Bu, Gurness and the Brochs of Orkney: Part III: The Brochs of Orkney 9780860544364, 9781407317809

Citation preview

Bu, Gurness and the Brochs of Orkney Part III: The Brochs of Orkney

John W. Hedges with the collaboratidn of

Bernard Bell

BAR BritlSh Series 165 1987

B.A.R.

5, Centremead, Osney Mead, Oxford OX2 ODQ, England.

GENERAL EDITORS A.R. Hands, B.Sc., M.A., D.Phil. D.R. Walker, M.A.

B.A.R. 165, 1987: 'Bu, Gurn ess an d the Brochs of Orkney. Part III: The Brochs of Orkney' © Crown Copyright, 1987 The author’s moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher. ISBN 9780860544364 paperback ISBN 9781407317809 e-book DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860544364 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library This book is available at www.barpublishing.com

B U, G URNESS, A ND T HE B ROCHS O F O RKNEY P art 3 :

T HE B ROCHS O F ORKNEY C ONTENTS P age i ii

F oreword f igures

i v

L ist o f

p lates

v i

L ist

t ables

v iii

L ist

o f o f

i x

A bbreviations u sed C HAPTER

A PPENDIX

3 .1

T HE E ARLY

3 .2

P ICTISH A ND L ATER A CTIVITY

3 .1

C atalogue o f

4 1 ' broch'

5 0

J ohn W H edges a nd B ernard B ell A s hort h istory o f ' broch s tudies

1 30

s ites 3 .2

1

I RON A GE

a uthenticated

i n O rkney

i n O rkney 3 .3

R eferences

T he r evealed s tructure o f ' brochs'

t he O rkney

1 52

1 68

These v olumes a re d edicated t o t he memory o f T HE N ORTH O F S COTLAND ARCHAEOLOGICAL S ERVICES ( NOSAS)

i i

F OREWORD T hese t hree v olumes -at

o ne

l evel -a re,

r espectively,

o n a s alvage e xcavation; t he l ong o verdue p ublication m onument o pened f or p ublic d isplay; a nd a d iscussion o f c ontext a nd

o f

t he

s imilar

s ites

c onclusions

i mplications

f or

t he

i n t he

d rawn,

i mmediate a rea.

h owever,

s tudy o f

T he e vidence

h ave i mportant

S cotland's

a nd

p rehistory.

t he n orth a nd w est h ave

l ong b een c onsidered t o b e

l east,

a m onument

w ell d efined a s

t ype.

h ere,

a r eport

o f a l arge b oth i n t he p roduced

f undamental

T he

' brochs

' understood'

o f a t

o r,

t aking O rkney a s

a c ase

s tudy, t he a ccepted c oncept o f t he ' broch' i s r ejected a s b eing b oth a nd c onstrictive t o t hought. T he w ay i s m ade o pen f or f resh u ntrue t hinking, n ot j ust a bout t wo c enturies, b ut f or t he whole p eriod f rom t he b eginning o f S upport H istoric

t he I ron A ge

t hrough t o

f or t he p roject h as

B uildings

a nd

t he V iking

p rincipally c ome

M onuments

s ettlement.

f rom t wo b odies.

D irectorate

o f

t he

T he

S cottish

D evelopment D epartment p rovided m ost o f t he f unding a nd s ome s ervices t hrough P atrick A shmore a nd t hen N oel F ojut. T he b ulk o f t he e arly w ork w as u ndertaken w ithin t he N orth o f S cotland A rchaeological S ervices a nd b enefited f rom t he h elp, g reat a nd s mall, o f v irtually a ll t he

m embers

r esearch.

o f

s taff.

T he

L atterly,

s eemingly

m anuscript f or p ublication was w ife, T eresa. F or g round

t his

v olume,

r esearch

o n

i t t he

a m uch n eeded g rant was

e ndless

i s

t ask

e diting

s uch

m ade a

l ightened t hrough t he a ssistance

a p leasure

f inds

o f

t o ac knowledge

f rom O rkney b rochs

t hat m uch

w as

f or l arge

o f

m y

b ack-

u ndertaken

b y

B ernard B ell. T his w as c ondensed f or i nclusion i n A ppendix 3 .1 b ut a lso o ccurs a s a l arge u npublished t ypescript ( Bell 1 982). B ernard B ell a nd I b oth w ish t o t hank o ur r espective w ives, N icola a nd T eresa, f or t heir a ssistance w ith t he p lace-name d erivations i n A ppendix 3 .1. T he r esearch f or t his v olume, g enerally, c ould n ot h ave b een a ccomp lished w ithout t he a ssistance o f t he s taff o f t he R oyal S cottish M useum d rawings c redits g rateful

( Queen

S t)

a nd o f

t he N ational M onuments

R ecord.

a re v ariously b y L eigh T urner a nd F rank f or p hotographs h ave b een g iven i n t he l ist t o t he N ational M onuments R ecord o f

A ncient M onuments,

S cotland a nd

t o

T he

M oran. o f p lates

t he R oyal

l ine

S pecific b ut I a m

C ommission

o n

t he R oyal S cottish M useum ( Queen S t)

f or r eproductions o f m anuscript i llustrations o f v arious O rkney b rochs. M any o f t he l atter w ere t aken f rom m anuscripts o f t he S ociety o f A ntiquaries o f

S cotland, m ost

o f w hich a re h oused

i n t he N MR. JW H O xford

i ii

M arch 1 987

F IGURES P age

F igure 3 .1

O rkney B rochs: s tructures

Distribution o f p roven b roch t ype

2

3 .2

O rkney B rochs:

O verall d iameter; w all t hickness;

6

a nd d iameter o f

c ourtyard 7

3 .3

O rkney B rochs: D iagram of a gainst w all t hickness

f loor a rea p lotted

3 .4

O rkney B rochs:

S urviving h eights

3 .5

O rkney B rochs:

D istribution o f proven b roch t ype

7

( over 1 .5m)

2 9

s tructures y ielding R oman f inds 3 .6

O rkney B rochs:

S ites w ith O N B org a nd H augr n ames

3 3

3 .7

O rkney B rochs:

Some c ontemporary s tructures known

3 7

f rom O rkney 3 .8

O rkney

B rochs:

A n

e merging p attern o f

P ictish

4 8

o ccupation i n t he i slands w ith c lear e vidence f or t he i mportance o f f ormer b roch s ites ( Brochs n umbered a s i n f ig 3 .1: a = B uckquoy; H owe; c = B rough o f B irsay; d = P ool 3 .9

O rkney B rochs:

3 O xtro,

-after P etrie 1 890,

b = S aevar

B irsay (RCAM 1 946,

f ig 6 7

5 7

p l 8 )

3 .10

O rkney B rochs:

5 B urgar,

E vie

( Thomas 1 852,

3 .11

O rkney B rochs:

9 R edland, Steeringlo,

p l 1 7)

6 0 6 3

F irth

( Dryden a nd P etrie M S ( a)) 1 1

I ngshowe,

F irth ( Petrie M S

O rkney B rochs:

3 .13

O rkney B rochs: 1 2 B urrian, H array ( 1) ( RCAM 1 946, f ig 7 8)

( Russland)

6 8

3 .14

O rkney B rochs: 1 4 B urrian, H array ( 3) ( RCAM 1 946, f ig 8 0)

( Garth)

7 1

3 .15

O rkney B rochs: 1 5 N etlater, M anse of H array, H array ( Petrie 1 890, f igs 7 -9)

7 4

3 .16

O rkney B rochs:

2 2 B orthwidk,

8 4

S andwick

(0)

6 6

3 .12

( RCAM 1 946,

f ig 3 47) 3 .17

O rkney B rochs:

27 B reckness,

S tromness

( RCAM 1 946,

9 0

f ig 4 22) 3 .18

O rkney B rochs:

3 2 A yresdale,

B urray ( RCAM 1 946,

W est B roch o f

B urray,

f ig 3 69 -after P etrie M S ( s))

i v

9 5

F igure 3 .19

P age O rkney B rochs: ( RCAM 1 946,

3 .20

O rkney B rochs:

Or kney B rochs: ( RCAM 1 946,

3 .22

9 7

B urray

f ig 3 69 -after D ryden M S ( b))

( Petrie 1 890, 3 .21

3 E ast B roch o f B urray, 3

3 E ast B roch o f B urray, 3

3 E ast B roch o f B urray, 3

f ig 3 71

O rkney B rochs:

B urray

9 8

B urray

9 9

p l 7 )

-after D ryden M S ( b))

3 E ast B roch o f B urray, 3

1 00

B urray

( RCAM 1 946 f ig 3 72 -after D ryden M S ( b)) 3 .23

O rkney B rochs: 3 5 H owe o f H oxa, ( Dryden a nd P etrie M S ( a))

S R onaldsay

1 03

3 .24

O rkney B rochs: 3 5 H owe o f H oxa, ( Wilson 1 863, f ig 1 20)

S R onaldsay

1 04

3 .25

O rkney B rochs:

3 6 B urrian,

N R onaldsay ( RCAM 1 946,

1 05

3 6 B urrian,

N R onaldsay ( RCAM 1 946,

1 06

f ig 8 8) 3 .26

O rkney B rochs:

f ig 8 9 -after D ryden M S ( b)) 3 .27

O rkney B rochs: 2 73)

3 9 M id H owe,

R ousay ( RCAM 1 946,

f ig

3 .28

O rkney B rochs:

3 9 M id H owe,

R ousay ( RCAM 1 946,

f ig

3 9 M id H owe,

R ousay ( RCAM 1 946,

f ig

2 78) 3 .29

O rkney B rochs:

13 1

2 74) 3 .30

O rkney B rochs:

4 9 H unton,

S tronsay ( Dryden a nd

1 25

P etrie M S ( a)) 3 .31

O rkney B rochs:

5 0 L amb H ead,

S tronsay ( RCAM 1 946,

1 27

5 2 B urristae,

W estray ( RCAM 1 946,

1 29

f ig 4 23) 3 .32

O e ( cney B rochs: f ig 4 54)

P LATES P age

P late 3 .1

3 .2

O rkney B rochs:

3 O xtro, Birsay ( Dryden M S ( b))

( RCAMS - SAS M S

1 70)

O rkney B rochs:

1 2 B urrian,

H array ( 1)

1 31

( Russland)

1 31

( Russland)

1 32

( Petrie M S ( s)) ( RCAMS -SAS M S 4 87) 3 .3

3 .4

O rkney B rochs:

1 2 B urrian,

( Petrie M S ( e),

6 9)

O rkney B rochs:

1 5 N etlater, M anse o f H array,

( RSM(Q) -SAS M S 5 46)

H array (Dryden M S ( b)) 3 .5

O rkney B rochs:

H array ( 1)

( RCAMS -S AS M S

( RCAMS - S AS M S

3 .6

Or kney B rochs: 1 6 L och of A yre, ( Graeme 1 914, f ig 1 )

3 .7

Or kney B rochs:

owe, 19 R ound H

O rkney B rochs:

1 33

1 70)

S t M ary's,

H olm

1 33

1 34

( Howe o f

( Petrie M S ( q))

L angskaill), S t A ndrew's 87) ( RCAMS -S AS M S 4 3 .8

1 70)

1 5 N etlater, M anse o f H array,

H array (Dryden M S ( b))

1 32

owe, 19 R ound H

1 34

( Howe o f

Petrie M S ( s)) L angskaill), S t A ndrew's ( ( RCAMS -S AS M S 4 87) 3 .9

O rkney B rochs: P etrie M S ( b))

3 .10

rochs: O rkney B S ( b)) P etrie M

3 .11

3 .12

2 1 L ingro,

S t O la ( Dryden a nd

1 35

( RCAMS - S AS M S 3 2) 2 1 L ingro,

S t O la

( Dryden a nd

1 36

( RCAMS - S AS M S 3 2)

Or kney B rochs: ( Dryden M S ( b))

3 3 E ast B roch o f B urray,

Or kney B rochs:

3 3 E ast B roch o f

( Deyden M S ( b))

( RCAMS - S AS M S

( RCAMS - S AS M S

B urray

1 37

B urray

1 37

1 70) B urray, 1 70)

3 .13

Or kney B rochs: 3 6 B urrian, N ( b)) ( RCAMS - S AS M S 1 70)

Dryden M S R onaldsay (

1 38

3 .14

Or kney B rochs:

Dryden M S R onaldsay (

1 39

( b)) 3 .15

3 .16

( RCAMS - S AS M S

O rkney B rochs: M S

( q))

1 70)

3 7 B othikan,

P apa W estray ( Petrie

1 40

( RCAMS - S AS M S 4 87)

O rkney B rochs: M S ( b))

3 .17

3 6 B urrian, N

4 7 B urroughston,

( RCAMS -SAS M S

S hapinsay ( Dryden

1 40

S hapinsay ( Dryden

1 41

1 70)

4 7 B urroughston, Or kney B rochs: M S ( b)) ( RCAMS -SAS M S 1 70)

v i

P age

P late 3 .18

O rkney B rochs: M S

3 .19

( b))

( b))

4 7

S hapinsay ( Dryden

1 42

S hapinsay ( Dryden

1 42

1 70)

B urroughston,

S ( RCAMS -S AS M

1 41

1 70)

4 7 B urroughston,

S ( RCAMS -S AS M

O rkney B rochs: M S

4 7 B urroughston, S hapinsay (Dryden

( RCAMS -S AS M S

O rkney B rochs: M S

3 .20

( b))

1 70)

v ii

TABLES P age

T able 3 .1

O rkney B rochs:

V arying c omplexity o f

r ecorded

9

e ntrances 3 .2

O rkney B rochs:

R adiocarbon d ates for B u a nd n on-

b roch r ound b uildings

i n O rkney

v iii

3 5

ABBREVIATIONS a pp

a ppendix B roch P eriod c irca

c h

c hapter

c m

c entimetre(s)

E IA

E arly

f ig

f igure

E ast I ron A ge

f orth

f orthcoming p ublication

f t

f oot/feet

H BM

H istoric B uildings

a nd M onuments D irectorate o f

S cottish D evelopment D epartment km

kilometre(s) m etre(s)

M oPBW

M inistry o f

N MR

N orth N ational M onuments

O C

O ld C eltic

O D

O rdnance D atum

O N O NB

O ld N orse ( Ordnance S urvey) O bject N ame

O S

O rdnance S urvey

O SFI

O rdnance

P B

p age P ost

p ers

c omm

P ublic B uildings

R ecord

a nd W orks

f or S cotland

B ook

S urvey F ield I nvestigator

B roch P eriod

p ersonal

c ommunication

p l P OAS

p late P roceedings

o f

t he O rkney A ntiquarian S ociety

P SAS

P roceedings

o f

t he S ociety

o f A ntiquaries

o f

S cotland R CAMS

R oyal C ommission o n A ncient M onuments

R SM(Q)

R oyal Museum o f

S AS

S ociety o f A ntiquaries

S cotland

( Queen S treet

o f

S cotland

o f

S cotland

S outh S M

S ite M useum

S oc Antiq

S ociety

o f

Antiquaries

S cot s trat

s tratified

ix

o f

S cotland

p remises)

T HM

T ankerness H ouse M useum

u nstrat

u nstratified W est

C HAPTER 3 .1 T HE EARLY IRON AGE

I ntroduction T he d erivation o f t he w ord ' broch r eturned t o a t a l ater s tage ( apps

b e

h owever, s hould

i t

i s

b e

m ore p ertinent

i s i tself o f 3 .1, 3 .2).

i nterest a nd w ill A t t his p oint,

t hat a f ormalised v ersion o f

a dopted i n t he l atter p art o f

t he

t he s pelling

1 9th c entury i n o rder

c ategorize a p articular t ype o f S cottish m onument. T he o ccasion t he g athering o f a s eries o f a ddresses w hich h ad b een g iven t o

t o w as t he

S ociety o f Antiquaries o f S cotland b etween 1 866 a nd 1 874 ( finally p ublished a s A rchaeologia S cotica V ). T hese h ave a s pecial p lace i n t he

h istory

o f

b roch s tudies

i n S cotland

( Petrie

1 890;

J oass

1 890;

A nderson 1 890; D ryden 1 890) e ach b eing a c ollection o f known d ata o n t he s ubject b y t he f oremost a uthority o f a p articular a rea. T hey c an b e s een t o b e t he p roduct o f a c ommon t hread o f u nderstanding, o f a f orum f or d iscussion, t ion o f K eeper o f

A nderson t ook

a ccount

w as o f

a n a ctive

s chool

o f

t hought;

o utstanding c apability a nd

t he e vidence N aturally,

t he c ulmina-

t he v iew h e g ave

t hat h ad b een c ollected a nd w as t here w ere a reas

o f w eakness

c lear

i n k eeping

t he t imes, b ut t he c oncept o ffered o f w hat c onstituted a b roch a nd i dea o f t he t imespan t hey b elonged t o h ave r emained v irtually

u nquestioned a nd h ave a

o f

a m an o f

a ll

a nd a uthoritative. w ith h is

a nd

t his c ame i n t wo l ectures g iven i n 1 881 b y J oseph A nderson, t he N ational M useum o f Antiquities ( published 1 883).

w hole.

F or

c oloured a ll

A nderson,

a s

s ubsequent f or

o thers

t hought b efore

o n t he s ubject a nd

a fter,

a s t he

quintessence o f a b roch s ite w as t he t ower -t he t wo b eing s ynonymous. h e t ook t he t allest s urviving s uch t ower -M ousa i n S hetland -a s t ypifying

what

a ll b rochs w ere o riginally

l ike a nd w hile a

r eview

o f

o ther s ites s howed v ariation i t w as t he o verall s imilarity w hich w as s tressed. S uch b uildings w ere t hought t o b e i deally s uited f or p assive r esistance

o n t he p art

o f

n ative a griculturalists

t hreatened w ith

t he

s hort-term a ttacks o f m arauders. A ccommodation w as t hought t o b e a ctually w ithin t he w alls -t he i ntramural c ells a nd g alleries -a nd, w ith t he e xception o f o uter d efences, a ll i ndications o f s tructures b oth

i nside

a nd o utside

c onstructions. A nderson a lso

t he

t owers w ere d ismissed a s

b eing

s econdary

A l ot o f t his f ollowed f rom t he t houghts o f o thers b ut s olved t he m uch d ebated q uestion o f d ate s uggesting t hat

' Celtic' e lements

o f

a rchitecture a nd

t he b rochs E arly I ron A ge. a ble -t he R oman f inds, c onstructions -b ut

t here

te h f inding

B oth o f h is f or e xample,

l ines o f c oming

c an b e n o d oubt

t o

t he

l ater f irst 1

a nd

t he

R oman o bjects m ade

a rgument a re q uestionf rom h is ' secondary'

t hat h e w as

b e m entioned h ere t hat t he i nterpretation t hat v iews i s t hat b rochs o nly b elonged t o t he R oman g enerally a ssigned

o f

r ight.

I t

s hould

h as b een p ut o n h is p eriod, t heir b eing

s econd

c enturies A D.

F ig 3 .1

O rkney B rochs:

D istribution o f

2

p roven b roch t ype

s tructures

Mainland K nowe o f

K nowe o f T aft, B irsay. O xtro b roch, B irsay.

4 5 6 7

E ves H owe ( Braebuster), D eerness. ß roch o f B urgar, E vie. G urness, A ikerness, E vie. K nowe o f S tenso, E vie. N ess o f W oodwick, E vie. B roch o f R edland, S teeringlo, F irth.

9

o gar,

H Y

1 2 3

B irsay.

1 0 1

C hapel K nowe, B urness, I ngshowe, F irth.

2 639

2 340

H Y 2 836 2 226 H Y 2 537 2 678 H Y 5 490 0 611 H Y 3 519 2 771 H Y 3 818 2 685 H Y 3 638 2 675 H Y 4 007 2 486 H Y 3 780 1 715

F irth.

H Y 3 881 H Y 3 903

1 556 1 277

1 2

ß urrian B roch,

( Russland)

H Y 2 961

1 834

1 3 1 4

B urrian B roch, H array. . ( 2) ( Corrigal) K nowe o f B urrian, H array. ( 3) ( Garth)

H Y 3 235 H Y 3 082

1 937 1 680

1 5 1 6 1 7

N etlater, M anse o f H array, H array. L och o f A yre, S t M ary's, H olm. K nowe o f D ishero, R andall.

H Y 3 232 1 741 H Y 4 702 0 136

1 8 1 9 2 0

D ingy's H owe, S t A ndrew's. R ound H owe ( Howe o f L angskaill), ß erstane, S t O la.

2 1 2 2 2 3

B roch o f L ingro, S t O la. B roch o f B orthwick, S andwick. B urrian B roch, S andwick.

H Y H Y H Y H Y H Y H Y

2 4 2 5 2 6

L och o f C lumly, S andwick. S taäkrue B roch, L ing, S andwick. C ummi-Howe, S tenness.

H Y 2 517 H Y 2 705

1 649 1 512

H Y 2 824

1 039

2 7 2 8 2 9 3 0 3 1

B roch o f B reckness, S tromness. C emetery, S tromness. h illock o f H owe, S tromness. K nowe o f R edland, S tromness. N avershough, B u, S tromness.

H Y H Y H Y H Y H Y

H array.

( 1)

H Y 4 256

S t A ndrew's.

1 998

5 476 0 330 5 078 0 593 4 752 1 002 4 345 0 878 2 241 1 678 2 888 1 538

2 247 0 928 2 378 0 818 2 759 1 092 2 659 1 385 2 697 0 933

S outh I sles 3 2

A yresdale,

3 3

E ast

W est B roch o f

3 4 3 5

T he G reen H ill, H oy. H owe o f H oxa, S R onaldsay.

B roch o f

B urray,

B urray,

B urray.

B urray.

N D 4 847

9 871

N D 4 897

9 881

H Y 2 500 0 284 N D 4 252 9 396

N orth I sles 3 6

B roch o f

3 7

C astle

o f

B urrian,

H Y 7 627 5 138 H Y 4 926 4 927 H Y 4 144 2 722

N R onaldsay.

B othikan, H unclett,

P apa W estray.

3 8

K nowe o f

3 9 4 0

M id H owe, R ousay. N orth H owe, R ousay.

R ousay.

4 1 4 2 4 3 4 4 4 5

W estside, R ousay. P oint o f B uryan, S anday. W asso, S Anday. B roch o f , S teiro, S hapinsay. H elliar H olm, S hapinsay.

4 6 4 7

T he H illock, S hapinsay. H illock o f B urroughston,

4 8 4 9 5 0

h illo c k o f B aywest, S tronsay. H unton, S tronsay. L amb H ead, S tronsay.

5 1 5 2

H owarness, W estray. K nowe o f B urristae, W estray.

H Y M Y H Y H Y

3 716 3 061 3 704 3 074 3 727 3 036 7 724 4 340

H Y 7 902 H Y 5 019 H Y 4 859 H Y 5 356

S hapinsay.

3

3 794 1 635 1 579 2 238

H Y

5 404

2 100

H Y H Y H Y H Y H Y

6 190 6 534 6 904 4 17 4 317

2 425 2 754 2 146 4 96 4 293

F amiliarity

w ith

B u

a nd G urness m ade i t

p lain

t o

t he

p resent

w riter t hat t here w ere f undamental e rrors i n Anderson's w ay o f t hinking a nd t hat n ot o nly w as t he t ype o f m onument i n n eed o f r adical r eappraisal

b ut

t hat

t he i nevitable

o utcome w ould b e a r icher a nd

m ore

c redible p icture o f t he n orth a nd « w est o f S cotland i n t he E arly I ron A ge ( Hedges, J W a nd B ell 1 980). T hough a n e xhaustive e xploration o f t he

t hesis w as

t hat t he s ame o f t he b rochs -t he b oth

o ut

o f

t he question i n t he p resent

c ontext,

i t w as

f elt

e nd w ould b e s erved t hrough a n i ntensive b ackground s tudy o f O rkney. A fter h aving d ecided o n a m inimal d efinition

o ccurrence o f c urved w alling o f a n a ppropriate n ature -lists o f a uthenticated a nd p resumed b roch s ites w ere d rawn u p ( app 3 .1).

I ncluded

a mong

t he 5 2 i n t he

f ormer c ategory ( fig 3 .1) w ere

t he

H owe

( 29) a nd S tromness C emetery ( 28), e xcavations a t b oth o f w hich a re n ow i n t he p rocess o f i ndependent p ublication ( Smith e t a l f orth; B ell f orth). s tances

F or e ach o f t he r emaining 5 0 a s ummary w as m ade o f t he c ircumo f e xploration a nd o f t he s tructures a nd l ayers f ound, t o w hich

w as

a ppended

a l ist

t his

c atalogue

i s

f acts

a nd

1 982). w riter T he s een,

o f

a ll known r eferences

( app 3 .1).

a nother p repared b y B ernard B ell,

e nvironmental

P arallel

t o

i n w hich t he a rte-

f inds known f rom e ach s ite a re

l isted

( Bell

A dditionally t here a re t wo s upplementary s tudies b y t he p resent -' A s hort h istory o f b roch s tudies i n O rkney ( app 3 .2), a nd r evealed s tructure o f t he O rkney B rochs' ( app 3 .3). A s w ill t he l abour i nvolved i n d rawing t ogether s uch a v ast a mount

b e o f

i nformation p roved t o b e v ery w orthwhile, w ith c lear i mplications f or t he w hole a rea i n w hich b rochs a re f ound, r ather t han j ust f or O rkney.

T he l evel o f evidence T he e vidence w e p ossess t oday r eflects a lmost t hree c enturies o f i nterest a nd e nquiry ( Hedges, J W 1 985; a pp 3 .2) P articular b roch s ites i n O rkney a re m entioned a s

e arly a s

s econd

1 700,

h alf

o f

i n t he a ccounts

o f

s cholars

a nd e xploratory d elvings w ere t he

e ighteenth

c entury

a nd t ravellers

o nwards.

T he

i nformation

a ccumulated u p t o 1 850 i s h owever o f v ery l ittle w orth, r ecognised b y C aptain F W L T homas i n h is ' Account o f s ome C eltic A ntiquities o f O rkney' p ublished i n 1 852. T his

a rticle

m arked a w atershed

i n

f rom

c ertainly m ade f rom t he

a rchaeological

a f act o f t he

i nterest

i n

O rkney a nd p articularly i n t he e xcavation o f b rochs, h eralding a p eriod o f i ntelligent a ntiquarian e nquiry w hich s panned t he y ears 1 850-1880. T his

w as

t he e ra

o f m aximum a ctivity w hen n o p rominent

a rchaeological

s ite w as s afe f rom i nvestigation a t t he h ands o f h ired l abour. l andowners w ere i nvolved b ut t he n ames w e h ear m ost o f a re

C ertain F arrer,

P etrie, a nd D ryden -r espectively, a v isiting M P w ith l ittle s kill b ut a r apacious a ppetite f or e xcavation; a l ocal a ntiquarian o f l esser s ocial s tanding b ut w ith a m ore s erious a ttitude t owards t he g athering a nd c ollation o f i nformation; a nd a n eminent a rchitect w ho p roduced b eautiful a t f irst w orked v aried, w ith

s ite d rawings o f w hat h ad b een u ncovered, t hough n ot a lways h and. S ometimes t hese m en c ollaborated b ut a s o ften t hey

o n t heir o wn o r i n c onjunction w ith o thers. e ven t he b est o f t he e xcavations w as c rude

t he

s ubstantial s imilarly

c hances

o f

t hey w ere. w as

t he d iscovery o f R ecovery o f

f eatures

o bjects

T hough s tandards b y m odern c riteria

b eing r elated

a nd e nvironmental

p oor a nd b iased w ith a d eveloped i dea o f

t o

h ow

r emains

p hasing

o nly

o ccurring -a berrantly -a t D r W illiam T rai n's B urrian e xcavations o n h is i sland o f N orth R onaldsay. I t h as a lso t o b e t aken i nto a ccount 4

t hat

t he s cope

o f

e xcavations v aried.

and

t he c rudity o f

t echniques m eans

i n

O rkney p roduced a g reat

d eal o f

T his,

t hat

t he p rejudices

t he h eyday o f

o f

t he d ay,

b roch e xcavation

i nformation o n b roch

t owers,

a bout i nternal f urnishing, l ess s till r egarding o utbuildings, l ittle i ndeed c oncerning e xternal d efences.

l ess

a nd v ery

J ust a s C aptain T homas a rticle m arked t he b eginning o f s erious b roch i nvestigations i n O rkney s o J oseph A nderson's d efinitive l ectures o f 1 881 s ignalled t he e nd. T he b rochs b y t hen w ere c onsidered t o b e f ully u nderstood a s a p henomenon a nd t he f ew e xcavations t hat d id o ccur i n

e nsuing d ecades

1 930s

a

n ew

s ites t o n eighbour

s eem a imless

i mpetus w as

t he M id

a nd

t echnically

r egressive.

i ntroduced i n a d esire

I n

t o o pen key

g eneral p ublic. T he w ork a t b oth H owe b elong t o t his p eriod b ut w hile

t he

o r

t ype

G urness a nd i ts e xcavations w ere

e xhaustive, i mprovements i n t echnique w ere m ore a pparent i n i ntent t han e ffect, a nd t here w as n o f undamental questioning o f a ccepted t heory. I t w as n ot u ntil c onditions i nfluences

t he n ext

r esurgence

w ere r ight f or o f R escue a nd o f

a nd H owe w ere

o f

a ctivity,

c hange a nd i t w as a t t he N ew A rchaeology,

i n t he

1 970s,

t hat

t his t ime, u nder t he t hat e xcavations a t B u

s tarted a nd t he p ublication o f G urness

e mbarked u pon.

T HE S TRUCTURES S ite p lans

r elevant

t o

t his

d iscussion a re

t o b e

f ound,

b y b roch,

i n a ppendix 3 .1

The b roch t owers T he i ntention h ere

i s n ot m erely

t o

s ummarize

b ut

a lso t o question

t he c ore a ssumption t hat s uch s imilarity e xists b etween b roch t owers a s t o s uggest t hat t hey s prang f orth f ully f ormed; t hat t hey w ere a ll e rected

o ver

s pecialist

a

v ery

s hort

s pace o f

a rchitect-builders

A lthough t he c ase w ill b e

w ere

t ime;

a nd

i nvolved

a rgued o n w hat

e ven

t hat

( MacKie

i s known o f

i tinerant

1 977,

b rochs

6 1-63).

i n

O rkney,

i t i s p ertinent t hat t he v ery t ower w hich A nderson t ook a s t ypical M ousa o n S hetland -h as r ecently b een c ompared w ith o ther known e xamples

a nd f ound

E ven g reat

t o b e

' the m ost

v ariability

r ather u nusual

b asic m easurements r ather

t han

( Fojut f or

t he s ort

1 981).

t he O rkney o f

b rochs

h omogeneity

i ndicate

t hat

m ight

s uggest a c ommon b lueprint ( fig 3 .2). O verall d iameters v ary f rom 1 2m t o 2.5m ; w all t hicknesses f rom 2 .75m t o 5 .2m ; a nd t he d iameter o f 2 c ourtyards

f rom 7 .3m t o

1 3.7m.

M oreover,

t hese v ariables

s how l ittle

c orrelation, a ll s izes o f c ourtyard b eing m atched b y m ost o f t he r ange o f w all t hicknesses ( fig 3 .3). O riginal h eight i s, o f c ourse, t he m ost d ifficult d imension t o s peak o f b ut e ven h ere t here a re c lues t hat n ot a ll b rochs w ere t he t ower-like b uildings i magined. K nown s urviving h eight d oes

i ndicate

b eing o ver 3 m, m ore

t han 6 m

a nd,

t hat o f

s ome w ere t hese,

( fig 3 .4).

T here

t all -if

n ot

t ower-like -t hirteen

s ix e xceeding 4 m, i s a h int h ere,

a nd o ne,

h owever,

r eputedly,

t hat n ot

a ll

w ere t he s ame i n t his r espect f or t he 2 0% w ith t he g reatest p reserved h eight a lso t end t o h ave w alls o f a bove a verage t hickness, c ourtyards o f b elow a verage d iameter, o r b oth ( fig 3 .3). T his c ould b e d ue t o p referential

p reservation

b ut

t he p ossibility 5

t hat

s ome o f

t he

s o-

O RKNEY B ROCHS

2 2 -

O VERALL D IAMETER 20-

1 8 -

1 6 -

1 4 -

1 2 -

1 0

48 2 4

5 0

3 3 3

1 0 -

6 -

4 -

2 -

5 0

3 3 3 4 4

2 7

6-

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1 4

1

5

2 0

3 6 4 4

2 1

1 R

1 2 7

5 3 9 3

4 9

1 8

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5

3 2

2 5 4 7

8 2 2

4 3 4 2

1 3

3 7

3 8 4 5

3 0

9

4 1 4

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 D U u 2 3

4 6 2 0

1 8

1 5

1

1 2

3

3 8 3 2 4 7

3 6

1 6

3 5

2 5

1 7

4 3

2 1

1 4

8

3 7

2 2

9 5 2

3 2

4 5 5 0 4 7

4 6

1 8

1 5

3

4 5 4 2

1 3

4

1 9

WALL T H ICKNESS

4-

2-

1 4

F ig 3 .2

2 3

I NTERNAL D IAMETER

1 2 -

0

1 2

I I Ii i i i i i i i 1 3

1 2

3 1

3 3

2 1

1 6

3 5

2 2

1 3 9 2 3

O rkney B rochs: d iameter o f

4 9

2 0

1 3 7

4 1

4 2

2 5

4 3

O verall d iameter;

c ourtyard

6

w all

1 0I I 7 4 4

2 7

3 8

1 9

t hickness;

4

9

a nd

1 5 0-

O RKNEY

5 0+ + 3

B ROCHS

D IAGRAM O F F LOOR AREA

1 4 0 -

P LOTTE D

4+

WALL

1 3 0 -

o

AGAINST

T HICKNESS

S URVIVING O VER

3 .5 m H IGH

1 20-

10-

1 004 4+

6

3 30

2 7+

: 9 0-

2 3+

4 6+ 8 0

I

15408

60

I V °

1 2+ 7.

