of the ED I occupation in Area G; and in the summer of 2017, Giacomo Benati (PhD 2015) and I analysed the strati­graphy of Area C. This completed the strati­ graphic analysis of the legacy excavations. As this volume shows, Steve Renette (PhD 2018), building on the work of Edward Ochsenschlager, organized the ceramic data into a refined typo­logy that describes the chrono­ logical development of the site’s pottery from the beginning of the Early Dynastic to the Old Babylonian periods. When complete, the digital relational database made it possible for Renette to reconnect the huge corpus of ceramic data with the original strati­graphically anchored contexts. This volume is the first of four that will present the results of the legacy excavations. Next to appear will be a detailed introduction to the history and methods of the IFA-MMA excavations, the results of the original survey of the mound by Elizabeth Carter, and the results of the excavation of an ED I architectural complex in Area G. It will be followed by Area C, an administrative centre of ED III date with royal inscriptions of Eannatum and Enannatum and, finally, by Areas A and B, the Ibgal of Inanna and the Bagara of Ningirsu. We are grateful to Brepols for providing us with a reliable and reputable venue for publication. Working with

xxiv

Foreword

Dr Marc Lebeau and Dr Rosie Bonté has been an honour and a pleasure. The Al-Hiba Final Publication project has been generously supported over the years by Edward Ochsenschlager, the White-Levy Program for Archaeo­ logical Publication, the Charles  K  Williams Fund for Publication in the Art History Department, the Provost’s Research Fund, the University of Pennsylvania Research Fund, by the Directors Field Funds at the Penn Museum, and an anonymous donor, as well as by the work-study program at the University of Pennsylvania. I am grateful to all of the students and colleagues who have worked tirelessly to complete this large task. Seeing these volumes to completion is immensely satisfying. A further reward has been, in spring 2019, to return again to the magical site to begin a new campaign of exploration. The results of the IFA-MMA expedition stand as the foundation upon which the current Penn Museum excavations at the site are based. Holly Pittman

Director, Al-Hiba Final Publication Project Penn Museum, University of Pennsylvania January 2021

Chapter One

Introduction This volume presents a ceramic form typo­logy for the Lagaš region in southern Mesopotamia during the third and early second millennium bce based on the ceramics collected during six seasons of excavations at the site of al-Hiba, ancient Lagaš, between 1968 and 1990 (Fig. 1.1). The volume lays out the nature of the dataset, its potential as well as its shortcomings, and an assessment of the ceramic development in the region throughout the third and early second millennium bce. The corpus from al-Hiba is the most comprehensive ceramic dataset collected at a southern Mesopotamian site spanning

the entire third millennium bce and this typo­logy provides an important new framework of comparison for ongoing fieldwork in south Iraq. The focus of this study is the chrono­logical development of ceramic assemblages at al-Hiba. In recent decades, ceramic studies have moved far beyond this traditional approach to pottery analysis. After a long hiatus, new fieldwork projects throughout south Iraq are increasingly implementing innovative methodo­ logies to study the social, economic, and techno­logical aspects of pottery production and consumption. Legacy

Figure 1.1. Map of al-Hiba with main areas of excavation (map by Reed Goodman).

2 datasets generally did not rigorously record the types of information needed to investigate such research questions. Nevertheless, this volume, in conjunction with the forthcoming publications of the different excavation areas at al-Hiba, invites creative approaches to integrate the ceramic corpus from al-Hiba into research on ceramic production, communities of practice, foodways, households, and ceramic discard. This volume includes a tentative assessment of functional groups based on vessel shapes. The preliminary trends revealed with such an approach highlight the potential of this legacy dataset for the reconstruction of cultural practices and how these changed in response to historical developments.

Pottery Studies of Southern Mesopotamia Main Ceramic Datasets The use of ceramics to determine relative chrono­logy in archaeo­logy goes back to the nineteenth century when increasing attention was paid to strati­graphy and sequences of material culture through seriation. However, given the ubiquity of datable materials in Mesopotamian contexts (inscriptions; administrative records; art), archaeo­logists active in south Iraq during the nineteenth and the early twentieth century did not rely as heavily on ceramics to date the contexts they were excavating. The vast quantities of pottery sherds on southern Mesopotamian sites blinded early archaeo­ logists to their potential to address questions of chrono­ logy, cultural development, or socioeconomic organization. Early excavations only kept and recorded complete vessels or elaborately decorated specimens. Since these early excavations removed more soil than all recent excavations combined, enormous amounts of information have unfortunately been lost to us. As a result, despite 150 years of archaeo­logical fieldwork in south Iraq, we still lack a reliable, comprehensive ceramic typo­logy, especially for the third millennium bce. The periodization for the early periods of Meso­ potamia was established based on the University of Chicago excavations in the Diyala region during the 1930s (Hansen 1965; Evans 2007, 599). The groundbreaking Diyala excavations explicitly aimed to establish a chrono­logy for the early history of Mesopotamia based on the evolution of ceramic typo­logies, visual media, and architecture. To this day, the chrono­logical framework established by the results of the Diyala Project is foundational to Mesopotamian archaeo­logy. The ceramic typo­logy established by Pinhas Delougaz

Chapter One – Introduction in 1952 still forms a primary reference work for any form analysis of Mesopotamian ceramics even though the biases and flaws of the Diyala periodization are now well-documented (Gibson 1982; 2011; Porada et al. 1992; Gibson & McMahon 1995; 1997; Gates 2005; Evans 2007). A new periodization is still lacking due to a shortage of well-stratified sequences and large assemblages of material culture. As a result, we are still bound by the historical-archaeo­logical periodization defined almost a century ago. Recent attempts at reassessing the chrono­logy of early Mesopotamia have determined that archaeo­logists need to establish chrono­logical and typo­logical sequences for separate bodies of material culture (ceramics; glyptic; sculpture; metalwork; stone vessels; architecture) distinct from a historical framework (Van Ess 2007; 2009; Reichel 2007; 2009; Marchesi & Marchetti 2011). Once established, these separate sequences can then be correlated and grouped into larger archaeo­logical periods.1 Only then can connections be made with the historical framework based on the strati­graphic and contextual association of written documents with other sets of material. However, since we are not yet capable of applying such an approach to southern Mesopotamia, this volume necessarily employs the traditional termino­logy of historical periods (Early Dynastic; Akkadian; Ur III; Isin-Larsa) in order to locate this material within a general chrono­logical framework that allows broad comparisons with other sites. The ceramic corpus and the strati­graphic sequence recovered through excavations at al-Hiba allow the creation of a site-specific ceramic typo­logy with an internal relative chrono­logy. Comparanda from other Mesopotamian sites are used in this study for three purposes: as an aid in defining ceramic types; to determine local/regional variation; and to correlate archaeo­logical levels across sites. Since some periods are not very well represented in the present dataset (especially the middle of the Early Dynastic and Ur III/Isin-Larsa), taking note of frequent types of these periods at other sites assists in determining whether unique or rare specimens at al-Hiba should be classified as a distinct type, a unicum, or a variant. Given the lack of well-stratified, comprehensive ceramic datasets recently excavated from southern Mesopotamian sites, the study of ceramics of this region relies heavily on consulting old excavation reports. Exhaustive studies of third-millennium bce ceramSee for example Lebeau 2011 and other ARCANE volumes following this methodo­logy.

1 

Pottery Studies of Southern Mesopotamia ics have only been conducted for a few sites, most notably in the Diyala (Delougaz 1952), Nippur (Hansen 1965; Wilson 1986; Wilson in press; McMahon 2006), Abu Salabikh (Moon 1987), and Uruk (Pongratz-Leisten 1988; Van Ess 1988a; 1988b). The Diyala region is geo­ graphically distant from al-Hiba, resulting in significant regional differences that have so far only been superficially observed and not systematically explored. Abu Salabikh is also situated far to the north of Al-Hiba, resulting in similar regional differences. In addition, much of the Abu Salabikh material comes from graves and horizontal exposures close to the surface of the mound and therefore lacks solid stratified anchoring. In the immediate region of al-Hiba/Lagaš, there are few comparative resources for the study of the local material culture. The site of Tello (ancient Girsu) underwent massive excavations in the nineteenth and early twentieth century, but these were conducted with little regard for strati­graphy and contexts, and only very little ceramic material was recorded (de Genouillac 1934; 1936; Parrot 1948). New work at the site by the British Museum is rectifying this situation, but at the time of writing, their results still await publication. Very recently, an Italian team working at Tell Zurghul (ancient Nigin), just 8 km south of al-Hiba, produced new evidence for the third millennium bce in the region (Nadali & Polcaro 2020a; 2020b), especially for the transition from the fourth millennium (Pizzimenti 2020a) and from the third to the second millennium (Casadei & Oselini 2020; Pizzimenti 2020b). Slightly further north, in the neighbouring region of ancient Umma, excavations at the sites of Tell Jokha (Al-Mutawalli 2009; Hulínek & Hulínková Tuchová 2018; Hulínek et al. 2020) and Tell Umm al-Aqarib (Youkhanna & Abdul Wahed 2002; Oraibi Almamori 2014a; 2014b; n.d.), as well as a recent survey project by Stephanie Rost have begun to document the third-millennium occupation in the region. Otherwise, the closest sites within the southern part of the Mesopotamian alluvium that have produced reliable evidence for the third millennium bce are Larsa/ Tell Senkarah (Calvet 2003; Thalmann 2003), Uruk/ Warka (Pongratz-Leisten 1988; Van Ess 1988a; 1988b), Shuruppak/Fara (Heinrich 1931; Schmidt 1931; Martin 1988), Sakheri al-Sugir (Wright 1969), Tell Khaiber (Calderbank & Moon 2017), and Ur/Tell Muqayyar (Woolley 1934; 1955; Benati 2014a; 2014b; 2014c; 2015). Also relevant is the site of Susa, situated immediately across the marshlands to the east of al-Hiba (Steve & Gasche 1971; Carter 1980). However, most of these datasets are either too small or lacking detailed strati­graphic

3 documentation to construct comprehensive typo­ logies. The recent publication of work at Abu Tbeirah adds additional insights regarding ceramic production in the late third millennium, reflecting the current focus of research on techno­logical aspects (Romano & D’Agostino 2019). The early German excavations at Uruk focused predominantly on architecture, largely neglecting contexts of material culture. Furthermore, later building activities at Uruk have severely disturbed and destroyed Early Dynastic occupation levels. Nevertheless, the Early Dynastic I material provides one of the very few wellstratified ceramic datasets for this period (PongratzLeisten 1988). Finally, excavations in the Inanna Temple area at Nippur provided the core sequence for the fourth- and third-millennium sequence in southern Mesopotamia (Hansen 1965; Wilson et al. in press). Nippur’s central location on the southern Mesopotamian floodplain makes its sequence useful for both the northern and southern half of the plain. Still, the excavations did not systematically record all the sherds retrieved in this sounding and focused instead on complete shapes, while the temple contexts produced a very specific assemblage that is not necessarily comparable with domestic, industrial, administrative, or palatial contexts. Furthermore, these temple contexts were regularly cleared of material for maintenance and/or rebuilding, leaving behind only limited assemblages. As such, the forthcoming final publication of the Inanna Temple Sounding (IT) cannot provide a comprehensive corpus of Mesopotamian pottery production, but it does anchor individual types of pottery strati­graphically. Having been trained at Nippur together, both Donald Hansen and McGuire Gibson set out to innovate archaeo­logical methodo­logy at al-Hiba and Nippur respectively (Gibson 1993, 7). The similarities in the recording systems from these two projects reflects their decades-long friendship and exchange of ideas. Frustrated with the focus on whole vessels and the discarding of sherd material by previous directors, they set out to develop a methodo­logy of comprehensive ceramic sherd recording. As a result, the excavations at al-Hiba and Nippur during the 1970s and 80s produced the most reliable and comprehensive ceramic datasets for southern Mesopotamia. However, the size of these datasets formed a significant challenge for publication, resulting in ongoing delays. Only in the past two decades, with the widespread availability of digital tools, and especially relational databases, has it become a feasible, albeit still strenuous project to analyse these

4

Chapter One – Introduction

Figure 1.2. Map of southern Mesopotamia with main cities of the third millennium bce (map by author).

datasets. Perhaps the most reliable and complete published dataset so far comes from Area WF at Nippur by Augusta  McMahon, which resulted in a stratified sequence spanning the second half of the third millennium bce (Gibson & McMahon 1995; 1997; McMahon 2006). Unfortunately, the excavation in Area WF was limited to one 10 × 10 m trench so that even there the dataset cannot be fully representative. In sum, we are still lacking a comprehensive ceramic shape typo­logy for southern Mesopotamia that spans the entire third millennium bce. For the second millennium bce, we are now fortunate to have a solid typo­logy developed by James Armstrong and Hermann Gasche (2014), who have assembled the key sequences for this period from all of Mesopotamia. The present study aims to offer a step toward the establishment of such a typo­ logy for the third millennium.

Relative and Absolute Chrono­logy at al-Hiba Considering the lack of an archaeo­logical periodization for southern Mesopotamia, I  will refer to the traditional historical periods throughout this volume: Early Dynastic (ED) (c. 2900–2300 bce); Akkadian (c. 2300–2100 bce); Ur III (c. 2100–2000 bce); and IsinLarsa (c.  2000–1750  bce). The absolute dates of these periods remain a matter of much debate (Cole 2014; Sallaberger & Schrakamp 2015), which is not pertinent to a study of ceramic development that relies on relative chrono­logy and slow, generational change, instead of well-defined periods and year dates. Ceramic studies should first focus on relative, internal site chrono­logy before comparing with other sequences and chrono­ logical frameworks. In order to achieve this, I will refer to phases of occupation at al-Hiba that combine excavated levels from different operations across the site. Based on comparisons with other sites, these phases

Pottery Studies of Southern Mesopotamia correlate within the historical-archaeo­logical framework, which will consistently be included in discussing the chrono­logy of ceramic types. Little is known about the developments that took place during the fourth millennium bce in southern Mesopotamia — the so-called Uruk Period — while the very validity of a separate transitional Jemdet Nasr Period (c. 3100–2900  bce) has at times been put into question (Finkbeiner & Röllig 1986). While it seems that al-Hiba was occupied at least since the late Uruk Period (c. 3300–3100 bce), extremely little material from this formative period has been retrieved so far during excavations and survey at the site. It is only for the Early Dynastic I Period (c. 2900–2500 bce) that we can be certain that al-Hiba was a major urban settlement (Goodman, Renette & Carter in press). It is now clear that the Early Dynastic II Period can only be described based on art historical categories of glyptic and sculptural material (Evans 2007; Marchesi & Marchetti 2011). The ceramic development does not show a distinct ED II phase despite attempts to find its ceramic correlates (for a detailed overview, see Evans 2007). In this study, ED II is largely subsumed by a longer ED I that consists of an earlier phase and a later phase. The al-Hiba ceramic corpus allows for the identification of a transitional phase between ED I and ED III, but it does not have a ceramic assemblage distinct from the periods before or after. This transition is based on strati­graphic levels, as at Nippur where both the transition from the Jemdet Nasr Period to ED I (IT XII) and from ED I to ED III (IT VIII) can be seen within the material from a distinct stratum even though these strata do not contain material significantly different from the preceding and following levels. The Early Dynastic III Period is traditionally divided between an earlier phase A and a later phase B.2 While this division is based on arbitrarily selected historical information, the ceramic development allows for a similar subdivision that is particularly well documented in Area A at al-Hiba. Less clear is the fiercely debated transition from the ED IIIB to the Akkadian Period in southern Mesopotamia. The excavators of the Diyala expediThe dividing moment in history is not agreed upon. Some scholars locate the beginning of ED IIIB with the reign of Eannatum of Lagaš (Cooper 1983; Hansen 1987), the construction of the Royal Tombs at Ur (Porada et al. 1992; Zettler & Horne 1998; Hansen 2003), and still others prefer the establishment of the first Lagaš dynasty with Ur-Nanše as the starting point (Reade 2001; 2003; Marchesi & Marchetti 2011). 2 

5 tion identified a distinct ED IIIB, followed by a protoimperial phase, and an early Akkadian Period. Since then, Gibson has repeatedly debunked this framework in attempts to identify the footprint of the Akkadian Empire in the archaeo­logical record (Gibson 1972; 1982; 2011; Gibson & McMahon 1995; 1997). In this study, I follow Gibson’s (2011) reinterpretation of the Diyala levels as presented in his most recent publication on this topic. The sequence from Area WF at Nippur is crucial for our understanding of late third-millennium material at al-Hiba, but that relatively small excavation cannot be fully representative and there are strong arguments for a possible, short hiatus within Area WF in the early Akkadian Period (Roaf 2001; Gruber 2015). Al-Hiba underwent a drastic depopulation and settlement contraction around the Bagara complex in the centre of the city at the end of the ED III. The causes and mechanisms of this shift should be an important research question in future fieldwork at the site. Unfortunately, heavy erosion has obscured the final phases of occupation throughout much of the site. In Area B, where occupation lasted until the end of the Isin-Larsa Period, excavations encountered levels of the final quarter of the third millennium bce, but invasive later building activities disrupted much of the Akkadian through Ur III occupation levels. Likewise, in Area C, surface material indicates that the burnt industrial complex of ED IIIB date was originally covered by later Akkadian construction, which has completely eroded away. As a result, the last centuries of the third millennium bce are not well represented within the al-Hiba ceramic corpus. Nevertheless, a substantial amount of material that can be allocated to this timespan is present within the corpus, but often lacks secure strati­ graphic and contextual information and is plagued by a high percentage of intrusive material. Finally, for the second millennium occupation at alHiba, I follow the ceramic development that was laid out in the recent study by Armstrong and Gasche (2014). Based on comparisons with their typo­logy and relative chrono­logical framework, there is no trace of any occupation after the end of the Isin-Larsa Period in the excavations from al-Hiba. Material collected during a site survey in 1984 has shown that parts of al-Hiba were again briefly occupied in the later Kassite Period, but for unknown reasons the site was no longer suited to sustain permanent occupation until the establishment of a small settlement in the early Islamic era more than a millennium-and-a-half later (Carter 1990; Goodman, Renette & Carter in press).

6

Chapter One – Introduction

Table 1.1. Archaeo­logical periodization of southern Mesopotamia during the third millennium bce with the main strati­graphic sequences (produced by author).

The al-Hiba Excavation Project History of Fieldwork (1968–1978; 1984; 1990) The site of al-Hiba was explored for six excavation seasons between 1968 and 1990 by a joint team from the Metropolitan Museum of Art and the Institute of Fine Arts at New York University, directed by Vaughn  E. Crawford with Donald P. Hansen as field director and later as project director (Pittman & Ashby in press). Edward Ochsenschlager participated in all six seasons and was largely responsible for the recording of the ceramics. These excavations exposed four main areas

of excavation. Additionally, in 1984 Elizabeth  Carter conducted an extensive site surface survey documenting the diachronic occupation across the entire site and the location of industrial zones (Carter 1990; Goodman, Renette & Carter in press). During the first two seasons (1968–1969 and 1970–1971), efforts focused on Area A (an Early Dynastic III oval temple complex called the Ibgal) (Ashby & Pittman In press) and Area C (an Early Dynastic IIIB administrative and craft production facility) (Bahrani 1989), with a minor operation in Area B that exposed poorly preserved remains from the late Isin-Larsa Period. Area B became the focus of excava-

7

The al-Hiba Excavation Project tions in seasons three (1972–1973), four (1975–1976), and five (1977–1978). There the excavation team explored the Bagara temple complex, which was in use from at least the Early Dynastic III Period to the end of the IsinLarsa Period (Ashby 2017; Ashby & Pittman in press). In seasons three and four, the first excavations took place within the Early Dynastic I administrative complex in area G, which in turn was the focus of the excavations during the final sixth season (1990) (Pittman & Ashby in press). The excavations at al-Hiba focused on horizontal exposures of large architectural complexes, rather than obtaining deep sequences. Except for a few short field reports, the excavation results were never published.3 In Areas A and G, two strati­graphic soundings were undertaken to obtain information on the transitions between, respectively, the ED I to ED III and Jemdet Nasr to ED I (Crawford 1972, 16; Hansen 1973; 1990). The sounding in Area A reached levels that can be dated to the end of the ED I, but it did not produce a large amount of ceramic sherds or other material, so its use for reconstructing ceramic development is minimal. The sounding in Area G demonstrated the longevity of the ED I Period as several more levels were encountered before reaching the water table, but without a trace of the Jemdet Nasr Period, which generally remains elusive at al-Hiba. Considering the focus on horizontal exposures of single architectural phases and the limited availability of material from strati­graphic soundings, this ceramic study is largely restricted to the reconstruction of period-specific assemblages rather than the continuous development of vessel types. While some parts of the third-millennium sequence are better represented in the present al-Hiba corpus than others, the strati­ graphic soundings in Areas A and G did demonstrate an uninterrupted occupation that can be explored with new fieldwork at the site.

Area A — The Ibgal Area A is located at the south-western end of the site, near the modern village.4 This area was the focus of The four excavation areas are being prepared for final publication by the al-Hiba Publication Project under direction of Holly Pittman at the Penn Museum, University of Pennsylvania. Information presented here about strati­graphy and chrono­logy is based on the analysis of the unpublished fieldwork records by the publication project’s team, including the author. 3 

For fieldwork reports, see Hansen 1970; 1973; 1978; 1983; Crawford 1972; 1974. The inscribed objects were published in Biggs 1976. For 4 

excavations during the first season in 1968–1969. These excavations explored three building levels of an oval temple complex dedicated to Inana, the Ibgal (‘the great oval’), dated to the Early Dynastic III based on inscriptions and ceramic evidence (Crawford 1974; Biggs 1976; Hansen 1970). In the second season of 1970–1971, the team dug a 3.5 × 7 m deep sounding to the ground water table 2.8 m deep. This sounding revealed an additional eight building levels (IV–XI) with the earliest level reached dated to the end of the ED I Period, but earlier levels still lay underneath under the water table. Even though much of the sequence in Area A comes from a restricted sounding, excavations of the Ibgal and the Deep Sounding produced the second largest ceramic corpus from al-Hiba, with 17,011 typed sherds from a total of 60,365 counted sherds. The pottery recording system was not yet fully developed during the first two seasons. Pottery counts were not accurate, especially during the first season — they mostly described pottery quantities in basket sizes, rather than actual counts. Based on comparisons across the handwritten, not-yet-standardized day sheets from the first two seasons, including sheets that do provide numbers of sherds, estimates of the amounts of sherds in one basket resulted in the final count. Much of this material comes from the upper three levels which span the later ED IIIA and ED IIIB. The Deep Sounding did not produce large amounts of material, but the number of sherds was sufficient at least to allow general observations about ceramic developments during the poorly documented middle of the third millennium bce. As such, the Area A excavations form a crucial link in the al-Hiba sequence between the substantial ED I corpus from Area G and the ED IIIB and Akkadian material from Areas B and C.

Area B — The Bagara Area B encompasses the highest mounded area of alHiba, located in the middle of the site straddling the western edge.5 This part of the site was explored multiple times. In the first season, 1968–1969, excavations opened three trenches on top of the mound, exposing a series of levels dated to the end of the Isin-Larsa Period. a detailed summary of the Area A excavation results, see Ashby & Pittman in press.

For fieldwork reports, see Hansen 1970; 1978; 1983; 1992. See Ashby and Pittman (in press) for a detailed summary of the excavations in Area B. The Bagara temple complex formed the subject of Darren Ashby’s PhD dissertation (2017). 5 

8 Returning to this area in the third season, 1972–1973, the team decided to commence a larger exploration of this mound by removing sections of a massive IsinLarsa Period platform. This platform covered the main temple complex of the ancient city of Lagaš that was devoted to the god Ningirsu: the Bagara (Crawford 1974; Hansen 1978; 1983, 426-430; 2001). In the fourth season, 1975–1976, this operation continued and exposed a brewery/food production building that formed part of the Bagara complex. Finally, in the smaller fifth season of 1977–1978, excavations targeted a different part of this mound where they exposed levels of the Ur III and early Isin-Larsa Period covering massive enclosure walls that probably date to the late ED I based on associated ceramic sherds. Despite the repeated excavations in Area B, its dataset is the smallest among the four areas with only 6,858 typed sherds of a total of 30,294 counted sherds. Undoubtedly, part of the explanation for the low amount of ceramic material is the religious nature of Area B, causing it to be frequently renovated and reconstructed, thereby removing older remains and temple contents. Another factor is the presence of the massive Isin-Larsa platform, which completely envelops and seals off the earlier Bagara complex. This platform is largely constructed with solid mudbrick and requires significant efforts to remove. The chrono­logy of the Bagara complex will be further discussed in Chapter Four and in the forthcoming volume dedicated to Areas A and B. Preliminary reports were published under the assumption that the main excavated phases of the Bagara were constructed and in use during the ED IIIB. However, a detailed analysis of the strati­graphy and building contents by Ashby (2017) has led to a reconsideration, which is also supported by the ceramic assemblage. It is now clear that the excavated buildings of the Bagara were in use during the Akkadian Period and that ED IIIB occupation levels were only reached in the very bottom of the trenches. As a result, the Area B excavations stand as the only large-scale exploration of a religious building in a major urban centre of the Akkadian Period in southern Mesopotamia.

Area C — Administrative and Craft Production Complex Area C is located to the east of Area B in the middle of the site. This area was identified and singled out for excavation during the second season of 1970–1971,

Chapter One – Introduction based on the burnt remains visible over a large area on the surface.6 Excavations exposed an architectural complex consisting of numerous small rooms and corridors. This complex was the location of craft production activities and administration, possibly associated with the major temple districts of the ancient city-state. These excavations were the subject of the PhD dissertation of Zainab Bahrani (1989). In 2018, Giacomo Benati and Holly Pittman began a reassessment of the Area C architectural complex, its strati­graphy, and the material contained within, which is being prepared for final publication. Even though the excavations in Area C took place during a single season, they produced the most archaeo­ logical material of the four excavation areas at al-Hiba. Area C’s ceramic corpus consists of 20,784 typed sherds from a total of 59,567 retrieved sherds. This should be of no surprise considering the craft production and storage activities in the architectural complex, which tend to produce a large amount of waste. However, the amounts of material from different periods varied substantially, and thereby significantly skews the overall dataset. Since the excavations focused on horizontal exposure of this massive complex, it represents mostly a single-period occupation of the ED IIIB. However, analysis of the ceramics in this volume reveals that a subsequent building of the Akkadian Period once stood here and has almost completely eroded away (except for a few remains assigned to Level 0). While the building is gone, the indestructible content (i.e. ceramic sherds) largely remained in place and over time became mixed together with material on or near the surface. Additional activities (animal; geomorpho­logical; weather; human) must have contributed to the mixture of material deeper in the ground, which is most clear in the presence of drains and pits near the surface. With this information, Bahrani’s (1989) analysis of the ceramics needs to be reassessed. This becomes strikingly clear when looking through the comparanda lists in McMahon’s (2006) discussion of the Nippur WF excavation, which provides the main strati­graphically anchored sequence of the late third millennium BCE in southern Mesopotamia. McMahon was able to identify several types of pottery that in the WF sequence and at several other sites are restricted to Akkadian levels (McMahon 2006, 59­–118), but which consistently find parallels in Area C of alHiba dated by Bahrani (1989) to the preceding ED IIIB 6 

For fieldwork reports, see Crawford 1972; Hansen 1973.

9

The al-Hiba Excavation Project based on the erroneous assumption that occupation in Area C did not continue into the Akkadian Period. However, considering that all parallels for these ceramic types from the top of Area C are securely dated to the Akkadian Period at other sites, it makes more sense to interpret this material as intrusive and residual from an Akkadian Period level that is no longer preserved. This assessment is further supported by the discovery of two Akkadian Period cuneiform tablets in Area C, which provide a terminus postquem for the associated pottery (Biggs 1976, numbers 24–25).

Area G — Early Dynastic I Administrative Quarter Area G is located between Areas A and B in the southern half of the site along the western edge.7 Excavations in the eastern part of this area took place during the third season, 1972–1973, and the fourth season, 1975–1976. The sixth season of 1990 focused exclusively on Area G and explored levels in the western part of the area. Area G was chosen initially because surface collection indicated that ED  I remains would be easily accessible, which was later confirmed by the excavations that explored multiple levels of this period. These excavations produced a substantial corpus of ED I material consisting of 12,948 typed sherds of a total of 37,652 sherds collected. This corpus does include material that attests to later occupation or small-scale activities in this part of the site, especially from the ED III Period, but there is also intrusive material from the Akkadian, Ur III, and Isin-Larsa periods. Even though the excavations in the eastern and western part of the area targeted the same architectural complex demarcated by a curving wall, these excavation areas were never connected, which makes a correlation of the strati­graphic levels difficult. In the eastern part, excavated during the third and fourth season, excavations traced the curving wall and exposed three superimposed levels. A  small trench of four metres deep reached the ground water table, but only exposed additional ED I levels without reaching potentially earlier deposits. The western part, excavated in the sixth season, explored a complex of rooms and revealed five different levels, even though the lowest level was only detected in very small areas and no material was retrieved. Since the upper two levels of the eastern For the fieldwork report, see Hansen 1990; 1992. See Ashby & Pittman (in press) for a detailed summary of the excavations in Area G. The final publication of Area G is in preparation. 7 

trenches contained almost no solid footed goblets, had higher ratios of conical bowls (instead of conical beakers), and sherds of ED III vessel types, we have assigned these levels to the transition of the ED I to ED IIIA.8 The upper level I of the western trenches is dated to the second half of the ED I, while the level II is assigned to the transition from the early to late ED I. Even though the deep sounding in the eastern part of the trench reached the ground water table, it is not clear whether this was strati­graphically significantly deeper than the lowest level reached in the western part. The ceramic assemblage from the lowest levels of the deep sounding and the lowest level of the western zone appear very similar. Therefore, they are grouped together as the early part of ED I.

The Al-Hiba Publication Project (2008–2020) Following the untimely passing of Donald Hansen in 2007, Holly  Pittman accepted the responsibility for the archive of the al-Hiba excavations with the support of Hansen’s partner Edward Ochsenschlager who had overseen the pottery recording (Pittman & Ashby in press). With financial support of the White and Levy Program for Archaeo­logical Publications and the Charles K. Williams Fund for Publication of the Art History Department at the University of Pennsylvania, Pittman started the long process of organizing the archive and moving it to a digital format. In 2010, Gabe Pizzorno, Darren Ashby, and Steve Renette joined the publication project. Pizzorno oversaw the digitization process and developed the first relational database on a FileMaker platform. Ashby took on the analysis of the strati­graphy and architecture, while Renette focused on the pottery records in consultation with Ochsenschlager. In 2015, Reed Goodman joined the project to manage the spatial analysis in a GIS platform. Finally, in 2017, Robert Bryant was hired to develop a new open access relational database in collaboration with the Ur Digitization Project, which will be available publicly.

Site Phasing The six seasons of excavations at al-Hiba explored different parts of the site through horizontal exposures of major architectural complexes and several isolated A detailed discussion of the chrono­logy of the different levels will be presented in the publication of Area G, which is still in production at the time of writing this. 8 

10

Chapter One – Introduction

Table 1.2. Occupation phases of al-Hiba with the excavation levels per area (phasing table produced by author).

soundings. Even within the areas there were different zones of excavations that were not connected to one another. For example, in Area G, the exposed trenches in the western zone were separate and disconnected from the eastern zone. As a result, every excavation zone has its own internal sequence of strati­graphic levels, but there is no direct way to relate these sequences with each other. Contemporaneity between the different excavation areas and levels is based mainly on similarities in material culture or, if present, inscriptional evidence. This volume presents the ceramic corpus from alHiba as a whole. In order to visualize and analyse the ceramic development over time, this study adopts an overarching phasing for the site that combines levels from different excavation zones considered to be generally contemporaneous (Table 1.2). In order to be able to combine disconnected deposits in a single framework, the temporal scale of the phases has been kept sufficiently large. Twelve phases, A  to L, span 1250 years and overlap with the well-established historicalarchaeo­logical framework for southern Mesopotamia: Early Dynastic (I Early; I Late; IIIA, IIIB), Akkadian (Early; Late and Post), Ur III, Isin-Larsa (Early; Late). In order to capture the gradual development of ceramic assemblages rather than to crystallize the sequence into disconnected phases, transitional periods are recognized as a separate phase: ED I Early to Late (Phase K); ED I

to ED  IIIA (encompassing ED  II) (Phase I); ED  IIIB to Akkadian (Phase F). Unfortunately, the datasets for the different phases differ significantly in kind and quantity. Areas A and B mainly produced material from temple contexts, Area C (and part of Area B) was a craft production and administrative zone, Area G most likely was administrative in nature, and additional burial contexts and domestic zones also come from Area B. The differing scale of excavations and the preservation status of different levels have produced widely ranging numbers of sherds for each phase (Table 1.3). Phase B, equated with the early Isin-Larsa Period, only contains 184 typed sherds, while Phase G, encompassing the ED IIIB levels of Areas A, B, and C, is defined on the basis of 23,968 typed sherds or 3454 sherds when excluding mass-produced vessel types (conical bowls and beakers). As a result, the presence of a single sherd in a phase can mean very different things and have a very different impact in the statistical analysis. For example, a single sherd in Phase B represents 0.85% of the assemblage without mass-produced vessels, while a single sherd in Phase G forms only 0.03%. Since a single sherd can be intrusive or residual, any statistical analysis of the dataset needs to take these discrepancies into account. On the other hand, especially for vessel types that are rare, the presence of a single sherd could be meaningful. Therefore, the analysis of Chapter Four will rely on a combination of quantitative

11

Structure of this Volume phase

open

closed

total

A

284

230

514

B

118

58

176

C

204

48

252

D

636

90

726

E

977

156

1133

F

1989

195

2184

G

21971

1944

23915

H

6423

671

7094

I

4342

457

4799

J

1500

155

1655

K

1254

199

1453

L

2409

198

2607

25000

closed open

20000

15000

10000

5000

0

L

K

J

I

H

G

F

E

D

C

B

A

Table 1.3. Sherd count per phase. Open types (HA to HI) and Closed types (HJ to HN).

and qualitative analysis through tables and g­ raphs, and comparanda from other sites. In addition, surface cuts and intrusive material could not always be recognized during excavation. This is especially apparent for the material assigned to Phase I, which consists mainly of the upper two levels of Area G. Vessel types that are clearly later in date are often attested in contexts assigned to Phase I. The same is true to a lesser extent for Phase G, which consists of a large part of material from the upper level in Area C. For the sake of transparency, the frequency tables of vessel types include intrusive material in these phases. Only in a few instances have individual sherds that are clearly out of context or misidentified been removed from the ­graph (e.g. when a single sherd in a phase with a low total amount occupies an exaggeratedly large percentage). These individual sherds are still included in the sherd count that accompanies the ­graph.

Structure of this Volume

In what follows, I will first discuss the methodo­logy that lies behind this ceramic study. Chapter Two starts with a discussion of the methodo­logy during excavations and the recording system that was employed (see below, Ch. 2, 13–17). Then follows a discussion of the logic of the recording system as well as its flaws and how this limits the goals of the present study (Ch. 2, 17–20), followed by a discussion of the structuring principles of

the typo­logies (Ch. 2, 20–21 and 21–22), and an introduction to the new relational database and the kinds of analysis this allows (Ch. 2, 21–22). Chapter Three presents the ceramic dataset organized into a set of typo­logies. The Main Typo­logy presents the bulk of the sherd material retrieved at al-Hiba organized into 16 categories (HA to HP) and 132 distinct types (182 including subtypes) (Ch. 3, 24–115), followed by a Base Typo­logy (Ch. 3, 115–21), a brief classification of Ribbed Ware (Ch. 3, 121), and finally a set of sherds from unbaked clay or sun-dried vessels (Ch. 3, 121). Chapter Four provides an overview of the ceramic assemblages per historical-archaeo­logical period based on type occurrences at al-Hiba (Ch. 4, 123–42), as well as a discussion of the development of different classes of vessels such as cooking pots, storage jars, decorated bowls, etc. (Ch. 4, 143–59). Finally, Chapter Five presents general conclusions of this study as well as possibilities for further study of the old al-Hiba records and for new work at the site of al-Hiba and its surrounding region.

Chapter Two

Methodo­logy The Al-Hiba Pottery Recording System

The pottery recording system that was developed by Ochsenschlager for the first season in 1968 continued to be used with only minor adjustments throughout all six seasons of excavation until 1990. After the completion of five fieldwork seasons, Ochsenschlager (1981) presented an idealized structure of his methodo­logy with an emphasis on the careful recording of formal, compositional, and techno­logical variations. To begin a discussion of the methodo­logy behind the present ceramic study of the al-Hiba dataset, it is worthwhile to repeat Ochsenschlager’s vision. The basic structure of his methodo­logy follows the recording system of the University of Chicago’s Oriental Institute excavations at Nippur in the 1960s but attempts to incorporate all ceramic data and not only complete shapes. Ochsenschlager’s methodo­logy aimed to create a flexible system to record ‘true pottery types’ and the range of variation that existed within each of them. The concept of a ‘true type’ can be found in every pottery discussion from excavations in the first half of the twentieth century. A ‘true type’ is an abstract, idealized form derived from an assemblage of sherds and whole vessels that share a set of characteristics in shape, decoration, and/or ware (Ochsenschlager 1981, 79). The variations within such an assemblage are considered to be but minor deviations from the ‘true’ shape the potter had in mind. While such an approach is inherent to the development of any formal typo­logy, the concept of a ‘true type’ is today considered to be deeply flawed (Shepard 1971, 306–21; Adams & Adams 1991). Ochsenschlager (1981) described how he was confronted with the need for flexibility and continuous modifications, the need to carefully record each variation without producing an unrealistic amount of records, and the need to record detailed information of find spots and archaeo­logical contexts. His solution involved the development of three separate typo­logies — shape, fabric, decoration — which when combined would allow the recording of every diagnostic sherd or vessel retrieved during excavation. In practice, every sherd or whole vessel that was sufficiently distinct was

kept as a temporary type, given a number (HP numbers), described on type sheets, and drawn. These were laid out on long tables so that excavators could compare their daily finds to them and match each sherd to the appropriate type. In this way, there was no need to draw and describe every single find. Lots of pot sherds were recorded on day sheets on which excavators could write down how many specimens of each temporary type they had collected from a specific context, along with dimensions (diameter and preserved height) and a ware code. Given the relatively standardized nature of southern Mesopotamian pottery during the third and second millennium bce, such a system allowed excavators to fully document a manageable number of specimens, while still recording the full amount of ceramic material retrieved during excavation by identifying the type to which each sherd belonged. However, as is discussed below, this system contained inherent flaws that distort the dataset at our disposal. In addition, the actual implementation of the system did not strictly follow the idealized model and it underwent changes through the years that disrupt the intended standardization of the data recording.

Temporary Shape Typo­logy Each specimen displaying sufficiently distinct formal traits was given a unique number. This number consisted of three fields: the season (1H through 6H), the find category designation HP (Hiba Pottery),1 and a random Exceptionally well-preserved vessels would often be given an object number (with the letter designation H) in order to include them in the object registry and to produce a photo­graph. While ideally each of these would also have an HP number, in practice most of the original HP numbers are lost. As a result, the dataset now consists of sherds and complete vessels with either an H or HP number, while those with an H number also have object information recorded. In the day sheets, H numbers occur only a handful of times. Instead, it seems likely that day sheets reference original HP numbers, but since these are now lost, it is impossible to reconstruct the type they are referencing. 1 

14

Chapter Two – Methodo­logy

Figure 2.1. Examples of an original pottery type sheet (left) and day sheet (right) (from the al-Hiba fieldwork records archive).

number unique to the type. Each type was described using a standardized type sheet (Fig. 2.1a). Ideally, on this sheet, the ceramic specialist in the field wrote down the find spot information of the kept specimen (area; square coordinates; locus number; context details; date of excavation), and whether or not the specimen was photo­graphed and drawn. The sheet then goes on to record the state of preservation (whole; fragment; reconstructable), the dimensions of the kept specimen (preserved height; diameter; thickness), which part of the vessel is represented (rim; lip; handle; base; foot), construction method (hand; wheel; template), and the production quality of the vessel (utility ware; fine ware; poorly made; fairly well; well; very well).

grey). These four categories were further subdivided based on the size of the inclusions: fine (f), medium (m), and coarse (c). Excavators also identified organic versus non-organic inclusions and assessed the surface treatment (most commonly wet-smoothed or slipped). On the type sheet, the ceramic specialist in the field wrote down the ware code of the kept specimen, along with its appearance (smooth; rough; grainy) and luster (matte; low; medium; high). The specialist also recorded the treatment of the vessel (none; wet-smoothed; selfslipped; true slip; white surface; polished; painted) and finally the surface condition using a wide array of undefined terms (e.g. smeared; puddled; abrasing; crazing; pitted; scored).

Temporary Fabric Typo­logy

Temporary Decoration Typo­logy

Given the limited variation in clay and the relatively standardized production methods, Ochsenschlager identified four ware categories based solely on colour variety: A (medium and strong browns), B (yellow-grey to pale olive), C (greenish-grey to green), and D (dark

Ochsenschlager had intended to develop a similar typo­logy for decoration based on HPD numbers (Hiba Pottery Decoration), but due to the paucity of decorated sherds, no typo­logy was actually established. Instead, decoration on individual sherds would be noted and

15

The Al-Hiba Pottery Recording System

Figure 2.2. The al-Hiba team documenting pottery in the field (above: 2H, 1970-71; below: 5H, 1978) (from the al-Hiba fieldwork records archive).

described where appropriate. On the type sheet there is space at the bottom for describing the decoration in a narrative style.

Daily Recording Throughout each season of fieldwork, sherd material from the ongoing excavations were recorded for each day (Fig.  2.2). Four archaeo­logists (mostly graduate students) were made responsible each season for the recording of the pottery. These four would rotate: one of them worked at the excavation site once every four days, while recording the pottery from the daily excavation for the following three days. Based on the locus-lot system, a day sheet was written up for every lot of sherds collected from a locus and for each day that locus was excavated (Fig. 2.1b). The

day sheet has space for recording the number of sherds (profile; rim; neck; shoulder; belly; base; handle; spout; indistinguishable) for each fabric type. Below, separate spaces for complete profiles, rims, bases, and handles and spouts allowed excavators to write down the type number to which a specific sherd belonged, along with its dimensions, preserved height, form description, fabric type, and surface treatment. At the bottom of the sheet, the excavator noted variants and potential new types. Finally, at the very bottom, the excavator could describe the general assemblage and provide further comments. Sherds that could not be matched to an existing temporary type would be put aside. When several examples of this new variation appeared, the ceramic specialist in the field made it into a new type, along with a new type sheet and drawing.

16

Problems Inherent to the Recording System Based on the belief in a ‘true formal type’ with a narrow spectrum of variation, the excavators saw no need to describe, draw, and/or photo­graph sherds and vessels that belonged to an already identified type. Only the one kept specimen that most closely and completely represented the ideal type was fully documented by drawing and written description. This system did not take into account the subjective nature of observation and identification by the numerous different excavators who did the daily recording throughout six seasons of fieldwork, nor the carelessness that can creep in after tedious days and weeks of archaeo­logical data recording or the lack of experience of young graduate students. As a result, there are countless inconsistencies in the pottery records. Since there is a correlation between different handwritings or initials with the use of HP types in the day sheets, it is clear that every individual had preferences for specific temporary types laid out on the tables that differed from their colleagues. The records also show clearly that not everyone maintained the same diligence in recording dimensions, ware codes, or even basic statistics. Even worse, at times, general sloppiness resulted in misidentifications, writing the wrong number, or indecipherable handwriting. For example, during season six, the solid footed goblet 4HP79 was consistently falsely recorded as 1HP79 in the day sheets for many weeks by different individuals. The cause for this mistake is unknown, but it is possible to imagine a scenario of a temporary type specimen being put in the wrong location on the table or the label written on the specimen being worn following years of storage. While this is one mistake that I was able to detect during data processing and entry in the digital database, it begs the question how many similar mistakes occurred over the years. Since not a single sherd or vessel that was not made into an HP type was ever drawn, it is now impossible to verify the identifications. Any analysis therefore fully relies on records that were written by inexperienced, young archaeo­logists who suffered from the usual excavation fatigue, or sometimes perhaps did not thoroughly comprehend the way the system functioned, or the need for systematic and detailed recording of what might seem to them as trivial information. Even under ideal circumstances, identifying ceramic types is a subjective process. Furthermore, identifying a fragmentary sherd with a vessel type can be difficult and sometimes impossible. It seems from the records that often a small sherd would be assigned to a more

Chapter Two – Methodo­logy completely preserved temporary type, solely based on one communal trait such as rim shape, following again the assumption of fully standardized ‘true types’. For example, during the first season, the preserved upper part of an upright-handle jar with a ledge rim and a notched applied shoulder band was kept as temporary type 1HP24. In the daily records throughout the first season, 1HP24 is an often-recurring type. Frequently, however, this comes with the added description that only the notched shoulder band was preserved, or only the shoulder and perhaps a similar rim. Are we to assume that they found fragments of upright-handle jars on a daily basis? Or did they find fragments of vessels that shared a specific characteristic with the 1HP24 specimen, but without an upright handle? Again, this begs the question how many more of such flawed identifications were made during six seasons of fieldwork, which are impossible to verify. As a result, any analysis, including the one presented here, is completely dependent on the identifications that have been made in the field. Another issue derives from the fact that these were not digital records. As a result, any changes made afterwards would need to be implemented manually throughout all the existing records. Since designated types were temporary by default, new types would be added continuously, and different temporary types could be joined when new information arose. While this was thought to improve flexibility, it resulted in a disrupted dataset. When types were joined, only one would remain in use, while the other would be discarded. The current list of temporary types is not a continuous set of numbers for this very reason. However, when types were discarded, they did not go through the hundreds of old records to implement the change, and we do not have any metadata that records when and which types were joined or discarded. Furthermore, stemming again from the belief in ‘true types’, the ceramic specialist in the field would replace specimens with larger examples supposedly of the same type. This is problematic as the new temporary type might be of a different kind of vessel than many of the sherds that had been assigned to it. For example, if a specimen is replaced by another specimen with a similar rim and neck, but with the addition of a spout, then in the current records all sherds that had been equated with the original specimen based on the shape of the rim will then be regarded as spouted vessels. Yet again, the complete lack of drawings of sherds other than the kept specimens does not allow a verification of those identifications.

17

Goals and Shortcomings of the Dataset Finally, the system that has been presented by Ochsenschlager is its idealized form, written up years after its original implementation. During the first two seasons, there were no standardized day sheets. Instead, daily sherd counts would be written manually on blank sheets of paper. The information on those sheets of the first two seasons contain considerably less information than those on the standardized forms of later seasons (e.g. diameters are only rarely documented during the first season). Likewise, for an unknown reason, during the third season there were no type sheets. Rather, the information pertaining to the specimen was written down manually on the drawing itself, albeit with far less information than usual. This set of flaws and shortcomings have repercussions for the present analysis. Some of these issues are alleviated by joining sets of temporary types in the final al-Hiba types presented in this volume. If a sherd was misidentified based on minor variations, the temporary type with which it was identified will now be subsumed with related specimens in a more abstract type. Nevertheless, it is impossible to know when or which kind of mistakes were made during the recording process as we no longer have access to the original excavated material.

Problems with the Preserved Records In addition to the problems outlined above, the state of the excavation archive at present causes additional issues. During the digitization and data entry process, it became increasingly clear that records are missing. This should not come as a surprise, considering that fieldwork took place several decades ago and that the paper records were undoubtedly moved around numerous times. Over the years, records might have been taken out of the archive for further study and never found their way back. Whichever the case, at present at least 141 pottery drawings and at least 34 type sheets are missing. This can be determined by comparing the drawings to the type sheets. If we have a type sheet without a drawing or vice  versa, then that missing record most likely originally existed. Tellingly, the earlier seasons suffer the most from this problem.2 Again this has serious implications for the present study that relies on an incomplete dataset. As discussed further in Missing drawings: Season 1H: 92 drawings; Season 2H: 30 drawings; Season 3H: 9 drawings; Season 4H: 4 drawings; Season 5H: 1 drawing; Season 6H: 5 drawings. 2 

this volume, certain ceramic types that are well attested at other sites in southern Mesopotamia appear to be absent in the al-Hiba ceramic corpus. It cannot be ruled out that this is a result of the fragmentary state of the records, rather than a real difference in ceramic distribution patterns.

Goals and Shortcomings of the Dataset

The goal of this study is to present the ceramic dataset collected at al-Hiba between 1968 and 1990 in a comprehensive and digestible manner. As will be discussed later in this chapter, the immediate purpose of this ceramic typo­logy is to structure the dataset from the six seasons of excavations in order to determine chrono­ logical developments in ceramic production, to allow a functional assessment of built spaces, and to facilitate comparisons with other sites in southern Mesopotamia. A secondary goal is to provide a heuristic tool for future excavations at the site and to easily access the material already retrieved. This volume does not provide a full ceramic analysis based on function and distribution patterns within excavated spaces, but such analyses will be included in the forthcoming volumes by area. The main structuring principle of this typo­logy is guided by questions of chrono­logy and pottery seriation. As such, this volume is intended as a reference work to be used in conjunction with the volumes that present the results of excavations of each separate area. The nature of the dataset at hand limits the questions that can be addressed. Therefore, this section discusses how the problems with the dataset laid out in the previous section limit the kind of studies that are possible and guide the structure of the typo­logy in its present form.

Problems for Statistical Analysis Ideally, this study would contain a more thorough and accurate statistical analysis of the ceramic corpus retrieved during the excavations at al-Hiba. Several factors prevent such an approach to the available dataset. As discussed in the previous section, the daily recording was not always conducted consistently or carefully. During the first two seasons, standardized sheets for daily recording did not yet exist. Rather, the excavators produced handwritten lists with only minimal information. At first, these lists focused almost exclusively on description with occasionally crude sketches of sherds, which are difficult to enter in a digital database format (Fig. 2.3). Gradually, as more comparative material was

18

Chapter Two – Methodo­logy

Figure 2.3. Examples of original pottery recording sheets from the first two seasons (from the al-Hiba fieldwork records archive).

available to the excavation team, the lists recorded more systematically the type number to which a sherd was assigned. Eventually, these sheets also included information on the wares of the sherds and their dimensions. In addition, they recorded approximate numbers of sherds from each context and the ratios of different ware types within every context collection. The standardized day sheets were only introduced in the third season and presented a more structured, formalized version of what had organically developed during the first two seasons. Nevertheless, the recording was never fully consistent and differed significantly with each individual excavator. Another factor that prevents a reliable statistical analysis is the uncertainty of whether the recording was complete. Throughout processing the available data and comparing it to the daily notebooks from the excavations, it became clear that occasionally no pottery was recorded for contexts that were described to contain sherds and/or whole vessels. It is again unclear and impossible to verify whether day sheets are missing from our records. In any case, we have to treat this dataset as incomplete with unknowable and unreconstructable gaps.

In sum, the current state of the al-Hiba excavation archive is incomplete, partially incoherent, and to a degree inconsistent. However, the recorded number of sherds totals 187,878 of which 57,601 were identified or typed. As a result, mistakes and lacunae in the records can be compensated to some extent by the sheer quantity of data. This is true especially in terms of the massproduced bowls and beakers that are typical of thirdmillennium bce Mesopotamia, which are present in the tens of thousands. The reader will be reminded of these issues throughout the volume and should keep in mind that the accuracy of statistical data depends directly on the number of sherds available for each type.

Problems for Ware Analysis The philosophy behind the pottery recording system at al-Hiba from the onset included a strong focus on ware analysis, which had until then been sorely lacking from any ceramic analysis from Mesopotamian sites. Already during the first season it became clear that the wares of the ceramic corpus at al-Hiba were extremely homogeneous, with differences in colour almost exclusively due

Goals and Shortcomings of the Dataset to differences in firing temperatures and lack of control over oxidation processes during firing. Throughout the six seasons of excavations, many sherds were assigned a ware code (A, B, C, or very rarely D) based on macroscopic observations, mainly relying on the colour of the fabric. Again, this recording was not done consistently, and many sherds and vessels lack any ware description, but overall the excavators assigned a ware code to many recorded specimens. Apart from the ware code, they also often recorded the surface treatment, generally restricted to wet-smoothed or slipped. However, these terms remained undefined and it is not clear what criteria were used to determine the surface treatment. Finally, the recording system intended to observe the temper used in the clay, but only rarely was this actually written down. With a dataset this fragmentary and inconsistent it is impossible to truly integrate a ware analysis in this study. It remains impossible to verify the observations, as the sherd material is at present inaccessible or possibly even lost in the storage facilities of the Baghdad museum. In the online database of the al-Hiba Publication Project, the fabric description is included where available. Hopefully, future studies of this dataset are able to retrieve more information, but only new excavations with an improved systematic, consistent, and well-defined recording system can allow a real technical analysis of pottery production at al-Hiba. The present study by necessity maintains a focus on the formal properties of the recorded pottery as observed through drawings and photo­graphs.

Problems for Ceramic Sequence Reconstruction Ideally, the al-Hiba dataset would provide a sequence of ceramic development that spans at least the third millennium bce, when the site was occupied continuously, albeit with significant fluctuations in size (Goodman, Renette & Carter in press). Despite more than a century of intensive fieldwork in southern Mesopotamia, we still lack a solid and comprehensive ceramic sequence for the region or even for the individual sites. While the excavations at al-Hiba have yielded crucial new data, serious issues remain. Two factors prevent at present the establishment of a reliable ceramic sequence: the shortcomings of the recording system and the restricted strati­graphic excavations. Excavations at al-Hiba explored four separate, disconnected areas (A, B, C, and G). Each of these areas are unique in nature and do not allow straightforward

19 comparison or correlation. Furthermore, they are not chrono­logically contiguous. Excavations in Area G explored mainly levels dated to the Early Dynastic I Period. The best-preserved remains of the oval temple complex in Area A date to Early Dynastic IIIA. The two partially excavated levels of the administrative complex of Area C are securely dated to Early Dynastic IIIB. In Area B, the location of the Bagara temple complex, excavations explored a severely disrupted sequence from the middle of the Early Dynastic IIIB to the end of the Isin-Larsa Period in several unconnected trenches. For the later periods, invasive building activity in the Bagara complex at the end of the third millennium bce and following centuries has resulted in very poorly preserved fragments of occupation. The Ur III Period and the first half of the Isin-Larsa Period have especially suffered destruction from later building activities to the extent that occupation during these periods remains archaeo­ logically virtually unattested (Ashby & Pittman in press). At the same time, the pottery recording system does not allow a study of microvariation because insufficient specimens were drawn, photo­graphed, and described. Mass produced vessels (especially conical bowls) were recorded in larger numbers as a result of their inherent variation and their sheer quantity. There are trends observable in the recorded types in correlation with their position in the strati­graphic sequence and these are discussed in this volume. However, these trends require further confirmation when excavations resume through more detailed recording and documentation. An additional problem is inherent to the preservation of vessels. Ideally, a ceramic shape typo­logy based on formal properties should be based on complete vessels, defining types on the basis of the combination of several defining characteristics of the rim, the base, decoration patterns, general shape, and size. By nature, archaeo­ logy retrieves broken material and therefore incomplete vessels. Unfortunately, archaeo­logical practice does not take place in ideal scenarios; by necessity we need to adapt to an incomplete dataset and attempt to make reasonable reconstructions. As a general rule, larger vessels are less likely to be fully preserved than smaller ones, while complete shapes are more frequently preserved for open vessels than for closed vessels. This results in a tension between the typo­logy for open vessels versus the typo­logy for closed vessels, which both need to be assembled following the same structuring principles for the sake of consistency. The fragmentary preservation inhibits secure identification of vessels and prevents clearly determining the lifespan of vessel types.

20 These problems have serious repercussions for the reconstruction of a ceramic sequence spanning the full lifespan of occupation at the site of al-Hiba. A contiguous, uninterrupted strati­graphic sequence would allow the construction of an independent, internally consistent typo­logy and ceramic sequence that can ultimately be dated by secure anchor points identified through excavation and by comparison with other sets of material culture. Such is not the case at al-Hiba. Therefore, the present ceramic dataset of al-Hiba cannot be used as a comprehensive, internal sequence to date material and strati­graphic levels. Instead, in the first instance we must rely on external evidence and associations with securely dated material remains to date the ceramic material at al-Hiba. Al-Hiba does at present provide several well-dated ceramic assemblages for distinct periods that are highly restricted in time and show little internal development. This itself is very useful, given the several gaps in our knowledge of the ceramic development in southern Mesopotamia. However, it is only of limited use for comparisons with other excavated contexts. The presence of a set of vessels in any assemblage at al-Hiba is insufficient evidence to chrono­logically correlate similar vessels and their strati­graphic contexts elsewhere at the site, as it is unknown whether that type existed before, or after, the documented assemblage. Future excavations at the site should focus on strati­ graphically connecting different periods of occupation through soundings, long-term excavation of targeted areas, and trenches connecting different excavations horizontally to explore the strati­graphic correlation of levels in different areas.

Structuring Principles of the Main Typo­logy

The al-Hiba Main Typo­logy presented in this volume is based solely on formal traits, mainly identified based on drawings. The core structuring principle of this typo­ logy is that vessels and/or sherds should only be allowed to be assigned with certainty to a single type based on their vessel and rim shape. At present, we remain completely ignorant to practices of ceramic production in early Mesopotamia. We do not know whether different rim shapes on otherwise similar vessels are the result of practical considerations, aesthetic choices, different workshops, or random variation. Only by exposing such variation and exploring their occurrences through time, spatial contexts, and strati­graphic sequence can we hope to one day understand the Mesopotamian ceramic corpus in all its aspects. Therefore, any variation of rim shape or general vessel shape and size that

Chapter Two – Methodo­logy is attested in multiple specimens has been assigned a different type or subtype. In few cases, unique variations within the dataset are given a type number based on attestations of this type of vessel at other sites and in other typo­logies. This is especially true for late third and early second millennium material that is generally rare or underrepresented in the al-Hiba dataset. These types are identified based on comparisons with McMahon (2006) and Armstrong & Gasche (2014), even if there is only a single occurrence in the al-Hiba corpus. Following pre-existing typo­logies, I have opted to list first the open shapes and second the closed shapes. Since this typo­logy is based predominantly on sherd material and not complete vessels, unresolved issues remain and will be made clear in the individual discussion of pottery types. The difference between large bowls and pot stands remains especially unclear; it appears from the al-Hiba dataset that large bowls and stands should largely be considered to belong to the same family. The difference between a bowl on a stand and a stand with attached bowl is likely only a matter of minor variation. The typo­logy starts with the mass-produced utility wares so common in third-millennium Mesopotamia. There has been a growing body of literature on these types of vessels, with varying attempts to classify them according to shape, function, and chrono­logical development (Nissen 1970; Helwing 2014; Schmidt 2014; Benati 2015; Gruber 2015). The al-Hiba dataset can only provide supplementary information to this discussion as only a very small subset of the retrieved vessels and sherds were fully documented, and because the al-Hiba excavations did not consistently cover their full chrono­ logical range from the Uruk period until the end of the third millennium bce. Nevertheless, the general development of these mass-produced bowls is evident within the al-Hiba corpus and will be discussed in Chapter Four. Following the open shapes, the closed shapes of jars are ordered according to the height of the neck. Spouted jars are listed separately even though some overlap with regular jar types undoubtedly exists. Surprisingly few types of spouted jars were recovered and documented at al-Hiba. Finally, at the end of the Main Typo­logy there are a couple of distinct drain types. The miniature vessels are listed separately because this is a highly varied group of vessels and even though many of these miniature vessels could have been assigned to a main type, their lack of practical functionality and obvious difference in size would disrupt the internal consistency of those types. Instead, they are treated here as a distinct group of vessels with a different function than the ves-

21

Additional Typo­logies sels of the Main Typo­logy that could have been used for storage, food and drink consumption, and presentation.

Additional Typo­logies

While the vast majority of pottery drawings from the al-Hiba excavations can be classified under the Main Typo­logy, a number of vessels cannot for various reasons. Few vessels remain that are without parallels and should be considered unique. These are grouped in ‘miscellaneous’ sections at the end of each vessel category and serve mainly to provide examples of the enormous variety in pottery production in early Mesopotamia. Some of these might become a new ceramic type when more examples are found. Another category of vessels that share a characteristic other than vessel and/or rim shape are grouped together under the category of Ribbed Ware. These vessels are rather rare at al-Hiba. They are generally not existing types with the addition of ridges or ribbed decoration. Instead, they form a coherent group of pottery formed in a distinct manner with a ribbed body. The excavators at al-Hiba often kept and documented the bases of vessels. Bases can have a chrono­logical significance and some typo­logies do employ base shapes as a significant trait for classification (Moon 1987). The al-Hiba typo­logy, however, attaches more value to rims and general vessel shapes, because the closed shapes are represented mainly by sherds with rims and part of the upper body rather than complete shapes. It is almost impossible to assign base sherds to existing types and most likely many jar and bowl types had a range of bases. A typo­logy based on complete shapes can distinguish between a flat-based jar and a ring-based jar, but unfortunately the al-Hiba typo­logy cannot make such distinctions, meaningful as they may be. In an attempt to gain some insight into any chrono­logical variation of base shapes, I have opted to produce a separate base typo­logy based solely again on formal traits. A similar situation exists for spouts. The excavators, however, either did not record many spouts, or spouts were very rare at al-Hiba. While the dataset suggests the latter, additional fieldwork at the site might counter this impression. The Spout Typo­logy presents the few spouts documented in the old excavations but should be considered to be a catalogue rather than a true typo­logy. Finally, there are two categories of ceramics that do not fit in the Main Typo­logy due to lack of consistent

formal traits. Small pieces of sun-dried vessels attest to their existence in early Mesopotamia, but such vessels certainly are preserved far less than fired ceramics. Ochsenschlager (1974a; 1974b; 2004, 45­–73) documented their practical use and prevalence in contemporary south Iraqi communities in his ethno­graphic studies in the region of al-Hiba. No doubt, such fragments as were documented at al-Hiba were often neglected in excavations elsewhere and they were only given consideration as a result of Ochsenschlager’s interest in the use of clay in Mesopotamia. The final category groups all the painted sherds recovered at al-Hiba. Clearly, the people in southern Mesopotamia never showed great interest in painted ceramics after the Ubaid Period, unlike most of the rest of the ancient Near East. The reasons for this distinct difference in aesthetic preferences remains unclear and largely unexplored. The painted sherds from alHiba are predominantly imports from the Zagros region since they are part of the Godin III or Susa D tradition (Renette 2015). While these sherds attest to the close economic ties between Lagaš and south-west Iran, the lack of other painted ceramics is striking and could be used to argue for the absence of the Jemdet Nasr Period — at least within the area of excavations — or for previously unnoticed regional variations.3

Tools for Analysis

When the al-Hiba Publication Project inherited the excavation archives, large amounts of paper records were in a state of modest chaos and lacked a manual to make sense of the methodo­logy underlying these records. It took several years of organization, digitizing, further digital organization, and data entry to efficiently access the information hidden in the paperwork. High-quality scans of the documents ensured long-term preservation of the archive but not necessarily easy access to the large quantities of data. Gabe Pizzorno developed a database that represents the paper archive in a straightforward way while also adding the important level of relationality between the records. Over the course of several years, the information on the paper sheets and their digital scans were entered and imported into this database. In the final phases of the publication project, Robert Bryant developed a new database as well as It is noteworthy for example that there are virtually no sherds with bituminous paint that is typical of the later Isin-Larsa Period throughout Mesopotamia. 3 

22 the infrastructure and interface necessary to publicly access the relational data. This work, while being extremely cumbersome and time-consuming, has proven essential to the project. For the study of the ceramics, the relational database made it possible to access the statistical data in the day sheets. Any attempt in the past to publish the results from the excavations at al-Hiba would have had to go through thousands of sheets of paper manually in search of every one of the more than 2000 pottery types, to count their frequency and occurrence in strati­graphic contexts and levels. Such information can now finally be produced by the push of a button. In the forthcoming individual volumes of the four different excavation areas, the focus will lie on reconstructing and understanding the architectural history and the archaeo­logical contexts in order to interpret their function and chrono­logy. For this purpose, the database gathers all material found in each context. In contrast, for the present study of the ceramic corpus of al-Hiba, the database can produce spreadsheets with every occurrence of a specific type of vessel throughout the six seasons of excavations. These spreadsheets form the data for the tables and g­ raphs produced in this volume and allow us to understand the chrono­logical lifespan and popularity of each type of ceramics. The Main Typo­logy underwent many iterations, and several old versions were discarded. Underlying this typo­logy is a visual assessment of formal similarities in vessel shape and rim types. Nevertheless, countless subjective choices had to be made in the arduous process of organizing and presenting over 2000 drawings, especially given the lack of an existing robust ceramic typo­logy for southern Mesopotamia in the third millennium bce. This work resulted in an appreciation for the enormous variety in ceramic production during this period, despite the oft-repeated claim of standardization and mass production of Mesopotamian ceramics. Especially during the first half of the third millennium, potters experimented with decoration schemes and shapes within general vessel categories. Perhaps the best example of this variety can be found in the large, deep bowls that are one of the most popular types of vessels at al-Hiba. Furthermore, often there is a sense of continuity between vessel types. Comparing specimens at different points of this continuum gives the impression of distinct vessel types but laying out the full range of specimens often makes it difficult to draw a line between them.

Chapter Two – Methodo­logy Undoubtedly, any reader of this work and anybody who will choose to make practical use of this typo­logy will object to some of the choices therein. I have chosen to display as many of the drawings as possible to allow the readers to evaluate the subjective choices and to make their own judgements, while the database will allow other researchers to produce their own organization. Future work in the Lagaš region will surely add much valuable information and ultimately necessitate a restructuring and reordering of the typo­logy presented here.

Chapter Three

Typo­logy Introduction

The al-Hiba Main Typo­logy aims to present the ceramic corpus of six seasons of excavations at the site of alHiba in a manner that facilitates efficient perusal and deeper analysis of the site’s occupational history. While assessing the chrono­logy of the site is the main purpose of this typo­logy, it also allows further discussions of the practical use of ceramic vessels and the cultural practices of the inhabitants of ancient Lagaš. Unfortunately, due to a lack of consistent information, this typo­logy does not take into account manufacturing practices and clay fabrics. The Main Typo­logy includes sixteen categories of ceramic vessels: HA to HP. The letter H stands for Hiba to signal that this typo­logy consists solely of material from this archaeo­logical site. The second letter is a unique value within the loosely structured order of categories. First are nine open shapes (HA to HI), beginning with small vessels such as cups, beakers, and bowls (HA and HB), lids and jar stoppers (HC), funnels and sieves (HD), and trays (HE). Next are the closely related categories of large, deep bowls (HF), large, shallow bowls (HG), and ceramic stands (HH). The vats (HI) are considered to be the largest open shapes in this study, but some of the specimens have rim diameters that are smaller than the widest part of the vessel, which locates these vessels functionally between open and restricted vessels. Following the open shapes, there are five restricted shapes (HJ to HN). These are jars with necks increasing in height, from neckless to high-necked jars (HJ, HK, HL), with the separate addition of spouted jars (HM), and finally a category of bottles (HN). The last categories in the Main Typo­logy group are drain types (HO) and miniature vessels (HP). Within these categories, vessels are grouped by type number, separated from the category code by a hyphen (e.g. HA-1). These types form the core of the typo­logy. They are defined in such a way that ideally it would not be possible to assign any ceramic sherd to more than one type. Each type groups individual specimens that share specific formal characteristics mainly relating to the general shape of the body, the rim shape, and surface

treatments such as grooves and ridges. Some of these types are further divided into subtypes when there is a distinct trait that separates groups of vessels that are otherwise difficult to distinguish when not enough of the vessel is preserved. Each specimen within a subtype is fully described by the general type description but only assigned to a subtype based on one distinct trait. If a sherd is insufficiently preserved to be assigned to a subtype, it can still be part of the general type. The order of the types is loosely structured based on the order of plain rims to increasingly distinct rims. This system of categories with types and subtypes allows future adaptations and additions without disrupting the internal logic in a way that a running numbering system or a highly structured order (e.g. based on chrono­logical range) would not. For example, if future excavations at the site find a type of conical bowl that is currently not part of the typo­logy, it can be added within the same family, preserving similar vessels in the general order. Obviously, this typo­logy is not complete since it is limited to the material that was retrieved and recorded during the six seasons of excavations at al-Hiba between 1968 and 1990. Each type has a formal description and a brief discussion of chrono­logy. Accompanying tables depict the attestations of each type per phase at al-Hiba as a percentage of the total assemblage of typed sherds (additional sherd counts that were not assigned a type are not included). It is important to note the difference between the mass-produced types (HA-1; HA-3; HB-1; HC-2a) and the rest of the corpus. Because the mass-produced types form the vast majority of the assemblages (see below, Ch. 4, 144–45), the percentages of the rest of the types is rendered negligible. In order to visualize type occurrences in a more meaningful way, the occurrence percentages of these types have been calculated based on the total amount of typed sherd minus the mass-produced vessels. Each of these tables is accompanied by a single vessel drawing that can be considered typical, but the plates allow the assessment of variation within each type. The tables also list the total amount of sherds

24 per phase in order to allow the reader to assess whether the statistical attestation is significant or only based on a few distributed sherds. Only in a few instances have I opted to omit a single sherd that was clearly misidentified or intrusive when its presence resulted in an unreasonably high percentage (i.e. in phases with very low amounts of total sherds). Finally, comparanda are listed for each type. Preference is given to comparanda from well-documented, stratified sequences (Abu Salabikh; Diyala; Nippur; Larsa; Susa; Uruk; Wilaya). If insufficient comparanda are available from those sites, particularly relevant comparanda are listed from other sites (e.g. Abu Salabikh graves and West Mound surface clearance; Fara; Ur). For vessels from the Ur III to Isin-Larsa Period only the equivalent type in the comprehensive typo­logy of Armstrong & Gasche (2014) and from the WF excavation at Nippur (McMahon 2006) are provided since those two studies offer a detailed analysis of the ceramic development at the end of the third and beginning of the second millennium bce with comparanda.

