Ka Lei Haʻaheo: Beginning Hawaiian 082481259X, 9780824812591

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KA

LEI

HA'AHEO

Beginning Hawaiian

Ka

Lei

Ha‘aheo

Digitized by the Internet Archive in

2015

https://archive.org/details/kaleihaaheobeginOOhopk

Ka

Lei

Ha'aheo

Beginning Hawaiian

Alberta Pualani Hopkins

With illustrations by

Anna Stone Asquith

University of Hawaii Press

Honolulu

©

1992 University of Hawai‘i Press All rights reserved

Printed in the United States of America

03 04

987

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Hopkins, Alberta Pualani, 1938—

Ka

lei

ha‘aheo

:

beginning Hawaiian / Alberta Pualani Hopkins. p.

cm.

English and Hawaiian.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 0-8248-1 259-X Hawaiian languages

1.

—Readers.

PL6445.H66

—dc20

499’. 4

I.

Title.

1992

91-37253

CIP

University of Hawai‘i Press books are printed

on for

acid-free

paper and meet the guidelines

permanence and

durability of the Council

on Library Resources.

Designed by Paula Newcomb

Contents

Acknowledgments To the Student To the Teacher

ix

/

/ xi

/ xiii

Ha‘awina ‘Ekahi

/

Orthography and Pronunciation

Ha'awina ‘Elua

/

6

Class-Inclusion Sentences

Ha'awina ‘Ekolu

/

13

Equational Sentences

Ha‘awina ‘Eha / 22 Imperative Sentences Ha'awina ‘Elima

/

30

Personal Pronouns and Stative Verb Sentences

Ha'awina ‘Eono

/

38

Simple Verb Sentences and

Ho‘i

Infinitives

Review 1 Hope ‘Ekahi / 48

Ha‘awina ‘Ehiku / 52 Ua Verb Sentences

v

Contents

VI

Ha‘awina ‘Ewalu / 63 E Verb Ana Sentences Ha'awina ‘Eiwa

/

73

K-Possessives and Aia Locational Sentences

Review 2 Hope ‘Elua / 83

Ho‘i

Ha'awina ‘Umi

/

87

Negative Verb Sentences and Numbers

Ha‘awina ‘Umikumakahi “Have-a” Sentences

/

98

Ha‘awina ‘Umikumalua / 107 K-less Possessives and “Have-a-number” Sentences

Ho‘i

Summary

Review 3 Hope ‘Ekolu 1

:

/ 1

18

Ha‘awina 1-12/123

Ha'awina ‘Umikumakolu / 125 A/e/ Sentences and Locatives

Ke Verb

Ha'awina ‘Umikumaha

135

/

Comparative Sentences and Negative Imperative Sentences

Ha'awina ‘Umikumaiima

/

142

Verb Classes and Stative Verbs with Causatives

Ho‘i

Review 4 Hope ‘Eha

/

151

Ha'awina ‘Umikumaono

/

154

/

164

/

173

Passive Voice

Ha'awina ‘Umikumahiku Hiki Sentences Ha‘awina ‘Umikumawalu

Maopopo

Sentences, Loa'a Sentences, and N-possessives

Contents

Ho'i

Review 5 Hope ‘Elima

/

183

Ha'awina ‘Umikumaiwa Lilo

/

85

1

Sentences and ‘Ana Nominalization

Ha'awina Iwakalua Actor Emphatic Sentences and

Lilo

/ 195 (Become) Sentences

Ha‘awina Iwakaluakumakahi Situation

203 Emphatic Sentences and Time Phrases

Ho‘i

Review 6 Hope ‘Eono

/

/

21

Ha'awina Iwakaluakumalua / 213 Possessive Locational Sentences Ha'awina Iwakaluakumakolu

/

222

Relative Clauses (T ype A), Negative Class-Inclusion

and Equational

Sentences, and Pono (Ought To) Sentences

Ha'awina Iwakaluakumaha

/

230

Relative Clauses (Type B)

Ho‘i

Review 7 Hope ‘Ehiku/ 236

Summary 2: Ha'awina 1 3-24 238 /

Hawaiian Vocabulary: Ha'awina 1-12

/

240

Hawaiian Idioms and Phrases: Ha'awina 1-12 Hawaiian Vocabulary: Ha'awina 1-24

/

/

/

275

Index of Grammatical Rules

/

277

/

258

261

English Idioms and Phrases: Ha'awina 1-24

Bibliography

246

248

Hawaiian Idioms and Phrases: Ha'awina 1-24 English Vocabulary: Ha'awina 1-24

/

/

272

Acknowledgments

This book

is the culmination of thirty years of studying Hawaiian that Samuel Elbert’s class at the University of Hawaii at Manoa in 1958. He and the late Dorothy Kahananui were my language professors, and I owe much to both of them. Professor Kahananui guided me through the advanced-level class and invited me to be the junior author

started in

of

E

Kama'ilio Hawai'i Kakou, the college-level textbook that served a

generation of students. Professor Elbert gave teach under his tutelage in 1960, and he

is still

me my

first

chance

perpetual student. His detailed examination of this text and the useful suggestions he offered were an unexpected

The

to

providing support to his

and invaluable

many

gift.

Ikaika family, whose relationships and lives are explored in the

is modeled on my own, and I thank my and sisters and their spouses for the love and support they have always showered on their poki'i. I thank them for permission to use our family photograph in Lesson 8, and I apologize for any liberties I have taken with actual ages, events, and personalities; in many instances, reality has taken a back seat to the demands of vocabulary, grammar, and drama! It is futile to try to acknowledge individually all the students and colleagues who have had a part in shaping this work. The credit for what is clear and usable in this book goes to them for challenging me both in and out of the classroom; the responsibility for any errors, inconsistencies, and obscurity is solely mine. Finally, I thank my sons, Jimmy and Sau, and my husband Charlie for their patience and support. For all the letters and questions that went unanswered, the cakes that never got baked, the days when my body was with you but my brain was lost in syntax, I offer this book in partial payment. In writing it I hope I have helped to perpetuate ka ‘olelo makuahine for you and our descendants.

dialogs in Lessons 8 through 24, five older brothers

*

IX

To the Student

Learning a language is like making a lei wili. You choose your flowers and greens with care, arrange them in patterns pleasing to the eye, and bind them together with twine that becomes an integral part of the lei. So it is with learning Hawaiian; you will choose your words and phrases carefully and arrange them according to grammatical patterns that will make them meaningful to the ear, and bind the whole with a new understanding of the rich culture that is inseparable from the language.

When ish

you are done you

will

have a

(

ha aheo

lei

—a

lei

to

wear and cher-

with pride.

have woven

you in fond remembrance, have received from my own teachers and students. Over the years they have inspired and challenged me to strive for a better understanding of Hawaiian so that I can share it more readily with all who care. I thank them all. I hope my lei sits lightly on your shoulders, and that you wear it in health and joy. This book, too,

hali‘a aloha, of the

is

a

lei I

many

E lei

i

for

of knowledge

lei

ka

Wear the

lei

ha ‘aheo o

cherished

XI

lei

I

Hawai

c

i.

of Hawai‘i.

»

To the Teacher

The

material in each lesson in this book has been arranged in logical sequence for a student who is reviewing after classroom work, or for someone who is attempting to teach himself or herself. It is NOT intended that the material should be taught in the order in which it is presented in each lesson. Instead, you should consult the separate Teacher's Guide and Answer Key that is the companion volume to this text. In

it

you

will find

a suggested lesson plan with options to meet varying

needs.

The

demand

Hawaiian language teachers at all levels that some teachers who have many other subjects and duties will be called upon to teach Hawaiian too. It is my hope that this text and the teacher’s guide and answer key will relieve them of much of the burden of preparation and uncertainty that besets most of us at some point in our teaching careers. I have tried to write it so that it can be used in high school as well as college and community increasing

of our education system

for

means

classes.

Wherever possible I have explained distinctive features of the language in the context of Hawaiian culture, rather than as deviations from the English speaker’s norms. For example, keia, kena, and kela are explained in terms of a Hawaiian view of space and respect for others’ territory and not as some peculiar quirk of the language. The text also contains notes about aspects of Hawaiian values and culture that are reflected in the dialogs. Finally, I leave this note of encouragement for those who are teaching Hawaiian for the first time. Most of us already in the field began teaching Hawaiian feeling very uncertain of our own knowledge of the language and our ability to pass it on to others. Those of us who have persevered have learned that an honest recognition and admission of our limitations is a big help. Students are willing to work with a teacher who can answer a question with “I don’t know; let’s find out,” and your

xiii

To the Teacher

XIV

your own understanding and teaching. For myself, I know that my students have taught me as much as my teachers, and I hope that you will be a§ fortunate.

joint explorations will enrich

‘A a ‘

Dare

i

ka hula; waiho

to dance; leave

i

ka hilahila

i

ka

embarrassment

hale.

at

home.

1

HA‘AWINA ‘EKAHI Orthography and Pronunciation

I.

The orthography used

ORTHOGRAPHY

book follows the guidelines advocated by Hawkins and Wilson, 1978, “Recommendations and Comments on the ‘Ahahui ‘Olelo Hawai‘i 1978 Spelling Project.” For a discussion of the principal differences between this orthography and the spelling in Pukui and Elbert, Hawaiian Dictionary in this

the ‘Ahahui ‘Olelo Hawai‘i in

(1986), please see pp. ix-x of the dictionary.

II.

1

Hawaiian has

.

pw

PRONUNCIATION AND SPELLING Five

vowels, a e

o u, and eight consonants, h k

i

1

mn

c

( okina).

‘

The okina (glottal stop) is a “real” consonant sound like all the others. You should learn to write it wherever you see it because leaving (

2.

it

out

is

like

omitting a k or a p or any other

letter,

and the word

will

be

misspelled. In English this sound occurs as the break between the two

“oh’s” in “Oh-oh, here comes the boss!”

vowels have a long and short form. The sound does not change; is different. The length marker, which goes above the vowel, a e I 6 u, is called a kahako or mekona (macron). Learn to say it and write it whenever it occurs because omitting it changes the pronun3. All

only the length

and often the meaning of the word. other sounds occur in Hawaiian that do not change the meaning of words and are not written as part of the word. These sounds are the “w” and ”y” glides that are automatically produced between cer-

ciation 4.

Two

vowel combinations. The “w” happens when moving from a back vowel to a front vowel (e.g., Maui, aue). The “y” happens when going from a front vowel to a back vowel (e.g. ia, eo). tain

,

1

*

2

Ha'awina ‘Ekahi

Hawaiian words contain only two kinds of syllables: V (vowel) or CV (consonant + vowel) and combinations of these two syllables such as VVV, CVCV, VCV, CVVV, and so on. Hawaiian words never have two consonants together, and they never end with a consonant. 5.

Remember

that the ‘okina

another consonant or

is

at the

a consonant, so

With words of fewer than four

6.

it

can

NEVER

go next to

end of a word.

to the last (penultimate) syllable.

syllables, the stress

Any

is

on the second

syllable with a kahako

is

also

words of four or more syllables varies from word to word (see Pukui and Elbert, Hawaiian Dictionary, 1986, p. xviii). 7. In colloquial speech, several changes in pronunciation occur regularly. Some common examples are as follows: stressed. Stress in

8.

loa‘a

pua‘a

lo‘a

pu‘a

ikaika i

laila

ikeika i

leila

These forms do not occur

in singing or in

educated writing. Beginning

students should learn standard pronunciation, but be aware that these

other forms are used, particularly by native speakers.

For more information about pronunciation, see Pukui and Elbert, Hawaiian Dictionary, 1986, pp. xvii-xviii, and Silva and Kamana, The Hawaiian Language,

III.

A

Its Spelling

and Pronunciation.

NA INOA AINA— PLACE NAMES

pronouncing and writing Hawaiian words is by learning to say and to write the names of the islands and some oftenused place names. Your teacher will help you say them and locate them on the maps. When you write them, be sure to include all the glottal stops (‘okina) and macrons (kahako). 1

.

2.

good way

to practice

Ka Pae ‘Aina

The names

— The Archipelago

of the eight major islands in order of physical size are

Hawai‘i, Maui, 0‘ahu, Kaua‘i, Moloka‘i, Lana‘i, Ni‘ihau, Kaho‘olawe.

Ha'awina ‘Ekahi

3.

Na Moku o 0‘ahu — The

Districts of

3

0‘ahu

The Hawaiians divided each island into districts. Here are the seven moku of 0‘ahu according to Sterling and Summers, Sites of 0‘ahu, 1962, and some of the well-known places

in

them:

Honolulu Moanalua Kapalama Nu‘uanu

Kailua

Manoa

Ha‘iku

Mo‘ili‘ili

‘

Waikiki

Kahalu‘u Waiahole

Wa‘ahila

Kane‘ohe

Mokapu He‘eia

Ahuimanu

Kaimuki

Waikane Hakipu‘u

Le‘ahi

Mokoli‘i (Kualoa)

Palolo

Wai‘alae

Kuli‘ou‘ou

Ko‘olau Loa Ka‘a‘awa

Maunalua

Kahana

Ko‘olau Poko Waimanalo

Punalu‘u Kaluanui Hau‘ula

‘Aina Haina

4

Ha'awina ‘Ekahi

Kahuku

WaPanae Makua Makaha

Pupukea

Ma‘ili

La‘ie

Malaekahana

Nanakuli

Wahiawa ‘Ewa Waialua

‘Aiea

Hale‘iwa Mokule‘ia

Halawa

Ka‘ena

Waipi‘o Pu‘uloa

A. Look up ten Hawaiian place names, including often use or hear. Learn the correct spelling, ing,

if

one

is

you pronunciation, and meanstreets, that

known. and watch the news or commercials on televiand make a list of all the Hawaiian words you hear

B. Listen to the radio

sion for one week,

mispronounced. C. Locate one place of interest with a Hawaiian name on each Learn the correct spelling, pronunciation, and meaning.

island.

Ha'awina ‘Ekahi

5

D. Where are the following located: University of Hawaii main camWindward Community College, the Honolulu Zoo? E. Give the Hawaiian names for the following places on 0‘ahu: Pearl Harbor, Punchbowl, Chinaman’s Hat, Temple Valley, Diamond Head, Salt Lake, St. Louis Heights, Sacred Falls, Rabbit Island. Are the English names translations of the Hawaiian names? Can you find stopus,

ries F.

explaining these place names?

Hawaiians often

by using phrases that name a famous an epithet. Sometimes epithets

refer to places they love

describe something special about those places, or that chief of that area. This kind of phrase

is

can be insulting, describing an unacceptable characteristic of the area’s residents. Here are some examples of each kind: Hilo Hanakahi i ka ua kani lehua ‘Hilo [land of] chief Hanakahi and the rain lehua blossoms drink’; O ahu maka ‘ewa‘ewa ‘0‘ahu [land of] unfriendly eyes’. Find an epithet for each island. c

V.

The

REFERENCES

following references will be useful in doing the exercises; see the

Bibliography for complete citations.

Department of Geography, University of Hawaii, 1983,

Atlas of Hawaii,

2d ed.

Henry

P.

Judd, 1930, Hawaiian

Proverbs

and Riddles.

Mary K. Pukui and Samuel H. Elbert, 1986, Hawaiian Dictionary. Mary K. Pukui, 1983, Olelo No eau. Mary K. Pukui, Samuel H. Elbert, and Esther T. Mookini, 1974, (

(

Names oj Hawaii. Kalena Silva and Kauanoe Kamana, The Hawaiian Language,

Its Spelling

and Pronunciation. Elspeth

P. Sterling

and Catherine C. Summers, 1962,

Sites

Place

of Oahu.

2 HA AWINA ‘ELUA Class-Inclusion Sentences

I.

1.

2.

3. 4.

BASIC SENTENCES

He aha keia? He pua kena. He pua nani kena. He mau pua nani kena.

1.

2.

3. 4.

What’s this? That (near) is a flower. That (near) is a pretty flower. Those (near) are pretty flowers.

10. 5. 6.

Hemo‘okela? ‘Ae, he mo‘o nui

10. 5. Is that (distant) a

kela.

Yes, that (distant)

6.

gecko? is

a big

gecko. 7.

He wahine akamai

‘oe?

Are you an

7.

intelligent

woman? 8.

‘Ae, he wahine akamai loa au.

8.

9.

E

9.

Yes, I’m a very intelligent

woman. Kalae, he kane kolohe ‘oe?

‘A‘ole, he

kanaka pono au.

II.

1

.

Kalae, are you a rascal guy?

No, I’m a righteous person.

EXPLANATIONS

Patterns

You

will see the

word pattern throughout

the explanations in this book.

should always alert you to pay special attention to what follows.

It

Many

people in Hawai‘i know many Hawaiian words but still can’t speak or understand the language, because they don’t know the patterns that are used to put the words into sentences. This book will teach you the basic patterns you need to learn Hawaiian; once you learn these, you can increase your vocabulary and learn variations on the patterns because Hawaiian, like any language, has more than one way to say something. That’s something to remember when you try to speak Hawaiian to

6

*

8

Ha'awina ‘Elua

native speakers: being different

be discouraged 2.

you do, and

if

is

not the same as being wrong. Don’t

your kupuna (older

relative) speaks differently

than

DON’T TELL HER SHE’S WRONG.

Class-Inclusion Sentences

The major because

it

pattern in this lesson

tells

in sentences

what

1-10

is

very

much

like the

5.

He He He He He

6.

‘Ae, he

1

.

2.

3. 3. 4.

4.

7.

He

8.

‘Ae, he

9.

E Kalae, he

10.

‘A‘ole, he

belongs to. (The subject word in the sentence.) Unlike the equivaHawaiian pattern does not contain a verb. It

the last

pidgin English sentences such

one flower; You one rascal

+

He

called a class-inclusion sentence

class of things the subject

lent English sentence, this is

is

kid;

+

Noun Phrase aha

mau

as:

What

dat? Dis

Me one smart wahine.

pua pua nani pua nani mo‘o mo‘o nui wahine akamai wahine akamai kane kolohe kanaka pono

Subject keia?

kena.

kena. kena. keia? keia.

‘oe?

loa

au. ‘oe?

au.

Modifiers and Adverbs

noun phrases, modifiers (describing words, like nani, nui, akamai, kolohe, pono) follow the noun, and adverbs (like loa) follow the modifier. This is the reverse of English word order. In

Keia, kena, keia

Speakers of English unconsciously divide the space around them into two areas: the space within our physical reach is our “this” space; anything that falls outside is our “that” space. Hawaiian divides the world differently. Like English, anything within the speaker’s reach is labeled “this,” keia. But Hawaiian also recognizes that the person we are addressing has an area within his reach, so we have a word that means, “that which is in your space,” kena. For the area that falls outside the space of the speaker and also outside the space of the addressee, we have a third word that means “that which is on neutral ground,” keia. This is

Ha'awina ‘Elua

9

your first encounter in Hawaiian with something that is very different from English. In learning a second language, it is important to recognize that each language has its own reality directly based on the culture that it expresses; in other words, Hawaiian is not just another code for English, but a way of expressing Hawaiian ideas and values and a Hawaiian view of the way the world is organized and works.

Hawaiian

English that

keia

that

my space

my

keia

your space

space

“kena”

“keia”

“this”

keia

that

that

With questions and answers,

keia

keia

keia

the following combinations go together:

Question

Answer

He aha keia? What’s this?

He pua kena. That (near you)

He aha kena? What’s that (near you)?

This

He aha keia? What’s that (distant)?

That

He lei

is

a flower.

keia.

is

a

lei.

He mo‘o keia. (distant)

is

a gecko.

5. Plurals

One way that

is

to

make

plurals in

Hawaiian

plural, as in sentence 4.

The

is

to put

mau

in front of the

noun

only difference between sentences 3

mau notice that there are three changes in the English equivasome ways, Hawaiian is simpler than English! A few nouns lengthen the third vowel from the end when used with mau and other plural markers, but not with numbers. These words almost always refer to people, and they will be shown in the vocabulary lists. and 4

lent.

is

In

he kanaka he mau kanaka ‘elua

kanaka

he wahine he mau wahine ‘elua

wahine

a person people, persons

two people a woman women two women

10 6.

Ha'awina ‘Elua

Vocatives

When

you address someone by name

in

Hawaiian, you always put

We

do

this in

name

before the

“Eh, Jack,

try

(see sentence 9).

e

pidgin English, as in

come.” Most of us think

tion of the English “hey,” but

it

is

this is just sloppy pronunciaprobably a direct borrowing from

Hawaiian.

7.

Questions

To ask

a question using the pattern you have learned in this lesson,

you need

to

do

make your

is

question inflection, which

voice go

the

is

same

up and down

in the

as in pidgin English. If

all

Hawaiian you don’t

speak that dialect of English, your teacher will model for you. Unlike English, the word order for questions and statements of this kind stays the

same

in

Hawaiian.

III.

EXERCISES

Noun Phrases

A.

Translate into Hawaiian. 1

.

a smart person

3.

dog a handsome man

4.

a pretty flower

5.

a righteous

2.

a big

woman

B. Class-Inclusion

Sentences

10.

Translate into Hawaiian. 1

.

2.

Lani, what’s that (distant)?

That

(distant)

3. Is that

is

a gecko.

(near) a dog?

5.

No, this a big cat. These are very beautiful

flowers.

6.

You

woman.

7.

This

4.

are a very beautiful is

a smart person.

8. Is that (distant) 9.

a righteous

Yes, that (distant)

is

Waiwai, that (near)

man?

a very righteous is

a big car.

man.

Ha'awina ‘Elua

C. Class-Inclusion

11

Sentences

Translate into English.

4.

He popoki nani kena. He wahine kolohe loa~‘oe. E Nanea, he ka‘a nui kena. He kanaka pono au.

5.

E

1.

2. 3.

D. 1

Kalei, he kane

Fill in

akamai loa

‘oe?

the Blanks

? He lei keia. He aha He popoki kena? ‘A‘ole, he ‘Ilio He wahine pono ? ‘Ae, he wahine pono He mo‘o nui kela? Ae, he mo‘o nui loa He aha ? He pohaku kela.

.

2.

.

3. 4.

au.

‘

5.

E.

Talk to yourself, identifyyou know the Hawaiian words. Even if you don’t know the Hawaiian, you can practice the pattern using the English word in the right space, like this, “He ka‘a awesome kela!; he Start practicing this pattern outside of class.

ing

all

mango

the things for which

nui keia.

”

IV.

— yes — — — — — — — —

VOCABULARY kanaka-persons, guys

‘ae

aha what (only in questions) akamai smart ‘a‘ole no au e vocative marker ‘ekahi one (only in counting) ‘elua two ha‘awina lesson, assignment,

homework

— an — dog ka‘a — car kanaka — person, guy (sing,

he

a,

‘Ilio

refers to

males only)

(pi.

refers to either sex)

— man — this kela — that (distant) kena — that (near addressee, kane keia

listener)

— rascal, mischievous — very mau — plural marker mo‘o — gecko, lizard nani — pretty noho — chair; to to live kolohe

loa

sit,

to dwell), to stay

nui

— big, large, great

(i.e.

12

— — — popoki — cat pua — flower

‘oe you (sing.) pohaku rock, stone pono righteous, proper,

Ha'awina ‘Elua u‘i

— beautiful, handsome (people)

correct

.

wahine, wahine

(pi.)

wife, girlfriend

— woman,

3 HA‘AWINA ‘EKOLU Equational Sentences

BASIC SENTENCES

I.

‘O ‘O ‘O ‘O ‘O ‘O

1.

2. 3. 4. 5. 10.

6.

wai kou inoa?

2.

What (who) is your name? My name is Pua.

3.

This

4.

That

1.

Pua ko‘u inoa. Kahiwa keia. ka hale kula keia. ko‘u ka‘a hou keia. ke kumu ‘olelo Hawai‘i

5. 10.

6.

keia kanaka.

‘O keia kaikamahine ka

7.

haumana akamai 8.

‘O au ke kumu.

9.

He haumana akamai

ke keiki

the school.

This is my new car. This person is the Hawaiian language teacher. The really smart (smartest)

am

8.

I

9.

The

is

this girl.

the teacher. rascal

boy

is

a smart

student.

Momilani

‘o

is

a pleasant

woman.

II.

.

is

Kahiwa.

student

loa.

kane kolohe. He wahine ‘olu‘olu Momilani.

1

7.

is

EXPLANATIONS

Equational Sentences

Sentences 1-8 are called equational sentences because they consist of

two parts that equal each

Predicate 1.

2.

3.

‘O wai ‘O Pua ‘O Kahiwa

other.

Subject

kou inoa? ko‘u inoa. keia.

13 *

Ha'awina ‘Ekolu 4. 5.

6. 7.

8.

‘O ‘O ‘O ‘O ‘O

ka hale kula ko‘u ka‘a hou

kumu

keia.

keia.

Hawai‘i keia kaikamahine au ke

15

keia kanaka,

‘olelo

ka

haumana akamai

ke

kumu.

loa.

These verbless sentences are similar to the class-inclusion sentences you learned in Ha‘awina 2, but they are more specific:

Heka‘akeia.

Class-inclusion:

This

a car.

‘O ko‘u ka‘a

Equational:

This

Two

is

is

keia.

my car.

important things to notice about ‘0

a.

is

the

first

word

ALL

in

English translation for this word; at the

this pattern are as follows:

equational sentences. There

it is

is

no

a grammatical marker that occurs

beginning of equational sentences and also are used as subjects:

in front of

proper

names when they

He wahine ‘olu‘olu ‘o Momilani. Momilani is a pleasant woman. You b.

will learn

When

other uses of

‘o

in future lessons.

is a pronoun Hawaiian word order usually matches the

the subject of an English equational sentence

or a proper

name,

the

English: I

am

the teacher.

‘O au ke kumu. Noelani is the student. ‘O Noelani ka haumana. Notice that asking questions using nation, not by changing

word

this

pattern

order. This

is

is

the

done by changing intosame as in class-inclu-

sion sentences.

2.

Expanded Class-Inclusion Sentences

Names and noun

phrases can also be used as subjects in class-inclusion

sentences (see basic sentences 9, 10).

16

Ha'awina ‘Ekolu

He haumana akamai = ke keiki kane He wahine ‘olu‘olu = ‘o Momilani. Notice the

‘o

Momilani indicating that Momilani is the subyou were talking to Momilani and calling her by

in front of

Remember that

ject.

if

her name, you would

kolohe.

,

“E Momilani.

say,

” .

.

3. Definite Articles

Ke and

ka are definite articles often translated as “the” (singular),

they are used in front of nouns. the sound that follows

it.

Ke

is

Which one you

and

use depends entirely on

used in front of nouns beginning with the everything else, including words

sounds k, e a, o; ka is used beginning with the okina There are a few exceptions will be pointed out when they occur. in front of

,

'

.

to this rule; they

4 .No This word

is an intensifier, sometimes translated as “indeed” and sometimes not translated at all. It is often used in replies agreeing with

the previous statement:

Aloha!

Greetings!

Aloha no.

Greetings (to you too).

5. la

Hawaiian has one word where English uses three. When the is “he” or “she,” Hawaiian precedes ia with the grammatical marker o: He,

she,

it.

subject of a sentence

(

He kumu

maika‘i ‘o

He/she

a good teacher.

is

Whether text.

the teacher

When

You

is

the subject

He mea maika‘i It is

ia.

male or female can only be known is

“it,” ia

is

used alone:

ia.

a good thing.

will learn other uses of ia in

Ha‘awina

4.

in con-

Ha'awina ‘Ekolu 6.

17

Semantic Values

first two lessons you have learned the words u ‘i (handsome, beauand momona (fat, sweet, fertile). But what makes a person handsome or beautiful to an English speaker’s eyes might not be the same as being u‘i to a Hawaiian’s "eyes. In the same way, fat and momona may refer to different weights, depending on the cultural context. Someone who is fat in a haole setting may not be considered momona in a Hawaiian community. Beyond that, whether it is good or bad to be fat or momona also depends on cultural values. It is “bad” to be fat in a haole world, but to be momona in a Hawaiian world is a desirable quality. As you learn more Hawaiian, be careful not to assume that Hawaiian values are the same as Western ones. Remember that our English translations are only an approximation of the meaning of the Hawaiian words, and we must learn more about the culture to understand the true meaning of the Hawaiian. For information on some Hawaiian ideas of beauty, see Pukui et al. 1972, Nana i ke Kumu, vol. 2, pp. 32, 290.

In the

tiful)

,

III.

DIALOGS

These short conversations concerning everyday situations will help you gain confidence in speaking Hawaiian with other people. Practice them over and over until you are fluent and can say them from memory. No translations are given because the goal is to think in Hawaiian; if you have trouble understanding the dialogs, check the basic sentences and the vocabulary

1

.

O

list.

Kanani laua o Kalei

E

Kalei:

kou inoa? ‘O Kalei ko‘u inoa. ‘O wai ‘oe?

Kanani:

Aloha, e Kalei. ‘O Kanani ko‘u inoa.

Kalei:

Kanani:

Aloha no, e Kanani. He aha kela?

Kalei:

He mo‘o

Kanani:

Mahalo. A hui hou. A hui hou aku no.

Kanani:

Kalei:

‘olu‘olu ‘oe, ‘o wai

nui kela.

He mea maika‘i

ka mo‘o.

18

Ha'awina ‘Ekolu

‘O Pohaku laua ‘o Kalau

2.

Pohaku:

E Kalau,

Kalau: Pohaku:

kumu ‘olelo Hawai‘i kela. He kumu maika‘i ‘o ia? ‘Ae, he kumu ‘olu‘olu loa ‘o ia.

‘o

wai kela?

‘O ke

Kalau:

‘O wai kona inoa? ‘O Pua kona inoa.

Pohaku: Kalau: Pohaku:

He haumana

Kalau:

‘Ae, he

‘olelo

Hawai‘i ‘oe?

haumana hau‘oli

loa au.

Pohaku:

‘Ae, a he keiki kane ‘olu‘olu ‘oe. Mahalo, a hui

Kalau:

A hui hou aku no.

hou

Dialog Notes Asking someone

their

name

directly,

as in these dialogs,

is

modern

Hawaiians would have found out who a stranger was and where he came from by indirect means, through conversational references. Direct questions about identity would have been considered rude. This is no longer true, although many Hawaiians still dislike direct personal questions, especially from strangers. In the classroom where many strangers are brought together for a common purbehavior.

Traditionally,

pose for a short period of time, the behavior in these dialogs ble, especially if questions are

IV.

EXERCISES

Translate these phrases in Hawaiian. .

the great love

2.

the righteous girl

3.

the delicious fish

4.

the mischievous cat

5.

the school teacher

B. Equational

Sentences

Translate these sentences in Hawaiian. 1

.

2.

Is this his

That

new

car?

(distant) fat

boy

is

accepta-

asked in an appropriately friendly tone.

A. Ke/Ka

1

is

Hau‘oli.

Ha‘awina ‘Ekolu 3. 4. 5.

19

H er name is Momilani. Are you the Hawaiian language teacher? That (near) is the most comfortable chair. More Class-Inclusion Sentences

C.

Translate these sentences in Hawaiian. 1

.

2.

That (distant) little girl is a good student. The Chinese banana is a delicious banana. a righteous person.

3.

Keali‘i

4.

That

5.

This new student

is

(distant) fat

woman is

is

a beautiful

woman.

a rascal boy.

Mixed Review

D.

Translate these sentences in Hawaiian.

he a Chinese language student? is the Chinese language teacher.

1.

Is

2.

He

3.

The

4.

big dog is Koko; ‘Umi‘umi is a cat.

5.

Le‘ale‘a

is

the small

dog

is

Ala.

the rascal one.

Noun Phrases, Class-Inclusion Sentences, and Equational Sentences E.

Translate the phrase or sentence in Hawaiian. 1

.

the smart student

2. this

smart student a smart student.

3.

This

4.

Kalei

5.

the skinny

is

is

the smart student.

boy

skinny boy That (distant) is a skinny boy. That (distant) skinny boy is Kimo. the Chinese banana that (near) Chinese banana That (near) is a Chinese banana. That (near) Chinese banana is a delicious

6. that (distant) 7.

8.

9.

10. 1 1

.

12.

thing.

13. this fat cat 14.

This

is

15.

This

fat cat is

a

fat cat.

Garfield.

*

20 F.

Ha'awina ‘Ekolu

Choose a Hawaiian Name to Use

in

Class

Foreign words that occur in Hawaiian are changed to fit the Hawaiian sound system. This includes' names* of people. If you already have a Hawaiian name, you may want to use that name in class. If not, you may want to choose a Hawaiian name that fits your personality or describes your interests. You can also translate the meaning of your name into Hawaiian or, the simplest solution, Hawaiianize the pronunciation of your name. Do not choose someone else’s name without consulting with that person. Hawaiian names are very personal and are considered an extension of that person. Notice that the Hawaiian question is “Who is your name?” For a detailed description of Hawaiian naming practices, see Pukui et al., 1972, Nana i ke Kumu, vol. 1, pp. 94106.

Famous Names

G.

if you can find out who these famous people mean, and why they were given these names:

See

1.

Hoapili

2.

Kaleleokalani, Kaleleonalani

3.

Kamaka‘eha

4.

Pai‘ea

V.

a

their

names

kaikamahine, kaikamahine

(pi.)

—girl

tences)

— love, hello, goodbye ‘ekolu — three hale — house, building haole — white person, English, aloha

American, foreign

— happy — new, again ia — he, she, (see ‘o — inoa — name ka — the kahiko — old hau‘oli

hou

it

kaumaha — sad, heavy

— the — child keiki kane — boy her kona — kou — your ko‘u — my kula — school kumu — teacher — small — clothes, dress; cloth mahalo — to thank, to admire mai‘a — banana ke

keiki

his,

haumana — student

fish

what

VOCABULARY

— and (with verbs and sen-

i‘a

are,

ia

below)

li‘ili‘i

lole

Ha'awina ‘Ekolu maika‘i

— good

‘olu‘olu

manu — bird mea — thing, person momona — fat, sweet, fertile mu‘umu‘u — Hawaiian dress

21

— kind, pleasant, cool,

comfortable, nice, charming

— delicious Paky — Chinese peni — pen penikala — pencil pepa — paper puke — book wai — who (only in questions) wTwT — thin ‘ono

— indeed; emphatic marker — nominative marker — he, she ‘o ‘olelo — to speak, to say ‘olelo Hawai‘i — Hawaiian lan-

no ‘o

ia

guage; to speak Hawaiian

Idioms and Phrases

A hui hou. — Goodbye, (lit. until meet again) A hui hou aku no. — Goodbye indeed, (in reply) ,

E

‘olu‘olu ‘oe.

— Please, — What

‘O wai kou inoa?

(lit.,

be nice)

(lit.,

who)

is

your name?

4 HA'AWINA ‘EHA Imperative Sentences

BASIC SENTENCES

I.

1

E Lei, e ki‘i aku ‘oe ka i‘a! E ha‘awi aku ‘oe ka i‘a ia

1

i

.

.

Lei, get the fish!

2.

Give the

fish to

3. 4.

Give the Give the

fish to the cat!

4.

E ha‘awi ka i‘a ka popoki! E ha‘awi mai ka i‘a ia‘u!

5.

Eia ka

5.

Here’s the

6.

E hele aku ‘oe kou noho! E noho iho ‘oe! E ku a‘e ‘oe! E hele mai ‘oe ia‘u! E hele aku ‘oe Waikiki!

6.

Go

to

Go

to Waikiki!

2.

i

Nani!

Nani! 10. 3.

i

i

i

i‘a. i

7.

8. 9.

7.

8. 9.

10.

i

II.

1.

fish to

me!

fish.

your chair! Sit down! Stand up! Come to me!

EXPLANATIONS

Imperatives

The major pattern in this lesson is the imperative sentence command. E is the word we use to mark a command: Direc-

Object

Direct

Object

+ Marker +

Object

+ Marker +

E+

Verb

E

noho

iho

‘oe!

E E E E

kid

aku

‘oe

i

ka

‘oe

i

kai‘a

i

i

kai‘a

ia

i

ka

±

tional

ha‘awi ha‘awi ha‘awi

aku mai

±

Subject

‘oe

that gives a

22

Indirect

Object

i‘a!

i‘a

ka popok Nani! ia‘u!

*

24

Ha'awina ‘Eha

examples of this pattern. Notice that the directional and the subject are preceded by both a plus

All of the basic sentences except sentence 5 are

and a minus

sign.

as in sentences 3

When

This indicates that they

and

may

be omitted on occasion,

4.

someone other than “you,” the Until we get to this variation in

the subject in this pattern

is

meaning is somewhat different. Ha‘awina 7, stick to “you” as the subject.

2.

Direct Objects

The person

or thing that

is

on the receiving end of the action

sented in the sentence by the direct object. In English object by

where

is

it

is

repre-

we recognize we mark

placed in the sentence. In Hawaiian

the the

by putting a word called an object marker in front of it. If the object is a common noun (no capital) the marker is i; if it is a proper name or a pronoun, the marker is id. If the object is “him” or “her,” the ‘o in ‘o ia is replaced by id (id ia). If the object is “me,” no marker is used; the word ia‘u (me) includes the object marker. Hawaiian rarely object

uses “it” as a direct object or destination. In these constructions, the object

is

either omitted, or the

E ki‘i aku ‘oe Get the fish! E aloha aku

i

ka

noun

is

repeated.

i‘a!

‘oe ia Nalei!

Greet Nalei!

E malama

‘oe ia

ia!

Take care of him!

E kokua mai

ia‘u!

Help me!

He puke

maika‘i kena; e ha‘awi mai ia‘u.

That’s a good book; give

3. Indirect

(it)

to

me.

Objects or Destinations

/ and id are also used to

mark

indirect objects or destinations; in English

these are frequently translated as “to” or “toward.” Sentences 2, 3, 4,

and 10 are examples of this usage. The rules are the same as for one exception: if a place name is a direct object, it is marked by id, but if it is a destination, it is marked by

6, 9,

direct objects, with

i.

25

Ha'awina ‘Eha

E malama

Direct Object:

‘oe ia

Kaho‘olawe!

Preserve Kaho‘olawe!

E

Destination:

hele aku ‘oe

Go to As with

Kaho‘olawe! Kaho‘olawe!

word

direct objects, the

i

ia‘u,

when used

as “to

me,” does not

take an object marker.

4.

Directionals

Hawaiian that are usually used with verbs to indicate the direction in which something is happening: a. Mai: toward the speaker (i.e., “toward me”). When mai is used in a sentence, ia‘u is often omitted, since it is already implied by the direc-

There are four words

in

tional.

E

hele

mai

Come (to

‘oe (ia‘u)!

me)!

E ha‘awi mai ‘oe ka puke Give the book (to me)! i

(ia‘u)!

H awaiians often

use mai without a preceding verb

come, especially

to eat:

in calling

someone

to

Mai, mai, mai e ‘ai! Come, come, come eat! b.

Aku: away from the speaker. Aku

same way

in the

as mai. If

rect object specifying

direction

is

a verb

is

is

never used alone as a

“toward the speaker,” then

away from

command

used without a directional or an indiit

is

assumed

that the

the speaker. In other words, the use of aku

is

optional:

E

hele aku ‘oe! or

E

hele ‘oe!

Go! c.

Iho: in a

downward

direction. Iho

is

also used with

most verbs

describing bodily functions such as eating, drinking, and thinking. In

we usually use “up” with these words, as in “eat up,” “drink up,” and “think up.” Sometimes iho is used as a verb, meaning “to English,

descend.” d.

A

c

e:

upward, back and

forth, sideways.

¥

26

Ha‘awina ‘Eha

III.

1

.

‘O ke

kumu

Ke kumu:

DIALOGS

laua ‘o Kaleo

Kaleo:

Aloha, e Kaleo. Aloha no, e ke kumu.

Ke kumu:

He aha kela?

Kaleo:

‘O ko‘u ka‘a hou

Ke kumu:

He

Kaleo:

Aue! Eia ke

kela.

ia. E ‘olu‘olu ‘oe, e ha‘awi mai E malama pono ‘oe ko‘u ka‘a!

ka‘a nani loa

Ke kumu:

‘Ae.

Kaleo:

A hui hou

kl!

E malama

i

ke

kl!

i

iho ‘oe

kou kino! Aloha a hui hou.

i

aku no.

Later, at Kaleo’s house:

Kaleo:

Aloha, e ke kumu.

Ke kumu:

Kaleo:

Aloha no. Eia kou ka‘a. Mai, mai, mai e ‘ai! Mahalo, e Kaleo. He hale ‘olu‘olu keia. E noho iho ‘oe! Eia ka poi a me ka i‘a. E

Ke kumu:

He

Kaleo:

Ke kumu:

i‘a

‘ono loa keia.

E

‘ai

iho ‘oe!

‘olu‘olu ‘oe, e ha‘awi

mai

i

ka

pa‘akai.

Ke kumu:

Eia ka pa‘akai a eia ka pia. E inu iho ‘oe! Aue! He haumana maika‘i loa ‘oe. Mahalo nui

Kaleo:

‘A‘ole pilikia.

Ke kumu:

A hui hou

Kaleo:

He kumu

maika‘i

‘oe.

A hui

aku no. E malama pono ‘oe

i

ia ‘oe.

hou.

kou kino!

Dialog Notes

some Hawaiian values and behavior: 1. a teasing/ respectful relationship between teacher and student; the teacher asks Kaleo to lend him his new car, knowing he won’t say “no”; Kaleo expresses his misgivings with “take good care of my car,” and the teacher teases him by saying “right, and you take good care of your

These conversations

reflect

body.” 2.

the importance of providing food

ner in which

it is

who wants what; guest’s role

is

given without a

lot

and drink

to guests

and the man-

of questions and negotiations as to

guests are simply provided with what you- have.

to accept the hospitality,

again without a

lot

The

of discussion.

Ha‘awina ‘Eha

EXERCISES

IV.

A. Imperative

27

Sentences with Objects

Translate these sentences into Hawaiian.

5.

Give that (near) pencil to Ka‘olu! Drink this beer! Get his car! Take good care of him! Come back to the house/come back home!

6.

Go down

7.

Give

1

.

2. 3.

4.

10.

to the sea!

this fish to the small cat!

8.

Eat

9.

Dive down! Speak Hawaiian

Chinese banana!

this delicious

to

me!

B. Directionals Fill in

1

.

2.

3. 4. 5.

the blanks with mai aku,

iho,

,

E kokua E hob E inu E hele E ki‘i

a

‘e.

Help me! Go back to your house! keia wai! Drink this water! ka pali! Go up the cliff!

‘oe ia‘u!

‘oe ‘oe

‘oe i

i

i

i

kou

hale!

keia pepa!

Come

get this paper!

C. Object Markers Fill in

10. 1

.

the blanks with

E ha‘awi aku ka i

i,

id,

or

0

(nothing).

ka lawai‘a! Give the

pa‘akai

salt to

the

fisherman! 2. 3. 4.

5. 6.

E ki‘i aku ‘oe E malama pono ‘oe E kokua aku ‘oe E ‘olelo mai ‘oe E malama pono ‘oe

ia!

Get him! Keola! Take good care of Keola! Help her! ia‘u! Speak to me! Hawai‘i! Take good care of ia!

Hawai‘i! 7.

8.

9.

E hob mai ‘oe E aloha aku ‘oe E hele aku ‘oe E kokua mai ‘oe

Hawaib! Come back to Hawaib! Lei! Say hello (greet) Lei! Lei!

Go to

ia‘u!

Lei!

Help me!

28

Ha‘awina ‘Eha

Noun Markers

D.

Fill in

1

the blanks with

e

Manu,

.

Momi

2.

He

3.

or

‘o.

e hele mai! Manu, come! kona inoa. Her name is Momi.

popoki kolohe

‘Eleu. ‘Eleu

Aloha a hui hou, au ke kumu

4. 5.

ke

is

a mischievous cat.

kumu. Goodbye,

‘olelo Pake.

I

am

teacher.

the Chinese language

teacher.

Lawai a

E.

(Fish!)

Your teacher

will explain the rules for this

card game. Here are the sen-

tences you need to play: 1

.

2.

E ha‘awi mai

i

ka/ke

Eia ka/ke

Give

!

.

me

the

(name of fish)!

Here’s the

3.

‘A‘ohe a‘u

4.

E

5.

Loa‘a

6.

‘O ko‘u (kou) manawa

.

I

haven’t any

lu‘u iho ‘oe! Dive! (i.e., go fish!) ia‘u.

Got

it.

keia. It’s

my (your)

Also remember to use “please,”

name.” Whether you use the fish.

Fill in

“thank you,” and “what’s your

ka or ke in sentences

the blanks with ka or

turn.

1

and

2

depends on the name of

ke:

— tuna — marlin

— gold

1.

‘ahi

6.

i‘a ‘ula‘ula

2.

a‘u

7.

moe one — flounder

3.

mano-— shark

8.

pe‘a

4.

kohola

9.

i‘a olo

5.

i‘a

F.

10.

— starfish — sawfish kunehi — sunfish

You Are the Teacher

Tell 1

— whale popoki — catfish

.

2.

3. 4. 5.

6.

Kalani

to

do the following things

in

Hawaiian:

Stand up. Get the beer and the fish. Give the fish to the cat. Give the beer to you. Return to his seat. Sit down.

Finally,

thank him and

tell

him he

is

a very smart student.

fish

29

Ha'awina ‘Eha

G. Mixed Review Translate into Hawaiian. 1.

What’s

his

name?

6.

and the salt. Give this pretty flower to that beautiful woman. That person is the fisherman. This is the Hawaiian language book. He’s a happy man.

7.

(The) ‘ahi

8.

Koko

2. Please, get the poi

3. 4. 5.

is

is

a delicious

fish.

a big dog.

V.

VOCABULARY

— upward, sideways — to eat; food aku — away from the speaker a me — and (with nouns) ‘a‘ohe — none, not any e — imperative marker ‘eha — four eia — here ha‘awi — to give hele — to go hele mai — to come ho‘i — to return, come back, go a‘e

ki‘i

— to fetch, to get (not

“receive”)

‘ai

— body kokua — to help ku — to stand lawai‘a — to fisherman lu‘u — to dive mai — toward the speaker malama — to preserve, to care for manawa — time pa‘akai — pakaukau — table pali — papa ‘ele‘ele — blackboard pia — beer pilikia — trouble poi — pounded cooked taro wai — water (not water) waiwai — wealth, wealthy, rich kino

fish;

is

salt

back

cliff

— object marker; toward — object marker; toward ia‘u — me, to me iho — downward; to descend inu — to drink kai — sea kl — key to,

i

ia

to,

salt

Idioms and Phrases ‘A‘ole pilikia.

no trouble) — You’re welcome, (‘oe kou kino). — Take care (of your body). (A way of (lit.,

E malama pono

i

saying goodbye)

—

Mahalo nui loa. Thanks very much. Mai e ‘ai! Come and eat!

—

5 HA‘AWINA ELIMA Personal Pronouns and Stative Verb

Sentences

I.

1

.

BASIC SENTENCES

Aloha kakahiaka. Aloha kaua.

1.

Good morning.

2.

Aloha between you me.

3.

Midday

7.

Aloha awakea kakou. Pehea ‘oe? Pehea na haumana? Maika‘i no au, mahalo. ‘Ano maluhiluhi maua.

8.

Nuha

8.

9.

Pau ka papa. A‘ole pau ka hana.

2.

3. 4. 5. 6.

10.

5.

loa lakou.

greetings to

I’m

7.

We (2) are

9.

and

all.

How are you (1)? How are the students?

6.

10.

‘

II.

1.

4.

(1)

fine, thanks.

rather tired.

They (pi.) are very sulky. The class is over. The work is not over.

EXPLANATIONS

Personal Pronouns

First

person

Second person Third person

Singular

Dual

au, ia‘u

kaua

Plural (inclusive)

kakou

(inclusive)

maua (exclusive)

makou

‘oe

‘olua

‘oukou

ia, ‘o ia

laua

lakou

(exclusive)

from the English system in two ways: a. The English system distinguishes between singular and plural pronouns:

Hawaiian pronouns

differ

30

Ha'awina ‘Elima

31

Singular

Plural

I

we

you

you

he, she,

they

it

Hawaiian distinguishes between singular, dual, and plural. The dual pronouns refer to groups of two people (we two, you two, they two). The plural pronouns refer to groups of three or more. b. Hawaiian distinguishes between inclusive and exclusive pronouns in the first person dual and plural. There are four Hawaiian pronouns where English uses one word, “we.” These pronouns are as follows: First

person dual:

kaua

— you (singular) and

maua — someone First

else (not

I

you) and

I

person plural:

kakou

— you (two or more) and — some other people (not you) and I

makou

Kaua and kakou are

called inclusive

I

pronouns because they include the

person being addressed in the “we” group; maua and makou are called exclusive pronouns because the person being addressed

is

excluded

from the “we” group. The fact that Hawaiian is very specific about whether or not someone is included in a group has an impact on social relationships; the listener knows exactly where he stands, and potentially embarrassing situations can be avoided. This fits in with the Polynesian cultural value of avoiding confrontation.

Here are some general

hints for learning pronouns:

pronouns all end in -ua, as in the number “two,” pronouns all end in -kou; and the words for “you” all start with V. the dual

‘elua;

the plural

2.

Stative Verb

A

stative

Sentences

verb describes the state someone or something

tired, fine, sick, sulky, pretty). In English, these

words are

is

in (e.g.,

called adjec-

and are used with “am,” “is,” “are,” etc. to make sentences. In Hawaiian we have no words like “am,” “is,” “are,” so words like maluhiluhi, maika ‘i, nuha, and nani function as verbs all by themoma ‘ima tives

(

‘i,

selves.

t

32

Ha‘awina ‘Elima

+

Verb

Subject

Maika‘i no

au.

‘Oma‘ima‘i

ke kauka.

Nuha loa

lakou.

Nani ‘Ano maluhiluhi

keia pua. ‘o Kalei.

Notice that unlike other verb modifiers,

‘ano precedes the verb. Negative stative verb sentences are formed by putting ‘a‘ole beginning of the sentence:

at the

‘A‘ole pau ka hana.

The work

isn’t finished.

If the subject

order

is

of a negative stative verb sentence

is

a pronoun, the

sometimes reversed:

‘A‘ole maika‘i au. or ‘A‘ole au maika‘i.

I’m not

well.

3. A/a

The

We can make nouns plural by putting na in front of them, when we also want “the” in the phrase. In other cases, we use make plurals (see Ha‘awina 2 and Ha‘awina 7).

(plural).

but only

mau

to

— the class — the classes ke kauka — the doctor na kauka — the doctors

— the woman — the women ke kanaka — the person na kanaka — the persons

ka papa

ka wahine

na papa

na wahine

Notice there

is

no change

in the

noun except with

the forms discussed in

H a‘awina 2.

4.

Greetings

Aloha kaua. This is a common greeting when two people meet each Because kaua means you (singular) and me, aloha kaua is an exchange of aloha between two people, “aloha between you and me.” Aloha kakou. This is an exchange of aloha between the speaker and at least two others. Aloha kakahiaka. Good morning. Aloha awakea. Good midday. other.

Ha'awina ‘Elima

33

Aloha ‘auinala. Good afternoon. Aloha ahiahi. Good evening. Aloha kakahiaka kakou. Good morning everyone. (The pronoun can be added to any of the “time” greetings.)

5.

Divisions of the Day

Hawaiians divide the day differently from English speakers. The Hawaiian divisions are functional and relate to the working day in terms of farming and fishing. The first part of the morning when it is already daylight and still cool enough to work outside is called kakahiaka. Midmorning when the sun is more or less overhead, about 10 a.m., marks the beginning of awakea. This is the time to work indoors or in the shade. Later in the day when the sun is declining, about 3 p.m., is ‘auinala. Then it is cool enough to work outdoors again. When it gets too dark to see to work outside, it is ahiahi. Late evening is aumoe. Each of these divisions is approximately four hours long. You can see why Hawaiians are not always responsive to the English system of dividing time, which is somewhat more arbitrary and abstracted from “natural” time and has a much shorter “significant” division of one hour, rather than four.

III.

1

.

O

DIALOGS

Keala laua o Kanani

Keala:

Aloha kaua.

Kanani:

‘Ae, aloha no.

Keala:

Keala:

‘O wai kou inoa? ‘O Kanani ko‘u inoa. A ‘o ‘oe? ‘O Keala ko‘u inoa. Pehea ‘oe, e Keala? Maika‘i no au, mahalo. A ‘o ‘oe? ‘Ano ‘oma‘ima‘i au. Aloha ‘ino. E hele ‘oe ia Kauka Kekuni. He kauka maika‘i ‘o ia? ‘Ae, he kauka akamai loa. Mahalo. Aloha a hui hou. A hui hou aku no. E malama pono ‘oe kou

Kanani:

Me

Kanani: Keala:

Kanani: Keala:

Kanani: Keala:

Kanani: Keala:

Kanani:

i

‘oe pu.

kino.

34 2.

Ha‘awina ‘Elima

t

‘O ke

kumu

laua o Kalae

Ke kumu:

Aloha ‘auinala,

Kalae:

Aloha, e ke kumu.

Ke kumu:

Pehea ‘oe?

Kalae:

Kalae:

Maika‘i no. A ‘o ‘oe? ‘Ano maluhiluhi au. Aloha ‘ino. Pehea na haumana?

Ke kumu:

Tsa!

Kalae:

No

Ke kumu:

Pau ka papa, aka,

Kalae:

He mau haumana moloa lakou?

Ke kumu:

‘Ae,

Kalae:

E

Ke kumu:

3.

‘O

Nuha

loa lakou.

ke aha?

moloa

‘o

‘a‘ole

pau ka hana.

loa lakou.

ha‘awi aku ‘oe

Kanoe laua

Kanoe: Lehua: Kanoe: Lehua: Kanoe: Lehua: Kanoe: Lehua: Kanoe: Lehua: Kanoe: Lehua: Kanoe: Lehua:

e Kalae.

i

ka F

ia

lakou.

Lehua

Aloha kakahiaka, e Lehua. Aloha kaua, e Kanoe. Mai e ‘ai Mahalo, aka, piha ko‘u ‘opu.

E

inu iho ‘oe

ka ‘aina kakahiaka.

ka wai hua‘ai.

He

kakahiaka wela loa keia. Pehea ka ‘ohana? Maika‘i no makou, aka ‘ano nuha na keiki. Aue! No ke aha? Pau ke kau wela. Aloha ‘ino! E ha‘awi aku ‘oe keia palaoa mai‘a ia lakou. He wahine ‘olu‘olu ‘oe, e Lehua. Mahalo nui loa. ‘

Ae, mahalo.

i

i

‘Ae, wela loa ka

la.

i

‘A‘ole pilikia. Aloha a hui hou.

E malama pono Me‘oepu.

Aloha.

‘oe.

Dialog Notes Dialog 3 1

.

illustrates

two

accept something, even 2.

common

Hawaiian culture: and his social obligation

to

Lehua sending banana bread opportunity, Kanoe will give something

to

features of

the need to offer refreshment to a guest, if

only a drink.

the practice of sharing, in this case

the children. At

Lehua.

some

future

to

Ha'awina ‘Elima IV.

35

EXERCISES

Pronouns

A.

Translate the bold-faced pronouns in the following paragraph.

Remem-

ber to think in Hawaiian terms. For the time being, ignore the boldfaced, underlined words.

Aloha. in

I

am

Ka‘a‘awa.

band

Pua, your Hawaiian language teacher.

We

are

happy

there;

my

My

family lives

son enjoys the surfing;

my

hus-

We

have three dogs and they run in the bushes. The two male dogs are Koko and Ala; sometimes they fight with each other. The female’s name is Poki; she is a very stupid dog. When my husband and I go to Honolulu, we are always happy to get back home. We all hope you all will come visit us; we will have a great time together at our house. relaxes in the big yard.

Mixed Patterns

B.

Translate this dialog.

Students:

How are you all, students? (use na) We are kind of sick, teacher, (use ke)

Teacher:

Too bad!

Students:

Thank

Teacher:

Yes.

Students:

Why?

Teacher:

You

Students:

No, no.

Teacher:

Tsa! You are very

Students:

Goodbye. Take

Teacher:

Sit

you.

down! 9. You are a kind teacher.

Kanani, get the doctor. are sick students.

We are fine. lazy.

C. Stative Verb/Class-Inclusion

The

Go back home. The class

is

over.

care.

Sentences

English sentences that end in nouns are class-inclusion sentences;

those that end in adjectives are stative verb sentences. Translate. 1

.

2.

That That

(distant) gecko (distant)

is

is

10.

This is a happy family. This family is happy.

1 1

That

small.

a small gecko.

4.

This bread is very delicious. This is (a) very delicious bread.