3 8+

7 0

9 1 9 4 7( 1 ) 032 3

3 6+

s — 4 35 2 5 e I, 4 3+

6 0

3 7+

9+

5 0

+ 2 1 1 4+

922

4 5+

c

4 2+

4 0-

1 3+

0 ' 3

U . 3 0 -

1 9+

2 0 25

30

40

WALL

F ig 3 .3

O rkney B rochs:

5 .0

T HICKNESS

6 -0

metres

D iagram o f

f loor a rea p lotted a gainst w all

t hickness

ORKNEY

BROCHS

S URVIVING H EIGHT S

( over 1 . 5 metres)

5—

4—

; . • e, _ 2 0 1—

1

1

1

3 4 2 2 3 9 3 3

F ig 3 .4

1

1

5 4 7

1

1

1

1

6 3 2 2 5 1

O rkney B rochs:

1

1

1

4 8 3 6 1 2

1

1

1 0 1 5

1

1

3 5 2 7

1

1

S urviving h eights

7

1

1

3 5 0 3 7 2 6

1

1

9 4 1

( over

1

1

4 9 3 1

1

1 6

1 .5m)

c alled

b rochs

s eemingly

o f

O rkney m ay h ave

c onfirmed

b y

B u

w here

b een r elatively l ow

s tructures

i s

a ll

t he

i f

t he

r ubble

o n

s ite,

r eplaced, w ould o nly h ave m ade t he w all b etween 1 .8m a nd 2 m h igh. T he s ample d oes s eem t o b e h eterogeneous a nd t he question c omes t o m ind w hether

a t

l east

a p roportion m ight n ot

h ouses w ith a bnormally t hick w alls t ainly r evealing i n t his r espect, t he w all 5 .22m.

h aving d isclosed

W hat

i s known o f

t hat

b e b etter d escribed a s

r ound-

r ather t han a s t owers. B u i s c ert he u nprecedented s tep o f s ectioning

i ts w idth w as

o ther a spects

o f

i ncreased

f rom 3 .61m

t he s tructure o f

t he w alls

t o

a lso

i ndicates v ariability. T hough t he s olid-based b uildings a ppear t o h ave

i nformation i s f ar b een m ost c ommon,

s eemingly c ertain e xamples -O xtro; L ingro; B urroughston; B u; E B urray;

B urrian, R ussland; N etlater; A yre; B urrian N R onaldsay; a nd B othikan.

G round-galleried H owe,

b uildings

W B urray a nd,

t hat f orms

a lso

o ccur,

p ossibly,

T aft

h owever,

a nd i t

i s

a s

o f

f rom c omplete t here b eing t en

a t

G urness,

a dditional

M id

i nterest

t he f irst t hree v ary i n t heir c onstruction. O nly M id H owe c one xactly t o t he s tereotype, a b asal a nd a s uperimposed i ntramural

g allery

g oing

t he

f ull

c ircuit

o f

t he w all.

G urness

i s

a ctually h alf

s olid-based, t he l owest g allery e xtending o nly f or t wo t hirds o f t he l ength o f t he w all a nd t hat a bove f or o nly o ne t hird. S imilarly, t here w ere n o i ndications o f a nything o ther t han a b asal g allery a t W B urray. F urther

v ariation

i s

i ntroduced b y

t he

w hich c ould b e e ntered f rom g round l evel t he c ertain s olid-based a nd o ne o f t he

p resence

o f

i ntramural

c ells

i n t he b roch i nterior; h alf o f g round-galleried b rochs h ad

t hese. A dditionally, s ome b rochs h ad i ntramural f lights o f s tairs w ith t he p osition a nd h eight o f t hese -a nd o f t heir a ccess f rom t he i nterior -p roviding y et m ore v ariability. l ittle e vidence f or a c ommon b lueprint. I t t hat

b oth v ariants

o f

T here i s c ertainly v ery i s g enerally c onsidered

b roch h ad g alleried w alls

a bove a c ertain h eight.

P reservation i mposes l imits o n o ur knowledge h ere b ut t his c ertainly s eems t o b e t he c ase a t t he g round-galleried M id H owe a nd t he s olidb ased E B urray a nd B urroughston, t he c ritical h eight b eing a pparently c 3 .75m. I t m ay b e s ignificant t hat n o s uch g alleries w ere n oted i n t he c ase o f W B urray a nd B orthwick, p reserved r espectively t o 3 .73m 4 .88m, b ut i t m ust b e a gain u nderlined t hat t he f act t hat s ome o f

a nd t he

O rkney

a ll

b rochs w ere

c onformed T he

t o

t his

t ower-like d oes n ot n ecessarily m ean t hat

t hey

p attern.

s eVre nteen e ntrances d ocumented a lso d iffer

( table

3 .1).

T he

s implest i s t hat o f B u b ut e ven h ere t he d oor w as l ocated p art w ay d own t he p assage. T his a nd t he d oor r ebates, w hich a re c ommon t o m ost i f n ot

a ll

v ery

r emarkable i n t hemselves.

t he o ther e xamples,

a dditional o ne e nters o ne t o t he t he d oor e xamples

m ay b e

c onsidered d efensive b ut

T hirteen o f

t he

s ample,

a re

n ot

h owever,

h ave

f eatures. A ll h ave g uard c ells o n t he r ight h and s ide a s ( occasionally o utside t he d oor) a nd p ossibly h alf a lso h ave l eft. H oles t hrough w hich a b ar c ould b e p assed t o s ecure a re known i n s ix i nstances, a nd t here a re t wo o r t hree

o f a s upplementary d oor.

E B urray,

a t

t he o ther e xtreme

c omplexity t o B u, h as a ll s ix f eatures m entioned w hile G urness l acks a s econd d oor a nd M id H owe b olt-holes. A llusion h as a re i nteresting i nternal a ccess w ent

c lockwise,

b een m ade

t o

i ntramural

s tairs

a nd,

h ere a gain,

o f o nly

t here

d ifferences. A t O xtro a nd a t N etlater t here w as t o a s tairway w hich s tarted a t g round l evel a nd w hich i n t he

l atter

c ase 8

t o a h eight

o f

c 1 .83m w here t here

e ntrance s kewed G uard c ell o utside d oor

•

s TrloI

4 " I " 4- I '

C ' s•

loop puozas

L n

L l

•1

•• 1

swu m. T rog

• •4

1

asui

•• 1

• -1

• • • 4

• • • I

m . 4

r• •1

› , 1

0 r e zw eHc 0 1 O›s d n t Q O0g 0 0z 1_ 0 j

0 )

1 . 4

co

0 : 1

4

0c u 5 2K A< b e( 4 1 c gN 0 0o

4 . p . 1 1

I 1

>i dg i d4 Jh i1 o 3 N . 2 0 . 4 . 41C 2° N I 1 " . = . . 2 N c = n Mo.--4 122 A N . 4. 3 o.o c m

Nce e ,i Ncn 4 . 4 . t n Ncn e — 4

9

ge r i m

O rkney B rochs:

loop

1

C• ••

B urray

se re [ passaz e i

•1

T able 3 .1

Trap pien2 au°

1 5 N etlater

( x)

C • • • )

c s . •

f puo3ast

3 3E

( q) traz

w as

s ome s ort

t he

o f

i nterior.

l anding f rom w hich, A s econd v ariant

i s

p ossibly,

t here w as

f ound a t G urness,

a r e-entry

E

B urray,

t o M id

H owe, H owe a nd, p ossibly, H oxa a nd B urrian R edland, t he e ntrance t o t he s tair b eing c 1 .83m a bove g round l evel. I n t he f irst f our i nstances t he s tair i s known t o h ave g one c lockwise a nd M id H owe a nd E B urray a re s ufficiently w ell p reserved

t o s how t hat

t his

l ed t o a r e-entry

t o

t he

b roch i nterior a t a t otal e levation o f s ome 3 .4 -3.8m. I t s eems v ery l ikely t hat t his w as a lso t he c ase w ith G urness a t l east. F inally, a t B urroughston e ntrance t o a c lockwise i ntramural s tair w as a t a h eight o f c 3 .5m. S ome o f t he r emaining b rochs c an b e c onjectured t o h ave h ad i ntramural s tairs, t hough a t a n u nknown l evel; o thers a re known n ot t o h ave h ad a s tair a t g round l evel. I t i s f rustrating t hat i t i s v irtually s tructures

i mpossible t o know f or c ertain w hether a ny o f o f O rkney w as w ithout s uch a s tair, t hough t his

t o

h ave

h as

a ny v alidity.

b een t he c ase w ith B u i f

t he e stimate o f

t he ' broch' s eems l ikely

o riginal w all

h eight

I n t he b roch s tructures t hat a re p reserved t o a ny h eight v ertical m easurements o f a round 1 .8m a nd 3 .6m o ccur a gain a nd a gain. T his i s n ot

c laimed h ere a s

u nit h ead

o f

l ength

r eflecting a ny m aster-plan o r t he u se o f

( et MacKie 1 977,

6 1-67)

c learance i n b uildings w ith m ore

b ut

t han o ne

a s tandard

i s m erely s een a s f loor.

I t

i s

g iving e ntirely

a ppropriate t hat known e ntrance h eights c ould c onsistently a pproximate t o t he l esser o f t he t wo f igures b ut i t i s o f r eal i nterest t hat s uperimposed c ells c an b e t raced i n f ive o f t he e ight i nstances. A t G urness, B urroughston, B orthwick, E B urray a nd M id H owe, t herefore, t here h ad t o b e a ccess f rom t he i nterior a t s lightly m ore t han 1 .8m a bove g round l evel. M oreover, t he c ells a t t he l ast t wo s ites w ere c eiled a t a h eight a pproaching 3 .6m, t his b eing t he a pproximate l evel a t w hich t hese a nd t he f irst t wo h ad a p rojecting l edge, o r s carcement, a round t he i nner c ircuit o f t he b roch w all. T hese f acts t ogether w ith t he p osition o f e ntrances t o i ntramural s tairways a nd r e-entries f rom t hem s uggest -w ith a l ittle e xtrapolation -t hat N etlater, B orthwick, a nd p robably O xtro h ad a f loor a t t he h eight o f c 1 .8m; t hat G urness, E B urray, M id H owe a nd p ossibly B urrian R ussland a nd H oxa h ad f loors a t c 1 .8 a nd 3 .6m; a nd t hat B urroughston, a t l east, m ay i n a ddition h ave h ad a h igher f loor s till, p resumably a t c 5 .4m. S uch a umbries a nd p rojecti ng s upports f or f urnishings a s h ave b een n oted c orroborate r ather t han c ontradict t he i dea o f s uperimposed l iving l evels. B ut w e n ecessarily r eturn t o t he question o f w hether a ll t he O rkney B rochs w ere s imilar i n t his r espect. i ndicate t hat

T he e stimated o riginal h eight o f B u i s t he b uilding w as o nly o ne s torey h igh.

a rguable b ut may F urther, i t i s

i nterestingrthat t hree o f t he b rochs p reserved t o a g reater h eight t han 3 .6m -Ingshowe, B orthwick a nd W B urray -h ad n o r eported t race o f e ither

s carcement

V arious

o r i ntramural

p arameters

s tair.

h ave b een t aken h ere -t he o verall d iameter

o f

b rochs a nd t hat o f t heir i nternal ' courtyard"; t he t hickness o f t heir w alls a nd t heir p reserved h eight; w hether t hey w ere s olid-based o r h ad a

b asal

g allery;

w hether o r n ot

t here

w ere

p ossible p resence a nd l ocation o f s tairs; e ntrances; a nd t he i ndicated n umber o f d emonstrated o nly i s a ny c orrelation

i ntramural

c ells;

t he c omplexity o f f loors. I t h as

t he t heir b een

t hat o n a ll t hese c ounts t here i s m arked d iversity. i dea o f a b lue-print a n onsense b ut t he s eeming l ack b etween a ny o f

t he f actors m entioned m eans

t hat

t here

N ot o f a re

n ot e ven a ny c learly d efinable s ub-groups o r s ub-types. T he v ariability f ound i s w ell i llustrated b y c ontrasting B u a nd G urness -

1 0

t he

t wo s ubjects o f

t his m onograph.

T hey b oth h ad a s imilarly

c ourtyard b ut t he f ormer w as p robably l ess t han 2 m h igh l atter m ay h ave b een o ver 5 .4m. B u h ad a s olid-based w all,

s ized

w hile t he b uilt i n

t hree s tages a nd, i ronically, t hicker t han i ts g round-galleried c ounterpart; n either h ad i ntramural c ells. T he e ntrance i n t he o ne c ase i s t he s implest known; t hat i n t he o ther a mong t he m ost c omplex. F inally, G urness,

t here w here

p artly b y m eans

i s t he c ontrast b etween a s ingle s torey t here w ere a t l east t wo o ther f loors, o f

b uilding a nd a ccess b eing

a n i ntramural s tair.

T he i nternal f loor p lans F ormerly i t h ad b een s upposed t hat t he i nternal f urnishings f ound w ithin t he O rkney b rochs w ere s econdary , t he p roduct o f a r e-occupation o f

t he t owers

b y a p eople w ith a n i nferior s tyle o f

a rchitecture.

I t

i s o ne o f t he m ost e xciting o utcomes o f t he w ork o n B u a nd G urness t hat t his h as n ow b een d isproved. T here m ay h ave b een a lterations o r r efittings ( as a t t he l atter s ite) b ut t he i deas i nvolved a re o riginal. W here

w e

h ad

' intrusive s tructures

w e

n ow

h ave

r emarkable

t hree

d imensional f loor p lans a nd, n ot i nfrequently, t races o f h igher f loors w hich l ink w ith s uch f eatures i n t he w all a s h ave b een s poken o f. S ome

f ifty p er c ent

o f

o ur s ample a re known t o h ave h ad t races

s imilar i nternal c onstructions b ut h ere, a s i n o ther r espects, l evel o f e vidence i s v ariable. T he e ight f loor p lans t hat i ntelligible, h owever, f all i nto t wo e qually-sized c lear g roups.

o f t he a re I n

t he f irst, a s e xemplified b y B u, t here i s a s ingle c ompartment a t g round l evel -t hese s howing a n u ncanny s imilarity. T he s econd g roup h ave t wo a partments a t g round l evel; a t G urness w e know t his t o h ave b een t he r esult o f a s ubdivision o f a n i nterior w hich o riginally h ad a u nitary p lan.

S ingle a partment i nteriors E xcavations a t B u g ave, b y a nd l arge, a c omplete p icture o f l ayout o f t he i nterior a t g round l evel ( fig 1 .10). C entrally

t he a nd

a ccessible d irectly f rom t he e ntrance v ia a f lagged v estibule w as a s ervice a rea w ith a m assive s emi-circular h earth a nd a c ooking t ank. T his s ervice ' a rea h ad p resent, i n s itu, a n umber o f k itchen i mplements a s w ell a s b eing c overed w ith c arbonaceous m aterial i ncluding s pent g ranite p ot-boilers. B etween s even a nd t en o 'clock a gainst t he b roch w all w ere t hree s lab-sided c ompartments w hich o pened o nto t he s ervice a rea. B roken p ottery f ound w ithin t hese t ogether w ith t heir m ud f loors s uggests t hey w ere u sed f or s torage. T he r emainder o f t he p eriphery w as t aken u p w ith t hree f lagged r ooms; t hese w ere i nterconnecting a nd o ne

c ould h ave w alked f rom t he v estibule t hrough a s mall r oom ,

a l ong

o ne, a nd t hen i nto a s econd s mall o ne. T he l atter m ay h ave a lso b een a ccessible f rom t he s ervice a rea a nd i t i s p ossible t hat t he d ivision b etween t hese r ooms a nd t he c entral z one w as o f l imited h eight. R emains o f l itter s uggest t hat, a mong o ther t hings, t he r ooms m ay h ave b een u sed f or s leeping, t hough t he d ebris h ave c ome f rom t hatching.

1 1

c oncerned c ould

c onceivably

T hough R ussland,

n one a re a s

c omplete,

a nd B urroughston a re

b e

c onjectured

i s

a c entral z one,

t hat

t he g round p lans

r emarkably

l ike

a t

t hat a t

t he o riginal f loor a t G urness w as w hich i n t he c ase

o f

H owe, B u.

B urrian

I t

c an o nly

s imilar.

B urrian R ussland w as

T here

c learly a

k itchen; t here a re t hree c ompartments b etween s ix a nd n ine o 'clodk; a nd t he r emaining t hree quarters o f t he p eriphery i s t aken u p w ith a c urving

a rea

o bserved

w hich m ay w ell h ave

t hat

t his

a rea

b een s ubdivided.

a t H owe

e nds

j ust

I t w ill

b elow t he

a lso

e ntry

t o

i ntramural s tair a nd t his m ay b e o f s ignificance. I t i s a lso a t hat t he m aximum h eight o f t he o rthostats i nvolved f its w ith t he o f

a c eiling

i t a nd, h eight

a t

c entre.

I t w ill

d ivision t he m asonry r ather

w as

a h eight

t his b eing o nly w ent

f ound a t

o f

a round

1 .8m;

t hey w ould h ave h elped

t he c ase, i t m ay b e s uggested a round t he p eriphery a nd d id b e

o bserved t hat

t hat n ot

b e t he f act i dea

s upport

t he f loor a t t his e xist o ver t he

a t

B urrian R ussland a nd B urroughston

b etween t he p eripheral t han u pright f lags; a t

r ooms a nd t he c entral z one i s o f t he l atter s ite a n i ntact c eiling

e xactly

t he h eight

p ostulated.

Multiple a partment interiors A t M id H owe b y

i t

i s

b inary f ission.

r ow o f l arge p assage. A t

a lmost

a s

t hough

T he c ourtyard w as

t he s ingle d ivided i nto

p lan w ere

r eproduced

t wo a partments

b y a

s labs s tanding o ver 2 m h igh a nd i n l ine w ith t he e ntrance t he i nner e nd o f t he e ntrance p assage w as a v estibule a nd

o n b oth s ides o f t his a d oorway l eading i nto a s hort l obby f rom w hich a ccess c ould b e m ade t o t he n orth a nd s outh c ompartments. A round t he p eripheral a rc f ormed b y t heir s hare o f t he b roch w all e ach h ad c ompartments m ade o f o rthostats a nd c entrally p laced i n e ach a rea w ere r ectangular h earths a nd c ooking t anks. T he c orrespondence b etween t he i nternal f urnishings

a nd

b e w orth d etailing. 3 :6m t ogether w ith f eatures

a s

t he h eights

t he h eight o f t he s carcement i tself, a t

t he w all f ittings

b oth t hose

a t

t his

i s

l evels.

t he h eight

t he l anding B etween t he t o t he a round h eight

s uch a s

t o

o f

t he f loor

a nd

c eiling a bove

t he

e ntrance;

b eginning o f t he s tair t o t he s carcement, o f t he t he e ntrance o ver i t, a nd t he i ntramural g alleries T he f urnishings

f it

v ery w ell w ith

e ntrance t o t he n orthern a partment h as o n i ts w hich o versails f rom t he b roch w all a nd o n i ts a lcove

s ite w as

H ere, a s a t o ther s ites, a f loor a t a h eight o f c a m ezzanine o ne a t c 1 .8m i s s uggested b y s uch

o f

t he

s carcement

t his.

T he

l eft-hand s ide a n a lcove r ight a s tone p ress; t he

a nd t he p ress

i s

t he h eight

o f

n d i ts r oof w as f ire-cracked a nd h ad b urnt m aterial o n i t. p ress a nd a lcove w as a f itting f or a l intel t o t he e ntrance

n orthern a partment a t a h eight o f 1 .88m. T he c ompartments t he w alls a re b adly p reserved b ut s eem t o h ave b een r oofed a t a o f

b etween 1 .5m a nd

a n i nternal h eight o f t he G urness,

1 .8m.

I n t he

s tair w hich w ent s carcement.

f rom t he

w hich h as

o ther

s o m any

s outhern a partment t op o f

f eatures

a

t here

c ompartment

t o

w as t he

i n c ommon w ith M id H owe,

a lso l atterly h ad a d ivided f loor p lan t hough i t i s n owhere n ear a s n eat a nd r egular ( fig 2 .8). T he l argest a partment o ccupies t he s outhern p art o f t he c ourtyard a nd c ontains a h earth, c ooking t ank, a nd f lagged c ompartments a s w ell a s t he a ccess t o a l anding a t a h eight 1 .8m. T he o ther l iving a rea o ccupied t he n orth w est t hird o f c ourtyard a nd w as d ivided f rom t he l arger b y a p artition. a h earth a nd p eripheral c ompartments; f rom i t t here w as f light

o f

s teps

t o

t he

s carcement.

B oth o f 1 2

o f t he

T his t oo h ad a n i nternal

t he a partments w ould h ave

b een

e ntered

t riangular

v ia a p resumed a ccess z one,

c upboarded

e vidence f or f loors a t

l obby.

A s

a t

1 .8m a nd 3 .6m,

i tself

e ntered

M id H owe t here a s

i s

t hrough p lenty

i ndicated b y f eatures o f

a o f t he

w all. T he i nternal w alls o f t he l obby r each t he l esser o f t hese h eights, a s d id t he e ntrance f rom t he l obby a nd t he m ade u p t op o f t he c upboard; p resumably t here w as a f loor a bove f rom w hich t he c ell o ver t he e ntrance c ould b e e ntered. T he c ompartments a round t he s outhern a partment f it w ell w ith t he t hesis, t he s uperimposed o nes t o t he w est s plitting t he d istance t o t he s carcement e qually. T here h ad o riginally b een c onstructions a gainst t he s outh w all a nd t here s ome a ccess t o t he l anding m ust h ave b een i ncorporated. F rom t his e levation o f 1 .8m o ne c ould h ave g one u p t o t he 3 .6m f loor v ia t he i ntramural s tair. T he e xistence o f t his u pper f loor i s c onfirmed i n t he n orth w estern a partment u nderline

b y t he i nternal s tair a nd b oth G urness a nd M id H owe r eally t he n ecessity f or t hinking o f s imilar b uildings a s b eing

m ultistoreyed, w hether t he u pper f loors w ere t aken u p w ith a ccommodation o r o ther a partments. T he l ess w ere

r emaining

t wo e xamples o f m ultiple a partment

s leeping

i nteriors

a re

c lear. A t N etlater ' fragments o f w alls a nd s tones s et o n e dge' f ound i n t he c ourtyard b ut w ere g iven l ittle n otice b eing a ssumed

t o b e s econdary. I t c an b e s een i n r etrospect t hat t he i nterior w as d ivided i nto a l arger a nd a s maller a partment, a ccess t o b oth b eing g iven b y a s hort c orridor i n t he l ine o f t he b roch e ntrance. T he i nterior o f L ingro w as r ecorded a t a s urprisingly l ow l evel t hough p reservation m ay h ave b een p oor. I t c an b e s een, h owever, t hat t here w ere d istinct p artitions w hich d ivided t he i nterior i nto t wo, i f n ot t hree,

p arts,

o ne c ontaining a c ooking t rough o r h earth.

O ne f inal a spect o f t he i nterior t hat n eeds t o b e m entioned i s t he o ccurrence o f w ells, t hese h aving b een r egarded a s a d efensive f eature. T hey

d o

i ndeed a ppear t o h ave b een c ommon f or o f

t he e ighteen

b rochs

t hat h ave b een c leared s ufficiently t hey h ave b een f ound i n t welve. T he w ell a t G urness i s t ypical t hough m uch w ould d epend u pon t he l ocal l evel o f t he w ater t able o r o f s prings; t he w ell a t A yre s eems t o h ave b een p articularly s hallow w hile t he w hole w ell s tructure a t R edland i s s aid t o h ave b een 6 .1m d eep. I t r emains o f i nterest t hat s ix o f t he s ample -i ncluding B u -d o n ot h ave a w ell w ithin t he ' courtyard'. A t t wo o f t hese s ites, h owever -H owe a nd E B urray -w ells w ere d iscovered w ithin t he-outer d efences a nd, i n t he l atter c ase, i t w as s aid t hat t here w as a ccess v ia a t unnel f rom t he b roch e ntrance.

External s ettlements T wo p oints o f e qual i mportance c ome o ut o f t he e xcavation a nd a nalysis o f G urness a nd B u. O ne i s t hat t he e xternal d wellings a t t he f ormer s ite w ere c ontemporary w ith t he t ower, b oth e lements b eing p art o f a f ortified v illage w ith a k eep. T he s econd i s t hat n o s uch e xternal s ettlement e xisted a round t he l ower b ut c omparable b uilding a t B u; i t s tood a lone, p robably t he i solated d welling o f a s ingle f amily. S ome o f t he r emainder o f o ur s ample m ust h ave b een l ike B u i n t his r espect b ut, i ronically, t he n on e xistence o f e xternal s ettlement i s s omething t hat c an o nly b e p roved b y c areful e xcavation a nd i t m ust b e r emembered t hat m ost i nvestigators h ave f ocused a lmost e xclusively o n ' broch t owers'. I t m ay h owever b e p ertinent t hat n o o utbuildings m entioned a t O xtro, a s ite w hich w as a lmost t otally l evelled. 1 3

a re T he

p robable

e xistence

o f

e xternal

s ettlements,

o n

m ore r eadily g auged a nd t his i s p articularly o f known e xamples a re f ully u nderstood. G urness

i s

b y

f ar

t he

p lanning

i mplicit

i n

w ill

o bserved

t hat

b e

p assage

w hich

i t

e nters

c learest

a re a ll

t he

t o o f

b e

a nd

t he

o ther h and,

t he

s ymmetry a nd

o utbuildings

s ettlement

i s m uch

c ase w hen t he e lements

p articularly n oted

t he d egree

( fig

o f

2 .10).

a re a ccessible

i n a d irect

e ntrance a nd t hen b ifurcates t o c ontinue T he o utbuildings t hemselves a re a rranged t ower. p assage

t he

t he

l ine w ith

I t

f rom

t he

a round t he b ase o f t he b roch. r adially w ith r espect t o t he

T hey s hare c ommon s ide w alls, t heir f ront w alls f orm s poken o f a nd t heir b acks make a c ontinuous w all a round

s ettlement

a s

s imilarly

e xtensively e xplored

s triking,

t hough

h as

m oulded

b een

a w hole.

T he

i n t he b y

l ikeness

l atter

t he

b etween t his

s ites

o f L ingro,

c ase

c onfines

t he e xact o f

a

b roch

t he t he

) f

t he

H owe a nd M id H owe

i s

p lan a nd

f orm o f

t hose

t he

t he p eninsula o n

s ettlement

w hich

i t

i s

s ituated. B ut w hat e vidence i s t here e lsewhere? H owe h ave s pelled o ut c learly i s t hat

a nd f ocus

o f

s ubsequent

s ettlement.

S heer

O ne l esson t hat B u, G urness b roch s ites w ere o ften t he

s ize

o f

a m ound,

i n i tself,

i s

a n u nreliable g uide a nd e ven t he p resence o f ' outbuildings i s i nconclusive s ince t hey m ay n ot b e c ontemporary w ith t he b roch t ower a s,

f or

e xample,

c onundrum t he a s

l ies

e vidence c lear a s

p arts.

i n

a t

B urrian

t he

p lanning

N R onaldsay. a nd

s ymmetry

T he

s olution

s een a nd,

t o

t his

f or c ertain b rochs r eally b eing keeps w ithin v illages i s i t i s i ncontravertible. T his e vidence f alls i nto f our

F irst,

t he

t endency

o f

e arly

e xcavators

t o

t rench r ound b roch

t owers s ometimes i ncidentally l ed t o t he d iscovery o f a w all p arallel a nd a t a d istance o f 0 .9 -1.2m , a s a t I ngshowe, R ussland,

N etlater,

R onaldsay,

B othikan,

u nderstood

a t

t he

o uter w all

o f

t he

t he o f

e xternal

S econd, p assage

i n t he f rom

p artly

r evealed.

e rosion h as

t his

a ccepted,

R ound A yre

t ime

H owe

b ut

t he

t he p assage

f eature

r ound

d wellings -t his

c ase t he

t he

B orthwick, T his

c an n ow r eadily b roch -t hat

b eing

B urrian

N

p henomenon w as n ot i s,

p articularly

b e

s een t o

b e

t he i nner w all

c lear

a t

A yre.

o f B othikan, B urroughston a nd A yre, t he l ine o f t he b roch e ntrance t hrough t he o utbuildings w as a lso T hird,

e xposed

L angskaill

a nd B urroughston.

r unning B urrian

t here

b uildings

a re

e ither

a n umber

s ide

o f

o f

s ites

a b roch a nd

w here i n t he

c liff c ase

a t l east B reckness a nd S tromness C emetery t here i s e very a ppearance t heir b eing ; contemporary. F inally, t here a re a f ew s ites s uch a s

o f o f E

B urray, B urrian C orrigal, D ishero a nd R edland S teeringlo w here t he p resence o f o uter d efences m akes t he e xistence o f a n e xternal s ettlem ent s eem h ighly p robable. I n t otal t hen a m inimum o f t wenty o f o ur entred o n s ample o f ' brochs' w ere r eally w ell o rdered v illages, a lbei '- c a c ircular keep.

Outer d efences G urness d efences,

a nd

t he

B u

o ne

a gain h aving

p rovide a

c ontrast

t he m ost m agnificent

O rkney ( contemporary w ith t he o utbuildings) a nd i mportantly -h aving n one a t a ll. A gain, t here quality s ample m ore

o f

t he

m eans

c apable

i nformation w e h ave

t hat o f

t he

p roof

e xistence

t han t heir

o f

r egarding o uter

c oncerning s eries

i n

t he o ther -equally i s t he i rony t hat t he

t he

d efences

r emainder e lsewhere

p ossible n on-existence. 1 4

e xternal

e xcavated

o f i s

t he m uch

T he b riefly

e lements

o f

t he o uter d efences

r ecapitulated.

T he b acks

o f

t he

a t G urness

( fig 2 .1)

e xternal b uildings

m ay

b e

f orm a c on-

t inuous i f i rregular c urtain w all w hich c ontinues d own t o t he b ase o f a n e ncircling d itch o f i mpressive d imensions. T here i s a c auseway i n l ine

w ith t he p assage

t hrough

t he o utbuildings

a nd

t he b roch

a nd o n i t t here s tood a g atehouse. B eyond t he d itch a nd w ith t he g atehouse w ere t wo c oncentric s tone-faced r amparts. d efences, m ay n ot

o verall,

h ave

a re

c ircular i n p lan;

b een m ade u p o f

a s hort

I nformation f rom o ther s ites i s o ne s ees a c ertain r epetition o f

b ut

p art

o f

s tretch o f

t heir

t he

d efinitely c ircular i n f orm b ut t here w as t he o utbuildings a nd a r o c k-cut d itch. i n

t his

f or

c ircuit m ay o r

c oast.

o f d iffering quality a nd d etail f eatures. D iversity a lso e xists

b ut o nly t o t he d egree t hat o ne w ould e xpect i n a rchaeological t ype. A t H owe, f or e xample,

i ncorporated

e ntrance i ntegrated T he o uter

a f ully r esearched t he d efences w ere

a c lay-cored r ampart b etween A g atehouse m ay h ave b een

t here w ere e xpanded t erminals

a t

t he

d itch

c auseway. S imilarly c ircular d efences a re a lso t o b e n oted a t B urroughs ton a nd R edland 9 , t hough o nly s een a s t he s urviving l ine o f a r ampart.

A t R ound H owe

t raced, s lightly

( Langskaill)

a p ear-shaped e mbankment

c ould b e

t he n arrow e nd b utting t he c oast a nd t he b roader o ne h aving a o verlapping g ap i n i t, t his p resumably h aving b een t he

e ntrance.

A t D ishero

t here a re

s light

t races

o f

a n e nclosing w all w ith

a w ide d itch b eyond i t. T he t heme o f i ncorporating a ccess t o f resh o r s alt w ater i s f urther s een a t B urrian C orrigal a nd a t E B urray. A t t he l atter

t he

l andward

s ide

o f

t he b roch

t ower i s

s urrounded b y a

s hoe s haped e mbankment; a t t he f ormer t he a djacent i ncorporated i n a d efence w hich e lsewhere c onsists e xternal

r ampart.

A t

( Lamb

1 980).

B urrian R ussland,

o ne,

o ne

f our

a nd

o ff

f urther s ites

h ave

t he

b een c ut

f ive

w hich

h ave

h ad

c liffs.

-e ach T he

w ith

r ampart

a re o n p eninsulas

r amparts c oastal

r espectively b ut

M id

l ow,

s ide.

a s ingle a t

f orts

L amb H ead a nd B urrian N R onaldsay h ave

i nvolved a re

a d itch o n t he

B orthwick

b roch t owers

b y d efensive w alls -a s w ith p romontory

s pread

l och a nd s ea s hores

h orse-

s teep s ided b urn i s o f a d itch w ith a n

i n t hese i nstances

t hough L amb H ead d oes I n

c ontrast,

r ampart -a re b acked H owe

h as

b een

M id b y

s eem t o

H owe

a nd

s ubstantial

e xamined

a nd

h as

a

p articularly f ine d eepened e ntrance t o o ne s ide w hich i s c onstricted a t i ts o uter e nd. T here a ppears a lso t o h ave b een a s econd r ampart -w ith t he i llusion o f a d itch b etween t he t wo -as w ell a s i nternal d itch w hich u nderlay t he b roch o utbuildings. t hough

l ess

f ully

i nvestigated,

s eems

t o

h ave

b een

s imilar w ith a n e ntrance a t o ne e nd o f t he r ampart i nternal c ell -a nd a n a pparent d itch t o t he o utside.

a p eculiar B orthwidk, s uperficially

c omplete

w ith

THE F INDS K nowledge O rkney

h as

e xist i n g enerally

o f

t he a rtefactual a ssemblage

l a c ked e xactitude

i n s pite o f

o f

t he B roch

t he h undreds

o f

P eriod f inds

i n t hat

m useum c ollections. T he r oot o f t he p roblem h as b een a l ow s tandard o f e xcavation a nd r ecording b ut t he s ituation

h as b een e xacerbated b y t hree r elated f actors. O ne w as a n a mbivalence t owards m ultiperiodicity w hich c aused c ollections t o b e u nusefully a nd u ncritically r egarded a s f rom a p articular b roch s ite. t he c onfusion c aused b y t he m istaken p remise t hat t he 1 5

A s econd w as c onstructions

i nside

a nd

p eriod

o f

m atters

a round f ocal

w ere

b rochs w ere s omehow l ater,

i nterest

n ot

h elped

d evoid o f b y

t he

a n i dea w hich l eft

a ssociated o bjects.

f act

t hat

c hronologically d iagnostic a nd

t hat

w as

a r ather u nclear p erception o f

t he

b y

t he

t hirdly,

t he v ast m ajority

r ecovered w ere n ot l essened

A nd

o f

t heir

f inds

p otential

I ron A ge

i n

t he

a rea. T he p ublication o f B u a nd G urness g ives a n u nprecedented o pportunity f or t he d efinition o f a B roch P eriod a rtefactual a ssemblage f or O rkney. T he o ne s ite i s t he f irst o f t he b rochs e xcavated t o m odern s tratigraphic s tandards w hile t he m assive a ssemblage f rom t he o ther

h as

b een

g iven a n u nexpected d egree

o f

p hasing

t hrough

t he

r etrospective a nalysis o f s ite r ecords. T he a rtefacts f rom t he r ecent e xcavations a t t he H owe a nd S tromness C emetery a re o utside t he r emit o f t his p ublication b ut t here i s v aluable a dditional i nformation f rom t he r emaining t hirty-seven s ites w hich h ave p roduced f inds. M ost e xciting i s

t he

w ay

M id H owe t ions

i n w hich

l ends

a nd

t he p ublished r eport

i tself

t o

r einterpretation.

o utbuildings

a re

o utworks t hen t he l evel o f t he f inds t o b e p hased.

s een a s

o n

G urness

I f

s ister

t he i nternal

c ontemporary w ith t he

s ite

c onstruct ower

a nd

d etail g iven i s s ufficient t o p ermit m any o f T raill's o riginal p ublished p hasing f or

o bjects f rom B urrian N R onaldsay u nfortunately m ainly r elates t o u se o f t he s ite, a s d oes t he m ore s cant i nformation f rom O xtro.

l ater T here

i s, h owever, s urprisingly r eliable d etail f rom A yre a nd a lso s pecified c ontexts o f i nterest i n t he d ocumentation o f L ingro a nd E B urray. E ven t he v ast

n umber

o f

u nstratified f inds

t hey a ugment t he t ype a rtefacts a dditions t o t he r ange. I n f inds

t he

f ollowing

c atalogues h as

s ites a re o ften C atalogue o f F inds f acilitate

l ist

o f

a re n ot w ithout

d efined a s w ell a s

t ypes

t he o rder o f

b een b roadly f ollowed.

r eferred t o b y n umber f rom t he O rkney B rochs

t he w riting o f

s eparate d ocument h as

t he p resent

t heir w orth s ince

s uggesting p ossible

t he B u

F or

t he

a nd

G urness

o f

b revity

s ake

( app 3 .1). B ernard B ell's ( 1982) w as c ompiled t o

s ection a nd

o bviated a ny n eed f or h eavy

i ts

e xistence

a s

a

r eferencing.

