Isbister: A chambered tomb in Orkney 9780860542131, 9781407317250

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Isbister A chambered tomb in Orkney

John W. Hedges

BAR British Series 115 1983

B.A.R.

122 Banbury Road, Oxford OX2 7BP, England

GENERAL EDITORS A.R. Hands, B.Sc., M.A., D.Phil. D .R • Walker. M.A.

BAR 115, 1983 : 'Isbister: A chambered tomb in Orkney'.

_

© Crown Copyright, 1983.

The author’s moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted.

All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher. ISBN 9780860542131 paperback ISBN 9781407317250 e-book DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860542131 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library This book is available at www.barpublishing.com

T o C olin

R enfrew a nd

R onnie

a nd Morgan

S imison

i i

F rontispiece

e xcavated u p

t o

C ONTENTS A ddresses

o f

C ontributors

A bbreviations

u sed

L ist

o f

I llustrations

L ist

o f

T ables

I ntroductory A cknowledgements F oreword C HAPTER

1

S UMMARY O F T HE

F INDINGS B Y E XCAVATION

by J ohn W H edges 2

T HE

a nd R onald S imison

F INDS

by A udrey S H enshall. David F W illiams ( Catalogue 3

W ith c ontributions

b y

a nd C aroline W ickham—Jones

1 -99)

by C olin R enfrew,

5 0

THE

M ichael

J S tenhouse

a nd

S witsur

( Catalogue

6 1 1 00-110)

7 0

H UMAN S KELETAL R EMAINS

by J udson T C hesterman ( Catalogue 5

9

1 33

1 30-140)

1 40

THE M ARINE

F AUNAL

T HE

R EMAINS 1 51

C olley

1 57

1 41-151)

B IRD R EMAINS

by D on B ramwell

1 59

( Catalogue

1 66

THE

1 52-167)

S EED R EMAINS

by Ann L ynch

1 71

( Catalogue

1 75

1 68)

A NALYSIS O F P OLLEN by D arius

1 0

W ith a c ontribution

( Catalogue

( Catalogue

8

F ROM N EIGHBOURING L OCATIONS 1 77

B artlett

I NVESTIGATION O F T HE

O RKNEY T OMBS 1 85

by J ohn W H edges 1 1

7 3 1 30

S utherland

b y S arah

7

1 11-129)

T HE A NIMAL B ONES b y G raeme B arker. by S heila

6

3 3

THE R ADIOCARBON D ETERMINATIONS Roy

4

1

T HE

S TRUCTURE O F T HE T OMBS 1 99

by J ohn W H edges i i i

P age

C HAPTER

1 2

T HE U SE O F T HE T OMBS b y J ohn W H edges

1 3

2 13

T HE P EOPLE O F T HE T OMBS b y J ohn W H edges

A DDENDUM

2 73

R ECENT WORK O N THE S ITE b y J ohn W H edges a nd D avid H aigh

3 01

R eference L ist A ll o f

3 03 l ine t he

i llustrations b y F rank W Moran e xcept

s mall

f inds,

f or t hose

which a re b y Audrey S H enshall.

S ite p hotographs b y G ordon A P arry a nd J ohn W H edges: S tudio p hotographs b y N igel

i v

R J N eil

Addresses

o f

c ontributors

D r G raeme

B arker,

D epartment

o f

P rehistory a nd A rchaeology,

U niversity

o f S heffield. Mr D arius M r D on M r

B artlett,

Bramwell,

J udson

F ulwood,

o f

S arah

o f

G eography,

B aslow R oad,

T C hesterman,

U niverisity M iss

D epartment

D epartment

U niversity o f

B akewell, o f

E dinburgh.

D erbyshire.

P rehistory

a nd

A rchaeology,

S heffield. C olley,

D epartment

o f

A rchaeology,

U niversity

o f

S outhampton. M r J ohn W H edges_

C are

o f

M onuments),

3 -11 Melville

M iss A udrey

S H enshall,

S cottish S treet,

S ociety o f

M useum

o f Antiquities,

Queen S treet,

D r A nn

L ynch,

M onuments

N ational

S tephen 's

G reen,

P rofessor

C olin

D evelopment

D epartment,

( Ancient

E dinburgh. A ntiquaries

o f

S cotland,

o f

P ublic

N ational

E dinburgh .

B ranch,

O ffice

W orks,

5 1

S t

D ublin. R enfrew,

D epartment

o f

A rchaeology,

U niversity

o f

C ambridge . M r R onald

S imison,

D r M ichael

L iddle

J S tenhouse,

F arm ,

S outh R onaldsay,

R adiocarbon D ating

O rkney .

L aboratory,

U niversity

o f

G lasgow . M s

S heila

S utherland,

U niversity o f D r R oy

D epartment

o f

P rehistory

a nd

A rchaeology,

S heffield .

S witsur,

R adiocarbon

D ating R esearch

L aboratory,

U niversity

o f

C ambridge . M s C aroline W ickham—Jones, A rtifact D r

D avid

R esearch U nit, F

S outhampton.

W illiams,

N ational M useum o f

5 C oates

P lace,

D epartment

o f

A ntiquities

o f

S cotland

E dinburgh . A rchaeology,

U niversity

o f

A bbreviations u sed a nt

- a nterior

g m

- g rammes

A P

- a rborial p ollen

H

- h eight

A v D

- a verage

I

- i ncisor

b c

- b efore C hrist ( radiocarbon

i bid

- i n t he

i ll

- i llustration

J

- j ournal

k g

- k ilogrammes

d iameter

y ears) B C

- b efore C hrist ( calibrated o r c alendar y ears)

( tooth) s ame p lace

B C

- b one c ontext

k m

- k ilometres

c

- c irca

L

- l eft

C

- c anine

L

- l ayer

c f

- c ompare

l at

- l ateral

c h

- c hapter

hg

- l igament

c m

- c entimetre(s)

L P res

- l ength p reserved

c u m

- c ubic m etre(s)

M

- m ale

c v

- c ervical

M

- m olar/maxilla

( tooth)

v ertebra(e) - m etres - d eciduous

( teeth)

D ist W

- d istal w idth

E

— e ast

c d

- e ditor(s)

MD

- m aximum d iameter

MH

- m aximum h eight

M id W

- l east w idth

r ound t he m id

p oint E st e t

a l

e xt

- e stimated

M L

- m aximum

l ength

- a nd o thers

m m

- m illimetres

- e xterior

M NI

- m inimum n umber

o f

i ndividuals

f orth

- f emale

m o

- m onth(s)

- f used

M T

- m aximum t hickness

- f orthcoming

MW

- m aximum w idth

p ublication v i

N

- n orth

R D

- r im d iameter

N AP

- n on-arboreal p ollen

S

- s outh

N B

- n ote w ell

S C

- s ide c ell

N F

- n on f used

S P

- s hrub p ollen

O A

- o steoarthritis

s p

- s pecies

O P

- o steophytosis

S T

- s tall

o p c it

- i n t he w ork c ited

T MJD

- t emporo-mandibular

j oint

d ysfunction p er c omm

- p ersonal

u nstrat

- u nstratified

c ommunication P M

- p remolar

( tooth)

v ol

- v olume

P rox W

- p roximal

w idth

W

- w est

- r ight

A bbreviations a bbreviations a re n ot

o f t itles o f j ournals a re n ot l isted. T he m eanings o f u sed e xclusively i n t ables 5 4 a nd 5 8 a ppear t here a nd

r e-listed h ere.

v ii

P age I llustrations F rontispiece I ll 1

I ll

2

A reas

e xcavated u p

t o

L ocation m aps c omplex

a nd

T rench

a nd c ontour p lan

i llustration o f

t omb—hornworks—forecourt

t rench

3

I ll 3

P lan o f

1 11 4

A nnotated s ketch p lan o f

t omb c ontents

I ll

O utline p lans

o f

f loor a nd

I ll 6

E levations

t omb

I ll

7

T he

I ll

8

T he e xcavated t omb

I ll

9

V iew

f rom S E

t omb

a nd t he b owing o f

5

i i

2

l ayout t omb

1 982

o f

e xcavated

( 1:50)

t omb a t

4

i nternal w all

s helf

f aces

t omb f rom t he E ( scales f rom t he N ( scales

s howing

a nd a reas

t he h eight

l evels

e xcavated

5

( 1:50)

7

( 1:50) i n

9

0 5 m d ivisions)

1

i n 0 .5m d ivisions)

1

o f t he m ound

t o

t he w all w ithin s talls

t he W o f

( scale

i n

t he 0 .5m

d ivisions) I ll 1 0

1 2

T op o f s helf d ivisions)

i n

S T

I ll

1 1

B roken

s helf

I ll

1 2

E ntrance

I ll

1 3

S C

i n

t o S C

( scales

i n

0 .5m

a nd

0 .1m 1 2

1 f rom E ( scale

1 f rom E ( scales

2 f rom N E.

s mall

S T 5 f rom E

N B

o rthostat

t he

t op

h ave

o f

b een

i n 0 .5m d ivisions)

1 3

i n 0 .5m a nd 0 .1m d ivisions) t he

e ntrance a nd

r econstructed

t he

a djacent

( scale

i n

d ivisions) I ll

1 4

V iew 0 .1

o f

1 3

0 .1m 1 4

b uilding

l ines w ithin

t omb m asonry f rom N E

( scale

d ivisions)

i n 1 4

I ll

1 5

E levation o f

t omb o uter w all w ith c ladding

( cf

i ll

2 0)

( 1:50)19

I ll

1 6

E xcarnated b urials a long W w all o f S T 4 a t e ntrance t o S C 3 . T hat o n t he l eft was k ept s eparate a s 1 16 ( scale i n 0 .1m d ivisions)

I ll

1 7

1 5

D isarticulated

h uman

b ones b eneath s helf o f

S T

5

0 .1m d ivisions) I ll

1 8

S kulls

I ll

1 9

S ection t hrough

I ll

2 0

P lan

i n i s 1 6

i n S C 3 t omb

o f N h ornwork

b utted t he

( scale

f ill

( E—W)

t rench

( 1:50)

t omb e xterior b ut,

i n e xcavation.

2 2

( 1:25)

a s

N B T he h ornwork s hown,

o riginally

a p ortion w as r emoved 2 5

v iii

P age I ll

2 1

N H ornwork , t omb

I ll

I ll

2 2

2 3

i n

a nd

r edeposited m aterial

f oreground

( scales

i n

S ections t hrough N h ornwork ( E—W) ( 1:25) S ections

t hrough

b ehind

i t,

f rom S

a nd

' 16

r edeposited n atural

r edeposited n atural

b ehind

b ehind N h ornwork

-

I ll

2 4

S kull i n s itu b eneath f rom E ( 121) ( scale i n

I ll

2 5

S kull

r edeposited n atural 0 .1m d ivisions)

a nd a ssociated h uman b ones s et w ithin

F rom N ( 122)

t he

i n

0 .1m

b owls

b ehind

d ivisions)

1 7

2 6

P ottery;

c arinated

I ll

2 7

P ottery;

c arinated b owls

a nd d eep b owls w ith

I ll

2 8

P ottery;

d eep

l ugs a nd m iscellaneous

I ll

2 9

B one,

s hell,

j et,

I ll

3 0

S tone

s mall

f inds

f lint,

I ll

R adiocarbon d ates

T reble

I ll 3 4

C rush

T he

o f

o f

I ll

O steoarthritis j oints

v iew o f

o f

t he n eck

o f

( 1:2)

4 4

6 4 f ollowing

t he

t ree—ring

n ccipital

c ondyles

i n a b cy a ged

6 -8

a n a dult m ale a n ormal

t he

s econd o n

t he

t he

t he o f

a nd u nder

? male

o steoarthritis.

l umbar

l arger

d isc

i nto

d ouble

f acetting

i n

L u pper

f acet 1 03

o f

a dult

t he

l umbar v ertebra u pper a nd

l ower

T he a bsence o f d eath o ccurred

a n

s urfaces

l umbar v ertebra

s hown

a re

o steoarthritis w ithin a f ew

v ertebrae

i n a nd

i ll

3 5

1 03

c osto—transverse

c aused b y c arrying a b urden b y a c ord

r ound

t he

1 15) 1 05

a rmpit

o f

v ertebrae w hich N ote

t he

o pposite

b ody o f

t he

i x

s ide

( 113,

s how m arked o steophytosis

t he d epression

s pecimen — a S chmorl's n ode t he

i n

1 03

c ervical

r ibs

n o

t he

s howing

c ondition

( 113)

T wo

t he

( 1:4) 3 8

6 8

d epressions

i njury

A nother

o f

v essels

d ates

t o t he r upture o f d iscs. o steophytosis m eans t hat

I ll 3 6

3 8

t he

f acet b ut

f racture

m onths

I ll

3 6

1 03

v ertebra

f emale .

3 7

f inds

( 1:4)

1 975)

f acetting o f

A tlas

d ue a nd

s mall

l ugs

( 126)

t he R u pper ( 113) I ll 3 5

s tone

i n c alendar y ears B C

c alibration ( Clark

y ears

a nd

3 4

4 7

U ncalibrated r adiocarbon

I ll 3 3

( 1:4)

( 1:4 )

I ll 3 1 3 2

s tones

t he N h ornwork .

I ll

b owls w ith

2 9

h ornwork 1 7

N

c ontained b y m assive

r edeposited n atural

( scale

b ehind

i t 2 7

( N—S)

( 1:25)

a nd

w ith

0 .5 m d ivisions)

v ertebra

i n

t he

u pper

c aused b y r upture

( 115)

b ut

s urface o f 1 05

P age I ll

3 9

A dvanced a nd

4 0

o steoarthritis

i n a ? male

adult;

t he

o steoarthritis w ith e rosion

o f c artilage

a nd b one w hile

i n

L p atella

a t a n

t he

o steoarthritis

i s

e arly

( 114)

1 05

O steoarthritis

d issecans

The

L f emur e xhibits

a nd

o steoarthritis

o steoarthritis;

a nd o steoarthritis

o steochondritis a t

t he

a nd

o steoarthritis

f rom

s ides;

t he

R

i n

d issecans t he

f emur

a ltered a lignment

a n a dult m ale. o n

L

t he

s hows o f

t he

c ondyle

p atella

s hows

c ompensatory o pposite

j oint

( 128) I ll

4 1

1 05

C ongenital l ast

a bnormality o f

l umbar

v ertebrae

v ertebra

i n a m ale

t he

s pine.

R ,

i n a dult m ale

s acralization

( 126).

a dult a ged 2 5-30 y ears

L ,

1 07

P ost-bregmatic d epressions - a n a cquired a bnormality

I ll

4 3

S kull

o f

a

f emale

a ged 2 5-30 y ears

s howing a

d epression a nd m asculine t ype muscle

t he o ccipital

r egion

I ll

4 4

P osterior v iew o f m uscle a ttachment i n

I ll

4 5

T emporo-mandibular

( 126)

( table

c

r idging

2 5 o f

e ating; 4 6

S kull

y ears

L ,

f emale

I ll

4 7

S kull

d isc

o f

a dult

o f

r ecurrent

a rticular

L t emporal

t he

c yst

o f

o val d epression a t

I ll

4 8

t ypical

D iagram o f w hich w ere

c yst

4 9

S kull

c hanges

o f

v ertical s ound w hen 1 07

2 5-30

y ears

b earing

? Ossification

o f

R

marked a nd

1 0)

c anine

1 09'

t ooth R .

e xhibiting T his

a nterior e nd o f

o utline

L

i ntra-

t he

c an b e s oft

a

b enign

s een a s

p alate;

a n

X -ray

( 116)

1 09

t he b ones b elonging t o a f emale a ged c 3 5 y ears l ifted s eparately a s o ne o f m any d istinct p iles o f

s keletal m aterial I ll

a ged

S kull

t he

b one o f

o f a rticulab one o f a m ale

j aw j oints - R w ith d islocation

d islocation .

( 115,

t ype 1 07

S kull 1 )

f emale a dult a ged c 3 5 y ears

d entigerous s howed

i nitial b one

( 113,

i n 1 07

d ysfunction .

s howing

L s ide n ormal o f

p ost-

3 9)

j oint w hich would h ave c aused a c licking

o steoarthritis w ith

m arked

a ttachment

a n a dult m ale s howing c onsiderable e nlargement t ion; R s ide n ot f ound ( 115). R , R t emporal a ged

1 21

s kull i n i ll 4 3 s howing m asculine t he o ccipital r egion ( 126)

j oint

t he

s acral

( 117)

4 2

b regmatic

o f

s ix

I ll

I ll

L

s evere

s tage I ll

p ainful

f emur e xhibits

o f

n oted

a dult

i n S Ts 3 a nd 4 ( 116)

m ale

a ged

1 8-23

a bnormalities. 1 ) d ouble f acetting o f

o ccipital

2 )

o f

p remature

c losure

1 26

y ears

s howing

f our

c ondyles,

c oronal,

s agittal,

a nd

l abdoid

s utures, 3 )

e xtra

4 )

c ongenital

s uture

i n o ccipital

a bsence

r egion g iving

o f R 3 rd m olar

I ll

5 0

A nother v iew o f

t he

s kull

I ll

5 1

P ollen d iagrams

f or L iddle

i n

i ll

B og

4 9

r ise

t o

' Inca

( 126)

s howing

1 a nd 2

b one', 1 09

' Inca

b one'

1 09 1 78

P age I ll

5 2

O rkney

I ll

5 3

T op: O rkney t ombs w ith t ripartite c hambers B ottom : O rkney t ombs w ith s talled c hambers

I ll

5 4

T op:

t ombs w ith M aes H owe

O rkney t ombs w ith

B ottom :

O rkney o f

t ype

c hambers

s talled/Maes

5 5

W idths

I ll

5 6

Areas o ccupied b y O rkney c hambered t ombs, d ifferent s tages i n t heir c onstruction

I ll

5 7

Top:

c ontrasting

s pecies f ound I sbister. B ottom: t he

a

c hamber

i n

c omparable

W hite—tailed e agles

I ll

5 9

A w hite—tailed e agle T he

d ifferent

D eep

b owls,

f rom t he

I ll 6 4

F lints

I ll 6 5

f rom

t he

o f

d ifferent

t he

N

a nimal

b one

t he

i n

h istogram

f ound

o f

t he

b ones

o f

c hamber a nd

b irds b ehind

f or

t he

b ird b one

f ound

i n

o f

c hamber

f loor

l ugs,

a nd

5 i n

s hell

I ll

6 7

S tone

I ll

6 8

N umber

i mplements

a nd a f lat

b ased

v essel

2 47

t he

r emoved;

2 1

f ound

t ogether 2 47

c hamber

b eads

f inds

6 9

N umber o f r elated t o

I ll

7 0

N umber

o f

r elated

t o

o bjects

f ound a mong f rom t he

p lotted a gainst

f ound a mong

t he

f ound o n

t he

f loors

t he y ear o f

t he

f ill

o uter

i nfill

b ehind

o f

c hambers

t he

t he

o f

f inds t ype

f rom O rcadian o f

c hamber

x i

t ombs

e xcavated

t he 2 48

s carcement 2 48 N h ornwork 2 49 o f

O rcadian

e xcavation

f inds f rom O rcadian t ombs e xcavated t he f loor a rea o f t he c hambers

t he

t he

2 46

f loor

t heir a pices S T

J et a nd p olished s tone o f t he t or rb

I ll

o f t he

2 46

I ll 6 6

o f

i n

2 36

c hamber

t ombs

a t

2 34

f loor c hamber

s helf

a ntler

a t ' 2 07

a nimal

h ornwork

I sbister

f ound

w ith a nd w ithout

s hells w ith t he

B one,

f or

p ercentages

f rom t he

c hamber

f rom

L impet u nder

b ones

a nd b ehind

c alculable,

a t Q uanterness.

I ll

6 3

w here

2 06

I sbister.

C arinated b owls

I ll

w here k nown

2 34

c ontrasting

I ll 6 1 6 2

o f

2 03

2 78

b ones

A c omparable

c hamber

t ombs,

h istogram

d efined c lasses

N h ornwork a t B ottom:

c hamber

c hambers

a t Q uanterness

5 8

T op:

O rkney

p ercentages

t he

I ll

I ll 6 0

o f

t ype

c hambers

I ll

T he

s kins

2 02

H owe h ybrid

t ombs w ith B ookan—type

m asonry

2 00

2 56 s ince

1 933 2 57

s ince

1 933 2 58

P age I ll

7 1

Available

I ll

7 2

A rtist's

r econstructed

f orecourt

( Richard P rideaux)

A rtist's

r econstructed

I ll

7 3

d ating

e vidence

f or

n eolithic

a erial

v iew

O rkney o f

s ites

t he

2 65

t omb

a nd

i ts 2 67

v iew o f

e xcarnation

i n

t he

f orecourt

( Richard P rideaux) I ll

7 4

A rtist's

2 67

r econstructed

v iew o f

t he

c hamber

i n

u se

( Richard

P rideaux) I ll

7 5

2 68

A rtist's

r econstructed

v iew o f

t he

c hamber

b eing

f illed

i n

( Richard P rideaux) I ll

I ll

7 6

7 7

d eath

2 68

A ge

o f

t hat

i n a modern p opulation

i n a n

A ge

o f

d eath

o f

I sbister—type

i nfants

p opulation

c ontrasted

w ith 2 76

a nd c hildren

i n

a n

I sbister—type

p opulation I ll

7 8

A ge o ne

I ll

7 9

2 78

p yramid f or

f or a n

C omparative

a ges

I sbister—type I ll

8 0

A ge

I sbister—type p opulation

a d eveloped a nd u nderdeveloped o f

d eath

p opulation

s tructure

o f

( assuming e qual

b y

s ex

t hose

( assuming e qual

I sbister—type

n umbers

i n

r eached

a ge)

o ver

1 5

a ged

a nd

o ver

( Figures

8 1

1 5

f rom

a n 2 83

by

s ex

t able 2 84

D istribution o f W are

i n

t o 1 5)

7 0) I ll

w ith 2 81

s urvival

p opulation t hat

c ontrasted

c ountry

s ites

' cultures'

b ased o n H enshall

b elonging

i n O rkney 1 963;

t o

t he

U nstan W are

a nd G rooved

( Choice a nd c lassification o f

1 972;

x i i

f orth b )

t ombs 2 95

P age Tables T able

1

L ayers

i dentified

s tratigraphic T able

T able

2

3

T he

a nd

r etrospectively n umbered

I sbister

a nalyses

f all

D uplicate

d eterminations

d eterminations

u nder

C alibrated

T able

C alibrated m ean

d ates

B ones

e vidence

T able 6

t heir 3 1

r adiocarbon

d uplicate

Table 4 5

a nd

r elationships

s ame

( Note

c atalogue

t hat

t he

n umber)

6 2 6 3

r adiocarbon d ates

s howing

t he

f or

f or

I sbister

t he

d uplicate

o f

b urning,

6 7

s amples

6 7

g nawing

a nd

r oot

p enetration T able

7

S ummary o f i n

e ach

7 4 t ables

' bone

1 1

t o

c ontext'

7 7

T able 9

A ge a t d eath

7 9

T able

1 0

S ex d etermination

7 8

T able

1 1

S ynopsis

T able

1 2

a nalysis

o f

o f

I ndividuals

A ge g roups

o f

i n a nalysis

o f

b road a ge g roupings

T able 8

f loor o f

u sed

2 8 o f M inimum N umbers t ogether w ith

h uman b ones

h uman b ones

7 8

f rom b eneath

t he

f lag

S T 5 ( 111)

S ynopsis

o f

8 0

a nalysis

o f

h uman b ones

f rom

t he

f loor o f

S T

( 113) T able

1 3

S ynopsis o f a nalysis o f t he

f loor o f

h uman b ones

f rom a s ieve

s ample

f rom

S T 4 ( 112)

8 2

T able

1 4

S ynopsis o f a nalysis f loor o f S T 4 ( 114)

o fsome

T able

1 5

S ynopsis

o f

o f

a nalysis

o f

s ome

t he h uman

o f

b ones

f rom

t he P 3

t he h uman b ones

f rom

t he

f loor o f S T 4 ( 115) T able

1 6

S ynopsis

o f

1 7

1 8

s helf)

S ynopsis

o f o f

s pecimen e xcarnated b urial

f loor o f

S ynopsis o f a nalysis t he

T able

8 4

a nalysis o f

s eparately f rom t he T able

o f

l ifted

S T 4 ( 116)

h uman b ones

o n

8 5 t he

f loor

( and

1 9

S ynopsis t ogether

T able

2 0

S ynopsis t ogether

u nder

S T 5 ( 117) a nalysis

8 6

o f h uman b ones

f rom t he

f loor o f

( 118) T able

3 8 1

S C

3 8 7

o f i n o f i n

a nalysis t he

a nalysis t he

o f

i ntentional o f

i ntentional

s ome

o f

i nfill s ome

o f

i nfill

t he o f

t he

t he o f

t he

h uman

b ones

c hamber h uman

( 119)

b ones

c hamber

( 120)

f ound 8 8 f ound 8 8

P age T able

2 1

S ynopsis t he

T able

2 2

o f

2 3

S ynopsis

o f

S ynopsis o f

o f

r edeposited n atural

m egalithic T able

a nalysis

S T

b ehind

a nalysis

c ist o f

o f

i nserted

a nalysis

t he h uman b ones

o f

t he N h ornwork

t he h uman

i n

f ound

b ones

t he h uman b ones

o f

h uman b ones

f rom a mong

T able

2 5

S ynopsis

a nalysis

o f

h uman b ones

r emoved

S C

o f

1 i n 1 958

S ynopsis i n 1 958

2 7

o f

( 123)

o n

t he

8 9 s helf

t he

f rom

S T

i nfill

1 ,

S T

( 126)

a nalysis

o f 9 1 2 , 9 2-

o f

h uman b one p ut

b ack

i nto

S T

1a nd

2 9 4

o f

a nalysis

o f

h uman b ones

r emoved

f rom S C

1

( 128)

i n 9 5

T able

2 8

S ynopsis

T able

2 9

H eight

T able

3 0

S quatting

T able

3 1

C ranic

i ndex

T able

3 2

D ouble

f acetting o ccipital

T able

3 3

D ouble

f acetting a tlas

T able

3 4

P latymeric

T able

3 5

o f

a nalysis

o f

u nstratified h uman b ones

( 129)

9 6 9 8

E piphyses p al

t he

( 127)

S ynopsis 1 976

i n

8 9

9 0

a nalysis

T able

f ound

f ound

S ynopsis o f S C 2 ( 125)

2 6

1 22)

5 ( 124)

2 4

T able

u nder

( 121,

t he h ornwork b acking

T able

a nd

i n o r

f acets

9 9

( length-breadth) c ondyles

1 01

v ertebrae

a nd p latycnemic a t

1 00

b oth p roximal

1 10

i ndices a nd d istal

e nds

o f

f irst m etacar-

a nd m etatarsal

1 14

T able

3 6

D egenerative

d isease

T able

3 7

T rauma

T able

3 8

C raniostenosis

g iving r ise

T able

3 9

P ost-bregmatic

d epression

T able

4 0

T emporo-mandibular

1 15-17

f racture

t eeth

1 19

j oint

t o

d eformation

o f

t he

s kull

1 22 1 23

d ysfunction

1 24

T able 4 1

T otal

e rupted

T able

4 2

O dontal

T able

4 3

B ones

a nd f ragments b elonging

T able

4 4

B ones

f rom t he

d isease

1 25

a nd a bnormality

s ame

1 20

s keleton

xi v

1 28

t o R a nd L s ides f ound i n

d ifferent

c ontexts

1 29

P age T able 4 5

E pigenetic s hips),

T able 4 6

v ariations

( which m ay

i ndicate

f amily

r elation-

b y c ontext

1 31

T he a nimal b ones: f requency o f s pecies a ccording t o 1 ) t he n umbers o f i dentifiable f ragments, 2 ) 3 )

t he m inimum n umber o f w hole, a nd t he m inimum n umber o f

i ndividuals f or t he s ample i ndividuals w ith t he u nits

a s

t reated

s eparately

1 37

T able 4 7

T abulated i dentification o f t he a nimal b ones b y c ontext

T able 4 8

T he a nimal b ones:

1 38-9

s keletal r epresentation f or e ach s pecies

( %)

1 40

T able 4 9

T he a nimal b ones: c attle m ortality . d ata d entition s tages a dapted f rom S ilver ( 1969))

T able

T he a nimal b ones:

5 0

a dapted G rant T able

5 1

T he

s heep/goat m ortality d ata

f rom S ilver(1969),

( 1975) a nimal

s ites.

a nd S ilver b ones:

5 2

T he a nimal b ones:

T able

5 3

T he a nimal b ones: t omb f loor D etailed

( 131)

( fusion s tages a dapted

O rcadian

n eolithic

X - r eported a s c ommon)

m easurements

1 46

i dentification o f t he m icrofauna f rom t he ( L = l eft,

o f t he f loor

R = r ight,

S = s haft)

1 54-5

o f S T 3 ( 141)

T able

5 6

S ome m easurements

T able

5 7

T he b ird r emains;

T able

5 8

T he

T able

5 9

N umber

o f

r emains

t aken o n t he w hite-tailed e agles' s ome n otes o n t he

s pecies

r ecovered t hrough f loating p art

6 2

1 65 1 68-70

o f

t he 1 72

a nimal b ones o f d ifferent s pecies

f ound

i n

t he 2 27

P ercentage r epresentation o f p articular p arts o f t he c arcases o f c attle a nd s heep i n c ontexts i nside a nd o utside

N umber

2 30 o f

b irds o f d ifferent

t ypes

f ound

i n t he

b asic c ontexts T able

b ones

o f S T 3 ( 168)

t he t omb T able 6 1

1 60-3

f ound

s eparate b asic c ontexts T able 6 0

1 50

f ish b ones r ecovered b y w ater

( L4)

D etailed i dentification o f t he b ird b ones b y c ontext

( L4)

1 44

t aken

5 5

s eed

f rom 1 42

T able

f loor

a nd 1 41

( 1969)

i dentification o f

s ieving p art

( fusion

d entition s tages

f auna r eported a t

( x - r eported;

T able

T able 54

a

s eparate 2 35

S ummary a nalysis o f a ge o f d eath o f

XV

i ndividuals

2 74

P age T able 6 3

E xtrapolated d istribution o f a ge o f d eath f or a ll i dentified i ndividuals. ( Figures o f t able 6 2 w eighted b y b road a ge g roups)

T able

6 4

A bridged

2 75 l ife

t ables

E ngland a nd W ales 1 952

f or a n I sbister-type

p opulation

( after B enjamin

t able 3 )

1 968,

a nd 2 77

T able 6 5

E xtrapolated d istribution o f a ge o f d eath f or a ll i dentified i nfants u p t o t he a ge o f 1 y ear ( 3 m onth i ntervals u sed) ( Figures t aken f rom t able 9 ) 2 77

T able 6 6

E xtrapolated d istribution o f a ge o f d eath f or a ll i nfants a nd c hildren ( Figures

T able 6 7

L ife e xpectancy i n a n I sbister-iype p opulation

T able 6 8

E xtrapolated i dentified

d istribution i ndividuals

o f a ge o f d eath

o ver

i dentified

t aken f rom t able 6 6)

t he a ge o f

1 5

2 79 2 80

f or

a ll

( Figures

t able 6 2) T able 6 9

A bridged

T able

7 0

f rom 2 82

l ife

f ifteenth e qual

s exed

t able b y s ex f or t hose h aving

r eached

t heir

b irthday i n a n I sbister-type p opulation ( assuming

s urvival

t o 1 5)

2 83

N umber o f m ales a nd f emales i n a n I sbister-type p opulation a ged o ver 1 5 s upposing t hat e qual n umbers s urvived t o t hat a ge a nd g iven a r adix o f 1 00 + 1 00. T he c umulated t otal i ndividuals o f

h ave b een r educed t o a r adix o f 2 00

s ex.

r egardless 2 84

x vi

I ntroductory T he

a cknowledgements

s ite

o f

I sbister w as

f irst

d iscovered b y R onald S imison

i n

1 958. His p artial e xcavation t hen, w hich g enerated a l ot o f l ocal i nterest, was v isited a nd r eported o n b y P R R itchie o f t he I nspectora te

o f Ancient M onuments

( 1959).