Main Typo­logy HA — CUPS & BEAKERS HA-1 — straight-sided, flat-based conical beaker These vessels are part of a more general type of basic, mass-produced vessels that form a continuum between tall, slender beakers (HA-1) to squat, wide-mouthed bowls (HB-1). These vessels typically have a string-cut base. They only very rarely have any surface treatment (wet smoothing), while there is one example from Area A with scraped sides (1H40). Their fabrics are most commonly reddish-brown to buff and grit tempered, but few examples with plant temper occur. A minor amount of vessels have a pale olive to greenish-grey fabric, most likely as a result of firing conditions.1 The difference between conical beakers (HA-1) and conical bowls (HB-1) is based on the diameter/height ratio. The ratio of 1.30 forms a somewhat arbitrary boundary between tall shapes (0.50–1.30) and squat shapes (1.70–3.70). Plotting the drawn vessels of both The difference between ‘Blumentopfe’ (BT) and ‘Grobe Blumentopfe’ (GBT) identified at Uruk by Nissen (1970) and PongratzLeisten (1988, 298–308) based on the coarseness and dimensions of vessels cannot be distinguished in the al-Hiba dataset based on the drawings. Such an assessment requires a future analysis of a large dataset and access to the actual vessels. 1 

Chapter Three – Typo­logy types in a g­ raph reveals that these types form two distinct groups (see below, Ch. 4, 128–32; Fig. 4.9). This division finds further support in the observation that conical beakers (HA-1) were found overwhelmingly in ED I levels, while conical bowls (HB-1) mainly come from ED III levels. The conical beakers of HA-1 form c. 45% of all sherds from ED I levels, with a peak in Phase J at 56.97%. The lower percentage in the earliest Phase L (40.75%) is the result of a higher amount of Solid Footed Goblets (HA-3) than in the following phases. Following ED I, HA-1 beakers rapidly reduce in numbers. In Phase H (ED IIIA), they still make up 25.59% of the total assemblage, but they drop to 6.97% in Phase G (ED IIIB) and less than 5% in the following phases. In the latest phases, the negligible number of sherds assigned to this type in the day sheets (only four in Phase A) indicates that they were no longer produced at all. The slight increase of HA-1a beakers in Phase B (6.52%) is certainly a result of the presence of substantial ED I–IIIA levels immediately below the later occupation that was explored during season five.

HA-1a — conical beaker (Pls 1–2) This subtype of beakers represents the most common and typical version of conical beakers consisting of a relatively broad, flat base and straight, thin walls. Excavators most commonly used vessels 1HP18 and 3HP83 as the main references for identifying sherds of this type during daily recording. While most drawn specimens are from the upper levels of Area G and the Area A Deep Sounding, the data from the day sheets list many sherds from earlier levels. There is a general trend from slightly squat beakers (d/h ratio 1–1.30) in the earlier levels of Area G to tall, slender beakers (d/h ratio 0.56–0.83) beginning in the upper levels of Area G and the Deep Sounding in Area A. Comparanda: Abu Salabikh: Moon 1987, nos 89–92 (Uruk– ED I); Diyala: Delougaz 1952, B.002.200a-b, B.003.200a-b, C.084.200 (ED I–III); Fara: Martin 1988, nos 38–42 (ED I–II); Larsa: Calvet 2003, N19, N36, N37, N38 (ED I); Thalmann 2003, B33-G2 (ED III); Sakheri al-Sughir: Wright 1969, fig. 16a-c (ED I); Uruk: Pongratz-Leisten 1988, fig. 1: BT 2–4 (Jemdet Nasr–ED II).

HA-1b — conical beaker with narrow foot (Pl. 3) A small subset of the conical beakers has a narrower, slightly solid foot and a V-shaped profile. They are slenderer than beakers of HA-1a with a d/h ratio between 0.60–0.65 and a height of c. 15.5–16 cm. Vessels of this

25

HA — Cups & Beakers

A

4

B

9

C

4

D

25

E

23

F

49

G

1275

H

1799

I

1793

J

895

K

641

L

1034

phase

sherd count

A

0

B

3

C

3

D

5

E

5

F

28

G

313

H

10

I

118

J

33

60 50 percentage of total assemblage

sherd count

40 30 20 10 0

phase

sherd count

10

A

0

B

0

C

1

D

9

E

6

F

10

G

83

H

7

19

L

27

percentage of total assemblage

0.0

K

H

G

F

E

D

C

B

A

0.5

5

24

I

1.0

10

J

J

1.5

L

441

K

2.0

K

I

L

Table 3.1. HA-1a type attestation per phase

2.5

percentage of total assemblage

phase

L

K

J

I

H

G

F

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.2. HA-1b type attestation per phase.

8

6

4

2

0

L

K

J

I

H

G

F

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.3. HA-1c type attestation per phase.

26

Chapter Three – Typology

phase

sherd count

A

0

B

0

C

0

D

0

E

0

F

1

G

1

H

0

I

20

J

4

K

4

L

3

0.0

phase

sherd count

40

A

0

B

1

C

1

D

0

E

0

F

2

G

1

H

0

I

69

J

221

K

407

L

1008

sherd count

A

0

B

1

C

2

D

0

E

5

F

8

G

46

H

40

I

33

J

2

K

0

L

3

percentage of total assemblage

1.2

0.9

0.6

0.3

L

K

J

I

H

G

F

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.4. HA-2 type attestation per phase.

percentage of total assemblage

35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0

L

K

J

I

H

G

F

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.5. HA-3 type attestation per phase.

3.0 2.5 percentage of total assemblage

phase

1.5

2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0

L

K

J

I

H

G

F

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.6. HA-4 type attestation per phase.

27

HA — Cups & Beakers type were mainly found in ED IIIB to early Akkadian levels of Areas A, B, and C. The relatively high percentages of these beakers in Phases I and J could be the result of later activity in Area G (represented in material from the surface, pits, and intrusive deposits). It is also possible that regular HA-1a beakers, as well as solid footed goblets (HA-3), were misidentified as HA-1b types in the day sheets. Comparanda: Fara: Martin 1988, no. 37 (ED III); Larsa: Thalmann 2003, B33-G1 (ED IIIA).

HA-1c — small, crude conical beaker (Pl. 4) In Area C, a group of beakers with a height between c. 7–13 cm forms a smaller variant. Considering that this group of documented vessels were exclusively found in the craft production complex of Area C, which is also the case for the related small conical bowl type HB-1b, this subtype might be chrono­logically restricted to ED IIIB and the early Akkadian Period. On the other hand, in the day sheet data, HA-1c beakers were commonly attested in the late ED I levels of Area G (9.14% in Phase I). They are largely absent in the religious complexes of Areas A and B, which could indicate that they were used in the context of the craft production activities in Area C, or that they were a more mundane vessel type that was widespread outside of elite contexts. Comparanda: none available

HA-2 — large, coarse beaker (Pl. 5) These vessels, which are almost never completely preserved, form a large, very crude version of HA-1. They are straight-sided beakers with a flat, string-cut base and wide internal bottom. The fabric is always reddish to light brown. All documented specimens come from early ED I contexts in Area G, which is also reflected in the day sheets where they form between 1–1.5% of the assemblage in the ED I Phases I through L, but they are completely absent in later periods. Comparanda: Uruk: Pongratz-Leisten 1988, no. 147 (ED I).

HA-3 — slender beaker with very narrow foot and thin flaring walls (= ‘solid footed goblet’) (Pl. 6) Solid footed goblets have a diameter/height ratio between 0.50 and 0.65, but they are much slenderer than HA-1 vessels, they have a much thinner wall, and they have a considerably lower volume due to their narrow base. Nevertheless, this type of drinking vessel is

part of the range of mass-produced, poor quality utility vessels typical of the early third millennium. Their fabric is usually reddish to light brown. They differ from HA-1 vessels also in their surface treatment, as many of them are wet smoothed, perhaps related to their function as drinking vessels. Several studies have observed a development of the solid footed goblet beginning in the Jemdet Nasr Period as a normal beaker with a narrower foot, leading into a high-footed goblet that was particularly popular during the first half of the Early Dynastic I Period (Delougaz 1952, 57; Matthews 1997, 113; Benati 2018, 65). The type continued to be used throughout the second half of Early Dynastic I, but in far lower quantities. This trend finds further support at al-Hiba. Vessels 6HP23,2 6HP155, 6HP156, and the base 3HP81B are beakers with a narrow foot and occur almost exclusively in Phase L (early ED I). Vessels 6HP25 and 6HP27 are slenderer and with a low solid foot, and also occur in Phases L and K. Classic examples of goblets with a high solid foot (3HP241, 4HP161, 6HP114, 6HP27, 6HP11) occur mainly in Phase K and to a lesser degree in late ED I Phase J. Finally, the slenderest example (3HP12) was only found in Phases I and J. However, since only a few specimens of this type were fully documented in drawings, the evidence from al-Hiba is not conclusive. Comparanda: Abu Salabikh: Moon 1987, nos 97–107 (early ED I); Diyala: Delougaz 1952, B.007.700, B.076.700, B.077.700 (ED I); Fara: Martin 1988, no. 36 (ED I); Larsa: Calvet 2003, no. N34–35 (late ED I); Sakheri al-Sughir: Wright 1969, fig. 16d­-f (ED I); Uruk: Pongratz-Leisten 1988, nos 38, 39, 419–21 (ED I).

HA-4 — tall, straight-sided beaker with flaring mouth (Pl. 7) Only a few examples of this vessel type were recorded, even though they are not uncommon in the al-Hiba ceramic corpus; they consist of 1–3% of all typed sherds in Phases I through C (ED III to Ur III). These tall goblets range between 14–30 cm in height, usually with a high straight body and a wide flaring mouth. The width of the mouth is about half the height of the vessel. One specimen has long, vertical scraping on its body (1H39). The drawing of 6HP23 could be classified as a HA-1a conical beaker. However, references to this type number in the day sheets usually have the qualifier ‘SFG’ (Solid Footed Goblet). The drawn specimen was found in Phase L, which supports its inclusion in HA-3 as a narrow-footed beaker that is a precursor to the classic solid footed goblets. 2 

28 The chrono­logical range of this type of vessel is generally considered to be restricted to the Akkadian and Ur III periods. Observations at other sites such as Nippur, Wilaya, Umm el-Jir, and in the Diyala have shown that Ur  III versions are often better finished, tend to have more curving bodies, and can have an overhanging triangular rim (e.g. 2HP282) (Hussein, Altaweel & Rejeb 2009, 19). Diyala parallels come from Tell Asmar Houses  II–IVa and the Northern Palace, which, following Gibson’s (2011) new chrono­logical framework, would date these primarily to the Ur III Period. Several of these vessels at al-Hiba were not found in good contexts: mainly later cuts into Early Dynastic levels in Areas A and C or surface finds, which could fit a later date. Nevertheless, the vast majority of these vessels (86 sherds) were found in ED III levels, while only seven were found in Akkadian and Ur III contexts and another eight come from the ED IIIB to early Akkadian Phase F. Comparanda: Diyala: Delougaz 1952, B.256.00; C.257.10 (Ur III); ­Nippur: Wilson in press, 7NP34(?) (IT VII); Wilaya: Hussein, Altaweel & Rejeb 2009, fig. 20g, 20j (Akk.); Umm el-Jir: Gibson 1972, UmJ. 30, fig. 24 and 42m (Akk.–Ur III).

HA-5 — globular cup (Pl. 8) Only six specimens of this cup were documented at alHiba with a diameter between 7–10 cm and a diameter/ height ratio between 1.10–1.35. In addition, a unique cup with a thickened rim is included with this type based on general shape and size (2HP47). All specimens come from Area C and in the day sheets they are restricted to ED IIIB to early Akkadian contexts (0.61–0.82% in Phases E, F, and G) with five sherds from the often-disturbed upper contexts in Area G assigned to Phase I. The findspots in the production zone of Area C likely indicates their function in craft activities. Parallels for these vessels are also strictly Akkadian in date. Comparanda: Nuzi: Starr 1937, pl. 51 b-c (Akk.); Susa: Carter 1980, fig. 38.5 (Akk.–Ur III); Wilaya: Hussein, Altaweel & Rejeb 2009, fig. 21c (early Akk.).

HA-6 — round-bottom beaker (Pl. 8) These beakers range between 12–15 cm in height and 14–16 cm in width, but only two examples have been documented. This type lacks good parallels, although a funnel from Nippur level IX:10, dated to late ED I, is very similar in shape. Another similar vessel is known from Uruk, which can also be dated to the later phases of Early Dynastic I. At al-Hiba, all sherds were found in the upper levels in Area G assigned to Phase I. Based on

Chapter Three – Typo­logy this limited data, we can at least date this type of vessel to the second half of ED I or the transition between ED I and ED IIIA, which fits well with the Nippur and Uruk parallels. Comparanda: Diyala: Delougaz 1952, C.002.500 (ED IIIA); ­Nippur: Wilson in press, 7NP53 (IT IX); Uruk: PongratzLeisten 1988, no. 104 (ED I).

HA-7 — small cup with bulbous rim (Pl. 9) These vessels have an average diameter of 8 cm and a diameter/height ratio of 1.0 (with the exception of one more squat example). The shape of the base ranges from fully flat to slightly pedestalled. The thickness of the walls gives this type a rather heavy appearance. While not a common type, Wilaya produced good parallels where they are considered to be an Akkadian type (Hussein, Altaweel & Rejeb 2009, 20). A potential Diyala parallel was found in the main level of the Northern Palace and in Houses Va at Tell Asmar, also securely dated to the Akkadian Period. Two similar vessels come from grave 79 at Abu Salabikh, which cannot be earlier than Early Dynastic III and might very well be later in date (Martin, Moon & Postgate 1985, 4–6). At al-Hiba, all sherds come from Area C, which fits with a late ED IIIB to Akkadian date and also indicates a potential function within craft production activities. Comparanda: Abu Salabikh: Martin, Moon & Postgate 1985, grave 79: nos 18–19 (ED IIIB or later); Diyala: Delougaz 1952, B.064.210 (Akk.); Wilaya: Hussein, Altaweel & Rejeb 2009, fig. 21a-b.

HA-8 — plain, narrow cup (Pl. 9) This type consists of tubular cups with a diameter between 5–10  cm, a flat base, and a slightly curving body. They are quite rare, with only three documented sherds, but they form 4.56% (16 sherds) of late ED I Phase J. There are no good parallels for these cups, possibly because they are fairly indistinct and could have been grouped together with conical beakers in other studies. Comparanda: Abu Salabikh: Martin, Moon & Postgate 1985, grave 48.7 (ED IIIA), Moon 1987, nos 131–32 (ED IIIA); Sakheri al-Sughir: Wright 1969, fig. 21f (ED I).

HA-9 — carinated cup (Pl. 10) These cups have a plain rim on a widely flaring neck and a strongly carinated shoulder, with a body that tapers toward the bottom. One specimen is almost completely preserved suggesting that the base was either rounded

HA — Cups & Beakers

29

phase

sherd count

A

0

B

0

C

0

D

0

E

2

F

4

G

21

H

0

I

5

J

0

K

0

L

0

phase

sherd count

A

0

B

0

C

0

D

0

E

0

F

0

G

0

H

0

I

3

J

0

K

0

L

0

0.00

phase

sherd count

0.10

A

0

B

0

C

0

D

0

E

0

F

0

G

3

H

0

I

0

J

0

K

0

L

0

percentage of total assemblage

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0

L

K

J

I

H

G

F

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.7. HA-5 type attestation per phase.

percentage of total assemblage

percentage of total assemblage

0.25

0.20

0.15

0.10

0.05

L

K

J

I

H

G

F

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.8. HA-6 type attestation per phase.

0.08

0.06

0.04

0.02

0.00

L

K

J

I

H

G

F

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.9. HA-7 type attestation per phase.

30

Chapter Three – Typology

A

0

B

0

C

0

D

0

E

0

F

2

G

1

H

0

I

0

J

16

K

0

L

0

phase

sherd count

A

0

B

0

C

0

D

0

E

0

5

percentage of total assemblage

sherd count

4

3

2

1

0

L

K

J

I

H

G

F

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.10. HA-8 type attestation per phase.

0.6 0.5 percentage of total assemblage

phase

0.4

0

G

17

H

7

I

1

J

0

K

0

L

0

0.0

phase

sherd count

2.5

A

11

B

0

C

1

D

0

E

0

F

0

G

0

H

0

I

0

J

0

K

0

L

0

percentage of total assemblage

F

0.3 0.2 0.1

L

K

J

I

H

G

F

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.11. HA-9 type attestation per phase.

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0

L

K

J

I

H

G

F

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.12. HA-10a type attestation per phase.

31

HA — Cups & Beakers sherd count

A

43

B

0

C

0

D

0

E

0

F

0

G

0

H

0

I

0

J

0

K

0

L

0

10

percentage of total assemblage

phase

8

6

4

2

0

L

K

J

I

H

G

F

or very narrow. In other studies, this type of vessel is listed as a jar, but given the small size and the width of the rim, which equals the widest part of the body, these vessels are here considered to be carinated drinking vessels. Parallels for the type are generally rare outside the Diyala and it is possible that this type of cup is more at home in the eastern part of the alluvium. In the Diyala, the closest parallels come from Early Dynastic III and Akkadian contexts. A close parallel from Susa is dated generally to ED III, while at Wilaya similar vessels are said to be of early Akkadian date (Hussein, Altaweel & Rejeb 2009, 21). At al-Hiba, the documented specimens come from surface cuts in Area G and ED III levels in Area A. The largest concentration of sherds, with 17 examples, comes from ED IIIB contexts (Phase G) in Areas A and C, and they make up 0.50% of the ceramic corpus of the ED III Phases G and H. Comparanda: Diyala: Delougaz 1952, B.175.220a-b (ED III); Susa: Carter 1980, fig. 25.2–3 (ED IIIB); Wilaya: Hussein, Altaweel & Rejeb 2009, fig. 25e-g (early Akk.).

HA-10 — small, cylindrical cup (Pl. 11) This type consists of small cups that are typical of the late Isin-Larsa Period. Based on comparisons with the Armstrong & Gasche typology (listed in the comparanda), it is possible to subdivide the small corpus from al-Hiba into two main subtypes. As a whole, HA-10 cups form 12.92% of the Phase A assemblage at al-Hiba. The south-eastern part of the southern alluvium, where al-Hiba is located, is poorly represented in the

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.13. HA-10b type attestation per phase.

study of Armstrong & Gasche. The al-Hiba corpus provides an important, but small contribution. Overall, the late Isin-Larsa Period cups from al-Hiba tend to be more globular than typical examples provided by Armstrong & Gasche. In addition, two vessels (1H58; 1H59) from late Isin-Larsa burials do not fit well within the Armstrong & Gasche types. Vessel 1H58 is very similar to vessels depicted as Armstrong & Gasche type 70A2, which is restricted to northern Babylonia during the later Old Babylonian Period. It has a narrow dark painted band underneath the outer rim, which is paralleled by 65A1 cups from Nippur of the late Isin-Larsa Period. Vessel 1H59, on the other hand, has a pedestal base similar to type HA-10b, but it is a squat, globular cup that is otherwise unparalleled.

HA-10a — small, cylindrical cup with slightly outward flaring rim and a flat, string-cut base (Pl. 11) This subtype is defined by one complete vessel (1H83) and three rim sherds that are similarly sized, with diameters ranging between 6–11 cm, and have a similar outward flaring rim. These vessels are closely related to Armstrong & Gasche type 65B1, which were produced mainly during the second half of the Isin-Larsa Period. Comparanda: Armstrong & Gasche 2014, 65B1 (late Isin-Larsa).

HA-10b — small, cylindrical cup with a pedestal base (Pl. 11) This subtype consists of cups with a small pedestal base parallel with Armstrong & Gasche type 70B2. This type is only known from southern Babylonia and it is a good

32

Chapter Three – Typology

phase

sherd count

A

4

B

0

C

0

D

0

E

0

F

0

G

0

H

0

I

0

J

0

K

0

L

0

0.0

phase

sherd count

25

A

93

B

2

C

0

D

0

E

0

F

0

G

0

H

0

I

0

J

0

K

1

L

0

phase

sherd count

A

2

B

0

C

0

D

0

E

0

F

0

G

0

H

0

I

0

J

0

K

0

L

0

percentage of total assemblage

percentage of total assemblage

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

L

K

J

I

H

G

F

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.14. HA-10c type attestation per phase.

20

15

10

5

0

L

K

J

I

H

G

F

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.15. HA-11 type attestation per phase.

percentage of total assemblage

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0.0

L

K

J

I

H

G

F

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.16. HA-12 type attestation per phase.

33

HB — Small Bowls sherd count

A

0

B

0

C

0

D

0

E

0

F

0

G

6

H

0

I

1

J

0

K

0

L

0

0.20

percentage of total assemblage

phase

0.15

0.10

0.05

0.00

L

K

J

I

H

G

F

chronological marker for the final century of the IsinLarsa Period. Comparanda: Armstrong & Gasche 2014, 70B2 (end of IsinLarsa).

HA-10c — small, cylindrical cup with a very low carination (Pl. 11) These cups are similar to the vessels of HA-10a, but they have straight walls and a base that is almost as wide as the vessel itself, offset by a very low carination. These cups also tend to be of a finer quality than HA-10a cups. They are identical to Armstrong & Gasche type 65D3, which has a short lifespan at the end of the Isin-Larsa Period. Comparanda: Armstrong & Gasche 2014, 65D3 (end of IsinLarsa).

HA-11 — footed cylindrical goblet (Pl. 12) These tall drinking vessels are typical of southern Babylonia during the last century of the Isin-Larsa Period. They have a cylindrical body with sometimes a slight curvature, narrowing down to a ring base. This type is part of Family 90 in the Armstrong & Gasche typology. A lack of a preserved rim on two specimens does not allow a further subdivision, but the one complete specimen parallels 90A2. As elsewhere, these goblets are very common at al-Hiba where they form 20.04% of the late Isin-Larsa assemblage of Phase A. Comparanda: Armstrong & Gasche 2014, Family 90 (late IsinLarsa).

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.17. HA-13 type attestation per phase.

HA-12 — fine globular cup with a stepped shoulder (Pl. 13) Only one al-Hiba specimen defines this type, based on a close parallel with Armstrong & Gasche type 170A1 that consists of globular vessels with everted necks. The type is restricted to the final decades of the Isin-Larsa Period in southern Babylonia, which fits well with the findspot of this vessel in Area B. They are a rare occurrence with only two attested sherds in Phase A. Comparanda: Armstrong & Gasche 2014, 170A1 (end of IsinLarsa).

HA-13 — squat cup with low carination (Pl. 13) Three cups have a similar profile with a low carination and a slightly outward-flaring curvature to the body. One of these cups has fingernail-impressed bands on the carination. They were found in Area C and they occur almost exclusively in Phase G (ED IIIB). There are good parallels at Abu Salabikh where they are also rare, but they seem to cluster in ED III. Comparanda: Abu Salabikh: Moon 1987, nos 187–88 (ED IIIB).

HB — SMALL BOWLS (rim diameter generally below 20 cm) HB-1 — very common plain conical bowl (Pl. 14) This type is defined by a range of diameter/height ratios between 1.70–3.50, with a few outliers. These vessels are shallower versions of the continuum of massproduced shapes with a string-cut base that includes HA-1. While they occur throughout the third millen-

34

Chapter Three – Typology sherd count

A

26

B

47

C

142

D

437

E

694

F

1424

G

15656

H

3730

I

919

J

129

K

94

L

213

80 70 percentage of total assemblage

phase

60 50 40 30 20 10 0

phase

sherd count

A

0

B

0

C

1

D

14

E

28

F

53

G

96

H

2

I

39

J

1

K

0

L

0

0.0

phase

sherd count

2.5

A

12

B

0

C

1

D

0

E

0

F

0

G

0

H

0

I

0

J

0

K

0

L

0

L

K

J

I

H

G

F

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.18. HB-1a type attestation per phase.

percentage of total assemblage

percentage of total assemblage

2.5

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

L

K

J

I

H

G

F

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.19. HB-1b type attestation per phase.

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0

L

K

J

I

H

G

F

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.20. HB-1c type attestation per phase.

35

HB — Small Bowls sherd count

A

1

B

2

C

1

D

1

E

8

F

31

G

5

H

0

I

0

J

4

K

0

L

1

8 7 percentage of total assemblage

phase

6 5 4 3 2 1 0

L

K

J

I

H

G

F

nium bce, they are only ubiquitous beginning in ED IIIA (Phase H) through Ur III (Phase C). In the ED I Phases J, K, and L these bowls take up less than 10% of the assemblage, but by ED IIIB (Phase G) they form c. 65% of the typed sherds. This drops to 55–60% in Phases C, D, and E (Akkadian to Ur III) and to 25% in the post-Ur III Phase B. As with HA-1, this type of bowl contains a subtype of small versions (HB-1b) that were found almost exclusively in Area C. Another subtype (HB-1c) is typical of the Isin-Larsa Period, but it was never as ubiquitous as the Early Dynastic conical bowl.

HB-1a — conical bowl (Pls 15–17) Type HB-1a contains the typical crudely produced conical bowls that were especially common during the ED IIIAkkadian Period and tend to become shallower over time (Gruber 2015). They have a string-cut base and are frequently tapped, resulting in the appearance of a slight foot. Comparanda for this type come from every site with third millennium bce occupation (McMahon type O-1). Comparanda: Abu Salabikh: Moon 1987, nos 1–78; Diyala: Delougaz 1952, C.001.200a-b (ED III–Akk.); Fara: Martin 1988, nos 43–47 (ED II–III); Nippur: McMahon 2006, O-1 (ED III–Akk.); Wilson in press, 7NP80 (IT IX), 6NPX2, 6NPX3, 6NPX4, 7N607e (IT VII); Larsa: Thalmann 2003, B33-C1–2 (ED III).

HB-1b — small, crude conical bowl (Pl. 18) In Area C, a group of small, very crudely made conical bowls with a diameter between 10–13 cm and a height between 4–6  cm can be distinguished as a variant of the usual conical bowls of the ED III Period. They were

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.21. HB-2 type attestation per phase.

defined in Area C, but they were most common during the Akkadian and post-Akkadian Phases D, E, and F when they formed c. 2–2.5% of the assemblage.

HB-1c — slightly rounded conical bowl (Pl. 19) A subgroup of conical bowls belongs to the Isin-Larsa Period, parallel to Armstrong & Gasche type 15A1. They generally continue the conical bowl tradition of the third millennium, but many specimens tend to have a slightly more rounded body unlike their predecessors, which have straight to slightly outward flaring bodies. They were found exclusively in late Isin-Larsa contexts and they make up 2.37% of the Phase A assemblage. Comparanda: Armstrong & Gasche 2014, 15A1 (late Isin-Larsa).

HB-2 — conical bowl with bevelled rim (Pl. 20) This variant of the plain conical bowl is only rarely attested at al-Hiba. The three documented specimens have a diameter of c. 20 cm. This type parallels McMahon’s type O-12 and Armstrong & Gasche type 10E1, which generally spans the late Akkadian through Ur III Period. However, at al-Hiba, the majority of sherds of this type occur in Phase F (ED IIIB to early Akkadian transition) where they form 6.39% of the assemblage, and to a lesser extent in Phase E (Akkadian) where they form 2.56% of the total assemblage. It is possible that many of these sherds were misidentified and actually were regular conical bowls (HB-1a). In the following phases, when HB-2 sherds would be expected to be most common, they occur only sporadically. Comparanda: Armstrong & Gasche 2014, 10E1 (Ur III–IsinLarsa); McMahon 2006, O-12 (late Akk.–Ur III).

36

Chapter Three – Typology

phase

sherd count

A

0

B

0

C

0

D

0

E

0

F

0

G

0

H

0

I

0

J

1

K

0

L

2

0.0

phase

sherd count

15

A

1

B

17

C

3

D

0

E

0 11

H

0

I

4

J

0

K

0

L

0

phase

sherd count

A

15

B

0

C

0

D

0

E

0

F

0

G

0

H

0

I

0

J

0

K

2

L

2

percentage of total assemblage

0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1

percentage of total assemblage

0

G

0.7

L

K

J

I

H

G

F

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.22. HB-3 type attestation per phase.

12

9

6

3

0

L

K

J

I

H

G

F

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.23. HB-4a type attestation per phase.

3.5 3.0 percentage of total assemblage

F

0.8

2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0

L

K

J

I

H

G

F

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.24. HB-4b type attestation per phase.

37

HB — Small Bowls HB-3 — bevelled rim bowl (Pl. 20) This well-known, crudely produced, mould-made bowl with a bevelled rim is a type fossil of the Uruk Period, although it continued to be produced in strongly reduced quantities through the Jemdet Nasr Period (Helwing 2014). The very few known examples from al-Hiba are most likely evidence for an earlier occupation at the site that has not yet been encountered during excavations and which is only poorly attested in the surface survey. In addition, another sherd (4HP123) has a similar appearance, but was wheel-made and is much finer. This could be an example of a ‘cut-rim bowl’, which was mainly in use at the end of the Uruk Period and in the Jemdet Nasr Period (Postgate 1983, 48).

HB-4 — carinated bowl HB-4a — carinated conical bowl (Pl. 21) These conical bowls have a carination that varies from a rounded transition between an angled body and an upright rim to a sharp edge. The upright rim is slightly to strongly concave, sometimes resulting in a groove. This type is very common throughout Mesopotamia, beginning at the end of the third millennium bce and lasting well into the second millennium bce. This type can be equated with McMahon type O-17 and Armstrong & Gasche group 20E1, which first appear at the end of the Akkadian Period, but which is otherwise a hallmark of the Ur III and Isin-Larsa periods. Earlier versions tend to be larger and they became increasingly smaller through the centuries while the height of the rim above the carination decreases over time (Schmidt 2014). At al-Hiba, this type of bowl is surprisingly uncommon with 21 documented vessels (many from burials) and only a total count of 40 sherds in the day sheets (many of which are from mixed and disturbed contexts). Including the vessels from the early Isin-Larsa burials, they constitute 14.41% of the ceramic assemblage in Phase B, but only 3.06% in Ur III Phase C, which is undoubtedly a result of the poor preservation of levels of this period. Comparanda: Armstrong & Gasche 2014, 20E1 (Ur III–IsinLarsa); ­McMahon 2006, O-17 (late Akk.–Isin-Larsa).

HB-4b — footed conical bowl with very small carinated rim (Pl. 22) This type is defined in parallel with Armstrong & Gasche 20B2, with two examples found in Area B at al-Hiba (1HP500; 1HP590). They are flat-based bowls with a finished foot, a straight body, and a very small rim. Armstrong & Gasche (2014, 25) describe this type as a northern variant from the middle of the Isin-Larsa Period when potters began to produce thinner, wellmade bowls with a very small carination at the rim and with a finished base. The al-Hiba vessels 1HP500 and 1HP590, as well as 15 sherds in the day sheets (3.23% of the Phase A assemblage) come from late Isin-Larsa contexts so that we might need to extend the chrono­logical and geo­graphical range observed by Armstrong & Gasche. The type is related to 20B1, which is very similar, but has a string-cut base, with a chrono­logical range that fits better with the excavated al-Hiba contexts. Comparanda: Armstrong & Gasche 2014, 20B1 (late IsinLarsa).

HB-5 — greyware bowl (Pl. 23) This type of vessel is defined mainly by its distinct grey fabric, but most vessels within this type are similar flat-based bowls. Their grey colour, which is often burnished, and general shape imitate stone vessels. Although rare, this type only occurs in Phases I through L, which provides a secure date in ED I. Comparanda: Abu Salabikh: Moon 1987, nos 170–71 (ED I–II); Diyala: Delougaz 1952, B.022.200, pl. 48 (ED I).

HB-6 — inwardly bevelled rim bowl (Pl. 22) Only two specimens were found in Area B (1HP597; 3HP265). This type has been defined in parallel with Armstrong & Gasche type 10C1 that dates to the end of the Isin-Larsa Period. However, the few sherds of this type in the day sheets come mainly from Phase C (Ur III). It is possible that these were intrusive considering the poor preservation of these levels and their proximity to the surface. Comparanda: Armstrong & Gasche 2014, 10C1 (end of IsinLarsa).

38

Chapter Three – Typology

0

B

0

C

0

D

0

E

0

F

0

G

0

H

0

I

2

J

0

K

1

L

2

phase

sherd count

A

1

B

0

C

5

D

1

E

0

F

0

G

0

H

0

I

1

J

0

K

0

L

0

phase

sherd count

A

0

B

0

C

0

D

0

E

0

F

0

G

4

H

0

I

25

J

2

K

8

L

3

0.7 percentage of total assemblage

A

0.8

0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0

L

K

J

I

H

G

F

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.25. HB-5 type attestation per phase.

A

Table 3.26. HB-6 type attestation per phase.

6 5 percentage of total assemblage

sherd count

4 3 2 1 0

L

K

J

I

H

G

F

E

D

C

B

3.0 2.5 percentage of total assemblage

phase

2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0

L

K

J

I

H

G

F

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.27. HC-1 type attestation per phase.

39

HC — Lids & Jar Stoppers sherd count

A

0

B

6

C

7

D

49

E

66

F

147

G

3086

H

171

I

258

J

17

K

9

L

11

15

percentage of total assemblage

phase

12

9

6

3

0

L

K

J

I

H

G

F

HC — LIDS & JAR STOPPERS HC-1 — hollow jar stopper (Pl. 25) These hollow clay objects are called ‘jar stoppers’ referring to their assumed function. They are hollow inside and almost always pierced once on the top and often additionally on the bottom, presumably to prevent explosions during firing. They usually have a round bottom with a strong carination leading up to a central elevation or knob. There is a trend from round-bodied jar stoppers in Phase K (mid-ED I) to stoppers with a much stronger carination in Phases I and J (late ED I to ED I– IIIA transitional). A few jar stoppers with strong carination were found in Phase H contexts in Area A, while a single jar stopper from Phase G (2HP307) is much flatter, which indicates that they were still occasionally in use throughout ED III. This type is well-known to be typical for ED I (lasting into ED II) and they are found at every site with occupation of that period. A date spanning the second half of ED I is confirmed at al-Hiba where they make up 2.75% of the assemblage in Phase K, and 1.88% in Phase I. Comparanda: Abu Salabikh: Moon 1987, no. 151 (ED I); Diyala: Delougaz 1952, B.664.520b-c (ED I–II); Fara: Martin 1988, nos 59–62 (ED I); Nippur: Wilson in press, 7N621 (IT XI), 7NP113, 7N593 (IT X), 8N47, 8N86 (IT IX); Uruk: PongratzLeisten 1988, nos 120, 165, 215–17, 355, 363, 427, 443–45 (ED I).

HC-2 — lid cap A category of small, shallow bowls which were most likely used as lid caps. Regular conical bowls could also

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.28. HC-2a type attestation per phase.

frequently have been used as lid caps, but the types presented here are shaped differently as an adaptation for a function as a lid cap. There are three distinct groups of such lid caps, but a few additional shapes also occur.

HC-2a — sinuous-sided lid cap (Pl. 26) These vessels have a string-cut base resulting in the appearance of a small foot. The upper part of the body is slightly turned upward and is often slightly thicker as to envelop the mouth of a jar. In the day sheets, many sherds have been assigned to this type, but their identification might be problematic considering their similarity to conical bowls. The documented specimens come from Area A and the surface of Area G, which could indicate that they were mainly produced during ED IIIA. However, if we accept the day sheet identification of these vessels, then they were in use throughout the second half of the third millennium bce with a peak in ED IIIB when they made up 12.88% of the total assemblage. Comparanda: Diyala: Delougaz 1952, C.042.200 (Akk.–Ur III); Ur: Woolley 1934, no. 29.

HC-2b — conical lid cap (Pl. 26) These vessels look like miniature versions of the common conical bowls HB-1a, but due to their small size they most likely served as lid caps. They have a stringcut base and a conical shape. Both documented vessels come from Area C, while the type only occurs once in the day sheets. Comparanda: Diyala: Delougaz 1952, B.001.200a (ED III–Akk.).

40

Chapter Three – Typology

phase

sherd count

A

0

B

0

C

0

D

0

E

0

F

0

G

0

H

0

I

9

J

2

K

4

L

1

0.0

phase

sherd count

3.5

A

0

B

0

C

0

D

0

E

0

F

0

G

0

H

0

I

10

J

11

K

3

L

11

0.0

phase

sherd count

2.0

A

0

B

0

C

1

D

1

E

5

F

5

G

22

H

0

I

0

J

0

K

0

L

0

percentage of total assemblage

1.5

1.2

0.9

0.6

0.3

L

K

J

I

H

G

F

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.29. HE-1 type attestation per phase.

percentage of total assemblage

3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0

percentage of total assemblage

0.5 L

K

J

I

H

G

F

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.30. HE-2 type attestation per phase.

1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0

L

K

J

I

H

G

F

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.31. HE-3 type attestation per phase.

41

HD — Funnels & Sieves HC-2c — lid cap with flaring rim (Pl. 26)

HD-2 — colander (Pl. 28)

Only one example of a lid cap with a widely flaring rim was found at al-Hiba (2HP213). This type is defined in parallel with McMahon type O-16, which is most typical for the Ur III Period, but began to be produced at the end of the Akkadian Period and probably lasted into the Isin-Larsa Period. The single example from al-Hiba was intrusive in a Phase G context in Area C.

This type is attested by only one documented sherd, which is the bottom part of a large bowl with perforations through its base. This sherd was a surface find in Area C, which makes it impossible to provide a secure date, but it most likely post-dates ED IIIB-Akkadian.

Comparanda: M ­ cMahon 2006, O-16 (late Akk.–Ur III).

HC-3 — lid with handle (Pl. 27) Two sherds, all from ED I contexts in Area G, are from lids with a plain vertical handle. Since these sherds were found in surface cuts and there are no attestations in the day sheets, and to my knowledge there are no good parallels, it is difficult to assign a chrono­logical range. Nevertheless, since they come exclusively from Area G, they are most likely ED I in date. Comparanda: Ur: Woolley 1934, no. 247; Uruk: PongratzLeisten 1988, no. 77 (ED I).

HC-4 — small jar plug (Pl. 27) Two small, cone-shaped objects probably served as plugs for miniature jars. One of these, 2H172B, was found together with a miniature jar of type HP-10a. While there are no further attestations in the day sheets, both of these plugs were found in Area C. Since miniature vessels at al-Hiba are also largely restricted to ED IIIB, these plugs are almost certainly of the same date. Comparanda: none available

HD — FUNNELS & SIEVES HD-1 — funnel (Pl. 28) These narrow, elongated vessels taper strongly toward the bottom where they have a small opening. The only documented example comes from Area G in a level dated to Phase K. Comparanda from Abu Salabikh, the Diyala, Ur, and Uruk similarly suggest an ED I date for this type, possibly later in the period. Comparanda: Abu Salabikh: Moon 1987, no. 115 (ED I); Diyala: Delougaz 1952, pl. 50a-b (ED I); Ur: Woolley 1934, no. 17; Uruk: Pongratz-Leisten 1988, no. 142 (ED I).

Comparanda: none available

HE — TRAYS HE-1 — plain flat tray (Pl. 29) These vessels have a low wall and a flat base with a diameter ranging usually between 25–30  cm. While most parallels for these simple trays are from ED III levels at other sites, all HE-1 sherds come from the ED I Phases I to L where they make up 0.50–1.50% of the assemblage. In addition, two specimens from surface contexts in Areas C and G have an outward-leaning body (2HP285; 3HP182), which could be more typical of later periods. Comparanda: Abu Salabikh: Moon 1987, nos 193–200 (ED II– III); Diyala: Delougaz 1952, C.201.200 (ED II–III); Larsa: Calvet 2003, N49 (ED I), Thalmann 2003, B33-C5 (ED III); ­Nippur: Wilson in press, 7N561 (IT IX); 8NP37 (IT VIII); ­McMahon 2006, O-6 (ED III-Akk.); Uruk: Pongratz-Leisten 1988, nos 66–67, 179 (ED I).

HE-2 — plain flat tray with internal ring (Pls 30–31) These trays have an internal ring that creates a central space with a narrow band around it. The internal ring commonly has a depression that connects the central space with the outer band. This type of tray is typical for ED I and is common in both excavations and surveys of sites belonging to this period. This date is further confirmed by the fact that at al-Hiba this type was only found in Area G and it constitutes 1–3.5% of the total assemblage in Phases I to L. Comparanda: Abu Salabikh: Moon 1987, no. 202 (ED I); Larsa: Calvet 2003, N80, N108 (ED I); ­Nippur: Wilson in press, 7NP119, 7N599 (IT XI–X); 8N167 (IT IX); Sakheri al-Sughir: Wright 1969, fig. 21c (ED I); Uruk: Pongratz-Leisten 1988, nos 180, 229 (ED I).

HE-3 — very low flat tray (Pls 32–33) The function of these vessels remains unclear; for example, they could be large, flat lids, rather than trays. Their rim is often too low to contain any substance and a few sherds have an elevated centre. They are very large

42

Chapter Three – Typology

phase

sherd count

A

9

B

0

C

0

D

0

E

0

F

0

G

0

H

0

I

0

J

0

K

1

L

0

0.0

phase

sherd count

0.25

A

1

B

0

C

0

D

0

E

0

F

0

G

0

H

0

I

0

J

0

K

0

L

0

0.00

phase

sherd count

1.5

A

6

B

0

C

0

D

0

E

0

F

0

G

0

H

0

I

0

J

0

K

0

L

0

percentage of total assemblage

percentage of total assemblage

percentage of total assemblage

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

L

K

J

I

H

G

F

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.32. HE-4a type attestation per phase.

0.20

0.15

0.10

0.05

L

K

J

I

H

G

F

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.33. HE-4b type attestation per phase.

1.2

0.9

0.6

0.3

0.0

L

K

J

I

H

G

F

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.34. HE-5 type attestation per phase.

43

HE — Trays sherd count

A

6

B

0

C

0

D

0

E

0

F

0

G

0

H

0

I

0

J

0

K

0

L

0

1.5

percentage of total assemblage

phase

1.2

0.9

0.6

0.3

0.0

L

K

J

I

H

G

F

with diameters ranging between 30–50 cm or more. In case they were used as lids, they might have been used together with vats (HI). If they were used as trays, then it is more likely that they provided a portable work surface or were used as a heating surface for food production. Some of these trays have a notched rim and/ or diagonal grooves running across the surface. A good parallel comes from the 6G Ash-Tip at Abu Salabikh, the material of which interestingly has been compared to al-Hiba Area C (Green 1993, 20). At al-Hiba, most of these trays were found in Area C, with additional specimens from the ‘brewery’ in Area B (building 4HB), perhaps suggesting a function in craft production during the ED IIIB-Akkadian Period. The three later trays have a pierced hole in the side. They form c. 0.50–1.50% of the assemblage in Phases D to G. One additional sherd come from Phase C (Ur III), which translates into 1.02% of the assemblage due to the low number of total sherds. Comparanda: Abu Salabikh: Green 1993, fig. 10.3 (ED IIIB).

HE-4 — bowl-tray with flat rim HE-4a — bowl-tray with flat rim and unfinished base (Pl. 34) This type is defined in parallel with Armstrong & Gasche type 5D1, which dates to the end of the Isin-Larsa Period. One specimen has a ledge rim, rather than a flat rim, which does not have a good parallel, but as a whole this vessel belongs to the family of bowl-trays with an unfinished base. They are not very common, but they form 1.92% of the total assemblage of Phase A.

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.35. HE-6 type attestation per phase.

Comparanda: Armstrong & Gasche 2014, 5D1 (end of IsinLarsa).

HE-4b — bowl-tray with flat rim and finished base (Pl. 34) This type is equal to Armstrong & Gasche type 5D2, with the same chronological range as HE-4a. This type is differentiated by a finished base, but the bowl-tray itself is also rounder than HE-4a specimens. It is much rarer than the HE-4a bowl-trays with only a single attestation in Phase A. Comparanda: Armstrong & Gasche 2014, 5D2 (end of IsinLarsa).

HE-5 — bowl-tray with plain rounded rim (Pl. 35) This type is defined in parallel with Armstrong & Gasche type 5E1–2 and is chronologically restricted to the final decades of the Isin-Larsa Period. The only specimen from al-Hiba (1HP619) lacks the characteristic horizontal groove below the rim, but otherwise fits well within this type that is typical of the southern alluvium. In the day sheets, five additional sherds were assigned to this type resulting in 1.29% of the total assemblage of Phase A. Comparanda: Armstrong & Gasche 2014, 5E1–2 (end of IsinLarsa).

HE-6 — basin with bevelled triangular rim (Pl. 35) This type has been defined in parallel with Armstrong & Gasche type 10J1, even though only two specimens are known from al-Hiba (1HP596; 1HP626). The type is

44

Chapter Three – Typology

phase

sherd count

A

1

B

1

C

0

D

0

E

1

F

0

G

39

H

56

I

17

J

7

K

2

L

7

phase

sherd count

A

0

B

0

C

0

D

0

E

0

F

0

G

5

H

9

I

3

J

3

K

0

L

0

0.0

phase

sherd count

1.5

A

0

B

0

C

0

D

0

E

0

F

0

G

0

H

0

I

3

J

0

K

0

L

4

percentage of total assemblage

5

4

3

2

1

0

L

K

J

I

H

G

F

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.36. HF-1 type attestation per phase.

percentage of total assemblage

percentage of total assemblage

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

L

K

J

I

H

G

F

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.37. HF-2 type attestation per phase.

1.2

0.9

0.6

0.3

0.0

L

K

J

I

H

G

F

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.38. HF-3 type attestation per phase.

45

HF — Large Deep Bowls sherd count

A

0

B

0

C

0

D

1

E

0

F

1

G

0

H

0

I

0

J

3

K

0

L

0

1.0

percentage of total assemblage

phase

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0

L

K

J

I

H

G

F

securely dated to the end of the Isin-Larsa period and it is relatively common in Phase A with 1.29% of the total assemblage. Comparanda: Armstrong & Gasche 2014, 10J1 (end of IsinLarsa).

HE-7 — coarse oval tray (Pl. 36)

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.39. HF-4 type attestation per phase.

(ED IIIB), they still constitute 1.13% of the assemblage, but then become very rare. Comparanda: Larsa Thalmann 2003, B33-C3 (ED IIIA); Nippur: Wilson in press, 7NP144, 7NP191 (IT XI), 7NP80 (IT IX); Sakheri al-Sughir: Wright 1969, fig. 17a (ED I); Uruk: Pongratz-Leisten 1988, no. 261 (ED I).

These large, coarse vessels are handmade and have an oval shape. They have a flat base and high side walls that lean inward. They were only found in Area C, which suggests that they were used in a craft production context at least during ED IIIB. Considering that these are very coarse vessels, they may not always have been recorded in older excavations.

HF-2 — large carinated bowl (Pl. 39)

Comparanda: Wilaya: Hussein, Altaweel & Rejeb 2009, fig. 35a (early Akk.); Moon 1987, no. 200 (ED II).

Comparanda: Susa: Steve & Gasche 1971, pl. 29:6 (ED I).

HF — LARGE DEEP BOWLS HF-1 — deep bowl with plain rim (Pl. 38) These vessels usually have a diameter between 30 to 40 cm, with one small outlier of 22 cm. One unique specimen has a spout just below the rim (6HP33). Another vessel (4HP92) has a somewhat bevelled rim with incised lines, which occurs sporadically on ED I bowls (Postgate 1983, 53). Plain bowls like these appear to be restricted to the Early Dynastic Period at al-Hiba with a peak in Phase H (ED IIIA) when they make up 4.06% of the assemblage. In the ED I Phases I to L, they are less common, but still form 1–2% of the assemblage. In Phase G

Three large, plain bowls have a high carination. This type of bowl seems to be very rare and the only good parallel comes from Susa. At al-Hiba, they were found almost exclusively in the upper levels of Area G and level III of Area A, spanning Phases H to J, suggesting a chronological range of late ED I–IIIA.

HF-3 — deep bowl with a wavy line below a plain rim (Pl. 40) These large bowls, with a diameter of c. 40 cm, have a plain rim and a slightly globular body with an incised wavy line below the rim. This type of bowl is at the beginning of a long development of increasingly elaborately decorated deep bowls throughout the Early Dynastic Period. While they are quite rare at al-Hiba, they seem typical of the first half of ED I since they occur almost exclusively in Phase L (1.24% of the assemblage). Such a date can be confirmed through parallels at other sites such as Nippur and Uruk. These parallels suggest that this type of bowl might have been restricted to the southern part of the alluvium in the early part of ED I

46

Chapter Three – Typology

phase

sherd count

A

0

B

0

C

0

D

0

E

2

F

2

G

0

H

0

I

0

J

0

K

0

L

0

0.0

phase

sherd count

4.0

A

0

B

0

C

0

D

4

E

6

0.8

percentage of total assemblage

0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 L

K

J

I

H

G

F

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.40. HF-5 type attestation per phase.

percentage of total assemblage

3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0

F

7

G

108

H

54

I

19

J

2

K

0

L

3

0.0

phase

sherd count

3.5

A

0

B

0

C

1

D

3

E

1

F

6

G

16

H

1

I

41

J

12

K

4

L

6

1.5 1.0 0.5 L

K

J

I

H

G

F

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.41. HF-6 type attestation per phase.

percentage of total assemblage

3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0

L

K

J

I

H

G

F

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.42. HF-7 type attestation per phase.

47

HF — Large Deep Bowls since, to my knowledge, none have been found north of Nippur.

the assemblage and they continue in use throughout the Akkadian Period (Phases D, E, and F) at c. 1.5–2%.

Comparanda: ­Nippur: Wilson in press, 7NP106 (IT X); Uruk: Pongratz-Leisten 1988, nos 81, 190 (ED I).

Comparanda: Larsa: Thalmann 2003, fig. 34.10 (ED IIIA).

HF-4 — deep bowl with fold-over rim (Pl. 41)

HF-7 — common deep bowl with thickened rim (Pl. 44)

These bowls, with a diameter around 40–45 cm, are plain with a rim bent over to form a simple ledge. Parallels with McMahon type O-19 at Nippur and perhaps with early, shallow versions of Armstrong & Gasche type 15H3 suggest that these vessels date to the Ur III Period. However, they do not appear to be very well attested in the southern alluvial plain. Accordingly, they are rare at al-Hiba with only three attestations in the day sheets, mostly out of context. None of these were found in Ur III levels, but those were poorly preserved.

This type of vessel is a plain bowl with a thickened rim, from bulbous to triangular. They have a diameter between 20–40 cm. Most sherds of this type come from late ED I levels in Phases I and J, in which they make up 3.5–4% of the total assemblage, but they have a long lifespan throughout the third millennium bce. Since this type of bowl is fairly nondescript, sherds of plain bowls could frequently be assigned to this type. These bowls are related to type HF-9 and could represent an early development of plain deep bowls with a fashioned rim that became increasingly standardized.

Comparanda: Armstrong & Gasche 2014, 15H3 (Ur III); ­McMahon 2006, O-19 (Ur III).

Comparanda: Larsa: Thalmann 2003, B33-J1 (ED IIIA); Uruk: Pongratz-Leisten 1988, no. 291 (ED I).

HF-5 — deep bowl with flat rim (Pl. 42)

HF-8 — very common decorated deep bowl

As most deep bowls, the diameter of these vessels ranges between 20–40 cm. These are deep bowls with steep, straight sides. The rim folds out at a sharp angle and creates a fully flat ledge. One complete specimen has a ring base, perhaps a standard feature of this type of bowl. The closest parallels are tenuous within McMahon’s type O-18, which, however, have a carinated side. At Uruk, two similar bowls were reported from the Sinkašid Palace area. An Akkadian date for these vessels is confirmed at al-Hiba where they only occur in Phases E and F (c. 0.5% of the assemblage).

This type of deep bowl underwent a development throughout the third millennium bce from bowls with a variety of incised lines and impressed ridges below a bulbous rim to standardized bowls with a ridge below a triangular rim. Most bowls have a diameter around 40 cm, but there is significant variation in size. This type of large bowl is particularly difficult to distinguish from the bases of stands and stemmed dishes, but enough well-preserved specimens demonstrate the existence of a separate bowl type. Possibly, there was a functional relationship between these bowls and stands resulting in formal and decorative similarities produced in the same workshops.

Comparanda: Uruk: Van Ess 1988a, nos 75–76 (Akk.).

HF-6 — deep bowl with slightly upturned bevelled rim (Pl. 43) These vessels have a diameter between 20–35 cm. They are defined by a distinct triangular rim that creates a slightly concave ledge. Some of these specimens could perhaps be interpreted as stand bases, but one specimen (3HP218) has two wavy lines on the interior strongly suggesting its use as a bowl. Most drawn sherds come from Area A, while the vast majority of sherds in the day sheets were found in both Areas A and C, which indicates that they were most common in ED III. Only five sherds of this type come from ED I Phases J to L, which could be intrusive. In Phases G and H (ED III), HF-6 bowls form 3–4% of

HF-8a — decorated necked bowl (Pl. 45) The earliest subtype of decorated deep bowls has a slight carination with a fingernail-impressed ridge. They were found in the earliest excavated levels in the deep sounding in Area G belonging to Phases K and L, suggesting that they were produced during the first half of ED I. Such a date finds further support by parallels from Nippur and Uruk in contemporary levels. Comparanda: ­Nippur: Wilson in press, 7NP123 (IT X), 7NP192 (IT XI); Uruk: Pongratz-Leisten 1988, no. 48 (ED I).

48

Chapter Three – Typology

phase

sherd count

A

0

B

0

C

0

D

0

E

0

F

0

G

0

H

0

I

0

J

0

K

3

L

5

0.0

phase

sherd count

2.5

A

0

B

0

C

0

D

1

E

1

F

3

G

9

H

7

I

33

J

8

K

4

L

5

0.0

phase

sherd count

12

A

0

B

1

C

1

D

8

E

9

F

10 109

H

141

I

133

J

31

K

5

L

5

percentage of total assemblage percentage of total assemblage

1.5

1.0

0.5

L

K

J

I

H

G

F

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.43. HF-8a type attestation per phase.

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

L

K

J

I

H

G

F

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.44. HF-8b type attestation per phase.

10 percentage of total assemblage

G

2.0

8 6 4 2 0

L

K

J

I

H

G

F

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.45. HF-8c type attestation per phase.

49

HF — Large Deep Bowls sherd count

A

0

B

0

C

0

D

1

E

3

F

1

G

22

H

16

I

6

J

1

K

1

L

0

1.2 1.0 percentage of total assemblage

phase

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0

L

K

J

I

H

G

F

HF-8b — decorated deep bowl with bulbous rim (Pls 46–47) These bowls tend to have an incised wavy line between a bulbous to rounded triangular rim and a fingernailimpressed or notched band, but there are many variations on this decoration scheme. Since there are only few good parallels at other sites,3 it is possible that the variety and ubiquity of these decorated deep bowls is more typical of the Lagaš region. The earliest occurrences of these bowls are in the earliest levels in Area G belonging to Phases K and L. They reach their peak in the second half of ED I (Phases I, J, and K), but rapidly diminish beginning in Phase H (ED IIIA) when they are gradually replaced by the more standardized bowls of HF-8c. Few parallels at other sites provide a similar late ED I date. Comparanda: Fara: Martin 1988, no. 53 (ED I/II); Larsa: Calvet 2003, N147 (ED I); Uruk: Pongratz-Leisten 1988, nos 143, 176 (ED I).

HF-8c — deep bowl with notched band below a triangular rim (Pls 48–50) This variant follows a standardized pattern of a notched band below a triangular rim. Many of the drawn specimens could be the rims of stand bases, but there are three (nearly) complete vessels with a ring base. Many parallels at other sites demonstrate that this type was produced mainly in late ED I and ED IIIA. This fits well with the occurrence of these vessels at al-Hiba, where There is an especially elaborate specimen at Larsa (Calvet 2003, N147). 3

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.46. HF-8d type attestation per phase.

they peak at 10% of the total assemblage in Phases H, and I (end of ED I to ED IIIA), and then reduce in number to 3–4% of the assemblages of Phases D to G (ED IIIB to Akkadian). Earlier bowls tend to have a more rounded triangular rim, while later examples are increasingly standardized with a distinctive triangular rim. Their absence from northern assemblages indicates again that the wide spectrum of decorated deep bowls is typical of the southern alluvium during the Early Dynastic Period. Comparanda: Larsa: Thalmann 2003, B33- J2 (ED IIIA); Nippur: Wilson in press, 7NP117 (IT X), 7NP88 (IT IX–VIII); Sakheri al-Sughir: Wright 1969, fig. 17c (ED I); Uruk: PongratzLeisten 1988, nos 63, 64, 69, 118, 148, 189 (ED I).

HF-8d — deep bowl with bulge below a distinctive bulbous to triangular rim (Pls 51–52) This subtype of bowls lacks incised lines or impressed ridges, but instead has a simple ridge or bulge below a distinct rim. These bowls were found mainly in ED III levels in Areas A and C or in surface cuts in Area G. They are far less common than HF-8c and make up only 0.5–1% of the assemblages of Phases E to H (ED IIIA to early Akkadian). Of the four subtypes, sherds of HG-8d are the most difficult to distinguish from stand bases, resulting in misidentifications, so it is a possibility that this subtype is even smaller than presented here. Comparanda: Abu Salabikh: Moon 1987, nos 162, 163 (ED IIIA); Larsa: Thalmann 2003, B33-J1 (ED III); Uruk: PongratzLeisten 1988, nos 148, 220 (ED I).

50

Chapter Three – Typology

phase

sherd count

A

0

B

4

C

11

D

10

E

19

F

41

G

253

H

114

I

37

J

3

K

5

L

3

phase

sherd count

A

0

B

0

C

0

D

1

E

3

F

5

G

103

H

45

I

3

J

3

K

0

L

0

0.0

phase

sherd count

2.0

A

0

B

0

C

1

D

1

E

1

F

0 9

H

21

I

6

J

2

K

0

L

0

percentage of total assemblage

10 8 6 4 2 0

L

K

J

I

H

G

F

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.47. HF-9 type attestation per phase.

3.5

percentage of total assemblage

3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5

percentage of total assemblage

G

12

L

K

J

I

H

G

F

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.48. HF-10a type attestation per phase.

1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0

L

K

J

I

H

G

F

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.49. HF-10b type attestation per phase.

51

HF — Large Deep Bowls HF-9 — deep bowl with rounded triangular rim (Pls 53–55) Four fully preserved specimens of this type indicate that this plain bowl type has a string-cut base. There are three size groups: Group 1 has a diameter between 20–30  cm; Group 2 ranges between 30–40  cm; and Group 3 has a diameter between 40–60 cm. The type is related to, and possibly a further development of, HF-7, and also belongs to McMahon type O-3 but there are enough vessels from al-Hiba to allow a separate classification based on the distinct rounded, triangular rim. As a rather generic, plain deep bowl, this type had a long lifespan. They first appear in the later part of ED I or possibly only in ED IIIA4 and consistently form 6–8.5% of the assemblages of Phases E to H (ED IIIA to Akkadian). The number of sherds remain stable into Phase C (Ur III), but considering the much smaller total assemblage of this phase, they constitute 11.22% of Phase C. One vessel has an incised wavy line below the rim (4HP115), which has an exact parallel from an ED  I context at Nippur. Another ED I vessel is unique with diagonal hatches across the upper part of the body (4HP134). These variations attest to the variety in ED I bowls, which became more standardized in the later part of the Early Dynastic Period. While a microanalysis of these bowls could potentially allow further subdivisions that trace their chrono­logical development, this bowl type is rather generic and therefore can include a higher degree of variety in execution and finishing. Comparanda: ­Nippur: Wilson in press, 7NP15, 7NPX98 (IT VII:2), 8NP21 (IT IX:2); ­McMahon 2006, O-3 (ED III).

HF-10 — deep bowl with overhanging triangular rim HF-10a — deep bowl with distinctive overhanging triangular rim and ring base (Pl. 56) This distinctive variant of the deep bowl is related to HF-9. They are differentiated based on a distinctive triA handful of sherds of this type were found in Phases J, K, and L, but considering the small amount, these could be intrusive. Since there is a close relationship with the bowls of HF-7, which show the opposite development of a higher occurrence in the ED I Phases J, K, and L, and less in subsequent phases, it is reasonable to consider HF-7 and HF-9 to be part of the same long development of plain bowls with a fashioned rim. This is further confirmed by the observation that earlier HF-9 vessels from levels in Areas A and G tend to have either a more bulbous rim or a ledge rim instead of a standardized, rounded triangular rim. 4 

angular rim and a ring base. Nevertheless, it is difficult to distinguish bowls with such a rim based solely on drawings. These bowls make up c. 3% of the assemblages of Phases G and H with only very few sherds from earlier and later levels, which suggests that this is a typical ED III bowl type. Comparanda: Abu Salabikh: Moon 1987, nos 155–60 (ED IIIA).

HF-10b — upward-curving deep bowl with overhanging rounded triangular rim (Pl. 57) These vessels are distinguished by the upturned upper part of the vessel. Some of these specimens might be the base of stands, but due to a lack of evidence they are here assumed to be bowls. In the graves at Abu Salabikh, this variant appears to be restricted to ED III. At al-Hiba, they also largely restricted to the ED III Phases G and H, and especially the latter (ED IIIA).5 Comparanda: Abu Salabikh: Martin, Moon & Postgate 1985, grave 14: no. 2, grave 26: no. 35, grave 73: no. 29, grave 96: no. 3 (ED III); Moon 1987, no. 156 (ED IIIA late).

HF-11 — inward-turning bowl with large ledge rim (Pl. 58) These bowls parallel Armstrong & Gasche type 15D, which spans the entire Isin-Larsa Period. They have curved sides and a large ledge rim. One vessel has grooves on the upper body (1HP541), which is also documented in the contemporary, related Armstrong & Gasche type 20L. At al-Hiba, these bowls were found mainly in Phases A, B, and C (Ur III through Isin-Larsa) where they form 2–6% of the assemblage, with possibly intrusive sherds in earlier phases. Comparanda: Armstrong & Gasche 2014, 15D (Isin-Larsa).

HF-12 — deep bowl with a high carination and a ledge rim (Pl. 59) This type of bowl parallels Armstrong & Gasche types 20K and 20L, which date to the Ur  III and early IsinLarsa Period. The al-Hiba group post-dates Ur III and is more similar to early Isin-Larsa examples from the northern alluvium. Only a few sherds of this type were The percentages of this type might be misleading considering the varying sizes in datasets for the different phases. Thirty-six sherds come from Phases G, H, and I, spanning ED III, while only two sherds were found in the late ED I phase I and only one sherd in each of phases C, D, and E, suggesting these might be out of context, intrusive, or residual. 5 

52

Chapter Three – Typology

phase

sherd count

A

10

B

3

C

6

D

2

E

5

F

0

G

0

H

0

I

0

J

0

K

2

L

0

phase

sherd count

A

2

B

0

C

0

D

0

E

0

F

0

G

0

H

0

I

0

J

0

K

0

L

0

0.0

phase

sherd count

1.5

A

0

B

0

C

0

D

0

E

0

F

0

G

0

H

0

I

1

J

3

K

3

L

4

8

percentage of total assemblage

7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

L

K

J

I

H

G

F

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.50. HF-11 type attestation per phase.

percentage of total assemblage

percentage of total assemblage

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

L

K

J

I

H

G

F

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.51. HF-12 type attestation per phase.

1.2

0.9

0.6

0.3

0.0

L

K

J

I

H

G

F

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.52. HF-13 type attestation per phase.

53

HF — Large Deep Bowls sherd count

A

0

B

0

C

0

D

0

E

0

F

0

G

0

H

0

I

0

J

1

K

0

L

4

1.5

percentage of total assemblage

phase

1.2

0.9

0.6

0.3

0.0

L

K

J

I

H

G

F

found in Area B so it does not seem to have been a very common bowl type at al-Hiba. Both sherds were found in Phase A levels, that date to the late Isin-Larsa Period, but these could easily have been residual from earlier Isin-Larsa levels. Comparanda: Armstrong & Gasche 2014, 20K-L (Ur III–early Isin-Larsa).

HF-13 — deep bowl with fingernail-impressed band below a bevelled to ledge rim (Pl. 60) These bowls often have a groove underneath the rim and there is always a fingernail-impressed band, either on a carination or on a shallow applied ridge below a ledge rim. This combination is similar in appearance to decorated shallow bowls with a double ledge rim (HG5c), but HF-13 bowls are both functionally and morphologically distinct because they are much larger and deeper. This type has only rarely been attested outside of alHiba and to my knowledge there are only two parallels at Abu Salabikh and Nippur. These bowls are also relatively rare at al-Hiba with six drawn vessels and eleven attestations in the day sheets that are exclusively from the ED I Phases I to L. They might be especially typical of the early part of ED I, since more of them come from the lower levels where they make up c. 1% of the assemblage. Comparanda: Abu Salabikh: Moon 1987, no. 161 (ED I); Nippur: Wilson in press, 7NP117 (IT X).

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.53. HF-14 type attestation per phase.

HF-14 — deep bowl with applied rope decoration below a ledge rim (Pl. 61) These bowls are larger than usual with a diameter ranging between 50–60 cm. Only bowl 6HP144 is typical, while two other vessels have been assigned to this type based on less immediate similarities. This type of vessel has been well-documented to be typical of ED I at Nippur and at Susa, which is also the case at al-Hiba. The highest occurrence of this type is in the earliest Phase L with 1.24% of the total assemblage, with only a single sherd from Phase J. Comparanda: Nippur: Wilson in press, 7NP102 (IT X); Susa: Carter 1980, figs 11.5, 12.7–8 (early ED I).

HF-15 — straight-sided deep bowl with ledge rim (Pl. 62) These vessels usually have comb-incised grooves around the middle of the body and a rim diameter between 15–25 cm. In addition, two vessels (2HP146; 2HP373) are elaborately decorated with comb-incised straight and wavy lines and fingernail-impressed ridges. They were found mainly in Isin-Larsa Period contexts in Area B (5.93% in Phase B; 1.29% in Phase A), but one drawn vessel was found within level IB of Area C and, therefore, was almost certainly intrusive. They are closely related to HJ-4, but the HF-15 bowls are slightly smaller with diameters ranging between 15–25 cm and the mouth is the widest part of the vessel. Considering these differences, these vessels are here considered to be a separate bowl variant of the better-documented HJ-4 jars. To my knowledge, there are no good parallels for this variant of the common HJ-4 jars. Comparanda: none available

54

Chapter Three – Typology

phase

sherd count

A

6

B

7

C

0

D

1

E

0

F

0

G

2

H

0

I

0

J

0

K

1

L

0

phase

sherd count

A

0

B

3

C

2

D

2

E

3

F

1

G

6

H

0

I

0

J

0

K

0

L

0

0.0

phase

sherd count

3.0

A

0

B

0

C

1

D

2

E

9

F

4

G

3

H

0

I

1

J

3

K

2

L

0

6

percentage of total assemblage

5 4 3 2 1 0

L

K

J

I

H

G

F

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.54. HF-15 type attestation per phase.

3.0

percentage of total assemblage

2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5

L

K

J

I

H

G

F

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.55. HF-17 type attestation per phase.

percentage of total assemblage

2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0

L

K

J

I

H

G

F

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.56. HF-18 type attestation per phase.

55

HF — Large Deep Bowls sherd count

A

0

B

0

C

0

D

0

E

0

F

0

G

23

H

14

I

4

J

0

K

0

L

0

1.2 1.0 percentage of total assemblage

phase

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0

L

K

J

I

H

G

F

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.57. HF-19 type attestation per phase.

HF-16 — deep bowl with inwardly bevelled rim (Pl. 59)

HF-18 — carinated deep bowl (Pl. 64)

Only one specimen of this type, with a diameter of 21 cm, has been found at al-Hiba (3HP166). The type has been defined in parallel with Armstrong & Gasche type 15F3, which has a very short lifespan at the very end of the Isin-Larsa Period. In their typology, this vessel has a round bottom and is usually found in pairs as part of an infant burial. At al-Hiba, the fragmentary vessel was found in the upper levels of Area G where it might be either intrusive or part of a very poorly preserved burial.

These bowls have a rounded carination and an outflaring rim. Some of these vessels could be part of pot stands and admittedly this type looks very similar to stand type HH-2b when only part of the vessel is preserved. This type can be equated with McMahon type O-15 that is restricted in her sounding to mid-late Akkadian levels. At al-Hiba these vessels were also mainly found in Akkadian levels of Area B. They peak in Phase E with 2.88% of the total assemblage and drop to c. 1% in Phases C and D after which they no longer appear. In addition, the day sheets list six sherds assigned to this type from ED I levels. This could be due to misidentification, intrusive material, or there was a similar type of vessel during ED I that is not documented in the drawings.

Comparanda: Armstrong & Gasche 2014, 15F3 (end of Isin-Larsa).

HF-17 — inward-curving deep bowl with flattened, bulbous rim (Pl. 63) The diameter of these vessels ranges between 15–25 cm. They range from deep bowls that could almost be classified as wide-mouthed jars to large, shallow bowls. This variety suggests that type HF-17 combines functionally different vessels. However, they are morphologically defined by the same rim type and the inward-curving top part of the vessel. The type shows affinities with McMahon type O-21 that dates to the Ur III Period, but with earlier antecedents. The connections with type O-21 are tenuous because the al-Hiba specimens lack the distinct carination and instead have a rounded body, but this could be a regional variation. This type was found mainly in Area B where they first appear at the beginning of the Akkadian Period, but peak in Ur III and early Isin-Larsa Phases B and C at 2–2.5%. Comparanda: Nippur: McMahon 2006, O-21(?) (Ur III); Susa: Carter 1980, fig. 38.7 (Ur III).

Comparanda: Nippur: McMahon 2006, O-15 (late Akk.).

HF-19 — carinated deep bowl with flat rim (Pl. 65) These bowls, with a diameter between 20–30 cm, have a sharp carination high on the body creating a short neck with a flattened rim. They have a similar appearance to the bowls of both HF-17 and HF-18, but they are clearly distinct. The three documented specimens were found in the upper levels of the Area A Deep Sounding, which date to ED IIIA, while the day sheet records allow a longer lifespan throughout ED III with a peak in Phase H at 1.02% of the assemblage. Comparanda: Susa: Carter 1980, fig. 34.6? (Akk.).

56

Chapter Three – Typology

phase

sherd count

A

0

B

0

C

0

D

0

E

0

F

0

G

2

H

2

I

11

J

2

K

0

L

0

0.0

phase

sherd count

0.5

A

0

B

0

C

0

D

0

E

0

F

2

G

3

H

0

I

0

J

0

K

1

L

0

0.0

phase

sherd count

1.2

A

5

B

0

C

0

D

0

E

0

F

0

G

0

H

0

I

0

J

0

K

0

L

0

percentage of total assemblage

percentage of total assemblage

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

L

K

J

I

H

G

F

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.58. HF-20 type attestation per phase.

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

L

K

J

I

H

G

F

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.59. HF-21 type attestation per phase.

percentage of total assemblage

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0

L

K

J

I

H

G

F

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.60. HG-1 type attestation per phase.

57

HG — Large Shallow Bowls sherd count

A

1

B

2

C

0

D

1

E

0

F

0

G

0

H

0

I

0

J

0

K

0

L

0

2.0

percentage of total assemblage

phase

1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0

L

K

J

I

H

G

F

HF-20 — decorated, hemispherical deep bowl with plain rim (Pl. 66) These large vessels, with a diameter between 20–30 cm, but sometimes more then 50  cm, typically have an incised wavy line below the rim and one or two applied fingernail-impressed bands on the widest part of the vessel. The best parallels for this type come from ED I contexts at Larsa and Sakheri al-Sughir, but the type is otherwise unknown, probably given the lack of extensive excavations of ED I period occupation at sites in the southern alluvium. At al-Hiba, the documented specimens were found mainly in the Area A Deep Sounding with additional examples from Area G.  According to the day sheets, a couple of additional sherds come from Area C, but nevertheless, they are most common in Phases I and J, which span late ED I and the transition to ED IIIA. Therefore, this rare type of bowl is best dated to the second half of ED I. Comparanda: Abu Salabikh: Postgate 1983, no. 180; Larsa: Calvet 2003, N89 (ED I); Sakheri al-Sughir: Wright 1969, fig. 17d (ED I).