12.

Morris

5.

She

13.

6.

The doctor

is

7.

Today

day)

15.

That (near) is a very big rock. That (near) rock is very big. The dog is lazy.

8.

This

16.

Poki

3.

is

a tired doctor.

is

(this

14.

tired.

a hot day.

is

.

hot.

(distant) cat

is

is

is

sulky.

a sulky cat.

a lazy dog.

36 D.

Ha‘awina ‘Elima

Pronoun Practice

Fill in

the blanks with the correct pronoun.

Ha'awina ‘Elima V.

ahiahi

VOCABULARY

— evening — breakfast

‘aina kakahiaka

— but — rather, somewhat ‘auinala — afternoon aumoe — late night; midnight aka

‘ano

hours

— midday — five ‘elima hana — work, activity; to do, awakea

to

hua

work

‘ai

—

fruit

kakahiaka

— — —

— morning

kakou we (3+, inclusive) kaua we (2, inclusive) kauka doctor kau wela summer la sun, day

—

lakou

—

— they (3+)

Idioms and Phrases Aloha

‘ino!

— Too bad! What a pity!

A ‘o ‘oe? — And you? Me ‘oe pu. — Same to you. No

ke aha (mai)?

— Why?

37

— they (2) makop — we (3+, exclusive) maluhiluhi — tired maua — we exclusive) moloa — lazy na — the nuha — sulky, sullen ‘ohana — family ‘olua — you (2) ‘oma‘ima‘i — sick ‘opu — stomach ‘oukou — you (3+) palaoa — bread, flour papa — class pau — finished, done pehea — how (only in questions) piha — — exclamation of disgust wela — hot

laua

(2,

(pi.)

full

tsa!

HA‘AWINA ‘EONO Simple Verb Sentences and

I.

1

.

BASIC SENTENCES

Hele au ke Kula Nui o Hawai‘i Manoa. ‘Ai makou ma ka hale ‘aina ka Hale Kahawai. I ka Po‘alima, ho‘i aku au ka

1

i

.

2.

i

3.

hale

i

3.

Nanakuli.

Hau‘oli loa

mai

‘o

Lapule, a

On

Manoa.

Friday

ma e

‘ike

4.

Hale

I

go back to Nana-

Papa “guys” are very happy to see

i

in

We eat at the cafeteria in

kuli.

Papa

ia‘u.

Hele makou

5.

go to the University of

Kahawai.

i

4.

I

Hawaii

i

2.

Infinitives

ka hale pule

ma hope iho,

i

ka

5.

me.

We go to church on and afterwards we

‘ai

makou ka ‘aina awakea. Ho‘omakaukau ‘o Papa ka

Sunday,

eat brunch.

i

6.

6.

i

palaoa palai a 7.

me

ka

Portuguese sausage.

na‘aukake Pukikl. Aloha a hui hou kaua ka

7.

i

II.

.

Goodbye

until

we meet again

on Sunday.

Lapule.

1

Papa prepares pancakes and

EXPLANATIONS

Simple Verb Sentences

These sentences are constructed like stative verb sentences: a verb followed by a subject. They can also include direct objects and indirect objects and destinations or locations (prepositional phrases). Simple verb sentences describe an action that occurs without reference to tense.

38

*

40

Ha'awina ‘Eono

+

Verb Hele

au

‘Ai

makou

Ho‘i aku

au

Ho‘omakaukau

‘o

2

.

E

±

Subject

Direct Object

±*

Indirect Object/ Destination/Location i

i

Papa

ka palaoa

i

ke kula.

ma ka hale

ka ‘aina awakea

i

‘aina.

ka hale.

palai.

E in front of a

verb within a sentence makes an infinitive

(to see, to

clean, to eat, etc.):

Hau‘oli loa ‘o Papa ma e ‘ike mai ia‘u. Papa “folks” are very happy to see me.

Kokua au I

ia

laua e

ho‘oponopono ka i

hale.

help them to clean the house.

Holoholo makou

i

ka hale ‘aina Pake e

We go to the Chinese restaurant

‘ai

i

ka ‘aina ahiahi.

to eat dinner.

Notice that infinitives can also take objects.

3 l/ma .

In addition to “to, toward,”

i

can also

mean

“in, on, at”

Hele au i ke Kula Nui o Hawai‘i i Manoa. I go to the University of Hawaii in Manoa.

Time

phrases are preceded by

i

when they

thing happens, and they can occur

at the

are used to tell when somebeginning or ending of the

sentence: I

ka ‘auinala, hod aku au

In the afternoon,

Hele makou

i

I

ka hale noho haumana.

i

return to the dormitory.

ka hale pule

i

ke kakahiaka.

We go to church in the morning. Aloha a hui hou kaua ka Lapule! until we meet again on Sunday! i

Goodbye

Ma

also

with

i

means

“in, on, at,”

and

in that context. If anything,

is

ma

used more or is

more

less

specific

interchangeably

than

i:

Ha'awina ‘Eono

41

‘Ai makou ma ka hale ‘aina ka Hale Kahawai. We eat at the cafeteria in Hale Kahawai. i

Noho au ma Ka‘a‘awa i ka mokupuni live in

I

Ma

does not

Ka‘a‘awa on the

‘o

0‘ahu.

island of 0‘ahu.

mean “to/toward” and cannot be substituted it commonly occur with time phrases.

for

i

in that

context, nor does

4.

Ke/ka Revisited

When my,

an English noun

etc.),

the

is not preceded by a determiner Hawaiian utterance includes ke/ka:

(the, this, that,

We go to church. Hele makou

i

ka hale

pule.

We eat brunch. ‘Ai

maua ka i

Aku is He i‘a

‘aina awakea.

a delicious

fish.

‘ono ke aku.

Love

is good. Maika‘i ke aloha.

Ke/ka

is

used even when the noun

is

plural in English:

Papa prepares pancakes and Portuguese sausage. Ho‘omakaukau ‘o Papa ka palaoa palai a me ka na‘aukake i

Pukikl.

5.

Days of the Week

If

you have been paying attention

now count

to six.

This makes

it

to the title of

each lesson, you can

easy to learn the days of the week

according to the Western calendar, because Hawaiian combines pdwith numbers to

name

— Monday Po‘alua — Tuesday Po‘akolu — Wednesday Po‘ aha — Thursday Po‘akahi

the days

(‘e-

becomes

‘a-):

— — —

Po‘alima Friday Po‘aono Saturday Lapule Sunday (lit., prayer day)

These words are always preceded by

ka.

42

Ha'awina ‘Eono

6 .Ma This word can be added to someone’s name to mean that person and whoever is usually associated withhim his spouse, his family, or his friends. This Hawaiian construction occurs in pidgin English as “guys” or “folks.” Ma does not occur alone as a noun or with a pronoun.

—

ma — Papa “guys” (father and mother) Noelani ma — Noelani “folks” (Noelani and her gang)

Papa

This expression only works when both speaker and listener have some common agreement as to who constitutes ma.

III.

1.

Ma

ke kula nui

Lokelani: Lilinoe:

Lokelani: Lilinoe:

Lokelani: Lilinoe:

Lokelani: Lilinoe:

Lokelani: Lilinoe:

Lokelani:

Aloha ‘auinala, e Lilinoe. Aloha kaua, e Lokelani. Pehea ‘oe? Hau‘oli no au, mahalo. ‘Oia? No ke aha mai? ‘O ka Po‘alima keia, a pau ke kula.

Noho ‘oe ka hale noho haumana? ka Po‘alima, ho‘i aku au ka hale Nanakuli. Laki no ‘oe! Noho kou ‘ohana Nanakuli? ‘Ae, noho ko‘u makua kane a me ko‘u makuahine laila. Aue! Noho ko‘u ‘ohana Hilo. Aloha ‘ino! E kipa mai ‘oe ko‘u hale. Hau‘oli ko‘u ‘ohana ‘Ae, maika‘i kela. ‘Ae, aka,

Lilinoe:

Kua‘aina: Lei:

Kua‘aina: Lei:

Kua‘aina: Lei:

Kua‘aina:

i

i

i

i

‘o

mau hoa aloha, (my friends) Loke. He wahine ‘olu‘olu loa ‘oe!

ko‘u

Mahalo,

e

Kua‘aina

Aloha kakahiaka kaua. Aloha no kaua. ‘O wai kou inoa? ‘O Kua‘aina ko‘u inoa. A ‘o ‘oe? Aloha e Kua‘aina. ‘O au ‘o Lei. Hau‘oli no au e ‘ike ia ‘oe. ‘O au pu. Noho ‘oe ma Honolulu?

Noho au ma Kahalu‘u, aka noho ko‘u hoahanau Honolulu. ‘O wai kona inoa?

‘A‘ole.

ma Lei:

i

i

O Lei laua

Lei:

i

i

i

e ‘ike

2.

DIALOGS

Ha‘awina ‘Eono

43

‘O Lokelani Kamanu kona inoa. Aue no ho‘i e! Noho pu maua ma ka hale noho haumana.

Kua‘aina: Lei:

Kua‘aina:

‘Oia? Hele ‘oe

Lei:

ia maua ka Lapule. ka hale pule, aka, ma hope iho, hiki no. Maika‘i. Aloha a hui hou kakou. E aloha aku ‘oe ia Loke. Malama pono.

‘Ae.

E

Hele au

Kua‘aina: Lei:

Kua‘aina:

i

ke kula nui?

kipa mai ‘oe

i

i

Dialog Notes

These dialogs

The second

importance of family life and hospitality. an example of how Hawaiians relate to each other

illustrate the

dialog

is

by seeking mutual acquaintances.

IV.

EXERCISES

A. Reading Practice

Read

Ask your teacher about anything you don’t

this story carefully.

Then

understand.

practice reading

it

aloud until you can do

it

easily

and with understanding of what you are saying. Aloha kaua. ‘O Lokelani Kamanu ko‘u inoa. Hele au ke kula nui o Hawai‘i ka hale noho Manoa. He haumana hou au. Noho au haumana. ‘Ai makou ma ka hale ‘aina ka Hale Kahawai. ‘Ano ‘ono ka mea ‘ai, aka, ‘a‘ole ‘ono loa. Noho ko‘u makua kane a me ko‘u makuahine Nanakuli. I ka Po‘alima, ho‘i aku au ka hale Nanakuli. Hau‘oli loa ‘o Papa ma e ‘ike mai ia‘u. Ho‘omakaukau laua ka mea ‘ai ‘ono loa, a ‘ai pu makou. I ka Po‘aono, kokua au ia laua e ho‘oponopono ka hale a me ka pa. I ke ahiahi, holoholo makou ka hale ‘aina Pake e ‘ai ka ‘aina ahiahi. Ma hope iho, ho‘i aku makou ka hale e nana ke kiwi. Hele makou ka hale pule ka Lapule, a ma hope iho, ‘ai makou ka ‘aina awakea. Ho‘omakaukau ‘o Papa ka palaoa palai, a me ka na‘aukake Pukiki. Inu ‘o Papa ke kope, inu ‘o Mama ke kl koko‘olau, a inu au ka wai hua‘ai. I ka ‘auinala, ho‘i au ka hale noho haumana e ho‘opa‘a ha‘awina. Aue! Pau ka hopena pule. i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

Answer

these questions about the reading with complete sentences in

H awaiian: 1

.

2.

3.

i

i

i

He kumu kula ‘o Lokelani? Noho ‘o ia me kona mau makua? Noho kona mau makua Waikiki? i

44

Ha‘awina ‘Eono

4. 5.

6. 7.

10. 8. 9.

‘Ono ka mea ‘ai ma ke kula nui? Ho‘i aku ‘o Lokelani i ka hale ka Lapule? ‘Ai ka ‘ohana ka ‘aina ahiahi ka hale ka Po‘aono? Noho lakou i ka hale ka Lapule? Hele lakou ka hale ‘aina e ‘ai ka ‘aina awakea? Inu ‘o Mama ke kope? Ho‘i mai ‘o Lokelani ka hale noho haumana ka Po‘akahi? *

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

B.

Now

write a similar paragraph about yourself, where you live and

work, and what you usually do. Keep it simple; ask your teacher for help with new vocabulary, but stick to the patterns you have already learned.

C. Simple Verb

Sentences

Translate into Hawaiian. 1

.

2.

We all watch “Saturday Night Live” on television in the dorm. My cousin lives at Hale Kuahine, and visit her there. I

3. I see

your friend

in

Hawaiian

4.

Mele “folks”

5.

Nahoa “guys” climb

class.

eat lunch together in the yard.

the

cliffs in

Ko‘olau Loa.

D. I/Ma Translate into Hawaiian. 1

.

My mother works in the cafeteria at the university.

2.

The

3.

Please

cat watches the geckos visit

me

at the

on the rock.

dorm.

4.

My friend lives in Kalihiwai on the island of Kaua‘i.

5.

The

food at the university

is

not that

tasty.

E .Ma Translate into Hawaiian.

4.

Papa “folks” clean the yard on Saturday. Say hi to Lili “guys.” How are Mama and the family? Nalani “guys” are kind of sick.

5.

Keoki, go get Pomaika‘i “folks.”

1

.

2.

3.

Ha'awina ‘Eono

45

Time Expressions

F.

Translate into Hawaiian. 1

.

2. 3. 4. 5.

The

kids go out on the weekend.

My father fixes the lunch on Sunday. The two of us study together in the evening. Goodbye until we meet again in class on Monday. In the morning the fisherman goes down to the sea.

E Infinitive

G.

Translate into Hawaiian. 1

.

2.

3.

Students, go to class to straighten out the chairs!

She goes to church to care for the small children. Papa comes back to eat lunch at home.

am

so

happy

4.

I

5.

She stays

at

to see

home

to

of you.

all

watch Oprah Winfrey

in the

morning.

H. Ke/ka Translate into Hawaiian.

2.

Mama “folks” drink koko‘olau We eat fish on Friday.

3.

In the evening

4.

Work

5.

On

1.

I.

is

we

tea.

see big geckos in the house.

good.

hot days,

we

eat dinner at the restaurant.

Interviews

Choose a partner. Interview her by asking the following questions: 1.

2.

3.

‘O wai kou inoa? Pehea ‘oe keia la? Noho ‘oe ma Honolulu? (Answer should i

tell

where the person does

live.) 4. 5.

6.

Noho ‘oe me kou mau makua? (If answer is yes, skip to 6.) Noho kou mau makua Honolulu? He haumana ‘oe? (Answer should tell where the student i

attends

school.) 7.

Hele ‘oe ke kula ma ke ka‘a lawe ‘ohua? (bus) (drive walk — hele wawae) i

=

kalaiwa,

46

Ha'awina ‘Eono

Hele ‘oe ke kula na la apau? (every day) (Answer should tell the days the person does attend school.) Hele ‘oe ka hana? (Person should tell where she works: Hana au

8.

i

10. 9.

i

i

ma

)

Hana

‘oe

Your partner

i

na

la

apau? (Person should

tell

interview you too, using the

will

what days she works.)

same

questions.

Now

tell

the class about each other, using something like this in Hawaiian:

This

is

my

Her name She She She

is

friend. is

lives in lives

in the

.

with her parents/mother/father/friend/husband.

is

OR

She

lives

dorm.

Her parents She She She She She

.

fine/tired/sick today.

live in

.

a student at

walks/drives/goes on the bus to school.

goes to school on Monday, Tuesday, etc. OR She doesn’t work (‘A‘ole ‘o ia hana.) works at works on Monday, Tuesday, etc., in the morning, afternoon, eve.

ning.

Ask your teacher

for help with

V.

‘aina ahiahi

any answers that give you trouble.

VOCABULARY

— dinner — lunch, brunch

‘ainaawakea

— six — restaurant, cafeteria hale noho haumana — dormitory hale pule — church (building) hoa aloha — friend hoahanau — cousin holoholo — to go out (for fun) ho‘omakaukau — to prepare ho‘opa‘a ha‘awina — to study straight, ho‘oponopono — to ‘eono

hale ‘aina

set

to clean, to correct

hopena pule i

—

in,

on, at

— weekend

— to see, to know, to meet — there kl — tea kipa — to ‘ike

i

laila

visit

kiwi— TV

— Hawaiian herb — coffee kula nui — university laki — lucky Lapule — Sunday ma — on, at ma — “folks,” “guys,” and koko‘olau

kope

in,

friends,

and

family,

and

spouse

makua, makua(pl.)

— parent

47

Ha‘awina ‘Eono

makuahine, makuahine (pi.) mother makua kane, makua kane (pi.)

papa

be used as proper name)

— father

— Thursday — Monday Po‘akolu — Wednesday Po‘alima — Friday Po‘alua — Tuesday Po‘aono — Saturday pu — together PukikT — Portuguese pule — week; prayer, to pray Po‘aha

ma laila — there mama — mom, mama,

Po‘akahi

mother name)

(can be used as proper

— food — island na‘aukake — sausage nana — to watch, to look ‘oia — true pa — yard mea

— pancake — dad, papa, father (can

palaoa palai

—

‘ai

mokupuni

at

really,

Idioms and Phrases

Aue no ho‘i E aloha aku

e!

— For goodness sake! — Give my regards to Loke. Say hi to Loke.

‘oe ia Loke.

— Okay. possible, iho — afterwards, ‘O au pu. — Me too, ‘O ‘oe pu. — You too. Hiki no.

ma hope

It’s

later,

then

«?

REVIEW

1

HO HOPE EKAHI I

I.

SUMMARY OF CONTENTS

IN

HA‘AWINA 1-6

A. Major Patterns 1.

Class-inclusion sentences

2.

Equational sentences

3.

Imperative sentences

4.

Stative verb sentences

5.

Simple verb sentences

6. Infinitives 7.

Direct objects

8.

Indirect objects

9.

Personal pronouns

Other Features

B. 1

.

Keia, kena, keia

2. Ke, ka, c

3.

nd

0 and e

4.

Md

5.

A, a me, aka

6.

1/ma

7.

Mau (plural) II.

EXERCISES

A. Fill in

1.

a.

the blanks [(b)

He

is

the answer to (a)].

aha keia?

b.

48

He puke

‘olelo

Hawai‘i

a.

3. a. 4.

Hope

Ho‘i

2.

a.

5.

a.

6.

a.

7.

a.

8.

a.

9.

a.

He

peni kena?

He popoki nui He kauka akamai

?

‘o

Lono?

He kane maika‘i Pehea‘oukou? Kimo? Pehea Nana Noho

ma

i

‘o

he penikala

b. ‘A‘ole,

he

ke kiwi?

Mama

b.

b. b. b.

b.

‘

‘ilio li‘ili‘i

kela.

he kauka akamai loa

Ae, he kane maika‘i loa au.

‘Ano ‘6ma‘ima‘i Maika‘i no ‘o ia. ‘Ae, nana maua. ‘Ae, noho laua ma Hilo.

Hawai‘i?

10. a. ‘Ai ‘ai

b. ‘A‘ole,

b. ‘Ae,

?

49

‘Ekahi

keiki

]

i

ka

mea

b. ‘Ae, ‘ai

nui lakou.

Pake?

B.

Multiple Choice. Circle the letter of the correct sentence. Explain what is

wrong with 1.

a.

b. c.

2. a.

b. c.

the other two.

E Makia kona inoa. Makia kona inoa. ‘O Makia kona inoa. E ki‘i mai keia pepa. E ki‘i mai ‘o keia pepa. E ki‘i mai e keia pepa. i

b.

He ‘olelo Pake puke keia. He puke ‘olelo Pake keia.

c.

Puke

3. a.

4. a.

b. c.

5. a.

b. c.

6. a.

b. c.

7. a.

b. c.

‘olelo

Pake

He pua nani

keia.

keia.

E pua nani keia. ‘O pua nani keia. Aloha kakahiaka, ‘o Mele. Aloha kakahiaka, Mele. Aloha kakahiaka, e Mele.

Aloha kaua, e na haumana. Aloha ‘oukou, e na haumana. Aloha kakou, e na haumana.

E hele ‘oukou ka papa. E hele ‘oukou ka papa. E hele ‘oukou ia ka papa. i

*

50

Ho‘i

8. a.

b. c.

9. a.

b. c.

10. a. b. c.

11. a. b. c.

12. a. b. c.

Hope

‘Ekahi

E ha‘awi aku ‘oe ka lei ‘o No‘eau. E ha‘awi aku ‘oe ka lei No‘eau. E ha‘awi aku ‘oe ka lei ia No‘eau. i

i

i

i

E ha‘awi mai ka‘a. E ha‘awi mai ke ka‘a. E ha‘awi mai ka ka‘a. i

i

i

E ki‘i aku ‘oe ka ‘ai. E ki‘i aku ‘oe ‘ai. E ki‘i aku ‘oe ke ‘ai. i

i

i

Holoholo ka‘ohana Waikiki. Holoholo ka ‘ohana ia Waikiki. Holoholo ka ‘ohana ‘o Waikiki. i

Aloha au e Ka‘a‘awa. Aloha au ia Ka‘a‘awa. Aloha au Ka‘a‘awa. i

C. Verbless

Sentences (Class-Inclusion and Equational

Sentences) Translate into Hawaiian. 1 10. .

Who is your father?

2.

My father

3.

He’s a school teacher.

4.

My mother

5.

This

6.

That

7.

This

is

is is

Keli‘i.

is

is

a doctor.

Monday. a big church.

a very pleasant yard.

my cousin.

8.

She’s

9.

That (near)

The doctor

is is

the

Hawaiian language book.

his friend.

D. Imperative, Stative,

and Simple Verb Sentences

Translate into Hawaiian.

5.

My family works together to clean the house on the weekend. Afterwards we go out to Hanauma to dive. The fishermen climb the cliffs to look at the sea. The lazy boys are very sulky. Give this bread to the birds in the yard.

6.

Her

1

.

2.

3. 4.

father

and mother are happy

to see her.

Ho‘i

7.

8. 10.

9.

Please

make

the tea

and

Hope

51

‘Ekahi

coffee.

on hot days. my house in Ma‘ili! That Portuguese woman makes delicious bread. Beer

delicious

is

You-all

visit

me

in

E. in the

Fill

blanks with

c

o,

e,

ma,

i,

id,

ma. Translate the completed

sentences into English. 1

‘ .

Alapaki ko‘u

makua

kane.

6.

na haumana, e hele mai ‘oukou. Loke Nanakuli. wai kona inoa? Ho‘omakaukau Papa ka palaoa palai Loke, e ha‘awi aku ‘oe ke kl koko‘olau

7.

Eia ke

8.

E aloha aku ‘oe E kokua ‘oukou

2.

3. 4. 5.

9.

10. 1 1

.

12. 13.

Noho

i

kl,

ka Lapule.

Mama.

Mama! ka ‘ohana. ia.

Ho‘opa‘a ha‘awina lakou ke ahiahi. Ai ko‘u hoa aloha ko‘u hale ka hopena Ho‘i aku au Hilo ke kau wela. Inu na manu ka wai pua. ‘

«

pule.

7 HA'AWINA ‘EHIKU Ua Verb Sentences

BASIC SENTENCES

I.

Ua hele au nehinei. Ua huhu loa o Mama ma.

1.

1

i

.

l

2.

2.

I

went yesterday.

Mama “guys”

are really

mad.

Moloa

3.

na

loa

keiki

i

keia

mau

3.

E

pu kaua! mai ko‘u mau hoahanau mai Hilo mai.

4.

‘ai

5.

Ua hele

6.

He mea

‘ai

ma‘a mau

keia

ma

Let’s eat together!

5.

My cousins came from

6.

This

8.

The

9.

He mea pipi‘i

9.

It is

loa

7.

common

dish on

is

the

common

place to eat here in Honolulu.

ia.

II.

When

a

McDonald’s

8.

Ua with

is

Hilo.

Kaua‘i.

‘O McDonald’s ka hale ‘aina ma‘a mau ma Honolulu nei. Nui na ‘opihi.

.

kids are really lazy these

4.

Kaua‘i. 7.

1

The

days.

la.

‘opihi are plentiful.

a very expensive item.

EXPLANATIONS

Stative Verbs

ua precedes stative verbs,

it

tells

us that the state or condition

described by the verb has already been reached. That condition might still

exist.

Ua huhu

loa ‘o

Mama “guys” Ua pau

Mama ma. are really

mad.

ka hana.

The work

is

finished.

52

54

Ha‘awina ‘Ehiku

These sentences are not you learned in Ha‘awina

meaning from

really different in

the pattern

5:

loa ‘o Mama ma. Mama “guys” are really mad.

Huhu

Pau ka hana.

The work The

is

finished.

use of ua in these sentences

optional, but

is

another part of the sentence makes

it

common. Sometimes

clear that the state or condition

occurred in the past:

Ua maluhiluhi was

I

au

i

nehinei.

tired yesterday.

Again, although the use of ua

2.

is

optional,

it is

common.

Ua with Other Verbs

When

ua

is

used with other verbs (action verbs),

it

indicates that the

action has been completed.

Ua hele I

au

i

nehinei.

went yesterday.

Ua hele mai

mau hoahanau mai

ko‘u

Hilo mai.

My cousins came from Hilo. In these instances, ua

is

similar to English past tense.

Remember,

though, that ua with stative verbs can be translated as present tense.

3.

Mau with Determiners

In

Ha‘awina

2,

you learned

He mau pua nani

mau with

flowers.

can also be used with

keia,

plurals: c

ko u keia kela

—

mau hoahanau my cousins mau la these days mau mea ‘ai those foods

—

—

he:

kena.

Those are beautiful

Mau

to use

kena,

kela,

and possessives

to

form

55

Ha‘awina ‘Ehiku 4.

E Imperative with Kaua/kakou

When E

and

E

the sentence

I),

is

e is

used with kaua (you and

I)

or kakou

similar to English “let’s” sentences:

hele kaua!

Let’s (you 5.

marker

the imperative

(you-all

‘ai

Let’s

and

I)

go!

pu kakou! eat together!

all

Mai as “from”

When

mai precedes a

Mai Hilo mai

common noun

or place

name,

it

means “from”

— from Hilo (toward me here)

The mai

after “Hilo” is the directional and indicates that the motion was toward the speaker. If the motion is away from the speaker, then 6.

the directional

is

aku:

Ua hele lakou mai

ko‘u hale aku.

They went from my house. If there has been no motion, no directional is used. Do not use mai meaning “from” with proper names or pronouns! You will learn those forms in Ha‘awina 8.

7.

Expanded Class-Inclusion and Equational Sentences The

patterns you learned in Ha‘awina 2 and 3 can be expanded by adding prepositional phrases to the end of the sentences.

He mea

‘ai

This

common

is

a

ma‘a mau

keia

ma Kaua‘i.

dish on Kaua‘i.

‘O McDonald’s ka hale ‘aina ma‘a mau ma Honolulu nei. McDonald’s is the common place to eat here in Honolulu.

Nui as a Stative Verb

When are

nui

is

many”:

used as a verb,

it

often

means

“there’s a lot of” or “there

56

Ha'awina ‘Ehiku

Nui na

‘opihi

There’s a

Nui ka

lot

ma Keaukaha.

of ‘opihi at Keaukaha.

pilikia.

There’s a

lot

of trouble.

Nui na hale ma Waikiki. There are many buildings

8.

at

Waikiki.

Inanimate Subjects and Objects 9. When

the object of an English sentence is “it,” or the subject or object is “they” or “them” referring to inanimate things, Hawaiian either drops the object or repeats the noun. In other words, you can’t refer to books

and rocks

as laua or lakou.

Nei There are many uses of nei/ in this lesson it is used after a place name, and it indicates that the speaker is at the place mentioned: 10.

ma Honolulu

This

is

nei

— here in Honolulu

the usage intended in the

commonly used

phrase, “Hawai‘i

nei,” but because the expression also carries overtones of affection,

now

often used

it is

by homesick Hawaiians around the world.

Nehinei Unlike most nouns, nehinei is not preceded by an article (ka). ceded by i when used as a time phrase. When it is the subject, ceded by ‘o.

Ua hele I

au

i

nehinei.

went yesterday.

He la wela ‘o nehinei. Yesterday was a hot day.

It is

pre-

it is

pre-

57

Ha‘awina ‘Ehiku

III.

1

.

Kono

Nuku:

‘o

Nuku E

DIALOGS

Kekailoa e he‘enalu

ia

Kekailoa, e hele kaua

ka he‘enalu

i

i

keia ‘auinala.

Kekailoa:

Ua hele

Nuku:

E

Kekailoa:

‘A‘ole hiki. Ua huhu loa ‘o Mama ma. No ke aha mai? Ua hele au ka he‘enalu, aka, ‘a‘ole pau

Nuku: Kekailoa:

hele

au

nehinei.

i

hou aku no!

ka hana

i

ma

ka

ma

ka

hale.

Nuku:

Aue no

Kekailoa:

‘Ae.

ho‘i

Ua

Ua hupo loa

e!

mai

‘olelo

‘oe!

Papa,

‘o

“E noho

malie ‘oe

hale!”

Nuku:

Ina pela, e ‘ae mai ‘oe

kou papa he‘enalu hou,

i

e ‘olu‘olu

‘oe.

Kekailoa:

Hiki no, aka, e loa

malama pono

‘oe

i

He mea

ka papa.

pipi

i

ia.

He kanaka makaukau loa au. He kanaka hemahema ‘oe. E he‘enalu

Nuku:

‘A‘ole pilikia.

Kekailoa:

Tsa!

‘oe

me kou

papa pono‘T!

2.

Kelepona o Leilehua

Leilehua:

Melia: Leilehua:

ia

Melia

Aloha kakahiaka. Makemake au e ‘olelo aku ‘O au no keia. Pehea ‘oe, e Leilehua? Aue! Ua ‘ike ‘oe ko‘u leo. Maika‘i no au

ia

keia

i

i

Melia.

A

la.

‘o

‘oe?

Melia:

Hau‘oli loa au, no ka mea, ua ho‘i na keiki

i

ke kula

i

keia

kakahiaka. Leilehua:

A

Melia: Leilehua:

‘Ano nuha lakou. No ke aha la?

Melia:

Makemake

Leilehua:

Tsa!

pehea?

Ua hau‘oli

lakou?

‘A‘ole.

lakou

e

pa‘ani

i

ka pa, a ‘au‘au

kai.

Moloa loa na keiki keia mau la. Ua pau ke kau wela, pau ka pa‘ani ka la apau. Ae, pololei no ‘oe. A hau‘oli loa au e noho malie ka hale. ‘O au pu. Aue, ua ho‘i mai ko‘u makua kane e ‘ai, aka ‘a‘ole makaukau ka ‘aina awakea. A hui hou. ‘Ae. A hui hou aku no. i

i

Melia: Leilehua:

Melia:

‘

i

58 3.

Ha'awina ‘Ehiku

Ho omakaukau

‘o Leilehua

i

ka ‘aina awakea

Ua makaukau

Papa:

E Papa, mai e E ‘ai pu kaua!

Leilehua:

Ua

Papa:

hou no! ‘Ono loa keia i‘a. Ua lawe mai ko‘u mau hoa aloha ke enenue, ka pa‘akai a me ka limu kohu mai Kaua‘i mai. A, ua hana ‘oe ke enenue poke me keia mau mea? ‘Ae. Ua ho‘omakaukau au ka poke me keia mau mea a me ka ‘inamona. He mea ‘ai ma‘a mau keia ma Kaua‘i. ‘Oia no? Ua laki no lakou. ‘O McDonald’s ka hale ‘aina ma‘a mau ma Honolulu nei. Aloha ‘ino, pololei ‘oe.

Leilehua:

E

‘ai

i

Papa:

i

Leilehua:

i

Papa: Leilehua:

Kono

ka ‘aina awakea.

keia kakahiaka, a piha ko‘u ‘opu.

i

‘A‘ole pilikia.

Leilehua:

4.

au

‘ai

‘ai.

Leilehua

‘o

Melia

ia

Leilehua:

E Melia,

Melia:

Hiki no, mahalo.

Leilehua:

‘Ae. nei.

e ‘ai

Leilehua:

ma ko‘u

hale.

keia la? nehi-

i

i

‘Ae, a

me

Kaulana ka

i

I

Ua hele mai ko‘u mau hoahanau mai Hilo mai Ua lawe mai lakou keia mau mea‘ono. KepanT? ka ‘opihi mai Keaukaha, ka

Papa‘aloa, a

Melia:

ka ‘aina ahiahi

pu kakou ka ‘aina ahiahi

‘O ka mea‘ono

Melia:

i

i‘a

me

ka poi

loa keia

pipi kaula

mai

‘ulu.

mau mea

‘ai

mai Hawai‘i, aka, ‘ano

pipi‘i

‘opihi, ‘a‘ole anei?

Leilehua:

‘Ae, pipi‘i loa. Aka, ua hele ko‘u

Melia:

Laki no kakou e

‘opihi

ma Keaukaha, ‘ai

mau hoahanau

a laki no lakou. i

keia

mau mea

Nui na ‘ai.

A

e ku‘i

‘opihi.

hui hou

i

keia

ahiahi.

A hui hou.

Leilehua:

Dialog Notes Dialog 1 illustrates how hard it is to refuse to lend something to a friend, but it also shows what happens to a person who brags about himself. Dialog 3 shows us that eating is a social activity for Hawaiians: “let’s eat together,” “eat again because it’s delicious.” Along with dialog 4, it

names some tells

of the

of the special foods that Kaua‘i and Hawai‘i produce and

common

interisland.

practice of bringing local specialties

when

traveling

59

Ha'awina ‘Ehiku IV.

EXERCISES

/ Ua with Stative Verbs

A.

Translate into Hawaiian. 1

.

2.

3. 4. 5.

10.

6. 7.

8.

9.

Breakfast

is

ready;

come and

eat.

Jerked beef is really expensive nowadays. Japanese fishcake from Hilo is very famous. This fresh bread from Moloka‘i is very delicious. The kids are ready to go to school. The sea was calm on Sunday. We here in Hawai‘i are fortunate indeed. My cousin is really awkward on the surfboard. Are you accustomed to Hawaiian food? The whole family was lazy this morning.

Ua with Action Verbs

B.

Translate into Hawaiian. 1

.

10. 2.

My family went to Kaua‘i this summer. We lived in

a big house in Kllauea.

4.

The The

5.

Papa “folks” gathered

6.

My cousins prepared lunch.

7.

They brought poke, limu kohu, and

8.

We ate the

3.

9.

kids surfed little

all

day

at

Kalihiwai.

kids played in the sand. ‘opihi

on the big

Translate into Hawaiian. 1

.

salt.

Hawaiian food heartily (‘ai nui). My parents wanted to eat the famous bread from Kllauea. They (2) went cruising to Kllauea to pick up the bread and goodies.

Mau with Determiners

C.

rocks.

his lazy friends

2.

your Japanese cousins

3.

my old cars

4.

these quiet days

5.

those (distant)

6.

those (distant) expensive surfboards

common

foods

60

«

Ha'awina ‘Ehiku

7.

my parents

8.

these beautiful islands

9.

her pretty clothes

10.

those (near) lovely

leis

E Verb Kaua/Kakou

D.

Translate into Hawaiian. 1

.

Kekailoa,

2. Let’s all

let’s eat at

the Japanese restaurant this evening.

go surfing on Saturday.

3.

Leilehua,

4.

Eh, kids,

5.

Hey, Dad,

let’s visit let’s

your friends on Kaua‘i.

play in the yard.

let’s

prepare breakfast.

Mai (from)

E.

Translate into Hawaiian. 1

.

2. 3. 4. 5.

F.

Kala “folks” went back to Kaua‘i from my house yesterday. this good salt from Hanapepe. My parents invited my cousins to come from MolokaT Bring your own surfboard from your house. People from Kansas are rather ill prepared for ocean swimming.

They gave me

Verbless Sentences with Prepositional Phrases

Translate into Hawaiian. 1

.

2.

‘Ulu poi

is

a

common

The most expensive

food in Hilo.

dish (food) in this

Hawaiian restaurant

is

the

jerked beef. 3.

Tom

4.

My mother is a Hawaiian language teacher at the university.

5. St.

Selleck

is

a very famous person here in Hawai‘i.

Andrew’s Cathedral

is

the largest (nui loa) church in Honolulu.

G. Nui ka/nui na Translate into Hawaiian. 1

.

2.

There are many students at the university There are many cars at Ala Moana.

in

Manoa.

Ha'awina ‘Ehiku

3. 4. 5.

There is a lot of work at school. There is a lot of love at my church. There are many people at McDonald’s

V.

‘ae

— to lend

(i.e., to

— entire, whole — to bathe, to swim ‘au‘au kai — to swim in the ocean ‘ehiku — seven enenue, nenue — chub or pilot all,

— to surf hemahema — awkward, clumsy, he‘enalu

prepared, unskilled

— angry, mad — stupid ina — inamona — roasted pounded

huhu hupo

if

kukui nut kaulana famous kelepona telephone KepanI J apanese

— — — kono — to invite ku‘i ‘opihi — to gather ‘opihi lawe — to bring or take lawe aku — to take lawe mai — to bring leo — voice limu kohu — highly prized pink or dark red seaweed

—

—

— prepared, skilled, makemake — to want, to desire, makaukau

proficient

to like

— quiet, calm — cake, dessert, goodies nehinei — yesterday nui — plentiful one — sand ‘opihi — limpet (shellfish) pa‘ani — to play papa he‘enalu — surfboard pela — like that pipi — beef, cattle pipi kaula —jerked beef rope beef) pipi — expensive poke — to cut in small pieces pololei — correct pono‘i — one’s own, personal,

used

to,

mea‘ono

(lit.

‘

i

private

ua

achieved state marker

accustomed,

Idioms and Phrases

— Isn’t that so? — can’t; impossible

‘A‘ole anei? ‘a‘ole hiki

ina pela la

—

apau

if

that’s the case; if

—

all

day

— completed action or

‘ulu

familiar with

ka

— common, usual,

customary mai from

malie

fish

ma‘a

day.

ma‘a mau

permit,

‘au‘au

ill

all

VOCABULARY

to agree)

apau

61

it’s

like that

— breadfruit

62

Ha'awina ‘Ehiku

keia la keia

— today — these days, nowa-

mau

la

days

mea‘ono

i‘a

KepanI

—Japanese

fishcake

noho malie

— to

sit still;

to

be

quiet

no ka mea

—

because (preceding complete sentence)

'

8

HA‘AWINA ‘EWALU E Verb Ana Sentences

I.

BASIC SENTENCES

IpMPMPi

Na Keiki kane: ‘Alapaki (41 makahiki), Kimo (40), Lopaka (39) Na Kaikamahine: Lilinoe (45), Pualani (33), Mama, Luika (39) 1.

‘O Luika laua

mau

‘o

Pualani ko‘u

1

‘o

Lopaka ko‘u

2.

.

kaikaina.

Luika and Pualani are my younger sisters. (Lilinoe speaking)

2.

‘O Kimo laua

mau

kaikaina.

Kimo and Lopaka are my younger brothers. (‘Alapaki speaking)

63

64

Ha‘awina ‘Ewalu

3.

‘O Lilinoe laua

mau

‘o

Luika ko‘u

3.

kaikua‘ana.

Lilinoe

and Luika are

my

older sisters. (Pualani speaking)

4.

‘O Alapaki laua ‘

ko‘u

mau

Kimo

‘o

4.

‘Alapaki and

Kimo

are

my

older brothers. (Lopaka

kaikua‘ana.

speaking) 5.

‘O ‘Alapaki, ‘o Kimo, a ‘o Lopaka ko‘u mau kaikunane.

5.

‘Alapaki, are

Kimo, and Lopaka

my brothers,

(sister

speak-

ing) 6.

‘O

Lilinoe, ‘o Luika, a ‘o

mau

Pualani ko‘u

6.

kaikuahine.

Lilinoe, Luika,

are

my sisters,

and Pualani

(brother speak-

ing) 7.

E

8.

He mau makana keia maia

hele ana ‘oe

hea?

i

7.

8.

Lilinoe mai. 9.

11.

E lawe aku ana ‘oe kena mau mea maia ia kou mau

9.

i

kupuna? E aha ana ‘oe? E hele mai ana

parents?

‘o ia

kela

i

What

1 1

She’s

.

will

II.

.

Are you taking those things from her to your grand-

10.

‘apopo.

1

are you going? These are some gifts from Lilinoe.

i

10.

Where

are you doing? coming tomorrow. She come tomorrow.

EXPLANATIONS

E Verb Ana Sentences

E verb

ana is used to show that the action is incomplete; either it is still going on (progressive) or it hasn’t even started (future). Certainty as to whether the activity is progressive or future must come from something else in the sentence or conversation or composition.

E hele ana ‘oe hea? Where are you going? Where i

(The person

you go?

going or hasn’t

is still

E lawe aku ana

will

‘oe

i

kena

mau mea?

Are you taking those things? Will you take those things?

E

hele

mai ana

‘o ia

She’s coming/will

i

left yet.)

kela ‘apopo.

come tomorrow.

i

66

Ha'awina ‘Ewalu

When not

the verb

stative, the idea

is

is

always future. This construction

is

common. E maika‘i ana I

will

be better

2. Sibling

au. (later).

Terms

The words Hawaiians

use for brothers and sisters are linked to the rela-

tionships that traditionally existed to consider

when looking

among them. There

are two factors

at the children in a family: their gender and

their relative ages.

Gender: In traditional Hawaiian families, boys and girls had very clearly defined roles. Regardless of their relative ages, the girls in the family cared for their brothers’ domestic needs and were, in effect,

mini-mothers. Likewise, the boys in the family looked after their in the outside

much

world and helped

as their fathers did.

to

sisters

provide for their economic needs,

What was important

in these relationships

was gender; once they were beyond childhood it was expected that all boys did certain things for their sisters and vice versa. Thus a man called all his sisters kaikuahine regardless of whether they were younger or older. In the same way, a woman called all her brothers kaikunane. To specify whether a sibling of the opposite sex is older or younger than oneself, modern-day Hawaiians add the terms hanau mua (older, lit., born before) and hanau hope (younger, lit., born after) to kaikuahine and kaikunane.

Among brothers only, or sisters only, it was important to know who was older and younger, because brothers assumed a father/son relationship to each other, and sisters had a mother/daughter relationship.

Age:

Thus a man called his the same word for her

(

older brothers kaikua ana, while a

woman

used

A

man’s younger brother was his called her younger sister the same thing. These older sisters.

and a woman labels were only used for siblings of the same sex. Even today most native speakers use these forms, although on Ni‘ihau, the only existing Hawaiian-speaking community, they have been totally replaced by tita (sister) and palala (brother). kaikaina,

3.

Compound

Subjects and Objects

When Hawaiian

sentences

name two

people, the form used

Y. If the two are the subject, the form object, the

form

is

id

X laua

c

o Y.

is

‘o

X

laua

c

o

Y;

if

is

X laua

(

o

they are the

67

Ha‘awina ‘Ewalu

‘O Luika laua ‘o Pua ko‘u mau kaikaina. Luika and Pua are my younger sisters.

E noho ana ‘o Luika laua ‘o Pua Honolulu. Luika and Pua are living in Honolulu. i

E aloha aku Say

‘oe ia Luika laua Luika and Pua.

hi to

‘o

Pua.

more than two names are used as the subject, the common form is o X, ‘o Y, a ‘o Z. It is not common to have a compound object; it would be more natural to add ma to the name of one person. c

If

‘O ‘Alapaki, ‘

Alapaki,

‘o

Kimo, a

Lopaka ko‘u mau kaikunane.

‘o

Kimo, and Lopaka

my brothers.

are

4 Maia .

In

Ha‘awina

common

7

you learned

nouns.

When

to use

pronouns, the preferred form which is mai a ‘u.

maid.

is

He mau makana keia maia These are some

mai “from,” before place names and

talking about

“from” with people’s names and is “from me,”

The only exception

Lilinoe mai.

from Lilinoe.

gifts

Maika‘i loa keia mau mea maia ia mai. These things from her are very good.

Ua I

‘ike au na ki‘i maia lakou mai. saw the pictures from them.

5 Keia .

‘Apopo

‘

is

phrase,

E

i

apopo often preceded by

it is

i,

as

keia, is

rather than

i

ka.

the usual pattern.

mai ana ‘o ia keia ‘apopo. coming tomorrow.

hele

She’s

preceded by

When

used as a time

68

Ha'awina ‘Ewalu

III.

1.‘OKa ‘Ohana

DIALOGS

Ikaika

Na Kaikamahine

Na Keiki kane

‘O Lilinoe (45 makahiki) ‘O Luika (43) ‘O Pualani (33)

‘O ‘Alapaki (41) ‘O Kimo (40) ‘O Lopaka (39)

‘O

Lilinoe:

Aloha. ‘O au ka hiapo.

Noho au

i

Hilo.

‘O Luika laua ‘o Pualani ko‘u mau kaikaina. ‘O ‘Alapaki, ‘o Kimo, a ‘o Lopaka ko‘u mau kaikunane.

‘O Luika:

Aloha. ‘O Luika ko‘u inoa.

Noho au Honolulu. i

‘O Lilinoe ko‘u kaikua‘ana. ‘O Pualani ko‘u kaikaina. ‘O ‘Alapaki, ‘o Kimo, a ‘o Lopaka ko‘u mau kaikunane.

‘O Pualani:

Aloha. ‘O au ka muli

loa.

Noho au Honolulu. i

‘O Lilinoe laua ‘o Luika ko‘u mau kaikua‘ana. ‘O ‘Alapaki, ‘o Kimo, a ‘o Lopaka ko‘u mau kaikunane.

‘O ‘Alapaki:

Aloha. ‘O au

Noho au ‘O Kimo ‘O

‘OKimo:

i

‘o ‘Alapaki.

Hilo.

laua ‘o Lopaka ko‘u

mau

kaikaina.

Lilinoe, ‘o Luika, a ‘o Pualani ko‘u

Aloha. ‘O

Kimo ko‘u

Noho au

Hilo.

i

mau

kaikuahine

inoa.

‘O ‘Alapaki ko‘u kaikua‘ana. ‘O Lopaka ko‘u kaikaina. ‘O Lilinoe, ‘o Luika, a ‘o Pualani ko‘u mau kaikuahine ‘O Lopaka:

Aloha. ‘O au ‘o Lopaka. Noho au Hilo. i

‘O ‘Alapaki laua ‘o ‘O

Lilinoe

,

‘o

Kimo ko‘u mau

kaikua‘ana.

Luika, a ‘o Pualani ko‘u

mau

kaikuahine

69

Ha'awina ‘Ewalu 2.

Ma ke alanui Honolulu i

Nanea: Pualani:

Nanea: Pualani:

Nanea: Pualani: 3. Nanea:

E hele ana ‘-oe hea? ana au e kipa ia Tutu ma. E hele pu kaua. Hiki no, mahalo. He aha kena pu‘olo nui? He mau makana keia maia Lilinoe mai. ‘O wai ‘o ia? ‘O ko‘u kaikua‘ana. E noho ana ‘o ia ma Hilo. E lawe aku ana ‘oe kena mau mea maia ia kou Hui, e Pualani.

E

i

hele aku

i

i

mau

kupuna? Pualani:

Makemake

‘Ae.

laua

i

me

ke kl koko‘olau a

ka pelena

poepoe mai Hilo.

Ma ke kelepona Honolulu i

Pualani:

E Luika,

e ‘olu‘olu ‘oe, e ki‘i

aku ‘oe

i

na keiki

ma

ke kula

i

keia ‘auinala.

He

aha kou pilikia? ana au ke kauka. hapai hou ‘oe?

Luika:

Hiki no.

Pualani:

E

Luika:

Aue!

Pualani:

‘A‘ole loa!

Luika:

E ku

Pualani:

Ua hana au

4.

Luika: Pualani:

Luika: Pualani:

hele aku

Ua

i

Ua

a‘e ‘oe

i

‘eha ko‘u lima.

ka lima

i

ka wai wela

me

ka pa‘akai.

pau ka ‘eha. Aue no ho‘i e! E malama pono ‘oe! ‘Ae, e hele aku ana au ke kauka. Maika‘i. Ma hope iho, e hele mai ko‘u hale e ‘ai ka ‘aina ahiahi me na keiki. Mahalo nui loa, e Luika. He kaikua‘ana lokomaika‘i ‘oe. pela, aka, ‘a‘ole

i

i

E noho ana

‘o

Alapaki

i

kona hale

ma

i

Hilo.

Haunani:

E ‘Alapaki, e aha ana ‘oe? E nana a‘e ana au keia mau ki‘i. Aue ka nani! ‘O wai keia wahine?

‘Alapaki:

‘O ko‘u kaikuahine,

Haunani:

Noho

‘Alapaki:

Haunani:

‘A‘ole. E noho ana ‘o ia ma Honolulu. E aha ana ‘o ia laila?

‘Alapaki:

He kumu

Haunani:

‘O

Haunani: ‘Alapaki:

‘Alapaki:

i

ma

Pua.

Hilo nei?

i

ia

‘olelo

Hawai‘i

‘o ia

i

ma ke

kula nui

i

Manoa.

i

ka ‘aina awa-

ka muli loa?

‘Ae, a ‘o Lilinoe ka hiapo.

kea

H aunani:

‘o ia

‘o

kona hale

Hiki no!

E

E

‘aina.

hele aku no kaua!

hele

kaua

e ‘ai

*

70 5.

Ma

Ha'awina ‘Ewalu

ke alanui Hilo

Nlele:

Lopaka:

i

E Lopaka, e aha ana ‘oe? E kali ana au ia Alapaki ma. ‘

Lopaka:

‘O kou mau kaikua‘ana laua? ‘Ae. E hele aku ana makou e kipa aku kaikuahine. E hele pu kakou. Mahalo, aka, ‘a‘ole hiki. E ho‘omakaukau ka ‘aina awakea, a e ho‘i aku ana au e ‘ai. E aloha aku ia Mama ma. A hui hou.

Nlele:

‘Ae, e

Nlele:

Lopaka: Nlele:

ia Lilinoe,

ko‘u

Mama

iho ana ‘o

i

6.

malama pono.

MaHilo

Noelani:

E

Lilinoe,

ua

hiki

mai kou kupuna wahine mai Honolulu

mai? Lilinoe:

Noelani: Lilinoe:

Noelani:

E

mai ana ‘o ia kela ‘apopo. Pehea kou kupuna kane? E hele mai ana ‘o ia? ‘A‘ole. E noho ana ‘o ia me Luika ma. Nui ka ua ma Hilo nei, a ‘eha kona mau iwi. Aloha ‘ino! He minamina kela. Makemake loa au ka ua ‘A‘ole.

hele

i

i

nui.

Lilinoe:

‘O au pu. Maika‘i ka hiamoe ka po ua i

nui.

Dialog Notes

These conversations include many examples of how Hawaiian families and close friends relate to each other. Sharing food and eating together is a major element; helping each other is another (see additional dialogs in the exercises). Concern and respect for older relatives is expressed by frequent visits and sending gifts.

IV.

EXERCISES

A. a picture of your family. Take the part of each member and write about the family (follow dialog 1). If you are an only child, invent some

Draw

brothers and

sisters!

Ha‘awina ‘Ewalu

71

E Verb Ana and E Verb Sentences

B.

Translate into Hawaiian.

On

the telephone:

Kaulu:

We-all

are

(exclusive)

going out

on Saturday.

Let’s

go

together!

Pua:

Impossible. I’m straightening arriving from Hilo on

Sunday

up

the house.

My older sister

is

in the afternoon.

Kaulu:

Clean the house in the morning. I’m going to church in the midmorning, and we are eating brunch there. Afterwards, I’m picking her up. Let’s (you and me) clean the house together on Saturday, and

Pua:

Thanks

Kaulu: Pua:

afterwards

Answer .

10. 2. 3. 4. 5.

6. 7.

8. 9.

go out! Kaulu. You’re a really good friend.

let’s

lot,

He mau nlnau e

C.

1

a

pili

ana ka ohana Ikaika i

these questions in Hawaiian:

‘O wai ka hiapo? ‘O wai ka muli loa? E noho ana ‘o Luika Hilo? E noho ana kona kaikua‘ana Hilo? E noho ana kona kaikaina Hilo? E noho ana kona mau kaikunane Hilo? E hana ana ‘o Lilinoe ke kula? Ua hapai hou ‘o Pualani? E kokua ana ‘o Luika ia Pualani? E hele ana ‘o Tutu Kane Hilo? i

i

i

i

i

i

D.

Mixed Review

Translate into Hawaiian.

Nanea: Pua:

Nanea: Pua:

Hey

there, Pua, where are you going? I’m taking this bundle to my grandparents. It’s a present from my brothers. Food from Hilo? Yes, saloon pilot crackers. Tutu “folks” are waiting for these crackers from them. They soak the crackers in coffee.

Nanea:

That’s a

Pua:

Come

common

practice.

eat breakfast

And

house.

Nanea:

so delicious!

tomorrow. There’a

Thanks. See you tomorrow.

s lot

of crackers at

my

72

Ha‘awina ‘Ewalu

VOCABULARY

V.

— path, way road — apopo — tomorrow ‘eha — sore, hurt e verb ana — incomplete action ala

ala nui

street,

—

ku to soak kupuna, kupuna

4

(lit.

,

born

kupuna wahine, tutu

(lit.,

born

i

same sex kaikuahine, kaikuahine sister of a

—

male

— brother of a female

— to wait for (takes object

— picture, photo, any image

—

minamina

moe — to

aha kou

pilikia?

—

lie

pity,

regrettable

down,

recline

— pelena — cracker pelena poepoe — saloon muli loa

youngest child

in a

family

pilot

cracker

— night — bundle, package tutu — grandparent (usable as a proper name) ua — rain po

pu‘olo

4

He

gift

me — with

Idioms and Phrases

Aue ka nani! — Oh how beautiful! E aha ana oe? — What are you doing?

—

makana — present,

(pi.)

markers) ki‘i

— hand

lokomaika goodhearted maia from (with names, pronouns) makahiki year i

— to carry, to be pregnant hiamoe — to sleep; sleep hiapo — eldest child in a family hiki — to arrive hui — halloo; hey there hea — where (only in questions) iwi — bone kaikaina — younger sibling of the same sex kaikua‘ana — older sibling of the hapai

kali

lima

tutu wahine,

ma — grandmother 4

before)

—

tutu kane, tutu pa

— grandfather

after)

kaikunane

(pi.)

—

—

— hanau mua — older

— grand-

kupunahine, kupunahine grandmother

kupuna kane,

markers

hanau to give birth hanau hope younger

(pi.)

parent

— What’s your problem?

9 HA‘AWINA ‘EIWA K-Possessives and Aia Locational

Sentences

I.

1.

Aia he pa‘ina

ma ko

BASIC SENTENCES

Lilinoe

1.

2.

Aia ka pa‘ina ‘ohana

i

ka hale

6.

Aia ka pa‘ina ka la hea? Aia ka pa‘ina keia pule a‘e ka Po‘alima a me ka Po‘aono. Aia hea na haumana apau? Aia lakou ko ke kumu hale.

7.

Eia no

4.

5.

at Lilinoe’s

2.

The

3.

Chinese restaurant. What day is the party?

4.

The

‘aina Pake. 3.

There’s a party restaurant.

hale ‘aina.

i

i

i

family party

party

is

is

at a

next week on

Friday and Saturday. 5.

i

6.

i

Where are all the students? They are at the teacher’s house.

makou apau ma

hale ‘aina 8.

E

ola

i

keia

7.

makou

8.

rant this evening.

keia ahiahi.

mau ana no

ko

We are all here at this restauOur

parents are

still

living.

mau makua. 9.

10. 11. 12.

E

ho‘i

hou mai ana no

‘o ia.

‘ike

i

.

10. 1 1

1

ko ‘oukou makuahine.

II.

1

9.

He aha kou makemake? He aha ka kakou mea ‘ai? Hau‘oli loa maua ‘o Keola e

2

.

.

He’s coming right back again.

What do you want? What are we eating? Keola and I are very happy meet your mother.

to

EXPLANATIONS

K-possessives

You already know three possessives: ko‘u (my), kou (your), and kona (his, her). To form possessives with other pronouns and nouns, put ko before the pronoun or noun:

73

74

Ha'awina ‘Eiwa

4

ko makou makuahine

our mother

kokekumuka‘a

the teacher’s car

ko Lilinoe hale ‘aina

Lilinoe’s restaurant

Up

you have only used the possessives you know with a is because Hawaiian divides everything in the world into two categories and has two sets of possessives to use with them. You have only learned three possessives, and all of those were for “o-category” things. The possessives just described above that are formed with ko are also used only with “o-category” things. to this point,

limited group of the nouns you have learned. This

'

‘O— category

' ’

things

you have no control over possessing something, it is an “o” thing: for example, older relatives, siblings, emotions, body parts. Note that nonliving things have no choice about owning things so they usu1.