M r

S imison 's

f ascination w ith

t he

t omb ( and w ith a rchaeology) n ever d ied, h owever, a nd h aving c losely f ollowed t he p resent a uthor's work a t t he n eighbouring b urnt m ount o f L iddle

( Hedges

1 975),

h is

o wn

a ccount .

a nd

f ull-time,

will

b e

t ion

was

e mbarked o n a m ajor i nvestigation w as

o ver a s even w eek p eriod

c lear f rom t he h igh

Quanterness p reserved, were

h e

T his

- a s

f ollowing h igh

a s

r eport

t hat

a t

i n

a ny

m ade n o

r ecord o f

f unds w ere m ade

o f A ncient

M onuments.

O rkney

o f

a vailable

t his

t he

f or

a ctual w ork o f

o f c ataloguing

f indings

a uthor,

w orking

( then Melia H edges)

o ne

t wo p roblems h ad b een s mall

ments w hich

g rateful

i s

a q uite

B ranch o f t he h as b rought

m anuscript .

a nd

t he

t renches

f inds,

I n

t he

c arried o ut

a ssisted i n

T he

t his

l ate G ordon P arry .

i n 1 978;

M r

t hese w ere

s ite

f or

a nd a lso

l atter

r espect

t he

P atrick A shmore

S andra t hat

c onducted

r ecorded,

w ith

i n

1 980.

o pportunity

t o

t he A ncient M onu-

S cottish D evelopment D epartment f or t he p roject t hrough t o t he s tage o f

t o b e p articularly t hanked . c ontributed t o t his v olume

b y

o f N oSAS

t o

i n

p resent

F eeling

S imison

a nd K ay D arbyshire

t o R onald S imison

f or

a nd o f p roducing a

S ervices.

l eft u nresolved

r emarkable

o f

t idying u p

t he

w as

t he

b y S tephen C arter

v ery

w hat

M r S imison,

S imison,

i mportance

I nspectorate

t hrough e xcavation w as

s cale e xcavations

h is a ssistance, a m

w ith

M r

t he

t o

f inds was r ecovery

t he

a ccount

Ovrevik

I t

e xcava-

t hrough

t he N orth o f S cotland A rchaeological

I

1 976. p revious

i n p articular .

1 977

p ublish

t omb

r ecognizing

w ritten

f urther

o f

s tandard o f

h is w ork b ut,

T he

p hotography a nd p lanning,

o r

t he

o n

s ingle-handed

( Renfrew 1 979) - t hat t he c ontextual l ocation o f a nd t hat s ome q uite s ophisticated t echniques o f

t he s ite,

by

e xcavation

t he A utumn

t hat

e mployed - f lotation a nd s ieving,

h owever,

s eason o f

c arried o ut,

t he f inance a c ompleted

a nd N oel F ojut

a re

T he w ork o f a ll t he s pecialists w ho h ave i s d eeply a ppreciated a s i s t he d uly a c-

knowledged h elp g iven t o t hem b y o thers. I h ave b een g reatly a ssisted i n m any r espects b y m embers o f N oSAS a nd b y y oung p eople e mployed w ithin

t hat

p articularly d rawing a nd

b ody o n a M anpower l ike

t o r ead

a ll

s kills

i n c orrecting

a nd c omment

advice

o n

t he p rints

( and

o n

i mproving)

t he

t he p hotography ' o f t he p lates.

s cheme. R J N eil

v arious

s mall

f inds

t heir

p atience

d rafts

S cottish C entral

t he

w ould

a nd

f or

b een k ind e nough

a re A nna R itchie, a nd

C olin R enfrew h as

I f or

f or h er

O thers w ho h ave

t he m anuscript

M ike B rooks o f

f or

C ommission

a nd T eresa M H edges

i ndispensable e ncouragement.

a nd D avid F raser. g ave

S ervices

t hank F rank W M oran a nd N igel

a nd p hotographic

a bilities

g iving

t o

N ick R eynolds E xcavation U nit a lso

p roduced

t aken a m ajor

a nd

c ontinued i nterest i n t he p roject; n ot o nly h as h is h elp a nd a dvice b een much a ppreciated b ut t he p ublication o f h is o wn w ork a t Q uantern ess

( 1979)

f ollow . w ritten c halet

p rovided

F inally, i n

t he

I

p eace

a m odel w hich m ight a nd

i n B uckinghamshire;

Mr a nd Mrs L A W oodbridge, a ble

s ay t hat

s olitude

I a m much

x vii

s pecially

o f

g lad

t his b ook

c onverted

t o w as

g arden

i ndebted t o m y p arents-in-law,

f or p roviding

1 982

a uthor w as

t he m ajor p art

o f a

f acility .

J ohn W H edges E dinburgh A pril

t he p resent

t his

i ncomparable

a nd m emor-

D elay b etween

t he c ompletion o f

f or p ublication h as p ermitted w hich

c overs

f urther

t he

o f

p roduction

a n o verall p lan o f

D avid H aigh a nd S tephen C arter

l atter w as d rawn u p ( frontispiece). JW H E dinburgh

J une

i nclusion

w ork u ndertaken b y M r S imison

c ollaboration o f

t his m anuscript a nd

l ast m inute

1 983

t he

f or p ublication,

s ite a t

i s m uch

s hort

i n

i t b eing o f

i n t his

1 982. a nd

i n

a ppreciated.

n otice,

b y

s ent

a n a ddendum T he t he T he

F rank W Moran

F oreword T he

p ublication

a chievement,

which

o f

t he

I sbister

e xcavations

i s

a

c omes a bout f rom t he c onjunction o f

a ble c ircumstances.

I n

t he

f irst

p lace

r emarkable

t hree

t he e xcavation w as

f avour-

t he

d irect

r esult o f t he c uriosity a nd e nergy o f M r R S imison. H is i nitial i nterest i n t he s ite a nd h is v ery c areful r ecovery o f t he c ontents o f t he c airn was t he i nitial s tarting p oint f or t he t reatment w hich f ollows.

T he

s ignificant H edges, t he

t ake

t he

t o

t ombs,

t ailed a nalysis, a re I t

o f m aterial

c hambered

d etailed

w ho

o f

s ome h ighly

m ental

t he

S imison,

a t

f auna b y

o f

t he

t wo

r ecorded

i s c ompleted b y

T he

b rought

s tudy o f

o f

t he

L ikewise

i nto

i s

s harp

i f

s ites were s ee

t he

t he

O rkney

b y

J udson

Q uanterness

t he h uman p opula-

i n

t he

t he

t he p lant

o utcome

d e-

t he r ichest

f rom

f or

t he

t o

d etailed

t eam

a nd d ifferences.

s tudies

f rom t he n eighbourhood.

t hese

r emains

s pecialists

l ent s ite

i s n eeded

i ncluding

s tudy

o ver-

h as

t he

t herefore,

s ites.

o ther

s ite,

w hich

c omparisons b etween

t he

A ncient

i nformative

t he w ay

t he h uman

s imilarities

which J ohn H edges h as

t his

t o

t o u nder-

t he

s urvey o f

a fforded,

J ohn

D epartment,

r ecovery,

t he c omparable

f ruitful

s ignificant

p icture

p ollen d ata,

a llows

a nd b urial p ractices

e xamination

s ample

t reatment

o f

r arely b een a fforded

i nformation a bout

c onducted

c airn,

t o

i ndeed v ery

o pportunity b oth

T hirdly

i n h is h istorical

I sbister h as

a nd

t he work

r emarkably

p ottery a nd g ravegoods y et

The

C hesterman,

o ut

i ndicates

i s a m ost

a ltogether h ighly g ratifying,

o f

I slands.

h e h ad t he

i ts p ublication.

I t hink

t hat

i s

i nvitation o f M r

b ased o n c areful

u sed .

a ssemblage

t hat

t heir c ontents h ave

w ealth

a c oherent

i ts e arlier a pProach

t o y ield c oherent i s

i nto

t he S cottish D evelopment

o f

w hat

J ohn H edges

O rkney

t ions

t he

r esponsibility f or

t he h esitations

A s

a t

I nspectorate o f

i ts s upport r eport.

t hey

f inds

t o B ritish p rehistory

e xcavation a nd,

M onuments

t he

t hese

a nd w e a re v ery f ortunate

v isit

c oming

o rdering o f

c ontribution

T he

b rings e nvirona nd

o f

a s ubstantial b ody

o f

f ocus

r emains i n h is

f our

f inal

c hapters. S everal f rom

o f

t he

t he Q uanterness

t he f urther e vidence p rior

t o

c onclusions

c orroborate a nd a mplify

e xcavation f or

i nclusion o f

t he

i n a m ost u seful w ay

e xcarnation o f

( some

o f)

t he

t he

c orpse

i t

B ut

f ormer p icture

o ther p oints e xtend o r c orrect F or

i nstance

t he

t he

r emarkable

o ffers

o f

a rising i nstance

o f

d eceased

t he

r emains w ithin t he

o nce a gain t he v ery b leak p icture w hich i ng m anner.

t hose

- f or

c airn ;

e arly

a nd

m ortality .

i n a n

c oncentration o f

i nterest-

t alons

a nd

o ther r emains o f t he w hite-tailed e agle, c onstituting n o l ess t han 8 8% o f t he b ird b ones, a re v ery r easonably i nterpreted a s r eflecting d eliberate i nclusion t otemic s ignificance.

i n t he t omb o f a s pecies w hich m ay h ave h ad a T he p ossibilities o f c omparison a t a d etailed

l evel b etween t he t wo s ites o f i nto r elief o ther f eatures

I sbister a nd Q uanterness b egin t o t hrow o f b oth - f or i nstance t he d earth o f

m ollusc s hell r emains within t hem , a nd t he i nteresting c oncentration o f s mall b irds a t Q uanterness. T he h igh f requency o f m utton w ithin t he

t omb,

f eature

while

a t

r ecording

o f

v ariations d ifferences t he

c attle b ones

I sbister w hich t he k ind

a re m ore

s erves

s een h ere,

t o

i t

f requent

i llustrate

a t

i n r itual p ractice . s ites

a t

W hen

t hat,

a nother c areful

i nterpreted a s

t he d etailed

S kara B rae a nd K nap o f H owar x ix

i s w ith

l ast b ecomes p ossible

i n h uman b ehaviour w hich must b e

s ettlement

o utside,

s ite a re

t o d etect i ndicating

r eports a lso

f or

a vail-

a ble t he c omparison b etween t he w ill p rove e qually r ewarding T he e d

r adiocarbon d ates

s eries o f

d omestic

f rom I sbister

s amples a nd p roduced

a nd t he

f unerary a ssemblages

b ased o n a c arefully

t hrough t he c lose

s elect-

c ollaboration

o f

t wo l aboratories, n ow h elp t o c larify w hat h as b een a d isputed p oint i n O rcadian p rehistory t o s ome t ime - t he r elationship b etween t he a ssemblages s ometimes W are, U ntil

o f w ith

f inds a ssociated w ith U nstan w are t he

s talled c airns,

( as

a t

I sbister)

a nd t hose o ccurring w ith

a nd i n s ome c ases w ith t he p assage c airns s uch a s t he p roduction o f t he I sbister d ates i t h ad b een

e xplain

t he

a nd

G rooved

Q uanterness. p ossible t o

d ifferences b y s etting t he U nstan w are a ssemblage

e arlier

t han t he G rooved W are o ne . T his p oint. w hich I r eiterated i n t he Q uanterness p ublication, h as b een c hallenged b y D r D avid C larke, a nd i t n ow s eems t hat h e w as r ight . T he I sbister d ates i mply t hat t he t wo t raditions

m ay h ave

t he a rchaeological t his

i s

a p articularly

t ions. B ut

r un

A n

e ntirely

I sbister

s ide b y s ide.

' culture

i nteresting r esult o f w ide

h as m ade a v ery i mportant

p ublication

o f

t he e xcavations

w ay

c ontribution

t he m ore g eneral p oint

a t

q uestion

t heoretical

a nd r e-opening

o ffers a n i mportant n ew b ody o f m aterial i nteresting p hases o f B ritish p rehistory . f ying

t he c oncept o f i nto

s atisfying e xplanation i s n ot y et

s ettling t he c hronological i ssue, m eaning o f t he t wo a ssemblages. T he

A t a t ime w hen

h as b een s eriously c alled

t he

I sbister

i mplica-

f orthcoming. i n

a pparently

q uestion o f

t hus

n ot

t he

o nly

r elating t o o ne o f t he m ost I t i llustrates i n a s atis-

t hat g ood

r ecovery

p rocedures,

a s

c onducted b y M r S imison, a nd t horough a nalysis o f t he k ind u ndertaken b y J ohn H edges a nd h is c olleagues, c an s et t he s tandard f or n ew l evels o f

c omparison,

e nvironment r itual

o f

a nd o ffer

f resh

t he u sers o f

b ehaviour .

L ike a ll

i nsights n ot

o nly

t he m onument b ut

i nto

i nto

r ewarding e xcavations

t he e conomy a nd

t heir i t

s ocial

s hows h ow

a nd m uch

m ore w e m ay s till h ope t o l earn f rom s uch s ites a s t his: i t r aises n ew q uestions, a nd s uggests h ow i n f uture w e m ay o btain t he a nswers t o t hem .

C olin R enfrew

XX

CHAPTER 1 SUMMARY OF THE FINDINGS BY EXCAVATION John W Hedges (compiler) and Ronald Simison (excavat6r) Geographical location (ill 1) South Ronaldsay is the southernmost island of the Orkney archi­ pelago, separated from the Scottish mainland by a mere ten km of sea with substantial skerries in it. The tomb itself (ND 470845) is in the south-east corner, distant from present habitation but within the township dyke of Isbister (Mackenzie 1750) and only c 350m from the farm of that name which was deserted some thirty years ago. Although near to cultivatable and habitable land, the site is distinctly set apart, facing and encompassing a natural amphitheatre of bare flag­ stones bordering sheer cliffs 30m in height. The excavation and its recording The excavations carried out were the sole work of Ronald Simison, the landowner. They were conducted with considerable care, natural talent, and the investment of a great deal of time; . the stratigraphy of the deposits involved was intelligently unravelled and the attributi6n of any object to a context is reliable. It can also be stated with some confidence that the recovery rate of objects was good. Casual, but frequent, examination of the spoil tips over a period exceeding three years corroborated this; only a single bead and a few small bones were found. No written records were made at the time of the excavation and, with the exception of a few photographs (including ills 16-18) and the section through tlte tomb fill (ill 19), all recording was carried out retrospectively. For the most part the records, therefore, consist of renderings and photographs of architectural remains rather than depo­ sits in situ. The account of the excavation published here was made by Hedges on the basis of information supplied by the excavator, who then corroborated the written version. Mr Simison's investigations effectively took place in two large trenches (frontispiece, ills 2, 3 and 20). One explored the tomb interior and part of the encompassing masonry to the E of it while the other partially examined the outer N face of the tomb, a hornwork which projected from it, and redeposited natural which was piled behind the latter. The layers which he distinguished were retrospec­ tively numbered (Ll - L16) and a list of tltese is given at the end of this chapter together with their stra�igraphic relationships (table 1). Within the tomb Simison not only kept his finds by layer but also by area; there were five stalls (ST 1 - ST 5), of which the first and last were shelved, three side cells (SC 1 - SC J), and the entrance Pottery and small finds were retrospectively given small (ill 4). find numbers, as were faunal remains which had been selected out as being in some way special. The bulk of the faunal remains, including the human bones, had, however, been simply boxed together by area and here 'bone context' numbers (BC) were allocated. Subsequent amalgama­ tion and division of the material for analysis has rendered both small find and bone context numbers redundant; they are replaced by a single

1

SOUTH RONALD SAY I SB ISTER

S OUTH R ONALDSAY o 1 0 20

3 ?

k i lometres

I SBISTER

k i lometres

T OMB

0 1

I ll

1

L ocation m aps

a nd

i llustration o f

c omplex

2

2 5

t omb—hornworks

5 0 metres

f orecourt

V A

KEY e xcava ted a reas f ence l ine c on tou rs a t 0 . 5m e t re r va I -

I ll 2

T rench

l ayout a nd c ontour p lan

s equence o f c atalogue n umbers e nd o f c hapters 2 -8. T he

f indings

o f

( 1-168)

t he h eadings o f a )

t he

t omb .

c )

t heir

d )

o f w hich a ppear a t

M r S imison's e xcavations a re

u nder a nd

s ections

t he h ornworks,

t he u nexcavated p art

t omb s tructure, o f

i nfill,

b )

a nd t he

t he s ite

t o

t he

b est

t he

r ecounted

c ontents o f

t he

e ncompassed f orecourt,

t he i mmediate

W

o f

t he

k nown t omb. T he

t omb s tructure T he

c onstruction

o f

t he

t omb h as b een r ecorded i n

a rchitectural p lans a nd e levations o bviating v erbal d escription ( ills 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 a nd 1 5). g eneral

i nternal

c edented, The

t ype,

e ntrance,

t he

E

a nd

r est

o f

t his

p ast

l ayout

i s

w hich

s talls

t he

by q uarrying a nd i nner c 1 5 m i s

t o

w hat

i ts

s till

a lthough n ot

t omb

h igh

( ill

p resent.

7 ).

c omes f rom

T ogether w ith

i t h as b een b adly d amaged i p t he

l ength c an o nly b e

t raced f or c 4 m ,

l intelled b y a s ingle m assive

w ith a t otal l ength o f 8 .2m ( STs 1 -5 t he t wo e nd o nes ( STs 1 a nd 5 ) a re

o f

f ive

s talled

t he

r ecent o f w hich

f lag.

e ntrance e merges c entrally a nd a pproximately a t c ould b e d escribed a s a s eries

b y

e ntirely u npre-

a nd s ide c hambers

i s u nfloored a nd s lightly c urved,

0 .7m w ide a nd 0 .85m

s ide o f

t he

T he

i s o f a n u nusual,

t here b eing b oth

d etail

t he n eed f or e xhaustive I t w ill b e s een t hat t he

r ight

a ngles

c ompartments

r unning N -S) ( ill 8 ): i n r eality q uite d istinct f rom t he c entral

t hree ( STs 2 -4) a nd n eed t o b e d iscussed a nd t hought o f a s s uch. O riginally S Ts 2 -4 m ight b e i magined a s a s ingle u nfloored r oom s ome 6 m l ong a nd c 1 .6m w ide i n t he c entre ( and c 1 .2m a t e ither e nd) w hich w as s uperficially d ivided i nto t hree a reas b y t wo p airs o f v ertical f lagstones p rojecting 0 .1-0 .15m f rom t he w alls. T he w alls t hemselves

3

I SB ISTER

O F

TOMB

T RENCH

o r thos ta ts

R S im ison r econs truc t ion

a ,

a

C D—

L r-)

4

I SB ISTER

ANNOTATED

P LAN

O F T OMB

F LOOR

c r 0

1

2me t res

t i t

1 2 ) 2 v

; • > ' ° :ST3 °'

a

. K EY

'

•

'

' Ak a .

e xcava ted p r ior t o 1 958 a lmos t a l e v idence d es troyed e xcava ted 1 958 i n forma t ion PRR i tch ie ( 1 959 ) a f ter RS im ison e xcava ted 1 976 b y RS im ison

S C3

s p read

ma in ly s ku l ls t . n

o f

p o t tery

o r thos ta ts

p ro jec ted

o r thos ta ts

1 .s ea led d epos i t o f b ones b e low f l oo r 2 .h eaped b ones w i thou t s ku l ls o n f l oor

3 .a bove s he lf d is turbed

I ll

4

A nnotated s ketch p lan o f

f l ags

o n

a ccess

e dge

r ou tes

t omb c ontents a nd a reas

e xcavated

a re b est p reserved o n t he W s ide w here t here i s a m aximum s urviving h eight o f c 2 m a t w hich t here i s n o n oticeable c orbelling, a nd b eyond w hich

t he

l ongest

u pright p rojects a f urther

b uilding f eature n oted i s t hat t he b etween t he s talls a re b owed ( ill 9 ) g ained t o t he t hree w ere t wo s helved o nes B oth o f b roader

t han

o n e dge,

t he

s helved c ompartments a re

t he a djacent

was

a lso

g oing u nder

l evel

t he

f loor

1 976

a t

f loor

e ither

l evel,

s eparated f rom

e nd

s ome 0 .6m

t hem b y

w hich a re p laced b etween t he

m ade o f a s ingle

o f

t he

s talls a nd a re

t he b acks o f T he f loor o f

f eatures o f

i mportant

f lags

u prights

( ill

s ides o f t hese c ompartments ( which a re c 1 .8m b road a nd c a re o f b uilt f lagstone, l ike t he w alls o f S Ts 2 -4 b ut s et

b ack f rom t hem , a nd s ingle v ertical f lag. 5 )

A n

s ide c ompartments ( SCs 1 -3) w hile a t ( STs 1 a nd 5 ) f lanked b y u prights.

a bout 0 3 m h igh,

8 ) T he 1 .2m d eep)

0 .3m

i ndividual s ections o f w alling F rom t his r oom a ccess c ould b e

t he

i n S T 4 ;

e xcavations w hen

t he t he

l ower p arts a re f ormed b y a s outhernmost c ompartment ( ST

f lagstone w hich h ad

t he

t wo

s ide w alls a nd b eing c

0 .2m

t his w as m ostly

i n

i t w as

r emoved

d istinct a bove

t he

t he c ourse

o f

f ound t o b e u nderpinned a nd t o r oof a

c avity c 0 .1m h igh . A c omparable f loor w as n ot f ound i ntact i n t he 1 958 e xcavations i n S T 1b ut t his a rea i s k nown t o h ave b een t otally d isturbed p reviously a nd t he f lagstone, i f t here w as o ne, m ay h ave b een

r emoved;

t he

s tone

f igured a nd d escribed b y P

R

R itchie

a s

' underpinning' ( 1959, p l I I) i s v ery l ikely t o b e p art o f t his a s t he w all a t t his l evel o versails a long t he l ength o f t he c ompartment. T he s helf,

t hat

u pper

i s

o ne,

a bove g round o f

S T

t he

w as

f lag

r oof o f

t he

l ower

s torey a nd t he

c ompletely p reserved i n S T 5 a t

l evel

( ill

1 0)

1a bout 0 .2m h igher

a nd c ould b e

( ill

1).

f loor o f

a h eight

o f

c

t he 1 .2m

s een i n p art a long t he W wall

I n e ach c ase

i t w as

s upported b y

b eing b uilt i nto t he b ack o f t he c ompartment a nd a lso b y s tones p roj ecting f om t he s ide w alls. D ue t o t heir s tate o f p reservation o nly a l imited

a mount

c ompartments. p art,

c an T hat

a nd h ere

t he

b e

s aid a bout

f loor a rea w as

e ar w alling w hich e ven b acked t he t here

s eems T he

t he W b road,

t o b e

s ome

e vidence

s ide c ompartments

a nd a nd

t he

u pper

s toreys

i n S T 5 i s b etter p reserved,

o f

t he

s helved

0 .7m r emaining

i n o ne

d iminished a nd b ounded b y c urvilinf rontal

s labs;

a t

t he h ighest p oint

f or c orbelling.

a re e ntered f rom t he W o f

S T 4 ( SC 3 )

E o f S T 2 ( SCs 1 a nd 2 ) b y p assages c 0 .7m l ong, 0 .7m h igh, l intelled w ith a s ingle f lagstone ( ill

a nd 0 .55m 1 2).

T hey o nly h ave v ery s mall f loor a reas o f 1 .5 - 2 m2 , a re i rregular i n s hape a nd, l ike t he m ain e ntrance a nd S Ts 2 -4, h ave f loors o f t he n aturally o ccurring c layey s oil w ith s mall a ngular s tone i nclusions. S Cs 1 a nd 3 w ere i ntact w hen e xcavated ( in 1 958 a nd 1 976 r espectively) a nd t heir c eilings a re f ormed o f s ingle f lags o n w alls t hat a re c orbelled a t t heir v ery t op a t a h eight o f c l m f rom t he f loor. w as n ot o nly r educed t o a h eight o f c 0 .8m b y q uarrying ( ill 1 3) a ppears

t o

e ntrance ( and

t o

i ts

a gainst

h ave b een e xcavated a t t his

f ill) w as

s ealed o ff b y t hree

i ts o utside b y a f ourth ;

o riginal b y t he e xcavator b ut o f

t he

b een

1 958

s ome

t ime.

T he

l intel

s ide c ell w as c racked a nd c ollapsing a nd

e xcavations

f lat

i s

t hought

t he p ublished d escription o f

( Ritchie,

P R 1 959)

6

s uggests

t hat

t he

t he p assage

s tones w hich w ere

t his f eature

i nserted d uring b ackfilling .

o ver

o nly S C 2 b ut

p inned

t o h ave t he

b een

e xtent

i t m ay

h ave

I SBISTER

O UTLINE

P LANS

O F

T OMB

A T

F LOOR

AND

S HELF

L EVELS

K EY s he l f

o r thosta ts

p ro jected

o r thostats

f l ags

e dge

1

o n

2 metres

GAP/ FWM

I ll

5

O utline p lans

o f

t omb a t

f loor a nd

s helf

l evels

( I

5 0)

I SBISTER

E LEVATIONS

O F

T OMB

I NTERIOR

-

I

Th

K EY t ur f

V A

s ec t ioned

p ro ject ing

s tone

RS im ison

r econstruc t ion

w a l l

I ll 6

E levations o f

t omb

i nternal w all

9

s tone

f ace

f aces

0

1

2m etres

GAP / FWM

( 1:50)

I ll

7

T he

e xcavated t omb f rom t he E ( scales

i n 0 .5m d ivisions)

I ll 8

T he

e xcavated t omb

i n 0 .5m d ivisions)

f rom t he N ( scales 1

I ll

9

V iew

f rom

S E

t omb a nd t he d ivisions)

I ll

1 _ 0

T op

o f

s helf

s howing

t he h eight

b owing o f

i n

S T

t he w all

5 f rom E

d ivisions) 1 2

o f

t he m ound

w ithin

( scales

s talls

i n

t o

t he W o f

( scale

0 .5m

a nd

i n

t he 0 .5m

0 .1m

I ll

1 1

B roken

s helf

I ll

1 2

E ntrance t o

i n S T

1 f rom E ( scale

S C 1 f rom E ( scales 1 3

i n 0 .5m d ivisions)

i n 0 .5m a nd 0 .1m d ivisions)

I ll

1 3

S C

2 f rom N E.

s mall

o rthostat

N B

t he t op o f t he e ntrance a nd h ave

b een

r econstructed

t he

( scale

a djacent i n

0 .1m

d ivisions)

I ll

1 4

V iew o f b uilding 0 .1 d ivisions)

l ines w ithin t omb m asonry f rom N E

1 4

( scale

i n

I ll

1 6

E xcarnated T hat

o n

b urials a long W wall t he

l eft w as

k ept

o f

S T 4 a t

s eparate a s

e ntrance

1 16

( scale

t o

S C

i n

3 . 0 .1m

d ivisions)

I ll

1 7

D isarticulated

h uman

b ones b eneath

0 .1m d ivisions)

1 . 5

s helf o f

S T 5

( scale

i n

I ll

I ll

1 8

2 1

S kulls

i n

S C 3

N H ornwork ,

a nd

t omb

r edeposited m aterial b ehind i t

i n f oreground ( scales

1 6

i n 0 .5 m d ivisions)

f rom S

with

11

2 4

S kull

i n s itu b eneath

f rom E ( 121)

I ll

2 5

S kull a nd

( scale

r edeposited n atural

a nd a ssociated h uman b ones s et w ithin

F rom N ( 122)

t he

( scale

b ehind

N

h ornwork

i n 0 .1m d ivisions)

c ontained b y m assive

r edeposited n atural i n 0 .1m d ivisions)

1 7

s tones

b ehind t he N h ornwork.

T he

q uarrying,

w hich h ad r educed t he w hole o f

t he

E o f t he

t omb

t o s uch a n e xtent t hat i ts o uter w all c ould n ot b e d efined a nd i ts i nner o ne w as p reserved t o a h eight o f a s l ittle a s 0 .9m, w as b enef icial

i n t he

s ense

t hat

i t p rovided a m ore o r

l ess h orizontal

t hrough t he m asonry a nd t hereby s howed u p c onstructional T hese w ill b e c ommented o n a t g reater l ength e lsewhere but w ell

p reserved b uilding

s een r unning f rom t he t he e ntrance, a nything 1 4)*;

w here

e lse,

l ines

S o f

t hat

t he

a nd t he d ebris o f a nother which c an

t he

t hey h ave

t rench,

t his

b e

w here t hey a re c 0 .8m w ide,

d oubled i n w idth,

i ndicate,

t o

a part

f rom

t omb w as o riginally u nder a r ound c airn

( ill

t he n ecessity o f h aving a b uilt w all a round S C 2 t o

e ntrance m asks

s ection

f eatures. t he t wo

f eature a t

t he

l evel

s howing .

A 1 0m

t he N o f

l ength o f

t he t he

o uter w all w as u ncovered t o t he N w here i t h as a m aximum p reserved h eight o f 1 .9m ( ills 1 5 a nd 2 0). I t w as b uilt v ertically o n a f oundat ion s carcement w hich p rojected 0 .15m a nd w as p erfectly l evel. T he W e nd o f t he r evealed s tretch w as m asked b y a p rojecting b uttress o f p oorly f aced c ladding w hich s urvived t o a s imilar h eight ( ill 1 5). T he g reat h eight o f t he o uter w all s hows t hat t he t omb w as n ot b uilt with g entle s teps o r a s lope b ut h ad h igh v ertical s ides. T he c ontents o f I n t hat

t he

t omb

r elating

t he c ontents o f

t hey h ave b een d isturbed o n a t

0

Q uarrying r emoved w ithin

a t

a n

i ts

t he

t omb

l east

i t m ust

f irst

t hree o ccasions

u nknown d ate o n t he e astern s ide

o uter

l m o f

t he

f ace a nd b rought

o riginal

f loor.

i ts

i nner ,

I n d oing s o

b e

o f

i n

t he

s tated

( see i ll t he

4 ) t omb

p laces,

t o

u pper f ill

o f

t he t omb would h ave b een r emoved a s w ell a s t he s tructure a nd t his w ould h ave i ncluded w hatever w as o n t he s helves o f S T 1 a nd 5 a nd p robably t he s helf i tself i n t he c ase o f t he f ormer . I n a ddition t his w ould h ave u nroofed S C 2 a nd, i t w as d evoid o f f ill, s uch b ones a s w ere i mmediately e vident a nd m ay h ave b een F rom

w hat

i s

r emoved i n

1 958

l argely

r ecorded a nd r emembered o f ( Ritchie,

P R 1 959,

i f l ike S Cs 1 a nd 3 i n i t would h ave b een

2 7)

r emoved.

t he i t

i s

f ill

o f

w as, f or t he m ost p art, t he b ackfill o f a p revious u nknown d ate. I t w ould s eem t hat a h ole h ad b een o riginal t aken ( being t hat

s tone

f illing o f

i n t he w hole o f t he

o nly o ne

o nly S T

f illed

Iw as

S Ts

t he

t omb w hich h ad

1a nd 2 b ut

t he

t hat w as n ot a w all) c ompletely d ug o ut;

i n

t he

s outhern

s loped t o

t omb

t hat

t his

e xcavation o f d ug i nto t he b eginning

f ace o f w hich s uch a n e xtent

t his h ole h ad

i n w ith a n e arth a nd s tone d eposit

t he

e vident

s ubsequently

i n w hich b ones o ccurred

t hroughout. i i)

1 958

t he

t ingly;

I n

i n

t he

In t he

* B ut

1 976,

o f

t he p revious e xcavation w as

a ddition S T 2w as e xcavated a nd S C

m ajority

R itchie i ii)

i nfill

o f b ones

r emoved .