HF-21 — plain bowl with a single ridge below a flattened rim (Pl. 67) This small group of bowls have a slightly flattened rim with a diameter of c. 40 cm. They have a round body and a single ridge just below the rim. The ridge ranges from a thickening to a pronounced protrusion. They are very rare, which makes their identification as a separate type and their chronological range difficult to assess. Nevertheless, they seem to come mainly from ED IIIB

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.61. HG-2 type attestation per phase.

levels of Phases F and G with a single additional sherd from Phase K that could be intrusive. Comparanda: none available

HG — LARGE SHALLOW BOWLS (rim diameter generally larger than 20 cm) HG-1 — large bowl with plain rim (Pl. 69) This indistinct type of bowl usually has a diameter between 20–26 cm. All of these bowls were found in late Isin-Larsa contexts, but they lack a good Armstrong & Gasche (2014) type parallel. They are larger and better made than common conical bowls and two vessels have grooves just below the rim. Comparanda: none available

HG-2 — large bowl with inward-turning rim (Pl. 70) This type of bowl is surprisingly rare at al-Hiba given its parallels with McMahon O-13, which is quite common in the Ur III Period, and Armstrong & Gasche type 10G, which they list as typical of the Isin-Larsa Period. The two documented sherds come from Isin-Larsa contexts in Area B, whereas an additional sherd was found in a late Akkadian level of Phase D. However, with a total count of four sherds from poorly preserved and disturbed contexts, it is impossible to define this type at al-Hiba. Comparanda: Armstrong & Gasche 2014, 10G (Isin-Larsa); McMahon 2006, O-13 (Ur III).

58

Chapter Three – Typology

phase

sherd count

A

0

B

0

C

0

D

0

E

2

F

1

G

17

H

36

I

11

J

0

K

0

L

1

0.0

phase

sherd count

2.0

A

7

B

1

C

1

D

0

E

0

F

0

G

0

H

0

I

0

J

0

K

0

L

1

0.0

phase

sherd count

3.5

A

0

B

0

C

0

D

2

E

1

F

3

G

9

H

16

I

41

J

11

K

4

L

4

3.0

percentage of total assemblage

percentage of total assemblage

2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5

L

K

J

I

H

G

F

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.62. HG-3 type attestation per phase.

1.5

1.0

0.5

L

K

J

I

H

G

F

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.63. HG-4 type attestation per phase.

percentage of total assemblage

3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0

L

K

J

I

H

G

F

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.64. HG-5a type attestation per phase.

59

HG — Large Shallow Bowls sherd count

A

0

B

0

C

0

D

0

E

0

F

0

G

1

H

1

I

8

J

1

K

5

L

0

2.0

percentage of total assemblage

phase

1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0

L

K

J

I

H

G

F

HG-3 — rare large bowl with upturned bevelled rim (Pl. 70) This type is defined by only three documented sherds of rims with a bevelled rim. They have a diameter between 22–30 cm. They seem to be an ED III type of bowl since they occur mainly in Phases I to E with a peak in Phase H (ED IIIA) at 2.61% of the assemblage. Comparanda: none available

HG-4 — conical bowl with triangular bevelled rim (Pl. 71) Only three bowls (1HP519; 1HP554; 1HP600) define this type in parallel with Armstrong & Gasche type 10F1–2, which they date to the second half of the Isin-Larsa Period. This is a wide bowl with a distinct ledge rim that extends inward and a rounded flat base. They were found almost exclusively in late Isin-Larsa contexts in Area B where they make up 1.51% of the Phase A assemblage.6 Comparanda: Armstrong & Gasche 2014, 10F1–2 (late Isin-Larsa).

HG-5 — large bowl with ridge beneath rim The bowls of HG-5 are quite varied in design from plain bowls with a single ridge to elaborately decorated double-rim bowls. This group of bowls was particularly difficult to classify and to distinguish from HH-1b stemmed dishes. As a result, several comparanda referenced for this type are actually stemmed dishes, rather than sepAgain, the totals of 0.85% in Phase B and 1.02% in Phase C are misleading considering these represent single sherds within a small dataset. Furthermore, the Phase B dataset is less well controlled than other phases considering the highly mixed and disturbed contexts of the fifth season excavations in Area B that define this phase.

6

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.65. HG-5b type attestation per phase.

arate bowls. Nevertheless, there is sufficient evidence that there are distinct groups of bowls that developed in tandem with stands and stemmed dishes.

HG-5a — undecorated bowl with ridge beneath a small triangular rim (Pls 72–73) These bowls typically have a bevelled to small triangular rim. There are two size groups: a small to medium version with a diameter between 10–20 cm, and a larger version with a diameter around 25 cm. The smaller vessels tend to have a bulging band below the rim, while the larger versions usually have a more distinctly applied ridge positioned slightly lower below the rim. This varied group of bowls is most common in Phases H to J (late ED I–ED IIIA), with peaks around 3% in Phases I and J. They continue at least into Phase G (ED IIIB) at strongly reduced numbers. The few sherds assigned to this type from Akkadian Phases D and E were most likely misidentified sherds of stemmed dishes (HH-1). Comparanda: Abu Salabikh: Green 1993, nos 816–17 (ED III); Diyala: Delougaz 1952, C.364.810a? (ED II–III), C.366.810? (ED II); Nippur: McMahon 2006, pl. 79.2 (ED IIIA); Wilson in press, 7N51 (IT VII).

HG-5b — bowl with fingernail-impressed band below a plain to bevelled rim (Pl. 74) These bowls have a plain rim with a single ridge and often an incised wavy line between the ridge and the rim. They were found almost exclusively in ED I contexts in Area G with a peak in Phase K (1.72%). Comparanda from other sites situate this type mostly in ED  III. McMahon (2006, 64) suggests that these bowls are an

60

Chapter Three – Typology

phase

sherd count

A

0

B

0

C

0

D

1

E

1

F

0

G

1

H

0

I

0

J

0

K

0

L

0

0.0

phase

sherd count

0.8

A

0

B

0

C

0

D

0

E

0

F

0

G

0

H

5

I

9

J

0

K

0

L

0

0.0

phase

sherd count

3.0

A

0

B

0

C

0

D

5

E

3

F

5

G

56

H

0

I

9

J

2

K

0

L

1

0.6

percentage of total assemblage

0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1

L

K

J

I

H

G

F

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.66. HG-5c type attestation per phase.

percentage of total assemblage

0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 L

K

J

I

H

G

F

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.67. HG-6 type attestation per phase.

percentage of total assemblage

2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0

L

K

J

I

H

G

F

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.68. HH-1a type attestation per phase.

HH — Stands earlier version of the typical ‘fruit stand’ bowls (HG-5c; HH-1b) that date to the earlier part of ED III. However, at al-Hiba, sherds assigned to this type are very rare following the end of ED I (Phase I). Comparanda: Diyala: Delougaz 1952, C.367.810? (ED II); Larsa: Thalmann 2003, B33-C4 (ED IIIA); ­Nippur: ­McMahon 2006, O-4 (ED III); Sakheri al-Sughir: Wright 1969, fig. 21g (ED I).

HG-5c — decorated bowl with double ledge rim (Pl. 75) These bowls have a pronounced, fingernail-impressed ridge below a ledge rim that gives the appearance of a double rim. They are very similar to decorated stemmed dishes, but at least one complete specimen demonstrates the existence of a separate bowl type (2HP256). In McMahon’s typo­logy, these are part of type O-9, which she classifies as stemmed dishes and dates to ED IIIB to the Akkadian Period. This is confirmed at al-Hiba where only very few vessels of this type have been attested. One sherd comes from ED IIIB Phase G, while two more sherds were found in Akkadian Phases D and E. Comparanda: Diyala: Delougaz 1952, C.365.810c (ED III); ­Nippur: ­McMahon 2006, O-9 (ED IIIB–Akk.); Wilson in press, 7NP41 (IT VIII).

HG-6 — bowl with overhanging band rim (Pl. 75) This type of bowl has a vertical band rim on an otherwise plain bowl. The rim is decorated with incised wavy lines. The unique sherd from al-Hiba was found in an ED IIIA context in Area A, while additional sherds in the day sheets come from Phases H and I, which span the end of ED I and ED IIIA. Comparanda: ­Nippur: Wilson in press, 7NP8, 7NP33 (IT VII).

HH — STANDS HH-1 — pedestalled bowl HH-1a — plain pedestalled bowl (Pl. 77) This type of pedestalled bowl tends to be rather squat or at least as wide as it is tall, but they vary greatly in size and form. These vessels are undecorated, plain stands. Most of the sherds assigned to this type are interpreted as the base of such stands. It would seem that the bowl and its pedestal often broke apart making it difficult to identify such bowl and base sherds. A complete vessel (1H38) was found in an ED IIIA context of Area A, but most documented sherds come

61 from ED IIIB-Akkadian levels in Areas B and C. Day sheet data suggest that they are mainly an ED IIIB-Akkadian type (Phases D to G), with a handful of sherds from Phase I. This chrono­logical range is also reflected in the comparanda from other sites that are mainly ED IIIB to Akkadian, but with some examples from ED II–IIIA. Comparanda: Abu Salabikh: Moon 1987, nos 213–31 (ED IIIB); Diyala: Delougaz 1952, C.363.810, C.364.810 (ED III–Akk.); Fara: Martin 1988, nos 70 (ED II), 98 (ED IIIA).

HH-1b — decorated stemmed dish (= ‘fruit stand’) (Pls 78–79) This type is closely related to type HG-5c with the only distinction that HI-1b vessels are bowls with an attached stem rather than a separate stand. Throughout the Early Dynastic Period there seems to have been a development from bowls resting on stands to an increasingly frequent stemmed bowl or stand with attached bowl. This became particularly typical of ED III and lasted into the Akkadian Period. This type of stemmed dish, sometimes referred to as a ‘fruit stand’, is very common at al-Hiba. However, despite its ubiquity, only very few complete or near complete vessels were retrieved and/or drawn. While the type tends to be quite standardized in shape, variation in decoration schemes is certainly a major characteristic of this group of vessels. Due to the lack of complete vessels, it is not possible to remark on any development in size, shape, or decoration patterns. Generally, the foot of the vessel has incised hatch lines or triangles above a wide band rim, and the bowl has a double-notched ledge rim with an incised wavy line on the ledge. The few stems that were preserved show that excisions and incised decoration must have been common. This type is paralleled by McMahon types O-5 (base and stem) and O-9 (bowl). McMahon (2006, 64 and 68) dates these types to ED III, beginning perhaps at the end of ED I and lasting into early Akkadian. That they are most common during ED III is clear from their occurrences at sites throughout the southern Mesopotamian alluvium (Moon 1982). Similarly, at al-Hiba, they first appear at the end of ED I (Phase J), but they peak in popularity during ED IIIB (Phase G) and the Akkadian Period (Phases D, E, and F) where they make up c. 2.5–3.5% of the assemblage. Following the Akkadian Period, they stop being produced completely. Comparanda: Abu Salabikh: Moon 1987, nos 232–61 (ED III); Diyala: Delougaz 1952, C.365.810 (ED III–Akk.); Fara: Martin 1988, no. 100 (ED IIIA); ­Nippur: ­McMahon 2006, O-5, O-9 (ED III–Akk.); Wilson in press, 7NP41 (IT VIII); Wilaya: Hussein, Altaweel & Rejeb 2009, fig. 34 (ED IIIB–Akk.).

62

Chapter Three – Typology

phase

sherd count

A

0

B

0

C

0

D

5

E

9

F

9

G

120

H

17

I

28

J

5

K

0

L

1

0.0

phase

sherd count

1.5

A

0

B

0

C

0

D

0

E

0

F

0

G

1

H

0

I

8

J

3

K

4

L

3

phase

sherd count

A

0

B

0

C

0

D

0

E

3

F

2

G

34

H

61

I

29

J

3

K

0

L

1

3.5

percentage of total assemblage

3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0

percentage of total assemblage

0.5 L

K

J

I

H

G

F

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.69. HH-1b type attestation per phase.

1.2

0.9

0.6

0.3

0.0

L

K

J

I

H

G

F

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.70. HH-2a type attestation per phase.

percentage of total assemblage

5

4

3

2

1

0

L

K

J

I

H

G

F

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.71. HH-2b type attestation per phase.

63

HH — Stands sherd count

A

0

B

0

C

1

D

3

E

5

F

0

G

0

H

0

I

0

J

0

K

0

L

0

2.0

percentage of total assemblage

phase

1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0

L

K

J

I

H

G

F

HH-2 — tall, hollow stand HH-2a — decorated hollow stand (Pl. 80) These stands are poorly preserved and have been defined in parallel with Moon’s (1987, 57) description of early pot stands. The type consists of two groups that seem to be chronologically distinct. The early group, dating to the early part of ED I, has a bevelled rim and a notched ridge (4HP54; 4HP127; 4HP133). The later group, dating to later ED I and possibly continuing into ED IIIA, most commonly has a plain rim and often fingernailimpressed ridges. Sherds of this type were found almost exclusively in ED I contexts forming 0.68–1.37% of the assemblages in Phases I to L. Comparanda: Abu Salabikh: Moon 1987, nos 275–79 (ED I– II); Diyala: Delougaz 1952, C.357.010 (ED II), C.3--.0-(late ED I); Larsa: Thalmann 2003, B33-S2 (ED IIIA).

HH-2b — sinuous hollow stand (Pls 81–82) These vessels are large, plain, hollow stands with a wide base, narrow middle body, and outward flare to support a bowl. The base is sometimes decorated with fingernail impressions on a ridge and an incised wavy line below it. Aside from a few sherds from surface cuts in Area G, all these vessels were predominantly found in Area A levels belonging to Phases G, H, and I, which suggests they were most popular during ED IIIA, and continued in use through ED IIIB. At their peak in Phase H, they make up 4.43% of the assemblage. Comparanda: Larsa: Thalmann 2003, B33-S1 (ED IIIA).

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.72. HH-2c type attestation per phase.

HH-2c — ribbed hollow stand (Pl. 83) These stands are shaped as deep bowls with several rows of notched or fingernail-impressed ridges. The vessels tend to be large with a diameter of 25–30 cm. To the best of my knowledge, there are no close parallels for these vessels. As no complete specimen was found, it remains uncertain whether these vessels were stands with unusual hollow bowl-shaped tops, or if they formed the wide base of a particular type of stemmed dish. However, the largest preserved specimen, 4HP2, clearly shows that these were stands and not separate bowls. At al-Hiba they were found exclusively in Area B, where three parts of such vessels were found together. 4HP203 and 4HP204 seem virtually identical, while the third, 4HP205, has a straight body. Possibly, 4HP205 is a base, while the other two are the top parts of these stands. A cache of three stands was possibly found in a disturbed context or a cut from a higher level. The other specimens were found in contexts dated by the excavators to the post-Akkadian to Isin-Larsa periods. Such a date would fit with the observation that they were only found in Area B. A total of nine sherds of this type were found, which belong to Akkadian Phases D and E and a single sherd from Phase C. The practice of applying several closely spaced fingernail-impressed ridges is known from the Akkadian Period and the following centuries in the Diyala region, but on different shapes of vessels (Delougaz 1952, C.064.300, C.206.310, C.216.210, C.246.310, C.805.210). Comparanda: none available

64

Chapter Three – Typology

phase

sherd count

A

0

B

0

C

0

D

0

E

0

F

0

G

0

H

0

I

12

J

1

K

0

L

1

0.0

phase

sherd count

0.6

A

0

B

0

C

0

D

0

E

0

F

0

G

0

H

0

I

7

J

0

K

0

L

0

0.0

phase

sherd count

1.2

A

0

B

0

C

1

D

2

E

3

F

5

G

15

H

8

I

9

J

0

K

0

L

0

percentage of total assemblage

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

L

K

J

I

H

G

F

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.73. HH-3a type attestation per phase.

percentage of total assemblage

0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1

L

K

J

I

H

G

F

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.74. HH-3b type attestation per phase.

percentage of total assemblage

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0

L

K

J

I

H

G

F

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.75. HH-4a type attestation per phase.

HH — Stands sherd count

A

0

B

0

C

0

D

0

E

0

F

1

G

5

H

0

I

2

J

0

K

0

L

0

0.25

ercentage of total assemblage

phase

65

0.20

0.15

0.10

0.05

0.00

L

K

J

I

H

G

F

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.76. HH-4b type attestation per phase.

HH-3 — stand with notched ridges

HH-4 — squat stand

HH-3a — fenestrated stand (Pls 84–85)

HH-4a — squat stand with attached bowl inside (Pl. 86)

These vessels range from squat to slender and are always decorated with large triangular excisions between fingernail-impressed or notched bands and occasionally have incised hatching. Some are hollow stands intended to support a separate bowl, while others have a bowl attached on the inside. The fenestrations might suggest a practical use for heating the substance in the bowls and letting the smoke and heat of a fire within the stand escape. This type of pot stand is one of the more standardized versions and is usually dated to ED I, which is confirmed by the fact that they were found almost exclusively in Area G. They cluster in Phases I and J, which suggests that this type is typical of late ED I, after which they disappear completely. The same range within ED I is suggested by their clustering in the later ED I levels at Nippur.

This variant of squat stands at al-Hiba can be described as a raised bowl. They usually have a triangular rim at the base. One vessel (2HP136) has a triangular excision that invokes the fenestrated stands HH-3a. The drawn vessels and sherds were almost all found in ED IIIA contexts in the Area A Deep Sounding, while one sherd comes from a surface cut in Area G. Data from the day sheets shows a chronological distribution from ED IIIA to Akkadian (Phases D to I), possibly with the highest popularity during the Akkadian Period.

Comparanda: Nippur: Wilson in press, 7N604 (IT X), 7NP91 (IT IX).

HH-3b — stand with a notched band below the rim (Pl. 85) These vessels are similar to HH-3a but lack fenestration. They are slightly concave-sided, trapezoidal stands with a single notched band on the narrowest part of the body. To my knowledge, there are no good parallels for this type, but like HH-3a, they are securely dated to the end of ED I in Phase I. Comparanda: none available

Comparanda: none available

HH-4b — trapezoidal squat stand (Pl. 87) These hollow stands are similar to HH-4a, but they are completely hollow and had to support a separate bowl or possibly a jar. The few documented vessels were found in ED III levels of Areas A and C. The day sheets record only a few sherds assigned to this type, but they confirm an ED IIIB date for this type with 0.21% of the assemblage in Phase G. Comparanda: Abu Salabikh: Martin, Moon & Postgate 1985, grave 48.16 (ED III).

HH-4c — concave squat stand (Pls 88–89) These concave stands usually have a triangular to oval band rim on both bottom and top. Good parallels for this type of vessel come from Abu Salabikh and the Diyala where they were mainly found in ED III contexts. At al-

66

Chapter Three – Typology

phase

sherd count

A

0

B

0

C

0

D

16

E

18

F

30

G

27

H

5

I

20

J

0

K

0

L

0

0

phase

sherd count

8

A

0

B

0

C

1

D

6

E

10 175

H

15

I

14

J

2

K

0

L

1

phase

sherd count

A

0

B

0

C

0

D

0

E

0

F

3

G

1

H

4

I

2

J

1

K

0

L

0

percentage of total assemblage percentage of total assemblage

32

G

8

6

4

2

L

K

J

I

H

G

F

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.77. HH-4c type attestation per phase.

7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

L

K

J

I

H

G

F

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.78. HH-5 type attestation per phase.

0.8 0.7 percentage of total assemblage

F

10

0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0

L

K

J

I

H

G

F

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.79. HH-6 type attestation per phase.

67

HH — Stands sherd count

A

0

B

0

C

0

D

0

E

0

F

0

G

0

H

0

I

0

J

1

K

0

L

1

0.35 0.30 percentage of total assemblage

phase

0.25 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.05 0.00

L

K

J

I

H

G

F

Hiba, this is a common type of stand, which first appears in Phase I (ED I–IIIA transitional). This type reached its peak in the Akkadian Phases D, E, and F when it makes up c. 6–8% of the total assemblage, after which it completely disappears. The documented stands from earlier phases (Group 1) tend to be more angular and slightly taller, while those from later phases (Group 2) typically have a curved body with band rims. There are enough attestations of this type in the ED IIIA Phases H and I to indicate that these stands were already produced at this time, but since Phase I contains the uppermost levels of Area G, it cannot be excluded that many of these are intrusive and later in date. Therefore, the al-Hiba dataset suggests that HH-4c stands are typical of the Akkadian Period, with possible antecedents in ED III. A variant has large, bulbous rims on top and bottom (5HP504) and was found in an Ur III to early Isin-Larsa context in Area B, which fits with comparanda from other sites. Comparanda: Abu Salabikh: Moon 1987, nos 284–86 (ED III); Diyala: Delougaz 1952, C.353.010 (ED III); Wilaya: Hussein, Altaweel & Rejeb 2009, fig. 35c (ED III–Akk.). Comparanda for 5HP504 variant: Abu Salabikh: Moon 1987, no. 287 (post-ED); Fara: Martin 1988, fig. 42.12 (Ur III); Susa: Carter 1980, fig. 50.3 (early Isin-Larsa).

HH-5 — cylinder stand (Pl. 90) These common vessels are very tall, slender and trumpetshaped stands with a small bowl attached to the inside of the narrow end. Due to the narrow shape and flaring bottom, this type of vessel has occasionally been interpreted as a goblet with an unusual base or confused with flaring mouth beakers (HA-4). Some specimens have a

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.80. HH-7 type attestation per phase.

preserved conical bowl with a string-cut base. They are a well-documented type during ED III and can be equated with McMahon type O-8. Such a date is also confirmed at al-Hiba. They first occur in Phases H and I (ED IIIA), but they are by far the most common in Phases F and G (ED IIIB to early Akkadian) when they constitute 5–6.5% of the total assemblage. They remained in use in the following Phases D and E at c. 3% of the assemblage, but they did not seem to be in use past the Akkadian Period. Comparanda: Abu Salabikh: Moon 1987, nos 291–93 (ED II– IIIA); Diyala: Delougaz 1952, C.026.410, C.357.000 (ED II– III); Fara: Martin 1988, no. 99 (ED IIIA); Nippur: McMahon 2006, O-8 (ED III); Wilson in press, 7N508–509 (IT VII).

HH-6 — sieve stand (Pl. 91) This type of hollow stand has a triangular rim and has circular holes over its entire body. The type has been well-documented at most southern Mesopotamian sites, especially north of Nippur. In McMahon’s typology this equates to type O-7. McMahon (2006, 65) identifies two versions, a larger and a smaller one, as did Moon (1987, 57) in her discussion of Early Dynastic pottery from Abu Salabikh. The small version appears to be part of a fourpiece ‘beer set’ that is commonly found in graves during ED III in the northern part of the alluvium. In the al-Hiba corpus, only a couple of sherds of the larger variant are attested in ED IIIA (Phase H) and ED IIIB (Phases F-G). The presence of this type of stand as far south as al-Hiba is unexpected and possibly these vessels are an anomaly or imported, rather than part of the local assemblage. Comparanda: Abu Salabikh: Moon 1987, nos 294–305 (ED IIIA); Nippur: McMahon 2006, O-7 (ED III); Wilson in press, 8NP34a (IT VIII).

68

Chapter Three – Typology

0

B

0

C

0

D

0

E

0

F

0

G

1

H

3

I

1

J

0

K

0

L

0

phase

sherd count

A

0

B

0

C

0

D

0

E

2

F

3

G

0

H

0

I

11

J

15

K

3

L

4

phase

sherd count

A

0

B

0

C

0

D

0

E

0

F

0

G

2

H

3

I

11

J

4

K

0

L

1

percentage of total assemblage

A

0.25

0.20

0.15

0.10

0.05

0.00

L

K

J

I

H

G

F

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.81. HH-8 type attestation per phase.

5

percentage of total assemblage

sherd count

4

3

2

1

0

L

K

J

I

H

G

F

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.82. HI-1 type attestation per phase.

1.2 1.0 percentage of total assemblage

phase

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0

L

K

J

I

H

G

F

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.83. HI-2a type attestation per phase.

69

HI — Vats sherd count

A

0

B

0

C

2

D

9

E

11

F

41

G

106

H

1

I

15

J

3

K

1

L

2

10

percentage of total assemblage

phase

8

6

4

2

0

L

K

J

I

H

G

F

HH-7 — solid stand (Pl. 92) This highly unusual stand has a very distinct, peculiar shape. It consists of a thick, solid central piece surrounded by a wall attached to the base leaving an open space. The type is known from early to mid-ED I levels at Uruk and this date is confirmed at al-Hiba where only two sherds were found in Phases L (early ED  I) and J (mid to late ED I). Comparanda: Uruk: Pongratz-Leisten 1988, nos 74, 145, 146 (ED I).

HH-8 — kiln separator (Pl. 92) This type merely consists of a small ring with a slightly bevelled base and a narrow opening at the top. They are similar in shape to a much better documented type classified as either kiln separators (Moon 1987, 57) or scrapers,7 which were found during the 1984 survey at al-Hiba, but not in excavation. Five sherds of this type were found clustered around Phase H (ED IIIA). Comparanda: Abu Salabikh: Moon 1987, no. 283 (ED IIIB).

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.84. HI-2b type attestation per phase.

HI — VATS HI-1 — plain vat with flattened rim (Pl. 94) Most of the vessels in this type have slightly inward curving mouths, but some are straight or slightly outward turning. They are plain and have a flattened rim with a diameter usually above 50 cm. The majority of sherds of this type were found in ED I contexts, with a peak in Phase J where they make up 4.27% of the assemblage. Following ED I, they disappear with only a couple of possible attestations in Phases E and F, which could be residual or misidentified. Comparanda: none available

HI-2 — vat with a fashioned rim and ridges or grooves HI-2a — vat with triangular rim and notched ridges (Pl. 95) These vats have a thick triangular rim, with a very large diameter of c.  70–80  cm, and several notched ridges spaced over the body. They have a good parallel at Abu Salabikh, which dates to late ED I. At al-Hiba, they are similarly restricted to the later part of ED I in Phases I and J, possibly extending into Phase H. Comparanda: Abu Salabikh: Moon 1987, no. 169 (ED I).

The use of ceramic rings as scrapers is argued particularly for the Late Chalcolithic Period (Alden & Minc 2016). The single documented ceramic ring from al-Hiba (1H36/1HP167) differs from such scrapers because it does not have a sharpened edge and therefore probably served a different function, possibly as a separator in kilns.

7

HI-2b — vat with a small ridge below a bulbous rim (Pls 96–97) These vats have a bulbous rim with a small, plain ridge underneath it and sometimes more widely spaced ridges further down on the body. They occur throughout the

70

Chapter Three – Typology

0

B

0

C

0

D

2

E

1

F

4

G

2

H

0

I

0

J

0

K

0

L

0

phase

sherd count

A

0

B

8

C

2

D

0

E

0

F

0

G

3

H

0

I

0

J

0

K

0

L

0

phase

sherd count

A

15

B

0

C

0

D

0

E

0

F

0

G

0

H

0

I

0

J

0

K

0

L

0

1.0 percentage of total assemblage

A

1.2

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0

L

K

J

I

H

G

F

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.85. HI-2c type attestation per phase.

8 7 percentage of total assemblage

sherd count

6 5 4 3 2 1 0

L

K

J

I

H

G

F

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.86. HI-2d type attestation per phase.

3.5 3.0 percentage of total assemblage

phase

2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0

L

K

J

I

H

G

F

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.87. HI-2e type attestation per phase.

71

HI — Vats sherd count

A

0

B

0

C

0

D

0

E

0

F

0

G

5

H

1

I

0

J

0

K

0

L

0

0.15

percentage of total assemblage

phase

0.12

0.09

0.06

0.03

0.00

L

K

J

I

H

G

F

third-millennium sequence at al-Hiba, but they are most typical of the ED IIIB and Akkadian periods since they constitute 3–8.5% of the assemblages of Phases D to G. Additional sherds assigned to this type from Phases I to L could be intrusive or misidentified. Comparanda: none available

HI-2c — vat with a square, grooved rim (Pl. 98) These vats typically have a thick, square rim with grooves on top and often have a series of grooves below the rim as well. Even though they are quite rare at alHiba, it is clear that they are an Akkadian type since they were found exclusively in Phases D, E, and F. Such a date is confirmed by a few occurrences at Umm el-Jir and Umm al-Hafriyat (Zettler pers. Comm.). Comparanda: Umm el-Jir: Gibson 1972, fig. 46: IV.25 (Akk.).

HI-2d — vat with grooves below a distinctive triangular rim (Pl. 99) These vessels are somewhat smaller than other HI-2 vats with a diameter between 40–50 cm. They have a distinctive triangular rim and always have a series of ridges on the upper part of the body. A couple of documented vessels have the addition of an incised wavy line. They appear only in Phases B and C, which provides a secure date in the Ur III and early Isin-Larsa Period. Additional sherds in Phase G are certainly intrusive. Comparanda: Fara: Martin 1988, fig. 43.3 (Akk.–Ur III); Susa: Carter 1980, fig. 51.4 (Ur III–early Isin-Larsa).

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.88. HI-3 type attestation per phase.

HI-2e — vat with ridges beneath a flattened triangular rim (Pl. 100) These vats have a distinct flattened rim and usually a series of plain ridges below the rim. They parallel Armstrong & Gasche type 260A2, of which they note that they have been underrepresented in published assemblages from the southern alluvium due to their unwieldiness (Armstrong & Gasche 2014, 68). At al-Hiba they were found exclusively in Phase A, dating to the later Isin-Larsa Period, where they form 3.23% of the total assemblage. Comparanda: Armstrong & Gasche 2014, 260A2 (Isin-Larsa).

HI-3 — vat with hole in bottom (Pl. 101) These large vessels are shaped like a vat, but they have a hole at the centre of the base and could have functioned as part of drainage systems. The one fully preserved vessel has a triangular ledge rim and a notched ridge. They are well-known, but poorly documented (Armstrong & Gasche 2014, 69). In the Armstrong & Gasche typology, this is type 265A3, which spans the entire Isin-Larsa Period. Vessel 1H71 is described as a drain cap since it was found as part of a drain cut in Area A. Therefore, their occurrence in different phases throughout the sequence is unreliable for chronological purposes. Instead, their findspots almost certainly provide evidence for occupation or intrusive activities during the Isin-Larsa Period. Comparanda: Armstrong & Gasche 2014, 265A3 (Isin-Larsa).

72

Chapter Three – Typology

0

B

0

C

0

D

0

E

0

F

0

G

0

H

0

I

2

J

0

K

1

L

1

phase

sherd count

A

0

B

2

C

4

D

8

E

14

F

9

G

0

H

0

I

0

J

2

K

0

L

1

phase

sherd count

A

0

B

0

C

0

D

1

E

1

F

1

G

1

H

0

I

1

J

0

K

0

L

0

0.30 percentage of total assemblage

A

0.35

0.25 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.05 0.00

L

K

J

I

H

G

F

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.89. HJ-1a type attestation per phase.

5

percentage of total assemblage

sherd count

4

3

2

1

0

L

K

J

I

H

G

F

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.90. HJ-1b type attestation per phase.

0.6 0.5 percentage of total assemblage

phase

0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0

L

K

J

I

H

G

F

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.91. HJ-2 type attestation per phase.

73

HJ — Neckless Jars HJ — NECKLESS JARS Neckless jars appear to be rather rare in southern Mesopotamian ceramic assemblages. A  surprising amount of variety in neckless jars has been documented at al-Hiba. This might be a further indication of regionalization within ceramic production in southern Mesopotamia, with especially the Lagaš region differing from other areas, but it could also be possible that indistinct neckless jars were not documented as frequently as other more obvious types of vessels in old excavations.

Earlier occurrences of hole-mouth jars with a band rim are attested from ED I contexts at Uruk and Sakheri al-Sughir, and also at al-Hiba a few sherds of this type were found in ED I levels in Area G, although it cannot be excluded that they were intrusive. Considering the absence of parallels from the northern alluvium, this type of vessel might have been local to the southern part of the alluvium. Comparanda: ­Nippur: Wilson in press, 7NPX94 (IT VII); Sakheri al-Sughir: Wright 1969, fig. 19g (ED I); Uruk: Pongratz-Leisten 1988, no. 226 (ED I).

HJ-1 — hole-mouth jar HJ-1a — hole-mouth jar with plain rim (Pl. 104) This type is attested by only a single drawn example, which shows a plain hole-mouth jar. The very few sherds assigned to this type in the day sheets all come from Phases I to L, which suggests that it is a rare ED I type at al-Hiba. Comparanda: Diyala: Delougaz 1952, A.652.500 (ED III–Akk.), B.533.230, B.652.500? (ED II).

HJ-1b — hole-mouth jar with band rim (Pl. 104)

HJ-2 — neckless jar with flat ledge rim (Pl. 105) This type of vessel has a diameter between 15–25 cm. The rim is rectangular to triangular and almost completely horizontal, creating a flat surface. Two specimens have incised wavy lines on the upper body and on the rim, paralleled in a vessel from Abu Salabikh. Another parallel for this type of vessel comes from Nippur. This is a very rare type of vessel, which makes it difficult to ascertain a chrono­logical range. Individual sherds were found in Phases D to G, suggesting an Akkadian date.

This type of jar typically has a band rim created by fully folding over the rim against the top of the vessel, but significant variation in rim shape exists. These vessels are medium sized round vessels with a diameter ranging between 10–20 cm. There are no complete vessels, so the shape of the base is unknown. At al-Hiba the majority of these vessels were found in the Bagara temple’s cooking facilities of Area B, which could indicate that they were used as cooking and storage vessels in specialized high-production contexts. This could explain their conspicuous absence in McMahon’s typo­logy that was based on a sounding in a residential area, and in the Abu Salabikh corpus. In contrast, a good parallel comes from the Inanna temple complex at Nippur.

Comparanda: Abu Salabikh: Green 1993, no. 821 (ED IIIB); Moon 1987, no. 191 (ED IIIB); ­Nippur: Wilson in press, 7NP10 (IT VII).

These vessels were found mainly in Akkadian to Ur III Phases C to F. They peak in Phases C, D, and E when they make up 4–4.5% of the assemblage. One vessel from Area B has so-called ‘wrinkled/textured slip’ application (3HP296), which reportedly is typical of the Akkadian Period (Zettler pers. comm.).8

Comparanda: Abu Salabikh: Moon 1987, no. 790 (ED II).

Textured slip appears most frequently on medium-necked jars with a triangular rim (HK-2a), see for example McMahon 2006, pl. 109.4. 8 

HJ-3 — neckless jar with incised decoration below a sloping band rim (Pl. 106) Only two documented examples define this type. The rim slopes down strongly, thereby creating a band on a sloping shoulder with incised decoration above a carination. The shape is paralleled, but without incised decoration, at Abu Salabikh where it is dated to ED II. At al-Hiba, such a date is confirmed as the few sherds assigned to this type belong to Phases H and I, with a single additional sherd from Phase G.

HJ-4 — wide-mouthed neckless jar with ledge rim (Pls 107–09) These vessels are relatively standardized with a distinct overhanging triangular ledge rim and one or more grooves just above the widest part of the body, but some variation exists (e.g. the addition of a small ridge immediately below the rim). They are medium-sized with diameters ranging between 15–25 cm, but a subset of

74

Chapter Three – Typology

0

B

0

C

0

D

0

E

0

F

0

G

1

H

3

I

1

J

0

K

0

L

0

phase

sherd count

A

52

B

15

C

7

D

3

E

1

F

0

G

0

H

0

I

0

J

0

K

0

L

0

phase

sherd count

A

0

B

0

C

0

D

2

E

2

F

4

G

49

H

2

I

1

J

3

K

1

L

2

percentage of total assemblage

A

0.25

0.20

0.15

0.10

0.05

0.00

L

K

J

I

H

G

F

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.92. HJ-3 type attestation per phase.

15

percentage of total assemblage

sherd count

12

9

6

3

0

L

K

J

I

H

G

F

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.93. HJ-4 type attestation per phase.

1.5

percentage of total assemblage

phase

1.2

0.9

0.6

0.3

0.0

L

K

J

I

H

G

F

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.94. HJ-5 type attestation per phase.

HJ — Neckless Jars sherd count

A

0

B

0

C

0

D

0

E

0

F

1

G

9

H

4

I

2

J

1

K

0

L

0

0.30 0.25 ercentage of total assemblage

phase

75

0.20 0.15 0.10 0.05 0.00

L

K

J

I

H

G

F

these vessels is smaller and has a straighter body. One fully preserved vessel has a ring base, which is probably standard. This type parallels Armstrong & Gasche type 35A2, which they date to the late Isin-Larsa Period. At al-Hiba, the majority of sherds of this type come from late Isin-Larsa Phase A (11.21% of the assemblage), but a significant number of sherds were also found in levels assigned to early Isin-Larsa Phase B (12.71%) and Ur III Phase C (7.14%). Nevertheless, considering the poor preservation of this period in the excavations at al-Hiba and the secure identification in the Armstrong & Gasche typology, these were probably either intrusive or remains of a later Isin-Larsa Period occupation that were not identified during excavations. Comparanda: Armstrong & Gasche 2014, 35A2 (late IsinLarsa).

HJ-5 — neckless globular jar with rounded triangular rim (Pl. 110) This type consists of a plain globular jar with a rounded, almost triangular rim on a wide mouth. These vessels are medium sized with a diameter between 20–30 cm. Despite their frequent occurrence at al-Hiba, parallels for this type are difficult to find. The type seems to be most typical for the ED IIIB and Akkadian Period, with the vast majority of sherds found in Phase G contexts. Sherds from ED I Phases J, K, and L could be intrusive or misidentified. Alternatively, these jars are a type of cooking pot that was in use throughout the third millennium bce at al-Hiba. Comparanda: Nippur: Wilson in press, 7NP25? (IT VII).

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.95. HJ-6 type attestation per phase.

HJ-6 — large, globular neckless jar with distinctive rim (Pls 111–12) This large type of neckless jar has either a large, bulbous rim or a thick, triangular rim. Most of them were found in Area C and sherds assigned to this type in the day sheets give a range spanning Phases F to I, which indicates an ED III date possibly beginning at the end of ED I. Based on the limited data, the bulbous rims only occur in ED IIIB Phase G, while triangular rims occur throughout ED III. Aside from this minor difference, the size and overall shape of the vessel is the same. The best parallels for these vessels come from Abu Salabikh where they are considered to be cooking pots. Unfortunately, the lack of ware descriptions of the al-Hiba ceramic corpus does not allow us to be certain about their use as cooking vessels, but their shape make this very likely. Comparanda: Abu Salabikh: Moon 1987, nos 342 (ED III), 443 (ED II–III).

HJ-7 — neckless jar with inward sloping rim (Pl. 113) A single documented sherd defines a separate type in analogy with McMahon’s type C-5. This type of vessel is a globular jar with an inward sloping rim. McMahon (2006, 66) describes the type as being very rare and only attested at Nippur, but another parallel is known from Larsa. The Nippur vessels almost always have a distinct red ware with heavy sand temper. The one specimen from al-Hiba (1HP161) has a similar description as fine ware, brownish-red colour, and grit

76

Chapter Three – Typology

0

B

0

C

0

D

0

E

0

F

0

G

1

H

10

I

0

J

0

K

0

L

0

phase

sherd count

A

0

B

0

C

0

D

0

E

0

F

0

G

0

H

0

I

2

J

6

K

19

L

7

phase

sherd count

A

0

B

0

C

2

D

3

E

2

F

0

G

1

H

0

I

0

J

0

K

0

L

0

0.7 percentage of total assemblage

A

0.8

0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0

L

K

J

I

H

G

F

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.96. HJ-7 type attestation per phase.

8 7 percentage of total assemblage

sherd count

6 5 4 3 2 1 0

L

K

J

I

H

G

F

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.97. HJ-8 type attestation per phase.

2.5

percentage of total assemblage

phase

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0

L

K

J

I

H

G

F

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.98. HJ-9 type attestation per phase.

77

HJ — Neckless Jars sherd count

A

0

B

0

C

0

D

0

E

0

F

1

G

2

H

0

I

5

J

1

K

1

L

0

0.40 0.35 percentage of total assemblage

phase

0.30 0.25 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.05 0.00

L

K

J

I

H

G

F

temper.9 The day sheets record twelve additional sherds of this type, all but one assigned to Phase H (ED IIIA). Comparanda: Larsa: Thalmann 2003, fig. 37.6 (ED IIIA); Nippur: McMahon 2006, C-5 (ED IIIA).

HJ-8 — elaborately decorated jar with pierced lugs (Pl. 114) This type of vessel is defined by elaborate decoration consisting of a combination of incised lines, excised triangles, fingernail-impressed bands, and four pierced lugs against a vertical ridge around the rim. The rim itself can vary significantly in shape (and is not always completely neckless), as can the execution of the decoration scheme. This type is well-attested as typical of the first half of ED I. This is confirmed at al-Hiba where the vast majority of sherds come from Phases K and L. In Phase K, this type of jar forms 6.53% of the total assemblage, which suggests that these vessels were frequently produced, even though their use remains unclear. Comparanda: Abu Salabikh: Moon 1987, no. 798 (ED I early); Diyala: Delougaz 1952, D.504.353 (ED I); Fara: Martin 1988, nos 63–65 (ED I); Larsa: Calvet 2003, N146 (ED I); Nippur: Wilson in press, 8N231 (IT XI); Sakheri al-Sughir: Wright 1969, fig. 20b (ED I); Uruk: Pongratz-Leisten 1988, nos 28, 122, 123 (ED I).

The original drawing has the original number 1HP161 scratched out and for an unknown reason replaced with 5HP12. Since there is another 5HP12 and sherds of this type are referenced in the day sheets as 1HP161, this sherd has been relabelled with its original number.

9

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.99. HJ-10 type attestation per phase.

HJ-9 — wide-mouthed neckless jar with ridged shoulder below triangular rim (Pl. 113) This type of large neckless vessels has a distinct band rim with a sharp inward slope. The jar has a globular body with one or more ridges and a very wide mouth, almost giving the appearance of a vat or a large bowl. In McMahon’s typology, this is type C-16c that was in use from the Akkadian to Ur III periods. At al-Hiba, this type was only attested by very few sherds, all of which come from the Akkadian to Ur III Phases C, D, and E. As McMahon (2006, 81) has pointed out, this type has often been used as an archaeological marker of the Akkadian Period, but they clearly lasted into the Ur III Period. Comparanda: Nippur: Wilson in press, 7NP14 (IT VII); McMahon 2006, C-16c (Akk.–Ur III).

HJ-10 — very large footed jar with low carination (Pl. 115) This type of large vessel has a distinct carination low on the body leading to a rather narrow foot. The body has one or more well-spaced notched ridges. The few preserved specimens at other sites appear to be neckless, hole-mouth jars with band rims; similar sherds from alHiba have been assigned to this type on this basis. These vessels generally date to the ED III Period. At al-Hiba, most sherds come from Phase I contexts, which allows for an ED IIIA date, but a few sherds appear earlier and later. Comparanda: Abu Salabikh: Moon 1987, nos 207–09 (ED III); Diyala: Delougaz 1952, D.743.310 (ED II); Larsa: Thalmann 2003, figs 40–41.1–2 (ED IIIA); Nippur: Wilson in press, 7NP50 (IT VIII); Susa: Carter 1980, fig. 27.2 (ED IIIB).

78

Chapter Three – Typology

phase

sherd count

A

0

B

0

C

0

D

0

E

2

F

0

G

0

H

0

I

0

J

0

K

0

L

0

0.0

phase

sherd count

0.35

A

0

B

0

C

0

D

0

E

0

F

0

G

0

H

0

I

2

J

1

K

0

L

1

0.00

phase

sherd count

0.6

A

0

B

0

C

0

D

0

E

0

F

0

G

5

H

2

I

7

J

0

K

0

L

0

0.8

percentage of total assemblage

0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 L

K

J

I

H

G

F

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.100. HJ-11 type attestation per phase.

percentage of total assemblage

0.30 0.25 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.05 L

K

J

I

H

G

F

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.101. HJ-12 type attestation per phase.

percentage of total assemblage

0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0

L

K

J

I

H

G

F

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.102. HJ-13 type attestation per phase.

79

HK — Low-Necked Jars sherd count

A

3

B

1

C

4

D

28

E

45

F

56

G

552

H

193

I

101

J

16

K

15

L

16

20

percentage of total assemblage

phase

15

10

5

0

L

K

J

I

H

G

F

HJ-11 — jar with wide flaring rim (Pl. 116) This peculiar type of vessel is defined by a very wide rim that is sharply turned outward to form a long inward sloping ledge. All specimens are poorly preserved so that it is impossible to determine its complete shape, but it would appear to be a wide-mouthed jar. The closest potential parallels for these sherds come from northern Mesopotamia where tall open jars with widely flaring rims were produced during the Akkadian Period, although even this parallel seems unlikely considering differences in size and the geographical distance. Since this jar type is rare at al-Hiba, it is difficult to be certain about its chronological range, but the few sherds all come from Phase E, which is strictly Akkadian in date. Comparanda: Hamoukar: Colantoni & Ur 2011, fig. 24.111–13? (Akk.).

HJ-12 — cylindrical ledge rim jar (Pl. 117) These vessels have a cylindrical body with a ledge rim and a diameter of c.  10  cm. One fully preserved vessel has a flat base. Since there are only a few sherds of this type, it is difficult to assign a chronological range. Sherds 4HP70 and 4HP186 were found in early ED I contexts, but they could be ledge rims from differently shaped vessels, while the only complete vessel 1HP212 was found out of context in a surface cut in Area A. Comparanda: none available

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.103. HK-1 type attestation per phase.

HJ-13 — cylindrical jar with inwardly thickened band rim (Pl. 118) Sherds assigned to this type have a distinct thickened band rim that protrudes both inward and outward, and a tall, cylindrical body. They are relatively large vessels with diameters between 22–30 cm. Since there are no complete vessels, the actual shape of these vessels is uncertain. Suggestions of their shape and function range from hollow drainpipe, to stand base and pot. The closest parallel for these vessels comes from Larsa where two similar vessels are classified as tall, cylindrical jars. At al-Hiba, they were found mainly in Phases I and H, which indicates an ED IIIA date, but additional sherds from Phase G suggest that this type continued into ED IIIB. Comparanda: Larsa: Thalmann 2003, B33-R6 (ED IIIA).

HK — LOW-NECKED JARS HK-1 — very common low-necked jar with plain rim (Pls 120–25) This generic type of low-necked jar varies in size, rim shape, and vessel shape.10 While McMahon (2006, 65 and 73) was able to distinguish between a general plain jar (C-3), a jar with a slightly rolled rim (C-12), and a smaller version (C-21), no such clear distinctions can be made for these jars from al-Hiba due to the recording system. Nevertheless, these different variants of plain It should be noted that at Abu Salabikh similar jars tend to have a triangular rim rather than a plain rim (Moon 1987, nos. 338–46) (ED III). 10

80

Chapter Three – Typology

phase

sherd count

A

0

B

0

C

0

D

0

E

1

F

0

G

0

H

0

I

4

J

6

K

10

L

16

phase

sherd count

A

0

B

0

C

0

D

5

E

1

F

0

G

0

H

0

I

0

J

0

K

0

L

0

0.0

phase

sherd count

1.2

A

5

B

0

C

0

D

0

E

0

F

0

G

0

H

0

I

0

J

0

K

0

L

0

percentage of total assemblage

5

4

3

2

1

0

L

K

J

I

H

G

F

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.104. HK-1a type attestation per phase.

3.0

percentage of total assemblage

2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5

L

K

J

I

H

G

F

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.105. HK-1b type attestation per phase.

percentage of total assemblage

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0

L

K

J

I

H

G

F

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.106. HK-1c type attestation per phase.

81

HK — Low-Necked Jars everted rim jars are represented in the al-Hiba corpus and future work at the site should be able to identify chrono­logically and functionally relevant microvariations. Only three subtypes could be securely identified because they were sufficiently distinct and/or there were enough fully preserved vessels to determine their morpho­logy. Most of the HK-1 jars were certainly cooking pots, but larger and more restricted vessels, (such as those of HK-1b and HK-1c) must have served a storage function instead. Plain everted rim jars were already in use during ED I, but a variant with grooves on the upper part of the body (HK-1d) and rim-tabbed jars (HK-7) were the more popular cooking pot. Plain everted rim cooking pots became the dominant type beginning in late ED I (Phase I) and reaching c. 15% of the assemblage during ED III and Akkadian (Phases D to H). Following Phase D (late Akkadian), these jars rapidly disappear from the al-Hiba record. Four jars (1H131; 1HP572; 1HP605; 4HP503) date to the Isin-Larsa Period and parallel Armstrong & Gasche type 55A3, which spans the entire first quarter of the second millennium bce. Based on the sherd drawings, they cannot be distinguished from earlier plain lownecked jars. Regardless, they are very rare in Isin-Larsa levels. Vessel 1H131, from a late Isin-Larsa burial, has ‘wrinkle/textured slip’ on the bottom half of the vessel, which is a surface treatment otherwise only known on shoulders of storage jars in the late Akkadian Period (see Pl. 214d). Comparanda: Abu Salabikh: Moon 1987, no. 427 (ED III); Diyala: Delougaz 1952, C.653.620, C.654.520 (ED IIIB–Akk.), C.654.510 (ED II); ­Nippur: Wilson in press, 7NP64 (IT IX), 7NP29, 7NP17 (IT VII); Uruk: Pongratz-Leisten 1988, nos 12, 194 (ED I).

HK-1a — low-necked jar with grooved shoulder (Pl. 126) A small group of jars, with diameters between 10–15 cm, have distinctive grooves on the shoulder. Almost all of them were found in Area G and seem especially distinctive of the earlier part of ED I, Phases K and L, when they constituted 3.5–5% of the total assemblage. This type of surface treatment was a fairly widespread practice during ED I, also attested on the rim-tabbed jars of HK-7, which might be interpreted as a variant of this type of cooking vessel. Comparanda: Sakheri al-Sughir: Wright 1969, fig. 18.d (ED I); Uruk: Pongratz-Leisten 1988, nos 192, 224 (ED I).

HK-1b — tall piriform jar with plain rim (Pl. 127) These vessels have a diameter between 17–20 cm and a much taller body than the jars from HK-1a-b. As such, they probably served as storage vessels rather than cooking vessels. Four almost completely preserved jars of this type were found in Akkadian contexts of the Bagara temple of Area B assigned to Phase D. Another sherd that most likely belongs to this type has a ‘wrinkled/textured slip’ application on the shoulder (4HP523), which only occurs in Akkadian Phases D and E. Since they are absent in other phases, these vessels could be typical of the Akkadian Period, but they are too rare to be fully certain. Comparanda: Diyala: Delougaz 1952, D.546.540, D.555.510 (Akk.)

HK-1c — tall shouldered jar (Pl. 128) One jar, 2H14, defines a separate subtype in parallel with Armstrong & Gasche type 230A3. It was found on the surface of Area C and no other sherds have been assigned to this type in the day sheets. This jar is a variant with a pointed base, but other variants with a flat base or a small foot could also be classified under this subtype in parallel with the vessels depicted by Armstrong & Gasche. Comparanda: Armstrong & Gasche 2014, 230A3 (Isin-Larsa).

HK-2 — medium low-necked jar with triangular rim This medium-sized vessel usually has a diameter between 12–15 cm. It parallels McMahon’s type C-16 to which she assigned a chrono­logical range from the Akkadian to Ur III. This matches the findspots of this type at al-Hiba where they were found predominantly in Akkadian contexts in Areas B and C, but with occurrences in poorly preserved contexts between Akkadian and Isin-Larsa levels. A recent study of the findspots of these jars in southern Mesopotamia argues that they only started to be produced during the Akkadian Period, possibly as a result of the pervasive agricultural and administrative reforms of the Akkadian Empire (McMahon 2014, 248). However, many sherds of the earlier, plain jar (HK-2a) were found in ED  IIIB contexts in Area C, which would at the very least indicate that there was an ED IIIB precursor to the typical Akkadian storage jar.

Chapter Three – Typology

82 phase

sherd count

A

0

B

0

C

1

D

2

E

4

F

6

G

11

H

0

I

0

J

0

K

0

L

0

0.0

phase

sherd count

3.5

A

0

B

0

C

3

D

2

E

0

F

0

G

0

H

0

I

0

J

0

K

0

L

0

0.0

phase

sherd count

1.5

A

0

B

0

C

0

D

2

E

2

F

6

G

5

H

0

I

3

J

2

K

1

L

0

percentage of total assemblage

1.5

1.2

0.9

0.6

0.3

L

K

J

I

H

G

F

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.107. HK-2a type attestation per phase.

percentage of total assemblage

3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0

ercentage of total assemblage

0.5 L

K

J

I

H

G

F

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.108. HK-2b type attestation per phase.

1.2

0.9

0.6

0.3

0.0

L

K

J

I

H

G

F

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.109. HK-3 type attestation per phase.

83

HK — Low-Necked Jars sherd count

A

18

B

5

C

0

D

0

E

0

F

0

G

0

H

0

I

0

J

2

K

10

L

4

5

percentage of total assemblage

phase

4

3

2

1

0

L

K

J

I

H

G

F

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.110. HK-4 type attestation per phase.

HK-2a — plain low-necked jar with triangular rim (Pl. 129)

HK-3 — low-necked jar with convex triangular rim (Pl. 131)

A first subtype consists of plain jars that often have a single ridge low on the shoulder of the vessel. This subtype parallels McMahon’s type C-16a. One specimen from Area B (4HP527) has ‘wrinkled/textured slip’ applied to the shoulder, which is typical of the Akkadian Period. These jars occur in the al-Hiba sequence mainly throughout the Akkadian and Ur III Phases C to F at c. 1–1.5% of the assemblage, but they are already attested in Phase G (ED IIIB). The documented vessels from Phase G (2HP126; 2HP182; 2HP416) have a much less pronounced rim, and a more sharply sloping shoulder, which have particularly good parallels at Susa. The vessels from Akkadian levels have a triangular band rim on a wider shoulder.

These are small to medium-sized globular jars with a diameter ranging between 10–15  cm or a larger version with a diameter of c. 25 cm. This type is defined by a pronounced triangular rim that often has a shallow depression on the inside of the neck and globular body with a sharply sloping shoulder. Only few sherds of this type were found, but it might encompass two groups of chronologically distinct jars. Most sherds were found in Akkadian contexts of Phases D, E, and especially F. A second group of sherds come from late ED I contexts in Phases I, J, and K, but they could be intrusive.

Comparanda: Nippur: McMahon 2006, C-16a (Akk.–Ur III); Susa: Carter 1980, fig. 34.12 (Akk.).

HK-2b — low-necked jar with triangular rim on a wide, ridged shoulder (Pl. 130) A second subtype, paralleling McMahon type C-16b and Armstrong & Gasche type 255A2, has several wellspaced ridges on the shoulder. These jars were found only in late or post-Akkadian and Ur  III contexts of Phases C and D, confirming that they are a later development of this type of storage jars. Comparanda: Armstrong & Gasche 2014, 255A2 (Ur III); McMahon 2006, C-16b (late Akk.–Ur III).

Comparanda: Nippur: McMahon 2006, C-16a (pl. 109.7).

HK-4 — low-necked jar with a rounded ledge rim (Pl. 132) This medium-sized vessel type has a diameter range between 13–20 cm. The type is another variant of common globular jars, differentiated mainly by rim shapes. These specimens share a rounded ledge rim, most commonly inward leaning, on a wide shoulder. These jars have their highest occurrence in Phases A and B (c. 4% of the assemblage), which suggests that they are typical for the Isin-Larsa Period, even though they have no good parallel in the Armstrong & Gasche typology. Another group of sherds assigned to HK-4 come from ED I contexts in Area G and are most likely misidentifications as ED I ledge-rim jars (HL-12). Comparanda: Uruk: Van Ess 1988b, no. 42 (Isin-Larsa).

84

Chapter Three – Typology

phase

sherd count

A

0

B

0

C

0

D

4

E

3

F

3

G

21

H

0

I

11

J

4

K

0

L

0

0.0

phase

sherd count

0.6

A

0

B

0

C

0

D

1

E

0

F

1

G

1

H

0

I

4

J

1

K

0

L

0

0.0

phase

sherd count

12

A

0

B

0

C

0

D

0

E

0

F

0

G

0

H

0

I

3

J

8

K

25

L

37

percentage of total assemblage

2.5

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

L

K

J

I

H

G

F

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.111. HK-5 type attestation per phase.

percentage of total assemblage

0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1

L

K

J

I

H

G

F

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.112. HK-6 type attestation per phase.

percentage of total assemblage

10 8 6 4 2 0

L

K

J

I

H

G

F

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.113. HK-7 type attestation per phase.

85

HK — Low-Necked Jars sherd count

A

0

B

0

C

1

D

0

E

0

F

0

G

0

H

0

I

0

J

0

K

0

L

0

1.2 1.0 percentage of total assemblage

phase

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0

L

K

J

I

H

G

F

HK-5 — low-necked jar with oval band rim (Pl. 133) This medium-sized vessel usually has a diameter between 14–20 cm. The type is defined by an oval rim forming a slightly outward leaning band on a low neck leading into a wide sloping shoulder. This type parallels McMahon’s type C-22, dating mainly to the Akkadian Period. Based on comparanda from the Diyala, these jars were tall, round-based storage jars with a wide shoulder, similar in shape to the plain rim storage jars HK-1b. At al-Hiba, these jars first occur in Phase G and continue through the Akkadian Phases D, E, and F at c. 0.5–1.5% of the assemblage. Another group of jars with an oval band rim occurs in Phases I and J, but based on comparanda from Nippur and Uruk, this type of rim was frequently applied to spouted jars during ED I. Comparanda: Diyala: Delougaz 1952, D.546.540, D. 555.510b, D.556.540b, D.596.540 (Akk.); Nippur: McMahon 2006, C-22 (Akk.). Comparanda for ED I vessels: Nippur: Wilson in press, 7NP184 (IT XII), 7NP157 (IT XII–XI); Uruk: Pongratz-Leisten 1988, nos 33, 201, 290 (ED I).

HK-6 — very large low-necked, wide-shouldered storage jar (Pl. 134) These large vessels, with a diameter between 30–40 cm, usually have a triangular rim sitting close to a wide shoulder. One fully preserved specimen has a ring base that is probably standard on this type. They are quite rare and individual sherds assigned to this type occur throughout the sequence. Comparanda: Diyala: Delougaz 1952, D.565.310 (ED II–III).

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.114. HK-8 type attestation per phase.

HK-7 — rim-tabbed jar (Pl. 135) This medium-sized vessel usually has a diameter between 10–15 cm. The rim is plain or bevelled on a low neck leading into a sloping shoulder. Around the neck and rim there are four tab handles. Several vessels have horizontal groove decoration on the shoulder, similar to vessels of type HK-1a. One variant has a ledge rim and a rope-shaped ridge at the base of the neck connected to the rim by four tabs (3HP2). This jar type is well attested in southern Mesopotamia and typical for ED I, especially during the first half of the period.11 They occur in large numbers in Phases K and L, making up 8.5–11.5% of the assemblage, but there are only a few sherds come from the following Phases J and I. Comparanda: Abu Salabikh: Moon 1987, nos 331–37 (early ED I); Diyala: Delougaz 1952, pl. 64 nos 24, 43 (ED I); Larsa: Calvet 2003, N145 (ED I); Nippur: Wilson in press, 7N874, 7NP148, 8NP6 (IT XI); McMahon 2006, C-8 (ED III); Sakheri al-Sughir: Wright 1969, fig. 18e (ED I); Susa: Carter 1980, figs 12.5, 13.7 (early ED I), figs 24.2, 26.5 (ED III); Uruk: Pongratz-Leisten 1988, 44, 100, 106, 126, 127, 131, 136, 137, 155, 156, 168, 245 (ED I).

HK-8 — low-necked jar with applied pierced columns (Pl. 136) This type consists of only two documented sherds, but it is a well-known type in the southern alluvium. In the Armstrong & Gasche typology, this is type 255C. At Nippur, McMahon (2006, 68) reported such vessels from ED III contexts, type C-8, as did Carter at Susa (Carter 1980, figs 24.2, 26.5). At al-Hiba, however, these jars were only found in ED I contexts. 11

86

Chapter Three – Typology

phase

sherd count

A

10

B

2

C

1

D

1

E

0

F

0

G

0

H

0

I

0

J

0

K

0

L

1

0.0

phase

sherd count

2.0

A

1

B

2

C

0

D

0

E

0

F

0

G

0

H

0

I

0

J

0

K

0

L

0

0.0

phase

sherd count

3.0

A

0

B

0

C

0

D

0

E

0

F

4

G

74

H

38

I

8

J

1

K

0

L

0

percentage of total assemblage

percentage of total assemblage

2.5

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

L

K

J

I

H

G

F

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.115. HK-9 type attestation per phase.

1.5

1.0

0.5

L

K

J

I

H

G

F

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.116. HK-10 type attestation per phase.

percentage of total assemblage

2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0

L

K

J

I

H

G

F

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.117. HL-1a type attestation per phase.

87

HL — Medium- to High-Necked Jars This medium-sized jar has small, pierced column applications attached against the rim, which could have originally functioned as vents during cooking. The rim has a lid support, which would support such a function considering the content would be completely sealed. This type of application became relatively common at the end of the Ur III Period and well into the Isin-Larsa Period. At al-Hiba, almost no sherds of this type of jar have been found. Only one sherd comes from Ur  III Phase C. However, the best-preserved sherd was found in an ED IIIB level in Area C (2HP274). While it is possible that this sherd was intrusive, such an early date cannot be completely ruled out. First of all, the jar has only four, irregularly spaced applications, while the majority of such Isin-Larsa vessels have multiple applications. Secondly, already during the Ur III Period, jars of this type have ‘false spouts/vents’ that are not completely pierced through the wall of the vessel, thereby rendering them functionally useless and merely decorative. If this was a development based on an existing usage of such jars, then functional jars would already have been in use before the Ur  III Period. Finally, in the Diyala region, a couple of sherds of this type were found in ED III to early Akkadian contexts (Delougaz 1952, 121). Comparanda: Armstrong & Gasche 2014, 255C (Ur III–early Isin-Larsa).

HK-9 — ovoid-shaped low-necked jar with ledge rim (Pl. 137) This medium-sized vessel has a diameter between 10–15  cm. The egg-shaped body often has groove or ridge decoration on the upper part of the body. These convex-based jars have a distinct ledge rim on a low to medium neck and a slightly stepped shoulder. A complete vessel was found inside a grave in Area B. They do not have good parallels in the Armstrong & Gasche typo­logy, which could indicate that these vessels are typical of the south-eastern part of the Mesopotamian alluvium that is not as well represented in their dataset. Comparanda: Uruk: Van Ess 1988a, no. 130 (early Isin-Larsa).

HK-10 — wide-mouth jar with band rim (Pl. 138) These jars have an outward-leaning neck with a distinct band rim with a diameter between 20–30 cm. They usually have grooves on the upper part of the shoulder. They have good parallels at Nippur where McMahon dates them to the late Akkadian to Ur III Period. At alHiba, they are too rare to be certain about their chrono­ logical range. The three documented sherds assigned to

this type were found in Isin-Larsa levels or on the surface in Area B. Comparanda: M ­ cMahon 2006, O-20 (Ur III).

HL — MEDIUM- TO HIGH-NECKED JARS HL-1 — plain rim jar Medium- to high-necked jars with a plain rim occur abundantly at al-Hiba, but only during the ED III Period (Phases G and H).12 As such, this type parallels McMahon type C-1. While the rims are indistinguishable, four distinct subtypes of jars can be differentiated within the assemblage based on the overall shape of the vessel. Because only a few complete vessels were preserved, the shape of the base is usually indeterminable, but the base does not seem to be a defining characteristic. Rather, subtypes are defined by the whole shape of the jar (elongated or globular), the height of the neck (medium or high), and the width of the mouth (wide or restricted).

HL-1a — small medium-necked jar (Pl. 140) This small vessel type usually has a diameter between 5–10 cm. They have a straight to slightly flaring neck, which transitions smoothly into a slender body with a round shoulder. Two complete vessels have a convex base that could be typical of the type. These jars are restricted to the ED III period with c. 2.5% of the assemblages of Phases G and H, but they might already first appear at the end of ED I. Comparanda: Abu Salabikh: Moon 1987, nos 407–23 (ED II– IIIB); Diyala: Delougaz 1952, B.175.220, B.184.220c (ED III), B.566.560 (ED II); Fara: Martin 1988, nos 50–51 (ED II– IIIA); Larsa: Thalmann 2003, fig. 38.8 (ED IIIA); ­Nippur: ­McMahon 2006, C-1 narrow (ED III); Uruk: PongratzLeisten 1988, nos 203, 204 (ED I).

HL-1b — high-necked, elongated jar (Pls 141–42) These vessels tend to have a higher, slightly flaring neck with a rim diameter between 5–15 cm. They are a development from HL-1a with a much more elongated body. As such, they have a slightly longer lifespan into the beginning of the Akkadian Period. In the day sheets, sherds from ED I contexts (especially Phases I and J) were regularly assigned to this type. However, they are almost always described as spouted vessels, which form a separate category in this typo­logy.

12 

88

Chapter Three – Typology sherd count

A

0

B

0

C

1

D

0

3.5 3.0 percentage of total assemblage

phase

2.5

E

2

F

14

G

121

H

30

I

6

J

1

K

0

L

1

0.0

phase

sherd count

3.0

A

0

B

0

C

0

D

2

E

5

2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 L

K

J

I

H

G

F

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.118. HL-1b type attestation per phase.

percentage of total assemblage

2.5 2.0

0

G

103

H

36

I

6

J

0

K

0

L

0

0.0

phase

sherd count

15

A

0

B

0

C

2

D

8

E

9

F

16

G

251

H

188

I

38

J

4

K

1

L

1

percentage of total assemblage

F

1.5 1.0 0.5

L

K

J

I

H

G

F

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.119. HL-1c type attestation per phase.

12

9

6

3

0

L

K

J

I

H

G

F

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.120. HL-1d type attestation per phase.

89

HL — Medium- to High-Necked Jars sherd count

A

51

B

7

C

9

D

0

E

0

F

0

G

0

H

0

I

0

J

0

K

0

L

0

12 10 percentage of total assemblage

phase

8 6 4 2 0

L

K

J

I

H

G

F

The most elongated vessels have only the slightest indication of a shoulder. The trend toward elongation of the body is paired with a flattening of the base as can be observed in several complete vessels. This subtype parallels the narrow vessels of McMahon’s type C-1, but it seems to be rare in the Abu Salabikh corpus. While these jars certainly are part of the range of relatively crudely produced plain rim jars, they are similar to the higher quality jars with triangular rims of HL-14, which could be a further typological development. Comparanda: Abu Salabikh: Martin, Moon & Postgate 1985, grave 32: no. 16, grave 73: no. 40 (ED IIIB); Fara: Martin 1988, nos 92, 119 (ED III–Akk.).

HL-1c — wide-mouth globular jar (Pl. 143) This small to medium vessel usually has a diameter between 10–15 cm with a wide, slightly outward leaning mouth and a rounded, but well-defined shoulder. One complete vessel indicates that these jars had round bases. Sherds assigned to this type span ED III and the Akkadian, but they cluster again in ED III Phases G and H at c. 2.5–3% of the assemblage. Comparanda: Abu Salabikh: Moon 1987, nos 424–27 (ED III); Wilaya: Hussein, Altaweel & Rejeb 2009, fig. 25h (early Akk.).

HL-1d — high-necked, restricted globular jar (Pls 144–45) These globular jars are larger and have much wider shoulders than the other HL-1 jars. Most vessels have a rim diameter between 10–15 cm, but two exceptionally large vessels have a diameter around 25 cm. Four vessels

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.121. HL-2 type attestation per phase.

have an incised line or row of fingernail impressions where the neck meets the shoulder. No complete vessels are preserved, but they most likely had round or flattened bases. Given their fragmentary preservation, it is possible that some of these jars originally had spouts considering their similarity to the spouted jars of HM-1. These jars occur throughout ED  III and Akkadian phases at al-Hiba. They first appear in late ED I Phases I and J, but they peak at 13.64% of the assemblage in Phase H and 7.27% in Phase G. They continue in reduced numbers (c. 2–4%) in the Akkadian and Ur III Period (Phases C-F). Comparanda: Larsa: Thalmann 2003, B33-R2 (ED IIIA); Nippur: McMahon 2006, pl. 96.1–9 (ED III–Akk.); Wilson in press, 7NP31 (IT VII).

HL-2 — medium- to high-necked jar with bevelled to triangular rim (Pls 146–48) This type groups together a wide range of mediumto high-necked jars of the Isin-Larsa Period that have parallels within several Armstrong & Gasche types, but which can only be further subdivided if enough of the vessel is preserved. These jars have a diameter between 10–20 cm, while the rims range from bevelled and triangular in section to band rims. These vessels are closely related to the low-necked jars HK-9 that date to the late Ur III and early Isin-Larsa Period. Dated to the same period (Phases B and C) are high-necked ovoid jars with a small triangular band rim and often with parallel grooved lines at the top of the shoulder (5H10; 5H11; 5H12; 5HP25), parallel with

90

Chapter Three – Typology

phase

sherd count

A

0

B

2

C

1

D

3

E

15

F

21

G

200

H

11

I

18

J

6

K

2

L

2

0

phase

sherd count

6

A

0

B

3

C

2

D

2

E

9 180

H

2

I

2

J

3

K

2

L

1

phase

sherd count

A

0

B

2

C

0

D

0

E

0

F

0

G

0

H

0

I

0

J

0

K

0

L

0

percentage of total assemblage

4 3 2 1

L

K

J

I

H

G

F

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.122. HL-3 type attestation per phase.

5 percentage of total assemblage

18

G

5

4 3 2 1 0

L

K

J

I

H

G

F

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.123. HL-4a type attestation per phase.

2.0

percentage of total assemblage

F

6

1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0

L

K

J

I

H

G

F

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.124. HL-4b type attestation per phase.

91

HL — Medium- to High-Necked Jars Armstrong & Gasche type 270E3. Like HK-9 jars, these medium-sized storage vessels were often found in burials in Area B. These vessels developed into a high-necked ovoid jar with an outward-flaring band rim (1H92; 1HP557; 1HP617; 2HP320) as defined by Armstrong & Gasche type 270C3, which was in use throughout the Isin-Larsa Period. A  variant of these jars has a ridge below the rim (1HP544), which is parallel by Armstrong & Gasche type 280B3. By the end of the Isin-Larsa Period, a variant with an inward-leaning neck appears (1HP570) as described by Armstrong & Gasche type 270G3. Also grouped in this type are similar rims that could be from any of these ovoid jars or possibly from globular, footed jars defined by Armstrong & Gasche type 165. Comparanda: Armstrong & Gasche 2014, 270E3 (Ur III–early Isin-Larsa), 270C3, 280B3 (Isin-Larsa), 165B2, 270G3 (end of Isin-Larsa).