B one i tems o f l ocal m anufacture Antler a nd w halebone w ere c ommonly u sed a s w ell a s a nimal C etacean i v4ry a nd t eeth w ere u tilized f or s pecific p urposes.

b one.

P erforated mounts; t hin r ectangular o r s ub-rectangular p lates o f a ntler, a nimal o r c etacean b one v ariously p erforated a t t he e nds a nd t o t ake p pinted p egs, ( Strat: 6 ; 3 9; 1 6

s ometimes a long t heir l ength w ith h oles d esigned s ome o f w hich s urvive i n s itu ( figs 2 .17-20) U nstrat:

1 6;

2 2;

3 3;

3 6;

4 7).

P egs

a re

f ound s eparately a t G urness

( strat) a nd A yre ( unstrat); s ome o f t hese a re t oo l arge f or m ounts t hough t hey m ay h ave h ad a s imilar u se. U nperforated p lates a re known f rom G urness ( strat). T hese m ounts w ere o bviously s ecured t o a m ore p erishable p robably

m aterial

d riven i nto

L ong-handled c ombs'.

-m ost

l ikely

p repared h oles.

c ombs;

M anufactured

a t ype

w ood -by

t he

p egs

T heir p recise u sage

w hich i s

t raditionally c lassified a s

f rom c etacean b one,

a ntler

f rom a nimal b one o r h orn. H andles s ometimes d ecoration o n o ne f ace a nd a n i ncised l ine a cross 1 6

a nd,

w ere

o bscure. ' weaving

i nfrequently,

b ear s imple i ncised t he b ase o f t he t eeth

i s

c ommon ( fig 2 .21)

( Strat:

6 ;

1 6;

3 6;

3 9 U nstrat:

3 ;

5 ;

1 5;

2 1;

2; 2

3; 4 1). T hree u nstratified f inds i ndicate s tages o f m anufacture: a n 3 u ncut b lank f rom B urrian N R onaldsay; a n u nfinished c omb f rom M id H owe; a nd a c omb a bout t o b e r etoothed f rom G urness. A lthough m any f unctions h ave b een p osited f or t his t ype i t s eems m ost p robably t hat t hey w ere u sed t o c omb a nd o rnament t he h air ( Hodder a nd H edges 1 977). H andles;

t he m ost c ommonly f ound t ype a re t hose m ade f rom t he e nd

o f a n a ntler t ine w hich h as b een c ut o ff a nd t hen s ocketed; s ometimes t he h andle h as b een f urther s haped a nd d ecorated a nd o ccasionally t here i s a s ingle o r o pposing r ivet h oles n ear t he s ocket ( figs 2 .23, 2 .24). ( Strat: 6 U nstrat: 1 5; 2 1; 3 6). T here a re t wo d ecorated e xamples, o ne ( strat) f rom G urness, t he o ther ( unstrat) f rom N etlater. A nother ( unstrat) f rom L ingro b ears a d esign o f i nterlocking r eversed c urves b ut m ay h ave b een a t rial p iece. N one o f t he t ools o riginally h oused s urvives b ut p art o f a n i ron t ang r emains i n s itu i n o ne o f t he ( unstrat) B urrian N R onaldsay h andles. T here

a re

a lso

t wo l ess

c learly a uthenticated t ypes

o f

h andle.

O ne i s w here s uitable l engths o f a ntler h ave b een s lotted, p ossibly t o h ouse a t ang ( fig 2 .38) ( Strat: 6 ; 3 9 U nstrat: 3 ?. T he o ther i s w here p erforated m ounts o f s uitable s hape a nd s ize m ay h ave b een e mployed a s h aft p lates ( fig 2 .18.204) ( Strat: 6 U nstrat: 3 9). O ne p ossible e xample f rom M id H owe i s N eedles a nd b odkins; F lat p lates o f a symmetric d iamonds 2 .25.85)

( Strat:

d ecorated. s tratified e xamples

b one s haped l ike e longated a nd o ften s lightly p erforated a t t he j unction o f t heir a xes ( fig

6 U nstrat:

2 2).

O ne f rom B orthwidk

T hose p erforated n ear o ne e nd w here s haft t o 2 .25.91).

a ccommodate t his; ( Strat: 6 U nstrat:

P ins ;

b eing

f all i nto t wo g roups:

s ections 2 2).

i s d ecorated.

t here m ay b e a w idening o f t end t o b e o val o r

a part f rom u nidentifiable f ragments,

t wo

t ypes

r ound

t he ( fig

a re f ound:

T hose w here n atural a rticulations h ave b een l eft a s h eads w ithout m odified m uch, i f a t a ll. M ostly t hese a re p ig f ibulae ( fig

2 .24.97)

( Strat:

T hose t ion o f

6 ;

3 1;

3 9 U nstrat:

w here t he h ead i s

t he s haft

1 6;

3 3).

s imply a s quared-off o r r ounded

( fig 2 .26.102).

( Strat:

6 ;

3 9 U nstrat:

1 6;

t ermina3 3).

P in h eads; l arge h eads f ashioned f rom c etacean i vory, b one, o r a ntler w ith a p erforation d esigned t o h ouse t he p in s hank 2 .26.120-122). ( Strat: 6 ; 3 9 U nstrat: 3 ; 1 2; 1 6; 2 1; 3 3; 3 6).

t eeth ( fig T his

g roup c an p robably b e u sefully s ubdivided ( et S tevenson 1 955, 2 92-3): s ome h eads a re s olid, o thers i ncorporate a n atural t ransverse h ole; s ome a re g lobular, o thers b un-shaped o r e longated w ith a s emicircular c ross s ection. M ost w ould o riginally h ave h ad i ron p ins; t he b roken o ff s tumps o f t hese c an b e s een i n ( unstrat) e xamples f rom G urness, E B urray a nd B urrian N R onaldsay w hile o ne o f t he A yre h eads s till h as a p in 5 .9cm l ong a ttached t o i t. O ne o f t he G urness h eads ( strat) i s u nusual i n t hat i t c ontains t he s tump o f a b one p in. G raeme c onsidered t hat a s awn s ection o f b one f rom A yre m anufacture o f s uch o bjects ( 1914, 4 4). 1 7

r epresented t he f irst s tage

o f

P ointed i mplements;

t wo c ategories

a re a pparent:

B ovine, c ervid a nd o vicaprid u lnas w ith t heir d istal e nds r educed a nd u sed a s a p oint a nd o ften w ith t heir p roximal e nds m odified t o f orm a h andle

( fig 2 .27.124-138).

M iscellaneous

s livers,

( Strat:

6 ;

3 1;

3 9 U nstrat:

s plinters a nd f ragments o f

2 1;

3 6).

b one a nd a ntler

w hich h ave a u tilised p oint ( fig 2 .28). ( Strat: 6 ; 3 1; 3 9 U nstrat: 7 ; 1 2; 1 6; 2 1; 3 6; 4 3. T hese r eflect t he u se o f a ny s uitable m aterial t o h and r ather t han b eing a r esidual c ategory. N evertheless c ertain s pecific b ut r arely f ound t ypes m ay b e i ncorporated; a t G urness ( strat) a nd B urrian N R onaldsay ( unstrat) t here w ere l ong, m odified b ird b ones w hich m ay h ave b een p ins o r s pecialised i mplements. Rubbing a nd p olishing implements; O vicaprid

t here a re t wo c ategories:

m etapodials w ith t heir d istal e nds p reserved a nd

s hafts u sed a t a s light a ngle t o t he a nterior-posterior 2 .29.149). ( Strat: 6 ; 3 9 U nstrat: 2 1; 3 6). M iscellaneous

f ragments

o f b ones,

w orking s urface, g enerally a t h orizontal ( fig 2 .29.154,160).

o ften s patulate,

a nd

p lane

( fig

w ith a p olished

o ne e nd a nd a t a s mall a ngle f rom t he ( Strat: 6 ; 3 9 U nstrat: 2 1; 3 1; 3 6).

A gain, t his s eems t o r eflect t he u se o f r ather t han b eing a r esidual c ategory. V essels

t heir

a ny s uitable m aterial t o

l ids m ade f rom c etacean v ertebrae ;

h and

o bjects m ay

b e

d ivided i nto t hree c ategories: L arge

v essels

o r

c askets m ade b y h ollowing o ut

w hale

v ertebrae

( fig 2 .30. 1 5). ( Strat: 6 ; 3 1); s maller v essels o r c ups m ade s imilarly ( fig 2 .33), ( Strat: 1 6; 3 9 U nstrat: 6 ; 2?; 3); l ids 2 3 m anufactured f rom d etached w hale v ertebral e piphyses t rimmed a round t he e dges

( fig 2 .33.175) Quern

h andles ;

( Strat:

6 ).

s uitably s haped p ieces o f

b one o r

h ave h ad o ne e nd f orced i nto a h ole o f s maller d iameter 1 82). ( Strat: 6 U nstrat: 3 6).

a ntler

w hich

( fig 2 .34.177-

S pindle whorls; t he c learest t ype a re t hose m ade b y p erforating f emur h eads ' ( fig 2 .35.183,186). ( Strat: 6 ; 3 1; 3 9 U nstrat: 3 ; 3 3; 3 6). T here a re a lso a n umber o f w horls o f a nimal b one, c etacean b one a nd a ntler w hich e xhibit v arying c ross-sections a nd d egrees o f f inish. O nly o ne i s d efinitely B roch P eriod, s hape o f c etacean b one f rom M id H owe 3 2.3).

( Strat:

' Bobbins";

3 9 U nstrat:

1 2;

2 2?;

3 6). t hat

3 6).

( fig 2 .34.188)

P erforated b ovine i st p halanges ; t ransverse,

3 3;

s heep m etapodials w ith v arying c ombinations

p olished a reas a nd p erforations

U nstrat:

h owever, a f lattened s pheroidal ( Callander a nd G rant 1 934, f ig

T he p erforations o f

o f

( Strat:

( fig 1 .32.30).

6 U nstrat: ( Strat:

1 6. 6 ;

3 1

t he t hree s tratified e xamples a re

t he u nstratified o ne l ongitudinal.

1 8

o f w orn a nd

G aming

e quipment;

P arallelopiped 1 970)

d ice w ith v alues m arked a s

( fig 2 .36.191).

( Strat:

6 ;

1 6;

G aming p ieces. T hese a re d ifficult t he ( unstrat) d omed f lat-bottomed,

b ut

i ncised d ots

A

c arved

t he G urness

i vory

p laying p iece

c ollection w ithout

C omparatively p erforations;

l arge

l engths

3 9

U nstrat:

o f

( Strat:

Tubes m ade f rom b ird b ones; ( Strat:

r ather

a ny c lue

( fig 1 .35.31,32)

C larke

t o i dentify w ith a ny c ertainty p olished p ieces o f a ntler a nd

b one f rom B urrian N R onaldsay a re c onvincing a nd i vory f rom G urness i s s imilar ( fig 2 .36.194). 3 6).

( cf

2 1).

t o

t he ( strat) e xample o f ( Strat: 6 U nstrat:

l ike a m odern p awn i s i ts

a mong

a ntiquity.

whalebone

w ith

one

o r

m ore

3 1).

( Callander a nd G rant

1 934,

f ig 2 9.3)

3 3).

Antler p icks; a ntlers w ith t he b ay t ine r emoved, t he b eam s erving a s a h andle a nd t he b row t ine a s t he w orking p oint ( Callander a nd G rant 1 934, f ig 3 8). ( Strat: 3 9).

t ine,

Antler m allet; m allet m ade b y s awing a n a ntler o ff a bove t he b row l eaving t he l atter a s a h andle a nd t he b urr a s t he w orking f ace

( fig 2 .38.206). Antler

( Strat:

6 ).

hammerheads;

t o a ccommodate a h andle

m ace-head

s haped w ith a c entral

( Callander a nd G rant

1 934,

f ig

p erforation

3 6).

( Strat:

3 9). Miscellaneous

s tratified i tems;

t he a bove

c lassification l eaves

f ew s tratified b one o bjects t o b e a ccounted f or. T he m ost d istinctive a re a c etacean r adius f rom B u w ith l ateral g rooves o n t he s ide ( fig 1 .35.39); a nd, f rom M id H owe, a r ing o f c etacean b one ( Callander a nd G rant 1 934, f ig 3 2) a nd o ne o f t wo r ubbed d own s heep s capulae ( ibid, f ig 3 2). S everal b ones f rom B u b ear s ome t race o f p olish a nd w orked a nd a ltered p ieces o f a nimal b one, c etacean b one a nd a ntler o ccur o n a n umber

o f

s ites.

Miscellaneous u nstratified i tems;

s everal

t ypes

o f

o bject

w hich

a re a t p resent o nly known f rom u nstratified c ontexts m ay b elong t o t he B roch P eriod. T he l isting g iven h ere i s n ot i ntended t o b e e xhaustive. S ingle e dged n on-composite c ombs

( Unstrat:

H andles m ade f rom s ocketed a ntler b urrs 6 ;

2 2;

3 9).

( fig 2 .22.74).

( Unstrat:

3 9). H andles

1 934,

f ig 3 7) H andles

1 974,

c omprising r ough s ocketed c ylinders ( Unstrat:

3 6?;

( Callander a nd

c omprising w ell f inished s ocketed c ylinders

f ig 9 .118-121,

1 23)

G rant

3 9).

( Unstrat:

3 ;

1 6;

( MacGregor,

A

3 6).

H andles w ith a r educed e nd d esigned t o f it w ithin a s ocketed b lade ( MacGregor, A 1 974, f ig 9 .124) ( Unstrat: 3 6). 1 9

L arge b odkins

( fig 2 .26.93).

( Unstrat:

6 ).

S word/dagger p ommels a nd g uards ( cf k ynne 1 983; M acGregor, A 1 974, f ig 9 .127,128) ( Unstrat: 6 ; 2 1; 3 6). S upposed c alendering i mplements, a r ubbing m otion 3 6).

( MacGregor,

' Blubber mattocks', b lades n otches f or h afting ( MacGregor, 1 2; 3 6).

' Clubs ( Unstrat:

( Unstrat:

1 5;

c etacean b one u sed w ith ( Unstrat:

3 ;

c etacean b one

( MacGregor,

A

1 974,

( MacGregor,

A

f ig

1 5.202).

3 6).

C ylinders a nd r ings,

p ieces h as t wo w ell f inished.

o f

1 4.187-189).

3 6).

o f a ntler o r whalebone 3; 3

a ntlers, h ollowed 1 974, f ig 9 .133).

t wo

f ig

2 .37.202;

o f c etacean b one w ith p erforations o r A 1 974, f ig 1 5.197-201). ( Unstrat:

P erforated m isshapen b locks o f f ig 1 4.195,196).

b locks

A 1 974,

f ig

s ections

o f

a nimal

a s n ecessary a nd o f ( Unstrat: 3 ; 6 ; 1 6;

p erforations,

i s

o f

b ones,

v arying 2 1; 3 3;

c etacean i vory,

S norri-bones o r w eaving t ablets. s ymmetrically p laced p erforations.

c etacean b ones

a nd

l engths ( MacGregor, A 3 6). O ne o f t he L ingro

C ircular U sually

a nd i s

p articularly

p laques o f b one w ith d escribed a s w eaving

t ablets t hey m ay a lternatively h ave b een t oys m ade t o w hirr w hen s tring p assed t hrough t he h oles w as t wisted a nd t hen p ulled ( MacGregor, A 1 974, f ig 1 0.147,148). ( Unstrat: 3 6). T oggles, g roove a round

a ntler o r b one w ith e ither a t ransverse p erforation o r a t he m iddle

Antler p oints, w hittled.

( fig 2 .37.197).

t he e nds

( Unstrat:

3 ;

6 ;

o f

1 2;

t ines 1 6;

-a

c urved

6 ;

1 6;

r ubbed,

2 1;

2 2;

6

-a

h ollow,

3 6;

2). 2

p olished,

( fig 2 .35.196);

p robable m outhpiece b acked

b lade

o f

a p olished

s ecured

b y p egs

c etacean b one

s quared

s patula

( Hedges

( ibid);

o r

3 9). d ecorated

( fig 2 .36.200); d ecorated o bject known f rom a s ketch p art o f a f inely m ade s patulate o bject w ith a t l east

l arge p erforations 2 1

v ariously

1 8;

I tems o f i ndividual i nterest. b one t ube 2 .37.217);

( Unstrat:

( fig

( fig t wo

2 .36.201).

a nd B ell f orth);

a

n otched

l ength

a o f

2 3 c etacean b one ( ibid). 2 -a s upposed a ntler b ridle c heek p iece? 3 p art o f a s upposed c etacean b one w heel. 3 6 -a s upposed c etacean b one l ine s inker

( MacGregor,

A 1 974,

( ibid f ig 1 0.145); t wo s takes a r ope ( ibid f ig 1 4.184,185).

o f

f ig

1 4.186);

a s upposed p ottery m arker

c etacean b one,

o ne w ith w ear m arks

o f

S tone i tems o f l ocal m anufacture T he i s

g eology

r eflected

l aminated

o f

i n t he

s andstone

t he O rkney i slands t ypes

o f

s tone m ost

( flagstone),

i s

m assive

a nd c losely r elated b each p ebbles. i nstances o f l ess c ommon s tone t ypes. 2 0

f airly h omogeneous a nd

c ommonly u sed

T here

s andstone a re,

t his

f or a rtefacts

-

o f v arying g rades,

h owever,

o ccasional

S pindle whorls; f rom p ebbles 2 .46). C halk a nd

T he w horls

i n

c ase

F our

o f

u nusual s tone, ( Hedges a nd B ell 2; 2

2 5;

1 980,

3; 3

o f

o ne

t hough f orth).

3 6;

o f

f lagstone b eing u nusual

o f

R ough

f ormer

i t w as m ade

t hese h ave y et ( Strat: 6 ;

o f

d iscs

t ypes

f rom a

f ossil

f rom L ingro w ere m ade

t o b e a nalysed 3 9 U nstrat: 3 ;

a nd 1; 1

s ea

o f m ore

i dentified 1 2; 1 6; 2 1;

r epresented:

( Strat:

o ccurring

( Hedges

a re

s tone w ith a l arge

( fig 2 .47-49).

N aturally

t he

( fig

v ariants. R onaldsay

4 3). t wo

o ne e nd

o nes

t he u nstratified w horls

L oom-weights;

9 5)

f ew s tratified w horls w ere m ostly m anufactured s andstone,

u nstratified f inds i ntroduce t wo i nteresting a re known f rom L ingro, E B urray a nd B urrian N

t he

u rchin.

t he

o f m assive

1 980,

6 ;

p ebbles

9 8)

3 9;

c entral

p erforation

U nstrat:

1 ;

3 ;

1 5;

( Hedges

3 1).

p erforated w ith a s mall h ole

( fig 2 .50.300).

( Strat:

t owards

3 9 U nstrat:

6 ;

3). 3 P ebble p olishers;

( Strat:

6 ;

3 1;

3 9

U nstrat:

2 1).

T his

i s

a

d ifficult g roup t o i dentify w ith a ny c ertainty o r c omprehensiveness. S mooth, h ighly p olished, r ound, o r w ater-worn p ebbles a re a lso m entioned i n t he r eports o n A yre, B orthwick, a nd B urrian N R onaldsay. S ee

a lso

i mported

o bjects

S tone v essels;

a nd m aterials

t hese w ere

i nfra.

s eldom kept

f rom t he o lder

e xcavations

a nd c ontemporary d escriptions s uggest c onfusion b etween v essels p er s e a nd s uperficially s imilar t ypes s uch a s p ivot s tones, l amps, m ortars a nd t rough q uerns ( as a t 3 ; 9 ; 1 2; 1 5; 1 6; 2 2; 3 3; 3 5; 4 7). T wo g roups o f

v essels

a lso

a re h owever

i mported o bjects T hose

c ornered,

w hich

U nstrat:

m ight

a nd 1 ;

a nd

t hickness;

s haped

a nd

o ut

o r

t roughs

a nd b ase o f

t hey w ill h ave

s maller

a

b een p ecked

( fig

c rude v essels

Lamps; t hese f all i nto o bjects a nd m aterials i nfra). N aturally

o ccurring

o r

b eing

s ee

l arge,

c onstant

a nd

f rom b locks

2 .54.315).

D ish-shaped

l amps

Anvil s tones;

o ut

c onsisting o f

b locks

o f

o f

( Strat:

r ests

( Strat: a lso

6

( fig

o f

o f

( Strat:

o f

s tone

2 .59.325).

a s mall a nd

( fig 2 .108.2115).

w ith a n umber

6 ).

i mported

s haped b locks

s urface

a c up h ollowed o ut

sandstone

( fig 2 .63.336).

( though s ee

r oughly

o n o ne

t here a re n o w ick

o r m ore e dge

( fig 2 .56.321).

t wo g roups

o nly v ery

c up a nd w ic k r est p ecked 6 U nstrat: 3 ; 2 1; 3 3?).

o ften s haped s tone; 6 U nstrat: 3 ; 4 ?).

a long o ne

t anks

w ith s ides

i nside

( but

4 7?).

M iscellaneous

w ith a ( Strat:

r eliable e vidence

i nfra):

b e d escribed a s

f lat-bottomed

r elatively s light s andstone

i ndicated b y t he m ore a nd m aterials

( Strat:

c upped h ollows

6 ).

P ivot s tones; N aturally o ccurring o r s carcely s haped p ieces o f s tone w ith a p ecked s ocket i n, u sually, o ne f ace. T here m ay b e w ear a t 2 1

t he b ottom o f t he s ocket ( fig 2 .64.340). d oorways. ( Strat: 6 ; 1 6; 3 1; 3 9 U nstrat: S tones w ith s mall r ough p e Whetstones;

F requently f ound i n s itu 1 ?; 3 ; 4 ?; 1 0?).

ed h ollows ;

( fig 2 .66.372,379,386).

N aturally ( Strat:

6 ;

Querns; a nd

o ccurring

3 1;

6 U nstrat:

3 1).

s tratified e xamples f all i nto t wo c lasses:

M anufactured u nperforated w hetstones, b een b oxed

( Strat:

i n

s tones

3 9 U nstrat:

o ften w ith t races o f h aving

( Strat:

6 ;

3 9).

u sed a s w hetstones

( fig

2 .67.390).

3 6).

q uerns w ere n ot g enerally k ept f rom t he o lder e xcavations

d escriptions a re o ften t oo v ague f or t he t ype i nvolved t o b e c lear

( as a t 1 ; 9 ; 1 4; 1 5; 2 2; 2 3; 3 6). C aulfield's v iew t hat ' reference t o " querns" i n e arly e xcavation r eports c an w ith c onfidence b e t aken t o i nvariably m ean r otary q uerns ( 1978, 1 35) i s n ot c oncurred w ith. R otary querns

( fig 2 .69.395).

S addle q uerns

( fig 1 .37.50).

( Strat:

6 ;

2 1;

3 9 U nstrat:

1 6;

3 3;

3 1;

3 5;

3 9 U nstrat:

1 ?

4 ?;

3 7).

6 ;

( Strat:

l b. T op

r ubbers

M ortars U nstrat:

6 ;

f or s addle q uerns.

( Callander 3 5?;

T rough q uerns

( Strat:

a nd G rant 1 934,

3 1

f ig

U nstrat: 4 3.2,4).

1 6). ( Strat:

3 9

3 6?). ( fig 2 .72.442).

( Strat:

6 ;

3 1;

3 9).

A n a berrant t ype c onsisting o f a n aturally r ound s tone w ith a c onical m an-made f unnel p iercing i t ( fig 1 .52.118). T he f unnel h as b een g round w ith a c ircular m otion t o a r elatively s mooth s urface. ( Strat:

3 1).

P ounders,

r ubbers a nd g rinders;

a mong t he m ost

c ommon f inds f rom

b roch s ites, s uch u tilised b each p ebbles a re f requently j ust t ogether a s ' hammerstones' ( as a t S trat: 3 9?; U nstrat: 1 ?;

g rouped 3 ?; 4 ?;

2 1 2?; 1 8?; ; 2?; 3 3?; 3 6). T he e xcavations a t B u a nd G urness h ave c ont ributed t owards t he d efinition o f t ypes w ithin t he l arger c lass ( app 2 .1). R ubbers a nd g rinders, s tones u sed i n o ne o r b oth o f t he f ollowing n a r ubbing m otion p roducing w ays 1 ) u sed a t a n a ngle o f c irca 4 5° i f aceted w orked s urfaces ( fig 2 .75.450,461) 2 ) r ocked b ac kwards a nd f orwards

i n a g rinding m otion p roducing c oarser c urved w orked

( fig 2 .76.539). P ounders,

( Strat: s tones

b ;

u sed

s urfaces

3 1). i n o ne o r b oth o f

t he f ollowing

w ays

1 )

h aving p ocked s urfaces c aused b y p ounding ( fig 2 .77.575) 2 ) h aving b een s plit o r s plintered b y m ore v igorous u se o n h arder s ubstances ( fig 2 .77.565). ( Strat: 6 ; 3 1). S tones w hich h ave b een u sed f or p ounding, ( Strat: 6 ; 3 1 U nstrat: 1 ; 2 1?; 3 5?). 2 2 .

r ubbing a nd

g rinding.

P estles, e longated p ebbles w ith a m ixture o f g rinding a nd p ocking a t o ne o r b oth e nds ( fig 2 .76.650). ( Strat: 6 U nstrat: 3 5?). B each p ebbles u sed a s m iscellaneous ( Strat:

6 ;

s triking t ools

( fig 2 .75.661).

3 1).

P ot l ids; r oundels o f c ircumference ( fig 1 .49.112). 2 1; 2 2; 3 6). C hipped s tone o bjects; S hetland s ites

o f

f lagstone c hipped t o s hape a round t heir ( Strat: 6 ; 3 1; 3 9 U nstrat: 3 ; 1 2; 1 5;

a c lass o f

t he B ronze A ge

C hipped, p ecked a nd ( Strat: 3 1 U nstrat: 3 6).

a rtefact m ore w idely k nown f rom

( Hedges, J W f orth):

s ometimes

w orn a rd p oints

( fig

1 .57.148)

M attocks, f lat r ectangular c hipped s tones p resumed t o h ave u sed f or c ultivation ( fig 1 .41.132). ( Strat: 3 1). M iscellaneous:

6

( strat)

-t he h andle o f

a f lat

i mplement

b een

( fig

2 .81.801), a f lat f igure o f e ight ( fig 2 .81.798), a t ricuspate p iece and o ne r esembling a knife b lade; 3 1 ( strat) -a f lat, ( fig 2 .81.797), p ointed t rimmed t ool ( fig 1 .50.115), p art o f a f lat w aisted o bject ( fig 1 .49.146), a f lat s tone w ith l imited c hipping r ound t he e dge a nd a r ough-out f or a c ircular i mplement; s imilar t o a ' tetherstone/figurine'. C hippings

f rom m anufacture

T ether s tones/figurines; d escribed 1 .53.124).

v ariously a s T heir s hape

2 1

( unstrat) a p iece w ith a

( fig 1 .42.67).

( Strat:

3 1).

o bjects o f u nknown u se w hich h ave

' tether s tones o r a s i s t hat o f a f lattened

r ounded

o val quartzite p ebbles g rooved l ongitudinally o n

o ne o r b oth s ides w here w orn b y a s triker. O ccasionally t here b rown a dhesions ( fig 2 .78.852). ( Strat: 6 U nstrat: 2 1; 3 1; 3 6). S hale a rmlets; S tones ( Strat:

P umice ;

( Strat:

3 9 U nstrat:

w ith encircling g rooves ;

3 9 U nstrat:

3 ;

1 6;

a re

1 7).

p ossibly w eights

( fig 2 .81.794).

6 ).

g rooving a nd r ubbing o n s ome p ieces

s uggests

t his w as u sed

a s a n atural a brasive. S ome o f t he B urrian N R onaldsay p ieces s uspension h oles ( MacGregor, A 1 974, f ig 1 9.255,256). ( Strat: U nstrat:

b een

' figurines' ( fig p hallus, g enerally

h aving a n e longated b ody w ith o pposing c onstrictions n ear o ne e nd. ( Strat: 3 1 U nstrat: 1 ; 9 ?; 2 0?). S trike a l ights ;

f orm

h ave 6 ; 3 1

3 6).

F lint, c hert a nd quartz; ( Strat: 6 ; 3 1 U nstrat: 2; 3 1; 3 6; 3 9). 2 T he s tratified p iece f rom B u i s a n o void c ore i mplement o f quartz ( fig 1 .54.177). M any o f t he o ther p ieces a re j ust f lakes o f f lint o r c hert b ut t here i s a s tratified s craper f rom G urness u nstratified o nes f rom B u a nd M id H owe.

2 3

( fig

2 .86.839)

a nd

S tones w ith i ncised m arks and d esigns; p erhaps p iece

i nsignificant o f

s imilar

g rouping.

s andstone w ith a V c ut p iece

a nd

t wo

p ortions

t his

i s

a m iscellaneous

S tratified f rom G urness

i s

i n i t w hile u nstratified o f

f lagstones

a

a nd

s mall

t here

i s

b earing s cratched

a

l ines

( fig 2 .53.310). A s mall s tone w ith a b road a rrow c ut i nto i t w as f ound u nstratified a t R edland S teeringlo. A s piral-marked s tone f rom t he l atter s ome w ere

s ite

and

t wo

c up m arked

s tones

s tylistic c oherence b ut t hey w ere p ossibly s imply f ound a nd r eused.

u nstratified t rial

p iece

B urness o f

S tone

f rom C hapel K nowe

t he P ictish p eriod

( POAS

Miscellaneous s tratified i tems; a dditional t o t hose c lassified a bove. o f

n otched a nd

p erforated p ieces

a lso a p ortion o f b y u nstratified

a f ossil

e xamples

f rom M id H owe f orm a b uilt i nto t he T he s tyle o f 1 ,

g roup

o f

t ower m asonry a nd t he f igure o n t he

s uggests

t hat

f rontispiece

i t

i s

a

i llus).

t here a re f ew s tratified i tems F rom G urness t here a re a n umber

o f

c rinoid,

f lagstone

( fig 2 .80)

a c urious

f ind w hich i s

f rom B urrian N R onaldsay.

a nd

t here

i s

p aralleled

F rom B u t here i s a

f lat s tone w hich a ppears t o h ave b een s moothed o n e ach s ide a t o ne e nd a nd t here i s a b each p ebble b earing s mall a reas o f b rown g loss. P ebbles a nd a rtefacts w ith s imilar a dhesions a re i n t he G urness c ollect ion, s ome b eing o f t he B roch P eriod w hile a f lat o val s tone w hich h ad b een r ubbed s mooth i n p arts w as f ound s tratified a t M id H owe. Miscellaneous unstratified i tems; u nstratified o bject w hich m ay P ossible g aming c ounters

6 ;

b elong

t here a re

t o

( fig 2 .46.302-304).

M anufactured a nd p erforated w hetstones 1 8; 2 2). S addle querns w ith p ecked h ollows;

t he N eolithic

s ettlement

s ite

o f

o n

t he K nap

' Skaill knives' ( Unstrat:

s harp

h ave

s aid

t o

e dged

t ypes

o f

6 ;

f lakes

6 ;

2). 2

( Unstrat:

a nalogy w ith r ubbers

o f H owar

2 ?;

3 ;

h ard s eeds

1 2;

s truck

f rom

t hese m ay h ave

3 1;

b een

( Ritchie,

A

3 9).

f rom

l arge

b oulders.

2). 2

P ossible m oulds. m ay

( Unstrat:

( Unstrat:

( fig 2 .66.377).

d esigned t o t urn a nd f acilitate t he c racking o f 1 983, 5 6) ( fig 2 .72.438,439), ( Unstrat: 6 ). H aematite p olishers.

a lso s everal

t he B roch P eriod.

( Unstrat:

1 2;

2). 2

b een f or c asting i ngots w hile

h ave

b een f or f orming c rusie

T hat

t he

f rom B urrian R ussland

e xample

f rom B orthwick

i s

l amps.

I tems o f i ndividual i nterest. A side f rom v arious m iscellaneous p erforated o r a braded p ieces o f s tones w hich s uperficially r esemble a rtefacts f ollowing -a

t here a re t he

p erforated

c hopper?;

t he

3 0 -a

m acehead c lub?

b roken c ircular p late a p artially

f ollowing:

c ircumference

d rilled

o n o ne

6 -a f ace

( of N eolithic a nd a p ossible

o f m icaceous

s andstone

s tone

b all.

2 4

s andstone d isc w ith a g roove

( fig 2 .78.803); t ype);

2 2

9 -a

-a

c lub?;

s mall

p erforated h ammerhead?; a nd a p ossible

2 1

s tone 3 -a 3

t oy quern ;

3 6 -

Metal i tems o f l ocal m anufacture -B ronze

1 19)

C opper o res a nd l ead o ccur n aturally b ut t in a nd z inc ( ?) a re a bsent.

e lements o res,

a re

p resent

a s m etals

t hey w ould h ave h ad

o r i ncorporated

t o

b e

i mported,

i n b ronzes w hich w ere

e vidence w e h ave f or c rucibles a nd f or m oulds i s b ronzes w ere c ommonly c ast l ocally ( vide i nfra). P enannular b rooches; 4 5).

( Strat:

3 9).

( Callander a nd G rant

T he

t hree

1 18t wo

i n O rkney ( Mf tura 1 976, I n s o f ar a s t he l ast w hether

s crapped.

a s T he

c lear i ndication t hat

f ig 4 4,

1 934,

p enannular b rooches

a re

4 ,5;

f ig

c lose i n s ize

a nd s tyle a nd h ave a ffinities w ith F owler s ' A d erivatives ( 1960). T hey a re 2 .5-3cm i n d iameter a nd h ave p ins w ith a b ow; o ne h as l arge t erminals

c upped

a t

t he e nds,

t he s econd h as

t urned b ack

w ire

t erminals, a nd t he t hird m ay h ave h ad s pheroidal o nes. P art p ossible f ourth p enannular b rooch f rom t he s ame s ite i s s lightly a nd m ade

o f

o verlapped

t hin b ronze

f or

o f a l arger

p lates.