T his w as

r emoved

u nwit-

I d iscovered

r eported o n

b y

a nd P

R

( 1959). a fter

t aking o ut

t omb w ere e xcavated,

a ll b ackfill, i e

t he

s ee A ddendum 1 8

t he

e ntrance,

r emaining

S Ts 3 -5 a nd

c ontents S C 3 .

o f

O UTER WALL

1 9

o uter w all w ith c ladding

p ro jec t ing s tone

L . _

E levation

E LEVATION

0 —

0

t 4 0

T he

i nformation

t herefore S C

v ariable .

2 b ecause

R itchie's S Ts t he

w e h ave

W e know

t hey w ere

r eport

f or

a lready

d ifferent

o r n ext

e xcavated;

S T 2 a nd S C

a reas

m ore

1 ( 1959);

o f

t o n othing, o r

t he

t omb

a bout

l ess what

a nd m ost

a bout

S T i s

i s

1 a nd i n

P R

t he e ntrance,

2 -5 a nd S C 3 . T he s ituation i s t hat, a part f rom t he t op s torey o f s helved c ompartments, w e h ave g ood i nformation f rom a t l east o ne

e xample a dds t hat,

o f

e very

t ype

o f

c ontext

i n t he

t omb.

P R R itchie's a ccount

v ery u seful c orroboratory i nformation a nd i n s o d oing i ndicates w ith a d egree o f c onfidence, w e c an e xtend o ur k nowledge o f

p articular

c ontexts

e xcavated i n

i nformation o btained i n e nable

u s

t o

T he u nder

s peak

f lag

a nimal

p rominent) t he

i n

e arliest

t he

h uman, o f

a bout

l east,

T he

o f

t he

1 52,

c an b e

e xamined

s torey o f

A s

t his

t hat

t hat

b efore.

T he

r epresentative

t o

t omb . t he

S T 5

( among w hich t he

d oubt

c onstructed a nd

o thers

s ufficiently

d eposit w ithin

l ower

1 53).

n o

t o i s

t he w hole

s tratigraphic

1 30,

t ime p reviously. S T 1 a nd p ossible

1 976

t hen,

a nd b ird b ones

t here

i t w as b eing

t erms

f looring

( 111,

t omb

1 976,

t omb w as

a nd

r emains

o f

f lag w as b uilt

e agles

o f w ere

i nto t he wall

t he b ones w ere p ut

t he o rganisms

s ealed

c onsisted

i nvolved

t here

while

h ad d ied

s ome

I t i s l ikely t hat a s imilar r aised f loor e xisted t hat i t t oo s ealed s uch a d eposit.

p eriod o f u se

o f

t he

w hich c an b e

d iscussed u nder

u nfortunate

t hat

t omb w as m arked b y e xtensive

t he

a rea

i n w hich t hey w ere

n o p lans w ere m ade a lthough a f ew

i n

d eposits

f ound;

i t

p hotographs

i s

w ere

t aken. A s

t he

s urprising

c entral

t hat

c onsisted o f

a rea h ad j ust

a d istinct

a m ixture

o f

l ayer

c lay a nd

h ad b een d eposited o n i t . p ossible l ayer;

t o

d istinguish

t he

l atter

p resumably b ones o f t his

w alls

s eems

i n p airs t he

N

a lso o f

i n a m ixture

t hrough

t he

t he

t o

S Ts

a ll

i t

b een t he

c ase

t his,

f ound s ilt

a bove.

i n

i t

e ntrance

t o

t he

t he

( L3)

( SC

1 )

n ot t his

w hich

h ad

t here t he

s kulls

w ere s ides

( ill

s kulls w ere

a nd a nother p air w as

c ell'

t hat

i s

a nd o n

W hile

i n S T 2 f or

t he n orthern c orners

n ot which

t he m aterials

r ecognize

a pplied t o

i s

3 a nd 4

f loor t hey were p redominantly a long

h ave

t he

o f

i n

o f b rown

i nfill

t his p articularly

i n e ach o f s ide

f ragments

A lthough w e m ay

w ere

o n

a nd

f or a f loor

n oted

i n p ractice b etween i tems

p ercolated

e verywhere

t he

t he n atural

( L4) was

( Ritchie,

1 6); f ound

f ound a t

PR

1 959,

2 7). T he b ones w ere d isarticulated b ut n ot i n c omplete d isorder; t he i mpression g ained w as t hat e ach s kull h ad a p ile o f b ones a ssociated w ith

i t

a nd o ne

1 6)

i n

o rder

o f

t he word.

( 112-115)

I n

o f

was

a mongst

t he

i f

t he h uman b ones

a nd b irds f loor o f

i s

s mall

s ample W hether

o f t he

a n o pen q uestion

o ccurrences

s eparately

s ingle b urials,

t o k eep

( 116)

i n a ny

a ssociations

o f

q uantity

p eat

a nd o n

t he

f loor w ere

d omestic a nd wild a nimals,

S T 3 w as

a

t omb

t aken o ut

f rom S Ts 3 a nd 4 w ere k ept

( particularly

t o

( 167).

t he b ones

t hose o f

o f m icrofauna

n oted

t his w as

n ot p racticable

c ollection o btain

o f

t hey c onstituted

( ill s ense

s eparate

f ound

within

o ther

f aunal

t ogether.

i ncluding

s hellfish, S ome

i nstance s ee

A lthough

i t

e ach c ontext

r emains

t o

s ieved

( 131 a nd t he

i n

1 41)

( 132,

o rder

a lso

c ould h ave b een

a s w ell

a s

2 0

f ound

i n

1 42,

f ish,

1 54-156).

r epresentative

f loated i n

s eeds

t hat

o rder

h ad

b een

c arbonised w ithin

c harcoal,

a sh w ith a ssociated b urnt

o f c remated b one was

1 33,

t o g et a

a nd w as

c arbonised wood a nd

l atter f or,

e agles)

r odents,

a reas t he

t he

t here were f requent o f

s ieve

n atural, a s

w ell

a a s

d uring t he t his

e xcavation,

l ayer w ere

c onsisted ments

o f

a nd,

t wo p ieces

( 52-54 a nd 5 7),

f ragments f ound i n

o f

b ut

e xception,

t he

f ew s mall

f inds w ere n ot a t

c alcined f lint o f w hich w as

p oints

w ith a g roup

a bundance,

S mall

o ne

o f b urnt b one

a ssociated

w ith o ne

c alcined.

( 55 a nd 5 6)

s cot-Z1 l ed,

( 47-50);

o f b ones.

a ll

n one

h ad a s trictly

a nd

f our

t ogether w ith

o f

P ottery,

f inds

n umerous;

t hese w ere

o n

t he

l ocalised

o ther

i n

t hey

i mples ome

d efinitely h and,

w as

d istribution.

T he

broken r emnants o f f orty f ive o r m ore p ots ( 1ere i n a s catter _ 46) w o pposite t he e ntrance a t t he b ack o f S T 3 . T he 1 958 e xcavations c orroborate r ecovered b ottom o f A s h ad t op

t he

r estricted

d istribution

( 96) a nd t hese w ere t he f illing o f S T 2 . h as b een

s aid,

t he

t hought

( 98)

a nimal

f ound

a nd b ird b ones

t here

c ould n ot

d ue

( 124,

1 38,

r eally h ave

s tones

a nd

t o p rotection s ilt

n oted

i n

s herds

f rom

w ere

n ear

t he N e nd

1 64)

c ome

f rom a bove,

1 )

T he a f ew

a nd a b lunt b one p oint

f rom a nywhere s ome

e lse.

0 .3m d eep

w ere a lmost

i n S Ts 3 a nd 4 .

t he

( ST

s ay n othing o f i ts c ontents. ( ST 5 ) w as a lso d isturbed b ut

t1 7 . 1 7 s helf was a j umble o f d isarticulated b ones which,

f our

c ome

s helved c ompartment

b een s o d isturbed t hat w e c an s torey o f t he s outhernmost o ne

h uman,

f or o nly

t o h ave

f ree

I n n oticeable

o f

B elow

( ill

t he

1 7)

s mall

c ontrast

t o

t he

human b ones i n t he s talled r oom t hose u nder t he s helf ( 117) w ere i n c omplete d isorder a nd c overed t he w hole s urface a rea a vailable; w hile s kulls

h ad

o ther ,

a lthough a f ew f ragments w ere p resent.

i ncluding

b een

t hose

a bundant

o f

e agles

i n

t he

( 134,

o ne c ontext

1 57)

w ere

t hey w ere Animal

i ntermixed

n ot

i n ,t he

a nd b ird b ones, i n

s mall

q uanti-

t ies with t he h uman, a c ollection o f t wenty-one l impet s hells w ith t heir a pices r emoved ( 51) i s b est r egarded a s a s mall f ind - p erhaps t he r emains o f a n ecklace - f or a lthough t hese d o o ccur n aturally t hey were t ogether d isposition o f

a nd e ven w hole s hells w ere t he c ontents a s w ell a s t he

u nusual s tructure

e lsewhere. s how t hat w e

T he a re

r ight t o d istinguish t he s helved c ompartments f rom t hose c omprising t he s talled . r oom ; i n t he l atter c ase a ccess was t aken i nto a ccount w hile

i n

t he

S c f lakes t hey

f ormer

3 was o f

h ad

i t was

o f n o

r elevance.

s triking w hen e ntered

s tone

t hat

b een w hen

h ad f allen

f or,

r oof,

a part

f rom

a

t he c ontents w ere

n o i n;

f loor

i t w as

a rea

o f

t he

t hat

n ot p hysically

s ome b elonging The

s ide

t he

s ame.

t ion o f

c hamber

i t

i s

e ntered .

t o a nimals

c ell

i s

s o

e vident

s mall

t hat

d iscovered i n

A lthough t here w ere

a nd t he

i n

1 958

s kulls w as w hat w as m ost

( Sc

1 ) w as

f rom

c omplete k ept s ome,

by i f

t he

s kulls t he

1 959

a ccount

e xcavator);

n ot

a ll,

t hat a t

m entioned w ere o f

t he

b y a ll

s ome

l east

i nvolved

i n a ddition

b een was

e vident;

a re

i n

o f

i t

e vents

( 118)

( 135,

a ccounts

w ere 1 58).

e xactly

t he p rolifera-

s aid

t o h ave

b een

r oof h ad f allen), w hile P R 1 959, 2 7). W e c an

t en o ut

o f

t he

( while a f urther

t here w ould h ave

b een

s ixteen

t hree a t

w ere l east

f ourteen f ragmentary s kulls m entioned b y P R

R itchie ( ibid, 3 1). S C 2 h ad p robably t he t op d uring q uarrying . D isturbance h ave

e agles)

o ther b ones p resent

s triking;

s pread

c ourse

t he h uman b ones

t ogether i n t he c entre ( where a s tone f rom t he o thers w ere r anged a round t he s ides ( Ritchie, d educe

s kulls

( particularly

s ome

t he m ost

t he n ormal

I n a mongst

a nd b irds

f or

a s

c omplete h uman s kulls l ying o n t he f loor ( ill 1 8). T hese w ere i n p articular o rder a nd j ust l ooked a s t hough t hey h ad b een b owled c ompletely

a nd c onsisted,

f ew o f

s o

l eft

1 976

p art,

t he

i t was

i n

f rom t he

o nly

b een o pened a ccidentally f rom o f s uch r emains a s t here m ay

a f ew h uman,

2 1

a nimal

a nd b ird b ones w ere

f ound o n t he f loor ( 125, s kulls) w hile o thers w ere I n v iew o f i ng

t he

- w hich

1 39, 1 65) ( including t wo f ragmentary i n t he f ill o f s mall s tones a nd e arth

c ollapsing e ntrance p assage m ay h ave

r emoved i n n eolithic

b een o riginal

- i t

c arefully

s toreys o f

S Ts

f lagstone

( L2)

t his

c ell

p ossible

a nd i ts

b lock-

t hat b ones

w ere

t imes.

A fter b eing u sed f or a p eriod o f w ere

t o i s

h uman ( L13).

s ealed

b y

1 a nd 5 ) ( ill

I SBISTER

f illing

b y h and, 1 9).

t he

2 -4

t omb a nd

( and

t his

T HROUGH

s mall

n aturally

T OMB

i ts

p robably

f rom a bove, w ith

D oing

S ECT ION

t ime,

S Ts

c ontents

t he

u pper

f lat p ieces

s ealed

t he

o f

l ower

F ILL

K EY t u r f

s ec t ioned

s tone

p ro ject ing

e dge o f s tone •

c lay /s tone c h ips

M N /

, h umon j awbone

n atura l

b urn t c lay

0

1 9

S ection

s toreys o f s tones a s

t he

n o

t he

s helves

e ntering f ill

w as

r oof b ecame b lown,

s andy I t

h as

i n

S T

a nd

a s h igh i t

w hich would h ave i n o rder f ilted

t omb

t hem a nd

c onceivable w ay

extent

i nto

t hrough

( E-W)

t he p assages i t

a s

f ill

a lso

t he

d id

0 . 5

t o

t he

t he s ame

s ide c ells w ithout f or

t he m ain

b een p laced t here

h ad t o h ave

1me tre

( 1:25)

t allest . standing w all,

c ould h ave

a sh

b one

d I P

I ll

a nd

b een p urposely

c 2 m ,

e xcept

a ny

e ntrance; t here

t h ough

d ismantled

t o

i s t he

s ome

t o f acilitate t his. T he e ntrance, b locked a s i t w as, o ver t ime f rom f loor t o c eiling w ith s terile, w ind

s oil

( L14).

a lready

b een m entioned t hat

1 a nd 2 a nd

i ndeed

t he

2 2

t he

i nfilling

h ad b een

f ormer h ad b een c leaned

o ut

d ug c or n-

p letely.

T he

a lthough

i n

r emaining

i t w ere

t alons

( 161),

p olish

( 69).

p robably e leven a nd

t he

c anine

e ggshell

g ot

w here

b eads

7 0),

i nfill,

i n

t he

i ncluding a s kull,

h igh

( 145).

l ower

a s

d egree

These

w ould

i nfill

f ound 2 m a way a nd o n a d ifferent

f urther h uman b ones

e agles o ne

t eeth

s terile

a f ew e agles'

o f

l evel

o f

i tems

h ave

S T 3

t he

( 58-67

i n S T 2

( 71)

i n 1 958 ( 68) ( Ritchie, P R 1 959, h owever, w as f ound a c ollection ( 119) w hich h ad b een d eliberately

t here a nd w hich h ad w ith i t 7 1 71 7r emains o f s everal e agles t wo l impet s hells a nd a c rab c arapace ( 144). T o t he W o f t his

p laced ( 159), w ere

g enerally

( 146),

f ound b y a ccident

t ogether

a nd o ne f ound i n t he s ame c ompartment 3 1). H alfway u p t he i nfill o f S T 4 , o f h uman b ones,

w as

a d og s howing a

a nd w rasse

t hey w ere

1 976,

o f c rabshell

t ooth o f

( 162)

which w ere

a nother

r emoved i n

f ound f ragments

( 160);

l arge

( 120)

i n r etrospect

w hile i t

t o

t he E w ere

s eems p robable

t he

t hat

r emains o f m ore

t hese b elonged t o

d eposit w hich s hould n ot n ecessarily h ave b een s ubdivided.

H uman, a nimal, a nd b ird b one r emoved f rom t he s ite i n 1 958 ( 126, 1 66) w as n ot k ept b y l ayer o r a rea; t he s ituation w ould, i n a ny

1 40, c ase,

h ave b een c onfused b y t he e arlier

b one

( 127)

w as

w hile

s ome h uman a nd b ird b one

T he h ornworks,

f ound

i n t he

t heir i nfill,

B oth N a nd S f rom t he l ly

h igher

i nvestigation.

i nfilling o f

t he

1 958

I n

1 976 h uman

e xcavation

( L6)

( 128,167) w as a lso r ecovered f rom S C

1 .

a nd t he e ncompassed f orecourt t omb t here

g round w hich m asks

i ts

i s a c ontinuation o f a rtificia-

t rue

s hape

( frontispiece,

i ll

1 ).

T his c an b e f ollowed w ith t he e ye a s a s lightly r aised l evel i n b oth d irections c urving r ound t o t he c liff's e dge a nd f orming a n e ncompass ing

e mbankment

a round t he n atural

d eeper

a nd m ore

a rea o f

i rregular b are e ruptions o f

t omb

s pectacular.*

t o t he c liffs T his

a mphitheatre

T he

r esultant

s poken o f

f orecourt

f lagstone;

t he

b een n oted i n

i s a

i t

D -shaped

d istance

i s c 7 5m a nd t hat b etween t he h orns

r aised e mbankment h ad n ot

m aking f rom

t he

c 1 10m.

i ts e xtremities a nd

n earer t he t omb i t w as t hought t o b e p art o f t hat s tructure i tself; t his w as q uoted a s b eing c 4 5m ( 135 f t) l ong ( Ritchie, P R 1 959, 2 5) w hereas

w e

S imison

o pened a n a rea o f

t omb

1 976 a nd

i n

i ng

w all

n ow

k now

i t

o nly h ad a n e stimated d iameter t his e mbankment

1 979 a nd d iscovered

b uilt w ith t wo s kins

T his w as v ery r obbed o ut, i ts

l ine

t he

i s p rojected t o

m aterials

p ut

m uch

p assed

l ater

f or

i s

i t w as

a nd c 1 .5m a cross

t he N ,

b ehind

i t

a t

l east,

1 5m*. o f

t he

f ronted b y a r etain( ills

i t w ould

r emain t he w all

o f c

i mmediate N 2 0

a nd

s urviving, s eem t hat

i tself

( L8)

2 1).

a nd,

i f

a lthough h as

b een

i s s tratigraphically l ater t han t he t omb a s i ts o uter f ace a nd o verlay t he s carcement;

d ifficult

t he N f ace

t he

o nly 0 .3m/three c ourses

q uarried a way. T he w all i t b utted c leanly a gainst h ow

t hat

t o

t o d ecide b ut

o f t he

t omb w all

t o

s ufficient

t ime

m ust

s ubside a nd b e

h ave

i n n eed

o f

b uttressing. 0 .7m o f t he h ornwork n ext t o t he t omb w as d ismantled a nd b eneath i t w as f ound h alf o f a j et r ing ., b ead o r p endant ( 90). B ehind e arth

a nd

t his r etaining w all h ad b een d umped a m ixture r ubble

m aximum h eight o f c lay

s een

o riginal

* B ut

( L10)

1 .7m c lose

i n s ection h ere m aximum

( ills ( L

2 2 a nd 2 3).

t o 1 5;

T his b ank

t he t omb a nd a 0 .1m t hick i ll

h eight o f c 2 .0m .

s ee A ddendum 2 3

2 2) m ay

i ndicate

A lthough

o f

s urvived

c layey t o

a c apping a t

i t w as n ot

a

l ens o f b lue t ested

a n b y

e xcavation

t his

b ank

s eemed

t o j ust

t ail

o ff

t o

t he W t o

j oin

t he

n atural c ontours. I ntermixed w ith t he r edeposited n atural w ere f req uent d isarticulated a nimal a nd b ird r emains ( 137, 1 63) a nd s ea s hells ( 148)

b ut

( 121)

t here

h uman b ones w ere v ery

l evel a nd c 4 m a long t he w all a nd

t wo

w hich

l impet

s hells

b een

i nserted

f lagstone .

T his

c ist w as n ot

w hich w as

( ill

2 4).

i nto

f rom t wo

m etatarsals

a lmost

a t

i n a m egalithic

e xcavated f rom t he

2 2 a nd

n umber

o f

a rtefacts w ere a lso

a nd t he

a ssemblage

( 123)

c ist*

t he b ackfill a nd s ealed w ith

( ills

g round

F urther h uman r emains

f ound

i n s ection

A n atural

a part

( 122)

( 149) w ere

h ad

r ecorded

s carce;

w as a s olitary s kull

t op b ut

( L16)

a

o nly

l arge

s een a nd

2 5) f ound a mongst

t he

r edeposited t hat

f rom

t he t omb f loor - t here i s o nly t he f ragmentary r emains o f o ne q uality s herd ( 72) b ut o n t he o ther h and t here a re f ourteen

p oor s tone

i mplements. h andled w hich

T he

t ool

f orms a s triking c ontrast w ith

l atter m ay b e e numerated a s a n a rd

( 77),

a p eck-handled h ammer

m ay h ave b een u sed a s p ounders

a nd 8 8).

A lso

s plinter

( 73).

T he

( 76),

( 78-86)

a nd t wo

f ound w ere a r etouched c hert b lade

o nly d istinguishing

s hare

( 75),

n ine b each

' mattocks'

( 74)

f eature b etween t he

a

p ebbles ( 87

a nd a u sed b one

r edeposited

n atural

a nd t he g round i t w as d umped o n w as t hat t he f ormer w as l ooser, a rtefacts a nd b ones i n i t a nd w as a t a h igher l evel t han t he b ase t he

h ornwork .

A d istinct o ld g round

s urface w as n ot

f ound,

h ad o f

n or w as

t here a c oncentration o f b ones o r a rtefacts a t t he b ase; t hese d isturbed t hroughout t he i nfill a nd, e xcepting t he h uman s kull,

w ere s eem

t o

w ere

h ave b een

i ncorporated w ithout

b eing g athered n earby T he e xcept

f orecourt

t he

i tself w as

n ot

e xamined b ut

s cantest v egetational

a rchaeological d iscovered

d esign w hen e arth a nd

s tones

f or t he p roject.

d eposits

s omewhere

c overing

r emain t o b e

t hat

i s

s o b are

i t

i s

i nvestigated.

o n t he n orth-east p ortion o f

o f

a nything

d oubtful

i f

I n

S imison

t he

1 958

a ny

s carcement

o f

t he t omb a c ache o f w hat, i n t erms o f t heir d ate, w ould b e v alued i tems; t hree p olished s tone a xes, a m ace h ead a nd a k nife, t ogether w ith

a V -bored b utton o f

j et

( 91-95 a nd 8 9).

T he

j et

r ing,

b ead o r

p endant a lready m entioned ( 90) w as f ound n ext t o t he s carcement w ould h ave b een o n t he m argin o f t he n atural a mphitheatre b efore w as

a ccentuated b y t he b uilding o f

f inds w e c an o nly v enture n ally c ontained o r w hat

i t w as

T he

u nexcavated p art

t he

t o

t he

o f

T he m aximum h eight W

0 .75m a bove i s

q uite

2 .75m

t he

t hat

i n h eight t omb

t raced

a nd

s loping h as

f or a t

t he i t

s hape

a r adius l east

A part

t he

t he

to

i mmediate W o f

t he u nexcavated p art a lignment

o f

t he t omb

o f

t he

t he m ound i s c

t he

a t

p resent.

o f c 7 5 m w hereas

1 7m f rom t he

c entre

( ills

W e k now,

t he m ound t o o f

t he

a nd 7 ,

t omb w as

c ould b e a rgued t hat q uarrying h as i s

t hese o rigi-

t omb

d iscussed

o f i ts w alls

o riginal m ound c overing

t here

f rom

f orecourt

u sed f or .

s ite

o f

c entral

t o w hat

t he m aximum p reserved h eight

l ikely

p eculiar t he

o f

t he h ornworks.

s uggestions a s

a nd i t

s talls

9 ). a t

a nd

I t

l east

p roduced t he

h owever, t he

4 m

a bout

W

c an

a bout

t hat b e 1 .5m

o f a d eposit o f s ome s ort i s o ver w here t he s carcement w ould t heoretic ally b e. W e c an b e f airly c ertain t hat s omething i n a ddition t o t he h ornworks w as b uilt o nto t he o riginal s tructure; w hether t his w as

2 4

I SB ISTER

P LAN

O F

N ORTH

H ORN WORK

T RENCH

K EY

K

s l o t t r ench

e xcava ted

b y

RS im ison

1 978

J o verhang ing

s ec t ion

o r thos ta t

w a l l f ace

r i

0

1

2m e tres

_

« , 1 3

a

5 0

O

e f 3 h

0

4

,< c )

e it J, 4 , ,

t

I ll

2 0

P lan

o f N h ornwork

b utted t he

t omb

( 1

5 0)

e xterior but,

t rench

a s

i n e xcavation.

2 5

N B The h ornwork s hown

c , ö ö t i 5

. Z2

P

o

°

. . • . . , . . , C U -c G J -L . c . )

C r )

• : t C r • : 1- • 1 c r ) ( 0 0

L r )

n g

S L . C ) •L n1 t - c 0 - N N

7 9

B ones

N umber o f B odies

A dults

S kulls

2

1

M andibles S kull T otal V ertebrae

5 6 7

4 4 5

T eenagers

C hildren 1

1 1 1

1 1

A tlas & A xis S ternum R ibs

2 2 2 1 1 a ccuracy n ot p ossible 1 72 f ragments c hild t o a dult

C lavicle S capula

5 1 0

4 7

1 1

H umerus R adius

9 6

4 5

2 1

2

U lna

7

3

2

2

C arpals ( 5 o nly) M etacarpals P halanges

1 1

1

1 1

P atella

3

2

1

T ibia F ibula

5 4

4 3

1 1

T arsals ( 27 present)

6

4

2

O s C alcis T alus

4 6

3 4

1 2

N avicular C uneiform

3 2

3 2

C uboid

4

4

M etatarsals

5

4

T otal b ones a nd f ragments c 5 23.

R s ide,

1

6 3;

L s ide 6 7 - e xcluding s kull a nd r ibs.

a ge a nd s ex

A dults

C hildren

T eenagers

3 ( 20-22,

M ale

2

3 3 6 6 a ccuracy n ot p ossible

O s C oxae F emur

M inimum n umbers,

I nfants

I nfants

T otals 4

1 ( 15-17)

2 2-31,40) F emale

2

U nsexed

2 ( 22,30 )

2 2 ( 13-14,

T otals

A ge r ange

7

(4 1 -1)

4 ( 2-3,4,

1 9)

9

6 ,9)

4

3

1

1 5

f rom 6 m onths t o 1 y ear t o 4 0 y ears

T able

1 1

S ynopsis f loor o f

o f

a nalysis o f

h uman b ones

S T 5 ( 111)

8 0

f rom b eneath

t he

f lag

Skulls a s

Damaged a nd weathered f ragments of s kulls which c an b e d istinguished

s eparate bodies.

lA

M ale a bout 2 5 years

6A

1B

M ale about 3 0 y ears

6 B

C hild a bout 5 y ears

2

M aie about 2 5 y ears

6

Adult a bout 2 1 y ears

3 A

C hild

3 B

A dult about 3 0 y ears

4A

A dult about 3 5 years

1

C hild a bout 2 % y ears

4B

C hild a bout 8 y ears

2

C hild a bout 3 y ears

4C

F emale a bout 1 3-14 y ears

3

C hild a bout 3 y ears

5A

M ale about 3 5 y ears

5 B

C hild a bout 5 years

A dult a bout 2 5-35 y ears

8

a bout 8 y ears

A dult a bout 2 1 y ears

1 1

A dult a bout 2 1 y ears

I nfant a bout 3 m onths

Bones

Number of B odies

A dults

T eenagers

C hildren

Skull & Jaw

2 0

1 0

2

7

Vertebrae

1 7

1 1

2

4 1

Atlas + Axis

8

6

1

Sternum

5

3

1

1 4

C lavicle

2 2

1 4

4

Scapula

2 9

2 2

2

Humerus

3 0

1 4

3

Radius & Ulna

2 5

1 8

2

I nfants 1

4

1

1 2

1

5

Carpals

ones only F our b

Os C oxae

2 0

1 2

3

Femur

4 0

1 4

3

Patella

1 6

1 1

1

4

T ibia

2 4

6

7

2

F ibula

1 6

1 5

1

Os Calcis

3 2

1 8

7

6

1

Talus

2 4

1 4

7

3

M etatarsals

1 4

1 1

2

1

T otal b ones

9

a nd f ragments c 2 ,550.

excluding skulls a nd r ibs M inimum numbers,

1 7

R s ide,

2 01;

4

1

1 7

1

L s ide 2 28 -

( excess d ue t o t arsal d isparity)

a ge a nd s ex C hildren

T eenagers

A dults Male

s ent

( 12 a ver-

I nfants

T otals

4 ( 18-19)

2 1

a ge 23.3 ) 3 ( 3

Female

Unsexed

7

4 ( 13-14,

a ver-

1 8-19)

a ge 2 0.6)

1 7

2

( 2% , 3(2), 3 -4,

3 -6

( 3),

4 -6

( 2),

5 -6,

5 ( 2), ( 2), 8 ,

Totals

NB

2 mo?)

6

6 -7,

1 0.

1 7

8

2 2

2 2

3 (3mo,

5 0

T wo children a ged 4 -6 a nd 6 years have parts a lso b eneath the shelf of S T 5 ( 117); i n the

Age r ange

T able

f inal MNI

t hey a re p laced h ere.

f rom 3 months t o 3 5 y ears.

1 2

S ynopsis

o f

a nalysis o f

h uman b ones

( 113) 8 1

f rom t he

f loor o f

S T

3

1 35 d iagnostic f ragments,

w eighing 3 00 gm,

w ere f ound a mong the bones p icked from t he

s ieve r esidue f rom c 2 00 k g of t he f loor of ST 4 .

A f urther 5 00 gm of undiagnosed t iny

p ieces w ere a lso r ecovered.

M inimum n umbers,

U nsexed

a ge a nd s ex

A dults

T eenagers

C hildren

I nfants

3

3 ( 13-14,

4 ( 24 1 ,

3 ( neonate,

1 5-17,

6 ,

4 ,

1 0

1 2mo ,

T otal

1 3

1 8m0)

1 8-19)

T otals

T able

3

1 3

4

3

S ynopsis t he

o f

a nalysis o f h uman b ones

f loor o f S T 4 ( 112)

8 2

3

f rom a s ieve

1 3

s ample

f rom

B ones

N umber o f B odies

A dults

T eenagers

C hildren

I nfants

S kull C ervical V ertebrae

2 3

1 2

3

5

3

( Atlas 2 ) R ibs

8 4 a ccuracy n ot p ossible

1

2

1

C lavicle S capula

8 1 0

4 8

2

2

H umerus

1 8

1 3

3

2

R adius & U lna

1 4

9

3

2

3 5

1

Carpals M etacarpals

3 6

2

O s Coxae

2 5

1 9

1

3

2

F emur

3 8

3 4

2

1

1

P atella T ibia

9 1 8

9 1 2

1

4

1

F ibula T alus & O s Calcis

1 6 2 6

1 6 1 9

3

4

T otal b ones a nd f ragments c 1 079 R s ide,

M inimum n umbers,

6 3;

L s ide,

6 6 - e xcluding s kull a nd r ibs.

a ge a nd s ex

A dults

T eenagers

C hildren

I nfants

T otals

M ale

1 7

( 6 a vera ge 2 3)

1 7

F emale

1 0

( 2 a vera ge 2 0)

1 0

U nsexed

7 ( 4 a ver-

3 ( 13-14,

a ge 2 7 )

T otals

A ge

1 5-17, 1 8-19)

3 ( neonate,

8 -10,101 2)

5

3

3 4

5 ( 2,6,6-8,

6 mo,

3

4 5

r ange f rom 8 m onth F oetal L ife t o 2 m onths t o 2 5-30 y ears i n o ne male.