If

ally possess

everything with “o”-possessives.

you can get in, on, under, behind, or wear something, “o” thing: for example, buildings, means of transportation, 2. If

it

is

an

chairs,

clothes.

“A— category” things that does not fall into 1 or 2 above is an “a” thing. We talk about possessing “a” things by substituting a for o in the possessives you have learned:

Anything

ko‘u

ka‘u (there

no kahako on

is

kou kau * kona kana ko ka ka maua keiki ka ka haumana puke ka ‘Alapaki pu‘olo

There are many “a”

this

form only)

our child the student’s

book

‘Alapaki’s package things:

for

example, husband, wife, children,

grandchildren, teacher, student, book, food.

Note: These are good general rules to follow but there are some exceptions: for example,

“o”

things. In addition,

all

hoa forms (hoa aloha, hoahanau, hoa noho) are

some words change

categories depending on

the situation:

my lei to wear my lei to give to someone

ko‘ulei

ka‘u

lei

kou kid kau kid ko ka dlio

iwi

ka ka dlio iwi

There are other possessive forms

your picture (a picture of you) your picture (of something else) the dog’s bone (in his body) the dog’s bone (to eat) that

you

will learn in

Ha‘awina

14.

75

Ha'awina ‘Eiwa

2.

Aia Locational Sentences

These sentences are used is

to

tell

where something

happening; they describe location

+

Aia

They 3.

+

Location

he pa‘ina

ma ko

ka lu‘au

i

keia pule a‘e.

ka papa

i

ka Po‘akahi.

ka puke

ma ka pakaukau.

i

hale.

Lilinoe hale

are at the teacher’s house. at Lilinoe’s

one of the few patterns where

Hea,

kumu

i

house.

The lu‘au is next week. The class is on Monday. There’s The book is on the table. is

ko ke

lakou

There’s a party

This

when something

or

space or time.

in

Subject

Aia Aia Aia Aia Aia

is

he

a class on

Monday.

can be used inside a sentence.

hea

4. Hea means “what” or “which” it follows the noun:

in questions only; like other modifiers,

Aia ka pa‘ina ka la hea? What day is the party? i

I hea (or

ma

questions.

hea)

means “where”

When

it

is

used

(lit.,

at

what?) and

is

also used only in

in aia locational sentences,

it

is

commonly

placed in front of the subject:

Aia hea na haumana apau? i

Where

E/a In

are

all

the students?

Sentences Revisited

Ha‘awina 4 you learned: Eia ka puke.

Here’s the book.

When aia.

emphasizing that something

is

located “here,” substitute

eia for

76

Ha‘awina ‘Eiwa

Aia ka puke ma ka pakaukau. The book is on the table.

ma ka pakaukau.*

Eia ka puke

Here’s the book on the table. Eia no

makou

Here we

5.

all

apau.

are.

Word Order

As

the verb phrases get longer,

it is

important to keep everything

in the

right order:

E

He

Adverb Adverb

Directional

Ua

Verb Verb

E

ho‘i

Ua

hele

hou hou

mai aku

is

certainly

ana

Directional

no no

ana

no no

‘o ia ‘o ia

coming back again.

She did go again. Notice that the intensifier no comes

6.

at the

end of the verb phrase.

Hawaiian Verbless Class-Inclusion Sentences

H awaiian

often uses verbless questions with possessives

uses action verb sentences:

He aha kou makemake? What do you want? (What

is

He aha ka kakou mea ‘ai? What are we eating? (What

He aha kana hana? What is she doing? (What

7.

Maua

To say

‘o

is

your desire?)

is

our food?)

her activity?)

X

“X and

I,”

use this pattern:

maua ‘o Kalae — Kalae and I maua o ka‘u kane — my husband and I maua ‘o ko‘u hoa aloha — my friend and

I

where English

77

Ha'awina ‘Eiwa

DIALOGS

III.

1.

Ma ko Keola ma

Keola:

E Melia,

Melia:

Ua kono ka

hale

i

Honolulu

keia leka mai Hilo mai. ‘ohana Ikaika ia kaua e hele Hilo! ‘Ae. Aia he pa‘ina ma ko Lilinoe hale ‘aina. E, e, e, ua heluhelu au. ‘O ko Mama Ikaika la hanau ia. E hele mai ana kana mo‘opuna kane mai Kapalakiko mai. E ho‘i mai ana no na mo‘opuna apau e ‘ike ko lakou kupuna-

Keola: Melia:

Keola: Melia:

e heluhelu a‘e ‘oe

i

i

i

hine.

Melia:

He manawa hau‘oli keia. Aia ka pa‘ina i ka la hea? Aia ka pa‘ina keia pule a‘e ka Po‘alima a me ka Po‘aono.

Keola:

I

Keola:

i

‘elua

mau

i

la?

Aia ka pa‘ina ‘ohana ma ka hale ‘aina Pake ka Po‘alima, a ka Po‘aono. Ua kono lakou ia kaua e hele i na aia ka lu‘au

Melia:

i

i

ahiahi ‘elua.

Laki no kaua!

Keola:

2.

Ma

hui mokulele.

i

E

Lilinoe:

Melia: Lilinoe:

Melia:

Lilinoe, hau‘oli loa maua ‘o Keola e ‘ike ko ‘oukou makuahine. Ikaika loa kona iwi. ‘Ae, pomaika‘i no makou. E ola mau ana no ko makou mau makua, a ikaika loa ko laua kino. A pehea na kupuna? Ola mau no lakou apau? ‘Ae. Aia ma Honolulu ko makou mau kupuna ma ka ‘ao‘ao makuahine. E noho ana laua me ko‘u kaikaina, ‘o Luika. A pehea ko Papa mau makua? E noho ana laua Hilo nei? ‘Ae, e noho ana laua Hilo nei me ka laua kaikamahine, ko‘u ‘anake. ‘O ia ka hiapo. Ua hele mai ka ‘ohana apau Hilo nei keia hopena pule? ‘Ae, eia no makou apau ma keia hale ‘aina keia ahiahi. ‘Oiai‘o no? He ahiahi hau‘oli loa keia. i

i

Lilinoe:

Melia:

i

i

Lilinoe:

Melia:

Ma

i

ka hale ‘aina Pake Hilo

Melia:

3.

E kelepona ana au ka

i

i

ko Lilinoe hale ‘aina Hilo

‘Alapaki:

i

E Melia,

e hele

aku ‘oe

e ki‘i

i

ka

mea

‘ai.

Aia na mea apau

ma ka pakaukau. Melia:

Mahalo, ia

‘Alapaki:

i

e ‘Alapaki.

E

kali

ana au

i

ka‘u kane.

ke ka‘a, a e ho‘i hou mai ana no ‘o

Ua ho‘olimalima

‘olua

i

ke ka‘a?

ia.

E ku ana

‘o

78

Ha‘awina ‘Eiwa

t

Ua

mai ka maua keiki k&ne kona ka‘a; aia ‘o ia Honoka‘a keia manawa. E, eia a‘e ka‘u kane. E ‘ai ana no maua.

Melia:

‘ae

i

i

i

Melia:

e, e. E ‘ai nui ‘oluapnui loa ka mea ‘ai. E Keola, e ho‘omakaukau ana au kau makemake?

Keola:

Mahalo,

‘Alapaki:

E,

i

pa.

He aha kou

Makemake au ka pua‘a kamano lomi, a me ka mea

e Melia.

kalua, ka moa, ka lu‘au he‘e, ke ‘ai maka apau. Hiki no. Aia ka poi, ka ‘uala, ka hala kahiki, a me ka mea inu ma ka pakaukau ‘aina.

Melia:

i

‘Ae, a aia ka haupia, ke kulolo, a

Keola:

me

ka mea‘ono

ma

keia

pakaukau ma‘o.

He lu‘au

Melia: 4.

Ma

maika‘i loa keia.

ka Pua papa ‘olelo Hawaii

Kulia:

No‘eau: Kulia:

No‘eau:

ma

ke kula nui

i

Manoa

E No‘eau, aia hea na haumana apau? Aia lakou ko ke kumu hale. Ua ho‘i mai ‘o Pua mai Hilo mai? ‘Ae, a ua kono ‘o ia ia kakou e ‘ai ka ‘aina awakea i

i

i

i

kona

hale.

Kulia:

No‘eau: Kulia:

He aha ka kakou mea ‘ai? ‘O na mea ‘ai Hawaii apau. E ho‘omakaukau ana ‘o ia ka pua‘a kalua me ke kapiki. Pehea la? Ua lawe mai ‘o ia ke koena mai ka lakou pa‘ina Hilo? Ua ‘ono au ka mea ‘ai maka. ‘Oau pu! E hele ‘awiwi kaua! i

i

i

i

No‘eau:

Dialog Notes It is

important to Hawaiians to celebrate special personal occasions with

large parties, often with

more than one

event. People will frequently

and family. The and strengthen interpersonal bonds and relationships, a primary value in Hawaiian culture, which has been described as “affiliation oriented” (Howard, 1974, Ain't No Big Thing). These conversations do not even include the postparty gathering (i.e., the workers’ party), which happens the day or weekend after the main event and is intended to give the workers a chance to relax and enjoy the fruits of their labor, and the host an opportunity to thank everyone who helped. Other Hawaiian themes

travel interisland to

show

their respect for their friends

principal function of these gatherings

is

to establish

include the son providing a car for his parents, the wife “fixing” her

husband’s plate, and Pua bringing leftovers back her students.

to

0‘ahu

to share with

79

Ha'awina ‘Eiwa IV.

EXERCISES /

A. Possessive Phrases Translate into Hawaiian.

our

Tutu’s birthday

1 1

2.

my cat

12. their (3) plates

3.

our

1

.

4. the

(3, exclusive)

brothers

13.

dog’s bones (to eat)

(3, inclusive)

party

Tutu kane’s grandchildren

14. the pig’s life

her letter 10. 5.

6. their (2)

.

15.

daughter bundle

your love

16. the chicken’s

house

7.

your

8.

Lilinoe’s car

18. his strength

9.

‘Alapaki’s son

19.

Garfield’s dinner

20. the doctor’s wealth

(2)

17. the association’s lu‘au

our

(2, exclusive)

happiness

Sentences

B. Aia/eia Locational

Translate into Hawaiian. 1

.

10.

Hey

Melia, here’s an invitation from Lilinoe “folks.”

2.

Grandma’s lu‘au

3.

The

4.

Here’s the grandchild’s present.

5.

6. 7.

8.

9.

party

is

at ‘Alapaki’s

house.

My car is on the road. Where’s the pineapple and the cake? All the desserts are on that table over there. What day is your birthday? What building is our class in? Here I am with the kalua pig with cabbage. Let’s Compound

C.

next week.

is

eat!

Subjects

Translate into Hawaiian. 1

.

2.

3. 4.

My husband and

I

are inviting your (3) class to a party.

Lopaka and I are waiting for Kimo. Kimo and ‘Alapaki are at Lilinoe’s restaurant. That (distant) student and arrived from Hilo on I

that plane over

there. 5.

My grandchild and

6.

Kimo

I

are going to

San Francisco next

anddiis sons will get the squid.

year.

Ha'awina ‘Eiwa

81 *'

D. Predicate

*

«£;

Word Order Using No

Translate into Hawaiian.

4.

(3) are coming right back again tomorrow. our (3, exclusive) grandparents are still living indeed. She is bringing the leftovers to class. The pig is always eating Tutu’s sweet potatoes.

5.

The

1

They

.

2. All

3.

family

is

really

working hard on the lu‘au.

Verbless Hawaiian Sentences with Possessives

E.

Translate into Hawaiian. 1

What do you want

.

3. 4. 5.

F.

to drink?

What’s wrong with them? What do the grandchildren want? What are you doing? What do we (3, exclusive) have to study?

2.

More Possessives

Look back

to

Ha‘awina

5, exercise

A. Translate the bold-faced, under-

lined words.

V.

VOCABULARY

— there there are — aunty ‘awlwl — quickly, swift ‘eiwa — nine hala kahiki — pineapple haupia — coconut pudding hea — where, what (only in aia

is,

‘anake

fast,

questions)

he‘e

— octopus (commonly called

squid in pidgin English)

— to read — company, group, club,

kaikamahine, kaikamahine

oven

kamano lomi

—

—

— — my

kane — son — belonging to koena — leftovers ku — to park kulolo — taro/coconut pudding keiki

ko

ka

— strong

— belonging to

meet

—

ka‘u

hui

association; to

—

lomi salmon kana his, her Kapalakiko San Francisco kapiki cabbage kau your

heluhelu

ikaika

(pi.)

— daughter kalua — to steam in underground

82

Ha'awina ‘Eiwa

— birthday — letter lu‘au — taro leaves; Hawaiian

la

hanau

leka

mokulele ola

—

life,

to live (“exist,

not “dwell”)

party

ma‘o

— airplane — grandchild

mo‘opUna

— over there

— plate (ke pa)

pa-

maka — raw

— party — blessed pua‘a — pig pa‘ina

mau — continually, always, mea inu — beverage, drink moa — chicken

still

pomaika‘i

Idioms and Phrases

— yes, yes — Here comes Subject. Ikaika ka — The bones are strong (good health in old folks) keia X a‘e — next X that really so? ‘Oiai‘o no? — Pehea la? — How about And what? e, e, e

Eia a‘e Subject. iwi.

Is

it?

REVIEW

2

HO HOPE ELUA I

I.

SUMMARY OF CONTENTS IN HA‘ AWINA 7-9

A. Major Patterns 1.

Ua verb sentences

2.

E verb ana sentences

3.

Sibling terms

4.

K-possessives, a and

5.

Aia locational sentences

6.

Word

categories

order in verb phrases

Other Features

B. 1

o

.

2.

Mau with

determiners

E imperative with kaua/kakou

4.

Mai/maia (mai a‘u) Nuika/nuina

5.

Nehinei/‘apdpd

6.

Compound

7

Hea,

3.

.

8.

i

subjects:

‘o

X laua

‘o

Y; maua

X;

‘o

X,

l

‘o

hea

Hawaiian verbless sentences {He aha k-possessive X?)

II.

EXERCISES

A. Multiple Choice Circle the letter of the best answer. 1.

‘o

a.

b. c.

Ua hiki ana mai na kupuna. Ua hiki mai ana na kupuna. Ua hiki mai na kupuna.

83

Y, a olL

*

84

Ho‘i

2. a.

b. c.

3. a.

b. c.

4. a.

b. c.

5. a.

b. c.

6. a.

b. c.

7. a.

b. c.

8. a.

b. c.

9. a.

b. c.

10. a. b. c.

1 1

.

a.

b. c.

12. a. b. c.

13. a. b. c.

Ua huhu Ua huhu Ua huhu

Hope

‘Elua

ko‘u makuahine

i

keia ‘apopo.

ko‘u makuahine

i

keia pule a‘e:

ko‘u makuahine

i

keia

la.

E lawe mai ana no ko‘u ‘anake ka makana. E lawe ana mai no ko‘u ‘anake ka makana. E lawe no mai ana ko‘u ‘anake ka makana. i

i

i

E hapai hou aku no ana ka popoki kana E hapai hou ana aku no ka popoki kana E hapai hou aku ana no ka popoki kana i

keiki.

i

keiki.

i

keiki.

Ua ‘ono loa keia enenue mai Kaua‘i mai. Ua ‘ono loa keia enenue maia Kaua‘i mai. Ua ‘ono loa keia enenue mai Kaua‘i aku.

Mama Hau‘oli loa ‘o Mama H au‘oli loa ‘o Mama Hau‘oli loa

Ua Ua Ua

‘ai ‘ai ‘ai

‘o

i

i

i

ka leka maia au. ka leka mai a‘u. ka leka mai au.

makou ka pelena poepoe maia Tuti. makou ka pelena poepoe mai Tuti. makou ka pelena poepoe mai ‘o Tuti. i

i

i

Makemake makou ka “A” maia ka makou kumu. Makemake makou ka “A” mai ka makou kumu. Makemake makou ka “A” mai ka makou kumu. i

i

i

Ua heluhelu na haumana Ua heluhelu na haumana Ua heluhelu na haumana

i

i

i

i

ka ha‘awina maia ia. ka ha‘awina mai ‘o ia. ka ha‘awina mai ia.

‘O Kimo a ‘o Lopaka ko ‘Alapaki mau kaikaina. ‘O Kimo a me Lopaka ko ‘Alapaki mau kaikaina. ‘O Kimo laua ‘o Lopaka ko ‘Alapaki mau kaikaina.

Ua hiki mai ka‘u kane a me au. Ua hiki mai au a me ka‘u kane. Ua hiki mai maua ‘o ka‘u kane.

Ua hemahema ‘o Lilinoe a me au ka he‘enalu. Ua hemahema ‘o Lilinoe maua ka he‘enalu. Ua hemahema maua ‘o Lilinoe ka he‘enalu. i

i

i

Aia ka pa‘ina ka la hea? Aia ka pa‘ina ka hea la? Aia ka pa‘ina i he aha la? i

i

Ho‘i

Ua lawe mai lakou Ua lawe mai lakou Ua lawe mai lakou

14. a. b. c.

85

‘Elua

mau ‘opihi. mau ‘opihi*/ na mau ‘opihi.

i

ka

i

keia

i

Hope

‘O Puaka makou kumu. ‘OPua ko makou kumu. ‘O Pua makou kumu.

15. a. b. c.

B. Fill in

the blanks with ko or ka.

8.

maua makuahine. ‘O Leinani maua mau keiki. E kokua ana maua E ‘ai ana ka Tlio ke keiki ‘aina ahiahi. Kimo ka‘a. Ua ‘ae ‘o ia Luika ma hale. E kipa ana lakou Kiaka papa he‘enalu. Makemake au makou ‘anake. ‘01u‘olu loa Pua mau kaikua‘ana. ‘O Lilinoe laua ‘o Luika

9.

‘Oia__

1.

2.

3. 4. 5.

6. 7.

10. 1 1

.

12.

i

i

‘

i

i

i

laua kaikaina.

Pua mau keiki kane. ‘O Kimo laua ‘o Sau Kolohe loa laua mau mo‘opuna. Kaua‘i mea ‘ai ma‘a mau. ‘O ka poke enenue

c. Translate these sentences accurately.

3.

E Kekai, e hele kaua ka he‘enalu. E ‘ai hou aku no kakou! Ua huhu loa ‘o Mama ma.

4.

Ua

5.

Makemake

6.

Ua pau

1

.

2.

7.

8. 9.

10. 1 1

.

12. 13. 14. 15.

i

‘ike ‘oe

i

kou

leo.

lakou e pa‘ani

i

ka pa.

ka kakou hana. ‘O na mea'ono i‘a KepanT ka mea ‘ai ma‘a mau ma Hilo. Ua nui ka pilikia ka papa nehinei. E aha ana kou mau kaikuahine? E hapai ana ‘o Kimo na pu‘olo maia Lopaka kona ka‘a. E kali ana maua ‘o Luika ko maua kaikua‘ana. E kipa ana ko‘u ‘ohana apau ko Tutu kane ma hale. Nui loa ke koena mai ka makou pa‘ina. E ku ana ka‘u wahine ke ka‘a ma‘5. Eia a‘e ko kakou mokulele; e hele aku kakou. i

i

i

i

i

i

i

4

86

Ho‘i

16. 17.

Hope

‘Elua

E ola mau ana no ka pua‘a ‘6ma‘ima‘i. Aia ka ho‘ike nui loa i keia Po‘aha makaukau

a‘e,-

aka

‘a‘ole pilikia.

Ua

loa au.

Aia hea ka ka hui lu‘au? Aia ka lakou lu‘au ma ko ka hui hale Waimanalo. 20. Aia ka kakou papa ka hale hea? 18.

i

19.

i

i

D. Translate these sentences using verbless sentences. 1

.

2.

3. 4. 5.

What What What

are

we

(3, inclusive)

doing?

does she want? is

Melia eating?

What’s bothering them (3)? What are you drinking?

E.

Translate these sentences accurately.

2.

Tutu pa is making raw octopus with salt and inamona. Here comes the plane from San Francisco.

3.

Hey, come quick.

4.

No

5.

She’s picking

6.

Did you

7.

My cousins are bringing salmon from Seattle next week.

1

.

8. 9.

10.

problem;

The roosters are in the yard. Grandma took them there yesterday. them up tomorrow.

eat the haupia with pineapple?

The Hui Kama‘ilio is still meeting at Manoa Gardens on Thursday. Lono and I want to visit your parents.

We (2,

exclusive)

saw them

(2) at the restaurant.

They

(2) are in such good health (their bones are so strong). 12. All our grandparents are still living too. 1 1

.

13.

Kimo and Lopaka

14.

The youngest

15.

17.

Too bad; carry him to my car. Never mind; here comes his older brother. Lilinoe lent me her new mu‘umu‘u.

18.

Really?

16.

Is

is

in water.

sleeping in his chair.

she the oldest in your family?

goodhearted person and we are She helps her younger sisters all the time.

19. Yes; she’s a really

20.

soaked the salmon

really fortunate.

10 HA‘AWINA ‘UMI Negative Verb Sentences and Numbers

BASIC SENTENCES

I.

1.

‘A‘ole pipi‘i loa keia

mau

1

.

mea.

expensive.

makaukau.

2.

They

ho‘opa‘a ha‘awina

3.

These lazy people didn’t

2.

‘A‘ole lakou

3.

‘A‘ole keia

4.

10. 5.

[i]

mau kanaka ha‘i

i

mai

moloa. ‘o

4.

i

makemake

i

keia

Hilo

i

noho ana kou ‘ohana

Honolulu

i

Isn’t

7.

keia ‘apopo.

8.

‘A‘ole au e kali ana.

9.

E ki‘i a‘e au ke kama‘a. Aia na kikowaena ku‘ai keia

8. 9.

i

your family living

in

Luika isn’t returning Honolulu tomorrow. I’m not waiting. I’ll

to

get the shoes.

There are shopping centers everywhere.

keia wahi.

II.

.

6.

Hilo now?

i

1

I

manawa?

keia

A‘ole e ho‘i aku ana ‘o Luika

me

didn’t want these colors.

5.

waiho‘olu‘u.

‘A‘ole e

‘

Mama didn’t tell me.

10.

‘A‘ole au

i

aren’t prepared.

study.

Mama

ia‘u.

i

7.

i

‘A‘ole

mau 6.

These things are not very

EXPLANATIONS

Negatives

The most common way to the

to

make

a negative verb sentence

beginning of the sentence:

Hele ka wahine.

The woman

goes.

‘A‘ole hele ka wahine.

The woman

87

doesn’t go.

is

to

add

‘a‘ole

«

89

Ha'awina ‘Umi

E hele ana ka wahine. The woman is going.

‘A‘ole e hele ana ka wahine.

The woman

‘A‘ole hau‘oli ka wahine.

Hau‘oli ka wahine.

The woman If

is

The woman

happy.

an ua sentence, the ua

it is

Ua hele ka wahine.

replaced by

‘A‘ole

verb in an ua sentence

Ua hau‘oli

is

i

is

happy.

i:

‘A‘ole

didn’t go.

then

stative,

ka wahine.

isn’t

hele ka wahine.

The woman

The woman went. If the

isn’t going.

i

i

is

often not used:

hau‘oli ka wahine.

Or

‘A‘ole hau‘oli ka wahine. If the subject of a

negative verb sentence

is

a pronoun,

it

comes immedi-

c

ately after a

‘ole:

Hele ‘o ia. She goes.

E

hele

She

is

ana

‘A‘ole ‘o ia hele.

She doesn’t ‘o ia.

Ua hele

‘o ia.

She went.

Ua hau‘oli

A‘ole ‘o

‘

She

going.

‘

2.

is

ia e hele

ana.

isn’t going.

A‘ole ‘o

ia

i

hele.

She didn’t go. ‘o ia.

"* ‘A‘ole ‘o ia ‘

She

go.

She

happy.

A‘ole ‘o isn’t

i

hau‘oli.

Or

ia hau‘oli.

happy.

Numbers

You have already learned

the

numbers from

1

to 10:

1.

‘ekahi

3.

‘ekolu

5.

‘elima

7.

‘ehiku

9.

2.

‘elua

4.

‘eha

6.

‘eono

8.

‘ewalu

10.

Larger numbers are formed by combining these bases with other 1 1

12 13

14 15

20 30

— ‘umikumakahi ‘umikumalua ‘umikumakolu ‘umikumaha ‘umikumalima

— iwakalua — kanakolu

16 1

7

18

19

40 50

‘umikumaono ‘umikumahiku ‘umikumawalu ‘umikumaiwa

— kanaha — kanalima

‘eiwa

‘umi

units:

90

Ha‘awina ‘Umi

— kanaono — kanahiku 80 — kanawalu 90 — kanaiwa 60

100

numbers from 20

Substitute the

— — —

ho‘okahi haneli 200 ‘elua'haneli 1000 ho‘okahi kaukani

70

to

90 for ‘umi

to

form other two-digit

numbers:

— iwakaluakumakahi 32 — kanakolukumalua 43 — kanahakumakolu 54 — kanalimakumaha 2

— kanaonokumalima — kanahikukumaono 87 — kanawalukumahiku 98 — kanaiwakumawalu 65

1

76

For larger numbers, combine the smaller 4,352

Use

a

units:

— ‘eha kaukani, ‘ekolu haneli kanalimakumalua

me when joining the numbers from

1

to 9 to

hundreds or thou-

sands:

109

— ho‘okahi haneli a me ‘eiwa — ‘ekolu kaukani a me ‘elua

3,002

Notice that

1

=

‘ekahi

when counting

in a series,

but

it is

ho‘okahi

when

you have “one something”: one one one one

hundred dollar

day

ho ‘okahi haneli

ho okahi kala ‘

ho ‘okahi

la

ho okahi mea

thing

‘

In saying dates, follow the English form:

— ‘umikumaiwa kanawalukumahiku 1775 — ‘umikumahiku kanahikukumalima 1987

3.

E Imperative with

The

use of the

e

First

imperative marker with a verb and

subject conveys the idea of a

E hele aku ‘oe; e noho You go; I’ll stay. E

ki‘i

a‘e

I’ll get

E

hele

I’ll

Person Exclusive Subject

au

i

iho au.

ke kama‘a.

the shoes.

hou aku au.

go again.

commitment on

au,

maua, or makou as

the part of the speaker:

Ha'awina ‘Umi

E lawe aku maua

91

ia ‘oe.

We’ll take you.

4.

Kela

Me Keia X

is a very handy idiom that means “every X”; “each and every X.” Sometimes the form is held X keia X. Kela always precedes keia.

This

5.

Ku‘u

This special possessive form means “my,” and

is

it

used with things in

“a” or “o” category. Its use implies an affectionate relationship with the object owned. It occurs commonly with certain words: ipo (sweetheart), lei, pua, home ( home), tutu, aloha, body parts, pets. either the

6.

A‘u with Prepositions

By now you have

“me” behave difHawaiian. A u is the form that usually mai a‘u (from me), and now me a‘u (with

noticed that the forms for “I” and

ferently than other

pronouns

(

in

occurs after prepositions, as in

me).

7.

Mai and Aku

With some words,

(

like a o

and ku

(

mai and aku denote direction in

ai,

relationship to the subject:

E

ku‘ai aku ana ‘o ia

i

kona hale

Hilo.

i

She’s selling her house in Hilo.

E

ku‘ai

mai ana

She’s buying a

‘o ia

i

ka hale hou

new house here

III.

1

.

Ma

ka hale ku‘ai

Luika:

ma

in

i

Honolulu

nei.

Honolulu.

DIALOGS

ke kikowaena Ala Moana

Makemake au

e ku‘ai

mai

i

ke kama‘a ‘ele‘ele, e

‘olu‘olu ‘oe.

Kanaka kokua:

A he aha ka nui o kou kama‘a?

Luika:

‘O ka helu ‘umi.

Kanaka kokua:

Aue no hob

Luika:

‘Ae, no ka mea, he wahine

e!

Lo‘ihi loa kou

wawae!

lo‘ ihi

loa

no au.

92

Ha'awina ‘Umi

*

Kanaka kokua: Kanaka kokua:

E'ki‘i a‘e

Luika:

‘A‘ole au

Kanaka kokua:

au

i

ke kama‘a.

Eia ke kama‘a ke‘oke‘o a

E

makemake

i

kala mai. ‘A‘ole au

i

me ke kama‘a ‘ula‘ula. mau waiho‘olu‘u.

kela

E

ho‘olohe pono.

i

hele

hou aku

au.

Luika:

2.

Tsa!

He kanaka hupo

‘o ia.

‘

A‘ole au e kali ana.

Ma ke kikowaena Ala Moana

Pomaika‘i:

Hui, e Luika! Nui loa kau mau pu‘olo. ‘Ae. Ua ku‘ai mai au ‘ekolu kama‘a hou a mu‘umu‘u no ho‘i! ‘Oiai‘o no! Ku‘ai pinepine ‘oe ka lole hou?

Luika:

‘A‘ole.

Pomaika‘i: Luika:

i

me

‘eha

i

me

A

‘aole pipi

loa keia

‘Elua haneli kala paha no keia

‘Elua haneli kanalima kala.

Luika:

mau mea. Ua

hele au

kela

Aka

au

‘a‘ole

mau mea? e ku‘ai

hou mai

Luika:

ka lole keia makahiki. E lawe aku au kau mau pu‘olo kou ka‘a. Mahalo, e Pomaika‘i, aka ‘a‘ole au hele mai

Pomaika‘i:

‘A‘ole pilikia.

Luika:

Mahalo nui

Pomaika‘i:

He aha ka kaua mea ‘ai? Aia ka mea ‘ai Kolea ‘ono loa me Kim Chee II. ‘Ae, ‘ono loa ka lakou pipi a me ka lakou moa. E

i

Pomaika‘i:

i

keia hale ku‘ai emi loa.

A pehea la?

Pomaika‘i:

‘ i

i

i

i

i

E lawe aku au

loa; e hele

ma ko‘u

ia ‘oe

aku kaua

e ‘ai

i

ma ke ka‘a.

ka‘a.

ka ‘aina awakea.

Hiki no.

Luika:

Pomaika‘i:

hele

no

kaua!

3.

Ma

ke kahua mokulele

Mealani: Luika: Mealani: Luika: Mealani: Luiki:

Mealani:

Hui, e Luika! E hele ana ‘oe hea? E hele aku ana au Hilo e kipa aku ku‘u tutu. ‘A‘ole e noho ana kou ‘ohana Hilo keia manawa? ‘A‘ole. Ua ne‘e mai maua ‘o ka‘u kane i Honolulu nei i

i

i

i

i

i

ka

makahiki 1982. ka mokupuni ‘o Hawai‘i no ho‘i aku Aue! ‘A‘ole au iwakalua makahiki. ‘Oiai‘o no! Nui na hale ku‘ai hou laila keia manawa. Aia na kikowaena ku‘ai ma kela me keia wahi. hele pineI ku‘u wa kamali‘i, ‘a‘ole loa. Aka ‘a‘ole makou nui ke kala. ‘A‘ole mea. pine e ku‘ai kela me keia i

i

i

i

i

i

Luika:

‘Ae, pela

Mealani:

‘

no

me makou.

Ae, e aloha aku

ia

Eia a‘e ko‘u mokulele.

Tutu ma.

A

hui hou.

93

Ha'awina ‘Umi 4.

Ma ke kelepona

Lilinoe:

Aloha, e Pua. ‘A‘ole e ho‘i aku ana

‘o

Luika

i

Honolulu

i

kela ‘apopo.

aku ana ka hana? hana ma kona hale ku‘ai

Pua:

‘Oia? A‘ole ‘o

Lilinoe:

‘Ae, aka ‘a‘ole pilikia. ‘A‘ole nui ka

‘

i

keia

ia e hele

i

manawa.

Pua:

E kokua ana

Lilinoe:

‘A‘ole ‘o ia e

‘o ia ia ‘oe

kou hale ‘aina? a‘u. E kokua ana

i

hana ana me

‘o ia ia

Mama

ma. Pua:

He

Lilinoe:

‘A‘ole laua

Pua:

Aloha au

Lilinoe:

5.

Ma ke

aha ko laua i

‘ino! ‘A‘ole

ia ia e

‘Ae, he

Ua

pilikia?

‘oma‘ima‘i laua?

‘oma‘ima‘i; ‘ano maluhiluhi wale no laua. i

ha‘awi aku

ha‘i

mai

‘o

Mama

E kelepona

ia‘u.

a‘e

ku‘u aloha.

i

mana‘o maika‘i

kela.

kula nui

Wahanui:

E

ke

kumu,

‘a‘ole e

kakau ana kau

mau haumana

i

ka

ho‘ike.

Pua:

Wahanui:

‘Oia?

Wahanui: Pua:

ke aha la? A‘ole lakou ‘

makaukau?

mau kanaka na huahelu mai ka helu ‘ekahi a

‘Ae, pololei. ‘A‘ole

i

ho‘opa‘a ha‘awina keia

i

a‘o

i

i

ho‘okahi haneli.

‘Ahahana! ‘A‘ole lakou e puka ana mai ke kula nui keia makahiki a‘e. Aue no ho‘i e! E huhu ana ko lakou mau makua ia lakou. ‘O ko lakou pilikia kela! ‘A‘ole au e kokua ana na haumana moloa. ‘A‘ole lakou hele mai ka papa na la apau, a hoka lakou. ‘Ae, a ‘a‘ole lakou ho‘olohe na lipine. ‘O ia ko lakou pilii

i

i

Wahanui:

i

moloa. ‘A‘ole lakou hiki

Pua:

No

i

i

i

i

kia nui.

Pua:

Mana‘o

au, e hele

mai ana no lakou apau

i

ka papa

i

keia

pule a‘e.

Dialog Notes

Once again

relationships are important. Pomaika‘i is eager to help Luika with her packages and give her a ride. Luika reciprocates with a lunch invitation. It is important in Hawaiian relationships that the giving goes both ways. Luika goes to Hilo to visit a grandparent and stays to help her own parents, even though it means postponing her return and missing work. According to traditional values, helping one’s family

*

94

Ha‘awina ‘Umi

has priority over more private and personal obligations such as work or school.

Unlike the stereotypical happy-go-lucky Hawaiian who overflows with the “aloha spirit,” real Hawaiians get annoyed and walk out on stupid shoe salesmen. They tattle on their fellow students and try to score points with the professor, and they have no patience or sympathy for laziness.

In short, they are complex people

who

experience the

whole range of human emotions.

IV.

EXERCISES

A. Negatives

Make

these sentences negative. Translate the sentences you write into

English.

1

.

2.

10. 3. 4.

5. 6. 7.

8.

9.

E lawe mai ana

‘o ia

Ua inu E E

ka hala kahiki mai Moloka‘i mai.

i

ka ‘ohana ka wai hua‘ai. ho‘olohe ana na kamali‘i ka manu. ha‘i mai ana ka makou kumu kona mana‘o. i

i

i

Ua ku‘ai mai ‘o Kalei ke kama‘a hou. Ua emi loa keia mau lipine. i

Lo‘ihi loa kau keiki kane.

Ua makaukau lakou Ua hele pinepine au

kakau ka ho‘ike. ka hale ku‘ai ku‘u wa kamali‘i. keia me keia Ku‘ai pinepine mai ko‘u mau kupuna Hawai‘i. e

i

i

i

i

Numbers

B.

Write these dates 1

.

in

Hawaiian:

the year you were born

3.

you started studying Hawaiian the year you started at this school

4.

1778

5.

1820

2.

the year

Write out these numbers 1.

56

4.

37

in

Hawaiian: 7.

13

2.

72

5.

19

8.

105

3.

49

6.

28

9.

233

mea

‘ai

95

Ha'awina ‘Umi

84 13.541

10. 1,462

Write the

14.

12.

11.96

digits (e.g., 12, 54, etc.) for these

2.

‘umikumaono kanahakumawalu

3.

kanakolukumakahi

1.

me

‘ehiku haneli a

5.

ho‘okahi haneli kanalima

6.

‘eono haneli kanawalukumahiku

7.

‘elima haneli a

8.

‘elua kaukani, ‘eha haneli,

9.

kanakolukumaiwa iwakaluakumaono

me

numbers:

‘ewalu

4.

10.

9,900

15.306

‘elima

kanaiwakumalima

E Imperative

C.

Translate into Hawaiian. 1

.

I’ll tell

them to go. buy these Portuguese sausages.

2.

Please

3.

Okay, we’ll

4.

We’ll (3, exclusive) listen carefully, teacher. I’ll take the kids with me.

5.

D. Kela

(2, exclusive) buy.

me keia

Translate into Hawaiian. 1

.

2. 3.

When we were

kids, we (3, exclusive) ate all kinds of food. The old folks go out to Ala Moana Center every day. Kawehi and I listened to every Hawaiian tape in the store, but we

didn’t buy. 4.

The

5.

Mama goes to the store just to look at this and that.

teacher isn’t waiting for each and every student.

Mixed Review

E.

Translate into Hawaiian. 1

.

When I was a kid, I didn’t take love my grandfather.

good care of my body.

2. I really

3.

My parents didn’t arrive with me.

4.

Korean women are not very

tall.

»

96

Ha‘awina ‘Umi

5. 6. 7.

Ferdinand and Imelda moved to Honolulu Goodhearted people don’t lose out. She didn’t buy the red shoes.

10. 8. Lilinoe

wrote a

There’s a

9.

My son

letter to the

shoe store.

of really cheap mu‘umu‘us at the Mu‘umu‘u Factory. graduating from the sixth grade next year.

lot

is

V.

VOCABULARY

— shame! — to learn or teach a‘o aku — to teach a‘o mai — to learn a‘u — me (with prepositions) ‘ele‘ele — black emi — cheap, reasonable, ahahana!

a‘o

decreasing

— to — hundred helu — to count, number, size ho‘ike — exam; to display, hah

tell

haneli

to

hoka

in 1986.

show

— to lose out, serve you

right!

— one (quantity) — to listen huahelu — number, size iwakalua — twenty ho‘okahi ho‘olohe

kahua mokulele, kahua ho‘olulu

— — kala — dollar kalaiwa — to drive kama‘a — shoe kamali‘i — child kanakolu — thirty kaukani — thousand ke‘oke‘o — white

mokulele airport kakau to write

kikowaena ku‘ai

— shopping

center

— Korean — to exchange, to ku‘ai aku — to ku‘ai mai — to buy ku‘u — my (affectionate) lipine — tape, ribbon — long, mana‘o — idea, thought, Kolea ku‘ai

sell

sell

lo‘ ihi

tall

opinion; to think

— to move (not with object) no — for no ho‘i — also, indeed no ka mea — because (followed ne‘e

by sentence)

amount — paha — maybe, perhaps pinepine — often puka — to graduate, to emerge; nui

size,

perforation, hole ‘ula‘ula

— red

‘umikumakahi

— eleven

wa — time

— place (not with ka) — color wale no — only, just wawae — foot, leg wahi

waiho‘olu‘u

97

Ha'awina ‘Umi

Idioms and Phrases

E

kala

mai

(ia‘u).

— Excuse (me).

manawa — now me keia mea — this and that kela me keia X, keia X keia X — every ku‘u wa kamali‘i — my childhood (small-kid keia kela

v

time)

*

*

HA‘AWINA TIMIKUMAKAHI “Have-a” Sentences

I.

1.

2.

3.

BASIC SENTENCES

He hana hou kana laila. He hale ko laua Kona?

He hale no ko

2.

He has a new job there. Do they have a house in

3.

Kona? The macadamia company has

1.

i

i

ka hui makeke-

mia. 4. 5.

a house.

He hana no ho‘i ka Laua‘e? He lio paha ko kou ‘ohana?

7.

Does Laua‘e have a job too?

5.

Maybe your family has

a

10. horse?

10. 6.

4.

He mau nlnau ka‘u. He hale ‘aina ko laila?

6. 7.

I

have some questions.

Is

there a restaurant there?

(Does “there” have a restaurant?) 8.

E lawe mai

i

‘elua paha,

8.

‘ekolu paha. 9.

Hele wawae lakou

i

kela

me

9.

Bring two maybe, three maybe. They walk everywhere.

keia wahi. ‘

A‘ohe

uila

ma Ni‘ihau.

There

is

no

electricity

on

Ni‘ihau.

II.

1.

EXPLANATIONS

“Have-a” Sentences

Hawaiian has no verb

that

means “to have.” Instead we use a verbless The pattern is:

sentence to say that someone possesses something.

98

99

Ha‘awina ‘Umikumakahi

± Adjective + K-possessive

He + Noun the thing that

He He I

is

owned

the

puke anu

hou

owner

ka‘u.

kokekeiki.

have a new book.

The

child has a cold.

The

category of the thing that is owned determines whether the o K-possessive will be the “a” or “ ” form. I

have a mother. “Mother”

He makuahine I

is

an “o” thing,

so:

ko‘u.

have a daughter. “Daughter”

is

an “a” thing,

He kaikamahine ka‘u. makuahine = “o” thing; kaikamahine = “a” As

in other patterns, the

ment: only the intonation

question word order

is

so:

thing

the

same

as the state-

different:

is

Hewaihua‘ai

ka kakou? ka kakou.

He wai hala kahiki Do we have fruit juice?

We have pineapple juice. If

you are translating an English “have-a” sentence, remember

that the

English subject becomes a K-possessive in Hawaiian. I

have a book. Hepukeka‘u. He puke au.

NOT

The policeman has

NOT

2 Paha, .

He

No Ho

These

particles,

ficult

to

i,

Wale

along with

translate

commonly used in Hawaiian but difPaha means “perhaps” or used to soften commands into suggestions,

Hawaiians’ desire

show them every

are

no,

exactly

in

“maybe” and is frequently to make statements seem

to

kalaka ko ka maka‘i.

No

and

tent with

He

a truck.

kalaka ka maka‘i.

courtesy.

English.

and dogmatic. This is consishave good relationships with people and

less positive

to

100

Ha'awina ‘Umikumakahi

E

hele

paha kaua.

we go? Maybe we should

Shall

go.

He pilikia paha kona. Maybe he has a problem. Paha never begins a sentence or occurs after a pause.

word

after the

modifies. If only the idea of

it

two- or three-word phrase ‘

No

oia

ho‘i

often used to

— maybe that

mean “indeed”

Ua emi loa ka mea Korean food

as

is no,

so

is

but

sometimes has the

it

Kolea a ‘ono no

‘ai

ho‘i.

very reasonable and delicious too.

is

Wale no means “only” and

usually placed after the

is

natural use of these particles

exposure

wanted, then a

meaning of “also,” or “too.”

additional

The

is

used:

is

paha; pela paha; pela no paha

is

usually placed

It is

“maybe”

is

word

it

modifies.

best acquired through extensive

speech and writing, because they often occur

to native-speaker

would not be used

in

Hawaiian where

3.

Negative Locational Sentences— ‘a‘ohe X Sentences

In

Ha‘awina

their equivalents

we learned

9

something was located at

we

+

+

Subject

‘A‘ohe

papa

‘A‘ohe

mea

There There

is

is

to use aia locational sentences to tell

time or space. To say something

in

a certain place or time

‘A ‘ohe

.

Ma

Place i

+ Time

ka hale Webster

i

kela ‘apopo.

ikapahuhau.

‘ai

no class in Webster Hall tomorrow. no food in the refrigerator.

DIALOGS

ke kelepona Honolulu i

Ua ne‘e ‘o Kimo ma Kona. No ke aha mai?

Luika:

E Pua, ua lohe

Pua:

‘Oia? A‘ole au

Luika:

Pua:

He hana hou kana laila. He aha kana hana hou?

Luika:

‘O ka luna

‘oe?

‘

i

i

lohe. i

‘o ia

i

where

isn’t located

use a simple pattern:

III.

1

in English.

ka hale hua makekemia

i

Napo‘opo‘o.

»

102

Ha'awina ‘Umikumakahi

He hale ko laua Kona?

Pua:

i

makekemia. E noho ana

‘Ae, he hale no ko ka hui

Luika:

laua ‘o Laua‘e

i

Pua:

He

Luika:

‘Ae, pololei, aka ‘olu‘olu ko laua hale. la

‘aina wela loa ‘o

Kona,

Kimo

‘a‘ole anei?

Pa mai ka makani

i

ka

apau.

Pua:

A pehea? He hana no ho‘i ka Laua‘e?

Luika:

‘Ae, e hana ana ‘o ia ka hale maka‘i. Pomaika‘i no laua. E kelepona a‘e au ia laua. Eia ka laua helu kelepona hou: 737-5824. Mahalo, e Luika. A hui hou. i

Pua: Luika: Pua:

2.

‘o

laila.

Kelepona

‘o

Pua

ia

Kimo

Pua:

E Kimo, ua

Kimo:

‘Ae, pololei.

A he

hopena

pule.

keia

Pua:

hana hou ka ‘olua Kona. hou no ho‘i ko maua. E kipa mai ‘olua

lohe au, he hale

i

E ho‘olimalima mai maua

Hiki no.

ke ka‘a

i

ma

i

ke kahua

mokulele.

Kimo:

He

‘A‘ole!

‘olua. E,

Nui

Pua:

loa ka

maua mau

E lawe mai

Kimo:

maua

i

ki‘i a‘e

au

ia

me

Makemake ‘oe ka popoki? ‘ekolu paha. He mau ‘iole nui ka

popoki.

‘elua paha,

ka pa a

i

E

kalaka ko‘u, a he ka‘a ko Laua‘e.

he popoki ka ‘olua? i

ka hale no ho‘i. ‘Ai lakou

ka hua makeke-

i

mia.

ka ‘iole. ‘Ai lakou ‘ai ko Honolulu nei popoki popoki wale no. ‘Oia paha. E ki‘i a‘e au ka popoki mai Kailua.

Pua:

Tsa! ‘A‘ole

mea Kimo:

3.

Ma

i

i

ke kula nui

Ha‘aheo:

E

‘Auli‘i:

‘Ae, ‘ano ‘oma‘ima‘i au.

Ha‘aheo: ‘

Auli‘i:

Ha‘aheo: ‘Auli‘i:

Ha‘aheo: ‘Auli‘i:

Ha‘aheo: ‘

i

‘ai

Auli‘i:

mai ke kula nehinei. He anu ko‘u. Aloha ‘ino. He kauka kau ma Honolulu nei? ‘A‘ole. ‘O Maui ku‘u ‘aina hanau. Aia ka‘u kauka laila. He kauka maika‘i loa ka‘u. Makemake ‘oe kona inoa? ‘

Auli‘i, ‘a‘ole ‘oe

i

hele

i

i

i

i

He

penikalakau? au kana helu kelepona me keia pepa. Aia hea keia kauka? He ke‘ena kona ma Kaimukl. He ka‘a kou? ‘A‘ole. E hele ana au ma ke ka‘a lawe ‘ohua. ‘Ae., mahalo.

E kakau

‘Ae.

i

a‘e

i

ka

Ha'awina ‘Umikumakahi ‘A‘ole loa. E lawe aku au ia kaua keia ‘auinala. He hoa aloha lokomaika‘i

Ha‘aheo:

103

‘oe

ma

‘oe;

e

ko‘u ka‘a.

E

hele

paha

i

‘Auli‘i:

kelepona aku au

i

ke

kauka.

4.

Ma

ka Tuti papa

Tuti:

E ke kumu, he mau ninau ka‘u. Maika‘i, e ‘Eleu. He mau pane ka‘u. He aha kau mau ninau?

‘Eleu:

He

‘Eleu:

Tuti:

‘

‘Eleu:

He

Tuti:

‘A‘ole loa.

‘

Eleu

:

Tuti:

‘Eleu: Tuti:

He

ma Ni‘ihau? mama ma laila.

‘ohana kou

Ae, aia ko‘u

i

kelepona ka lakou?

He mokupuni

li‘ili‘i

‘o

Ni‘ihau.

ko lakou? ‘A‘ole. He mau kalaka wale no ko na luna. He lio paha ko kou ‘ohana? ‘A‘ole! Hele wawae lakou keia me keia wahi. A pehea? Aia ka hale ku‘ai ma Ni‘ihau, ‘a‘ole anei? ‘A‘ole. Ku‘ai na kanaka keia me keia mea ma Kaua‘i. Aue no ho‘i! He hale kula ko Ni‘ihau? ‘Ae. Aia ka hale kula, ka hale pule, a me na hale noho wale no ka‘ a

i

‘Eleu: Tuti:

i

‘Eleu: Tuti:

ma

Ni‘ihau.

He

‘Eleu:

Pehea

Tuti:

ma Ni‘ihau. Ho‘okahi haneli kanalima paha ko lakou nui. Ai mau lakou ka hale. He kiwi ka lakou ma ka hale, ‘a‘ole anei? E ‘Eleu, ‘a‘ohe uila ma Ni‘ihau: no laila, ‘a‘ohe kiwi, ‘a‘ohe ki‘i‘oni‘oni, ‘a‘ohe pahu hau, ‘a‘ohe wai wela, ‘a‘ohe kukui

la?

hale ‘aina ko laila?

‘A‘ole loa. ‘A‘ole nui na kanaka ‘

i

‘Eleu: Tuti:

uila.

‘Eleu:

Ua mana‘o au, makemake au e noho ma Ni‘ihau, aka make paha ana au. ‘A‘ole au ma‘a keia ‘ano nohona.

Aue!

e

i

Pela paha.

Tuti:

He hana nui

ka nohona

me

Ni‘ihau.

Dialog Notes

The

Ikaika family continues to nourish

its

relationships, sharing infor-

mation and visits. Ha‘aheo helps ‘Auli‘i by referring her to her own Hawaiians are much more comfortable interacting with strangers who are known to them through a common acquaintance. The conversation provides some accurate information about a place that is often romanticized as a paradise because it is the sole remaining intact community of native speakers of Hawaiian. doctor.

*

104

Ha'awina ‘Umikumakahi IV.

EXERCISES

A. Possessive Sentences Fill in 1.

a.

2.

a.

the blanks.

He kalaka hou

b.

‘

Ae, he kalaka hou kona.

Kiaka?

He hua makekemia

ka ka

b.

‘Ae,hehua

b.

‘

.

‘iole? 3.

a.

4.

a.

5.

a.

6. a. 10. 7.

a.

8.

a.

He kamali‘i

lo‘ihi

ka

Moana?

He lio ? He ke‘ena ko ka maka‘i? ? He ninau ka luna? He anu He kumu akamai ka na

b.

‘

Ae, he kamali‘i Ae, he

lio

lo‘ihi loa

ko maua.

b. ‘Ae,

he ke‘ena

b. ‘Ae,

he ninau ka‘u.

b.

‘Ae, he anu

b.

‘Ae, he

kumu akamai

haumana? 9. a.

He

wai hua‘ai ka kakou?

a.

He

hale kula

B.

Ni‘ihau?

Possessive Sentences

Circle the letter of the best answer. 1.

a.

b. c.

2.

a.

b. c.

3.

a.

b. c.

4.

a.

b. c.

5.

a.

b. c.

He He He

‘iole ‘iole ‘iole

ko ka popoki. ka ka popoki. ‘o ka popoki.

He lio nani loa ko ka luna. He lio nani loa ka ka luna. He lio nani loa ka luna. He He He

popoki ‘o Kehau. popoki ko Kehau. popoki ka Kehau.

He anu He anu He anu

‘o ia.

kona. kana.

He pane ko keia mau haumana. He pane ka keia mau haumana. He pane keia mau haumana.

b. ‘Ae,

b.

‘

he wai hua

‘ai

Ae, he hale kula ko

laila.

Ha‘awina ‘UmikGmakahi

105

and Possessive Sentences

C. Class-Inclusion, Stative, Translate into Hawaiian. a dead

This

is

2.

This

rat

3.

The

4.

That That

1

.

5. 6. 7.

is

rat.

dead.

cat has a

dead

(distant)

is

rat.

a big refrigerator.

(distant) refrigerator

10.

Her

boss

is

sister.

good.

13.

She has a good boss. He is a swift (‘awiwl horse. His horse is swift.

14.

He

1 1

.

12.

big.

is

have a good-hearted She is a good boss.

8. I

9.

is

My family has a big refrigerator. My sister a good-hearted woman.

has a swift horse.

D. ‘A‘ohe (There Are

None) Sentences

Translate into Hawaiian. 1 10.

.

2.

3. 4. 5.

6. 7.

8.

9.

There are no rats in the house with cats. There is no wind today. There is no school next week. There was no Hawaiian language class yesterday. There is no answer on this paper. There are no movies in the morning. There is no movie house on the island of Ni‘ihau. There is also no movie house on Lana‘i. Maybe there is no movie house on Moloka‘i. There is no bus on Maui.

Mixed Review

E.

Translate into Hawaiian. 1

.

We (3,

exclusive)

moved from our

birthplace in 1980.

2.

Does

3.

The

4.

Does Ni‘ihau have

5.

My brother has a new house in Kona.

6.

This

the office have a

phone?

boss might be in the office.

is

electricity?

a cold day, because the wind

is

blowing.

»

106

Ha'awina ‘Umikumakahi

t

7.

Living on Ni‘ihau

8.

The

is

a difficult task.

children walk everywhere on Ni‘ihau.

9. Electricity is

5>vt ‘aina

— land

‘aina

hanau

V.

VOCABULARY

— sort, type anu — cold, a cold hele wawae — to walk helu kelepona — telephone number hua makekemia

— macadamia

nut

—

— horse — to hear luna — boss, foreman, manager maka‘i — police officer makani — wind make — dead; to die nlnau — question; to ask a question nohona — living no — therefore pa — to blow (as the wind) pahu hau — refrigerator, box pane — to answer, reply uila — electricity; lightning lio

— birthplace

‘ano

‘iole

.

very expensive on the island of Moloka‘i.

lohe

life, life-style,

rat,

mouse

laila

— bus — truck ke‘ena — office ki‘i‘oni‘oni — movies kukui uila — electric light ka‘a lawe ‘ohua

kalaka

ice

Idioms and Phrases ‘Oia paha. Pela paha. that.

— That might be

so.

Maybe

so.

It

might be

like

HAAWINA UMIKUMALUA K-less Possessives and

“Have-a-number” Sentences

I.

BASIC SENTENCES 1.

How old are you? (How many

(He) ‘umikumalima o‘u makahiki.

2.

your years?) I’m 15 years

3.

‘Ehia a ‘olua keiki?

3.

4.

‘Eono a maua keiki. ‘Ehia keiki a ka hiapo?

4.

1.

2.

‘Ehia ou makahiki?

How many children do you (2)

5.

my

old. (15

years.)

5.

have?

We have six children.

H ow many children does the have? Luika has five children, and Pua has two children. Lopaka has only one child.

eldest 6.

‘Elima a Luika keiki, a ‘elua

6.

keiki a Pua. 7.

8.

9.

Ho‘okahi wale no keiki a Lopaka. Nui ka ‘olua mau keiki. Nui ka pilikia o na haumana.

7.

8.

You

(2)

9.

The

students have a

have a

lot

of children. lot

of

trouble. 10.

E

hele

ana au

i

ka hale o ko‘u

10.

kaikunane.

to

my brother’s

house.

11.

‘A‘ohe o ‘olua mala pua?

11.

12.

‘O kou

12.

13.

Hu

la

I’m going

hanau

‘ehia keia?

Don’t you have a flower garden? This is your “how many” birthday?

ka

pipi‘i

o ka ‘opihi!

13.

Wow, how ‘opihi

107

is!

expensive the

108

Ha‘awina ‘Umikumalua

EXPLANATIONS

II.

1

.

K-less Possessives

All the possessives

you have used so

kau, kona, kana, ko, ka).

“pure” possessive

(o

They

‘u,

far

begin with

k- (ko‘u, ka‘u, kou,

are contractions of the article ka/ke and the

a‘u, ou, au, ona, ana,

o,

These “pure” posses-

a).

commonly called “k-less possessives” for obvious reasons. They are used in a number of grammatical patterns, some of which are introduced in this lesson. They often occur in prepositional phrases sives are

replacing k-possessive phrases that would otherwise be very compli-

cated and hard for the listener to understand:

my brother’s house the house of my brother

k-possessive

ko ko

k-less

ka hale o ko u kaikunane

k-possessive k-less

the

name

k-possessive k-less

the

the

name

of his wife

her family’s

name

k-possessive k-less

his wife’s

my

dog of my

name dog

friend

my students’ exams the exams of my students

k-possessive k-less

kaikunane hale (

ko kana wahine inoa

ka inoa o kana wahine

of her family friend’s

‘u

ko kona ‘ohana inoa

ka inoa o kona ohana ‘

(

ka ko u hoa aloha ka

(

ilio

c

‘ilio

a ko u hoa aloha (

mau haumana mau ho ike na ho ‘ike a ka ‘u mau haumana

ka ka

‘u

When

you encounter a complicated possessive phrase converting it to the “of” form before translating it.