P ins: P rojecting r ing-headed p ins 2 36).

( Strat:

3 9

U nstrat:

( cf

S tevenson 1 955)

6 ).

T he M id H owe

( fig

p ieces

2 .39.235,

a nd o ne

f rom

G urness a re m ade b y b ending w ire r ather t han c asting. J udging f rom t he m ould e vidence ( vide i nfra) t he o ther u nstratified p in f rom G urness -a c ast

o ne w ith

a lmost

t he

c ertainly

f ace

o f

t he

d ecorated w ith f ine

P ins w ith p lain t erminations ( Strat:

6 U nstrat:

E ar-rings; w ith 3 9).

o f

a

b reak

Chains; t he t ype o f

G urness

c lose

r adiating

l ines

-is

p eriod. t o t he s haft

( fig

2 .39.237,

2 38).

1 6).

t hin

b ronze

i n t heir

r ings w ith a d iameter o f

c ircuit

( fig 2 .43.229).

1 .1-1.8cm

( Strat:

6

a nd

U nstrat:

i ndividual l inks, ( Strat: 6 U nstrat: 2 1). A n e xample c hain t hese m ay h ave c ome f rom w as f ound u nstratified a t

( fig 2 .43.230).

Miscellaneous n eedle

f rom;

R ussland

s tratified i tems;

G urness

( Raftery

( fig 2 .39.233)

1 982 f ig

1 0.20)

t he m ost

d istinctive

t hough a s pear b utt

m ay

p erhaps

b e

i s

f rom

r egarded a s

a

f ine

B urrian

s tratified

-p articularly i n v iew o f t he m ould e vidence ( vide i nfra). F ragments o f s heet b ronze w ere f ound a t M id H owe a nd s imilar t hough u nstratified p ieces

a re known f rom G urness

a nd L ingro.

Miscellaneous u nstratified i tems; t o

b e

o f

t ypes

b elonging

F inger-rings

t o

( Unstrat:

S ome

o f

t he

f ollowing m ay

p rove

t he B roch P eriod: 6 ).

A t G urness

t wo

s piral

f inger-rings,

o ne g ilded, w ere f ound i n a ssociation w ith t wo p lain r ings o f c ircular s ection a nd a h eavy o ne w ith a s hallow U -shaped s ection ( fig 2 .42.22225). 2

T here

i s

a nother h eavy

r ing w ith a U -shaped

c ollection. A rmlets/bracelets.

1 5?;

( Unstrat: 2 5

3 9).

s ection

i n

t he

I tems o f i ndividual i nterest:

3

-a

t ankard h andle w ith

e arly

C eltic p arallels ( MacGregor, M 1 976 n o 2 91 f ig) a nd a r ing 2 .5cm i n d iameter; 6 -a p ossible c lasp ( fig 2 .43.240), a d ecorated t ube w ith p erforated l ugs ( fig 2 .43.243), a p erforated d ish-shaped p iece o f s heet m etal ( fig 2 .43.244) a nd a m isshapen d ebased r ing ( fig 2 .42.227).

I ron T he r ecovery o f s amples o f s tratified s lags a nd o res f rom G urness, A yre, B u a nd M id H owe -the l atter i n a ssociation w ith a f urnace -is i ndication t hat i ron w as s melted f or u se; t here a re s ources o f o re i n H oy ( Mykura 1 976, 1 18-119). W hetstone, h andles a nd f inely c ut p ieces o f b one a re a dditional t estimony t o t he u se o f i ron a s a re a f ew o bjects b earing t races s uch a s a l ong-handled c omb f rom G urness a nd p in h eads f rom G urness a nd A yre. T he m aterial h as n ot h owever s urvived a t a ll w ell i n t he c onditions p resented b y O rkney b rochs -t he o nly r ecorded i dentifiable s tratified f ind i s a s pike o r s pearhead w hich c ame f rom t he g uard c ell a t A yre. M iscellaneous p ossibly b e o f

unstratified

i tems;

s ome

o f

t he

f ollowing

m ay

B roch P eriod:

K nife b lades

( fig 2 .44.249-251).

S pearheads.

( Unstrat:

S pear f errules.

( Unstrat:

P ossible r ivets. A s ocketed a dze

1 6;

3 3;

3 6).

3 6). 3 6).

( fig 2 .44.259).

A s upposed c hisel.

6 ;

3 6).

( Unstrat:

A p ossible w ool-comb t ooth 2 .44.258). ( Unstrat: 6 ).

( Unstrat:

( Unstrat:

( cf

( Unstrat:

H edges,

6 ). J

W

1 980,

2 4ff)

( fig

3 3).

O ther m etal L ead

o ccurs n aturally i n O rkney ( Mykura 1 976,

1 18-119)

a nd

w as

u sed f or c lamps t o r epair S amian w are a t O xtro ( vide i nfra) a nd a n u nstratified r otary quern f rom G urness ( fig 2 .70.401). S ilver o ccurs a s a l ead o re c ontaminant b ut t he o nly p ossible i nstance o f i ts u se t hat c an b e c ited i s m elted-down o bject f ound i n t he w ell a t O xtro. C eramic i tems o f l ocal m anufacture C lay b ivalve m oulds;

( figs 2 .83-85,

6 8,

6 9).

2 1, 3 9). T hese h ave t he a dditional i nterest c ertain b ronze t ypes w ere o f l ocal m anufacture.

( Strat:

6 U nstrat:

t hat t hey s how I t c an b e s een

t hat t hat

t he m ould h alves w ere u nited w ith a s lip a nd t he g reater p reponderance o f b ack v alves c an b e a ccounted f or b y t he f ront v alves h aving b een b roken i n o rder t o e xtract t he c ast o bject. T he w ell s tratified m oulds f rom G urness a re f or s pear b utts a nd f or r ing-headed p ins ( vide s upra). M oulds f or p ins w ere a lso f ound a t L ingro, t wo h aving p rojecting r ing 2 6

h eads

a nd o ne o f

t hese

b een m oulded s quare,

3 9).

b eing

b eaded.

p resumably

T he

s hafts

o f

t hen b eing g round

P ottery ; p roduced

S ome

t wenty-four

p ottery,

o f

t he

t hough i n t he

h alf

a re

c ompletely

3 1 ( Unstrat: a nd p ouring

a n a dherent

2 ?; l ip

b ronze b ased

o r O f

f ourteen t his

f ewer ( 1; 2 ; t he r emaining

u nstratified

( 5;

3 1; a nd

f usion.

f ifty-two known O rkney b rochs

c ase o f

s urvive o r t here a re t hree s herds 2 2; 3 3; 3 5; 4 0; 4 1; 4 3; 4 5). c ollections

h ave

a ppear t o h ave

t o a r ound s ection.

Crucibles; ( fig 2 .82.804.805). ( Strat: 6 ; T wo t ypes w ere i n u se, o nes w ith a f oot

o thers w ith a p ointed b ase.

p ins

h ave

e ither d oes

n ot

3 ; 1 0; 1 2; 1 5; 2 0; t en r easonably s ized 1 6;

1 8;

2 1;

3 6)

a nd

t hose f rom S tromness C emetery a nd t he H owe a re o utside t he s cope o f t his p ublications. T hough t his o nly l eaves G urness, B u a nd M id H owe i t m ust

b e

s aid

t he f irst O rkney w as O ne

t hat

t hese

r eliable l ike. t hing

c ollections

a re v ery

i ndication o f w hat

t hat

h as

c ome

o ut

i mportant

p ottery

o f

t he

o f

s ince

t he B roch

a nalysis

o f

t hey g ive P eriod

t he

i n

G urness

p ottery, h owever, i s t he v ery g reat l ikeness t hat i t h as t o t hat o f t he s ucceeding p eriod. N o d oubt t here a re d ifferences -w hich w ill b e m ade a pparent i n t he H owe p ublication -b ut t here w ould s eem a t p resent b e n o r eady w ay i n w hich u nstratified B roch a nd P ictish s herds c an d istinguished.

I n v iew o f

c omment

t he

h ere

t o

t his

i t h as

b een d ecided

s tratified e lements

o f

t o

t o b e

l argely r estrict

t he G urness,

B u a nd M id H owe

a ssemblages. N inety-eight f rom 1 .4,

p er

c ent

i nclusion o f

c rushed d yke

r arely,

o rganic m aterial

a ppear

t o

h ave

p ossible u se o f b reaking

b een

t he

s tratified b roch a ssociated

t o

l atter p arts.

a s

c oil m ade

t empering,

o r

b ut

t heir

t urntable.

s cale

b ut

i s

T he s amples

s herds

T he f abric

b eing p ale

r ed-brown

( apps 1 0-30%

quartz a nd, T he p ots

s uggested i s m edium

c olouring v aries t he t o

c entre

o f

y ellow-grey.

t he s oft f rom t he T he

u ntreated s herds i s u neven, y et s mooth, a nd t here i s a b etween B u a nd G urness i n t hat s ome o f t he p ots f rom t he

l ocal

m anufacture

t hrough

t he

f rom B u a nd

w ere

r egularity

g enerally a t

s ite h ad b een b urnished b efore

W illiams

t hough m ica,

o ccasionally b e d etected.

t o a n u neven e dge w hile s urface

g rey-black,

o xidation-reduction s urface o f d ifference

r ock

c ould a lso

a s low w heel

f riably

r ed-brown

s ent

o f

b oth B u a nd G urness w ere o f S tephen C racknell's ' Fabric A 2 .4). T he m ost c haracteristic f eature o f t his i s t he

o f

t he

f iring,

p ottery

p etrological a nalysis

f ive

f rom G urness

s elected a nd d o n ot

( apps

e specially

w as o f

t heir

c onfirmed

b y

t hin s ections

1 .5,

2 .5)

u pper

D avid

o f

n ine

t hough t he s herds

c onstitute a r andom s ample.

T wo

m ajor

p oints o f i nterest a rise. O ne i s t hat d yke r ock c learly w as s ought o ut a s t empering, p robably b ecause i t w ould e nhance t he t hermal p roperties o f t he p ottery p roduced ( Williams 1 982). T he s econd i s t hat d yke r ock a nd p yroxene r ich i nclusions a t B u c ould b e b orders o f t he L och o f h array a nd t o t he G raemsay. a nd w ere

T his

i t m ay b e s imilarly

i mplies

n oted

t hat

s ourced

t o

t raced t o F irth o r t he n eighbouring i sland o f

l ocal i mportation o f m aterials i nclusions t he

o r o f

i n u nstratified s herds

s ame a rea a nd

2 7

t o S hetland.

p ottery

f rom G urness

T he c ult

t o

c ommonest

f orms

o f

c ategorize

s ince

t hey m erge o ne

b ases, a s f ar a s i n r im d iameter h eight

f rom

a s

p ot

a t

B u,

G urness i nto

a nd M id H owe a re

t he

o ther.

d iffi-

A ll h ad

f lat

c an b e s een, a nd w e a re s peaking h ere o f p ots r anging f rom s lightly l ess t han 1 00mm t o a lmost 4 00mm a nd i n l ittle

a s

7 5mm t o

p robably i n

e xcess

o f

3 00mm.

N o

c orrelation b etween s hape a nd s ize i s a t p resent p ossible. A t t he o ne e xtreme t here a re b ucket-shaped v essels w hich a re w ider a t t he m outh t han a t c lassed

a ny o ther p art ( fig 1 .68.257; 2 .88.913) a nd t hese t ogether w ith e xamples w here a s light i ncurving n ear

m ay t he

b e r im

g ives a b arrel s hape ( Callander a nd G rant 1 934, f ig 4 7, f ig 5 1.1,2). T he s econd a nd m ost f requently o ccurring c lass h as a c avetto b eneath t he 2 11,

r im, 2 13;

t hese r anging f rom e xamples w ith a s hort C allander a nd G rant 1 934 f ig 4 6, f ig 5 1,

s ome w hich h ave

a lmost a c arination a t

t wo

t hirds

n eck ( fig 1 .66.208, 1 5-17, f ig 5 2.1) t o

o f

t heir h eight

( fig

2 .89.967, 2 .92.1098). F inally, t here a re s ome v essels i n w hich t he i ncrease i n d iameter c an b e b est d escribed a s a n o utward s welling w hich a ttains a m aximum a t t wo t hirds f orm ( fig 2 .92.1111, 2 .93.1037, a ble

t hat

t he m ore

d eveloped

o f t heir h eight a nd g ives a s itulate 2 .94.1184, 2 .98.1288). I t i s n otice-

t ypes -t hose a pproaching

t he

b iconical

a nd t he s itulate -a re n either w ell n or c learly r epresented i n a ssemblage. T here

a re a lso

s maller v essels. 2 .99.1280) b ut b e a kers e xample

s ome

l ess

F rom G urness t here a re a lso

c ommon f orms,

t hese

o ccurring

t he

B u

a mong

t he

t here i s a s mall b ucket-shaped p ot ( fig t wo f ine h oney-pot s haped v essels o r

( fig 2 .95.1255, 2 .107.1861) a nd t here i s a p robable s tratified f rom B u ( fig 1 .67.221). T hese w ere a ll p resumably f lat b ased

b ut

t here a re a s eries

o ne

o f

w hich i s

o f

r ound-bottomed g lobular c ups

s tratified

( fig 2 .98.1286).

P erhaps

s tratified i tems a re t wo s mall f lat-bottomed v essels a re s quare i n p lan ( fig 2 .96.1282).

f rom

G urness,

t he m ost u nusual

f rom G urness w hich

G iven t he o verall f orms o f t he p ots t he r im t ypes f ound a t B u, G urness a nd M id H owe a re f or t he g reater p art p lain, b eing r ounded o r f lattened a t

t he

l ip a nd

i nturning,

u pright

o r m ildly e verted.

S trong

e versions a re r are, o ccurring i n o nly t wo s tratified e xamples ( fig 2 .101.1796, 2 .102.1811). T here a re h owever a m inority o f d istinct t ypes. A t G urness t here a re e ight e xamples o f b eaded r ims ( fig 2 .95. 1 255)

a nd

t here

a re

s everal w here

a s light

e version i s

t hi c kened

s o

a s

t o h ave a t riangular s ection, s ome o f t hese h aving a n i nternal c hamfer o r a g rooved r ecess a round t he t op ( fig 2 .97.1276, 2 .98.1269, 1 283, 1 287, 2 .99;1277). u nusual r im w hich

T he s tratified B u a ssemblage a lso i ncludes a n a ppears t o h ave b een b eaded i nternally ( fig

1 .68.258). C ompound r ims a re e xtremely r are; o ne f rom G urness h as a n e verted c ordon b elow t he l ip ( fig 2 .98.1288) w hile a nother f rom B u h as a c ordon w ith a s emi-circular s ection ( 259 c f f ig 1 .73.268). T here i s a n u nstratified e xample f rom M id H owe w hich h as a n i nternal l edge a nd t wo m oulded-in e xternal c ordons ( Callander a nd G rant 1 934, f ig 5 0.10). D ecoration i s a s

d istinctive

t he

l ast

n amed

a s

r ims s ite

r are

o n t he

p ottery f rom B u,

a re -t here a re j ust ( fig 2 .97.1276,

2 .102.1811,

f acts i ndicate t hat t he v iew g iven h ere O rkney i s o nly a p artial o ne s ince L ingro, h ave f rom

t hree

M id H owe

a nd G urness

s tratified p ieces 2 .107.1886).

T hese

f rom t wo

o f B roch P eriod p ottery i n A yre a nd S tromness C emetery

p roduced h ighly d ecorated w ares w ith c ompound r ims, t he s herds t he l atter s ite b eing s tratified. T here c learly w ere t wo c on-

t emporary

c eramic

t raditions

i n B roch P eriod O rkney, 2 8

a s ituation w hich

c an b e

p aralleled b y

( Hedges,

J W 1 984a,

Miscellaneous r ecorded

c lay b all

a nd U nstan W are o f

s eem o f

s tratified i tems a b ead m ade

u nstratified i tems;

l ittle

t he

N eolithic

1 6).

f rom L ingro a nd h alf a p ottery w horl

Miscellaneous P eriod

t he G rooved W are f ig

s ignificance:

f rom b roken p ottery i s

f rom M id H owe.

t hose w hich m ight b e o f 6 -a

f lat

p iece

o f

a nd a c lam s nell w ith g round e dges ( fig 2 .87.862); o f r eddish c lay; 2 2 -p ieces o f b itumen; 3 9 -a n

B roch

s emi-baked

2 1 -a s mall i ndeterminate

o bject.

I mported o bjects a nd m aterials T he p etrological a nalysis i n

g oods

a nd

t he a rea o f

o f

t his

p ottery h as

m ay b e

ta ken t o

i ndicated a l ocal i nclude

t raffic

S hetland o n

t he

g rounds o f a s teatite v essel f rom G urness ( fig 2 .54.319) a nd p olished s erpentine b alls f rom t hat s ite ( strat) ( fig 2 .53.311) a nd f rom H oxa ( uns t rat). A o f

r ather m ore e xotic

R oman o rigin

F ig 3 .5

( fig 3 .5).

O rkney B rochs:

c onnection i s L ingro

i s

s hown b y a v ariety o f t he

D istribution o f

y ielding R oman f inds 2 9

o nly

s ite

t o h ave

i mports p roduced

p roven b roch t ype s tructures

R oman c oinage, s ix o r s even d enarii b eing known t o h ave b een f ound. T hough t hese h ave n ot b een t raced, o ne was o f V espasian ( 69-79 A D), o ne o f H adrian ( 117-38 A l )), t wo o f A ntoninus ( Pius?) ( 138-61 A D), a nd t wo o r t hree G urness

o f C rispina t here w ere

2 .106.1860) C oarse w are.

( 180-3 A D) -t he l atter b eing s tratified. s tratified p ieces o f a R oman a mphora

F rom ( fig

a nd f rom M id H owe t here w ere s herds o f b oth S amian a nd C oarse w are i s a lso known f rom B orthwick a nd S amian f rom

T aft, E B urray a nd O xtro w ith t wo s herds f rom t he l atter s ite h aving m end h oles a nd a t hird b eing r ubbed a long i ts e dge. F inally, t he s mashed r emains o f a s mall b ronze p atera w ere r ecovered f rom a s tratified c ontext s tone

a t M id H owe.

s keuomorph o f

t ion o f t hese

I nfluence

a R oman l amp

c an a lso

f rom O xtro

a R oman p atera i n s teatite f rom G urness p resumably

b eing

c opies

o f

b e

( unstrat)

s een i n a s and-

a nd i n a n

( strat)

i mita-

( fig 2 .55.319),

o bjects w hich f ound

t heir

w ay

t o

O rkney. T he g lass g lobule a nd t oggle f ound s tratified a t G urness ( figs 2 .86.829, 9 30) t ogether w ith p art o f a n a rmlet r eported f rom T aft w ere a lmost c ertainly m anufactured b y r esmelting R oman g lass ( Stevenson 1 956).

T I LE E NVIRONMENTAL E VIDENCE

m ore o f

O ur l egacy o f i nformation c oncerning t he O rkney b rochs i s n owhere d eficient t han w ith r egard t o t he e xploitation o f t he e nvironment

t he

t imes.

i ndicators

B ernard B ell h as

f or m ore

t han h alf

c atalogued

t he s ites

r eferences

( Bell

1 982)

t o b one a nd o ther

b ut

t hese a re

j ust

a m easure o f h ow m uch h as b een l ost. S uch m aterial w as r arely kept ( and t hen s electively), w as i nfrequently i dentified, a nd w as a lmost n ever p hased o r p rovenanced. G urness, t he b est o f t he o lder s ites i n t his f act

r espect, i s t hat

t he s mall

h as c ontributed a ppallingly l ittle ( eh 2 .4) a nd t he b ald t he o nly c oherent a nd w orthwhile i nformation c omes f rom

s amples

T here

a re,

g athered a t h owever,

B u

( eh 1 .4).

a f ew i solated p oints

o f

i nterest.

C attle

b ones a re m entioned f rom s ecure c ontexts a t E B urray a nd M id H owe a nd c attle, s heep a nd p ig b ones f rom A yre a nd L ingro. S ome i dea o f w hat t he

c attle,

a t

l east,

w ere

l ike

i s g iven a t M id H owe w here

t wo s kulls

w ere c onsidered t o s how a r elationship t o t he S candinavian w ild o x B os f rontosus i n o ne o f i ts d omesticated v arieties. T he l arger o f t he b ones

f rom

A yre a nd

t he

b een s plintered

f or

h ave

i ndication

b een

a n

t he

c attle

b ones

f rom E B urray a re

e xtraction o f m arrow, t hat

t hey

w ere

s aid

t o

t hough t his m ay d ebitage

f rom

h ave

e qually i mplement

m anufacture. S imilarly, t he m anner i n w hich o ne o f t he M id H owe o x s kulls h ad b een c left m ay h ave b een d ue t o p ole-axing a s m uch a s t o a d esire t o e xtract t he b rain; a ccompanying n eck v ertebrae s howed s igns o f h acking w ith a m etal i mplement. T he s ame c ontext a t L ingro a lso p roduced h orse b ones a nd t his g oes s ome w ay t o c orroborate t he s tated f inding o f a j aw b one a t G urness -t hese b eing t he e arliest e vidence f or t he h orse i n O rkney. Antler, known w ith s uch f requency f rom f inds, i s o nly p ossibly l ife,

known t o h ave b een f ound i n s ecure c ontexts a t M id H owe a nd E B urray. E vidence i s l acking f or t he e xploitation o f b ird

f ish a nd

s hellfish b ut

t here w ere s tratified

f ragments

o f

c rabs

a t A yre a nd a w hale j aw a t E B urray. I nformation E B urray h ad

a bout v egetation i s

c harred b ere a nd b urnt

3 0

e ven m ore

s cant

b ut

t he h earth a t

s traw a ssociated w ith i t.

C harred

s traw f loor

o r r ushes w as f ound i n h eaps o n e ither t he p rimary o r s econdary a t B urrian N R onaldsay a nd i t i s i nteresting t hat p art o f t he

i nterior

o f M id H owe b roch w as

h ad s eemingly t rampled o n.

b een a dded T he l atter,

r emains o f t hatch, B u ( app 1 .9).

f uel o r

c overed w ith h eather a nd g rasses

t o l ayer b y a t l east, l itter

w hich

l ayer a s t he l ower o nes i s s trongly r eminiscent o f

g ot t he

i dentified i n t he p eripheral r ooms

a t

DATING I t

h as

b een a ccepted s ince

t he

t ime

o f J oseph A nderson t hat

t he

b rochs b elonged t o t he i st a nd 2 nd c enturies A l ) ( 1883, 2 45). H is c onclusion w as i nitially o f g reat s ervice, d ispelling t heories w hich p laced t hese m onuments a nywhere f rom b efore t he l ast I ce A ge u p t o t he V iking p eriod ( app 3 .2) b ut i t h as s ince p roved t oo r estrictive o f t hought.

T he

o bjects

p roblem i s

-n ative o nes

t hat h is

n ot

d ating w as

b ased o n f inds

b eing p articularly u seful i n t his

a nd n ot o nly w ere t hese B ritain b ut a ny n umber

o f

R oman

r espect

-

s olely a vailable w hen t he R omans w ere i n o f f actors m ay h ave s evered a n ecessarily

t enuous c onnection i n t he t hird a nd s ubsequent c enturies. A nderson's i nsight s hould t herefore b e t aken a s p roviding a f ocus f or e xploring t he

t rue

p eriod o f

t he

b rochs

r ather

t han a s

d efining t hat

p eriod

i n

t otal. T he d ating o f n ative a rtefacts p rogress i n t he l ast h undred y ears r esolving

t he p roblem i s

t ion a nd, s eries

f or t hat

i s

r adiocarbon d ating.

r eason,

a nticipated

h as, u nhappily, o nly m ade m oderate a nd t he p rincipal m eans w e h ave o f

d ates

a re

f rom H owe*.

T his

i s a r ecent

i nnova-

o nly a vailable f rom B u -t hough a

E ven t he B u d ates

o n t heir o wn a re,

h owever, s ufficient l esson f or t hey p rove t hat t his s tructure w as o ccupation s ome t ime b etween t he 8 th a nd 5 th c enturies B C ( with

i n 6 8%

c ertainty; a pp 1 .3) -at l east h alf a m illennium b efore b rochs w ere c onsidered t o h ave e xisted. ( Nothing f rom B u g ave a c lue t o t his d ate a nd i t i s a n i nteresting r eflection t hat v ery l ittle a s ite i n O rkney w hich w ould i ndicate i t t o b elong t o t he f irst m illennium B C). i t b e

c ould b e f ound o n t he l ast h alf o f

B u c an h ardly b e a n i solated o ccurrence a nd

t herefore s tands t o r eason t hat s ome o f t he o ther O rkney b rochs m ust o f a c omparable p eriod; e ven s ome o f t hose m entioned b elow m ay h ave

h ad s imilarly e arly o rigins. G urness r , c enturies A D. f ound

h owever, w as c learly e stablished i n t he i st T he r aw m aterial f or b oth p ieces o f g lass

i n t he e arliest

a lmost n ative 1 938;

i dentified o ccupation l ayer w ithin t he t ower w as

c ertainly R oman i n o rigin a nd o ne h as c lose a ffinities w ith b angles f or w hich t he d ating s eems r eliable ( Kilbride-Jones S tevenson 1 956).

a mphora o f

i st

and

T his

i mpression i s

e arly 2 nd c entury d ate

c onfirmed b y s herds

( 1860;

f ound b eneath t he f inal f loor l evel o f t he b eautiful s teatite g keuomorph o f a p atera ( 319), n ot

i n

o r e arly 2 nd ( 829, 8 30)

i tself m ore c losely d atable

t han

a pp 2 .5), b roch a lso

o f

i nterior. s tratified,

b eing c oeval w ith

t he

T hese h ave n ow b een p ublished i n i nterim f orm ( Cater e t a l T hey e ntirely c orroborate t he a rguments a dvanced h ere.

T he i s

R oman

p eriod. S ome i ndication o f h ow l ong B roch P eriod o ccupation o n s ite c ontinued f or i s g iven b y m ould f ragments f or s pear b utts

3 1

a n

t hese b eing

t he a nd

1 984).

p rojecting

r ing-headed p ins w hich c ame f rom t he m idden a t

t he b ase

o f

t he G reat D itch. T hese must p redate t he t ime when t his d efence b ecame c hoked w ith r ubble a nd J oanna C lose-Brooks h as a rgued t hat t hey b elong t o t he 3 rd

t o 4 th c entury

S even

o f

t he o ther s ites

i mplies o ccupation V espasian ( 69-79 A D) a lready

( app 2 .3). h ave d ating

e vidence

w hich

s imilarly

i n t he e arly c enturies A D. T he d enarius o f f rom L ingro i s s aid t o h ave b een w orn a nd m ay h ave

b een o ld o n i ts

a rrival b ut

t he o thers a re o f

t he 2 nd

c entury

w ith t he l atest b eing s tratified c oins o f C rispina ( 180-83 A D). M oulds f or p rojecting r ing-headed p ins f rom t he s ame s ite a re w ithout c ontext b ut w ould d ate t o t he 3 rd o r 4 th c entury l ike t hose f rom G urness. A t M id H owe t here w as R oman C oarse w are, a b ronze p atera a nd 2 nd c entury S amian

( Robertson,

A 1 970).

T hree s tratified p enannular b rooches h ave

a ffinities w ith F owler s ' A d erivative ( 1960) a nd c ould b elong e qually t o t he f irst t wo c enturies B C o r A D; t wo s tratified b ent w ire p rojecting r ing-headed p ins a re,

h owever,

m ost

l ikely

t o b elong t o t he

2 nd t o 4 th c enturies A D ( Stevenson 1 955, 2 88). T he o nly o ther r elevant i tem f rom t he O rkney b rochs w hich m ight b e c onsidered s tratified i s t he b ronze s pear b utt f rom B urrian R ussland b ut i n o ur p resent s tate o f knowledge

i t w ould b e u nwise

t o d ate

t his m ore c losely

t han t he i st

t o

4 th c enturies A D ( app 2 .3; R aftery 1 982). U nstratified b ut d atable o bjects f rom o ther s ites a re: R oman C oarse w are f rom B orthwick; S amian w are T aft; s tone

a nd a f ragment o f a l ate i st t o 2 nd c entury 2 nd c entury S amian w are f rom E B urray; a nd, c opy o f

a R oman l amp,

s ome

r epaired 2 nd

w are; a t ankard h andle w hich h as 4 th c enturies ( MacGregor, M 1 976, a nd g uards, ( Rynne 1 983)

s eem

t o t he

b orne u ntil n ames

e xtend

i st a nd 2 nd c entury d ating i nto

t he 3 rd c entury,

t ermination o f

i n

m ind

t hat

i ndicate t o

c entury

t hat

i f

I t m ay a lso

t he

i s

S amian

n ot

b e

t he f inds a lso

t he 4 th.

T his m ay

o r d ates p ertinent

t he 9 th?

c entury

i t

t hat

w ell

s hould

f rom P ictish

s tructure a nd f unction o f

t he N orsemen o f

A D

s ecure b ut

t he B roch P eriod i n O rkney b ut

t here a re n o f inds

t he 7 th c entury.

w as c lear

t o 3 rd

p arallels d ating f rom t he i st t o t he I, 2 91); a nd s word/dagger p ommels I

s uch a s h ave b een d ated t o t he f irst f ew c enturies f rom G urness, L ingro a nd B urrian N M onaldsay.

Anderson's m ark

g lass b angle f rom f rom O xtro, a s and-

t heir p resent

s ome o f

( fig 3 .6;

b e

c ontexts

t he

a pps 3 .1,

d ay

b rochs 3 .2).

W hatever t he p recise d ate b racket i t w ould s eem f rom t he O rkney e vidence t hat t he b rochs w ere a p henomenon t hat e xisted f or a m illennium o r m ore -r ather t han t wo c enturies -t hough t hat i s n ot t o s ay

t hat

b uilt

t o

t hey w ere a ll p recisely t he e nd o f

t he s ame

o r t hat

t hey c ontinued t o

b e

t he p eriod.

C ONCLUDING C ONSIDERATIONS T he w ork which h as c entred o n B u a nd G urness h as t ransformed o ur u nderstanding r egarding ' brochs' a nd s everal k ey a ssumptions w hich h ave s urvived a c entury h ave n ow t o b e a bandoned. T hese m onuments d o n ot c onform t o a s ingle p lan -e ven w ithin O rkney i tself t here i s g reat v ariability -a nd M ousa i n S hetland, t he ' type s ite p ar e xcellence, i s m ore u nusual t han t ypical. A ll t hought o f t heir b eing s olitary t owers o f

r efuge

h as

t o b e d iscarded n ow t hat

3 2

o riginal -a nd

s pectacular

-

3 3

i nternal

f urnishings

h ave

b een i dentified

l arge c ontemporary e xternal s ettlements r eject t he c enturies o f f orm. n ot

l east

i mmigrants

F inally,

o f

w e m ust

n otions t hat t hey b elonged e xclusively t o t he f irst t wo o ur e ra a nd t hat t hey s uddenly a ppeared i n f ully d eveloped

S everal

t he

t ogether w ith o ccurrences

a nd d efences.

d erivative h ypotheses t hat

o f

t he

t he

b rochs w ere

f irst

s pecialist a rchitects

h ave a lso

c entury B C a nd

( Childe

t o

t he p roduct

1 935,

2 04;

b e

l aid o n o ne s ide -

o f a ristocratic s outhern

t hat

t hey

S cott

w ere

1 947,

e rected

2 6-28;

b y

M acKie

1 977, 6 1-63). W e m ust s tart a fresh -t hough c omment h ere h as l argely t o b e r estricted t o t he s phere o f O rkney. T he m aterial f alls i nto t wo s ections,

e ach b elonging

t o

a s eparate

t imespan.

C ertain f undamental c haracteristics o f t he s tructures known a s b rochs r eally s tand o ut a gainst t he b ackground o f p rehistoric b uilding t raditions i n O rkney. T he t hickness o f t he w alls, t heir s tructure, a nd f ree-standing

n ature

a re q uite a t

v ariance w ith w hat

i s

f ound

i n

t he

N eolithic, t he B ronze A ge, a nd t he P ictish p eriod, w hen t he e xigencies o f t he c limate w ere v ariously m et w ith w alls w ith c ompact c ores a nd b uildings w hich w ere e ither w ith m idden. B uildings o f s tructed l imited

r ecessed i nto t he g round o r p acked a round o ther p eriods s eem a lso t o h ave b een c on-

w ith a m uch g reater a wareness s upply

r elatively

o f

s mall

t imber

t hat

o f p roblems

e xisted

i nternally,

f or

t o h ave

p iers,

t o

c ellular. T he c ircular c onstruction o f t he E arly f oreign t han t he l ater V iking l onghouses. T his T here

b rings

i s

n o

u s

t o

t he p roblems

o f

l onger a ny n eed f or u s

h aving a rrived

t he t o

i n a f ully-blown s tate -n or

o f

t he

r ound-house

B ritain i n t he M iddle S ome h ut m illennium B C

h eating a nd t hey

b e

t end

b e

e longated,

o r

I ron A ge

h ere

t o

o f

c onsider

i s

t he

t he i t

e ven m ore

s een i n

c oncept.

' broch t he

T he b asic t he g radual

t radition f irst

t he

t o

i ntroduction o f

t hink

o f a l arge-scale o r l ong d istance i nvasion. e lements c an b e v iewed m ore s imply a s p art o f e xtension

o f

r oofing;

a s

o utcome

s tructural n orthwards

t he

s outh

o f

B ronze A ge.

c ircles i n C aithness ( Roger M ercer p ers

h ave n ow b een d ated t o c omm) b ut t here i s

t he s econd i rrefutable

a rtefactual e vidence f rom J arlshof t hat t he i dea d id n ot r each S hetland u ntil t he 6 th c entury ( Hedges, J W 1 984b, 5 1). W e n ow h ave d ates f or t hree t hick-walled r ound b uildings i n O rkney -B u, Q uanterness a nd P ierowall Q uarry ( fig 3 .7; t able 3 .2) w hich m akes i t c lear t hat s uch s tructures w ere a n e stablished f act b y t he 7 th c entury. Q uanterness a nd B u, t hough s tage

h owever, h ave w alls o f t wo a nd t hree t he i dea o f b uilding t hick w alls c ame o f

a dding

c annot h elp s maller a nd O rkney h ouses

a s e arly f ollowing

i mportant N orthern

c laddings -w hether

b ut w onder i f t hin-walled.

f actor I sles

f or w armth o r d efence

t he e arliest r ound-houses I t r emains p ossible t hat

b lanket

p eat

l and;

t hat h as w ere

s tarted t he

-a nd

o ne

i n O rkney w ere n ot t he c oncept c ame t o

a s t he b eginning o f t he f irst m illennium B C, r oundo n f rom b urnt m ounds i n t he L ate B ronze A ge. O ne t o

a mong

b e

ta ken i nto

t he a reas

o f

t o

f orm o ver

g eneral

e ffects

t he

c onsideration i s

B ritain w orst

c limatic d eterioration w hich s tarted a round a ble

s kins r espectively -as t hrough a n i ntermediate

1 250 B C.

g reater

o n t he

I t w as

p roportion o f

l ivelihood o f

t hat

a ffected

t he

t he b y

a

t hen t hat

t he

a vail-

i nhabitants

m ust h ave b een s evere a nd t here a re i ndications t hat t he i slands b ecame s omething o f a b ackwater. T his m ay w ell b e t he r eason f or t he v ery s low t ransmission

o f

t he

i dea

o f

t he

t o S hetland.