T able

1 4

S ynopsis

o f

a nalysis o fsome o f

f loor o f S T 4 ( 114)

8 3

t he h uman

b ones

1 8

1 8mo)

f rom

t he

A bout half t he s kulls a nd a ll t he o ther b ones w ere very w eathered a nd d amaged. S ynopsis i s a r easonable probability. S kulls 1

F emale a ge 1 8-24 y ears

2

F emale a ge 2 3-30 y ears

3 4 5

Female a ge 1 8-22 y ears Male a ge a bout 3 5 y ears C hild a ge a bout 6 y ears

6 (a)

7 8

C hild a ge a bout 5 -6 y ears

( b)

C hild a ge a bout 4 y ears ( 2nd R P etrous bone)

M andibles a dd 4 a dults;

M ale a ge 2 5-30 y ears C hild a ge a bout 6 y ears

9 1 0 1 1 1 2

M ale a ge 1 7-21 y ears ( Adult) F emale a ge 25-30 y ears M ale a ge a bout 3 0 y ears ? a ge 1 7-23 y ears ( Adult)

1 3

C hild a ge a bout 6 y ears

t emporal b ones a dd 1 a dult a nd 1 n eonate i nfant.

B ones

N umber o f B odies

A dults

S kull V ertebrae sacrum

2 0

1 4

S ternum R ibs

1 (15-25 y ears) a ccuracy n ot p ossible 4 3 1 5 3 2

1

2 1

C lavicle S capula H umerus lna R adius & U etacarpals, C arpals, M O s Coxae F emur

8

5

2

4

3

a ccuracy n ot p ossible 3 2

2 1 2 5

T ibia F ibula

6

T arsals M etatarsals, P halanges

I nfants

5

1

1 2-13? 2

1

1 0 4

1

5

1 1 1 1

? accuracy

1 1 1

a ccuracy n ot p ossible

T otal bones a nd f ragments c 8 00. M inumum n umbers,

C hildren

1

8 P halanges 6 1 4-15?

P atella

T eenagers

R s ide,

6 2 ;

L s ide,

5 4 .excluding s kull a nd ribs.

a ge a nd s ex C hildren

T eenagers

A dults

I nfants

T otals

M ale

7 ( 7 a vera ge 2 4.5)

7

F emale

5 ( 5 a vera ge 2 1)

5

U nsexed

2 ( 2 a vera ge

T otals A ge r ange

3

5 ( 5 a vera ge 5 .5)

l '(neonate)

1 1

3

5

1

2 3

3 0 )

1 4

f rom 8 m onth F oetal L ife t o m ale 3 5-45 y ears,

T able

1 5

S ynopsis f loor o f

o f

a nalysis o f

S T 4 ( 115)

8 4

s ome o f

t he h uman b ones

f rom

t he

B ones

Number o f B odies

S kull V ertebrae

( Atlas 1 )

A dults

1

1 *

1

1 *

T eenagers

R ibs

2

2 *

C lavicle

1

1

S capula

3

1 *

1

Humerus

2

1 *

1

R adius

1

1 *

U lna

1

1 *

Carpals

1

1 *

M etacarpals

2

2 *

P halanges

1

1 *

O s

1

1

F emur

1

1 *

Coxae

T ibia

4

3 *

F ibula

1

1 *

T arsals

1

1 *

M etatarsals

2

2 *

P halanees

1

1

T otal b ones and f ragments c 1 70. M inimum n umbers,

2 (20,

F emale

1 ( 35 )*

L s ide,

1 2 - e xcluding s kull a nd r ibs.

C hildren

I nfants

T otals

2 5)

2 1

U nsexed

N B

1

1

T eenagers

M ale

A ge

1 7;

I nfants

a ge a nd s ex

A dults

T otals

R s ide,

C hildren

3

1 ( 15-16)

1 ( 5-6)

1 ( 9 m o)

3

1

1

1

6

range f rom 9 months t o 3 5 y ears i n o ne f emale. * I ndicates bones f rom o ne

1i h ly

l h

S ynopsis

o f

i ndividual,

a f emale a bout 3 5 y ears o ld.

a nalysis o f

s eparately f rom t he

s pecimen e xcarnated b urial

f loor o f

S T 4 ( 116)

l ifted

S kulls

T hese a re a ll m ade u p f rom f ragments a nd r epresent a f ew f or e ach s kull.

1

F emale a bout 2 3 y ears

3

M ale a bout

2

M ale a bout 3 0-35 y ears

4

M ale a bout 2 5-30 y ears

B ones

N umber o f b odies

A dults

S kull

1 6

V ertebrae A tlas & A xis

1 3 1 0

T eenagers

C hildren

1 3

2

1

1 2 1 0

1

S ternum 3 2 R ibs 2 73 f ragments a ccuracy n ot p ossible a ll a dult C lavicle

1 2

1 1

S capula H umerus

1 1 1 5

1 1 1 4

R adius

1 3

1 3

1 1 1

1 0 1

U lna C arpals

( 4 o nly)

M etacarpals & P halanges O s C oxae 1 6

1 1 1

a ccuracy n ot p ossible 1 5

1

1 1 7

9 6

1 1

T ibia F ibula

1 5 8

1 3 8

2

8

7

1

( 12 p resent)

8

T alus & O s Calcis

I nfants

1

F emur P atella

T alus ( 9 p resent) O s C alcis

2 5-30 y ears

1

8

1 3

1 2

1

O ther T arsals ( 16 p resent) M etatarsals & ) P halanges

5 8

4 8

1

)

T otal b ones a nd f ragments c 1 ,672. M inimum n umber ,

M ale

R s ide, 9 5 ;

L s ide,

1 01

- e xcluding s kull

a nd r ibs.

a ge a nd s ex

A dults

T eenagers

1 4

1 ( 13-19)

( 8 a ver-

C hildren

I nfants

T otals 1 5

a ge 2 9) F emale

7 ( 4 a ver-

1 ( 18-19)

8

a ge 2 8) U nsexed

3 ( 13-14,

3 ( 4-6,

1 5-17

6

6 ,?8)

1 8-19)

T otals A ge r ange

T able

2 1

5

2 9

3

f rom 4 -6 t o f emale 4 0-45 y ears.

1 7

S ynopsis t he

o f

s helf)

a nalysis o f h uman b ones o n o f S T 5 ( 117)

8 6

t he

f loor

( and

u nder

1

F emale age

3 0-40 y ears

1 2

M ale a ge 4 5-50 y ears

2

F emale age

3 0-40 y ears

1 3

M ale a pe 4 0-50 y ears

3

M ale age

3 0-40 years

1 4

M ale a ge a bout 2 5 y ears

4

M ale age

3 0-40 years

1 5

M ale a ge 2 0-25 y ears

5A

F emale age 2 0-25 y ears

1 6

M ale a ge 2 5-30 y ears

5B

A dult age a bout 2 0 y ears

1 7

C hild a ge a bout 2 y ears

6

C hild

a ge a bout 4 y ears

1 8

C hild a ge a bout 3 y ears

7

a ge a bout 9 y ears

1 9

C hild a ge 4 -5 y ears

8

C hild

M ale age a bout 25 y ears

2 0

A dult a ge 2 0-25 y ears

9

F emale age 2 5-30 y ears

2 1

C hild a ce 9 -11 y ears

1 0

C hild

2 2

I nfant a ge 1 8-24 m onths

1 1

M ale age 1 7-23 years

2 3

C hild a ge 7 -8 y ears

a ge 6 -7 years ( adult)

( female) ( male)

B ones

Number o f B odies

A dults

T eenagers

C hildren

I nfants

Skull

27

1 5

2

8

2

M andible

1 1

7

1

3

Vertebrae

1 2

9

A tlas

1

Axis

8 1 rom a dults t o i nfants 3 57 f ragments f

R ibs

a ccuracy n ot possible

C lavicle

1 4

1 2

Scapula

1 4

1 2

Humerus

1 5

1 0

Radius

1 1

U lna

1 6

1 1

Radius & U lna

2 2

1 7

2

1

M etacarpals g cl

6

5

O s

2

1

4 2

1 1 1 1

2

2

2

2

1 2 0

8

T ibia

1 0

6

F ibula

a ccuracy n ot p ossible

Tarsals ( 32 bones)

1 1

Foot B ones

ossible a ccuracy n ot p

a ge

3 1

3

5

4

1

3

f ragments 4 ? a dults

7

and f ragments c 1 ,243.

M inimum n umbers,

3 3

1 5

2 1

Coxae

Femur

T otal b ones

1

1

9

Carpals ( 3 only) P halanges

1

1

1

S ternum

2

R s ide,

a f ew v ery d amaged 8 1;

L s ide,

9 1

a nd b reaking u p

- e xcluding s kull a nd r ibs.

a nd s ex

A dults

T eenagers

C hildren

I nfants

T otals

Male

9 *

1

1

1 1

Female

7 +

4

2

1 3

Unsexed

2

6 ( 2 ,3,4, 4 -5,6-7, 7 -8,9,

4 ( neonate,

1 2

1 2-14 mo(2), 1 8-24 n o)

9 -11,12)

Totals *

A verage ace of male 1 )

+

A verage

age of f emales

Age r ange neonate t o male

T able

1 8

S ynopsis

4

5

1 8

o n s kulls 1 )

( 9)

o n s kulls

3 1.5 y ears, ( 4 )

2 )

3 0 y ears,

3 6

o n o ther bones 2 8 y ears. 2 )

o n o ther bones 2 7 y ears.

5 0 y ears a nd f emale 4 0 y ears.

o f

a nalysis o f h uman b ones

( 118) 8 7

f rom t he

f loor o f

S C

3

T otal bones a nd f ragments c 1 8. M inimum numbers,

a ge a nd s ex

A dult

T eenagers

C hildren

Infants

T otals 2

Male

2

U nsexed

1

1 ( 18-19)

2

T otals

3

1

4

T able

1 9

S ynopsis t ogether

o f

T otal bones a nd f ragments c 3 6.

M inimum numbers,

a nalysis

i n t he

o f

i ntentional

R s ic te,

9 ;

s ome o f

L s ide,

M ale

1 ( 25-30 )

U nsexed

2 ( 25-30 ,

3

2 0

b ones

f ound

( 119)

1 1 - e xcluding skull a nd r ibs.

T eenagers

C hildren

S ynopsis t ogether

Infants

T otals 1

1 ( 13-14)

2 ( 6-8,

1 ( 6-9mo)

6

1 2)

35 )

T able

h uman

t he c hamber

a ge a nd s ex

A dults

T otals

t he

i nfill o f

1

2

1

o f a nalysis o f s ome o f t he h uman b ones f ound i n t he i ntentional i nfill o f t he c hamber ( 120)

8 8

7

121

O nly t wo h uman b ones.

A dult R f irst m etatarsal a nd L t hird m etatarsal.

N ot c ounted i n t he M inimum N umber o f I ndividuals 1 22

S kull of f emale a bout 4 0 y ears.

( table 7 ).

C ounted a s o ne i ndividual

( table

7 ).

Table 2 1

S ynopsis t he

o f

a nalysis

o f

t he h uman b ones

f ound

r edeposited n atural b ehind t he N h ornwork

Female a dult a ged 3 0-35 y ears.

i n o r

( 121,

u nder

1 22)

5 3 o f t he 5 9 b ones

b elong t o t his s keleton. Child a ged a bout 3 -4 y ears - 2 bones, cervical v ertebra.

p art of m andible a nd p art

Female a ged 1 9 y ears o r more - 4 bones,

R r adius,

L u lna w ith

h ead a nd o lecranon process b roken off, a nd t wo L m etacarpals third a nd f ourth ). T hese b ones a re u nusual i n

( the

a ) t heir n ear p erfect c ondition w ith sharply m arked b orders a nd muscle markings i n s pite of b eing probably f emale bones. b ) t heir l ack o f i nspissated m ud which i s present o n a ll t he o ther bones a nd f ragments f rom t he s ite. c ) T hey a re t he o nly b ones f rom t he s ite w hich a re i ncompletely bleached,

b eing g reasy t o t he t ouch.

d ) T he s tature of t he b ody, a s j udged by t he l ength o f t he R r adius, 1 66.794 + 4 .24 c m ( 5ft 54 1 ins), i s outside t he h eight r ange f or all t he o ther f emales f rom t he s ite ( 4ft 1 0ins - 5 ft 3 Xins) ( table 2 9)

( 147.2 + 3 .72 - 1 62.16 + 3 .36cm)

This b ody i s n ot a ccepted b y m e a s b eing o f t he s ame a ntiquity a s t he o ther o nes e xamined; i t i s n ot i ncluded i n t he a nalysis. The u lna s hould b e C 14 d ated a nd t he r adius a nd m etacarpals k ept.

T able

2 2

S ynopsis o f a nalysis o f t he h uman b ones f ound i n m egalithic c ist i nserted i n t he h ornwork b acking ( 123)

8 9

t he

B ones

N umber o f B odies

A dults

V ertebrae

1

R ibs

3

1

S ternum

1

1

T eenagers

1

C lavicle

2

1

1

2

1

1

Humerus

2

1

R adius

1

1

2

2

1

1

C arpals

( 2 bones)

M etacarpals

2

1

P halanges

1

1

O s Coxae

1

1

P atella

1

1

T ibia

1

1

T arsals

( 6 bones)

2

1

M etatarsals

2

2

P halanges

3

2

T otal b ones a nd f ragments c 7 3.

M inimum numbers,

R s ide,

1 7;

1

1

1

1 1 L s ide,

9 excluding skull a nd

ribs.

a ge a nd s ex

A dults M ale

I nfants

1

S capula

U lna

C hildren

T eenagers

C hildren

I nfants

T otals

1 ( 20)

1

F emale

1 ( 19)

U nsexed

1

1 ( 20 or

2 ( 2-3,6)

3

2

5

2 0+)

2

1

A ge r ange 2 -3 t o 2 0+

T able

2 3

S ynopsis o f

S T

o f

a nalysis

o f

t he h uman b ones

5 ( 124)

9 0

f ound

o n

t he

s helf

S kulls 1

( 35 f ragments)

M ale a ne 2 5-35 y ears

2

( 42 f ragments)

M ale a ge a bout 4 5 y ears

3

( 29 f ragments)

C hild a pe 4 -5 y ears

B ones

Number o f B odies

A dults

V ertebrae

4

, )

A tlas

1

S ternum R ibs

3 4

2 2

1 1

S capula

3

1

1

Humerus U lna

6 4

5

1

M etacarpals

3

2

1

O s

2

Coxae

5

9

6

Patella

1

T ibia

4

2

3

2

T arsals

3

2

M etatarsals

3

2

P halanges

1

1

M inimum n umbers,

a ge

1

I nfants

1 1 1 1 2

1

1

F ibula

and f ragments c 473.

1

1

8

T otal b ones

C hildren

1

F emur

( foot)

T eenagers

R s ide,

2 3;

2 1 1 1

L s ide,

2 1

- e xcluding s kull a nd r ibs

a nd s ex

A dults

C hildren

T eenagers

I nfants

T otals 2

2 ( 25-35 ,

Male

4 5) 1

F emale 3 ( 4-5,

4 ( 20,23-

Unsexed

6 ,

3 2 ,25-

1 1

2 ( neonate,

1 2)

1 2 mo)

3 5,45)

6 Age r ange

T able

3

3

2

1 4

f rom n eonate t o m ale 45 y ears

2 4

S ynopsis o f a nalysis o f

h uman b ones

S C 2 ( 125)

9 1

f rom a mong t he

i nfill

o f

S kulls ( A)

T hose r etained by P R R itchie 1 958-80.

s everal have b een d amaged

T hese match p hotographs

taken 1 /10/59 t hough

s ince t hat d ate.

1

M ale 1 9-24 y ears

2

M ale 1 8-23 years

1 0

3

M ale 3 5-40 y ears

1 1

4

Male 2 5-35 y ears

1 2

5

M ale 6 -8 y ears

1 3

6

M ale 1 5-17 years

1 4

7

Female 5 -7 years

1 5

Male 3 0-35 y ears M ale 2 5-30 years Male 1 7-25 y ears

8

M ale 4 0-50 years

1 6

M ale 1 5-17 years

( B)

9

M ale 2 3-30 y ears Male 1 7-21

years M ale 1 7-23 years F emale 5 -8 y ears

Those r etained by S imison

' Charlie G irl'

F emale 2 5-30 y ears

3 f ragments,

p ossibly

B ones housed

i n D epartment of A natomy,

B one S kull

f rom t he s ame s kull,

E dinburgh U niversity 1 958-1981.

N umber o f B odies - c alvarial f ragments 1 79,

-Temporal

2 0

-M axilla

2 5

M ale 4 0-50 y ears

A dults

T eenagers

C hildren

I nfants

n umbers unknown f rom 3 -4 y ears t o about 5 0 years 1 6 4 1 2

8

5

Mandible 4

-M alar Vertebrae

4

1 9

1 5

A tlas-1 Axis-6

6

5

S ternum

1

1

3

1

1

ot p ossible t ith accuracy 1 25 f ragments n o a ssess w

R ibs

5

7

C lavicle S capula v ery d amaged

a bout

Humerus

3 0

R adius

1 0

U lna

1 3

1

1

1 2 2 4

4

2

1

9 1 3

Carpals n one f ound M etacarpals O s Coxae Femur

4

4

27

2 4

2 5 1 2 1 4

2

1

2 1

3

1

1 0

2

1 3

1

very d amaged

P atella T ibia

v ery d amaged 5

F ibula Talus

2 0

1 7

2

O s Calcis

1 9

1 4

5

O s Calcis

2 3

1 7

5

? accuracy

?accuracy

1 1

T alus N avicular

7

6

1

I nt.

4

2

2

C uneiform

C uboid

5

5

M etatarsals F irst

9

8

T otal bones a nd f ragments c 8 72.

R s ide,

2 15;

9 2

1

L s ide,

1 78 - e xcluding s kull a nd

r ibs.

M inimum n umbers,

a ge a nd s ex

Adults M ale

1 4

T eenagers

C hildren

3 ( 15-17

1 ( 6-8)

( 20(2),21, 2 2(2), 27% ,

2 5%,

( 2),

3 0 ,

I nfants

T otal 1 8

1 8-

1 9)

3 21 4 ,37% 4 5(2), 471 4 (2)) F emale

1 ( 27%)

4 ( 13-14,

2 ( 5-7,

1 5-17(2),

7

5 -8)

1 8-19) U nsexed

9

T otals

24

1 ( 18-19)

2 ( 6,4-5)

1 ( 12mo)

1 3

8

5

1

3 8

Age range f rom 1 year t o Male 47 years.

T able

2 5

S ynopsis o f a nalysis o f a nd

S C

1 i n 1 958

h uman b ones

( 126)

9 3

r emoved

f rom S T

1 ,

S T 2 ,

B ones

N umber o f B odies

A dults

T eenagers

C hildren

Skull

8

5

1

2

V ertebrae

9

7

1

1

A tlasZ

7

3

1 7

1 2

1

S capula Humerus

a ccuracy n ot p ossible 8 . 6

2

R adius

a ccuracy n ot p ossible

A xis

)

I nfants

4

R ibs

a ccuracy n ot p ossible

S ternum C lavicle

U lna

3 9

)

C arpals

2

2

M etacarpals

3

2

P halanges

1

a ccuracy n ot p ossible

O s Coxae

6

F emur

1 1

P atella

8

T ibia T alus

1

4

2

2

1

8

3

3 9

.9

O s Calcis N avicular

1

5 8

1 1

F ibula

4

1 2 8

1 0 8 8

C uneiforms

8

M etatarsals

8

8

P hc .langes

8

8

T otal bones a nd f ragments c 1 ,150.

M inimum n umbers,

R s ide 8 4;

2

L s ide,

9 0 - e xcluding skull a nd r ibs.

a ge a nd s ex

A dults M ale

3 ( 20+(3))

U nsexed

7 ( 20+(5),

T eenagers

C hildren

5 ( 18-19(2),

3 5-40(2))

I nfants

T otals

3 ( 4-5,6,

1 5-17(2),

1 5

9 -10)

1 3-14)

T otals A ge range

1 0

5

f rom 4 -5 t o unsexed

T able

2 6

S ynopsis i n 1 958

o f

3

1 8

3 5-40 years

a nalysis o f

h uman b one p ut b ack i nto

( 127)

9 4

S T 1a nd

2

B ones

Number o f B odies

S kull

1 0

5

1

3

1

V ertebrae

1 6

6

4

5

1

A tlas &

A dults

3

3

A xis

C hildren

I nfants

•

2

R ibs

a ccuracy n ot p ossible

S ternum

2

1

C lavicle

8

7

S capula Humerus

1 8 1 5

R adius

2

1 0

C arpals

1

M etacarpals

6

P halanges

3

Coxae

1

7

1 4

F emur

1

1 2 1 1

9

U lna

O s

T eenagers

1

1 or more

1 0

2

3

1 7

1 0

3

4

3

4

1

4

2

3

8

8 1 0

F ibula

1 2

1 2

T alus

1 0

O s Calcis

1 5

5 1 0

N avicular

5

4

C uneiforms

2

2

5

4

1

M etatarsals

9

8

1

P halanges

1

1

T otal b ones a nd f ragments c 1 ,

a ge a nd

470.

R s ide,

1 45;

L s ide,

1 35 - e xluding s kull a nd

r ibs.

s ex

A dults

T eenagers

6 ( 20 or 2 0+, 30 (3),

1

1

C uboid

3 ( 19,

3 5 )

C hildren

1 5-

I nfants

T otals

2 ( 6(2))

1 1

1 6(2))

4 ( 20 or 2 0+

4 ( 18-19(2),

( 3),20-24) O nsexed

1

3

1

a ll a ged 1 4-21

1 8

F emale

1

1 5

P atella

M ale

4

1 4

T ibia

M inimum n umbers,

2 2

8

1 7-19,13-14)

3 ( 20-25,212 5,35-45)

3 ( 17-19,13-

6 ( 2-3,31 6 ( 2 ) 4,4-6,

4 ( 9mo,91 2mo(2),

6 -8,8-

1 5-16mo)

1 6

1 0,101 2)

T otals

1 3

8

1 0

4

3 5

A ge range f rom 9 months t o unsexed 3 5-45

T able

2 7

S ynopsis 1 976

o f

a nalysis o f h uman b ones

( 128)

9 5

r emoved f rom S C

1

i n

" ones

Number o f B odies

A dults

S kull

4

3

V ertebrae

6

2

3

1

A tlas

+ A xis

S ternum

1

T eenagers

C hildren 1

2

2

2 1

R ibs

4

3

S capula Humerus

3 4

1 1

R adius U lna

4 3

1 2

C arpals

2

1

1

M etacarpals

5

2

1

1

P halanges

6

3

2

1

O s

3

C oxae

1 1 1

3

1

P atella

2

1

T ibia

2

1

F ibula

2

1

O s Calcis

2

1

T alus

3

1

2

1

1 1 1 1

1 1

2

I nt C uneiform

2

1

1

M etatarsals

3

3

P halanges

2

1

1

1

T otal bones a nd f ragments c 3 11.

R s ide,

3 0 ;

1 L s ide,

3 0 - e xcluding skull a nd

r ibs.

a pe a nd s ex

A dults M ale

1 ( 22)

U nsexed

2 ( 25)

T eenagers

f rom n eonate

C hildren

I nfants

T otals 1

5 ( 18-19,

3

2 8

2

1

3

T able

1

2

C uboid

A ge r ange

1

.

Navicular

T otals

1 2

1

F emur

M inimum n umbers,

I nfants

4 ( 2-3,4-

1 5-17(2),

5 ,5-7,

1 3-14(2)

8 -9)

5

4

3 ( neonate,

3

1 5

t o unsexed 2 5

S ynopsis

o f

a nalysis o f

u nstratified h uman b ones

9 6

1 4

6 mo,12mo)

( 129)

P hysique H eight I n

t he c alculation o f

t he

l iving s tature o f

i ndividuals f rom l ong

b ones T rotter a nd G leser's a nalyses f or w hite m ale a nd f emales w ere u sed ( 1958; 1 952). I ndividual r esults a re s hown i n t able 2 9 w here ' reconstructed'

m eans

t hat

g ether f ragmentary b ones. ( 5

f t 7 i ns)

5

f t 1 0

a nd t he r ange

i ns).

± 4 - 1 78.7

1 47.2

1 3

± 3 .72 - 1 62.16

± 4 .66cm ( 5

f emales w as

f t

2 .75

1 59 c m ( 5

± 3 .36 c m ( 4 f t

t o-

1 70.5 c m i ns f t

1 0 i ns

2 .5

t o 5 f t

f acets

S quatting w hich

1 58.1

T he a verage h eight o f

i ns) a nd t he r ange 3 .75 i ns). S quatting

d ifficulty w as e xperienced i n f itting T he a verage h eight o f 2 7 m ales w as

i s

i s

d ue

am isnomer a s

i t n eed n ot p roduce

t he

c ondition

t o m uscular e ffort a nd i ncreased m obility o f

e xcept i n a s mall n umber o f c ongenital c ases t ion o f t he f oetus i n u tero.

t he

a ssociated w ith

j oint

m alposi-

S ome s keletons s how d ifferent s ized f acets o n t he R a nd L s ides o r n o f acet o n o ne s ide . T alus f acets m ay b e s maller t han t he c orresp onding

t ibial

f acets

o r m ay e ven b e a bsent;

s ome t alus f acets a re c aused b y l igamentous v ertical f acet o n t he p atella s aid t o b e d ue

a bsence

s uggests

t hat

p ressure. T he m edial t o a cute f lexion o f t he

knee j oint, i s a lmost a lways p resent a nd t he c orresponding a lteration o n t he m edial c ondyle o f t he f emur i s s o i ndefinite a s t o b e u nobserva ble i n

t ibia

t his w eathered m aterial.

T he i nterest h ere i s t hat 5 7 o ut o f a p ossible 8 8 l ower e nds o f a vailable f or a dequate i nspection s how s o-called ' squatting

f acets'

w hile o nly o ne

t ibia

f rom a n a dult

s howed t his a t

Q uanterness

a nd f our t ibiae f rom t hree a dult m ales a nd o ne a dult f emale s howed i t a t A scott-under-Wychwood L ong B arrow ( Chesterman f orth). A t t he l atter s ite t he c orresponding f ive t alus w ere m issing . T he i mportance o f

t hese

' squatting f acets'

i s

t hey c an b e

t aken a s

e vidence

o f

h ard

muscular work with t he a nkles i nvolved i n a d orsi-flexed p osition ; i n o ther words, b oth s exes p erformed s trenuous u phill c arrying o r p ushing o f h eavy

l oads.

M uscularity The t heir

b ones

s ize

a nd

s howed

s uch muscularity a s w ould b e

s ex ( when w eathering a nd

t heir

e xpected

m icroenvironment

f rom a re

t aken i nto c onsideration). N o d ifferences w ere n oted i n o ne o r m ore o f t he l imb b ones s uch a s m ay o ccur i n a s ociety w ith m arked d ifferences o f

l abour a long S kulls

m uscles a r ise

l ines o f

s ocial

s howed n o m arked

s tratification. i ncrease

o f

t he a ttachments o f

t he

j aw

s uch a s e nlargement o f t he c oronoid p rocess o f t he m andible o r s uperiorly o f t he t emporal r idges. T he f ew c ases, m ostly

f emale, o f m arked i ncreased a ttachment o f t he n eck m uscles t o t he b ones o f t he o ccipital r egion w ere a ccounted f or b y t he p ost-bregmatic d epression o f t he s kull d ue t o w eight c arrying b y a b and o ver t he v ertex

o f

a lso t he

t he h ead ( vide A cquired a bnormalities p 1 21 , t able s ection o n P latymeria a nd P latycnemia w hich s uggests

9 7

3 9). t hat

S ee t he

1 11

1 13

1 15

F emale a bout 1 9

L humerus

1 44

A dult M ale

R r adius

1 74 .17 cm + 4 .66

* Adult M ale

R t ibia

1 71.2

* Adult F emale

R t ibia

Adult M ale A dult ? sex

c m + 4

CM

4ft e ins

CM

5 ft 8%ins

CM

5 ft 7 ins

r econstructed

L femur

1 62.16 cm + 3 .66 1 64.36 cm + 3 .94

CM

5 ft 2 ins

r econstructed

CM

R f emur

.94 1 60.88 c m + 3

CM

5 ft 5 ins 5 ft 3 ins

i f M ale

CM

5 ft l ins

i f Female

CM

5 ft 6 ins

r econstructed

5 ft l ins

c m + 4

* Adult M ale

humerus

1 55.61 c m + 3 .72 .57 1 68 .5 c m + 4

* Adult F emale

humerus

.45 1 55.96 c m + 4

CM

A dult M ale

humerus

1 60.11

.57 c m + 4

CM

A dult F emale

f emur

.72 c 1 48.69 c m + 3 m )

( 118)

f emur

.72 c 1 50.92 c m + 3 m )

4 ft 1 1: 5ins

f rom 1 18

1 16

t ibia

1 49.98 c m + 3 .66 c m

4 ft l nins

a verage h eight

1 16

1 17

1 18

c m + 4

5 ft 3 ins 4 ft 1 0 ins

ale A dult M

t ibia

1 58 .1

c m

5 ft 2Xins

ale A dult M ale A dult M

humerus

.57 c 1 77.23 cm + 4 m

5 ft e ins

humerus

1 70

ale A dult M

humerus

1 70.3

ale A dult M

humerus

.57 c 1 63.06 cm + 4 m

5 ft 4%ins

emale A dult F

humerus

.45 c m 1 50.73 cm + 4

4ft 1 14 1in s

.57 c c m + 4 m .57 c cm + 4 m

5 ft 7 ins 5 ft 7 ins

( same body)

r adius humerus

.24 c m 1 51.16 cm + 4 .57 c m 1 70.3 cm + 4

4ft 1 1%ins

A dult M ale emale A dult F ale A dult M

f emur

1 58.33 cm + 3 .72 c m

5 ft 2Yai ns

t ibia

1 74 .85 cm + 4

emale A dult F

t ibia

m 1 51.43 cm + 3 .66 c

t ibia

.66 c 1 49.98 cm + 3 m

emale * Adult F

f emur

1 47.2

.72 c m c m + 3

emale *Adult F ale * Adult M

f emur

1 47.2

.72 c m c m + 3

f emur

1 69.23 cm + 3 .94 c m

ale A dult M

humerus

.57 c m 1 68 .36 c m + 4

5 ft 6 ins

ale A dult M

humerus

.57 c m 1 71.15 cm + 4

5 ft 7 ins

ale A dult M

humerus

1 67.11

A dult F emale

humerus

.45 c m 1 52.08 c m + 4

ale A dult M

r adius

1 69.6

r adius

1 52.9

.66 c m cm + 4 .24 c c m + 4 m

5 ft 7 ins

A dult F emale ale A dult M

r adius

1 78.7

.66 c m cm + 4

5 ft 1 0ins

ale A dult M

f emur

.94 c m 1 70.39 c m + 3

5 ft 7 ins

f emur

1 72.55 c m + 3 .94 c m

5 ft 7 ins)

emale A dult F

f emur

.72 c 1 50.94 c m + 3 m

4 ft 1r 5ins

ale A dult M

f emur

.94 c 1 77.19 c m + 3 m

5 ft e ins

A dult F emale

f emur

.72 c 1 46.92 cm + 3 m

4ft e ins

c m

.57 c c m + 4 m

5 ft 7 ins 5 ft 9 ins 4ft 1 1 in4

a pair a ft l lins ) 4 ft 1 0ins) , a pair 4ft 1 0i ns) 5 ft 6 ins

5 ft 6 ins 4 ft 1 2ins 5 ft 0 1 4ins

a pair

t ibia

1 77.29 c m + 4

c m

5 ft e ins)›

t ibia

1 77.54 c m + 4

c m

5 ft e ins

A dult M ale

t ibia

1 65.86 cm + 4

c m

5 ft 5 %ins

A dult ? sex

f emur

.94 c 1 62.50 cm + 3 m

5 ft 4 ins

i f Male

.72 c m 1 57.34 cm + 3

5 ft 2 ins

i f F emale

.72 c c m + 3 m .57 c 1 70.29 c m + 4 m

5 ft 1 3 2i ns

' Sarah J ane'

.57 c m 1 48.68 cm + 3 .72 c 1 76.31 cm + 4 m

4ft 1 0Y2i ns 5 ft 91 4 ins

if M ale

.3 1 72 .19 c m + 4

5 ft 7 ins

if Female

ale A dult M

1 23

A dult F emale

L femur

1 25

A dult M ale

R humerus

A dult F emale

L f ibula

1 26

A dult ? sex

R u lna

t ibia

1 58.64 c m + 4

c m

5 ft 2Y2ins

r econstructed

c m

5 ft 3 ins1

a pair

R t ibia

1 61.79 c m + 4 1 61.74 c m + 4

c m

5 ft 2 ins

r econstructed

R f emur

A dult M ale

R humerus

* D estroyed i n 0 14

T able

2 9

5 ft 5 ins ins 5 ft 7

A dult M ale

1 28

; R

TL tibia

A dult M ale

c m

5 ft 7 , ins

.94 c m 1 67.14 cm + 3 .57 c m c m + 4

1 27

A dult M ale

1 56.11

a pair

1 70

d ating

H eight

9 8

11 1 13

Lt ibia

s mall

a dult

*R t ibia

l arge

a dult male 2 5-30 years

R t ibia

( 2)

s mall

L t ibia

( 3)

s mall

2 a dults 3 a dults

R t alus

( 2)

s mall

2 a dults

T hese pair w ith 2 R a nd

1 L

t ibiae a bove L t alus

1 14

1 15 1 16 1 17

1 26 1 27

m edium

3 a dults

L t ibia

( 2)

m edium

2 a dults

5 out of 7 l ower ends t ibia 5 out of 8 l ower e nds t ibia

R t ibia

s mall

a dult male

R t ibia

s mall

a dult

L t ibia

s mall

R t ibia

( 3)

a dult

m edium

3 o ut of 7 l ower ends t ibia

3 a dults

L t ibia

m edium

a dult

L t ibia

s mall

a dult male a bout 2 5 1 o ut of 2 l ower ends t ibia

4 o ut of 6 l ower ends t ibia

a dult male

R t ibia

m edium

R t ibia

s mall

a dult

L t ibia

s mall

a dult male

R t ibia

s mall

a dult

L t ibia

s mall

R t alus

s mall ( 3)

f emale s ame body

s mall

3 a dults

8 out of 1 2

R t ibia

s mall

R t ibia

s mall

a dult

R t ibia

s mall

a dult male

R t ibia

m edium

a dult male a bout 3 0

R t ibia

m edium

a dult male 2 5-301

L t ibia

m edium

R t ibia

( 11)

L t ibia

( 4 )

•

R t ibia L t ibia

1 28

a dults

( 3)

L t ibia 1 18

s mall

R t ibia

f emale a bout 2 0

s mall

1 1 a dults

s mall

4 a dults

pair 6 o ut of 8 l ower ' e nds 1 5 out of 1 8

a dult

s mall

t alus n ormal

t alus n ormal

fa

s mall ( 6)

l ower e nds t ibia

a dult male a bout 2 0

t ibia

l ower e nds t ibiE

a pair

6 a dults

L t ibia

s mall

t eenager l ate

Rt ibia

s mall) ,

a dult

R t alus

s mallj

f emale

a pair

9 o ut of 2 0 l ower e nds t ibia

* D estroyed i n C 1 4 d ating M edium = 1 0-15mm

l ength,

s mall

i s l ess,

t he same s keleton a re noted. S ex,

T able 3 0

l arge

i s more,

where k nown,

i s

h eight n ot t aken.