2.

in English, try

“Have-a-number” Sentences

K-less possessives are used in the pattern that asks or

tells

“how many”

someone has of something, including none.

Number/ ‘Ehia/‘A ‘ohe +

K-less possessive

+ N (thing that

(pronoun owner) ‘Ehia

a ‘olua

‘A‘ohe

a

‘Ekolu

o‘u

maua

How many children do you (2) have? We have no children. I

have three sons.

keiki? keiki.

kaikunane.

is

owned)

‘Oia? ‘Ehia au

‘Ilio?

»

110

Ha‘awina ‘Umikumalua

If the

owner

is

a

common noun

phrase,

it

usually

comes

Number/ ‘Ehia/‘A ‘ohe +

N

‘Ehia

keiki

a ka hiapo?

ka‘a

o ka luahine.

moa

a ko‘u ‘anakala

‘

A‘ohe

‘Umi

+

K-less possessive

at the end:

(common noun)

How many children does the oldest have? The

old lady doesn’t have a car.

My uncle has ten chickens. Proper names can be used

in either position:

‘Ekolu a Lani keiki. ‘Ekolu keiki a Lani.

Lani has three children.

3.

“Have-a-lot” Sentences

Unlike English, Hawaiian uses different patterns for “have-a-number” and “have-a-lot” sentences. “Have-a-lot” sentences are a variation of the “there’s-a-lot” pattern in the pattern

is

+

Nui Nui Nui

You

Ha‘awina

±

K-possessive pronoun (pronoun owner)

mau

4-

mau

ka ‘olua

(2)

have a

a pronoun

lot

lot

Noun

aloha.

of kids.

of aloha.

For noun subjects the usual pattern

+

is

keiki.

kona

She has a

Nui

If the subject

7.

as follows:

na/ka

is

below:

+ Noun

+

K-less possessive

(noun owner)

Nui Nui

The

haumana moloa

ka

pilikia

o na

na

keiki

a Luika.

lazy students have a lot of trouble.

Luika has a

lot

of kids.

Proper name and short noun phrase subjects tern for pronouns.

may

also follow the pat-

Ha'awina ‘Umikumalua

111

Ehia

4.

Like the other question words you have learned used as a modifier:

Ua ku‘ai mai What book

‘oe

i

(aha, hea),

‘

ehia

can be

ka puke aha?

did you buy?

Aia ka papa ka hale hea? i

Which

5.

building

hanau

is

the class in?

‘O kou

la

This

your “how many” birthday?

is

‘ehia keia?

Age

To

discuss age in Hawaiian,

we

talk

about

how many

years someone

has:

‘Ehia ou makahiki?

How old are you? (He) ‘umikumalima o‘u makahiki. I’m 15 years old. ‘Ehia makahiki o ka muli loa?

H ow old

is

the youngest?

‘Elima wale no makahiki o Ku‘uipo.

Ku‘uipo

We

only five years old.

use the regular “have-a-number” pattern.

higher

6.

is

may

Hu ka

be preceded by he

when

Numbers from

they are used to

tell

ten

and

quantities.

X!

This expression is used in colloquial speech to mean something is very whatever it is (expensive, painful, pretty, etc.). The thing that possesses the quality

Hu

ka

is

often

pipi‘i

added

as a k-less possessive:

o ka ‘opihi!

Wow! How expensive

‘opihi

is!

H u ka ‘ono o keia pipi kaula! This jerked beef is really delicious! Hu

ka ‘eha o ko‘u wawae!

My foot

is

so sore!

*

112

Ha'awina ‘Umikumalua

III.

1

Ma

Mama

ko

DIALOGS

Ikaika lu‘au

Aloha, e Mama Ikaika. ‘O kou la hanau ‘ehia keia? ko‘u la hanau kanaonokumalima. ‘Ae, kanaonokumalima

Keola:

Mama: ‘O

o‘u makahiki.

Aue ka nani! Maika‘i no kou ola kino. Mama: ‘Eono a maua keiki, ‘ekolu keiki kane, Keola:

A

‘Ehia a ‘olua keiki? ‘ekolu kaikamahine.

mo‘opuna? Mama: Aue no ho‘i e! Nui loa ka maua mau mo‘opuna. ‘Umikumaha paha a maua mo‘opuna. Keola:

‘ehia a ‘olua

‘Ehia keiki a ka hiapo, ‘o Lilinoe?

Keola: 2.

Mama:

‘

Keola:

A pehea na kaikamahine

Mama:

‘Elima a Luika keiki, a ‘elua keiki a Pua.

Keola:

A

Mama:

‘Elua a ‘Alapaki keiki, ‘eha a

A‘ohe ana

keiki.

‘ehia keiki a

keiki a

na

keiki

‘e a‘e?

kane?

Kimo

ho‘okahi wale no

keiki, a

Lopaka.

MaHilo 3. Nlele:

Lilinoe:

Nlele: Lilinoe:

Hui, e Lilinoe. E aha ana ‘oe? E hele ana au ka hale o ko‘u kaikunane, ‘o ‘Alapaki. He aha kana hana? He mahi‘ai ‘o ia ma ka ‘aina ho‘opulapula Pana‘ewa. Aia ko lakou hale Keaukaha. ‘Oiai‘o no? He ‘ohana ko‘u ma Keaukaha. ‘O wai ka inoa o kana wahine? ‘O ‘Ekekela kona inoa. ‘O Ahuna ka inoa o kona ‘ohana. ‘A ‘oia! ‘O ko‘u hoahanau kona makuahine. E aloha aku ‘oe i

i

i

Nlele:

Lilinoe:

Nlele:

ia ia.

Lilinoe:

Ma

ko ‘Alapaki

Kaleo: Lilinoe:

Kaleo: Lilinoe:

Kaleo:

‘Ae, hiki no.

A hui hou.

ma hale

Aloha kaua, e Anake. E komo mai! Mahalo, e Kaleolani. Aue no ho‘i! Lo‘ihi loa makahiki? ‘

‘oe!

‘Ehia ou

‘Umikumalima o‘u makahiki. Hu, he luahine au. ‘Ehia makahiki o kou kaikuahine? ‘Elima wale no makahiki o Ku‘uipo. Aia ‘Apenela?

i

hea

‘o

‘Anakala

Ha'awina ‘Umikumalua

113

Aia ‘o ia ka hale. E kanu ana ‘o ia kela me keia mea ka mala ‘ai. ‘A‘ohe o ‘olua mala pua? ‘Ae, he mala pua ko maua, aka ua.piha loa me kela pua keia

Lilinoe:

Kaleo: Lilinoe:

i

i

i

pua.

Eia a‘e ko‘u

Kaleo:

mau hoa

aloha.

E

ana makou

hele

i

ka hale o ka

makou kumu. Lilinoe:

A hui hou,

e Kaleo.

E malama pono

Kaleo:

‘Ae. ‘A‘ole

makou

kalaiwa ‘awiwf.

4.

Ma ko

‘Alapaki

ma

e

hale

‘Ekekela:

E

Lilinoe:

‘A‘ole pilikia. Aia

‘Ekekela:

Lilinoe, e kala

Ua hele

‘oukou.

‘o ia

i

mai i

ia‘u. ‘A‘ole

hea

‘o

Pana‘ewa

e

au

i

‘ike,

ua hele mai

‘oe.

‘Alapaki?

kanu

i

ka ‘uala. ‘A‘ohe au hana

i

keia la?

hana ana

‘Ae, e

Lilinoe:

ma ka hale ku‘ai

au.

Aue, ‘a‘ohe a lakou

‘Ekekela:

Ua

hele

mai au

e ku‘ai

mai

i

ka ‘opihi

‘Awili. ‘opihi.

Ua

kelepona au

i

keia kaka-

hiaka.

Tsa!

Lilinoe:

He

ku‘ai

ma ka hale Ho‘okahi haneli kanakolu kala no ho‘okahi

pilikia

nui.

nui kela. Pipi‘i loa ka ‘opihi

kalani.

‘Ekekela:

Lilinoe:

Hu ka pipi‘i! Aia paha ka ‘opihi Napo‘opo‘o. E kelepona aku ‘oe ia Kimo. ‘Ae, he mana‘o maika‘i kela. E kelepona aku au ia ia. i

Dialog Notes Family relationships continue to be important. Nlele and Lilinoe find that they have a mutual relative, ‘Ekekela. This kind of linking of families is sometimes the basis of “calabash” relatives, people who are related to each other not by blood, but by virtue of their connections to a third person. For example, my biological cousin’s cousin could be my “calabash cousin.”

IV.

EXERCISES

A. Personal History

Answer

these questions about yourself with complete sentences in

H awaiian.

114

1

.

t

Ha‘awina ‘Umikumalua

‘O wai ka inoa o kou mau makua?

2.

He kaikua‘ana kou?

3.

‘Ehia ou kaikaina?

4.

He kaikuahine kou? He kaikunane kou? He popoki kau? He ‘Ilio kau? He io kou? He keiki kau? He ka‘a kou?

5.

6. 7.

8.

9.

10.

1

11. ‘Ehia

ou makahiki?

Ka ‘Ohana Shaw

B.

Ka Makua

Kane:

Run Run

Ka Makuahine: Go Go

(50 makahiki)

Na Keiki Kane

Na

Wok Wok (28)

Tse Tse (25)

Fly Fly (23)

Chitty Chitty (16)

Bam Boo (12) Pau Pau (5)

Bang Bang (18) Shoot Shoot

Kaikamahine

(6)

Ka

Popoki

Ka

Mi

Ow

Bow Wow

E pane mai

i

keia

mau

nlnau:

makua kane?

1.

‘Ehia makahiki o ka

2.

‘O wai ka inoa o ka makuahine? ‘O wai ka hiapo o na keiki? ‘O wai ka muli loa? ‘Ehia kaikua‘ana o Pau Pau? ‘Ehia kaikua‘ana o Tse Tse?

3. 4. 5.

6.

Wok Wok?

7.

He

8.

‘Ehia kaikuahine o na keiki kane?

9.

He

10. 1 1

.

kaikaina ko

‘Ilio

kaikunane ko na kaikamahine?

‘O wai ka inoa o ko Bang Bang kaikaina? If you are male, pretend you are Wok Wok. If you are female, tend you are Pau Pau. Write ten sentences about your family.

pre-

=7 t§

f

116

Ha‘awina ‘Umikumalua

C. Possessive

Phrases

Translate these phrases using k-less possessives!

number

1.

Lei “folks” phone

2.

those lazy students’ questions

3. that (distant)

farmer’s vegetable garden

4.

my

5.

the old lady’s health

uncle’s wife

6. the police officer’s truck 10. 7.

our

9. the

manager’s

(3, exclusive)

8. that island’s

office

name

wind’s strength

the family’s

homestead land

Mixed Review

D.

Translate into Hawaiian. 1

.

2.

They

(3)

moved

Uncle ‘Apenela

4.

Wow! How Wow! How

5.

The

3.

E.

to their parents’ house. is

planting a different sweet potato.

tasty this

Korean food

is!

big your feet are!

haole foreman has a

lot

of pineapples in his truck.

Reading Practice

Practice reading this aloud. Translate

it

accurately.

Aloha kaua. ‘O Lokelani Kamanu keia. Ho‘omana‘o (remember) Aia ko‘u ‘ohana Nanakuli, ku‘u ‘aina hanau. ‘A‘ohe o‘u kaikua‘ana, ‘a‘ohe o‘u kaikaina, ‘a‘ohe o‘u kaikunane. ‘O wau wale no ke keiki ko‘u ‘ohana. Aka, nui no na moa, na pua‘a, na ‘Tlio, a me na popoki ma ko makou hale. ‘A‘ohe o makou lio no ka mea, pipi loa ka ‘oe ia‘u?

i

i

6

i

lio.

E ho‘i aku ana au Nanakuli keia hopena pule no ka mea, aia ka la hanau o ku‘u tutu kane ka Po‘aono. ‘O ia ka makua kane o ku‘u mama. Ikaika no kona iwi, a maika‘i loa no ho‘i kona ola kino. Hana mau ‘o ia ka mala ‘ai a me ka mala pua ka ‘aina ho‘opulapula. Makemake loa ‘o ia e kanu iho keia me keia mea na wahi apau. Nui kana mau pua nani loa. Huhu loa ku‘u kupunawahine no ka mea, ua piha no ka pa, a pipi loa ka wai. He ‘aina wela loa ‘o Nanakuli. Hanawai (to water) ‘o Tutu kane na mea kanu (crops) ke kakahiaka a me ke ahiahi keia me keia la. Hu! ka nui o ka wai, a hu! ka huhu o Tutu i

i

i

i

i

i

i

4

i

i

i

wahine!

i

Ha'awina ‘Umikumalua

F.

117

Reading Comprehension

Answer

these questions about the reading with complete

Hawaiian

tences.

‘Ehia kaikua‘ana o Lokelani?

1.

2.

‘Ehia ona kaikaina?

3.

He kaikunane kona?

4.

‘Ehia keiki a ko Lokelani

5.

He

V.

a

mau makua?

aha ka hana a ko Lokelani tutu kane?

— belonging to

‘aina ho‘opulapula

VOCABULARY

— homestead

‘

—

his,

anakala

her

— old woman — farmer mala — vegetable garden mala pua — flower garden of o — belonging ola kino — health her ona — ou — your o‘u — my ‘uala — sweet potato luahine

‘ai

— uncle

— your a‘u — my a‘e — other, another, different ‘ehia — how many hu! — Wow! Huh! kalani — gallon kanu — to plant au ‘e

to,

his,

Idioms and Phrases ‘A

‘oia.

enter

mahi‘ai

land

ana

komo — to

— That’s right. That’s — Come

E komo mai!

in!

HGkaX!— Wow, howX!

it.

Right on.

sen-

*

REVIEW

3

HO HOPE EKOLU I

I.

SUMMARY OF CONTENTS IN HA AWINA 10-12

A. Major Patterns 1

.

Negative verb sentences

2.

“Have-a” sentences

3.

K-less possessives

4.

“Have-a-number” sentences (including “how many” and “none”)

5.

“Have-a-lot” sentences

B. Other Features 1.

Numbers

2.

E imperative with

4.

Ku u A u with

5

Paha, no ho

first

person exclusive

(

3.

c

.

6.

prepositions ‘i,

Negative locational

7.

Aha,

8.

Hu ka

II.

hea,

and

‘u,

A

C

(

c

maia‘u, mea‘u)

ehia as

‘ohe

X

+

place and/or time)

modifiers

X SUMMARY OF “HAVE-A” SENTENCE PATTERNS

The owner is always 1.

(ia

wale no

Somebody has

represented in Hawaiian by a possessive.

a X.

Nalani has a dog. She has a horse.

118

Ho'i

He + Noun (X)

He He

2.

119

‘Ekolu

K-possessive.

‘Tlio

ka Nalani.

lio

kona.

Somebody has some X. I

have some books.

We have some sweet

potatoes.

+ Noun (X)

He mau

He mau He mau

3.

+

Hope

+

K-possessive.

puke

ka‘u.

‘uala

ka makou.

Somebody (pronoun) has number/how many/no X.

How many children do you I I

have?

have no children. have two horses.

Number +

K-less possessive

+

(X).

‘Ehia ‘A ‘ohe

‘Ehia ‘

au

keiki?

a‘u

keiki.

o‘u

lio.

A‘ohe

‘Elua

4.

Somebody (noun) has number/how many/no X.

How many kids does the oldest

have?

Lilinoe has no children.

My child has ten kittens. Number

+

(X)

+

K-less possessive.

‘Ehia ‘A ‘ohe

‘Ehia

keiki

a ka hiapo?

‘A‘ohe

keiki

a Lilinoe.

(He) ‘umi

popoki

a ka‘u keiki.

Names and

short k-less possessives

may

also follow

example

*

3 above.

120 5.

*

Ho‘i

Somebody (pronoun) has

He I

has a

have a

Nui

‘Ekolu

a lot of X.

of houses.

of work.

±

K-possessive pronoun

4-

Nui Nui

6.

lot

lot

Hope

mau + Noun

mau

kona ka‘u

(X).

hale.

hana.

Somebody (noun) has

a lot of

X.

The boss has a lot of kids. Kapua has a lot of work.

+

Nui Nui Nui

Names and

+

na/ka

na

keiki

a ka luna.

hana

a

noun phrases may

III.

Make

3.

E kakau ana

B.

example

5 above.

EXERCISES

ka mala pua.

i

‘o ia

i

keia

manawa.

kona mana‘o.

mea ‘ai ma ka mokupuni ‘o E nlnau mau ana na kamali‘i Hawai‘i.

4. Pipi‘i 5.

also follow

these sentences negative and translate the sentence you write.

He mau pua nani ko Ua emi loa ka ‘uala

.

Kapua.

Sentences

2.

1

k-less possessive.

ka short

A. Negative

+

(X)

loa ka

“Have” Sentences

Translate into Hawaiian. 1.

Ni‘ihau has no

2.

My brother has homestead land.

3.

The rainbow

4.

I

5.

‘Ioli‘i

6.

The

electricity.

(anuenue) has

many

colors.

don’t have a red pen. “folks” have three daughters.

family has a

new

truck.

Moloka‘i.

Ho‘i

\JJ 8. 10.

121

‘Ekolu

We (3, inclusive) have some big mangoes. H ow many feet does a gecko have? He

9.

Hope

has four

feet.

we

(3, exclusive) have a lot of e^ams Portuguese boss has a lot of horses. The rat has some macadamia nuts. Keaukaha has a lot of‘opihi.

Teacher,

in this class,

fn The 12. 13.

IT That 15.

policeman has a black car. doesn’t have a refrigerator.

(distant)

My office Numbers

C.

Write these numbers and dates 1.

2.

Hawaiian:

1938 (date) 26

3.

11

4.

362

10.

in

5.

5,274

6.

umikumawalu kanaiwakumawalu

7.

kanalimakumahiku iwakaluakumakolu kanaiwa

8. 9.

(date)

‘eono haneli kanahakumaiwa

A u with Prepositions

D.

Translate into Hawaiian.

2.

The The

3.

Did you-all

4.

My

1

.

5. Tell

old lady will rent her house to me.

me

in Hawaiian. from me? uncle may be moving from Hilo to live with me. me your opinion, and I’ll tell you mine.

children counted with

listen to the tape

Miscellaneous

E.

Translate into Hawaiian. 1

.

I’ll

help you, too.

There are no movies on Lana‘i now. Qj There was no TV in Hilo in my childhood. 4. On which island are your parents living? 5. This is your “how many” birthday?

(il

*

t

122

Ho‘i

Hope

6.

There’s good limu kohu only

7.

Wow,

there’s so

much

that (distant) place.

breadfruit on the island of Hawai‘i.

10. 8. We’ll (3, exclusive) learn the 9.

a,t

‘Ekolu

Hawaiian numbers

this

weekend.

My new red shoes were very cheap. Grandma bought sive.

only one gallon of ‘opihi because

it

was

so expen-

Summary

A.

1.

1:

Ha awina 1-12

MAJOR FEATURES

Sentences

a.

Class-inclusion

b.

Equational

c.

Imperative (including “let’s” and commitment)

d.

Stative

e.

Simple verb

f.

Ua

g.

E verb ana

h.

Aia locational sentences

“Have-a” sentences “Have-a-number” sentences (including “how many” and “none”)

i.

j.

k.

“Have-a-lot,” “there’s-a-lot-of” sentences

l.

Negative forms (except imperative)

2.

Object Markers

3.

Pronouns

4.

Possessives

OTHER FEATURES

B.

1.

Determiners^,

2.

Prepositions

(Y,

ke,

ka na, ,

keia, kena, kela)

ma, mai, maid, me)

123

*

Summary

124 (

3.

1

:

Ha'awina

1

-12

0 and £ Noun Markers nokamea)

4.

Conjunctions

5.

Mau

6.

E Infinitive

7.

Compound

8.

Verbless Simple Sentences (He aha k-possessive X?)

9.

Numbers

Plurals,

(a,

a me, aka,

Ma (“folks”)

Subjects

10. Intensifies (no, no ho‘i, wale no, paha)

11. Aha, Hea,

12.

c

and Ehia

as Modifiers

Hu Ka X

C.

See

list

following

Ha‘awina

VOCABULARY

24.

13 HA‘AWINA ‘UMIKUMAKOLU Ke Verb Nei Sentences and Locatives

BASIC SENTENCES

I.

1

.

E komo mai

‘oe

loko o ka

i

1

.

Come

inside the restaurant.

hale ‘aina. 2.

Heluhelu a‘e au

ma mua o ka

ka nupepa

i

Aia ka nupepa pakaukau.

4.

Ke ho‘omakaukau mea ‘ai. ‘

3.

i

ka

4.

A‘ohe o‘u ma‘a keia ‘ano

5.

i

Ua

7.

Aia

‘ai

read the newspaper before

The newspaper

is

on top of

the table. nei au

I

am

preparing the food.

I

am

not used to this kind of

work.

hana. 6.

I

breakfast.

ma luna o ka

3.

5.

2.

‘aina kakahiaka.

mua

‘o ia

ma ka hale.

6.

He

home

ate at

already

(beforehand).

8.

Ala Moana Paka kai aku o ke ala nui.

E

‘o

ho‘i

aku ana au

ma

7.

ma hope o

.

is

seaward of

8.

I’m going back

after

my

work.

E kakau mai ia‘u ma mua o kela manawa.

II.

1

Moana Park

the road (away from me).

ka‘u hana. 9.

Ala

9.

Write

to

me

before that time

(before then).

EXPLANATIONS

Ke Verb Nei Sentences

This

now.

is

It

the

marker we use

to

show

that

something

is

happening here and

occurs most often in formal speech making, in church, and in

writing. In every-day conversation,

it

is

often replaced by

which also conveys the idea of ongoing action.

125

e

Remember that

verb ana, although

*

126 e

Ha'awina ‘Umikumakolu

verb ana can almost always replace ke verb nei, the reverse is not true. nei is only used in present tense situations that are happening near

Ke verb

the speaker.

2.

Locatives

These are words

that describe locations.

above

luna

top,

loko

inside

mountainward

uka

inland,

mua

before, front

waena

between

When or

i

They

are as follows:

lalo

bottom, under

waho

outside

kai

seaward

hope

behind,

after,

back

these words are used as locatives, they are always preceded by

(on, at, in, to, toward). If they occur with verbs of motion,

i is

ma the

preferred form.

Aia ka nupepa ma luna o ka pakaukau. The newspaper is on top of the table.

E komo mai

Come

‘oe

i

loko o ka hale ‘aina.

inside the restaurant.

Notice there

is

no

article (ke/ka) in front of the locative.

Locatives describe locations relative to things or people: inside the car

outside the building

between the children

Hawaiians believe

that the locations or spaces

people belong to them; these locations territory.

fall

surrounding things or

within the thing’s or person’s

Hence, Hawaiian uses the 0-possessive

to express the relation-

ship:

ma loko o

ke ka‘a

— inside the car

(the inside space belonging to the car)

ma waho o

ka hale

— outside the house

(the outside area belonging to the house)

ma waena o na keiki — between (the

between space belonging

the children to the children)

-

c

—

*

128 In

Ha‘awina ‘Umikumakolu

Ha‘awina 14 you

will learn to

use locatives with the pronouns “me,

you, him, her.” With other pronouns and names, the rules listed above apply:

ma hope o lakou — behind them; in back of them ma mua o Lani — in front of Lani Sometimes we confuse directionals with

locatives. Directionals (mai,

aku, a‘e, iho) tell the direction in relationship to the speaker; locatives tell

the location of an action or an object. Locatives can be used with directionals:

Aia Ala

‘o Ala Moana Paka ma kai aku o ke ala nui Ala Moana. Moana Park is seaward of Ala Moana Boulevard.

is inland of Ala Moana Boulevard so ma kai of Ala Moana Boulevard involves moving away (aku) from her. You will learn to use these forms later; don’t worry about them now. Besides locatives,- ao ao (side) is often used to describe locations. It is preceded by the article ka and generally followed by akau (right) or hema (left). Like the locatives, ‘ao ao is preceded by ma or i followed by o when necessary. It can also be preceded by a k-possessive. Here are some examples:

The speaker

c

c

c

(

ma ka

‘ao‘ao

on the

left

hema o

ke pa

side of the plate

ma ko‘u ‘ao‘ao ‘akau on my right side 3.

Mua and Hope

These words are

also used to express location in time.

When

used

in

time expressions, they are always preceded by ma:

ma mua o ka ‘aina kakahiaka — before breakfast ma hope (iho) — later on, afterwards ma mua o kela manawa — before that time, before then ma hope o ka‘u hana — after my work Mua and

hope are also used as adverbs

and modifiers with “time” mean-

ings:

ua

‘ai

mua ‘o ia — he ate already; mua — my first class

he ate earlier

ka‘u papa

—

ka ho‘ike hope loa the final (last) exam hele hope younger brother or sister (come

—

You

will see

more of these uses

in later lessons.

after)

Aia ko‘u hale

ma uka aku

o ke ala nui.

130 4.

Ha'awina ‘Umikumakolu

Negative Simple Sentences

You already know one way ‘Ai au

i

ka limu. I

common way

Another

make

‘A‘ole au

eat seaweed.

I

to

a negative simple sentence:

‘ai

i

ka limu.

don’t eat seaweed.

to express this idea

with a negative possessive

is

sentence:

‘A‘ohe o‘u

What you

i

ka limu.

Kela

‘

are saying

is

you don’t possess a particular quality

that

Ano X

This expression means “that kind of X; that there

is

(in

eating limu) rather than saying that you don’t do something.

this case,

5.

‘ai

don’t eat seaweed.

I

no

o in

the phrase;

it is

X.” Notice

that

similar to the pidgin English phrase

“da

sort of

kine”

— that kind of activity; “da kine” work

kela ‘ano

hana

kela ‘ano

mea — that

kela ‘ano

nohona

.

Ma ko

Lilinoe:

life;

DIALOGS

III.

1

“da kine” stuff “da kine” style

sort of thing;

— that sort of

Lilinoe hale ‘aina

E Kimo,

e

komo mai

‘oe

i

loko o ka hale ‘aina. Nui ka ua

i

keia kakahiaka.

Kimo:

Ke

au

ia

Lopaka.

Lilinoe:

‘A‘ole pilikia.

E

hele

Kimo:

Mahalo. E inu iho au

kali nei

mua o ka Lilinoe:

mai ana i

‘o ia

i

loko e ‘imi ia ‘oe.

ke kope a heluhelu

Lilinoe:

Lilinoe:

Kimo:

ma

nupepa ma luna o ka pakaukau. Ke ho‘omakaukau nei au ka mea ‘ai, aka ‘a‘ole mo‘a ka laiki. ‘Umi minuke paha a mo‘a. Pehea? Ua makaukau ke kope? ‘Ae, makaukau. Aia ma‘o, ma luna o ke kapuahi. Aia ka waiu loko o ka pahu hau. i

Kimo:

ka nupepa

‘aina kakahiaka.

‘Ae, maika‘i. Aia ka

i

Kimo:

i

Mahalo. Aue, ‘a‘ohe kopa‘a loko o keia ipu. Aia ke ‘eke hou ma lalo o ka pakaukau. E, loa‘a. E ho‘opiha a‘e au na ipu apau. i

i

Ha'awina ‘Umikumakolu

131

Kimo:

Lopaka. E ai pu kakou! ‘A‘ole hiki. E hele ana maua e ki‘i ko‘u ka‘a hou. iho, e ho‘i mai ana no maua e ‘ai.

2. Lilinoe:

Hiki no.

Mahalo. A,

Lilinoe:

c

eia a‘e ‘o

i

Ma ko

A hui hou.

Lilinoe hale ‘aina (ke a‘o

aku nei o

ia

ke kuene hou)

i

Lilinoe:

E

Ke

Hiki no, aka he Pake au. ‘A‘ohe o‘u ma‘a

kuene:

Lilinoe:

Ke

‘

kuene:

A‘ole

Ke kau

3.

hema

Ke

kuene:

E kau

‘oe

i

‘6

ka

i

keia ‘ano hana.

‘6

ma

luna o ke pa. Polo-

ma

luna o ke kawele

ma ka

‘ao‘ao

o ke pa.

me ka pahi? Waiho loko o ke kl‘aha? puna ma ke ‘ao‘ao ‘akau o ke pa, a kau i

ka pahi

ma waena o

A kau

ke kl‘aha wai

i

ke koiu, a

Kimo

E ho‘opiha ‘oe ke kopa‘a, ka makaukau ka pakaukau.

laua o

i

pa‘akai, a

Lopaka ka hale aina i

maua ‘o Lopaka. Maika‘i, ua makaukau ka laiki. He aha ko ‘olua makemake? Makemake au ‘elua hua moa ma luna o ka laiki. Hu ka ‘ono kela me ke koiu. Ke palai nei au ka na‘aukake PukikT. Makemake no ho‘i ‘oe? ‘Ae. A makemake ‘o Lopaka ka wai hua‘ai a me ke kope Hui, e Lilinoe, ua ho‘i mai

Lilinoe:

Kimo:

i

Lilinoe:

Kimo:

i

i

wale no. Lilinoe:

No

Kimo:

‘A‘ole.

Ma

ke aha mai? ‘A‘ole ‘o

Ua

‘ai

mua

‘o ia

ia pololi?

ma ka hale.

ko Kimo pa hale

Lehua:

E ‘Anakala Kimo,

Kimo: Kimo:

No ke aha mai? He aha ka pilikia, Ke pi‘i a‘e nei ku‘u popoki li‘ili‘i ‘A‘ole pilikia. Ua ma‘a ka popoki

Lehua:

‘A‘ole.

Lehua:

i

me ke puna. ma mua o ka pahi?

ke pa a

‘Ae, pololei kela.

Ho‘i mai ‘o

Kimo:

puna a me ka

ke

pehea ke puna a

me

4.

i

na pakaukau.

i

ho‘ike a‘e au ia ‘oe.

‘A‘ole loa! Aia ke

Lilinoe:

Lilinoe:

A

nei au

‘oe

‘a‘ole anei?

‘A‘ole!

kuene:

E

pilikia.

Lilinoe:

Ke

ho‘onoho

‘olu‘olu ‘oe, e

lei,

Ma hope

e hele

‘awiwl mai ‘oe e

pi

‘

i

a‘e ‘oe

i

luna e

waho

luna o ke

i

E

i

i

o ka hale!

Lehua?

kumu manako.

kela ‘ano hana.

ki‘i ia ia.

132

Ha‘awina ‘Umikumakolu

Ma hope iho,

Kimo:

‘A‘ole loal

Lehua:

Aka maka‘u

‘o ia

i

keia

Kimo:

Hu!

Lehua:

Pololei ‘oe, e ‘Anakala!

‘A‘ole au

lawe a‘e au

i

e ho‘i iho

‘Ilio

‘ike ia ia.

ana

nui ma‘o.

Tsa!

Ke

E

‘o ia

i

lalo.

.

hele aku ‘oe

waho

i

o ka pa! lalo.

E

and hiapo, telling her grownup brother and anxious to feed him.

to

ia ia

i

ho‘i iho nei ka popoki

i

loko o ka hale.

Dialog Notes Lilinoe

come

is

the typical big sister

in out of the rain

IV.

A. E heluhelu ‘oe

Aloha kakou,

e

EXERCISES

keia leka maia Tuti

i

i

kona ‘ohana

ma

Ni‘ihau

ku‘u ‘ohana!

Ke kakau nei au ia ‘oukou e ho‘ike ka‘u hana ma Honolulu nei. Ke noho nei au ka hokele Pagoda ma uka o ke kikowaena Ala Moana. Aia keia kikowaena ku‘ai ma waena o ke ala nui Kapi‘olani a me ke ala nui Ala Moana. Aia ‘o Ala Moana Paka ma kai aku o ke ala nui. Hu ka nui o na hale ku‘ai pipi‘ loa loko o Ala Moana. Ku wale no au waho a nana loko o ka puka aniani. Maka‘u au e hele loko o ka hale ku‘ai, no ka mea ‘a‘ole nui ka‘u kala, a hilahila no au e nana wale no keia me keia mea. Aka hele au loko o ka Food Court e ‘ai ka ‘aina awakea. Ku au ma waena o na mea ‘ai mai keia me keia wahi, a makemake au e ‘ai na mea apau. E hob aku ana au Kaua‘i keia mahina a‘e ma hope o ka‘u hana ma ke kula nui o Hawai‘i. E ‘olu‘olu ‘oukou e kakau mai ia‘u ma mua o ka nuhou ma keia manawa no ka mea makemake au e heluhelu i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

Ni‘ihau.

E malama pono ‘oukou! ‘O au iho no me ke aloha, Tuti

B.

E kakau ‘oe keia leka i

Aloha, I

‘olelo

Hawaii.

my dear family!

am

writing this letter to

Mealani and Street.

me ka

Men

I

let

you know

my

activities

nowadays.

are living in Hale Laulima on the seaward side of Dole

are also living in this dorm, but not in the (lumi)

rooms

Ha'awina ‘Umikumakolu

women! Every day

with

my

first class.

I

sit

I

buy breakfast

outside of

Moore

at

Hamilton Snack Bar

133 after

Hall and read the newspaper.

I go inside to listen to the Hawaiian tapes. I also study between my classes. Before dinner, I go down to Cooke Field to run. I don’t run very fast, but it’s a relaxing (ho ‘onanea) activity. In the evening after dinner, I do this and that and study. I have a lot of assignments.. Please write to me. I want pictures of you-all and my dog. Take care.

Afterwards

I

am, with

love,

Tuti

Mixed Review

C.

Translate into Hawaiian. 1

.

I’m leaving the mangoes inside the

refrigerator.

2.

The waiter

3.

6.

Leave the eggs on top of the stove. The hungry geckos are climbing up above the window. The lazy dogs are sleeping under the mango tree. I’m not hungry.

7.

They

8.

He doesn’t

4. 5.

is

looking for the shoyu.

(3) are not

embarrassed.

read the newspaper.

14.

I’m not working this month. There isn’t any fruit juice in (use locative) that glass. Give the milk to the cat in (use locative) this dish. Put a spoon in (use locative) the sugar bowl. Chinese people don’t like that kind of rice. This kind of mango is not that delicious.

15.

We (3,

9.

10. 1 1

.

12. 13.

exclusive) are afraid to eat that kind of chicken.

V.

VOCABULARY

— right (direction); north — side, page ‘eke — bag, purse (ke) hema — (direction); south hilahila — ashamed, embarrassed ho‘onoho — to (as a table) ho‘opiha — to hope — behind, back, ‘akau

‘ao‘ao

left

set

fill

after, later,

last (final)

hua moa

— egg

— to seek, to look for — container, cup, dish kai — seaward kapuahi — stove kau — to place, to put kawele — towel, napkin ke verb nei — present tense ‘imi

ipu

marker

— glass (container) — shoyu

kl‘aha

koiu

134

Ha'awina ‘Umikumakolu

— — kumu — tree — rice lalo — below, under loko — inside luna — above, on top of mahina — month, moon frightened maka‘u — afraid manako — mango mo‘a — cooked mua — before, in front

— fork — knife palai — to fry — to climb up pololi — hungry puka aniani — window puna — spoon (ke) uka — inland waena — between waho — outside waiho — to leave something, ‘6

kopa‘a sugar kuene waiter

pahi

laiki

pi‘i

of,

of, first,

to deposit

—

wai hua ‘ai waiu milk

previous

fruit juice

—

— —

nuhou news nupepa newspaper Idioms and Phrases

— Set the table. — am with regards (letter closing)

Ho‘onoho ka pakaukau. ‘O au iho no me ka aloha i

I

14 HA'AWINA UMIKUMAHA Comparative Sentences and Negative Imperative Sentences

BASIC SENTENCES

I.

1

.

‘Oi aku ka ‘ono o ka poi

mua o 2.

ka

ma

1

.

laiki.

Aia ke kopa‘a ka ipu i

ma

2.

mua ou. Mai hana

4.

‘Oi aku ko‘u ‘ike

‘ino

mai

‘oe ia‘u!

3.

maka ma

4.

mua ou.

delicious than

The sugar

is

in the

bowl

in

Don’t make fun of me!

My eyesight

is

better than

yours.

5.

Ke

6.

kau ana ke kikiki ma luna o kou ka‘a. Hu ka nui o kela ka‘a ma hope ona! Mai poina ‘oe ka ho‘iho‘i

7.

more

is

front of you.

3.

‘ike nei

e

Poi

rice.

no au

i

kela maka‘i

5.

I

ticket

i

6.

policeman putting a on top of your car.

see that

How big that car behind him is!

7.

i

Don’t forget

to return

it!

mai!

II.

1

.

EXPLANATIONS

Locatives with Singular Pronouns

Ha‘ awina 13 explained why locatives are followed by sives.

(sing.), or

i/ma

k-less o-posses

being discussed is in relationship to “me, you’ “him, her,” the k-less possessive forms are used:

If the location

+

locative

+

o ‘u

ou

ona

135

i

136

Ha‘awina ‘Umikumaha

ma mua ou.

Aia ke kopa‘a

The

sugar’s in front of you.

He aha keia mea ma mua o‘u*? What’s this thing in front of me?

Hu

ka nui o ke ka‘a

Wow,

2.

ma hope ona!

the size of the car in back of him!

Comparative Sentences

To compare

a quality belonging to two subjects, use the following pat-

terns: ‘Oi aku ka quality o

A ma mua o B.

‘Oi aku ka ‘ono o ka poi Poi

OR

is

more

ma mua o ka laiki.

delicious than rice.

‘Oi aku ko

A quality ma mua o B.

‘Oi aku ko Tutu akamai ma mua o kana mo‘opuna. Tutu is wiser than her grandchild.

‘Oi aku ko

Kimo

is

Kimo mau makahiki ma mua o Lopaka.

older than Lopaka.

‘Oi aku kou

makapo ma mua

o Pua.

You’re blinder than Pua. If the

person

who

possesses the lesser

amount

she,” follow the pattern in explanation

‘Oi aku ko Nalei

hupo

Nalei’s stupidity

is

is

“I,

you

(sing.), he,

ma mua o‘u. ma mua ou.

are richer than you.

‘Oi aku ko ke kuene ‘olu‘olu

The

(B)

above:

greater than mine.

‘Oi aku ko lakou waiwai

They

1

waiter

If the quality

more

is

ma mua ona.

polite than

being compared

is

he

is.

“how good”

(maika‘i),

it

is

commonly

omitted: ‘Oi aku (ka maika‘i o) ko‘u ‘ike

My eyesight

is

maka ma mua

‘Oi aku (ka maika‘i o) ke ‘ano Pake

Chinese

style

ou.

better than yours.

is

ma mua o ke

better than haole style.

‘ano haole.

mmnii

*

138

Ha‘awina ‘Umikumaha

3.

Negative Imperatives

To make negative imperative

sentences, simply replace

e

(imperative

marker) with mai:

E

4.

Mai

hele ‘oe!

Go!

hele ‘oe!

Don’t go!

Medial E Verb Ana This pattern can occur within complex sentences: 5.

‘Ike au ia ia e I

see

him

hiamoe ana.

sleeping.

Mai maka‘u ka mo‘o e pi‘i ana ma kou wawae. Don’t be afraid of the gecko climbing up your leg. i

Ho‘iho‘i

You have already learned

return. This word cannot be used with about returning something or somebody (bringing someone back), the form to use is ho‘iho‘i. We will discuss objects.

If

you are

ho‘i, to

telling

other verbs like this in Ha‘awina 15.

III.

1.

Ma ko Pua

DIALOGS

hale

ma luna o ka pakaukau.

Kale:

E Pua, mai waiho

Pua:

ka ipu ma luna o ke kapuahi. He aha ka mea loko o kena ipu? ‘O ka laiki wale no. ‘Ono au ka hua moa ma luna o ka wela me ke koiu. I ku‘u mana‘o, ‘oi aku ka ‘ono o ka poi ma mua o ka laiki.

Kale:

Pua: Kale:

Pua:

‘

Ae, e kau a‘e au

‘oe

i

ka ipu wela

i

i

i

‘

Ai au

i

ka poi

me

ke kopa‘a a

Pua:

ku‘u wa kamali‘i, ua ‘ai au A pehea keia manawa?

Kale:

‘A‘ole. ‘Oi

Kale:

I

i

laiki

me ka waiu. keia ‘ano poi.

i

aku ka poi

me

ka ‘opihi

ma mua

o ka poi

kopa‘a.

Pua:

‘A‘ohe o‘u ‘ono

Kale:

Laki no

‘oe,

i

ka

‘opihi.

no ka mea

pipi‘ i loa

ka ‘opihi

i

keia

mau

la.

me

ke

Ha'awina ‘Umikumaha

139

2.

Ma ko

Lilinoe hale ‘aina

E

Kimo:

Lilinoe, e

ka‘a hou

Hu

Lilinoe:

nana aku

ma mua o

‘oe

waho o ka puka

i

ka nani! ‘Oi aku ka nui o keia

mua,

aniani. Aia ko‘u

ka hale ‘aina.

hou

k'a‘a

ma mua o

ke ka‘a

‘a‘ole anei?

Kimo:

‘Ae, a

Lilinoe:

‘A‘ole pilikia.

Kimo:

Aia hea ke kopa‘a?

Lilinoe:

E Makapo, aia ka Mai hana ‘ino mai

‘oi

aku ka pipi

E inu

‘

no

i

ho‘i!

iho ‘oe

i

kau kope!

i

i

Kimo:

ipu

ma mua ou! aku ko‘u

‘oe ia‘u! ‘Oi

‘ike

maka ma mua

ou. 3. Lilinoe:

‘Oia paha aka, ke kikiki

no au

i

kela maka‘i e kau

Lilinoe:

Kimo:

‘A‘ole ‘oe

i

Lilinoe:

‘A‘ole ‘oe

i

Luika hale

ha‘i

mai

i

Honolulu

mau

Kimo ma.

E Pua,

Hu

Luika:

‘O kona ka‘a hou

Pua:

He mea

Luika:

‘Ae, a hele

Pua:

‘Oi aku paha ke kalaka

Luika:

‘A‘ole paha, no ka

Pua: Luika:

‘O wai keia kaikamahine ma waena o ke ‘O ka muli loa kela, ‘o Lieka.

Pua:

Lo‘ihi loa ‘o

Luika:

Hiki no, aka mai poina ‘oe e ho‘iho‘i mai!

Pua:

‘A‘ole au e poina.

e

nana mai

‘oe

ka nui o kela ka‘a

i

keia

ki‘i

ma hope ona!

kela.

Hau‘oli loa ‘o

maika‘i ke ka‘a nui, no ka

mau

ia!

lakou

o

i

mea

ia.

mea

‘ano nui kona ‘ohana.

Hilo.

ma mua o

ke ka‘a.

nui loa ka ua

Makemake au

i

Hilo.

e ho‘ike

i

ki‘i?

na

ki‘i ia

Kale.

ko Lilinoe hale ‘aina

kuene:

Lilinoe:

Ke

ke

ia‘u!

Luika:

Ke

i

nlnau mai!

4. Pua:

Ma

ana

ka‘a.

Aue no ho‘i e! No ke aha la? No ka mea ua kapu kela wahi.

Kimo:

Ma ko

‘ike nei

ma luna o kou

kuene:

E Lilinoe, aia ka mo‘o nui ma luna o ka puka aniani. Mai maka‘u ‘oe. A‘ole ‘o ia e ‘ai ana ia ‘oe. Mai ho‘ohenehene mai ‘oe ia‘u. Ua maka‘u au ka mo‘o ‘

i

mai ku‘u wa kamali‘i mai. Lilinoe:

‘Oia no? Makemake loa ko‘u kaikaina na mo‘o. Waiho ‘o ka wai loko o ke kl‘aha li‘ili‘i, a hele mai lakou e inu. i

ia

Ke

kuene:

i

A pehea,

i

ha‘awi paha

‘o ia

i

ka

mea

‘ai?

t

140

‘Ae,

Lilinoe:

Ke

kuene: kuene:

Lilinoe:

Ke

kuene:

Lau

‘o ia

i

ke kele

kuawa ma luna o ke pa li‘ili‘i

‘Aue, ‘ano pupule paha ‘o

loa.

ia.

aku kona akamai ma mua ou. ‘A‘ole paha. He aha kana hana? He kumu ‘olelo Hawai‘i ‘o ia ma ke kula nui o Hawai‘i. Tsa, pololei no au. ‘Ano pupule ‘o ia. E,

Lilinoe:

Ke

Ha‘awina ‘Umikumaha

mai

‘olelo pela! ‘Oi

Dialog Notes Poi mixed with sugar and milk

is a poi cocktail and was often fed to and Kimo have a teasing relationship; Makapo (night eyes) is an insulting name to call someone who doesn’t see the obvious. Perhaps Pua feeds geckoes because they are her ‘aumakua, a family god in animal form. Take care of your ‘aumakua and your ‘aumakua will

babies. Lilinoe

take care of you.

IV.

A. Comparative

EXERCISES

Sentences

Translate into Hawaiian. 1

.

2. 3. 4. 5.

Cloth napkins are more expensive than paper napkins. His eyes are bigger than his stomach.

Pork is more delicious than beef. Cats are smarter than dogs. (Use ka, not na. His wife was more embarrassed than he was.

8.

Gas (ea) stoves are better than electric stoves. You are probably hungrier than I am. The gecko is more afraid than you are.

9.

This glass

6. 7.

10.

1 1

.

12.

is

prettier than that.

There are more English language newspapers than Japanese language newspapers. (The number of English newspapers is more than Japanese papers.) Waimea is colder than Kawaihae.

The

13. Fish

thieves (‘aihue) are smarter than the cops. is

more

14.

This haku

15.

The

delicious than beef.

lei is

more

dog’s head (po‘o

beautiful than the wili is

bigger than the

lei.

rat’s.

Ha'awina ‘Umikumaha 16. 17. 18. 19.

20.

B.

141

The

sea at Ka‘a‘awa is calmer (malie) than at Pupukea. Haole kids are more inquisitive (mele) than Hawaiian kids. Sissy Spacek is skinnier than Bo Derek. Old women are more “rascal” than girls. Michel’s Restaurant is more expensive than McDonald’s.

Mixed Patterns

Translate into Hawaiian. ‘Eleu:

Waiter, take back this chicken, please;

Ke kuene: ‘Eleu:

Okay; I’ll show the boss. Don’t pick on him! I’m not picking on him, but

Ha‘aheo:

It’s

Ha‘aheo:

it

isn’t

cooked.

I don’t like raw chicken. Chinese style. Haole style is better than Chinese style. II that’s the case, don’t go to a Chinese restaurant. There’s Kentucky Fried Chicken over there, on the other (held) side

‘Eleu:

Ha‘aheo:

not raw.

It’s

of the street.

V.

VOCABULARY

—

hana ‘ino to abuse, mistreat, do evil, torment, pick on,

make fun

of

— to return something — to tease ‘ike maka — eyesight, eye witness kapu — reserved, forbidden kele — jam

ho‘iho‘i

ho‘ohenehene

jelly,

Ql*>l

X)

— ticket — guava mai — don’t! (verb) makapo — blind — to excel, protrude, stick out ‘ono — to crave poina — to forget pupule — crazy kikiki

kuawa

‘oi

15 HA‘AWINA ‘UMIKUMALIMA Verb Classes and Stative Verbs with Causatives

I.

1.

2.

E E

BASIC SENTENCES

ana maua ‘o Laua‘e. ho‘iho‘i ana au ke ka‘a ho‘i

1.

2.

i

Laua‘e and I are returning. I’m returning the new car.

hou. 3.

E ho‘au‘au aku au

ia ia.

3.

I’ll

4.

Uahamama nona puka

4.

The windows

bathe him. are

still

open.

aniani. 5.

E wehe

6.

Ua pa‘a na puka apau.

7.

‘A‘ole ‘o ia

a‘e

kaua ka puka.

5.

We’ll open the door.

6.

All the doors are closed.

7.

She didn’t close the windows.

ki.

8.

Maybe

o ka

9.

He’s hiding outside the door.

ke ka‘a.

10.

i

pani

i

na puka

i

aniani. 8.

Ua huna paha

9.

E

‘o ia

pe‘e ana ‘o ia

i

i

ke

waho

she hid the key.

puka. 10.

Ua make

‘o

Koko

i

Koko

died by

means

of the

car.

11.

Kaulana keia ‘ano

‘Ilio

i

ka

11.

kind of dog

is

famous

for

being good-natured.

lokomaika‘i. 12.

Th is

Pau ka mane‘o ka i

he‘I

maka.

12.

The

itching

is

cured by

(using) green papaya.

II.

1

.

EXPLANATIONS

Verb Classes

Hawaiian verbs may be divided intransitive, and stative.

into three general classes: transitive,

142

Ha'awina ‘Umikumalima Transitive

143

verbs describe actions that the subject does to something or

someone else. The receiver of the action is the direct object of the sentence. Although the direct object is not always expressed, it is always possible to do so.

No

na

‘Ai

object:

The Object:

na

‘Ai

The Intransitive

keiki

ma ke kula.

children eat at school. keiki

i

ka ‘aina awakea

ma ke

kula.

children eat lunch at school.

verbs describe actions that are limited to the subject, such

as walking, sleeping, sitting. Since the subject

something or someone

not doing anything to

is

intransitive verbs do not have direct

else,

objects. ho‘i ana maua ‘o Laua‘e. Laua‘e and I are returning.

E

Ua hiamoe na haumana The

i

ka papa.

students slept in class.

Students sometimes confuse certain transitive and intransitive Hawai-

happens when an English verb that can function both Hawaiian verbs.

ian verbs. This

ways

is

translated by two different

Intransitive:

ho iho

Intransitive:

We bathe our dogs every week. We bathe every night.

Transitive: Intransitive:

c

i

c

ho

The boy hid the kitten in his room, The boy hid from the police.

Transitive:

2.

c

She returned the book last week, She returned last week.

Transitive:

i

huna pe‘e

ho‘au‘au ‘au‘au

Stative Verbs with Causatives

Stative

verbs describe the state or condition of the subject (Ha‘awina

no action happening

Because there

is

However,

it

is

common

The cause

is

attached to the sentence after the subject, using

mon nouns and is

id

to express the

at all, there is

no direct

5).

object.

cause of the state or condition.

with proper nouns and pronouns

(

ia (

i

u for

with com-

“me”).

It

easy to mistranslate these sentences because the cause markers are

identical to the direct object markers.

Ua make ka wahine kana kane. The woman died by means of her husband. NOT The woman killed her husband. i

:

144

It is

Ha'awina ‘Umikumalima also easy to mistranslate in the other direction:

= Ua pau ka hana

finished the work.

I

NOT: Ua pau

au

i

ia‘u.

kahana! (The work finished me!)

Sometimes we confuse Hawaiian stative verbs with transitive verbs; this happens when an English word that serves both functions has different Hawaiian equivalents. Transitive:

Open

Stative:

The door

Transitive:

The teacher closed The door is closed.

Stative: It is

helpful to

wehe

the door.

know

to

is

open,

which

hamama the door,

class a

pani

pa

‘

verb belongs when discussing the

and passive markers (see Ha‘awina 16). Following is a classification of all the verbs used in this book through Ha‘awina 14. Verbs that function in more than one class are cross-listed. All vocabulary lists beginning with Ha‘awina 15 will label verbs as transitive (vt), intransitive (vi), or stative (vs). Pukui and distribution of verb markers, direct objects,

Elbert, in the Hawaiian Dictionary (1986), also use this system.

Compound

verbs, which are listed separately here, are transitive

verbs with direct objects attached to them, and are used to describe

common

Because the direct object do not take direct objects.

activities.

into the verb, they

is

already incorporated

Transitive ‘ae (agree)

ho‘oponopono

mahalo

aloha

‘ike

a‘o

‘imi

makemake malama

kalaiwa

mana‘o minamina nana

kali

nlnau

hapai helu

kanu kau

‘olelo

heluhelu

kelepona

pa‘ani

ho‘iho‘i

kipa

palai

ho‘ike

kokua

pane

ho‘ohenehene ho‘olimalima

komo

poina

kono ku

poke pule

ku‘ai

waiho

ha‘awi

inu

ha‘i

kakau

hana hana

‘ino

ho‘olohe

ho‘omakaukau ho‘onoho

lawe

ho‘opiha

lohe

‘ono

145

Ha'awina ‘Umikumalima

Compound Verbs he‘enalu

ku‘i ‘opihi

ho‘opa‘a ha‘awina

‘olelo

Hawai

>

Intransitive ‘au‘au

holoholo

‘oi

hele

ku

pa

hiamoe

lu‘u

hiki

moe

puka ua

ho‘i

ne‘e

pii

holo

noho

Stative

akamai anu

laki

nui

li‘ili‘i

ola

‘eha

lo‘ihi

‘

emi

lokomaika‘i

‘oma‘ima

hau‘oli

ma‘a

‘ono

hemahema

maika‘i

pau

hilahila

maka makapo

pipii

hoka hou

olu olu ‘

piha

maka‘u makaukau make

pololei

huhu hupo ikaika

malie

pono

kahiko

maluhiluhi

pupule

kapu kaulana

mau

u‘i

kaumaha

mo‘a moloa

kolohe

momona

waiwai wela wTwT

ku

nuha

III.

1

.

pololi

pomaika‘i

DIALOGS

Ma ke kelepona ma Hawaii

Kimo:

E

Lilinoe:

Maika‘i; hau‘oli

Lilinoe, e ho‘i

ma‘anei?

ana maua ‘o Laua‘e Hilo ka la ‘apopo. mau au e ‘ike ia ‘olua. He hana paha kau i

146

Ha‘awina ‘Umikumalima

*

Kimo:

‘Ae, e ho‘iho‘i ana au

Lilinoe:

Aue!

Kimo:

Ua

Lilinoe:

Tsa!

Kimo:

‘A‘ole.

No ke

i

ke ka‘a hou.

He

aha mai?

pilikia nui?

pa‘a na puka hope. Ho‘a‘o

makou

wehe

e

i

na puka aka,

a‘olehiki.

hiki.

He ho‘opaumanawa keia. ‘O ia wale no ka pilikia? Makemake makou e pani na puka aniani aka, ‘a‘ole Ua hamama no! i

Lilinoe:

‘A‘ole pilikia; ‘a‘ole nui ka ua

Kimo:

E,

mai ho‘ohenehene mai

i

ia‘u.

Kona.

He

ka‘a hou keia, a pipi

‘

i

no

ho‘i.

Lilinoe:

‘Ae, pololei; e

Kimo:

‘A‘ohe o‘u ho‘iho‘i

2.

Ma ko

ho‘oponopono ana lakou

makemake

mai

i

i

keia ka‘a.

E

ke ka‘a?

i

noi ana au ia lakou e

ka‘u kala.

Lilinoe hale

Kimo:

Hui,

Laua‘e:

‘

no maua! pane mai ana. ‘Ae, a ua pa‘a na puka apau.

Kimo:

e Lilinoe, eia

A‘ole ‘o

ia e

Ua

paha

hele

‘o ia

i

ka hale

ku‘ai.

E

no kaua. na puka aniani. E

Laua‘e:

‘A‘ole pilikia.

Kimo:

‘A‘ole ‘o ia

Laua‘e:

puka aniani hamama a wehe ka puka. ‘A‘ole loa! E ‘imi a‘e kaua ke kl. Ua huna paha

Kimo:

ma waho o ka hale. ‘Ae, pololei ‘oe. Ua

i

kali

pani

i

pi

‘

i

a‘e au

i

loko o ka

i

i

poina au; aia ke kl

ma

‘o ia

i

ke kT

loko o keia ipu

pua.

Laua‘e:

3.

Ma

Maika‘i.

E wehe

a‘e

kaua ka puka a ho‘iho‘i i

ke

kl.

ko Pua hale

Pua: Luika:

E Pua, he ‘Tlio hou ka ‘olua! Ae; ua make ‘o Koko ke ka‘a. Aloha ‘ino! He minamina no! A he aha

Pua:

He kahuhipa

Luika:

i

i

‘

ke‘oke‘o ‘o

ia.

keia ‘ano

Kaulana

‘Tlio?

keia ‘ano

‘Tlio

i

ka

lokomaika‘i.

Ae, a he nani no

ma luna ona. me ke kopa ‘uku.

Aka, nui na ‘uku

Luika:

‘

Pua:

‘Oia? Aue, e ho‘au‘au aku au

‘o ia.

ia ia

Luika:

‘Ae, no ka mea, he pilikia nui ina hele na ‘uku

Pua:

E,

Mane‘o

Luika:

nahu ‘uku. ‘Ae, aka, pau ka mane‘o ka he‘T maka.