HL-3 — medium-necked jar with triangular rim (Pls 149–50) These medium-necked jars have a diameter between 10–20 cm. Most sherds are broken off at the shoulder. Nevertheless, they all seem to have a wide shoulder. A complete vessel and a few large sherds preserve the complete shape of these jars as top heavy and tall with a flat base. The rim shape ranges from small triangular to rounded triangular. This type encompasses McMahon C-9, C-10, and C-14, which are typical for the last quarter of the third millennium bce. At al-Hiba, HL-3 jars occur throughout the sequence, but they are by far the most common in ED IIIB and the early Akkadian (Phases E, F, and G) when they peak at c. 4.5–5.5% of the assemblage. Considering the variety of the documented sherds and the basic form of this type of jar, the few sherds from earlier and later phases could have belonged to different jar types altogether. Comparanda: ­Nippur: ­McMahon 2006, C-9, C-10, C-14 (Akk.– Ur III).

HL-4 — high-necked, ring-base jar with a small rim HL-4a — high-necked, ring-base jar with a thickened to triangular rim (Pl. 151) These jars have a high neck with a small rim and a diameter between 10–15 cm. Several complete vessels have a ring base that should be considered typical for this type. These jars are identical to those in McMahon type C-24, while related vessels at Abu Salabikh mostly have high pedestalled bases (Moon 1987, 603–11). The earliest ves-

sels of this type often have a very wide body, although none of the al-Hiba jars are as exaggeratedly wide as similar jars documented elsewhere.13 They gradually develop into HL-9 jars, which results in a significant overlap in the day sheet occurrences. HL-4a jars are a common type in ED IIIB Phases G and F (4–5.25% of the assemblage) and they last into the Akkadian Phases D and E (c. 1–3% of the assemblage). Comparanda: Abu Salabikh: Moon 1987, nos 542, 560–63 (ED IIIB); Fara: Martin 1988, no. 120 (Akk.); ­Nippur: ­McMahon 2006, C-24 (ED III–Akk.); Ur: Woolley 1934, nos 145, 148 (ED IIIB).

HL-4b — high-necked, ring-base jar with a triangular rim and a tapered body (Pl. 152) Toward the end of the Ur  III Period, ring-base jars become slenderer and more tapered toward a narrow base. The rims become distinctly triangular in shape. Armstrong & Gasche (2014, 66) consider this type, 250B2, to be diagnostic of the Ur III and early Isin-Larsa Period in the southern alluvium, after which they are no longer produced. Such an occurrence seems to be confirmed at al-Hiba where HL-4b vessels occur only in Phase B. Comparanda: Armstrong & Gasche 2014, 250B2 (Ur III–early Isin-Larsa).

HL-5 — globular jar with single ridge on shoulder (Pl. 152) These jars have a plain, slightly outfolded rim with a diameter between 10–15 cm and a wide mouth. The neck transitions smoothly into a globular body with a ridge defining its shoulder. This type does not have good parallels, except for similar round-bottomed jars from Wilaya, which have a stepped shoulder rather than a ridge and date to the early Akkadian Period (Hussein, For example, at Abu Salabikh, a series of very wide-bodied jars are related to type HL-4a, but they have either an elongated band rim or a ledge rim (Moon 1987, nos 564–77). At Wilaya, a similar jar of early Akkadian date has a ledge rim and a ridge below the rim that is very similar to type HL-15b (Hussein, Altaweel & Rejeb 2009, fig. 26f). Moon (in Martin, Moon & Postgate 1985, 9) has pointed out that the tall ring-base jars of HL-4 are most likely restricted to the southern part of the alluvium. However, rather than considering these jars to be a distinctive southern vessel type, the combined evidence from northern and southern sites suggests that there is regional variation in the overall shape of ring-based jars during ED IIIB that become more standardized during the Akkadian and Ur III periods.

13 

92

Chapter Three – Typology

phase

sherd count

A

0

B

0

C

0

D

0

E

1

F

2

G

2

H

0

I

0

J

0

K

0

L

0

0.0

phase

sherd count

3.0

A

0

B

3

C

2

D

1

E

1

F

0

G

9

H

0

I

0

J

0

K

0

L

0

phase

sherd count

A

22

B

1

C

1

D

0

E

0

F

0

G

0

H

0

I

1

J

0

K

0

L

0

percentage of total assemblage

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

L

K

J

I

H

G

F

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.125. HL-5 type attestation per phase.

percentage of total assemblage

2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0

L

K

J

I

H

G

F

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.126. HL-6 type attestation per phase.

percentage of total assemblage

5

4

3

2

1

0

L

K

J

I

H

G

F

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.127. HL-7a type attestation per phase.

93

HL — Medium- to High-Necked Jars sherd count

A

4

B

0

C

1

D

0

E

0

F

0

G

0

H

0

I

0

J

0

K

0

L

0

1.2 1.0 percentage of total assemblage

phase

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0

L

K

J

I

H

G

F

Altaweel & Rejeb 2009, 20). At al-Hiba, these jars were also found in late ED IIIB to early Akkadian contexts of Phases E, F, and G. The fact that they do not appear in the WF sounding at Nippur could potentially provide additional support for the interpretation that there was a hiatus in that sequence during the early Akkadian Period (Roaf 2001; Gruber 2015).14 Comparanda: Wilaya: Hussein, Altaweel & Rejeb 2009, fig. 23 (Akk.).

HL-6 — elongated jar with a ridge below the rim (Pl. 153) These tall, bell-shaped jars have a rim that is formed by folding over the top and sometimes shaping it into a rounded triangular shape. In McMahon’s typology, these jars are grouped together with jars with a stepped shoulder (HL-7). Armstrong & Gasche group these jars as Family 110, which ends during the Ur III Period. At alHiba, these jars are very rare, and they have their main occurrence in Phases B and C, which fits with an Ur III to early Isin-Larsa date. Additional sherds come from Phase G, which are certainly intrusive. Two documented vessels have an elongated body with incised wavy lines below the ridge (2HP221; 5HP562), which fit well within the typical southern Mesopotamian Ur III assemblage described by Armstrong & Gasche type 110A2. Four other vessels (2HP132; 2HP293; 4HP71; 4HP516) have a bell-shaped body, which is best known from Susa (Armstrong & Gasche 2014, 44). Comparanda: Armstrong & Gasche 2014, Family 110 (Ur III); Susa: Carter 1980, fig. 39.12 (Ur III). On the other hand, one vessel among McMahon’s type C-20 (2006, pl. 115:8) could be a similar kind of jar. 14

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.128. HL-7b type attestation per phase.

HL-7 — jar with a stepped shoulder HL-7a — cylindrical jar with stepped shoulder (Pl. 154) These jars developed out of the jars with a single ridge on the shoulder of HL-6. Instead of a ridge, the shoulder itself steps outward. The typical shape of these jars is elongated with the widest diameter on the lower part of the body or fully cylindrical. In the McMahon typology, this is type C-20. In the Armstrong & Gasche typology, this is type 105B2, which has a long lifespan throughout the entire Isin-Larsa Period. While the earliest examples of this type at Nippur and al-Hiba might already appear in the post-Akkadian and Ur III Period (Phases D and C), the classical form of this jar should be considered a hallmark of the Isin-Larsa Period. At al-Hiba, they were only found in significant quantities in Phase A, equivalent with the second half of the Isin-Larsa Period. Comparanda: Armstrong & Gasche 2014, 105B2 (Isin-Larsa); McMahon 2006, C-20 (Akk.–Isin-Larsa).

HL-7b — globular jar with stepped shoulder (Pl. 155) This variant of jars with a stepped shoulder is defined by a globular body. These jars usually have a rolled plain rim or slightly triangular rim. The Armstrong & Gasche typology differentiates between a range of jars based on the location of the maximum width of diameter (Families 155, 160, and 165), but there are insufficient preserved vessels from al-Hiba to allow a parallel subdivision. Considering that they all share similar traits, such as a low ring base and a stepped shoulder, as well as a similar chronological range at the end of the Isin-Larsa Period, these vessels are grouped as part of

94

Chapter Three – Typology

0

B

0

C

0

D

0

E

1

F

2

G

2

H

0

I

31

J

10

K

6

L

7

phase

sherd count

A

0

B

5

C

2

D

3

E

14

F

3

G

0

H

0

I

0

J

0

K

0

L

0

phase

sherd count

A

0

B

0

C

0

D

0

E

0

F

1

G

21

H

23

I

6

J

2

K

1

L

5

2.5 percentage of total assemblage

A

3.0

2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0

L

K

J

I

H

G

F

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.129. HL-8 type attestation per phase.

5

percentage of total assemblage

sherd count

4

3

2

1

0

L

K

J

I

H

G

F

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.130. HL-9 type attestation per phase.

2.0

percentage of total assemblage

phase

1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0

L

K

J

I

H

G

F

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.131. HL-10a type attestation per phase.

95

HL — Medium- to High-Necked Jars HL-7 jars with a stepped shoulder. Vessel 1HP537 is considered part of 165A2 in the Armstrong & Gasche typo­ logy, which lasts through the Old Babylonian Period. Typical of this part of southern Mesopotamia and the Susa region is the slightly stepped shoulder, which is usually lacking in vessels of this type in northern Babylonia (Armstrong & Gasche 2014, 51). Vessels 1H62 and 1HP537 are variants of the cylindrical jars of HL-7a with a much wider body. Comparanda: Armstrong & Gasche 2014, Families 155, 160, 165 (end of Isin-Larsa).

HL-8 — medium-necked jar with bevelled band rim (Pl. 156) These jars have a diameter between 10–15 cm with a restricted neck that is almost a bottleneck. While no complete shapes were retrieved of this type, several sherds show that these vessels would have had a wide shoulder. The rim typically forms a sloping band, but there is some variety in their size. The earliest sherds (6HP50; 6HP141) have a steep ledge rim, which develops into a true band rim. These types of rim are typical for ED I at al-Hiba since they occur almost exclusively in Phases I to L, where they make up c.  2–3% of the assemblage. A handful of sherds assigned to this type from later phases could have been sherds with a band rim that were similar to this sloping band rim. Sherds 2HP37, 3HP103, and 4HP174 find especially good parallels in ED III levels at Abu Salabikh, although those vessels have wider mouths that would not fit within type HL-8. Comparanda: Abu Salabikh: Moon 1987, nos 549–55 (ED III); Fara: Calvet 2003, N83 (ED I); ­Nippur: Wilson in press, 7NP99 (IT X).

HL-9 — high-necked jar with oval band rim (Pl. 157) This type of vessel has a straight or slightly flaring neck with a small oval band rim and a diameter between 10–15 cm. Only very rarely is the vessel preserved below the neck, making it difficult to define the shape of the jar or any subtypes. These jars parallel McMahon type C-17 that are typical of the Akkadian and post-Akkadian Period.15 They are similar to jar type HL-4a of which McMahon (2006) lists vessels as comparanda that have an elongated band rim, which here is listed as HL-10a and is considered a better fit for McMahon type C-2. Elongated band rims are common during ED III, while high-necked jars with a smaller band rim (HL4a) are restricted to ED IIIB–Akk. 15 

they are a later development. They first appear in Phase F, but they become particularly popular in Phases E to B, forming c. 2–4% of the assemblage. Comparanda: Fara: Martin 1988, fig. 42.2 (Akk.–Ur III); ­Nippur: Wilson in press, 7NP19 (IT VII); ­McMahon 2006, C-17 (Akk.).

HL-10 — high-necked jar with elongated band rim HL-10a — high-necked jar with straight, elongated band rim (Pl. 158) These jars have a straight to outward-leaning high neck ending in a long, narrow band rim with a diameter between 10–20 cm. This type possibly combines different kinds of jars considering the range in neck height, rim diameter, and the shape of the shoulder, but since no sherds preserve enough of the body, they are joined as one type based on the diagnostic band shape of the rim. In the McMahon typo­logy, these jars fit within type C-2, which had its highest occurrence at Nippur in the earliest level reached (ED IIIA), but continuing in smaller numbers throughout the sequence. In the Inanna Temple sequence at Nippur, good parallels come from ED I to ED IIIA levels. At Abu Salabikh, many jars with elongated band rims occur and they cluster clearly in the ED IIIA Period. It should be noted that these rims were frequently applied to spouted and upright-handle jars. At al-Hiba, these jars occur throughout the Early Dynastic Phases G to L, but they are most popular in ED IIIA Phase H (1.67% of the assemblage). The sherds from ED I levels are mostly of the narrow, bottleneck version (1HP174; 4HP103) that would fit well with early HM-4 spouted jars. Comparanda: Abu Salabikh: Moon 1987, nos 439–40, 519–41 (ED IIIA); Diyala: Delougaz 1952, C.515.370b, C.526.371b, C.526.471e, D.526.371 (ED III); Fara: Martin 1988, no. 95 (ED IIIA); Larsa: Thalmann 2003, B33-R1 (ED IIIA); ­Nippur: Wilson in press, 7NP45 (IT VIII), 7NP84 (IT IX), 7NP107 (IT X); Sakheri al-Sughir: Wright 1969, fig. 21a (ED I); Uruk: Pongratz-Leisten 1988, nos 201–02 (ED I).

HL-10b — high-necked jar with outward-flaring, elongated band rim (Pl. 159) Three documented sherds have an elongated band rim that flares outward with a slightly concave interior, possibly serving as a lid support. McMahon (2006, 65) commented on this variation, but she observed a continuum of rim shapes that were grouped together as type C-2. In the al-Hiba corpus of documented sherds, these three sherds stand out sufficiently to warrant a different sub-

96

Chapter Three – Typology

phase

sherd count

A

0

B

0

C

1

D

0

E

0

F

2

G

0

H

0

I

0

J

0

K

0

L

0

0.0

phase

sherd count

12

A

53

B

0

C

1

D

1

E

1

F

0

G

0

H

0

I

0

J

0

K

0

L

0

phase

sherd count

A

1

B

0

C

0

D

0

E

0

F

0

G

30

H

9

I

3

J

3

K

1

L

1

1.2

percentage of total assemblage

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2

L

K

J

I

H

G

F

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.132. HL-10b type attestation per phase.

percentage of total assemblage

10 8 6 4 2 0

L

K

J

I

H

G

F

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.133. HL-10c type attestation per phase.

percentage of total assemblage

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0

L

K

J

I

H

G

F

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.134. HL-11 type attestation per phase.

97

HL — Medium- to High-Necked Jars sherd count

A

0

B

0

C

0

D

0

E

0

F

0

G

19

H

11

I

12

J

7

K

18

L

22

8 7 percentage of total assemblage

phase

6 5 4 3 2 1 0

L

K

J

I

H

G

F

type, especially since they were found in Akkadian to post-Akkadian contexts in Area B, unlike the sherds of HL-10a, which are mainly ED IIIA in date. Comparanda: Nippur: McMahon 2006, pl. 97: 7, 12, 15 (Akk.).

HL-10c — ovoid high-necked jar with elongated band rim (Pl. 159) While no complete vessel is preserved, these sherds can be identified as part of the ovoid jars defined by Armstrong & Gasche as types 270B3, 270C3, and 270D3. As such, these jars are of the same type as HL-2, but since this typology uses rim shape as a primary characteristic, they are here assigned to a different type. Almost all of these vessels at al-Hiba come from late Isin-Larsa Phase A, where they occur in high numbers and form 11.42% of the assemblage. Comparanda: Armstrong & Gasche 2014, 270B3, 270C3, 270D3 (late Isin-Larsa).

HL-11 — high-necked jar with flat rim (Pl. 160) This medium-sized vessel is defined by a flat ledge rim. No specimen is preserved below the neck and it is therefore impossible to reconstruct the complete vessel shape. Based on parallels at Abu Salabikh, Fara, and in the Diyala, these could be both round-based or ringbased jars. Sherds of this type occur in late ED  I and ED III contexts of Phases G to J, making up c. 0.75% of the assemblage. Comparanda: Abu Salabikh: Green 1993, no. 831 (ED IIIB); Moon 1987, nos 367, 379, 597 (ED III); Diyala: Delougaz 1952, B.546.640c, C.406.370 (ED III); Fara 113 (ED III).

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.135. HL-12 type attestation per phase.

HL-12 — medium-necked jar with ledge rim (Pl. 161) This type gathers sherds and vessels with ledge rims. This type of rim is typical of ED I and almost all documented vessels were found in Area G, but sherds of this type continue to occur in smaller quantities in ED III Phases G and H. Documented sherds from ED III tend to have an overhanging ledge rim rather than a solid protruding triangular rim. In McMahon’s typology, this is type C-6 with a lifespan into ED III and the early Akkadian. These jars are here further subdivided based on specific decoration schemes, applications, and general jar shape. However, as is typical for ED I, there is significant variation in the shape and treatment of these vessels. A unique sherd (3H15/3HP82) is painted with a dark red and a hatched band in dark brown to black paint. This sherd probably belongs to a Jemdet Nasr painted vessel that was residual in an ED I level in Area G. However, in the ED I corpus from Uruk, a couple of ledge-rim jars are painted red as are a few sherds from the Inanna Temple sounding at Nippur (Pongratz-Leisten 1988, nos 110, 124, 144; Wilson in press, 7NP186, 7NP145 (IT XI)). The excavation records from al-Hiba also mention a few Scarlet Ware sherds, but none of these were drawn or photographed. Comparanda: Larsa: Calvet 2003, N9 (ED I); Nippur: Wilson in press, 7N611 (IT XI), 7NPX91 (IT X), 7NPX84 (IT IX); Uruk: Pongratz-Leisten 1988, nos 20, 129, 196–200, 225, 231 (ED I).

98

Chapter Three – Typology

phase

sherd count

A

0

B

0

C

0

D

0

E

0

F

0

G

0

H

0

I

12

J

4

K

0

L

0

0.0

phase

sherd count

4.0

A

0

B

0

C

0

D

0

E

4

F

1

G

35

H

4

I

13

J

3

K

11

L

3

phase

sherd count

A

0

B

1

C

0

D

0

E

0

F

0

G

0

H

0

I

4

J

9

K

11

L

18

1.2

percentage of total assemblage

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2

L

K

J

I

H

G

F

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.136. HL-12a type attestation per phase.

percentage of total assemblage

3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0

L

K

J

I

H

G

F

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.137. HL-12b type attestation per phase.

6

percentage of total assemblage

5 4 3 2 1 0

L

K

J

I

H

G

F

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.138. HL-12c type attestation per phase.

HL — Medium- to High-Necked Jars

99

HL-12a — squat carinated jar with or without wing lug (Pls 162–63)

HL-12c — wide-mouthed jar with impressed decoration on the shoulder (Pl. 165)

This type consists of small jars with a ledge rim, a pronounced shoulder, and a flat base. Often, these jars have a single wing lug attached to the shoulder together with rows of fingernail impressions or incised lines where the neck meets the shoulder. A few vessels without a lug were found in ED IIIA contexts in Area A. However, these later vessels have a less pronounced rim and a rounder shoulder. This type of jar and especially the wing lug are widely considered to be hallmarks of ED I, but they are surprisingly rare in the al-Hiba day sheets and they are restricted to Phases I and J that cover late ED I. This could be because excavators would only identify sherds of this type if enough of the vessel was preserved, while relying on the many documented ledge rims to identify smaller sherds.

This medium-sized to large vessel type has multiple rows of reed-impressed decoration high on the shoulder at the base of a low to medium neck with a ledge rim and wide mouth. These jars probably had a wide, squat body with a carinated shoulder, but few preserved vessels from al-Hiba allow such observations. This type of decoration on ledge rim jars is restricted to ED I Levels J to L and they were most popular in the earliest Phase L (5.57% of the assemblage).

Comparanda: Abu Salabikh: Moon 1987, no. 716 (ED II); Diyala: Delougaz 1952, C.603.270 (Protolit. c); Sakheri al-Sughir: Wright 1969, fig. 19a (ED I).

HL-12b — tall carinated jar with or without wing lug (Pls 163–64) Similar to HL-12a, these small to medium-sized jars have a ledge rim and a carinated shoulder, but they are tall and often have a slight foot. Most of the documented vessels were found in the upper levels and surface cuts in Area G, but several vessels come from ED IIIA contexts in Area A.  However, the vessels with wing lugs were found exclusively in Area G, which again supports the observation that wing lugs are a chrono­logical marker for ED I. Sherds assigned to this type in the day sheets are much more common than HL-12a, including a large group in ED  IIIB Phase G (1HP209; 1HP211; 1HP214), which are often similar to the wide-shouldered, ringbase jars of HL-4a. Even though ledge rims are characteristic of ED I, they remain in use at a strongly reduced rate through ED III on larger jars. Comparanda: Abu Salabikh: Moon 1987, no. 712 (ED II); Diyala: Delougaz 1952, pl. 47 (ED I), A.525.273 (ED II), B.516.270, B.516.271 (ED II–III), B.526.273, C.515.373, C.516.373, C.526.372 (ED I); Larsa: Calvet 2003, N143 (ED I); ­Nippur: Wilson in press, 7NP124 (IT XI), 7N589 (IT X); Sakheri al-Sughir: Wright 1969, fig. 19b (ED I); Uruk: PongratzLeisten 1988, no. 55, 103 (ED I).

Comparanda: ­Nippur: Wilson in press, 7NP116 (IT X), 7NP142, 8NP1 (IT XI); Uruk: Pongratz-Leisten 1988, nos 23, 133, 403 (ED I).

HL-12d — medium-necked jar with a row of fingernail impressions on the shoulder (Pl. 166) These jars have a single or double row of fingernail impressions where the neck meets the shoulder. While most jars have a type of ledge rim, a few jars in this type have a band rim that is typical of HL-10a. It is perhaps better to consider type HL-12d to describe a decorative pattern rather than a single class of vessels considering the range of vessels sizes and rim types with which this pattern is associated. A few vessels have radial reserved slip decoration on the upper part of the body. Moon (1987, 166) has observed that a double row of impressions is typical for ED I, while during ED III vessels of this type tend to have only a single row and lack reserved slip. At al-Hiba, such a pattern cannot presently be verified. Reserved slip does seem to be restricted largely to ED I, but single and double rows of fingernail impressions occur on both ED I and ED III vessels. Overall, these vessels occur throughout Phases H to L at al-Hiba, with the highest popularity of 2–4% in the earliest Phases K and L. Considering that HL-12c and HL-12d are closely related types, combined they clearly are typical for the first half of ED I (c. 8% in Phases K-L), reducing in numbers during the second half of ED  I (c. 3% in Phase J), and occurring occasionally in ED IIIA (c. 1.5% in Phases H and I). Comparanda: Abu Salabikh: Moon 1987, nos 793–95 (ED I–II); Diyala: Delougaz 1952, D.544.240 (ED I); Larsa: Calvet 2003, N56 (ED I); Sakheri al-Sughir: Wright 1969, fig. 19e (ED I); Uruk: Pongratz-Leisten 1988, nos 107, 108 (ED I).

100

Chapter Three – Typology

phase

sherd count

A

0

B

0

C

0

D

0

E

0

F

2

G

1

H

18

I

13

J

4

K

12

L

7

phase

sherd count

A

0

B

0

C

0

D

1

E

0

F

8

G

19

H

0

I

9

J

4

K

6

L

4

0.0

phase

sherd count

1.2

A

0

B

0

C

0

D

0

E

1

F

1

G

35

H

12

I

14

J

0

K

0

L

0

percentage of total assemblage

5

4

3

2

1

0

L

K

J

I

H

G

F

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.139. HL-12d type attestation per phase.

percentage of total assemblage

2.5

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

L

K

J

I

H

G

F

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.140. HL-12e type attestation per phase.

percentage of total assemblage

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0

L

K

J

I

H

G

F

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.141. HL-13 type attestation per phase.

101

HL — Medium- to High-Necked Jars sherd count

A

0

B

0

C

0

D

0

E

0

F

0

G

6

H

0

I

1

J

0

K

0

L

0

0.20

percentage of total assemblage

phase

0.15

0.10

0.05

0.00

L

K

J

I

H

G

F

HL-12e — medium-necked jar with a decorated ridge high on the shoulder (Pl. 167) This medium-sized to large vessel type is characterized by a pronounced applied fingernail-impressed or notched ridge high up on the shoulder. One specimen has radiating vertically burnished decoration below the ridge (4HP208). These vessels often have a ledge rim, but there is significant variation in rim shape including bulbous and triangular rims. They can be divided into two groups. The first is a large, wide-shouldered vessel with a low to medium neck. The second group consists of medium-sized jars with a high neck. While usually considered to be typical of ED I, the evidence from al-Hiba suggests that they had a lifespan from late ED I through ED III. They consistently occur throughout Phases F to L at c. 0.5–2% of the assemblage. Comparanda: Diyala: Delougaz 1952, D.515.370, D.525.370 (ED I–II); Nippur: Wilson in press, 7NP124 (IT XI), 7N589 (IT X), 7NP82, 8NP33 (IT IX); Uruk: Pongratz-Leisten 1988, nos 114, 149 (ED I).

HL-13 — upright handle jar (Pl. 168) This medium-sized to large vessel type tends to be rare in the most southern part of Mesopotamia (Moon 1982). At al-Hiba, this jar type is also poorly documented, but sherds that have been assigned to this type in the day sheets are not uncommon. Without drawings, it remains unclear whether these designations are accurate or only based on similarities in rim shape without the evidence of an upright handle. This type could be a development of HL-12b in which the carination has been

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.142. HL-14 type attestation per phase.

replaced by an applied ridge. The al-Hiba vessels have a ledge rim, but the general type of upright handle jars in southern Mesopotamia includes a range of rims including ledge rims, band rims, or plain to bevelled rims. The shoulder frequently has bands of impressed decoration, which allows the inclusion of several decorated shoulder sherds within this type. The type has a well-known development with increasingly elaborate decoration and upright handles in the northern part of southern Mesopotamia, but at al-Hiba there is no evidence for this. The documented vessels at al-Hiba belong to the earlier forms, sometimes used as hallmark of ED II, and come from late ED I or early ED III contexts. In the day sheet records, they occur throughout ED III (Phases G, H, and I) at c. 1% of the assemblage. Overall, the documentation for this type was not done systematically and it is not possible to accurately trace its development at al-Hiba based on the current dataset. Comparanda: Abu Salabikh: Martin, Moon & Postgate 1985, grave 1: no. 55 (ED IIIA), grave 17: no. 3 (ED IIIA), grave 31: no. 14 (ED IIIA); Moon 1987, nos 717–31 (ED II–IIIA); Diyala: Delougaz 1952, pls 76–80 (ED I–III), B.416.371, B.516.371, C.515.371, D.516.371 (late ED I–ED III); Fara: Martin 1988, no. 68 (ED II); Nippur: Wilson in press, 7NP86 (IT IX); Sakheri al-Sughir: Wright 1969, fig. 20h (ED I).

HL-14 — high-necked elongated jar with everted rim (Pl. 169) This medium-sized vessel type has a very high neck with a small, flattened triangular or ledge rim and a convex base. These jars are closely related to the similar egg-shaped jars with a high neck and a plain rim

102

Chapter Three – Typology

phase

sherd count

A

0

B

0

C

0

D

0

E

0

F

2

G

9

H

0

I

0

J

0

K

0

L

0

0.0

phase

sherd count

1.2

A

0

B

0

C

1

D

0

E

1

F

0

G

2

H

0

I

0

J

0

K

0

L

0

0.0

phase

sherd count

0.5

A

0

B

0

C

0

D

0

E

1

F

2

G

0

H

0

I

0

J

0

K

0

L

0

percentage of total assemblage

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

L

K

J

I

H

G

F

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.143. HL-15a type attestation per phase.

percentage of total assemblage

percentage of total assemblage

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2

L

K

J

I

H

G

F

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.144. HL-15b type attestation per phase.

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0.0

L

K

J

I

H

G

F

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.145. HL-16 type attestation per phase.

103

HL — Medium- to High-Necked Jars of HL-1b, but they differ with a distinct everted rim, a fine ware, and characteristically with a burnished dark red to brown slip (Pl. 213e).16 While this type has sometimes been used as a hallmark of the Akkadian Period, at Nippur and Wilaya it has been observed that this type already began in ED IIIB, but it became most common during the Akkadian Period (McMahon 2006, 71, 75; Hussein, Altaweel & Rejeb 2009, 20).17 However, at al-Hiba, vessels of this type only occur in Phase G, which indicates a late ED IIIB date. There is a clear development into jars of type HL-15a with a ridge underneath the rim. Comparanda: Diyala: Delougaz 1952, C.565.40? (early Akk.); ­Nippur: ­McMahon 2006, C-24 (ED IIIB–early Akk.); Wilaya: Hussein, Altaweel & Rejeb 2009, fig. 22.a-e (ED IIIB–early Akk.).

HL-15 — high-necked jar with ledge rim and a ridge high on the neck These vessels, sometimes called ‘double ridged rim jars’, are distinct with the application of a ridge just below a triangular to ledge rim on a high neck. In McMahon’s typo­logy, this is type C-13, which she subdivides into a large version with a wide mouth and a low neck and a smaller version with a tall neck. The large variant is absent in the al-Hiba corpus, although subtype HL-15b includes vessels with a lower neck and a wide shoulder but lacking the wide mouth. These vessels developed further into multi-lobed rim jars (HL-16) and smaller jars with three ridges at the rim on an outward flaring neck (McMahon 2006, 81; Hussein, Altaweel & Rejeb 2009, 20; Arrivabeni 2014). However, the latter do not occur at present in the al-Hiba corpus, which certainly reflects the poor preservation and underrepresentation of Ur III material at the site.

HL-15a — elongated double ridged rim jar (Pl. 170) This subtype has a high neck on an egg-shaped body and is very similar in overall shape to HL-14 of which it is a development. Two vessels are similarly burnished Comparanda at other sites do not frequently have a burnished, red-slipped surface. In the ­Nippur WF sounding, a burnished red slip is attested only twice in burials: ­McMahon 2006, pl.  134.1 (Burial 16 – ED IIIB), pl. 154.3 (Burial 14 – late Akk.).

16 

McMahon (2006, 75) observed that these jars only appeared in Houses 1 at Khafajah and the Earlier Northern Palace at Tell Asmar. The most recent redating of the Diyala levels by Gibson (2011) dates both Houses 1 and the Earlier Northern Palace to span the end of ED IIIB and the beginning of the early Akkadian Period.

17 

as the HL-14 jars (2HP57; 2HP273). This type of jar is widely considered to be typical for the Akkadian Period (McMahon 2006, 69; Hussein, Altaweel & Rejeb 2009, 20). At al-Hiba, these vessels were found mainly in Area C and they are restricted to Phases F and G. This suggests an ED IIIB to early Akkadian date, although again, it cannot be excluded that the sherds from levels in Area C dated to ED IIIB were intrusive, from undetected cuts, or material belonging to an eroded Akkadian level. Comparanda: Diyala: Delougaz 1952, B.556.540 (late Akk.); ­Nippur: ­McMahon 2006, C-13b (Akk.–Ur III); Wilaya: Hussein, Altaweel & Rejeb 2009, fig. 22d-h (Akk.).

HL-15b — carinated double ridged rim jar (Pl. 170) These jars have a very wide shoulder instead of an elongated body. Two better preserved sherds have a strong carination at the maximum width of the body. A single sherd has a much shorter neck and slightly wider mouth (3HP184), which can be equated with McMahon type C-13a, dated to the early Akkadian Period. The high-necked version of this type does not have parallels in the McMahon typo­logy. They are rare at al-Hiba with only a few individual sherds in Phases C, E, and G. Comparanda: ­Nippur: ­McMahon 2006, C-13a (ED III–Akk.); Wilaya: Hussein, Altaweel & Rejeb 2009, fig. 26e-g (early Akk.), fig. 30a-b (Akk.).

HL-16 — multi-lobed rim jar (Pl. 171) This jar type is defined by a distinctive rim that consists of two or three lobes. It can be equated with McMahon type C-28 and Armstrong & Gasche type Family 125, which is considered to be restricted to the Ur III Period. The rim is similar to the typical heart-shaped vessels of the late Akkadian to Ur III Period, but those vessels are currently completely absent within the al-Hiba assemblage. This absence can be explained by the poor preservation of Ur III levels and a lack of graves from this period in the excavations since the type has been most frequently encountered in burial contexts at other sites (Arrivabeni 2014, 239). Only three sherds of type HL-16 were found at al-Hiba and they are all assigned to early Akkadian Phases E and F. Comparanda: Armstrong & Gasche 2014, Family 125 (Ur III); ­McMahon 2006, C-28 (Ur III).

104

Chapter Three – Typology

phase

sherd count

A

0

B

1

C

0

D

0

E

0

F

0

G

0

H

0

I

0

J

0

K

0

L

0

0.0

phase

sherd count

0.8

A

0

B

0

C

0

D

0

E

0

F

0

G

0

H

0

I

1

J

0

K

2

L

1

0.0

phase

sherd count

2.0

A

0

B

0

C

0

D

0

E

1

F

0

G

62

H

27

I

23

J

2

K

1

L

3

percentage of total assemblage

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

L

K

J

I

H

G

F

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.146. HL-17 type attestation per phase.

percentage of total assemblage

0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2

percentage of total assemblage

0.1 L

K

J

I

H

G

F

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.147. HL-18 type attestation per phase.

1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0

L

K

J

I

H

G

F

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.148. HM-1 type attestation per phase.

105

HM — Spouted jars sherd count

A

0

B

2

C

0

D

3

E

7

F

3

G

80

H

34

I

37

J

3

K

1

L

2

3.0 2.5 percentage of total assemblage

phase

2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0

L

K

J

I

H

G

F

HL-17 — medium-necked jar with drooped everted rim (Pl. 171) This medium-sized vessel is defined here in parallel with the much better attested McMahon type C-29. Its characteristic feature is an additional ‘droop’ below the rim. The one specimen known from al-Hiba is a tall rounded jar with a small ring base that comes from Phase B. In parallel with McMahon’s typology, this type is typical for the Ur III Period but continues in use into the early Isin-Larsa Period. Armstrong & Gasche subsume the al-Hiba specimen under 240C2&3 on the basis of the drooped everted rim, but the tall shape of the jar fits better with 250B2, which extends into the early IsinLarsa Period. Comparanda: Armstrong & Gasche 2014, 240C2–3, 250B2 (Ur III–early Isin-Larsa); McMahon 2006, C-29 (Ur III).

HL-18 — high-necked jar with protruding band rim and lid support (Pl. 171) While very rare at al-Hiba, this medium-sized to large jar is sufficiently distinct and well-documented elsewhere to define a separate type. The jar has a rim that protrudes outward to create a broad internal ledge as support for a lid. Parallels for this type securely date it to ED I, which fits the findspots in Phases K and L of Area G at al-Hiba. Comparanda: Larsa: Calvet 2003, N87 (ED I); Nippur: Wilson in press, 7NP129 (IT XI), 7NP108 (IT X), 8NP33 (IT IX); Sakheri al-Sughir: Wright 1969, fig. 19f (ED I); Uruk: Pongratz-Leisten 1988, no. 160 (ED I).

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.149. HM-2 type attestation per phase.

HM — SPOUTED JARS HM-1 — large spouted jar with plain rim (Pls 173–75) These globular jars have a plain rim and a tall neck on a wide shoulder with a short to medium spout at the base of the neck. These jars are typical for ED III Phases G, H, and I, making up c. 2% of the assemblage, but they already occur during ED I. The earliest documented vessels from ED I Phases K and L have an inward leaning neck and a slightly carinated shoulder (6HP28; 6HP68; 6HP121). Phase J and I jars (ED I–IIIA transition) tend to have a straight neck and a rounded shoulder (3HP191; 3HP192; 3HP194), while Phase G and H jars (ED III) have an outward flaring neck and a high, round shoulder (1HP210; 1HP213; 1HP231; 1HP234; 3HP122; 6HP36; 6HP37). Comparanda: Abu Salabikh: Moon 1987, nos 691–92 (ED II); Diyala: Delougaz 1952, C.525.362 (ED I–II), D.515.362, D.525.362 (ED II–III); Fara: Martin 1988, no. 89 (ED II); Larsa: Thalmann 2003, B33-R2 (ED IIIA); Nippur: Wilson in press, 7NP48 (IT VIII); Uruk: Pongratz-Leisten 1988, nos 238–39 (ED I).

HM-2 — small spouted jar with plain rim (Pl. 176) These jars are smaller than HN-1 jars with a spout that covers the entire shoulder. The earliest vessels from the end of ED I are squat with a round body and a flat base (3HP36; 6HP59). In Phases H and I (ED I–IIIA), they become gradually taller with a high shoulder (3HP223; 3HP261). By Phase G (ED IIIB), these spouted jars have a pronounced, high shoulder and a slightly flaring high neck (1H37; 1HP162; 2HP17; 2HP90). A  vessel from Phase E (early Akk.) is even more elongated and has a ring base (3H71).

106

Chapter Three – Typology

phase

sherd count

A

0

B

0

C

0

D

0

E

0

F

0

G

0

H

0

I

5

J

1

K

6

L

3

0.0

phase

sherd count

3.0

A

0

B

0

C

0

D

0

E

0

F

0

G

0

H

0

I

18

J

10

K

3

L

9

0.0

phase

sherd count

0.15

A

0

B

0

C

0

D

0

E

0

F

0

G

0

H

0

I

2

J

0

K

0

L

0

percentage of total assemblage

2.5

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

L

K

J

I

H

G

F

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.150. HM-3 type attestation per phase.

percentage of total assemblage

percentage of total assemblage

2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5

L

K

J

I

H

G

F

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.151. HM-4 type attestation per phase.

0.12

0.09

0.06

0.03

0.00

L

K

J

I

H

G

F

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.152. HM-5 type attestation per phase.

107

HN — Bottles As with HM-1 jars, these smaller spouted jars are most common in ED III Phases G and H, constituting c. 2.5% of the assemblage, but they continue well into Akkadian Phases D, E, and F. These jars have parallels in the substantial corpus of ED II–IIIA spouted jars from Abu Salabikh, but the al-Hiba corpus lacks the distinct vessels with a sharply outward angled spout.

HM-5 — squat spouted jar with band rim (Pl. 177)

Comparanda, Abu Salabikh: Moon 1987, nos 618, 676–85 (ED II); Diyala: Delougaz 1952, C.525.262, C.526.262b (ED I), C.596.362 (ED II); Larsa: Thalmann 2003, fig. 38.1 (ED IIIA); ­Nippur: Wilson in press, 7N558, 7N555 (IT IX).

HM-x — detached spouts

HM-3 — tall carinated spouted jar (Pl. 177) These jars form a distinct group with a pronounced carinated shoulder, tall necks, and a very long spout. One vessel has a flat base, while two others have a pinched ring base. They are restricted to ED I Phases I to L and they are probably mainly an early ED  I type forming 1–2% of the assemblage in Phases K and L. A good parallel from Abu Salabikh is also dated to early ED I. Comparanda: Abu Salabikh: Moon 1987, 694 (ED I early); Diyala: Delougaz 1952, C.526.362a (ED I); ­Nippur: Wilson in press, 8N70 (IT X), 7N553 (IT IX); Sakheri al-Sughir: Wright 1969, fig. 18c (ED I); Uruk: Pongratz-Leisten 1988, nos 112, 114, 232 (ED I).

HM-4 — globular spouted jar with bevelled rim (Pls 178–79) This medium-sized to large jar type has a low neck with a bevelled to triangular rim. These vessels are highly standardized and show a distinct development from ED I into ED IIIA. The earliest vessels from Phase K (early­–mid ED I) have a globular body and either a short neck with a bevelled rim (4H64; 6HP111; 6HP148) or a high neck with a sloping band rim like those of type HL-8 (6HP113; 6HP138). The vessels from Phase J (late ED I) have a slightly biconical body with a short neck, a bevelled rim, and a flat base (2H96; 2H97; 3HP104). The latest vessels from Phase I (ED I–IIIA transitional) have a high, slightly carinated shoulder with a short neck and a flat base (3HP4; 3HP31; 3HP193; 3HP228). Overall, they were almost exclusively found in ED I contexts in Areas A and G, forming c. 1–3% of the assemblage in Phases I to L. Comparanda: Diyala: Delougaz 1952, C.556.242, D.535.542, D.545.542 (ED I); ­Nippur: Wilson in press, 7NP157 (IT XII– XI); Sakheri al-Sughir: Wright 1969, fig. 19d (ED I).

Squat jars with a distinct band rim are very rare at alHiba. They are restricted to Phase I. Few parallels from Nippur are of early ED I date. Comparanda: ­Nippur: Wilson in press, 7NP157 (IT XII–XI).

Only seven detached spouts were recorded through a type sheet and a drawing. In the day sheet counts, 658 spouts were listed: 48 from Area A; 51 from Area B; 36 from Area C; and 523 from Area G. As percentage of the total amount of sherds that were counted, the spouts from Areas A, B, and C are negligible, while in Area G spouts form only 1.4%. These numbers seem to confirm that spouted vessels were overall rare at al-Hiba, even during the ED I Period.

HN — BOTTLES HN-1 — large bottleneck jar (Pl. 181) This medium-sized vessel type is defined by a narrow mouth with a diameter of c. 5 cm on the body of a globular jar. The rim shape varies significantly from a bevelled rim to a ledge and band rim. Parallels from Abu Salabikh date this type of vessel to ED III. One documented vessel with scoring on the upper part of the body could be a so-called Syrian bottle (Sconzo 2014), which is also paralleled at Abu Salabikh. In addition, another jar found in an early ED I context in Area G (4HP121) has a sloped band rim and a single row of fingernail impressions at the bottom of the neck, both of which are characteristic of ED I–IIIA. Another early ED I sherd from Area G has a much taller and flaring neck (4HP111). Both of these have parallels in Jemdet Nasr to early ED I levels at Nippur. This is a varied group of vessels that are difficult to classify individually. They occur throughout the al-Hiba sequence with a cluster in the ED I Period (Phases I to L) and a second cluster in the Akkadian Period (Phases D and E). Additional bottleneck jars from these periods would be needed to identify significant patterns. Comparanda: Abu Salabikh: Moon 1987, nos 323–27 (ED III); Diyala: Delougaz 1952, B.666.540b, B.666.640 (ED III), C.605.240 (ED I); ­Nippur: Wilson in press, 8NP26 (IT XI), 7NP156 and 7NP158 (IT XII), 7N743 (IT XIII), 8NP27 (IT XIV).

108

Chapter Three – Typology

phase

sherd count

A

0

B

0

C

0

D

1

E

1

F

0

G

2

H

0

I

5

J

4

K

5

L

2

0.0

phase

sherd count

0.8

A

0

B

0

C

0

D

0

E

0

F

1

G

2

H

0

I

1

J

1

K

1

L

2

0.0

phase

sherd count

0.8

A

0

B

0

C

0

D

0

E

0

F

0

G

0

H

0

I

7

J

2

K

2

L

1

percentage of total assemblage

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

L

K

J

I

H

G

F

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.153. HN-1 type attestation per phase.

percentage of total assemblage

0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 L

K

J

I

H

G

F

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.154. HN-2 type attestation per phase.

percentage of total assemblage

0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0

L

K

J

I

H

G

F

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.155. HN-3 type attestation per phase.

109

HN — Bottles sherd count

A

0

B

0

C

0

D

0

E

0

F

0

G

3

H

1

I

0

J

0

K

0

L

0

0.10

percentage of total assemblage

phase

0.08

0.06

0.04

0.02

0.00

L

K

J

I

H

G

F

HN-2 — small bottle with short flaring neck (Pl. 182) This small vessel type has a plain rim with a diameter of c. 5 cm on a short to medium neck that smoothly transitions into a globular body. The few preserved specimens have a slightly flattened round base. Most vessels come from ED I contexts in Area G (Phases J, K, and L), which have good parallels at Nippur and in the Diyala. However, similar small bottles were produced throughout the third and early second millennium. Additional plain small bottles of HN-2 type were found in ED IIIB to early Akkadian contexts in Area C (Phases F and G). Comparanda: Diyala: Delougaz 1952, C.545.220 (ED I–II); Larsa: Calvet 2003, N42 (ED I); Nippur: Wilson in press, 7N586, 7N585 (IT X).

HN-3 — small bottle with high neck (Pl. 183) This small vessel type has a high, flaring neck (6H87; 6HP81; 6HP83; 6HP132) or a straight neck (6HP80; 6HP82) and a narrow flat base. This seems to be a bottle type that was only produced during ED I since they occur only in Phases I to L. Parallels from Ur and Uruk confirm such a date. Comparanda: Sakheri al-Sughir: Wright 1969, fig. 21e (ED I); Ur: Woolley 1934, no. 89 (ED I); Uruk: Pongratz-Leisten 1988, no. 79 (ED I).

HN-4 — bottle with two pierced lugs (Pl. 184) This small vessel type has a globular to ovoid body, a convex base, and two pierced handles that straddle the neck. This type is very rare at al-Hiba, but it is a well-

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.156. HN-4 type attestation per phase.

known type from other sites. In the Diyala, many of these vessels are flat on one side, but this does not seem to be the case for the vessels from al-Hiba. Sherds of this type only occur in Phases G and H (ED III), but they were also found in surface cuts in Area G, which allows for an ED III date. Parallels from other sites span late ED I to the early Akkadian. Comparanda: Abu Salabikh: Moon 1987, nos 328–29 (ED I– IIIA); Diyala: Delougaz 1952, B.816.521 (ED III), C.665.621 (early Akk.); Fara: Martin 1988, no. 71 (ED I).

HN-5 — small, globular flask (Pl. 185) This small vessel type has a plain to triangular rim and a round base. It can be equated with McMahon type C-19 that has its greatest popularity in the Akkadian Period, but it occurs from ED III to the beginning of the second millennium bce. At al-Hiba, the majority of these flasks were found in Area C and belong to ED IIIB Phase G, but an additional vessel belongs to Phase D. Typical for the Akkadian Period is the double carination rather than a round body (1H82) (Hussein, Altaweel & Rejeb 2009, 21). A single sherd from Phase I is most likely intrusive. Comparanda: Abu Salabikh: Moon 1987, nos 310, 312, 317–20 (ED II–III); Diyala: Delougaz 1952, B.545.540, B.545.640b, B.663.540, B.664.520a, B.664.540, B.664.570 (ED I–III); Fara: Martin 1988, no. 84 (ED II); Nippur: McMahon 2006, C-19 (Akk.). Comparanda for double carination: Abu Salabikh: Moon 1987, no. 312 (ED IIIB?); Diyala: Delougaz 1952, B.494.570, B.633.570, B.634.570, B.703.560, B.704.570 (Akk.); Nippur: McMahon 2006, pl. 114.4 (Akk.); Wilaya: Hussein, Altaweel & Rejeb 2009, fig. 32a-d (Akk.).

110

Chapter Three – Typology

phase

sherd count

A

0

B

0

C

0

D

1

E

0

F

0

G

8

H

0

I

1

J

0

K

0

L

0

0.0

phase

sherd count

0.6

A

0

B

0

C

0

D

0

E

0

F

0

G

0

H

0

I

2

J

2

K

0

L

0

0.0

phase

sherd count

0.8

A

3

B

0

C

0

D

0

E

0

F

0

G

0

H

0

I

0

J

0

K

0

L

0

0.6

percentage of total assemblage

0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1

L

K

J

I

H

G

F

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.157. HN-5 type attestation per phase.

percentage of total assemblage

0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1

L

K

J

I

H

G

F

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.158. HN-6a type attestation per phase.

percentage of total assemblage

0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0

L

K

J

I

H

G

F

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.159. HN-6b type attestation per phase.

111

HN — Bottles sherd count

A

0

B

4

C

0

D

0

E

0

F

0

G

0

H

0

I

0

J

0

K

0

L

0

3.5 3.0 percentage of total assemblage

phase

2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0

L

K

J

I

H

G

F

HN-6 — carinated flask This type consists of flasks with a stepped shoulder and a low neck. Three distinct flask types are grouped within HN-6 based on their overall similarity in shape, but they should not be considered to be related since they are chronologically distinct.

HN-6a — globular carinated flask with ledge rim (Pl. 186) These vessels have either a regular or inward-sloping ledge rim with a diameter between 7–10  cm. Similar vessels are known in stone and therefore these ceramic versions might be imitations of stone ware. They are rare at al-Hiba, but clearly restricted to late ED I to early ED IIIA Phases I and J. Such a date is confirmed by similar vessels from ED I to early ED III levels at Nippur and in the Diyala. Comparanda: Abu Salabikh: Martin, Moon & Postgate 1985, grave 82.2 (ED III); Diyala: Delougaz 1952, B.754.540 (ED I); Nippur: Wilson in press, 7N601 (IT IX), 7N588 (IT X).

HN-6b — small globular flask with outward flaring band rim (Pl. 186) These flasks are smaller than those of HN-6a and have an outward flaring neck ending in a triangular or band rim. In the Armstrong & Gasche typology, this is type 135A. Considering the lack of examples, they were unable to provide a secure date. At al-Hiba, three vessels come from late Isin-Larsa contexts (Phase A) in Area B. Comparanda: Armstrong & Gasche 2014, 135A (Isin-Larsa).

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.160. HN-6c type attestation per phase.

HN-6c — carinated cylindrical jar with ledge rim (Pl. 187) This vessel type shares formal features with HN-6a and HN-6b, but it is otherwise unrelated. They share the carinated shoulder, ledge rim, and a round base, but they are significantly larger, and they have a much more elongated body. This type can be equated with Armstrong & Gasche type 135B3 that started toward the end of the Ur III Period and remained in use throughout much of the Isin-Larsa Period. At al-Hiba, these vessels were all found in early Isin-Larsa (Phase B) burial contexts in Area B. Comparanda: Armstrong & Gasche 2014, 135B3 (Isin-Larsa).

HN-7 — small footed bottle (Pl. 184) This type groups small bottles from the Isin-Larsa Period. They are rare in the al-Hiba corpus with only two documented vessels. One of these is a bagshaped bottle with a ring base (1HP503) that parallels Armstrong & Gasche type 150A2, dated to the end of the Isin-Larsa Period. This type of vessel is usually painted, but unpainted examples do exist. The other vessel has the appearance of a miniature jar with a flat base, high neck, and grooves on the shoulder (1H56), which fits within Armstrong & Gasche type 200A1 that spans the Isin-Larsa Period. Comparanda: Armstrong & Gasche 2014, 150A2 (end of IsinLarsa), 200A1 (Isin-Larsa).

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Chapter Three – Typology

phase

sherd count

A

4

B

0

C

0

D

0

E

0

F

0

G

0

H

0

I

0

J

0

K

0

L

0

0.0

phase

sherd count

0.5

A

0

B

0

C

0

D

0

E

0

F

2

G

0

H

0

I

3

J

1

K

1

L

0

0.0

phase

sherd count

2.0

A

0

B

0

C

0

D

0

E

0

F

0

G

0

H

1

I

8

J

7

K

4

L

0

percentage of total assemblage

percentage of total assemblage

percentage of total assemblage

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

L

K

J

I

H

G

F

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.161. HN-7 type attestation per phase.

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

L

K

J

I

H

G

F

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.162. HO-1 type attestation per phase.

1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0

L

K

J

I

H

G

F

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.163. HO-2 type attestation per phase.

113

HO — Drains HO — DRAINS HO-1 — drain tube (Pl. 188) These large ceramic tubes with bulbous to triangular rims are well known from sites across Mesopotamia. The best parallels for this type come from Nippur, which date to ED IIIB. Since most of these drains were found on the surface or cutting through levels, it is difficult to provide a chrono­logical assessment. Most likely, drain tubes of various types were in use in every period, but they have rarely been documented. Comparanda: ­Nippur: Wilson in press, 8N5 (IT VII).

HO-2 — T-joint drain spout (Pls 189, 214c) Another type of drain implement is smaller with a tubular body open on one side and closed with two perpendicular spouts at the other end.18 The excavators at al-Hiba sometimes referred to these drain spouts as ‘marionettes’ based on broad similarities to hand puppets. To my knowledge, there are no good parallels for these drain implements, but they might not have been recorded very well elsewhere even though they are common at al-Hiba. Their precise function is not clear, but possibly they served to divert and reduce water flow by dividing the water in different directions. They were found exclusively in ED I Phases I, J, and K, with a single possible sherd from Phase H, which suggests that these were in use during late ED I to the beginning of ED IIIA. A single documented vessel comes from a Phase G context in Area C (2H69). This vessel is grouped here based on overall similarities in shape and size, but it lacks the distinct sideways openings and instead has a single, small hole on the wide side of the body, which could indicate a use as a sort of funnel rather than a drain implement. Comparanda: Diyala: Delougaz 1952, C.806.610 (Protolit. d/ ED I); ­Nippur: Wilson in press, 7NPX93 (IT IX–VIII).

HP — MINIATURE VESSELS A significant number of miniature vessels were found at al-Hiba, almost exclusively in Area C. While some of these shapes are miniature versions of existing types of vessels, others are not. Since they must have had different functions than normal-sized vessels, they are classified here separately. Some of these vessels, especially the high-necked jars HP-10, could have functioned as a The drawings of these drain spouts are often difficult to interpret and of varying quality. 18 

tiny container, while for other shapes it is difficult to imagine a practical use. Nevertheless, they were made in significant quantities, they are to an extent standardized and have good comparanda at other sites, and the people who produced them often took enough care to produce a specific shape. Interestingly, the quantity and range in shapes of these miniature vessels that come from the craft production complex in Area C is again paralleled best in the 6G ash-tip at Abu Salabikh, which suggests that those trash deposits likely came from a similar facility. With only a couple of exceptions, all these miniature vessels were found in contexts of Phase G.

HP-1 — tiny rounded cup (Pl. 190) These little cups have a diameter between c.  2–3  cm. They are slightly rounded with a convex or flat base. They could have been easily shaped by wrapping a small amount of clay around the tip of a finger. They find good parallels at Abu Salabikh. Comparanda: Abu Salabikh: Green 1993, nos 460–66 (ED IIIB); Moon 1987, no. 807 (ED I).

HP-2 — variety of tiny cups (Pl. 190) HP-2 combines a varied group of cups with a diameter between c. 2–4 cm that do not otherwise form a distinct type. They differ from HP-1 cups in different ways, but the final product required an extra phase of molding that could not be achieved by merely wrapping it on the top of a finger. 2H81 has vertical sides and a small foot. 2H92 is a miniature version of a conical beaker with straight sides and a flat base (HA-1a). 2H95 is a rounded cup with four small pinched corners and thin walls, which has close parallels in the Diyala. Finally, 5HP533 has a string-cut base and an outward flaring rim. This distinct small cup was found in a surface cut in Area B, which suggests that it is of a late Isin-Larsa date. Comparanda: Abu Salabikh: Green 1993, nos 452–55, 469 (ED IIIB); Diyala: Delougaz 1952, A.001.300, A.243.900 (ED III); Fara: Martin 1988, no. 106 (ED IIIB); Wilaya: Hussein, Altaweel & Rejeb 2009, fig. 21e-f (ED IIIB–early Akk.).

HP-3 — tiny funnel with finger-impressed bulge on lower body (Pl. 190) These two very similar objects have a rim of c. 2 cm, a fingernail-impressed ridge low on the body, and they are pierced through the bottom. They have the appearance of a thimble. Their function is difficult to deter-

114

Chapter Three – Typo­logy

mine since it is hard to imagine that these objects would have functioned efficiently as funnels. To my knowledge, there are no good parallels for these objects elsewhere, but miniature objects are underrepresented in excavation records from southern Mesopotamia.

Comparanda: Abu Salabikh: Green 1993, nos 488–94 (ED IIIB); Diyala: Delougaz 1952, A.545.620, A. 556.640 (ED III).

Comparanda: none available

These objects were probably shaped crudely by hand and dipping a small finger into the top or hollowing a space with the end of a reed stick to make a small cavity. They do not clearly mirror a normal-sized type jar, but they have many good parallels at sites throughout southern and central Mesopotamia. At Wilaya it has been observed that there were many objects of this type (Hussein, Altaweel & Rejeb 2009, 22).

HP-4 — tiny squat concave hollow stand (Pl. 191) This object is a miniature version of a concave hollow stand (HH-4c) with a diameter of 4.5 cm. The top and bottom rims of this little stand are bevelled. If it had a practical use, it could have functioned as a support for the piriform jars of HP-8. Comparanda: Diyala: Delougaz 1952, C.353.010a (ED III).

HP-5 — tiny stemmed dish (Pl. 191) These objects are miniature versions of the stemmed dishes (HH-1b). They have diameters between 3–5 cm and are c. 5–7 cm tall. Several of them have fingernailimpressions that bring to mind the more elaborate decoration on the normal-sized vessels. More so than any other type of miniature vessel, it is difficult to imagine a practical use for these tiny stemmed dishes — their purpose was perhaps more symbolical. Comparanda: none available

HP-6 — tiny globular jar (Pl. 192) These vessels are mainly miniature versions of globular, low-necked jars (HK-1), but there is some variation. They are grouped together as miniature restricted vessels with a globular body and a round base. Their diameter is usually between c. 3–4 cm. These vessels find good parallels at Abu Salabikh and Fara, and probably also elsewhere. Comparanda: Abu Salabikh: Green 1993, nos 476–85 (ED IIIB); Fara: Martin 1988, no. 72 (ED II).

HP-7 — tiny piriform jar (Pl. 192) These little jars could be miniature versions of highnecked, ovoid jars (HL-1b). They have a diameter between c. 2–3 cm and are c. 5–7 cm tall with a pointed base. Two vessels have a single applied lug attached on the neck, which has parallels in normal-sized plain high-necked jars. They probably have good parallels at Abu Salabikh and elsewhere, but since at other sites there are mostly sherds instead of complete vessels, it is difficult to ascertain the general shape.

HP-8 — tiny pointed-base piriform neckless jar (Pl. 193)

Comparanda: Abu Salabikh: Green 1993, no. 442 (ED IIIB); Moon 1987, no. 804 (ED IIIA); Diyala: Delougaz 1952, A.035.600, A.546.630 (ED IIIB); ­Nippur: ­McMahon 2006, pl. 164.1 (ED IIIB); Wilaya: Hussein, Altaweel & Rejeb 2009, fig. 33d-h (ED IIIB).

HP-9 — low-necked jar (Pl. 193) These are miniature versions of common low-necked jars (HK-1), but with a flat base or a small foot. They have a diameter between c. 4–5 cm. As all miniature jars, they have good parallels at sites throughout southern and central Mesopotamia. Comparanda: Abu Salabikh: Green 1993, nos 497–502 (ED IIIB); Diyala: Delougaz 1952, A.475.120, A.573.200 (ED III); Fara: Martin 1988, no. 104 (ED III); ­Nippur: ­McMahon 2006, pl. 164.2 (ED IIIB); Wilaya: Hussein, Altaweel & Rejeb 2009, fig. 25e-g (ED IIIB–early Akk.).

HP-10 — high-necked jar with plain rim HP-10a — high-necked jar with flat base (Pl. 194) This very small vessel type has a diameter below 5 cm. They have a plain to slightly bulbous rim and a flat base. The best parallels are found at Abu Salabikh and Fara that support a date within the third quarter of the third millennium bce. They undoubtedly occur throughout southern and central Mesopotamia. There are also obvious comparanda in the Diyala corpus, but they are spread throughout the volume and often the style of publication makes a precise comparison difficult. Comparanda: Abu Salabikh: Green 1993, nos 505–06 (ED IIIB); Moon 1987, nos 802–03 (ED IIIB); Fara: Martin 1988, nos 67 (ED II), 109, 110 (ED IIIB); ­Nippur: ­McMahon 2006, pl. 164.4 (Akk.); Wilaya: Hussein, Altaweel & Rejeb 2009, fig. 31 (Akk.)

115

Hbase-1 — Flat Base sherd count

A

17

B

1

C

2

D

6

E

3

F

10

G

119

H

103

I

228

J

34

K

24

L

30

40 35 percentage of total assemblage

phase

30 25 20 15 10 5 0

L

K

J

I

H

G

F

HP-10b — high-necked jar with footed base (Pl. 195) These jars differ from HP-10a with the addition of a small to high foot. This type can be more elaborate than the vessels of HP-10a as they sometimes have applied lugs or handles, mirroring the range of normal-sized footed jars. In addition to the range of ED IIIB miniature jars, this type also contains a miniature version of an ED I wing-lug jar (HL-12b) (3HP250) and a miniature, ring-base jar of the Ur III period (5HP556). Finally, vessel 4HP164 is larger than the usual miniature jars, but it is a very small version of large, ring-base jars HL-4a. Comparanda: Abu Salabikh: Green 1993, nos 507–14 (ED IIIB); Moon 1987, no. 808 (ED III); Diyala: Delougaz 1952, A.186.400, A.556.320 (ED III); Fara: Martin 1988, nos 104, 105, 108, 111 (ED III); Nippur: Wilson in press, 7N511 (IT VII); Wilaya: Hussein, Altaweel & Rejeb 2009, fig. 26a-d (ED IIIB–early Akk.).

Base Typology

The Main Typology relies predominantly on rim shapes and overall size and shape of vessels. Sometimes types have a characteristic base type as well, such as a ring base or a convex (round) base, but these do not define the vessels. Nevertheless, different types of bases can be an indication of chronology, technology, or function. They have been used as such in different typologies (Moon 1987). At al-Hiba, a large number of base sherds were documented that cannot be assigned to a particular type in the Main Typology. Often it is not even possible to

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.164. Hbase-1a type attestation per phase.

determine whether these were from open or restricted vessels. As such, assigning comparanda would be too speculative. Instead, this typology only presents the drawn base sherds from al-Hiba and their distribution within the sequence so that they can be used for comparative purposes by other studies. The typology does not include sherds or vessels that could be identified in the Main Typology. A more thorough study of the development of base shapes would need to include those sherds. The percentages provided for types of bases are based on the ratio of the type sherds to the total amount of base sherds per phase.

HBASE-1 — FLAT BASE Hbase-1a — common plain flat base with flaring sides (Pl. 196) The most basic shape for a base is a flat bottom, often string-cut from the potter’s wheel. The sides of the vessel usually flare outward. This type combines flat bases from bowls and jars, the difference of which is difficult to determine other than possibly using the size of the base. Flat bases occur throughout the al-Hiba sequence, but they are most common during the first half of the third millennium bce (c. 20–35% of base sherds). They seem to increase again in Phase A (23% of base sherds). This general trend reflects the appearance and subsequent increasing popularity for shaped bases (e.g. ring base) in the second half of the third millennium bce.

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Chapter Three – Typology

phase

sherd count

A

10

B

3

C

4

D

0

E

2

F

2

G

28

H

9

I

31

J

9

K

8

L

7

0

phase

sherd count

8

A

1

B

3

C

0

D

1

E

0

F

0

G

0

H

0

I

0

J

0

K

0

L

0

0

phase

sherd count

50

A

0

B

5

C

4

D

3

E

10

F

16

G

384

H

314

I

152

J

71

K

53

L

67

percentage of total assemblage

15

12

9

6

3

L

K

J

I

H

G

F

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.165. Hbase-1b type attestation per phase.

percentage of total assemblage

7 6 5 4 3 2

percentage of total assemblage

1 L

K

J

I

H

G

F

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.166. Hbase-1c type attestation per phase.

40

30

20

10

0

L

K

J

I

H

G

F

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.167. Hbase-2 type attestation per phase.

117

Hbase-2 — Convex Base sherd count

A

0

B

0

C

0

D

0

E

0

F

2

G

0

H

0

I

2

J

1

K

3

L

1

2.5

percentage of total assemblage

phase

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0

L

K

J

I

H

G

F

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.168. Hbase-4 type attestation per phase.

Hbase-1b — footed flat base (Pl. 197)

HBASE-3 — CONCAVE BASE (Pl. 198)

These flat bases are slightly raised before the vessel wall turns outward. Most of these are probably from jars, but there is a wide range of shapes represented in this type. Like regular flat bases, they are fairly common and occur throughout the al-Hiba sequence, although they are less common during the second half of the third millennium bce. They are most common during the Ur III and Isin-Larsa periods (Phases A to C) (c. 10% of base sherds).

Two unusual base sherds are concave with a sharply inward curving bottom. They are too rare to assign any chronological range, although they seem to belong to the second half of the third millennium bce. One vessel has a string-cut base that has been pushed upward, perhaps accidentally (3HP141). The other sherd (4HP216) is significantly larger and could possibly be the top of a stand rather than a base.

Hbase-1c — goblet base (Pl. 198)

HBASE-4 — ROUND BASE (Pl. 200)

Goblet bases are much rarer, although this is probably because they are easier to identify and as such have been included within the Main Typology. The three documented goblet bases are probably of Isin-Larsa date.

Given the popularity of globular and ovoid jars at alHiba, it is perhaps surprising that separate round bases are rare. Probably this is because sherds of this type were assigned to vessels that could be identified in the Main Typology or because they were treated as body sherds, rather than base sherds. These round bases were found in the earliest levels at al-Hiba. However, considering the well-documented range of round-based jars from the later third millennium bce, this is surely a result of the documentation system and not an accurate reflection of chronology.

HBASE-2 — CONVEX BASE (Pl. 199) The most common type of base sherds that could not be fit in the Main Typology are convex bases. These are either from wide-bodied or narrow, elongated jars. They are most common during the first half of the third millennium bce (c. 30–50% of base sherds in Phases H to L), but they continue through the second half (c. 10–25% of base sherds in Phases C to G). Despite previous observations that convex bases are typical for late ED I and ED II (Moon 1987, 128, 166), such a distinct chronological distribution is not visible in the al-Hiba record at present. Compared with convex bases at other sites, at al-Hiba they usually only protrude slightly at the bottom and only rarely form a true convex base.

HBASE-5 — POINTED BASE (Pl. 200) Pointed bases are also rare at al-Hiba. Three sherds of this type belong to Phases H and I. However, low-necked jars with a pointed base (HK-1c) were common during Phase A (late Isin-Larsa), as were ovoid jars, and these were not included as separate base sherds.

118

Chapter Three – Typology

0

B

0

C

0

D

0

E

0

F

0

G

0

H

1

I

2

J

0

K

0

L

0

phase

sherd count

A

26

B

25

C

14

D

30

E

35

F

71

G

763

H

232

I

86

J

26

K

20

L

22

phase

sherd count

A

0

B

0

C

0

D

0

E

0

F

0

G

0

H

0

I

7

J

2

K

3

L

2

0.30 percentage of total assemblage

A

0.35

0.25 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.05 0.00

L

K

J

I

H

G

F

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.169. Hbase-5 type attestation per phase.

80 70 percentage of total assemblage

sherd count

60 50 40 30 20 10 0

L

K

J

I

H

G

F

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.170. Hbase-6a type attestation per phase.

2.5

percentage of total assemblage

phase

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0

L

K

J

I

H

G

F

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.171. Hbase-6c type attestation per phase.

119

Hbase-6 — Ring Base sherd count

A

19

B

5

C

4

D

0

E

0

F

0

G

0

H

0

I

1

J

0

K

3

L

0

30 25 percentage of total assemblage

phase

20 15 10 5 0

L

K

J

I

H

G

F

HBASE-6 — RING BASE Hbase-6a — low ring base (Pls 201–02) Regular ring bases on both jars and large bowls are just as common at al-Hiba as flat bases. While flat bases are most common during the first half of the third millennium bce, ring bases dominate in the second half (c.  40–65% of the base sherds in Phases B to G). Therefore, the ratio between flat and ring bases could be a useful chronological indicator, especially in survey datasets. This type groups ring bases and vessels of different sizes. There are also different shapes of vessels, even though it is mostly not possible to determine whether the base belonged to a large bowl or a jar. Most sherds can be assigned to one of three different groups. Small to medium-sized sherds with a very low ring base and an outward flaring body could have belonged to either bowls or wide-bodied jars. A second group is characterized by more pronounced and taller ring bases on tall jars. Also included in this group are five sherds of IsinLarsa date that have a wider body than the typical ED IIIAkk. ring-base jars (1HP504; 1HP521; 1HP595; 1HP634; 5HP534). Finally, a third group consists of thicker, larger sherds with a low ring base, which probably belonged to vats.

Hbase-6b — pedestal base (Pl. 203) Only one sherd at al-Hiba has a high pedestal ring base (2HP319). In the field records, this sherd is described as a pot stand, but it looks more similar to the bottom part

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.172. Hbase-6d type attestation per phase.

of high pedestalled jars, which are otherwise completely absent at al-Hiba. Such jars are well-documented north of Nippur during ED IIIB (Moon 1987, 592–611), but they did not seem to be popular in the most southern part of the Mesopotamian alluvium.

Hbase-6c — pinched ring base (Pl. 203) Only two documented base sherds have a small, pinched ring rather than an applied ring, but more sherds assigned to this type appear in the day sheets. While relatively rare in the al-Hiba corpus, they are restricted to ED I(-II) Phases I to L (c. 1.5–2% of base sherds).

Hbase-6d — channel base (Pl. 203) These sherds have a small ring base and a small channel where the ring meets the bottom of the vessel, which is certainly the result of a specific production method. These types of bases are typical for the Isin-Larsa Period at al-Hiba. They first appear in Phases C and B (c. 15% of base sherds) and increase in popularity in Phase A (c. 25% of base sherds).

Hbase-6e — bulbous ring base (Pl. 204) Three documented base sherds have a distinctively bulbous ring applied to the bottom of the vessel. They might first appear during ED (II-)IIIA (Phases H and I), but they are most typical for ED IIIB to early Akkadian Phases E, F, and G (c. 3.5–5.5% of base sherds in Phases E and F).

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Chapter Three – Typology

phase

sherd count

A

0

B

0

C

0

D

0

E

2

F

6

G

17

H

3

I

0

J

2

K

0

L

0

0

phase

sherd count

20

A

0

B

0

C

1

D

0

E

2 4

G

27

H

58

I

91

J

13

K

25

L

13

percentage of total assemblage

5

percentage of total assemblage

F

6

4 3 2 1

L

K

J

I

H

G

F

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.173. Hbase-6e type attestation per phase.

15

10

5

0

L

K

J

I

H

G

F

Hbase-6f — square ring base (Pl. 205) These well-made ring bases are very angular, creating a square profile. The documented sherds were all found in the upper levels of Area B, which indicates that they are almost certainly Isin-Larsa in date. Unfortunately, there are almost no sherds assigned to this type in the day sheets. Sherd 5HP555 fits well with the bases of high-necked jars with a tapered body (HL-4b), which are typical of the Ur III and early Isin-Larsa Period.

Hbase-6g — convex ring base (Pl. 206) Several sherds have an applied or pinched ring base that does not reach the surface when placed on the ground due to a low convex base. Such bases would not provide

E

D

C

B

A

Table 3.174. Hbase-6g type attestation per phase.

the stability we would expect from applying a ring, but they could offer some support to prevent a wobbling jar from tipping over or when positioned on a pot stand. Just like regular convex bases, these jars were common during the first half of the third millennium bce (c. 10–15% of base sherds in Phases H to L), but rare in the second half.

HBASE-7 — TRIPOD BASE (Pl. 207) A single sherd has three applied knobs on the bottom creating a tripod base. This type of base is very rare, but it seems to be restricted to the end of ED I (Phase I).

121

Ribbed Ware (HR) HBASE-8 — HOLLOW PEDESTAL BASE (Pl. 207) A unique sherd has a narrow pedestal base with an applied fingernail-impressed ridge. It was found in a surface cut in Area G. Most likely, this vessel belongs to the Isin-Larsa Period.