A ll b ones f rom

s tated.

S quatting f acets

g roup,

d ue

t o e nvironmental

c onditions, w ere m uscular

, ( p

10

, t able

3 4). C ranic

i ndex

( length-breadth)

Available

f or

s tudy w ere a f ew n early

f ragments m aking a t otal b e u sed;

o f

1 08 a dult

a nd f our m esocranic, f ive m esocranic.

w hile o f

O f

t he

t he

i ndices

1 3 m ales

s kulls

t hese

n ine w ere

s ix f emales,

O ther d ata a re

s usceptible o f a ccurate a nalysis b ut w ere

O f

o nly

t wo c ould n ot b e u sed b ecause o f p athology a nd t he

i n t oo d amaged a c ondition. a nd

i ntact

s kulls.

t oo

t here

o f v arying c haracter b etween

p attern.

9 9

s mall i s

o ne w as

m any

1 9

c ould

r est w ere

d olichocranic d olichocranic

a nd f ragmentary t o b e

a s uggestion

t he

a nd

s exes

t hat

r ather

t han

t here o ne

S kull Number 1 13

1

1 14 1 15

( all a dults)

M

a bout 2 5 y ears

72 .9

Dolichocranic

M

1 7-25 y ears

7 6.4

Mesocranic M esocranic

F

25-30 y ears

7 7.8

F M

a bout 23 years 30-35 y ears

7 7.9

M esocranic

72 .5

Dolichocranic Dolichocranic

1

F

30-40 y ears

74 .4

2

F

30-40 y ears

7 6.9

M esocranic

3

M

30-40 years

7 7

Mesocranic

8

M

a bout 2 5 years

74

Dolichocranic

30-35 y ears 1 9-24 years

7 9.7

Mesocranic

1

F M

7 6.8

Mesocranic

2

M

1 8-23 years

68

Dolichocranic

3

M

3 5-40 y ears

70.3

Dolichocranic

4

M

2 5-35 y ears

72 .1

Dolichocranic

8

M

4 0-50 y ears

7 9.88

Mesocranic

9

M

23-30 years

7 1.28

Dolichocranic

1 1

Y .

J . 7-23 years

72 .1

Dolichocranic

1 3

M .

30-35 years

7 1.42

Dolichocranic

' Charlie G irl '

F

25-30 years

7 6.9

M esocranic

1 18

1 23 1 26

M ale

9

4

F emale

1

5

T otals

3 1

C ranic

i ndex

P R oy R itchie, a f ew a dult

w ithin ( USA)

w ho

s ible

t o

f actor

a nalysis,

s kull,

s o

t han

i ts

g ested

t hanks

a nd

s eries

D epartment t he p icking

o f o f

o ut

S tatistics,

D ouble

f acetting o ccipital

a lly a r are

f acets

a vailable i n

1 9

f or

p osa nd

d ata o f

r ather

1 972).

P rof V

S heffield t hen o r

t he

s ug-

w ith

a

i nvestigation.

B erry,

( table

A C a nd B erry ,

d ifferent

f erent

p eriods a nd

f ound o nly f ive

144 a rticulations.

i nspection 3 0 o ccipital c ondyles

i ndividuals

c rania f rom i n

i t w as n ot d iscriminant

r uled o ut o n t his g round

f urther

b e

G lenn

c ondyles

a dult f acet

f or

U niversity o f

r ecording f or

f acetting

c ondition.

H owever,

s uitable

t o

E lizabeth

o f a ny d ata w hich a ppeared u nusual

s ufficient

o f 8 3

c onfirmed

t heory a nd p ractice ( Kowalski

s ample

O ut

f or

I h ave

t his a lso a pplied t o n on-metrical

m ultivariate a nalysis w as

s howed d ouble

h ad t aken s ome m easurements

T hese

t o t he k indness o f D r

e ven a s mall

d ifficulties

B arnett,

i llness,

t he p reliminary r esults.

m ake u p

1 9

9

f rom I sbister.

e rror

s ent m e

6

a nd n on-metrical d ata

b efore h is

s kulls

o bserver

1 0

1 3

( length-breadth)

M etrical

o n

T otals

M esocranic

Dolichocranic

T able

Name R ange

A ge

1 2

1 0

1 17

I ndex

S ex

l ocations

1 00

This i s n orm-

R J ( 1967)

e xamined 5 85

a round t he w orld a nd f rom

c ases

T his

3 2).

s hows

o f o ccipital

c ondylar

d ifd ouble

t he r elatively c ommon o ccur-

r ence o f t his r are e pigenetic v ariation i n t he c ase o f t reble f acetting i s s hown i n i ll 3 3. T he

e xact

c ause w hen t he a nterior

I sbister

4 -5mm o f

t he

m aterial.

c ondyle

i s

A

t he

s ite , a s i n t wo c ases h ere, w as u ndoubtedly i ncomplete u nion o f b asi-occipital a nd t he l ateral c ondylar c entres o f o ssification o f c ondyle . T his i s aw ell r ecognised e mbryological f eature b ut f requency i s u ncertain a nd I h ave n ot s een i t r ecorded a s a c ase d ouble f acetting e lsewhere . T he m ore c ommon d ivision o ccurs i n

t he t he i ts o f t he

c entral p art o f t he f acet b y a g roove, p itting o r r idge a nd t his m ay o ccur i n c hildren w hole c ondyles a re f ormed f rom t he l ateral c ondylar c entre o f

o ssification o nly.

a bnormality l ar c anal

i s

b ut

T he

s uggestion h as b een m ade

a ssociated w ith t he d evelopment

t his m aterial d oes

n ot a ppear

t ionship b etween t he t wo a nd n o a cceptable b een g iven.

1 17 1 18

t o

o f

t he

s upport

r eason a s

t hat

t his

a nterior c ondya c ausal

f ar a s

r ela-

Ik now h as

Facets

3 1 Ez ( years)

S ex

N otes

R + L + R a bsent L + L + R+

A dult ( 30-35 )

•

P airs w ith a tlas 1 17 ( table 3 3)

A dult A dult ( 25)

•

M arked r eniform t ype f acets w ith

R+

L +

40-50) A dult (

R + R+

L + L +

A dult

• •

Pairs w ith a tlas 1 18 ( table 3 3) R d ivided b y a g roove L by a r idge

•

P airs w ith a tlas 1 28

•

T riple-anterior t ip a nd n ormal s ite

d ouble f acetting

1 25 1 26

( 25)

A dult ( 20-25)

R+ L a bsent R + L + R+

L +

A dult ( 25-35 ) A dult ( 18-23) 6-8) C hild (

R+

L +

C hild

i n c entre f acet R + L n ormal 1 28

( table 3 3)

( ill 3 3)

( 5-7)

A dult ( 30-35 ) A dult

R+ L a bsent R+ L a bsent

A dult

R a bsent L +

A dult

R a bsent L + R + L +

A dult A dult ( 17-23)

R +

L +

C hild ( 6)

P+

L +

C hild

A nterior t ip facetting 4 mm p osterior part 1 9mm

R + L a bsent

( 6) Double f acetting i n n ormal p osition

C hild ( 5-6)

by p itting

N B

A bsent e quals l oss o f o r s evere d amage t o t he f acet o n t hat s ide making o bservation i mpossible.

T able 3 2

D ouble

D ouble

f acetting o ccipital

c ondyles

f acetting a tlas v ertebrae T he

t endency

t o

d ouble

f acetting o f

t he

c orresponding

f acets o f t he a tlas v ertebrae h as b een known f or m any A natomy f or 1 909 s tates ' Not i nfrequently t hey a re d ivided '

( 185),

b ut e xact

s uggests

t hat

i s

t otal

i t

n umber o f

s tatistics h ave e luded m e

a bout a s

f acets

r are a s

a vailable

f or

1 01

t hough e xperience

f or t he o ccipital i nspection w as

u pper

y ears. G ray's p artially s ub-

4 5

c ondyle. a nd o f

t hese

T he 2 2

.

f racture

C r )

t he

U • )

U

▪ C r )

t hat d eath

s econd

t he o ccipital

O• 0

v ertebra o

v ertebra

4 1 ( 1 )

c e L 4 1

d c u r e o c r c l

E a ) W 0 4 1 " 0

c l

-0

0 C i

4 i

o

l umbar v ertebra

a n a dult

1 03

A dvanced

n eck a nd

O steoarthritis v ertebrae

C O

r1

1 04

d isc

t he

e

? male o

o steoarthritis

d issecans O steoarthritis f emur e xhibits

d issecans

o steoarthritis

v ertebra

v ertebrae w hich s how m arked

c ord r ound

c os t o—transverse

T wo

o steoarthritis

o steoarthritis o steoarthritis

c ervical

0

4 1

c r i 1 1

0

0 -G

4 1

Q )

c oI

1 05

4 4

1 06

a ttachment

Posterior

v ertebrae

m asculine

s acralization

E

0 C O ( 1 > )

C O r =

4 . 1 C U " . 0

107

_ L . )

r e

. • 1 0

O

C O 4 -)

E

C

L ( 04i 0

W H

0

4 J

( 1 ) › ,

4 I C A › ,

E u L 4 • 1

, G 4 J

L I

• I 1

C I Z I

( . 1 ) c n

0 . ) C O 4 J

i n

a )

u " )

( C O c \ I I o 0

G 0 0 ,-i c l G

-0

• H 0 G l . U i u u ( 4 1 0 0

. 4 )

0 ) H C O

E

4 1 / 1 0 -d r i d

a 10 8

r e

N i I d

, 1 c , -) C O

c i 0 ' 1 3 0

C • r 1

4 -, ( 1 ) U d L 1 4

0

I . i

(1)

" .

0

-

r 4

c u

0 0 C • H

4 )

C Y,

>, t • , i . . . . C D , G ( 1 0 , 1 • , 1 0 C D E

4 4 0

, • 4 1

-

a u p

• H c l , L 4 • H 0 U u ( 3 . )

/• • • • •

o 0 G ( 1 ) I n

( 1 . ) C O , 4 _ )

s utures

w a l p C O

c t 0 4 _ )

p rema

I

a rticular

i n

2

, — i -› 0 ,

• H 0 0 c a c n

• H

c n

1 09

1 11 1 13 1 16

Facets

A ge(years)

R a bsent L +

A dult

R + L a bsent

A dult

S ex

R + L a bsent

A dult

R + L n ormal

A dult

R + L n ormal

A dult a bout

3 5

N otes

F

R f acet t riple a nterior

( ill 3 4)

G roove

both c ondyles

d ivides R f acet,

n ormal 1 17

R +

L +

A dult 3 0-35

R +

L +

A dult

R + L a bsent

A dult

Pairs w ith c ondyles 1 17 t able 3 2 1 ‘ A nterior t ip facetting,

a nt a nd

l at o ssification c entres 1 18

R + L a bsent

A dult 4 0-50

1 25

R + L a bsent

A dult 2 5-35

R a bsent L +

T eenager 1 9

P airs w ith c ondyles 1 18 t able 3 2

R + L a bsent

A dult

R+ L a bsent

A dult

1 28

R+

A dult 2 5-30

1 29

R + L n ormal

T eenager 1 5-17

R a bsent R +

A dult

1 27

N B

L +

Pairs w ith c ondyle 1 25 table 3 2

A bsent e quals l oss or s evere d amage t o facet o n t hat s ide making observation i mpossible.

T able

3 3

a tlas

D ouble u pper

i ndividuals. d ue

t o

f acetting a tlas v ertebrae

f acets H ere

s howed a gain t he

d ouble r are

f acetting;

t his

f orms o f a nterior

i ncomplete u nion o f a n u nusually

t ip

s ited j unction o f

w as i n' f acetting

1 6 i s

t he a nterior

a rch a nd t he l ateral m ass c entres o f o ssification ( ill 3 4). T he o f t he o ther a nd c ommon f orm s ituated i n t he c entral p art o f t he i s a s u nknown o n t he a tlas v ertebra a s i t i s o n t he o ccipital

c ause f acet c on-

d yles. P latymeric a nd p latycnemic C ases t here

i ndices

o f p latymeria a nd p latycnemia a re

a re a lso

s ummaries o f

s keleton a re n oted.

e ach ;

l isted i n t able 3 4 w here

a ll b ones k nown t o b e

C omparison w ith o ther l ists

i s

f rom t he

s ame

d ifficult f or

t wo

r easons: a )

T he

i ndex

v alues

u sed a re v ariable a nd t he

a ctual

%

i s

f requently o mitted. b )

T he m easurements

a re v ariable a s t he

s ites

c hosen v ary w ith

d ifferent o bservers. A gain t he v ariability o f h uman b iology m eans t hat t he s ame c hosen s ite c an , be v ariable f rom

b one

f oramen a xis a rea t he

t o b one.

v aries

F or

i nstance,

o f t he b one d epending o f a ttachment o f t he f lexor

n utrient

T his

a ppears

v essels a lways e ntering t he

o blique l ine a t t he a nd s oleus f ascia. t rochanter

o f

5 0%

o f

l ower

m argin

t ibial

n utrient

i n t he

t ibia

t o b e

i s

t he s ubject

i nferior

o f g uess

i n w hich t he c ircular

a re a djacent

10

l ong

d ue t o

l ower b order o f t he p opliteus A lso t he l ower m argin o f t he

t he f emur c ases

3 cm

o n w hether i t i s s ituated i n t ibialis p osticus muscle o r

d igitorum l ongus.

a bout

t he

i n p osition b y a s m uch a s

t o

t he v ertical

t o

t he o f t he t he

muscle l esser w ork

i n

s triae

o f

i ts

s triae

o f

t he

s haft s howing w here i ndistinct.

T hese The

t he e piphysis

d ifficulties h ave b een w ell c auses

j oined t he d iaphysis

t hought o ut b y J enner

o f p latymeria a nd p latycnemia h ave n ot

i s

( 1981).

a s y et

b een

s atisfactorily e xplained. T heir a ssociation w ith d iet, v itamin d ef iciency, p athology, known g enetic o r s upposed e pigenetic p henomena a ppears

t o b e

f ortuitous.

p lasticity o f b ones.

I s uggest

t he a nswer

l ies

B one g rowth a nd c ontinual

i n t he e ssential

r emodelling u ntil

o ld

a ge o r d eath d epends u pon t he r elative p ressures o f t he s oft s truct ures b y w hich i t i s s urrounded. S tress ( microscopic s tructure) a nd s train

( macroscopic

muscles m oving with

a

d iminution

p roduces

i n

s tance,

v ary a s

i s n ecessary f or i ncrease

s tructure m ost e fficient

t he p roduction o f

e xcess b one.

I n

m uscle d evelopment m ay b e s hown b oth b y

muscle a ttachment material

t he

s ize o f

a reas

o r b y e ffects

o n t he

l ower e nds

o f

' squatting f acets' t ibiae

s howing

t he

r emodelling

i ts

i mmediate

f emur,

f or

i n-

i ncreased

s ize o f

j oints.

I n t his

d amaged

i ncreased n umber

( table 3 0),

t his

f or

o f

d iameter

t he

l atter i s m ore e asily s een b y t he

s o-called

t he a ction i n o ne

s ize o f a nother d iameter a s n ormal

t he g eneral b one

n eeds w ithout

8 8

s tructure)

t he b ones a nd t his m ay m ean a n

5 7

c ondition,

a nd

o ut o f a p ossible

a nd a lso s howing h ard

muscular w ork w ith t he a nkles i nvolved i n t he d orsi-flexed p osition a s i n c arrying, p ushing o r d ragging h eavy l oads u phill b y b oth s exes. This t he

i nfers h ip

t hat

t he musculature p assing o ver

j oint w as a lso g reatly

t he

i ncreased a nd b oth

f ront

a nd b ack

t he a dded

o f

p ressure

a nd t he i ncreased a rea o f a ttachment g ave r ise t o t he p latymeric c ondition b y t he b one's n ormal r esponse t o s uch f actors. E xactly t he s ame

f actors

d ifferent a lignment a ttached

a ffect

d irections

t he

t ibia b ut

o wing t o

a nd p reponderance o f t o

t he

t he

f orces m ay a ct

d ifference

i n

i n

t he

m uscle

t he t hree m ain g roups

o f

i t.

B rothwell

t han t he

r ight

h as

s tated t hat

1 14

( 1972,

9 1).

i n t he p resent

Bone 1 13

o r

t ibial m uscles

' platycnemia a nd p latymeria

n ecessarily f ound a ssociated a nd t hat p latymeria h as b een m ore c ommon i n f emales t han m ales a nd m ore f requent i n t he n ot a pparent

s ame

a ttachment,

S ex

A ge

I t

c an b e

s een f rom t able 3 4

a re

n ot

c onsidered l eft f emur

t hat

t his

i s

s eries.

( years)

I ndex

N otes

P f emur

r

Adult

6 8 .6

P latymeric

R f emur

?

A dult

7 3.7

P latymeric

R f emur

M

A dult

7 0.3

P latymeric s ome A P c rushing

L f emur

M

A dult

7 7.7

I " , f emur L f emur

? ?

A dult A dult

7 3.5 7 4 .2 .

P latymeric P latymeric

L f emur

?

A dult

7 8 .7

P latymeric

L f emur

F

1 9

6 6.7

P latymeric

L f emur

?

A dult

6 8 .6

P latymeric

L t ibia L t ibia

? ?

A dult A dult

5 2.5 5 9.4

P latycnemic P latycnemic

P f emur

M

A dult

7 0.27

P latymeric

L f emur L f emur

M M

A dult A dult

8 0 7 6.47

P latymeric P latymeric

L f emur

?

A dult

7 3

P latymeric

1 11

ap air

n o crushing

1 15

L f emur

F

A dult

75 .7

P latymeric

L f emur

F

A dult

7 5

P latymeric P latymeric

L f emur

?

A dult

7 1.4

R f emur L f emur

F F

A dult b dult

6 6.6 70.58

R f emur

M

A dult

6 3.4

R f emur

M

A dult

78 .9

P laty mric

R f emur

F

A dult

8 1.8

P latymeric

a p air

s ame b ody P latymeric P latymeric

R f emur

M

A dult

8 5.71

Eurymeric

L f emur

F

3 5

7 1.91

P latymeric

( 118)

R f emur

F

3 5

70

1 16

R t ibia

M

A dult

70

Eurycnemic

R t ibia

F

Adult

7 6.5

Eurycnemic

L t ibia

M

A dult

83.3

Eurycnemic

R f emur

F

Adult

7 1

P latymeric

R f emur

M

A dult

7 3

P latymeric

R f emur

F

1 9

7 7.7

P latymeric

1 16

1 17

Ya

pair

5 ,

P latymeric

R f emur

F

Adult

7 6

L f emur

F

Adult

8 2.85)

P latymeric

R t ibia

M

A dult

6 1.5

P latycnemic

R t ibia

M

A dult

65.8

M esocnemic

R t ibia

?

1 9

70

Eurycnemic

R t ibia L t ibia

M M

A dult A dult

64.1 6 3.4)

M esocnemic M esocnemic

a pair

P latymeric s ome c rushing present

R t ibia

F

Adult

7 3.3

Eurycnemic

L t ibia

F

Adult

74 .7

Eurycnemic Eurycnemic

R t ibia

F

Adult

7 3.3

f emur

M

2 0-25

75.6

P latymeric

* R f emur

F

A dult 2 1

P latymeric P latymeric

* L 1 18

( 116)

1 18

1 26 1 28

a pair

f emur

F

Adult 2 1

8 1.2) , a pa r i 8 1.25

R f emur

M

30

7 7

L f emur

M

30

7 4

R f emur

F

35

70

L f emur

F

1 5

7 1.95 ' a pair

* L

a pair 1 ,

P latymeric P latymeric P latymeric P latymeric

R f emur

M

2 0-25

71

P latymeric

L f emur L f emur

M M

2 5-30 2 5-30

7 1.4 7 5

P latymeric P latymeric

R f emur L f emur

F F

A dult A dult

8 1.2 7 9

R t ibia L t ibia

M M

3 0 3 0

6 8.4) 6 3.1j

R t ibia

F

A dult

7 0

Eurycnemic

R t ibia

M

3 0

6 1.76

P latycnemic

R t ibia L t ibia

M M

2 5-30 2 5-30

6 5 6 5

a p air

M esocnemic M esocnemic

R t ibia L t ibia

? ?

A dult A dult

5 6.25 5 8.7

a p air

P latycnemic P latycnemic

a pair a p air

P latymeric P latymeric M esocnemic M esocnemic

R f emur

M

2 5-30

8 0.5

P latymeric

R f emur

M

A dult

7 2

P latymeric

R f emur

M

A dult

7 3.17

P latymeric

L f emur

M

A dult

7 6.9

P latymeric

L f emur

M

A dult

7 8 .4

P latymeric

L f emur

M

A dult

7 8 .5

P latymeric

L f emur

M

A dult

6 8 .9

P latymeric

L f emur

?

A dult

6 4.5

P latymeric

R t ibia

M

1 9

6 9.7

M esocnemic

R t ibia L t ibia

M M

A dult A dult

6 1.1 6 0.8

L t ibia

M

A dult

6 7.8

M esocnemic

L t ibia

F

A dult

7 0.6

E urycnemic

* Destroyed i n C 14 d ating

12

a pair

s ame b ody P latycnemic

M ethod - Femur - l ower b order l esser t rochnnter - maximum t ransverse d iameter of s haft a t r ight a ngles t o t he

l ong a xis of t he shaft,

a nd

t he s agittal

d iameter of t he s haft a t r ight a ngles t o t he a bove t ransverse d iameter. - T ibia - maximum t ransverse d iameter a t l ower border of t he nutrient f oramen a t r ight a ngles t o t he

l ong a xis of t he s haft,

a nd t he s agittal

d iameter a t r ight a ngles t o t he f oregoing. P latymeric Index w ith v alues a s P latymeric o r f lattened

f ollows:

x - 8 4.9%

Eurymeric or moderate

P latycnemic o r v ery f lat

8 5 - 9 9.9%

S ternomeric or rounded

P latycnemic I ndex w ith v alues a s

x - 6 2.9%

M esocnemic or m oderately 6 3 - 6 9.9%

1 00 - x%

f lat Eurycnemic or b road ( Krogman 1 978 ,

7 0 - x%

3 22-23)

S ummary of c ases of p latymeria s howing no crushing of b one o r pathology. A ge r ange 1 9-35 years or more.

4 8 bones w ere i n the p latymeric r ange a nd

o ne male a dult r ight f emur has been c ounted t hough, having a n i ndex o f 8 5.71,

i t w as j ust e urymeric

( L s ide m issing).

R s ide

L s ide

T otals

M ale

1 1

1 1

2 2

F emale

1 0

U nsexed

T otals

9

2

2 3

1 9

6

8

2 6

4 9

S ummary of c ases o f p latycnemia A ge r ange 1 9-30 y ears. R s ide P latycnemia

L s ide

U nknown

T otals 4

M ale

3

1

U nsexed

1

2

M esocnemia

M ale

5

4

9

Eurycnemia

M ale

1

1

2

F emale

4

2

6

U nsexed

1

T otals

T able

3 4

f ollows:

1

4

1

1 5

1 0

P latymeric a nd p latycnemic

13

i ndices

1

2 6

E piphyses m etatarsal A s

a t

b oth p roximal

c an

b e

a nd d istal

s een f rom t able

e xhibited t his p eculiarity;

3 5,

t wo o f

e nds o f

f irst

e ight b ones

m etacarpal

f rom

s ix

a nd

p ersons

t he b ones w ere m etacarpals a nd

s ix

w ere m etatarsals. A ll t he a bnormal d istal e piphyses w ere p resent b ut a ll o f t he p roximal e piphyses w ere m issing t hough t he p roximal e nd o f t he b one w as

t ypical

o f a n u nfused e piphysial

B one 1 13

s urface.

N otes

F irst m etacarpal

P

C hild a ge 4 -5 y ears

F irst m etacarpal

L

T eenager a ge 1 8-19 years ( Pairs w ith 1 27)

1 14

F irst m etatarsal F irst m etatarsal

C hild a bout 1 0 y ears. ( L s ide now m issing)

A pair

F irst m etacarpal

C hild a bout 1 2 y ears

1 25

F irst m etatarsal

T eenager 1 3-14 y ears

1 27

F irst m etatarsal

T eenager age 1 8-19 years ( Pairs w ith 1 13)

1 29

F irst m etacarpal

T able 3 5

P

I nfant a bout 1 2mo

E piphyses a t b oth p roximal p al a nd m etatarsal

T he

n ormal p roximal

a nd d istal

e piphysial

c entre

e nds o f

a ppears

f irst m etacar-

i n

t he

s econd

t o

t hird y ear a nd u nites w ith t he d iaphysis u sually b etween t he f ifteenth a nd n ineteenth y ears - f emale d evelopment i s e arlier t han t he m ale. F razer ( 1940, 1 18) p oints o ut t hat ' in a bout 6 % o f c ases t here i s a lso a s mall d istal e piphysis'. T his d istal e piphysis m ay b e o f t wo t ypes; f irst a n a bnormal c hondrification g iving r ise t o a m ushroom s haped p l ,ln-epiphysis ( Haines 1 974) a nd s econd a t rue e piphysis m ay f orm ( Wakeley e very

1 924).

W eddell

s ix m onths

d isappeared

( I

a bove).

f ound

H e

( 1939) X -rayed 1 00 c hildren a ged 4 -8

f or e ighteen m onths a nd f ound s uppose h e w as

r eferring t o

t hat n utritional

d ifference

t o

e piphysis

w as g enetic

t heir

t hat

t he

5 %

f irst

o r p athological

e piphyses

t ype

m entioned

c onditions m ade n o

d evelopment a nd c onsequently c onsidered t he i n o rigin .

s tates ' Growth s tudies o f 1 8 y ears, s uggested t hat

G ray's A natomy

( 1980 ,

o r g reat

t oe.

T he

d istal

3 76,

3 16)

t he p halanges o f 1 700 c hildren, a ged o ne t o t he p ollicial m etacarpal i s a p roximal

p halanx a s f irst s uggested b y V ersalius i n 1 543 m ay s till b e f or a p roximal e piphysis i s t hought t o g ive a dded m obility t humb

y ears

o f

d istal e piphysis m ay a ppear a s

f irst y ear a nd u nite w ith t he

s haft a ny

t ime f rom

1 4

t o

v alid ', t o t he

e arly a s

t he

2 1 y ears.

P athology D egenerative

d isease

D egenerative

d isease o f

t he

a s a c ommon c ondition ( table 3 6). i nterred a t I sbister w as 1 85. v ertebrae

e xcavated

a re

s pine

i n a dults

a t

o nce

s tands

o ut

T he m inimum t otal n umber o f a dults T he c ervical, t horacic a nd l umbar

d erived f rom 7 0 a dult b odies

o f

s howed d egenerative s pinal d isease o f o ne o r m ore o f t he c onditions: o steoarthritis ( ills 3 7 a nd 3 9), o steophytosis

14

w hich

3 3

f ollowing ( ill 3 8),

U ) •• • E -0

E

0 a • • • . .. 1

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C . 4 . , 4 -,

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c . 7 0 3

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X L. I

C I.

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a , -0

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C

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C • ,•

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U C I ) ( 4.

L . (0

C , .

c s -1 3 : 1

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0 0

c . ,-

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-I A •.