3 4

r ound-house

f rom C aithness

t hrough

0

0

0 0 0

t r l C h

0

X )

i n 2 1

0 0 X ) X )

0

0

+1 +1 +1

+ 1+1

+ 1+1+ 1+1

+ 1+1+1

0 a l g l

0 X 1 L r " )

0

0

0

0

0

0 X 1 u l

0 0 0 z r l a a l a l L f-1 L c-) D o 2 \

L r l N . r e )

D r ) L r l

' 0 C I J 4 . )

L r l a l 0

0

1 4 4

+1 +1 +1

+1 +1

1 14

0

0

0

0

0 0 0 c N T X )

0 0 , X 1 0 0 . 0 e

0

0

0

0 a l . 0 I -,

r ound-house

U C I

0

0

4 J

o f

C O

t i O • H " e

I I " d l i O • •

O 0 • r I • r 1 4 . 3 4 J c e c e

C n

e

0 0 4 ) R I S 0 . d

O

0 c . ) 0 0

0

0

5

✓

h i

c t )

› ,

w

h i 0 0

5 0 , 1 U h i a ) , 2 4 Z r )

. , -) u l 4- c

2

4 )

e

c d Z . . . .

G . ) 4 ) 0 • i I 1 : 3 G . ) ( V H 1 • i 1 0 M I 0 I 0 9 0 • , 1

h i 0

c a t l

0 c . ) 0

• O • e I 4 . 3

0 • r I 4 )

_ C 4 . ) ) 4 C O C L )

0 $ 4 ) — I

0 g l 1 I -

• , 1

C . )

Z

• r I

-

, 4 I

, 4 1

I ) J J

0 0 4 1

C ( ) . )

C e ) 1 0 • , I

O

0

r z

c O 5 • , 1

0 C . ) 0

c d 5 • i I

a . ) V )

a 4▪ a ,

a l

a d c . ) 0

X ) N

. t . N c r l A L r l i r )

f = i -1 i

, i

, . ‘

0 W I 4 , A d

0

0 . 1 r : r 4,4 4 0 4 ) C 0

, 4 D O

3 2

- , 1 0

4- , i-

0 0 . 5 0 4 3 g

. i4 . 4 04 c c o

6 4 1

0 _ 0

a ) a ) a ) 4 ) 4 i t o . • i I • i I < c r ) c f ) 0 C U G ) 0 b i ) t 2 1 ) $ ‘

G ) C l )

› ,

g • N . 4g 4 -u s I c oc o " 0

_ .

c . ) 4 a ) • iI N 4

0 W

L ii L ii O 0

a ) c o Z

z _ D

Z . 7

, 4 , ▪ 4

. . D

z . 7

0 0 • r i. .1 4 .i4J . c ) c O a . a 0 C d u c d 0 0 )

i T C I ) . IM

E

e l• r I r • • I z a 1 1 . r . 4

0 0

> , S 4 c d 5 0 • i i c . ) w 0

2

c d

3 5

0

4 ) .

. 0 N .

EE . r 1 a l

. 1 1 a l

› , c l . )

0 C

e 0

0 rl c n b 0

C

. c r 3 . e

r 4 " C ) — i i 9 4 . 0

0 d $ 1 Z 2 1 0

c . ) _ g t 0

T able 3 .2

Q ) c n Z 0

B u l i roch

C U c f ) d O

0

k 0

T he

r ound-house w as,

w hich c ame

h owever,

o nly o ne o f

a n umber

t o O rkney i n t he f irst m illennium B C.

o f

i nnovations

O ur knowledge

o f

t he

B ronze A ge i s n ot y et a s g reat a s i t m ight b e b ut o ne c an s ee c hanges. T here a re f airly t rivial d ifferences i n m aterial c ulture -t he p ottery h aving c arinations a nd e verted r ims r ather t han b eing b ucket-shaped; t he l ong-handled c omb b eing i ntroduced -b ut t he m ost s ignificant c entre T he

o n a griculture,

h orse w as

t he p roduction o f

i ntroduced a t J arlshof

( Platt 1 933, 1 32-3; 1 934, G urness, L ingro a nd C rosskirk

a t

f ood i n a h ostile t he v ery e nd

s uperseded

C aithness

t he s addle q uern,

( Fairhurst

t remendous

i mpact

1 984).

b ut

l andscape.

t he B ronze A ge

3 17), b ones h aving a lso b een ( in C aithness) ( Macartney 1 984,

s tone a rd d isappears f rom t he r ecord a t s ome t ime B C, t his p resumably i ndicating t he u se o f i ron; quern

o f

T hese

t his

t hey w ere a lmost

a fter t he 4 th c entury a nd t he r otary d isc

h appening

t hree f actors

f ound a t 1 37); t he

p rior

t o 2 00 B C

i n

a lone w ould h ave h ad a

c ertainly j ust

p art

o f

a

m uch

w ider p henomenon w hich w ould h ave r anged f rom s ickles t o c arts a nd m ay h ave i nvolved i mproved i deas o f l and u se a nd o f h usbandry. I t i s n oticeable,

f or e xample,

t hat w hile

t here w as a t endency

t o s laughter

c attle i n t heir f irst y ear d uring t he N eolithic p eriod ( Hedges 1 984a, 2 04) t he e vidence f rom b oth C rosskirk ( Macartney 1 984, 1 46) a nd B u ( app 1 .6)

p oints

p rovision o f

s trongly

t o

t heir b eing o verwintered,

t his

i mplying

t he

b oth s helter a nd f eed.

W e c an, t hen, d efine a p eriod o f r evitalization a nd i nnovation w hich b rought O rkney o ut o f t he e conomic, s ocial a nd c ultural s lump o f t he B ronze A ge. p ottery h ave r adiocarbon

B u,

Q uanterness

a nd P ierowall w ith t heir

s houldered

b een i dentified a s b elonging t o t his t imespan -because o f d ating -b ut t here a re o ther s ites w hich e xtend a nd g ive

a dded d imensions t o o ur v iew. T wo t hin-walled h ut c ircles ( one w ith r adial p artitions) w ere r ecently e xcavated a t S purdagrove ( fig 3 .7); t hey w ere p robably a ssociated w ith a f ield s ystem a nd h ad r elated s tone a gricultural

i mplements

( Hedges,

S E u npublished M S;

O vrevik

1 985).

T here i s t he t hicker w alled C alf o f E day ' potter's w orkshop w here t here w ere r adial p artitions, s tone a gricultural i mplements, s addle querns, a nd b ucket-shaped p ots w ith p lain r ims ( Calder 1 937; 1 939). A djacent t o t his w ere t hree r ecessed s ub-circular b uildings w ith a c ommon p assage, w here t he w here s tone a gricultural 1 939). w ith

A t

B u i tself

s houldered

b uilding

p ottery w as d istinct b ut o f i mplements w ere s eemingly

s imilar f orm a nd l acking ( Calder

r ecessed a nd s ubterranean s tructures

p ottery h ad b een b uilt

i mmediately a fter

i ts

a mong

a pparently b rief

t he r uins

o f

o ccupation;

a ssociated t he

r ound

a p arallel

b ut l ess c learly u nderstood r euse o f t he r ound-house i nterior a t Q uanterness rp redates 1 90 B C 2 : 1 00 ( Renfrew 1 979, 1 94). A t t he S kaill e xcavations, p ublished o nly i n i nterim f orm ( Gelling 1 985), t he o ldest s ettlement p assageway;

c onsisted o f t wo s ub-circular a reas s eparated b y a c aved a ssociated s amples g ave d ates o f 3 75 1 30 a nd 1 60 B C - 1 10

a nd s tone a gricultural i mplements w ere a bundant. A round 4 0 B C 1 -- 1 10 a r ound-house w as b uilt w ith a c ircular e nclosure o pposite o ne o f i ts e ntrances; t he p ottery h ad c hanged a nd s tone i mplements w ere l ess c ommon. N one o f t he l atter w ere r eported f rom H owmae, a c omplex o f r ecessed b uildings 1 885; T rail 1 890). g iven -i n t he b oth

r ecent

s tructures

a mong w hich w as o ne o f s ub-circular p lan ( Traill E verted r imsherds a re m entioned -b ut n o c ontexts p ublication o f a s econd e arth-house a t G rainbank,

s eemingly

h aving h ad a ssociated

s urface

o ccupation

( Haigh 1 983). And t hen t here i s t he L ittle H owe o f H oxa, a n e nigmatic a nd c ompletely u ndated t hick-walled r ound-house w ith a b asal i ntramural

3 6

0 0 W 4 4

N . •

r e l

I X 4 1 N

3 7

g allery w hich w as a nd P etrie M S

s till r oofed w hen f ound

( a);

P etrie M S

( i),

4 3-54,

( PSAS 5 9-62,

I mperfect g limpse t hough w e m ay h ave, f irst

1 872,

1 11-112;

s ettlement

m illennium B C w as e vidently c omplex.

3 60-363;

D ryden

M S ( w),

2 -3).

i n O rkney i n t he

I t i s n ot j ust a c ase

o f

B ronze A ge t ype d wellings b eing s uperseded b y r ound-houses, t hemselves a ncestral t o a t hick-walled f orm w hich b ecame p rogressively c omplex. I t i s n ot a u nilineal d evelopment. T hin-walled r ound-houses, a s a t S kaill, w ere c learly b uilt l ong a fter o nes w ith t hick w alls h ad d eveloped. S tructures w ith n ative f eatures c ontinued i n u se a t l east u ntil t he t ime o f e verted r im p ottery a nd i ron a gricultural i mplements, a s

a t G rainbank

a nd H owmae.

A nd t here a re i nstances

o f b oth

i solated

d wellings a nd c lustered s ettlements. M ore

w ork

i s o bviously r equired i n o rder t o f ully e lucidate

t his

p eriod b ut a p icture i s e merging a nd i t i s o ne w hich a dds c onsiderably t o o ur u nderstanding o n t he s ubject o f ' brochs -h owever d efined. I t i s s uggested h ere t hat t he o nly i nflux o f p eople t o O rkney t hat n eeds t o b e e voked i s o ne o ccurring i n t he e arly c enturies o f t he f irst m illennium B C w hen t he i slands w ere a t a l ow e bb a nd t he r ound-house m akes i ts f irst a ppearance. S uch a n i mmigration n eed n either h ave b een l arge n or o f t he u pper e chelons o f a h ighly s tratified s ocial s ystem b ut i t i s f elt t o h ave o ccurred b ecause t he s imple a doption o f t he r ound-house

( and a ffiliated c oncepts)

b y a p urely a boriginal p opulation

w ould n ot h ave r esulted i n t he t ype o f h eterogeneous s ociety w hich c an b e o bserved. A s i t i s i t w ould s eem t hat a s ocial s ystem w as e stablished w hich w as s table a nd o f l ong d uration, t he d escendants o f t he i ncoming p opulation i nhabiting i solated r ound-houses a nd p resumably h aving d ominance o ver t he o ccupants o f m ore c lustered n ative s ettlem ents. I t m ust b e s tressed, h owever, t hat t here a re n o i ndications o f a w ealthy a ristocracy; t he l ifestyles o f t he t wo e lements o f t he p opulation w ere r ooted i n a griculture, a lbeit u nequally, a nd w ere n ot d ivergent

t o a ny m arked d egree.

O ur e nhanced u nderstanding o f t he f irst m illennium B C i n O rkney p uts s ucceeding e vents i n a p roper p erspective. T he s ocial s tratificat ion t here w as r emained, w ith t he r ound-houses a nd c lustered s ettlem ents b eing b rought t ogether t o f orm d efended v illages, o f w hich G urness i s j ust o ne o f t wenty i dentified e xamples. T wo p oints n eed t o b e u nderlined. O ne i s t hat w e a re s peaking o f a f orm o f s ettlement s o r emoved f rom t he c onventional i dea o f a b roch a s t o m ake t he t erm r edundant. T he f ocal t hick-walled r ound-houses o f t hese s ettlements w ere n ot r solated a nd n or w ere t hey a ll n ecessarily t ower-like. T he s econd i s t hat t he b asic c onstituent e lements o f t he n ew f orm o f s ettlement a lready e xisted w ithin O rkney a nd, w hile n ot d enying o utside c ontact, t here d evelopment.

i s

n o n eed t o s ee i t a s

a nything o ther t han

a

l ocal

W hether t he c hange o ccurred s uddenly o r a s a r esult o f g radual d evelopment i s a p roblem w hich c annot b e s atisfactorily a nswered o n p resent e vidence. G urness w as c learly f ounded i n t he f irst o r e arly s econd c entury A D a nd c ontinued i n o ccupation u ntil t he 3 rd o r 4 th c entury. L ess c lear e vidence f rom s ix o ther s ites i n O rkney c an b e s een a s c orroborating t his d ate b ra c ket b ut t he r ecent w ork a t C rosskirk i n C aithness s hows t he t hi c k-walled r ound-house t here t o h ave h ad e xternal b uildings a nd d efences b y 2 00 B C ( Fairhurst 1 984, 1 66).

3 8

T he s ettlement a t G urness a ppears t o h ave b een f ounded o n t he n ew s ite b ut i t m ay b e t hat s ome d eveloped a round e xisting r ound-houses. I f t he d evelopment w as l argely i nternal t hen i ts c ause m ust h ave b een f undamental. M ention h as b een m ade o f a gricultural i mprovements a nd t hese a nd c limatic a melioration m ay h ave p rovided t he i mpetus w ith i ncreased p roduction l eading o n t he o ne h and t o m ore p ronounced s ocial d istinctions a nd o n t he o ther t o a p opulation e xplosion w hich g ave t he i ssue o f l and a nd t erritorial b oundaries a h eightened i mportance. A s imilar e xplanation h as b een m ooted f or t he d evelopment o f t he h illf orts o f t he s outh o f E ngland ( Cunliffe 1 983) a nd t he d efended m ents o f O rkney c an b e s een a s a l ocal r esponse t o a m ore s ituation.

s ettleg eneral

I n t his w ider p erspective O rkney w as a f ringe e lement o f t he C eltic w orld a nd t he t ype o f s ociety w hich d eveloped o n t hese n orthern i slands w ould i nevitably h ave h ad s imilarities w ith t hose o f n eighbouri ng a nd m ore d istant

t ribal a reas.

S uch w ritings a s

t he G ermania,

t he

A gricola, a nd e arly I rish l iterature -t hough t hey c annot b e a pplied d irectly -give a v ery g ood i mpression o f t he t imes. N or s hould O rkney b e t hought o f a s r emote, i ts p osition a t t he j unction o f t he N orth S ea a nd t he A tlantic O cean b eing v ery f avourable f or m aritime c ontact.

T he

i slands w ould c ertainly h ave f elt t he e ffects o f R oman i mperial p olicy a nd i t i s v ery t elling i n t his r espect t hat O rkney c hieftains c oncluded a

t reaty

6 5). b ut

w ith t his p ower o n t he i nvasion o f E ngland

N ot

o nly i s

t he i mpression o f

t here w as c learly a n a wareness

c oupled w ith k ingdom.

a

T he R omans,

knowledge

o f

h owever, m ade

( Hamilton

t he s ocial s tructure

1 962,

c orroborated

o f w hat w as h appening s o f ar

t he e xpediency

s low p rogress

o f

b ecoming

a

s outh c lient

t hrough B ritain a nd O rkney

w as d estined t o h ave a n i ndependent e xistence w ell b eyond t he f rontier. I t c an b e i nferred f rom T acitus t hat O rkney w as p art o f t he C aledonian c onfederacy, w ith R oman a dvance.

t he T he

r out o f M ons G raupius i ronically s temming s ubsequent c ircumnavigation o f B ritain

t he b y

A gricola's a dmiral m ay w ell h ave b een p artly p unitive - t he f orces a llotted w ere s ufficient, a nd t he t error o f R ome h ad g one b efore h im b ut O rkney w as b eyond l ong-term c ontrol. E ven s o, R ome r emained a n e ver-present t hreat, a s w itnessed b y a f ourth c entury r ecord o f o n b oth O rkney a nd S hetland ( Platnauer 1 922, 2 89). T hough-the t ide h ad b een s temmed t he e xistence o f

r aids

s uch a n eighbour

j ust h ad t o b e d isruptive o f t raditional b ehaviour. T he w ealth o f R ome b rought p iracy a nd m ade s laves a m arketable c ommodity; t he R oman o bjects

f rom

( Robertson, a ddition

A t o

O rkney a nd e lsewhere i n t he n orth a nd w est 1 970) a re p robably v estiges o f o ccasional s olidarity a nd

o f

S cotland

s uch a ctivities. I n h eightened p olitical

c onsciousness R ome w ould a lso h ave m eant l ocal r aiding, i f n ot i nternecine w arfare. I t i s a gainst t his b ackground t hat t he s ituation i n O rkney i n t he f irst c enturies A D b ecomes r eadily u nderstandable. O n t he o ne h and t here w ere i nternal p ressures

o f

p opulation a nd w ealth;

o n

t he o ther b oth d istant a nd m ore i mmediate t hreats. I t i s e xactly t his k ind o f s tate o f a ffairs t hat w ould l ead t o t he c rystallization o f t he p ower s tructure a nd g ive r ise t o v illages w hich w e s ee.

t he c learly d efined p attern o f d efended

3 9

S ettlement

i n C aithness

m ay h ave b een p art p ointed o ut ( 1984, h as

d iffering

r igidly s erve t o

s eems

t o h ave

b een s imilar -it

a nd O rkney

o f t he s ame p olitical a rea -b ut, a s F airhurst h as 1 82-3), t hat i n o ther p arts o f t he ' broch p rovince'

c haracteristics.

T his

u nderlines

t he e xtent

t o w hich t he

d rawn s tereotype w hich h as b een h anded d own t o u s c an o nly o bscure o ur v iew. T he ' broch i s a n a rtificial c reation w hich

i gnores v ariability a nd i s i n a ny c ase o nly o ne p art o f m ore p henomena. A s a c oncept i t h as l ong o utlived i ts u sefulness.

4 0

g eneral

C HAPTER 3 .2 P ICTISH A ND LATER ACTIVITY

A t s uch,

p resent w ent

p oints

o ut

t o

t he o f

t imespan d uring w hich

u se

i s

t he 3 rd/4th c entury,

p ublication

o f

t he H owe

t he

r ather u nclear. b ut

i t

d efended

T he i s

e xcavations w ill

a nticipated

h indsight

d ifficulty i nvolved. e arlier

o f

w e

c an n ow s ee

T he w hole i dea o f

t heir

l ower

t he

a re

o n f lat

g round.

p resent

A t

t he

t ype

o f

a bandoned

t o

t he

i n f avour

a nd

h ad

o nly

o f s uch b uildings h ave r ecently A 1 977) b ut a re u nusual i n t hat

l ight

a nd

o f

b uildings w ere c omparatively s hort

t he n eighbouring

t o

f ull

s tructures

s ite

o f

S aevar H owe

i nto a n e xisting m ound w hich m ay o r m ay n ot ' broch'. T his i s o f p articular i nterest

s tudy h as b rought

t he

S ubsequent s ettlee scaped d etection.

w ere o ften r ecessed

i nternal w all f acing. A s eries e xcavated a t B uckquoy ( Ritchie, w ere r ecessed u ninvestigated

o f

r ound-house w as

t echniques;

p ortions

s ense

a s

t iming

t o h ave b een l argely d ue

i dentifying a nd making

c onstructional

l ived,

t his

t hat

r esolve b oth t he

t he n ature o f t he t ransition ( Smith e t a l f orth). m ent -w hich c an b e l oosely t ermed P ictish -long W ith

v illages,

l imited e vidence w e h ave

a g reat

d eal o f

e vidence

a n b een t hey

e xamples

c over a n s ince t he f or P ictish

h abitations h aving b een b uilt o ver e arlier d efended v illages. T he H owe e xcavations h ave g iven a n i ndication o f h ow g reat o ur i nformation l oss i s b ut r ecords

g ood d etail h as b een r ecovered f rom w hile e ither s tructures o r f inds

p ositively

i dentified

a t

n ine

o ther s ites.

t he o f

G urness e xcavation t he p eriod c an b e

W hen i t

i s

t aken

i nto

c onsideration t hat t he m ajority o f t he ' broch s ites i n o ur l ist o f f ifty-two h ave b een d elved i nto r ather t han f ully i nvestigated t hen t his

c oncurrence

c an b e

s een t o

b e q uite

r emarkable.

THE P ICTISH S TRUCTURES E xperience a t s ites s ome

c an b e

t he H owe

i ndicated

t hat P ictish o ccupation o n

c lassed s tructurally u nder

i nstances m ay h ave

t hree h eadings,

b een c ontemporaneous.

F irst,

b roch

t hough u se i n

t here w as

r e-use

o f t he b roch i nterior; s econd, r e-use ( and m odification) o f b uildings o f t he e xternal s ettlement; a nd t hird, t he e rection o f i ndependent s tructures w hich w ere r ecessed i nto e arlier r ubble. T his p attern t hrows

l ight

o n t he f indings

c ompetently o r T he N

t horoughly

c learest

R onaldsay w here

( had

b een)

b uilt

i nstance

o f

a n u pper u pon

c ontinued

o ther s ites,

t he

r e-use o f

p aved s pace,

t he d ebris

o riginal f loor' ( Traill 1 890, l evel ( fig 3 .26) i ndicates f urnishings

a t

n one

o f w hich h as

b een a s

i nvestigated.

t hat

a b roch i nterior a nd v arious o verlay

3 41). T he p lan o f t hat m any o f t he

i n u se -as

a nd

B urrian

c oncealed

w alls t he

t he i nterior a t t his e arlier o rthostatic

t hey d id a t H owe. 4 1

i s

p artition

T hough W att

d id

n ot m ake a p lan,

a v ery s imilar s ituation w as e ncountered a t B orthwick

( 1882, 4 44). T he o riginal f loor w as s eparated b y t wo o r t hree f eet o f s mall s tones f rom ' unctuous m atter...very d ifficult t o g et t o l eave t he s pade...composed o f a shes, b ones a nd s hells m ixed w ith c lay f or t wo f eet o r o r m ore d eep'. T he e arlier o rthostatic f urnishings a re a gain m entioned a s c ropping a bove w hat c an b e r etrospectively i dentified a s a s econdary o ccupation. I t i s f urther c lear f rom t he d escription g iven t hat t he i nternal d iameter o f t he o riginal c onstruction h ad b een r educed f rom 2 7 f t t o 1 6 o r 1 7 f t a nd t hat a s tair h ad b een b uilt a gainst t he e ast w all. W alls d efining t wo o blong c hambers a re a lso m entioned, t hough t hey m ay b e l ater s till. T he s tair a t B orthwick i s v ery r eminiscent o f t hat f ound j ust i nside t he e ntrance a t G urness, t his h aving s econdary p aving t o i ts f oot a nd b eing i tself f ounded o n r ubble. I ts p reserved h eight w as t he s ame a s t he s ill o f t he s outhern e ntrance t o t he i ntramural s tair ( 1.86m) a nd C raw t hought t hat t here h ad b een o ccupation a t t his l evel, t hough t he p ossibility t hat t his w as a ssociated w ith t he u pper p arts o f o riginal f urnishings c annot b e d iscounted. F inally, w alling s hown o n p lans o f O xtro a nd B urgar i s i nconsistent w ith w hat i s n ow k nown o f o riginal f urnishings a nd t herefore b e t entatively r egarded a s s econdary.

m ight

S ome o f t he e xternal s tructures c ome u pon i n g rave d igging a t t he C emetery, S tromness m ay b e P ictish, a s m ay a s trange o val b uilding a t N etlater, a s emi-circular e rection a t C ummi-Howe, a nd a s eries o f d ilapidated c onstructions t o t he S a nd S E a t M id H owe. T here a re o nly a f ew i nstances i n w hich w e c an b e c ertain a nd, e ven h ere, t he l evel o f e vidence i s s uch t hat i t i s n ot a lways p ossible t o d istinguish b etween b uildings w here e arlier s tructures h ave b een r e-used a nd t hose w hich a re e ntirely i ndependent.

T he c learest e xamples

o f t he f ormer a re t he

' Annexe a t G urness a nd a lso t he s econdary p aving i n t he n orth h alf o f b roch O utbuilding 5 , t his b eing s ealed b elow t he ' Longhouse'. S imilarly, t he ' Shamrock 'a t G urness p rovides t he m ost c omplete p arallel t o t he t ype o f i ndependent l obate s tructure f ound a t B uckquoy, t hough e ven h ere a n e arlier w all i s i ncorporated t o t he S E. E lements o f o ther b uildings a t G urness, t o t he n orth e ast a nd w est, m ay h ave b een b uilt i n o ne o r o ther w ay -a s m ay t he P ictish s tructures w hich c an n ow b e i dentified a t A yre a nd B urrian N R onaldsay. A part f rom t he c urious c ircular c onstruction a t G urness, t he t endency, w hen u nrestricted, s eems a lways t o h ave b een t owards a c ellular o r l obate p lan. T his u nderlines t he v ery g reat c hange t hat t he t wo l onghouses a t G urness r epresent -t hough i t m ust b e b orne i n m ind t hat n either t hese n or t he r ectangular c onstruction i n t he m iddle d itch h ad a ny a ccompanyi ng a rtefacts w hich w ere d iagnostically N orse.

T HE P ICTISH F INDS

i s

T he d iscussion o f P ictish p eriod f inds f rom b roch s ites i n O rkney l imited t o t hree o bjectives. O ne i s t o i temize o ccurrences o f

d iagnostic s tratified

o bjects -t his b eing g reatly a ssisted b y t he p ublished a ssemblages f rom S aevar H owe, B uckquoy a nd t he B rough o f

B irsay ( Hedges, s econd a im i s c ontexts, t hus

J W 1 983; R itchie, A 1 977; C urie, C L 1 982). T he t o l ist a ll t he o ther f ind t ypes known f rom b roch a dding t o t he i nformation a lready a vailable f rom t he

a bove

n amed s ites.

w ith,

o n

T he t hird i s

t he o ne h and,

t o d raw o ut e vidence f or

t he e arlier I ron A ge a nd, 4 2

c ontinuity

o n t he o ther,

t he

s ucceeding N orse p eriod. T he d efinition o f a P ictish a ssemblage i n t oto i s n ot a ttempted h ere s ince t he c ontribution o f t he ' broch' s ites

t o

t he s ubject w ill b e e normously i ncreased w ith t he

p ublication

o f t he H owe a nd a lso b ecause S aevar H owe, B uckquoy a nd B irsay a re c omparatively l ate, m ainly 8 th c entury, a nd t ell u s n othing a bout t he p receding f our h undred y ears.

D iagnostically P ictish a rtefacts C omposite

b one c ombs - b oth d ouble-a nd s ingle-sided a re f eatured

o n P ictish s ymbol s tones ( Curie, C L 1 982, 9 5-7) a nd h ave a lso b een f ound a t S aevar H owe, B uckquoy a nd B irsay. T hey w ere t hus c learly i n u se b y t he e ighth c entury, i f n ot b efore, t hough t hey w ere a lso f ound i n N orse l evels a t t he s ame s ites, t his b eing t aken t o d emonstrate a p erhaps u nexpected c ultural c ontinuity. T he t ypically ' hog-backed' s ingle-edged c ombs a re known f rom B urrian N R onaldsay ( strat) a nd B orthwick ( unstrat) w hile e xamples o f t he d ouble-edged v ariety h ave b een

f ound

s tratified

a t

B urrian N

R onaldsay

u nstratified a t B orthwick a nd E B urray. n one w as r ecovered a t G urness.

t ypes

S mall d ress p ins, o f d ecorative

a nd

M id

H owe,

a nd

I t i s v ery i nteresting

o ften w ith a h ipped s hank h ead w ere f irst m ooted t o

t hat

a nd w ith a v ariety o f b e ' Post B roch b y

S tevenson ( 1955). T his c onclusion h as b een c onfirmed a t S aevar H owe, B uckquoy a nd B irsay, t hough t he t ype c an b e s een t o s urvive i nto t he N orse p eriod a t t hese s ame s ites. T he b est known c ollection f rom a ' broch' i s t hat f rom B urrian N R onaldsay, t he p ins b eing s tated t o h ave c ome f rom s econdary o ccupation. S tratified e xamples a re a lso r ecorded f rom G urness a nd A yre, S ymbol

s tones,

u nstratified o nes

f rom O xtro a nd E B urray.

t he P ictish a rtefacts p ar e xcellence,

f rom a n umber o f b roch s ites. i n a s hort c ist a t O xtro,

a re

known

A s lab b earing a n e agle w as i ncorporated w here i ts u se i s p resumed t o h ave b een

s econdary; a nother w ith a n e agle, c rescent a nd V r od, a nd a m irror c ame f rom B urrian N etlater; a nd a t hird i ncised w ith a r ectangle a nd c rescent a nd V r od w as f ound i n t he l ocality o f S teeringlo R edland. I n a ddition, t here i s t he p ossible ' trial p iece' f ound s tratified a t G urness a nd t he o utline o f a h uman f igure f rom C hapel K nowe. P ictish s ymbols a lso o ccur o n t wo o x m etacarpals f rom B urrian N R onaldsay w here b oth t hese a nd a p ebble b earing a p entagram a nd a h exagram c ame f rom t he s econdary o ccupation. A n i ncised E arly C hristian c ross s lab f rom t he s ame s ite s hould a lso b e i ncluded, i ts p eriod b eing m ade c lear b y a n o gam i nscription. A s lab w ith a c rude c ross p ecked o ut l engthwise o n o ne s urface c ame f rom a P ost B roch s ituation a t G urness ( 306). O gam i nscriptions f rom ' broch' s ites

i nclude

t he o ne f rom

B urrian

N R onaldsay m entioned a nd a nother i ncised o n t he b one h andle o f a s tratified k nife f rom G urness ( 252). B oth a re p robably 8 th c entury. A dditionally t here i s a s pindle w horl f rom B urrian N R onaldsay a nd a p ebble a nd c etacean b one c asket a ll b earing o gam-like m arkings. B rooches,

p ins

l id f rom G urness,

a ll u nstratified,

a nd o ther d istinctive b ronzes o f

t he

p eriod

a nd

a re

known f rom f ive ' broch' s ites. P art o f a m ould f or t he b arrel-headed p in o f a p enannular b rooch ( 827) a nd t wo a ctual b rooches ( 218, 2 19) w ere w ithout c ontext i n t he G urness c ollection. B oth t he m ould 4 3

f ragment

a nd

t he l arger b rooch -w hich h as

z oormorphic

t erminals

-

b elong t o F owler s F 2 c lass f or w hich C lose-Brooks s uggests a d ate i n t he l ater 5 th 6 th o r 7 th c entury ( app 2 .3). A p recisely s imilar b rooch w as f ound u nstratified a t O xtro. f loor a t G urness w as f or a h and-pin,

O ne m ould f rom t he u pper ' Annexe' f or w hich C lose-Brooks s uggested a

d ate i n t he 7 th o r 8 th c entury ( 819; a pp 2 .3). A d isc-headed p in f ound ' 3ft f rom t he f loor a t E B urray a nd t wo d ecorated p ins f rom s econdary c ontexts a t B urrian N R onaldsay w ould a ll b e c lassed w ith t he b one d ress p ins d iscussed a nd d ated b y S tevenson t o t he 7 th o r 8 th c enturies, a t e arliest ( 1955). F inally, t here a re t wo p ieces o f m etalw ork b earing C eltic d esigns w hich w ere f ound i n t he i mmediate v icinity o f C emetery B roch. T he o ne, a f ragment o f a m ount, g old; t he o ther i s c ircular a nd m ay h ave b een t he p enannular b rooch ( Grieg 1 940, 2 00). T he

i s i nlaid w ith t erminal f or a

b ronzed i ron b ell f rom B urrian N R onaldsay i s g enerally

c on-

s idered t o h ave b een e cclesiatical a nd E arly C hristian i n d ate ( 6th-8th c entury; M acGregor, A 1 974, 1 03). L ike b ells h ave b een f ound a t S aevar H owe a nd o n t he B rough o f B irsay. A g lass b ead a nd a v essel f ragment f rom t he s econdary o ccupation a t B urrian N R onaldsay w ere c onsidered b y M acGregor t o b e o f R oman o rigin ( 1974, WO). R ecent p ublication o f f inds f rom B irsay p robable. P ainted

a nd S aevar H owe n ow m akes a P ictish d ate s eem p ebbles s uch a s t hat f rom B uckquoy w ere f ound a t

B urrian N R onaldsay.

P ictish f ind t ypes f rom s tratified c ontexts o n T he i ntention i n t his s ection i s

t wofold.

-b roch -

O ne i s

s ites

t o l ist a ll t he

t ypes o f f ind known f rom P ictish c ontexts o n b roch s ites i n O rkney; t he o ther t o i ndicate w hether, o n p resent e vidence, t he t ypes w ere a lso i n u se i n t he E arly I ron A ge a nd/or t he s ucceeding N orse p eriod. F urther d iscoveries w ill n o d oubt c hange t he p resent v iew. T he o rder o f t he G urness c atalogue i s f ollowed a nd a s ummary a pproach t aken; m ost o f t he f ind

t ypes

h ave

b een a dequately d escribed i n

e ither

t he

p receding

s ection o r i n c hapter 3 .1. R eference s hould a lso b e m ade t o t he m iscellaneous u nstratified i tems l isted i n t he l atter c hapter s ince s ome o f t hese m ay w ell b elong t o t he P ictish p eriod.