Ribbed Ware (HR) (Pls 208–09)

Vessels with ribbed sides are well-attested for the ED IIIB to early Akkadian transition, but they are not very common. At al-Hiba, only a few vessels with ribbed sides were documented and very few sherds of these types occur in the day sheets. They are not ribbed versions of regular types, but instead form a separate class of vessels that mainly consists of squat bowls. Ribbed squat bowls have a diameter between c. 10–20 cm and most commonly a flat base. Only six sherds of these kinds of vessels were found at al-Hiba, all in Phases E, F, and G, providing a secure date in the ED IIIB to early Akkadian transition. These bowls have good parallels at other sites even though they are not very common. A much larger ribbed-sided basin with a diameter of 112  cm (2HP110) was also found in an ED IIIB context (Phase G) in Area C. This vessel has a good parallel in the Diyala in the ED IIIB to Akkadian levels (Delougaz 1952, C.802.200, C.803.200). Finally, a unique ribbed, high-necked, ovoid jar (2HP433) is similar in shape to storage jars HK-1b. A good parallel for this vessel comes from the Diyala where it was dated to ED III, which fits with its findspot at al-Hiba in Phase G (Delougaz 1952, D.555.340). Several sherds in the day sheets were assigned to ribbed basin types, but since many of these were found in the upper, disturbed levels of Area G, they were most likely part of Isin-Larsa Period drain tubes, which are well-documented in the Diyala corpus (Delougaz 1952, E.303.010, E.313.010, E.413.010). Other ribbed shapes associated with drain installations occur as well. These are very large, round-bottomed vessels with a diameter of c. 40 cm that are probably similar to HI-3 vats, which might need to be classified as drain caps. A single documented example has a diameter well over 100 cm. Comparanda for ribbed bowls: Diyala: Delougaz 1952, B.043.210b (Akk.), C.213.210, C.215.210, C.303.200 (ED IIIB–early Akk.); ­Nippur: ­McMahon 2006, pl. 142.1 (Akk.); Wilaya: Hussein, Altaweel & Rejeb 2009, fig. 21g-j (ED IIIB–early Akk.).

Unbaked Clay Ware (HS) (Pl. 210)

Given Ochsenschlager’s (1974a; 1974b; 2004) interest in clay techno­logy in south Iraq, he made sure to record pieces of unbaked clay vessels that had not previously been documented in excavations. This category consists mainly of sun-dried clay vessels with the addition of clay vessels that were not truly fired, but only partially baked either accidentally or as part of its use. In the alHiba records, these sherds are described either as sundried vessels or ‘mud pottery’. Due to their poor preservation, only few fragments of such vessels were recovered during the excavations. Nevertheless, they show a fairly consistent assemblage that consists mainly of low trays that are similar to type HE-1, and large vats that recall type HI-1. A unique piece (3HP345) could be described as a stand with circular perforations, possibly functioning as a brazier.

Painted Ware

Painted decoration is extremely rare at al-Hiba. During the ED I Period, the Scarlet Ware tradition developed from earlier Jemdet Nasr painted wares in the region between the Tigris River and the Zagros Mountains (Carter 1987; Haerinck 2011; Renette 2012). In Area G, a few sherds of Scarlet Ware were found during excavation, all from the upper levels (Phases J and K). One sherd of a ledge rim jar (HL-12) is painted solid dark red on the upper part with a band of black painted hatched lines and two red painted wavy lines (3H15; Pl.  161i, 213d). The paint on this sherd is fugitive, probably because it was applied after firing as is common in the Scarlet Ware tradition. A second sherd (6H47; Pl. 214a) is part of a carinated shoulder with a solid red painted panel below the carination and diagonal red painted lines, probably of a hatched triangle, above the carination. The upper part of the sherd shows traces of two thin, horizontal red bands at the base of the neck of the vessel. A third sherd (6H80; Pl. 214b) is also a shoulder sherd with wavy red painted lines at the base of the neck bordered above and below by thin black painted bands. The lower part of the shoulder has cross-hatched triangles that are outlined in black paint and have diagonal black lines in one direction and red lines in the other direction. A second set of painted sherds form a distinct group within the al-Hiba corpus (Pl. 211–12, 213a-c). They were found in Area C and securely dated to ED IIIB (Phase G). These sixteen sherds are a stylistically homogene-

122 ous group with fabrics that differ significantly from the overall al-Hiba corpus with direct parallels in the central Zagros Mountains and at Susa (see Renette 2015 for a detailed discussion). Without a question, these vessels represent imports from the central Zagros region with which the Lagaš ruler had historically attested relations during ED IIIB. Interestingly, there is at least one other imported vessel from Area C: a Syrian bottle (2HP49; Pl. 181d). Finally, only one other sherd in the al-Hiba corpus has evidence for painted decoration. This sherd (5HP561; Pl. 203f) is the bottom half of a small globular jar with a channel ring base that is typical of the IsinLarsa Period. The middle of the vessel has a painted red band.

Chapter Three – Typo­logy

Chapter Four

Analysis Assemblages

This section traces the development of ceramic assemblages during each historical-archaeo­logical period at al-Hiba. This discussion is based on the frequencies per phase, which are tabulated in the Main Typo­logy (Ch. 3, 24–115). Percentages reflect the total number of sherds of a type in relation to the total amount of typed sherds without indistinguishable sherds (e.g. body sherds; unidentifiable sherds). The mass-produced conical beakers (HA-1) and bowls (HB-1), as well as the solid footed goblets (HA-3) during ED I, form the vast majority of the ceramic assemblages in the third millennium bce. As such, these ubiquitous vessel types tend to skew the dataset and render percentages for other ceramic types negligible. In order to compensate for the overrepresentation of these mass-produced vessels, the percentages for the rest of the ceramic assemblage are calculated based on the total amount of typed sherds minus the mass-produced vessels of HA-1, HB-1, and HA-3.

Early Dynastic I (Phases I–L) Early Dynastic  I remains at al-Hiba were explored in Area G with additional material from the bottom of the Deep Sounding in Area A and Level III in the fifth season operation in Area B. The period spans most of the first half of the third millennium bce and can be split up in an early and late phase based on developments in material culture. As such, ED I encompasses Phases L (early ED I), K (transitional phase in the middle of ED I), and J (late ED I). Phase I is the transition from ED I to ED IIIA and contains material of both periods. Beginning with the mass-produced wares, the ED I ceramic assemblage consists of 75–85% conical beakers and bowls (including solid footed goblets). However, there is a marked development throughout the period in the ratios between conical beakers (HA-1), conical bowls (HB-1), and solid footed goblets (HA-3) (Table 4.1, see below at p. 144). Conical bowls (HB-1) form less than 10% of the assemblage throughout ED  I, but rapidly increase in number in Phase I and become the dominant vessel type in ED III Phases H and G (respectively 55%

and 78.60% of the assemblage).1 In the earliest Phase L, solid footed goblets (HA-3) are the most common type at 38.36%, gradually reducing to 27.76% in Phase K and 13.23% in Phase J.2 This reduction in numbers is countered by an increase in conical beakers (HA-1), which form 40.75% of the assemblage in Phase L, 45.36% in Phase K, and peak at 56.97% in Phase J. These beakers then begin to reduce in numbers as the conical bowls (HB-1) gain in popularity. The ratio between conical beakers, conical bowls, and solid footed goblets is so distinct that it could provide a useful chrono­logical tool in future excavations. In addition to these common mass-produced wares, a few other open vessel types were produced during ED I in much smaller quantities. First, a large, coarsely made beaker (HA-2) was produced throughout ED I, forming c. 1.5% of the total assemblage. Secondly, small, narrow cups (HA-8) occur only in Phase J (late ED I) at 4.56% of the assemblage. Third, a handful of sherds of burnished, grey ware bowls (HB-5), imitating stone vessels, were found throughout ED I levels. Finally, a few sherds of bevelled rim bowls (HB-3) come from ED I levels, but these almost certainly were residual from earlier Uruk or Jemdet Nasr levels. Hollow jar stoppers (HC-1) are a good chrono­logical indicator for late ED I (Phases J and K) and are relatively common at c. 2.5% of the assemblage. Much rarer is a funnel, shaped as a pointed beaker with a hole at the bottom, (HD-1), in Phase K. Flat-bottom trays are typical for the ED I Period at al-Hiba. Both a regular flat tray (HE-1) and a flat tray with an additional internal ring (HE-2) are largely The total of conical bowls combines HB-1a, HB-1b, HB-1c, and HC-2a since all of these were used to identify such vessels in the day sheets even if the retrieved sherd might not have fit with the specific subtype. 1 

The development of solid footed goblets with a peak at the end of the first half of ED I and then a rapid reduction in popularity in the second half of ED I has also been observed elsewhere (Matthews 1997, 113; Benati 2018, 65).

2 

124 restricted to ED I Phases J, K, and L. The plain trays are in the minority ranging between 0.5–1.5%, while the trays with internal ring form 3.41% of the assemblage in Phase L and 3.13% in Phase J. Both of these tray types are no longer present in ED III phases or later in the al-Hiba corpus, but plain trays do occur in ED III and Akkadian contexts at other sites. Large, deep bowls form a common and diverse category at al-Hiba with several types that are restricted in time. Simple deep bowls with a plain rim (HF-1) are a common type that form c. 2% of the assemblage in ED I Phases J and L, but continue to be in use throughout ED III, after which they disappear. Similarly, plain bowls with an upturned bevelled rim (HF-6) or a thickened rim (HF-7) occur throughout the Early Dynastic and Akkadian periods. Sherds of HF-6 bowls are rare in Phases J to L and might even be intrusive, but HF-7 bowls are relatively common at c. 1.5% in Phases K and L, and 3.5–4% in Phases I and J. Three bowl types represent the beginning of a long development of decorated deep bowls. A bowl type with a distinct incised wavy line below the rim (HF-3) seems to be typical of the early part of ED I (Phase L), as is also attested at other sites, but sherds of this type were very rare at al-Hiba. Similarly, a type of bowl with a ledge rim and fingernail-impressed band (HF-13) and a bowl with a fingernail-impressed ridge on a carination (HF-8a) each form c. 1% of the assemblage in Phases K and L. In the second half of ED I, these traits combine in various ways to form a new deep bowl type characterized by a bulbous rim, a fingernail-impressed or notched band, and an incised wavy line in-between (HF-8b). These bowls might already occur in early ED I Phase L, but they reach their highest popularity in late ED I Phases I and J at c. 2.5% of the assemblage and continue in reduced numbers through ED III Phases G and H. These bowls develop into a much more standardized form with a triangular rim and a notched band lower on the upper body (HF8c) and become very common throughout ED III and the Akkadian Period. They already form c. 9–10% in Phases H, I, and J (spanning late ED  I through ED  IIIA), and continue at c. 3–4% in Phases D to G (ED IIIB through Akkadian). Another deep bowl type with applied rope decoration below a ledge rim (HF-14) is documented with only a few sherds in Phases L and J. More distantly related to the decorated deep bowls is a shallow bowl type with a fingernail-impressed band below a plain to bevelled rim (HG-5b). This type of bowl is also at the beginning of a parallel development of shallow bowls that are closely associated with pot

Chapter Four – Analysis stands. HG-5b bowls are restricted to late ED I Phases I, J, and K, making up c. 0.5% of the assemblage. More common, but less distinct, are a varied set of bowls with a ridge beneath a triangular rim (HG-5a). These bowls occur throughout ED I, ED III, and the Akkadian Period, but they peak in late ED I Phases I and J at c. 3% of the assemblage. Finally, an unusual type of large, hemispherical bowls with incised wavy lines and notched ridges (HF-20) is most common in Phases I and J at c. 0.75% of the assemblage and should be considered typical for late ED I and the transition to ED IIIA. Pot stand sherds are very common at al-Hiba, but they are difficult to classify and often impossible to distinguish from decorated deep bowls. Unfortunately, only very few complete pot stands were retrieved during the excavations. Again, there is a distinct development of pot stands that probably parallels the development of decorated bowls. The first common type is a hollow stand with notched or fingernail-impressed ridges (HH2a), which is most popular in Phase K at 1.37% of the assemblage and was only in use during ED I. In late ED I Phase J, a less decorated hollow stand with a sinuous profile (HH-2b) appeared, which would become popular in ED III. A second, related group consists of fenestrated stands (HH-3a) and similar stands that lack fenestration (HH-3b), which are most common in late ED I Phases I and J, forming almost 1% of the assemblage. These HH-3 stands are restricted to the end of ED I and disappear after Phase I.  At the end of ED  I, the first decorated stemmed dishes (HH-1b) appear, but these are much more typical for ED III. Finally, a very rare type of solid stand (HH-7) should be considered typical, but rare, in early ED I. A last category of open vessels are large vats that undergo a distinct development throughout the al-Hiba sequence. During ED I, two types of vats occur. Plain vats with a thickened rim that can be either inward or outward curving (HI-1) occur throughout ED I Phases I to L with a peak of 4.27% of the Phase J assemblage. Vats with a triangular rim and a series of notched ridges on the body (HI-2a) are far less common, but occur mainly in late ED I Phases I and J with a few additional sherds from ED IIIA Phase H. Turning to closed vessels, pots that can potentially be identified as cooking vessels form a substantial component of the assemblage. First, hole-mouth jars are quite rare during ED I, but they do occur. Hole-mouth jars with a plain rim (HJ-1a) appear to be restricted to the early part of ED I, making up only c. 0.3% of the assemblage in Phases K and L, while hole-mouth jars

125

Assemblages

Figure 4.1. Early ED I ceramic assemblage (All figures in this chapter are by the author unless otherwise stated).

20 cm

126

Chapter Four – Analysis

20 cm Figure 4.2. Late ED I ceramic assemblage.

127

Assemblages with a band rim (HJ-1b) occur in ED I phases but could be intrusive considering that they are typical of the final quarter of the third millennium. Much more common are plain low-necked jars (HK1), which occur throughout the third millennium bce, especially during the ED  III and Akkadian, but were found in quantities constituting c.  5% of the assemblages in ED I Phases J, K, and L. A subtype with horizontal grooves on the shoulder (HK-1a) and the closely related vessels with four rim tabs (HK-7) are restricted to ED  I levels and especially common in the earliest Phase L. Rim-tabbed vessels (HK-7) form 11.46% of the assemblage in Phase L and if combined with HK-1d jars this reaches 16.41%. This percentage drops to 8.59% (or 12% combined) in Phase K and 2.28% (or 4% combined) in Phase J after which they ceased to be produced. Another low-necked jar that could be related has a slightly convex triangular rim (HK-3), but this jar type occurs only with a few sherds in ED I Phases I, J, and K, while it is more typical of the Akkadian Period. Other jar types more likely served a storage function. An elaborately decorated jar with four pierced lugs (HJ-8) is typical for ED I. At al-Hiba, these vessels occur throughout Phases J to L, but an unusually high amount of these jars (6.53%) were found in Phase K levels. Plain jars with a ledge rim, although often with a simple form of decoration such as fingernail-impressed bands, reserved slip, or applied wing lugs (HL-12) are also considered typical of ED I, but could have a somewhat longer lifespan. They are certainly most common in the early part of ED I when they form almost 20% of the assemblage in Phases K and L (combining all subtypes). They become less popular in Phase J at c. 8.5% of the assemblage and 4.5% in Phase I. Ledge rims on jar do not disappear completely in Phases G and H, but they become exceedingly rare. A separate, but related type with an upright handle (HL-13) occurs already at the end of ED I in Phase I, but they are more typical for ED III. Small plain jars with a high neck (HL-1a-b) first appear at the end of ED I, but they are mainly an ED III type. Spouted jars seem to be somewhat less common at al-Hiba than elsewhere in the third millennium bce although detached spouts occur frequently throughout the day sheets for Early Dynastic contexts. They are most common and varied during ED I, but they continue in reduced numbers throughout ED III and into the Akkadian Period. Tall, carinated spouted jars (HM-3) and large, globular spouted jars with a band rim (HM4) are restricted to ED I Phases I to L, each making up

c. 1–2.5% of the assemblage. A small, squat spouted jar with a band rim (HM-5) is very rare but restricted to ED I contexts. Large, globular spouted jars with a plain rim (HM-1) were already produced during ED I, but they are mainly typical for ED III Phases G, H, and I. Highly restricted vessel types, some of which could originally have had spouts, are largely constrained to ED I phases at al-Hiba. Jars with a bevelled band rim (HL-8) were found throughout ED  I Phases I to L at 2–2.5% of the assemblage, but they only rarely occur in later phases. Similarly, jars with an elongated band rim (HL-10a) occur mainly in ED I Phases at 0.5–1.5% of the assemblage, but they last into ED III Phases G and H. Finally, a rare type of jar with a protruding band rim that forms a lid support (HL-18) was found exclusively in early ED I levels K and L at c. 0.5% of the assemblage. Bottles (HN-1; HN-2; HN-5) also appear in ED I phases at al-Hiba, but most of them occur sporadically throughout the third millennium bce. Small bottles with a very high neck (HN-3), as well as carinated flasks with a ledge rim (HN-6a) are restricted to the late ED I, but they are rare. Finally, a peculiar type of drain with perpendicular spout holes (HO-2) is typically late ED I. Sherds of this type form 1.5–2% of the assemblage in Phases J and K, but then disappear from the record.

Transition from Early Dynastic I to Early Dynastic IIIA (Phase I) Considering the debate about the validity of a distinct Phase II in the Early Dynastic sequence, especially in the ceramic development, it is worthwhile to discuss any types that could be restricted to this transitional period. At al-Hiba, Phase I could be considered ‘ED II’ in the sense that it encompasses the levels between late ED I and ED IIIA. However, since this phase consists of material from a narrow deep sounding in Area A and badly disturbed upper levels in Area G, this dataset cannot be considered to be fully reliable or comprehensive. Unfortunately, given the small exposure of levels of this time period, there are no other categories of material culture (e.g. seal impressions) that could confirm an ED II date. Generally, typical ED I types come to an end in Phase I. For example, solid footed goblets (HA-3) form only 1.43% of the assemblage of Phase I. The drastic drop in percentage for this type is countered by an equally sharp increase in conical bowls (HB-1), which make up

128 25.20% of the assemblage while conical beakers (HA-1) still form 48.75% of the assemblage. A few types have their main occurrence in Phase I, but all of these tend to be rare. A few sherds of a distinct conical beaker with a round bottom (HA-6) were only found in Phase I where they constitute 0.23% of the assemblage. A rare and poorly documented large, plain bowl with a carination (HF-2) occurs in Phases H, I, and J, which means it could be restricted to late ED I to ED IIIA. In sum, the transition from ED I to ED III is visible in the ceramic record at al-Hiba mainly in the decreasing or increasing percentages of long-lasting ceramic types and a couple of vessel types that could have a short lifespan during this period. However, the overall assemblage of Phase I is not distinct from the preceding or following phases, instead it mostly forms a combination of both and sees either the disappearance of a type or the introduction of a type. As such, it cannot be defined as a distinct archaeological period based on ceramics.

Early Dynastic IIIA (Phases H–I) ED IIIA levels were only excavated in Area A and constitute Phase H, these levels, however, produced a significant amount of material. While there are many ceramic types that span the entire ED III Period, there are sufficient differences to distinguish ED  IIIA from ED IIIB. The ceramic corpus of the ED IIIA Period is not very well documented in southern Mesopotamia. The best comparanda for this material at al-Hiba come from Larsa building B33 (Thalmann 2003), the earliest levels in the Nippur WF sounding (McMahon 2006), and Abu Salabikh (Martin, Moon & Postgate 1985; Moon 1987). Phase H forms the final transition in mass-produced vessels from a dominance of conical beakers (HA-1) to conical bowls (HB-1). HA-1 beakers still represent 25.59% of the assemblage, while HB-1 bowls increase to 55% of the assemblage. Interestingly, other than the conical, mass-produced vessels, there are almost no other types of small bowls and beakers in Phase H. The only exception is a drinking cup with a distinct carination (HA-9), which is very poorly attested in southern Mesopotamia, but does have comparanda at Susa, Wilaya, and in the Diyala, where they date mainly to the ED III Period. At al-Hiba, they first appear in Phase I, but otherwise only occur in ED III Phases G and H where they make up c. 0.5% of the assemblage. In addition, a much taller goblet with a flaring mouth (HA-4) seems

Chapter Four – Analysis to already appear in Phases H and I. However, this type of vessels is usually considered typical for the Akkadian and Ur III periods, which could suggest that their occurrence in earlier phases at al-Hiba is anomalous, out of context, or the result of a misidentification in the day sheets. Considering that all sherds of this type in Area A are base sherds, an alternative explanation could be that there is an earlier version of tall goblets, not unlike type HA-2 that is currently restricted to ED I levels. Large, deep bowls reached their highest popularity in Phase H. Bowls with a plain rim (HF-1) and bowls with a bevelled rim (HF-6) peak in Phase H at c. 4% of the assemblage each. Large bowls with a carination (HF2) that first appeared in late ED I Phase J continue into Phase H. The standardization of decorated large bowls that began at the end of ED I continues in Phases I and H. The typical bowl with a triangular rim and a notched band (HF-8c) reaches its highest popularity during ED IIIA at c. 10% of the total assemblages of Phases I and H. In addition, a simpler version with a plain bulge (HF-8d) becomes common in Phase H with 1.16% of the assemblage, which reflects a trend toward a simplification of large bowls. This trend is also reflected by the appearance of plain bowls with a triangular rim (HF-9) in Phase I and reaching 8.27% in Phase H, but continuing in high amounts throughout the rest of the third millennium bce. The variety of the large bowls becomes more subtle and is reflected mainly in the shape of the rim, the absence or presence of a ring base, and the overall size. Large bowls with a distinctive overhanging rim and a ring base (HF-10) might already occur at the end of ED I, but they are most common during Phase H with a total of 4.79% of the assemblage. Finally, a distinct carinated bowl with a flat rim (HF-19) has no good parallels, but it is typical for ED III at al-Hiba and especially in Phase H where it forms 1.02% of the assemblage. Large, shallow bowls undergo a development from ED I to ED III. A type of bowl with a bevelled rim (HG-3) peaks in Phase H at 2.61% of the assemblage, while bowls with a ridge below a triangular rim (HG-5a) that were common in Phases I and J continue at reduced rates of 1.16% before gradually disappearing altogether. Another very rare type is a shallow bowl with an overhanging band rim with incised wavy lines (HG-6). A few sherds assigned to this type were found in Phases I and H levels. Comparanda for this type at Nippur suggest an ED IIIA date.

Decorated stemmed dishes (HH-1b) first appeared at the end of ED I and continue at the same rate of c. 1.25% of the assemblage in ED IIIA Phase H. Tall, hollow pot

129

Assemblages

Figure 4.3. ED IIIA ceramic assemblage.

20 cm

130 stands undergo a clear development. The straight-sided stands decorated with notched ridges (HH-2a) occur for the last time in Phase I, while sinuous-sided stands that have no more than a single fingernail-impressed band at the base and an incised wavy line (HH-2b) became the dominant type, peaking at 4.43% of the assemblage in Phase H. In addition, Phases I and H see the initial occurrence of squat stands (HH-4), which would become more popular at the end of ED IIIB. Narrow cylindrical stands with an attached small bowl at the top (HH-5) first appear in Phases I and H, but they are more popular in ED IIIB Phase G. While sieve stands are very rare at al-Hiba, they do occur throughout ED III with a small peak in Phase H. Surprisingly, there are almost no vats attested in Phase H levels, which could be the result of the cultic function of the excavated spaces in the Ibgal of Area A. Large, footed jars with a low carination and applied notched ridges (HJ-10), which seem common at other sites during the earlier part of ED  III, are similarly absent in Phase H levels. Switching to restricted vessels, there is a shift among jars that could be identified as cooking pots. Low-necked jars with a plain rim (HK-1) that already occurred in ED I become very common in Phase H reaching 14.01% of the assemblage, which continues in the following phases. In addition, a larger jar with a very thick, bulbous rim (HJ-6) is rare but appears to be largely restricted to ED III. A high-necked, wide-mouth jar with a plain rim (HL-1c) first appears in ED IIIA and forms c. 2.5–3% of the assemblage throughout ED III Phases G and H. Two uncommon, but distinctive jars are largely restricted to Phase H: a jar with a sloping band rim and hatched incisions on the shoulder (HJ-3) with rare parallels at Abu Salabikh dated to ED II; and a jar with an inward sloping rim (HJ-7), which makes up 0.73% of the assemblage and is paralleled by rare occurrences in ED IIIA contexts at Nippur and Larsa. Like vats, storage jars are largely absent from Phase H, again possibly a reflection of the particular function of the excavated spaces. Types of storage jars that span the late ED I and ED III Period, such as HK-6 and HL-3, are conspicuously absent in Phase H, but would be expected to show up in future excavations of ED IIIA contexts. Only high-necked globular jars with a very restricted mouth with either a plain rim (HL-1d) or an elongated band rim (HL-10a) are common in Phase H. The plain rim jars form 13.64% of the Phase H assemblage, while elongated band rim jars are far less common at 1.67% of the assemblage.

Chapter Four – Analysis Smaller jars with a high neck and plain rim (HL-1) that could have served a short-term storage function during transportation, especially for liquids, do occur in Phase H. These jars became gradually more elongated throughout ED III. Squatter versions (HL-1a) occur first at the end of ED I (Phase I­–J) and peak in Phase H at 2.76% of the assemblage. A poorly documented high-necked jar with a flat rim (HL-11) first appears during late ED I (Phase J), but it is otherwise restricted to ED III Phases G and H. Ledge-rim jars (HL-12), which are typical for ED I, continue in reduced numbers into Phase H at c. 1–2% of the total assemblage (combining all subtypes), while upright-handle jars (HL-13) first appear at the end of ED I and are otherwise typical for ED III Phases G and H at c. 1% of the assemblage. Finally, a peculiar cylindrical jar with an inwardly thickened band rim (HJ-13) is rare, but typical of the early part of ED III (Phases I­–H), which is confirmed by the few comparanda from Larsa. Spouted jars became more standardized in ED III and occur in only two variants. A large globular jar with a plain rim (HM-1), which was already in use during ED I, reached its peak in popularity in Phase H at 1.96% of the assemblage. A much smaller spouted jar with a plain rim (HM-2) is typical for ED III through the Akkadian and forms c. 2.5–3% of the assemblage in Phases I and H. Overall, Phases I and H represent the transition from the ceramic assemblage of the first half of the third millennium to that of the second half. This might reflect changes in cultural practices, especially considering the marked changes in cooking vessels, the disappearance of elaborate decoration, and the overall standardization of ceramic shapes and vessel sizes.

Early Dynastic IIIB to Early Akkadian (Phases F­–G) ED  IIIB and the Akkadian Period are the best documented periods at al-Hiba with levels from Areas A, B, and C. Phase G joins levels that are confidently dated within the ED IIIB Period, while Phase F combines contexts that strati­graphically superimpose those levels. They are discussed together because based solely on ceramics, it is often not possible to distinguish between ED IIIB and early Akkadian contexts as this is a strictly historical division marked by the conquests of Sargon and the foundation of the Akkadian Empire. Phase E, which should be considered strictly Akkadian in date, will also be referenced as needed. Phase G has the highest amount of mass-produced, conical vessels, which form at least 85.57% of the total

Assemblages assemblage. This is in part the result of the excavations in Area C, which consisted of a craft production zone resulting in high amounts of waste, while in other areas, cultic spaces were regularly cleaned out and mass-produced vessels might have been somewhat less ubiquitous (although still forming c.  75–80% of the assemblage). Conical beakers (HA-1) drop sharply to 6.97% in Phase G and 3.96% in Phase F, while conical bowls (HB-1) reach 78.60% and 73.89% respectively, which completes the reversal of the beaker-to-bowl ratio.

In addition to the regular conical bowls, globular cups (HA-5) and small cups with a bulbous rim (HA7) are also attested in ED IIIB to early Akkadian levels. HA-5 cups first appear in Phase G and last through Phases F and E at c. 0.5–1% of the assemblage, while HA-7 cups are much rarer with only a few sherds from Phase G in Area C. HA-9 carinated drinking cups continue from Phase H into Phase G, but they are restricted to ED III and no longer occur in Phase F. In addition, a rare, but very distinct cup with a low carination and a flat base (HA-13) only occurs in Phase G. Completely missing from the assemblage are moulded bowls that are frequently attested elsewhere in ED IIIB to Akkadian contexts (Moon 1987, nos 140–47). Large goblets with flaring mouths (HA-4) continue to occur, with the same caveat as discussed for ED IIIA Phase H that they might be misidentified in the day sheets. They form 1.33% of the assemblage in Phase G. Fitting with the activities in Area C, small lids are most common in Phase G. Sinuous-sided lid caps (HC-2a) form 12.88% of the assemblage, while small jar plugs for miniature vessels (HC-4) are rare, but were only found in Phase G in Area C. Low, flat trays (HE-3) that often have a notched edge and diagonal smears across their surface begin to appear in Phase G and form 0.5–1.5% of the assemblage in Phases G through C. The function of these trays is not fully clear. They could have served as working surfaces, or be used as a heated cooking surface, or alternatively they could have been large, flat lids. Regardless, they seem to be restricted to areas of production. In addition, large, coarse oval trays are rare, but they only occur in Phase G. Deep bowls with a plain rim (HF-1) continue, albeit in reduced quantities, into Phase G but not later. Deep bowls with a bevelled rim (HF-6) are still common in Phase G with 3.13% of the assemblage, but they reduce in number to c. 1.5% of the assemblage in the Akkadian Phases F, E, and D. Decorated bowls became far less common in ED IIIB. The standardized bowls with a triangular rim and a

131 notched band (HF-8c) still occur, but only form c. 3–4% of the assemblage in Phase G to D, while the plain bowls with a triangular rim (HF-9) and those with an overhanging rim and a ring base (HF-10) remain popular throughout ED IIIB and the Akkadian with 6–8% and 1–3% of the assemblages respectively. Carinated deep bowls with a flat rim (HF-19) that are most common in Phase H continue in lower quantities into Phase G, but not beyond. Instead, a plain bowl with a ridge below a flattened rim (HF-21) first appears in Phase G and replaces HF-19 bowls in Phase F at 0.41% of the assemblage. Shallow bowls are rare in ED  IIIB and Akkadian phases at al-Hiba. Bowls with a ridge beneath the rim (HG-5) continue in small quantities in Phases G and F, as well as later Akkadian phases. Decorated bowls with a double ledge rim (HG-5c) would be expected to occur in large numbers in ED III and the early Akkadian, but they are very rare at al-Hiba. Possibly, sherds of this type of vessel were assigned to stemmed dishes (HH-1b), which remain popular throughout Phases G to D at c. 2–3% of the assemblage. Plain pedestalled bowls (HH-1a), which are mainly an Akkadian type, first appear in Phase G, forming 1.62% of the assemblage. Hollow pot stands (HH-2b) continue in small numbers in Phases G and F, but they were clearly on their way out. Squat stands (HH-4) gradually increase in number in Phases G, but they only became really popular during the Akkadian Period. Tall, cylindrical stands (HH-5) might already have been in use during ED IIIA, but they became very popular during ED IIIB and early Akkadian, forming c. 5–6.5% of the assemblage in Phases G and F. Large vats became a much more common vessel type in ED IIIB and Akkadian contexts at al-Hiba, but this could be a reflection of the bias of excavation. A vat with a small ridge below a bulbous rim (HI-2b) is the most common vat type in Phase G, making up 3.07% of the assemblage, and increasing in Phase F to 8.45%. Cooking pots form a large part of the Phase G assemblage. Low-necked jars with a plain rim (HK-1) constitute 15.98% of the assemblage. Neckless, globular jars with a small, rounded triangular rim (HJ-5) might have already occurred in ED I, but they only became more common in Phase G and consistently form c. 1–1.5% of the assemblage in the Akkadian Period. Large neckless jars with a thick, bulbous rim (HJ-6) last into Phases G and F at c. 0.2% of the assemblage, but they disappear afterward. Wide-mouth, globular jars (HL-1c) still form

132 2.98% of the assemblage in Phase G, but then become rare in the following phases. Storage jars also form a significant component of the Phase G assemblage, which could reflect the excavated contexts in Areas B and C. Medium-necked jars with a triangular rim (HL-3) were most common in Phases G, F, and E, making up c. 4.5–5.5% of the assemblage. Similar jars with a low neck and a band rim (HK-5) start to appear in Phases G and F, but they are otherwise a typical Akkadian jar type. Similarly, medium-sized jars with a triangular rim and a ridge on the shoulder (HK2a) first appear in Phase G, but only become common in the Akkadian Period. Large, wide-shouldered jars (HK-6) also occur in Phases G and F in small quantities. High-necked jars with a ring base (HL-4a) first appear in ED III Phase G when they make up 5.21% of the assemblage, after which they continue through the Akkadian Period in reduced numbers. Large, restricted, globular jars (HL-1d), which were very common in Phase H, continued to form 7.27% of the assemblage in Phase G and then reduce in number to c. 3% of the assemblage in the Akkadian Period. Large, globular spouted jars with a plain rim (HM-1) last occur in Phase G. Smaller spouted jars (HM-2) on the other hand continue through Phases G to D at c. 1–2% of the assemblage. Elongated jars with a tall neck and a plain rim (HL1b) are common through Phases G and F, but they do not continue into the Akkadian Period. Likewise, uprighthandle jars (HL-13) continue to make up c. 0.5–1% of the assemblage in Phases G, F, and E, but they seem to be far less common at al-Hiba than elsewhere. One jar type is restricted exclusively to Phase G. This is a burnished, high-necked, elongated jar with an everted rim (HL-14). It is somewhat similar in appearance to some of the plain, elongated jars (HL-1b), but they are finer and better finished. These HL-14 jars were found only in Area C and even though they are rare (0.17%), enough sherds of these vessels were found to establish that it was a short-lived type in ED IIIB. Additionally, several types of small bottles seem to be restricted to ED IIIB to the Akkadian Period. Small bottles with a short flaring neck (HN-2) occur at different times in the al-Hiba sequence, including in Phases G and F. This subset of small bottles could be restricted to the ED IIIB to early Akkadian transition. A smaller, squat bottle (HN-5) occurs mainly in Phase G, with a few sherds in later phases. A third type of bottle with two pierced lugs attached to the neck (HN-4) is very rare at al-Hiba, but all of these were found in ED III Phases G and H.

Chapter Four – Analysis Finally, miniature vessels of different shapes (HP) occur almost exclusively in Phase G and combined they make up 1.74% of the assemblage. Their absence in other phases might again reflect the production activities in Area C as opposed to cultic or administrative activities elsewhere.

Akkadian (Phases D, E, and F) The final quarter of the third millennium bce is less well-represented in the al-Hiba archaeological record. The ancient city appears to have been largely abandoned by the end of ED IIIB, with a shift of the capital operations to the nearby city of Girsu and possibly a demographic dispersion to both Girsu and Nigin. Only the central part of the site, centred on the location of the Bagara temple complex (Area B), remained in use, although some minor pockets of activity might have persisted across the site. Erosion is certainly responsible for the disappearance of architecture from this period in certain areas, but the collection of surface material across the site has demonstrated that occupation really did end before the Akkadian Period (Carter 1990; Goodman, Renette & Carter in press). Within the Bagara complex of Area B, excavations revealed a sequence of rebuilding that span ED  IIIB until the Isin-Larsa Period. Massive building activity in the IsinLarsa Period to construct a solid brick platform cut deep into earlier levels, largely removing any remains down to the Akkadian Period construction. In Area C, the discovery of two cuneiform tablets from the Akkadian Period and the presence of ceramics that can be assigned to the Akkadian Period strongly suggests that there was continued occupation after the destruction of the ED IIIB craft production complex. This later occupation has completely eroded away, but material from those levels has remained at the surface, becoming mixed in with earlier material. Therefore, vessel types that might have only been first produced during the Akkadian Phases D and E could be intermixed with material in levels assigned to ED  IIIB Phase G.  While there is still continuity in the ceramic production, the late Akkadian Period sees the appearance of new vessel types that last into the Ur III Period. A few types seem to be restricted to the late and post-Akkadian Period, but most of these are not well-attested at al-Hiba. In comparison with the Nippur WF sounding, flared rim lids (HC-2c or McMahon type O-16), large ledge rim bowls (O-18), and trays with folded-over straps (O-6) are virtually absent in the al-Hiba corpus. These absences

133

Assemblages

Figure 4.4. ED IIIB ceramic assemblage.

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134 could be explained by regional differences, especially since several of these types are only well-attested in the northern part of the alluvium. In the Akkadian Period, mass-produced, conical vessels reduce slightly in quantity, but still constitute c. 75% of the total assemblage. Conical beakers (HA-1) now make up merely 3–4% of the assemblage. In addition, globular cups (HA-5) continue in use in Phases E and F, but not beyond. Beginning in Phase F, plain conical bowls are supplemented by conical bowls with a bevelled rim (HB-2), which make up 6.39% of the assemblage and continue in reduced quantities (c. 1–3%) in the following phases. The tall goblet with the flaring mouth (HA-4) continues in Phases E and F at c. 1.5% of the assemblage. Small lid caps (HC-2) continue to form a substantial component of the assemblage in the Akkadian phases, constituting c. 6.5% of the assemblage. Large, low trays (HE-3) that might have functioned as lids or working surfaces are most common throughout the Akkadian Phases D, E, and F, constituting c. 1% of the assemblage. Several types of deep bowls are in use during the Akkadian Period. A deep bowl with a flat rim and a ring base (HF-5) is rare, but clearly restricted to the early Akkadian Phases E and F. Much more common are the long-lasting plain deep bowls with a fashioned rim (HF6; HF-7; HF-9; HF-10) that were produced throughout the third millennium bce. HF-9 bowls especially continue to constitute a substantial part of the assemblage (c. 6–8%) in the Akkadian Period and beyond, but the other types occur for the last time in Phase D. Deep bowls with an applied notched ridge (HF-8c) or a plain ridge (HF-8d) also continue in the Akkadian Period forming c. 2–3% of the assemblage. Typical of the Akkadian Period is a carinated deep bowl (HF-18) that first appears in Phase F, peaks in Phase E at 2.88% of the assemblage, and possibly lasts into Ur III Phase C. In addition, bowls with a ledge rim (HF-11) and bowls with a flattened bulbous rim (HF-17) first appeared during the early Akkadian Period and became common in the following phases. The Akkadian Period sees the first appearance of widemouth neckless jars with a triangular rim (HJ-9), which could also be interpreted as restricted bowls. These vessels first occur in Phase E, but they are more typical for Phases D and C at 1.55% and 2.04% of the assemblage respectively. In contrast, shallow bowls are rare in the Akkadian Period. Undecorated bowls with a ridge beneath the rim (HG-5a) still occur occasionally in Phases D, E, and

Chapter Four – Analysis F, but not later. Decorated double-ledge rim bowls (HG5c) that morphologically overlap with stemmed dishes are rare, but most common during the Akkadian Period (c. 0.5%). Decorated stemmed dishes (HH-1b) also continue in Phases D to F and disappear at the end of the Akkadian Period. Plain pedestalled bowls (HH-1a) peak in the Akkadian Period, reaching c. 1–3% of the assemblage in Phases D to F, but then also disappear. Plain, sinuous-sided, hollow stands (HH-2b) continue to some extent into Phases E and F, but they are replaced by ribbed hollow stands (HH-2c) in Phase E, which last into Ur III Phase C. Squat stands with an attached bowl (HH-4a) continue throughout the Akkadian Phases D to F, while standardized, squat concave stands (HH4c) become the most common pot stand during the Akkadian Period forming c. 6–8% of the assemblage, but disappear altogether after Phase D. Finally, cylindrical stands (HH-5) that became common in Phases G and F continue in use during Phases D and E in reduced numbers (c. 3%). Vats with a small ridge below a bulbous rim (HI-2b) already appeared in Phase G, but they are typical for the last quarter of the third millennium bce when they form c. 4–8.5% of the assemblage. In addition, a less common vat with a square, grooved rim (HI-2c) is restricted to the Akkadian Phases D, E, and F. Cooking pots are very common in the Akkadian Period at al-Hiba, which could again reflect the kinds of contexts excavated. The most common type is still a low-necked jar with a plain rim (HK-1), which makes up c. 15% of the assemblage in Phases D, E, and F. Holemouth jars with a band rim (HJ-1b) are typical during the last quarter of the third millennium bce. They first appear in Phase F, but are most common in the following phases, making up c. 4% of the assemblage in Phases D and E, and continuing into Phase C. Neckless globular jars with a triangular rim (HJ-5) are less common (c. 1%), but they consistently occur throughout ED  IIIB and the Akkadian Period. Similarly, low-necked jars with a convex triangular rim (HK-3) have a long lifespan, but they are most popular (c. 1% of the assemblage) in the Akkadian Phases D, E, and F. Finally, a globular jar with a single ridge on the shoulder (HL-5) is rare, but typical for the early Akkadian Phases E and F, while a neckless globular jar with a flat ledge rim (HJ-2) is also restricted to the Akkadian Period. Storage jars with a triangular rim and a single ridge on the shoulder (HK-2a) and low-necked jars with an oval band rim (HK-5) first occur in Phase G, but they are typical for the Akkadian Phases D, E, and F, form-

135

Assemblages

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Figure 4.5. Transitional and early Akkadian ceramic assemblage.

136

Chapter Four – Analysis

Figure 4.6. Late and post-Akkadian ceramic assemblage.

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137

Assemblages ing c. 1–1.5% of the assemblage. Beginning in the late Akkadian Phase D, they are increasingly replaced by a variant with ridges on the shoulder (HK-2b), which continued into Ur III Phase C. A typical variant with a ‘wrinkle slip’ has also been attested at al-Hiba and appears to be restricted to the late Akkadian Period (4HP501; 4HP527). This ‘wrinkle slip’ might also have been applied on hole-mouth jars at al-Hiba (3HP296; 4HP514). Medium-necked jars with a triangular rim (HL-3) are more common (c. 4.5–5.5%), but they are more typical of ED IIIB to early Akkadian Phases E, F, and G. Highnecked jars with a triangular rim (HL-4a) are very common in Phase G and continue through Phases E and F (c. 3–3.5%), but they gradually develop into jars with a small oval band rim (HL-9), which peak during Phase E at 4.47% and last through the final quarter of the third millennium bce. In addition, a rare type of highnecked jar with an outward-flaring, elongated band rim (HL-10b) is attested in Phases F and C and should also be considered typical of the final quarter of the third millennium bce. Beginning in the Akkadian Period, large ovoid jars with rounded bottoms fulfil the main largescale storage function, replacing ring base jars that were in use throughout the Early Dynastic Period. The first vessels of this kind are plain-rimmed piriform jars with the widest point on the upper part of the body (HK-1b). These jars might already occur in Phase E, but they are otherwise restricted to Phase D when they form 2.59% of the assemblage. In contrast to storage jars, smaller, portable jars are rare in the Akkadian contexts excavated at al-Hiba. Jars with a ridge below a ledge rim (HL-15) occur in small numbers in Phases E, F, and G. Multi-lobed rim jars (HL16), which are considered typical for the Ur III Period, were only found in contexts assigned to Phases E and F, albeit in small numbers. Considering the reliable data from other sites where jars of types HL-15 and HL-16 were in use throughout the Akkadian and Ur III Period, it is possible that the few sherds from al-Hiba were found out of context or from unidentified intrusive cuts. Spouted jars become far less common in Phases D to F and disappear altogether afterwards. Only the small spouted jar type (HM-2) is attested. Finally, bottles (HN-1 and HN-5) might continue into the Akkadian Period, but they occur only sporadically in the al-Hiba corpus. Based on external parallels and findspots at alHiba, small bottles often have a double carination on the body rather than a globular body.

Ur III (Phase C) Remains of this period were largely destroyed by later building activity or suffered heavy erosion. The best evidence for the Ur III to early Isin-Larsa Period comes from an operation in Area B undertaken during the fifth season, which revealed three major building levels. The bottom level dates to the Early Dynastic Period. This was covered by the remains of a construction containing bricks stamped by Gudea, which dates the level generally to the Ur III Period (Phase C). The upper level contained poorly preserved building remains and graves dated to the very beginning of the Isin-Larsa Period (Phase B). Since the ceramic assemblage is relatively small and pottery underwent only very little development from Ur III to early Isin-Larsa, it is difficult to offer precise dates for these levels. Nevertheless, the striking lack of a few types that are considered to be hallmarks of the Ur III Period, as well as evidence for the early development of shapes that would become typical of the Isin-Larsa Period, suggests that the upper-level dates to the first decades following the end of the Ur III Period. Additional evidence for the Ur III Period comes from Level 0 in the 4H building of Area B where again stamped bricks by Gudea provide evidence that this area was once rebuilt at the end of the third millennium bce, but this level was largely destroyed. Several hallmark Ur III ceramic types are strikingly absent currently in the al-Hiba corpus. These are small bowls with overhanging band rims as described by McMahon type O-22 and Armstrong & Gasche type 20D1, and iconic heart-shaped bottles with a triple-ridged rim known as McMahon type C-28 and Armstrong & Gasche types 125–30. While earlier versions of the latter vessels with an elongated body (HL-15a) are attested in late Akkadian contexts, none of the typical squat, roundbodied vessels of the Ur III Period were found. Only four vessel types, each represented by only a couple of sherds in the al-Hiba corpus, can be identified as restricted to Ur III Phase C with some certainty: an early, shallow version of bowls with a fold-over rim, subsumed under Armstrong & Gasche type 15H3, and identical to McMahon type O-19 (HF-4), which she considers to be typically Ur III; wide-mouthed jars with a distinct band rim and horizontal grooves on the shoulder (HK-10), which is identical to McMahon type O-20; multi-lobed rim jars similar to Armstrong & Gasche type 125 and McMahon type C-28 (HL-16); and elongated jars with a ridge below the rim identified as Armstrong & Gasche type 110 (HL-6), which might, however, already

138 have been produced during the late and post-Akkadian Period. Wide-mouthed neckless jars with a ridged shoulder (HJ-9) and low-necked jars with a triangular rim and a ridged shoulder (HK-2b) are restricted to Phases C and D (late Akkadian to Ur III). A lid cap with flaring sides (HC-2c) has a lifespan from the late Akkadian to IsinLarsa Period and is most typical for the Ur III Period, but there is only one example from al-Hiba, which was found out of context. Other common vessel types in Phase C are either at the final end of earlier traditions or introduce new types that span the Ur III and early Isin-Larsa Period. Massproduced, plain conical bowls still form the majority of the assemblage, albeit reduced to c. 60%. Conical bowls with a bevelled rim (HB-2) also continue into Phases B and C, forming c. 1% of the assemblage. Carinated conical bowls (HB-4a) first appear in Phase C, forming 3% of the assemblage, but they only became ubiquitous in Phase B. Tall goblets with an outward flaring rim (HA-4) have a second peak in Phase C (2.04%), but they are no longer present in the following phase. Plain large bowls with a triangular rim (HF-9) continue to occur in large numbers and even reach their peak at 11.22% of the assemblage in Phase C.  Other common large bowl types are inward-turning bowls with a large ledge rim (HF-11) (6.12% of the assemblage) and inward-curving bowls with a flattened rim (HF-17) (2.04% of the assemblage). Both of these types have a lifespan from the Akkadian (Phases E and D) to early Isin-Larsa (Phase B). The drastic decrease in large, decorated bowls is mirrored in the disappearance of ceramic stands. Vats with a small ridge below a bulbous rim (HI-2b) occur for the last time in Phase C, while vats with ridges below a triangular rim (HI-2d) replace the Akkadian type with a grooved rim (HI-2c). The cooking vessels that were common throughout the second half of the third millennium (HJ-1b and HK-1) continue into Phase C, but they then disappear from the assemblage. Storage jars follow a similar pattern: jars that were common for centuries (HL-1d; HL-9) are no longer produced shortly after the Ur III Period. While it is not clear which cooking vessels replaced the old types, there are a couple of sherds of jars with small, tubular vents attached around the rim, documented as Armstrong & Gasche type 255B&C (HK-8) and considered typical of Ur III and early Isin-Larsa. In contrast, there are a few storage vessels that make their appearance in Phase C and become common in the following phase. Wide-mouthed neckless jars with a ledge rim and often an incised groove on the upper body (HJ-4) first

Chapter Four – Analysis appear already in Phase D, become increasingly popular in Phase C (7.14%) and then become one of the most common vessel types throughout the Isin-Larsa Period. A low-necked ovoid jar with a ledge rim (HK-9) does not have good parallels at other sites, but those with a medium to high neck (HL-2) are well-attested throughout Mesopotamia. The earliest versions that first appear in Phase C usually have an outward flaring neck. These medium-sized storage jars were often used in burials and as such they appear intrusively in earlier levels. Overall, Phases D and C form a distinct transition in the al-Hiba dataset. Long-standing ceramic traditions have their last occurrences, while new types appear that would become typical during the Isin-Larsa periods. Unfortunately, levels assigned to Phases C and D were not always very well preserved, which makes it difficult to provide a comprehensive assessment of the changes in the ceramic tradition in the last quarter of the third millennium bce.

Early Isin-Larsa (Phase B) The most secure evidence for early Isin-Larsa occupation comes from the burials in the upper level of the fifth season operation in Area B.  Since the corpus of Phase B is very small (183 typed sherds) and much of this comes from burial contexts, the assemblage of this period lacks many types that were probably common (e.g. cooking vessels). The most common shape during this period was the carinated conical bowl (HB-4a). This type was found in large quantities during the 5H excavations, with many complete specimens from burials that usually contained an entire set of these bowls. Plain conical bowls (HB-1) drastically reduce in numbers in Phase B, forming only c. 30% of the assemblage, which signals a major change in the use and production of ceramics. Large bowls continue to form a substantial component of the assemblage, but different types define the assemblage than during the third millennium bce. Inward curving bowls with a ledge rim (HF-11) and inward-curving bowls with a flattened rim (HF-17) continue from previous phases and should be considered typical of the last quarter of the third millennium and the beginning of the second millennium bce. In addition, large bowls with a high carination and a ledge rim (HF-12) and straight-sided deep bowls with a ledge rim and often a series of grooves on the upper body (HF-15) first appear in Phase B and should generally be consid-

139

Assemblages

Figure 4.7. Ur III to early Isin-Larsa ceramic assemblage.

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140 ered typical of Ur III to early Isin-Larsa. Large, shallow bowls with an inward-curving rim (HG-2) mainly occur in Phase B (1.69% of the assemblage), but based on parallels from other sites they must have been in use already during the last quarter of the third millennium bce. Vats with ridges below a triangular rim (HI-2d) are the only vat type in Phase B, making up 6.78% of the assemblage. Much of the Phase B assemblage consists of storage vessels. Wide-mouthed neckless jars with a ledge rim and often a groove on the upper body (HJ-4) become very popular in Phase B, forming 12.71% of the assemblage. Low-necked jars with a rounded ledge rim (HK-4) first appear in Phase B (4.24% of the assemblage), but they are typical of the entire Isin-Larsa Period. Ovoid jars (HK-9; HL-2) continue from Phase C, while highnecked, ring-base jars with a tapering body (HL-4b) and medium-necked jars with a drooped everted rim (HL17) were only found in Phase B even though they should be considered to span from Ur III to the early Isin-Larsa based on comparanda from other sites. Finally, carinated, cylindrical jars with a ledge rim (HN-6c) are typical burial jars during the early Isin-Larsa Period. As with the Ur III Period, there are currently several types missing from the al-Hiba assemblage. First, there are no decorated wide-mouthed vessels of Armstrong & Gasche type 135C2. While it is possible that such vessels will be found in future excavations, their absence fits with the general lack of decoration (especially paint) on ceramic vessels at al-Hiba. The second missing type is Armstrong & Gasche type 220A1, which consists of jars with a sinuous-profile neck. Third, there is currently almost no evidence for storage jars with multiridged necks and rims such as described in Armstrong & Gasche type 280, except for a single sherd (1HP544). These missing types could be relatively rare and/or functionally restricted to specific contexts, which could explain their absence in the assemblage from the fifth season operation in Area B.

Late Isin-Larsa (Phase A) During the first season of excavations at al-Hiba, an operation in Area B exposed a series of poorly preserved levels that form a coherent assemblage of a short-lived occupation that based on ceramics and two cuneiform tablets can be securely dated to the final century of the Isin-Larsa Period. This late Isin-Larsa assemblage from al-Hiba (Phase A) fits comfortably within the gen-

Chapter Four – Analysis eral southern Mesopotamian tradition of the time. The ceramic corpus generally finds good parallels within the Armstrong & Gasche typology for the period. While Armstrong & Gasche (2014, Table  9) extend the alHiba sequence into the early Old Babylonian Period, a detailed overview of the assemblage demonstrates that it is more likely that the site was already abandoned at that time. No pottery typical of the early Old Babylonian Period is represented within the al-Hiba corpus, while a few types that were no longer in use past the last decades of the Isin-Larsa Period are present in the uppermost deposits. The range of trays typical for the end of the IsinLarsa and the beginning of the Old Babylonian Period (Armstrong & Gasche types 5A-E) are not fully represented at al-Hiba. Only tray types 5D1–2 and 5E1–2 are attested (equivalent to HE-4a-b and HE-5 respectively). Likewise, the conical bowls of 10A (= HB-1c) and 10C1 (= HB-6) are frequently attested at al-Hiba, albeit intrusively in earlier levels, while the slightly later type 10B is absent. Variant 10F1–2 (= HG-4), which is restricted to the third quarter of the Isin-Larsa Period, is present with two examples. Of the larger bowl types, only basin type 10J1 (= HE-6) can be securely identified at al-Hiba, with possibly an example of the bowl type 10G (= HG-2), both of which are typical of the second half of the Isin-Larsa Period. Other types that tend to be earlier (10E1; 10I1) or later (10H2) are currently lacking from the al-Hiba corpus. Curved bowls typical of the Isin-Larsa Period, such as 15A1 (= HB-1c) and 15D (= HF-11) are common in the Hiba corpus, while there is a single vessel of type 15F3 (= HF-16), which is restricted to the final decades of the Isin-Larsa Period. On the other hand, those types with a restricted occurrence at the beginning of the Old Babylonian Period, such as 15B2, are lacking. Finally, as has already been observed earlier in this volume, al-Hiba lacks the wide range of conical bowl types of the end of the third and the beginning of the second millennium. Only the typical carinated bowl of 20E1 (= HB-4a) and its finer version 20B1–2 (= HB-4b) are attested, with the latter type being common only in the second half of the Isin-Larsa Period. The typical version of 20E 1 (HB-4a) is very rare in Phase A (only a single sherd), which further confirms that this phase should be dated at the very end of the Isin-Larsa Period when these bowls ceased to be produced (Armstrong & Gasche 2014, 26). The most striking observation is the complete absence of the painted bowls (25A1–2; 30A2) and the painted jars (105A2; 150A2) that are typical of the late Isin-Larsa and early Old Babylonian periods. There

141

Assemblages

Figure 4.8. Late Isin-Larsa ceramic assemblage.

20 cm

142 is, however, a possible unpainted version of 150A2 (= HN-7), which again attests to the general disinterest in painted decoration at al-Hiba. One of the most common types at al-Hiba is the deep open form HJ-4, equivalent to Armstrong & Gasche type 35A2. However, the spouted version of these vessels (40A2) is absent at al-Hiba, similar to the absence of spouted bowls at the end of the third millennium bce. Absent in the Armstrong & Gasche typo­logy is a straight-sided bowl with a ledge rim (HF-15) that shares formal similarities with HJ-4 and also often has incised grooves on the upper body. The absence of large jars with lid supports of Armstrong & Gasche type 60A, or concave-sided cups of type 65C2, typical for the very beginning of the Old Babylonian Period in the southern alluvium, provides additional support to date the Phase A assemblage to the final century of the Isin-Larsa Period. The range of cups from the late Isin-Larsa Period, especially 65B1, 65D3, and 70B2 (= HA-10), as well as the typical goblets of 85–90 (= HA-11) and 170A1 (= HA-12), are well attested at al-Hiba, but with significant variation that is at present difficult to classify due to the small number of drawn specimens and the fragmentary nature of the sherd material. However, the small, cylindrical vessels of Armstrong & Gasche type 75A1–2, mainly documented at Nippur, have not yet been found at al-Hiba. The carinated jar type 105B2 (= HL-7a) is well represented at al-Hiba, but this type occurs frequently from the end of Ur III until the beginning of the Old Babylonian Period. The range of late Isin-Larsa to early Old Babylonian globular jars with stepped shoulder and/ or tall necks of Armstrong & Gasche types 150–65 remain difficult to identify in the al-Hiba corpus that consists of sherd material. Within the al-Hiba typo­logy, these jars are mainly subsumed under HL-7b and HL-2. Two ledgeshouldered jars can be assigned to the poorly attested Armstrong & Gasche type 135A2 (= HN-6b), which is restricted to the second half of the Isin-Larsa Period. These jar types are generally considered to be more typical of the first centuries of the second millennium bce, which provides additional support to date the al-Hiba assemblage before the end of the Isin-Larsa Period. The range of tall jars of Armstrong & Gasche types 225–35 is not fully represented in the al-Hiba corpus, but sherds of such vessels might have been subsumed under different al-Hiba jar types. A distinct shouldered jar with a plain rim, 230A (= HK-1e), typical of the very end of the Isin-Larsa Period and the beginning of the

Chapter Four – Analysis Old Babylonian Period, was found on the surface in Area C (2H14). Jar types 250A1–2, typical of the second half of the Isin-Larsa Period, but not later, are almost certainly present at al-Hiba, but sherds are subsumed under HL-2 and HL-10 that are more easily equated with Armstrong & Gasche type Family 270. Low-necked jars of type 275B3 could be identified as al-Hiba type HK-5, but at al-Hiba these seem to be smaller than the few vessels reported by Armstrong & Gasche. Finally, sherds of large vats with a bulbous to triangular rim and a series of ridges on the body are frequently attested at al-Hiba. These fit within a long development of vats from the early third throughout the beginning of the second millennium. In Phase A, vats with ridges beneath a flattened rim (HI-2e) become common and replace earlier vats. Sherds of such vats were frequently discarded in old excavations due to their size and unwieldy nature, so that they are underrepresented in the Armstrong & Gasche typo­logy as type 260A2 with uncertain chrono­logical ranges. Their presence in the al-Hiba assemblage demonstrates that they remained in use at least until the end of the Isin-Larsa Period. Similarly, large basins with a hole in the bottom, 265A3 (= HI-3) appear to be rare at al-Hiba and are mainly found within early Isin-Larsa levels, but again this might be a result of collection rather than reality. In sum, a full range of late Isin-Larsa ceramic types can be recognized from the rather limited excavations of such contexts at al-Hiba. The presence of types typical of the second half of the Isin-Larsa Period, but not those of the very beginning of the Old Babylonian Period suggests that these contexts date to a short-lived revival at the site after which occupation yet again came to an end until the later Kassite Period (so far only attested in surface survey material). Most shapes in the al-Hiba corpus fit comfortably within the general ceramic tradition identified by Armstrong & Gasche, with the noticeable lack of a few common types such as spouted vats, painted vessels, and a few subtypes of conical bowls and trays. Similar observations can also be made for the third millennium material, possibly indicative of a localized cultural difference with the rest of Mesopotamia.

Development of Different Classes of Vessels

Without access to the vessels themselves to conduct systematic fabric analysis, determining functions of vessels remains rather speculative based solely on vessel shapes. There are at present no comprehensive studies of the function of ceramic assemblages from

143

Development of Different Classes of Vessels

ED III

25

1.30

vessel height

20

ED I

2.0

15

10

5

0

5

10

15

20 rim diameter

southern Mesopotamia to which the al-Hiba corpus can be compared. In this section, I attempt a preliminary assessment of functional classes of ceramic vessels and their development throughout the al-Hiba sequence. In her seminal study of pottery analysis in archaeology, Prudence Rice (1987, 208) identified three major functions of pottery: storage; transformation or processing; transfer or transport. Of course, any relationship between form and function as determined by an archaeologist is often implicit, untested, and subjective (Rice 1987, 211–12). Nevertheless, based on the related properties of capacity, stability, accessibility, and transportability, while keeping in mind multifunctionality, it is possible to propose general vessel classes (Rice 1987, 224–26). Cooking pots tend to have a globular shape to evenly distribute heat, a wide opening to allow easy access to their content, and a manageable size for moving the vessel even when it is full. Storage jars are more likely to have a restricted opening and sometimes a high neck to protect their contents and to allow the vessel to be sealed. They usually have shapes that focus on stability, such as flat or ring bases, and a lower point of gravity. They are typically much larger with a focus on storage capacity, especially if there is no need to transport them. A third class of jars can be described as small stor-

25

30

Figure 4.9. Scatter plot of mass-produced conical bowls and beakers based on  diameter/height ratio.

age jars or transfer vessels, which have similar requirements as storage jars, but they need to be easily moved. Such jars are much smaller and have a shape that is easy to grasp (e.g. narrow) and/or have handles, textures, or applications to provide grip. This type of jar is also more likely to be decorated since they can be used in a secondary function as serving vessels. Open vessels are easier to classify even though their precise function can be difficult to determine. The alHiba corpus has a wide range of large bowls, both decorated and undecorated, which could have fulfilled multiple functions. They could have functioned as serving vessels for communal meals, short-term storage vessels in kitchens or other production facilities, washing basins, or water containers to name just a few. Pot stands and stemmed dishes would have raised up these bowls to make them more accessible in the absence of furniture, which explains the morphological and techno logical similarities between large bowls and stands during the Early Dynastic Period. Future analyses of ceramic vessels themselves, contextual information, and textual or visual records will hopefully allow a more detailed analysis of functionality. Such studies can elucidate the evolution of ceramic

144 HA-1

HB-1

HA-3

A

4

38

0

B

12

53

0

C

8

151

0

D

39

500

0

E

34

788

0

F

87

1624

0

G

1671

18838

0

H

1816

3903

0

I

2352

1216

69

J

952

147

221

K

665

103

407

L

1071

224

1008

100

percentage of total assemblage

phase

Chapter Four – Analysis

HA-3 SFG HA-1 beakers

80

HB-1 bowls

60

40

20

0

L

K

J

I

H

G

F

E

D

C

B

A

Table 4.1. Occurrences of mass-produced vessels (HA-1; HA-3; HB-1) per phase.

shapes observed in the al-Hiba dataset and contextualize them within changing cultural traditions. Until then, this section offers general observations of ceramic development and the constitution of typical southern Mesopotamian ceramic assemblages.

Conical Bowls (Fig. 4.10) Mass-produced conical bowls formed the majority of ceramic vessels throughout the third millennium bce. These vessels underwent a distinct development that allows a chronological assessment of ceramic assemblages. Studies of these mass-produced vessels have observed a general trend from tall beakers to shallow bowls (Wright 1969, 76–77; Nissen 1970; Martin 1982, 153–56; 1988, 49–53; Moon 1993, 148–49; Gruber 2015). The al-Hiba corpus adds new insights and nuance to this observed trend. One hundred and thirty-six conical beakers (HA-1a; HA-1c) and bowls (HB-1a; HB-1b) were drawn and documented. This is of course a very small subset of the tens of thousands of sherds from conical vessels that were found at al-Hiba, but since the excavators paid close attention to the size and overall shape of the vessel when assigning a type number for these massproduced vessels in the day sheets, they are representative for the overall assemblage. Following the established methodology of measuring the ratio between the rim diameter and the vessel height (Moon 1993, 148–49; Gruber 2015, 133), the documented, completely preserved vessels can be plotted as a scatter graph to visualize their development through time (Fig. 4.9).

If there was a continuous development from tall and narrow to squat and shallow, then we would see a homogeneous distribution with the earliest vessels at the upper left and the latest vessels at the bottom right. However, the distribution of the al-Hiba massproduced conical vessels shows three distinct groups. A first group with a diameter/height ratio below 1.30 and a diameter above 10 cm (HA-1a) predominantly dates to ED I. A second group with a diameter/height ratio above 1.70 (HB-1a; HB-1b) dates exclusively to ED III and later. A third group consisting of small vessels with a diameter below 10  cm and a diameter/ height ratio below 1.30 (HA-1c) also dates exclusively to ED  III. Plotting all sherds – including those not drawn – of mass-produced conical vessels that were retrieved at al-Hiba based on dimensions recorded in the day sheets would not change this picture significantly. During ED I, conical beakers (HA-1) constitute 40–55% of the assemblage while conical bowls (HB-1) constitute only 5–10% and are supplemented by a substantial, but diminishing number of solid footed goblets (HA-3: 38.36% in Phase L; 27.76% in Phase K; and 13.23% in Phase J). During ED  III and the Akkadian Period, this ratio is reversed with conical bowls (HB-1) making up 70–75% of the assemblage versus only 3–5% conical beakers (HA-1). The ED I–III transitional period (Phases I and H) see a gradual reversal of this trend (Table 4.1). Furthermore, these occurrences include an unknown amount of intrusive material, which could make the contrast between ED I and ED III vessels even starker.

Development of Different Classes of Vessels In addition, there is a general trend from slightly squat beakers (d/h ratio 1–1.30) in the earlier levels of Area G to tall, slender beakers (d/h ratio 0.56–0.83) beginning in the upper levels of Area G and the Deep Sounding in Area A. This development is counter to the intuitive notion that the HA-1 beakers develop into the HB-1 bowls becoming gradually squatter and wider. Instead, this distribution indicates that early ED I squat beakers split up into beakers and bowls, with HB-1 bowls eventually becoming the most dominant massproduced vessel type in the second half of the third millennium bce. By the final quarter of the third millennium bce (Phases C, D, and E), conical bowls with a fashioned rim first appear and supplement plain conical bowls that constitute a slightly diminished component of the assemblage in Phase C (c. 60%). At Nippur, McMahon catalogued a corpus of conical bowls with overhanging rims (O-10), upturned rims (O-11), and thickened rims (O-12) that are typical for the Akkadian Period. These bowls were gradually replaced by carinated bowls (O-17) and bowls with large band rims (O-22) in the Ur III Period and lasting into the Isin-Larsa Period. At alHiba, this variety in new conical bowls is largely absent. Only bowls with thickened or bevelled rim (HB-2) and carinated bowls (HB-4) are attested in surprisingly small numbers. The reasons for this absence remain unclear. Levels from the post-Akkadian and Ur III periods were poorly preserved and they produced only a small corpus of typed ceramics. However, given the ubiquity of these bowls at other sites,3 we would expect more of them to be present in the al-Hiba corpus. Perhaps future excavations at the site will rectify this current absence. Until then, it remains possible that in the region of Lagaš the impact of the Akkadian and Ur III administration in the production of mass-produced utilitarian ware was less strong than elsewhere and there was a higher degree of conservatism in mass ceramic production.

Cooking Pots (Fig. 4.13) Following observations in other studies of southern Meso­potamian ceramics, globular jars with a wide mouth are here assumed to be cooking vessels.4 As In the WF sounding at Nippur, bowls with an overhanging rim (O-10) constitute 9–13% of the corpus in the Akkadian levels, while carinated bowls (O-17) and bowls with a band rim (O-22) each form c. 10% of the corpus in the Ur III to Isin-Larsa levels (McMahon 2006, 103, 107).

3 

4 

A specialized fabric for cooking ware has not yet been identified

145 would be expected for such vessels, they are very common in the assemblages at al-Hiba and they do not undergo many developments. Instead of gradual developments, cooking pots can remain the same for centuries and then rapidly be replaced by new types of vessels in response to techno­logical or cultural changes. Fluctuations in frequencies of such vessels in the al-Hiba corpus or even absence in some phases probably reflect the excavation bias. Domestic contexts or production facilities will produce higher quantities of cooking vessels, while they would be rare or non-existent in highly specialized cultic spaces, burials, or the massive mudbrick platform of the Isin-Larsa Period. This explains the much lower quantity of cooking vessels in Phases A, B, and C (Ur III to Isin-Larsa). The main cooking pot throughout the third millennium at al-Hiba was a globular jar with a plain everted rim (HK-1). This vessel was in use from ED I at least to Ur III, but they were particularly popular during ED III and the Akkadian Period with frequencies between 10–15% of the assemblage in Phases D to H. Another cooking vessel with a globular body and a small, rounded triangular rim (HJ-5) was also in use from ED I until the end of the Akkadian Period, but it was less common and consistently formed only 0.5–1.5% of the assemblage. A third type of globular cooking pot has a high neck on a wide mouth (HL-1c), which was in use during ED III and the Akkadian Period (Phases D to H), but was most popular during ED III Phases H and G when it constituted c. 3% of the assemblage. During ED I, two other cooking vessels were in use. Rim-tabbed jars (HK-7) were very common especially during the first half of ED I when they made up c. 10% of the assemblage. These jars had a globular body and four spaced out tabs along the rim to allow a better grasp. They also frequently had horizontal grooves on the upper part of the body. A similar type of vessel that lacks the rim tabs (HK-1a) probably served the same function, in which case these cooking pot types taken together reached up to 15% of the assemblage, similar to the HK-1 vessels during ED III and the Akkadian Period. A few other cooking vessels have restricted chrono­ logical lifespans in the al-Hiba records. Globular jars with an inward sloping rim (HJ-7) only occur in ED IIIA (Phase H), but they are rather rare. They are similar in for the third millennium in southern Mesopotamia. While experiments are needed to confirm the functionality of these jars as cooking vessels, it is possible that they were heated indirectly or at a very low temperature rather than being put directly into the fire.

146

Chapter Four – Analysis sherd count

A

3

B

5

C

9

D

39

E

64

F

72

G

606

H

205

I

112

J

35

K

52

L

73

25

percentage of total assemblage

phase

20

15

10

5

0

L

K

J

I

H

shape to HK-1 jars, but they have a distinct rim that could have served to hold a specific type of lid or to allow splattered liquids to drip back inside the jar during cooking. Following McMahon’s ware description, which seems to fit with the limited descriptions available for these vessels at al-Hiba, they have a dark red fabric with heavy lime inclusions. Interestingly, at Nippur there is a shoulder fragment with this fabric that has horizontal grooves, similar to the rim-tabbed jars of ED I (McMahon 2006, 66). During the Akkadian Period, three distinct cooking vessels had short lifespans. A globular jar with a single ridge on the shoulder and a high, flaring neck (HL5) was in use only during the early Akkadian Period (Phases E and F). This type is generally rare and might have been restricted to the eastern alluvium since it is only attested at the site of Wilaya, also located on the Tigris branches (Hussein, Altaweel & Rejeb 2009, fig. 23). A hole-mouth jar with a band rim (HJ-1b) was introduced at the beginning of the Akkadian Period (Phase F) and became popular throughout the Akkadian and Ur III periods (Phases C to E) when they constituted c. 4–4.5% of the assemblage. Finally, a neckless jar with a flat ledge rim (HJ-2) might also have served as a cooking vessel, although several sherds of this type have wavy incised lines on the upper body and the top of the flat rim that could indicate instead a potential use as a serving vessel. These jars were rare and they were only in use during the Akkadian Period (Phases D, E, and F). Finally, during the Ur III Period (Phase C), vessels with applied pierced columns and a lid support (HK-8) first

G

F

E

D

C

B

A

Table 4.2. Occurrences of cooking pots per phase.

appear. These vessels are widely attested during the Isin-Larsa Period, but they are very rare in the al-Hiba corpus and at present are not attested from Isin-Larsa contexts. Adding up the frequencies of different cooking vessels per phase, this class of vessels as a whole is remarkably consistent throughout the third millennium bce (Table 4.2). In almost all phases spanning ED I to the end of the Akkadian Period, cooking vessels make up 15–20% of the assemblage. Only in Phases I and J is there a dip to c. 10%. In Phase C, this percentage drops drastically and in Phases A and B, cooking pots are virtually absent, but as already noted, this is most likely the result of excavation bias.