15

t l L

U

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•. 1 U A L

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O steoarthritis

0 3 CC

CC

O steoarthritis

-0

C CV

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R I •, I

O steoarthritis

-0

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O steoarthritis

4 1 0 . • .4

-0

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M I C _ . .0 W . 1,

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M etatarsal

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L O -0

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O steoarthritis

a 7 0_

O steoarthritis

L umbar V ertebrae O steophytosis

a , M I

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L 0 C C •. I

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i ntervertebral d issecans ( ill d isease t hough ( 20-50 y ears)

d isc 4 0).

l esions ( ills 3 5 a nd 3 6) a nd o steochondritis T hat i s, 4 7% o f t his p opulation h ad s pinal

t heir a verage a ge a t a nd, f or f emales,

d eath w as, 2 6.4 y ears

f or m ales, 2 8 .7 y ears ( 20-45 y ears). I t i s

o bvious t hat w orking w ith s uch d amaged m aterial b e t aken a s e xact b ut I s uggest t hey d o s how o ccurrence

o f

s pinal

a rthritis w as, o f

a bout

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h owever,

6 y ears

a t

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( ill 3 7)

a nd

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o r u nder 4 5 y ears

f ound i n t he

i n a c ervical s ame b one

o f

o f

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a ge.

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a c hild

t eenager o f

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e lsewhere

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j oint

3 5

o f

y ears

I sbister.

o f

t he

a ge

f oot

d oes

n ot

s how a n e qual

i ndividuals w here

i s

i nvolved;

r ib

j oint

f ragments a lso

i nvolvement;

t he

t wo o f

a nd m etatarsals w ere a

T hirteen

c osto-transverse

i n e ight

p revalence

f irst

t he

b ut

m etatarso-

i ndividuals w ere

r elatively

r are

f ind

a t

o f

t he

s how o steoarthritis

t his c ondition i s

n ow u nknown

i n

W estern E urope. T he r unning

o ld

O rcadian c ustom o f c arrying l oads b y a s trap

a cross

t he n eck a nd u nder t he

o pposite a rmpit

f ig 12) m ay b e r esponsible f or l ocalized o steoarthritis c ervical v ertebrae a nd c osto-transverse j oints o f t he r ibs. T rauma

o r

( Fenton

r ope 1 978,

o f

b oth

( table

3 7).

f racture O nly

f ive

e xamples

T here a lso e xisted, o ld h ealed e xist d ue t o

o f

h owever,

t rauma

f racture w ere n oted

a n umber o f r ib f ragments which s uggested

f ractures; t hese w ere n ot X -rayed a s d oubt t heir d amaged a nd w eathered c ondition.

c ould

s till

C ongenital a bnormalities S kull - c raniostenosis g iving r ise T he

c ondition

w as

f irst

d escribed b y V irchow

q uoted b y H ahn

( 1978,

i n

o f p recocious c losure b efore t he a ge o f

c hildhood

g iven a s

f ive p er o f

t he

s yostosis o f

u ncommon

i ts c ausation a t

1 969).

p resent.

s kull

s utures

i n g eneral

c losure

i s

B ennett

s uggests a p rimary f eature e ither

c ongenital

e arly a ges

i s

t hough a s eries o f

( genetic)

o r p ost-natal

n ot o bvious b ut

i t

i s

( 1967) g ives a ( 1978)

a nd

( 1980). a ged o n i s q uite

1 ,820 s kulls w ith

1 9%

t he

c ondition

o r a s econdary f eature

( acquired,

f actors)

o f

W hether

a s

i s n o s atisfac-

i n G ray 's Anatomy

r ecorded f rom H olland .

2 47)

i ncidence

s even y ears

T here

s ubject w hich i s a lso m entioned b y K rogman

i n t he B ritish I sles

p remature

t he

s kull

b ones a t

t hese

c ould i mply a f amily r elationship.

- O s J aponicum B rothwell

t wo

( Matson

T he

T he p resence o f s ix e xamples a t I sbister ( otherwise t eeth) m ust b e s een a s q uite u nusual ( table 3 8). I t

t heir

S kull

( 1851,

a nd c alled c raniosynostosis.

1 0,000 b irths

t ory e xplanation o f r eview

2 17)

t o d eformation

t o

t hree

( 1972,

3 9)

t imes p er

g ives

t his c ondition a s

1 ,000 s kulls.

18

u ncommon,

A t I sbister

t here

o ccurring w ere

t wo

0

. 1

O

•

CL

•. I

CO

c a

-C 2

4 ,

. ..I

C

C .-

C .-

CD

t ,

4 ..

0 0

4,

"0

' ID

a ,

i n

C C 6 , .=

4 1, . -1

E ( V 01

0 0_

C E

4 -,

•, ,

E

E

ier

4-,

. -i

CD

. .-. . . . .

. L . 11

en . . .

L

. .. 1

C ,

e r ,

. . 0

•• . I

C .-

•. . I

C

3

L.

0

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IL . 1

g i,

L.

0

c o

•. I

J-,

I

62

•• -.

• . .. I ‘ . . .

4 .,

L i-

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o

C.,

4-,

. 1 .-,

C .-

C

6

CV

,

0

. . E

CO

4-,

•• 1

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CO

C

7

C L,

CO

-

> .

-C 2

U

4 . + -C

( f ) 0

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44

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.-.

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03

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>

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6 .,

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a.

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C ._

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fa

3

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..r

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i6C

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cZ,

7

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. .

. ,

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L I

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.0

a ,

4 -,

cO

7

62 2

s u .— I

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• -•

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. i

ai

C.,

2

C r ,

( V

u )

CM

L

0

C-

0.

a ) 0.

0.

C

C

t il

C 4 . C 0

e u —.

c o . ..

e . ) e n •e.

CO

. 0)

a,

< 1 .,

6, >

U

,,

CA

(V

CO

•• ,

C C

- 0

0

E Cr )

Ri oi 2

4-, 62 U C6

C •" . e a E

C .,

CT . -g - C 4-,

7

C O I

L.

co

-C . -

0

U / •.

. 0

- 0

0

b f l 3 7 t a T e r c u r

L

o

.-,

0 - 0

a ,

n

7 0

CO U

c f)

c)

o v C t e V

. . . • , -

C O . t i , C , >

C 4 s

L C >

0

>. . . -

. .. 1

C . .1

.— ,

•

E

4 . 4. . 3

C n

3

. 1Z ,

( 4-

•• i

e..

•.

• . --. .

r i4

t o

0.

t o . =

c ,"

•. . I . r3

O • -. 4

7

-1 -,

4 -, •r -,1

3

. . ..

-0

0

4 -,

C

C r

L I- 2

•p I

0

2 --

C tO

( I)

0)

•• •

C2

17

«I

& I

-

•r I

C C,

to

- 0 •, . 1

( I)

CT

=

r n

0

. ...

-

•.4

. -. .

0

-

4 1 )

4 -

L.

0 0

rI

- C

0 E

6 ,

0 O u: E Q . : L N .

C C ! ) 0 E -" ' C f : ,

C

. C l )

0 4 =, C , , c o L f ) . . C ) C . ) . . 4 C l ) . 0 0 , 1 4 -, * . " . : 1 N C . ' 0 , . 4 0 C t C Z

N C I :

U )

a )

-4

P C c , E 1 , . _ . C T : ,

S • C D e . C t C C l :

a )

4 -, , — + 7 ' 0 C Z • . . -

• 1 , . , I i n , • i

b y c ontext

.

N

i n 1 958 f rom

m ale) 4 (adults a ll

f emale) 1 (adult

c : ;

' e

; • • C D. t i f c ? C C l ( 1 ) 4 -,

r I

r • ) C / ) ( 4 4

0

o

0

. I

L ,

U nstratified

0

• -

. . C D • — i c z E

F loor of SC 3

C o

( " )

U nder shelf of S T 5

0

C T ) , i

f loor of

C l )

4 ) • , i C n 0 C _ C I ) ' C C

3 c hildren)

1 2 (adults,

f acetting

e piphyses

t eenager

C raniostenosis v,3 rtebrae

( . 0

t f )

C . 0 I C \ . 1

1 31

` , ) ? , 1

C losure

o f

t omb

1 19

( BC 3 (a);

S T 4 ,

L 2)

( table

1 9)

1 20

( BC 3 (c);

S T 4 ,

L 2)

( table

2 0)

C onstruction o f N h ornwork a nd b acking 1 21

( BC

1 1(a);

L 10)

( table

2 1)

1 22

( BC

1 1(c);

L 10)

( table

2 1)

M egalithic 1 23

( BC

c ist

i nserted

1 1(b);

L 16)

i n h ornwork b acking

( table

2 2)

U nstratified a nd d isturbed c ontexts 1 24

( BC

1 0;

S T

1 25

( BC 9 ;

1 26

( BC

1 27

( BC 2 (a & b );

1 28

( BC

1 29

( BC 1 ;

S C

5 , 2 ,

2 (a-c);

2 (c);

L 11) L 13)

1 958

1 976

L 1)

( table ( table

S T

1 976 S C

1 , S T

1 )

( table

2 3) 2 4)

S T 2 , 1 ,

S C

S T 2 ,

( table

1 )

( table

2 5)

L 6)

( table

2 6)

2 7)

2 8) A cknowledgements

I

w ould

f ollowing c onnection t he

t o

t ake

o f

s taff o f

t he U niversity o f

r eport.

F irst

w ith

D epartment

S econd

t o

D rs

D iagnostic H ampson, o f

l ike

m embers

t his

R G G rainger,

R adiology.

U sher,

p aedic H ill

S urgery a nd P rof a nd

A rchaeology

M r f or

T C orns,

V B arnet,

B all

S tate

S tatistics

o f

i n E L N

C

H uman P athology; H uman

R A E lson,

B ioOrthoM iss A

P rehistory

D r E G lenn,

M uncie,

i n

a ll m embers

a nd P robability .

F inally,

U niversity ,

1 32

P H B urke,

P rof R G G R ussell, W J W S herrard,

b oth f rom t he D epartment

o f A merica.

i n

s pace.

P rof R B arer a nd P rof G

P rof L H enry,

t yping a nd p hotography.

p ology D epartment, S tates

N ext

M essrs.

t he

c onsultants

G T C raig a nd V T homas

F orensic P athology;

t o

f or h elp

e specially f or

R K L evick a nd B R oss

S chool.

P rof T D uckworth,

t hanks

S heffield

t o P rof K B ranigan a nd o thers

H uman B iology a nd Anatomy;

c hemistry;

t o e xpress

T hird t o P rofessors P B romley,

a nd C S S mith a lso M essrs

C rawford, A

o pportunity

o f P rehistory a nd A rchaeology,

t he U niversity D ental

P rof

t his

I ndiana,

a nd

AnthroUnited

C HAPTER

5

T HE A NIMAL B ONES G raeme'Barker w ith a c ontribution b y S heila S utherland T he

1 958

s ample o f t o

j ust

s pecies .

a nd

1 976

e xcavations a t

I sbister

r ecovered

1 ,000 f ragments,

o f w hich 7 57

c ould b e

A ll

t he m ain p arts o f

t he

r epresented

t omb a re

s ample e xcept t he e ntrance; a dditionally, a nimal b ones t he r edeposited n atural b ehind t he N h ornwork . T here w ere n ine m ain s ub—samples i n t erms c ame

o f

s tratification.

f rom b elow t he

f lag

t o

t he p eriod o f u se o f

o f

t he

s helf o f

S T 5 ,

work

( 137) w hich,

t he t he

t he

i n

t he

f rom a mong

r eliability

f oundation o f

t he

t omb

F our b elonging t o

t he

t omb c ame f rom t he d isturbed l ate

S Ts

a ccording

w ith

c ame

o f v ariable

t he

S T 5 ( 130).

i nfill

o f

S C

1a nd 2 a nd S C

f ound a mong t he m aterial

c ontemporary

t o

f aunal

i dentified

c ame f rom a mong t he f loor d eposits i n S Ts 3 , A f urther t hree s amples w hich m ight b elong

e xcavated a rea c omprising a lso

i n a ll,

O ne d atable

f loor o f

p eriod o f u se o f t he t omb 4 , 5a nd S C 3 ( 132-135).

w ere

a

o ver

t o

2 ,

a nd

l ayer o n t op

t he

1 ( 138-140).

f rom t he

p reviously A nimal b ones

i nfill b ehind t he N H orn—

t he r adiocarbon d ates, w as m ore o r l ess

m ain u se o f

t he

t omb.

I n

a ddition

t o

t he

m aterial f rom t hese n ine u nits a m icrofaunal d eposit w as c ollected b y s ieving p art o f t he f loor d eposit i n S T 3 ( 131). T he m icrofauna w ere i dentified t his

b y S heila S utherland,

d iscussion o f

( 136) was

s pecies w ere

o tter,

p ig,

r eport

f ollows a t

F inally,

f ound a mong t he u pper p art o f

E ight d og ,

w hose

t he a nimal b ones.

t he

t omb

r ed d eer,

s eal a nd

o f

i nfill.

i dentified i n t he m ain f aunal

r abbit,

t he e nd

a s olitary d og t ooth

s ample:

s heep/goat'.

c attle,

S heep a nd

g oat h ave t o b e t reated a s o ne s pecies i n t he i dentification o f m ost s pecimens, b ecause s mall f ragments c an r arely b e c lassified d efinitely a s i n

o f

o ne

t he

o r o ther o f c ase o f

t he

t wo s pecies.

s pecimens

i n t he

a nd h ence

t he m orphological

s eparating

T he

t he I sbister m aterial b y t he s heep/goat

s ample,

f or t hese

d ifficulty w as f requency

i mmature

t end t o b e p oorly f ormed

c riteria d escribed b y B oessneck

s heep a nd g oat b ones

c ompounded

o f

c annot b e a pplied t o

( 1969)

t hem .

f or

H owever,

a ll s even f used d istal h umeri i n t he s ample b elonged t o s heep r ather t han g oat a ccording t o B oessneck 's m orphological c riteria, a nd t wo d istal

m etacarpals f rom 1 32

b elonged t o

s heep a ccording

t o h is m ethod

o f m easurement ( the r atio o n t he p eripheral t rochlear s ection o f d orsovolar d iameter t o t he p arallel d iameter o f t he v erticillus).

t he T he

s heep

t he

i n h is

s ample h ad v alues

o ver 6 3

f or t his m easurement

a nd

g oats 6 3 o r b elow ( Boessneck 1 969, 3 5 : 5); t he t wo m etacarpals f rom I sbister b oth h ad v alues o f 6 8. T hus a t l east a ccording t o t hese f ew i ndicators

t he

l ikelihood

i s

t hat

t he I sbister

b elongs m ainly a nd p erhaps e ntirely T he T wo

q uestions

s ignificance I sbister.

t he F irst,

i ntegrity o f h ave

f aunal w hat

t o b e

t o

s heep.

t he

f aunal

' sheep/goat'

s ample

r esolved b efore w e c an

m aterial m ay h ave p roportion 1 33

o f

s ample

f or b urial

t he b ones

i s

c onsider p ractices t he

r esult

a ny a t o f

c ontemporary o r

l ater a nimal

a ctivity? S econd. u se o f t he t omb b y

a ctivity,

n atural

a gency,

o r

l ater h uman

i n t he c ase o f t hose a nimal b ones r elating t o t he n eolithic c ommunity , h ow r epresentative

t he a re

t hey o f t he o riginal f auna d eposited i n t he t omb - t o w hat e xtent t he s ample b een b iassed b y d ifferential f ragmentation b etween s laughter o f

t ombs,

t he a nimals a nd t he a nalysis o f

F aunal b ut

t he b one

h as t he

f ragments?

s amples a re known f rom s everal o f t he O rkney n eolithic t hese q uestions h ave o nly b een d iscussed i n d etail i n t he

c ase o f

t he m aterial f rom Q uanterness

1 979).

T he

Q uanterness

( Clutton-Brock

s ample c onsisted o f n ine

1 979;

s pecies;

R enfrew c at,

C

c attle,

d og, t he

f ox, h orse, o tter, p ig, r abbit a nd r ed d eer . I n h er a nalysis o f f auna C lutton-Brock p ointed o ut t hat r abbit a nd c at b ones ( found

o nly

i n o ne c hamber) w ere

a

f ox o r

o tter d en;

a lmost

d omestic

c ertainly i ntrusive,

f owl w ere a lso

t he p roducts o f

f ound o nly

i n t his

c on-

t ext, a nd t his p articular c hamber i s known t o h ave b een b roken i nto i n r ecent t imes ( Renfrew C 1 979, 1 53). C lutton-Brock a lso d iscussed t he p ossibility r epresent

t hat

t he c arnivore b ones e lsewhere

t he p resence o f p redatory o r

a t Q uanterness

s cavenging a nimals

m ight

( dog,

f ox,

o tter) l iving i n t he t omb, i n w hich c ase m any o f t he o ther b ones would r epresent t heir k ills r ather t han h uman a ctivities. H owever, s he c oncluded

t hat

t his w as

( Clutton-Brock s eparate

1 979,

s pecialist

u nlikely g iven t he a bsence

12),

a nd

i n h is

r eports o n t he a nimal

d iscussion

o f

g nawed

b one

i ntegrating ,

a nd b ird b ones,

t he

f ish r emains

a nd m icrofauna, R enfrew a lso c oncluded t hat ' apart f rom t he r odent b ones a nd t hose o f a f ew o f t he s mall b irds f ound i n t he t omb a s a r esult o f o wl a ctivity, t he b ones r ecovered r epresent t he r esults o f h uman a ction'

( ie

i n n eolithic

t imes)

( 1979,

1 56).

A t I sbister i t i s k nown t hat s ome a reas o f t he t omb w ere d isturb ed b y h uman a gencies b oth d uring a nd p rior t o t he e xcavation o f 1 958; s amples p ossible r est

o f

f rom t hese a reas m ust b e t o m ake a c ase f or a nimal t he

f rom t he

t omb.

t reated w ith c aution. I t i s a lso d isturbance i n a t l east p art o f t he

T he m icrofaunal

f loor o f

S T 3 ( p 1 49)

s ample

s tudied b y S heila S utherland

c ontained t wo r abbit m olars,

a nd

r abbit

i s a s pecies n ot p resent i n O rkney i n n eolithic t imes. A gain, t he s ample c onsisted p rimarily o f r emains o f f rogs ( over 1 00 s pecimens, f rom

a

m inimum o f a bout

t welve

M icrotus a rvalis o rcadensis i ndividuals). A mong t he t omb

w ere

t he

r emains o f

( including o nes t ion .

S mall

o ccasionally

o f

f ish ,

a t

i ndividuals)

s mall

l east

t he

O rkney

f ish a nd b ird a nd o ther

t hree

s hellfish ,

l ambs a ll

a nd o f

v ole

( over 1 ,000 s pecimens, f rom p erhaps f orty s ieved s ample t aken f rom t his p art o f t he

c rabs,

f orm t he

a nimal

b ones

l ambs) w ere r ecovered d uring e xcava-

d iet

o f

b irds, o tters

i n

r odents, r abbits a nd t his p art o f B ritain

ones o f o ne i ndivi( Harris 1 968, 7 3), a nd a s S T 3 a lso c ontained t he b e x i s t ed i n t h i s p art d ual o tter, i t m ight b e a rgued t hat a n o tter d en o f

t he

t omb .

H owever,

I b elieve

t hat,

i n f act,

s uch a nimals i s u nlikely t o b e a s erious f actor: f ew o tter b ones i n s everal d eposits i ncluding t he t he o f

f loor o f t he

b ones

t omb)

S T 5 ( rather s uggests

t han a s

s trongly

w ere p robably p laced i n

c ommunity s trongest

a nd

a re n ot

e vidence

t hat g nawed b one n oticeable t hat

a m ajor g roup

t hat,

t he

l arge

i n a r estricted

a s a t Q uanterness, o f a n o tter

s cale a nimal

t he

t he

d en .

p art o tter

n eolithic

P erhaps

d isturbance

i s v irtually n on-existent a t I sbister, t he f ragile l imb b ones o f t he l ambs i n 1 34

d isturbance b y

t he o ccurrence o f a s ealed l ayers b elow

t omb d eliberately b y

t here , b ecause

a gainst

m ajor

i s t he

a nd i t i s t he t omb

t he f act a lso h ave

i nvariably

s urvived c omplete

r abbit t eeth a re c learly u se b y o wls; n evertheless, b ones

must

b e

I ntrusions c annot b e r uled o ut

r elated t o t he u se o f

munity . T he r eports o n t he b ird, t his c onclusion. G iven

t he

- t he

l ater a nd t he v oles a nd f rogs m ay i ndicate i t r emains p robable t hat m ost o f t he a nimal

e xample a t

t he

t omb b y t he

f ish a nd p lant

Q uanterness

o f

t he

r emains a ll

s ingle

d og

s upport

s keleton

t hroughout

I l ooked f or d ifferent p arts

t he s ame k ind o f c orrelations b etween m aterial f rom o f t he t omb . H owever, i t b ecame c lear t hat t he b one

i n

e ach

s tall

( Glutton B rock

c om-

f ound s cattered

g roups

t he m ain c hamber

n eolithic

o r s ide c ompartment w ere m ore

o r

1 979,

l ess

1 16),

d iscrete

g roups . I n t he c ase o f t he s heep, f or e xample, n o m atching w as p ossib le b etween l eft a nd r ight s pecimens o f h umeri, r adii a nd m etacarpals f rom d ifferent p arts o f t he t omb, a lthough t here w ere o ccasional m atching p airs w ithin a p articular u nit. T he d iscrete n ature o f t he f aunal

s amples

f rom

i ndication t hat

t he d ifferent p arts o f

a nimal

G iven t his

t he

t omb

i s

d isturbance h as n ot b een a m ajor

c onclusion

i t

r emains

t o

a

f urther

f actor.

i nvestigate

t he n ature

a nd

e xtent o f t he s election a nd f ragmentation p rocesses t hat h ave a ffected t he f aunal s ample b etween t he s laughter o f t he a nimals a nd t oday. F our m ain s ition,

s tages o f b ias m ust n ormally b e c onsidered :

b urial a nd e xcavation .

b utchery,

P rimary a nd s econdary b utchery

d epo-

( joint-

i ng a c arcase, s plitting b ones t o e xtract m arrow , r emoving h orn p articular b ones f or m anufacturing t ools) c an c learly r esult i n d ifferential e r ,

s urvival o f d ifferent p arts o f

h owever,

s ented

a ll

( table

e vidence r 2 ,1 ithic

t he m ain p arts o f

4 8),

t he

t he b ody a re

s keleton.

A t

I sbist-

u nusually w ell

c omplete b ones a re v ery c ommon,

o r t he

a nd t here

r eprei s

n o

o f c hopping - t he b ones a re f ar l ess f ragmented t han o n m ost d omestic s ites. T he i mpression i s o f l imited p rimary b ut-

c hery - b asic l imb s eparation o f t he a nimal c arcases d eposited i n t he t omb ; f urthermore, t he l ack o f s urface c ut m arks o n t he j oint a rticul ations m akes i t u nlikely t hat t he m eat w as f leshed o ff b efore t he b ones w ere b uried i n t he t omb. A s t he m ortality d ata d iscussed i n t he n ext s ection s how , c onsiderable s election t ook p lace i n t he c hoice o f a nimals f or t he t omb, b ut i t s eems c lear t hat t he f aunal s ample r esult ing f rom t heir s laughter h as n ot b een b iassed s ignificantly b y i ntens ive b utchery. The

n ext

s tage o f b ias

o ccurs

a t

t he

t ime

o f

t he

d eposition

o f

t he b ones o r b one f ragments i n t he g round . B ones b uried r apidly a re b etter p rotected a gainst t he r avages o f w eather a nd s cavengers t han b ones l eft l ying a round i n t he o pen. T hus a t t he b ronze a ge s ettlem ent

o f

T hwing

i n Y orkshire,

t he

f aunal

e ntirely d i fferent s orts o f m aterial: b ones buried r apidly i n r ubbish p its,

a nalysis

r ecognised

w ell p reserved c ollections a r id m assively e roded g roups

t wo o f o f

b ones t hat h ad b een l eft l ying a round t he s ettlement a nd, a s a r esult, h ad b een a ttacked b y s cavenging d ogs a nd t he w eather ( Mounteney 1 981). I n t he

t hird s tage,

t ion,

s oil

t he b urial

a cidity c an a lso

p articular b ones

p rocess b etween d eposition a nd e xcava-

r esult

o r p arts o f b ones

i n t he d ifferential I n f act b oth o f

t hese

s urvival s tages

o f t end

t o f avour t he s urvival o f t he o lder h arder b ones o f m ature a nimals. T hus t he d ominance o f i mmature c attle a nd s heep a t I sbister ( according t o t he s oil

t he m ortality d ata d iscussed i n t he n ext s ection), t ogether i ntact s urfaces o f a ll t he b one, s uggest s trongly n ot o nly c onditions w ithin t he

t omb w ere v ery f avourable 1 35

t o b one

w ith t hat

s urvival

( and

t hat

l osses f rom s oil

c onditions a re

t herefore

l ikely

t o b e

v ery

s mall), b ut a lso t hat t he b ones w ere b uried q uite r apidly a nd w ere n ormally a ccessible t o s cavenging a nimals a nd t he w eather. T he m al

f inal

s tage

e xcavation

o f b ias

o ccurs

a t

t he t ime

o f

e xcavation:

b y h and t rowelling w ithout s ieving c an

b ones, e specially o f t he s maller a nimals l ike s heep, l arger b ones o f t he l arger a nimals l ike c attle ( Payne c ase

o f

f aunal m ains

I sbister,

s ieving w as n ot

u sed f or

t he

m iss

n ot

n ors maller

i n f avour o f 1 972). I n

r ecovery o f m ost

o f

t he t he t he

s ample, a nd t he e normous n umbers o f f ish a nd m icrofaunal r ef rom t he s ieved d eposit c learly i mply t he l oss o f e quivalent

d ata f rom e lsewhere s mall s pecimens o f c ates

t hat

t he c ase

i n t he t omb . H owever, t he o ccurrence o f m any v ery s heep s uch a s i ndividual c arpals a nd t arsals i ndi-

r ecovery b ias

o f

t he a nimal

T hese

a rguments

i s n ot a m ajor p roblem t o b e

c onsidered

i n

r emains. a bout

t he n ature a nd

i ntegrity o f

t he

f aunal

s ample f rom I sbister c an b e s ummarised a s f ollows: f irst, t he s ample i s p rimarily t he r esult o f h uman a ctivity a ssociated w ith t he n eol ithic b urials;

s econd,

r ites;

t he

t hird,

b urial

o f

t he

s elected a nimals w ere s laughtered

t ime b etween t he

c arcase p arts w as

s laughter o f

q uite

s hort;

f or t he

t omb

t he a nimal a nd

t he

f ourth,

t he

c arcases w ere

t aken a part b ut w ere n ot b utchered i ntensively, a nd p robably t he m eat w as l eft o n t he b one; f ifth, t he g roups o f b ones f ound t oday i n m ost o f

t he v arious

s talls a nd s ide c ells w ere p robably p laced

t here

o rigi-

n ally a nd h ave n ot b een m assively d isturbed d uring o r a fter n eolithic t imes; f inally m uch o f w hat w as b uried h as p robably s urvived m ore o r l ess i ntact, a nd m ost o f w hat s urvived h as p robably b een r ecovered . O n

t he b asis

o f

t he

p osited b ackfill

s ame t imespan a s d itteLent c ontexts a s

r adiocarbon d ates

t he b ones

f ound a mong t he

b ehind t he N h ornwork a re c onsidered t o t hose f rom t he t omb a nd t he b ones ( which a re c onsidered t o b e i n s itu)

b elong

r edet o

t he

f rom a ll t he m ay b e t reated

a b roadly c ontemporary n eolithic c ollection. T he A s

d iscussed a bove,

c luded

f rom

s ample

c an b e

t ive

t he

4 6

t he

t wo r abbit

s ample a s

t eeth c an c ertainly b e

i nstrusive ,

b ut

t he

o ther

s even s pecies

t hree c alculations.

f ragments

( and u nits

t he

i s

i dentified I n t he

l isted f or e ach s pecies

e xpressed a s a p ercentage o f t he t otal. o f t he t able g ive t he m inimum n umber o f

s ample n ine

o f

a ccording t o

i ndividual n umber p arts

f aunal

I sbister

r est

r egarded a s n eolithic w ith s ome c onfidence.

i mportance

t able

f auna a t

t he p ercentages a gain), i n

t he

i s

f irst,

e x-

o f T he

t he r ela-

i ndicated

i n

t he n umber o f

t ogether

w ith

t his

T he s econd a nd t hird i ndividuals i n t he

l umping t he m aterials

f irst c alculation a nd t reating

t he

f rom n ine

a ll u nits

s eparately i n t he s econd. ( Thus t wo l eft h umeri a nd o ne r ight h umerus i n u nit A a nd o ne l eft h umerus a nd t wo r ight h umeri i n u nit B would a dd

u p

t o

f our

s amples, b ut w ith t otals

i ndividual

a rgued

i n

u nits

c an p robably b e

u nlikely e rent

t he p receding t hat

p arts o f

a nimals

t reating t he

t wo u nits

t o t hree i ndividuals i f t he u nits a re o f t hree l eft a nd t hree r ight h umeri).

p arts t he

A ccording t o

s ection,

t he

t reated m ore

o f o ne

o r

f aunal m aterial

d iscrete

f rom t he v arious

l ess s eparately,

i ndividual a nimal a re

a s

l umped t ogether, I n f act, a s I a s

i t

s eems

d istributed i n d iff-

t omb. t he

s imple

c ount 1 36

o f

i dentifiable

f ragments,

c attle

1

2

— Cattle

4 6

6 4.4

1

--

1 6

40.0

1 5

26.3

0 .1

1

2 .5

1

1 .7

O tter

2 1

2 .7

4

1 0.0

8

1 4.0

L IZ

1 7

2 .2

1

2 .5

3

5 .3

R ed d eer

23

3 .0

1

2 .5

3

5 .3

0 .1

1

2 .5

1

1 .7

S eal

T able

—

4 88

2 2z

3

1

S heep

2 06

T otal

757

T he 1 )

27.2

1 6

40.0

26

4 0

5 7

a nimal b ones: f requency o f t he n umbers o f i dentifiable

2 )

t he

3 )

w hole, a nd t he m inimum n umber o f

m inimum n umber o f

4 5.7

s pecies a ccording t o f ragments,

i ndividuals

f or t he

s ample

i ndividuals w ith t he u nits

a s

a

t reated

s eparately

d ominate t otal,

t he a nd

I sbister s ample,

g ether c omprising o f

m aking u p a lmost

s heep m ake u p o ver a q uarter, l ess

t han 1 0% o f t he

t wo

t hirds

w ith t he o ther

t otal.

o f

t he

s pecies

t o-

T he c alculation o f

t he

n umber o f i ndividuals f or t he s ample a s a w hole h as t he e ffect l essening t he i mportance o f c attle a nd i ncreasing t he i mportance o f

s heep, a t rend w hich i s i ncreased e ven m ore w hen t he u nits a re t reated s eparately, r esulting i n t he s heep s ample m aking u p a lmost a h alf o f t he

t otal a nd t he c attle j ust o ver a q uarter.

i ndividuals' i mportance t heir

c alculation

o f t he m inor s pecies

t otal

( fragments)

f requency r ises

( individuals

T he

h as t he e ffect i n a f aunal

t hrough t he

t o 2 0% ( individuals t he

i mportance

' minimum n umber o f o f

s ample,

i ncreasing a nd a t

t hree c alculations

i n t he s ample a s a w hole)

i n t he s ample a s s eparate u nits).

e xaggerates s ingle

a lways

b ut

e lements

t he n umber o f

T he d etailed i dentifications o f n umber t ions

a re o f

a nd

c ertainly

l isted

i n t able 4 7.

r ibs a nd v ertebrae t he t oo

i t

i s

t he

( like

t he i n

i ndicator

o f

t he

s even s pecies r epresented a t

The

a sterisks

l isted f or c attle

s ignify

f rom t he

r edeposited n atural b ehind t he N l ow ;

8 .4%

i ndividuals

d ifferent p arts o f t he t o l i lb r emains a m ore r eliable s pecies f requency t han t he t wo o ther c alculations.