Pua:

‘Oia‘i‘o no? ‘A‘ole au

Luika:

‘Ae, he

e.

i

loko o ka hale.

loa ka

i

mea

i

ho‘olu‘olu

lohe i

mua

i

keia ‘ano hana.

na nahu apau.

147

Ha‘awina ‘Umikumalima 4.

Ma ke

kula nui

i

Manoa

Niele:

E Pua, pehea ka hana ma ke kula

Pua:

‘Ano maluhiluhi au i keia ‘ano hana. Pehea? ‘A‘ole maika‘i na haumana?'

Niele:

nei?

‘A‘ole, ‘a‘ole; maikVi lakou, a ‘olu‘olu no ho‘i; aka, kaulana no na‘e lakou ka moloa! Ua lohe au ‘oi aku ka moloa o na kumu. E, mai hana ‘ino ‘oe. I ka po me ke ao, hana mau makou. Tsa, ‘o ia ka pilikia! Mai hana ‘oe ka manawa apau! E holoholo ‘oe Manoa Gardens ma hope o ka papa. Pololei paha. E hele a‘e au a inu me ka‘u mau haumana; he hana nanea paha keia. ‘Ae, a pau kou maluhiluhi ka ho‘onanea.

Pua:

i

Niele:

Pua: Niele:

i

i

Pua: Niele:

5.

Ma

i

ka papa ‘olelo Hawaii

Ke kumu: Hopoe:

E Hopoe, aia hea ‘o ‘Eleu? E pe‘e ana ‘o ia waho o ka puka.

Ke kumu:

No

Hopoe:

‘Ae. ‘A‘ole ‘o ia

Ke kumu:

Tsa!

‘Eleu:

ma‘a keia ‘ano hana. ‘O makou pu! Aka, e ho‘a‘o kakou! ‘O ia ka mea nui. keia ‘olelo no‘eau, “A‘a ka ‘Ae. Ua ‘olelo na kupuna hula; waiho ka hilahila ka hale.” He aha ka mana‘o o keia ‘olelo no‘eau? Eia ka mana‘o: mai maka‘u ‘oe e ho‘a‘o ka mea hou.

i

i

ke aha la?

E

Ua hilahila

‘Eleu, e

‘o ia?

makemake e komo mai ‘oe

hula. e

hula

‘A‘ole. Hilahila loa au. ‘A‘ohe o‘u

Ke kumu: Hopoe:

me makou. i

i

i

i

i

‘Eleu:

Ke kumu:

i

‘Ae, pololei keia.

‘Eleu:

E hula kakou!

Dialog Notes

The

focus here

papaya

is

is

on

folk

wisdom.

First

useful for soothing insect bites.

some medicinal advice: green Meat tenderizer, the modern

substitute, is made with papaya enzymes. This is followed by a proverb encouraging us to leave embarrassment at home and dare to dance; in other words, don’t let embarrassment keep you from learning something new. For more proverbs see Pukui, 1983, ‘Olelo No ‘eau.

148

Ha‘awina ‘Umikumalima IV.

EXERCISES

A. Translate this story into standard English.

Ua hamama

na puka o ko makou hale pule ka po me ke ao. ‘A‘ole makou pani na puka no ka mea, makemake paha na kanaka e komo loko keia me keia manawa. Hele mai na ‘opiopio ma mua a ma hope o i

i

i

i

ke kula, a noho lakou

Malama pono

lakou

i

me ka lanai no ka mea, nui ka ua ma Kahalu‘u. ka hale pule; ‘a‘ole lakou hana ‘ino me ke kakau i

‘olelo.

ua komo ka popoki li‘ili‘i loa loko o ka hale pule. Ho‘a‘o au e (catch) ia ia aka, ua holo ‘awlwl ‘o ia a pe‘e ma hope o ka ‘okana (organ). Aue, maka‘u loa ‘o ia ia‘u. Ma hope iho, ua puka a‘e waho a pi‘i a‘e luna o ke kumu niu (coconut) lo‘ihi ‘o ia a holo aku loa. ‘A‘ole ‘o ia ho‘i iho lalo. I ka po me ke ao, noho pa‘a ‘o ia a ue! (cry) I keia kakahiaka, ua hiki mai ka maka‘i e kokua, a ‘imi ‘o ia ka popoki e pe‘e ana ma luna ona. Aka, ‘a‘ole maika‘i kona ‘ike maka. ‘Oi aku ka ‘ike maka o ka popoki ma mua ona, a ‘a‘ole ‘o ia puka. Ua ho‘i aku ka maka‘i ka hale maka‘i. Ma hope iho, ua ho‘i iho ka popoki lalo no ka mea, pololi loa ‘o ia. Hau‘oli loa na hoa noho apau. I

nehinei,

i

hopu

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

B. Stative Verbs with Causatives Translate these sentences.

5.

Ua pa‘a ka puka ka makani. Ua pau ka hale ke ahi. Ua mane‘o ko‘u mau lima ka lau manako. Ua kaulana ‘o Hilo ka ua nui. Ua nanea kou maka ka inu pia.

6.

Kaua‘i

7.

My hand is sore from the hot water.

1

.

2.

3. 4.

8. 9.

10. 1 1

.

i

i

i

i

i

is

famous

for papayas.

The students are sulky because of the big assignment. The mother is tired because of the rascal behavior of her The waiter is mad because of the mistreatment. The bird is dead on account of the hungry cat.

C. Transitive

and

child.

Intransitive Verbs

Translate these sentences. 1

.

E

ho‘iho‘i

kula.

mai ana ko‘u kaikua‘ana

i

ka‘u

mau

keiki

ma

hope o ke

150

Ha'awina ‘Umikumalima

2.

E ho‘au‘au

a‘e ka‘u

3.

Ua pe‘e na

‘iole

4.

E huna aku

5.

kane

i

na

‘Tlio.

ma lalo o ke kapuahi.

‘oe ka mea‘ono loko o ka pahu hau. ‘Au ‘au na haole ke kakahiaka aka, makemake na Hawai‘i ke ahiahi ma mua o ka hiamoe. Don’t forget to come back home this evening. Kamohoali‘i brought back the truck after work. Kamapua‘a hid under the taro at Kaluanui. Don’t forget to hide the key outside the house. I’m returning this car because it died during the first trip. i

i

i

e ‘au‘au

i

6.

10. 7.

8. 9.

VOCABULARY

V.

— nevertheless nahu a bite — to nanea (vs) — relaxed, absorbed,

— day (daylight hours) hamama (vs) — to be open L he‘I — papaya ho‘a‘o — to try ho‘au‘au — to bathe (with ao

na‘e

r

(vt)

engrossed, mellow

(vt)

— to request, ask for — saying, proverb ‘opiopio — youth, youngster, juvenile pa‘a (vs) — stuck, closed; to be

noi (vt)

(vt)

object)

‘olelo

ho‘olu‘olu (vt)

make

— to soothe, to

comfortable, to ease

ho‘onanea

— to relax, to kick

(vi)

back, to mellow out

ho‘opaumanawa

—

(vt;

(vt)

pani

—

— to hide (with object) —

pe‘e (vi)

— to close, to shut, to

— to hide oneself

(no object)

puka

(vi)

— to emerge, come out;

door ‘uku flea

(not ripe)

—

— itchy

mane‘o

(vs)

mea

— main thing, important

nui

(vt)

turn off

kahuhipa shepherd kopa soap

maka (vs) — green

no‘eau

shut

compound)

to waste time

huna

bite,

wehe

(vt)

— to open

Idioms and Phrases ‘a‘a

i

ka hula; waiho

ness at

ka po

i

ka hilahila

i

ka hale

— dare to dance; leave shy-

home

me ke

ao

— night and day

makou pu — us too ‘O ia ka mea nui. — That’s

(all

the time)

‘o

the

main

thing. That’s what’s important.

REVIEW

4

HO HOPE EHA I

I.

SUMMARY OF CONTENTS IN HA'AWINA 13-15

A. Major Patterns 1

.

Locatives c

a.

Simple locatives, plus

b.

Locatives with verbs of motion

c.

Locatives with

d.

Time

e.

Mua and

o ‘u, ou,

‘ao‘ao ‘akau,

ona

locatives (ma mua, mahope)

hope as adverbs

4.

Comparative sentences (including Ke verb nei sentences Verb classes

5.

Stative verbs with causatives

2. 3.

ao‘ao hema

o ‘u, ou,

ona )

B. Other Features 1

.

Negative imperative sentences c

2.

(

3.

o ‘u

X

5.

Mau, paha, no Medial e verb ana clauses

6.

Compound

4.

(

Verbless negative sentences ( a ohe Kelt ano

verbs (no direct objects)

151

makemake)

152

kw

Ho‘i

'*/h II.

A. Comparative

Hope ‘Eha

EXERCISES

Sentences

Translate. 1

.

2. 3. 4. 5.

Russ Francis’s father is stronger than he is. Hiram Fong is richer than you are. Kaleo’s mother is fatter than my mother. My students are lazier than I am. Hawaiian food is more filling (ma‘ona) than Japanese

food.

B. Locatives

^

Translate. 1

.

2.

under the newspaper on top of the rice

3. in front

of him

14.

back of me inside you behind us (3, inclusive) outside the door inland of the church seaward of the road on the right side of the table Your cat is climbing on top of the car. The book is in front of you. Mama is inside the house frying chicken. We (3, exclusive) have already eaten.

15.

They

4. in 5.

6. 7.

8.

9.

10. 1 1

.

12. 13.

KT

(3) are arriving after dinner.

C. Stative Verbs with Causatives Translate. 1

.

2. 3. 4. 5.

6. 7.

Ua piha ku‘u ‘opu ka ‘ai manako. Ua huhu ‘o Tutu ia‘u. Ua maluhiluhi ka makuahine ka hana nui. Ua kaulana ‘o Kamehameha I ke akamai. Ua ma‘a makou kela ‘ano hana. i

i

i

i

The life (ea) of the land continues because of righteousness. The woman is dead because of her crazy husband.

Hope Eha l

Ho‘i

8. 10. 9.

The

girls

We (3, The

153

are embarrassed by the boys’ mischievous behavior.

by love. hungry cat.

inclusive) are blessed

birds are afraid of the

D. Miscellaneous Translate. 1

.

2.

You I

(2) didn’t listen

heard the telephone number of the store on TV.

3.

The

4.

We (3,

10. 5.

kids will carry the

7.

9.

The

heavy bundles. all weekend.

exclusive) study

Do you know

6. Fill all

8.

properly to the teacher.

the people

who

are

moving

in (use

mai )?

the glasses with milk.

waiter is taking back (returning) the raw eggs. Don’t swim after lunch. Don’t return that kind of can (kini). I don’t like that kind of shoyu (use a verbless sentence).

16 HA‘AWINA ‘UMIKGmAONO Passive Voice

I.

1

.

Ua a‘o

‘ia ‘o ia e

2.

makuahine. Ua lawe ‘ia aku Lopaka.

3.

Ua ho‘iho‘i

‘ia

BASIC SENTENCES

ka

1.

‘o ia e

ke ka‘a e ia

i

2.

He was

3.

The

6.

Ua hana mua

‘ia

na kope

e

4.

Ua

‘ike paha ‘ia ka ‘aihue e na hoa noho? A‘ole ho‘iho‘i ‘ia mai ke

5.

car was returned by

him

The copies have made by me.

already been

Perhaps the thief was seen by the neighbors?

i

‘

taken by Lopaka.

yesterday.

a‘u. 5.

taught by his (the)

mother.

nehinei. 4.

He was

6.

The money wasn’t

7.

Various dishes (foods) are

returned.

kala. 7.

Ke ho‘omakaukau ‘ia nei kela me keia mea ‘ai e ke kuene

being prepared by the

hou. 8. 9.

E lawe ‘ia mai ana ka pizza. E ‘imi ‘ia ana no ‘o ia e na maka‘i

10.

‘

.

8.

The

pizza will be delivered.

9.

He

being sought by the

ma Kona.

A‘ole ‘o

ia

kekahi ka‘a 1 1

new

waiter.

i

ku‘ai

is

police in

mai

i

Kona.

10.

He hasn’t bought

1 1

We always help each other.

another

car.

‘e a‘e.

Kokua mau no kakou kekahi

i

.

kekahi. 12. 13.

‘A‘ohe ona mau ka‘a. Ua ho‘opa‘a ‘ia ‘elua mau hola ma ka lumi ho‘opa‘a

12. 13.

He doesn’t have any cars. Two hours have been reserved at the

lipine.

154

taping room.

minimi

Ha'awina ‘Umikumaono

156

II.

1

.

EXPLANATIONS

Passive Voice Sentences

Hawaiians are often more interested in the final outcome of an action, who performs it. This is expressed through the use of passive voice sentences in which the subject receives the action. The subject is literally “passive.” This is in contrast to the sentences you have been making so far with action verbs (transitive and intransitive verbs) where the subject has been “active,” doing the action; those sentences are rather than

active voice sentences.

Past, Active:

Ua a‘o kona makuahine

Past, Passive:

Ua a‘o ‘ia ‘o ia e kona makuahine. He was taught by his mother.

Present, Active:

Ke

ia ia.

His mother taught him.

a‘o nei kona

H is mother

is

makuahine

ia ia.

teaching him.

Present, Passive:

Ke a‘o ‘ia nei ‘o ia e kona makuahine. He is being taught by his mother.

Future, Active:

E

a‘o ana

H

is

Future, Passive:

As shown by

kona makuahine ia ia. mother will teach him. E a‘o ‘ia ana ‘o ia e kona makuahine. He will be taught by his mother.

the examples above,

present, or future time. “Passive”

but to the

refer to time,

ROLE the subject plays in the sentence.

Passive sentences are the verb (or adverb, the action

passive sentences can be past,

and “active” do not

is

if

the agent

made by

there

and

is

is

including the passive marker

one).

The person

or animal

attached to the sentence with

‘ia

after

who performs e.

It is

rare for

inanimate objects to be agents. Passive sentences do not have direct objects, because the subject is not acting on anything else, but instead is being acted upon. In fact, if you start with an active sentence and transform it into a passive sentence, you will find that the direct object of the active sen-

tence becomes the subject of the passive sentence. active sentence

The

subject of the

becomes the agent of the passive sentence.

Active:

Verb ‘Ai

The dog (subject)

Subject ka ‘Ilio

eats the food (direct object).

Direct Object

ikamea‘ai.

Ha'awina ‘Umikumaono Passive:

The

food (subject)

See Exercise

E

is

157

Verb

Subject

Agent

‘Ai ‘ia

kamea‘ai

e

ka

‘Tlio.

eaten by the dog (agent).

making

in this lesson for practice in

these transforma-

tions.

As with other prepositions, e and by ia (e ia) for “by him/her.”

Ua hana mua

is

followed by a‘u

(e

a‘u) for

“by me”

na kope e a‘u. The copies have already been made by me.

Ua ho‘iho‘i The

car

‘ia

‘ia

ke ka‘a e

ia.

was returned by him.

made passive because there is no However, since the English equivalent sentences are often passive, some speakers, to be “correct,” use the Hawaiian passive marker ‘ia after some stative verbs. Most of these speakers still attach the cause with i/ia rather than with the agent marker e. Logically, stative verbs cannot be

action involved.

2.

Kekahi

This word means “a, one, a certain, other, another.” Unlike he, it can occur within sentences. It is more specific than he and is similar in use to the pidgin English “one,” as in “I like one cookie” (I want a cookie).

Here are some examples of ways

kekahi

is

used:

— another book, a different book — each other kekahi mau puke — some books loa kekahi kane, a pupuka kekahi — one man was

kekahi puke

kekahi

i

‘e a‘e

kekahi

u‘i

i

i

some, the other was ugly kekahi manawa once upon a time, kekahi la one day,

—

Kekahi story

3.

is

—

.

.

one time (once)

.

learned most easily by seeing

“Ka U‘i

at

very hand-

it

Palaualelo” in this lesson

used is

in different contexts.

The

a good start.

Mau

In negative possessive sentences, the use of the

meaning of “not any.” ‘A‘ohe ona

mau

He doesn’t

have any

ka‘a. cars.

mau

(plural marker) gives

Ha'awina ‘Umikumaono

158

The

use of mau after numbers

Ua ho‘opa‘a

‘ia

mau

‘elua

Two hours have been

optional but

is

common.

hola.^

reserved.

‘Elima a laua mau keiki. They have five children.

4.

Word Order in Verb Phrases

You have learned

at least

into a verb phrase.

Now

one example of

the trick

to put

is

the elements that can go

all

them together

Here

not

the elements need be used in every verb phrase.

all

Tense Aspect

Ua

is

+

Passive

+ Aspect + no

tional

4-

Subject

no

wale

ana

mau

a‘e

nei

‘ia

iho

etc.

III.

Ma ko

+

mai aku

paha,

.

Of course,

Tense

Direc-

+ Verb + Adverb mua

E Ke

1

in the correct

a diagram of the word order in verb phrases.

order.

DIALOGS

Lilinoe hale ‘aina

Lilinoe:

Aue no hob

Ke

Ina pela, e hob aku ‘oe

kuene:

e!

Maluhiluhi no au keia kakahiaka. ka hale. ‘A‘ole nui ka hana i

i

ma‘anei. Lilinoe:

Ua kuke

Ke

‘Ae, a ke

kuene:

‘ia

ka

laiki?

ho‘omakaukau

keia

‘ia nei

me

keia

mea

‘ai e

ke

kuene hou. Lilinoe:

‘Oia‘i‘o no?

Ke

‘Ae, ua a‘o

kuene:

Ua makaukau ‘ia ‘o ia e

mama Hong Kong i

‘o ia

i

keia ‘ano hana?

Ua lawe ‘ia aku kona kona wa kamali‘i. Ma‘a loa ‘o ia

ka makuahine. i

i

Lilinoe

me keia ‘ano mea ‘ai Pake. Ina pela, e hob aku ana au. Aia

Ke

E

keia

kuene:

aloha aku ‘oe

ia laua.

A

‘o

Kimo ma ma

hui hou, a

kou kino. Lilinoe:

‘

Ae, a hui hou aku no

i

ka

la

‘apopo.

ka hale.

malama pono

‘oe

i

Ha'awina ‘Umikumaono

2.

Ua ho mai o

Lilinoe

i

i

159

ka hale.

Lilinoe:

Aue, ua ho‘oponopono 4a ka hale apau. E aha ana ‘oe, e Laua‘e? Ke kali nei an, ia Kimo, no laila e hana ana au i keia me keia mea. Hu, ua holoi ia na lole a me na pa no ho‘i! Mahalo nui loa ia

Laua‘e:

No‘u ka

Lilinoe:

Laua‘e:

c

‘oe!

hau‘oli.

Nui

loa kau

hana

ma

ka hale ‘aina; ‘a‘ole

manawa e hana ma ka hale no ho‘i. pololei. Aka, aia hea ‘o Kimo? E ho‘iho‘i ana

lawa ka ‘Ae,

Lilinoe:

i

ka‘a hou

i

‘A‘ole;

3. Lilinoe:

Ke

nei ‘o ia

ki‘i a‘e

i

e ia

i

E

Lilinoe:

Laua‘e:

ke

nehinei. Aka, ‘a‘ole

‘ia

aku

i

ke kala?

Lopaka. mai ana laua e ‘ai ka ‘aina awakea? ‘Ae; ua kelepona au ka hale ‘aina, a e lawe ‘Ae, ua lawe

Laua‘e:

i

ka hale ku‘ai ka‘a?

ua ho‘iho‘i ‘ia ke ka‘a ho‘iho‘i ‘ia mai ke kala.

Laua‘e:

‘o ia

‘o ia e

ho‘i

i

i

‘ia

mai ana ka

pizza. Lilinoe:

Akamai no

Laua‘e:

‘O au pu!

Ma

‘oe!

‘Ono

loa au

i

ka pizza

me

ka pia.

A eia a‘e laua a me ka pizza no ho‘i!

ke kelepona

E Pua, ua

Lilinoe: 4.

i

ka po

Aue no

Pua:

lohe ‘oe

i

ka nuhou?

Ua

‘aihue

‘ia

ko

Kimo

kalaka

nei.

ho‘i!

Nui kona

pilikia!

‘A‘ohe ona

mau

ka‘a, ‘a‘ole

anei? Lilinoe:

ia

Pua: Lilinoe:

Pua:

Ua

kona ka‘a hou ka hale ku‘ai. ‘A‘ole ‘o mai kekahi ka‘a ‘e a‘e. A pehea? Ua ‘ike paha ‘ia ka ‘aihue e na hoa noho? ‘Ae, a e ‘imi ‘ia ana no ‘o ia e na maka‘i ma Kona. Pehea la? Ua ho‘i aku ‘o Kimo ma Kona ma ke ka‘a ‘ohua? ‘A‘ole loa! Ua ‘ae aku o ‘Alapaki kona ka‘a ia laua. Pomaika‘i no ko kakou ‘ohana, ‘a‘ole anei? Kokua mau no kakou kekahi kekahi. ‘Ae, pomaika‘i no kakou ke aloha. ‘Ae. i

ho‘iho‘i ‘ia

ku‘ai

i

i

i

Lilinoe:

i

Pua:

i

Lilinoe:

Ma

i

ke kula nui

Tuti:

E Pua, ua kakau

Pua:

‘Ae, ua

Tuti:

Pua:

ka ha‘awina hou? ‘oe ka lipine keia la? ‘Ae, ua ho‘opa‘a ‘ia ‘elua mau hola ma ka lumi ho‘opa‘a lipine. Ua lawa paha ho‘okahi hola. ‘A‘ole lo‘ihi loa keia ha‘awina. ‘ia

makaukau. E hana ana

i

i

160

Ha‘awina ‘Umikumaono

E kokua

‘ia mai ana au e Kana‘i. Maika‘i kela; mahalo nui ‘ia kona leo e na haumana. E hele a‘e au e hana i kekahi njau kope o ka ha‘awina. Aue, ua poina au. Eia na kope. Ua hana mua ‘ia e a‘u. Maika‘i; e hele aku au e hui me Kana‘i.

Tuti:

Pua: Tuti:

Pua: Tuti:

Dialog Notes

The theme

of family helping each other

Laua‘e are staying

at Lilinoe’s

Meanwhile Lopaka

lunch.

Kimo’s truck

is

very strong.

Kimo and

house, so Laua‘e cleans

takes

Kimo

stolen, ‘Alapaki lends

IV.

is

to pick

him

up

own

his

his

car to

it and orders money. When use in Kona.

EXERCISES

A. Translate this story.

Ka

U‘i Palaualelo

Adapted from Pukui, 1933, Hawaiian

Folktales:

Third Series, p. 168.

la, ua hele aku ‘elua kaikamahine* e ‘eli ‘uala. Ma hope ua lawe aku laua ka laua mau ‘uala ma lalo o ke kumu puhala. Ho‘omaka laua e pulehu na ‘uala aka, ua hiki mai ka ipo a kekahi o laua. Pi‘i a‘e ke kaikamahine me kana ipo ma luna o ke kumu puhala e ho‘oipoipo. I kela a me keia manawa, ua kahea ke kaikamahine luna ku‘u o ka puhala ko lalo kaikamahine, “Ea, e ho‘ohulihuli ‘oe “ ‘uala.” ‘Ae,” pane ke kaikamahine ma lalo, a ho‘ohuli ‘o ia kana ‘uala pono‘T. ‘A‘ole ‘o ia nana ka ‘uala a ke kaikamahine o luna. A mo‘a kekahi ‘uala, ua ‘ai ‘o ia, a pulehu hou no kekahi ‘uala. Kahea hou no ke kaikamahine ma luna, “E ho‘ohuli a‘e ‘oe ku‘u ‘uala.” Ua ‘ae ke kaikamahine ma lalo aka, ‘a‘ole ‘o ia pulehu kela mau ‘uala. ‘Ai ‘o ia kana mau ‘uala apau, a hele ‘o ia e ‘au‘au kai. Ho‘omana‘o ke kaikamahine o luna kana mau ‘uala a kahea hou no, “Eia nei, e ho‘ohuli a‘e ‘oe ku‘u ‘uala.” ‘A‘ohe pane. Kahea hou a‘e me ka leo nui, “E ho‘ohuli a‘e ‘oe ku‘u ‘uala!” ‘A‘ohe pane. Ua iho mai laua a ‘ike ka ‘uala papa a loa ke ahi. Huhu no ke kaikamahine moloa. Ho‘i mai ke kaikamahine mai ka ‘au‘au kai mai, a hana ‘ino ka moloa “ ia ia. Pane mai ‘o ia, ‘A‘ohe u‘i palaualelo o Ka‘u!” A me keia mau hua‘olelo, ua ku a‘e ‘o ia a hele me ka ipo a kona hoa. Ua ‘ike kela kanaka, ina ‘o ka u‘i palaualelo kana wahine, e papa‘a mau ana kana I

kekahi

iho,

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

4

i

‘uala

i

i

ke ahi.

i

Ha‘awina ‘Umikumaono

161

aku na makua p Ka‘u na kaikamahine moloa, A‘ohe u‘i palaualelo o Ka‘u!” EiaTa mana'o o keia ‘olelo no‘eau: na ipo moloa! ‘A‘ole lawa ka ‘a‘ole makemake na kane ‘opio o Ka‘u maka a me ke kino u‘i no ka mea, makemake na kane e ‘ai ka mea‘ai I

“

keia

manawa,

‘olelo

i

4

i

i

‘ono, ‘a‘ole ‘eli

i

ka ‘uala papa‘a.

— to dig

ipo

— sweetheart, lover — to out — burnt — pandanus (hala) tree — to broil

— to turn ho‘oipoipo — to make love ho‘omaka — to begin ho‘omana‘o — to remember

kahea papa a puhala pulehu

*Note

is

ho‘ohulihuli

c

elua.

that the third a in kaikamahine

Words

in this class

call

4

not lengthened by the presence of

(wahine, makua, kupuna, etc.) occur with

lengthened vowels only after mau and

na.

Kekahi and ‘EA e Exercises

B.

Translate these sentences. 1.

I

want the other jelly.

4.

One girl made love, and the other broiled sweet potatoes. One child will wash the dishes, and the other child will dry. One day, the class will relax with a party (use i for “with”).

5.

The young people

2.

3. 10.

are helping each other.

4

6. 7.

8.

9.

Alena and Hepualei always tease each other. I’m looking for another Hawaiian language teacher; Pua always picks on us. Some items will be returned by the thief. The shepherd forgot some sheep (hipa) outside, and they were bitten by the dog last night. Another copy is enough.

Mau Sentences

C.

Translate, using mau in each sentence. 1

.

2. 3. 4. 5.

have two parents still living, (use mau twice) She hasn’t any grandparents here in Hawai i. The exam wasn’t finished after two hours. We (3+, inclusive) don’t have any green papayas, do we? There are four green mangoes in this paper bag. I

4

Ha‘awina ‘Umikumaono

162 D. Passive

Sentences

Translate. '

1

.

2.

3.

The thief was indeed seen by the neighbors. The new Hawaiian book is being written by me. These eggs were cooked properly by Mama. the guava jelly was eaten by the geckoes. Perhaps the table will be set by the two of them. The telephone number was given to me by her.

4. All 5.

10. 6. 7.

8.

9.

Maybe Lia’s truck will be returned. This car was loaned to me by my older brother. Aue! The sausages have been stolen by the hungry dog. The windows and doors will be closed by us after the last Passive Sentences

E.

Make 1

class.

these sentences passive

and

translate the sentences

you

write.

Ke wehe a‘e nei au ka puka. E heluhelu a‘e ana ‘o ia ka pepa. i

.

2.

i

4.

Ua ‘ai ‘oe ka poi apau? Ua pani aku ke kumu na puka.

5.

E lawe mai ana kou hoahanau

3.

i

i

i

kela

me

keia

mea‘ono mai Hilo

mai.

10.

E ‘ai ana ‘o Lono ka laulau. Ke heluhelu nei ke kauka ka pepa. Ke pani nei ‘o ia ka puka aniani. E lawe mai ana laua na makana. Ke ha‘awi aku nei ‘o ‘Iokimo ka leka

1 1

Ua holoi

6.

i

7.

i

8.

i

9.

.

12.

i

i

E

‘ike

‘o ia

i

ka

mai ana ko‘u makuahine

V.

‘aihue (vt) e

— to

steal; thief

— —

hanau (vt) to give birth hoa noho roommate, neighbor hola hour holoi (vt) to wash ho‘opa‘a

(vt)

— to reserve,

fasten, record,

make

ia

makou.

— passive marker another, one, kekahi — ‘ia

a,

certain, other

passive ‘ia only)

—

Kala.

VOCABULARY

— by (agent marker with —

ia

lole.

fast

—

kope copy kuke (vt) to cook lawa (vs) enough no‘u for me, mine pulehu (vt) to broil, usually

— —

—

—

vegetables

Ha'awina ‘Umikumaono

Idioms and Phrases fr

— one day one time (once) kekahi manawa — once upon a time, ka po nei — night kekahi kekahi — each other, one another kekahi kekahi — one the other kekahi mau X — some X (countable nouns only) kekahi X a‘e — another X No‘u ka hau‘oli. — The pleasure mine (you’re welcome). i

kekahi

la

.

.

.

at

i

last

i

.

.

.

.

.

.

‘e

is

163

17 HA'AWINA UMIKUMAHIKU Sentences

Hiki

I.

1

.

Hiki paha

Hilo

i

ia ‘oe

BASIC SENTENCES

ke ho‘i mai

1

i

.

A‘ole hiki

to

Hilo

2.

3.

you? I can teach the

this

na ‘opiopio ke

2.

‘

3.

kokua ia ‘oe? Hiki no ia‘u ke a‘o aku

i

Can you come back

evening maybe? Can’t the youngsters help

keia ahiahi?

i

na

classes.

papa. 4.

Hiki paha

ia

Laua‘e laua

‘Ekekela ke kokua 5.

‘o

4.

Hiki paha ia‘u ke ho‘oluhi

Maybe Laua‘e and

‘Ekekela

can help you.

ia ‘oe.

ia

5.

May

I

trouble you?

‘oe? 6.

‘A‘ole hiki ke ‘alo a‘e.

6. (It)

7.

He mea maika‘i

7.

ina ‘olua hele

pu. 8.

He hana nanea na‘u.

9.

E

can’t be helped.

would be a good thing you two travel together. It

8. (It’s)

an enjoyable task

if

for

me. kala mai ia‘u

i

keia

mea

9.

II.

1

.

Hiki

Forgive

me

(for

burdensome

ho‘oluhi nau.

making)

this

task for you.

EXPLANATIONS

Sentences

Hiki means “to be possible.”

It is

as close as

we can

get to the English

“can.” To say “somebody can do something,” we rephrase the English form:

164

common

Ha'awina ‘Umikumahiku

You can I

go.

can help you.

The

possible for

(It) is

possible for

(It) is

teenagers can work.

Kala can

The

eat fish.

(It) is

(It) is

subject of hiki

you

165

to go.

me

to help you.

possible for the teenagers to work.

possible for

Kala

to eat fish.

always ia (it): hiki ia = “it is possible,” but it is the Hawaiian. Whoever can do the action follows

is

generally omitted in hiki,

using the same form as direct objects. Instead of the usual

tive,

e,

verbs in hiki sentences are preceded by

pattern says that

use

it is

possible for

and

limited to transitive

is

someone

to

ke.

infini-

Note: the following

do something; therefore

its

intransitive verbs (action verbs) in the

active voice.

+ “do-er”

Hiki Hiki

ia ‘oe

Hiki

ia

Hiki

i

k

+

(object form)

u

na ‘opiopio ia Kala

Hiki

made

Hiki can be tence.

It

ke

+ Verb

ke

hele.

ke

kokua

ke

hana.

ke

‘ai

negative by putting

made

can also be

‘a ‘ole

at the

± Direct Object

ia ‘oe.

ikai‘a.

beginning of the sen-

past tense, positive or negative, by following

the usual rules.

‘A‘ole hiki ia ‘oe ke

Ua hiki

ia

‘A‘ole

i

hiki

When

hiki

Hiki

+

hod aku.

lakou ke ‘ike

is

i

ke keiki ke

‘ike.

You can’t return. They could see him. The child couldn’t see.

used with stative or passivized verbs, the pattern

+ Verb

ke

ia ia.

+

is:

Subject

Hiki

ke

pau

keia

Hiki

ke

‘ike ‘ia

‘o

hana keia i

Moloka‘i

i

ka

la. (stative)

la

akaka. (passive)

This work can be finished today. Moloka‘i can be seen on a clear day.

2. Ina

with Pronouns

When

ina

is

used with pronouns, the pronoun moves to the front of the

sentence, immediately after

ina.

Ina ‘oe makemake, e hod ana au If

you

like, I’ll

return today.

i

keia

la.

*

166 3.

Ha'awina ‘Umikumahiku

N-possessives

It is

possible to prefix n- to the possessives, with the

meaning of “for

someone,” or “mine, your£, his, hers, ours, theirs.” The rules about “o” and “a” class nouns still apply. This lesson has examples of “for

someone” usage.

Makemake au I

i

want two eggs

‘elua for

hua moa na‘u. (hua moa =

a)

me.

‘ia ka ‘ai na na keiki pololi. (‘ai = a) Food was obtained for the hungry children.

Ua ki‘i

Ua hana au I

You

made

this

will learn

keia mu‘umu‘u hou nou. (mu‘umu‘u = new mu‘umu‘u for you.

another pattern with n-possessives in Ha‘awina

III.

1

.

Ma ko

‘Alapaki:

Lilinoe:

‘Alapaki: Lilinoe:

o)

i

18.

DIALOGS

Lilinoe hale ‘aina

E Lilinoe, ua makaukau na mea apau no ka lu‘au keia hopena pule? ‘A‘ole loa! A plhoihoi no ‘o ‘Anakala Pila ma. ‘O kona la hanau ‘ehia keia? ‘O kona la hanau kanaiwa. Ua hanau ‘ia ‘o ia ka makahiki i

i

1898.

‘Alapaki: Lilinoe:

Hu ke ‘elemakule! Aka ikaika no kona iwi. A pehea ka imu? E kalua ana ‘oukou

i

ka pua‘a

i

ka

Po‘alima? ‘Alapaki:

‘A‘ole.

E

ki‘i

aku ana au

Po‘alima, a e kalua ana

i

ka ka pua‘a mai Honoka‘a ka Po‘aono. No laila,

makou

i

i

makou ke kokua ia ‘oe me na mea ‘ai ‘e a‘e. ‘Aue no ho‘i e! He pilikia nui keia! ‘A‘ole kuke ‘ia ka lu‘au a me ka he‘e; ‘a‘ole poke ‘ia ka moa; ‘a‘ole ho‘omakaukau ‘ia ka waiu niu. Nui loa ka hana. Hiki paha ia Laua‘e laua ‘o ‘Ekekela ke kokua ia ‘oe. A‘ole hiki ia laua ke waiho ka hana. Pehea ‘o Luika ma? Hiki paha ia laua ke hele mai mai Honolulu mai ma mua o ka hopena pule. Hiki paha. E kelepona aku ‘ano au ia laua. Aka he mea ‘a‘ole hiki ia

Lilinoe:

i

i

i

‘Alapaki: Lilinoe:

‘Alapaki:

Lilinoe:

‘

ho‘onaukiuki keia.

i

Ke lawe mai •

nei

‘oMamaikamea‘ono

nakana mau

keiki hau‘oli.

Ha‘awina ‘Umikumahiku

168

‘Ae, pololei, aka, ‘a‘ole hiki ke ‘alo a‘e. ‘A‘ole hiki ia‘u ke

‘Alapaki:

ka pua‘a ma mua o ka Po‘alima. ‘Oia no, a ua kala ‘ia ‘oe keia manawa. Aka, mai hana

ki‘i

Lilinoe: 2.

i

i

hou

pela!

Ma ke kelepona Lilinoe:

E Pua,

Pua:

I

i

hiki

ka ‘auinala Po aha paha

ia ‘oe

No

keia ahiahi?

ke ho‘i mai

Hilo

i

i

keia ahiahi?

mau papa

ke aha la? ‘Elua a‘u

ka

i

la

‘apopo.

No ka mea,

Lilinoe:

nui ka hana no ka lu‘au

hiki ia ‘Alapaki

Pua: 3. Lilinoe:

Pehea

Pua: Lilinoe:

Ua Ua

Pua:

Tsa! Hiki paha

ma ke kokua mai

la? ‘A‘ole hiki

ka Po‘aono, a ‘a‘ole

i

ia‘u.

na ‘opiopio ke kokua aku

i

‘Ae, hiki no, aka, ‘a‘ole lakou

ma‘a

loa

i

ia ‘oe?

keia ‘ano hana.

aku ‘oe ia Luika? Hiki paha ia ia ke hele aku? noi mua au ia ia, a e hele mai ana no ‘o ia. He mea

‘olelo

maika‘i ina ‘olua hele pu.

pona

a‘e au ia

ia

Tuti ke a‘o aku

i

ka‘u

mau

papa.

E

kele-

ia.

Ma ke kelepona Honolulu i

4.

Pua:

Aloha, e Tuti. Hiki paha ia‘u ke ho‘oluhi

Tuti:

aha kou makemake? Ua noi mai ko‘u kaikua‘ana ia‘u e hele ‘ano Hilo aka, he mau papa ka‘u ka la ‘apopo. ‘A‘ole pilikia. Hiki no ia‘u ke a‘o aku na papa. He hana nanea

Pua:

‘Ae, hiki.

ia ‘oe?

He

i

i

Tuti:

i

na‘u.

Pua:

E

Tuti:

‘A‘ohe

kala mai ia‘u

mea

ka ‘ohana. ‘O Pua:

Mahalo a nui

Tuti:

‘A‘ole, no‘u

Ma

i

keia

mea ho‘oluhi

nau.

nui. ‘A‘ole hiki ke ‘alo a‘e. ia

ka

mea

ia ‘oe, e Tuti.

no ka

E

hele

aku

‘oe e

kokua

i

nui.

hau‘oli.

He hoa aloha lokomaika‘i no ‘oe. Aloha aku ka ‘ohana ma Hilo. i

ke kula nui

Pi‘ilani:

E

Tuti,

Po‘akahi Tuti:

‘a‘ole hiki

ia

ke hana

i

ka ho‘ike

i

keia

a‘e.

No ke aha la? ‘O

ka Po‘alima wale no keia. Hiki no ia ‘oukou ka hopena pule apau. ‘A‘ole, ‘a‘ole. Eia ka pilikia. He mau nTnau ka makou e pili ana ka ha‘awina aka, ‘a‘ole hele mai ‘o Pua. No laila,

ke ho‘opa‘a ha‘awina Pi‘ilani:

makou

i

i

‘a‘ole hiki ia

i

makou

ke nlnau aku

ia ia.

169

Ha'awina ‘Umikumahiku ‘A‘ole hiki ke ‘alo a‘e. Hiki ia ‘oukou ke nlnau

Tuti:

keia

makou

Pi‘ilani:

Aue,

e Tuti! Plhoihoi loa

Tuti:

Tsa!

He hana ma‘a mau

nui! Pi‘ilani:

ia‘u

i

‘olelo

‘Ae, he

e ‘ai

hodke

keia i

nui.

keia papa. ‘A‘ohe

mea

papa.

i

kakou

i

ka hodke

E ho‘omaka kakou ka

‘A‘ole; e hele

ka Tuti:

mai

la.

pu

i

ka hale ‘aina a ho‘oma‘ama‘a

i

Hawai‘i.

hana maikad

keia.

Ma hope o ka papa,

hiki ia

kakou

ke hele.

Dialog Notes

Sometimes helping

the family can be stressful. ‘Alapaki finds he can’t

help Lilinoe with preparing the food for Uncle’s lu‘au because he

busy with the

Rather than

pig.

tell

her right away, he

out

tries to find

is

if

As it turns out, she has lots to do and is upset The Honolulu family is called on, and Pua really

she’s got everything ready.

that he can’t help.

doesn’t want to leave her work, but confronted by Luika’s willingness she reluctantly agrees to

try.

When Pua calls

Tuti for help, Tuti offers to

which makes it easier for Pua. Tuti’s statement is a classic expression of Hawaiian values, “No big deal. It can’t be helped. You go help your family. That’s the main thing.” teach before she

is

asked

directly,

IV.

EXERCISES

A.

Read and

translate this story into standard English.

Ke Kumu La‘au ‘Ulu Mua Loa English version from Pukui, 1933 Hawaiian Folktales: Third Series, pp. 127-128. ,

I

ka

wa kahiko, ua hiki maila* Hawaid nei. ‘O Ku kona

kekahi akua mai Kahiki mai, a noho

inoa. Ua male ‘o ia kekahi wahine Hawafi, a nui loa ka laua mau keiki. ‘A‘ohe ‘ike o ka wahine, he akua kana kane no ka mea, ua hana ‘o ia keia me keia mea e like me na kanaka ‘e a‘e. I kekahi manawa, ‘a‘ole ua ka ua no ka manawa lo‘ihi loa. Ua make ke kalo a me ka ‘uala a me na mea kanu apau. ‘A‘ole lawa ka mea ‘ai, a pololi loa ‘o Ku ma. Ua nana akula ‘o Ku kana wahine a me na keiki, a nui kona minamina ia lakou\ No laila, kekahi la, had aku ‘o ia kana wahine aloha nui ‘ia, “E ku‘u wahine aloha, hiki ia‘u ke kid ka mea ‘o ia

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

170

Ha'awina ‘Umikumahiku

‘ai na ‘oukou aka, ina au hele, ‘a‘ole hiki ia‘u ke ho‘i mai.” ‘A‘ole ‘ae kana wahine keia hana aka, ma hope iho, ua lohe ‘o ia ka leo ue o na keiki, a noi akula ‘o ia kana kane e hele aku a ki‘i ka mea ‘ai na i

i

i

i

i

lakou.

Ua

hele akula ka ‘ohana

apau

Ku

i

loko o ka pa, a aloha akula lakou

kona ‘ohana, “E ku a‘e ana au ma luna o ku‘u po‘o a ‘eli iho lalo iho o ka lepo. Ma hope iho, e puka a‘e ana ka mea ‘ai. Aloha!” A ua ku ‘o ia ma luna o kona po‘o a nalowale kekahi

kekahi. Ha‘i akula ‘o

i

i

i

iho.

ihola kana wahine ma keia wahi, a ue ihola ‘o ia ka po me hope o kekahi mau la, ua puka a‘ela kekahi kupu. Ua ulu ‘awlwi loa keia kumu la‘au, a ‘ai ka ‘ohana ka hua ‘ai. ‘O ke kumu la‘au ‘ulu mua loa keia o Hawai‘i nei. Ua hiki ko Ku ‘ohana wale no ke ‘ako ka ‘ulu; ‘a‘ole hiki na kanaka ‘e a‘e. Ina ho‘a‘o kekahi kanaka e ‘ako, ua ho‘i ihola ke kumu la‘au ma lalo o ka lepo. Aka, ma hope iho, ua puka a‘ela na keiki mai ke kumu la‘au mua mai, a ua ha‘awi ‘ia keia mau kumu la‘au ‘e a‘e na ‘ohana apau e kanu ka lakou mau mala ‘ai pono‘I. Ua ha‘awi ‘ia ka ‘ulu ka po‘e Hawai‘i e Ku, he mohai aloha.

Ua noho

ke ao.

i

Ma

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

— to break or pluck — god resembling e like me — (vt) — to dig kumu la‘au — tree kupu — shoot (of a plant) ground lepo — male (vt) — to marry ‘ako (vt)

akua

like,

‘eli

dirt,

*In past tense narratives,

grammatical, and

is

it

a e to the

B. Hiki

second

— sacrifice

mohai na for

—

nalowale po‘e

(vi)

— to disappear

— — head — to lament — to grow people

po‘o (ke)

ue

(vi)

cry,

ulu (vi)

often

added

to directionals. Its function

does not change the meaning of the directional or

the rest of the sentence. c

-la is

mea kanu — crops

It

does, however, shift the stress on

syllable.

Sentences

Translate. 1

.

2.

3. 4.

5.

Can you surf? No, but I can swim. Can Kalau speak Hawaiian? Yes, his whole family can. Can he go to the shopping center with us (2, inclusive)? He can’t go because his mother is really mad at him. Can the fisherman sell his fish?

iho, aku,

and

Ha'awina ‘Umikumahiku

6. 7.

10.

8.

9.

Yeah, he can, but he

Could they

likes to just (wale) give

171

it

away.

see the canoes (wa‘a)?

They couldn’t see them (the canoes). The cat can climb up trees, but the dog can’t. ,

(You) can’t plant breadfruit on Ni‘ihau, because there

isn’t

enough

ram.

Mixed Review

C.

Translate.

Ku

2. If

could get food for his family. he went, he couldn’t return.

3. If

you want,

1

.

4.

10. 5.

I’ll

pick the flowers for you.

was made for me by ‘Aulani. After the heavy rain, the shoots are appearing everywhere This head

lei

in the

garden.

man

6.

The

7.

Waiter, bring rice for

8.

And

9.

There

old

can’t

dodge the fast cars. me and breadfruit poi

don’t forget the jerked beef for us isn’t

for Tuti!

(2)!

enough jerked beef for you two. dug a big

In the old days, the people of Ni‘ihau

pit (lua)

and planted

the breadfruit trees inside.

D.

Write a short version of

“Ka

U‘i Palaualelo” from Ha‘awina 16.

E. Tell the story of in

“Ke Kumu La‘au

‘Ulu

Mua

Loa”

in

your own words

Hawaiian.

V.

‘ako (vt)

VOCABULARY

— to break or pluck, as

flowers

— god — to dodge, evade, avoid ‘ano — right away, immediately,

akua

‘alo (vt)

now

‘elemakule

(vs),

‘elemakule

(pi.)

— old (of males), old man — to dig hiki (vs) — possible ho‘oluhi — to bother, dis‘eli (vt)

(vt)

turb, trouble, inconvenience;

Ha‘awina ‘Umikumahiku

172

— for

burdensome, demanding,

na

inconvenient

nalowale

ho‘oma‘ama‘a to get

(vt)

.

— to disappear — for you, yours na‘u — for me, mine no — for nou — for you, yours plhoihoi (vs) — worried, excited,

— to practice,

(vi)

nau

used to

—

ho‘onaukiuki (vt) to annoy; annoying, irritating

— verb marker (after hiki) kumu la‘au — tree kupu — shoot (of plant) la‘au — plant, bush lepo — ground mea kanu — crops ke

anxious, astonished

po‘e

— people — head — to lament — to grow

po‘o (ke)

ue

dirt,

(vi)

cry,

ulu (vi)

Idioms and Phrases can’t be avoided), — can’t be helped — about, concerning (followed by object marker) hana ma‘a mau — common practice, common occurrence trouble you? (polite preface to a Hiki ia‘u ke ho'oluhi ‘oe? — May 4

A‘ole hiki ke ‘alo a‘e.

[It]

(lit.

[it]

,

e pili

ana

ia

request)

I

HA‘AWINA ‘UMIKUMAWALU Maopopo Sentences, Loa‘a Sentences, and N-possessives

I.

1

.

2.

BASIC SENTENCES

Maopopo ka ‘olelo Hawai‘i kou ‘ohana apau? Maopopo paha ia ‘oe keia

1

i

.

2.

‘A‘ole

mea 4.

that

kind of language?

‘ano ‘olelo? 3.

Does your whole family understand Hawaiian? Perhaps you understand

maopopo

ia‘u keia

mau

3.

hou.

I

don’t understand these

new

things.

Ua loa‘a ka lole hou

ia

kakou

4.

We all

got

new

clothes.

apau. 5.

Ua loa‘a ia‘u

6.

‘

7.

Ua loa‘a na lole

A‘ole loa‘a

he leka.

ia ‘oe.

nani loa

ma

Loa‘a ka he‘e

7.

Hilo has really beautiful

9.

11.

12.

it.

clothes.

keia kaka-

i

8.

Is there any octopus this morning? (lit., get octopus this morning?)

9.

This new lesson

hiaka?

10.

letter.

I

You don’t have

Hilo. 8.

received a

5. 6.

Nau keia ha‘awina hou. No kakou keia mau lole hou? No‘u keia lole wawae selamoku? No wai keia papale lauhala?

is

yours.

11.

Are these new clothes ours? Are these denim pants mine?

12.

Whose pandanus

10.

leaf hat

is

this? 13.

No Papa kena.

13.

That’s Papa’s. (That

is

for

Papa.) 14.

E hana ana au ka i

lei

hulu

14.

plkake nona. 15.

‘A‘ohe ou aloha no‘u?

I’m making a peacock feather lei

15.

for him.

Don’t you have any love

me?

173

for

Ha'awina ‘Umikumawalu

174 16.

Ku‘ai mai

‘o ia a

ho‘ouna no

16.

kakou. 17.

Nui

for us.

loa ka pilikia

no makou.

II.

1

.

She bought and sent (them)

17.

There’s a

lot

of trouble for us.

EXPLANATIONS

Maopopo and Loa' Sentences

Maopopo and

loa‘a are stative

verbs whose English translations

make

their use tricky for English speakers.

Maopopo means

“clear,

sentence, whatever

son

who knows

is

known, understandable.” In the Hawaiian

known

or understandable

as causes with stative verbs in is

marked by i or

Becomes Hawaiian:

+

Maopopo

Maopopo Maopopo

If the

“Does

kaha‘awina ka

the perceiver

Maopopo

+

Subject

Maopopo Maopopo

know

it

per-

follows the

Tutu knows Hawaiian. Hawaiian is known to Tutu.

English:

I

—

The

same way subject and

treated the

The student understands the assignment. The assignment is understandable to the student.

Hence, English:

Do you

15

is

id.

Becomes Hawaiian:

When

H a‘awina

the subject.

is

or understands (the perceiver)

is

a

‘olelo

Perceiver i

Hawai‘i

ka haumana.

iaTutu,

pronoun the word order commonly changes:

+ Pronoun perceiver

+

Subject

ia ‘oe

ka ha‘awina?

ia‘u

keia

hua

‘olelo.

understand the assignment? word.

this

English sentence does not have an object (e.g., “I understand”; the student know?”), the Hawaiian sentence does not have a

subject:

175

Ha‘awina ‘Umikumawalu

+ Perceiver

Maopopo

Maopopo Maopopo

ia‘u.

ka haurrjana?

i

understand.

I

Does the student understand?

Negatives are formed by beginning the sentence with Past tense, positive and negative,

One

of the most

common

uses

is

formed “

in

is

‘a‘ole.

in the usual way.

‘A ‘ole

maopopo

ia‘u

which

is

used in most situations where the English sentence would be “I don’t

know.”

way

Loa‘a works the same

(

as maopopo. Loa a

means “received,

gotten,

found, available, caught” and other similar English synonyms. (

pidgin English “get”

The

thing that

is

lows the subject and

loa a.

is

gotten is

the subject; the “getter” or recipient

preceded by

The The

Hence, English:

Becomes Hawaiian:

is

The

(See Exercise B.)

i

or

fol-

id.

cat got the rat. rat

was gotten by the

cat. (not a

Hawaiian

passive)

English:

Leinani

Becomes Hawaiian:

Payment

Loa‘a

+

if

will

Subject

Loa‘a Loa‘a

Again,

will receive

ka

+

‘iole

ka ‘uku

the “getter”

is

Getter (recipient) i

a pronoun, the

Pronoun “getter”

Loa‘a Loa‘a

ia‘u

I

ia

ka popoki.

ia

Loa a + (

payment.

be received by Leinani.

Leinani.

word order commonly changes:

+

Subject ke kala.

makou

ka ha‘awina hou.

got the money.

We got the new assignment. If

the object of the English sentence

have

it?,” the

is

“it” as in “I got it”;

Hawaiian sentence usually omits the

subject,

ia.

“Do you

176

Ha‘awina ‘Umikumawalu

Loa‘a Loa‘a I

got

ia‘u. ia ‘oe?

it.

Did you

get

it?

Negatives are formed by beginning with negative,

is

Note: loaa

formed is

‘a‘ole.

Past tense, positive and

in the usual way.

one of the few verbs that can be followed by

he (sentence

5).

2.

N-possessives

Position

in Initial

N-possessives can be used to ask and answer the question, “Whose is this (thing)?” “This (thing) is mine, yours, hers, his, the teacher’s,

Kimo’s, etc.”

The

pattern

is

very simple:

+

N-possessive

No wai Na wai Na wai

Subject keia papale? ka puke ‘ula‘ula?

na hulu plkake?

No‘u

kena papale.

Na ke keiki Na Mapuana ma

ka puke ‘ula‘ula. na hulu plkake.

Whose Whose Whose

hat is

is

this?

the red book?

are the peacock feathers?

That hat is mine. The red book is the

The peacock

child’s.

feathers are

Mapuana

“guys’.”

Notice that these are verbless sentences, and they are only used to

whose thing the subject

is.

tell

N-possessive sentences with verbs, or class-

inclusion or equational sentences place the n-possessive near the end of the sentence (review

14-17).

Ha‘awina

17

and Ha‘awina 18 basic sentences

177

Ha‘awina ‘Umikumawalu

III.

1.

Ma ke

DIALOGS

kula nui

Kana‘i:

E Pua, maopopo ka

Pua:

‘A‘ole,

no ka mea,

makou

Hawai‘i

‘olelo

‘a‘ole hiki

i

i

ko‘u

kou ‘ohana apau?

mama ke

‘olelo

Hawai‘i.

Pua:

Hawai‘i ka home. Aka, he wahine Hawai‘i ‘o ia, ‘a‘ole anei? ‘Ae, he Hawai‘i ‘o ia ma ka ‘ao‘ao makuahine. Aka, ua hanai ‘ia ko‘u kupunahine e kekahi ‘ohana haole. A pehea kou papa? He Hawai‘i piha ‘o ia? ‘A‘ole, he hapa Hawai‘i, hapa Pake ‘o ia. Hiki ia ia ke ‘olelo

Kana‘i:

A maopopo paha ia

Pua:

‘A‘ole. ‘A‘ole ‘o ia

‘A‘ole

Kana‘i:

Pua: Kana‘i:

i

‘olelo

i

Pake. ‘oe keia ‘ano ‘olelo? i

Pake

‘olelo

Kana‘i:

makou ma ka hale. Aka, makaukau no ‘oe ka

Pua:

‘Ae,

Kana‘i:

‘Oia‘i‘o no? Ina pela, hiki

Ua

makou.

ia

‘olelo haole

wale no

2.

Ma

i

ua a‘o mai au

ka hale noho

Kalei:

ma ke

‘olelo

Hawai‘i

i

keia

manawa.

kula nui o Hawai‘i.

paha no

ia‘u ke a‘o mai.

haumana

E Hopoe, nau

keia ha‘awina hou. ‘A‘ole loa‘a ia ‘oe, ‘a‘ole

anei?

Hopoe:

‘Ae, ‘a‘ole loa‘a ia‘u. ‘A‘ole

i

hiki ia‘u ke hele

i

ka papa

i

keia

la.

Kalei:

No

ke aha la?

Ua

nlnau mai ke

kumu

ia‘u, a ‘a‘ole

maopopo

ia‘u.

Hopoe:

Ua hele

Kalei:

mai ko‘u ‘anake

loa‘a ia‘u he leka

ia‘u e hele ‘ano a ki‘i i

i

kekahi

ma

Maui. Noi

mea nana. No

‘o ia

laila, ‘a‘ole

au

i

ka papa.

He haumana laki no ‘oe no ka mea, ho‘ouna ke kumu keia ha‘awina nau. Aia ka ho‘ike e pili ana keia mau mea ka la i

i

i

‘apopo.

Hopoe:

Aka,

‘a‘ole

ke ho‘oluhi

maopopo

ia‘u keia

Kalei:

Hiki paha, ‘a‘ole hiki paha.

Hopoe:

Hu! ‘A‘ohe ou aloha no‘u?

Kalei:

mau mea

hou. Hiki paha ia‘u

ia ‘oe?

‘Ae, he aloha no, aka,

‘oi

He aha ka‘u uku? aku ke aloha a

me

ke kokua ina

loa‘a ka uku.

Hopoe:

Eia ka uku. E ho‘oponopono a‘e au keia kau.

Kalei:

He uku

i

kou lumi no ke koena o

maika‘i keia. Hiki no ia‘u ke kokua

ia ‘oe.

Ha‘awina ‘Umikumawalu

178 3.