Storage Jars (Fig. 4.14) Storage jars differ morphologically from cooking pots in several ways. First of all, they tend to be larger because they do not need to be moved around as much and the goal is to store a large quantity of goods (liquid or dry) while optimizing use of space. For the same reason, storage vessels have a wide body, either globular or piriform, in other to maximize the quantity of goods that can be stored in them. Most types of storage jars have a flat base or a ring base to increase stability, although by the end of the third millennium bce, storage jars usually have rounded bases, which signals a change in storage methods and the organization of storage facilities. Since storage jars need to be closed off to protect the content, these vessels often have a fashioned rim (ledge, trian-

Development of Different Classes of Vessels gle, band) that allows a piece of flexible material to be stretched over the opening and securely tied around the neck underneath the rim. Finally, several types of storage jars have applications (e.g. notched bands; ridges) or surface treatments (e.g. grooves; reserved slip) that could increase grip while handling the jars, or specific designs of decoration (e.g. incisions) that might signal the nature of the content or a specific use. Storage jars can be roughly divided into two groups: large and medium. The distinction between these two groups is not clearly defined, but generally, large storage jars would be too large and heavy when filled to move, while medium storage jars could have been somewhat more mobile. Large storage jars are rare in the alHiba assemblage, constituting no more than 0.5% of the assemblage, which might be a result of excavation bias. The earliest large storage jars are neckless, footed jars with a low carination (HJ-10), while storage jars from ED III to the Akkadian Period are low-necked footed jars with a wide shoulder and a ledge rim (HK-6). Medium-sized storage jars encompass c. 10–20% of the assemblage in every phase, going up to almost 30% in Phase A (Table 4.3). However, unlike the cooking vessels, which had a few types with very long lifespans, there is significant variation in storage jar production and considerable differences between the historicalarchaeo­logical periods ED I, ED III, Akkadian to Ur III, and Isin-Larsa. It is difficult to explain these developments at present, but perhaps they reflect changes in storage practices in the context of growing institutional organization and dominance within the al-Hiba citystate. During ED  I, low-necked jars are very rare at alHiba and most storage jars have medium to high necks. One exception is a neckless to low-necked jar that is elaborately decorated on the upper body with series of hatched incisions, excised triangles, and notched ridges, and has four pierced lugs around the rim that probably served to tie down a lid (HJ-8). This is obviously a very distinct vessel type that could have served a function within a cultic setting. Nevertheless, this type of jar is quite common during ED I at al-Hiba, making up as much as 6.53% of the assemblage in Phase K. Other storage jars of this period also often had decoration, although never as elaborate and usually restricted to one or more bands of fingernail or reed impressions and diagonal reserved slip on the shoulder. These jars, either plain or with simple decoration, have a distinct rim consisting of a sharp ledge (HL-12d and HL-12e), a bevelled band (HL-8), or an elongated band (HL-10a). At

147 the end of ED I, a jar with an upright handle and simple decoration on the shoulder (HL-13) is first produced and continues in use throughout ED III. Finally, a very rare type of rim consisting of a protruding band that forms a lid support (HL-18) occurs only in Phases K and L. Decoration on jars becomes very rare in ED III and is only attested on upright handle jars (HL-13) and jars with a ridge high on the shoulder (HL-12e) that remain in use in small numbers. The most common type of storage jars during ED III are restricted globular jars with a high neck (HL-1d) in ED IIIA (13.64% of the assemblage in Phase H; 7.27% in Phase G) and ring-base jars with a high neck and a small triangular rim (HL-4a) in ED IIIB (5.21% of the assemblage in Phase G). Both of these jar types remain in use into the Akkadian Period in reduced numbers. In addition, a low-necked jar with an oval band rim (HK-5) is most common during ED III, but these might have already been produced at the end of ED I and certainly lasted into the Akkadian Period. Elongated band rims (HL-10a) continue from ED I through ED IIIA (Phase H), but they become less common in Phase G and should be considered to have a lifespan covering the first half of the third millennium bce. Storage jars from the Akkadian Period continue the ED  III tradition to some extent, but with significant innovations and increased standardization. A mediumnecked storage jar with a triangular rim and possibly a flat base (HL-3) was in common use in Phases G to E, which span ED IIIB to the early Akkadian, making up c. 4.5–5.5% of the assemblage. Other sherds assigned to this type already appear in earlier phases and last throughout the sequence, but only in small quantities. That this distribution reflects actual chrono­logical lifespan, rather than functional use of excavated spaces, is indicated by parallels at Nippur where they are also typical for the Akkadian and Ur III Period (McMahon 2006, type C-9). High-necked, ring-base jars with a small triangular rim (HL-4) develop into jars with a small oval band rim (HL-9). This high-necked vessel type is the most common storage jar during the Akkadian Period, constituting c. 5% of the assemblage and lasting into the Ur III Period. Also typical for the Akkadian and Ur III Period are low-necked jars with a triangular rim (HK2), which form c. 1–2% of the assemblage. They develop from a plain version (HK-2a) earlier in the period to a jar with multiple ridges on the shoulder (HK-2b) in Phases D and C. Finally, elongated band rim jars continue into the Akkadian Period (c. 0.5%), but they more commonly have an outward-flaring appearance, perhaps to create a lid support (HL-10b).

148

Chapter Four – Analysis sherd count

A

132

B

27

C

23

D

32

E

60

F

85

G

741

H

254

I

145

J

45

K

61

L

44

30 25 percentage of total assemblage

phase

20 15 10 5 0

L

K

J

I

H

While medium-sized storage jars of the Ur III Period continue the developments of the Akkadian Period, a few new types begin to appear that become typical for the Isin-Larsa Period. High-necked, ring-base jars become much narrower with a tapered body (HL-4b), while a low-necked jar with a rounded ledge rim (HK4) first appears at the end of Ur III. Each of these jar types forms c. 4.5% of the assemblage in the early part of Isin-Larsa. Additionally, round storage jars with a multi-lobed rim (HL-16) and tall footed jars with a drooped everted rim (HL-17) are typical for Ur III and early Isin-Larsa, but they are currently only attested by a few sherds at al-Hiba. By the second half of the IsinLarsa Period, the assemblage is dominated by medium, high-necked ovoid jars with an outward-flaring elongated band rim (HL-10c) making up 11.42% of the assemblage. Beginning in late Akkadian Phase D, a new type of medium-sized storage jars with round bases comes in use. This development begins with the appearance of a piriform jar with a plain rim (HK-1b) and changes to ovoid jars with different types of rims and often with incised grooves on the shoulder (HK-9; HL-2). These ovoid jars constitute c. 10% of the assemblage in Phases A to C, spanning the Ur  III to late Isin-Larsa Period. This trend of a drastic increase in storage jars in the upper three phases (Table 4.3) is the opposite of the one observed with the cooking vessels and almost certainly reflects differences in the functional use of the excavated spaces.

G

F

E

D

C

B

A

Table 4.3. Occurrences of storage jars per phase.

Portable Jars (Fig. 4.13) In addition to jars that most likely served a storage function, other jars were probably used to transfer goods (mainly liquids) between larger jars, between locations, or to be served. This does not mean that they could not have been used to store goods temporarily, especially in locations where their content would be frequently needed (e.g. production spaces), but they were too small for bulk storage. While large and medium storage jars would have been placed in dedicated storage spaces, these portable jars would more likely be found on shelves or near installations within easy reach during production. They could also have been used to carry goods, especially liquids, outside the residence or institutional facility, to transfer small quantities of goods to other people, or to serve their content in commensal settings. They are portable because they are small and light enough to be carried, because they are often narrow enough to be held in one hand, and because they often have applications (ridges), surface treatments (grooves), or angular shapes to facilitate grip. They need to be easy to seal off to protect their content, but at the same time allow easy access to the content when needed. During ED I, small jars with a ledge rim (HL-12) were by far the most popular type of portable jar. They usually have a distinct form of decoration or application, such as impressions at the base of the neck (HL-12c) and/or a wing lug (HL-12a; HL-12b). These vessels are closely related to the medium storage jars HL-12d and

149

Development of Different Classes of Vessels sherd count

A

79

B

20

C

13

D

5

E

9

F

21

G

306

H

95

I

61

J

28

K

48

L

45

20

percentage of total assemblage

phase

15

10

5

0

L

K

J

I

H

HL-12e, as well as the upright-handle jars HL-13, but their smaller size allows higher portability and possibly a use as temporary containers in production facilities or household kitchens. Throughout ED III, high-necked jars with a plain rim and a flattened base are the most common type of portable jars. Earlier vessels, possibly first produced at the end of ED I, tend to be small with a rounded body (HL1a) while they develop into tall, elongated vessels (HL1b) during ED III that were in use at the very latest in the beginning of the Akkadian Period. These jars constitute c. 5% of the total assemblage during ED III. A much rarer vessel has a high neck and a flat rim (HL-11), and a globular body based on comparanda from other sites. These jars first appear during ED I, but they are typical for ED III, although making up only c. 0.5% of the assemblage. Another very rare jar type has a band rim on a sloping neck and a strong carination, often with incised lines on the shoulder (HJ-3). This type of jar has only been attested during ED IIIA (Phases I and H). During ED IIIB, the plain elongated jars undergo a marked development. Burnished elongated jars with a small, everted rim (HL-14) appear in Phase G and they develop further into double ridged rim jars (HL-15) by the beginning of the Akkadian Period. However, these vessels were not as common as the plain versions of HL-1b, forming only c. 0.5% of the assemblage, so that it is more likely that a higher quality variant was produced during ED IIIB and the early Akkadian Period parallel to the plain versions that continued in use into Phase E.

G

F

E

D

C

B

A

Table 4.4. Occurrences of portable jars per phase.

During the Akkadian Period, the long tradition of high-necked jars came to an end and they were replaced by cylindrical jars with a ridge below the rim (HL-6) that would further develop into cylindrical jars with a stepped shoulder (HL-7) during the Isin-Larsa Period. At the same time, a new vessel type consisting of an open-mouthed neckless jar with a ledge rim and often a groove on the upper body (HJ-4) first appears at the end of the Akkadian Period, but rapidly increases in popularity during Ur III Phase C and dominating the assemblages of Phase A and Phase B (c. 12%).

Spouted Jars (Fig. 4.15) There is a distinct trend of spouted jars at al-Hiba. Throughout the Early Dynastic Period, there are two main classes of spouted jars: large, wide-bodied spouted jars and smaller, narrower spouted jars. Large spouted jars tend to have a wide, rounded shoulder with a short spout at the base of the neck. During ED I, these jars typically had a bevelled rim or a small band rim (HM4), while during ED III, these jars had a plain rim on a high neck (HM-1). Combined, they make up c. 2% of the ceramic assemblage in Phases G to L, but they are no longer in use beginning in the Akkadian Period. Smaller spouted jars typically have a high neck and a large spout that covers most of a narrow shoulder. During ED I, these spouted jars are tall and narrow with a strongly carinated shoulder (HM-3). In addition, a squat jar with an elongated band rim (HM-5) was also in use

150

Chapter Four – Analysis sherd count

A

0

B

0

C

0

D

3

E

8

F

3

G

142

H

61

I

85

J

16

K

11

L

17

8 7 percentage of total assemblage

phase

6 5 4 3 2 1 0

L

K

J

I

H

during ED I, but it was much rarer. During ED III, beginning in Phase I, these jars develop into a more rounded vessel with a plain rim (HM-2), which remained in use throughout the Akkadian Period. These vessels constituted c. 2% of the ceramic assemblage throughout ED III and the Akkadian Period. This trend differs from the pattern observed at Abu Salabikh in the northern part of the southern Mesopotamian alluvium (Moon 1987, 128). Based on the current dataset from al-Hiba, spouted jars were already fairly standardized during ED I at al-Hiba and they had a clear, consistent development. Possibly, the main corpus of ED I spouted vessels is absent in the Abu Salabikh corpus considering that most came from a single grave from the very beginning of the period. Large spouted jars with an elongated band rim that span ED I and ED IIIA at Abu Salabikh are currently absent in the al-Hiba corpus, but it is possible that rim sherds of this type (HL-10a) originally belonged to such vessels (Moon 1987, nos 703–05). The smaller spouted vessels occur throughout the ED III and Akkadian phases at al-Hiba, while at Abu Salabikh and elsewhere they seem to disappear rather suddenly during ED IIIB. Since the Abu Salabikh corpus is mainly from graves, perhaps their disappearance during ED IIIB is related to changes in burial customs and grave goods, rather than their production in society as a whole. At al-Hiba, the ED IIIB (Phase G) and especially the Akkadian corpus (Phases D, E, and F) largely derives from production facilities, including a possible brewery or kitchen in Area B.

G

F

E

D

C

B

A

Table 4.5. Occurrences of spouted jars per phase.

Taking all spouted vessels combined, they consistently formed c. 4–5% of the assemblage of typed sherds in Phases G to L, which spans the entire Early Dynastic Period (Table  4.5). Among the untyped sherds (body; indistinguishable; handles; spouts; unidentifiable rims and bases), spouts were counted separately. When adding these spouts, sherds that are certainly from spouted vessels form c. 1.5% of the total amount of collected sherds in Phases I to L, or ED I, and dropping to 0.5% in Phase H, or ED IIIA. In Phases D to G (Akkadian and ED IIIB), they form only a very small part of the total amount of sherds. Combining this evidence confirms that spouted jars were a common vessel type during the Early Dynastic Period. By the end of the period, they began to reduce in numbers, and they became infrequent during the Akkadian Period. After the Akkadian Period, there is no evidence for spouted vessels at al-Hiba.

Vats (Fig. 4.15) Large vats, either completely open vessels or with a somewhat inward-leaning rim and upper part of the body, form a substantial component of the al-Hiba corpus. During ED  I–III, they make up between 3–6% of the assemblage, while in the Akkadian, Ur III, and IsinLarsa periods, they constitute 5–10% of the assemblage (Table  4.6). Their occurrence is strongly determined by the function of the excavated spaces. In Phase H (ED IIIA), there are almost no vats attested, while they are common in later phases. This almost certainly reflects the ritual nature of the excavated Phase H con-

Development of Different Classes of Vessels sherd count

A

15

B

9

C

4

D

12

E

15

F

53

G

120

H

5

I

42

J

22

K

5

L

7

12 10 ercentage of total assemblage

phase

151

8 6 4 2 0

L

K

J

I

H

texts versus production and storage facilities in other phases. There is a distinct development in vat morphology, which can be a useful chronological indicator to date ceramic assemblages. Unfortunately, vats have not been recorded frequently in other excavations due to their bulky nature. During ED I, vats were usually plain with a straight or inward-leaning flattened, bulbous rim (HI-1). These vats might have been similar to the very large footed, neckless jars (HJ-10), which had a low carination and usually a series of applied notched ridges. Such ridges appear on another type of vat with a large, triangular rim (HI-2a) that is typical for the end of ED I. A vat with a small ridge below a bulbous rim (HI-2b), and possibly additional small, plain ridges on the body, became the most popular type during ED III and the Akkadian Period. A vat with a square, grooved rim (HI-2c) is restricted to the Akkadian Period (Phases D, E, and F). This type develops into a vat with grooves below a distinctive, triangular rim (HI-2d) in the Ur III and early Isin-Larsa Period. By the end of the Isin-Larsa Period, these vats developed further with ridges below a flattened, triangular rim (HI-2e).

Decorated Bowls (Fig. 4.11) The ubiquity of large bowls at al-Hiba (c. 15–30% of the assemblage throughout the third millennium bce) allows the identification of a long development (Table 4.7). The decoration patterns in particular underwent a distinct evolution that is chronologically mean-

G

F

E

D

C

B

A

Table 4.6. Occurrences of vats per phase.

ingful. During early ED I (Phases K and L), three different types of decorated bowls were produced at al-Hiba: a bowl with a wavy line below a plain rim (HF-3); a bowl with a fingernail-impressed band below a bevelled or ledge rim (HF-13); and a necked bowl with a fingernailimpressed band and a ledge rim (HF-8a). These three distinct morphological characteristics then combine in a decorated bowl with a bulbous rim (HF-8b) that is typical for mid to late ED I (Phases I, J, and K). Late ED I then sees the appearance of a much more standardized large bowl with a notched band below a triangular rim (HF8c) or occasionally a plain ridge (HF-8d), which was very popular at the end of ED I and in ED IIIA (Phases H and I), constituting c. 10% of the assemblage, and continued in use through ED IIIB and the Akkadian Period (Phases D to G), albeit in reduced numbers forming c. 3–4% of the assemblage.

Plain Deep Bowls (Fig. 4.11) In addition to bowls with different forms of decoration, plain deep bowls were also ubiquitous throughout the third millennium bce at al-Hiba. Bowls with a plain rim (HF-1) or a thickened rim (HF-7) were the most common type of plain bowl during ED I, but variations remain in use throughout the ED III and Akkadian periods. Similar bowls with a slightly upturned bevelled rim (HF-6) occur only during ED III and Akkadian Phases D through I and could be a development from HF-7 bowls since they increase in popularity (c. 3–4% in Phases G and H) when HF-7 bowls decrease (from c. 3–4% in Phases I and

Chapter Four – Analysis

152 plain

decorated

A

13

0

B

8

0

C

19

0

D

21

9

E

38

10

F

61

13

G

528

120

H

291

150

I

123

181

J

29

44

K

14

15

L

19

26

35

plain

30 percentage of total assemblage

phase

decorated

25 20 15 10 5 0

L

K

J

J to less than 1% in the following phases). Plain bowls with a simple triangular rim (HF-9) occur throughout the al-Hiba sequence, but they are the most popular plain bowl type from ED III to early Isin-Larsa (c. 5–10% of the assemblage in Phases B to H). Bowls with an overhanging triangular rim (HF-10a) seem to be restricted to ED III (c. 3% in Phases G and H), but possibly lasting into the early Akkadian Period (c. 1% in Phases E and F). A distinct bowl type with a flat rim (HF-5) is restricted to the early Akkadian Period (Phases E and F). By the end of the Akkadian Period, plain bowls became very standardized. Late Akkadian types are indistinct plain bowls with a triangular rim (HF-9) or inward-turning bowls with a large ledge rim (HF-11), which first appear in Akkadian Phases D and E, but are most typical for the Ur III and early Isin-Larsa Phases B and C (c. 4% of the assemblage). During the Isin-Larsa Period, another distinct bowl with a high carination and a ledge rim (HF-12) was produced, but it is quite rare in the al-Hiba corpus. Another set of bowls with more vertical walls can be traced through the third millennium bce. First, a large globular bowl with notched bands and incised wavy lines (HF-20) was produced during late ED I and possibly into ED IIIA (Phases J to H). Then a carinated bowl with a flat rim (HF-19) was in use during ED III (c. 1% in Phase H and 0.6% in Phase G). This bowl is replaced by a carinated deep bowl with a rounded, sinuous profile (HF-18) that is typical for the Akkadian Period (c. 3% in Phase E and 1% in Phases D and F). Still during the Akkadian

I

H

G

F

E

D

C

B

A

Table 4.7. Occurrences of large bowls per phase.

Period, an inward-curving bowl with a flattened rim (HF-17) first appeared (c. 1% in Phases D and E), but it remained in use into the early Isin-Larsa Period (c. 2.5% in Phase B).

Pot Stands (Fig. 4.12) Ceramic stands to elevate vessels occur throughout the third millennium at al-Hiba, but they are especially common during the ED III and Akkadian periods (Phases D through I). Tallying the occurrences of functionally related ceramic stands of types HH-1, HH-2, HH-3, and HH-4, they appeared first during ED I (c. 1–3% in Phases J, K, and L), increased in popularity during ED III (c. 7% in Phases G and H), and peaking in the Akkadian Period (c. 15% in Phases D and E) (Table 4.8). There are two parallel developments throughout the third millennium bce. Tall hollow stands first appear in the early or middle of ED I. The earliest forms are straight-sided, and they usually have a bevelled rim with notched ridges on the body, while late ED I and early ED III versions have a plain rim and more commonly have fingernail-impressed ridges (HH-2a). Sinuoussided hollow stands, often with a fingernail-impressed ridge and an incised wavy line at the base (HH-2b) are typical for ED IIIA (Phases H and I), but they continue throughout ED IIIB and possibly into the early Akkadian Period. During the Akkadian Period (Phases D and E), a new type of hollow stand appears that has curving sides and multiple ridges across the body (HH-2c).

Development of Different Classes of Vessels sherd count

A

0

B

0

C

2

D

33

E

41

F

52

G

258

H

91

I

124

J

12

K

4

L

7

20

percentage of total assemblage

phase

153

15

10

5

0

L

K

J

I

H

A second type of stand appeared during ED I. These stands tend to be squatter, with slightly concave sides and a body decorated with ridges and triangular fenestrations (HH-3a). These stands often have a bowl attached on the inside. A variant without fenestrations and more sparse decoration (HH-3b) also occurs. The distinction with tall hollow stands is not always clear as there is overlap in decoration patterns, size, and undoubtedly also function. By ED IIIA, these fenestrated stands were no longer in use and they were replaced by two different types of ceramic stands: a plain squat stand with an attached bowl on the inside (HH-4a) and plain pedestalled bowls (HH-1a). During ED IIIB, a squat stand without an attached bowl (HH4b) was first produced, which develops into a distinctive concave-sided stand, usually with band rims (HH4c) that was very common during the Akkadian period (Phases D, E, and F). A parallel development occurs at the end of ED I when decorated hollow stands (HH-2a) that were used to support detached bowls (HG-5) were merged to form elaborately decorated stemmed dishes (HH-1b). This distinctive type of vessel was particularly popular during ED III (Phases G and H), but they remained in use into the Akkadian Period. Elsewhere, these stemmed dishes often became very elaborate (Moon 1981; 1982), but in the al-Hiba corpus there is a general rejection of elaborate decoration patterns throughout the sequence.

G

F

E

D

C

B

A

Table 4.8. Occurrences of pot stands per phase.

A

Chapter Five – Analysis

F

?

G

2900

L

2800

K

2700

J

2600

I

2500

H

2400

2300

E

2200

D

2100

C

2000

B

1900

1800

154

Figure 4.10. Development of small open vessels.

155

A F G

2900

L

2800

K

2700

J

2600

I

2500

H

2400

2300

E

2200

D

2100

C

2000

B

1900

1800

Development of Different Classes of Vessels

Figure 4.11. Development of large bowls.

A

Chapter Five – Analysis

F G

2900

L

2800

K

2700

J

2600

I

2500

H

2400

2300

E

2200

D

2100

C

2000

B

1900

1800

156

Figure 4.12. Development of pot stands.

157

A F G

2900

L

2800

K

2700

J

2600

I

2500

H

2400

2300

E

2200

D

2100

C

2000

B

1900

1800

Development of Different Classes of Vessels

Figure 4.13. Development of cooking pots and portable jars.

A

Chapter Five – Analysis

F G

2900

L

2800

K

2700

J

2600

I

2500

H

2400

2300

E

2200

D

2100

C

2000

B

1900

1800

158

Figure 4.14. Development of medium-sized jars.

A F G

2900

L

2800

K

2700

J

2600

I

2500

H

2400

2300

E

2200

D

2100

C

2000

B

1900

1800

Development of Different Classes of Vessels

Figure 4.15. Development of spouted jars, vats, and large storage jars.

159

Chapter Five

Conclusions During the time of writing this volume, archaeo­logical fieldwork returned to south Iraq after a three-decade long hiatus. As these new projects are developing exciting research programs and collecting datasets using twenty-first-century methodo­logies, the initial assessment of pottery continues to depend on the typo­logies built by previous generations. For the third millennium bce, very few strati­graphically anchored ceramic datasets are available. Especially for projects working in the southern part of the alluvium, the few available sequences from the Diyala region, Abu Salabikh, and Nippur are only meaningful to a limited extent. Until now, almost none of the al-Hiba ceramics have been published. The main reason for the delay in publication is ironically also the strength of the dataset — the large quantity of sherd material that was recorded. Only now, with the development of digital relational database software, is it possible to efficiently compile data through sophisticated queries. This volume presents an organization of the ceramic dataset in such a way that it serves cross-site comparisons, comprehensive assessment of the ceramic tradition of ancient al-Hiba, and flexible analysis of the material available for additional research questions that could not be addressed within the scope of this project. Together with the digital, online database, researchers are welcome to develop alternative typo­logies based on different defining characteristics. This volume took the approach of a traditional ceramic typo­logy in order to disseminate the dataset in a timely fashion, but it does not pretend to be the final version. Chrono­logical development forms the main focus in this volume, while functional assessments (as much as is possible based on strictly formal characteristics) in relation to spatial distribution will be addressed in the forthcoming volumes of the four excavation areas. With an increasing understanding of regional or even local variation in cultural traditions within southern Mesopotamia comes the need for internal ceramic typo­logies anchored in secure strati­graphic sequences. The al-Hiba ceramic corpus provides an essential dataset from the south-eastern part of the Mesopotamian alluvium that spans the entire third millennium and the first centuries of the second millennium bce. In the

traditional historical framework, this timespan encompasses the entire Early Dynastic Period to the Isin-Larsa Period. During these periods, southern Mesopotamia underwent major social, economic, political, and cultural changes that are reflected in the ceramic traditions. While this volume is mainly intended as a reference work for the ceramic typo­logy of southern Mesopotamia, the developments observed throughout this study reference these major societal changes. This concluding chapter summarizes the main points of each chapter and offers thoughts on avenues for future research.

The Contribution of the Excavations at al‑Hiba to Mesopotamian Archaeo­logy

Excavations at al-Hiba began in 1968 and would continue every other year in December-January for five seasons until 1978. A sixth excavation season took place in 1990 with the intention to initiate a long-term project, but due to the Gulf War of 1991, the team never returned to the site. Vaughn E. Crawford was the project director during the early years, but Donald P. Hansen ran the excavations in practice and eventually took over as main director. The ceramics became the responsibility of Edward Ochsenschlager who instated a standardized recording system to ensure documentation of the large amounts of pot sherds that came out of the excavations. Ochsenschlager took a particular interest in the role of clay in Iraqi communities past and present, which resulted in a multi-year ethno­graphic project (Ochsenschlager 1974a; 1974b; 2004). Excavations explored four areas of the site. Area A, at the south-western end of the site, was the location of the Ibgal, ancient Lagaš’ main sanctuary for Inanna. In Area B, in the centre of the site on the highest mound, the team focused their efforts mainly on the area of the Bagara temple, dedicated to the city-state’s main deity Ningirsu, and the massive brick platform that capped the ED III and Akkadian temple complex for a reconstruction during the Isin-Larsa Period. In Area C, to the east of Area B, a large administrative and craft production complex of the ED IIIB and early Akkadian Period

162 was exposed over a large surface. Finally, Area G, located between Area A and Area B, allowed the team to investigate a surface level ED I occupation that was available due to heavy erosion of the later levels. The site of al-Hiba offers the opportunity to investigate the third-millennium city of Lagaš, whereas at other major urban centres, occupation of this period is often buried between many metres of later periods. At the time when the excavations at al-Hiba began in 1968, the general history and basic ceramic typo­logy of the third millennium had been established four decades prior, mainly based on fieldwork in the Lower Diyala region, Kish in the northern part of the alluvium, and Ur at the southern part of the Euphrates. The importance of Lagaš in the history of southern Mesopotamia had long been known from cuneiform sources, especially those retrieved at nearby Girsu (Tello) in the nineteenth century. Hansen had previously worked as a member of the University of Chicago team at Nippur where he gained familiarity with Early Dynastic material from the Inanna Temple sequence. He relied on this sequence to update the ceramic typo­logy for the fourth and third millennium bce at al-Hiba (Hansen 1965), a site where he also had the opportunity to investigate the Early Dynastic Period in much greater detail. Still, the project maintained the usual focus on public architecture, political history, and artistic development. In this sense, Ochsenschlager’s interest in the daily use of clay and the techno­logical aspects of pottery production added an important innovation to Mesopotamian archaeo­logy. With the initiation of the al-Hiba Publication Project by Holly Pittman at the University of Pennsylvania in the 2010s, the publication of these important excavations is finally being materialized. In recognition of the exceptional amount of data of the early part of the Early Dynastic sequence from Area G, this area is first in line for publication. Previous archaeo­logical data for the Early Dynastic I Period comes mainly from the Diyala excavations, which are too distant from Lagaš to be of reliable comparative use, from the Seal Impressions Strata at Ur, which mainly produced a large corpus of material out of context in ancient trash dumps, and the Inanna Temple sequence at Nippur (unpublished at the time of writing). All of these older excavations mainly recorded complete vessels and are as such only of limited use to reconstruct the full range of ceramic assemblages in use during the Early Dynastic Period. The slightly more recent excavations at Abu Salabikh in the late 1970s and 1980s, in the northern part of the south-

Chapter Five – Conclusions ern Mesopotamian alluvium, collected a large dataset from the Early Dynastic, but a comprehensive analysis of the sherd material is still forthcoming. The typo­logy and strati­g raphically anchored sequence laid out in this volume provides the largest and most reliable ceramic dataset for the third millennium bce in southern Mesopotamia. The publication of this corpus provides new insights into the ceramic development within ED I and the formation of the classic Early Dynastic pottery tradition that consists of mass-produced conical bowls, standardized large bowls, pot stands, spouted jars, and standardized jar shapes. At al-Hiba, we can now trace in greater detail than before the development of this tradition through ED  IIIA, ED  IIIB, and the subsequent profound changes during the Akkadian Period. Documentation for the Ur III and Isin-Larsa periods is much more fragmentary due to the vastly reduced size of the city at this time, but nevertheless, this volume presents the first study of a corpus of the south-eastern part of the alluvium during these periods. Undoubtedly, ongoing new fieldwork in the region at Tello (Girsu), al-Hiba (Lagaš), and Nigin (Surghul) will add to this corpus and adjust the typo­ logy as needed. In the twenty-first century, however, fieldwork cannot operate on the same scale as earlier excavations. The al-Hiba corpus, therefore, will remain a crucial dataset for the study of third-millennium ceramics in southern Mesopotamia.

New Approaches to an Old Dataset

This volume also addresses the difficulties that prevented a timely publication of the al-Hiba ceramic corpus, as well as the methodo­logical issues with a dataset that was collected before digital tools, using a logistical recording system that is considered outdated in the twenty-first century. Working with legacy datasets has become a valued practice in recent years within Near Eastern archaeo­logy, but it remains a daunting task that requires significant investments of time and resources often with a high degree of uncertainty of the results. The practice of processing and publishing legacy datasets has become an additional form of data acquisition within the discipline of archaeo­logy for which new methodo­logical standards are being developed (e.g. Zaina 2018). The single most important factor that prevented the publication of the al-Hiba excavation results is the quantity of data that the project collected during six seasons. The team succeeded to a large extent in record-

163

The Typo­logy ing all excavated material within the time frame of the fieldwork, which is a major accomplishment. However, archaeo­logical recording until recently was necessarily conducted on paper records. The intent of the alHiba project from the beginning to record excavated data in greater detail, including the large amounts of pot sherds, is of course laudable, but it resulted in an unwieldy paper archive that could not be feasibly analysed in the analog age. The first task of the al-Hiba Publication Project was the digitization of the paper archive by scanning the records in high resolution and then painstakingly entering the recorded information in a digital relational database. For example, the database currently has individual entries for 187,878 pot sherds that had to be manually entered. This process was absolutely essential to the publication project. It is now possible to query this dataset in meaningful ways with the metaphorical single push of a button that otherwise with the paper archive would have taken days or even weeks. The analysis presented in this volume is based on hundreds of such database queries, pulling together information from different sets of paper records, that were compiled over the course of just a few weeks. The main difficulty for this study of the ceramic corpus is the choice made by the fieldwork project to structure their recording system around ideal types. In practice, this meant that only a single sherd or complete vessel was drawn and sometimes photo­graphed. The bulk of the pot sherds were then assigned to these types (c. 1900 in total) without the means to verify their identification. Fortunately, Ochsenschlager was explicitly conscious of the need to document variation, resulting in a significantly larger amount of ‘types’. For example, rather than drawing just one or very few conical bowls, which admittedly are all very similar since they were mass-produced, the team documented at least 110 conical bowls in order to reflect the range in dimensions and overall shape. While not up to today’s standards, this was a vast improvement over older and contemporary projects working in Iraq. In addition, when painstakingly going through the records to undertake a study such as the one presented here, the factor of human error emerges as a major source of frustration. Anyone with fieldwork experience in large-scale excavation projects in the Middle East is fully aware of the effects of fatigue, boredom with tedious, repetitive tasks, and different ranges of skill and expertise between team members. The al-Hiba project relied heavily on young graduate students for the day-to-day recording that involved a substantial

amount of interpretation for which they did not necessarily have sufficient experience. As a result, the overall pottery recording is not consistent, depending on who was doing the recording that day, and mistakes abound throughout the records. These mistakes can sometimes be identified and corrected, but since most sherds were not drawn or photo­graphed, undoubtedly many more mistakes remain hidden. Still, this is not intended as a harsh criticism, but merely a recognition of the difficulties with archaeo­ logical data processing, especially before the advent of digital tools. Chapter Two offers a detailed discussion of these methodo­logical concerns. Tracing the construction of our datasets from the moment material comes out of the ground, to the moment we are working to synthesize the data on our computer screens is an essential part of the publication process. Only in this way can published data be evaluated for accuracy and its potential for cross-project comparisons. Recognizing shortcomings of a dataset does not diminish its value, but it can structure research approaches for new projects.

The Typo­logy

Any typo­logy is subjective and is structured around guiding principles laid out at the onset. For this study, the actual sherd material was no longer available. They are probably stored in the Baghdad museum, but at time of writing, it is not clear whether the pottery from al-Hiba can be located. Therefore, the typo­logy is based primarily on drawings, supplemented by descriptions and photo­graphs. As a result, this is a typo­logy of vessel shapes. The structure of this typo­logy parallels previous ceramic studies of southern Mesopotamian studies for comparative purposes, with open vessels first, followed by closed vessels (mainly jars). In order to build in flexibility, while also recognizing uncertainties with both the dataset and our current understanding of ceramic production in ancient Mesopotamia, when confronted with the choice to split or join two groups, I  have usually done the former. In this way, types can later be joined in light of new information, or a meta-typo­logy that joins functionally related vessels with variations in rim shape or other traits can be constructed. As such, I have followed Ochsenschlager’s original methodo­logical focus on documenting variation, rather than reducing the corpus to a smaller number of perceived original types.

164

Reconstructing the Strati­graphic Sequence

The analysis in Chapter Four taps into the potential of the relational digital database TARA (Toolkit for Archaeo­logical Research and Analysis) of the al-Hiba Publication Project. By pulling together information that is recorded on different paper sheets, carefully constructed queries can rapidly produce large amounts of statistical data on the strati­graphic or spatial distribution of ceramic types. In this study, the focus is on chrono­logical development, while in the forthcoming volumes on the area excavations, spatial distribution of ceramics and objects will be analysed. Chapter Four lays out the statistical data for assemblages of each archaeo­logical period. Comparisons with other published sequences and synthetic studies reveals interesting regional differences that can be tested with future fieldwork. This analysis also reveals the strengths and gaps in the dataset. Not every period is equally well-represented. This study provides robust data on ED I (especially the later part) and ED  IIIA, but the transition between them, perhaps to be labelled as ED II, is problematic since the data mainly comes from the surface in Area G and a small deep sounding in Area A. Similarly, ED IIIB and the early Akkadian are by far the best represented periods in this dataset, but late Akkadian and Ur III occupation within the excavated areas had suffered significantly from erosion and later disturbances.

The History of Lagaš as Reflected in the Development of Ceramic Assemblages

The earliest history of the Lagaš state and the unification of the major cities of Girsu, Lagaš, and Nigin within one state remain obscure. Present evidence suggests that al-Hiba, the city of Lagaš, reached urban proportions at the beginning of the Early Dynastic I Period. While both Girsu and Nigin seem to have been important centres during the Uruk and Jemdet Nasr periods, only a handful of sherds of these periods from across the entire 600 ha site of al-Hiba have been documented. Fieldwork in coming years will hopefully provide additional information on this early history and the dynamics behind urbanization and fluctuations in settlement patterns. The ceramic assemblage from Early Dynastic  I, mainly from Area G, is of particular interest considering the scarcity of sources for this formative period in Mesopotamian history. The discussion of ceramic

Chapter Five – Conclusions development in Chapter Four reveals that ceramic production during this period was characterized by variety. Whether this reflects low levels of political centralization with production taking place at numerous independent workshops or households remains to be addressed by future research. The ceramic tradition of Early Dynastic I seems to be a continuous development from the previous Jemdet Nasr Period, but without the earlier painted ware and the establishment of new vessel types such as solid footed goblets, a range of deep bowls, and distinct low to medium-necked jars. The alHiba corpus reveals a gradual change from early ED I (Phase L) to late ED I (Phases I and J) and future studies might decide to identify these as different archaeo­ logical periods. Only in the later part of ED I do we see the dominance of pottery types that are hallmarks of the third millennium bce in southern Mesopotamia: pot stands, stemmed dishes, standardized spouted jars and large bowls, high-necked jars, and long-lasting plain small jars. The classic Early Dynastic pottery assemblage is established by the end of ED I and continues with only gradual development for the following centuries. The earliest historical sources for the Lagaš region date to the Early Dynastic III Period when a powerful dynasty maintained direct political control over the three major cities of Girsu, Lagaš, and Nigin. At its height under Eannatum and his immediate successors, the Lagaš state engaged in military conflicts with its closest neighbours Umma to the north and Elam across the headwaters of the Persian Gulf to the east. More often, the Lagaš dynasty fostered trade relations with peoples in the Zagros Mountains, the Trans-Tigridian region as far north as Subartu beyond the Diyala River, and northern Mesopotamia. The ceramic dataset from al-Hiba informs us about these trade connections with the presence of imported vessels in Area C from both the Zagros Mountains and Syria. The quantity of material from this period in Areas A, B, and C, and the increasing standardization of the corpus reflect the centralized political organization. The integration of Lagaš into the Akkadian Empire had pervasive consequences that changed al-Hiba forever. The city itself was for a large part abandoned and contracted to the centre of the site around the Bagara temple complex of Area B. The Early Dynastic ceramic tradition initially continued into the early Akkadian Period (Phases E and F) with the addition of a few ceramic types that might have been introduced from further north. But by the late Akkadian Period (Phase D), the ceramic tradition had changed profoundly.

Avenues for Future Research Spouted jars, pot stands, stemmed dishes, small to medium high-necked jars, and previous types of large bowls completely ceased to be produced. A new, standardized tradition with new types of mass-produced utility ware, cups and beakers, tall jars without a distinct neck or shoulder, and round-bottom storage jars became dominant. Only minor variations that seem typical of the Lagaš region, and possibly influenced by Susa to the east, can be discerned in comparison with the overarching southern Mesopotamian ceramic typo­ logy of the Ur III and Isin-Larsa periods. Eventually, by the end of the Isin-Larsa Period, the site became completely abandoned, never again to occupy a central role in the region.

Avenues for Future Research

In spring of 2019, after a hiatus of 28 years, a team from the University of Pennsylvania, the University of Cambridge, and the Iraq State Board of Antiquities and Heritage, led by Holly Pittman and Augusta McMahon, initiated new fieldwork at al-Hiba under the name of the Lagaš Archaeo­logical Project. While this project does not intend to duplicate the results from the old excavations, the legacy data can guide new research questions or at the very least provide a starting point. Given the legacy data was collected using very different methodo­logies than are current today, reconciling legacy data with data from new fieldwork presents several challenges. In formulating the research questions for the new fieldwork project, ceramic analysis plays a crucial role to address questions of chrono­logy, craft production, socioeconomic organization, and the logistical structures of ancient cities. Lacking most strikingly in this volume is a discussion of ceramic fabrics and techno­ logical production. Such an analysis is impossible based solely on sherd drawings, brief descriptions, and old photo­graphs. Ochsenschlager did include a system for recording a few aspects of pottery fabrics, but the data was too inconsistently recorded to be in any way statistically meaningful. Within the new fieldwork project, Sara Pizzimenti is taking the lead in addressing the question of ceramic production and consumption through detailed recording with a focus not only on typo­logy, but also fabrics and aspects of manufacture. The Lagaš Archaeo­logical Project has formulated a multi-scalar approach that combines twenty-first-century methodo­logies, such as remote sensing, intensive survey, geophysical survey, and a range of scientific

165 analyses of material culture and organic remains in addition to excavation in targeted areas. In this way, the project aims to investigate the emergence of ancient Lagaš as an urban centre within a marsh landscape from the perspective of urban households to the citystate’s regional impact. The study of ceramics provides crucial data points within every level of this research program. The publication of this volume that makes available the ceramic legacy data will hopefully allow the Lagaš Archaeo­logical Project as well as other fieldwork teams active in south Iraq to contextualize their results and operate within a shared strati­graphically anchored ceramic chrono­logy. In this way, publication projects of legacy data in Mesopotamian archaeo­logy are not so much about the discipline’s history as they are looking forward with the aim to provide a reliable interpretive framework that will assist new research in Iraq and beyond.

Plates Type HA (Plates 1–14) 1

Type Number

Phase

Area

Findspot Description

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

b

a

2HP301

G

C

Level IA fill — Room 45

15.8 cm

reddish-yellow

c

6HP161 6HP88

K

G

Level II A Fill

13.2 cm

light brown

d e f

6H74

6HP29

6HP63

L

K

K

g

3HP226

I

i

2H100

J

h j

k

3HP132 2H99

3HP259

l

3HP258

2

Type Number

b

3HP206

J

G

G

G

Level II fill

Level II fill

16 cm

15.2 cm

15.25 cm

light brown brown

light reddish-brown

G

surface cut lower

12 cm

light brown

G

surface cut

16.5 cm

reddish-yellow

Level XI

13.5 cm

light reddish-brown

G

A

A

G

G

Level II fill Level XI

Burial 3HB5

Burial 3HB5

16 cm

14 cm

15 cm

14 cm

yellowish-red

light reddish-brown light brown

light brown

Area

Findspot Description

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

a

1HP18

A

surface

9 cm

medium red

c

6HP62

G

surface cut upper

11 cm

light brown

e

6HP64

G

surface cut upper

12 cm

light brown

A

Level III fill

11.1 cm

reddish-brown

d

2H61

h

3HP260

i j

k

G

6H56

f

g

Phase

Level IV Ash Fill

1H35

G

I

H

1H40

5HP31

6HP57

J

3HP22

I

3HP137

I

3HP83

4HP77

4HP99

5HP530 6HP48

6HP72

G

I

L J

K

K

surface cut

Level VII fill Burial 3HB5

A

cut in level III floor

G

surface cut upper

B

2H98

3HP21

A

Burial 3HB3

A

G

cut in Wall C Level XI

G

Level II

G

Level II fill

G

G

G

Level II fill Level VIII

11.8 cm 11.8 cm 12 cm

13 cm

12 cm 14 cm

11 cm

12 cm

Level VI

B

cut S of Wall C corner

G

Level II B Fill

G

9.5 cm

Level II B floor & fill

yellowish-red

light brown light brown

light brown

brownish-red

light reddish-brown

light brown

light reddish-brown

light brown

light brown

light reddish-brown reddish-yellow

light reddish-brown reddish-yellow

13 cm

light reddish-brown

168

Plates – Type HA

3

Type Number

b

6HP116

a

1HP152

c

3HP312

e

2H270A

d f

2HP8

Phase L

E

G

Area

Findspot Description

A

drain packing

B

Level II B fill

9 cm

C

Burial #9

9.5 cm

G

A

Level I drain

brownish-red

10 cm

reddish-yellow

reddish-yellow

light yellowish-brown

5HP18 (= 5H7)

B

2HP177

G

C

Level IA fill

4

Type Number

Phase

Area

Findspot Description

a

b

2H15

C

floor near surface

light reddish-brown

c

2H71

G

2H128

G

C

Level IB floor — Room 42

light grey

h i j

d e f

g

h i j

3HP316

2H136

2H170

2H259

2HP230

2HP216 2H122 2H54

G

G

G

G G

k

2HP176

G

m

2HP317

G

l

n

1HP26

2HP323

o

2H114

q

2H113B

p

2HP318

r

2H113A

t

2H125

s

u

2H269

2HP10

G

G

G

G

G

v

2H134

G

5

Type Number

Phase

b

3HP197

a

3HP34

J

C

B

C

C

C

C

Burial #9 Level I

10 cm

light brown

G

2H270B

Level IB fill — Room 34

Fabric Description

2HP315

g

C

Level III fill

Rim Diameter

10 cm 9 cm

10 cm 8 cm

Rim Diameter

Level IB floor and fill — Room 4

pale olive

yellowish-red

light reddish-brown pink

light reddish-brown

Fabric Description reddish-brown

Level IB floor — Room 42

dark reddish-brown

Level IB floor — Room 57

pale olive

Level IA fill — Room 46

light olive grey

C

cut in Level IB — Room 22

light reddish-brown

C

cut in Level IB — Room 46

light reddish-brown

C

Level IB floor — Room 10

light reddish-brown

C

C

A C

fill below Level IA — Room 5 Burial 2

very pale brown

Level I floor

light brown

Level IA fill — Room 73

C

Level IB fill — Room 51

C

Burial 5 — cut in Level IB

C

light reddish-brown

reddish-yellow reddish-yellow yellowish-red

Level IB fill — Room 72

reddish-yellow

reddish-yellow

C

Burial 5 — cut in Level IB

strong brown

C

Level IB fill — Room 47

pale yellow

C

Level IB floor — Room 42

A

Level I drain

Area

Findspot Description

C

G

pale olive

reddish-yellow

Level IB fill — Room 43

Level II fill

pale olive

Base Diameter

Fabric Description

10 cm

reddish-yellow

rim: 21 cm

reddish-yellow, core: black

c

6HP9

K

G

Level II fill

10.5 cm

yellowish-red

e

6HP10

K

G

Level II fill

10 cm

yellowish-red

d f

3HP163

3HP239

3HP33

J

J

G

G

Level II fill

Level II fill

11 cm

8 cm

7 cm

yellowish-red, core: light grey

reddish-brown

light brown

169

Plates – Type HA 6

Type Number

Phase

Area

Findspot Description

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

6HP23

L

G

fill below Level III floor

9.5 cm

light brown

c

6HP156

L

G

Level IV fill + floor

10 cm

light brown

e

6H27

K

G

Level II fill

8.9 cm

reddish-yellow

a

b d

6HP155

6HP25

L

f

6HP11

h

6HP114

L

4HP161

K

4HP79

L

g i j

k l

m

6HP27

3HP12

4HP78

3HP241

3HP81B

K

L

G

G

surface

Level III floor + fill

9 cm

9 cm

G

fill against ‘Granary’ wall

G

Level III fill

G

Level VII

G

Level VIII

G

surface cut

base: 3 cm

G

G

G

G

Level II fill

Level VIII

light brown

light brown

8 cm

light reddish-brown

base: 3.2 cm

light brown

8.5 cm

base: 2.5 cm

base: 3 cm

base: 3 cm

base: 3 cm

base: 3 cm

light yellowish-brown

light brown

light grey

reddish-yellow

light brown

light brown

light reddish-brown

4HP118

L

G

Level X

7

Type Number

Phase

Area

Findspot Description

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

b

2HP14

C

cut in Level IA

11 cm

yellowish-red

a

2HP244

c

2HP19

e

2HP282

d

A

1HP203 (= 1H39)

H

1HP72

G

1HP120B

G

Level I drain

base: 8 cm

light reddish-brown

light brown

C

surface

base: 7.6 cm

reddish-yellow

C

Level IA fill — Room 69

16 cm

yellowish-red

A C

A

cut below Level III floor Level II — Room 9

16 cm

base: 9 cm

base: 6.6 cm

brownish-red green-brown

8

Type Number

Phase

Area

Findspot Description

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

a

b

2HP415

C

Level IA fill — Room 74

7 cm

pale yellow

c

2HP239

G

2HP272

G

C

Level IA fill

8 cm

yellowish-red

d e

2HP47

2HP29

G

G

H

C

C

A

Level IB floor — Room 39 Level I fill — Room 7 Level III fill

7 cm

7 cm

17 cm

very pale brown reddish-brown

light reddish-brown

f

2HP271

G

C

Level IA fill — Room 34

11 cm

light reddish-brown

g

3HP55 (= 3H22)

J

G

Level II

15 cm

pale brown

h

3HP196 (= 3H49)

J

G

pottery cache #9

16 cm

reddish-yellow

170

Plates – Type HA

9

Type Number

Phase

Area

Findspot Description

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

a

b

2HP242

2HP279

G

C

Level IB fill — Room 38

9 cm

pale olive

c

2HP310

G

C

Level IB floor + fill — Room 45

8 cm

light brown

d

4HP177

D

B

Loc 32; foundation of Level II B

8 cm

light reddish-brown

e

4HP52 (= 4H63)

E

B

Level III/IV fill, Locus 32

base: 5 cm

f

10 a

4HP214

Type Number 3HP26

G

E

Phase

B

Level IA fill — Room 26

Locus 32; Level III fill

8 cm

7 cm

reddish-red

reddish-yellow

Area

Findspot Description

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

G

surface cut

9 cm

reddish-yellow

G

surface cut

9 cm

reddish-yellow

b

2HP32

d

3HP114

G

surface cut

10 cm

light brown

f

3HP28

G

surface cut

13 cm

light brown

h

2HP334

G

A

Level II

12 cm

pink

2HP82

H

c

e

g i

11

3HP27

J

C

6H63

1HP186 1HP189

A

G

H

A

A

A

Level IX

surface cut

cut below Level III beneath Level III floor Level III floor

10 cm

8.5 cm

13.5 cm 15 cm

14 cm

reddish-yellow

very dark grey to light brown

reddish-brown reddish-brown

light reddish-brown

Type Number

Phase

Area

Findspot Description

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

a

1H59

A

B

Burial 1HB3+4

7.9 cm

grey-green

c

1H83

A

B

surface fill

6 cm

reddish-brown

b d e f

g

h i j

k

1H58

1HP555

1HP523

1HP622

1HP505

1HP536

1HP606

1HP507 5HP10

A

A

A

A

A

A

A

A B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

Burial 1HB2 Level II

surface layer Level IV fill

surface layer Level II fill Level I fill

surface layer Level I

7 cm

7 cm

7 cm

6 cm

base: 1.7 cm

base: 2.7 cm

base: 1.6 cm base: 5 cm

base: 7 cm

reddish-brown

reddish-brown

reddish-brown

reddish-brown buff brown

reddish-brown

reddish-brown

reddish-brown

light reddish-brown

171

Plates – Type HA 12

Type Number

Phase

Area

Findspot Description

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

a

1HP616

A

B

surface

12 cm

reddish-brown

c

1HP618

A

B

surface

8.5 cm

grey-green

b d e f

13

1HP583

1HP501

1HP517

1HP559

A

A

A

A

B

B

B

B

Level III fill Level I fill surface

beneath surface layer

7 cm

base: 8 cm 9.5 cm

base: 6 cm

reddish-brown reddish-brown

reddish-brown

reddish-brown

Type Number

Phase

Area

Findspot Description

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

a

1HP540

A

B

Level I fill

8 cm

light grey-green

b

2HP118

G

C

Level IB fill

base: 4.4 cm

reddish-yellow

d

2HP243

G

C

Level IA floor — Room 36

9.4 cm

light reddish-brown

c

14

2HP407

G

C

Level IA fill — Room 70

9 cm

light brownish-grey

Type Number

Phase

Area

Findspot Description

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

a

4HP139

J

G

Level VI

9 cm

light reddish-brown

c

4HP50

J

b

2HP337

C

G

surface

Level IV

7 cm

9 cm

pale yellow light red

172

Plates – Type HA

Plate ...

a

b

c

d

e

f

g

h

i

j

k

l

Plate 1. Type HA-1a: Conical beaker (ratio 1.5:5). Type HA-1a:

conical beaker (scale 1.5:5)

5 cm

Plates – Type HA

Plate ...

a

b

c

d

e

f

g

h

i Plate 2. Type HA-1a: Conical beaker cont’d 1.5:5).conical Type (ratio HA-1a:

j beaker cont’d (scale 1.5:5)

k 5 cm

173

174

Plates – Type HA

Plate ...

a

b

c

d

e

f

g

h

i

j

Plate 3. Type HA-1b: Conical beaker with narrow foot (ratio 1.5:5). Type HA-1b: conical beaker with

narrow foot (scale 1.5:5)

5 cm

Plate ...

a

b

c

d

e

f

g

h

i

j

k

l

m

p

q

t Plate 4. Type HA-1c: Small, crudeType conicalHA-1c: beaker (ratio 1.5:5). small, crude

n

o

r

u conical beaker (scale 1.5:5)

s

v 5 cm

176

Plates – Type HA

a

b

c

d

e

f

Plate 5. Type HA-2: Large, coarse beaker (ratio 1.5:5).

5 cm

Plates – Type HA

Plate ...

a

e

i

b

c

f

g

j

Plate 6. Type HA-3: Solid footed goblet (ratio Type2:5). HA-3:

k solid footed goblet (scale 2:5)

d

h

l

m 5 cm

177

178

Plates – Type HA

Plate ...

a

b

d Plate 7. Type HA-4: Tall beakerType with flaring 2:5).with HA-4:mouth tall (ratio beaker

c

e flaring mouth (scale 2:5)

5 cm

Plates – Type HA

Plate ...

a

b

c

d

e

f Type HA-5: globular cup (scale 2:5)

g

Plate 8. Type HA-5 (above): Globular cup; Type HA-6 (below): Round-bottom beaker (ratio 2:5). Type HA-6:

h

round-bottom beaker (scale 2:5)

5 cm

179

180

Plates – Type HA

Plate ...

a

b

c

Type HA-7: small cup with bulbous rim (scale 2:5)

d

f e Plate 9. Type HA-7 (above): Small cup with bulbous rim; Type HA-8 (below): Tubular cup (ratio 2:5).Type HA-8:

tubular cup (scale 2:5)

5 cm

Plates – Type HA

Plate ...

a

b

e c

d

f

g

h

i

Plate 10. Type HA-9: Carinated cup (ratio 2:5). Type

HA-9: carinated cup (scale 2:5)

5 cm

181

182

Plates – Type HA

a

b

d f c

e

g

h

j

i

k

Plate 11. Type HA-10 (a–b): Footed cup; Type HA-10a (c–e): Cup with flat string-cut foot; Type HA-10b (g–i): Cup with small pedestal base; Type HA-10c (j–k): Cup with very low carination (ratio 2:5).

5 cm

Plates – Type HA

Plate ...

a

b

c

d

e

f

Plate 12. Type HA-11: Footed, cylindrical (ratiofooted, 2:5). Typegoblet HA-11:

cylindrical goblet (scale 2:5)

5 cm

183

184

Plates – Type HA

Plate ...

a

Type HA-12: fine globular cup with stepped shoulder (scale 2:5)

b

c

d

Plate 13. Type HA-12 (above): Fine globular cup with stepped shoulder; Type HA-13 (below): Squat cup with HA-13: low carination (ratio 2:5). Type squat cup with low

carination (scale 2:5)

5 cm

Plates – Type HA

Plate ...

a

b

Plate 14. Type HA miscellaneous (ratio 2:5). Type

c

HA - miscellaneous (scale 2:5)

5 cm

185

186

Plates – Type HB

Type HB (Plates 15–24) 15 a

Type Number 3HP59 (= 3H16)

Phase

b

2H21

G

d

6HP126

K

c

e

3HP336

3HP41 (= 3H23)

E

Area

Findspot Description

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

G

cut from surface

15 cm

pink to light brown

B

Level IIB fill

16 cm

C

G

G

Level IA floor — Room 11 Level II fill

surface cut

14.8 cm

light reddish-brown

14 cm

light brown

18.5 cm

reddish-yellow

f

2HP23 (= 2H12)

A

drain

18.3 cm

yellowish-red

h

3HP79 (= 3H17)

G

cut from surface

18 cm

light brown

G

surface cut

17.8 cm

very pale brown

B

Level II fill

19 cm

g

2HP11 (= 2H10)

i

1H34

k

3HP341

j

l

6H55

A

H

3HP339

E

Type Number

a

2H263

c

6H53

m

16 b d e f

g

h i

3HP42 (= 3H18)

4HP30 2H111

3HP317

surface cut

Phase

Area

G

G G

3HP117 (= 3H27)

G

l

2HP326

G

n

1HP37

m o

1HP36

3HP318 2H53

G

18 cm

grey-green to red

Findspot Description

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

C

Level IB fill — Room 50

15.7 cm

yellowish-red

G

surface cut

14 cm

very pale brown

12.8 cm

pink

B C

G

1HP1

15 cm

reddish-yellow

light brown

G

3HP208

17 cm

19 cm

B

j

k

Level IV fill

G

4HP35 (= 4H26B)

3HP256

A

Level I drain

Level III fill

Level IB fill — Room 50

cut

Burial X

17 cm

15 cm

light reddish-brown yellowish-red

14.7 cm

reddish-yellow

14.2 cm

light brown

14 cm

light brown

G

3HB5

15 cm

light brown

A

drain packing

22 cm

brown

A

drain packing

A C

C

Level II

Level IA fill — Room 73

Level IB floor — Room 10

19.5 cm 26 cm

21 cm

20 cm

21.5 cm

medium red yellowish-red

reddish-yellow

greenish

reddish-yellow

187

Plates – Type HB 17 a

b c

d

Type Number

Phase

Area

Findspot Description

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

1H31

H

A

Level III

24 cm

reddish-brown

2HP4

3HP313 (= 3H77)

3HP323 (= 3H76)

1H124

1HP112

2H112

G

E

E

G

G

A

Level I fill

21.2 cm

light red

A

cut in level I

19.5 cm

reddish-brown

B

A

C

Level IIB fill

Level II

Level IB fill — Room 47

G

C

Level IB fill — Room 47

2H262

G

C

Level IB fill — Room 56

2HP2

2HP22

G

H

2HP257

G

2HP364

G

2HP30

3HP109

3HP143

3HP252

G

G

3HP254

G

3HP255

3HP319

3HP333

3HP338

G

E

G

B

3HB3

3HB3

3HB5

3HB5

3HB5

3HB5

3HB5

3HB5

Level IIB floor

B

6H54

6H57

14 cm

24 cm

20 cm

14 cm

14 cm

13 cm

13.4 cm

15.4 cm

15 cm

15 cm

14.6 cm

16.4 cm

15 cm

16 cm

19 cm

reddish-yellow

light brown

light grey

reddish-yellow

reddish-yellow

light brown

light grey

light brown

light brown

light brown

light brown

light brown

light brown

light brown

light brown

light brown

reddish-yellow

pale yellow

20 cm 21 cm

3HP352 6H52

26.6 cm

15 cm

3HP340 3HP50B

reddish-yellow

14 cm

surface cut

pale yellow

19.5 cm

18 cm

cut from Level II or above

burial X

brownish-red

light olive brown

14 cm

G

pink

17 cm

below Level IB floor — Room 59

G

3HP253

20.5 cm

C

A

G

3HP251

Level III fill

16 cm

Level IB floor — Room 4

G

3HP205

3HP310 (= 3H78)

A

Level II floor

21.5 cm

C

G

3HP204

3HP259B

A

G

3HP149 (= 3H33)

light brown

Level II fill

2H133

2H261

20 cm

B

18 cm G

G

G

surface cut

surface cut

surface cut

18.6 cm

12.4 cm

15.7 cm

14.8 cm

very pale brown

reddish-yellow

very pale brown

188

Plates – Type HB

18

Type Number

Phase

Area

Findspot Description

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

a

2H105

G

C

Level IB floor — Room 43

7.8 cm

reddish-yellow

c

2H267

C

cut in Level IA — Room 46

10 cm

light yellowish-brown

C

Level IB fill — Room 4

10 cm

light reddish-brown

b d e f

g

h i j

k l

2H17

2H265

G

2H127

G

2H60

2H115

2H110

2H121

2H266

2H264 2H72

m

2HP21

19

Type Number

a c

b

20

G

G

G

G

G

C C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

Level IB fill — Room 14

Level IA fill + floor — Room 87 Level IA fill — Room 42

Level IB floor — Room 48 Level IB fill — Room 48

cut in Level IB — Room 46

cut in Level IA — Room 46 Level IA fill — Room 53

surface

7.9 cm 10 cm

11 cm

11 cm

11.5 cm

11.5 cm

11 cm

12.5 cm

13 cm

light reddish-brown yellowish-red

reddish-yellow

reddish-yellow light grey

very pale brown

yellowish-red

reddish-yellow

yellowish-red

A

cut in Level I

12.4 cm

reddish-yellow

Phase

Area

Findspot Description

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

1HP589

A

A

surface

20 cm

reddish-brown

1H61

A

B

burial

18.2 cm

reddish-brown

1H60

A

B

Burial 1HB5

17.75 cm

reddish-brown

Type Number

Phase

Area

Findspot Description

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

a

4HP6

C

B

fill above Level I

17 cm

reddish-yellow

c

1HP624

A

B

Level IV fill

20 cm

reddish-brown

d

4HP123

J

G

Level IV

14 cm

light yellowish-brown

b

e

3HP353

6HP24

L

B

G

Level III fill + floor

20 cm

18.5 cm

yellow

189

Plates – Type HB 21

Type Number

Phase

Area

Findspot Description

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

a

5HP523 (= 5H19A)

B

B

Burial 5HB9

11.5 cm

very pale brown

c

5HP525 (= 5H19C)

B

B

Burial 5HB9

10 cm

light reddish-brown

b d e f

g

5HP524 (= 5H19B)

5HP526 (= 5H19D) 5HP527 (= 5H19E) 5HP507

5HP554

B

B

B

h

5HP513 (= 5H20A)

B

j

5HP515 (= 5H20C)

B

i

k l

m n o

p q r s t

22

5HP514 (= 5H20B)

5HP516 (= 5H20D) 5HP517 (= 5H20E) 5HP518 (= 5H20F)

5HP519 (= 5H20G)

5HP520 (= 5H20H) 5HP521 (= 5H20I) 4HP510 (= 4H22)

1HP529

B

B

B

B

B

B

B A

B

B

B

B

Burial 5HB9

Burial 5HB9

Burial 5HB9

surface

10.8 cm

11 cm

light reddish-brown

light reddish-brown

light reddish-brown

cut in Gudea fill

15 cm

light reddish-brown

B

Burial 5HB9

14.2 cm

light reddish-brown

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

Burial 5HB9

Burial 5HB9

Burial 5HB9

Burial 5HB9

Burial 5HB9

Burial 5HB9

Burial 5HB9

Burial 5HB9

B

surface

B

G

C

Level IA Fill — Room 25

2HP128

G

C

Level IA fill — Room 18

G

9.7 cm

very pale brown

B

2HP140

2HP135

9.5 cm

C

Level IB fill — Room 11

16.8 cm 18 cm

16.2 cm

18.5 cm

19.2 cm

18.2 cm

17.6 cm

17.4 cm

15.3 cm

light reddish-brown

light reddish-brown

light reddish-brown

light reddish-brown

light reddish-brown

light reddish-brown

light reddish-brown

light reddish-brown light red

15 cm

reddish-brown

30 cm

very pale brown to yellow

19 cm

15.8 cm

strong brown

reddish-yellow

Type Number

Phase

Area

Findspot Description

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

a

1HP590

A

B

surface

16 cm

reddish-brown

b

1HP500

A

B

18.5 cm

reddish-brown

c

3HP265

B

19 cm

pale yellow

d

1HP597

A

B

fill under surface

Type Number

Phase

Area

Findspot Description

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

a

2HP163

H

A

Level III Fill

10 cm

light brownish-grey

c

3HP214

J

G

Level II fill

40 cm

grey

23 b d

24 a

b c

d

3HP190

6HP124

J

K

G

G

Type Number

Phase

Area

2HP443

G

C

2HP87

6HP145

4HP160

G

L

K

C

G

G

Level II fill

Locus 58; Level II Fill

Findspot Description

Level III fill + floor Level VII

21 cm

23 cm

54 cm

reddish-brown, core: blueish grey

light grey

light brown, core: dark grey

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

8 cm

pale yellow

11.5 cm

pale yellow

18 cm

light reddish-brown

13 cm

dark grey

190

Plates – Type HB

Plate ...

a

b

d

c

e

g

f

h

i

j

k

l

m

Plate 15. Type HB-1a: Conical bowl (ratio 1.5:5).HB-1a: Type

conical bowl (scale 1.5:5)

5 cm

Plates – Type HB

Plate ...

a

b

c

d

e

f

g

h

i

j

k

l

m

n

o

Plate 16. Type HB-1a: Conical bowl cont’d (ratio 1.5:5). Type HB-1a:

conical bowl cont’d (scale 1.5:5)

5 cm

191

192

Plates – Type HB

Plate ...

a

b

c

d

Plate 17. Type HB-1a: Conical bowlType cont’d HB-1a: (ratio 1.5:5). conical

bowl cont’d (scale 1.5:5)

5 cm

Plates – Type HB

Plate ...

a

b

c

d

e

f

g

h

i

j

k

Plate 18. Type HB-1b: Small, crudeType conical bowl (ratio 1.5:5).crude HB-1b: small,

l

conical bowl (scale 1.5:5)

m

5 cm

193

194

Plates – Type HB

Plate ...

a

b

c

Plate 19. Type HB-1c: SlightlyType rounded conical slightly bowl (ratiorounded 2:5). HB-1c:

conical bowl (scale 2:5)

5 cm

195

Plates – Type HB

a

b

c

d

e Plate 20. Type HB-2 (above): Conical bowl with bevelled rim; Type HB-3 (below): Bevelled rim bowl (ratio 2:5).

5 cm

Plate ... a

b

c g

d

e

h

f

i

j

k

l

m

n

o

p

q

r

s Plate 21. Type HB-4a: Carinated conical bowl (ratiocarinated 1.5:5). Type HB-4a:

t conical bowl (scale 1.5:5)

5 cm

197

Plates – Type HB

a

b

c

d

Plate 22. Type HB-4b (above): Conical bowl with very small carinated rim; Type HB-6 (below): Inwardly bevelled rim bowl (ratio 2:5).

5 cm

198

Plates – Type HB

Plate ...

a

b

c

d

Plate 23. Type HB-5: Greyware bowl (ratio 1:5). HB-5: Type

greyware bowl (scale 1:5)

5 cm

199

Plates – Type HB

a

b

c

d

Plate 24. Type HB miscellaneous (ratio 2:5).

5 cm

200

Plates – Types HC and HD

Types HC and HD (Plates 25–28) 25

Type Number

Phase

Area

Findspot Description

Diameter

Fabric Description

a

2HP307

G

C

Level IB foundation fill

9.5 cm

brown

c

3HP139 (= 3H35)

G

cut from surface

10 cm

light reddish-brown

10.5 cm

light reddish-brown

b d e f

g

h i j

k l

m n o

2H23

6H65

G

3HP138 (= 3H36)

I

3HP158

I

3HP44 (= 3H42)

I

6H68

3HP43 (= 3H40) 6H36

6H25

6H30

6H35

6H24

6H23

2H101

3HP32

3HP60 (= 3H38)

3HP106 (= 3H41)

3HP140 (= 3H39)

3HP147 (= 3H37)

I

K

K

K

K

K L J

I

3HP232

I

3HP234

I

3HP233 (= 3H50) 3HP304

4HP46 (= 4H60)

6H31

6H33

I

I K

6H64

6HP84

K

Level IIA fill

10.4 cm

light brown

10.2 cm

light brown

G

Level II fill + floor

9.8 cm

reddish-yellow

G

G

G

G

G

G

G

G

A

G

Level II fill

Level II fill + floor Level II fill

Level II fill

Level II fill

Level II fill

Level II fill

Level III fill

Level X foundation fill

10 cm

9.5 cm

10.5 cm 9.1 cm

9.9 cm

9.2 cm

10.2 cm

10.4 cm 9 cm

10.5 cm

reddish-yellow

reddish-yellow

reddish-yellow

very pale brown reddish-yellow

reddish-yellow pale brown

reddish-yellow red

light brown

G

cut from Level I or above

10.2 cm

light reddish-brown

G

cut from surface

10 cm

reddish-yellow

G

below Level IIA floor

10.5 cm

reddish-yellow

G

cut from Level I or above

10.25 cm

reddish-yellow

G

Level II fill

10.3 cm

light brown

G

G

G

Level II fill

Level II fill

Level II fill

G

surface

G

surface

G

G

K

surface cut

10 cm

surface cut

G

6H70

Level II fill

G

G

6H69

6HP3

G

G

6H67

6H86

G

G

6H66

6H71

A

11 cm

11 cm

10 cm

level II fill

surface cut

surface cut

surface cut

surface cut

surface cut

pink

reddish-yellow

reddish-yellow

yellowish-brown strong brown

10 cm

11 cm

10 cm

11.4 cm

12.5 cm

light brown

very pale brown

light brown

light reddish-brown

light brown

light brown

G

surface cut

9.5 cm

very pale brown

G

Level IIA floor

9.3 cm

reddish-brown

G

G

Level II fill

surface cut

10.5 cm 12 cm

very pale brown light brown

201

Plates – Types HC and HD 26

Type Number

Phase

Area

Findspot Description

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

1HP143

G

A

Level II

15 cm

reddish-brown

2HP5

H

2HP7

H

A

Level III

10.5 cm

light reddish-brown

c

2HP218

C

G

Level IB floor — Room 19

9 cm

dark reddish-grey

d

2H171

C

Surface layer

8.3 cm

reddish-yellow

e

2HP213

G

C

Level IB fill

10 cm

reddish-brown

f

6HP115

L

G

Level III fill

7 cm

light brown

Type Number

Phase

Area

Findspot Description

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

G

surface cut

10.7 cm

light brown

G

surface cut

6.8 cm

light brown

a

b

3HP8

2HP6

g

27 a

b

2HP16

6HP61

6HP151

H

G

L

6HP66 c

G

surface cut

5.8 cm

light brown

A

Level III

6.5 cm

light brown

A

A

G

Level III

cut in level II

Level III fill

7.5 cm

9.6 cm

9.5 cm

light brown

light brown

light brown

2H172B

G

C

Level IA floor — Room 58

2.5 cm

very pale brown

Type Number

Phase

Area

Findspot Description

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

a

6HP142

K

G

Level II fill

light brown

b

2HP354

C

surface

yellowish-red

d

28

2H173

G

C

Level IA fill — Room 65

3 cm

yellowish-red

Plate ...

a

b

c

d

e

f

g

h

i

j

k

l

m

n

o

Plate 25. Type HC-1: Jar stopper (ratio 2:5).Type

HC-1: jar stoppers (scale 2:5)

5 cm

203

Plates – Types HC and HD

a

b

c

d

e

f

g

Plate 26. Type HC-2a (a–b): Sinuous-sided lid cap; Type HC-2b (c–d): Small, conical lid cap; Type HC-2c (e): Lid cap with flaring rim; Type HC-2 (f–g): Miscellaneous (ratio 2:5).