I sbister

f rom

a nd t o 2 8.3%

T he m ethod c ertainly

o f o bviously m inor

s pecimens o f d ogs a nd s eal),

t he

I sbister

t hat

1 958

h ornwork

i s

t he

e xcavaa lmost

s ame w ith s heep r ibs a nd v ertebrae

f rom

t he m aterial b ehind t he N h ornwork . T here t he

s amples

n ot b e

w ere m any m ore

s mall

f ragments o f

t hat p robably b elonged

i dentified w ith c ertainty

r ibs a nd

v ertebrae

( over 5 0 p ossible c attle b ones

1 37

i n

t o c attle a nd s heep b ut w hich c ould i n

1 40

_ 1 30

1 32

1 33

1 34

1 35

1 36

1 37

1 38

1 39

1 40

C attle

1 3

M andible 4

8

2 6 1

S capula

2 6

7

1

H umerus

8

2 5

1

1 3

R adius

7

4

U lna P elvis F emur 1

1

1

C arpal/Tarsal

P halange R ib

2

4

V ertebra

1

1

1

5

2 2

9

3 1

2 3

5

2 9

3

2 6

6

1 0

2

1 2

4 0

2

4 3 4

4

1

2 0

4

4

M etacarpal

3 7

2 2

3

C alcaneum A stragalus

M etatarsal

5

4

T ooth

T ibia

1 3

5

M axilla S kull

T otals ,

•

5

1 5

1

8 6*

2

5 *

9

7 4*

1

1 7*

9 5

1 6

4 88 D og --

T

1

T ooth

O tter M andible

4

1

3

7 1

1

1

T ooth

1

1

H umerus

1

2

3

U lna

1

1

2

F emur

2

T ibia

3

2 3

C alcaneum

1

1

P halange

1

1

V ertebra

3

3

7

P ic M axilla

1

1

S kull

5

5

T ooth

5

5 1

1

H umerus

1

U lna T ibia

2

M etacarpal

1

1 1

P halange

1 2 1 1 7

1 38

. 1 30

1 32

1 33

1 34

1 35

1 36

. 1 37

1 38

1 39

1 40

T otals

R ed d eer M andible

1

S kull

1

1

1

T ooth

1

S capula

1

1

P elvis

1

1

T ibia

1 1

P halange

1

3

V ertebra

9

4

1 4 1 3 2 3

_S ea l H u merus

1

1

2

5

S heep M andible

2

M axilla

1

S kull

1

1

1

T ooth

3 1

2

1

S capula H umerus

2

1

3

R adius

3

4

2

3

2 1

5

9

3

1

1

1

2

2

3

7

U lna

1 6

1

4

1

2

1 9

1

4

2 1

2

1 0

2

P elvis

1

F emur

2

1 ..:a

1

1

1

2

4

2

5

C alcareun 1

A stragalus C arpal/Tarsal

5

M etacarpal

5

2

4 7

1

3

3

1

1 7

2

3

1 8

1

2

1

4

1

1

3

6

2 2

M etatarsal

1

2

2

P halange

2

5

1

R ib

3

3

V ertebra

2

4

1

4

2

2

1

1

2

7

5

2 2

2

1

3

1 4

5

1 4

3 *

9

2 *

5

2 06

T able

4 7

T abulated i dentification o f

a nd a lmost i n 1 37). t inct

t he a nimal b ones b y

c ontext

1 00 p ossible c attle b ones a nd a bout 4 0 p ossible s heep b ones O ne n otable f eature o f t he t able i s t here s eem t o b e d is—

d ifferences

i n

t he

r epresentat{on o f

t he

d ifferent

( particularly o f t he t wo m ain s pecies) i n d ifferent a reas. c ular, s heep b ones a re m uch m ore c ommon t han c attle b ones w ithin

t he

t omb

w hile c attle b ones p redominate o ver

s pecies

I n p arti— i n c ontexts

s heep

i n

t he

r edeposited n atural b ehind t he N h ornwork. T he

i dentified b ones

l isted f or e ach s pecies

b een c onverted i nto t he p ercentage r epresentation o f t he

b ody

i n t able 4 8.

T he

s ingle

1 39

i n t able

4 7

h ave

t he m ain p arts o f

s eal h umerus a nd t he

s ingle

d og

h ead

T able

f ore-

h ind-

l ower-

l imb

l imb

l imb

t runk

s ample s ize

Cattle

1 0.7

1 4.3

1 7.6

1 7.6

3 9.8

4 88

O tter

2 6.7

2 1.7

2 1.7

8 .7

2 1.8

23

Eig

6 4.7

1 1.8

1 1.8

1 1.8

R ed d eer

1 3.0

4 .3

8 .7

1 7.4

5 6.5

23

, Sheep

1 3.6

2 2.3

2 1.8

3 1.1

1 1.2

2 06

4 8

T he a nimal b ones:

-

1 7

s keletal r epresentation f or e ach s pecies

( 7 0) t ooth

h ave b een o mitted.

T he

d ivision o f s keletal p arts

i s a s

f ol-

l ows: h ead mandible, m axilla, s kull f ragment, t ooth; f ore-limb s capula, h umerus, r adius, u lna; h ind-limb - p elvis, f emur, t ibia; l ower l imb/ f oot - c alcaneum, a stragalus, c arpal, t arsal, m etacarpal, m etatarsal, p halange; t runk - r ib, v ertebrae. T he t hree m inor s pecies a re

r epresented

b y s uch s mall s amples t hat t he v ariations c annot

b e

t reated a s s ignificant, b ut t here a re q uite m arked d ifferences b etween t he c attle a nd s heep s amples, p articularly i n t he p roportion o f r ibs a nd v ertebrae;

a nd,

e ven

i f t he

' probable'

m entioned a bove a re a dded t o t he 3 9.8%

f or

c attle

c attle

a nd

a nd

T he

a nd

t he

l isted

s tages

j ust

e rupted;

f rom

t o

5 4%

s o , t he o verall d ifference

i n

s keletal

o f

s tage

s tage

f rom l ong b one

i n t ables

f or

f usion

f usion a nd e ruption a re

2 - M l,

5 - M 3

t he

D 3;

t aken

s pecies w ere a s

s tage

i n w ear,

a nd

t ooth

4 9 a nd 5 0 f or c attle a nd s heep

t ooth w ear a re a dapted f rom

T he d entition s tages u sed f or a ll - D 3 w ithout M l;

i ncrease

( as i n t able 4 8)

d ata a vailable

a nd w ear a re

T he a ges o f ( 1969)

r ib a nd v ertebrae s pecimens

t he p ercentages

r emains.

m ortality

e ruption

1 1.2% f or s heep

2 5.8% f or s heep,

r epresentation s till

s ample,

3 -M 2,

f rom

S ilver

G rant

( 1975).

f ollows:

M l,

D 3;

s tage

1

s tage 4 - M 3

b etween s tages a a nd

e o f G rant

s

s equence; s tage 6 - M 3, b etween s tages f a nd h o f G rant's s equence ( there w ere n o c attle p ig o r s heep t eeth o lder t han s tage h ). T he a ges g iven

i n t he

t ables a re a ll

f or m odern i mproved s tock,

u sually a ssumed t hat p rehistoric a ges T he

c ould w ell b e

s tock m atured a t

t oo y oung b y a f actor o f

s lower

t ion

l ess

c lear.

D eaths a t

b ut

s tage

5 i n

w ere

t he s ingle p robably

p lus

a t

s ign i n t he

l east

t ables),

s everal m onths

l ater

( hence

d enti-

t he a ge g iven

d eaths a t s tage 6 t he

d ouble

F usion d ata,

t ime o f ( fused)

d eath , s imply t he i nformation t hat a s pecimen was o lder o r y ounger t han ( unfused) t he p articular a ge a t w hich

e piphysis a a n

f uses

h umerus

o f

t o

t he

a nimal

p roximal a nimal w hilst

o lder h umerus

t han

o f

f uses

t hat a t

i n a n a rchaeological t hat

2 0 m onths,

s pecimens

i n m odern

t hus g ive

1 40

o f 3 6/42 m onths)

1 0 m onths

s tock,

c ollection c ould b e

d ate b y m onths o r y ears, o r

l ittle c lear

p lus

i ndication o f

p articular b one t ype - t hus

c 6 /10 m onths

( with a f usion a ge

o f 3 0 m onths, i ndividual

s haft

a s heep

f used d istal h umerus

r arely p rovide a p recise

d ates

t he

s ign).

d istal

t oo,

w hereas

i s t he

l east.

a bsolute

s equence p robably t ook P lace w ithin a f ew m onths o f

( hence

i t s o

s everal m onths a t

t ooth e ruption d ates a re r elatively p recise,

f or t ooth w ear a re m uch

b ut

r ates,

a nd

a n

t he t han t he t he b ut f rom

u nfused

c ould b e f rom a n

w hatever.

H owever,

i nformation ,

c umu-

l atively t he f usion s laughter p attern. T he 1

d ata o ften p rovide a r easonable

f our f usion s tages

f or c attle

( table

4 9) w ere

g uide

t o

t he

e stablished a s

L ong bone f usion 1 32

1 34

1 37

1 39

1 40

T otal

age i n months

N F

F

N F

F

N F

F

N F

F

N F

F

N F

F

, stage 1

7 -18

0

0

0

0

2 2

8

1

0

7

1

3 0

9

stage 2

2 4-36

0

0

2

0

2 3

0

0

0

3

0

2 8

0

stage 3

3 6-42

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

3

0

stage 4

42-48

1

0

0

0

1

0

0

2

T ooth e ruption a nd w ear

3 4 0

1 1

6

1

5 2

1 37 a ge i n months

T able

4 9

T he

s tage 1

6

s tage 2

6 +,

a nimal

3 15/18

b ones:

7

c attle

m ortality

d entition s tages a dapted f rom S ilver

f ollows: p halange, d istal

1 p roximal

s tage

t ibia

d ata

( fusion

a nd

( 1969))

d istal h umerus, p roximal r adius, p roximal f irst s econd p halange; s tage 2 - d istal m etacarpal,

d istal m etatarsal;

s tage 3 - c alcaneum t uber

c alcis;

s tage 4 - p roximal h umerus, d istal r adius, p roximal u lna, p roximal f emur , d istal f emur , p roximal t ibia . T he m ajor g roup o f a geing d ata o f c ourse c omes f rom t he t wo l argest c attle s amples ( from t he a rea e xplored i n 1 958 a nd f rom t he r edeposited n atural b ehind t he N h ornw ork) a nd t he p attern o f c attle d eaths i s v ery s imilar i n t hese; m ost s pecimens a t s tage I w ere u nfused, a ll s pecimens a t s tages 2 a nd 3 , a nd j ust

t wo s pecimens w ere

C learly

m ost

m onths y ears

o ld, o ld .

c attle

f used a t

s tage

i n t he I sbister

4 c ompared w ith 5 2 u nfused .

t omb d ied b efore

t hey

w ere

1 8

a nd o nly v ery r arely w ere a nimals k illed m ore

t han

T he d entition e vidence

h ornwork)

c onfirmed

t his p attern o f

t he

s pecimens

( probably f rom t he

( all f rom b ehind t he N

s election o f v ery y oung a nimals; s ame

i ndividual) w ere u nder

s ix

t wo t hree

m onths,

a nd t he o ther s even d ateable s pecimens ( a m inimum o f f our i ndividuals) w ere a ll o f a nimals k illed b etween a bout s ix a nd 1 8 m onths a ccording t o t he m odern e ruption d eliberately t han

w hat

i s

o n i ntensive T he

f igures.

C learly

s electing v ery y oung c attle

t he n eolithic f or

n ow c onsidered t he e conomic a ge f eeding r egimes,

f usion d ata

f or

a t a bout

t he

f or k illing b eef

w as

y ounger r aised

t wo y ears o ld .

s heep w ere g rouped i nto

1 41

c ommunity

t omb - m uch

t hree

s tages:

s tage

0 2

1

d istal

p halange, t arsal

h umerus p roximal

d istal

p roximal

r adius;

s econd p halange,

t ibia;

s tage

2

- p roximal

d istal m etacarpal,

s tage 3 - p roximal u lna,

f irst

d istal m eta-

p roximal

f emur,

c al-

c aneum t uber c alcis, p roximal h umerus, d istal r adius, d istal f emur, p roximal t ibia . T here i s a c onsistent p attern o f s laughter i n t he m aterial n atural

f rom a ll t he d ifferent p arts o f t he t omb a nd t he r edeposited b ehind t he N h ornwork : m ost a nimals w ere k illed i n o r s oon

a fter

t he

t oo,

t hree

f irst y ear

( table

i ndividuals

f ew w eeks o f b irth, 1 40

b eing

y ear , f ore,

t he

y earlings r ams,

a nother

o ver

j ust

f or

t he

o r w ethers

i ndividuals

d ied i n t he

o ld).

A s

a nd p robably w ithin a

( the

o f

r ather

s pecimens

o f

( There w ere

i n t he c ase

c ommunity w as d eliberately

t omb,

t hree

s econd h alf

o ver a y ear o ld.

t wo y ears

n eolithic

A ccording t o t he d entition e vidence,

t hree

f rom o ne a nimal)

a nd t wo w ere

s pecimens,

5 0).

d ied w ithin a f ew m onths

t heir

i n

f irst

a lso t wo m ature

t he

c attle,

s electing

t here-

l ambs

o r

t han k illing o ff o lder b reeding e wes o r

( castrated m ales) k ept t wo o r

t hree

s easons f or

t heir

w ool. 1

L ong bone f usion a ge i n m onths

1 32 N F F

, stage 1

6 -10

s tage 2 s tage 3

T able

5 0

1 33 N F F

1 34 N F F

1 35 N F F

1 37 N F F

1 39 N F F

2 1 2

0 5

4 2

7 0

0 1

0 1

33

1 6 2 4

1 3-28

7

2

00

70

80

00

10

50

28

2

3 6-42

4

2

1 0

1 0 0

4 0

1 1

1 1

50

26

4

2

T ooth e ruption a nd w ear

a ge i n m onths

1 32

1 33

1 34

1 40

s tage 1

-3/5

1

0

2

0

s tage 2

3 /5+,-9/12

1

0

1

3

s tage

9 /12+,-18/24

1

1

1

0

s tage 4

c 1 8/24 _

0 .

1

0

0

s tage 5

1 8/24+

0

0

0

0

s tage 6

1 8/24++

0

1

0

0

3

T he a nimal

b ones:

4

s heep/goat:mortality d ata

a dapted f rom S ilver(1969), d entition s tages G rant ( 1975) a nd S ilver ( 1969)

r ather s helf

1 40 'Total N F F N F F

( fusion

s tages

a dapted

T he m ortality d ata a vailable f or p ig, o tter a nd r ed d eer l imited T he p ig f usion s ample c onsisted o f, o n t op o f i n

p halange

S T 5 ( 138), ( stage

1 ),

a f used d istal h umerus

a nd a n u nfused d istal

1 42

a nd

a n

u nfused

f rom

a re t he f irst

t ibia a nd a n u nfused d istal

m etacarpal

( stage

2 )

f rom t he

r edeposited m aterial b ehind

t he N h orn—

work ( 137). T he d entition d ata, a ll f rom t he r edeposited n atural b ehind —7 1 T e Nh ornwork, c onsisted o f o ne s pecimen k illed i n t he f irst s ix m onths, t hree i n t he s econd s ix m onths ( probably t wo i ndividuals), a nd t wo i n t heir s econd y ear. T oday p igs c an b e f attened a nd k illed i n u nder a y ear b ut i t o ften t ook a c ouple o f y ears a t l east t o g et p igs t o a r easonable k illing w eight a t m any p rehistoric s ettlements i n E urope

( Barker

1 975;

H arcourt

1 979).

C learly

t he p igs

s elected

c onnection w ith t he t omb a nd i ts i mmediate s urroundings w ere, c attle a nd s heep, e specially y oung a nimals. V irtually a ll

t he o tter b ones,

T he r ed d eer d ata w ere t wo

i mmature

p halange)

s pecimens

( 132).

t oo, w ere

l ess c lear .

t wo

o n t he

T he

f used s pecimens

t ibia a nd a f irst p halange) ( 133), f rom b ehind t he N h ornwork ( 137).

S T 3 ( a p elvis

o n t he

i n t he

f rom i mmature a nimals.

f usion e vidence

f loor o f

l ike

f loor o f

c onsisted a nd

a

o f

s econd

S T 4 ( a

d istal

a nd a s ingle u nworn t hird p remolar T he o verriding i mpression f rom a ll

t he s pecies t ogether, h owever, i s t hat v ery y oung a nimals w ere s elected f rom t he n ormal b reeding p opulations i n c onnection w ith t he t omb. T hus I sbister

f ar

I

r elates

c ontemporary u sing t he

o r

h ave t o

l ater

a rgued t hat m ost

f unerary

d isturbance,

a nd t hat

t omb w as s electing y oung a nimals

s heep a nd c attle, b ut a lso p igs, s urvival o f t he b ones i ndicates m ajor

j oints,

b ones b eing m eat.

o f

t he n eolithic

T he

b ut w ere

r arely

o f

o f

f aunal

a t

t han

t o

t he n eolithic p opulation s everal

t hen b utchered f urther,

a ny e vidence

s amp : ' _e

r ather

s pecies — m ostly

o tters a nd r ed d eer. t hat t he c arcases w ere

s mashed f or m arrow e xtraction, a bsence

t he r ites

o r e ven

T he c ut

w ith

s tate o f u p i nto

i ndividual

s tripped o f

t heir

f or b utchery a nd b urning

s urely

i Tplies t hat t he f aunal s ample i s d erived f rom f unerary o fferings p la ,2 w ith o r a mong t he d ead r ather t han f ood r efuse f rom m eals e aten b y t he l iving . F urthermore, w hilst n o a rticulated l imbs w ere n oted d uring e xcavation, t he o ccurrence o f s heep c arpals, t arsals, m eta— p odials a nd p halanges i n s ome c ontexts s uggests t hat t he l imb e xtrem— i ties a t l east, w ere p laced i n t he t omb c omplete, a nd t he r epeated a ssociations c ontexts

o f h umeri

a lso

i mply

l imbs were a lso p laced A r ather h as b een

s imilar

a nd r adii, t hat

a nd o f f emora a nd t ibiae,

t he m ain m eat—bearing b ones

i n t he r ange

o f

a nimals s ites

s ites s tudied b y P latt

p rincipally o f 1 937a; 1 937b).

c attle, S o t oo

s ettlements

t he K nap o f H owar,

f aunas p resent

o f

d ominated

b y

( though

t he

i n s everal t he

u pper

t omb c omplete.

f ound a t o ther n eolithic

f ive b urial

o f

t o

t hat

i dentified a t

i n O rkney

( table

f or e xample,

t he

I sbister

5 1).

f aunas

I n

t he

c onsisted

r ed d eer a nd s heep ( Platt 1 934; 1 935; 1 936; t he e arly e xcavations o f t he t hree n eolithic

c attle a nd l atter n ot

R inyo a nd S kara B rae a ll s heep,

a t

w ith r ed d eer a nd

R inyo).

B one

r ecovery

r eported p ig a t

a lso t hese

s ites was c learly n ot v ery s ophisticated a nd t his h as b een u nderlined b y t he r esults o f s ieving a t t he r ecent e xcavations a t t he K nap o f H owar B rae

t ure

P apa W estray ( Ritchie, ( Clarke I t

i s

i n

t he

A a nd R itchie,

J N G 1 978,

4 0)

a nd S kara

o r

i ntermix—

1 976). d ifficult f aunal

K nowe o f Y arso,

t o t ell

t he e xtent

s amples f rom t he

f or e xample,

t ombs

o f d isturbance

s tudied b y P latt.

s he c ommented t hat

1 43

I n

t he

' though o f n o p rehis-

R ed D eer

4 3 . p m

( 1 )

4 . )

P

m

c t S

S ource

B lackhammer C alf of Eday

?

I sbister

X

K nowe of R amsay

x

K nowe of Yarso

x

M idhowe

X

Q uanterness

x

X

R inyo

x

S kara B rae

X

S tones of S tenness

x

5 1

x

x

x

x

x

x x

X

H owar

T able

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

P latt 1 937a

?

P latt 1 937b

X

X

x

P latt 1 936

X

x

P latt 1 935

x

x

P latt 1 934

x

x

X

X

Clutton-Brock 1 979,Renfrew C 197 5 .

x

X

P latt 1 937c, R itchie,

x

x

C hilde and G rant 1 939

x

X

W atson 1 931

x

C lutton-Brock 1 976

x

T he a nimal b ones: f auna r eported a t O rcadian s ites. ( x - r eported; X - r eported a s c ommon)

t oric v alue b y a s mall b ones o f M idhowe,

i t

i s

i nteresting

t o n ote

t hat

A 1 975

n eolithic

s ome b ones h ad b een g nawed

r odent, p ossibly t he O rkney v ole' ( 1935, 3 42). N umerous t he O rkney v ole w ere f ound i n a s mall c luster i n C ell 7 o f t ogether w ith t he

s kull

o f

a c row ( Platt

1 934,

3 49),

a nd a

d eposit

o f b ird p ellets a nd t he a ssociated b irds w as

f ound

v ations

a t

C learly i t would

p robably b e w ere

n ot

t he C alf o f E day u nwise

t o e xclude

r ecognised a nd t he

( Platt

1 937b,

1 52-3).

t he p ossibility t hat f aunal m aterial

d isturbed

t reated a s

i n

e xca-

d eposits

s ecurely

n eo-

l ithic

O rkney

N evertheless, m uch o f t he v ariation t hat c an b e s een i n t he t omb f aunas c annot b e e xplained a way b y d ifferential d egrees o f

r ecovery . I n p articular, t here s eems i n t he p roportions o f t he m ain s pecies,

t o b e s ome i n t he a ge

p erhaps i n t he d egree o f b utchery a nd b urning. p redominated a t B lackhammer, c attle a t M idhowe, K nowe

o f

m inimum o f

R amsay a nd o f

c attle

( Platt a lmost

2 0 a dult

a nd

r ed d eer,

1 937a, a ll

o f

a ll

3 07-8). t hem w ere

i mmature a nimals n umerous

t he K nowe o f Y arso. a nd f our i mmature

( Platt

s pecies a t

1 934

b oth

A t B lackhammer

r epresented b y m ost a nd t he

3 48).

p arts

h owever,

t he K nowe o f R amsay a nd

1 44

o f

t hese l ast i mmature),

a

s ample

t he s keleton p redominant,

f ew p ig b ones w ere a lso

R ed d eer,

l ambs a nd m ature a nimals.

t here w as

s maller

w here c attle w ere

( Platt 1 935 3 41 3 , 1 936, 4 15). A t b oth i mmature a nd m ature d eer ( mostly i ncluded b oth

F or e xample, s heep a nd r ed d eer a t t he

s heep a nd a m uch

A t M idhowe, i mmature,

d egree o f v ariation r ange o f t hese, a nd

f rom

w ere t he m ost

t he K nowe

o f

Y arso

t wo s ites t here w ere a nd t he s heep a lso

A t b oth s ites, t oo, P latt c ommented o n t he a mount o f b utchery, t he b ones b eing e xtremely f ragmented, a nd a lso o n t he f act t hat t here w ere

b urnt

s ample,

b ones

i n e ach p art

o f c ourse,

o f

t he

t ombs.

c ontrasts c learly w ith

T he

t hat

o f

I sbister

t hese

f aunal

s ites,

i n t hat

t he e vidence o f b utchery a nd b urning i s m inimal; b ut o n t he o ther h and i mmature a nimals p redominated h ere a s i n t he t ombs s tudied b y P latt. Q uanterness w as

l ike I sbister

b utchery,

t he b ias

a nd

p laced o fferings w ere o f ..

t here w ere a lso

t he

i n t he a bsence

o f b urning,

t owards y oung a nimals: l amb,

t he

' the m ost

l imited

f requently

t hese b eing s ometimes n ewborn o r

l imb b ones

o f a t

l east o ne

f oetal

f oetal

n ewborn c alf

a nd o ne f oetal r ed d eer. I n a ddition t here a re s ome t eeth a nd a t alus f rom a n ewborn o r f oetal f oal a nd t he b ones o f a f ew v ery y oung p iglets' ( Clutton-Brock 1 979, 13). M etric d ata f or s till l imited

a re

t he m ajor a nimals a t t he O rkney n eolithic s ites I n t he c ase o f s heep, h owever, t he r adius f rom

M idhowe m easured b y P latt S tenness

( Clutton-Brock

( 1934,

1 976,

3 49),

3 6),

t he

r adius

f rom t he S tones o f

a nd t he h umeri,

r adii,

m etacarpals

a nd m etatarsals m easured f rom Q uanterness ( Clutton-Brock 1 979, 1 29-32) a re a ll e xtremely s imilar i n s ize r ange t o t hose o f t he I sbister s heep ( table

5 2).

T hese

s heep a re p articularly s mall

s imilarities b etween t he n eolithic S oay

s heep

o f

P latt

i n h er a nalysis o f

a nd

s lender,

s heep o f O rkney a nd

t oday h ave b een n oted t he M idhowe

s everal f auna,

t imes

t he f or

b y W atson

a nd t he

f ine

l imbed

e xample

i n h is

b y

s tudy o f

t he S kara B rae s heep, a nd b y C lutton-Brock i n t he c ase o f t he s heep f rom t he S tones o f S tenness ( Platt 1 934, 3 49; W atson 1 931, 2 03; C lutton-Brock 1 976. 3 6) I t w as d ifficult t o g auge t he s ize o f t he c attle a t m ens but

I sbister b ecause o f t he p aucity o f m easurable a dult t he t wo f used d istal h umeri h ave a m ean m easurement

s pecif or t he

m aximum w idth o f 7 1mm, c ompared w ith a m ean o f 7 5mm f or 3 5 s pecimens f rom t he n eolithic c amp a t W indmill H ill ( Grigson 1 965, 1 55), 7 9mm f u. L . 3 s pecimens f rom t he B eaker s ettlement a t N ew G range ( Van W ijngaarden-Bakker

1 980,

1 13),

a nd 6 5mm f or 6 1

s pecimens f rom t he I ron

A ge s ettlement a t G ussage A ll S aints ( Harcourt 1 979, 1 51). n eolithic c attle i n B ritain s eem t o h ave b een i ntermediate i n b etween

t he

a nimals

o f

l arge t he

c attle o f

t he e arly P ostglacial

s econd a nd f irst m illennia B C

a nd

( Jewell

M ost s ize

t he m uch s maller 1 963).

O n

t he

l imited e vidence o f t he h umeri, h owever, t he I sbister c attle ( whilst l arger t han t hose o f l ate p rehistoric G ussage) w ere s maller t han t hose o f

t he

t wo n eolithic

s outhern E ngland o f O rkney e nvironment

C ertainly

i n t o

t he t he

t hat w ere

o f G reat

t he

( Handley

k eeping

t raditional

t his w as

' hungry

i n e astern

I reland a nd o ne

i n t he h istorical p eriod

r eported t o b e

B ritain'

S tock

o n

o ne

t he

s mall

i n

s ize

l ast t wo c enturies, w as o ften a s ubject o f c omment i slands t he m eagre p asture s upported h erds a nd

i n

s heep a nd c attle a nd i t o f

q uoted,

s heep a nd c attle, p rest imably a n a daptation t o t he h arsh a nd l ack o f w inter f odder p rior t o t he d evelopment o f

f odder c rops b y v isitors f locks

s ites

g ap'

t he

t he m ost

1 953

i n t he

w hole

t he n eolithic p eriod d epended p rincipally i s

i nstructive

c rofting e conomy .

l ack

s tunted a nimals

1 08).

o f a dequate

e ach w inter.

t o

P erhaps

f odder

W ithout

l ook a t t o g et

t hese

t he t he

o n

i n t he c ontext

l argest s tock

c onstraint t hrough

t he m odern f odder c rops

a nd

t he s own

g rasses f or h ay, o r e ven t he h ighland g razing o f t he s ummer s hielings a vailable t o s tock o n t he S cottish m ainland, t here w as a c hronic s hortage o f w inter k eep, a nd c rofters h ad t o r esort t o g iving t heir

1 45

S pecies

( 1 )

( 2 )

( 3 )

( 4 )

6 8 .2

6 5.0

3 9.0

6 5.3

7 4 .1

7 3.2

4 4.3

7 1.0

( 1 )

( 2 )

( 3 )

( 4 )

7 57

3 0 .0

2 6.0

1 6.6

2 8 .3

( 140 )

3 1.6

2.1

1 8.8

3 0 .3

2 8.8

2 4 .6

1 7.6

2 6 .5

2 8.4

2 1 .0

1 9.0

2 7 .0

S p cies

C attle

S heep ( Contd)

r ii77-

H umerus

( 140 ) ( 137)

6 8 .0

R adius

( 140 )

6 7.8 6 7.3

( 137)

C alcaneum A stragalus

( 140 )

( 132)

R adius

2 2.6

5 2 .4

3 0 .0

5 5.0

5 0.2

2 6.8

5 4.0

( 140 )

6 5.0

3 6.0

6 0 .1

( 132)

2 2.5

1 6 .0

2 5.0

1 5 .2

6 5 .2

3 8.0

6 1.7

2 0.5

1 6.0

2 4.0

1 2 .8

6 6.1

3 8.0

6 2.0

1 9.0

1 3.5

6 8.7

3 7.4

6 4 .6

1 9.5

1 3.2

7 0 .1

4 0.0

6 5.0

7 1.0

4 0 .7

6 6.2

6 6.0

3 6.0

6 8 .2

3 5.6

2 9.0 2 8.7 M etacarpal

( 135)

2 0.2

1 3 .6

2 5.6

1 7 .0

6 1.0

2 0.7

1 4 .0

6 4.8

1 9.7

1 4 .9

1 7.1

1 2 .3

2 2.0

1 3 .0

2 0.0

1.8

2 0 .8

2 4 .3

1 4 .0

2 4.1

( 140 )

C alcaneum R ed d eer ( 133)

T ibia

4 5.2

( 137)

3 5 .0

A stragalus

( 140)

( 132)

S heep

7 77

M andible : H umerus :

M andible

1 9.7

4 2.1

2 0 .5

H umerus

3 0 .0

2 4.3

2 0 .0

2 8 .0

3 2.1

2 4 .2

2 0 .4

3 0 .2

2 8.7

2 2.5

1 8.0

2 6.7

( 1) M L M 3; ( 2)

M L M 3-M1;

e piphysisl;

( 133)

( 1 34 ) ( 1 40 )

( 3) M L P M4-PM2

( 1) M W d istal e piphysis; ( 2)

C alcaneum:

M T d istal

( 3) M H d istal a rticulation; ( 4) M W

1 6 .1

2 8.5

1 4 .6

2 6.0

2 8.0

1 4 .3

2 6.6

1 8.0

1 8 .2

1 8.2

1 8 .4

2 1.3

1 9 .2

2 1.6

2 1.5

1 9.7

1 8 .5

1 8.4

1 8 .7

( 1)L f rom m ost p osterior p oint o f b one t o m ost

s urface; ( 3) H o f b one f rom s uperior s urface o f a rticular s urface t o b ase.