Ma ko

Makia:

Luika hale

E Mama, no kakou

mau lole hou? kou Anake Lilinoe. Laki no kakou, ‘a‘ole anei? A pehea? No‘u keia lole wawae selamoku? ‘Ae, a me ka palule no ho‘i! Ua loa‘a ka lole hou ia kakou ‘Ae, ua ho‘ouna

Luika:

Makia: Luika:

keia

‘ia e

‘

apau.

Makia:

ia‘u ke kumu no keia mau makana apau. na lole nani loa ma Hilo, a kala ‘emi no ho‘i. No laila ku‘ai mai ‘o ia a ho‘ouna no kakou. No wai keia papale lauhala? No Papa kena. E hana ana au ka lei hulu plkake nona. Makemake au kekahi lei hulu no‘u. Hiki no. Hiki ia‘u ke a‘o aku ia ‘oe. Aka, ho‘omaka ‘oe me na hulu moa. Ho‘oma‘ama‘a ‘oe me keia ‘ano hulu ‘emi, a ma hope iho, hiki ia ‘oe ke hana kekahi lei ‘e a‘e me na hulu

‘A‘ole

Ua

Luika:

Makia: Luika:

maopopo

loa‘a

i

Makia: Luika:

i

i

pipi

Makia:

Ma

i

Maika‘i. Mahalo, e au.

4.

‘

Mama. He kaikamahine

E kakau ana au ka i

ka makeke

i‘a

leka

mahalo

ia

o Tamashiro

Luika:

Loa‘a ka he‘e keia kakahiaka? Aia ka he‘e loko o keia pakini. Aue, ‘a‘ole ‘o ia make! ‘Ae, ‘o ka he‘e makamaka hou no! ‘A‘ole hiki ia‘u ke kuke ka he‘e ola.

Kanaka kokua:

‘A‘ole pilikia.

Luika:

Kanaka kokua: Luika:

Kanaka kokua:

i

i

i

i

maka, a make

E nahu

‘A‘ole loa‘a ka he‘e

Kanaka kokua:

Ua loa‘a,

Kanaka kokua: Luika:

Kanaka kokua: Luika:

ma waena

o ka

make?

aku ka ‘ono o keia he‘e. Maopopo ia ‘oe keia ‘ano hana? ‘Ae, ua ma‘a loa au ka nahu he‘e. Hiki paha ia ‘oe ke nahu iho ka he‘e na‘u? ka Papa Ola, nui loa ka ‘A‘ole hiki. Ina maopopo pilikia no makou. Ina au waiho ka he‘e loko o ka pahu hau, make aka

‘oi

i

i

i

i

paha

Kanaka kokua:

iho ‘oe ia ia

‘o ia.

Luika: Luika:

pomaika‘i no

‘Anake.

‘Ae,

i

‘o ia.

ma hope

iho,

make no

‘o ia.

Ha'awina ‘Umikumawalu

179

Dialog Notes

The

first

dialog discusses the

common

given to another family to raise.

is

practice of hanai, in which a child

The adoptive

family

is

usually

These adoptions are often informal, but in Hawai‘i they are considered binding, and the hanai child is given the same legal status as a natural child. The other common theme is that of the Hawaiian who has not learned the Hawaiian language as a child. A new theme is the Hawaiian style of education; Makia wants a feather lei, and her mother offers to teach her to make her own. Hawaiians learn by demonstration and imitation; Western educators have recently discovered this “hands-on” technique. The first lei Makia makes, like all first endeavors, must be completed to the best of her ability and will be carefully kept. In the old days, there would have been a related or close friends.

small family celebration to

mark

this

milestone in her

life.

Pikake

is

the

Hawaiianized “peacock.” Princess Ka‘iulani was fond of peacocks and jasmine flowers, so the flowers were called by the same name,

also of pikake.

The

fishmarket

method of killing a

conversation live

IV.

k

describes

octopus by biting

it

the

common Hawaiian

between the eyes.

EXERCISES

Maopopo Sentences

A.

Translate. 1

.

2. 3.

4. 5.

I

don’t know.

Does your mother know his name? Do you all understand the meaning of this word? Yes, we certainly do understand. Some students didn’t listen, and they didn’t understand.

7.

My tutu understands Hawaiian. My tutu doesn’t understand Hawaiian because he’s Japanese.

8.

Does he understand Japanese?

9.

He

6.

sure does.

Hawaiian

(

was dismissed (ho oku didn’t understand the assignment, and Pua was mad.

10. Yesterday, the

1 1

.

Maybe

we’ll

class

understand today.

c

u)

because we

Ha'awina ‘Umikumawalu

180 B. Loa‘a

Sentences

Translate. 1

.

2.

3. 4. 5.

10. 6. 7.

8.

9.

The policeman caught the thief. Did you find your money? The teacher will receive the books. The fisherman caught the squid. Shark is found at Tamashiro Market. There is maile and white ginger at Pana‘ewa. I didn’t get the assignment on Friday. No problem; Moana got it.

My brother is not getting a new car for his birthday. There are the

C. Loa‘a,

prettiest girls in Hilo.

Maopopo, and

Hiki

Sentences

Translate. 1

.

2.

The students understand the I know his phone number.

lesson.

3.

Ka‘upena knows

4.

The

5.

But we don’t know (how) today. Did you get your books?

6. 7.

8.

9.

the

meaning of that word. knew tapa making.

ancient Hawaiians

Am getting some money? My mother got the news last night. I

He

got six mangoes.

15.

Anuenue is getting her car next month. The cat caught some rats this morning. The crook’s girlfriend got all the loot (mea waiwai). Can you lend me some books? They can go after class. The students can stand in front of their desks (pakaukau

16.

My grandparents can speak Hawaiian.

17.

Napua can

18.

I

19.

“You guys”

20.

Their kids can’t

10. 1 1

.

12. 13. 14.

return the papers.

can’t eat fish. can’t go in the car. sit still.

& D. N-possessive Sentences Translate. 1

.

Whose peacock feather lei made it for the old man.

2. I

is

this?

kakau).

Ha'awina ‘Umikumawalu

182 3. Is this 4. All

lauhala hat his too?

these

new

clothes are his.

5.

Are the

6.

The bones are for The jasmine flowers

7.

10.

E.

-

fish is for the cat.

in the tub are for you.

Thanks; I’ll send them to school for the teacher. Be careful; your mother gave big money for these denim pants. This is the last semester for Lia and Kawailani. These presents are theirs (Lia and Kawailani).

8. 9.

1 1

dog? the dog, and the

leftovers for the

.

Mixed Review

Translate into Hawaiian.

Hawaiian assignment yesterday, but I don’t understand it. help me. She understands the Hawaiian language because her parents speak Hawaiian. Mapuana cannot speak HawaiI

got the

Maybe Mapuana can

ian, but she

understands

it.

Yesterday she got a letter in Hawaiian.

was written by her grandmother. She stand English,

but she likes to

Mapuana brought

her

It

on Ni‘ihau. Tutu can underwrite to Mapuana in Hawaiian. lives

letter to class today.

We could all read

it,

but only

the teacher understood everything in the letter.

V.

‘

awapuhi

hanai

VOCABULARY

— ginger — to feed, adopt,

(vt)

assume primary

responsibility

wawae — trousers, pants makamaka hou — fresh (as fish)

lole

makeke

— market

mano — shark

for

— part home — home

maopopo (vs) — understandable, known

ho‘omaka

nana nona

hapa

— to begin —

(vt)

ho‘ouna (vt) to send hua ‘olelo word hulu feather, body hair

—

— ipo — sweetheart, lover, boyfriend, girlfriend

—

kau season, semester koena leftovers, remainder

— kumu — reason, source lauhala — pandanus leaf loa‘a (vs) — to be gotten, to be received

— for him, for her, hers — for him, for her, hers pakini — basin, tub blouse palule — papale — hat Papa Ola — Board of Health entirely; pure (as piha (vs) — his,

his,

shirt,

full;

“pure Hawaiian”) plkake jasmine; peacock selamoku denim (from “sailor in

—

—

ship”)

uku

— payment, reward

REVIEW HO‘l

I.

5

HOPE ‘ELIMA

SUMMARY OF CONTENTS IN HA'AWINA 16-18

A. Major patterns 1

2

.

.

Passive voice

Hiki sentences

3.

N-possessives

4.

Maopopo and

sentences

loa‘a

B. Other Features 1.

Kekahi

3.

Word order review Mau (plural) with numbers and

4.

Ina with

2.

‘a ‘ohe

pronouns

II.

EXERCISES

A. Passive Voice Translate these sentences accurately.

Ua hanai E

‘ako

‘ia

ka ‘elemakule e na akua.

‘ia a‘e

ana na

‘ulu e

ka mahi‘ai.

Ua kanu ‘ia iho kela kumu la‘au ‘e a‘e. Ua lawe ‘ia aku ko‘u lole wawae e ko‘u E

holoi ‘ia

Alas,

The

ana ka

kaikaina.

lole e a‘u.

my sweetheart will be sent to school on

class

was begun by

Tuti.

183

Lana‘i.

184

Hope

‘Elima

The imu was dug by Keoki “folks.” Our (2, exclusive) first grandchild was born Were these sweet potatoes broiled by you?

8.

10.

9.

^

Ho‘i

B. Hiki

Sentences

Translate; use stative/passive hiki pattern for 4

2.

Can I send the leftovers to the dorm? The breadfruit tree could disappear.

3.

We (3,

1

.

and

5.

exclusive) couldn’t practice yesterday.

(One) can get delicious mangoes in Kona. Fresh fish can be bought at the market on Kekaulike

4. 5.

t

in 1979.

Street.

Maopopo and Loa‘a Sentences

C.

Translate. 1

.

Do you-all understand

2. I

3. 4. 5.

the

new assignment?

don’t understand your reason.

My roommate didn’t get a copy of the book. Our (3, exclusive) teacher is getting an The whole family got presents.

expensive car next semester.

^ D. N-possessives Translate. 1

.

That (near) lauhala hat

2. Is this

3

.

ginger

lei

This payment

is

is

mine.

yours? for the teacher.

4.

The boss brought cake

5.

We bought a shirt for him.

for everybody.

Miscellaneous

E.

Translate. 1

.

2.

Mikela and Luhiehu love each other a

The farmer left some papayas

3. If

you want

to,

lot.

for the family.

you can cook green bananas.

my friend. Ku arrived in Hawai‘i from Tahiti.

4.

Please bring another copy for

5.

Once upon

a time, the god

19 HA'AWINA UMIKUMAIWA Lilo

Sentences and ‘Ana Nominalization

BASIC SENTENCES

I.

2.

Ua lilo ko‘u ‘eke kua. Ua lilo kela kalaka ka

3.

Ua lilo loa au

1.

i

1

‘aihue.

.

2.

My backpack is gone. That truck was taken by a thief.

i

ko‘u ho‘oma-

kaukau ‘ana keia mea

3.

I

was

totally

absorbed

preparation of this

‘ai

i

in

new

my

dish.

hou. 4.

I

ko‘u ho‘i ‘ana mai, ua

4.

lilo.

When

I

returned,

was

(it)

gone. 5.

I

ke kau ‘ana o ka

luna o kona po‘o, 6.

‘iole .

.

ma

5.

I ka wehe ‘ana aku ka puke, ua lilo paha ka pila ka makani. ‘A‘ole pau ko‘u hele ‘ana ke

6.

i

7.

i

kula nui. 8.

the rat

was .

settled .

on

.

When

(X) opened the door, was probably taken by the wind. My going to the university is

the

i

7.

When

top of his head,

.

bill

not over.

Pehea ka loa‘a ‘ana o ka

8.

How was the thief caught?

‘aihue? 9.

Hau‘oli loa

‘o

Kimo ka

ho‘iho‘i ‘ia ‘ana

9.

i

mai o ke

Is

Kimo very happy

at the

truck’s being returned?

kalaka? 10.

E ha‘awi aku ‘oe ka uku nui no ka ho‘iho‘i ‘ana mai ka i

10.

Give a large reward

for the

returning of the book.

i

puke. 1 1

.

Ma hope o ko lakou kakau ‘ana, e nlnau pakahi aku

12.

au

ia lakou.

‘O

ia

ka hopena o ka hele

1 1

.

‘ole

After their writing,

I

will

question them one at a time.

ana 12.

‘ana e ho‘olohe lipine.

That’s the consequences of not going to listen to tapes.

185

Ha‘awina ‘Umikumaiwa

186

II.

1

.

Lilo

Like

EXPLANATIONS

Sentences and maopopo,

loa ‘a

lilo is

a stative verb with a meaning that sounds

passive in English, “to be taken,

By

one’s possession.”

absorbed

in

The

subject.

extension,

lost, it

relinquished, or

also

something.” Whoever/ whatever cause/recipient

is

marked by

fall

into

some-

means “to be engrossed or i/id.

is lost,

Lilo

is

taken, etc.,

is

the

often used in songs

to describe sexual surrender or possession.

In

2. ‘

Ha‘awina 20 you

will learn

another pattern and meaning for

lilo.

‘Ana Nominalizer

Ana

is

a nominalizing particle that turns verbs into nouns describing

actions.

go

the going

ka hele ‘ana

hele

the beginning

begin

kaho‘omaka ‘ana

ho'omaka

‘

eat

the eating

‘ai

ka

‘ai

‘ana

Ana expressions are

often used in

Hawaiian where English uses subor-

dinate verb clauses: 1.

English:

When he went,

H awaiian:

At I

2.

his going,

kona

hele ‘ana,

English:

Before the class began,

Hawaiian:

Before the beginning of the

class,

Ma mua o ka ho‘omaka ‘ana o ka papa 3.

English:

Hawaiian:

saw the cat eat the bird. saw the cat’s eating of the bird. Ua ‘ike au ka ‘ai ‘ana o ka popoki ka manu. Ua ‘ike au ko ka popoki ‘ai ‘ana ka manu. I

I

i

i

i

i

In these cases, the subject of the English verb becomes the possessor of Hawaiian action (see bold-faced words); it is always correct to use

the

the “o” forms of the possessives. Pronoun subjects almost always become k-possessives (see example 1 above and basic sentences 3, 4, 7,

Ha‘awina ‘Umikumaiwa

11).

Common

187

and proper noun subjects can become either the k- or examples 2 and 3 above and basic sentences 5,

less possessives (see

k8,

9).

way with

Objects are marked in the usual

i'/ia.

Caution: English equivalents of these clauses sometimes insert “of” before the subject and/or object, resulting in confusion when translating into

Hawaiian. “Of”

in front of subjects

becomes

in front of objects

i/ia.

becomes “o”-possessive; “of”

^

''O*

Subject:

Before the class began

Becomes:

Before the beginning of the class

Ma mua o ka ho‘omaka ‘ana o ka papa for his returning of the

Object:

no kona ho‘iho‘i ‘ana

One

common

i

book ka puke

“when, Other examples in this lesson involve use as subjects (7, 8), causatives (3, 9), and with ma mua and ma hope (“before and after” time expressions, 1 1), and with of the most

uses of ana ‘

is

to express the idea of

past tense, statements only” (basic sentences 4, 5, 6).

no,

“for the purpose of” (10).

K-word + Noun + Modifier

4-

Passive

+ ‘Ana+

ko‘u

ho‘omakaukau

‘ana

ko‘u

ho‘i

‘ana

ke

kau

‘ana

ka

wehe

‘ana

ko‘u

hele

‘ana

ka ka ka ka

loa‘a

‘ana

‘ia

ho‘iho‘i

‘ana

hele ‘ole

‘ana

their translations are

+

Subject

mai o ka

‘iole

aku o ka ‘aihue

‘ana

ho‘iho‘i

These examples and

3.

Directional

mai mai

found

o ke kalaka

in the basic sentences.

O/e

This word means “not, un-, alone except to

when

(

a

(

ole

mean

-less,

“zero.”

cannot be used

It

(i.e.,

placed immediately after the word

zero.” Unlike

‘a‘ole,

it

cannot occur

used to negate words and occurs in medial and final position). It is

is

it

modifies.

188

Ha'awina ‘Umikumaiwa

DIALOGS

III.

1.

Ma

ka lumi papa

Kala:

E Kala, he aha kou pilikia? Aue no ho‘i e! Ua lilo ko‘u ‘eke

Hopoe:

Ua waiho

Hopoe:

Kala:

‘ia

i

ma hope

ua poina au

‘Ae,

kua.

keia lumi?

2.

o ka papa.

I

ko‘u ho‘i ‘ana mai, ua

lilo.

Hopoe:

Ua loa‘a paha

Kale:

‘Oia paha.

i

ke kumu.

E kelepona a‘e au

ia ia.

Ma ke kelepona Kala:

Pua: Kala:

Pua: 3. Kala:

Pua:

E

kumu,

Kala keia. Hiki paha ia‘u ke ho‘oluhi ia ‘oe? Aloha, e Kala. He aha kou makemake? Ua poina au ko‘u ‘eke kua ka lumi papa, a ua lilo. Aloha ‘ino! ‘A‘ole loa‘a ia‘u. Nui ke kala loko o ke ‘eke? ‘A‘ole, aka, aia ka‘u puke ‘olelo Hawai‘i loko. Tsa, he pilikia nui keia. E ha‘awi aku ‘oe ka uku nui no ka ho‘iho‘i ‘ana mai ka puke. ‘A‘ole hiki ia‘u no ka mea, ‘a‘ole loa‘a ia‘u ke kala. E, e, e. Mai ue ‘oe; maopopo ia‘u. Hiki paha ia‘u ke ha‘awi aku kekahi puke hou ia ‘oe. Mahalo, e Pua; e ha‘awi aku au i ka uku ia ‘oe ma hope o ko‘u puka ‘ana mai ke kula nui. ‘A‘ole pilikia, e Kala. No‘u no ka hau‘oli e kokua ia ‘oe. ke

‘o

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

Kala:

Pua:

i

Kala:

Pua:

Ma ko Lopaka:

Lilinoe hale ‘aina

Ua

lohe ‘oe

kalaka

i

i

ka nuhou maika‘i?

Ua

ho‘iho‘i ‘ia ko

Lilinoe:

Ua lilo keia kalaka

Lopaka:

‘Ae, aka ua loa‘a ka ‘aihue

Lilinoe:

Ho, laki no! Pehea ka loa‘a ‘ana o ka ‘aihue? I kona ho‘a‘o ‘ana e ku‘ai aku i ke kalaka, ua

Lopaka:

Kimo

nehinei. i

ka ‘aihue, ‘a‘ole anei? na maka‘i. i

lilo ‘o ia

i

maka‘i. Lilinoe:

A pehea ke kalaka? Ua lilo paha kekahi mau mea?

Lopaka:

‘A‘ole, ‘a‘ole.

Lilinoe:

Hau‘oli loa ‘o

Lopaka:

‘Ae,

Ua malama pono ka ‘aihue ke kalaka. Kimo ka ho‘iho‘i ‘ia ‘ana mai o ke kalaka? i

i

no ka mea, ‘a‘ohe o lakou ka‘a

‘e a‘e.

ka

189

Ha'awina ‘Umikumaiwa 4.

Ma

ka hale ‘aina kaulana loa o Lilinoe

Maha‘oi:

Eia nei, hiki paha ia‘u ke ho‘oluhi

Lilinoe:

E

mai

kala

keia

mea

Ua

ia‘u.

‘ai

lilo

ia ‘oe?

loa au i.ko‘u

ho‘omakaukau ‘ana

i

hou.

Lilinoe:

‘A‘ohe mea nui. Makemake au i ka‘u pila, e ‘olu‘olu ‘oe. Aia ka pila ma ka pakaukau. ‘A‘ole. Ua nana a‘e au, aka ‘a‘ole loa‘a. Aue! I ka wehe ‘ana aku i ka puka, ua lilo paha ka makani.

Maha‘oi:

No laila,

Lilinoe:

‘A‘ole loa! ‘A‘ole au

Maha‘oi: Lilinoe:

Maha‘oi:

i

‘a‘ole

kakau ka i

Maha‘oi: Lilinoe:

Maha‘oi:

paha au i

e

uku

poina

ia ‘oe. i

kau mea

‘ai.

Hiki ia‘u ke

pila hou.

Ina ‘a‘ole au e uku, he aha ka hopena? Tsa! E kahea aku au i ka maka‘i, a e lilo ana ‘oe ‘A‘ohe ou na‘au palupalu?

Lilinoe:

‘A‘ole loa; ke kelepona aku nei au

Maha‘oi:

Mai hana

pela.

E

i

ia ia.

ka maka‘i.

me

pa‘ani wale ana no au. Eia ka pila a

ka‘u uku.

Hu

Lilinoe:

5.

Ma

Pua:

ka ho‘opaumanawa

‘oe!

E

hele aku ‘oe

i

kahi

‘e.

ke kula nui

E Tuti, e nana aku ‘oe ka‘u papa kolohe. Ua lilo loa lakou ka hana ‘ana ka ho‘ike. ‘Ae, a ma hope o ko lakou kakau ‘ana, e ninau pakahi aku ana i

i

i

Tuti:

Pua: Tuti:

Pua: Tuti:

au ia lakou. Ae, pihoihoi loa lakou i kela ‘ano hana. ‘O ia ka hopena o ka hele ‘ole ‘ana e ho‘olohe lipine. Pololei no. I ka ho‘omaka ‘ana o ke kau, hele pinepine lakou, aka ma hope iho, ‘a‘ole loa lakou hele. ‘

‘A‘ole hiki ke ‘alo a‘e.

Nui

loa ka lakou

mau ha‘awina na papa i

‘e a‘e.

Pua:

Tsa, Tuti!

Tuti:

No

He

na‘au palupalu kou!

ka mea, ‘a‘ole pau ko‘u hele ‘ana ia‘u ko lakou pilikia.

i

ke kula nui, a

maopopo

Dialog Notes Caring relationships extend outside the family. Here Pua takes care of a poor student by replacing her lost book. In past conversations, the teacher brought leftover food from Hilo to cook lunch for her class and sent an assignment home to a pupil who had cut class. The Hawaiian student/teacher relationship

is

similar to a child/parent relationship,

with teasing, scolding, caring, and mutual affection.

190

Ha'awina ‘Umikumaiwa

The Hawaiian story in the exercises is an example of Hawaiian humor that is very earthy. In his fear the rat has a bowel movement on and has the temerity

the octopus’s head

The octopus has been looking

gift!

to describe

it

basis for the success of the cowrie shell octopus lure

thank-you

as a

revenge ever since!

for

is

The

actual

the octopus’s

desire for the succulent animal that lives in the shell.

IV.

EXERCISES

A. Translate this story accurately.

Ka He‘e a me ka I

wa

ka

puni

‘Iole

‘iole me kona ‘ohana mCLka mokumanawa, ua kapa ‘ia keia wahi ‘o Chinaman’s makemake ‘o ia e hele aku Kane‘ohe. Ua loa‘a ia ia

kahiko, ua noho kekahi

‘o Mokoli‘i. (I keia

Hat.)

I

kekahi

la,

i

he wa‘a, a hoe akula ‘o ia Kualoa. I kona hiki ‘ana mai, ua ho‘opa‘a ‘ia ka wa‘a ma ke kumu niu, a hele akula ka ‘iole Kane‘ohe. Aka, ‘a‘ole ho‘opa‘a pono ‘ia ka wa‘a. No laila, kona hiki ‘ana mai mai i

i

i

i

Hu

pilikia nui! Ua noho ihola kona ‘iole a ue me ka leo nui loa. Ua lohe ue ‘ana e kekahi he‘e lokomaika‘i. Nlnau akula ka he‘e ia ia, “Eia nei, he aha kou pilikia?” A pane maila ka ‘iole, “Ua nalowale ko‘u wa‘a; ua lilo paha ke kai, no ka mea ‘a‘ole maika‘i paha ko‘u ho‘opa‘a ‘ana. ‘A‘ole hiki ia‘u ke ho‘i aku Mokoli‘i no ka mea, ‘a‘ole hiki ia‘u ke ‘au‘au.” Pane maila ka “ he‘e na‘au palupalu, ‘A‘ole pilikia; hiki paha ia‘u ke kokua aku ia ‘oe. E pi‘i a‘e ‘oe luna o ku‘u po‘o, a e ho‘iho‘i aku au ia ‘oe kou home.”|l ke kau ‘ana o ka ‘iole ma luna o kona po‘o, ua ho‘omaka ka he‘e e hob aku Mokoli‘i. Hu ka nui o ko ka ‘iole maka‘u, aka, kahea akula ka he‘e, “E noho malie ‘oe! Mai maka‘u! Kama‘aina loa au keia kai.” Ma hope iho, ua hiki akula laua Mokoli‘i. Ua iho ihola ka ‘iole mai luna iho o ko ka he‘e po‘o, a ha‘i akula ‘o ia ia ia, “Ke mahalo nui loa nei au ia ‘oe no kou lawe ‘ana mai ia‘u.jAia kekahi makana nau ma luna o kou po‘o,” a holo ‘awlwi akula ka ‘iole uka. Ua haha a‘ela ka he‘e ma luna o kona po‘o, a loa‘a ke kukae. Ua ki‘o ka ‘iole ma luna o ke po‘o no ka mea, maka‘u loa ‘o ia. Hu ka huhu nui o ka he‘e! Mai keia manawa mai, ina ‘ike ‘ia ka leho e ka he‘e, ua lalau ‘o ia ia ia no ka mea, mana‘o ‘o ia, ‘o ka ‘iole no ia. Hana ka po‘e Pakipika kekahi mea kapa ‘ia “luhe‘e” me ka pohaku a me ka leho, a loa‘a ka he‘e ia lakou me keia mea.

Kane‘ohe mai, ua

lilo

ka wa‘a

i

ke kai.

ka

ka

‘ia

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

Ha'awina ‘Umikumaiwa

191

B.

Now 1

.

2

.

practice telling the story yourself, using these guidelines.

Long

ago, a rat lived on the island of Mokoli‘i.

One day, he paddled to Kualoa. He fastened his canoe to a coconut He went to Kane ohe

3. 4.

‘

tree.

^

.

5.

When he

6.

The

7.

A kind-hearted octopus heard his crying.

8

He

.

.

11

.

12

down and

asked the

The

9.

10

returned, his canoe had been taken by the sea.

rat sat

But

rat

I

cried loudly.

“Hey

there, what’s

answered, “I want told him:

“No

problem.

can help you. take you back.”

14.

I’ll

15.

The

16. 17.

When they arrived He said, “Thanks.

18.

And

rat

was very frightened. at

Mokoli‘i, the rat jumped down.

There’s a present for you, on top of your head.”

19.

he ran away quickly. The octopus felt on top of his

20

He

22

.

He

.

head.

got excrement.

Nowadays,

.

thinks

if

it’s

the octopus sees a cowrie shell, he grabs

24.

'

Ana Phrases

10.

Translate. 1

.

2.

his arrival

the octopus’s grabbing of the lure

3.

a good

4.

when

5. after

banana

for (the)

the octopus

felt

before the

7.

head

down building was named

when

the class

began

preparing of the lu‘au the teacher’s reading of the story

8. Lilinoe’s

9.

cooking

his

the rat jumped

6.

my

it.

the rat.

The Hawaiians make octopus lures with They catch octopuses with this thing.

23.

C.

go back home.

to

Climb on top of my head.

13.

21

your problem?”

can’t swim.”

I

The octopus

.

rat,

~

seeing the thief

the cowrie

and a

rock.

*

192 ‘

D.

Ha'awina ‘Umikumaiwa

Ana Sentences

Translate. 1

.

Preparing an imu

hard work. grabbed the lure, the fisherman got him.

is

2.

When the octopus

3.

After ‘Auli‘i’s bag was

4.

Ku‘upua brought her leftovers

5.

Before washing his pants,

lost,

she was very upset.

my

for feeding the very skinny cats.

son

felt

inside the pockets (ptikeke). feather lei for him.

Papa was very happy at the making of a Akaka didn’t like the girls teasing him.

10. 6. 7.

Pua’s students practice together before they begin the exam. Writing a letter to my lover is an absorbing pastime. Go get green papaya for me for soothing these flea bites.

8.

9.

E. Lilo

Sentences

Translate.

Bathsheba passed into the possession of David. I’m going to get you (you will relinquish [yourself] to me). 3. Lene “guys” were totally absorbed in watching the movie. 4. Maybe your money was lost when^ou ^aatjqei^washed your-shirt ^5. The small fish were taken orrery one by the hungry shark. 6. Alas, the rich old man got the very beautiful maiden. 7. The cat caught the fat rat, but afterwards, the bad dog got the cat. 8. His wife was lost when he dived between the rocks. 9. The children have gone to their (2) adoptive parents. The native-born’s land is being lost to the Japanese. , 1

[

.

2. 10.

!

I

V.

e ia nei

VOCABULARY

— you! you there! (affec-

tionate, friendly greeting,

pronounced e nei) ‘eke kua backpack haha (vt) to grope, feel with the hands hoe (vt) to paddle; paddle hopena result, consequence, outcome kahea (vt) to call out often

— —

— —

—

— the place (no determiner) kahi — distant place; some-

kahi

‘e

where else kama‘aina (vi)

— acquainted,

familiar with; native-born

kapa

(vt)

— to name, to

(give a ki‘o (vt)

name)

— to excrete, have a

bowel movement kua back

—

call

194

Ha'awina ‘Umikumaiwa

kukae

— excrement, dung — to grab, hold onto,

lalau (vt)

reach for leho

—

--less,

time, each, singly, individ-

—

gone, lost, taken, quished to, passed into possession

‘ole

at

cowrie

lilo (vs)

— soft-hearted — not, un-; zero pakahi — one by one, one a na‘au palupalu

of;

relin-

soft,

tender

— (document) wa‘a — canoe

occupied, engrossed

pila

luhe‘e

mind, heart,

— Pacific —

palupalu (vs)

absorbed,

— octopus lure na‘au — intestines, guts

ually

Pakipika

bill

(fig.,

affections)

Idioms and Phrases

— Get out of here! (go to a distant place) mai kela manawa mai — from that time on; ever since; since then ko‘u no‘ono‘o kahi — My mind was elsewhere. wasn’t payUa E

hele aku ‘oe

i

kahi

‘e!

lilo

ing attention.

i

I

was

lost in

‘e.

thought.

I

My mind was wandering.

20 HA‘AWINA IWAKALUA Actor-Emphatic Sentences and

Lilo

(Become) Sentences

BASIC SENTENCES

I.

Na wai ho‘omakaukau

1.

i

i‘a

i

keia

1

.

Who prepared this dried fish?

malo‘o?

2.

Na Lopaka

3.

Nana e hana ka mea

4.

Hawai‘i apau? Na‘u e kuke ka hapanui o ka

5.

mea ‘ai. Na kona mau hoa

i

kaula‘i. i

2. 3.

‘ai

It was Lopaka who dried (it). Does he make all the Hawai-

ian food? 4.

i

It’s I

who

cooks most of the

food.

who

aloha e

5.

It’s his

‘olelo haole.

6.

became an English teacher. After you become a Hawaiian

friends

sing.

himeni. 6.

Ua lilo

7.

Ma hope o kou lilo kumu

au

i

kumu

‘olelo

‘ana

Hawai‘i.

.

II.

1

.

7.

i

.

I

language teacher.

.

.

.

.

EXPLANATIONS

Actor-Emphatic Sentences

Most Hawaiian verb sentences begin with

the verb, thus emphasizing

the action or the condition. Sometimes, however,

we

are

more

inter-

does something. We can express this interest by using actor-emphatic sentences starting with the “a” form of the n-possessives

ested in

who

to identify the actor; the n-possessive tells

done:

195

“by

whom”

the action

was

196

Ha'awina Iwakalua

N-possessive (“a” form)

+

Tense Aspect

Na wai Na ke kumu Na Lopaka

e

Na‘u

e

Tense ± Aspect ± Object

+ Verb ho‘omakaukau

i

kahea hana lawe aku

ka

ia i

i‘a?

makou.

keia mea.

ia ia.

Who prepared the fish? was the teacher who called us. Lopaka who makes this thing.

It

It’s I’ll

take her.

are the most common tense forms in Hawaiian and English. Although e nei and e ana are occasionally used, you need not concern yourself with them at this point. It is also acceptable to omit the object marker, but for clarity’s sake you should probably use it.

The preceding examples

—

—

Because this construction emphasizes who does something, it occurs mainly with transitive verbs and rarely with intransitive verbs. It is not used with stative verbs or passive markers.

2. Lilo Lilo

(Become) Sentences

means “become”

demonstrative

in the sense of

{ke, ka, keia, etc.) is

Ua lilo

“turn into something” when the

omitted after the object marker.

‘o Lopaka maka‘i. Lopaka became a policeman. i

Contrast

this

with

Ua lilo

lilo

you learned

as

‘o Lopaka ka maka‘i. Lopaka was taken into custody by

it

in

Ha‘awina

18:

i

the policeman.

Unlike English “become,” lilo does not mean “to reach a condition” as in “He became very tired.” The expression for that is hele a:

Ua hele

‘o ia

a maluhiluhi loa.

III.

1

.

Ma ko

DIALOGS

Lilinoe hale ‘aina

Maha‘oi:

E

Lilinoe:

Na Lopaka

Lilinoe,

na wai ho‘omakaukau i

i

kaula‘i.

No

i

keia i‘a malo‘o?

ke aha? A‘ole ‘ono? ‘

197

Ha'awina Iwakalua

Lilinoe:

‘A‘ole; ua ‘ono loa. Nana e hana ka mea ‘ai Hawai‘i apau no ka hale ‘aina? ‘A‘ole; na‘u e kuke i ka hapanui o ka mea ‘ai. Na Lopaka e hana i ka mea ‘ai maka wale no., A‘ole ‘o ia e hana ana ma ka hale maka‘i? ‘Ae, e hana ana no ‘o ia i laila. Aka, i na la hana ‘ole, kokua ‘o ia ia‘u

ma

Maha‘oi:

Aia i hea

‘o ia

Lilinoe:

Ua hele laua ‘o Koleka Honomu. No ke aha la? E ‘ike ka wailele ‘o Akaka?

Maha‘oi:

i

Lilinoe:

Maha‘oi:

‘

‘ane‘i. i

keia la? i

Maha‘oi:

i

Aia ko Koleka ‘ohana laua kona makua kane. ‘A‘ole.

Lilinoe:

e

noho ana

i

E

laila.

kipa ana

i

2.

Ma

ko Koleka hale

Koleka:

E Papa, ua ho‘okani

Papa:

i

Honomu Makemake

lohe ‘oe?

ho‘opaumanawa

Tsa, he

Papa: Papa:

i

mea

paha ina ‘o ia lilo maka‘i e like Aka, ‘a‘ohe ona makemake keia ‘ano hana. Pehea ka loio? Nui ke kala ina ‘o ia lilo loio. Hoihoi loa ‘o ia ka ho‘okani pila. A‘ohe mea nui ke kala. Ho, laki no ‘o ia. Na ‘olua e ha‘awi aku ke kala ia ia? ‘A‘ole. E hana ana ‘o ia ma ko Lilinoe hale ‘aina ka la. I ke i

‘

i

i

Koleka:

i

ahiahi, ho‘okani pila ‘o ia

Papa:

A pehea? Hlmeni no ho‘i

Koleka:

‘A‘ole; ‘ano hilahila ‘o

na kona

Ma

e lilo

i

Koleka:

3.

Kalekona

mo‘opuna. He mea maika‘i me kona makua kane.

keia

i

Koleka:

‘o

pila.

i

keia wahi.

‘o ia?

ia.

mau hoa aloha e

me

keia

No

laila,

nana

e ho‘okani pila, a

hlmeni.

ke kula nui

Kawailani:

E Pua,

kou puka ‘ana aku mai ke kula nui, ua lilo ‘oe Hawai‘i? ‘A‘ole; ua lilo au kumu ‘olelo haole na na haumana mai na ‘aina ‘e.

kumu Pua: Kawailani:

Pua:

i

i

‘olelo

i

He hana hoihoi keia? I

ka ho‘omaka ‘ana, ‘ano hoihoi, aka

o‘u

ma

hope

iho, ‘a‘ohe

makemake.

haumana? makemake ka hapanui o

Kawailani:

‘A‘ole maika‘i na

Pua:

‘

Kawailani:

‘A‘ole e like

Pua:

na ha‘awina ‘olelo Hawai‘i. Tsa! E hele aku ‘oe kahi ‘e!

Ae,

me makou!

i

i

lakou e pa‘ani wale no.

Hoihoi makou

i

ka ho‘opa‘a ‘ana

198 4.

Ha'awina Iwakalua

Ma Kahoolawe

Alaka‘i:

Tsa, na wai

i

Keoni:

Na‘u hana

pela.

Alaka‘i:

i

Hohono

kaula‘i

keia kawele kokoke

i

i

ke ahi?

He aha ka pilikia?

loa ke kawele

ka uahi. E kaula‘i ‘oe

i

ke kawele

i

ka

i

la.

me

mau he‘e ma‘o? Na wai na he‘e?

Keoni:

E

Alaka‘i:

‘Ae, pela no.

Keoni:

Ua loa‘a ka he‘e

like

loa

kela

makou ka hana

ia

i

makou ka he‘e i

‘ana

me ka luhe‘e. ‘Ono

malo‘o.

Alaka‘i:

‘O au pu. Ma hope o ke kaula‘i ‘ana, pulehu luna o ke ahi.

Keoni:

A

Alaka‘i:

Ua

‘ai

i

ka he‘e

ma

me ka poi! Hu

‘ai ‘oe

ka ‘ono kela me ka pia. ka he‘e maka? He mea ‘ai ma‘a

i

mau

i

wa

ku‘u

kamali‘i.

Keoni:

‘A‘ole au

‘ai

i

kela ‘ano he‘e. Pehea ka

i

ho‘omakaukau

‘ana? Alaka‘i:

Na

ku‘u tutu i lomi na‘u ‘ai.

loa, a

i

ka he‘e maka

me

ka pa‘akai a palupalu

i

ka ho‘omakaukau ‘ana?

Keoni:

‘A‘ole ‘oe

Alaka‘i:

He hupo no au ku‘u wa kamali‘i. ‘A‘ole na hana ma‘a mau o ko‘u mau kupuna. Aue ka minamina. Ua lilo loa kela ‘ano nohona.

i

a‘o

i

‘A‘ole.

i

au

a‘o

mai

hele

ana

i

i

Keoni:

5.

Ma ke kelepona ma

Leilehua:

E Mealani,

ka hale noho

e ki‘i

ana

‘o

haumana

‘Anakala ‘Iokepa

ia ‘oe.

E

kakou ka hale ‘aina. Mahalo, e ‘Anake, aka, ‘a‘ole hiki ia‘u! I ko‘u lilo ‘ana haumana, ua pau ka‘u hana. A‘ohe a‘u kala keia mau la. Tsa, Mealani! He kaikamahine hupo ‘oe! Na‘u e uku. ‘O ia ka hana ma‘a mau o na ‘anake. i

Mealani:

i

‘

Leilehua:

Mealani:

maopopo

‘Ae,

ia‘u.

Aka

i

hilahila loa au.

Uku mau

‘oukou

na‘u.

Leilehua:

‘A‘ole loa.

‘ana

i

na

A

Mealani:

No‘u ka

Leilehua:

‘Ae, pololei,

‘ana

i

kokua pinepine no

ho‘i ‘oe ia‘u

i

ka malama

keiki.

malama ia lakou. ‘O ‘oukou ko‘u ‘ohana. no laila, na makou e uku. Ma hope o kou lilo

hau‘oli e

kumu

‘olelo

makou ka hale i

Hawai‘i, hiki no

Mealani:

E, lohe au ia ‘Anakala e kahea

Leilehua:

Maika‘i.

E

ia ‘oe

‘aina pipi‘ i loa.

hele ‘awiwl

mai

mai ana

‘olua!

ia‘u.

A hui hou.

ke lawe aku

ia

199

Ha‘awina Iwakalua

Dialog Notes

Examples of family cooperation continue to occur; here Lopaka proall the raw dishes for Lilinoe’s restayrant. Lopaka’s son, Kalekona, works at the restaurant. The conversation between aunt and niece reinforces the theme of reciprocity in relationships; Mealani helps care for her cousins, and aunty treats her to dinner at the restaurant, and scolds her for her reluctance to accept. Aunty points out that when Mealani is established financially it will be her turn to treat. The reading exercise is an example of a place name story, a legend that explains the origin of the names of landmarks and places. These stories are very vides

common

in

Hawaiian.

EXERCISES

IV.

A. Translate this story.

No Ka Wailele

‘o

Akaka

Na Aunty Edith Kanaka‘ole ha‘i mai keia mo‘olelo. Ua hanau da ia ma Honomu, kokoke ka wailele ‘o Akaka. i

i

‘o

i

I

ka

wa

kahiko, ua noho kekahi keiki kane, ‘o Akaka,

kupunahine

ma Honomu

i

me kona mau ‘o

ka mokupuni ‘o Hawaid. Pa‘ani

kaikamahine keia me keia la. I kekahi ahiahi, ua holoi ke kupunahine kona malo, a kaula‘i ‘o ia ka malo ma luna o ke ahi. I ke kakahiaka a‘e, ua k Sre &^o Akaka kona malo a hele akula ‘o ia waho e pa‘ani me na kaikamahine. Aue no hod e! Ho‘ohenehene nui laua ia ia no ka mea, hohono ka malo ka uahi. Aloha dno! Nui loa kona hilahila, a hod ‘awiwi akula ‘o ia ka hale a ue kona kupunahine. Ma hope iho, pid a‘ela ‘o ia me kana dlio ma luna o ka wailele kokoke ka hale, a lele ihola laua. Ua make loa laua a lilo mau pohaku ma lalo pono o ka wailele. He pohaku nui ke keiki kane, a he pohaku lidlid kana dlio. Kaumaha loa ke kupunahine, a lilo no hod ‘o ia pohaku nui, ma luna a‘e o ka wailele. Aia keia mau pohaku ‘ekolu ma laila i “ keia manawa. Ua kapa da keia wailele ‘o Akaka” keia manawa.

Akaka me

‘elua

i

i

i

i

t

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

B. Practice telling the story in

Hawaiian

in

your own words.

ft

Ha‘awina Iwakalua

C. Lilo

201

Sentences

Translate. 1

.

2.

3. 4.

The

man

old

When

will

become a kupuna

at

Noelani School.

she went to the university, Mikioi

became a

waitress.

Akaka’s grandmother became a big rock above the waterfall. Akaka’s dog became a small rock under the waterfall.

D. Actor-Emphatic

Sentences

Translate. 1

.

2.

It

was the octopus who took the

The octopus

3. It

who will who broiled the movies; Hopoe will treat.

said, “It’s

was the hardworking

4. Let’s

go to the

back to Mokoli‘i. help you.”

rat

I

girl

sweet potatoes.

E.

Answer 1

.

these questions orally in Hawaiian.

‘Ehia ou makahiki?

3.

‘O wai ka inoa o kou mau makua? ‘Ehia keiki kou ‘ohana?

4.

‘Ehia kaikamahine

5.

‘Ehia keiki kane

2.

i

i

kou ‘ohana? kou ‘ohana? i

8.

He ‘Ilio kau? He manu kau? Na wai ho‘omakaukau kau

9.

Ma hope o ka puka ‘ana,

6. 7.

i

He

F.

i

popoki ka Akaka?

Actor-Emphatic Sentences

Translate. 1

.

Who raised your older sister?

2.

My grandparents raised her.

3.

Who raised you?

4.

My older sister raised me.

5.

Who will raise your children.

6. I will raise 7.

them.

Who is drying the fish?

‘aina kakahiaka?

e lilo

ana

‘oe

i

aha?

202

Ha'awina Iwakalua

8.

Kini

9.

Who will make the rice?

is

10.

She

11.

I’ll tell

drying the

fish.

will.

her.

V.

ahi

—

VOCABULARY kokoke

fire

‘aina ‘e

— foreign country,

distant land ‘ane‘i

(precedes stative verb)

— here (with — —

i

or

ma)

hapanui most, majority hlmeni (vt) to sing; song,

hymn hohono

— to have an odor

(not sweet)

— interested, excited,

turned on ho‘okani pila

(vt;

compound)

— to play music kaula‘i (vt) — to dry (with heat, as in the sun); to to

hang out

dry

Idioms and Phrases na‘u e uku

komo

— to put on — to become (turn into)

(vt)

lilo (vi)

— lawyer (vt) — to massage malo — loincloth malo‘o (vs) — dried, dry mea ho‘okani pila — musician mo‘olelo — story ‘olelo haole compound) — English; to speak English uahi — smoke wailele — waterfall

loio

lomi

(vi)

hoihoi (vs)

— close, near (in time and

space); nearly, almost

—

I’ll

pay;

my treat

(vt;

21 HAAWINA IWAKALUAKGmAKAHI Situation-Emphatic Sentences and Time

Phrases

I.

1

.

2.

3.

4.

BASIC SENTENCES

Inahea ‘oe hiki mai ai? Ahea e pau ai keia papa? I ka hola ‘ehia e hamama ai ka hale ‘aina? No ke aha ‘oe e ‘aka‘aka mai

2.

When did you arrive? When will this class end?

3.

What

1

i

.

time

will the restaurant

open? 4.

Why are you laughing?

Pehea ‘oe e hele mai ai ke kaona? I hea ‘oe e hele aku ai ma hope o ka papa?

5.

How do you come to town?

6.

Where

Aia hea ‘oe e hana nei? I ka hapaha hola ‘eono au i wehe ai ka puka. I ka hapalua hola ‘ewalu paha ‘o ia hele mai ai. Ma Kahalu‘u ‘o ia e hana nei. Ke pau ka‘u mau papa, ho‘i aku au. Kokoke pau keia papa.

7.

nei? 5.

6.

i

will

(Where

are

you go after class? you going after

class?) 7.

i

8.

8.

9.

1 1

.

12.

II.

1

.

5:45

when

is

I

opened the

8:30

maybe

is

when

10.

come. Kahalu‘u

1 1

When my classes

i

10.

are you working?

door.

i

9.

Where

.

I

12.

is

she’ll

where he works. are finished,

return.

This

class

is

nearly finished.

EXPLANATIONS

Situation-Emphatic Sentences

Sometimes we want to emphasize the time, place, or manner in which an event occurs; that is, the “when, where, why, how” aspect of a sen-

A convenient label for a sentence that does emphatic.” Hawaiian uses two patterns to do this. tence.

203

this

is

“situation-

0

205

Ha'awina Iwakaluakumakahi If the subject

is

or proper noun, use this pattern:

Tense

Tense Aspect

+

Situation

common noun

a

+ Verb Phrase + Aspect +

Time

i

ai

Place

e

ai

Manner (how)

e

nei

Ahea

e

pau

ai

Ikahola‘ehia

e

hamama

ai

ka papa? ka hale ‘aina?

Verb ai Verb ai e Verb nei

Past tense verb markers with this pattern:

i

Future tense (also “non-tense”):

e

Present tense:

Subject

is a pronoun, it is almost always placed between the and the Tense/Aspect marker.

If the subject

tion

Pronoun

+

Situation

Inahea No ke aha Pehea I hea Aia hea Ma Kahalu‘u i

When

In

H a‘awina

statement” specific

(i

Tense Aspect

i

hiki

‘oe

e

‘aka‘aka mai

‘oe

e

hele

‘oe

e

hele aku

ai?

‘oe

e

nei?

‘o ia

e

hana hana

c

hele

ana,

words and phrases

mai

ai?

nei? ai?

nei.

in the basic sentences.

19 you learned to use

kona

mai

+

‘oe

These examples are found

2.

Tense

+ Aspect + Verb Phrase

Subject

situa-

i

(

ana to express “when, past tense,

ka hele ana o ka

that are

‘

all

loio).

translated as

Hawaiian has many

“when”

in English.

These include:

— when, questions only, past tense — —

inahea

ahea when, questions only, future tense ka manawa hea when, questions only, past or future tense, depending on the Tense/Aspect markers ka manawa when, statements, past or future tense, depending on Tense/Aspect markers i

i

—

These expressions are used ahea only occur initially.

in situation-emphatic sentences. Inahea

and

t

206

Ha‘awina Iwakaluakumakahi

3.

Ke This word means

“if,

whenever.”

It

can refer to past or future events

and does not take any tense markers.

Ke hele na kanaka Whenever

Ke makaukau ka

When lunch If the subject

Ke If

is

i

ka heiau, ua lohe lakou

na

leo.

is

mai

‘aina awakea, e kahea

ready, call

a pronoun,

ia‘u.

me.

it is

often fronted.

‘oe hele, hele au.

you go,

4. Telling

I’ll

go.

Time

Using hours and minutes is

i

the people went to the heiau, they heard voices.

is a postcontact development, and from English. See the vocabulary list for

to tell time

basically a direct translation

the necessary patterns.

5.

Time Phrases

The vocabulary list commonly used are

The most and “next X.” The others are provided in this lesson for your convenience, but learning to use them is a gradual process. At this point, concentrate on recognizing them when you see or hear them in Hawaiian. contains a complete set of time phrases.

“last

X”

DIALOGS

III.

1.

Ma ke

kula nui

‘Alena:

E Hepualei, inahea

Hepualei:

ka hola ‘eono au hiki mai ai. Aue, no ke aha ‘oe hele mai ai ke kakahiaka nui? Makemake au e ho‘oku‘u ke ka‘a kokoke ke kula nui. Ahea ‘oe e ho‘i aku ai ka hale? Ke pau ka‘u mau papa, ho‘i aku au. I ka hola ‘ekolu paha,

‘Alena:

Hepualei: ‘Alena:

Hepualei:

I

‘oe

i

mai

hiki

ai

i

ke kula nui

i

keia la?

i

i

i

i

i

i

hola ‘eha. ‘Alena:

‘A‘ole ‘oe maluhiluhi?

Hepualei:

‘A‘ole,

‘ewalu.

no ka mea, ho‘i au

i

ka hiamoe

i

ka hapalua hola

207

Ha'awina Iwakaluakumakahi 2.

Ma

ka papa ‘olelo Hawaii

E Laiana, ahea

Laiana:

e pau ai keia papa? Iwakalua minuke ma hope o ka hqla ‘umikumakahi. Hu, ka lo‘ihi! ‘A‘.ohe o‘u hoihoi keia ha‘awina. ‘O au pu! I hea ‘oe e hele aku ai ma hope o ka papa? I ka hale ‘aina paha. E hele kaua e inu pia! ‘A‘ole hiki ia‘u; ho‘omaka au ka hana ka hola ‘ekahi. Aia hea ‘oe e hana nei? Ke hana nei au ma ke kula nui.

Wili:

Tsa, ‘a‘ole

Laiana:

dens. Nui loa ka manawa. Hiki paha. Hola ‘ehia keia? Hapaha hala ka hola ‘umikumakahi. Kokoke pau

Wili:

Laiana: Wili:

i

Laiana: Wili:

Laiana:

i

i

Wili:

i

Wili:

pilikia.

Hiki

ia ‘oe

me

ke hele

a‘u

i

Manoa Gar-

i

keia

papa.

3.

Ma ke

Kani: Pua:

kula nui

E Pua, pehea

‘oe e hele

mai

ai

ke kaona?

i

ka hapanui o ka manawa, hele mai au me ko‘u hoa aloha. la, na ka‘u kane e lawe mai ia‘u. He kane lokomaika‘i kau! ‘A‘ole ‘o ia hana Honolulu nei,

I

Aka kekahi mau i

Kani:

i

‘a‘ole anei?

Pua:

Ma Kahalu‘u ‘o ia kana ma ke kaona. maopopo

Kani:

‘A‘ole

Pua:

He kahuna

hana

e

nei, aka, aia

aku aia mai, he hana

he aha kana ‘oihana?

ia‘u;

pule ‘o ia

ma

ka hale pule

‘o

Kana Keoni

Ma Ke

Kai.

Kani:

A

Pua:

E, no ke aha ‘oe e ‘aka‘aka

Kani: Pua:

‘o ‘oe

ka

mama kahu? (‘Aka ‘aka

‘o

ia.)

mai nei? E kala mai ia‘u. He mama kahu ‘ano ‘e ‘oe. ‘A‘ole loa. Ke ‘oe hele mai ko‘u hale pule, mai ia‘u keia ‘ano ‘oihana. i

hiki ia ‘oe ke

nana

i

4.

Ma ko

Lilinoe hale ‘aina

Maha‘oi:

ma

Aloha kakahiaka.

I

ke kelepona ka hola ‘ehia

e

hamama

ai

ka hale

‘aina?

Kalekona:

Maha‘oi: Kalekona: Maha‘oi:

ka hapaha hola ‘eono au wehe ai i ka puka. Ho, kakahiaka nui no! Aia ‘o Lilinoe ma laila? ‘A‘ole; ka hapalua hola ‘ewalu paha ‘o ia e hele mai ai. He nlnau ka‘u. I nehinei a ia la aku, ua ‘ai au ka pua‘a PukikI ‘ono loa. Ua loa‘a keia la? I

i

i

i

i

208

Ha'awina Iwakaluakumakahi

Kalekona:

‘A‘ole

i

‘apopo a

keia

la.

ia la

aku

Na‘u

e

hana

e loa‘a ai kela

i

kela ‘ano pua‘a.

Maha‘oi: Kalekona:

No ke aha e lo'a‘a ‘olem keia la? No ka mea ku au ka pua‘a loko mau la, a ma hope iho, kuke au.

Maha‘oi:

E

ka

la

i

i

i

‘olu‘olu ‘oe, e ho‘opa‘a

wahine kela i

Kalekona:

I

mea.

i

o ka wineka no ‘ekolu

ka pakaukau na

maua

‘o

ka‘u

la.

Hiki no. Mahalo

i

kou kelepona ‘ana mai.

Dialog Notes Teasing

Kani

is

a sign of affection and friendship

finds out that

Pua

is

among Hawaiians. When

a minister’s wife as well as a professor, he

laughs and says she’s a strange kind of minister’s wife.

IV.

EXERCISES

A. Situation-Emphatic Sentences

Use situation-emphatic constructions to ask these questions; answer them with situation-emphatic statements or verb/subject sentences. Practice doing them orally as well. 1.

2.

When were you born? When were your parents born?

12.

Where were you born? Where were your parents born? Where do you live? Where do your parents live? What time did you come to school this morning? How did you come to school? What time are you going home? How are you going home? Why did you come to the University of Hawaii? Where do you work?

13.

When

14.

Where

3.

4. 5. 6. 7.

8. 9.

10. 1 1

.

15. 16.

semester end? you go this summer? Why didn’t you learn Japanese? Where did you buy your shoes? will the will

209

Ha'awina Iwakaluakumakahi

17.

Where

18.

Why are you learning Hawaiian?

19.

When will

20.

What day

you eat lunch today?

will

you graduate? you not come

will

to class?

Time Phrases

B.

Translate. 1

.

9. 2.

last

year

next week

3.

year before

4.

week

5.

day before yesterday day after tomorrow

6.

7. last

last

after next

month

.

1:00

10.

9:45

11.

6:15

12.

twenty minutes to

13.

3:10

8

12:30

five (4:40)

V.

VOCABULARY

— when (future, questions) — to laugh ‘ano — strange, unusual,

ahea

‘aka‘aka

(vi)

‘e

weird, different

ho‘oku‘u

(vt)

— to park (as a

— when (past tense,

questions)

Idioms and Phrases

—

mai occasionally, now and then hapaha hala ka hola ‘elua 2: 15

aia aku aia i

—

— 2:30 — 2:45 Hob ka hiamoe. — Go to sleep. Hola ‘ehia keia? — What time

hapalua hola ‘elua

hapaha hola ‘ekolu i

is it?

pule,

kahuna

(pi.)

— minister, priest kakahiaka nui — early morning kaona — town ke — whenever mama kahu — minister’s wife ‘oihana —job, profession, role wineka — vinegar if,

car); to dismiss

inahea

kahuna

210 hola ‘elua

Ha'awina Iwakaluakumakahi

— 2:00

— day before yesterday — — — keia X a‘e — next X: keia mahina a‘e — next month keia X a‘e a X aku — X after next: keia pule a‘e a i

nehinei a ia la aku

iwakalua minuke hala ka hola ‘elua 2:20 iwakalua minuke ma hope o ka hola ‘elua 2:20 ka la‘apopo a ia la aku day after tomorrow i

ia

ia

pule aku

— week

after next

X aku nei — last X: keia makahiki aku nei — last year keia X aku nei a ia X aku — X before last: keia pule aku nei a ia pule aku keia

— week before ‘umi minuke

last

ma mua o ka hola

‘ekolu

— 2:50

REVIEW HO‘l

I.

6

HOPE ‘EONO

SUMMARY OF CONTENTS IN HA‘AWINA 19-21

A. Major Patterns 1

.

2.

3. 4.