E lA B one P erforated m ounts ( strat:16) p egs ( strat:6) C ombs L ong-handled H og-backed, U /S:22)

a nd d isassociated

( strat:6) s ingle-edged c omposite

D ouble-edged c omposite

( strat:36

( strat:36;39 U /S:22;33)

4 4

N orse

H andles S ocketed t ine ( strat:6) S ocketed r ough c ylinders

( strat:6 U /S:36)

S ocketed s mooth c ylinders

( strat:6 U /S:16;36)

N eedles a nd B odkins D iamond-shaped, c entrally p erforated O val-sectioned,

( strat:16)

p erforated a t o ne e nd

( strat 6 ;36)

x

P ins e th l ittle m odified h eads ( strat:16;36) W ith s quared o r r ounded t erminals ( strat:6;36 U /S:16;33) W ith d ecorative h eads a nd o ccasional h ipped s hanks ( strat:6;16;36 U /S:3;33) G lobular p in h eads ( strat:6) P ointed implements U lna p oints ( strat:6) U sed s livers a nd f ragments

( strat:6)

R ubbing a nd p olishing i mplements O vicaprid m etapodials ( strat:6) U sed s livers a nd f ragments ( strat:6;16?) G aming e quipment P arallelopiped d ice ( strat:36) G aming p ieces ( strat:36)

p arallel t ypes

M iscellaneous B one c ylinder e xtensively d ecorated o n o utside ( strat:6) U nfused m etacarpal w ith g rooves a cross ( strat:6)

f aces

S tone S pindle whorls ( strat:6 U /S:36-with o gam) L oom w eights P erforated d isc t ype ( strat:6) P erforated p ebble t ype ( strat:6) C rude s tone b asins ( strat:6) Lamps R oughly s haped w ith w ick

r est

( strat:6)

D ish s haped w ithout w ick r est ( strat:6) T riangular ( strat:39 U /S:16, ? 47) P ivot s tones ( strat:6) Whetstones,

m anufactured b ut

i mperforate

4 5

( strat:6)

x

Querns S addle

( strat:39)

T rough (strat:6) P ounders, r ubbers and g rinders H ammerstones ( strat:6) R ubbers

a nd g rinders

P ounders

( strat:6)

( strat:6)

O ther s triking P ot l ids

t ools

( strat:6)

( strat:6)

S trike a l ights

( strat:6)

S tones w ith i ncised m arks and d esigns

p arallel

t ypes

( strat:6;36 U /S:3;9(near);10) Miscellaneous C urved

p iece o f

M anufactured R ough d isc

s teatite

b all

( possibly Norse)

( strat:6)

( strat:6)

( strat:6)

B ronze P enannular b rooches P ins

( U/S:3;6)

( strat:6(mould);33;36)

p arallel

t ypes

p arallel

t ypes

p arallel

t ypes

p arallel

t ypes

p arallel

t ypes

Miscellaneous T refoil

o bject

( strat:6)

O rnamental m etalwork

( U/S:28(near))

I ron R atchet R ings

( strat:36 T U3)

( strat:36)

L eaf—shaped a rrowhead ( strat:36) Lozenge—shaped s pearhead ( strat:36) E cclesiastical b ell ( U/S:36) C eramic C lay b ivalve m oulds Crucibles

( strat:6)

( strat:6)

P ottery ( strat:6;16) G lass B ead a nd v essel f ragment

( strat:36)

4 6

T he e ffect

o f

t his

p rocess

i s

p artly

t o

s how t hat

c ertain t ypes

o bject known t o h ave b een u sed i n t he P ictish p eriod o ccur a mong

o f

l ocal

N orse a ssemblages ( though f oreign t o t he V iking h omeland). T his p henomenon h as a lready b een a pparent a t S aevar H owe, B uckquoy a nd B irsay a nd h as b een t aken t o i ndicate a d egree o f f usion o f t he t wo c ultures t he o ne t here

i nvolved r ather b y t he o ther.

a re

N orse

a lso

t ypes w hich d id n ot

i ncursions,

i ndicates P ictish.

t han t he o usting o r c omplete s ubjugation o f I t i s e qually o bvious f rom t he a nalysis t hat

m any

o f

t hese

s urvive

b eing

o f

t hrough t o

E arly

t he e ra

o f

t he

I ron A ge a ncestry.

T his

c ontinuity f rom t he B roch P eriod b ut a lso c hange w ithin B oth a spects m erit c loser f uture e xamination.

t he

CONCLUDING C ONSIDERATIONS T he ' broch

l evel s ites

o f h as

e vidence a vailable

r egarding P ictish o ccupation

n ot m erited o verdetailed

p resentation.

r emains a re p oorly r ecorded; s tratified f inds f ar e nvironmental r emains r estricted t o a h andful o f b ones a nd d ating d ependent

f rom n umerous; f rom G urness;

o n t ypological d istinctions w hich p lace a p ossibly

u ndue e mphasis o n t he e nd o f t he p eriod. I t i s a lso t he c ase t hat p articular r eport h as b een w ritten i n o nly s light a dvance o f p ublication

o f

t he

H owe -a

s ite

f or w hich

i nformation

o f

I h ope h as

c ontinuing l oci P ictish p eriod.

b een s hown -i s o f A

t hat

t here

i s

t his t he

a

s tandard h as b een c ollected f or a n o ccupation w hich s panned t he o f t he P ictish p eriod. W hat h as b een a ttempted h ere, h owever w hat

o n

S tructural

h igh w hole -a nd

i rrefutable e vidence f or

o ccupation f rom t he E arly I ron m inimum o f 1 2 o f o ur l ist o f

A ge t hrough t he f ifty-two O rkney

' broch' s ites h ave o ne o r m ore i ndications o f P ictish o ccupation, t he m ajority o f t hese b eing known t o h ave f ormerly b een d efended v illages. W hen t he g eneral

l evel

o f

i nvestigation,

t he

f railty

o f

t he

e vidence,

a nd i nto

t he p robability o f s ome o f t he ' brochs' b eing a kin t o B u i s ta ken c onsideration t hen t he c oncurrence c an b e s een t o b e r emarkable.

( fig

3 . 0 M ost

o f

t hat

o nly

a nd

t he i nformation w e h ave r ecently

c ome

b y -is

a bout O rkney f or

i n P ictish

t he 8 th c entury.

t imes T he

-

c lear

i mplication o f t he c onclusion c ome t o h ere i s t hat ' broch' s ites c ons titute a n u nsuspected r eservoir o f i nformation a bout s ettlements o f t he

P ictish p eriod a s

a w hole -a

p oint

o ccupation'unwittingly u ncovered a t knowledge t he E arly t hing

o f

d efended

b orne

H owe.

o ut

b y

t he p alimpsest

E ven i n o ur p resent

o f

s tate o f

i t w ould s eem t hat l and b oundaries m ay h ave c ontinued f rom I ron A ge a long w ith s ettlement l oci. T hough d efences w ere a t he

p ast,

a nd

p opulation m ore

v illages m ay h ave

r emained

o f

d ispersed,

i mportance.

t he s ite

o f

t he

A domnan's m ention

o f t he v isit o f a r egulus f rom O rkney t o t he c ourt o f t he P ictish K ing B ridei s on o f M aelchon i n 5 65 A l ) i nevitably c omes t o m ind, t he m ore s o s ince

r egulus

c an b e

t ranslated

a s

' minor k ing'

( Ritchie,

A 1 985,

1 85).

T here i s a lso a n O rkney f olk t ale o f p articular i nterest. T he B roch o f B orthwick i s s aid t o h ave b een t he r esidence o f a ' king' who h ad a d ispute w ith t he ' king' o f V erron ( Firth 1 986, king i s ' righ' -w hich i s v ery p robably C eltic known

t o

p ossible

h ave

h ad P ictish o ccupation;

b roch a t V erron j ust 3 km t o

4 7

a nd

1 70). T he w ord u sed f or i n o rigin; B orthwick i s t here i s

t he n orth.

t he

s ite

o f

a

F ig 3 .8

O rkney

B rochs:

A n e merging

p attern o f P ictish o ccupation i n

t he i slands w ith c lear e vidence f or t he i mportance o f f ormer b roch s ites ( Brochs n umbered a s i n f ig 3 .1: a = B uckquoy; b = S aevar H owe; c = B rough o f B irsay; d = P ool

4 8

A t

S aevar H owe,

B uckquoy a nd

t he B rough o f

t ion

w as

i mmediately s ucceeded b y N orse.

c ase

a t

s ome

' broch

s ites

b een a f ocus

m ents. b ell

w ere

G reen',

f ound

a nd H owe.

f or E arly C hristian a nd

S uch a t radition i s a t

w here p art

P ictish o ccupa-

f or r ectilinear b uildings

t ype h ave b een f ound a t b oth G urness h ave

B irsay,

T his m ay a lso h ave b een t he o f

' Broch'

l ater

s ites m ay a lso

r eligious

a ssociated w ith C hapel K nowe;

B urrian,

o f a c hapel

N R onaldsay;

W arebeth

s till

t he

s tands;

a ppropriate e stablish-

t he c ross a nd

i s

o n

S t T redwell o n P apa W estray m ay h ave c ome a fter a n e arlier m ent w hich w as i tself b uilt o ver a p ossible ' broch'; a nd H array

-a

c ommon

w ith m any

u sed

a s

p robable b roch s ite h as

b urial

t hose o f i nferred

a a t

o f

a c hurch a nd

t he o ther m ounds

p laces.

o f

T he r emains

' Mohkers

1 2th c entury c hapel o f

c emetery

e stablishO verbrough i t.

I n

O rkney ' broch s ites' w ere

a lso

a t G urness

a re

o n

a t

l east

p artly

9 th c entury c emetery a nd a b urial o f t his d ate c an b e t he H owe; t he r une-incised d isc f rom S tadkrue a nd r ing-

h eaded p in f rom O xtro c ould a lso b e g rave g oods. O ther b urials a re l ess d atable b ut i n ,lude s hort c ists a t T aft a nd O xtro; c remations i n p ots

a t N etlater;

B redkness,

i nhumations,

C emetery,

B u,

s ome i n l ong

G reen

c ists,

a t B urgar,

H ill a nd H illock;

s pecific r eferences t o h uman r emains a t I ngshowe, B urrian S andwidk, S tadkrue, B urrian N R onaldsay,

a s w ell

a s

A yre, l ess

N etlater, L ingro, a nd M id H owe. O ne

' broch' s ite - B urgar -h ad b een u sed a s t he h iding p lace f or a f abulous t reasure o f P ictish o r V iking d ate -w hich m et a n u ntoward e nd. f oci

T he f or

' broch' a ctivity

s tarted

i n

o bjects

f rom

r epresented, f elicitously,

s ites o ver

o f l ong

N eolithic t imes; s everal; a s i n t he t he g lass

a nd

O rkney d o i ndeed s eem t o h ave o ften s pans

o f

t ime.

H owe

t here a re M ediaeval e ven t his

p resent

a nd

a nd

c entury

b een

D ingieshowe

p ost-Mediaeval i s

s ometimes

S econd W orld W ar t rench a t B u a nd, m ore m arbles b roken f rom l emonade b ottles a t

G urness.

4 9

A PPENDIX 3 .1 CATALOGUE O F A UTHENTICATED B ROCH S ITES I N ORKNEY John W H edges a nd B ernard B ell

T his c atalogue i s b ased o n a vailable d ocumentation, m useum c ollections a nd m aps, r elies o n t he f ieldwork o f t he O rdnance S urvey a nd R oyal C ommission ( OS; R CAM 1 946). o bjective i t

h ad

i s

t o

b e

t o

s ynthesise

d ecided w hich

a ll

t he known i nformation a bout O rkney

s ites

s hould

b e

i ncluded

i n

t he

s ample,

t here s hould a t l east b e e vidence o f a w all o f a ppropriate p roduced a l ist o f f ifty-two b rochs, t hough t here a re e ighty r egarded l istings ( 1965, a re o n

a s p ossible b rochs. g iven h ere a nd t hose

b y

b rochs.

A s a p reliminary

t he

t aken b eing

i ndex

c urvature a nd b uild. o ther known s ites w hich

t hat

T his m ay b e

T here a re d ifferences, b oth i n n umber a nd d etail, b etween t he o f o ther r ecent a uthorities s uch a s G raham ( 1947, 5 1); M acKie

1 43); a nd H amilton ( 1968, M ainland, i n t he S outh

a lphabetically

a nd I ts

1 74-175). I sles, o r

I n t hese l ists s ites a re o rdered b y w hether t hey t he N orth I sles; w ithin t his t hey a re l isted

p arish,

Known b rochs

( extant o r not)

Mainland 1

K nowe

o f

2

K nowe

o f T aft,

S kogar,

3

O xtro

4

E ves

b roch, H owe

B irsay.

B irsay.

B irsay.

( Braebuster),

5

B roch o f

B urgar,

6

G urness,

A ikerness,

7

K nowe N ess

9

o f o f

E vie.

S tenso,

E vie.

E vie.

W oodwick,

B roch o f

D eerness.

E vie.

R edland,

S teeringlo,

1 0 1 1

C hapel K nowe, B urness, I ngshowe, F irth.

1 2

B urrian B roch,

H array.

( 1)

H array.

' ( 2)

1 3

B urrian

1 4

K nowe

B roch,

1 5

N etlater,

1 6

L och o f

o f

B urrian, M anse

A yre,

H array.

o f

( Russland) ( Corrigal) ( 3)

H array,

S t M ary's,

D ishero,

F irth.

F irth.

( Garth)

H array.

H Y

2 639

2 340

H Y

2 836

226 2

H Y

2 537

2 678

H Y

5 490 0 611

H Y

3 519

2 771

H Y

3 818

2 685

H Y

3 638

2 675

H Y 4 007

2 486

H Y

3 780

1 715

H Y

3 881

1 556

H Y

3 903

1 277

H Y

2 961

1 834

H Y

3 235

1 937

H Y

3 082

1 680

H Y 3 232 1 741 H Y 4 702 0 136

H olm.

1 7

K nowe o f

l b 1 9

D ingy's H owe, S t A ndrew's. R ound H owe ( Howe o f L angskaill),

R endall.

2 0

B erstane,

2 1 2 2 2 3

B roch o f L ingro, S t O la. B roch o f B orthwick, S andwick. B urrian B roch, S andwick.

H Y

2 888

1 538

2 4 2 5

L och o f G lumly, S tackrue B roch,

H Y 2 517 H Y 2 705

1 649 1 512

H Y 2 824

1 039

S t A ndrew's.

H Y

4 256

H Y

5 476 0 30

H Y

5 078 0 593

H Y 4 752

S t O la.

1 998

1 002

H Y 4 345 0 878 H Y 2 241

S andwick. L yking, S andwick.

2 6

C ummi-Howe,

2 7

B roch o f Breckness,

2 8 2 9

C emetery, S tromness. H illock o f H owe, S tromness.

H Y

2 759

1 092

3 0

K nowe

H Y

2 659

1 385

3 1

N avershough,

H Y

2 697

0 933

N D 4 847

9 871

o f

S tenness.

1 678

R edland, B u,

S tromness.

H Y 2 247 0 928 H Y 2 378 0 818

S tromness. S tromness.

S outh I sles 3 2

A yresdale,

3 3

E ast

W est

3 4

T he G reen H ill,

3 5

H owe

B roch o f o f

H oxa,

B roch o f

B urray,

B urray,

B urray.

N D 4 897 9 881

B urray.

H oy.

H Y

S R onaldsay.

2 500 0 284

N D 4 252

9 396

N orth I sles 3 6

B roch o f

3 7

C astle

o f

B urrian,

N k onaldsay.

B othikan,

3 8

K nowe o f

3 9

M id H owe,

H unclett,

4 0

N orth H owe,

P apa W estray. R ousay.

k ousay. k ousay.

5 0

H Y

7 627

5 138

H Y

4 926

4 927

H Y

4 144

2 722

H Y

3 716

3 061

H Y

3 704

3 074

4 1 4 2

W estside, R ousay. P oint o f B uryan, S anday.

H Y H Y

4 3 4 4 4 5

W asso, S anday. B rach o f S teiro, S hapinsay. H elliar H olm, S hapinsay.

H Y 7 902 3 794

4 8

T he H illock,

4 7

H illock

o f

4 6 4 9

H illock H unton,

o f B aywest, S tronsay.

5 0 5 1

L amb H ead, H owarness,

5 2

K nowe o f

H Y 5 019 1 635 H Y 4 859 1 579 H Y 5 356 2 238

S hapinsay.

B urroughston,

H Y 5 404 2 100 H Y 6 1 % 2 425 H Y 6 534 2 754

S hapinsay.

S tronsay.

H Y 6 904 2 146

S tronsay. W estray.

B urristae,

3 727 3 036 7 724 4 340

H Y 4 17 H Y 4 317

W estray.

4 96 4 293

P ossible b rochs

G rid r ef.

0 .S.No.

R .C.No.

M ainland 1 2 3

L och o f H undland. B irsay. L och o f I sbister, B irsay. S aevar H owe, B irsay.

H Y•2 977 2 634 H Y 2 572 2 334 H Y 2 460 2 700

H Y 2 2 N E 2 6 H Y 2 2 S E 3 5 H Y 2 2 N W 5

N o. 1 8 N o. 1 7 N o. 4 0

4 5

H owan, D eerness. rugar ( Ryo), K nowe o f G

H Y 5 889 0 633 H Y 3 563 2 730

H Y 5 0 N E 2 1 H Y 3 2 N E 1 0

N o. 6 29 N o. 2 67

H Y H Y H Y H Y H Y H Y

N o. N o. N o.

E vie.

7 8 9 1 0 1 , 1

V erron, E vie. V inquin, E vie. T he H illock, F irth. B roch o f B urrian, H array. H owen B roch, C orston, H array. K irk o f C leaton, H array.

H Y H Y H Y H Y H Y H Y

1 2 1 3 1 4

K nowe o f B osquoy, H array. M ithouse, M irbister, H array. N orth o f H array C hurch, H array.

H Y 3 093 1 864 H Y 3 080 2 000

H Y 3 1 N W 3 0 H Y 3 2 S W 1 7

N o. 7 1 N o. 1 9

H Y 3 14

H Y 3 1

N o.

1 5 1 6

O verbrough, C hurchyard, H array. B rough o f W arbuster, K irkwall.

H Y 3 136 1 790 H Y 4 364 0 937

o f

B reakna,

O rphir.

3 185 2 990 3 268 2 830 3 611 1 415 3 09 1 84 3 180 1 914 3 019 1 565

1 79

3 2 3 2 3 1 3 1 3 1 3 1

N W N W S E N W N W N W

7 1 3 4 4 6 3 2 1 5

N W 4 9

H Y 3 1 N W 3 6 H Y 4 0 N W 2

2 60 2 66 3 23

N o. 2 0 N o. 2 3

1 38

N o. 1 39 N o. 4 30

1 7

H illo c k

1 8

T he C astle,

1 9 2 0 2 1 2 2

H a', K endall. N orth E ttit, K endall. T hing— voll, R andall. W ass W ick, R endall.

H Y 4 250 2 097 H Y 4 205 1 996

H Y 4 2 S W 1 2 H Y 4 1 N W 4

N o. 2 70 N o. 2 97

H Y 4 011 2 286 H Y 4 120 2 198

H Y 4 2 S W 3 H Y 4 2 S W 1 0

N o. 2 68 N o. 2 69

2 3 2 4

T he B rough, S t A ndrew's, C ampston, S t A ndrew's.

H Y 5 450 1 005 H Y 5 288 0 411

H Y 5 1 S W 4 H Y 5 0 S W 1

N o. 6 48

2 5 2 6 2 7 2 8

H owie o f t he M anse, J t A ndrew's. T ankerness, S t. A ndrew's. W ork, S t O la. B rough o f B igging, S andwick.

H Y H Y H Y H Y

H Y H Y H Y H Y

3 1 2 7

N o. N o. N o. N o.

6 26 6 35 4 35 7 30

2 9 3 0

T he C astle, S andwiäk. H owans, S andwiäk.

H Y 2 749 2 024 H Y 2 524 1 755

H Y 2 2 S E 4 H Y 2 1 N E 4 4

N o.

1 7

3 1 3 2

K nowe o f G eoso, S andwiäk. K nowe o f V erron, S andwiäk.

H Y 2 282 H Y 2 305

H Y 2 1 N W 1 9 H Y 2 1 N W 2 2

N o. 7 66 N o. 6 82

3 3

L ower L ee K nowe,

3 4 3 5 3 6 3 7

S carrataing, S andwiäk. U pper L ee K nowe, S andwiäk. B ig H owe, S tenness. T he C airns, S tenness.

K Y H Y H Y H Y H Y

H Y H Y H Y H Y H Y

N o. N o. N o. N o. N o.

K endall.

S andwiäk.

H Y 3 533 0 508

H Y

3 0 N E

1 3

N o. 4 86

H Y 3 86

H Y 3 2 S E

1 1

N o.

2 12

5 142 0 899 5 321 0 914 4 74 1 350 2 19 1 57

1 792 1 975

2 836 1 612 2 761 1 764 2 833 1 627 3 081 1 247 2 905 0 987

5 0 5 0 4 1 2 1

N W N W S E N W

2 1 2 1 2 1 3 1 2 0

N E 1 4 N E 4 0 N E 1 3 S W 3 1 N E 1

N D 4 9

3 03

7 55 6 81 7 55 9 11 8 92

S outh I sles 3 6

K yelittle

3 9 4 0

B raebister, B u', H oy.

B roch,

B urray.

4 1 4 2

B urrowstown , H oy. G reen H ill, N r C hurch,

4 3 4 4 4 5

G reen H ill o f H estigeo, H oy. O uter G reen H ill, N r C antidk, T he S keo, H oy.

N D 4 851

H oy.

H oy.

4 6

ß rough,

4 7 4 8

E S cott's, H oxa, S k onaldsay. W eems C astle, S R onaldsay.

H oy.

S k onaldsay.

5 1

N E d

N o. 8 66

H Y 2 130 0 522 H Y 2 375 0 523

9 531

H Y 2 0 N W 2 0 H Y 2 0 N W 2 1

N o. 3 80 N o. 3 86

N D 3 331 8 983 N D 3 148 9 095

N D 3 8 N W N D 3 9 S W

N o. N o.

1 032 1 007

N D 3 375 8 903

1 008

N D N D N D H D

1 0 1

N D 3 8 N W 8

N o.

3 425 2 857 428 4 4 243

8 956 8 796 8 333 9 403

N D N D N D N D

N o. 1 006 N o. 1 009 N o. 8 51 N o. 8 18

337 N D 4

845 8

N D 4 8 N W 2

3 8 N W 9 2 8 N E 3 4 8 S W 1 4 9 S W 2

N o. 8 16

N orth I sles 4 9

N ess

5 0

D ennis

5 2

B urrian,

S t.

o f

G airsay.

H Y

426 4

2 100

H Y

4 2

S W 4

N o.

3 13

N R onaldsay.

H Y

7 840

599 5

H Y

7 5

N E 5

N o.

2 05

H Y 4 964

5 088 3 338

H Y H Y

4 5

S E 4

N o.

3 3

S E

N o,

5 23 5 99

B oray, N ess,

T redwell's

C hapel,

P apa W estray.

k ousay.

5 3

K irk

5 4

K nowe

H ouse,

5 5

S cockness,

5 6 5 7

V iera L odge, B adkaskaill,

o f

K narston,

B urrian,

R ousay.

F rotoft,

R ousay.

3 949

H Y

R ousay. S anday. S anday.

1 3

4 464

2 927

H Y

4 2

N W

1 2

N o.

6 04

006 H Y 4

2 745

2 H Y 4

N W

1 3

N o.

5 51

4 498

3 308 2 808

N o. N o.

5 54

3 915 417 H Y 6

3 S H Y 4 W 6 H Y 3 2 N E 1 2

3 919

H Y

N o.

5 56 1 59

H Y 6 346 490 H Y 7

3 896 4 653

H Y 6 3 N W 2 8 H Y

7 4

N W

1

N o.

4 4 -4

3 7

H Y

W 6 3 N 7 4 N E

1 8 N o. N o.

4 7 -4 4 73 4 79

H Y H Y

R ousay.

T ower,

H Y

6 3

N W

1

5 8

B arber's

5 9

B race G arth,

6 0 6 1 6 2

B roch o f L amaness, S anday. B roch o f T oftness, S anday. C olli N ess, S anday.

1 H Y 6 60 H Y 7

4 70 212 H Y 6 850 4

1 H Y H Y 6 4 S E 2 1

6 3

E is

N ess,

S anday.

H Y

3 90

H Y

7

N o.

6 4

H ow F arm ,

S anday.

N o.

1 85

6 6 6 7

I var's K nowe, S anday. T he M anse, S anday.

H Y 6 3 N E 9 4 S H Y 6 E 1 6 4 S W 1 0 H Y 7

1 58

I cegarth

3 927 4 156

N o.

6 5

H Y 6 606 H Y 6 706

N o.

4 78

S anday.

B rough,

S anday.

S anday.

6 72

H Y

335 7 158 4

H Y

6 539

4 118

H Y 6 316

3 701

6 8

N ebister,

6 9 7 0

N ewark, S anday. P eterskirk, S anday.

H Y H Y

7 1 7 2

R unna C lett, S car, S anday. W estbrough, S anday.

H Y

6 659

H Y

7 3

H owe H ill,

H Y

7 4

L och o f

7 5 7 6

S hapinsay.

4 540

H Y H Y

6 4 N E 6 4 S E

H Y

5 1

H Y

6 282

3 116

H Y

6 470 3 001

7 7 7 8

M alme, S tronsay. B rough, W estray.

7 9

H odgalee,

436 H Y 6 862 2 H Y 4 791 482 4 473 644 4 H Y 4

8 0

K nowe o f

S kulzie,

W estray.

H Y

4 472

2 2

3 N H Y 6 W 2 7 4 S W 1 7 4 S W 7

235 6 633 4 599 5 117 1

H olm o f H uip, S tronsay. H uip N ess, S tronsay.

W estray.

S E

H Y H Y

1 833

S hapinsay.

6 4

H Y

N E

4 24 7 23 7 134 4 363

795 H Y 4

W esthill,

6 3

4 904

3 1 4

N o.

1 60

N o. N o.

4 39 4 60

N o.

1 82

N o.

1 83

N W 5

N o.

7 80

1 N E 8 H Y 4 3 S W 4 H Y 6

N o.

8 01

N o.

9 95

H Y 6 3

61 N o. 9

S W 2

2 S E 6 H Y 6 4 N H Y 4 W 2 4 4 S H Y 4 E 3

N o.

N o. 9 63 N o.

1 074 1 035

H Y 4 4 N W 2 3

N o.

1 072

S tructure o f c atalogue S ome c ase

o f

e xplanatory C emetery,

n otes

i nformation a vailable

p rior

e ntries

( 6)

o n

i nformation

o n

t he h eadings

S tromness

G urness

t o

( 28) t he

r ecent

a nd B u ( 31)

b eing c ontained

u sed i n

a nd H owe, a re

t he c atalogue a re g iven b elow.

S tromness

e xcavations l imited

t o

( Bell

( 29)

c omments

f orth;

a re

S mith e t

t he d erivation

o f

I n

t he

r estricted a l

t heir

t o

f orth). n ames,

T he o ther

i n t he m ain t ext.

D erivation o f n ame I n

t his

s ection T eresa W oodbridge

a nd N icola

B ell h ave

a nalysed

t he

v arious

n ames

o f

e ach s ite u sing M arwick's O rkney F arm N ames a s a p rincipal s ource ( 1952). S ome o f t he a re m odern, a nd o f l ittle i nterest, b ut t he m ajority i nclude N orse e lements. T hese

n ames o ften

i ncorporate a chievement

m ain w hile

o thers

i nteresting t opographical i nformation o r V iking p ersonal n ames r evolves a round w hether s ome b rochs w ere m ere r uins i n t he 9 th

w ere quite

r ecognizable

i ncorporate O N b org -a O N h augr -a dys f all

-m ound, i n

t he

m ound,

g rave

m ound e tc;

c airn o r g rave; f irst

f or w hat

f ortification,

t hey w ere.

f ortress

t he

s ame

c airn.

i n

p articular,

a re

l iving

e lements

b etween n ames

t op,

S eventeen o f s econd b ut

h illock,

o ur

t here

s ample a re,

m ound e tc; o f

t he

l anguage

o f

O rkney

a nd

a s O N

f ifty-two

a dditionally,

f orms. T his l ast p henomenon i s t he r eason b eing t hat ' broch', o f

w hich

w hich c ontain s uch e lements

r ounded h ill

n umber i n t he

f ive s ites w hich h ave n ames i ncorporating b oth a gainst t aking t hings a t t oo s implistic a l evel, 1 knowe',

a nd o thers

O N knollr -a

a nd O N kuml -a

c ategory a nd

T he d istinction i s

e tc

b ut t he c entury

m ay

a w arning ' howe', a nd h ave

b een

a pplied t o s ites i n r elatively r ecent t imes. A s ufficient n umber o f i ncontravertible i ncorPorations, h owever, r emain t o m ake t he c ase, a s s een i n s uch n ames a s B urrian, B uryan, h urray, B urra S ound, B urgar, B urrowston, B orthwick, B urness, H aughster, N avershough, H owarness, H oxa, W asshow, D ishero a nd C lumly. A lthough t he n ames o f t he e ighty p ossible b rochs w ere n ot e xhaustively r esearched, i t s eemingly o riginal i ncorporation o f O N b org.

i s

5 2

o f

i nterest

t hat a m inimum o f

f our

h ave

a

G eographical l ocation h ere

t he

O rdnance

S urvey

g rid

r eference

i s

f ollowed

p roximity i ng l and;

o f t he s ite t o t he s ea a nd a dequate b eaching; t he p resence o f f resh w ater; a nd t he g eneral

A lthough

t he

p ositioned a ccount

a nalysis

w ith

r ather

i s

r egard

f ar

f rom e xhaustive

t he

t o

t erritories

t hat

t han o ne -e

a nd

g d efence -being

o f

p oint

b y

B ernard

B ell's

n otes

t he a gricultural s tatus o f d efensive p otential o f t he i s

c learly m ade

a c ombination o f

p aramount

t hat

f actors

o n

t he

s urroundl ocation.

t he

s ites

w ere

w as

t aken

i nto

i mportance.

Excavations e tc U nder b ackground

t his t o

h eading

t he

i s

f actual

a b rief

h istory

o f known i nvestigations

i nformation w hich

w hich

i s

i ntended

t o

g ive

f ollows.

S tructures , e s tructural t .-

I nformation a bout

r emains

o f

e ach b roch

t he t owers a re d ealt w ith f irst, f ollowed b y i nternal c onstructions. G raham's c lock m ethod o f d escribing t he h as b een u sed i ndications a re c onverted

( 1947, 6 0); t he b roch e ntrance i s i n f rom t he p assage e tc l ast r eferred t o.

t o m etric

t hough i t

s hould

' b f eet', f or e xample, b ecomes a nd t he m ost i mportant a ccompany

b e n oted

t hat

i s

p resented

i n a u niform m anner;

c onstructions a nd p osition o f f eatures

t hen e xternal w ithin b rochs

t he b o 'clock p osition. D irectional A ll i mperial m easurements h ave b een

t his

g ives a f alse

i mpression o f

1 .82m. I llustrations p roved t o b e p articularly t he t ext, a n umber b eing p ublished f or t he f irst

a ccuracy;

i nformative t ime.

F inds F ollowing s ummarily F uller

a n

l isted

a ssessment

o f

s tratification a nd d egree o f

t he o rder

o f

t he G urness

i n

i nformation i s

t o

b e

f ound

i n B ernard

c atalogue, B ell's

l ess,

p hasing

t he known

o bjects

b eing g iven w here

S mall F inds f rom O rkney B rochs

a re

p ossible. ( 1982).

Environmental r emains T he

s mall

a mount

t hat

i s known a bout

e nvironmental

r emains

i s

s ummarized

f rom

B ell

( 1982).

Human r emains F inds

o f

h uman r emains

a nd

o f

c ists,

g raves

e tc a re

s ummarized.

S ources I n

o rder

t o

s ave

s pace

s ources

a re

n ot

r eferred

t o

i n t he

t ext

o f

t he

c atalogue

e ntries

b ut a re s imply l isted a t t he e nd. a nd t he R oyal C ommission I nventory

The O rdnance S urvey A ntiquity C ard n umber i s l isted f irst n umber s econd. R elevant m useum c atalogues a re t hen g iven

f ollowed

a lphabetical

d efinitive g ive a nd

b y

r eferences i n o nly

i n n ormal

a r estricted

o riginal o r i mportant O rkney H erald h ave

c orrespondence

o f

s ense;

o rder.

T he

l ist

r eferences w hich a llude

i nformation h ave b een e xcluded. I t i s n ot b een s earched f or i nformation,

G eorge P etrie

i n

t he N ational M onuments

o f t o

s ources a s ite

a ttempts

b ut

w hich

t o d o

b e n ot

r egretted t hat t he O rcadian n or h as t he s urviving

R ecord f or S cotland

b een

l ooked

i nto.

1

K NOWE O F S KOGAR,

B IRSAY

D erivation o f n ame S kogar i s

p lural

o f

O N

s kögr -w ood o r

f orest.

T his

f orm,

h owever,

m ay

f rom i ts t ranscription i nto E nglish. T hough t he s ite i s n ot l isted b y M arwick s uch n ames t o s uggest s crubwood r ather t han ' significant f orestation ( 1952, knowe s ee a ppendix i ntroduction.

5 3

h ave

r esulted

h e c onsiders 2 9-50). F or

G eographical l ocation M Y f arm)

2 639 2 34U. T he b roch t ounship c 0 .4km f rom t he

b etter

d rained,

t he o nly

s tands i nland i n p resent-day e nclosed f reshwater L och o f I sbister. T hough

t he s urrounding

n atural

l and

i s w aterlogged m arsh a nd

r ough

l and i n I sbister ( = E t he s ite i s s lightly p asture.

T he

m arsh

i s

d efence.

E xcavations e tc R educed o f

t o

o verturned

i ts

f oundations

s tones

b y

i n c ultiv ted

n on a rchaeological d isturbance l and w hich w as

i n o r

f urther d estroyed

p rior

t o

1 859;

a h eap

b y W WII a ctivity.

S tructures B roch t ower I n

t he

d istance

S a nd S W t ne o uter

o f 4 -5m,

p ossibly

f ace o f

t he w all w as o bserved

b eing 3 o r 4 c ourses

h igh.

T he w all

a bove

t he g round

t hickness m ay

h ave

l evel

b een

f or

c 3 .7m

a o r,

c 4 .6m.

External c onstructions C lose

t o

t he

s ite

t here

i s

s aid

t o

h ave

b een a k itchen m idden u sed

f or m anure.

F inds A ll

o f

S tone:

t he

f inds

a re w ithout

p erforated d isc

s tones;

t ether-stone

P ottery:

o ne

c ontext

l oom-weight;

o r f igurine;

a nd

s ome h ave

v essel,

n ot

p ossible

f urther u nspecified

b een l ocated.

p ivot

' stone

s tones;

s addle quern;

h ammer-

r elics'.

s herd.

Environmental r emains K itchen m idden n oted,

a s

a bove.

S ources M Y

2 2

[ ( CAM

S E

3 9

1 946,

l b n o

1 6

T HM c atalogue F raser

1 925,

2 3

P etrie

1 890,

9 3,

P etrie M S

( r),

n o 2 8

7

2

K NOWS O F T AFT, GREENAY,

B IRSAY

D erivation o f n ame T aft e xample

d erives i s

n ot

u sually,

i f

b uilding"

( 1952,

f rom O N

t opt

-h ouse

l isted b y M arwick

n ot

a lways, 1 6).

f ound

F or knowe

s ite

t hough h e a pplied s ee

o r

r emains

c onsiders t o

o f

i t

o ld b uilding(s).

" a

a s ite w here

f airly

T his

c ommon n ame

t here a re

t races

p articular

i n o f

O rkney... p rehistoric

a ppendix i ntroduction.