( 1) M W p roximal e piphysis; ( 2 )

M W d istal

A stragalus :

e piphysis.

( 1 ) M L l ateral s ide; ( 2 ) M T l ateral s ide,

m easured f rom b aseline t o a nterior s ide;

M etacarpal:

( 1) M W p roximal e piphysis; ( 2 )

M W

M etatarsal:

( 4 )

e piphysis.

M T d istal f usion p oint. ( 1) M W d istal e piphysis; ( 2 )

( 3) M L m edial

s ide.

p roximal e piphysis; ( 3) M W d istal f usion p oint; T ibia :

3 0.3 2 8.5

a nterior p art o f a rticular s urface; ( 2 ) L o f a rticular

d istal a rticulation. R adius :

M etatarsal

2 2.0

( 1 ) M W p roximal e piphysis; ( 2)

M T p roximal

M T d istal

e piphysis.

T able

5 2

T he a nimal

s tock s eaweed,

b ones:

m easurements

r aw o r p arboiled,

o r

t aken

d ried f ish-bones;

w inter f odder was c ritical i n d eciding t he n umber o f b e m aintained ' ( Fenton 1 976, 1 41). T he d ifficulties m eant

a s hortage

u se d ried c attle o f

d ung

i n

o f m anure, d ung a s

w hich w as c ompounded b y

f uel b ecause o f

t his w ay a bsorbed

t he

t he m anure

' the s upply o f

s tock .t hat c ould i n k eeping c attle t he

n ecessity

l ack o f w ood:

t hat

s hould

' the

h ave

t o u se

g one

t o

f ertilising t he c rops i n t he f ields' ( Fenton 1 976, 1 93). S eaweed w as t he o nly o ther a vailable m anure d espite t he l abour o f g etting i t f rom t he

s hore

t o

t he

f ields.

I n

t urn,

t he

l ack o f m anure m eant

y ields, w ith l ittle o r n othing t o s pare f or f eeding t he t his v icious c ircle o f p oor y ields a nd'poor w inter f eed, o nly

b e k ept w ith g reat

w ere k ept w ere p rimarily W hat

l ittle

m eat w as

d ifficulty, i mportant

f or

a nd t hose c attle a nd t heir m ilk

( Fenton

a vailable w as n ormally s alted f or

1 46

l ow c rop

s tock . I n s tock c ould s heep 1 976, t he

t hat 1 47).

w inter:

' the a vailable s ources a ll s uggest e xcept o n f estival o ccasions, w as i n o r

O rkney c rofters

o x a t

t hat t he e ating o f f resh m eat, r are a mong t he r ural p opulation

i n a t ownship c lubbed t ogether

t he H allowmas m arket,

w hich w as p ickled a nd

t o b uy a c ow

s hared o ut

f or

w inter u se. I n s uch c ases t he a mount o f b eef p er h ead w as s trictly l imited a nd u sed c hiefly f or s pecial o ccasions' ( Fenton 1 976, 1 70). T he c attle k illed a t t his t ime o f y ear w ere r eferred t o a s ' marts': ' usually

o xen o r

c ome

t he e nd o f

t o

p roducers

c ows

f attened u p

t heir

o f m ilk a nd c alves'

d istricts

s heep a lso

O n

t he

f or s laughter,

( Fenton

s erved a s m arts,

e vidence o f

o ften w hen t hey h ad

d ays a s d rawers o f p loughs

t he

K nap o f H owar a nd S kara B rae

1 976,

a nd

1 70).

I n

c arts

a nd

s heep-rearing

u sually o ld b reeding e wes.

f lotation r esidues f rom

( Ritchie,

A 1 975;

I sbister,

C larke

t he

1 976a),

n eo-

l ithic c ereal c ultivation i ncluded a nd p robably r elied h eavily o n b ere ( naked s ix r ow b arley), o ne o f t he p rincipal c rops o f t he O rkney c rofter i n r ecent t imes; i t i s a lso c lear f rom t he I sbister s ample t hat t he c rops w ere h eavily i ntermixed w ith t he s eeds o f w hat a re t oday r egarded a s u ndesirable w eeds, i n

n eolithic

8 0).

t imes a s

F urthermore,

b ut w hich w ere p robably c onsumed

t hey w ere b y t he

w ithout c rops

l ater c rofter

l ike

o ats o r

( Handley

t he p otato

( the

1 953, s taple

f oods o f t he t raditional c rofting s ystem), m arine r esources - p articu larly f ish , s hellfish , s eabirds a nd t heir e ggs - w ere p robably a n i mportant p art o f n eolithic d iet j ust a s t hey h ave b een f or m any c rofters:

c ertainly e vidence

f or

t he u se o f

i n t he n eolithic t ombs a nd s ettlements R itchie, A a nd R itchie, J N G 1 978). n eolithic l ater

s tock k eeping

c rofting s ystems

i n O rkney w as i n t he

a cute

t hese

r esources

i s

c ommon

( Clarke 1 976a; P latt p assim; I t i s a lso v ery u nlikely t hat

s ignificantly d ifferent l ack

o f w inter

f odder .

f rom t he I n f act,

t he e vidence f or t he b road s pectrum o f n eolithic s ubsistence i mplies v ery s trongly t hat n eolithic s tock k eeping w as i ndeed s everely c ons trained b y t he O rcadian e nvironment. H ence w e s hould t herefore h ave e xpected t o f ind t hat c attle a nd s heep w ere k ept f or t heir m ilk p rod ucts

o n

t he

i ndividuals

s ettlements a nd t hat

w ere

t aken o ut

o f

s laughter a nd s alting b efore f act

v ery

I sbister

y oung

a nd

T he

( old a nd

t he w inter.

H owever,

i nfertile) y ear

a s w e h ave

a nimals w ere u sually k illed f or

t he o ther

t he

f or

s een,

o fferings

i n a t

t ombs.

l imited m ortality d ata

B rae i ndicate

a f ew s urplus

t he b reeding p opulation e ach

f rom t he

f irst

e xcavations

t hat v ery f ew c attle d ied a t

s tage

1 ( under

a t

S kara

s ix m onths),

m any d ied a t s tage 2 ( between s ix a nd 1 8 m onths) a nd m any o thers d ied a t s tages 3 a nd 4 , w hen t hey w ere t wo o r t hree y ears o ld; n o s heep h ad d ied, a t s tage 1 , m onths o f l ife s econd

y ear,

a t

a f ew h ad b een k illed a t s tage 2 i n t he s econd b ut t he m ajority d ied d uring o r a t t he e hd o f s tages 3 a nd 4 .

O n t his e vidence W atson

t hat a utumn s laughter o f y oung c attle w as p ractised, p resumably a dequate

b ecause f or

s heep ( Watson

a rgued f rom s kull d ivided

i nto

t ogether,

i t

t he n atural

f orage w a

1 931,

2 01,

d ifferentiation t hat

t hree g roups, s eems

i nadequate 2 03).

t he

s heep, h e b e

b ullocks

s ame

b ut

t he c attle p opulation c ould S kara B rae

t he

o f

c attle t ime

p robably b ulls,

l ikely t hat

A t

c oncluded

b ut n ot f or

s ix t he

a nd c ows.

f armers k ept

T aken

a c attle

h erd c onsisting m ainly o f c ows f or b reeding a nd d airying, t ogether w ith a f ew b ulls, a nd t hat t he s urplus m ales w ere r aised f or m eat; t he y oungest d eaths w ould p robably b e c alves t aken f rom m ilch c ows ( today w e c an r aise

t he c alves

o n s ubstitute

1 47

f oods,

b ut

i n a p rimitive

d airy

s ystem

c alves m ay h ave

c onsumption),

t he

b ullocks,

t he

c ase

a nd

o f

s heep,

b reeding

t o b e k illed

b ulk

o f

t he

l ater d eaths

t hose

t he p attern o f

s trategy,

m ales c ould b e w ethers f or w ool.

b ut

i f

t he m ilk

d eaths a t d eath

m ore

2

f or

c ould

h uman

b e

y oung

o f o lder c ows a nd bulls. s uggests m uch

t he f ewer i mmature d eaths

o verwintered

i s n eeded

s tage

t he

s ame

i ndicate

e asily t han c attle

I n

t hat a nd

t he'

m ixed s urplus

k ept

a s

T he m ajority o f t he c attle k illed f or t he t omb o fferings a t s ites l ike I sbister a nd Q uanterness s eems t o h ave b een e ither v ery y oung c alves, o r c alves k illed a fter a f ew m onths, o r y earlings. I n t erms o f t he h erding m odel s uggested f or S kara B rae, t hese a nimals w ould h ave b een t he c alves

t aken

f rom t he m ilch c ows,

o r

s urplus m ales

k illed o ff b efore t he w inter b ecause o f f eed s hortages. I n t he c ase o f t he s heep, t oo, t he d eaths w ere e ither o f v ery y oung l ambs o r y earlings .

I f

t his m odel

i s

a ccepted,

t hen t he

i mplication i s

t hat

n eolithic s ubsistence w as v ery s imilar t o t he l ater c rofting s ystems e xcept f or t he f act t hat t he a nimals s elected f or s laughter f or t he t ombs

w ere

i nvariably v ery y oung r ather

c rofters. t he

S uch

o verall

s tock p olicy

d ichotomy b etween

t he

s o t hat

n eolithic

t ombs

l atter w ere n ot ' Spare'

a nimals

i ndicates i n

m arts a nd

t he a nimals d ifference)

t he

f or s laughter c ould

..

s urely n ot

f or . the

wasted .

h ave

b een

p ro-

e nvironmena nd i t i s

t hat s uch a nimals w ere a pparently g iven u p b y G iven s pring b irths, t he d entition e vidence

a rgued

f or c orpse

a nd

u se b y

f orcefully t hat

d isposal b ut

w hich c onstructed t hem, l ay

t erms,

t hat

o r

s ummer a nd a utumn.

R enfrew h as

j ust p laces c ontrol

i n s ubsistence

r eal

T he k ey

a s eries o f a nimals d eaths e ither v ery s oon a fter b irth

l ater C

a ny

was

t he i nto

s laughtered

f armers i n a ny q uantities g iven t he c onstraints o n t heir s tock s ystems,

t he m ore r emarkable l iving f or t he d ead.

o f

i ntegrated

s ubsistence a nd r itual.

( apart f rom t he a ge

c onsumed b ut w ere,

d uced b y t he n eolithic t al a nd t echnological a ll t he

o lder m arts

t here n eed n ot h ave b een

r equirements o f

d ifference b etween t he c rofters' t he

t han t he

a s election c ould c learly h ave b een

t he

s ignalling g roup

t he g roup o f

t he m onuments...

t he

s erved a s

t he O rkney

e mblems

o f

i dentity,

t ombs w ere

t he

s ocial

a nd v alidating

l and w ithin w hose

t erritorial m arkers

c onfines f or

n ot

g roups t he t hey

t he s egmen-

t ary s ocieties w hich c onstructed t hem ' ( Renfrew C 1 979, 2 21). T he f aunal a nd o ther s ubsistence d ata a t I sbister c ould w ell t ake t his m odel f urther i mplying s ome d egree o f g roup d isplay a nd t he ' cons picuous n on-consumption' o f v aluable m eat a t t he t omb: a v isible a nd i mpressive m arker,

a nnual

s acrifice

u nderlining g roup

o f h ard w on f oodstuffs

i mpressing n eighbouring c ommunities. w e c annot y et t he i nternal d ifferences

f rom t omb

t o

t omb

i n t he m ost

l atter s ites, o r t he o tter b ones a t I sbister - c ould j ust b e t he r esult t he o ther h and

s uch d ifferences

d isplay

i n t he

o f

g rowing e vidence

t he

a mongst

f uneral

t he

r ites f or

t hat

a re s uch

t hat

d ifferences i n s ame w ay t he

a bundant m aterial

c onsigned

f or e xample, r ed d eer a t t he j ust o ver a k ilometre a way f rom f our k ilometres a way f rom t he

t he C alf o f E day, o r t he s heep a t o f e xcavation a nd s urvival b ias. c ould

i mply a n e lement

c ould b e h ardly

t erritoriality a nd

t hese O rkney n eolithic c ommunities. 1 48

t erritorial

a nd p resumably

T he e xcavated d ata

u nderstand t he s ignificance o f a ny o f t he d istribution n oted a t I sbister . I n t he

f or i nclusion - s heep a t B lackhammer, K nowe o f R amsay a nd t he K nowe o f Y arso B lackhammer, a nd c attle a t M idhowe

O n

a t

i dentity f or t he p articipants

o f

s urprising p erhaps

t otemic i n

v iew

c ompetition

M icrofauna

i dentified

i n t he

s ieve

S heila T he c u m ) was

o f

r esidue w as t he

t omb

r eceived

a fter

s eparated o ut

f or

( L4)

t housand

s pecimens o nly

t he

o f w ater s ieving

s ome

t he b ones h ad b een p icked o ut i n

t he

a t hird w as

f loor o f

.‚f 3

2 00 k g

f rom S T 3 t hrough a 5 mm m esh.

i ndependent

e rosion,

f rom

S utherland

t he p roduct

f loor

r esidue

a nalysis s ample

( p 1 51).

r eceived

i dentifiable.

a nd t he

( 131)

b ut,

s ample

f ish

T here w ere

T here w ere

( c 0 .16

T he o ver

d ue

o nes t hree

t o

o ver a

h igh

h undred

s pecimens b elonging t o f rogs ( which c ame f rom a m inimum o f a bout i ndividuals) o ver 1 ,000 s pecimens o f t he O rkney v ole ( perhaps i ndividuals) m ice. T he r esults

a nd t hree b ones f rom a m inimum o f t wo l ong—tailed f ield s ample a lso c ontained t wo r abbit m olars. D etails o f t he

a re t abulated b elow ( table

S ynoptic c atalogue

5 3).

o f

t he a nimal

I n o rder t o s ave s pace t he d etailed t abular f orm ( tables 4 7 a nd 5 3). F oundation o f

t omb

1 30

o tter a nd s heep b ones.

C attle,

U se o f 1 31

( BC

b ones

i dentifications

7 ;

S T 5 ,

a re g iven

S ome o f

1 ,198

i dentifiable

L 12)

f ragments p icked f rom

O rkney v oles w ere

t here w ere a f ew b ones

7 6.70;

S T 3 ,

a

s trongly r epresented

o ther b ones h aving p ossibly c ome

f rog;

o f

f rom t hem)

t he

m icrofaunal

( with a n umber

t ogether w ith

t he

l ong—tailed f ield m ouse.

( IS

L 4)

1 32

C attle,

o tter,

r ed d eer a nd s heep b ones.

( BC

5 ;

S T 3 ,

L 3)

1 33

C attle,

o tter,

r ed d eer a nd s heep b ones.

( BC 4 ;

S T 4 ,

L 3)

1 34

S heep b ones.

1 35

C attle,

C losure

o f

( BC 6 ;

o tter a nd

S T 5 ,

L 3)

s heep b ones,

( BC 8 ;

S C 3 ,

L 3)

t omb

( Also c atalogued a s

C onstruction 1 37

i n

t omb

r esidue .

1 36

1 2 4 0

C attle,

6 9)

D og t ooth.

o f N h ornwork a nd b acking o tter,

p ig,

r ed d eer a nd

( IS

7 6.19;

S T 4 ,

L 2

( upper))

. s heep b ones.

( BC

1 1(a);

L 10)

U nstratified a nd d isturbed c ontexts 1 38

P ig,

s eal

a nd s heep b ones.

1 39

C attle a nd s heep b ones.

1 40

C attle,

p ig a nd

( BC

( BC 9 ;

s heep b ones. 1 49

1 0;

S T 5 ,

S C 2 ,

( BC

L 11)

L 13)

2 (a—c);

1 958 S T

1 ,

S T 2 ,

S C

1 )

Amphibia _ Frogs

( Rana s p.) H umerus

6 L

S capula

4

I lium

4 L

Radio-cubitus

8 R

I OS

6 R

4 S

1 6

U rostyle

1

T ibia-fibula a nd f ragments

2 4

C ranial

1

F emora a nd o ther l imb/phalange f ragments

3 1 1 15

R odentia O rkney v ole

( Microtus a rvalis o rcadensis)

C ranial f ragments

1 27

M olars,

2 96

m iscellaneous u pper a nd l ower

I ncisors,

u pper

1 74

I ncisors,

l ower

1 47

Maxilla

1

M andible

1 5L

2 2R 7 82

P robable O rkney v ole

( M a rvalis o rcadensis?)

Humerus

5 7

F emur

1 4L

T ibia

43

U lna

3 4

S capula

1 0

P elvis

1 3

M etapodial a nd phalange

4 5

C lacaneum a nd a stragalus

1 5R

6 S

7

V ertebra

5 4 2 98

L ong-tailed

f ield m ouse

( Apodemus s ylvaticus)

M andible

2 R

M axilla

1 L 3

T able

5 3

T he a nimal

b ones:

t omb

( 131)

f loor

i dentification o f ( L = l eft,

1 50

t he m icrofauna f rom t he

R = r ight,

S = s haft)

C HAPTER

6

T HE M ARINE F AUNAL R EMAINS S arah C olley I n m aterial w hich

o rder f rom

h ave

t o m ake a ny m eaningful s tatement a bout a rchaeological a s ite, i t i s n ecessary t o b ear i n m ind t he f actors

a ffected t he d eposition,

a rchaeological s amples. ' formation p rocesses'

s urvival

a nd r etrieval

o f

t he

M B S chiffer ( 1972) h as d iscussed t he v arious w hich i nfluence t he a rchaeological r ecord.

T hese p roblems a re r elevant w hen c onsidering t he m arine f aunal r emains f rom I sbister, a nd i n p articular t he f ish b ones. M arine f aunal r em ains c an p otentially y ield i nformation a bout p ast m arine a nd e nvironmental o n t he c ontext m ethod u sed. m ethod and

f rom

i ts

( L10)

c ontexts

i ncluded

a nd

f rom t he t omb

f loor

( L3

a nd f rom a

( 150 a nd

1 51).

( L11)

T he n ature

t he p rocesses b y w hich t he

f actor

( 141 -

i nserted i n

d isturbed

o f

t hese

r emains

t he

a nd

a n

d iff-

h ave

b ecome

c onsidered b elow .

b eing g enerally s mall a nd f ragile a re

i mportant

a nd 4 )

f rom t he m aterial b ehind

f rom t he m egalithic c ist

t han m ammal b ones.

t he m ost

t he

f ollowed i n p ost-excavation w ork .

( 144 - 1 47);

( 149)

c ontext

i n t hem w ill b e

F ish b ones, s urvive

( L2)

( 148);

( L36)

( L9)

t o b e

r emains c ame

i nfilling

b acking

u nstratified e rent

o f a nalysis

f aunal

t he N h ornwork h ornwork

r esource u se

t he v alue o f t his i nformation d epends r emains w ere t aken a nd t he s ampling

T hese f actors a re a lso r elevant w hen d eciding u pon

l evel

M arine 1 43),

c onditions b ut f rom w hich t he

G iven t hat

f ish b one h as

l ess

l ikely

t o

s urvived h owever,

i n o btaining a r epresentative

s ample

i s

t he

m ethod o f r ecovery. S ieving e xperiments o n s everal s ites h ave d emons trated t hat o rdinary e xcavation m ethods m ay c ompletely m iss a ny f ish r emains A ll

( Payne

b ut o ne

1 975; W heeler a nd J ones

o f

t he c atalogue e ntries

h and p icked d uring e xcavation

1 976; r efer

( 142 - 1 51);

C lason a nd P rummel

1 977).

t o m arine

f auna w hich

t he

f ound a re e ither

i tems

w as

s hells o r t he p haryngeal b ones o f w rasse ( which h ave p rominent w hite t eeth w hich s urvive w ell a nd a re e asily s potted). T his p art o f t he s ample must b e e ntry f ish

w hich

i rredeemably b iassed.

a n e xception

( 141)

c onsisted o f

b ones w hich w ere p icked f rom a m icrofaunal

p roduct f rom u sed

r ecognised a s i s

o f

s ieving s ome 2 00 k g

( c 0 .16 c u m )

o f

T he o ne

c 6 500 r esidue, t he

c atalogue

f ragments

t omb

o f

i tself f loor

t he ( L4)

S T 3 t hrough a 5 mm m esh . I deally a 3 mm m esh s hould h ave b een i n o rder t o r ecover a r epresentative s ample o f t he f ish s pecies

p resent; i ndeed, i n p articular c ases i t i s n ecessary t o u se a l mm m esh . T his n otwithstanding, i n t he s ample i n q uestion ( 141) a s urp risingly l arge n umber o f t he s maller b ones w ere r etained. A ll o f t he f ragments w ere e xamined a nd c ounted ( some c ategories o nly a pproximatel y) a nd a m inimum o f 1 7 s pecies a nd/or g roups o f f ish w ere r ecognised w ith 4 6 n osis

c ategories o f

t o g roup o nly F ish

h ighly n osis

t o

e lement p resent.

s urvival

s pecies.

I n m any c ases

d iag-

( rather t han s pecies) w as p ossible.

h ave a l arge n umber o f

v ariable

a nalysis 1 978a).

s keletal

s keletal

e lements w ith n ot

r ate b ut a lso a v arying u sefulness

P roblems

a ssociated w ith t he

o nly

a

f or d iag-

i dentification

a nd

o f f ish r emains s hould n ot b e u nderestimated ( et W heeler E ven w ith t he u se o f a g ood m odern c omparative c ollection, i t 1 51

i s n either p ossible n or c ost e ffective t o i dentify e very b one p resent, e ven i n a s mall s ample, a nd m any b ones a re d amaged b eyond r ecognition. E very f ragment was e xamined b ut i t i s m ost l ikely t hat i n 1 41 h ave b een m issed, o r a re u nder-represented i n o ver

6 0% o f

t he

f ragments w ere

T he m arine

f aunal

a f ew s pecies t he a nalysis;

u nidentifiable .

r emains

f rom t he

t omb

f loor

( 141

- 1 43),

a nd

a ssociated w ith i ts u se, a re v ery i nteresting . A m odest s ized s ample o f t he f loor d eposit ( 141) y ielded t housands o f s mall f ish b ones w hen s ieved,

a nd y et

o nly o ne w rasse p haryngeal,

l y d istributed l impet

a t op

s hell

a nd 1 7

r andom-

s hells w ere n oted d uring o rdinary e xcavation.

A

f urther 2 1 l impet s hells w ith t heir a pices m issing w ere f ound t ogether a nd m ay h ave b een u sed i n a n ecklace a lthough t here w ere n o i ndicati ons

o f working,

c heck .

I t

t he b reaks b eing a long

i s

o bvious

t hat

t he

l ine

s hellfish w ere

o f a n a nnual

r elatively

c ompared t o f ish i n t he c ontext o f t he t omb's u se, e ven h ave b een i ntroduced a ccidentally.

a nd

g rowth

u nimportant

t he

s hells m ay

I n h is d iscussion o f f ish r emains f rom t he Q uanterness t omb, A lwyne W heeler ( 1979, 1 47-48) c onsidered t he l ikelihood o f s mall l ittoral s pecies h aving b een i ntroduced i nto t he s ite b y p redators, e ither i n s tomach c ontents, i n p ellets, o r a s f ood f or y oung . F or i nstance,

s everal

s pecies

i n t he I sbister t omb, s ea s corpions, f igure s ea

b irds.

f ish,

W hile

t hese

Wheeler c onsidered

l ikely

t o h ave b een I t

c an

I sbister s pecies

i dentified f rom Q uanterness w hich a lso

s uch a s r ocklings, i n t he d iet o f s hore s ources

s pecies p resent

s ome

o f

t he

a t Q uanterness were

i ntroduced b y m an.

s imilarly

b e a rgued t hat m ost

w ere d eliberately a re m ore

a re a p ossibility f or

t hat m ost

o ccur

s mall w rasse, f lounder a nd d welling o tters a nd v arious

o f

i ntroduced b y m an,

t he

f ish

a lthough

p resent s ome

l ikely t o h ave b een d eposited b y o ther

o f

m eans.

a t t he A l-

t hough t here a re s erious d ifficulties i nvolved i n a ssessing t he minim um n umber o f f ish i n e ach s pecies/group r epresented b y t he r emains i n t he

t omb,

m aterial

i n

i t

was p ossible

t o g ain a n o verall

1 41

( table

T he

r epresented

w ere

5 4).

a lso

d etermined b y

m aterial w ith m odern c omparative w eight .

T his

a pproximate

a nalysis

c omparing

s keletons

t ended t o

i mpression

s izes/weights

s uggest

t he

f rom

t he

o f t he

f ish

a rchaeological

f rom f ish o f known s ize a nd t hat

s mall

f ish w ere p oorly

r epresented, b oth i n t he n umber o f b ones a nd t he r ange o f s keletal e lements p resent. F or e xample, a s tickleback ( with a r econstructed w eight o f m erely a f ew g rams) w as r epresented b y a s ingle s pine, a nd a l umpsucker

( of

r econstructed w eight O ther

o f

s ingle

l ess t han 1 00 g m) was r epresen-

t ed b y o nly

t hree b ones.

s mall

a d ragonet, W hile i t i s

a n e el, a s mall s ea b ream, a nd a f ish o f t he p erch f amily. q uite p ossible t hat t his p attern i s t he r esult o f s urvival

f ish

i n

t he

a nd r etrieval o f t he m aterial ( operating a gainst s mall t here i s a s triking c ontrast b etween t his p attern a nd

c ategory w ere

i ndividuals), t he r epresen-

t ation o f c ottids i n t he t omb . T he r emains o f c ottids s corpion T aurulus b ubalis o r f ather l asher M yoxocephalus a bundant f rom a ll p arts o f t he s keleton. T here a re 2 6 l ars

i ndicating a t

s pines

f rom

t he

l east

R econstructed w eights R ocklings, f ish o f

a bout

2 6

i ndividuals a nd, m ore

o percular, s uggest

s mall

i ndicating a t f ish o f

g adoids,

2 kg w eight)

a nd w rasse 1 52

s trikingly,

l east

1 16

a pproximately 2 0

f latfish

( probably s ea s corpio) a re r ight a rticu-

( possibly

t o

16

l eft

i ndividuals. 1 00 g rams.

i ncluding a l arge

( including b allan w rasse o f

a bout

h alf a k ilogram)

a re

s trongly

r epresented.

A lthough i t m ust r emain s peculative, i t l ikely t hat a ll b ut t he v ery s mall f ish p resent d eliberately i ntroduced i nto t he t omb. F rom

t he

f ill

o f

t he

t omb

( L2)

s eems p ossible a nd i n s mall n umbers w ere

t here c ame

t wo

l impet

s hells

( 144), t wo c rab c arapaces ( 144 a nd 1 46), t wo w rasse p haryngeals ( 145) a nd t wo s hell b eads ( 147). O ne o f t he c rab c arapaces a nd t he t wo l impet s hells ( 119 a nd 1 59); The

w rasse

w ere w ith a d iscrete d eposit o f h uman a nd t heir i nclusion m ay o r m ay n ot h ave b een

p haryngeals a nd

p icked u p w ith t he

s tones

t he o ther c rab c arapace c ould

f or

t hey a re

p robably a mong t he r emains m arine

f aunal

t he N h ornwork

s hell, l impet

a t op s hells

t he

f ill.

t he

b ehind

a s

t he

t aken i n

T he

s ame c ontext

b ird b ones i ntentional.

1 1

r emains

( L10)

o r

T he 1 2

t wo s hell

b one o nes

h ave

b een

b eads m ust

f ound

i n

t he

b e

f ill;

o f a b roken n ecklace.

f ound a mong

n umbered 4 3

t he

l impet

r edeposited s hells,

a

s hell, a nd o ne o f a r ibbed s addle o yster 1 49) w ere a lso f ound w ith t he h uman b ones

m aterial p eriwinkle

( 148). ( 123) i n

T wo t he

megalithic c ist t he N h ornwork;

( L16) w hich h ad b een i nserted i nto t he m aterial b ehind t heir a ssociation m ay b e f ortuitous. T he o ther s hells

were

r andomly d istributed a nd w ithout

c ertainly

c an b e

l ittle T he

s poil was

( L9)

t hat

f ill

o r

i nversion

t heir

o f t he

i ts o f

t o

i s w orthy o f

t he

T here w ere o thers

s tratigraphy d oes

l ikelihood i s c orroborated b y t he h igh t he s ieve s ample ( 141). T he

s pecies p resent

t ation

o f

r ocky a nd

f illed

r ock p ools,

( 141)

t herefore

s uggest

t he

i ncidence

h ave

f ill

a nd b ones

i n

t he e xploi—

w eed

L impets,

b ut t his

a nd

a lgae

i mmediately b elow t he

s andy e stuarine a rea .

t ip c ome

( 145)

f loor

s uggest

s ea

t he

s poil

o f w rasse

i n t he v arious c ontexts

s hallow i nshore w aters

T he

f rom t he

s tony s hores w ith a bundant

m ark a nd p ossibly a m ore

t here

p icked f rom

c onsideration.

t omb a nd t hey c ould

f loor. t he

a ssociation a nd

i nclusion w as a ccidental.

2 2 w rasse p haryngeals

a fter r ain

o ne a djacent

f rom i ts t he

o riginal

t ip t he

d oubt

t ide

t opshells a nd

p eriwinkles c ould b e p icked o r s truck o ff t he r ocks a t l ow t ide, a nd c rabs t aken f rom u nder s tones a nd a mong s eaweed . T he t entatively i dentified c ommon

r ibbed

s addle o yster

t han t he o ther

S hore

r ock

p ools a re

s pecies l ikely

( Monia p atelliformis)

d oes n ot e xclude

t o y ield y oung b allan

w rasse a nd f ive—bearded r ockling . h is F auna O rcadensis s ea w eed. t aken

i n g reat

f rom u nder

s tones a t

w aters

a nd

i n w hich d elicate i t

a ll

c orkwing

T hey w ould n ot

t ake a h ook b ut w ere

n ever r emoved

l ow w ater . s ea s corpions, s mall

f ather

g adoids c ould b e

t hese s pecies.

t ide

l ine

F ather

l asher, t aken

r egarded a s

e ven w ith a s harpened s tick, 1 53

i n

r ocklings, s hallow

s aithe, i nshore

a round r ocks a nd s eaweed. l asher w as c ommon

o thers w hich a re m ore b eautiful

w ere widespread a nd w ell s peared,

w rasse,

l atter a re d escribed b y L ow i n

t he s ea r egularly f lows' ( 1813, 2 08) e ating t hose w ho c an p ut u p w ith t o

l ess

a s b eing c ommonly f ound u nder s tones a mong

i mmediately b elow t he

d escribes

p refer

o ther

T he

a lthough

i nterpretation.

t hey w ere p retty g ood e ating b ut w ere

q uantity .

L arger w rasse, p ollack

( 1813)

H e n oted t hat

t his

f ood.

t o

L ow

' in e very p ool

a nd w as r eckoned t o b e i ts h orrid a ppearance t he

T hese

e ye'.

W rasse

t oo

f ish c ould h ave b een

o r t aken w ith h ooks o r n ets.

r ,

e s ,

-2 e l , 1

I

4, 1 -C 1

•

7 4

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1 1 1

4 -,

4 -0

o ca :

-C 1OD 1 . 1 1-I .0 4.

1 1

01 1

e .

-

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c c 4

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c c

c

L u < > 3 ( A o z < mix

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1 3j

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< < o o w

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S KARA

( A z

QUOYNESS

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a _ < < z o r

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