Lilo sentences (including

“become”)

‘Ana nominalization

Actor-emphatic sentences Situation-emphatic sentences

Other Features

B. 1.

‘Ole

2.

Time

3.

“When” words (inahea,

4.

Telling time

phrases ahea, ke)

II.

EXERCISES

A. Lilo Sentences Translate. 1

.

2.

3. 4. 5.

He’s becoming a minister after his graduation. Nahoa became a lawyer last year.

Kawehi will become a mother next semester. The rat’s canoe was gone. The soft-hearted woman’s money was lost to

211

the thief.

*

212 '

B.

Ho‘i

Hope ‘Eono

Ana Sentences

Translate these sentences using an

‘ana

phrase for the bold-faced

phrases. 1

.

2.

my brother dries the aku, he sells (it) to Lilinoe’s restaurant. When the paddles were lost at sea, they (3+) couldn’t bring back After

the canoe. 3.

That’s the result of drinking beer before canoe paddling.

4.

When the rat felt on his head,

5.

he was very disappointed. Before calling out the song, practice the Hawaiian words!

C. Actor-Emphatic

Sentences

Translate. 1

.

It’s

2. It 3. It

4. It is 5.

the octopus that grabs the cowrie.

was the was the she

I’m the

rat that excreted

rascal teacher

on the octopus’s head.

who

told us this story.

who writes unusual lessons. one who gave (kapa) the Hawaiian name

D. Situation-Emphatic

for

my son’s wife.

Sentences

Translate. 1

.

2.

When did you get the results? When will the Portuguese pork be

available (loa ‘a)?

4.

Day after tomorrow (it) will be Where did you park the car?

5.

In the middle of an untraveled street

3.

ready.

is

where

I

left

your truck.

22 HA‘AWINA IWAKALUAKUMALUA Possessive Locational Sentences

I.

1

.

Aia kou

BASIC SENTENCES

wawae hou kou

lole

1

i

.

kaikua‘ana.

4.

5.

Inahea

‘

‘o ia

i

lawe aku

ai

i

ia

wawae?

6.

He aha ke

7.

wahi? Ua kapa

2.

‘Alapaki has

3.

I

4.

i

10. lole

sister

has your

new

pants.

Aia ko‘u ka‘a ia Alapaki. Eia kau mau kl ia‘u. Aia ia puke ko‘u mama.

2.

3.

Your older

5.

‘ai

ma

ia

My mother has that mentioned book. When

afore-

did she take those

6.

aforementioned pants? What kind of food is there

7.

aforementioned place? This aforementioned restau-

10.

mea

‘ano

my car.

have your keys.

at

this

‘ia ia

Ka Na‘aukake

hale ‘aina

‘O

Pukikl.

rant

is

called

The Portuguese

Sausage. 8.

Ua like kou

8.

9.

‘A‘ole like

9.

kama‘a. ka ‘akala me ka

Your shoes are

similar.

Pink

same

is

not the

as

orange.

‘alani.

Makemake au ke kama‘a e me ko La‘e kama‘a.

I

i

want shoes

like La‘e’s shoes.

like

II.

1

.

EXPLANATIONS

Possessive Locational Sentences

found in Ha‘awina 9 except that the location is a person rather than a time or place. It is useful in describing situations when somebody has something that is not necessarily theirs, or in asking who has something. This pattern

is

identical to that

213

214

Ha'awina Iwakaluakumalua

+

Aia

+

Subject

ka puke a ke kumu ka ke kumu puke kou kama‘a ke ‘eke a ka wahine

Aia Aia Aia Aia

Location ia ‘Aulani.

ia ‘Aulani. i

i

ka ‘ilio. ka maka‘i

‘Aulani has the teacher’s book.

The dog has your shoe. The policeman has the woman’s person in possession

If the

name,

it

(i.e.,

purse.

the location)

is

a

pronoun or proper

often precedes the subject:

+ Location

Aia Aia Aia Aia

+

wai

ia

ka‘u penikala?

kana helu kelepona? ka puke a ke kumu.

ia ‘oe

‘Aulani

ia

Subject

Who has my pencil? Do you

have her phone number?

‘Aulani has the teacher’s book.

If the

speaker (location) has the thing right there with him and wishes to that, aia is replaced with eia.

emphasize

Eia ia‘u ke kl o ke ka‘a! I

A

have the car key right here!

very useful idiom

Hawaiians Aia no (It) is

based on

is

this pattern.

“you have

say, literally,

up

to you;

whatever you want

ke/ka , keia, kena is

up

to

you,”

omitted:

,

kela,

kekahi,

preceded by

conversation.

to do.

Aforementioned)

Once something has been mentioned often preceded by ia when referred to object, ia

“it’s

(ia) ia ‘oe.

2. la (This/that

(

To say

it”; the “it” (ia) is often

i

in a conversation or writing,

k-possessive). If the thing

although

it

it is

again. Ia replaces the determiner

is

is

used as an

not always easy to hear this in

Aue!

‘

Ua lilo

A‘ole

ke ‘eke

pilikia!

i

ka ‘aihue.

Aia ke ‘eke a ka wahine

i

ka maka‘i.

216

Ha'awina Iwakaluakumalua

Aia hea ka hale ‘aina ‘O Ka Na‘aukake Pukiki? Aia ia hale ‘aina ma ke ala nui Waianuenue. i

Where’s The Portuguese Sausage restaurant? That restaurant is on Waianuenue Avenue.

Ua Ua

‘ike ‘oe ‘ai

na

i

ka

i‘a

keiki

i

malo‘o?

ia i‘a.

Have you seen the dried The kids ate that fish.

3. Like, It is is

fish?

E Like Me

only a coincidence that the Hawaiian word for “alike,

identical with the English. Like

is

like,

similar”

a stative verb and functions like any

other stative verb:

Ua like kou kama'a. Your shoes are similar.

When

identifying the other item that

is

similar, like occurs with me:

Ua like keia puke hou me kela puke kahiko. This new book If like

is

not the

is

similar to that old book.

main verb

in the sentence,

it is

Makemake au ke kama‘a e like me ko Hana ‘oe e like me ke keiki! i

I want shoes like La‘e’s You act like a child!

4.

preceded by

e:

La‘e kama‘a.

shoes.

Colors

You have already learned a few

common

colors.

This lesson includes the

rest of

by English speakers. Some words come directly from the English, and others are old Hawaiian words. Color categories vary widely from culture to culture, so that the Hawaiian words do not always represent the same range of hues and tones as the the

color words used

English translations that are given. This doesn’t

mean

that Hawaiians’

eyes work differently from English speakers’, but that the language classifies

what

is

seen into categories that are different from the English.

217

Ha'awina Iwakaluakumalua

DIALOGS

III.

1.

Ma ko

Luika hale

Makia:

E Mama, aia hea ko‘u lole wawae selamoku? Aia kou lole wawae hou i kou kaikua‘ana. No ke aha la? ‘A‘ohe ona lole wawae?

Luika:

‘A‘ole ‘o ia

Makia: Luika:

i

holoi lole.

i

Makia:

Hu ka moloa!

Luika:

I

Makia:

‘A‘ole loa!

Inahea

keia kakahiaka ‘o ia

A

‘o ia

Tsa!

‘A‘ole.

Aka, pehea au

E

hele

Ma mua o

Ku‘upua: 3.

noi ia ‘oe?

ko‘u hoa aloha.

i

ke kula.

i

lole

a

ke kula.

Luika:

Pua:

‘e a‘e

i

i

i

Makia:

Ku‘upua:

wawae

wawae?

ia lole

i

i

hele aku

Pua:

ai

‘A‘ole ‘o ia

ai.

E komo ‘oe ka mu‘umu‘u a hele aku! E ho‘ohenehene ana na kaikamahine ‘e a‘e ia‘u. Mai wahapa‘a mai ‘oe ia‘u, e Makia! E komo ‘oe kou

Luika:

Makia: Luika:

lawe aku

aia ko‘u lole

‘A‘ole hiki ia‘u ke hele 2.

i

komo

i

wawae

e hele ai?

‘oe ‘ano!

Ua hele

‘e

ke ka‘a ‘ohua.

Kokoke ka hola ‘ewalu i

keia.

ka papa ‘olelo Hawaii

E Ku‘upua, aia hea kau puke ‘olelo Hawaii? Aia ia puke ko‘u mama. No ke aha ‘oe ha‘awi aku ai kau puke ia ia? Makemake ‘o ia e a‘o ka ‘olelo Hawaii aka, i

i

i

i

i

ia

ke hele

i

Pua:

A pehea

Ku‘upua:

Ke pau ka

‘a‘ole hiki ia

ke kula.

‘oe e ho‘opa‘a ai

i

ka ha‘awina hou?

papa, e hele aku ana au e ku‘ai

i

kekahi puke

‘e

Na‘u wale no

e

a‘e.

Pua:

‘A‘ole hiki ke ku‘ai

Ku‘upua:

hana na kope. Aue, ‘a‘ole maopopo

i

ia

puke ka hale i

ku‘ai.

i

ia‘u.

Hiki paha

ia

‘oe ke

hana

i

kekahi kope na‘u?

Pua:

A keia la, e noho kokoke ‘oe ia Kiaka a nana kana puke. Mahalo, e ke kumu. E ha‘awi aku au ke kala no ka puke ‘Ae, hiki no.

i

i

Ku‘upua:

i

ia ‘oe.

Ma ko Kunane: ‘Ekekela:

‘Ekekela ke‘ena

E ‘Ekekela, aia hea kou ka‘a keia Aia ko‘u ka‘a ia ‘Alapaki. ‘A‘ole kona kalaka keia kakahiaka. i

i

i

la?

hiki ia ia ke ho‘ohele

i

218

Ha‘awina Iwakaluakumalua

Kunane:

Pehea

‘Ekekela:

Na He

Kunane:

Kunane: ‘Ekekela:

hele

i

i

i

Kunane:

i

i

‘Ekekela:

i

Kunane: ‘Ekekela:

Ma

i

‘A‘ole maopopo ia‘u kela ‘ano mea. Na kona hoa aloha e ho‘oponopono. ‘O kana ‘oihana kela? ‘Ae, e hele ana ‘o ia ka hale ma hope o ka hana a nana kela me keia mea. Ahea ‘oe e ho‘i aku ai ka hale? I ka hapaha hala ka hola ‘elima paha. Ke pau kana hana, e ki‘i ana ‘o ‘Alapaki ia‘u. Ina ‘oe makemake e hele ‘e, hiki ia‘u ke ho‘iho‘i aku ia ‘oe i ka hapalua hola ‘eha. Maika‘i kela. Hiki ia‘u ke ho‘omakaukau na pupu na ‘Alapaki ma.

‘Ekekela:

4.

mai ai ka hana? lawe mai ia‘u. aha ka pilikia me kq kalaka? ‘oe

‘Alapaki

i

ko Lilinoe hale ‘aina

Lopaka: Lilinoe:

Lopaka: Lilinoe:

Lopaka: Lilinoe:

E

ua ‘ike ‘oe ka hale ‘aina hou? Aia hea ia hale ‘aina? Aia ma ke ala nui Waianuenue, kokoke ka hale leka. He aha ke ‘ano mea ‘ai me keia wahi? ‘A‘ole maopopo pono ia‘u, no ka mea, ‘a‘ole au hele loko. Aka, ua kapa ‘ia ia hale ‘aina ‘O Ka Na‘aukake Pukikl. E kelepona aku ‘oe ia Koleka, a e hele pu kakou e ‘ai ka Lilinoe,

i

‘A‘ole.

i

i

i

i

i

Lilinoe:

awakea laila. Aia no ia ‘oe, aka, na wai e hana ma ‘ane‘i? Na Kalekona e kuke ka ‘aina awakea. Maopopo ia ia ka ho‘omakaukau ‘ana ka mea apau. Ahea ‘o ia e hiki mai ai? ka hapalua I ka hapaha hola ‘umi. Hiki ia kakou ke hele hola ‘umikumakahi. E ki‘i a‘e au ia Koleka, no ka mea aia kona ka‘a ia Kalekona. No ke aha la? Aia hea kona Jeep?

Lopaka:

Ua make

‘aina

Lopaka: Lilinoe:

i

i

i

Lopaka: Lilinoe:

Lopaka:

5.

Ma

i

i

i

kela pule aku nei.

He mea kahiko loa

ia ka‘a.

ko Kawehi ke‘ena ka‘u mau kl. mau kl ia‘u. ia mau kl ia ‘oe?

Tuti:

E Kawehi, ua lilo

Kawehi:

‘A‘ole. Eia

Tuti:

Pehea loa‘a ai ko‘u ke‘ena keia kakahiaka, ua waiho I kou hele ‘ana mai ‘oe na ki ma luna o ka‘u pakaukau kakau.

Kawehi:

i

kau

i

i

i

219

Ha'awina Iwakaluakumalua Tuti:

Ho, hau‘oli no au! Nui ka

Kawehi:

‘Ae, pololei. ‘A‘ole hiki ke kalaiwa

Tuti:

komi loko o ka hale. ‘Ae, ua pihoihoi loa au.

na

pilikia ina lilo

kl.

ke ka‘a, ‘a‘ole hiki ke

i

i

ke‘ena,

E

Kawehi:

i

ka lumi papa,

i

Ua

Ua mana‘o

kala mai ia‘u.

‘imi au

loko o ka‘u ‘eke,

i

i

ke

ke ala nui, aka ‘a‘ole loa‘a.

au maopopo

ia ‘oe, aia

na

ma

kl

‘ane‘i.

Tuti:

‘O ka loa‘a ‘ana ka mea nui. E hele kaua e ka ‘aina awakea. Na‘u e uku. He mau papa ka‘u a hiki ka hapalua hola ‘umikumalua. He mea ‘ole. Hiki ke hele ka hola ‘ekahi.

Kawehi:

Mahalo,

‘A‘ole pilikia.

Tuti:

‘ai

i

Kawehi:

6.

i

i

Ma ko

A hui

e Tuti.

hou.

Luika hale

Makia:

E mama, makemake au

Luika:

kama‘a. No ke aha

Makia:

‘A‘ole loa!

i

me

ko La‘e

ia‘u ke

kama‘a

ke kama‘a hou e like

‘alani.

Ua like kou kama‘a. He kama‘a ‘akala kona. Aia no ‘A‘ole like ka ‘akala me ka ‘alani.

Luika:

‘A‘ole

mea

Makia:

Aka,

la?

nui

ia.

Pipi‘i loa ke

‘a‘ole hiki ia‘u ke

komo

i

kama‘a hou. ke kama‘a ‘alani me ko‘u

lole

poni hou. Luika:

E

Makia:

Tsa! ‘A‘ole

noi aku ‘oe ia La‘e e ‘ae

wawae Luika:

Makia:

li‘ili‘i

mai

i

ka nui o kona

like

kona kama‘a.

wawae me ko‘u wawae. He

loa ko‘u.

He kaikamahine ho‘okano E ‘olu‘olu, e Mama, hiki

‘oe!

ia‘u ke ku‘ai

mai

i

ke kama‘a

me

ka‘u kala pono‘T. Luika:

Aia no

ia ia ‘oe,

aka he ho‘opau kala

ia.

Dialog Notes

Makia and her mother

are like mothers and daughters everywhere,

disagreeing about the importance of clothes.

Common

themes are

repeated: brother giving sister a ride, sister and brother trying out a

new

restaurant together. Traditional Hawaiian families stay close to

each other even after the siblings are adults. Although Hawaiian brothers

and

sisters

may

fight

with each other, the ideal value for sibling and

other interpersonal relationships

is

closeness

and mutual support.

220

Ha'awina Iwakaluakumalua IV.

EXERCISES

A. Possessive Locational Sentences Translate. 1

.

Who has

‘Auli‘i’s

backpack?

2.

The

3.

Do you have the lawyer’s phone number?

4. I 5.

teacher has that aforementioned backpack.

have

his

Kimo has

name. ‘

Alapaki’s car.

B. la (This or That Aforementioned)

Sentences

Translate. 1

.

This aforementioned

2. I really

3.

is

The octopus was caught with

4. It 5.

office

was

in

Spalding Hall.

crave that aforementioned kind of octopus. that aforementioned thing.

that aforementioned minister

This aforementioned minister’s wife

who sang on Sunday. is

rather strange.

C. Like Translate. 1

.

2.

He’s running around like a crazy person. Your nose (ihu) is like a banana.

4.

The cousins are very much alike, (like loa) Pua doesn’t act like the other minister’s wives.

5.

Haole snacks are not

3.

as delicious as

Hawaiian snacks. (Haole

snacks are not delicious like Hawaiian snacks.)

D. Translate this story.

Kane and Ku Adapted from Laura

S.

Green, 1928, Folk

Tales from

Hawaii, p. 61

man lived in Hilo. He was very interested in prayed to Kane and Ku all the time. Before eating, he prayed. Whenever he went to farm, he prayed beforehand. When he went to sleep, he prayed again. This old man prayed all day long. In the old days, an old

praying.

He

221

Ha'awina Iwakaluakumalua

One

time, this aforementioned old

He

man went

to fish with

some

down into the sea. His friends waited above, but he emerge. They thought he was dead, and they went back home.

friends.

didn’t

dived

But the old man wasn’t dead. When he dived, he saw a beautiful land under the sea. There was a house with a flower garden. When the old man went close to the house, he heard two voices calling him. He entered the house and saw two men. They invited him to eat dinner. After they had eaten, the old man went to sleep because he was very tired.

The next morning after breakfast, the two men told him, “We are Kane and Ku. We always hear your frequent (often) calling to us. We are kind of happy because you don’t call us when you go to the toilet But your constant praying is an irritating thing. Here’s the right whenever you wake up (ala), pray to us. If you have a problem, pray again. Whenever you go to sleep, pray. But most of the time, don’t call us. If we want you, we’ll call you. Now you can go back (lua).

practice:

home.”

The his

man went

old

praying

all

back

the time

was

to

V.

a hiki ‘akala

Hilo and lived there until his death. But

finished.

VOCABULARY

— until — pink vs) — to be awake, to

ke‘ena

ala (vi,

arise, to

like,

wake up

toilet

— orange — already, beforehand,

‘alani ‘e

previously

hinahina

— this or that aforementioned — office like (vs) — alike, similar lua — melemele — yellow ‘6ma‘oma‘o — green palaunu — brown polu — blue poni — purple pupu — snack uliuli — dark color ia

i

— gray — to cause to go, to

ho‘ohele (vt)

start (as a car)

— proud, conceited — to waste

ho‘okano (vs) ho‘opau (vt)

Idioms and Phrases Aia no (ia) have it)

He mea

ia ‘oe.

‘ole.

nothing

—

It

—

(It’s)

up

to you.

Whatever you want

doesn’t matter; never mind;

it’s

—

(lit.,

of no importance;

“mahalo”). Mai wahapa‘a mai ‘oe ia‘u. Don’t argue with me. (in reply to

to do;

you it’s

23 HA‘AWINA IWAKALUAKUMAKOLU Relative Clauses (Type A), Negative

Class-Inclusion and Equational

Sentences and Pono (Ought To) Sentences

I.

1

.

Huhu

loa au

‘aihue 2.

3.

i

ke kanaka

1

i

kekahi wahine e hana

au

nei

laila.

i

2.

‘oe

3.

i

4.

10.

I’m

really

mad

at the

person

who stole my backpack. I know a woman who works there.

ka haumana e ‘imi ana ke ‘eke kua? ‘O ia ke ‘eke ha‘awi ‘ia mai ia‘u e ko‘u kupunahine.

‘O

.

ko‘u ‘eke kua.

‘Ike i

i

BASIC SENTENCES

4.

i

10.

Are you the student who is looking for the backpack? It’s the backpack that was given to me by my grandmother.

5.

6.

‘O wai kela kanaka hou e kuke nei? Pono au e wehewehe na kanaka e ku‘ai mai.

5.

6.

i

7.

Pono

8.

Pono

9.

ka hale ‘aina. ‘A‘ole kena ko‘u ‘eke.

“lilo

‘oe e hele

i

have

ma

to explain to the people

buy.

7.

You ought to go to and found” office.

8.

(One) should speak very

9.

That’s not

a loa‘a.”

‘A‘ole kela he

I

who

ke ke‘ena

e ‘olelo ‘olu‘olu loa

Who is that new person who is cooking?

the “lost

politely at a restaurant.

my bag.

That’s not a proper thing to

hana pono.

do.

222

Ke malama

nei ‘o

Mama

i

na

keiki e pa‘ani

ana

i

ke kai.

224

Ha'awina Iwakaluakumakolu

II.

1

.

A

EXPLANATIONS

Type-A Relative Clauses

is used to modify a noun. Like a Hawaiian, a relative clause follows the noun it modifies. Here are some nouns with relative clauses:

relative clause

is

a verb phrase that

single- word modifier in

who stole my backpack woman who works there the student who is looking for her bag the person the

been returned bag that was given to me

the backpack that has

the

the people

who buy

the food that

was obtained was lost

the canoe that

Hawkins

( Pedagogical

Grammar

1982) calls these “Type A from “Type B relative clauses” (see

of Hawaiian,

relative clauses”; they are different

Ha‘awina 24) in that these verbs have no subjects of their own; “who” and “that” are “empty” subjects and do not occur in the Hawaiian pattern. The noun that is being modified (head noun) is the true subject of the relative clause.

above

The

pattern for the

Type-A

relative clauses listed

is:

Tense

Tense

Head Noun + Aspect + Verb Phrase

+ Aspect +

ke kanaka

ka wahine ka haumana

Objects, Locations

i

‘aihue

i

ko‘u ‘eke kua (past)

e

hana

nei

i

laila (present)

e

‘imi

ana

i

kana ‘eke

(future;

progressive)

ke ‘eke kua

i

ho‘iho‘i ‘ia

ke ‘eke

i

ha‘awi

na kanaka

e

ku‘ai

ka

i

loa‘a

(past)

i

lilo

(past)

‘ai

ka wa‘a

The verb markers used

with

‘ia

mai

Type-A

past:

z'Verb

present:

e

future/progressive:

e

no

tense:

mai mai

Verb net Verb ana ^Verb

(past, passive)

ia‘u (past, passive)

(no tense)

relative clauses are as follows:

225

Ha'awina Iwakaluakumakolu 2.

Negative Class-inclusion and Equational Sentences

Here are some examples of negative

class-inclusion

and equational sen-

tences: isn’t a good book. I’m not a lazy student. Kalekona is not a lawyer. This isn’t my backpack. That person isn’t Kimo’s teacher. My husband isn’t the minister.

This

Here

the

is

Hawaiian

‘A ‘ole

+

he puke maika‘i.

au

he

haumana moloa.

‘

A‘ole

‘o

he

loio.

‘

A‘ole

keia

‘

A‘ole

keia

Kalekona

ko‘u ‘eke kua.

ka Kimo kumu. ke kahuna pule.

kanaka

ka‘u kane

a reversal of the positive class inclusion and equational sentence:

+

Predicate

3.

Predicate.

keia

A‘ole

‘A‘ole is

T

Subject

‘A‘ole

‘

This

pattern:

Subject

He puke maika‘i He haumana moloa He loio

keia.

‘O ko‘u ‘eke kua ‘O ka Kimo kumu ‘O ke kahuna pule

keia.

au. ‘o

Kalekona.

keia kanaka.

ka‘u kane.

Pono (Ought To) Sentences

Pono

is

the verb for “should, must, have to, ought to.”

Pono

Pono Pono Pono I

ought

+

Subject

+

e

e e

‘ai.

‘oPua

e

ho‘iho‘i

to go.

pattern

+ Verb

au na keiki

The children should eat. Pua should return the exams.

The

hele.

mai na i

ho‘ike.

is:

*

226 It is

Ha'awina iwakaluakumakolu also possible to use the hiki pattern:

Pono +

Object

Pono Pono Pono

ia‘u

na

i

ia

+

keiki

Pua

ke

+ Verb

ke

hele.

ke

‘ai.

ke

ho‘iho‘i

III.

1

.

Ma

ka hale noho

mai na ho‘ike i

DIALOGS

haumana

‘Auli‘i:

Huhu

loa au

Mikioi:

‘A‘ole

paha

i

i

ke kanaka ‘aihue

‘aihue

i

i

ko‘u ‘eke kua.

‘ia, e ‘Auli‘i.

Pono

‘oe e hele

ke ke‘ena

i

“lilo a loa‘a.”

‘Auli‘i:

Mikioi:

Aia hea i

‘A‘ole

hana ‘

Auli‘i:

Mikioi:

2.

Ma

i

ke ke‘ena

‘Auli‘i:

‘Auli‘i:

Kahumea: Auli‘i:

‘ike

au

i

kekahi wahine e

ia ‘oe

ke nlnau aku ia ia‘u, e

ia.

kelepona aku au

ia ‘oe.

“lilo a loa‘a”

Aloha kaua. ‘O ‘oe ka haumana e ‘imi ana ke ‘eke kua? ‘Ae, ua ha‘i aku ‘o Mikioi ia ‘oe? ‘Ae. Nui na ‘eke kua ho‘iho‘i ‘ia mai. He aha ke ‘ano o kou ‘eke? He ‘eke ‘ele‘ele ia. ‘A‘ole kakau ‘ia ko‘u inoa loko. Tsa, he hupo kela. Pono ‘oe e kakau kou inoa kau mau mea. ‘O keia paha kou ‘eke? ‘A‘ole kena ko‘u ‘eke. He ‘eke kahiko a pupuka no ho‘i i

i

i

i

i

kena.

Kahumea:

ia‘u, aka,

laila.

Ke maopopo

Hiki no.

Kahumea:

ke‘ena?

maopopo pono

nei

Hiki paha

Kahumea:

‘

ia

He mea maika‘i ko‘u

i

‘eke a pipi‘i loa.

Kahumea:

paha ka ‘aihue. Aue no ho‘i e! ‘O ia ke ‘eke ha‘awi ‘ia mai ia‘u e ko‘u kupunahine. E huhu ana ‘o ia ia‘u. ‘A‘ole hiki ke ‘alo a‘e. Pehea, hiki paha ia ‘oe ke ku‘ai mai

‘Auli‘i:

i kekahi ‘eke like loa, a ‘a‘ole maopopo ia ia. Tsa! ‘A‘ole kela he hana pono! A eia kekahi, ‘a‘ole lawa

‘Auli‘i:

Ina pela, ua

lilo

i

i

ka‘u kala.

227

Ha‘awina Iwakaluakumakolu

Ma ko

3.

Lilinoe hale ‘aina

Lilinoe:

E Kalekona,

Kalekona:

‘Ae,

‘a‘ole keia

ua ho‘ouna mai

he

i‘a

i

kaula‘i ‘ia e kou papa.

‘Anakala

‘o

Kimo

ia i‘a

i

mai Kona

mai.

No

Lilinoe:

ke aha la? Pono au e wehewehe

i

na kanaka

e ku‘ai

mai.

Nui loa ka ua i keia pule aku no ke kaula‘i ‘ana.

Kalekona:

‘A‘ole maika‘i keia ‘ano

Lilinoe:

i‘a.

nei. ‘A‘ole

i

‘O ka Lopaka

loa‘a ka la wela

i‘a

mea

ka

‘ono

loa.

Pela paha, aka, ua ‘olelo

Kalekona:

na kupuna, “E

‘ia e

‘ai

i

ka

mea

i

loa‘a.”

‘A‘ole keia he ‘olelo no‘eau maika‘i no ka hale ‘aina. Ina

Lilinoe:

au Kalekona:

4.

Ma ko

‘olelo pela

kahi

‘e.

‘Ae,

pono

i

na kanaka

e hele

mai, aue, hele koke lakou

ma ka hale

e ‘olelo ‘olu‘olu loa

i

‘aina.

Lilinoe hale ‘aina

E

Lilinoe:

Lilinoe, ‘o wai keia kanaka hou e kuke nei? ‘O ka‘u keiki kane hanauna keia. ‘O Kalekona kona inoa. ‘O wai kona mau makua? ‘O Lopaka laua ‘o Koleka. Ho‘okahi wale no a laua keiki. ‘Ono loa ka pua‘a Pukiki kuke ‘ia e ia. Na kona makuahine a‘o aku ia ia? ‘A‘ole maopopo ia‘u. Pono ‘oe e nlnau aku ia ia.

Maha‘oi:

‘A‘ole au

Maha‘oi: Lilinoe:

Maha‘oi: Lilinoe:

Maha‘oi:

i

i

makemake

e nlele ia ia.

‘A‘ole keia he ninau nlele. Hau‘oli loa ‘o ia

Lilinoe:

nui ‘ana

i

i

kou mahalo

kana hana.

Dialog Notes

“E

‘ai

i

ka

sense to

mea loa’a”

tell

is

a well-known saying. Parents use

children to eat what

is

it

in

its literal

served and not to be picky; older

Hawaiians today bemoan the fact that children are not being taught this behavior anymore. On a figurative level, the proverb says that one should be satisfied with what one has. This attitude fits in with the Hawaiian value system, which stresses affiliation over acquisition; that is,

“make

friends, not

money.”

228

Ha‘awina Iwakaluakumakolu

EXERCISES

IV.

Type-A Relative Clauses

A.

Translate. 1

.

2.

the

nephew who bothered

aunty

his

who was greatly loved lawyer who will buy the expensive car teacher who is explaining the assignment

the minister

3. the 4.

the

5.

the backpack that

6.

the story that will be told to us

7.

the person

10.

8. the 9. the

was

stolen

who was parking the car musician who sang people who care for the land

the dishes that are cooked by

Kalekona

Type-A Relative Clause Sentences

B.

Translate. 1

.

2.

I

saw the person who

Akaka

is

the

name

stole the

backpack.

of the boy

who jumped down from above

the

waterfall. 3.

Have you heard

the story about the

woman who

gave birth

to a

shark child? 4. 5.

6. 7.

The people who arrived in the early morning were very tired. The present that was left by the rat was not good. Give this cake to the students who are helping the teacher. We are waiting for the woman who is going to (will) return our exams.

8.

9.

Kalekona will prepare lunch for the people who are coming. Do you have the lesson that will be explained tomorrow?

C. Negative Class-Inclusion

Make

these sentences negative

and Equational Sentences

and

translate the sentences

5.

He keiki kane nlele ‘o ia. He palule pupuka loa kena. He wahine na‘au palupalu ‘o Lilinoe. He la malie loa ‘o nehinei. He wahine ‘ano ‘e ka mama kahu.

6.

‘O Lilinoe ko Kalekona ‘anake.

1

.

2.

3. 4.

you

write.

229

Ha'awina Iwakaluakumakolu

7.

8.

10. 9.

‘O ka mea ho‘okani pila ka‘u keiki kane hanauna. ‘O ko‘u mama kau kumu. ‘O keia pupu ka mea ‘ai ‘ono loa ma ‘ane‘i. (loa = most) ‘O ia ke keiki ho‘okano loa keia ‘ohana. i

D. Negative Class-Inclusion

and Equational Sentences

Translate. 1.

My older sister isn’t a lazy woman.

2.

This

3.

I’m not a nosy person.

4.

They are not students. Lopaka is not a policeman now. Tomorrow isn’t Sunday.

10.

5.

6. 7.

8.

9.

isn’t a delicious snack.

‘Auli‘i

is

not

my grandchild.

That old woman is not the thief. The Chinese language teacher is not that Luika is not the youngest in my family.

(distant) old

man.

Pono Sentences

E.

Translate.

You

all

2.

The

parents should explain to the youngsters.

3.

We (3,

1

.

4.

‘

ought

to help

inclusive)

each other.

have

to start the class.

Alapaki should buy a new truck.

V.

—

keiki

koke

VOCABULARY

kane hanauna nephew quickly, immediately

—

nlele (vs, vi)

— inquisitive, nosy; to pry, to ask unseemly questions

—

pupuka ugly wehewehe (vt)

— to explain

Idioms and Phrases

E

‘ai

i

ka

mea

i

loa‘a.

— Eat

what

is

available, (fig., be satisfied with

what you have) eia kekahi

— besides, furthermore, in addition

24 HA‘AWINA IWAKALUAKUMAHA Relative Clauses (Type B)

I.

1

.

Ua

‘ike ‘oe

kakau 2.

‘Ono

i

BASIC SENTENCES

ka puke a Pua

1

i

.

4.

mea

PukikI

‘ai

2.

ana kuke ai. ‘O ia na mea a‘u a‘o mai ai kela kau aku nei. Nani loa na mele ana haku i

3.

i

4.

i

5.

Ua kakau

6. 7.

mau mea e hana nei. Eia ka‘u mea ku‘ai mai E wehe ‘oe ka mea a‘u

8.

ha‘awi aku ai ia ‘oe. He aha kona kumu ne‘e

9.

‘A‘ole

‘o ia

i

ka kakou

i

i

5.

i

ai.

ai?

ia‘u

kona manawa e puka ai. Aia paha kekahi hale ‘aina

Maopopo

mea

ia ‘oe

It’s

the things

I

learned

last

The songs

she composed are very beautiful.

She wrote about the things we Here’s what

7.

Open

8.

What’s the reason he moved? I

bought.

I

the thing

don’t really

I

gave you.

know when he

will graduate.

10.

i

Maybe

there’s a restaurant

that has this kind of food?

‘ai?

ka hale ku‘ai

i

1 1

.

Do you know the

store that

has this book?

II.

.

food he cooked was very delicious.

6.

9.

loa‘a ai ia puke?

1

The Portuguese

do.

i

maopopo pono

loa‘a ai ia ‘ano 11.

Pua

semester.

ai.

10.

seen the book

wrote?

ai?

loa ka

i

3.

Have you

EXPLANATIONS

Type-B Relative Clauses

These clauses

differ

from Type-A

relative clauses (see

that the verb of the relative clause has a subject of

ent from the head

noun being modified. Here

ples with the subject bold-faced:

230

are

its

Ha‘awina

own

that

is

23) in differ-

some English exam-

Eia ke kapa kuiki a ko‘u Tutu

i

ha‘awi mai

i

ai ia‘u.

232

Ha'awina Iwakaluakumaha the

book

that

Pua wrote

the Portuguese food that he cooked the time he will graduate

a restaurant where this food the reason she

is

singing

Type-B

for

relative clauses are as follows:

Past:

i

verb

ai

Future:

e

verb

ai

e

verb

nei

e

verb ana (not

Present:

Ongoing/no

The a.

available

moved

the song the minister

The verb markers

is

tense:

i

subject of Type-B clauses

ch/;

i

is

U

f

j(y r.

common)

handled

in a

number

Inanimate and abstract subjects are treated

like

of ways:

regular subjects and

follow the verb phrase:

kekahi hale ‘aina

i

loa‘a ai keia mea‘ai

a restaurant where this food

is

available

ka makahiki e pau ai ka hana the year when the work will end

“People” subjects, especially pronouns, become possessive attributes may be used; K-forms preforms immediately after the head cede the head noun and K-less come “0” forms are used if the verb is stative or passivized, or if noun. The the head noun is a time, place, or reason. All other verbs and head ” nouns occur with the “a possessive forms. b.

of the head noun. Either K- or K-less forms

Time:

kona manawa e puka ai ka manawa ona e puka ai the time

Place:

when he

will

graduate

ka hale puke o Kalekona ku‘ai mai ai ka puke ko Kalekona hale puke ku‘ai mai ai ka puke the bookstore where Kalekona bought this book

Reason:

kumu ne‘e ai kumu o‘u ne‘e ai

ko‘u ke

i

i

the reason Stative:

i

i

i

I

moved

ka maka‘i o‘u lilo ai ko‘u maka‘i lilo ai i

i

the cop

I

succumbed

to

i

233

Ha‘awina Iwakaluakumaha ko‘u kanaka e kokua

Passive:

‘ia nei

ke kanaka o‘u e kokua the person

‘ia nei

am being helped by

I

ka puke a Puad kakau ai ka Pua puke i kakau ai

All others:

the

book Pua wrote

kana mea‘ai PukikT kuke ai ka mea‘ai PukikT ana kuke ai the Portuguese food he cooked i

i

ka ke kahuna pule mele e hlmeni nei ke mele a ke kahuna pule e hlmeni nei the song the minister is singing In translating these constructions from Hawaiian to English,

remember

that these possessive attributes are the subjects of the relative clause

and

not possessors of the head noun:

kana kaikamahine kokua

=

ai

i

the girl he helped

NOT “his daughter who helped” Th is

latter clause

is

Type

A and

is

translated:

kana kaikamahine kokua =

his daughter

i

DIALOGS

III.

1

.

Ma ko

who helped

Lilinoe hale ‘aina

Ua

ka puke a Pua

Lilinoe:

kakau ai? mai kekahi kope e Kalekona. Pehea loa‘a ai ka puke ia ia? Ua ku‘ai mai ‘o ia ka puke kona hele ‘ana Honolulu.

‘Alapaki:

Maopopo

Lilinoe:

‘A‘ole, aka, he

‘Alapaki: Lilinoe:

‘Alapaki:

‘

‘ike ‘oe

i

Ae, ua lawe

i

‘ia

i

i

ia ‘oe

i

i

ka hale ku‘ai

mea

i

loa‘a ai ia puke?

‘ole ia. ‘A‘ole hiki ia ‘oe

ke heluhelu

i

keia puke. ‘Alapaki: Lilinoe:

‘Alapaki: Lilinoe:

‘Alapaki:

mai hana ‘ino mai ‘oe ia‘u. Hiki ia‘u ke heluhelu! kakau ‘ia ia puke ka ‘olelo Hawai‘i. Maopopo kakou mau inoa wale no. Pehea la? Aia kakou loko o ka puke? ‘Ae, ua kakau ‘o ia ka kakou mau mea e hana nei. Aue no ho‘i e! Pono kakou e a‘o ka ‘olelo Hawai‘i. E,

Ua

i

i

i

i

ia‘u

ko

234 2.

Ha'awina Iwakaluakumaha

Ma ko Lilinoe hale

‘aina

Maha‘oi:

Ua lohe au,

Lilinoe:

‘Ae, ua hele aku ‘o ia

Maha‘oi:

He

Lilinoe:

E

ana

e ne‘e

‘o

Kalekona Honolulu. i

nehinei.

i

Lilinoe:

aha kona kumu ne‘e ai? ana ‘o ia haumana ma ke kula nui. ka Hu minamina! ‘Ono loa ka mea ‘ai PukikT ana kuke Ma hope o kona puka ‘ana, e ho‘i mai ana ‘o ia.

Maha‘oi:

Ahea

Lilinoe:

‘A‘ole

Maha‘oi:

i

lilo

i

i

‘o ia e

puka

ai.

ai?

maopopo pono

ia‘u

kona manawa

e

puka

He mau

ai.

makahiki a‘e paha. Maha‘oi:

‘A‘ole hiki ia‘u ke kali! Aia paha kekahi hale ‘aina ia

Lilinoe:

3.

Ma

‘

Loa‘a paha

ka hale noho

Kenike: Aulani:

Kenike: ‘Aulani:

Kenike:

E

i

loa‘a ai

‘ano mea‘ai?

ma Ka

Na‘aukake PukikT. E hele aku

‘oe

i

laila.

haumana

makemake au e ‘ike kou kama‘a hou. mea ku‘ai mai ai. A eia kekahi mea li‘ili‘i nau. Mahalo a nui loa, e ‘Aulani. No ke aha ‘oe ha‘awi mai ai keia makana na‘u? No ka mea, kokua mau ‘oe ia‘u me ka‘u mau ha‘awina. ‘A‘ole mea nui. ‘O ia na mea a‘u a‘o mai ai kela kau aku ‘Aulani,

i

Eia ka‘u

i

i

i

i

i

nei.

‘Aulani:

E wehe

Kenike:

‘O ka liona!

‘oe

i

mea

a‘u

i

ha‘awi aku

na mele Hawai‘i Hau‘oli no au!

lipine o

‘Aulani:

Ua lohe

Kenike:

‘A‘ole, aka, nei.

ka

‘e ‘oe

i

i

ai ia ‘oe.

hlmeni

‘ia e

Haunani Apo-

ia lipine?

ua lohe au ia ia ka lu‘au Nani loa na mele ana haku ai. i

i

kela

hopena pule aku

i

Dialog Notes ‘Aulani brings Kenike a thank-you

The need

to reciprocate favors

and

gifts is

ians. ‘Aulani breaks with tradition in

her presence. This ting a

gift

aside

is

gift for

helping with her studies.

deeply ingrained in Hawai-

urging Kenike to open the

modern behavior; good

and opening

it

taste

later in private.

gift in

used to dictate

The symbol

of the

setgift

was the important thing, not the actual contents of the parcel. A giftgiver would have been embarrassed to watch the gift being opened and would play down the value of the present. ‘Aulani does that anyway, describing it as “a small thing.”

235

Ha'awina Iwakaluakumaha

EXERCISES

IV.

Type-B Relative Clauses

A.

Translate into English. 1

.

2. 3. 4. 5.

10. 6. 7.

8.

9.

ka ‘uala a ke kaikamahine e pulehu nei ka lole wawae a Lilinoe ho‘ouna mai ai ka ‘iole a ka he‘e kokua ai ka ke kumu ha‘awina e wehewehe ai ka makana a ka ‘iole ha‘awi aku ai ka he‘e ka malo a ke kupunahine kaula‘i ai ko‘u hale e noho nei ka la make ai ka‘u ‘Ilio ka hola e hiki mai ai ka mokulele kahi e ulu nei ka ‘awapuhi melemele i

i

i

i

i

i

Type-B Relative Clauses

B.

Translate into Hawaiian; the form of the possessive 1

.

a the book

Pua wrote my nephew

2.

o the reason

3.

a the

4.

o the town (where)

5. 6.

girl

the policeman I

will is

was born

o the semester Kalani will graduate a the lunch Lilinoe cooked

o the waterfall (where)

9.

o the tree (where) the

.

Honolulu

the street (where) Hepualei’s car died

8.

1 1

to

helping

7.

10.

move

is

Akaka jumped down climbed up

girl

the store that has (loa a the delicious dried fish new dress she is wearing ‘

a the

12. a the story the minister will tell

*

given to help you.

*

REVIEW 7 HO‘l

I.

HOPE

‘EHIKU

SUMMARY OF CONTENTS IN HA AWINA 22-24

A. Major Patterns 1

.

2.

3. 4.

Subordinate clauses (Type-A-no subject) Subordinate clauses (Type-B-subject) Pono (“ought to”) sentences

Other Features

B. 1

Possessive locational sentences

.

2.

Ia (this/that

aforementioned)

Like

II.

EXERCISES

A. Subordinate Clauses (Type A) Translate. 1

.

2.

my nephew who works

in

my restaurant

who laughed at the minister’s strange wife minister’s wife who grabbed the aforementioned nosy

the nosy kid

3. the 4.

the snack that

5.

the person

was prepared by Kalekona

who

will

park your car

236

kid

Ho Hope i

B. Subordinate

237

‘Ehiku

Clauses (Type B)

Translate. 1

.

the time

I

got

up

in the early

2.

the really ugly dress she will

3.

the snack

4.

the story the minister

5.

the loincloth his

morning wear

Kalekona prepared is

telling

grandmother dried over the smoky

fire

C. Miscellaneous Translate. 1

.

This

is

not the snack that was prepared by Kalekona.

5.

We’re (3, exclusive) the ones who ate the snack Kalekona prepared. That aforementioned snack was really delicious. You-all ought to leave some goodies for other people. You (singular) ought to eat what is available.

6.

This

7.

You ought to prepare the food you will eat. Those (distant) gray cars are very similar.

2.

3.

10. 4.

8.

is

not a restaurant.

9. Isn’t this Tuti’s office?

Don’t argue with me;

I

want another truck

like

my

truck.

*

previous (mua)

*'

Summary 2: Ha‘awina 13-24

A.

Sentences

1.

b.

Comparative Ke verb nei

c.

Negative imperative

d.

Verbless negative

a.

e.

Hiki

f.

Maopopo

g.

Loa‘a

h.

Lilo

Actor-emphatic Situation-emphatic

i.

j.

k.

Possessive locational

l

Pono

.

m. Negative

class-inclusion

2.

Locatives

3.

Verb Classes

4. Stative

Passive Voice

6.

N-possessives

8.

‘

and equational

Verbs with Causatives

5.

7.

MAJOR FEATURES

Ana Nominalization

Subordinate Clauses (Types

A and

238

B)

Summary 2: Ha'awina 13-24 B.

1

.

Kela ano X

2. Particles

(mau, paha, no)

3.

Medial e verb ana

4.

Compound Verbs

5.

Kekahi

6.

Mau

7. Ina

Plural with

Numbers and ‘A‘ohe

with Pronouns

O/e

8.

9.

OTHER FEATURES

Time Phrases

10

“When” Expressions

11. Telling

Time

12. la (This/that

13.

Aforementioned)

Word Order Review

14. Like elike ,

me

239

4

Hawaiian Vocabulary: Ha‘awina 1-12

The

definitions given here are generally limited to those used in this

For other meanings and more information, see Pukui and Elbert, Hawaiian Dictionary, 1986. text.

a

— and (with verbs and sen-

— aunty — kind (type),

‘anake

tences); belonging to

‘ano

— upward, sidways ‘ae — yes; to agree; to lend, to permit aha — what (only in questions) ahahana! — shame! ahiahi — evening — to eat; food aia — there there are ‘aina — meal ‘aina — land ‘aina ahiahi — dinner ‘aina awakea — lunch, brunch ‘aina hanau — birthplace ‘aina ho‘opulapula — homestead

sort; rather,

somewhat anu cold, a

a‘e

— cold — to learn or teach a‘o aku — to teach ‘a‘ohe — none, not any ‘a‘ole — no a‘o mai — to learn entire, whole apau — apopo — tomorrow au — au — your a‘u — me (with prepositions); my ‘au‘au — to bathe, to swim ‘au‘au kai — to swim in the ocean auinala — afternoon aumoe — midnight hours; late a‘o

‘ai

all,

is,

‘

land

‘

— breakfast — but akamai — smart; wisdom aku — away from the speaker ala — path, way ala nui — street, road aloha — love, hello, goodbye a me — and (with nouns) ana — his, her anakala — uncle ‘aina kakahiaka

aka

night

— midday — quickly,

awakea ‘awlwl

fast, swift

e — imperative marker; vocative

marker ‘e a‘e

— other, another, different,

else

(someone or something)

— sore, hurt ‘eha — four ‘eha

‘

240

241

Hawaiian Vocabulary

— how many — seven eia — here ‘eiwa — nine ‘ekahi — one (only in counting) ‘ekolu — three ‘ele‘ele — black ‘elima — five ‘elua — two emi — cheap, reasonable, ‘ehia

‘ehiku

is

decreasing

enenue, nenue

— chub or pilot

fish

‘eono e

— six — incomplete action

verb ana

— to go mai — to come hele wawae — to walk helu — to count, number, size heluhelu — to read helu kelepona — telephone hele

hele

number hemahema — awkward, ill

— sleep; to sleep hiapo — eldest child in a family hiki — to arrive hoa aloha — friend hoahanau — cousin hod — to return, come back, go hiamoe

markers

back

— eight — to give ha‘awina — lesson, assignment, ‘ewalu

ha‘awi

— to

—

exam; to display, to show hoka to lose out, serve you ho‘ike

—

homework ha‘i

right!

— to go out (for fun) — one (quantity) ho‘olimalima — to rent ho‘olohe — to listen ho‘omakaukau — to prepare ho‘opa‘a ha‘awina — to study holoholo

tell

— — house, building hale ‘aina — restaurant, cafeteria hale noho haumana — dormitory hale pule — church (building) hana — work, activity; to work,

ho‘okahi

do hanau to give birth hanau hope younger hanau mua older haneli hundred

ho‘oponopono

hala kahiki

pineapple

hale

to

—

— —

haole

— — white person, English,

American, foreign

— to carry, to be pregnant haumana — student hau‘oli — happy haupia — coconut pudding he — an hea — where, what (only in queshapai

a,

tions)

he‘e

— octopus — to surf

he‘enalu

clumsy,

prepared, unskilled

assignments (no objects!)

— to

set straight,

to clean, to correct

— — hu! — Wow! hua — huahelu — number, size hua makekemia — macademia

hopena pule weekend hou new, again ‘ai

fruit

nut

— angry, mad — company, group, associa-

huhu hui

tion, club; to

meet

— halloo; hey there hupo — stupid — on, object marker;

hui

i

in,

toward

at;

to,

«

242

Hawaiian Vocabulary

— he, she, — object marker; toward — ia‘u — me, to me hea — where (only in questions) iho — downward; to descend ikaika — strong ‘ike — to see, to know, to meet — there — dog ina — inamona — roasted pounded ia

it

ia

to,

i‘a

laila

‘Ilio

if

kukui nut

— name — to drink — mouse iwakalua — twenty iwi — bone ka — the ka — belonging to ka‘a — car ka‘a lawe ‘ohua — bus kahiko — old inoa inu

‘iole

rat,

oven

mokulele

— sea

— airport

—

younger same sex

kaikaina

sibling of the

—

—

same sex

—

sister

kaikunane

his,

(pi.)

kelepona

— telephone; to

tele-

phone kena that (near addressee)

—

— white —J apanese

ke‘oke‘o (pi.)

of a male

— brother of a

female

— — kakou — we (3+, inclusive) kala — dollar kalaiwa — to drive kalaka — truck kalani — gallon kakahiaka morning kakau to write

kamali‘i

addressee)

kaikamahine, kaikamahine (pi.) girl, daughter kaikua‘ana older sibling of the kaikuahine, kaikuahine

— shoe — child kamano lomi — lomi salmon kana — her kanaka, kanaka — person kanakolu — thirty kane — man, male kanu — to plant Kapalakiko — San Francisco kapiki — cabbage kau — your ka‘u — my kaua — we inclusive) kauka — doctor kaukani — thousand kaulana — famous kaumaha — sad, heavy kau wela — summer ke — the ke‘ena — office keia — this keiki — child keiki kane — boy, son kela — that (distant from kama'a

(2,

kahua mokulele, kahua ho‘olulu kai

— to wait for — to steam in underground

kalua

fish

i

i

kali

Kepanl

— key; tea statue, — picture, photo, any image; to fetch ki‘i‘oni‘oni — movies kikowaena ku‘ai — shopping kl

doll,

ki‘i

center

kino kipa

— body — to

visit

kiwi— TV ko

— belonging to

243

Hawaiian Vocabulary

— leftovers, remainder koko‘olau — Hawaiian herb koena

kokua— help;

to help

— Korean kolohe — rascal, mischievous komo — to enter kona — her kono — to invite kope — coffee kou — your ko‘u — my ku — to stand, to park, to soak ku‘ai — to exchange, to ku‘ai aku — to ku‘ai mai — to buy ku‘i ‘opihi — to gather ‘opihi kukui uila — electric light kula — school kula nui — university kulolo — taro/coconut pudding kumu — teacher kupuna, kupuna — grandhis,

sell

sell

(pi.)

kupuna kane, kupuna kane

(pi.)

— grandfather (pi.)

— grand-

— my (affectionate) — sun, day la hanau — birthday laki — lucky lakou — they (3+) Lapule — Sunday laua — they (2) lawai‘a — fisherman; to fish ku‘u

la

lawe-to bring or take

— to take lawe mai — to bring leka — leo — voice — small lima — hand li‘ili‘i

— horse — tape, ribbon loa — very lohe — to hear — long, lokomaika‘i — goodhearted, kind — clothes, dress; cloth — old luahine, luahine lipine

lo‘ ihi

tall

lole

(pi.)

woman lu‘au

— taro leaves; Hawaiian

party

— boss, foreman, manager lu‘u — to dive ma — on, at ma — “folks,” “guys,” and luna

in,

friends,

and

spouse ma‘a used

—

and

family,

to,

accustomed,

familiar with

ma'a mau

— common, usual,

mahalo

— to thank, to admire — farmer

mahi‘ai

kupuna wahine, kupunahine,

letter

or dark red seaweed

customary

parent

lawe aku

— highly prized pink

lio

Kolea

kupunahine mother

limu kohu

— — — — — — — makana — present, makani — wind makaukau — ready, prepared,

mai from; toward the speaker maia from mai‘a banana maika‘i good maka raw makahiki year maka‘i police officer gift

skilled, proficient

make — dead; to die makemake to want,

—

to desire,

to like

makou — we (3+, exclusive) makua, makua(pb) parent

—

makuahine, makuahine mother

—

(pi.)

244

Hawaiian Vocabulary

makua

kane,

makua kane

(pi.)

— father mala — vegetable garden ma — there malama — to care to pre‘ai

— —

no for no indeed; emphatic marker noho chair; to sit, to live, to

—

stay

laila

for,

serve, to take care

mala pua

— flower garden

—

— — tired mama — mom, mother, mama mana‘o — idea, thought, opinmalie

quiet,

— —

no hod also, indeed nohona life, lifestyle, living no ka mea because (followed by sentence) no laila therefore nuha sulky, sullen nui big, large, great, many,

calm

maluhiluhi

— —

ion; to think

plentiful; size,

manawa — time manu — bird

— over there mau — continually, always,

still;

marker

maua — we

me — with

really,

(2, exclusive)

ia

life;

mea — thing, person mea ‘ai — food mea inu — beverage

— —

mea‘ono cake, dessert, goodies minamina pity, regrettable

moa — chicken moe — to lie down,

recline

— airplane mokupuni — island moloa — lazy momona — sweet, lizard mo‘o — gecko, mo‘opuna — grandchild muli loa — youngest child in a family mu‘umu‘u — Hawaiian dress na — the na‘ aukake — sausage nana — to watch, to look nani — pretty ne‘e — to move (not with object) nehinei — yesterday nlnau — question; to ask a quesfat,

guage Hawai‘i

‘olelo

— Hawaiian lan-

guage; to speak Hawaiian

— you (2) ‘olu‘olu — kind, pleasant, cool, ‘olua

mokulele

fertile

(pi.)

at

tion

amount

— belonging to ‘o — nominative marker ‘oe — you (sing.) ‘ohana — family ‘oia — true ‘o — he, she ola — to be alive ola kino — health ‘olelo — to speak, to say; lan-

o

ma‘o

plural

—

comfortable, nice, charming

— sick — her — sand ‘ono — delicious; to crave ‘opihi — limpet (shellfish) ‘opu — stomach ou — your o‘u — my ‘oukou — you (3+) pa — plate (ke); to blow (as the wind); yard (ka) pa‘akai — pa‘ani — to play paha — maybe, perhaps box pahu hau — refrigerator, pa‘ina — party ‘oma‘ima‘i

ona one

his,

salt

ice

245

Hawaiian Vocabulary

—

— one’s own, personal,

pakaukau table Pake Chinese

pono‘I

palaoa

popoki

— — bread, flour palaoa palai — pancake pali — pane — answer, reply; to answer papa — class papa — dad, father, papa papa ‘ele‘ele — blackboard papa he‘enalu — surfboard pau — finished, done pehea — how (only in questions) pela — like that pelena — cracker pelena poepoe — saloon pilot cliff

cracker

— pen — pencil pepa — paper pia — beer piha — pilikia — trouble, problem pinepine — often pipi — beef, cattle pipi‘i — expensive pipi kaula —jerked beef po — night Po‘aha — Thursday Po‘ akahi — Monday Po‘ akolu — Wednesday Po‘alima — Friday Po‘ alua — Tuesday Po‘aono — Saturday pohaku — rock, stone poi — pounded cooked taro poke — to cut in small pieces pololei — correct, straight pomaika‘i — blessed, lucky pono — righteous, proper, correct peni

penikala

full

private

— cat — — pua‘a — pig puka — to graduate, to emerge;

pu together pua flower

perforation, hole

— book — Portuguese pule — week; prayer, to pray pu‘olo — bundle, package — exclamation of disgust tutu — grandparent tutu kane, tutu pa — grandfather tutu wahine, tutu ma — grandmother ua — completed action, achieved puke

PukikI

tsa!

state; rain

— sweet potato — beautiful, handsome

‘uala u‘i

(people)

— electricity; lightning — red ‘ulu — breadfruit ‘umikumakahi — eleven wa — time wahi — place (not with ka) — woman, wahine, wahine uila

‘ula‘ula

(pi.)

female, wife, girlfriend

wai

— water (not

salt

water);

(only in questions)

— color — wealthy, wealth — only, just wawae — foot, leg wela — hot wlwl — thin

waiho‘olu‘u

waiwai wale no

who

*

Hawaiian Idioms and Phrases:

Ha‘awina 1-12

A hui hou. — Goodbye. A hui hou aku no. — Goodbye indeed (in reply). Aloha

‘ino!

— Too bad! What a pity!