5 cm

204

Plates – Types HC and HD

Plate ...

a

b

Type HC-3: lid with handle (scale 3:5)

c

Plate 27. Type HC-3 (above): Lid with handle; Type HC-4 (below): Small jar plug (ratio Type 3:5).

d

HC-4: small jar plug (scale 3:5)

5 cm

205

Plates – Types HC and HD

a

b Plate 28. Type HD-1 (above): Funnel; Type HD-2 (below): Colander (ratio 2:5).

5 cm

206

Plates – Type HE

Type HE (Plates 29–37) 29

Type Number

Phase

Area

Findspot Description

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

a

4HP94

J

G

Level VI

26 cm

light reddish-brown

c

3HP182

G

surface

27 cm

reddish-yellow

G

Level III floor + fill

32 cm

light reddish-brown

b d e

30 a

b

3HP51

2HP285

I

6HP8

L

3HP160

I

1HP527

Type Number

A

Phase

3HP1

4HP34

c

6H4

I

e

4HP57

K

d

31

6HP149

K

G

C

B

Level II

surface

27 cm

reddish-yellow

reddish-yellow

reddish-brown, core: black

G

Level II

reddish-yellow

Area

Findspot Description

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

G

cut from surface

24 cm

light brown

G

surface

24.5 cm

pale brown

G

Level II fill

28 cm

light brown, core: grey

G

G

upper fill Level VII

24 cm

36 cm

light yellowish-brown

Type Number

Phase

Area

Findspot Description

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

a

6HP139

K

G

Level II fill

23 cm

pale brown

c

3HP50

I

G

Level II

22 cm

light yellowish-brown

b d e

32 a

b c

3HP201 (= 3H34) 6H5

6H26

Type Number 1HP34

2HP346

2HP347

I

K

Phase G

G

G

G

G

Level II fill Level II floor

22 cm

28 cm

red

28 cm

reddish-yellow

Area

Findspot Description

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

A

drain packing

48 cm

reddish-brown, core: grey

A

C

surface layer

Level IA fill — Room 69

54 cm

66 cm

pale olive

yellowish-red

207

Plates – Type HE 33

Type Number

Phase

Area

Findspot Description

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

a

4HP7

D

B

Level II fill

46 cm

light reddish-brown

c

4HP25

D

B

Level IIB fill

60 cm

light reddish-brown

b d e f

g

h

4HP5

2HP341

2HP343

2HP344

2HP348

2HP345 1HP33

1HP35

D G

G

G

G

G

B C

C

C

C

C

A

Level II floor + fill Level IB fill

Level IA fill — Room 17

42 cm

Level IA fill — Room 70

52 cm

Level IA fill — Room 29 beneath Level IA floor

drain packing

A

drain packing

C

Level IB floor — Room 20

light reddish-brown reddish-yellow

reddish-yellow

44 cm

yellowish-red

reddish-yellow

80 cm

pale olive

grey-green

brownish-red

2HP340

G

Type Number

Phase

Area

Findspot Description

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

a

1HP625

A

B

Level IV fill

23 cm

reddish-brown

c

1HP518

A

B

surface fill

23 cm

reddish-brown

d

1HP631

A

B

sand fill

30 cm

reddish-grey green

Findspot Description

2HP381

34 b

35

1HP531

G

A

C

30 cm

B

Level IA fill

Level II fill

reddish-yellow

25 cm

reddish-brown

Type Number

Phase

Area

a

1HP619

A

B

b

1HP626

A

B

surface fill

Type Number

Phase

Area

Findspot Description

Base Diameter

Fabric Description

B

fill

17 cm–25.4 cm

light reddish-brown, core: black

C

Level IA fill — Room 61

21.5 cm–27.5 cm

light reddish-brown

c

36 a

b c

37 a

b c

1HP596

5HP549

A

2HP403

G

3HP48

I

2HP283

Type Number 6HP86

2HP342

3HP263

G

Phase H

B

C

G

Area G

A

B

surface fill

Level IB fill — Room 77 Level II fill

Findspot Description Level III

surface

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

27 cm

reddish-brown

24 cm

grey-green

23.5 cm

16 cm

grey-green

reddish-yellow

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

75 cm

light brown, core: grey black

120 cm

pale olive

light brown

a

b

c

d

e Plate 29. Type HE-1: Plain flat tray (ratio 2:5).

5 cm

Plate ...

a

b

c

d

e Plate 30. Type HE-2: Flat tray with internal ring (ratio 2:5). Type HE-2: flat tray

with internal ring (scale 2:5)

5 cm

Plate ...

a

b

c

d

e

Plate 31. Type HE-2: Flat trayType with internal HE-2: ring flatcont’d tray (ratio with 2:5). internal

ring cont’d (scale 2:5)

5 cm

211

Plates – Type HE

a

b

c

Plate 32. Type HE-3: Very low flat tray (ratio 1:5).

10 cm

a

b

c

d

e

f

g

h Plate 33. Type HE-3: Very low flat tray cont’d (ratio 1:5).

10 cm

213

Plates – Type HE

a

b

c

d

Plate 34. Type HE-4a (a–c): Bowl-tray with flat rim; Type HE-4b (d): Bowl-tray with flat rim and finished base (ratio 2:5).

5 cm

214

Plates – Type HE

a

b

c

Plate 35. Type HE-5 (above): Bowl-tray with plain rounded rim; Type HE-6 (below): Basin with bevelled triangular rim (ratio 2:5).

5 cm

Plates – Type HE

Plate ...

a

b Plate 36. Type HE-7: Coarse oval tray (ratioType 1:5).

c HE-7 - coarse oval tray (scale 1:5)

10 cm

215

216

Plates – Type HE

a

b

c

Plate 37. Type HE miscellaneous (ratio 1:8).

10 cm

217

Plates – Type HF

Type HF (Plates 38–68) 38

Type Number

Phase

Area

Findspot Description

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

a

1HP50

G

A

Level II

25 cm

light brown

c

3HP76

I

G

cut below Level II floor

32 cm

light brown

b d e f

g

h i j

1HP61

2HP303

6HP108 6HP2 6H85

6HP143 6HP33

4HP92

3HP242

4HP518

39

H J

J

J

K

K L

L I

A A G

G

G

G

G

G

G

Level IV fill Level X fill Level I fill

Level I Fill

Level IIB floor Level II fill

Level III floor + fill Level XIV

Level II fill

22 cm

29.5 cm 31 cm

41 cm

28.6 cm 36 cm

40 cm

40 cm

23 cm

60 cm

brownish-red reddish-yellow light brown

light brown

light brown

light brown, core: grey light brown

reddish-yellow light brown

Type Number

Phase

Area

Findspot Description

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

a

1HP201

H

A

Level III fill

18 cm

grey-green

c

6HP53

K

G

Level IIA fill

51.2 cm

light brown

b

40

1HP96

G

A

fill under surface

23 cm

reddish-brown

Type Number

Phase

Area

Findspot Description

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

a

6HP98

L

G

Level III fill + floor

36 cm

light brown

c

6HP135

K

G

Level II fill

45.5 cm

light brown

b d

41 a

b

42 a

3HP111 6HP99

I

L

G

G

Level II fill

Level III fill + floor

light brown

Phase

Area

Findspot Description

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

4HP31

C

B

Level I fill

40 cm

pale brown

Type Number

Phase

Area

Findspot Description

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

4HP129

3HP334

J

G

Level IV

4HP90

D

B

Level II B fill

d

4HP508

C

B

OB libn + fill

43

40 cm

strong brown

Type Number

b c

40 cm

4HP142

D

B

Level II B fill

46 cm

21 cm

light reddish-brown

31 cm

reddish-yellow

40 cm

yellowish-red

36 cm

light reddish-brown

Type Number

Phase

Area

Findspot Description

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

a

2HP184

G

C

Level IA fill — Room 18

22 cm

yellowish-red

c

1HP181

G

A

Level II

36 cm

reddish-brown

b d

1HP44

3HP218

G I

A G

Level II

Level II fill

28 cm

29 cm

brown

light brown

218

43 e f

Plates – Type HF Type Number

Phase

Area

Findspot Description

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

3HP175

I

G

Level II fill

28 cm

light brown, core: light grey

3HP121

1HP69

G

cut from surface

A

33 cm

light brown

34 cm

pink

30 cm

reddish-brown

1HP196

G

A

Level II

Type Number

Phase

Area

Findspot Description

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

a

3HP62

I

G

Level II fill

34 cm

light brown

c

2HP81

H

e

3HP180

1HP224

44 b d f

g

2HP154 4HP110

K

3HP13

I

1HP223

H

3HP156

4HP159

4HP526

45

H

I

J

A

Level IV fill

16 cm

grey-green brown

A

drain

34 cm

very pale brown

G

Level VII

43 cm

light grey

A

Level IV fill

G

surface

G

Level II fill + floor

G

A G

Level II fill

drain packing Level IV

35 cm

39 cm

52 cm

49 cm

36.5 cm 30 cm

reddish-yellow pale olive

reddish-yellow, core: grey

reddish-yellow, core: grey reddish-brown

light reddish-brown

Type Number

Phase

Area

Findspot Description

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

a

4HP187

J

G

Level X

21 cm

light reddish-brown

c

4HP146

I

G

Level VII

44 cm

light reddish-brown

b

46

4HP86

I

G

Level VII

30 cm

greyish-brown

Type Number

Phase

Area

Findspot Description

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

a

4HP193

J

G

Level IV

42 cm

light reddish-brown

c

2HP75

H

A

Level III

38 cm

yellowish-red

b d e f

g

6HP5

3HP10

6HP103

6HP163

K

L

G

G

Level II floor surface cut

46 cm

42 cm

light reddish-brown light brown

G

surface cut

42 cm

light brown

52 cm

light reddish-brown, core: grey

G

Level IV fill + floor

42 cm

light brown

3HP112

H

G

cut from Level I or above

Type Number

Phase

Area

Findspot Description

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

a

6HP97

L

G

Level III fill

36 cm

light brown

c

3HP238

I

G

Level II fill

42 cm

light reddish-brown

47 b d e f

g

3HP237 4HP40

2HP69

3HP159

1HP169 3HP68

I

J

H I

G

G

G

A G

A

Level II fill

Level III fill + floor Level III fill Level II fill Level II

38 cm

40 cm

40 cm

48 cm

47 cm

46 cm

reddish-yellow

light reddish-brown pink

reddish-yellow green-grey red

reddish-yellow

219

Plates – Type HF 47

Type Number

Phase

Area

Findspot Description

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

3HP144

H

G

cut from level I or above

40 cm

light brown

4HP87

K

G

Level VII

34 cm

reddish-yellow

3HP216 4HP105

4HP138

6HP117

48

I

J

J

K

G

G

G

G

Level II fill Level IV

Level VI

Level II fill

36 cm

20 cm

40 cm

40 cm

light yellowish-brown light reddish-brown light brownish-grey light brown

Type Number

Phase

Area

Findspot Description

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

a

2HP73

G

A

cut in Level III

44 cm

reddish-yellow

c

3HP153

I

G

Level II

38 cm

reddish-yellow

b d e f

49

3HP155 1HP76

1HP120

2HP139

I

G

G I

G

A

A

A

Level II

Level II

Level II floor Level VIII

40 cm

40 cm

22 cm

60 cm

pale yellow

reddish-brown brownish-red pale yellow

Type Number

Phase

Area

Findspot Description

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

a

3HP134

I

G

Level II fill

44 cm

pink

c

2HP26

H

A

Level IV fill

59 cm

very pale brown

b

50

3HP220

I

G

Level II fill

50 cm

reddish-yellow

Type Number

Phase

Area

Findspot Description

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

a

3HP109B

I

G

Level II

40 cm

reddish-yellow

c

2HP67

H

A

Level III fill

e

1HP171

G

A

Level II floor

b d

3HP15

3HP108

1HP119 2HP3

2HP78

I

H

G

G

A

A

A

Level II

cut in Level III

2HP105

H

A

Level III fill

2HP161

G

C

cut in Level IB

2HP121

2HP165

2HP174

H G

2HP259

H

3HP173

H

3HP72B 3HP225 6HP34

6HP93

J I

K

A C

A

Level III

54 cm

reddish-yellow

50 cm

light brown

56 cm

68 cm

84 cm

48 cm

light grey

greenish-grey

reddish-brown

reddish-yellow

36 cm

reddish-yellow

106 cm

reddish-yellow, core: black

49 cm

Level IA fill — Room 7

light brownish-grey light grey

pale brown

light reddish-brown

A

drain cut

52 cm

G

cut in Level I

53 cm

light brown

34 cm

light brown

G

G

G

G

Level IV fill Level II

surface

Level IIB fill

40 cm

48 cm 49 cm

light brown

reddish-yellow light brown, core: grey

220

51

Plates – Type HF Type Number

Phase

Area

Findspot Description

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

a

1HP159

H

A

Level III fill

42 cm

reddish-brown

c

6HP1

J

G

Level I fill

40 cm

red

42 cm

reddish-yellow

b d e

52 a

2HP178B 2HP437

2HP228

Type Number 3HP99

H

Phase

b

4HP198

E

d

2HP409

G

c

e f

3HP276 2HP71

2HP72 3HP7

3HP125

E

G

H

4HP41

I

5HP13

B

4HP215 5HP19

D

A

Level IV floor

35 cm

40 cm

yellowish-red

Area

Findspot Description

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

G

cut from Level I or above

36 cm

light brown

B

Level II fill

34 cm

brownish-yellow

B C

A

A

G

Level III

Level IB fill on floor — Room 42 Level II fill

Level IV fill

surface cut

34 cm

36 cm

38 cm

39.5 cm

28 cm

light reddish-brown brown

reddish-yellow

reddish-yellow

pink

G

surface cut

50 cm

reddish-yellow

B

Level IIA fill

40 cm

light reddish-brown

G B

Level II and above Level I fill

38 cm

36 cm

pale olive

B

cut

51 cm

very pale brown

5HP546

B

Type Number

Phase

Area

Findspot Description

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

a

4HP115

J

G

cut in Level IV

18 cm

light brown

c

4HP158

D

B

Level IIB floor

20 cm

very pale brown

53 b d e

1HP222

2HP349

2HP275 1HP17

1HP42

H G

G

1HP109

G

1HP168

G

1HP133

2HP178

3HP172

4HP108

4HP128

4HP153

4HP181

4HP507 5HP23

G

G I

J

J

D

D C

C

B

A C

C

A

Level IA

drain packing

Level IB fill — Room 31

Level IA floor — Room 20

drain

32 cm

24 cm

26.5 cm 26 cm

22 cm

light reddish-brown

reddish-brown yellowish-red

yellowish-red

medium red

A

drain packing

22 cm

reddish-brown

A

fill below Level II

20 cm

reddish-brown

A

A

A G

G

G B

B

B

B

Level II fill

Level II fill

surface fill

cut from Level I or above Level IV

Level IV

Level IIB

Level IIB fill

fill below OB

fill in Gudea level

27 cm

23 cm

24 cm

25 cm

27 cm

22 cm

27 cm

24 cm

24 cm

14 cm

reddish-brown brownish-red

yellowish-red strong brown

light reddish-brown

light yellowish-brown light reddish-brown

light reddish-brown reddish-yellow pale yellow

221

Plates – Type HF 54

Type Number

Phase

Area

Findspot Description

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

a

4HP134

L

G

Level VII

34 cm

light brown

c

4HP179

E

B

Level III fill

34 cm

light reddish-brown

b d e

2HP215 1HP21

2HP264

G

2HP214

G

1HP179

3HP283

3HP309

4HP195 4HP20

4HP202

4HP210 5HP5

55

G

G

D E

C

C E

E

B

C

A c

A

A B

B

B

B

B

B

B

Level IB fill — Room 7 drain packing

Level IA fill — Room 12 Level II fill drain

Level I fill

Level IIA fill Level I

Level I fill Level III

Level III fill Level I

38 cm

32 cm

37 cm

36 cm

38 cm

37 cm

31.5 cm 38 cm

31 cm

36 cm

34 cm

30 cm

pale olive

medium red

reddish-yellow brownish-red

greyish-brown strong brown

reddish-yellow

light reddish-brown reddish-yellow

light reddish-brown brown

light reddish-brown

Type Number

Phase

Area

Findspot Description

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

a

3HP236

I

G

Level II fill

48 cm

light brown

c

3HP46

I

e

3HP289

E

1HP148

H

b d f

1HP184 3HP152

6HP6

3HP165

3HP277

K I

A G

G

drain packing Level II fill

B

Level II fill

A

Level III fill

G

G

Level IIA floor Level II fill

50 cm

brownish-red

45 cm

light brown

58 cm

strong brown

54 cm 41 cm

41 cm

45 cm

very pale brown light red

brownish-red light brown

B

surface

46 cm

yellowish-red

G

Level X

40 cm

light brown

4HP170

D

Type Number

Phase

Area

Findspot Description

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

a

3HP275

E

B

Level II fill

34 cm

strong brown

c

4HP74

D

B

Level IIB fill

38.5 cm

light reddish-brown

4HP188

56 b d

4HP211 2HP1

1HP7

1HP81

1HP110

4HP122

4HP165

L

E

G

H G

E

B

B

A

Level IIB floor

Level III fill surface

A

drain

A

below Level II

A G

B

drain

Level III fill

44 cm

36 cm

40.2 cm

38 cm

22 cm

21 cm

29 cm

29 cm

light reddish-brown

light reddish-brown yellowish-red

brown

reddish-brown

reddish-brown

light reddish-brown

light reddish-brown

222

57

Plates – Type HF Type Number

Phase

Area

Findspot Description

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

a

3HP307

E

B

Locus 4; fill in Level II B floor

36 cm

very pale brown

c

2HP79

H

A

Level IV

40 cm

reddish-yellow

b

58

3HP186 1HP48

I

G

G

A

Level II fill Level II

40 cm

23 cm

strong brown

reddish-brown

Type Number

Phase

Area

Findspot Description

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

a

5HP541

B

B

OB fill

18 cm

reddish-brown

c

3HP278

e

1HP553

b d f

59

4HP176

1HP607

A

1HP541

A

A

B

pots on floor

19 cm

reddish-brown

B

surface

22 cm

pale yellow

B

cut

21 cm

reddish-brown

B

B

Level III fill fill

16 cm

25 cm

reddish-brown

reddish-brown

Type Number

Phase

Area

Findspot Description

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

a

1HP577

A

B

Level III fill

16 cm

reddish-brown, core: grey

b

2HP149

C

cut in Level IB

22 cm

pink

c

3HP166

K

G

Level II fill

21 cm

reddish-yellow

Type Number

Phase

Area

Findspot Description

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

a

6HP157

J

G

Level IV fill

26 cm

light brown

c

6HP95

J

G

Level III fill

42 cm

light brown, core: grey

60 b d e

4HP207 4HP136

4HP119

4HP100

4HP124

6HP154

61

J

K L J

J

K

G

G

G

G

G

G

Level III

Level VIII

Level VIII Level VI

Level IV

Level II–III

27 cm

38 cm

46 cm

20 cm

36 cm

47 cm

pale brown

light brown

light reddish-brown

light reddish-brown light brown

light brown, core: grey

Type Number

Phase

Area

Findspot Description

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

a

6HP144

L

G

Level III floor

52 cm

light brown, core: grey

c

6HP73

L

G

Level IIIA fill

68 cm

pale brown

b

6HP43

K

G

Level II fill

57 cm

light reddish-brown

223

Plates – Type HF 62

Type Number

Phase

Area

Findspot Description

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

a

4HP32

C

B

Level I

21 cm

pink

c

2HP373

C

cut in level IA

20 cm

pale olive

C

Level IB fill — Room 80

24 cm

pale yellow

b d e f

g

63

1HP630

A

1HP573

A

5HP536

B

2HP435

2HP146

G

G

B B B C

Level I floor Level III fill

OB cut in Gudea level Level I fill — Room 1

18 cm 20 cm

16 cm

25 cm

reddish-brown reddish-brown very pale brown light grey

Type number

Phase

Area

Findspot Description

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

a

5HP30

C

B

Gudea level fill

13 cm

light reddish-brown

c

2HP142

G

C

below Level IA floor — Room 12

36 cm

yellowish-brown

2HP399

G

C

26 cm

reddish-yellow

4HP144

D

Type Number

Phase

Area

Findspot Description

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

a

4HP8

C

B

Level I

28 cm

red

c

2HP391

G

C

cut in level IB

23 cm

light yellowish-brown

b d e

4HP525

1HP369

3HP285

3HP286 4HP531

64 b d e f

g

2HP179

3HP126

G

4HP154

D

2HP202

G

3HP321

3HP300

3HP354

65

C

E

E

E

A

B

Level IB fill — Room 49

17 cm

28 cm 24 cm

grey

B

cut

26 cm

yellowish-red

B

Level I

23 cm

light brown

B

C

G B

B C

B

B

Level IIB

Level IA fill surface cut Level IIB

Level II fill

Level IB fill — Room 12 Level II

Level II fill + floor

16 cm

18 cm

23 cm

28 cm

37 cm

37.5 cm 32 cm

33 cm

light reddish-brown

light reddish-brown light brown

light brown

very pale brown

light reddish-brown very pale brown

Type Number

Phase

Area

Findspot Description

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

a

2HP27

H

A

Level III fill

18 cm

reddish-yellow

c

1HP225

H

A

Level IV fill

35 cm

reddish-brown

b

2HP66

H

A

Level IV fill

22 cm

light brown

224

Plates – Type HF

66

Type Number

Phase

Area

Findspot Description

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

a

2HP143

H

A

Level V fill

20 cm

red

c

2HP186

H

A

Level III fill

28 cm

reddish-yellow

b

3HP3

2HP145

4HP120

67

I

H L

G

A G

surface

21 cm

Level II fill

strong brown

56 cm

Level VIII

reddish-yellow

51 cm

light brown, core: grey

Type Number

Phase

Area

Findspot Description

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

a

2HP329

G

C

Level IA fill — Room 75

23.5 cm

reddish-yellow

c

3HP347

F

B

Level III fill

37 cm

b d

68 a

b c

2HP413

2HP404

G G

reddish-yellow

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

4HP206

E

B

Level IIA

30 cm

light reddish-brown

A

drain packing

26 cm

greyish-green with reddish tinge

B

surface fill

22 cm

medium buff

1HP654

1HP221

A

4HP180

F

j

48 cm

Findspot Description

f

i

fill below Level IA — Room 70

light brownish-grey

Area

G

h

40 cm

Phase

2HP396

g

C

Level IA fill — Room 43

Type Number

d e

C

1HP522 3HP49

3HP248

4HP504

5HP560

A I

I

A B

B C

B

G

G B

B

Burial 1HB4

Level IA fill — Room 32 Level IIB fill Level II fill

Level II fill

cut from OB or above cut

26 cm 24 cm

24 cm

19 cm

38 cm

36 cm

44 cm

reddish-brown yellowish-red

light reddish-brown

light yellowish-brown light brown

yellowish-red

light reddish-brown

Plate ... a

b

c

d

e

f

g

h

i

j HF-1: Plate 38. Type HF-1: Deep bowl withType plain rim (ratiodeep 1:5).

bowl with plain rim (scale 1:5)

10 cm

226

Plates – Type HF

Plate ...

a

b

c

HF-2: Plate 39. Type HF-2: Large carinatedType bowl (ratio 2:5).large

carinated bowl (scale 2:5)

5 cm

227

Plates – Type HF

a

b

c

d

Plate 40. Type HF-3: Deep bowl with a wavy line below a plain rim (ratio 1.5:5).

5 cm

228

Plates – Type HF

Plate ...

a

b

Plate 41. Type HF-4: Large bowl withHF-4: fold-over rim (ratio Type large bowl1.5:5). with

fold-over rim (scale 1.5:5)

5 cm

a

b

c

d Plate 42. Type HF-5: Deep bowl with flat rim (ratio 1.5:5).

5 cm

a

b

c

d

e

f Plate 43. Type HF-6: Deep bowl with upturned bevelled rim (ratio 1.5:5).

5 cm

a

b

c

d

e

f

g Plate 44. Type HF-7: Deep bowl with thickened rim (ratio 1:5).

10 cm

232

Plates – Type HF

Plate ...

a

b

c

Plate 45. Type HF-8a: Decorated necked bowl (ratio 1.5:5). Type HF-8a: decorated

necked bowl (scale 1.5:5)

5 cm

a

b

c

d

e

f

g Plate 46. Type HF-8b: Decorated deep bowl with bulbous rim (ratio 1:5).

10 cm

234

Plates – Type HF

a

b

c

d

e

f

g Plate 47. Type HF-8b: Decorated deep bowl with bulbous rim cont’d (ratio 1:5).

10 cm

a

b

c

d

e

f Plate 48. Type HF-8c: Deep bowl with a notched band below a triangular rim (ratio 1:5).

10 cm

236

Plates – Type HF

a

b

c Plate 49. Type HF-8c: Deep bowl with a notched band below a triangular rim cont’d (ratio 1:5).

10 cm

237

Plates – Type HF

a

b

c

d

e Plate 50. Type HF-8c: Deep bowl with a notched band below a triangular rim cont’d (ratio 1:5).

10 cm

a

b

c

d

e Plate 51. Type HF-8d: Deep bowl with plain ridge (ratio 1:5).

10 cm

239

Plates – Type HF

a

b

c

d

e

f Plate 52. Type HF-8d: Deep bowl with plain ridge cont’d (ratio 1:5).

10 cm

240

Plates – Type HF

a

b

c

d

e Plate 53. Type HF-9: Bowl with rounded triangular rim — Group 1 (ratio 2:5).

5 cm

241

Plates – Type HF

a

b

c

d

e Plate 54. Type HF-9: Bowl with rounded triangular rim — Group 2 (ratio 1.5:5).

5 cm

242

Plates – Type HF

a

b

c

d

e

f Plate 55. Type HF-9: Bowl with rounded triangular rim — Group 3 (ratio 1:5).

10 cm

a

b

c

d

Plate 56. Type HF-10a: Bowl with overhanging triangular rim (ratio 1.5:5).

5 cm

244

Plates – Type HF

a

b

c

Plate 57. Type HF-10b: Upward-curving bowl with overhanging rim (ratio 1.5:5).

5 cm

a

b

c

d

e

f Plate 58. Type HF-11: Ledge-rim bowl (ratio 2:5).

5 cm

246

Plates – Type HF

a

b

c

Plate 59. Type HF-12 (above): Carinated bowl with ledge rim; Type HF-16 (below): Bowl with inwardly bevelled rim (ratio 2:5).

5 cm

247

Plates – Type HF

a

b

c

d

e Plate 60. Type HF-13: Deep bowl with fi ngernail-impressed band below a ledge rim (ratio 1.5:5).

5 cm

248

Plates – Type HF

Plate ...

a

b

c

Plate 61. Type HF-14: Very large bowl with applied rope decoration (ratio 1:5).

10 cm

249

Plates – Type HF

a

b c

d

e

f

g Plate 62. Type HF-15: Straight-sided ledge rim bowl (ratio 1.5:5).

5 cm

250

Plates – Type HF

a

b

c

d

e Plate 63. Type HF-17: Inward-curving bowl with flattened bulbous rim (ratio 2:5).

5 cm

251

Plates – Type HF

a

b

d c

e

f

g Plate 64. Type HF-18: Carinated deep bowl (ratio 1.5:5).

5 cm

252

Plates – Type HF

a

b

c

Plate 65. Type HF-19: Carinated deep bowl with flattened rim (ratio 2:5).

5 cm

253

Plates – Type HF

a

c

b

Plate 66. Type HF-20: Decorated hemispherical bowl (ratio 2:5).

5 cm

254

Plates – Type HF

a

b

c

d

Plate 67. Type HF-21: Bowl with a plain ridge below a flattened rim (ratio 1.5:5).

5 cm

a

b

c

h

d

e i f

g Plate 68. Type HF miscellaneous (ratio 1:5).

j 10 cm

256

Plates – Type HG

Type HG (Plates 69–76) 69

Type Number

Phase

Area

Findspot Description

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

a

1HP591

A

B

surface

22 cm

reddish-brown

c

1HP592

A

B

surface

25 cm

reddish-brown

b

70

1HP587

A

B

Type Number

Phase

Area

a

1HP620

A

B

b

4HP73

B

B

c

1HP137

G

e

2HP83

H

d

71

1HP57

G

Level III fill

reddish-brown

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

15 cm

reddish-brown

OB over Level II

22 cm

light reddish-brown

A

Level II fill

15 cm

grey-green

A

Level IV fill

29.5 cm

yellowish-red

A

Findspot Description

26 cm

Level II

21 cm

reddish-brown

Type Number

Phase

Area

Findspot Description

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

a

1HP519

A

B

surface

16 cm

reddish-brown

c

1HP600

A

B

fill under surface

29 cm

reddish-brown

b

72

1HP554

A

B

cut

20 cm

reddish-brown

Type Number

Phase

Area

Findspot Description

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

a

4HP97

J

G

Level VI

13 cm

very pale brown

c

4HP140

J

G

Level VI

15 cm

light yellowish-brown

b d e f

g

3HP142 2HP51

3HP77 3HP5

I

G I

G

A G

cut from Level I or above Level II fill

cut below Level II floor

10.5 cm 13.5 cm 16 cm

pink

reddish-yellow pink

G

surface cut

18 cm

reddish-yellow

G

surface cut

18 cm

pale yellow

6HP146

K

Type Number

Phase

Area

Findspot Description

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

a

1HP106

A

H

Level IV fill

21 cm

reddish-brown

c

3HP52

I

G

Level II

25 cm

light brown

h

73 b d e f

3HP29

3HP102 3HP157

3HP135

3HP71

I

I I

G

G

G

G

G

Level II fill

below Level IIA floor Level II fill

surface cut Level II fill

16 cm

24 cm

26 cm

29 cm

28 cm

light brown

light grey

yellowish-red light brown

light brown

257

Plates – Type HG 74

Type Number

Phase

Area

Findspot Description

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

a

4HP55

K

G

Level VII

17 cm

light grey

c

3HP98

I

G

cut from Level I or above

18 cm

reddish-yellow

b d e

75

3HP185 1HP173 6HP7

I

G K

G

A G

Level II fill

Level II fill

Level IIA floor

16 cm

16 cm

28 cm

pale olive

grey-green

light brown

Type Number

Phase

Area

Findspot Description

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

a

4HP197

C

B

Level I

30 cm

light reddish-brown

b

2HP256

Level IA fill — Room 35

30 cm

yellowish-red

c

2HP70

G

A

fill in Level III

40 cm

reddish-brown

Type Number

Phase

Area

Findspot Description

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

a

3HP219

I

G

Level II fill

20 cm

light brown

c

6HP96

L

e

6HP150

L

76 b d f

2HP183 4HP98

3HP162

J I

C

surface

25 cm

light reddish-brown

G

Level VI

26 cm

light reddish-brown

G

G

G

Level III fill Level III fill Level II fill

25 cm

34 cm

32 cm

light brown

light brown, core: grey light brown

258

Plates – Type HG

Plate ...

a

b

c

Plate 69. Type HG-1: Large bowl with rim (ratio 2:5). Typeplain HG-1: large bowl

with plain rim (scale 2:5)

5 cm

259

Plates – Type HG

a

b

c

d

e

Plate 70. Type HG-2 (above): Large bowl with inward-turning rim; Type HG-3 (below): Large bowl with upturned bevelled rim (ratio 2:5).

5 cm

260

Plates – Type HG

Plate ...

a

b

c

Plate 71. Type HG-4: Bowl with triangular (ratio 2:5). Type HG-4:bevelled bowl rim with triangular

beveled rim (scale 2:5)

5 cm

Plates – Type HG

Plate ...

a

b

c

d

e

f

g

h

Plate 72. Type HG-5a: Bowl with a ridge beneath a small triangular rim — Group 1 (ratio 2:5).

5 cm

261

262

Plates – Type HG

a

b

c

d

e

f Plate 73. Type HG-5a: Bowl with a ridge beneath a small triangular rim — Group 2 (ratio 2:5).

5 cm

263

Plates – Type HG

a

b

c

d

e

Plate 74. Type HG-5b: Bowl with fi ngernail-impressed band below a plain to bevelled rim (ratio 2:5).

5 cm

264

Plates – Type HG

a

b

c

Plate 75. Type HG-5c: (above) Decorated double-ledge rim bowl; Type HG-6 (below): Bowl with overhanging band rim (ratio 2:5).

5 cm

265

Plates – Type HG

a

b

c

d

e

f Plate 76. Type HG miscellaneous (ratio 2:5).

5 cm

266

Plates – Type HH

Type HH (Plates 77–93) 77

Type Number

Phase

Area

Findspot Description

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

a

2HP134

G

A

surface fill

28 cm

light reddish-brown

c

3HP291

E

B

Level II fill

base: 34 cm

reddish-yellow

b d e f

g

2HP127 1H38

2HP408

2HP181

5HP535

h

4HP23

j

5HP548

i

k

2HP439 3HP91

G H G

D G

C

A C

Level IA fill — Room 11 Level IV fill

Level IA fill — Room 76

23 cm

19.5 cm 36 cm

light brown

brownish-red red

C

cut in Level IB

19 cm

yellowish-red

B

Level IIB fill

base: 16.6 cm

reddish-yellow

B C

B

surface

Level IB fill

fill

base: 37 cm

base: 32 cm

light reddish-brown light brown

light reddish-brown

G

surface cut

base: 26 cm

G

surface cut

base: 22 cm

reddish-yellow

2HP94

G

Type Number

Phase

Area

Findspot Description

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

a

2HP442

G

C

Level IIa fill — Room 53

21 cm

light reddish-brown

c

2HP185

G

C

below Level IB floor — Room 15

28 cm

light grey

surface

31 cm

3HP123

78 b d e

5HP3

2HP397

2HP312

B

G

f

2HP74

H

h

2HP270

G

j

2H272

G

2HP129

G

g i

k

2HP238 6HP133 2H182

2HP80

G

C

B C

C

A

Level I floor — Room 4

cut in Level I

Level IB fill — Room 48 Level III fill

A

drain

G

surface fill

C

cut in Level IB

C

C

C

A

cut in level IB

base: 16 cm

light olive green

26 cm 25 cm

37 cm

34 cm

35 cm

Level IA fill — Room 46 Level IB floor — Room 17–18

Level II cut

yellowish-red

light reddish-brown pale olive brown

reddish-yellow

light reddish-brown

light reddish-brown

light brown

yellowish-red

15 cm

40 cm

reddish-yellow light brown

reddish-yellow

267

Plates – Type HH 79

Type Number

Phase

Area

Findspot Description

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

a

2HP383

G

C

Level IA fill — Room 61

26 cm

reddish-yellow

c

2HP377

G

C

cut below Level IB floor

28 cm

yellowish-red

b d e f

g

h i j

k l

2HP382

2HP380

2HP376

2HP379

2HP206

2HP378

2HP205

3HP227

1HP200

3HP131

G

G

G

G

G

G

G I

H

m

2HP204

G

o

1HP46

G

1HP77

G

n

3HP120 1HP227 2HP180 2HP76

2HP80

3HP169 3HP24 3HP6

G

H

I

I

6HP104

C

C

C

A C

A G

A

Level IA fill — Room 53 Level IA fill

Level IA fill — Room 53

Level IA fill — Room 65 drain

Level IB fill — Room 20 drain packing Level II fill

Level IV fill + floor

32 cm

25 cm

34 cm

26 cm

36 cm

29 cm

36 cm

32 cm

29 cm

reddish-yellow reddish-yellow pale yellow

reddish-yellow

reddish-yellow

reddish-yellow

reddish-yellow pale brown grey-green

G

surface cut

32 cm

light brown

G

cut from surface

33 cm

reddish-yellow

A

Level II floor

26 cm

reddish-brown

A A

A

A

A

A G

G

G

G

6HP105

80

C

drain

Level II

Level I floor

cut through level III

Level II cut

Level II cut Level I fill Level II

surface cut

surface cut

29 cm 34 cm

36 cm

22 cm

48 cm

40 cm

46 cm

37 cm

24 cm

46 cm

reddish-yellow brown

grey-green

light reddish-brown

reddish-yellow

reddish-yellow light brown

reddish-yellow, core: grey

light brown

light brown, core: grey

G

surface cut

47.5 cm

light brown, core: grey

Type Number

Phase

Area

Findspot Description

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

a

3HP96

I

G

Level II fill

32 cm

light reddish-brown

c

4HP106

J

G

Level IV

24 cm

light reddish-brown

b d e

4HP125 3HP25

3HP130

J

f

4HP127

J

h

3HP224

I

g i j

4HP54

3HP181

4HP133

3HP16B

J

K

G

G

G

G

G

G

G

G

Level IV

surface cut

surface cut Level IV Level V

Level II fill

surface cut Level VII

21 cm

32 cm

23 cm

21 cm

28 cm

24 cm

light reddish-brown reddish-yellow light brown

light reddish-brown light brown

reddish-yellow

34 cm

pale brown

44 cm

yellowish-red

60 cm

light reddish-brown

268

Plates – Type HH

81

Type Number

Phase

Area

Findspot Description

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

a

1HP172

G

A

Level II floor + fill

19 cm

brownish-red

c

1HP15

A

drain

21 cm

brown

e

3HP151

G

surface cut

19 cm

reddish-yellow

25 cm

very pale brown

b d

3HP145

1HP199

A

f

2HP286

H

h

1HP201B

G

g i j

82

2HP15

2HP115

3HP154

G

H H I

A

A

A

A G

cut from Level I or above

cut through Level III Level IV fill Level III fill Level II

Level IV fill Level II

22 cm

28 cm

32 cm

28 cm

light brown

light reddish-brown

27 cm

light reddish-brown

20 cm

light yellowish-brown

Type Number

Phase

Area

Findspot Description

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

a

2HP156

H

A

cut below Level III

34 cm

light yellowish-brown

c

3HP128

I

G

Level II fill

37 cm

light brown

b d e f

g

2HP158 3HP61

3HP148

1HP205

H

3HP53

I

1HP142 3HP294

83

G

G E

A G

G

A

A G B

Level II

surface

cut from Level I or above Level III floor Level II fill Level II

28 cm

44 cm

47 cm

56 cm

57 cm

Level II fill

48 cm

light reddish-brown light brown

reddish-yellow reddish-brown brownish-red

yellowish-red

reddish-yellow

Type Number

Phase

Area

Findspot Description

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

a

4HP4

C

B

fill of OB chamber

34 cm

light reddish-brown

c

4HP203

D

B

Level IIA

38 cm

light reddish-brown

b d e f

84 a

b

4HP196

4HP204

4HP205 4HP2

5HP559

Type Number

C

D

D C

Phase

6HP74

3HP100B

B

B

B

B

Level I

Level IIA

Level IIA

Gudea pavement

Area

Findspot Description

Diameter

Fabric Description

G

surface cut

18.5 cm

light brown, core: grey

G

Level II fill

e

3HP200

I

G

Level II fill

f

h

3HP240 (= 3H31) 3HP287

3HP195 (= 3H32)

I

I

I

light reddish-brown

light reddish-brown

G

g

28 cm

light reddish-brown

30 cm

K I

42 cm

light reddish-brown

cut

6HP35

3HP202

38 cm

light reddish-brown

B

c

d

38 cm

G

G B

G

Level II fill

Level II fill

Level II fill

Level II fill

18 cm

light brownish-grey

21 cm

reddish-yellow

20 cm

20 cm

20 cm

24 cm

21.5 cm

reddish-yellow

light brown, core: grey reddish-brown light red

reddish-brown

269

Plates – Type HH 85

Type Number

Phase

Area

Findspot Description

Diameter

Fabric Description

a

3HP100

I

G

Level II fill

20 cm

light brown

c

3HP105

I

d

3HP179

e

3HP222

g

3HP16

b

f

86

3HP178

3HP23

I

I

G

surface

20 cm

light reddish-brown

G

surface

26 cm

light reddish-brown

G

Level II fill

16 cm

pale yellow

36 cm

brown

G

G

below Level II floor

below Level II

22 cm

17 cm

yellow

reddish-yellow

Type Number

Phase

Area

Findspot Description

Diameter

Fabric Description

a

1HP178

H

A

cut from Level II

20 cm

grey-green

c

2HP136

I

A

Level VII fill

20 cm

yellowish-red

b d

2HP175

2HP111

1HP145 3HP93

87

H H G

A

A

A

Level IV fill

Level V floor Level II floor

24 cm

21 cm

21 cm

yellowish-red

yellowish-red brownish-red

G

cut from Level I or above

19 cm

light brownish-grey

Type Number

Phase

Area

Findspot Description

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

a

2HP298

G

C

Level IB floor + fill — Room 45

19 cm

very pale brown

c

1HP235

A

drain

18.5 cm

reddish-brown

Area

Findspot Description

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

A

drain

17.5 cm

green-grey

G

Level I fill

22 cm

light brown

b d

88 a

b c

2HP77

2HP434

G

Type Number

Phase

1H45

2HP117

6HP125

2HP187

a

G J

A C

C

26 cm

light reddish-brown

B

Level IIB

10.1 cm

reddish-yellow

Phase

Area

C

B

Level IB fill — Room 85

Findspot Description

4HP33

D

B

Level IIA

d

5HP504

B

B

Level IA

4HP17

1HP45

3HP274 4HP16

D

E

D

reddish-yellow

surface fill

b c

27 cm

yellowish-red

A

Type Number 4HP148

Level IA fill — Room 49

17 cm

21 cm

G

D

Level II fill

below Level IA fill — Room 6

2HP436

4HP72 (= 4H89)

89

G

B

Level IIB

A

drain packing

B

Level IIB

B

Level II fill

17.5 cm

light grey

pale yellow

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

11.5 cm

light reddish-brown

17 cm

reddish-yellow

17 cm

18 cm 18 cm

18 cm

very pale brown light olive

brownish-green reddish-yellow

light reddish-brown

270

Plates – Type HH

90 a

Type Number 2HP13

Phase

b

2HP41

G

d

2HP114

G

c

e f

2HP9

3HP72A

6HP134

g

1HP177

H

i

4HP15

D

h j

k

1HP183 2HP223

3HP302 1HP10

2HP12

2HP123

2HP224

H G E

G

2HP261

91 a

b

Type Number 2HP150

Phase

Area

Findspot Description

Diameter

Fabric Description

A

drain

8 cm

reddish-yellow

A

drain

9.5 cm

yellowish-red

9.5 cm

light brown

C

C

Level IA floor + fill — Room 16 Level IB floor — Room 20

14.5 cm 8.5 cm

reddish-yellow light grey

G

surface fill

20 cm

light brown

A

Level III fill

13.5 cm

reddish-brown

A B

A B

A

Level III floor Level II or III fill Level II

fill above Level II

drain

13.5 cm 14 cm

14 cm

34 cm

21 cm

reddish-brown

reddish-yellow

light reddish-brown reddish-yellow

medium red

A

drain

19 cm

yellowish-red

A

cut

14 cm

reddish-yellow

C

surface

19.5 cm

reddish-yellow

C

cut

14 cm

reddish-yellow

Area

Findspot Description

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

A

drain

Level VIII fill

35 cm

2HP325

I

Type Number

Phase

Area

Findspot Description

Rim Diameter

a

4HP48

J

G

Level IV

10 cm

b

6HP77

G

surface cut

13 cm

light brown, core: grey

c

1HP167 (= 1H36)

G

A

Level II

10.5 cm

brownish-red

Type Number

Phase

Area

Findspot Description

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

a

1HP506

A

B

surface

10 cm

reddish-brown

c

5HP558

B

cut

17 cm

pale yellow

G

Level IIA floor

22.5 cm

reddish-yellow

92

d

93 b d e f

g

3HP115

3HP94

2HP406 6HP4

4HP9

3HP320

I

I

K E

A

light yellowish-brown

G

G

C

B

Level II

Level II fill

cut in Level IA Level II fill

10 cm

14 cm

9 cm

30 cm

40 cm

reddish-yellow

Fabric Description

light brown

yellow

dark grey

light reddish-brown

271

Plates – Type HH

a

c

e

b

d

f

h g

j

i Plate 77. Type HH-1a: Pedestalled bowl (ratio 1:5).

k 10 cm

Plate ... a

b i c

d

e

j

f

g k

h Plate 78. Type HH-1b: Decorated Type stemmed dish (ratio 1:5). HH-1b: decorated

stemmed dish (scale 1:5)

10 cm

Plate ... a

c

b

d

e

f

g

h

i

j

k

l

m

n

o

Plate 79. Type HH-1b: Decorated stemmed dish cont’d (ratio 1:5). Type HH-1b: decorated stemmed

dish cont’d (scale 1:5)

10 cm

274

Plates – Type HH

Plate ...

e

a

f b

g c h

i

d

j

Plate 80. Type HH-2a: Decorated hollow (ratiodecorated 1:5). Type stand HH-2a:

hollow stand (scale 1:5)

10 cm

Plates – Type HH

Plate ...

a

b

c d

e

f

g

h

i

j

Plate 81. Type HH-2b: Sinuous hollowType stand (ratio 1:5). HH-2b:

sinuous hollow stand (scale 1:5)

10 cm

275

276

Plates – Type HH

a

b

c

d

e

f

g Plate 82. Type HH-2b: Sinuous hollow stand cont’d (ratio 1:5).

10 cm

277

Plates – Type HH

a

b

c

d

f

e Plate 83. Type HH-2c: Ribbed hollow stand (ratio 1:5).

10 cm

278

Plates – Type HH

Plate ...

b a

d

c

f

e

g Plate 84. Type HH-3a: Fenestrated stand (ratio 1:5). Type HH-3a:

h fenestrated stand (scale 1:5)

10 cm

279

Plates – Type HH

b a

c

d

e

f

g Plate 85. Type HH-3a (above): Fenestrated stand cont’d;  Type HH-3b (below): Squat stand with notched band below rim (ratio 1:5).

10 cm

280

Plates – Type HH

a

b

c

d Plate 86. Type HH-4a: Squat stand with attached bowl (ratio 2:5).

5 cm

281

Plates – Type HH

a

b

c

d Plate 87. Type HH-4b: Trapezoidal squat stand (ratio 2:5).

5 cm

282

Plates – Type HH

a

b

c Plate 88. Type HH-4c: Concave squat stand — Group 1 (ratio 2:5).

5 cm

283

Plates – Type HH

a

b

c

d Plate 89. Type HH-4c: Concave squat stand — Group 2 (ratio 2:5).

5 cm

Plate ... g

a

h

b i

c

d

j

e

f k

Plate 90. Type HH-5: Cylinder stand (ratio 1:5). HH-5: Type

cylinder stand (scale 1:5)

10 cm

Plates – Type HH

Plate ...

2HP150

a

2HP325

b

Plate 91. Type HH-6: Hollow sieve stand Type (ratio 2:5). HH-6:

hollow sieve stand (scale 2:5)

5 cm

285

286

Plates – Type HH

a

b

c

Plate 92. Type HH-7 (above): Solid stand; Type HH-8 (below): Kiln separator (ratio 2:5).

d

5 cm

287

Plates – Type HH

a

d

b

c

e

f

g Plate 93. Type HH miscellaneous (ratio 1.5:5).

5 cm

288

Plates – Type HI

Type HI (Plates 94–103) 94 a

Type Number 3HP67

b

4HP168

d

3HP66

c

e

4HP116

Phase J

L

Area G

G

Findspot Description Level VI

Level VIII

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

42 cm

reddish-yellow

63 cm

reddish-yellow

50 cm

53 cm

pale olive

3HP298

E

B

Level II

Type Number

Phase

Area

Findspot Description

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

2HP120

I

A

Level VI

88 cm

reddish-yellow, core: black

Type Number

Phase

Area

Findspot Description

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

a

3HP292

E

B

Level II

58 cm

reddish-yellow

c

2HP10B

A

drain

76 cm

reddish-yellow

A

drain

96 cm

reddish-yellow

f

95 a

b

96 b d e f

3HP84

2HP430

2HP172

I

I

G

3HP349

2HP108

G

A

C

Level VIII

Level IB floor — Room 8

70 cm

74 cm

80 cm

pale yellow

light grey

Type Number

Phase

Area

Findspot Description

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

a

4HP19

D

B

Level II fill

68 cm

light grey

c

2HP92

G

A

drain

72 cm

light brownish-grey

d e f

98

2HP360 4HP182

3HP306

3HP305

1HP46x

G E

E

E

C

B

B

B

Level IA fill fill under Level IIB Level II fill

Level II fill

96 cm

reddish-yellow

D

b

Level IIA

80 cm

light grey

4HP163

97

B

Level II fill

62 cm

light reddish-brown

77 cm

108 cm

106 cm

106 cm

pale yellow

pale olive

very pale brown

very pale brown reddish-yellow

Type Number

Phase

Area

Findspot Description

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

a

2HP414

G

C

cut below Level IA

46 cm

pale yellow

c

3HP348

b

2HP359

G

C

Level IB fill — Room 23

d

3HP212

D

B

Level I fill

f

3HP272

D

B

Level I debris top of mound

e

4HP59

2HP164

3HP266

D G

D

B C

B

Level IIB fill

below Level IA floor — Room 1 Level I–II fill

30 cm

54 cm

yellowish-red

82 cm

light olive grey

88 cm

pale yellow

76 cm

74 cm

light grey

pale brown

pale yellow

289

Plates – Type HI 99

Type Number

Phase

Area

Findspot Description

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

a

2HP412

G

C

Level IA fill — Room 54

28 cm

yellow

c

5HP11

B

B

Level I

36 cm

reddish-yellow

b d e f

g

100

5HP538 5HP563

2HP144

2HP322

2HP148

5HP506

B C

G

G

G B

B

B C

C

C

B

Level 0 below floor Gudea fill

Level IA fill — Room 3

Level IA floor — Room 18 Level IA fill — Room 15 Level 0

34 cm

46 cm

44 cm

48 cm

46 cm

30 cm

pale yellow

light brown

very pale brown light brown pale olive

Type Number

Phase

Area

Findspot Description

a

1HP563

A

B

Level IV fill

grey-green

c

1HP564

A

B

Level IV fill

grey-green

b d e f

101

1HP508 5HP12

1HP586

1HP594

A B

A

A

B

B

B

B

Rim Diameter

pale yellow

surface layer Level I

Level III floor

Fabric Description grey-green

51 cm

surface

light olive grey grey-green

greyish-green

Type Number

Phase

Area

Findspot Description

a

5HP545

B

B

OB fill

c

1H71

A

drain

45.2 cm

reddish-brown

b

102

2HP20

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description pale yellow

reddish-yellow

Type Number

Phase

Area

Findspot Description

Diameter

Fabric Description

a

6HP118

K

G

Level IIA fill

50 cm

light brown, core: dark grey

c

3HP271

E

B

Level II fill

100 cm

light reddish-brown

b d e

103 a

2HP147

4HP162

1HP556

H E

A

A B

B

Level IV fill Level IIA

50 cm

45 cm

21 cm

light brown pale yellow

reddish-brown

Type Number

Phase

Area

Findspot Description

Diameter

Fabric Description

5HP566

B

B

Burial 5HB9

115 cm

pale yellow

290

Plates – Type HI

Plate ...

a

b

c

d

e

f

Plate 94. Type HI-1: Plain vat with flattened rimplain (ratio 1:8). Type HI-1: vat with

flattened rim (scale 1:8)

10 cm

Plates – Type HI

Plate ...

a

b

Plate 95. Type HI-2a: Vat with triangular rim and notched ridges (ratio 1:8).

10 cm

291

292

Plates – Type HI

a

b

c

d

e

f Plate 96. Type HI-2b: Vat with small ridge below a bulbous rim (ratio 1:8).

10 cm

293

Plates – Type HI

a

b

c

d

e

f Plate 97. Type HI-2b: Vat with small ridge below a bulbous rim cont’d (ratio 1:8).

10 cm

294

Plates – Type HI

a

b

c

d

e

f Plate 98. Type HI-2c: Vat with square, grooved rim (ratio 1:8).

10 cm

a

b

c

d

e

f

g Plate 99. Type HI-2d: Vat with grooves below a distinctive triangular rim (ratio 1:5).

10 cm

a

b

c

d

e

f Plate 100. Type HI-2e: Vat with ridges below a flattened triangular rim (ratio 1:5).

10 cm

Plates – Type HI

Plate ...

a

b

c

Plate 101. Type HI-3: Vat with hole in Type bottomHI-3: (ratio 1:5). vat

with hole in bottom (scale 1:5)

10 cm

297

Plate ...

a

b

c

d

e Plate 102. Type HI miscellaneous (ratio 1:5). Type

HI - miscellaneous (scale 1:5)

10 cm

Plates – Type HI

Plate ...

a

Plate 103. Type HI miscellaneous cont’d Type (ratio 1:8). HI

- miscellaneous cont’d (scale 1:8)

10 cm

299

300

Plates – Type HJ

Type HJ (Plates 104–119) 104

Type Number

Phase

Area

Findspot Description

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

a

3HP127

I

G

Level II fill

17 cm

reddish-yellow

b

3HP296

D

B

Level I fill

11 cm

reddish-yellow

d

4HP13

D

B

fill below Level I wall

13 cm

light red

c

e f

4HP67

4HP509

5HP537

4HP10

D

4HP14B

D

4HP14A 4HP18

4HP514

105

D

D

D

B

Level IIB fill

B

fill in Burial 5HB7

B

Level II

B

B

B

B

Level IIB fill Level II

Level II fill

14 cm

13 cm

light reddish-brown

17 cm

pale yellow

12 cm

light reddish-brown

20 cm

14 cm

15 cm

light reddish-brown

light reddish-brown

11 cm

reddish-yellow

Type Number

Phase

Area

Findspot Description

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

a

2HP308

G

C

Level IB floor — Room 39

18 cm

reddish-yellow

c

3HP88

G

surface cut

19 cm

reddish-yellow

b

106 a

b

107 a

2HP294

G

C

Level IA fill — Room 44

Phase

Area

Findspot Description

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

2HP39

H

A

Level IV fill

12 cm

light reddish-brown

Type Number

Phase

Area

Findspot Description

1HP546

A

B

3HP35

G

5HP552

B

B

OB fill

d

1HP539

A

B

Level I fill

e f

g

h

108

reddish-yellow

Type Number

b c

19 cm

1HP542

1HP509

1HP576

5HP543 5HP22

A

A

A B C

B

B

B

surface layer

B

OB fill

B

fill in Gudea wall

10 cm

light brown

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

14 cm

grey-green

18 cm

reddish-brown

13 cm

grey-green

9 cm

17 cm

light reddish-brown reddish-brown

11 cm

reddish-brown

17 cm

light reddish-brown

19 cm

light reddish-brown

Type Number

Phase

Area

Findspot Description

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

a

5HP9

B

B

fill above Level I

20 cm

light brown

c

5HP557

B

B

Level IA fill

15 cm

light reddish-brown

b d e f

1HP613

1HP629 1H94

4HP500

A A

A

B

B

B

B

Level I fill

drain packing burial

cut from OB or above

17 cm

20 cm

22.5 cm

17 cm

reddish-brown

reddish-brown grey-green

yellow

301

Plates – Type HJ 109

Type Number

Phase

Area

Findspot Description

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

a

1HP609

A

B

Level I fill

20 cm

grey-green

c

1HP560

A

B

beneath surface layer

e

1HP632

A

B

drain packing

b d f

1HP581 5HP553 5HP4

1HP516

5HP564

110

A B

B

A C

B B

B

B

B

OB fill

Level I

surface layer Gudea level

22 cm

grey-green

26 cm

light reddish-brown

18 cm

30 cm

26 cm

18 cm

15 cm

grey-green

reddish-brown

brownish-yellow reddish-brown

light reddish-brown

Type Number

Phase

Area

Findspot Description

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

a

4HP143

D

B

Level IIB

13 cm

light grey

c

3HP346

E

B

Level II

17 cm

b d e

111

2HP58

2HP170

2HP305 1HP9

G

G

G

C

C

C

Level I fill — Room 1 Level I floor + fill — Room 18 Level IA fill

18 cm

yellowish-red

15 cm

light reddish-brown

17 cm

light brown

A

drain

20 cm

medium red

Type Number

Phase

Area

Findspot Description

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

a

2HP420

G

C

cut in Level IB

27 cm

olive

c

2HP96

C

surface

30 cm

red, core: black

b d

2HP157

G

C

Type Number

Phase

Area

Findspot Description

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

a

1HP111

G

A

Level II fill

32 cm

brownish-red

c

3HP63

I

G

Level II fill

33 cm

light reddish-brown

113

2HP162

G

C

Level IB fill — Room 22

26 cm

light brown

G

b

Level IA fill — Room 12

28 cm

2HP419

112

C

Level IB floor + fill — Room 9

34 cm

yellowish-red

yellowish-red

Type Number

Phase

Area

Findspot Description

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

a

1HP161

H

A

cut below Level III

16 cm

brownish-red

b

2HP362

G

C

Level IA fill — Room 16

37.5 cm

reddish-yellow

c

4HP521

C

B

Level I

30 cm

pale yellow

302

114

Plates – Type HJ Type Number

Phase

Area

Findspot Description

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

a

6HP160

L

G

Level IV ash fill

12 cm

light brown

c

6HP38

K

G

Level IIB floor

10 cm

light brown, core: grey

b d e f

g

h

115 a

4HP117 3HP174

L

6HP26

K

6HP128

K

6HP119 6HP41

4HP173

Type Number 3HP150

L

K

Phase

b

4HP65

D

d

2HP171

G

Type Number

Phase

c

116 a

b c

117 a

b c

118 a

b

3HP81

2HP358

1HP66

G

4HP141

D

Type Number

Phase

4HP63

1HP212

D

4HP70

J

Type Number

Phase

4HP186

1HP166

L

G

G

G

G

G

G

G

Level VIII

cut in Level II Level II floor

Level III floor Level IIB

Level IIB floor + fill

9 cm

12 cm

11 cm

11 cm

11 cm

12.5 cm

light reddish-brown light brown

light brown

light brown

light brown

light brown

reddish-yellow

Area

Findspot Description

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

G

surface cut

24 cm

reddish-yellow, core: black

G

surface cut

60 cm

light reddish-brown

C

Level IA fill — Room 22

44 cm

light yellowish-brown

B

A

Level IIB fill Level II

34 cm base: 22 cm

light reddish-brown

reddish-yellow, core: black

Area

Findspot Description

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

A

drain

17 cm

reddish-brown, core: brown

B

Level II or above

20 cm

light reddish-brown

B

Level IIA

18 cm

light reddish-brown

Area

Findspot Description

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

A

cut

12.4 cm

reddish-brown

G

Level X

10 cm

light reddish-brown

G

Level V

5 cm

pink

Area

Findspot Description

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

A

drain

20 cm

brownish-red

C

Level IB fill

28 cm

light reddish-brown

1HP194

H

Type Number

Phase

Area

Findspot Description

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

a

2H131

G

C

Level IB fill — Room 47

5 cm

light reddish-brown

c

3HP315

B

cut

13 cm

reddish-yellow

A

drain

21 cm

medium red

c

119 b d e f

2HP410

3HP268 3HP58 1HP8

3HP133

G

A

A

B

G

G

Level III fill

Level I fill

cut from Level I or above

surface cut

21 cm

5 cm

26 cm

35 cm

reddish-brown

light brown

light olive grey

pinkish-grey

303

Plates – Type HJ

a

b

c

d

e

f Plate 104. Type HJ-1a (above): Hole-mouth jar with plain rim; Type HJ-1b (below): Hole-mouth jar with band rim (ratio 2:5).

5 cm

a

b

c Plate 105. Type HJ-2: Neckless jar with flat ledge rim (ratio 2:5).

5 cm

Plates – Type HJ

Plate ...

a

b

Plate 106. Type HJ-3: Neckless jar with sloping band rim (ratio 2:5).

5 cm

305

306

Plates – Type HJ

Plate ...

a b

c d

e

f

h g

Plate 107. Type HJ-4: Wide-mouth ledgeHJ-4: rim jarwide-mouth (ratio 1.5:5). Type

ledge rim jar (scale 1.5:5)

5 cm

307

Plates – Type HJ

a

b

d c

f e

Plate 108. Type HJ-4: Wide-mouth ledge rim jar cont’d (ratio 1.5:5).

5 cm

308

Plates – Type HJ

a

b

c

d

e

f Plate 109. Type HJ-4: Wide-mouth ledge rim jar cont’d (ratio 1.5:5).

5 cm

309

Plates – Type HJ

a

b

c

d

e Plate 110. Type HJ-5: Neckless globular jar with rounded triangular rim (ratio 2:5).

5 cm

310

Plates – Type HJ

a

b

c

d Plate 111. Type HJ-6: Large, globular neckless jar (ratio 2:5).

5 cm

Plates – Type HJ

Plate ...

a

b

c

Plate 112. Type HJ-6: Large, globular necklesslarge, jar cont’d (ratio 1.5:5). Type HJ-6: globular neckless

jar cont’d (scale 1.5:5)

5 cm

311

312

Plates – Type HJ

a

b

c

Plate 113. Type HJ-7 (above): Neckless jar with inward sloping rim; Type HJ-9 (below): Wide-mouth neckless jar with ridged shoulder below a triangular rim (ratio 2:5).

5 cm

a

b

d

c

f

e

g

h Plate 114. Type HJ-8: Elaborately decorated jar (ratio 1.5:5).

5 cm

a

b

c

d Plate 115. Type HJ-10: Very large footed jar (ratio 1:8).

10 cm

Plates – Type HJ

Plate ...

a

b

c

Plate 116. Type HJ-11: Jar with flaring rim (ratioHJ-11: 2:5). Type

jar with flaring rim (scale 2:5)

5 cm

315

316

Plates – Type HJ

Plate ...

b

c

a

Plate 117. Type HJ-12: CylindricalType ledge rim jar (ratio 2:5). HJ-12: cylindrical

ledge rim jar (scale 2:5)

5 cm

317

Plates – Type HJ

a

b

c

Plate 118. Type HJ-13: Cylindrical jar with inwardly thickened band rim (ratio 2:5).

5 cm

318

Plates – Type HJ

b c 5 cm

a

d

e

f Plate 119. Type HJ miscellaneous (ratio 2:5 (above); ratio 1.5:5 (below)).

5 cm

319

Plates – Type HK

Type HK (Plates 120–139) 120

Type Number

Phase

Area

Findspot Description

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

a

2H59

I

A

Level VII fill

7.4 cm

light reddish-brown

c

3HP301

7 cm

reddish-yellow

11 cm

grey

b

2H58

d

2HP324

f

1H131

e

g

h i j

3HP189 1HP59

2HP28

2HP38

G

G I

G

H

C

B

inside Level IB oven — Room 83

8.1 cm

C

Level IA fill — Room 58

B

Burial 1HB3

11 cm

greenish-buff

A

Level IV fill

13 cm

light reddish-brown

G A

Level II fill Level II

12 cm

pale yellow

11 cm

light reddish-brown

brown

A

cut in Level II

12 cm

light reddish-brown

4HP503

C

Type Number

Phase

Area

Findspot Description

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

a

2HP188

G

C

Level IB fill — Room 15

15 cm

grey

c

1HP605

A

B

Level I fill

7 cm

grey-green

121 b d e f

g

h i j

k

2HP33

1HP134 6HP15

2HP59

4HP85

2HP53

2HP64

2HP363

H G J

G K

G

G

B

A A G C

G C

C

fill below OB

Level III fill Level II

fill below surface

Level I fill — Room 15 Level VII

Level I fill — Room 11

Level I fill — Room 19

11 cm

11 cm 13 cm

13 cm

21 cm

12.8 cm 12 cm

11 cm

light reddish-brown

a

6HP19

J

G

fill below surface

12 cm

c

6HP100

K

G

Level IIA fill

15 cm

e

3HP119 2HP18

dark grey

12.5 cm

Rim Diameter

d

very pale brown

Level II fill

Findspot Description

J

light brown

G

Area

6HP18

light yellowish-brown

very pale brown

Phase

b

light reddish-brown

12.5 cm

Type Number

122

K

brownish-red

cut in Level IB

G

6HP32

reddish-yellow

C

2HP52

l

light red

C

G

G

A

Level I fill — Room 1

fill below surface cut from surface drain

12 cm

olive brown

Fabric Description

13 cm

light reddish-brown

16 cm

light brown

11.5 cm

light brown

yellowish-red

320

Plates – Type HK

123

Type Number

Phase

Area

Findspot Description

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

a

4HP113

K

G

Level VII

12 cm

reddish-yellow

c

3HP146

G

cut Level I or above

18 cm

yellowish-red

G

Level IIB fill

13 cm

light brown, core: grey

b d e f

g

h i

1HP572

6HP159

6HP102 1HP4

2HP62

3HP303 1HP6

A K

K H E

j

1HP105

H

l

6HP101

K

k m n o

4HP201 4HP68

2HP63

D K

B

G

Level III fill

Level IIA fill

19 cm 12 cm

reddish-brown light brown

A

drain

15 cm

medium red

B

Level II fill

15 cm

reddish-yellow

A

Level III fill

15 cm

light reddish-brown

A

drain

16 cm

green-grey, core: grey

B

Level IIB

14 cm

light reddish-brown

A G

G

Level III fill Level IIA fill Level VII

13 cm

12 cm

18 cm

reddish-brown light brown

pinkish-grey

C

cut

16 cm

pink

A

drain

19 cm

medium red

2HP389

G

Type Number

Phase

Area

Findspot Description

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

a

2HP65

G

C

Level IA fill — Room 11

12 cm

light grey

c

2HP335

G

C

Level IA fill — Room 11

11 cm

pink

p

124 b d e f

g

h i

125

1HP2

4HP145 2H118

4HP91

2HP260

3HP297 4HP96

3HP322 (= 3H74)

E

G E

G E I

E

C

B C

B C

B

G B

Level IA fill — Room 46

Level IIB fill

Level IA fill — Room 47 Level IIB fill

Level IB fill — Room 50 Level II

Level VI

Level II fill

14 cm

13 cm

10.5 cm 11 cm

11.5 cm 14 cm

20 cm

12.1 cm

yellowish-red

reddish-yellow pale brown

light reddish-brown pale olive yellow

light brown

reddish-yellow

Type Number

Phase

Area

Findspot Description

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

a

2HP422

I

A

Level VI fill

15 cm

yellowish-red

c

1HP154

G

A

1HP74

G

A

b d

2HP56

2HP245 1HP79

A H

2HP300

G

3HP295

E

2HP417

3HP314

G

A

drain packing

14 cm

reddish-yellow

Level IV fill

16 cm

light reddish-brown

under surface Level II

10 cm

11 cm

reddish-brown

reddish-brown

A

Burial

6 cm

light brown

C

Level IA fill — Room 15

22 cm

reddish-yellow

C

B

B

Level IB foundation — Room 20 Level II

17 cm

14 cm

19 cm

very pale brown reddish-yellow

pink

321

Plates – Type HK 126 a

Type Number 6HP14

b

4HP62

d

4HP112

c

e

127

Phase

4HP80

K

6HP51

L

K

Area

Findspot Description

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

G

below surface

15.2 cm

reddish-brown

9 cm

brown

13 cm

light reddish-brown

G

clearing area

12 cm

G

Level VII

11 cm

G

G

Level VII Level III

Type Number

Phase

Area

Findspot Description

Rim Diameter

a

3HP325

E

B

Level II fill

18.6 cm

c

3HP324

E

B

Level II fill

3HP337

E

B

Level II fill

b d e

128 a

b

4HP523

3HP326A

Type Number 2H14

1HP580

1HP534

1HP548

129

E

Phase A

A

B

Level II fill

light reddish-brown

Fabric Description

14 cm

19 cm

17.5 cm

17.2 cm

Area

Findspot Description

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

C

surface

7.4 cm

pale yellow

B

Level II fill

10 cm

reddish-brown

B

Level I fill

B

cut

12 cm

grey-green

Type Number

Phase

Area

Findspot Description

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

a

2HP126

G

C

Level IA fill — Room 16

15.5 cm

reddish-yellow

c

2HP182

G

C

Level IA fill — Room 16

14 cm

light reddish-brown

b d e f

g

h

130 a

2HP416

4HP199 4HP3

G E

4HP501

B

Level IA fill — Room 47 Level III

ED fill

A

4HP527

4HP524

B

B

1HP152B

Type Number

C

Phase

Area

Findspot Description

C

B

oven under OB terrace

d

3HP308

E

B

Level II fill

C

B

14 cm

14 cm

yellowish-red

light reddish-brown light red

reddish-yellow

13 cm

4HP505

4HP502

15 cm

16 cm

b c

14.5 cm

fill below OB

Rim Diameter 14 cm

Fabric Description

13.4 cm

light red

14 cm

pink

13 cm

red

322

Plates – Type HK

131

Type Number

Phase

Area

Findspot Description

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

a

3HP269

D

B

Level I fill

12 cm

yellowish-red

c

2HP388

G

C

Level IA fill — Room 46

10 cm

reddish-yellow

b d e f

g

132

3HP230

2HP125 6HP22

4HP147 4HP28

4HP167

I

G L

D C

D

G C

G B

B

B

Level II fill

Level IA fill — Room 18 below Level III floor

under Level IIA floor Level I fill Level IIA

10 cm

light brown

9.5 cm

light reddish-brown

9.5 cm

light brown

20 cm

light brownish-grey

24 cm

very pale brown

28 cm

grey

Type Number

Phase

Area

Findspot Description

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

a

1HP545

A

B

cut

17 cm

greenish-grey with reddish tinge

c

1HP565

A

B

Level III fill

15 cm

grey-green

b d e f

g

h i j

k

133

1HP510

5HP540

1HP608 5HP8

1HP530

5HP544

1HP601

1HP575

1HP618B

A B

A B

A B

A

A

A

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

surface layer OB fill

Level I fill

fill above Level I Level II fill OB fill

fill under surface Level III fill

12 cm

14 cm

20 cm

17 cm

15 cm

16 cm

18 cm

18 cm

20 cm

reddish-brown pale yellow grey-green

reddish-brown grey-green

light reddish-brown greyish-green

greyish-green

Type Number

Phase

Area

Findspot Description

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

a

2HP390

G

C

cut below Level IA

14.5 cm

pale yellow

c

3HP355

E

B

Level II fill

14 cm

b d e f

g

134

1HP163

4HP194

2HP124

2HP438

3HP167B

G C

G

G

D

A B C

C

B

Level I fill Level I

Level IA fill — Room 15 Level IB fill — Room 78 Level I fill

13 cm

brownish-red

19 cm

very dark grey

28 cm

very pale brown

20.5 cm 38 cm

pale olive

reddish-yellow

Type Number

Phase

Area

Findspot Description

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

a

2HP321

G

C

Level IB fill — Room 40

32 cm

reddish-yellow

c

2HP25

G

A

Level II cut

38 cm

light reddish-brown

b d

3HP390 2HP431

G

C

28 cm

32 cm

pale olive

323

Plates – Type HK 135

Type Number

Phase

Area

Findspot Description

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

a

6HP123

L

G

Level III fill

10 cm

light brown

c

4HP109

D

e

6HP17

J

b d f

3HP2

6HP16

6HP46

J

G

surface cut

19 cm

light yellowish-brown

G

fill below surface

12.5 cm

light reddish-brown

B

G

G

Level IIB fill

fill below surface

g

4HP69

J

G

Level V

i

6HP92

L

G

Level III floor + fill

h

136

6HP20

L

G

Level III floor

10 cm

14 cm

light reddish-brown

12.5 cm

light reddish-brown

11 cm

11 cm

Phase

Area

Findspot Description

5HP24

C

B

fill in Gudea level

Level IB fill — Room 44

22 cm

Type Number

Phase

Area

Findspot Description

Rim Diameter

a

5HP21

C

B

fill in Gudea level

c

5H13 (= 5HP511)

B

B

near Burial 5HB10

e

5HP539

B

B

below Level 0 floor

b

137 b d f

138

2HP274

1HP524

1HP628

1HP593

G

A A A

C

B B

B

fill below Level I floor

light reddish-brown

12 cm

Type Number

a

pink

Rim Diameter

15 cm

light brown

light brown, core: grey

Fabric Description light reddish-brown light grey

Fabric Description very pale brown

18 cm

reddish-brown

22 cm

reddish-brown

15 cm

15 cm

fill above Level III floor

19 cm

light reddish-brown light reddish-brown

grey-green with reddish tinge

Type Number

Phase

Area

Findspot Description

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

a

1HP627

A

B

Level I fill

20 cm

grey-green

c

5HP505

B

surface

30 cm

brown

b

139 a

b

1HP574

A

B

Level III fill

18 cm

reddish-brown

Type Number

Phase

Area

Findspot Description

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

4HP126

I

G

Level IV

17 cm

light reddish-brown

3HP311

B

cut

42 cm

light yellowish-brown

324

Plates – Type HK

a

b

c

d

e

g

f

h

j i Plate 120. Type HK-1: Low-necked jar with plain rim (ratio 2:5).