G eographical l ocation 2 M Y 2 836 22b. o verlooked b y a h ill

t o

l iable

a lthough s ome

T here

t o i s

f looding; a f air

a mount

T his i nland b roch t he N E. M uch o f o f

o f

w aterlogging

i s c 0 .4km f rom t he f reshwater L och o f S abiston a nd t he g enerally p oor f lat l and s urrounding t he s ite i s

i t h as a nd

b een e nclosed,

m arsh,

5 4

e specially

m ost

o f

a round

i t t he

i s

i n

l och,

r ough a nd

p asture.

t his

i s

t he

o nly

t ype

o f

n atural

d efence

t o

b e

s een.

Excavations e tc P artially b een

u sed

v isible h ead

e xcavated

a s

i n

a q uarry

1 882 b ut

a lthough

s tones

c 1 868 b y D avid S tephen; a nd

t here

a round

i s

t he

a mong w hich w ere

t his

p ractice w as

n ow n o

o utside

s urface

t race.

t here w as

f ound a n umber

o f

p rior

r esumed

t hat

t he knoll,

s hortly

a c onsiderable

c 3 m h igh,

a fter.

E xcavations w ere

n oted

s hort

t o

v ery

V estiges

h ad w ere

c oncentrated o n t he w all

a ccumulation o f

e arth

a nd

c ists.

S tructures B roch t ower R eferences

t o

a ' broch w all

o r

' circular w all"

a re n ot

s pecific

a b roch. A l intelled p assage w hich i s s aid t o h ave f ollowed a nd t raced f or c 9 .1m. I t w as 0 .85m w ide a nd i m h igh a nd, p robably

a t

g round

l evel.

T his

b eing

t he

c ase,

b ut

t he

s ite

i s

c alled

t he c ourse o f t he w all w as f ound f rom m easurements g iven, i t w as

t he K nowe o f T aft w as

n ot

a

s olid-based

b roch.

F inds A ll S tone :

o f

t he

f inds a re w ithout

" portions

o f querns";

O ther a rtefacts:

c rucible;

P ottery:

t wo

n ative;

c ontext

s ome h ave

n ot

b een l ocated.

h ammerstone.

f ragment

s herds

a nd

o f a g lass

b angle o r a rmlet;

h aematite.

R oman S amian.

H uman r emains h uman r emains

p resumed

t o h ave

b een o riginally p resent

i n t he P ost

B roch s hort

c ists.

S ources H Y

2 2

S E 8

R CAM

1 946,

N MAS

1 892

F raser O NB 1 , W att

1 6,

1 5

2 2 1 73

1 925, 1 880,

1 862,

n o

C atalogue

4 49-50

3

O ITRO B ROCH,

B IRSAY ( Haughster,

O kstrow)

( fig 3 .9,

p l 3 .1)

D erivation o f name O xtro s till

a nd

t he

o lder

e arlier H aughster,

( see a ppendix ( 1952).

f orm O kstrow a re w hich i s

i ntroduction)

a nd

c omposed

s tages o f

i n t he m odification o r

t wo O N e lements;

s etr -h omestead

o r

f arm.

c orruption

o f

t he

h augr -m ound o r g rave m ound I t

i s

n ot

l isted

b y

M arwick

G eographical l ocation H Y L och

2 537

c lose

quality; a ll a dvantages.

2 678. b y

t o o f

O xtro t he S E. i t

h as

l ies

c l km t o

T he b een

t he W o f

s urrounding

l and

e nclosed a nd

B irsay i s

i mproved.

5 5

B ay a nd h as

f lat

a nd

i s

T here

o f

t he

f reshwater B oardhouse

r easonably

a re

n o

g ood

n atural

f arming d efensive

Excavations e tc E xcavations l arge p ile a griculture f irst

f ound

quarried

D ryden's

b y t he

b y M r L eask

t he w orkmen; b roch,

a way.

w ork

T he c ourses

s tarted

o f

B oardhouse i n

1 847 o n w hat w as

s tones o n a k noll; t he p urpose o f t he w ork t o o btain b uilding m aterials. S hort c ists

e ncountered

B eneath w as w as

w ere

o f a nd

T he

o wes a l ot,

r emains

l eft

o ne

h ad a s ymbol s tone

b ut a p ortion o f

s ite w as i f

n ot

n ow a re

v isited,

n oted

e verything,

s cant:

i ncorporated

t he W s ide, a nd

d escribed

w as t o c lear t he c ontaining c remated

p robably

p lanned

i n

i ts

c ontaining

a s

a

g round f or b ones w ere s tructure.

t he e ntrance,

b y P etrie d uring

e xcavation.

t o P etrie's o bservations.

a bout

t hree q uarters

o f

t he w all

i s

v isible

u p

t o

f ive

h igh.

S tructures B roch t ower T his a cross.

h ad a n o verall d iameter o f

2 1m,

T he m aximum p reserved h eight

A s

s tated,

quarried r emains

a way o f

A t e xtended

n o e ntrance w as b y

1 1

o 'clock,

t o

t he

l eft, ( 1925,

a t

c ell

g round

b eing 3 .65m t hick

b ut

i t w as

T he O S

c ould

b e

l evel,

a lmost

t he w all

t he entrance

a nd

t he

c ourtyard

1 3.7m

c 2 .13m. c ertainly

F ield I nvestigator i n

s een i n

w as

i s

t o

i n t he a rea o f 1 967

t hought

t he

w all

t hat

t he

t he N W.

t o a p assage-like i ntramural

c hamber

l eft.

A t 3 o 'clock t o t he F raser

f ound,

w orkmen i n t he W .

a p utative g uard

t he w alls

s hown i n s ections

t here

i s

s hown o n t he

a nd a n i ntramural 2 3) s tates t hat

p lans

f light o f t he s teps

a s imilar e ntrance

t o a l anding,

w hich

s teps o f t en t reads, w hich e xtended l ed u p t o a g allery w hich c ould b e

e xtended

t o t he t raced

r ight. r ound

n early h alf t he b uilding; t here a re n o o riginal r ecords w hich c orroborate t his. I n a h ithert o u npublished s ection/elevation t hrough t he b roch a nd w ell d rawn u p b y D ryden i n 1 866 ( MS ( b))

i t

g round

i s

m ade

c lear h owever

I n D ryden's

p lan o f

a t 9 -10 o 'clock. t he

t hat

t he e ntrance,

l anding,

a nd

f oot

o f

t he

s teps,

w ere

a t

l evel.

r emains

o f

1 851

a nd

T hey a re m arked

a s carcement.

1 856

( MS

( b))

" 1/2' w ide",

N o h eight

t here a re a re

s tones

two

i n t he s ame

p rojecting

c olour a s

f rom

t he w all,

t he w all

a nd may

b e

i s g iven.

I nternal constructions I t

i s

o bvious

f rom P etrie's

2 m arked ( 7) 2) t hat d efective i n t wo w ays. b roch l east

b ecause o ne A

n otes

a nd

s ketches

( e g

p articularly M S

( q),

l oose

p aper

h is p ublished p lan ( 1890, f ig 5 ) a nd t hose d rawn u p b y D ryden w ere F irstly, t hey m iss o ut a l arge n umber o f t he s tructures f ound i n t he

t hey w ere

u nintelligently e xcavated a nd r emoved;

s econdly,

t hey

i nclude

a t

f eature o nly known f rom d escription.

w all

i s

s hown i n t he p ublished

o 'clock a nd c overing t he w ell. a ddition m ade a t a d ate s ubsequent

p lan r unning a cross

t he

c ourtyard

f rom 2 o 'clock

B ecause o f t his, P etrie c onsidered i t t o t o t he e rection o f t he o riginal b uilding.

t o

9

h ave b een a n P etrie n ever

s aw t he w all i n s itu a nd i ts e xtent a nd c ourse m ay n ot h ave b een t hat s hown o n t he M oreover a n a nnotation o n D ryden's p lan o f 1 851 a nd 1 866 ( MS ( b)) s ays ' stones o n e dge

p lan. a long

h ere' i ndicating t hat i t m ay n ot h ave b een o f t he n ature o r t hickness s uggested. F inally, i t d id n ot n ecessarily b lock t he e ntrance t o t he w ell. I n a ll, t here i s n o r eason t o a ssume t hat

i t w as F ew

n ot

o f

t he

p ublished p lan 7 ,

1,

a nd

o 'clock 2 2) t hem

a re

I n 2 .08m

t he d eep.

p robable

f ig 5 )

I n o ne

o ther s tone

f urnishings

i n t he c ourtyard w ere t here a re

s ketch

t hree

( Petrie M S

f lags

a nd

a nd a n a nnotation ' Large

f eet

h ave

t o m ake

( c

1 .8m)

i n

l ength b ut

i nconsistencies s ense

c ourtyard w as A

e quidistant

o f

t he

w hich m ake

o ther

f eatures

a w ell e ntered

d rain r an b etween

t his

i t

t he

e ntrance).

5 6

t he

d ifficult

t o

r ecorded.

t wo

( q)

v erticals

l oose

s tones

t he

o n e dge, o ne'.

r epresent

a t

s hown a t 7

p aper m arked

s et

e xception o f e ither

I n

f rom t he w all

( 7)

s ome B oth

t he

o f o f

u prights

s hown.

b y m eans

a nd

( Petrie M S

r emoved w ith

b roch i nterior.

p rojecting

t here a re

1 .2m l ong a nd 2 m a part, a lmost

i n a nother

1 3)

t he

i ntelligibly

u pright

( r),

i n

t hree

f ive

s ketches

o n a p lan o r

s tructures

1 890,

1 2 o 'clock.

a lmost

t hese

o ther

( Petrie

a bout

t here

c ontemporary w ith t he

o f

b reak

a f light

o f

i n t he w all

s teps; t o

i t

t he W

i s ( and

s hown h ence

a s

c t he

S ec t ion a long l ine d -e . ----------

F ig 3 .9

O rkney B roths: P etrie 1 890,

3 O xtro,

B irsay ( RCAM 1 946,

f ig 6 7 -after

p l 8 )

External c onstructions I n s pite o f t he f act t hat i n t he c ourse o f t he w ork t he e xterior o f b een i nvestigated n o b uildings a re m entioned a s h aving b een f ound.

t he b roch m ust h ave

F inds A ll

b ut o ne o f

B one a nd a ntler :

t he f inds a re u nstratified a nd s ome h ave n ot b een t raced.

l ong-handled c ombs;

p ossible s lotted h andle;

d ecorative t erminal a nd h ipped s hank; g lobular p in-head; w horl; r ings; c alendering i mplement; m iscellaneous i tems. M etal : b ronze z oomorphic p enannular b rooch; b ronze C eltic t ankard h oldfast; s ilver o bject. S tone :

s pindle

w horls;

p erforated d isc l oom-weight;

p ebble c ounter; s mall ' marble d ish; w ick r ests; s haped l amp w ithout w ick h ammerstones; P ottery :

p ot

n ative;

b ronze

r ing;

f ine b one

a ntler t ine

t ube h andle; p oints;

b ronze V iking

p in w ith

f emur

h ead

r ing-headed

p in;

P ictish s ymbol s tone

( PB);

p olished

r ude s tone v essels o f v arious s izes; r ough l amps w ith r est; s keuomorph o f R oman l amp; p ossible p ivot s tone;

l ids. t hree s herds R oman S amian.

5 7

Environmental r emains U pper b e o f w ithout c ontext.

f owl;

b oar's

t usk;

b one

f ragments,

i ncluding a ntler;

w hale

v ertebra -all

H uman r emains T he P ost

B r ooch c ists

c ontained

b urnt

b ones

a nd a shes.

S ources H Y 2 2 N E 4 R CAM 1 946, 1 1-3,

n o

1 1

N MAS 1 892 C atalogue A nderson 1 883, 1 99, 2 26, C orcoran 1 952 C urie, J 1 932, D ryden M S ( a) D ryden M S ( b)

2 40-42

3 94-5 ( Missing ( Plan o f

i n N MR) 1 851 a nd

1 866 a nd

D ryden a nd P etrie M S ( a) ( among m aterial o f d rawings o f f inds f rom O xtro) F raser 1 925, 2 3 G rieg L aing

1 940, 1 868,

M acGregor,

1 866)

s hould n ot

b e i n t his

f olio a re

t w , '

p ages

M 1 976

1 890,

7 6-78,

P etrie

1 927,

2 3-24

( a);

R obertson,

8 6-87,

M S

3 ; M S ( 1), 7 3; P SAS 1 876, 8 1 T homas

t hat

1 48-49 6 4

P etrie

P etrie M S

e levation o f

( b),

M S

9 2,

9 3 n o 2 7

9 -10;

( r),

M S

1 3-14;

( c),

M S

4 3-44;

( q)

l oose

M S

( e),

2 4-25,

p aper m arked

2 6?,

( 7)

7 2-73,

2 2;

M S

9 7-104;

( s),

M S

( k),

8

A 1 970,

M S

( a)

1 851 a nd

( This,

l ö6b p lans

4

i ncluding ( Dryden M S

E VES H OWE,

t he

a nnotation,

i s

a c opy b y W G alloway

o f

D ryden's

( b))

D EERNESS ( Evie H owe,

B raebuster)

D erivation o f n ame I t

i s

p ossible

t hat

t he

c ommon n aMe

a lternative n ame, B raebister, d erives l argest f arm i n D eerness ( Marwick 1 952,

o f

t he

s ite

c ontains

r eference

f rom O N b reidi-bölstadr -broad 7 6).

t o

a

p erson.

T he

f arm s ettlement,

t he

Geographical l ocation H I

5 490

s mall,

0 611.

s hallow

s urrounding d efensive

T he

l och.

l and

f eatures

i s

b roch

I t f lat

o ther

l ies

s tands a nd h as

t han

t he

o n o n

l ow g round r ough

m ostly l och

b etween a s andy,

p asture w hich

i s

b een e nclosed a nd

a nd

s heltered

l iable

t o

i mproved.

b each

f looding

T here

a re

n o

a nd b ut

a t he

n atural

s ea.

Excavations e tc T he

s ite

e xcavated

o n

w as known

t o P etrie

t he 2 4th M ay

1 883 a t

t hough C ursiter a m eeting

c laims

d esigned

t o

t hat

i t

w as

d iscovered

a nd

i naugurate a F ield N aturalist

p art C lub

i n O rkney.

S tructures B roch t ower C ursiter b eing

s aid

t o

a nd h is b e

p arty

s atisfied

R oyal C ommission a nd O rdnance a nd 3 m h igh

t hemselves

1 3m i n d iameter -e ither

i n w hich p art

o f

S urvey t he

b y

s ubsequently

o uter wall

t racing

t he

c ircuit

o f

e xternal o r i nternal -w ith w alls f ace

r ecord c ould b e

t he s ite a s

t he

t ower,

t his

3 m

t hick.

T he

a m ound 2 4m i n

d iameter

s een e xposed.

External c onstructions A

c auseway

R oyal C ommission;

a cross T he O S

t he i s

l och w as

conjectured

1 964 t hought

i t

r ecent.

5 8

t o

b e

c ontemporary w ith

t he

b roch

b y

t he

F inds T he

f inds

S tone :

a re

p ossible

f ew a nd w ithout

l amp;

c ontext;

s addle q uern;

o nly

s ocket

t he

s tone;

s ocket

s tone s urvives.

h ammerstone;

' tooled

s tone'.

S ources H Y

5 0 N W

1 4

R CAM

1 946,

N MAS

1 892

2 42 n o 6 24 C atalogue,

C ursiter 1 923, 5 2 P etrie 1 890, 9 3 n o P etrie M S

( j)

,

7 0

1 5

3 5

5

B ROCH O F B URGAR, E VIE ( fig 3 .10)

D erivation o f name B urger

i s

a

f ortification. m ounds

s lt _ht

I t

n ear o r a t

i s

t he

m odification

i nteresting

b each

o f

O N

t hat M arwick

( 1952,

b orgar,

p lural

a ttributes

t his

o f

b org

f orm ' to

-stronghold

t he

p resence

o r

o f

t wo

1 27).

G eographical l ocation M Y

3 519

2 771.

T he b roch i s

( Hisber P oint). T he r o c ky s hore n earby s tream a nd t he h interland a ffords

a c lear v iew a long

s ituated

i s i s

a gainst

t he e roding c oastline

o f

a

p romontory

a ccessible b ut n ot i deal f or k eeping b oats. o f g ood quality a nd h as b een e nclosed. T he

t he c oast

a nd

i s

t he m ain n atural d efensive

T here i s a p romontory

f eature.

Excavations e tc P artially l ater

( when h e

e xplored i s

s aid

b y P eterkin i n

t o

h ave

f ound

1 825 a nd

f urther e xcavated

a t reasure).

T homas

n oted

b y G ordon s ome

t he d imensions

1 5-20 y ears

o f

t he

b roch

a t s ome t ime p rior t o h is p ublication o f 1 852 i n w hich t here i s a r ather f abulous p lan ( pl 1 7). W hen v isited b y t he C ommission i n 1 928 t he r uins w ere c overed o ver b ut s light s urface i ndications

w ere

f ace w as

e xposed

n oted

1 967

M S

i n

( r)

i s

t o

n oted o f o n

t hat

c ells

t he N s ide t here w as

o r g alleries w ithin

f or

c 1 5m a nd

d anger

a f ine w atercolour

r eached

o f m utilation b y

f rom t he

t he

t hi c kness

a h eight c liff

o f

o f

t he w all.

c 2 .8m.

e rosion.

T he O S

T he

T he

o uter

s ubsequently

r eference

t o P etrie

s eaward s ide.

S tructures h roch t ower T he w ith

a

o nly w all

i llustration.

d escription i s p reserved

t hat

T here a ppeared

s eparated b y a d istance o f

o f

T homas

4 .3m h igh. t o

H is

w ho

h im t o h ave

c 2 .1m i n w hich

s ays

t hat

d escription b een t wo

t here w ere

o f

t he

b roch

t he w all

h ad a d iameter

i s

a s

c oncentric w alls, n umerous

o f

e nigmatic

e ach

1 8.3m a s

c 1 .5m t hick

h is a nd

c hambers.

I nternal c onstructions U nintelligible

i nternal

c onstructions

a re

s hown b y T homas.

F inds A ll w ere

t he

f ound

' treasure', a re

f inds

a re w ithout

t ogether h ave

n ot

a nd

u seful c ontext

a re a lmost

b een t raced

e xcept

t hat

c ertainly P ost

a nd w ere

p ossibly

t he

s ilver,

B roch.

T hese

d estroyed;

t he

g old a nd a mber o bjects i tems

c onstitute

b one a rtefacts

a nd

e xtant.

B one and a ntler :

l ong-handled c omb;

p robable

b roken p in.

M etal: p ossible b ronze o bjects; s ilver v ase; s ilver c ombs -o ne s hown t o h ave a r ounded a nd p erforated b a c k; s ilver b u c kles o r f ibulae; s ilver c hains; s ilver p ins; g old a rmillae. O ther a rtefacts: P ottery:

a mber b eads;

s nuff

b ox a nd

p en.

n ative.

5 9

t he

p ottery

le a /v i z / id P l an , o . f a1 ) ( et • ( i z . s t i e a t Bu e r 6 7 , Eri e, Par t z ii l ly . 1 3 :rcav oi e f t l y F ig 3 .10

O rkney B rochs:

5 B urgar,

E vie

m r Cordon ,

( Thomas

1 852,

f r_ Burgh er. p l 1 7)

Environmental r emains N ot n umerous o r,

s trictly,

p hased:

a ntler;

o yster s hell;

b urnt b ones;

H uman r emains T wo i nhumations,

p robably P ost B roch

S ources H Y 3 2 N E 2 7 R CAM 1 946, 7 4 n o 2 61 N MAS N MAS

1 849 s ynopsis, 2 2, 1 892 c atalogue

3 4

T HM c atalogue B ell 1 980 C oughtrey 1 872, p l X III, f ig 1 I rvine M SS 4 , 1 872 ( MS n ote i n N MAS R CAM c opy) P eteekin 1 831 P etrie 1 890, 8 9, 9 3 n o 2 4 P etrie 1 927, 2 3 P etrie M S ( b), 8 ; M S ( c), 4 4; T homas 1 852, 1 22 T homas i n P etrie M S T raill 1 868, 4 29 W ilson 1 851, 4 25

( p)

W ilson 1 8b3,

1 U6-7

v ol 2 ,

M S

( 1), 6 3;

M S ( p);

M S

( r)

l etter a mong c orrespondence)

6 0

o pposite 1 8

b ones a nd a shes.

b

B RUCH O F G URNESS,

E VIE ( Aikerness)

D erivation o f name T he

t wo

e lements

o f

t he m ost

f arm -a nd O N n es -h eadland. e kra-nes -both o f w hich c an

c ommon n ame

A ikerness b e g iven a s

p robably

c ome

r espectively

f rom O N g arar

i s a s light c orruption o f e ither O N ä kra-nes ' the h eadland o f c ultivated f ields ( Marwick

-a

o r O N 1 952,

3 1).

7

K NOWE O F S TENSO,

E VIE

D erivation o f name F rom

O N

t autologous

s teineä n ame

o f

-standing

t he

n earby

s tone

b urn.

O N ä s ubsequently

quite

d ifferent

s econd e lement:

S tanesäkir,

1 26).

F or knowe

s ee a ppendix i ntroduction.

b ecame

R ental n ames

s tream -B urn o f W oo:-

o f

S tanissakir -c ultivated

W oo,

1 492 a nd f ields

h ence

t he

1 500 s how

( Marwick

a

1 952,

Geographical l ocation N Y

3 638

2 675.

T he

b ro t h i s

b etween

o utcrops w ould h ave

e nclosed

a nd s eems

o f

s ituated o n t he e dge

p ermitted

r easonable

t he b eaching

f arming quality.

o f a r ocky

o f

b oats.

A part

c oast,

T he

f rom t he

w here

s andy

s urrounding c oast

l and

t racts h as

b een

t here a re n o n atural

d efences.

Excavations e tc T he

s ite

r emains

a ppears

a s m uch

i n P etrie's

b roken u p

a nd

b oth m ention a v isible g allery. f ind

w as

m ade

d etail w as

a mong

t he

r uins

l ist a nd a lthough

t he C ommission i n

c overed w ith v egetation S lightly e arlier o f

t he

t here m ay

h ave

t han t he C ommission's

o utside w all.

T he s tate o f

1 928

b een

d escribed

l ittle v isit,

c hange h owever,

t he m onument m eant

t he f or a

l ittle

d iscernible.

S tructures B roch t ower F oundation s egment

a nd

c ourses

t hese

T he g allery

o f

i ndicated s een b y

t he w all c ould t he

t otal

b e

t hickness

t he C ommission o n t he

t raced

b y

t o h ave t op o f

t he C ommission f or b een a t

l east

t he m ound w as

E xternal constructions T here a re

s urface

i ndications

o f

e xtensive

b uilding

F inds T he

s ole

f ind

B one a nd a ntler:

i s

u nstratified.

p ointed

t ool o f

s eal

b one

S ources H Y 3 2 N E 1 1 R CAM 1 946, 7 4-75 n o 2 62 P etrie P SAS

1 890,

1 921,

9 3 n o 2 5

2 75

6 1

t o

t he

S .

c 6 .1m o n

3 .6m.

c 0 .3m w ide.

t he

N

8

N ESS O F W OODWICK,

E VIE

D erivation o f n ame T he o f

m odern f orm o f

w ood

o r

d riftwood

t imber

( Marwick

t he n ame

b ay

1 952,

i s

a p art

( ON v id-vik).

t ranslation a nd

T he

' wood

h ere

c an b e g iven a s

i s

p robably

t o

h eadland b e

( ON

N es)

u nderstood

a s

1 27).

Geographical l ocation B Y

4 007

2 486.

The

v iew a cross G airsay o f

s and

a nd

i mmediate

b ro t h l ies

S ound

a nd

r ocky o utcrops

s urrounding

i n t he h interland. r ectangular i nlet o f

a bout

h alf-way

a long a l arge h eadland a nd h as a c ommanding

o ver E ynhallow S ound a nd w ould

l and h as

p resent n o

b een i mproved

The s ite w as W ood W ick l ies

t o R ousay a nd W yre. p roblems

t hough t here

T he

b each

a

b oat.

i n h auling u p i s

s ome

r ough g razing

i s

m ade

u p

A ll

t he

f urther

a way

p robably w ell a ble t o b e d efended. T he b road, c 1 km t o t he S W. T here i s a f reshwater l och c lose

a lmost b y.

Excavations etc S imply

d escribed a s a m ound

o f

c onsiderable

h eight.

S tructures B roch t ower A t t he t ime o f t he C ommission's v isit i n 1 928 t he o uter w all c ould b e t raced f or a bout 6 .1m o n t he N E, s eaward, s ide; i n 1 967 t he O S c ould s ee l ess. A s f ar a s c ould b e j udged, t he i nternal

d iameter w as

7 .6 -9.2m a nd

t he e xternal

1 5.3 -18.3m.

S ources H Y 4 2 S W 9 R CAM 1 946, 7 9 n o 2 64

9

B ROCH O F REDLAND,

FIRTH ( Steeringlo,

S tirlingou)

( fig 3 .11)

D erivation o f name A ccording N orse

c onfused l and

M arwick

w ith O N r jodr -a

( 1952, T he

t his

n ame

i s

p lace

a n e xample

o f

t o S cots.

c learing -a nd

t hat

f aulty

t ranslation a t

I t w ould s eem t hat

t he n ame w as

o riginally

t he

t ime

w hen

O N r audr -red r jod-land

-w as

-cleared

1 26).

d erivation o f

e lement, t he

t o

s peech i n O rkney w as g iving

h owever,

s econd

c omes

m ay

t he a lternative b e

r elated

n ame

f or

t he

s ite

i s

n ot

g iven b y M arwick.

t o O N s oetr -m ountain p asture

f rom O N l yng a nd

r jodr -o r

r ud -a

c learing

f or i n

c attle t he

T he

f irst

i n s ummer -w hile

h eather

( cf

L ingro

( 21)). G eographical l ocation

o f

B Y 3 780 1 715. C irca 1 .5m f rom t he s ea o n a s light e levation i n a p oorly d rained p iece l and w hich m ay o riginally h ave b een a s wamp o r s hallow l och. S ome o f t he s urrounding l and

h as

b een i mproved

b ut

s and

l ocation

d isadvantageous

i s

d istinct

d efensive

o r

t he h interland

I sbister -is

s and

a nd

i s

s hingle i n

m ostly

a nd

r ough

b oats

h aving n o

p asture.

c ould e asily

b uilding

s tone

T he h ave

c lose

n earest

b each

b een h auled t o

h and

b ut

-B ay

u p.

T he

i t

d oes

o f s ite h ave

a dvantages.

E xcavations e tc T he

s ite w as

P etrie

m ade

r obbed

f or

s tone

u nsuccessful t he

s ite

b ank;

t he

i s

e xcavated i n e ither

s ome v ery a nd

a ttempt m arked

t wo

r ough n otes

t he a rea w as

t o m ake

1 856

a nd

l evelled a nd

s ense o f

b y a n e levation,

t aken t ogether g iving

( Fraser)

m easurements t he

s parse

w hich m ay t he

b e

1 858

( other a uthorities)

i n 1 858.

p loughed r ecords

T he e xposed a round

f ive

y ears

p artly n atural,

i mpression o f

6 2

o r

a d itch.

1 874. a fter

b y

F arrer.

s tructures D ryden t his.

w ere

m ade A t

s urrounded b y a w ide

a n

p resent g rassy

t . 92 e . t ri e d

i v c ek -

4 3 24 _/ Ar vi3 /,

v i l 7,h _ . , >P 6e -e . .« V ` 1 ' 4 £

1 / 6 "

A k—

3 . vac,

.171--

_

s .

--

7Z r _

A: 4 . 4 2

-e d - >. -

1

v4

'

7

-. A • L -e _ . . , . . . • -

1 " - • . -,

r v _

We C C _ 94 7-8 , A

— 1

4e / 2 . , G e .e _ c Z

// :

\ \ A 2 76 W e

2 1 0

1 3rough Re dfandfFirt

# 2(?y oeG « , /872 44. 4 0 ,4 4¢* .44 ,

/ 83 '8.

O RKN EY , 3 -s )

F ig 3 .11

Orkney

B rochs:

P etrie

M S

9 R edland,

S teeringlo,

( a))

6 3

2 _1 2 0 -e

F irth

( Dryden a nd

S tructures B ro t h t ower T his

h ad

c ourtyard I t

a n o verall d iameter o f

c 1 3.7m,

t he w all b eing o nly c 2 .74m

t hick

a nd

t he

c 6 .23m a cross. i s

s aid

t hat s ufficient o f

t he w all r emained t o s how t he e ncircling g allery

c

0 .76m

b road b etween a n o uter w all c 1 .07m t hick a nd a n i nner w all c 0 .91m t hick; t his s uggests t hat t he b uilding w as n ot s olid b ased. A s ketch s hows t he p reserved w all h eight t o h ave b een a t o ne

p oint

c 1 .3m o r

A b ulge

c 1 .82m.

i n t he b roch w all w as

s culpted s tone s poken o f

r evetted w ith a r ude f acing;

i ncorporated i n t his w as

t he

b elow.

T he e ntrance w as n ot

l ocated.

I nternal c onstructions N ear t he c entre o f p ertaining

a

t o

t he c ourtyard a w ell w as

t his a nd a ssociated

f eatures

f ound p artly c ut

i s s light,

i nto

t he

r ock.

I nformation

u nclear a nd c ontradictory.

T he w ell a ppears f rom D ryden a nd P etrie's s ketches t o h ave h ad a d iameter o f c0 .76m a nd d epth o f c 0 .91m f rom a n i ndicated p avement l evel. C ontinuing o ne s ide o f t he w ell f rom

t his p avement l evel, h owever, w as o verhanging m asonry c 1 .12m h igh -a s trange t hing t o f ind i n t he c entre o f a c ourtyard. A s econd s ource o f c onfusion i s t hat t he w ell w as a pproached b y a s eries o f s teps c 0 .46m w ide a nd r ising c 0 .51m a bove w hat i s i ndicated a s p avement l evel. A n o rthostat i s s hown a s p art o f t he w ell p rofile w ith w hat a ppears t o b e t he b roch w all s ketched i n b ehind a nd a t r ight a ngles t o i t. T he o rthostat i s c 5 0mm w ide a nd s tood c 0 .81m h igh f rom t he o f

t he

l evel o f

t he p reserved

t op o f

t he s tairs

t o t he w ell a nd c 1 .32m f rom t he

l evel

i ndicated p avement.

External c onstructions M inimal w ork, e xternal

i f

a ny,

w as

c onducted o utside

t he m ain s tructure.

c onstructions a re i ndicated i n p lan i n P etrie a nd D ryden's

h owever b e c ourtyard.

t he

s ame

a s

t hose s hown i n t he w ell p rofile a nd

T he s ite w as s upposed t o b e s urrounded s tones a bout 1 .5m a part b ut o f n o g reat m isinterpretation o f t he r emains. T he O S s urrounded w ith a g rassy b ank 0 .3m h igh; t his h ave i ncorporated s tones, l arge d itch o r ' moat'.

a nd

A t

f irst s ight

s ketches;

t his w as

s aid

t o

t hese b e

a' f ew c ould

i n

t he

b y a a t o utside w hich w as a c ircular r ing o f d imensions. T his i s v ery l ikely t o b e a i n 1 966 r ecord t hat t he s ite, a m ound, i s i s p robably t he r emains o f a r ampart, w hich m ay

t he a rea b etween i t

a nd

t he

c entral m ound w as m istaken f or

a

F inds T he

s piral m arked

s tone

h ad b een r e-used

i n b uttressing

f inds a re w ithout c ontext a nd o nly s ome a re e xtant. s ymbol s tone w as o nly s aid t o h ave b een n ear t he s ite. S tone : a rrow-marked s tone; s piral-marked s tone; s tone o r f igurine; p ecked h andle h ammer. O ther :

l umps

o f

b lue

p igment

I t

i s

s ymbol s tone;

f or t o

t he b e

b roch w all; n oted

v essel;

t hat

a ll t he

q uern f ragment;

o ther P ictish

t ether

o r d ye.

S ources H Y 3 1 N E 1 2 R CAM 1 946, 9 1 n o 3 20; R SM(Q) D ryden l ess F raser

9 8-9 n o 3 45;

9 9 n o 3 46

C atalogue a nd P etrie M S ( a) ( Among m aterial t hat s hould n ot p lan o f t he b roch a nd a p rofile o f t he w ell). 1 927, 5 2-53

P etrie 1 890, 8 4, 8 7, 9 2, 9 3 n o 2 1 P etrie M S ( j), 3 4-39, 4 1, 1 32, 1 24-127 R itchie, J N G 1 969,

1 32 n o 7

6 4

b e

i n t his

f olio a re a f eature-

1 0

C HAPEL K NOWE, FIRTH ( Burness)

D erivation o f name The

c ommonly

d erivation -a nd w as

o f

u sed n ame

i ts

f or

t his

s ite

i mplies

a lternative n ame B urness

p erhaps

o riginally

a s econdary

i s O N b org -fort

e cclesiastical o r

c onnection.

T he

f ortress -O N n es -h eadland

b orgar-nes.

Geographical l ocation H Y a

3 881

1 556.

h eadland

F irth.

T hese

c raft.

T he

b roch s tands

p rojecting a re

b y a b each,

i nto W ide F irth

i ts m ain d efensive a spects

T he s urrounding

l and

i s

f lat

a nd

j ust

( Point o f a nd

a ll o f

a bove h igh w ater m ark,

B adkaquoy)

i t

i t h as

i s

a nd h as

a lso a g ood

o n

a v iew

t he S s ide

a cross

l ocation

f or

a ppear i n P etrie's

l ist

B ay

o f o f

b eaching

b een i mproved.

Excavations etc M arked o riginally

b y O S a s

a c hapel

s ite,

i t d oes n ot

o f

1 890:

C ursiter, a lthough h e h ad n ever s een i t, i ncluded i t i n h is l ist o n t he b asis o f i ts a lternative n ame. T he s ite w as i dentified i n 1 922 when s tones w ere r emoved f rom t he S a nd W quadrants, m ore o r l ess t o g round l evel, f or d yke b uilding. T he b roch w as n ever f ormally e xamined t he

a lthough t here w as

i ntramural

a m inor e xcavation n ear

t he quarrying w hich

r evealed d etails

o f

c ell m entioned b elow.

S tructures B roch t ower F raser 1 928 a nd

s ays

1 934,

c 6 .1m o f s tated t he

t he

i nner w all

a rea t o b e

f ace w as

v isible

c 4 .2m l ong a nd

b ut

t he C ommission,

c 2 .7m h igh.

w ho v isited

i n

T here w as a f acing wall c

U .bm t hick b uilt a gainst w hat t hey d escribe a s t he b roch w all p roper a nd, p rojecting f rom t he l atter, w as a s carcement. L ow d own, a t t he S e nd o f t he w all e xposed, w as t he l intelled e ntrance t o a m ural c ell a nd a bove i t w as a s mall r ecess o r v oid c 0 .8m h igh a nd c 0 .6m w ide. T he

d imensions

c orbelled

r oof

o f a nd

F raser s ays a dded

t hat

t he mural i ts

t he

t here w as

c ell w ere

l ower c ourses

i nternal

1 .75m b y

1 .2m a nd

i ts

i ncorporated

v ertical

f lags.

d iameter w as

a p ronounced

i nward

a bout 9 .2m ;

M arwick

h eight w as

c alculated

c 1 .7m ;

i t

i t

c 6 .1m a nd

t o

b e

h ad

a

b atter.