— That’s That’s right. Right on. — Isn’t that so? ‘a‘ole hiki — can’t; impossible ‘A‘ole — You’re welcome, no trouble) A ‘o ‘oe? — And you? Aue ka nani! — Oh how beautiful! Aue no ho‘i — For goodness sake! Oh my goodness! E aha ana ‘oe? — What are you doing? E aloha aku ‘oe Loke. — Say hi to Loke (for me). ‘A

‘oia.

it.

‘A‘ole anei?

pilikia.

(lit.,

e!

ia

Give Loke

my

regards.

— yes, yes — Here comes X. E kala mai (ia‘u). — Excuse (me). E komo mai! — Come E malama pono (‘oe kou kino). — Take care (of your body). E ‘olu‘olu — Please. He aha kou pilikia? — What’s your problem? Hiki no. — Okay. possible.

e, e, e

Eia a‘e X.

in!

i

‘oe.

It’s

HukaX!— Wow, howX! Ikaika ka iwi. Ikaika na iwi.

— The bones are strong (good health in old

folks).

ina pela

ka

la

—

apau

keia la

if

that’s the case; if

—

all

it’s

like that; if that’s so

day

— today

manawa — now, nowadays keia mau la — these days, nowadays

keia

keia

X a‘e — next X

246

247

Hawaiian Idioms and Phrases

me keia mea — this and that; everything me keia X, kela X keia X — every X ku‘u wa kamali‘i — my childhood (small-kid days) kela

kela

Mahalo nui

loa.

— Thanks very much.

ma hope iho — afterwards, later Mai e ‘ai! — Come and eat! KepanT —Japanese fishcake — Same to you. noho malie — to to be quiet no ka mea — because (followed by complete sentence) No ke aha (mai)? — Why? ‘O au pu. — Me too. ‘Oiai‘o no? — that really so? ‘Oia paha. — That might be true. Maybe ‘O ‘oe pu. — You too. who) your name? ‘O wai kou inoa? — What Pehea la? — How about And what? Pela paha — might be like that; maybe that’s how mea‘ono

Me

i‘a

‘oe pu.

sit still;

Is

so.

(lit.

,

is

it?

it

it is

*

*

Hawaiian Vocabulary: Ha‘awina 1-24

The

definitions given here are generally limited to those used in this

text. For other meanings and more information, see Pukui and Elbert, Hawaiian Dictionary, 1986.

a

— and (with verbs and sen-

‘ako

— yes, to agree, to lend, to a‘e — upward, sideways aha — what (only in questions) ahahana! — shame! ahea — when (future, questions) ahi — ahiahi — evening a hiki — until — to eat, food aia — there there are ‘aihue — to thief ‘aina — meal ‘aina — land ‘aina ahiahi — dinner ‘aina awakea — lunch, brunch ‘aina — foreign country, dis-

flowers

‘ae

— — to — — ala nui — road ‘alo — to dodge, evade, avoid aloha — love, hello, goodbye a me — and (with nouns) her ana — ‘anakala — uncle ‘anake — aunty ‘ane‘i — here (with ma or rather, ‘ano — kind (type), aku away from the speaker akua god ala path, way; to be awake, arise, to wake up ‘alani orange

permit

street,

fire

i

‘ai

his,

is,

steal;

i)

sort;

somewhat ‘ano

‘e

— birthplace ‘aina ho‘opulapula — homestead hanau

‘ano

‘e

— strange, unusual,

weird, different

— cold, a cold — day (daylight hours) a‘o — to learn or teach a‘o aku — to teach ‘ao‘ao — side, page ‘a‘ohe — none, not any anu

land ‘aina kakahiaka

— right away, immediately,

now

tant land

‘aina

— right (direction); north — to break or pluck, as

‘akau

tences; belonging to)

— breakfast

ao

— but — to laugh ‘akala — pink akamai — smart; wisdom

aka

‘aka‘aka

248

249

Hawaiian Vocabulary

— — — —

no mai to learn apau all, entire, whole apopo tomorrow

— six ana — incomplete action

‘a‘ole

‘eono

a‘o

e verb

‘

— — your a‘u — me (with prepositions); my ‘au‘au — to bathe, to swim ‘au‘au kai — to swim in the ocean auinala — afternoon aumoe — midnight hours; late au au

‘

night

— midday — —

‘awapuhi ginger ‘awrwl quickly, fast, swift imperative marker; vocative e marker; by (agent marker with passive ‘e

‘ia

only)

— already, beforehand, previously

‘e a‘e

— other, another, different,

else

(someone or something)

— sore, hurt — four ‘ehiku — seven eia — here e nei — you! you there! (affec‘eha

‘eha

is

ia

tionate, friendly greeting,

often

pronounced

e nei)

— nine ‘ekahi — one (only in counting) ‘eke — bag, purse (ke) ‘eke kua — backpack ‘ekolu — three ‘ele‘ele — black ‘eiwa

‘elemakule, ‘elemakule (pi.) old (of males), old

man

— to dig — five ‘elua — two emi — cheap, reasonable, ‘eli

‘elima

decreasing

enenue, nenue fish

— eight ha‘awi — to give ha‘awina — lesson, assignment, homework

—

haha to grope, hands had to tell

feel

with the

—

— pineapple — house, building hale ‘aina — restaurant, cafeteria hale noho haumana — dormitory hale pule — church (building) hamama — to be open hana — work, activity; to work, hala kahiki

hale

awakea

—

markers ‘ewalu

— chub or pilot

do

to

hanai

—

hana do

evil,

to feed, adopt, assume primary responsibility for

‘ino

make

— to abuse, mistreat, torment, pick on,

fun of

—

hanau to give birth hanau hope younger hanau mua older haneli hundred

— —

haole

— — white person, English,

American, foreign hapa part

— — to carry, to be pregnant hapanui — most, majority haumana — student hau‘oli — happy haupia — coconut pudding he — an hea — where, what (only in queshapai

a,

tions)

— octopus — to surf he‘I — papaya hele — to go hele mai — to come hele wawae — to walk

he‘e

he‘enalu

*

250

Hawaiian Vocabulary

— to count; number, size — to read helu kelepona — telephone numhelu

heluhelu

ber

— sleep; to sleep

— to arrive; possible hilahila — ashamed, embarrassed hlmeni — to sing; song, hymn hinahina — gray hoa aloha — friend hoahanau — cousin hoa noho — roommate, neighbor ho‘a‘o — to try ho‘au‘au — to bathe (with object) hoe — to paddle; paddle hohono — to have an odor (not — to return, come back, go

back

— to practice, to

—

ho'omaka to begin ho‘omakaukau to prepare ho‘onanea

— — to relax, to kick

back, to mellow out

ho‘onaukiuki

— to annoy; annoy-

ing, irritating

— to (as a table) — to reserve, fasten,

ho‘onoho ho‘opa‘a

record,

set

make

fast

ho‘opa‘a ha‘awina

— to study

assignments (no objects!)

— to waste; to finish ho‘opaumanawa — to waste time ho‘opiha — to ho‘oponopono — to to fill

— interested, excited,

set

fix,

turned on

straight, to clean, to correct

— to return something — exam, to show, demon-

ho‘iho‘i

strate

hoka

comfortable, to ease

ho‘opau

sweet)

ho‘ike

— to soothe, to make

ho‘olu‘olu

get used to

hiki

hoihoi

densome, demanding, incon-

ho‘oma‘ama‘a

prepared, unskilled

hiamoe

ho‘i

— to bother, disturb,

trouble, inconvenience; bur-

venient

hema — left (direction); south hemahema — awkward, clumsy, ill

ho‘oluhi

—

ho‘ouna to send hope behind, back,

—

after, later,

last (final)

—

— to lose out, serve you

right!

—

— hour holoholo — to go out (for fun) holoi — to wash home — home ho‘ohele — to cause to go, to hola

— —

start

—

—

nut

— —

—

— —

dismiss

— to rent — to listen

— —

—

(as a car)

ho‘ohenehene to tease ho‘okahi one (quantity) ho‘okani pila to play music ho‘okano proud, conceited ho‘oku‘u to park (as a car);

hopena result, consequence, outcome hopena pule weekend hou new, again wow! hu! hua ‘ai fruit huahelu number, size hua makekemia macademia

to

hua moa egg hua ‘olelo word huhu angry, mad hui company, group, tion, club; to meet

— —

associa-

— halloo; hey there — feather, body hair

ho‘olimalima

hui

ho‘olohe

hulu

Hawaiian Vocabulary

huna hupo i

—

— to hide (with object) — stupid

in,

on,

at;

object marker; to,

toward ia

— he, she,

it;

this

mentioned object marker;

i‘a

or that afore-

to,

fish

‘ia

i

i

laila

‘Ilio

if

tions)

inamona

— roasted pounded

kukui nut inoa name inu to drink

— — — mouse ipo — sweetheart, lover, boy‘iole

kahuna

pule,

kahuna

rat,

friend, girlfriend

kai

— sea, seaward — younger sibling of the

— container, cup, dish — twenty iwi — bone ka — the ka — belonging to ka‘a — car ka‘alawe ‘ohua — bus kahea — to out kahi — the place (no determiner) kahi — distant place; some-

same sex kaikamahine, kaikamahine (pi.) girl, daughter kaikua‘ana older sibling of the

—

—

same sex kaikuahine, kaikuahine sister of a

— —

kaikunane brother of a female kakahiaka morning kakahiaka nui early morning kakau to write kakou we (3+, inclusive)

— — — kala — dollar, money kalaiwa — to drive kalaka — truck kalani — gallon kali — to wait for kalua — to steam in underground oven

—

kama‘a shoe kama‘aina acquainted,

—

kamali‘i

— child

kamano lomi — lomi salmon

—

kana

kanaka, kanaka

‘e

where

else

— old

kahua mokulele, kahua ho‘olulu

—

mokulele airport kahuhipa shepherd

—

famil-

iar with; native-born

iwakalua

call

(pi.)

male

ipu

kahiko

(pi.)

minister, priest

kaikaina

toward — — — passiver marker ia‘u — me, to me hea — where (only in questions) iho — downward; to descend ikaika — strong ‘ike — to see, to know, to meet ‘ike maka — eyesight, eye witness — there — dog ‘imi — to seek, to look for ina — inahea — when (past tense, quesia

251

his,

her

—

(pi.) person kanakolu thirty kane man, male, husband

—

— kanu — to plant kaona — town kapa — to name, to

call (give

a

name)

—

Kapalakiko San Francisco cabbage kapu reserved, forbidden kapuahi stove kau to place, to put; season,

— — — —

kapiki

semester

kau

— your

252

Hawaiian Vocabulary

— my kaua — we inclusive) kauka — doctor kaukani — thousand kaula‘i — to dry (with heat, as in ka‘u

(2,

the sun); to

hang out

to

dry

— famous kaumaha — sad, heavy kau wela — summer kawele — towel, napkin ke — the; verb marker (after kaulana

hiki);

whenever,

if

— office — this keiki — child keiki kane — boy, son keiki kane hanauna — nephew kekahi — another, one, cerke‘ena keia

a,

tain, other

— that (distant) — jam kelepona — telephone, to kela kele

tele-

—

— white —J apanese ke verb nei — present tense marker kl — key; tea kl‘aha — glass (container) — picture, photo, doll, statue, any image; to fetch ki‘i‘oni‘oni — movies kikiki — ticket kikowaena ku‘ai — shopping KepanI

ki‘i

center

— body ki‘o — to excrete, have a bowel

kino

movement visit

kiwi— TV

—

ko belonging to koena leftovers, remainder

—

— Hawaiian herb — help; to help — Korean kolohe — rascal, mischievous komo — to enter; to put on kona — her kono — to invite kopa — soap kopa‘a — sugar kope — coffee; copy kou — your ko‘u — my ku — to stand, to park, to soak kua — back ku‘ai — to exchange, to ku‘ai aku — to ku‘ai mai — to buy kuawa — guava kuene — waiter ku‘i ‘opihi — to gather ‘opihi kukae — excrement, dung kuke — to cook kukui uila — electric light kula — school kula nui — university kulolo — taro/coconut pudding kumu — teacher; tree; reason, koko‘olau

kokua Kolea

his,

sell

ke‘oke‘o

—

space); nearly, almost (pre-

cedes verb)

sell

jelly,

phone kena that (near)

kipa

— shoyu koke — quickly, immediately kokoke — close, near (in time and koiu

source la‘au — tree — shoot (of plant) kupuna, kupuna — grand-

kumu kupu

(pi.)

parent

kupuna kane, kupuna kane

—

(pi.)

grandfather

kupuna wahine, kupunahine, kupunahine mother ku‘u

(pi.)

— grand-

— my (affectionate)

253

Hawaiian Vocabulary

— sun, day — plant, bush hanau — birthday — rice laki — lucky lakou — they (3+) lalau — to grab, hold onto, reach

wawae — pants,

la

lole

la‘au

lomi

trousers

la

— to massage lua — hole

laiki

luahine, luahine (pi.)

— below, under Lapule — Sunday laua — they (2) lauhala — pandanus leaf lawa — enough lawai‘a — fisherman; to lawe — to bring or take lawe aku — to take lawe mai — to bring leho — cowrie leka — letter leo — voice lepo — ground — small like — alike, similar taken, relin— gone, fish

dirt,

li‘ili‘i

like,

lilo

quished

lost,

to,

passed into posses-

sion of; absorbed, occupied,

engrossed; to become, turn into (without ke or ka)

— hand limu kohu — highly prized pink lima

or dark red seaweed

— horse lipine — tape, ribbon loa — very loa‘a — to be gotten, to be

lio

received

— to hear — long, loio — lawyer loko — inside lokomaika‘i — good-hearted, kind — clothes, dress, cloth

lohe

lole

— old

woman lu‘au

— taro leaves; Hawaiian

party

— octopus lure — room — boss, foreman, manager;

luhe‘e

for lalo

lo‘ ihi

toilet;

tall

lumi luna

above, on top of lu‘u

— to dive

ma — in, on, at ma — “folks,” “guys,” friends,

and

family,

and and

spouse

ma‘a

— used

to,

accustomed,

familiar with

ma‘a mau

— common, usual,

customary

— to thank, to admire — farmer mahina — month, moon mai — from; toward the speaker; mahalo

mahi‘ai

don’t

(command)

— from mai‘a — banana maika‘i — good maka — green (not maia

ripe);

raw;

eye, face

—

makahiki year maka‘i police officer

—

makamaka hou — fresh, makana — present, gift

as fish

— wind makapo — blind maka‘u — afraid frightened makaukau — ready, prepared, makani

of,

skilled, proficient

—

make dead; to die makeke — market makemake to want,

—

to like

to desire,

254

Hawaiian Vocabulary

makou — we

mokulele

(3+, exclusive)

—

— airplane —

makua, makua (pi.) parent makuahine, makuahine (pi.) mother

mokupuni island moloa lazy

makua kane, makua kane

mo‘o

(pi.)

— vegetable garden ma — there malama — to care to pre‘ai

laila

mua — before,

— — loincloth malo‘o — dried, dry maluhiluhi — tired mama — mom, mother, mama mama kahu — minister’s wife manako — mango mana‘o — idea, thought, opincalm

malo

ion; to think

manawa — time

known plural

always,

still;

marker

maua — we (2, exclusive) me — with mea — thing, person mea ‘ai — food mea ho‘okani pila — musician mea inu — beverage mea kanu — crops mea nui — important, main thing

— — —

mea‘ono cake, dessert, goodies melemele yellow minamina pity, regrettable

moa — chicken mo‘a

— for — the na‘au — intestines, guts

na na

(pi.)

(fig.,

mind, heart, affections) na‘ aukake sausage na‘au palupalu soft-hearted

—

— — nevertheless nahu — to a bite nalowale — to disappear nana — for him, for her, nana — to watch, to look nanea — relaxed, absorbed, na‘e

bite,

engrossed, mellow

— pretty — for you, yours na‘u — for me, mine ne‘e — to move (not with object) nehinei — yesterday niele — nosy, inquisitive; to pry,

nani

nau

to ask

nlnau

—

unseemly questions question; to ask a ques-

tion

— —

no for no indeed noho chair;

—

to

sit,

to live, to

stay

no ho‘i

— also, indeed —

nohona

life, life-style,

living

— to request, ask for ka mea — because (followed no

noi

by sentence) recline

hers

at

— cooked

moe — to lie down,

dress

his,

— itchy mano — shark manu — bird ma‘o — over there maopopo — understandable, mane‘o

mau — continually,

— youngest child

mu‘umu‘u — Hawaiian

— flower garden

quiet,

in front of, first,

previous

muli loa

serve, to take care

mala pua

— story — grandchild

mo‘opuna

for,

malie

—

sweet, fertile

gecko, lizard

mo‘olelo

father

mala

—

momona — fat,

no

laila

— therefore

255

Hawaiian Vocabulary

— for him, for her, — for you, yours no‘u — for me, mine nuha — sulky, sullen, nona nou

his,

hers

salty,

(slang)

— news — big, large, great, many,

nuhou nui

plentiful; size,

nupepa

amount

— newspaper

— belonging to ‘o — nominative marker ‘6 — fork ‘oe — you (sing.) ‘ohana — family — to excel, protrude, stick out ‘oia — true ‘o — he, she ‘oihana —job, profession, role ola — to be alive ola kino — health ‘ole — not, un-; zero ‘olelo — to speak, to say; lano

‘oi

really,

ia

life;

-less,

guage ‘olelo haole

— English; to speak

Hawai‘i

— Hawaiian lan-

guage; to speak Hawaiian

— — you (2) ‘olu‘olu — kind, pleasant, cool, ‘olelo

no‘eau

proverb, saying

‘olua

comfortable, nice, charming

— sick ‘oma‘oma‘o — green ona — her one — sand ‘ono — delicious; to crave ‘opihi — limpet (shellfish) ‘opiopio — youth, youngster, juvenile ‘opu — stomach ou — your o‘u — my ‘oukou — you (3+) ‘oma‘ima‘i his,

wind); yard (ka)

salt

time, singly, individually,

each

— — pakini — basin, tub Pakipika — Pacific palaoa — bread, flour palaoa palai — pancake palai — to fry palaunu — brown pali — palule — blouse palupalu — tender pane — answer, reply; to answer pani — to close, to shut, to turn pakaukau table Pake Chinese

cliff

shirt,

soft,

English ‘olelo

— plate (ke); to blow (as the pa‘a — stuck, closed; to be shut pa‘akai — pa‘ani — to play paha — maybe, perhaps pahi — knife pahu hau — refrigerator, ice box pa‘ina — party pakahi — one by one, one at a pa

off

— —

papa class papa dad, father, papa papa ‘ele‘ele blackboard papa he‘enalu surfboard papale

— hat —

— —

Papa Ola Board of Health pau finished, done

— — to hide oneself (no object) pehea — how (only in questions) pela — like that pelena — cracker pelena poepoe — saloon pilot pe‘e

cracker

— pen — pencil pepa — paper pia — beer peni

penikala

256

Hawaiian Vocabulary

—

full; entirely; pure “pure Hawaiian”)

piha

plhoihoi

(as in

— to climb up plkake —jasmine; peacock pila — (document) pilikia — trouble, problem pinepine — often pipi — beef, cattle pipi‘ — expensive pipi kaula —jerked beef po — night Po‘aha — Thursday Po‘akahi — Monday Po‘ akolu — Wednesday Po‘alima — Friday Po‘alua — Tuesday Po‘aono — Saturday po‘e — people pohaku — rock, stone poi — pounded cooked taro poina — to forget poke — to cut in small pieces pololei — correct, straight pololi — hungry polu — blue pomaika‘i — blessed, lucky poni — purple pono — righteous, proper, correct pono‘I — one’s own, personal, pi‘i

bill

i

private

— — pu — together pua — flower pua‘a — pig puka — to graduate, to emerge,

po‘o (ke) head popoki cat

out; perforation, hole;

door

— prayer, to pray; week — to broil, usually vegeta-

pulehu

— worried, excited,

anxious, astonished

come

pule

bles

— (ke) spoon — bundle, package pupu — snack pupuka — ugly pupule — crazy selamoku — denim (from “sailor

puna

pu‘olo

ship”)

— exclamation of disgust — grandparent tutu kane, tutu pa — grandfather tutu wahine, tutu ma — grandmother ua — completed action, achieved

tsa!

tutu

state; rain

— smoke ‘uala — sweet potato ue — to lament u‘i — beautiful, handsome (peouahi

cry,

Pie)

— electricity — inland — payment, reward ‘uku — flea ‘ula‘ula — red — dark color ulu — to grow ulu — breadfruit umikumakahi — eleven wa — time wa‘a — canoe waena — between wahi — place (not with ka) — woman. wahine, wahine uila

uka uku

uliuli

‘

‘

(pi.)

female, wife, girlfriend

— outside — water (not

waho wai

salt

water);

who

(only in questions)

— window

— to leave something, to

puka aniani puke book

waiho

PukikI

waiho‘olu‘u

— — Portuguese

deposit

— color

257

Hawaiian Vocabulary

— juice — waterfall waiu — milk waiwai — wealthy, wealth wale no — only, just wawae — foot, leg wai hua‘ai

wailele

fruit

—

wehe to open wehewehe to explain

— — hot wlneka — vinegar wiwT — thin wela

i

*

Hawaiian Idioms and Phrases:

Ha‘awina 1-24

‘a‘a

ka hula; waiho

i

at

i

ka hilahila

i

ka hale

— dare to dance; leave shyness

home

A hui hou. — Goodbye. A hui hou aku no. Goodbye indeed (in reply)

—

aia aku aia mai occasionally, now and then Aia no (ia) ia ‘oe. (It’s) up to you. Whatever you want Aloha ‘ino! Too bad! What a pity! ‘A ‘oia. That’s it. That’s right. Right on.

—

—

—

to do.

— Isn’t that so? — can’t; impossible ‘A‘ole hiki ke ‘alo a‘e. — can’t be helped. ‘A‘ole — You’re welcome, no trouble) A ‘o ‘oe? — And you? Aue ka nani! — Oh how beautiful! Aue no ho‘i — For goodness sake! Oh my goodness! e — yes, yes E aha ana ‘oe? — What are you doing? ‘A‘ole anei? ‘a‘ole hiki

It

pilikia.

(lit.

,

e!

e, e,

ka mea loa‘a— eat what is available (Fig., be satisfied with what you have) E aloha aku ‘oe ia Loke. Say hi to Loke (for me). Give Loke my

e ‘ai

i

i

—

regards.

E

hele aku ‘oe

i

kahi

‘e!

— Get out of here!

— Here comes X. — besides, furthermore, in addition E kala mai (ia‘u). — Excuse (me). E komo mai! — Come E malama pono (‘oe kou kino). — Take care (of your body). — Please. E ‘olu‘olu ana — about, concerning (followed by object marker) e hana ma‘a mau — common practice, common occurrence

Eie a‘e X.

eia kekahi

in!

i

‘oe.

pili

258

259

Hawaiian Idioms and Phrases

—

hapaha hola ‘ekolu 2:45 hapaha hala ka hola ‘elua i

— —

—2

:

1

hapalua hola ‘elua 2:30 He aha kou pilikia? What’s your problem? He mea ‘ole. It doesn’t matter; never mind; it’s of no importance; nothing (in reply to “mahalo”). Hiki ia‘u ke ho‘oluhi ia ‘oe? May I trouble you? Hiki no. Okay. It’s possible. Ho‘i ka hiamoe. Go to sleep. Hola ‘ehia keia? What time is it?

—

it’s

—

—

— —

i

hola ‘elua

— 2:00

Ho‘onoho ka pakaukau. i

— final — Wow, how X!

hope loa Hu ka X!

— Set the table,

last,

Ikaika ka iwi. Ikaika na iwi.

— The bones are strong (good health in old

folks).

— one day

i

kekahi

la

i

kekahi

manawa — once upon

ina pela

—

if

.

.

.

that’s the case; if

a time, at one time (once)

it’s

like that; if that’s so

— day before yesterday iwakalua minuke hala ka hola ‘elua — 2:20 iwakalua minuke ma hope o ka hola ‘elua — 2:20 ka apau — day ka ‘apopo a aku — day after tomorrow ka po me ke ao — night and day the time) ka po nei — night keia — today keia manawa — now, nowadays keia mau — these days, nowadays keia X a‘e — next X: keia mahina a‘e — next month keia X a‘e a X aku — X after next: keia pule a‘e a i

nehinei a ia la aku i

la

all

la

ia la

(all

last

la

la

ia

ia

pule aku

— week

after next

kekahi

kekahi

kekahi

i

.

.

.

— each other, one another — one the other

kekahi

.

.

.

— one day kekahi manawa — once, at one time, once upon a time kekahi mau X — some X (countable nouns only) kekahi X a‘e — another X keia me keia mea — this and that; everything keia me keia X, keia X keia X — every X keia X aku nei — year X: keia makahiki aku nei — keia X aku nei a keia pule aku nei a X aku — X before — week before kekahi

la

‘e

last

last

ia

last

last:

ia

pule aku

*

260

Hawaiian Idioms and Phrases

ku‘u

wa kamali‘i — my childhood

Mahalo nui

loa.

(small-kid days)

— Thanks very much,

ma hope iho — afterwards, later Mai e ‘ai! — Come and eat!

—

mai kela manawa mai from that time on; since then; ever Mai wahapa‘a mai ‘oe ia‘u. Don’t argue with me. mea'ono i‘a Kepani Japanese fishcake

since

—

— — Same to you. na‘u e uku — pay; my treat nehinei a ia la aku — day before yesterday noho malie — to to be quiet no ka mea — because (followed by complete sentence) No ke aha (mai)? — Why? No‘u ka hau‘oli. — You’re welcome, the pleasure mine) ‘O au iho no me ke aloha — am, with regards (letter closing) ‘O au pu. — Me too. ‘Oiai‘o no? — that really so? ka mea nui. — That’s the main thing. That’s what’s important. ‘O ‘Oia paha. — That might be true. Maybe ‘o makou pu — us too ‘o ‘oe pu — you too who) your name? ‘O wai kou inoa? — What Pehea la? — How about And what? pela paha — might be like that; maybe that’s how — wasn’t paying attention, ko‘u no‘ono‘o kahi Ua Me

‘oe pu.

I’ll

sit still;

(lit.

is

,

I

Is

ia

so.

(lit.,

is

it?

it is

it

lilo

i

‘e.

(lit.,

I

mind was elsewhere) ‘umi minuke ma mua o ka hola ‘ekolu 2:50 X minuke hala ka hola ‘elua X minutes past 2 X minuke ma hope o ka hola ‘elua X minutes past 2 X minuke ma mua o ka hola ‘ekolu X minutes before i

—

—

— —

3

my

English Vocabulary: Ha‘awina 1-24

The Hawaiian equivalents provided here are limited to those used in this text. For more information, see Pukui and Elbert, Hawaiian Dictionary,

1986.

— a‘e, kekahi answer — pane anxious — pihoihoi arrive — hiki ashamed — hilahila ask for — noi assignment — ha‘awina association — hui astonished — pihoihoi — —ma aunty ‘anake — ‘alo avoid awake, arise — ala away from speaker — aku awkward — hemahema back — kua, hope (location) — backpack ‘eke kua — bag ‘eke banana — mai‘a basin — pakini — ‘au‘au, ho‘au‘au (somebathe

— —

an he, kekahi above luna absorbed lilo, nanea abuse hana ‘ino accustomed ma‘ a acquainted kama‘aina a,

—

another

—

— —

— hana — mahalo adopt — hanai afraid — maka‘u after — hope — auinala afternoon again — hou — ‘ae agree airplane — mokulele airport — kahua mokulele alike — like alive — ola — apau — already also — no hob always — mau American — haole amount — nui and — a me (with nouns) angry — huhu annoy — ho‘onaukiuki activity

admire

at

‘

all

‘e

‘e

i,

one

else)

— u‘i (people) — no ka mea become — beef— pipi beer — pia beautiful

because

lilo

a,

261

262

English Vocabulary

— mua — — — — — — —

— nui — pila bird — manu birthday — hanau — big

bill

la

birthplace bite

‘aina

hanau

— nahu —

black

‘ele‘ele

blackboard

— papa ‘ele‘ele

— — makapo blouse — palule blow — pa blue — polu Board of Health — Papa Ola body — kino bone — iwi book — puke born — hanau boss — luna bother — ho‘oluhi boy — keiki kane boyfriend — ipo bread — palaoa — ‘ulu breadfruit — break ‘ako — ‘aina kakahiaka breakfast bring — lawe, lawe mai broil — pulehu brother — kaikunane (of a blessed

pomaika‘

i

blind

‘ia

female)

——palaunu ‘aina awakea building — hale bundle — pu‘olo bus — ka‘a lawe ‘ohua

brown

brunch

— la‘au — aka buy — ku‘ai, ku‘ai mai by — e (with passive cabbage — kapiki cafeteria — hale ‘aina cake — mea‘ono out — kahea calm — malie can — hiki possible) canoe — wa‘a car — ka‘a care for — malama carry — hapai cat — popoki cattle — pipi certain — kekahi chair — noho charming — ‘olu‘olu cheap — emi chicken — moa child — kamali‘i, keiki Chinese — Pake church (building) — hale pule class — papa clean — ho‘oponopono — pali climb up — close — kokoke (in time and bush

before

beforehand ‘e begin ho‘omaka behind hope belonging to a, o, ka, ko below lalo between waena beverage mea inu

but

*

‘ia)

call

(lit.,

cliff

pi‘i

space)

— pani (to shut) — pa‘a cloth — clothes — club — hui clumsy — hemahema coconut pudding — haupia coconut/taro pudding — kulolo coffee — kope cold — anu color — waiho‘olu‘u come — hele mai come back — ho‘i close

closed

lole

lole

263

English Vocabulary

— puka — ‘olu‘olu common — ma‘a mau company — hui completed action — ua conceited — ho‘okano consequence — hopena container — ipu continually — mau cook — kuke cooked — mo‘a — ‘olu‘olu cool copy — kope correct — ho‘oponopono, pololei, come out

comfortable

pono

— helu — hoahanau cowrie — leho cracker — pelena — ‘ono crave crazy — pupule crops — mea kanu cry — ue cup — ipu customary — ma‘a mau cut (in small pieces) — poke dad — papa dark color — uliuli daughter — kaikamahine day — ao (daylight hours), dead — make decreasing — emi defecate — ki‘o — ‘ono delicious demonstrate — ho‘ike denim — selamoku deposit — waiho desire — makemake dessert — mea‘ono die — make — ‘ano different a‘e — dig — dinner ‘aina ahiahi count

cousin

la

‘e, ‘e

‘eli

— lepo — nalowale disappointment — hoka disgusting — tsa (exclamation) dish — ipu dismiss — ho‘oku‘u — ‘aina distant land district — moku dive — lu‘u do — hana doctor — kauka dodge — ‘alo dog — doll — dollar — kala done — pau don’t (command) — mai door — puka dormitory — hale noho haumana downward — iho dress — mu'umu'u dried — malo‘o drink — inu drive — kalaiwa dry — kaula‘i (verb), malo‘o dirt

disappear

‘e

‘Tlio

ki‘i

lole,

(condition)

— kukae — pakahi early morning — kakahiaka nui — eat egg — hua moa — ‘ewalu eight electricity — uila electric light — kukui uila eleven — umikumakahi — a‘e (someone or someelse dung each

‘ai

‘

‘e

thing else)

— hilahila — puka English — haole, ‘olelo haole

embarrassed

emerge

(language)

— lawa — komo

enough enter

264

English Vocabulary

— piha evening — ahiahi exam — ho‘ike — excel exchange — ku‘ai excited — hoihoi, pihoihoi excrement — kukae excrete — ki‘o expensive — pipi explain — wehewehe eye — maka — ‘ike maka eyesight — ‘ike maka eye witness face — maka familiar with — kama‘aina, ma‘a — ‘ohana family famous — kaulana farmer — mahi‘ai — ‘awlwi fasten — ho‘opa‘a — momona father — makua kane, papa feather — hulu feed — hanai (with hands) — haha female — wahine — momona — ho‘opiha finish — ho‘opau finished — pau — ahi — mua fish — lawai‘a (verb) (chub or pilot) — enenue,

food

entirely

‘oi

4

i

fast

fat

feel

fertile fill

fire

first

i‘a;

fish

nenue

— lawai‘ a — ‘elima — ho‘oponopono — ‘uku flea flour — palaoa flower — pua “folks” — ma fisherman

five fix

—

‘ai (especially taro),

mea

‘ai *

— wawae — na, no for her — nana, nona for him — nana, nona for me — na‘u, no‘u for you — nau, nou forbidden — kapu foreign — haole — ‘aina foreign country foreman — luna forget — poina — ‘6 fork — ‘eha four fresh (as — makamaka hou Friday — Po‘alima friend — hoa aloha frightened — maka‘u from — mai, maia front — mua fruit — hua fruit juice — wai hua fry — palai — piha gallon — kalani garden — mala (vegetable), foot for

‘e

fish)

‘ai

‘ai

full

‘ai

mala pua (flower)

— ku‘i ‘opihi — mo‘o — makana ginger — awapuhi — kaikamahine girlfriend — ipo, wahine give — ha‘awi give birth — hanau glass (container) — kfaha go — hele go back — hob go out (for fun) — holoholo god — akua gone — good — maika‘i gather ‘opihi

gecko gift

‘

girl

lilo

265

English Vocabulary

— aloha — lokomaika‘ goodies — mea‘ono gotten — load grab — lalau graduate — puka grandchild — mo‘opuna grandfather — kupuna kane, tutu goodbye

good-hearted

i

— kupuna wahine,

tutu wahine, tutu

ma

—

grandparent kupuna, tutu gray hinahina

— great — nui green — maka (not ripe), ‘6ma‘oma‘o (color) grope haha ground lepo group hui grow ulu guava kuawa

— — — — — guts — na‘au “guys” — ma halloo — hui hand — lima handsome — u‘i

hang up (as to dry) happy hau‘oli

—

hat

hide

(oneself) his-*-ana, kana, kona, nana,

nona, ona hold on to hole

home — home

— ha‘ awina — hot — wela hour — hola house — hale how — pehea (only in questions) hundred — haneli hungry — pololi — ‘eha hurt husband — kane hymn — himeni — au idea — mana‘o — ina, ke image — immediately — ano imperative marker — important — mea nui in — ma homework horse

ki‘i

‘

— kaula‘i

i,

— dlelo

incomplete action marker

Hawai‘i

—d head — po‘o health — ola kino hear — lohe heavy — kaumaha hello — aloha help — kokua her — ana, kana, kona, ona herb (type) — kokodlau here — dne‘i here — eia hers — nana, nona is

lio

if

— papale ia, ia

— dina hodpu-

lapula

I

Hawaiian language he

—

— lalau

puka, lua

homestead land

kane, tutu pa

grandmother

— hui — huna (something), ped

hey there

e

verb ana

— ho‘oluhi — no, no hob individually — pakahi inland — uka inquisitive — nlele inside — loko interested — hoihoi intestines — nadu invite — kono island — mokupuni — ia itchy — maned

inconvenience indeed

it

i

266

English Vocabulary

— kele — — jelly — kele jerked beef— pipi kaula — job ‘oihana just — wale no — ‘opiopio juvenile key — kl kind — lokomaika‘i, ‘olu‘olu — ‘ano kind (type), sort knife — pahi know — ‘ike known — maopopo Korean — Kolea kukui nut relish — inamona — ‘aina land — language ‘olelo large — nui (final) — hope loa later — hope — aka‘ aka laugh lawyer — loio lazy — moloa learn — a‘o, a‘o mai leave something — waiho (direction) — hema leftovers — koena leg — wawae — ‘ae lend — ‘ole lesson — ha‘awina letter — leka he down — moe — nohona, ola — nohona like — makemake, like (resemble) like that — pela — ‘opihi limpet listen — ho‘olohe live — noho, ola living — nohona lizard — mo‘o

— malo — kamano lomi

jam

loincloth

Japanese KepanI jasmine pikake

lomi salmcrn

last

‘

left

less

life

life-style

long

—

lo‘ ihi

— nana — ‘imi lose out — hoka — love — aloha lover — ipo lucky — — ‘ainapomaika‘i lunch awakea macadamia nut — hua makeke-

look at

look for

lost

lilo

laki,

mia

mad — huhu

— hapa nui — hana male — kane mama — mama man — kane manager — luna mango — manako many — nui market — makeke massage — lomi maybe — paha me — a‘u (with prepositions), ia‘u — meal ‘aina meet — hui, ‘ike (introductions) mellow — nanea midday — awakea midnight — aumoe milk — waiu mine — na‘u, no‘u minister — kahuna pule minister’s wife — mama kahu mischievous — kolohe mistreat — hana ‘ino mom — mama Monday — Po‘akahi money — kala month — mahina moon — mahina majority

make

267

English Vocabulary

—

morning kakahiaka most hapa nui mother makuahine, mouse ‘iole

— mama — — move — ne‘e movies — ki‘i‘oni‘oni musician — mea ho‘okani pila my — a‘u, ka‘u, ko‘u, ku‘u (affectionate), o‘u

name — inoa, kapa (verb)

— kawele native-born — kama‘aina near, nearly — kokoke neighbor — hoa noho nephew — keiki kane hanauna nevertheless — na‘e new — hou news — nuhou newspaper — nupepa — ‘olu‘olu nice night — po — ‘eiwa nine — no ‘a‘ole none — ‘a‘ohe — ‘akau north nosy — nlele — ‘a‘ole, ‘ole not now — ‘ano, keia manawa number — helu, huahelu object marker — ia octopus — he‘e octopus lure — luhe‘e odor — hohono of— o office — ke‘ena often — pinepine — ‘elemakule (of males), old napkin

i,

a,

kahiko

man — ‘elemakule old woman — luahine older — hanau mua old

older sibling,

kaikua‘ana

same sex

— ma — ‘ekahi (counting only),

on one

i,

ho‘okahi (quantity), kekahi

— —

one by one pakahi only wale no on top of luna open hamama, wehe

—

— — mana‘o — orange ‘alani — a‘e, kekahi other outcome — hopena over there — ma‘o own — pono‘I Pacific — Pakipika package — pu olo paddle — hoe — page ‘ao‘ao pancake — palaoa palai pandanus leaf— lauhala wawae pants — papa — papa papaya — he‘I paper — pepa parent — makua park — ho‘oku‘u (as a car), ku part — hapa party — pa‘ina, lu‘au — passive marker path, way — ala payment — uku peacock — plkake pen — peni pencil — penikala people — po‘e perforation — puka perhaps — paha — ‘ae permit person — kanaka, mea personal — pono‘I photo — — ‘ako pick (as flowers) pick on — hana ‘ino picture — opinion

‘e

‘

lole

‘ia

ki‘i

ki‘i

268

*

English Vocabulary

— pua‘a — hala kahiki — ‘akala pink pity — minamina place — kahi (no determiners),

— malie — ua raise — hanai rascal — kolohe — rat raw — maka reach for — lalau read — heluhelu ready — makaukau — ‘oia really

pig

quiet

pineapple

rain

wahi, kau (verb)

— kanu (verb), la‘au — pa (ke) play — pa‘ani play music — ho‘okani pila — ‘olu‘olu pleasant plentiful — nui police officer — maka‘i Portuguese — Pukiki possible — hiki practice — ho‘oma‘ama‘a pray — pule prayer — pule pregnant — hapai prepare — ho‘omakaukau prepared — makaukau present — makana present tense marker — ke verb plant plate

nei

preserve

— malama

— nani — mua priest — kahuna private — pono‘I problem — pilikia — ‘oihana profession proficient — makaukau proper — pono — protrude — proverb ‘olelo no‘eau provoke — ho‘ onaukiuki pure — piha (as in “pure pretty

previous

‘oi

H awaiian”)

poni ——‘eke put on — komo question — nlnau quickly — awlwl purple

purse

‘

-

‘iole

reason— kumu

— emi — loa‘a recline — moe record — ho‘opa‘a (verb) — ‘ula‘ula red refrigerator — pahu hau regret — minamina relax — ho‘onanea relaxed — nanea remainder — koena rent — ho‘ olimalima request — noi reserve — ho‘opa‘a reserved — kapu restaurant — hale ‘aina result — hopena return — ho‘i, ho‘iho‘i (with reasonable received

objects)

— uku ribbon — lipine rice — — ‘akau right (direction) — ‘ano right away righteous — pono road — ala nui rock — pohaku — ‘oihana role room — lumi roommate — hoa noho sad — kaumaha saloon pilot cracker — pelena reward

laiki

poepoe

269

English Vocabulary

salt

— pa‘akai — one

sand

— Kapalakiko — — — ‘olelo say — saying ‘olelo no‘eau school — kula sea — kai season — kau seaward — kai seaweed — limu seaweed (type) — limu kohu — ‘ike see — ‘imi seek — ku‘ai, ku‘ai aku semester — kau send — ho‘ouna serve you right — hoka (as a table) — ho‘onoho set straight — ho‘oponopono — ‘ehiku seven shame — hilahila shame — ahahana shark — mano — ‘o she shepherd — kahuhipa shirt — palule shoe — kama‘a shoot (of plant) — kupu shopping center — kikowaena San Francisco

Saturday Po‘ aono sausage na‘ aukake

sell

set

!

ia, ia

ku‘ai

— ho‘ike — koiu shut — pa‘a, pani (with object) — ‘oma‘ima‘i sick — ‘ao‘ao side sideways — a‘e similar — like sing — hirneni sister (of a male) — kaikuahine ——noho six ‘eono show

shoyu

sit

— helu, huahelu, nui — makaukau sleep — hiamoe small — smart — akamai smoke — uahi snack — pupu soak — ku soap — kopa — palupalu soft-hearted — na‘au palupalu — somewhat, rather ‘ano somewhere else — kahi son — keiki kane soothe — ho‘ olu olu — ‘eha sore source — kumu south — hema — speak ‘olelo — speak English ‘olelo haole — ‘olelo Hawai‘i speak Hawaiian spoon — puna (ke) stand — ku (as a car) — ho‘ohele statue — stay — noho — ‘aihue size

skilled

li‘ili‘i

soft

‘e

‘

start

ki‘i

steal

steam

in

kalua stick out

underground oven

—

‘oi

— malie (calm); mau (ongoin g) — stomach ‘opu stone — pohaku story — mo‘olelo stove — kapuahi straight — pololei — ‘ano strange, weird street — ala nui strong — ikaika stuck — pa‘a student — haumana still

‘e

270 study

English Vocabulary

*

— ho‘opa‘a ha‘awina (no

— hupo — kopa‘a sulky — nuha sullen — nuha summer — kau wela sun — la Sunday — Lapule surf— he‘enalu surfboard — papahe‘ enalu sweet — momona sweetheart — ipo — ‘uala sweet potato — swim ‘au‘au swim in the ocean — ‘au‘au kai table — pakaukau take — lawe, lawe aku take care — malama taken — — lo‘ihi tape — lipine stupid

sugar

lilo

tall

taro—

kalo, poi (pounded,

cooked) taro leaves

— wTwT — mea think — mana‘o thirty — kanakolu this — keia thin

thing

objects)

'

— — mana‘o thousand — kaukani — ‘ekolu three Thursday — Po‘ aha ticket — kikiki time — manawa, wa tired — maluhiluhi to — together — pu — lua tomorrow — apopo toward — toward the speaker — mai towel — kawele town — kaona tree — kumu, kumu la‘au trouble — pilikia trousers — wawae truck — kalaka — this

aforementioned

i,

ia

toilet

‘

i,

ia

lole

— lu‘au

— kl — a‘o, a‘o aku teacher — kumu tease — ho‘ohenehene telephone — kelepona telephone number — helu kele-

tea

true

‘oia, ‘oia‘i‘o

tender

— ho‘a‘o tub — pakini Tuesday — Po‘ alua turn into — turn off— pani TV— kiwi twenty — iwakalua —

thank

ugly

teach

pona tell— ha‘i

— palupalu — mahalo that — kela, kena — ka, ke, na — ma therefore — no there — aia they — lakou, laua — ‘aihue thief laila,

—

laila

laila

is

lilo

un

the

i

try

two

that aforementioned

there

ia

thought

ia

‘elua

—— pupuka ‘ole

uncle — anakala under — lalo understandable — maopopo university — kula nui unskilled — hemahema until — a hiki — unusual ‘ano ‘

i

‘e

271

English Vocabulary

— a‘e — ma‘a usual — ma‘a mau very — loa vinegar — wlneka — kipa vocative marker — voice — leo wait — kali waiter — kuene walk — hele wawae want — makemake wash — holoi waste — ho‘opau waste time — ho‘opaumanawa watch — nana water — wai waterfall — wailele we — kakou, kaua, makou, maua wealthy — waiwai Wednesday — Po‘ akolu week — pule weekend — hopena pule what — aha (only in questions), upward

used to

visit

hea (only in questions) when ahea (future, questions), inahea (past, questions)

—

—

whenever ke where hea (only in questions), hea (only in questions)

—

— ke‘oke‘o — haole who — wai (only in queswhite

white person tions)

— — window — puka aniani with — me woman — wahine word — hua ‘olelo work — hana worried — plhoihoi wow — hu write — kakau yard — pa year — makahiki yellow — melemele — ‘ae yes yesterday — nehinei — whole apau wind makani

you ‘oe, ‘olua, ‘oukou you there! e ia nei, e nei younger sibling, same sex

—

kaikaina

— muli loa — ‘opiopio

youngest child youngster

— au, kau, kou, ou — nau, nou — youth ‘opiopio — zero ‘ole your

yours

i

*

»

English Idioms and Phrases:

Ha‘awina 1-24

— e ana (followed by object marker) — ma hope iho

about, concerning afterwards, later all

day

— ka

la

And you? — A another

pili

apau ‘o ‘oe?

X — kekahi X a‘e

— no ka mea (followed by complete sentences) — eia kekahi Bones are strong (good health in old — Ikaika ka — ‘a‘ole hiki ke ‘alo a‘e can’t be helped Come and eat! — Mai e Come — E komo mai! common practice, common occurrence — hana ma‘a mau Dare to dance; leave embarrassment at home. — ‘A‘a ka hula; waiho because

besides, furthermore, in addition

iwi.

folks).

‘ai!

in!

i

ka hilahila ka hale. day after tomorrow ka la ‘apopo a ia la aku day before yesterday nehinei a ia la aku Don’t argue with me! Mai wahapa‘a mai ‘oe ia‘u! each other kekahi i kekahi eat what is available e ‘ai ka mea loa‘a keia X, kela me keia every X kela Excuse me. E kala mai ia‘u. final, last hope loa for goodness sake, oh my goodness aue no ho‘i e from that time on, since then mai kela manawa mai Get out of here! E hele aku ‘oe i kahi ‘e! Give my regards to X. E aloha aku ‘oe ia X. Goodbye. A hui hou. A hui hou aku no (in reply). Go to sleep. Ho‘i ka hiamoe. half past hapalua hola Here comes X. Eia a‘e X. i

— — —

—

—

—

—

i

X

X

—

—

—

— — X—

—

—

i

X

—

272

i

English Idioms

and Phrases

273

How about it? And what? — Pehea la? I

if

am, with regards that’s the case

— ‘o au iho no me ke aloha

— ina pela — ‘a‘olehiki

impossible, can’t

— ‘A‘ole aner? ko‘u no‘ono‘o kahi wasn’t paying attention. — Ua Kepani Japanese fishcake — mea‘ono night — ka po nei X — kela X aku nei year — kela makahiki aku nei — ‘oia paha maybe that might be true — Pela paha. Maybe that’s how May trouble you? — Hiki ia‘u ke ho‘oluhi ‘oe? Me too. — ‘O au pu. pay. — Na‘u e uku. My never mind, nothing — he mea doesn’t matter, next month — keia mahina a‘e next X — keia X a‘e night and day the time) — ka po me ke ao now and then, occasionally — aia aku aia mai now, nowadays — keia manawa, keia mau Oh how beautiful! — Aue ka nani! Okay; possible. — Hiki no. once, once upon a time, one time — kekahi manawa one the other — kekahi kekahi one day — kekahi Please. — E ‘olu‘olu quarter past X — hapaha hala ka hola X quarter to X — hapaha hola X — ‘Oiai‘o no? Really; that really so? Same to you — me ‘oe pu the table — ho‘onoho ka pakaukau small-kid days, my childhood — ku‘u wa kamali‘i some X (countable nouns only) — kekahi mau X Take care (of your body). — E malama pono (‘oe kou kino). Thanks very much. — Mahalo nui loa. — ‘A ‘oia That’s that’s right; right on — ka mea nui That’s the main thing; that’s what’s important and that, everything — kela me keia mea, kela mea keia mea today — keia too bad; what a pity — aloha ‘ino up to you, whatever you want to do — aia no ‘oe — ‘o makou pu us too Isn’t that so?

lilo

I

‘e.

i

i‘a

last last last

so,

it is.

ia

I

treat, I’ll

‘ole.

it’s

it

(all

la

it’s

at

.

.

.

.

.

.

la

‘oe.

i

is

set

i

i

it;

‘o ia

this

la

(ia) ia

*

*

274

English Idioms

— —

and Phrases

week after next keia pule a‘e a ia pule aku week before last keia pule aku nei a ia pule aku What are you doing? E aha ana ‘oe? What’s your name? ‘O wai kou inoa? What’s your problem? He aha kou pilikia? What time is it? Hola ‘ehia keia?

—

'

— — —

Why? — No ke aha (mai)? Wow, how X! — Hu ka X! X after next — keia Xa'eaiaX aku

X before last — keia X aku nei a ia X aku X minutes before Y— X minuke ma mua o ka hola Y X minutes past Y— X minuke hala ka hola Y; X minuke ma hope o ka i

holaY

X o’clock — hola X

— e — — you too ‘o ‘oe pu yes, yes

e, e,

You’re welcome.

l

A‘ole pilikia; no‘u ka hau‘oli.

Bibliography

Burningham, Robin. 1983. Hawaiian Word Book. Honolulu: Bess Press. Department of Education, State of Hawaii. 1980. Hawaiian Language Workbook. Honolulu. 1981 Lau Kukui, Level II Hawaiian Language Reader. Honolulu. 1982. Na Ka‘ao Kahiko, Illustrated Bilingual Hawaiian Tales. Honolulu. .

.

.

Department of Geography, University of Hawaii. 1983. Atlas of Hawaii. 2d ed. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. Elbert, Samuel H., and Noelani Mahoe. 1970. Na Mele o Hawaii Nei: 101 Hawaiian Songs Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. Elbert, Samuel H., and Mary Kawena Pukui. 1979. Hawaiian Grammar. Honolulu:

University Press of Hawaii.

Green, Laura

S.

1928. Folk Tales from Hawaii.

Honolulu: Hawaiian Book

Rooms. Hawkins, Emily A. 1982. Pedagogical Grammar of Hawaiian. Honolulu: Hawaiian Studies Program, University of Hawaii at Manoa. Hawkins, Emily A., and William H. Wilson. 1978. “Recommendations and Comments on the ‘Ahahui ‘Olelo Hawaii 1978 Spelling Project.” Hamilton Library, University of Hawaii at Manoa. Manuscript. Howard, Alan. 1974. Ain’t No Big Thing. Honolulu: University Press of Hawaii.

Judd, Henry P. 1930. Hawaiian Proverbs and Riddles. Honolulu: Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum. Pukui, Mary K. 1933. Hawaiian Folktales: Third Series. Vassar College. 1983. ‘Olelo No ‘eau. Honolulu: Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum Press. Pukui, Mary K., and Samuel H. Elbert. 1986. Hawaiian Dictionary. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. Pukui, Mary K., Samuel H. Elbert, and Esther T. Mookini. 1974. Place Names of Hawaii. Honolulu: University Press of Hawaii. Pukui, Mary K., E. W. Haertig and Catherine Lee. 1972. Nana i ke Kumu. Vols. 1 and 2. Honolulu: Hui Hanai. Silva, Kalena, and Kauanoe Kamana. The Hawaiian Language, Its Spelling and Pronunciation. Honolulu. Sterling, Elspeth, and Catherine Summers. 1962. Sites of Oahu. Honolulu: .

Bernice Pauahi Bishop

Museum

Press.

275

Index of Grammatical Rules

Active voice, 156

Actor

I,

— emphatic sentences,

1

95—

ma, 40-41

la (pronoun), 16

196

la (this/that

aforementioned), 214-

216

Adverbs, 8

Age, 111

I hea, 75

Aia locational sentences, 75

Imperatives, 22-24, 55, 90-91;

‘Ana,

negative imperatives, 138

186

A‘u, 91

Ind,

Class-inclusion sentences, 8, 15-16,

Indirect objects, 24-25

165

Intransitive verbs, 142-145

55, 76, 225

Comparative sentences, 136 Compound objects, 66-67 Compound subjects, 66-67

Ke (conditional), 206 Keia,

8-9

Kekahi, 157

8-9

Definite articles, 16, 41

Keld,

Destinations, 24-25

Kela ‘ano

Directionals, 25, 55, 91

Keld ‘apopo, 67 Kela me keia, 9

Direct objects, 24, 56 ‘Ehia,

X, 130

Kena, 8-9

1 1

Eia locational sentences, 75-76

T^verb ^'sentences, 125-126

E infinitive,

K-less possessives, 108

40

Equational sentences, 13-15, 55,

K-possessives, 73-74

225 E verb ana: medial, 138; sentences, 64-66 Greetings, 32-33

Ku‘u, 91 Like,

become, 196 174-176 Locatives, 126-128, 135-136 Ma, 40-41 Loa‘a,

Have-a-lot sentences, 110, 120

Have-a-number sentences,

1

216

Lilo, 186;

08—

Mai ( from), 55

110, 119

Have-a sentences, 98-99, 118-119

Maid, 67

Hea, 75

Maopopo, 174-175

Hiki,

Mau (plural),

164-165

Hu kX,

9;

with

‘a‘ohe,

157—

158; with determiners, 54-55

Hope: time expressions, 128

Maua oX, 76

111

277

278

Index

of

Grammatical Rules

Modifiers, 8

Mua: time

Possessive locational sentences,

213-214

expressions, 128

Nd, 32

Possessives: o

Negative class-inclusion and equational sentences,

Negatives, 87-89

205

99-100

Spelling, 1-2

N-possessives, 166, 176

Stative verb sentences, 31-32,

Nui nd X, 55-56 Numbers, 89-90

with ua, 52-54 Time: days of the week, 41

Paha,

;

sions of the day, 33; hours

187

Orthography,

42—

divi-

and

minutes, 206; time phrases, 206 Transitive verbs, 142-145

1

99-100

Passive voice, 156-157

Ua verb marker, 52-54

Patterns, 6-8

Verb

Personal pronouns, 30-31, 56

Vocatives, 10

Plural nouns, 9 Plurals: mau, 9; with ‘a‘ohe,

1

145; with causatives, 143-144;

Object markers, 24 ‘Ole,

Sibling terms, 66

Situation-emphatic sentences, 203-

No, 16 ‘i,

Questions, 10, 99 Relative clauses: Type A, 224; Type

Simple verb sentences, 38-40

56

56

No ho

categories, 73-

B, 230-233

Negative simple sentences, 130 Nehinei,

and a

74 Pronunciation, 1-2

225

Negative imperatives, 138 Negative locational sentences, 100

Net,

•

Wale 1

57—

158; with determiners, 54; nd, 32 Pono (ought to) sentences, 225-226

classes,

no,

142-145

99- 1 00

When, 186-187, 205 Word order: in ‘ana phrases, verb phrases, 76, 158

187; in

Language Ka Lei Ha

(

aheo: Beginning

Hawaiian

is

a culturally

oriented Hawaiian language textbook.- Its gram-

mar lessons

include the relationship between the

language and the Hawaiian world view. The book’s dialogs are drawn from contemporary

Hawaiian family life. Extensive classroom testing was used in developing Ka Lei Ha ‘aheo. Although designed for college use, it is also a handy resource for high schools and individuals, particularly because its companion volume, Ka Lei

Ha

(

aheo: Teacher’s Guide

and Answer Key pro,

vides English translations and answers to the exercises.

The

enhanced with

text’s lively appeal line

is

further

drawings.

Alberta Pualani Hopkins

is

associate professor

of Indo-Pacific languages at the University of

Hawaii at Manoa. She has taught Hawaiian language and culture for more than thirty years and received the Regents’

Teaching

in 1989.

Medal

for Excellence in

Co-author with Dorothy

Kahananui of E Kama

(

ilio

HawaTi Kakou:

M.

Let

’s

Speak Hawaiian she has also authored and edited ,

publications on social welfare research, crosscultural ministry development,

communications

and nonverbal

in the classroom.

University of Hawaii Press Honolulu, Hawaii 96822

HOPKINS A/KA°LEI HAAffio