5 cm

325

Plates – Type HK

a

b

c

d

e

f

g

h

i j

k Plate 121. Type HK-1: Low-necked jar with plain rim cont’d (ratio 1.5:5).

l 5 cm

326

Plates – Type HK

a

b

c

d

Plate 122. Type HK-1: Low-necked jar with plain rim cont’d (ratio 1.5:5).

e

5 cm

327

Plates – Type HK

a

b

d

c

e

f

g

h

i

j

k

m

l

n

p o Plate 123. Type HK-1: Low-necked jar with plain rim cont’d (ratio 1:5).

10 cm

328

Plates – Type HK

a

b

c

d

e

f

h

g

i Plate 124. Type HK-1: Low-necked jar with plain rim cont’d (ratio 1:5).

10 cm

Plates – Type HK

Plate ...

b

a

c

d

Plate 125. Type HK-1: Low-necked jar with plain rim cont’d (ratio 1:5).

10 cm

329

330

Plates – Type HK

a

b

c

d

e Plate 126. Type HK-1a: Low-necked jar with grooved shoulder (ratio 2:5).

5 cm

331

Plates – Type HK

c

a d

e

b

Plate 127. Type HK-1b: Large piriform jar with plain everted rim (ratio 1:8).

10 cm

332

Plates – Type HK

Plate ...

a

Plate 128. Type HK-1c: Shouldered jar with pointed base (ratio 2:5).

b

5 cm

333

Plates – Type HK

a

b

c

d

e

f

g

h

Plate 129. Type HK-2a: Low-necked jar with triangular rim (ratio 1.5:5).

5 cm

334

Plates – Type HK

Plate ...

a

b

c

d

Plate 130. Type HK-2b: Ridge-shouldered jar with triangular rim (ratio 1.5:5).

5 cm

335

Plates – Type HK

a

b

c

d

e

f

g

Plate 131. Type HK-3: Low-necked jar with convex triangular rim (ratio 2:5).

5 cm

336

Plates – Type HK

a

b

c

d

e

f

h

j

Plate 132. Type HK-4: Low-necked jar with rounded ledge rim (ratio 1:5).

g

i

k

10 cm

337

Plates – Type HK

b

a

c

d

e

f

g Plate 133. Type HK-5: Low-necked jar with oval band rim (ratio 1.5:5).

5 cm

338

Plates – Type HK

a

b

c

d Plate 134. Type HK-6: Large low-necked, wide-shouldered storage jar (ratio 1:5).

10 cm

339

Plates – Type HK

a

b

c

d

e f

g h

i Plate 135. Type HK-7: Rim-tabbed jar (ratio 1.5:5).

5 cm

340

Plates – Type HK

Plate ...

a

b

Plate 136. Type HK-8: Jar with applied pierced columns (ratio 1.5:5).

5 cm

Plates – Type HK

Plate ...

a

b

d

e

f

c

Plate 137. Type HK-9: Ovoid low-necked jar with ledge rim (ratio 1.5:5).

5 cm

341

342

Plates – Type HK

Plate ...

a

b

c

Plate 138. Type HK-10: Wide-mouth jar with band rim (ratio 2:5). Type HK-10: wide-mouth jar

with band rim (scale 2:5)

5 cm

Plates – Type HK

Plate ...

a

b

Plate 139. Type HK miscellaneous (ratio 1.5:5). Type

HK - miscellaneous (scale 1.5:5)

5 cm

343

344

Plates – Type HL

Type HL (Plates 140–172) 140

Type Number

Phase

Area

Findspot Description

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

a

1HP131

G

A

Level II floor

8 cm

light grey-green

c

3HP171

G

cut in Level I

7 cm

light reddish-brown

A

Level III fill

8 cm

reddish-brown

b d e f

g

h

1HP188

1HP132

G

2HP50

H

1H46

2H123

2HP350

1HP180 2HP60

2HP61

a

b

H G

G

H G

A

A

A

Level IB fill — Room 47 Level IA fill

cut below Level III Level II

9.75 cm 8 cm

9.5 cm 13 cm

11 cm

reddish-yellow reddish-brown pale yellow

reddish-brown

reddish-yellow

8 cm

light reddish-brown

9 cm

brown

Phase

Area

Findspot Description

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

G

Burial X

8 cm

reddish-yellow

3HP210

3HP207

4HP175

D

3HP262 2HP91

2HP330

h

2HP269

j

2H177

142

C

Level III floor + fill

brown

Type Number

I

e

i

C

9 cm

brownish-red

Level II fill

G

g

A

Level II fill

9.75 cm

G

1H33

f

A

cut below Level III

I

c

d

A

3HP235 4HP43

141

H

2H13

G

G

G

G

Level II and above

10.5 cm

pink

G

Burial 3HB3

7 cm

reddish-yellow

G

Burial 3HB5

7 cm

reddish-yellow

A B C

Level II

Level IIB

6 cm

reddish-brown light grey

Level I floor — Room 1

9 cm

Level IA floor

8.5 cm

C

Burial 2HB8

9.5 cm

reddish-yellow

C

surface

C

Level IA floor — Room 10

C

9 cm

yellowish-red

reddish-yellow

reddish-yellow

reddish-yellow

Type Number

Phase

Area

Findspot Description

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

a

2HP276

G

C

Level IA floor — Room 24

8 cm

light reddish-brown

c

2HP68

G

C

Level IA fill — Room 1

12 cm

pale yellow

b d e f

g

h

2H271

2HP40

2HP355

2H270C

3HP332 (= 3H75) 2HP284 1HP11

1HP135 6HP65

G

G

G E

G G

C

C

C

Level IB fill — Room 65

7.8 cm

fill below level IA floor — Room 2 10 cm Level IA fill — Room 20

7.5 cm

pale olive

yellowish-red

light reddish-brown

C

Burial 2HB9

7.5 cm

very pale brown

C

Level IA fill — Room 69

7 cm

reddish-yellow

B

Level IIB floor

7.5 cm

light reddish-brown

A

drain

11 cm

medium red

G

surface cut

7.5 cm

light brown

A

Level II

5 cm

reddish-brown

345

Plates – Type HL 143 a

b

Type Number 1HP39

1HP3

c

2HP429

e

3HP37

d

144

Phase

3HP69

G

Area

Findspot Description

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

A

drain packing

17 cm

medium red

A

drain

15 cm

medium red

G

cut from Level I or above

13 cm

light brown

C

G

Level IB fill — Room 49 surface cut

13 cm

13.5 cm

pale yellow

reddish-yellow

Type Number

Phase

Area

Findspot Description

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

a

1HP217

H

A

drain packing

13 cm

reddish-brown

c

2HP95

A

drain packing

11.5 cm

light reddish-brown

C

cut in Level IA

9 cm

very pale brown

A

Level III fill

b d

2HP35

H

2HP100

H

f

2HP428

G

h

4HP75

K

e

g i j

2HP386 1HP14

4HP533

H

A A C

G

Level III fill

cut below Level III Level IB fill — Room 7 Level VII

2HP393

G

C

cut in Level IA

Type Number

Phase

Area

a

3HP183

I

G

c

2HP103

G

e

1HP233

G

k

145 b d

1HP16

2HP31

2HP361 1HP98

1HP99

146

G

G

H G

A

13 cm

11 cm

11 cm

12 cm 9 cm

11 cm

pink, core: grey

light reddish-brown pale yellow

brownish-red light grey

13 cm

reddish-yellow

Findspot Description

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

Level II fill

25 cm

light yellowish-brown

Level II floor

13 cm

reddish-brown

A

cut in Level II

26 cm

light reddish-brown

C

Level IB fill — Room 57

15 cm

light yellowish-brown

A A

A

A

drain

Level II floor

Level III floor

12.5 cm 12.5 cm

Level II

18 cm

pale yellow

reddish-brown

reddish-brown

grey-green red

Type Number

Phase

Area

Findspot Description

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

a

1HP570

A

B

Level III fill

15 cm

reddish-brown

c

5HP15 (= 5H10)

B

B

Burial 5HB1

10 cm

pale olive

b d e

5HP25

5HP510 (= 5H11) 5HP17 (= 5H12)

C

B

B

B

B

B

Gudea level fill Burial 5HB7

NW of Burial 5HB5

12 cm

14 cm

12 cm

light reddish-brown light reddish-brown

light reddish-brown

346

Plates – Type HL

147

Type Number

Phase

Area

Findspot Description

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

a

1HP557

A

B

fill

12 cm

buff green-grey

c

1H92

A

B

Burial 1HB2

12 cm

grey-green

b d e f

1HP617 2HP320

1HP558

1HP528

g

1HP549

i

1HP599

h

148

1HP502

A G

A

A

A

A

A

B C

B

B

B

fill under surface

B

Area

1HP544

A

B

c

5HP20

C

e

1HP566

A

d f

g

h i j

3HP279

1HP612B 1HP538

1HP520 1H125

1HP633

2HP297

1HP521B 1HP588

1HP623 5HP2

149

A

A

A

A

A G

A

A

A

fill

burial cut

Phase

b

Level IA fill — Room 45

B

Type Number

a

surface

B

B

B

surface layer

Findspot Description surface

Gudea level fill

B

Level III fill

B

surface fill

B

B

B C

B

beneath surface layer surface

sand fill

Level IA fill — Room 55

B

Level III fill

B

B

13 cm

20 cm

14 cm

reddish-brown

brownish-yellow buff green

13 cm

grey-green

17 cm

grey-green

15 cm

21 cm

reddish-brown greyish-green

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

19 cm

yellowish-green

14 cm

10.5 cm 16 cm

yellowish-red

light reddish-brown

12 cm

light grey-green

11 cm

medium buff

19 cm

10 cm

11.5 cm

15.5 cm

10 cm

grey-green

yellow buff grey-green

yellowish-red

10 cm

reddish-brown

cut in Level I

18 cm

light reddish-brown

Level IV fill

12 cm

brownish-green

Type Number

Phase

Area

Findspot Description

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

a

3HP213

D

B

Level I fill

11 cm

light grey

c

4HP12

D

B

Level IIA fill

12 cm

reddish-yellow

b d e f

g

h

2HP97

2HP173

4HP513 2HP55

2HP405 1H93

G

G C

G

G

i

1HP124

G

k

4HP156

J

j

l

3HP124

6HP136

K

C

C

B C

C

below Level IA floor — Room 2

14.5 cm

Level IB fill

11.5 cm

fill below OB

Level I fill — Room 11

Level IB fill — Room 45

11 cm

16 cm

19 cm

light yellowish-brown light brownish-grey very pale brown

yellowish-brown yellowish-red

surface find

12 cm

reddish-brown

G

surface cut

11 cm

light brown

G

Level II fill

9.5 cm

light olive grey

A G

Level II fill Level IV

9 cm

12 cm

greenish-grey

very pale brown

347

Plates – Type HL 150

Type Number

Phase

Area

Findspot Description

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

a

5HP551

B

B

OB fill

13 cm

light reddish-brown

c

2HP131

G

C

Level IB fill — Room 7

13.5 cm

very pale brown

b d e f

g

h i j

k l

m

151

2HP394

2HP102

3HP342 2HP99

1HP20

2HP86

2HP295

2HP395 2HP93

2HP106

2HP255

G

G F

G

G

G

G G

G

C

C

B C

A C

C

C

C

C

Level IB floor — Room 48 Level IA fill — Room 3 Level III floor

Level I fill — Room 1 drain packing

Level I fill — Room 9

Level IA fill — Room 45

drain packing

Level I fill — Room 16

Level IA fill — Room 8

22 cm

14 cm

16 cm

pale yellow olive

17 cm

reddish-grey

17 cm

reddish-yellow

15.5 cm 13 cm

10.5 cm 20 cm

20 cm

grey-green

reddish-yellow

pale brown olive

brown

A

drain

17 cm

pale yellow

Type Number

Phase

Area

Findspot Description

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

a

2HP104

G

C

Level IA fill — Room 4

9 cm

reddish-yellow

c

2HP385

C

cut in Level IA

10 cm

yellowish-red

e

2HP296

C

Level IA fill

12.5 cm

pale olive

b d f

g

1HP427

2HP280

G

2HP328

G

2HP427

G

h

2HP316

G

j

2H11

G

i

k

2HP227 3HP327 (= 3H72) 1HP19

G E

2HP36

C

C

Level IA fill — Room 70 Level IB fill — Room 29

12 cm

10 cm

13.5 cm

C

cut in Level IB

11 cm

C

Level IA fill — Room 11

10 cm

C

C

B

Level IB fill + floor — Room 4 Level IA floor — Room 11 Level II

A

surface

A

surface layer

A

2HP43

2HP45

A

12.5 cm 10.4 cm

10.2 cm

16 cm

17 cm

10 cm

light brown

reddish-yellow

reddish-yellow

light yellowish-brown reddish-yellow

reddish-yellow pink

greenish-grey

reddish-yellow

reddish-yellow

C

cut in Level I

13 cm

very pale brown

G

surface cut

14 cm

reddish-yellow

2HP116

G

4HP213

E

152

Type Number

Phase

Area

Findspot Description

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

a

5HP522 (= 5H16)

B

B

Burial 5HB9

11 cm

light reddish-brown

b

5HP24 (= 5H9)

B

B

Burial 5HB4

11 cm

light reddish-brown

c

2HP133

G

C

Level IB fill — Room 7

11 cm

reddish-yellow

e

3HP329 (= 3H73)

E

B

Level IIB floor

15.5 cm

reddish-yellow

3HP86

d

2HP304

C

B

C

Level IA fill — Room 9 Level III fill

surface

11.5 cm 11 cm

15.5 cm

light reddish-brown grey

strong brown

348

Plates – Type HL

153

Type Number

Phase

Area

Findspot Description

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

a

2HP132

G

C

Level IB fill — Room 12

13.5 cm

reddish-yellow

c

4HP516

C

B

fill below OB

16.8 cm

yellowish-red

b d e f

4HP71

2HP293

2HP221

C

G

B C

C

Level IA fill — Room 31 cut in Level IA

11 cm

10 cm

reddish-yellow

light reddish-brown

Type Number

Phase

Area

Findspot Description

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

a

1HP561

A

B

beneath surface layer

9 cm

grey-green

c

1HP512

A

B

surface layer

8 cm

grey-green

d e f

155

1H72

1HP525

1HP513 5HP16

A

A

A B

B

B

Burial 1HB2

B

surface layer

B

Level I fill

11 cm

light reddish-brown

C

b

OB cut

14.5 cm

5HP562

154

B

Level I or above

13.5 cm 9 cm

10 cm

10 cm

light reddish-brown

reddish-brown buff

reddish-brown

light reddish-brown

Type Number

Phase

Area

Findspot Description

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

a

1HP537

A

B

Level I fill

8 cm

reddish-brown

c

4HP36 (= 4H26A)

b

156

1H62

B

Burial 1HB5

B

8.8 cm

grey-green

9 cm

reddish-yellow

Type Number

Phase

Area

Findspot Description

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

a

6HP141

L

G

Level III fill + floor

10.2 cm

light brown

c

6HP50

L

G

Level IIB fill

11 cm

light brown

b d e f

4HP190 3HP187

4HP174

2HP37

K I

g

4HP42

I

i

4HP58

J

3HP176

I

h j

3HP92 3HP103

6HP129

157

I

K

G

G

G

A

G

Level VII

Level II fill

Level II or above

G

surface cut

G

below Level IIA floor

G

G

G

Level VI

Level II fill

Level IIB floor

9 cm

10 cm

10 cm

light reddish-brown reddish-yellow

light reddish-brown

9.5 cm

reddish-yellow

14 cm

light grey

11 cm

light brown

12 cm

light brown

11 cm

10 cm

11 cm

reddish-yellow

Type Number

Phase

Area

Findspot Description

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

a

4HP1

C

B

Gudea pavement

11 cm

very pale brown

c

4HP178

D

e

3HP284

b d

2HP387 4HP21

C

B

B

B

cut from surface Level IIB fill

f

2HP309

G

C

Level IB fill — Room 50

h

4HP24

D

B

Level IIB oven floor

g

4HP29

C

B

Level I

12 cm

reddish-yellow

15 cm

very pale brown

14 cm

light yellowish-brown

13 cm

light yellowish-brown

10.4 cm

very pale brown

11 cm

13.4 cm

yellowish-red

reddish-yellow

349

Plates – Type HL 158

Type Number

Phase

Area

Findspot Description

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

a

1HP174

H

A

Level III fill

11 cm

green-grey

c

1HP136

G

A

Level II floor

12 cm

grey-green

b d e f

4HP103

1HP193 2HP44

L

H

2HP34

H

Type Number

a

g

A

A

A

Level VIII

Level III fill

cut in Level II Level III fill

8 cm

11 cm

15 cm

16 cm

reddish-brown pale olive

pale olive

surface cut

Phase

Area

Findspot Description

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

5HP28

C

B

Gudea fill

15 cm

light reddish-brown

c

4HP171

D

B

Level IIB floor

12.5 cm

very pale brown

d

1HP568

A

B

Level III

18 cm

reddish-brown

f

1HP533

A

B

Level I fill

19 cm

reddish-brown

1HP532

A

B

Level II fill

18 cm

reddish-brown

b

e

g

h i

160

4HP200

4HP530

1HP598

1HP582

D

A

A

B

B

B

Level IIB fill

fill beneath surface Level III floor

20 cm

light brown

G

159

3HP80

G

12.5 cm

16 cm

18 cm

16 cm

reddish-yellow

light reddish-brown

reddish-brown grey-green

Type Number

Phase

Area

Findspot Description

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

a

1HP75

G

A

Level II

9 cm

reddish-brown

c

3HP177

I

Type Number

a

b

A

beneath surface

10 cm

brown

Phase

Area

Findspot Description

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

6HP131

L

G

fill below Level III

10 cm

pale olive

c

4HP166

J

e

4HP151

L

161 b d f

1HP53

6HP67

6HP122 3HP17

g

3HP116

i

3HP82 (= 3H15)

h

3HP75

L

I

I

j

6HP49

K

l

4HP137

K

n

3HP161

I

k m o

p

6HP54

1HP108

1HP100 3HP18

1HP164

G

G

G

Level II fill

10 cm

light brown

G

surface cut

6.7 cm

light brown

G

Level III fill

12 cm

light brown

G

G

G

Level IV

Level VIII

10 cm

12 cm

light reddish-brown light reddish-brown

10 cm

strong brown

11 cm

reddish-yellow

G

Level II fill

G

surface cut

12.75 cm

yellowish-red

G

surface cut

8 cm

light brown, core: grey

A

Level II fill

G G G

G

A

G

A

Level II fill

Level II fill Level VII

Level II fill

drain just under surface

surface cut Level II

10 cm

13.5 cm 15 cm

17 cm

16 cm

18 cm

22 cm

18 cm

light reddish-brown

light brown

light reddish-brown reddish-brown

reddish-yellow reddish-brown light brown

reddish-brown

350

Plates – Type HL

162 a

b

Type Number 6H159

4HP44 (= 4H61)

c

1HP138 (= 1H32)

e

4HP45 (= 4H62)

d f

6H73

3HP129

f

3HP215

h

6H59

g i

6H58

6H75

j

3HP101 (= 3H29)

l

3HP38 (= 3H21)

k m

163 a

b

Phase

6H34

Area G

G

7.1 cm

light brown

6 cm

reddish-yellow

G

surface cut

9.5 cm

light brown

Level II fill

Burial 4HB1

5.5 cm 9 cm

brownish-red

reddish-yellow

G

surface cut

8 cm

light brown

G

surface cut

8.5 cm

light reddish-brown

G

surface cut

G

G

G

G

6H61

Fabric Description

Burial 4HB2

A

G

I

Rim Diameter

G

G

I

Findspot Description

Level II fill

fill below Level IIA

surface

surface cut

8 cm

9.9 cm

10.2 cm 11 cm

6.5 cm

14 cm

reddish-yellow

reddish-yellow

light brown pale yellow

light reddish-brown

reddish-yellow

G

surface cut

11.1 cm

light brown

Type Number

Phase

Area

Findspot Description

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

6HP110

I

G

Level I fill

10.5 cm

light brown

3HP168

I

G

Level II fill

3HP40

I

G

Level II

12 cm

reddish-yellow

light reddish-brown

4HP49

J

G

Level IV

light grey

c

6HP75

J

G

Level I fill

light brown

e

1HP202

H

A

Level III fill

d f

g

h i j

164 a

6HP76 6H60

K

6H62

6HP78

6HPD14

Phase

b

6HP70

K

d

4HP185

L

c

e f

g

4HP47

1HP209

1HP214

J

G

1HP211

G

6HP109

J

4HP22

6HP140 6HPD5 6HPD6

D K

10 cm

light olive grey reddish-brown

surface cut

8.2 cm

pink

G

surface cut

13 cm

light brown

G

surface

6.5 cm

reddish-yellow

Area

Findspot Description

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

G

Level IIB fill

9.5 cm

light brown, core: grey

G

Level X

G

6H32

Level II fill

G

G

6HPD13

Type Number

G

G G

A

surface cut

Level IV Level II

A

cut from Level II

B

Level IIA fill

A G

G

G G

Level II

Level I fill

Level II fill

11.2 cm

10 cm

11 cm

12 cm

brownish-yellow

light reddish-brown

light reddish-brown reddish-brown

reddish-brown

reddish-brown

light reddish-brown light brown

light brown

351

Plates – Type HL 165 a

Type Number 6HP107

Phase

b

6HP39

K

d

2HP207

G

c

e

4HP169

2HP203

J

f

6HP40

K

h

6HP44

K

g i

166

4HP157 3HP74

4HP84

L I

K

Area

Findspot Description

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

G

surface cut

11 cm

light brown

G

Level VI

13 cm

light brown

G

A

A G

G

G

G

G

Level IIB fill Level II floor

drain under Level III floor

16 cm

Level II fill

14 cm

Level IIB fill

18 cm

Level VIII Level II

Level VII

17 cm

20 cm

18 cm

light brown

light brown

light reddish-brown light brown

light reddish-brown light brown pale yellow

light reddish-brown

Type Number

Phase

Area

Findspot Description

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

a

1HP47

G

A

Level II

17 cm

light brown

c

4HP76

J

G

Level III

b d e f

g

h i j

k

4HP39

3HP106B 4HP135 3HP73

3HP47

4HP191 6HP52

6HPD15

6H72

J I

K I

I

L

K

l

6HP90

L

n

6HP127

K

m

167

6HP165

L

G

G

G

G

G

G

G

G

Level V

Level II fill

11.5 cm

Level II

13 cm

Level VII Level II

Level XII

Level IIB fill

G

surface cut

G

Level IV fill

G

G

Level III fill + floor Level IIB floor

11.2 cm 13.5 cm 12 cm

14.5 cm

12 cm

reddish-yellow

light yellowish-brown light brownish-grey

light reddish-brown

light reddish-brown light brown

light reddish-brown

light reddish-brown

14.3 cm

light reddish-brown

14 cm

light grey

13 cm

10.5 cm

light brown

light brown

Type Number

Phase

Area

Findspot Description

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

a

3HP199

I

G

Level IIA floor

10 cm

light reddish-brown

c

4HP107

E

B

Level III fill

16 cm

light grey

b d e

4HP189

2HP119 3HP89

f

3HP264

h

6HP47

g i j

K G

2HP130

H

4HP208

J

6HP112

K

K

G C

G

Level VII

Level IA floor — Room 4 surface cut

10 cm

15 cm

15.5 cm

pale brown grey

light grey

B

surface

16 cm

reddish-yellow

G

Level IIB fill

16 cm

light reddish-brown

A G

G

Level IV fill Level III fill

Level IIB floor

20.5 cm

24 cm

yellow

light brown

light brown, core: grey

352

168 a

b c

d

Plates – Type HL Type Number 6HPD2

5HP26

3HP9

1HP24

g

3HP211

169

6HP85

Area G

6HPD3

e f

Phase

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

B

surface

light reddish-brown

G

surface cut

light brown

G

surface cut

G

G

Findspot Description

A

G

beneath surface

12.5 cm

surface

20 cm

brownish-red

light brown, core: grey light brownish-grey

Type Number

Phase

Area

Findspot Description

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

a

2H116

G

C

Level IB floor — Room 48

11 cm

yellowish-red

c

2HP263

G

C

Level IA floor — Room 4

9 cm

light reddish-brown — burnished

b d e

170

2H52

2HP258 2H22

G

G

G

C

C

C

Level I fill — Room 7

Level IA floor — Room 4

Level IB floor — Room 18

9 cm

10 cm

10.5 cm

reddish-yellow — burnished light brown — burnished

reddish-yellow — burnished

Type Number

Phase

Area

Findspot Description

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

a

2HP273

G

C

cut in Level IA

11 cm

yellowish-red — burnished

c

2HP57

G

C

Level IA fill — Room 9

12 cm

strong brown — burnished

d

3HP184

I

G

Level II fill

11 cm

light brown

f

2HP291

G

h

2HP426

G

Type Number

Phase

b

e

g

171

2HP306

2HP292 4HP506

G

C

Level IA fill — Room 42

8 cm

pale yellow

C

cut from surface

9 cm

light red

B

oven area

14 cm

strong brown

C

C

Level IA fill — Room 22 Level IB fill — Room 58

12 cm

12 cm

light reddish-brown yellowish-red

Area

Findspot Description

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

cut in Level IB

9 cm

yellowish-brown

17 cm

light reddish-brown

a

2HP220

C

b

4HP184

B

c

5HP509 (= 5H14)

B

B

Burial 5HB5

9 cm

pale olive

d

6HP130

K

G

Level II fill

12 cm

light brown

Type Number

Phase

Area

Findspot Description

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

a

1HP567

A

B

Level III fill

8 cm

reddish-brown

c

3HP113

I

G

cut from Level I or above

15 cm

light grey

172 b d

1HP612 3HP56

A I

B

G

Level I fill Level II

9 cm

10 cm

reddish-brown light brown

353

Plates – Type HL

b a

d

e

c

f

g Plate 140. Type HL-1a: Small medium-necked jar (ratio 2:5).

h 5 cm

Plate ...

a

b

c

d

e

f

g

h

i

j

Plate 141. Type HL-1b: High-necked (ratio 1.5:5). Typeelongated HL-1b:jarhigh-necked

elongated jar (scale 1.5:5)

5 cm

355

Plates – Type HL

c

a

e

b

f

Plate 142. Type HL-1b: High-necked elongated jar cont’d (ratio 1.5:5).

d

g

h

5 cm

356

Plates – Type HL

Plate ...

a

b

c

d

e

Plate 143. Type HL-1c: Wide-mouth globular jar (ratio 1.5:5). Type HL-1c: wide-mouth

globular jar (scale 1.5:5)

5 cm

357

Plates – Type HL

a

d

b

g c

h

e i

j

f Plate 144. Type HL-1d: Restricted globular jar (ratio 1.5:5).

k 5 cm

358

Plates – Type HL

a

b

c

d

e Plate 145. Type HL-1d: Restricted globular jar cont’d (ratio 1.5:5).

5 cm

359

Plates – Type HL

a

b c

d e

Plate 146. Type HL-2: Medium- to high-necked jar with a bevelled to triangular rim (ratio 1.5:5).

5 cm

360

Plates – Type HL

a

b

d

e

f

g

h

i c Plate 147. Type HL-2: Medium- to high-necked jar with a bevelled to triangular rim cont’d (ratio 1.5:5).

5 cm

361

Plates – Type HL

a

b

c

d

e

f

g

i

h

j

Plate 148. Type HL-2: Medium- to high-necked jar with a bevelled to triangular rim cont’d (ratio 1.5:5).

5 cm

362

Plates – Type HL

Plate ...

a

c

e

b

d

f

i g j

k

h

Plate 149. Type HL-3: Large jar with (ratio Typetriangular HL-3: rim large jar1:5). with

l

triangular rim (scale 1:5)

10 cm

363

Plates – Type HL

a

j b

c

k

d l e

f

g

h

i Plate 150. Type HL-3: Large jar with triangular rim cont’d (ratio 1:5).

m 10 cm

364

Plates – Type HL

a

b

c

e

f

h d

g

i

j

Plate 151. Type HL-4a: High-necked, ring-base jar with a small triangular rim (ratio 1:5).

k 10 cm

365

Plates – Type HL

a

b

c

d e Plate 152. Type HL-4b (above): Tapered ring-base jar with a triangular rim; Type HL-5 (below): Wide-mouth globular jar with a single ridge on the shoulder (ratio 1:5).

10 cm

366

Plates – Type HL

a

b d

c

f

e Plate 153. Type HL-6: Ring-base jar with a ridge below the rim (ratio 2:5).

5 cm

367

Plates – Type HL

c

a

d

e

b

Plate 154. Type HL-7a: Cylindrical jar with stepped shoulder (ratio 1.5:5).

f

5 cm

368

Plates – Type HL

Plate ...

a

b

c

Plate 155. Type HL-7b: Round-bodied jar with stepped shoulder (ratio 1.5:5).

5 cm

369

Plates – Type HL

b a

d c

e

f

g

h

i

j

Plate 156. Type HL-8: Medium-necked jar with sloping band rim (ratio 2:5).

5 cm

370

Plates – Type HL

a b

c d

e f

h

g

Plate 157. Type HL-9: High-necked jar with oval band rim (ratio 1.5:5).

5 cm

371

Plates – Type HL

b a

c d

f

e

g Plate 158. Type HL-10a: Jar with elongated band rim (ratio 2:5).

5 cm

372

Plates – Type HL

a

b

d

f

h

Plate 159. Type HL-10b (above): High-necked jar with outward-flaring, elongated band rim; Type HL-10c (below): Ovoid high-necked jar with elongated band rim (ratio 1.5:5).

c

e

g

i

5 cm

Plates – Type HL

Plate ...

a

b

c

Plate 160. Type HL-11: High-necked jar with flat rim (ratio 2:5). Type HL-11: high-necked

jar with flat rim (scale 2:5)

5 cm

373

374

Plates – Type HL

a b

c

e d

g

f

i

h

j

k

l

m

n

o

p Plate 161. Type HL-12: Ledge rim jar (ratio 1.5:5).

5 cm

a

b

d

c

f

e

g

h

i

j

k

l

m

Plate 162. Type HL-12a: Squat carinated jar (ratio 1.5:5).

5 cm

376

Plates – Type HL

a

c

b

d

e f

h

j g Plate 163. Type HL-12a (above): Squat carinated jar cont’d;  Type HL-12b (below): Tall carinated jar (ratio 1.5:5).

i

5 cm

377

Plates – Type HL

a b

c

d

e

f

g

Plate 164. Type HL-12b: Tall carinated jar cont’d (ratio 1.5:5).

5 cm

378

Plates – Type HL

b

a d

e c

f

g

h

i Plate 165. Type HL-12c: Ledge rim jar with impressed decoration on the shoulder (ratio 1.5:5).

5 cm

379

Plates – Type HL

a

b

c

d

e

f

g

h

i

j k

l

m Plate 166. Type HL-12d: Large jar with a row of fi ngernail impressions  at the base of the neck (ratio 1:5).

n 10 cm

380

Plates – Type HL

b

c

a

d

e

f

g

h

i

j Plate 167. Type HL-12e: Ledge rim jar with a decorated ridge high on the shoulder (ratio 1:5).

10 cm

381

Plates – Type HL

b a

d

c

e f

g Plate 168. Type HL-13: Upright-handle jar (ratio 1.5:5).

5 cm

382

Plates – Type HL

a

b

d

Plate 169. Type HL-14: Burnished elongated jar with everted rim (ratio 1.5:5).

c

e

5 cm

383

Plates – Type HL

c

a

b

d e

f

g Plate 170. Type HL-15a (a–c): Elongated double-ridge rim jar; Type HL-15b (d–h): Double-ridged rim jar with a wide shoulder (ratio 1.5:5).

h 5 cm

384

Plates – Type HL

b

a

c

d Plate 171. Type HL-16 (a–b): Multi-lobed rim jar; Type HL-17 (c): Jar with drooped, everted rim; Type HL-18 (d): Jar with protruding band rim and lid support (ratio 1.5:5).

5 cm

Plates – Type HL

Plate ...

a

b

c

d

Plate 172. Type HL miscellaneous (ratio 2:5).Type

HL - miscellaneous (scale 2:5)

5 cm

385

386

Plates – Type HM

Type HM (Plates 173–180) 173

Type Number

Phase

Area

Findspot Description

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

a

6HP111

K

G

Level IIB

14 cm

reddish-yellow

c

6HP68

G

surface cut

10 cm

light brown

G

Level III floor

10 cm

pink

b d

6HP148

K

6HP121

K

Type Number

Phase

a

2HP98

G

c

3HP192

I

e

3HP194

I

e

174 b d

175

6HP28

2HP226 3HP191

L

I

G G

Area A

Level II fill

Level IIB floor + fill

Rim Diameter

Level II

11 cm

Level II fill

9 cm

Level II fill

12 cm

surface

G

Level II fill

G

9 cm

Findspot Description

C

G

12 cm

11 cm

light brown

light brown

Fabric Description reddish-yellow

light olive brown reddish-yellow

reddish-yellow

very pale brown

Type Number

Phase

Area

Findspot Description

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

a

1HP234

G

A

below surface

13 cm

reddish-brown

c

1HP213

G

e

6HP37

b d f

g

176 a

b

3HP122 1HP210 1HP231

Type Number 3HP36

e

2HP90

f

g

h i

Phase

6HP59

3HP261

I

1HP162

G

1HP146 (= 1H37)

3HP328 (= 3H71)

14 cm

pale olive

A

fill beneath Level III

13.9 cm

light grey-green

A G

G

H E

cut from Level II cut in Level II

12.5 cm 13 cm

15 cm

reddish-brown light brown

G

cut in Level II

Area

Findspot Description

G

surface cut

G

Burial 3HB5

9.5 cm

reddish-yellow

A

Level II floor

11 cm

reddish-yellow

G

3HP223

2HP17

cut from surface

A

6HP36

c

d

H

G

G

A

A

A B

Level II fill Level II

Level III

drain

Level II fill

12 cm

light brown

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

11.5 cm 11 cm

12 cm 10.5 cm

10.2 cm

light brown, core: grey

yellowish-red

light reddish-brown grey-green

reddish-yellow

grey-green pink

387

Plates – Type HM 177

Type Number

Phase

Area

Findspot Description

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

a

4HP155

J

G

Level VI

11 cm

light brown

c

6HP12

K

G

Level II fill

d

3HP45 (= 3H30)

I

G

Level II

9.5 cm

light brown

178

Type Number

Phase

Area

Findspot Description

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

a

6HP138

K

G

Level II fill

10 cm

light brown

c

4HP66 (= 4H64)

J

G

Level VI

12.2 cm

reddish-yellow

b

e

b

179

4HP83

3HP344

6HP113

K

K

G

G

Level VII

Level II fill

reddish-yellow light brown

10.5 cm

12 cm

light brown

Type Number

Phase

Area

Findspot Description

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

a

3HP104

J

G

below Level II floor

10 cm

light brown

c

2H97

J

A

Level XI

10.8 cm

reddish-yellow

b d e f

g

h

2H96

3HP193

3HP228 3HP4

3HP31

J I

I

I

A G

G

G

G

Level XI

Level II fill

Level II fill Level II

10.9 cm 11 cm

11 cm

12 cm

reddish-yellow

reddish-yellow pinkish-grey

light brownish-grey

13 cm

light brown

Diameter

Fabric Description

1HP215

H

A

Level IV fill

Type Number

Phase

Area

Findspot Description

a

4HP93

J

G

Level IV

reddish-yellow

c

6HP162

L

G

Level IV

light brown

180 b d e f

g

h

4HP132 4HP26

4HP51

4HP11

2HP374

2HP48

L

E

E

C G

G B

B

B

C

C

Level IX

Level IIB fill

Level IIB fill Level I fill

Burial 5

Level I fill — Room 1

10.9 cm

reddish-brown

grey

light reddish-brown

light reddish-brown pink

yellowish-red

yellowish-red

388

Plates – Type HM

a

b

c

d

e

Plate 173. Type HM-1: Large spouted jar with plain rim — Phases K-L (ED I) (ratio 1:5).

10 cm

389

Plates – Type HM

a

c b

d

Plate 174. Type HM-1: Large spouted jar with plain rim — Phases I-J (ED I–IIIA) (ratio 1:5).

e

10 cm

390

Plates – Type HM

a

b

c

d

e

f

g

Plate 175. Type HM-1: Large spouted jar with plain rim — Phases G-H (ED III) (ratio 1:5).

10 cm

391

Plates – Type HM

a

b

c

d

f e

g Plate 176. Type HM-2: Small spouted jar with plain rim (ratio 1:5).

h

i 10 cm

392

Plates – Type HM

a b

d

Plate 177. Type HM-3 (above): Tall carinated spouted jar; Type HM-5 (below): Squat spouted jar with band rim (ratio 1:5).

c

e

10 cm

393

Plates – Type HM

a

b

c

Plate 178. Type HM-4: Large spouted jar with a bevelled rim — Phase K (ratio 1:5).

10 cm

394

Plates – Type HM

a

b

c

e

f

d

Plate 179. Type HM-4: Large spouted jar with a bevelled rim — Phases I–J (ratio 1:5).

g

10 cm

Plates – Type HM

Plate ...

a

b

d

f

c

e

g

h

Plate 180. Type HM miscellaneous (ratio 2:5). Type

HM - miscellaneous (scale 2:5)

5 cm

395

396

Plates – Type HN

Type HN (Plates 181–187) 181

Type Number

Phase

Area

Findspot Description

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

a

5HP27

B

B

libn fill

4 cm

light reddish-brown

c

4HP111

K

e

2HP219

G

Type Number

Phase

Area

Findspot Description

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

a

6HP120

J

G

Level I fill

4.5 cm

light brown

c

6HP45

K

G

Level II fill

5 cm

light reddish-brown

b d f

182 b d e f

g

h

183

2HP333 2HP49

4HP121

6HP91

5HP550

6HP158

2HP331

2HP338 3HP78

L

L

B L

G

G

2HP225

C

cut in Level IB floor

5.5 cm

very pale brown

C

surface

5 cm

brown

G C

G

G B

G C

C

G

Level VII

Level IA fill — Room 7 Level VIII

Level III floor + fill cut

6 cm

6 cm

9 cm

6 cm

Level IV fill + floor

4 cm

Level IB

5.5 cm

Level IA fill — Room 50

4.5 cm

C

cut below Level II floor

surface

3 cm

Area

Findspot Description

Rim Diameter

Level II fill

5.5 cm

yellow

light reddish-brown reddish-yellow

light brown

light reddish-brown light brown

yellowish-red

reddish-yellow

light brown

pale olive

Type Number

Phase

a

6H87

K

c

6HP81

G

surface cut

light brown

e

6HP82

G

surface cut

light brown

b d

6HP83

6HP80

f

6HP55

h

6HP79

g i

K

6HP13

K

5HP6

B

6H88

184

G

6HP71

3HP107

G

G

I

6HP132

L

Type Number

Phase

surface cut

surface cut

Fabric Description light reddish-brown

light brown

light brown

G

surface cut

light brown

G

surface cut

light brown

G

Level II fill

light brown

G G B

Level IIB fill

light brown

Level II fill

light brown

Level I

4 cm

below Level III floor

4.5 cm

Area

Findspot Description

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

G

surface cut

7 cm

very pale brown

G

surface fill

G

light reddish-brown

pale olive

light brown

a

6H76

b

1HP56

G

A

Level II

2.5 cm

brown

c

1H56

A

B

surface layer

3.7 cm

grey-green

d

1HP503

A

B

reddish-brown

397

Plates – Type HN 185

Type Number

Phase

Area

Findspot Description

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

a

2HP85

G

C

Level I fill

3.5 cm

light reddish-brown

c

2H70

G

C

Level IB floor — Room 4

e

2HP233

G

C

Level IA floor

b d f

g

h

2HP384 2H165A 3HP57 (= 3H24) 2H104

2HP332

i

2H120

k

1H82

j

186 a

b

G

2H135

Type Number 3HP97

6HP60

C

G C

G

G

Phase

C

G

d

6H29

G

e

1HP621

Level IA fill

3.5 cm

yellowish-red

surface

5.75 cm

light brown

3 cm

strong brown

3.2 cm

yellowish-red

cut in Level IA

3 cm

Level IB fill

A

below surface

4.4 cm

Area

Findspot Description

Rim Diameter

C

G

6H28

light reddish-brown

C

Level IA fill — Room 46

cut from Level I or above

G

c

3.5 cm

surface cut

3 cm

7 cm

9 cm

light reddish-brown very dark grey

reddish-yellow

yellowish-red

reddish-brown

Fabric Description pink

light brown

cut in Level II

12.3 cm

light brown

J

Level I fill

10 cm

light reddish-brown

A

B

Level II–III fill

13 cm

grey-green

Type Number

Phase

Area

Findspot Description

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

a

5HP529 (= 5H17)

B

B

Burial 5HB9

11 cm

light reddish-brown

c

5HP512 (= 5H15)

B

B

Burial 5HB8

11 cm

pale brown

f

187 b d

1HP511

5HP508

5HP528 (= 5H18)

A

B

B

B

B

B

surface layer

Burial 5HB5

Burial 5HB9

10 cm

12 cm

11 cm

reddish-brown

light reddish-brown

398

Plates – Type HN

a

b

c

d

e

f

Plate 181. Type HN-1: Bottleneck jar (ratio 2:5).

5 cm

Plates – Type HN

Plate ...

c b

e a d

g f

h

Plate 182. Type HN-2: Small bottleType with short necksmall (ratio 2:5). HN-2: bottle

i

with short neck (scale 2:5)

5 cm

399

400

Plates – Type HN

Plate ...

a

b

c

d

e

f

g

h

i

Plate 183. Type HN-3: Small bottle withHN-3: high neck (ratiobottle 2:5). Type small

with high neck (scale 2:5)

5 cm

401

Plates – Type HN

b

a

c Plate 184. Type HN-4 (above): Bottle with two pierced lugs; Type HN-7 (below): Small footed bottle (ratio 2:5).

d 5 cm

402

Plates – Type HN

a b

c

d

e

f

g

h

i

j

k

Plate 185. Type HN-5: Small globular flask (ratio 2:5).

5 cm

403

Plates – Type HN

a

b

d c

e

Plate 186. Type HN-6a (above): Carinated flask with ledge rim; Type HN-6b (below): Carinated flask with flaring rim (ratio 2:5).

f

5 cm

404

Plates – Type HN

a

b

d

c

Plate 187. Type HN-6c: Carinated cylindrical jar with ledge rim (ratio 2:5).

5 cm

405

Plates – Type HO

Type HO (Plates 188–189) 188 a

b c

d e f

g

h

189

Type Number

Phase

2HP222

Area A

2HP253

2HP237

A

drain

A

Level II

A

2HP254

2HP138

A

2HP423

C

2HP424

C

2HP425

Findspot Description

drain

Level IB — Room 3

Level IB — Room 3

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

30 cm

light brown

16 cm

light reddish-brown

22 cm

light reddish-brown

20 cm

light reddish-brown

22 cm

12 cm

14 cm

reddish-yellow

yellowish-red

yellowish-red

C

Level IB — Room 3

14 cm

yellowish-red

Type Number

Phase

Area

Findspot Description

Diameter

Fabric Description

a

6HP30

K

G

Level II fill

14 cm

pale yellow

c

6HP106

G

surface cut

G

Level II fill

b d e f

g

h i

6HP87

K

3H7

I

2HP155

H

3HP136 (= 3H28) 3HP65 (= 3H25) 2H69

3HP203 (= 3H51) 2HP168

I

I

G I

4HP38

J

4HP95

J

4HP81

6HP58

K

G G

A G C

G

A

Level IIB fill Level II fill

light brown, core: grey pale yellow

Level II fill

14 cm

pale yellow

Level II fill

15 cm

Level V

Level IB fill — Room 10

Level III

G

Level VI

G

11 cm

light brown, core: grey

11 cm

G

G

16 cm

Level VII surface cut

14 cm

12 cm

14 cm 10.5 cm

light brown yellowish-red light brown

light reddish-brown

light reddish-brown

light reddish-brown

light reddish-brown

light brown, core: grey

406

Plates – Type HO

a

d

c b

h

g

e Plate 188. Type HO-1: Drain tube (ratio 1:8).

f 10 cm

407

Plates – Type HO

a

b

c

e

d

f

h Plate 189. Type HO-2: T-joint drain spout (ratio 1:5).

g

i 10 cm

408

Plates – Type HP

Type HP (Plates 190–195) 190

Type Number

Phase

Area

Findspot Description

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

a

2H88

G

C

Level IB floor — Room 39

4.5 cm

reddish-yellow

c

2H89

G

C

Level IB floor — Room 39

3.7 cm

light grey

b d

2H257 2H90

G

G

C

C

Level IB fill — Room 77

Level IB floor — Room 39

3.3 cm

3.5 cm

olive yellow light grey

e

2H130

G

C

Level IB floor — Room 49

3.8 cm

pale yellow

f

2H91

G

C

Level IB floor — Room 39

4 cm

reddish-yellow

h

2H95

G

g

2H92

i

5HP533

j

2H168

G

C

C

Level IB floor — Room 39

Level IB floor — Room 39

5 cm

4.5 cm

reddish-yellow

very pale brown

B

cut in Level 0

5 cm

very pale brown

G

C

Level IA fill — Room 50

3.2 cm

yellowish-red

Type Number

Phase

Area

Findspot Description

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

a

2H55

G

C

Level I fill — Room 18

4.5 cm

brown

b

2HP339

C

7.5 cm

light reddish-brown

2HP418

C

k

191

2H180

G

c

2H178

e

2H19

G

2HP234

G

d f

g

192

2H56

5HP29

G C

C

C

C

C

B

Level IB fill — Room 4

4 cm

yellowish-red

surface

6 cm

yellowish-red

floor near surface

5 cm

yellowish-red

Burial 7

Level IB fill — Room 2

Level IA fill — Room 17 Gudea fill

4.5 cm 5 cm

4 cm

7.5 cm

light reddish-brown reddish-yellow

light reddish-brown

light reddish-brown

Type Number

Phase

Area

Findspot Description

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

a

6HP147

L

G

Level III floor + fill

5 cm

light brown

c

6HP94

L

G

Level III fill

4.75 cm

light brown

b d e f

g

h

2H57

6HP21

2HP101 2H258 1H41

2HP357

G L

G

G

H G

C

G C

C

A C

i

2H103

G

j

2HP252

C

l

2H93

C

G

C

G

k m n

5HP32 2H179

2H260

B C

C

G

Level I fill — Room 16 fill below Level III floor Level I fill — Room 19

Level IB fill — Room 57 Level IV fill Level IA fill

2.6 cm

4.75 cm 3.5 cm

2.2 cm 5 cm

5.5 cm

reddish-yellow light brown

reddish-yellow pale yellow

reddish-brown

light olive brown

Level IA wall

3 cm

light yellowish-brown

surface

2 cm

yellowish-red

Level IB floor — Room 39

3 cm

light grey

3 cm

yellowish-red

cut

Level IA fill — Room 72 Level Ia fill — Room 73

2 cm

2 cm

reddish-yellow

409

Plates – Type HP 193

Type Number

Phase

Area

Findspot Description

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

a

2H169

G

C

Level IB floor — Room 57

1 cm

light reddish-brown

b

2H181

G

C

Level IB fill — Room 55

1 cm

yellowish-red

d

2H107

G

C

Level IB floor — Room 43

4.7 cm

light reddish-brown

c

e

194

2H83

2HP231

G

C

C

Level IB floor — Room 39

4.5 cm

reddish-yellow

cut in Level IA

4.5 cm

reddish-yellow

Type Number

Phase

Area

Findspot Description

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

a

2H119

G

C

Level IB fill

4.1 cm

reddish-yellow

c

2H108

G

C

Level IB floor — Room 43

3.7 cm

reddish-yellow

b d e f

g

h i j

k l

m n o

p q r

2HP217 2H109

2H117

2H124

2H129

2H166

2HP241 2H256

2HP351

G

G

G

G

G

G

G

G

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

fill below Level IA floor — Room 12 Level IB floor — Room 43

Level IB floor — Room 48 Level IB fill — Room 47

Level IB floor — Room 42

Level IA foundation — Room 65 Level IB floor — Room 39 Level IB fill — Room 77

4.5 cm

4.3 cm

3.5 cm

3.3 cm

3.7 cm

3.7 cm 5 cm

2.5 cm

2H172A

G

C

Level IA floor — Room 58

4 cm

2H87

G

C

Level IB floor — Room 39

3 cm

2H132 2H18

2H167

2H270E

2H270D

G

G

G

C

C

C

Level IB fill — Room 47 floor near surface

Level IA foundation — Room 65

C

Burial 9

C

Level IA fill — Room 12

C

Burial 9

2.5 cm 3.7 cm

3.4 cm 4.3 cm

light reddish-brown yellowish-red light brown

reddish-yellow yellowish-red

reddish-yellow dark brown

light brown

reddish-yellow

reddish-yellow

reddish-yellow yellowish-red

reddish-yellow

yellowish-red

yellowish-red

2HP235

G

Type Number

Phase

Area

Findspot Description

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

a

2H20

G

C

floor near surface

2.6 cm

yellowish-red

c

5HP556

C

B

Level 0

5HP547

195 b d

3HP250 2H73

e

2H74

g

2H106

f

h i j

k l

m n o

B

I

2H86

G

2H84

G

2HP240 2H85

2HP352

G

G

G

4HP164

E

2H94

G

1HP191 2H390

G

B

G C

OB Fill

Level II fill

cut in Level IB

3.75 cm

reddish-brown

3.1 cm 2.5 cm

reddish-brown

light reddish-brown

light brown

light reddish-brown

light reddish-brown

C

cut in Level IB

3 cm

light reddish-brown

C

Level IB floor — Room 43

4 cm

light reddish-brown

C

C

C

C

Level IB floor — Room 39

Level IB floor — Room 39

Level IB floor — Room 39

Level IB floor — Room 39

C

drain

A

drain packing

C

Level IB fill — Room 30

B C

5 cm

2.9 cm

2.8 cm

2.5 cm

Level III

7 cm

Level IB floor — Room 39

3.1 cm

3.2 cm

yellowish-red

reddish-yellow

reddish-yellow

very pale brown

light reddish-brown

light reddish-brown

reddish-brown

very pale brown strong brown

410

Plates – Type HP

a

c

b

d

f

g

j Plate 190. Type HP-1 (a–e): Tiny rounded cup; Type HP-2 (f–g): Tiny cup; Type HP-3 (j–k): Tiny funnel (ratio 2:5).

e

h

i

k

5 cm

411

Plates – Type HP

a

b

c

d

e

f

g

Plate 191. Type HP-4 (above): Tiny squat, concave hollow stand; Type HP-5 (below): Tiny stemmed dish (ratio 2:5).

5 cm

412

Plates – Type HP

a

b c

d

e

g

h

j

l Plate 192. Type HP-6 (above): Tiny globular jar; Type HP-7 (below): Tiny piriform jar (ratio 2:5).

f

i

k

m

n 5 cm

413

Plates – Type HP

a

c

b

d

Plate 193. Type HP-8 (above): Tiny piriform neckless jar with a pointed base; Type HP-9 (below): Miniature low-necked jar (ratio 2:5).

e

5 cm

Plate ...

a

b

f

c

g

h

d

e

i

j

k

l

m

n

o

p

q

r

Plate 194. Type HP-10a: MiniatureType flat-base jar (ratiominiature 2:5). HP-10a:

flat-base jar (scale 2:5)

5 cm

Plates – Type HP

Plate ...

a

b

c

d

e

f

g

h

i

j

k

l Plate 195. Type HP-10b: Miniature footed jar (ratio 2:5). Type HP-10b:

m

n

miniature footed jar (scale 2:5)

o 5 cm

415

416

Plates – Type Hbase

Type Hbase (Plates 196–207) 196

Type Number

Phase

Area

Findspot Description

Base Diameter

Fabric Description

a

1HP584

A

B

Level III fill

13 cm

grey-green

c

1HP86

G

A

Level II fill

e

1HP160

A

cut in Level III

b d

1HP155

3HP188

I

f

3HP110

I

h

1HP514

A

g i j

k l

m n o

p q

4HP150

1HP604

3HP221

4HP131

3HP231

3HP229

3HP247

4HP101

1HP232

2HP160

2HP153

I

J I

I

I

L

H G

G

G B

B

G

G

G

G

G

G

A C

A C

Level II fill

Level II fill Level VIII

surface layer

fill under surface Level II fill Level IV

Level II fill Level II

Level II fill Level VIII

sunk in Level III floor

Level IB fill — Room 17

drain

G

4HP152

D

B

Level IIB

Type Number

Phase

Area

Findspot Description

1HP586B

A

B

4HP155A

a

A

G

2HP313

3HP335

197

L

A

Level IA fill — Room 56

b

5HP502

B

B

Level 0

d

4HP130

J

G

Level IV

c

e f

g

h

198

1HP585

1HP615

1HP611

1HP176 4HP89

A A

A G K

B

B

B

A G

Level III fill + floor surface

Level I fill

Level II floor + fill Level VII

15 cm

reddish-brown

8.4 cm

grey

12 cm

13 cm

18 cm

30 cm

3.5 cm 10 cm

4.5 cm 11 cm 5 cm

7 cm

6.5 cm

9.4 cm

17.2 cm 46 cm

40 cm

brownish-red

grey-green red

reddish-yellow light brown

reddish-brown

reddish-brown grey

light reddish-brown reddish-yellow light brown

reddish-yellow light brown

reddish-brown yellowish-red

light grey

light reddish-brown

30 cm

light reddish-brown

Base Diameter

Fabric Description

9 cm

4 cm

3.2 cm

light reddish-brown

7 cm

light reddish-brown, core: grey

3.5 cm 18 cm

15 cm

19.5 cm 28 cm

reddish-brown

reddish-brown

reddish-brown grey-green

light brown, core: dark grey

Type Number

Phase

Area

Findspot Description

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

a

1HP552

B

A

cut in burial

3.5 cm

reddish-brown

c

5HP531

B

d

3HP141

b

e

4HP519

4HP216

B

E

G B

mixed fill

6.1 cm

reddish-yellow

surface

4.5 cm

light reddish-brown

cut from Level I or above

8 cm

light reddish-brown

Level IIA fill

30 cm

light reddish-brown

417

Plates – Type Hbase 199 a

Type Number 1HP23

Phase

b

3HP167A

I

d

1HP87

G

c

e f

1HP219

2HP113 1HP43

H G

g

3HP288

E

i

3HP198

I

h j

k l

1HP73

1HP85

1HP31

G

6HP69

J

Type Number

a c

m

200 b

Area

Findspot Description

Base Diameter Fabric Description

A

surface find

4.5 cm

medium red

A

drain packing above Level IV floor

6 cm

reddish-brown

G

A C

A B

A G

A

A

Level II fill

below Level II courtyard Level IA fill — Room 14 drain packing Level II fill Level I fill

Level II fill

cut in Level III

3 cm

7 cm

6 cm

4 cm

5 cm

13 cm

24 cm

12 cm

light brown

reddish-brown, core: brown yellowish-red brown

reddish-yellow grey-green

yellowish-red, core: dark grey reddish-brown

12 cm

reddish-brown

8 cm

yellowish-red

G

Level I fill

Phase

Area

Findspot Description

2HP262

C

G

Level IA floor — Room 4

light reddish-brown

2HP266

C

G

Level IA floor

dark brown

2HP421

3HP243

H

G

A

I

sunk in Level III floor

10 cm

light brown, core: grey

Base Diameter Fabric Description

Level II fill

very pale brown

d

4HP212

B

E

Level III fill

light reddish-brown

e

1HP88

G

A

surface + Level I

reddish-brown

f

201 a

3HP70

2HP441

G

surface or cut in Level I

Area

Findspot Description

Base Diameter Fabric Description

surface cut

12 cm

light brown

Level IA fill — Room 9

7 cm

reddish-brown

C

Type Number

Phase

3HP11

G

b

3HP85

G

I

d

2HP299

C

G

c

e f

g

h i j

k l

2HP289

1HP151 1HP90

1HP92

4HP82

4HP114 4HP88

1HP204 1HP30

C

A

A

A G

G

G

A

A

G

G

G

G K J

K

H

Level II fill

Level IA fill — Room 75 Level II floor fill

Level II fill Level VII

cut in Level IV Level VII

Level III fill

drain packing

reddish-yellow

olive

9 cm

13 cm

15 cm

15 cm

19 cm

22 cm

28 cm

20 cm

32 cm

26.5 cm

pale yellow

reddish-yellow reddish-brown

reddish-brown

reddish-brown

light reddish-brown

light reddish-brown

light brown, core: dark grey reddish-brown

reddish-brown

418

Plates – Type Hbase

202

Type Number

Phase

Area

Findspot Description

Base Diameter

Fabric Description

a

1HP595

B

A

drain packing

12 cm

reddish-brown

c

1HP521

B

A

surface fill

e

5HP534

B

B

OB fill

b d f

g

h i

1HP504 1HP634 2HP89

2HP107

3HP330

3HP282

B B C

C

B

B

A A G

G E

j

5HP1

B

B

l

2HP265

C

G

k m

2HP112

2HP290

C

C

n

1HP185

A

p

4HP183

B

o

q

2HP267

2HP432 1HP29

1HP32

1HP84

1HP94

1HP192

G

C

G

C

G

A

A

A

A

A

I

G

G

1HP206

A

H

2HP109

C

G

1HP207

2HP189

A

2HP287

C

2HP392

C

2HP314

C

G

G

G

3HP244

G

I

4HP104

G

L

3HP249

5HP501

6HP89

G B

G

I

L

beneath surface Level I fill — Room 10 Level IA fill Level II fill

fill below surface

Level IA fill — Room 6 Level IA floor

11.5 cm

brown

10 cm

grey-green

10 cm

20 cm

22 cm

21 cm

24 cm

pink

light reddish-brown

14 cm

14.2 cm

drain packing

yellowish-red

10.5 cm

14 cm

Level IA floor

Level IA fill — Room 49

pale yellow

reddish-yellow

11 cm

Level IIA

light reddish-brown

28.5 cm

cut in west wall of Room 45

drain packing

greenish-buff w. reddish tinge

light reddish-brown dark brown

reddish-yellow

15 cm

reddish-brown

10.5 cm

light brown

22 cm

16.5 cm

brown

light yellowish-brown

medium red

drain packing

13.5 cm

reddish-brown

Level II

23 cm

reddish-brown

Level II

14 cm

reddish-brown

drain packing

14.25 cm

reddish-brown

Level II floor

31 cm

reddish-brown

Level III fill

Level IA fill — Room 19 Level IB fill — Room 20

Level IA fill — Room 15

31 cm

17.5 cm

reddish-brown

reddish-yellow

22.5 cm

reddish-yellow

7.5 cm

pale yellow

5 cm

light reddish-brown

drain cut in Level IB

10 cm

reddish-yellow

Level I fill

64 cm

reddish-yellow

Level II fill Level VIII

surface

Level III fill & floor

8 cm

14 cm

5 cm

8.5 cm

reddish-yellow

light reddish-brown

light reddish-brown

light reddish-brown

419

Plates – Type Hbase 203

Type Number

Phase

Area

Findspot Description

Base Diameter

Fabric Description

a

2HP319

G

C

Level IA fill + floor — Room 22

9 cm

brownish-yellow

b

3HP39

I

G

Level II

7 cm

light olive grey

c

3HP245

I

G

Level II fill

18 cm

light reddish-brown

d

1HP610

A

B

Level I fill

9 cm

buff

f

5HP561

B

section

8 cm

pale yellow

B

cut from surface

7 cm

light olive

Area

Findspot Description

Base Diameter

Fabric Description

e

g

204 a

b c

205 a

1HP551

3HP280

Type Number 3HP293

G

Type Number

Phase

3HP273

1HP515

d

5HP555

e

206

Phase

2HP122 1HP28

1HP562

B

B

5HP503

b c

A

A

A

4HP529

C

drain

surface

Level IA floor — Room 16

6.5 cm

4.5 cm

28 cm

32 cm

reddish-brown

very pale brown

light grey

A

drain packing

31 cm

reddish-brown

Area

Findspot Description

Base Diameter

Fabric Description

B

debris trench

4 cm

reddish-yellow

14 cm

grey-green

B

B

surface layer

B

cut in Gudea fill

14 cm

16 cm

25 cm

reddish-brown

light reddish-brown

Type Number

Phase

Area

Findspot Description

Base Diameter

Fabric Description

a

1HP89

G

A

Level II

10.5 cm

greenish-grey

c

3HP14

15 cm

light brown

2.8 cm

light reddish-brown

b d

2HP268

G

C

Level IA floor

16 cm

1HP175

G

A

Level II floor + fill

Type Number

Phase

Area

Findspot Description

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

a

3HP246

I

G

Level II fill

8 cm

reddish-yellow

b

3HP90

G

surface cut

6 cm

light brown

e

207

5HP542

B

surface

23 cm

dark brown grey-green

420

Plates – Type Hbase

a

h

i

b j

c

k

l m

d

n

o

e

f

p

g

q Plate 196. Type Hbase-1a: Flat base with flaring sides (ratio 1:5).

10 cm

421

Plates – Type Hbase

a

b

c

d

e

f

g

h Plate 197. Type Hbase-1b: Footed flat base (ratioHbase-1b: 2:5). Type

footed flat base (scale 2:5)

5 cm

422

Plates – Type Hbase

a

b

c

d

e

Plate 198. Type Hbase-1c (above): Flat goblet base; Type Hbase-3 (below): Concave base (ratio 2:5).

5 cm

Plates – Type Hbase

Plate ...

b f c e

a

g d

i

h

j k

m

l

Plate 199. Type Hbase-2: Convex base (ratioType 1:5).

Hbase-2: convex base (scale 1:5)

10 cm

423

424

Plates – Type Hbase

b

a

c

d

e

f

Plate 200. Type Hbase-4 (above): Round base; Type Hbase-5 (below): Pointed base (ratio 1.5:5).

5 cm

425

Plates – Type Hbase

e

a

f

b

g

c

h

d

i

j

k

l Plate 201. Type Hbase-6a: Low ring base — Groups 1 and 3 (ratio 1:5).

10 cm

426

Plates – Type Hbase

a

b e

c

d i

j

k

l

m

n

o

p

q

f

g

h Plate 202. Type Hbase-6a: Low ring base — Group 2 (ratio 1:5).

10 cm

427

Plates – Type Hbase

a

b

c

d

e

f

g

Plate 203. Type Hbase-6b (a): Pedestal base; Type Hbase-6c (b–c): Pinched ring base; Type Hbase-6d (d–g): Channel ring base (ratio 2:5).

5 cm

428

Plates – Type Hbase

Plate ...

a

b

c

Plate 204. Type Hbase-6e: Bulbous ring base (ratio 2:5). Type Hbase-6e:

bulbous ring base (scale 2:5)

5 cm

429

Plates – Type Hbase

a

b

c

d

e

Plate 205. Type Hbase-6f: Square ring base (ratio 2:5).

5 cm

430

Plates – Type Hbase

Plate ...

a

b

e

c

d

Plate 206. Type Hbase-6g: Convex ring baseHbase-6g: (ratio 2:5). Type

convex ring base (scale 2:5)

5 cm

431

Plates – Type Hbase

a

b

Plate 207. Type Hbase-7 (above): Tripod base; Type Hbase-8 (below): Hollow pedestal base (ratio 2:5).

5 cm

432

Plates – Types HR and HS

Types HR and HS (Plates 208–210) 208

Type Number

Phase

Area

Findspot Description

Diameter

Fabric Description

a

2HP336

G

C

Level IB floor — Room 18

18 cm

light grey

c

2HP141

G

C

Level IB floor — Room 18

17 cm

yellow

4HP37

F

B

Level IIB fill

16 cm

reddish-yellow

b d e f

209

4HP512

2HP398 2H102

G G

C

C

Level IB fill Level IB

10 cm

10 cm

11.3 cm

pale yellow

yellowish-red

Type Number

Phase

Area

Findspot Description

Diameter

Fabric Description

2HP433

G

C

Level IA fill — Room 31

18 cm

pink

Type Number

Phase

Area

Findspot Description

Rim Diameter

Fabric Description

a

2HP356

G

C

Level IA fill — Room 82

19 cm

pink

c

3HP281

G

surface cut

a

b

210 b d e f

g

h

2HP110

3HP20

I

6HP31

K

3HP48

2HP167

2HP208

2HP152

k

3HP345

l

m n o

p

I

3HP164

i j

G

2HP166

I

G G

G

C

G G

G

G C

C

C

C

Level IA fill — Room 11

Level I fill

Level II fill below floor Level II fill

Level IB fill — Room 7 cut in Level IA

Level IA fill — Room 21

Level IB floor — Room 7

H

A

Level IV fill

2HP151

G

C

Level IB fill — Room 13

2HP212

2HP211

2HP210

G

G

C

C

C

C

light grey

Level II fill

2HP209

2HP159

112 cm

reddish-yellow 24 cm

30 cm 15 cm

Level IB fill — Room 6

38 cm

cut in Level IB

13 cm

below Level IA floor — Room 5

cut

46 cm

16 cm

100 cm

reddish-yellow, core: black pale yellow

very pale brown

light yellowish-brown light red

reddish-yellow, core: black

olive

Plates – Types HR and HS

Plate ...

a b

c

d

e

Plate 208. Type HR: Ribbed ware bowls (ratio 2:5).HR: Type

f

ribbed ware bowls (scale 2:5)

5 cm

433

434

Plates – Types HR and HS

Plate ...

a

b

Plate 209. Type HR miscellaneousType (ratio 1:8). HR:

miscellaneous ribbed ware (scale 1:8)

10 cm

435

Plates – Types HR and HS

b

c

a

d

e

g

f

h

i

j

k

l o

m p

n Plate 210. Type HS: Unbaked clay vessels (ratio 1:5).

10 cm

436

Plates – Godin III Painted Vessels

Godin III Painted Vessels (Plates 211–212) 211

Type No.

Phase Area

Findspot Description

a

2HP368

G

C

floor below Level IB — Room 31

c

2H175

G

C

Level IA fill — Room 58

d

2H75

C

cut in Level I

b

212 a

2H16

G

C

Rim Ø

floor near surface

Type No.

Phase Area Findspot Description

2H174

G

C

Level IA fill — Room 65

Fabric Description

Paint Colour

very pale brown

dark reddish-brown

4.3 cm

pale yellow

dark yellowish-brown

14 cm

yellowish-red

base: 3 cm brown

Rim Ø Fabric Description

reddish-brown + dark greyish-brown Paint Colour

reddish-yellow

reddish-brown to dark reddish-brown

reddish-yellow

dark reddish-brown

b

2H176

G

C

cut in Level IB

d

2HP246

G

C

Level IA fill — Room 22

light olive grey

dark reddish-brown

f

2HP278

G

C

Level IA fill — Room 69

light reddish-brown

dark red to dusky red

c

e

2HP247

2HP371

g

2HP367

i

2HP277

h

2HP370

G

G

G

j

2HP366

G

l

2HP250

G

k

2HP236

G

C C

cut in Level IA

Level IB fill — Room 81

12 cm

dark brown

light yellowish-brown

reddish-yellow

dark reddish-brown to dusky red

C

Level IB fill — Room 64

yellowish-red

dark reddish-brown

C

surface

reddish-yellow

reddish-brown

C

Level IA fill — Room 12

pale olive

dark greyish-brown

C C

C

Level IB fill — Room 64 Level IA fill — Room 61

Level IA fill — Room 22

reddish-yellow pale yellow

light yellowish-brown

dark reddish-brown dark reddish-brown dusky red

Selected Photographs (Plates 213–214) 213

Type Number

Drawing

Description

a

2H175

Pl. 211c

Godin III painted ware

c

2H176

Pl. 212b

Godin III painted ware

e

2H22

Pl. 169e

b d

214 a

2H75

3H15

Godin III painted ware

Pl. 161i

Scarlet Ware (or Jemdet Nasr painted ware?)

Type Number

Drawing

Description

6H47

n/a

Scarlet Ware

b

6H80

d

1H131

c

Pl. 211d

n/a

Pl. 189

Pl. 120f

HL-14: Burnished elongated jar with everted rim

Scarlet Ware

HO-2: T-joint drain spout

HK-1: Low-necked jar with plain rim

437

Plates – Godin III Painted Vessels

a

b

c

d Plate 211. Godin III monochrome painted vessels (ratio 2:5).

5 cm

438

Plates – Godin III Painted Vessels

a b

c d

e

f

h g

j i

k

l Plate 212. Godin III monochrome painted vessels — cont’d (ratio 2:5).

5 cm

439

Plates – Godin III Painted Vessels

a/ 2H175

c/ 2H176

b/ 2H75

e/ 2H22

d/ 3H15 Plate 213. Godin III monochrome painted vessels (a–c); Scarlet Ware sherd (d); HL-14 high-necked jar with burnished red slip (e).

440

Plates – Godin III Painted Vessels

a/ 6H47

b/ 6H80

c/ (HO-2)

d/ 1H131 (HK-1) Plate 214. Scarlet Ware sherds (a-b); HO-2 T-joint drain spouts (c); example of ‘wrinkle/textured slip’ (d).

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studies in archaeology & history, from mesopotamia to the indus valley

All volumes in this series are evaluated by an Editorial Board, strictly on academic grounds, based on reports prepared by referees who have been commissioned by virtue of their specialism in the appropriate field. The Board ensures that the screening is done independently and without conflicts of interest. The definitive texts supplied by authors are also subject to review by the Board before being approved for publication. Further, the volumes are copyedited to conform to the publisher’s stylebook and to the best international academic standards in the field.

In Preparation The Historical and Cultural Memory of Babylon: Collecting Fragments from the ‘Centre of the World’, ed. by Marco Ramazotti