E xterior c onstructions F raser's

s tatement

t hat

t here w ere

n o v isible

o utworks

m ay

h ave

s tone

s lab

r eferred

d efences.

F inds N one S tone:

o f

t he

f inds a re

s lab w ith

P ottery :

i ncised

f ragments,

s tratified a nd o nly h uman

p robably

f igure

t he

d ecorated

a nd o ther m arks;

p ivot

n ative.

Environmental r emains B oar's

t usks

a re m entioned,

b ut w ithout

c ontext.

S ources M Y 3 1

N E

1

R CAMS 1 946, 9 1-92 n o 3 21, 9 9 n o 3 47, C ursiter 1 923, 5 0 n o 9 , 5 2 F raser M arwick P OAS

1 927, 1 924,

1 923,

9 9 n o 3 49

5 2 2 95-6

F rontispiece

6 5

s tones.

i s

e xtant.

s olely

t o

1 1

I NGSHOWE,

F IRTH ( Ingahowe,

I ngishowe,

I ngi's How)

( fig 3 .12)

D erivation o f n ame T he

f irst

e lement

p robably

r epresent

a f airly c ommon p ersonal

n ame

( v

M arwick

1 952,

1 17).

Geographical l ocation H Y a lmost

3 903 1 277. The b roch, m uch o f w hich h as o n t he t ip o f a p romontory a nd l ooks o ut

b een d estroyed b y m arine e rosion, o ver t he i sland o f D amsay a nd t he

s tands B ay o f

F irth t o W ide F irth. The s ituation h as d efensive a dvantages. T here a re s treams e ither s ide o f t he p romontory a nd a lso c oastline s uitable f or b eaching v essels. A ll o f t he i mmediate h interland h as

b een i mproved.

Excavations e tc T he a nd

w as

h alf

o f

t he

p lanned

s tructure

b y

l eft

P etrie.

b y

t he s ea w as

S ubsequent

t o

i nvestigated b y F arrer s hortly

t hese

a ntiquarian

e xtensively r obbed. E rosion, e xcavation a nd quarrying a nd s carcely r ecognisable c ondition. L ittle h itherto

w as known a bout

u npublished

t his

s ite,

l eft

t he

t he w ritten d escriptions

p lan a nd s ection m ade

b y P etrie a re

o f

d elvings,

m onument

b eing

v ery g reat

t he

b efore

1 866

s ite

w as

i n a v ery m utilated

s cant

a nd

o bscure;

a

a ssistance.

S tructures B roch t ower T he

b roch

t ower,

b uilt

o f

s tones

f rom

t he

f oreshore,

h ad

a n e xternal

d iameter

o f

c 1 8.3m

w ith w alls c 4 .11m t hick a nd a c ourtyard c 1 0.06m a cross. I t w as p reserved t o a m aximum h eight o f c 3 .66m. P etrie s ays t here w ere t races o f c oncentric w alls w ith n arrow s paces i n b etween a nd t hat t he o uter f ace o f t he w all c urved i nwards f rom t he b ase s o m uch t hat h eight o f c 2 .74m t he w all w as c 0 .61m n arrower t han a t t he b ase. T he s ection m akes t hat

t his

F ig 3 .12

b atter

O rkney

i s

o n

B rochs:

t he

o utside;

1

I ngshowe,

t he

i nner f ace

F irth

i s

( Petrie M S

6 6

v ertical.

(0)

a t t he c lear

I t

w as

s aid

t hat,

p reserved. T his i s c 0 .46m w ide, T here

i s

b ecause

i mplies t hat w ith w alling

a n i ndication

t hat

t he w all

s tood

t he b roch w as c 1 .38m t hick

t his

t o

s uch

a h eight,

a s ection

d efinitely

s topped s hort

o f

t he

g uard

c ell

c ourse, b ased a t a l ower l evel i n t he w all). T he i ntramural s taircase, e xisted, w ould h ave h ad t o b egin i n t he w estern h alf o f t he b roch w all. T he

g uard

c ell

s poken o f

t riangular,

b eing

c 2 .53m

t he

T here

i s

w all.

w as

l ong

a g reat

t o

a nd

t he

r ight

o f

t he e ntrance,

c 2 .25m b road.

I t w as

c onfusion i n t he w ritten

t o

s uppose a ny a nd

a bnormality

c 1 .63m l ong.

a nd d otted

A s

t he

l ines

p assage

d otted

i t

T he b ut

i t

e ither f rom

i t

r ose h igher

e ntrance w as

i tself

t he

f aced

p reserved h eight

S W.

T he n ature

c 1 .5m a cross n arrowing

s ide. t he

t han

w as

T he e ntrance

e xterior.

h and w all b eing

t o

F or t he

r ecessed)

t o

o f

o f

c 1 .37m b eyond

t o a w idth o f

a nd

c entrally

t he

e ntrance

t o

w as

o f h ave

s ub-

p laced a nd

i n i ts

t he

b roch e ntrance

r oofed,

w hen

c 1 .U7m

f ound,

h ere c 3 m. T he g uard t o b e c orbelled i n;

a t

a

c ell i tself p resumably,

t he w all.

i ts

c hamber w as

t o

p robably

e xterior

c 1 .02m a fter c 2 .9m ,

t he g uard

i n,

w as,

o ne

l ess

a bout

i ndicate a p assage

i s

o r

( which

t o t he o ne a t H oxa, S outh R onaldsay, s ketch s hows t hat t here i s n o r eason

l esser h eight t han t hat p reserved o f t he w all -w hich w as i s s hown t o s tart c U .61m f rom g round l evel a nd t hen o riginally

t he g allery w as

s upposing

g oing

m ore

r ecords

r elationship t o t he g uard c hamber c aused b y c omparing i t a bout w hich n ext t o n othing f actual i s known. P etrie's b road

o f

s olid b ased. T he g allery s hown i s o n t he E a nd o n t he o utside a nd c 2 .44m t hick o n t he i nside.

s ituated

t he d oor j ambs

i s

u nclear

i n P etrie's

w here d oor j ambs o n

t he

t he

r ight

p lan

p rojected

h and

s ide

p assage w as w idened

c

f rom 1 .22m

( the

l eft

t he

r est

c 1 .07m.

I nternal c onstructions H alf w as

n ot

s ome

o f

v ery

t he

1 .2m w ide

i nterior t he

e nd

i nternal w all,

i nterior h ad

t horoughly

o ne

i mmediately

i nside

w ould h ave had

o f

t he w all a nd

w all

w hich h e

w as

i t

t o

r ecorded.

t o

t he

P etrie's

t ime

t o

t he

e xcavation a nd

I n o rder

l eft

t hrough a p assage o f

f ace

o f

t hat

t o a h eight

o f

c 2 .13m a nd w as

h ave m et

a h eight o f

a t

o f

p lan i ndicates

t he m ain b roch e ntrance.

t urn

t he i nner

p reserved

s upposed

a lready b een d estroyed a t

e xamined o r

t he b roch.

t hat

t here w as

t o g ain a ccess

c 0 .8m w ide

I n

P etrie's

l eft

a w all t o

s ection

c orbelled i n t owards

t he

b etween

t he

t his b roch

c 3 m.

External c onstructions T he h owever, n öt b e

e xterior o f t here

a n e rror s ince t he

l imit

o f

i t

t ower w as

n ot

p encilled i n a bout

a ppears

F arrer's

T he C ommission, t races

t he b roch

i s a l ine

e xtensively

1 .2m f rom t he

i n t he s ection t oo;

i t m ay

i nvestigated. o utside

o f

b e w alling,

O n

t he

P etrie's

b roch w all.

b ut

i t

p lan, T his

c ould a lso

i s

j ust

t renching.

w hen t hey

v isited

i n

1 928,

n oted

t hat

i n a b ank

a djoining

t he b each w ere

o f a s cattered k itchen m idden.

F inds A ll a re w ithout S tone:

w horl;

O ther :

i ron s lag.

c ontext.

s tone w ith p ossibly n atural

p erforation;

' wedge

s haped

s tone'.

Environmental r emains Animal b ones -i ncluding a r ed d eer s keleton -a nd c harcoal; K itchen m idden i s a lso m entioned ( vide s upra).

a ll w ithout u seful c ontext.

Human r emains F ragments

o f

s kulls a nd o ther h uman b ones w ere

S ources H Y 3 1 S E 5 R CAM 1 946, 9 2 n o 3 22 T HM C atalogue A nderson 1 678, 3 16 F raser 1 927, 5 2

6 7

f ound

i n

t he

b roch i nfill.

P etrie

1 89U,

9 2,

9 3 n o 2 0

P etrie 1 927, 2 5 P etrie M S ( b), 1 2;

1 2

M S

( c),

B URRIAN B ROCH,

3 8-39;

M S

( j),

HAR MY ( 1)

5 6-57;

M S

( r)

o pposite

( Rusland, R ussland,

( fig 3 .13,

1 9

B roch o f H array)

p la 3 .2, 3 .3)

D erivation o f n ame d erives

burrian

i s

t he

f rom O N b org in -t he

t ounship a nd d erives

f ort

( appendix i ntroduction).

f rom O N h ross -horse

R usland

o r

R ussland

l and.

Geographical l ocation H Y

2 961

p rojects

i nto

t he

t he

L och

E o f i s

1 834.

T his

t he E s ide

i nland

o f

p romontory h as

l iable

t o

b roch s tands o n

t he L och o f

H array;

b een e nclosed

b ut

t he o uter e nd o f a l ow

t he s iting

t he a rea W o f

h as

d efensive

p romontory p otential.

t he n eighbouring

s hallow

w hich L and

t o

B osquoy

f looding.

Excavations e tc F arrer m entions

i t

e xcavated a s

p art o f

t he s ite i n J uly h is

r ecent

1 866 a nd i n a s ense

p rogramme

o f

w ork,

p resented n othing v ery p eculiar, a nd a dding l ittle i n d rawings P etrie m ade a nd t he C ommission p lan i s n ot

p ublished,

a dditional T he p art

o f

b y P etrie.

m onument

i tself,

e xists

O rkney ( RCAM

r uns

B rochs: 1 946,

E -W a cross

1 2

t he

c entre o f

H array

( 1)

f ig 7 8)

6 8

t hat h e

s hortly

c leared

b ased o n s ketches

i t

t he

s ite.

( Russland)

o f

a fter;

o ut,

t hat

h e i t

b een p reserved d rawn u p, b ut

w hich

c ontained

n oted.

o uter w all

i ncorporating h alf

t he

B urrian,

w as

b een p reviously

n ow i n a r educed s tate;

p ublished i t

e lse. M ost i nformation h as a s implified v ersion o f o ne

h owever,

n ever

t he i nner i s o n t he N E s ide,

A m ore m odern w all

F ig 3 .13

T his

i nformation a nd w hich h ave

s aying

f ace

i s

n o

t he e ntrance

l onger v isible a nd

t he g uard

b ut

c ell.

Structures .ISroch COiier The dimensions of the broch tower are only known from Petrie's sketches. The courtyard was definely c 9.75m across; the most consistent figure for the width of the wall is c 4.76m: The total diameter therefore was c 19.27m. Similarly, the wall is known to have been preserved. to a height of at least c 1.83m because of a dubious internal staircase starting there; but in a perspective drawing by Petrie it is nearer· 3m high. Although Petrie does not have a section he s-tates that the batter, presumably of the outer face of the wall, was c 0.25m in c l.Sm - or l in 6. The entrance faced E and, as drawn by Petrie, was, on the outside c 1.07m wide narrowing to c lm at a set of door jambs. Inside the jambs the passage widened to c l.35m and then c l .45m, both sides being recessed. In 1929 the Commission noted a fallen lintel stone on the outside of the passage; Petrie's pe·rspective sketch gives no indication of lintels having existed on the inside up to a height of c 2m. On the N side of the entrance, c O .Slm in from the door jambs (i e inside them), was a passage c O. 66m wide to a guard cell. This was sub­ oval, c 2.74m long and c 1.68m wide and the Commission noted a small aumbry in its side. The Commission also observed the possible remains of a second guard cell to the S of the entrance pas·sage. At 5 o'clock a passage c 0.6Ym wide and c 1.83m from the floor contained three rough s-teps which may have been the start of an intramural staircase. It is to be noted that between this and the entrance passage, at a similar height from the ground, a single scarcement stone is shown in Petrie's perspective sketch; the height of this is again similar to the' modal height of the orthos tats around the southern perimeter of the courtyard. lnteraal coastracti.ona The internal features of the courtyard of this broch were comparatively easily understandable.

well

preserved

and

are

More or less central was a hearth; circular, some 2m in diameter and defined by a kerb of flagst.ones on edge. Surrounding this was an area, very approximately 5.Sm in diameter, in which were a number of tanks (at least five) set in the floor - which Farrer described as 'underground cupboards'. A�ound the N part of this hearth and service area was a built wall c U.33m wide and preserved to a height of approximately lm. Whether the S circuit of this service area was as well delimited is not, at first sight, clear from Petrie's sketches. In his perspective, however, the N arc in its western portion changes from being a built wall to being composed of upright flags and inspection of his sketches as well as his drawn up plan indicates that there was a S arc of slabs to correspond to the N arc of walling. The entrance to this service area was in direct line with the broch entrance and of a similar width; the height of the slabs may indicate that this internal division was never more than lm high at any point. The outer limit of the service area was concentric with the inner face of the broch wall and a distance of c 2.2Y - 2.46m from it. In the S circuit this was divided by four orthostats projecting from the wall at 6.30, 8 o'clock, 9.30 and 11 o'clock measuring in height c 1.24m (1.02 + U.23m), c 1.78m, c 1.7m, and c 1.14m respectively. There was only one At 5 orthostat on the N circuit and that just inside the door and only c 0.94m high. o'clock, however, there was the entrance to a intramural staircase c 1.83m above the floor and this and a single scarcement stone nearer the broch entrance indicate a raised floor level at this height - the height of the two longest orthostats in the S circuit. External. conatructi.oas The outside was not thoroughly investigated but simply trenched round. So doing, however, revealed a passage-way round the broch from 4 o'clock to 10 o'clock and c 0.76m U.Ylm from it. The Commission figure does no� make it clear what is on the outside of this passage, or whether it is a passage, but in the text they mention seeing in lY29 a wall face c U.blm high around what would have been the outside of the broch on its S side. Petrie's sketches show what he had marked to be built masonry, which he measured parts of, and in his drawn-up plan it is coded in the same colour as the internal broch furnishings. There can be no reasonable doubt that the broch was surrounding by buildings but that they went unexcavated. A row of boulders across the neck of the peninsula may be an outer defence but it cannot be proved to be contemporary. The finda

Though the finds are generally without context Farrer considered the bronze spear and fragment of iron to be primary. Most of the objects are extant. aad aacler: globular pin-head; large antler fragment; needle; spindle whorl; 'blubber mattock'.

Booe

69

peg;

pointed

sliver;

butt

rubber/polisher

Metal:

bronze spear butt; iron fragment.

Stone: spindle whorls; vessels, lamps or socket stones; hammerstones; pot lids; bar mould; axehead-shaped waterworn stone. Other: Pottery:

polished haematite. native. Envi.roaaental reaaina

A boar's tusk and two pieces of worked antler, all without context. Sources HY 21 NE l9 RCAM 1946, 15 no 14 NMAS 1892 Catalogue Farrer 1868 • 1U3-5 Fraser 1923, 32 MacGregor. M 1976 (2). 179 fig Petrie 189U, 94 no 33 Petrie MS (e). 62-71; MS (s), opposite 8 PSA:i l�bl:S • 3b Stevenson 1955, 292

13

BUB.RIAN BROCH. HAIU(AY (2) (Corrigal) Derivation of a.-

hurrian derives from ON borg-in - the fort (appendix introduction). Marwick considers that the first element of Corrigal may either relate to a person or the name of the adjacent stream (1952, 141-2). The second element comes from ON .s.!!_ - gorge or ravine (ibid). Geographical locaeioa HY 3235 1937. This inland broch stands on the steep batit of Corrigall burn in Corrigall tounship. All of the surrounding land has been enclosed but there is rough pasture to the N, S and E. Further to the N and E there is higher land with access to the Evie coast via Lyde. The burn and ravine would have contributed to the defensive potential of the site. hcavationa etc A large quarry.

mound containing the remains of a broch which has been used extensively

as

a

Structures Broch tower When visited by the Commission in 1929 six courses of drystone walling c 1.4m high and c 2.5m long were exposed on the NW side but. elsewhere, only the foundation courses were The OS in 1966 recorded an inner wall face as being discernible in one or two places. visible on the N side and gave a wall thickness of 4.8m and an overall diameter of 16.7m. External constructions The broch is surrounded for half its circumference at a distance of 12.2m by a deep ditch 10m across. An embatitment 0.8 - 1.7m high lies on the outer lip of the ditch at the W side. The remains of 'outbuildings' were said by the Commission to lie between the broch and the ditch and the OS note that mutilation and disturbance of the ground in the N. w. and E had revealed wall faces of indeterminate structures.

HY 31 NW 33 KCAM 1946, 13 no 12

70

1 4

K NOWE O F B URRIAN,

H ARRAY ( 3)

( Garth.

N etherbrongh)

( fig 3 .14)

D erivation o f name F or

K nowe

a nd B urrian s ee

N etherbrough m eans

a ppendix

' lower b roch

a nd

i s

i ntroduction. t he

G arth derives

f rom O N g arar

-f arm.

t ounship n ame.

Geographical l ocation N Y

3 082

1 680.

T he

b roch

h interland h as b een e nclosed

b ut

i s

i nland

m ust

a t

a nd

o ne

c l km E o f

t ime

h ave

t he L och o f

H array.

b een p oorly d rained.

ENTRANCE

LEVEL O F NATURAL CL AY ' S .AN D PR O BABL E FL O O R OF THE BROC H

Z .

SECT I ON

A -B

C LAY , \ 3 -7

ENT R A NC E S TA IR DoWN

PLAN 0 -P ill

F ig 3 .14

O rkney B rochs: f ig 8 0)

I

2

I

I

1 4

3 i

4

5

t I

B urrian,

6

7

u

I

H array

( 3)

7 1

6

9

1 0 FE ET

I

( Garth)

I

( RCAM

1 946,

M uch

o f

t he

Excavations e tc T his r ecord

p robable

o f

1 923,

m entioning

v isited s ome

b roch s ite

i nvestigation

i n

i t

i n

1 929 b ut

a mateur t o

t his

1 8.5m

i n d iameter.

t he m ound

n o

m asonry

t he

b y

O n

a nd m aking

c alls

t he

s ite

a nd m easuring

w hole

a s

m ound P art

a s

i s

o f

b eing

t he

t he

c learance

o f

I n a s

s ite

o f a nd

s eem t o

a s teeply

i t

f it

N etherbrough.

r ising o f

c 4 0m.

a lmost

o f

t he

a s econd

t urf f lat

I n t he

r eported

v isit

t hat

' terraces

t op o f

t o a nd

i n

1 936.

c 5 m h igh

t he m ound

i n

s hortly a fter

p lace

f ollowing

v isited

a ctual

F raser,

T he C ommission

m ade

t ook

c overed m ound

w as

b y

a nd

t he

a h ollow

J

c

c urve b ut

R ichardson,

i s d rawn o n f or i nformation b y t he i n t hat w hile t he C ommission d escribes

c 1 .5m h igh o n a n atural t he

T here i s n o a lthough

u nexplored.

f armer,

t wo

t he r esulting f ile s lightly c onfusing

c 4 3m N -S

h illock

o ther a uthority g ives

o f

t he

r otten

r ock

i mpression

c

3 m

t hat

t he

t he C ommission d escribe

t his

c onnected w ith a b roch s tructure. c onsisted

n atural m ound

t he i nterior

d oes

a r esult

e xcavation w as

b uildings

e xcavations

f ar a s

a s

d iameter o f

T he

c 4 5m E -W a nd

t he

e xplored. t he

r emains

a rtificial

i nto

a s

t he W s ide w ere e vidences a t otal

a s

t wentieth c entury

i t a b roch w hich i s

e ntry w as

I nspector o f A ncient M onuments; O rdnance S urvey. T he a ccounts a re t he

l ist

e arly

s on o f M r P F lett,

a ppeared

v isible.

h igh

i n P etrie's

n ineteenth o r

I nventory

t he m onument

w as

a ppears t he

p assing,

e xcavations

P rior o f

i n

o f i s

' as

t he

o f

a t rench

w ell a s

b uilding

p ossible

f rom t he E :

t hrough t he w all

i mmediately

a bove'.

r evealed a s ubterranean c hamber

t o p ass

a ny j udgement

b est w ith d escriptions

o f

t he

w hich

t he C ommission's

f eatures

P artial w as

a lso

o verall v iew o f

f ound.

S tructures B roch t ower T he s ay

C ommission s tate

t hat

a nd

i ts

t hat

i nner f ace,

o n p lan i t

t hat

t he

w here

t ook

t he

t hi c kness

e xposed f orm o f

b y

o f

t he w all c ould n ot

t he E t rench,

a s emicircle

( E b eing

a bout 9 .75m. A t o ne p lace t he i nterior i s s aid t o h ave 0 .61m t hick. W hile t he O rdnance S urvey's f igures o f t he h igh b efore e xcavation a nd c 3 .05m a fter a re b ewildering, l evel

m entioned

b elow,

t heir s tated d iameter o f

b e e stimated

s tood c 0 .9m a bove

b ut

t hey

t he f loor

t he c entre) w ith a

d iameter

and w alls

o f

b een c ontracted b y a f acing w all c s tructure, o r m ound, b eing c 5 .18m w hen t aken t ogether w ith t he f loor

t he f eature,

c 1 8.29m,

t hough n o d oubt

a pproximate f igure s hould n ot b e o verlooked. There i s l ittle d oubt t hat t he s tructure c ircular, h ad a n e xternal d iameter o f v ery r oughly 1 8.3m, a n i nternal c ourtyard s ome a cross

d o

l evel

a n

w as 8 .5m

a pproximately 5 m t hick.

I nternal c onstructions The

C ommission r ecord

d eposits b een a t I n

o f t he

b ase o f

t he o f

d iscovered

b oth a uthorities

a nd

U .4m h igh a nd

g radually s ide o f

a sh a nd

t he W h alf

t here w as b y

p eat,

o f

e ight

d eposits

t he

a s

i nterior,

r ock

c ut

i t

a nd

i ts

c an i nfer l evel

l ined

o f

i s

t he

t he

b ase.

o f

T he

c 1 .83m w ide

i n i t

w ere

n ot

e ight o r n ine

c hamber, a nd

o r

f loor a nd

f or a d istance o f

t hrough w hich

f loor w hich i s

r ested o n,

c lose

t reads i t

i s

t o

w here, w hich

h ave

t he n atural.

f eature

w hich h ad a c orbelled

c 4 m h igh;

t o,

i s

T he e ntrance w as c 1 .1m

s howed

s aid

c 0 .36m i nto t he

T he w hole

r oughly w ith m asonry.

t o a s tair

c 3 .2m l ong,

a ccumulated

t he

l intelled

g ave w ay t o

u nder

T his

t o a s ubterranean c hamber.

t he p assage w as

i n p lan a nd

b urning.

s tructure a nd w hich w e

c hamber a lmost

t hat h ad

d uring e xcavation a f loor h ad b een d ug r eddened b y

t he e ntrance

i n h eight,

t he

t hat c lay

n atural

d escribed

c 0 .6m w ide

h aving

g ained

f ollowed d own r oof,

w as

d escribed a s w et

t he

f igure a nd

t he

c leared.

F inds The

f ew

i nterior'. S tone:

f inds

O nly

s ymbol

t he

a re w ithout

s atisfactory

c ontext

l atter s urvives.

s tone; quern;

' implements'.

Sources H Y 3 1 N W 2 R CAM 1 946, 1 7

-18 n o 2 1

M P I 3W 2 3640/1A C urie,

C L 1 940,

F raser

1 923,

6 6

3 2

7 2

t hough

t he s ymbol

s tone

w as

' in

t he

P etrie 1 890, 9 3 n o 3 0

1 5

N ETLATER,

R ARRAY ( Manse o f R array)

( fig 3 .15,

p ls

3 .4, 3 .5)

D erivation o f n ame K nown c hanges i n t he n ame o f

t he s ite i nclude N outland,

N oltland,

N oltclet,

N otclett,

N etclet, N ettleter ( Marwick 1 952, 1 43), N ettletar, a nd N etlater. T he e arlier f orms d erive f rom O N n aut a l and -cattle l and -b ut t he s econd e lement o f t he l ater f orms i s c learly O N k lettr

-a

r ock

( or t he p lural k lettar)

s ite a nd n o s uggestion c an b e o ffered c omes

( ibid).

T here a re n o n oticeable o utcrops

f or t he s ubstitution.

T he M anse o f

H array

n ear

n ame

t he

s imply

f rom t he a djacent h ouse.

G eographical l ocation H Y s hort

3 232

1 741.

d istance

T his

f rom t he

i nland b roch l ies p resent c ourse o f

b etween B imbister a nd B rough t ounships a t a v ery t he B urn o f N ettleton ( the b urn

a rtificially a t t his p oint). T he s urrounding a re p atches o f r ough g razing n ot f ar a way.

i s

s traightened

l and h as b een e nclosed a nd i mproved b ut

t here

Excavations e tc T he p revious t ook w as

s ite w as i ntensively e xcavated b y t he R ev D r T raill, M inister o f t he p arish i n o r t o 1 865. P etrie's p lans a nd n otes w ere m ade i n t hat y ear a nd t he f ollowing; D ryden

a dditional m easurements i n 1 866 a nd d rew u p p lans. I t i s t o b e n oted t hat e xcavation w ell u nder w ay b efore P etrie v isited t he s ite a nd t he p ublication h e p roduced c ontains

p lans w hich a re r ather s martened u p a nd i nclude d etails o f t hings h e o ccurrence w as n oted b y D ryden o n t he c opies h e m ade o f P etrie's p lans.

n ever

s aw.

T his

N ot l ong a fter t he e xcavation t he s ite w as r obbed f or s tone f or t he G lebe d ykes a nd b y 1 920s o nly h alf t he w all r emained a nd m ost o f t he f eatures w ere n o l onger v isible. T he

t he

O SFI o n h is v isit o f 1 966 r ecorded t hat o nly t he W a rc o f w all c ould b e s een, p art o f a m ural c ell ( the W o ne) a nd t he c hoked w ell; a ll i nternal a nd e xternal w alling h ad d isappeared.

S tructures B roch t ower T his

h ad

a n

o verall

d iameter o f

c 1 7.37m,

t he w alls

b eing c

3 .66m

t hick

a nd

t he

c ourtyard c 1 0.06m a cross. T he m aximum p reserved h eight o f t he w all w as s aid t o b e c 1 .98m i n t he W a rc a lthough t he e levations q uite c learly i ndicate t he m easurement t o b e a round 2 .6m.

o uter t hen,

T he e ntrance w as t o t he E a nd t here w ere n o g uard c hambers a ssociated w ith i t. T he e nd o f t he d oorway w as c 0 .84m w ide; c 1 .83m i n w ere t wo d oor j ambs c 1 .22m h igh a nd f or t he r emaining c 1 .83m, t he e ntrance w as c 1 .22m w ide. N o b ar h oles a re s hown i n

t he e levations. T hree s econd a t

c ells

a re s aid t o h ave b een f ound

1 1 o 'clock,

a nd t he

i n t he w all o f

t hird a t 3 o 'cloäk.

t he b roch;

T he f irst m entioned o f

o ne a t 8 o 'clock, t hese w as

b efore P etrie s aw t he s ite a nd i ts p ublished s hape a nd d imensions a re i nvented. I n h itherto u npublished e levations t he d emolished w all a t t his p oint h as b een r epresented c omplete a nd, a s t he l ower h alf i s m asked b y i nternal f urnishings, t hat t he e ntrance t o t he p ossible s ide c ell w as a t g round l evel a s,

a

d estroyed t he a s

i t i s a f air a ssumption o therwise, P etrie ( and

D ryden) w ould h ave b een f orced t o c onfect a n a perture i n t he e levation. T his e ntrance, i f n ot s ide c ell, i s i mportant a s i t g ave a ccess t o a n i ntramural s taircase c 0 .91m w ide, w hich w ent c lockwise, a nd o f w hich t here w ere 1 9 t reads t o t he s tart o f a p ossible i ntramural g allery. T he h eight o f t his i s u nknown b ut, p resumably, i t w as j ust a bove t he r oof o f t he i ntramural c ell a t 1 1 o 'clock w hich i s r epresented a s c 1 .83m h igh. T he l ast n amed c ell w as e ntered f rom t he c ourtyard a t g round l evel b y a p assage c 0 .81m h igh a nd c 0 .64m w ide ; t he c ell w as o val, c 3 .66m l ong a nd c 1 .83m w ide. T he p lan o f t he c ell a t 3 o 'clock w as s imilar, a s w as i ts e ntrance, w hich w as c 0 .81m h igh.

7 3

T he t he w all

b roch w as

t hen s olid-based w ith i ntramural

t o a p reserved h eight o f

c 2 .6m b ut

c ells;

t he e levations

s how t he i nside o f

t here i s n o i ndication o f a s carcement v isible.

I nternal c onstructions W ithin t he c ourtyard w ere ' fragments o f w alls a nd s tones s et o n e dge d ismissed a s s econdary; n o e vidence w as p ut f orward i n s upport o f t his i nternal

f urnishings a re,

g iven a l ittle l icence,

r eadily u nderstandable.

b ut t hese a ssertion. B asically,

w ere T he t he

i nterior i s d ivided i nto t wo a partments, a ccess t o b oth o f w hich i s g iven b y a s hort c orridor c ontinuing i n t he l ine o f t he b roch e ntrance. T he c orridor i s d efined o n t he r ight h and s ide b y f lagstones o n e dge a nd o n t he l eft b y a p erforated f lagstone a nd t hen a s ection o f l aid m asonry c 0 .84m w ide.

I t w ill

b y a n e ntry a t t he e nd o f a rea o ther t han a ccess t o

b e s een f rom t he p lan t hat a ccess

t o

t he s maller a partment w as

t he c orridor a nd t o t he r ight; n o f eatures a re i ndicated i n t his t he i ntramural c ell a t 3 o 'clock. T he c orridor i tself c ontinues

i nto t he l arger a partment w hich t akes u p t wo t hirds o f t he c ourtyard. A part f rom a ccess t o t he s ide c ell a t 1 1 o 'clock a nd t he i ntramural s taircase a n umber o f o ther f eatures a re r epresented. T he d ivision b etween i t a nd t he s maller a partment h as o rthostats p rojecting a t r ight a ngles d ividing i t i nto b ays, a nd n earest t he w all i s a t riangular d ivision w ith a d oorway w hich i s r eminiscent o f b ox b eds f ound i n o ther b rochs. A nother p iece o f b uilt-in f urnishing i s a r ecess i n t he b uilt w all s eparating t his a partment f rom t he c orridor w hich P etrie i llustrated a nd w hich l ooks l ike a b ench. I n t his a partment t oo a s ubterranean p assage l ed t o a s hort f light o f f ive s teps o ver a r ock-cut w ell w hich w as s quare, l ined w ith f lags, o nly c l m d eep a nd, i n t otal, c 2 .74m b elow g round l evel.

1

1

t

-

.

-

, • _ , , L _ . : _: /7 ‹ , -; _ -: _ _, _ r '•. -e . ; ; 2 .7" .

---„ -------

J . , eee e m k. _ -, . -, , . _

F ig 3 .15

O rkney

8 rochs:

H array ( Petrie

1 5 N etiater, 1 890,

M anse o f H array,

f igs 7 -9)

7 4

T he

h eight

e levations. 1 .48m h igh a partment

o f

T he b ut

a nd

t he

t wo a partments

t he

i nternal

f urnishings

i s

g iven

b y

t he

p reviously

b est p reserved i s t he h oled o rthostat j ust w ithin t he e ntrance; a s tone a gainst i t w as c 0 .3m h igher s till. T he w all b etween c orridor w as

o nly

s urvived

p reserved

t o

h alf

o f

t o a h eight

o f

c 0 .91m a nd

t he

u npublished t his w as c t he l arger

p artition b etween

t he

t his.

External constructions A t he

r ough s tone w all c 0 .91m t hick

e levations

s everal

p oints

s how t he h eight b ut P etrie's

B etween t his w all a nd

o f

t he

o f

w here a re

b roch e ntrance, a ccess

t he

b roch a t a d istance o f

b een c 1 .5m.

p icked

c 0 .91m f rom i t; t his wall u p

a t

s chematic.

o n i ts

c 0 .56m w ide

T raill

n orth s ide,

a nd

t here w as a c ompartment

c

c 0 .76m h igh.

I t i s s aid t hat a n umber o f ' cells w ere f ound o n t he E s ide o f t he b roch b ut, a part t he o ne a lluded t o, t he o nly o ne i llustrated w as s upposed t o h ave b een r oughly o val, c

1 0.06m

b y

c 7 m,

w ith w alls

s een b y P etrie, t his

t o h ave

i ndications

0 .91m i n d epth w ith a l intelled

f rom

s urrounded

t his

e xcept a s

b uilding w ere,

w hich a re

r epresented a s

b roken-through w alls,

s upposedly,

s tanding

a nd

i ts

c 1 .22m h igh.

p lan i s

i nvented;

w as

n ever

a ssociated

T his

w ith

a w ell a nd a c onduit.

F inds The w ere

f inds

w ere u nstratified

P etrie,

l ong-handled

p erforated c etacean o bjects; M etal:

t wo m ediaeval

S tone:

t hat

N one

o f

t he

t he

t wo c overed u rns

o bjects

c ontaining

s urvive b ut m any w ere

c remated

b one

i llustrated

b y

D ryden a nd L aing.

B one and a ntler :

( two

e xcept

p robably s econdary i nsertions.

p ossible

c omb;

d ecorated

s ocketed h andle;

p ossible

c etacean v ertebral d isc w ith e nlarged c entral

b ronze a nnular b rooches;

p erforated

d isc

p robable

l oom-weight;

b ronze

' vessels';

d ecorated h andle; p erforation.

b racelet.

h andled

l amp;

' querns";

p ot

l ids

t riangular o nes P B).

P ottery :

t wo u rns

( Pb);

o ne

n ative

s herd.

Environmental r emains U nstratified a ntler

f ragments

Human r emains

w as

T he t wo c overed u rns c ontained c remated f ound o n o r c lose t o t he b roch f loor.

b one a nd

a re

p robably

i nserted

b urials.

A s kull

S ources H Y

3 1

N W 3 8

R CAM 1 946, 1 3-15 n o R SM(Q) C atalogue T HM c atalogue A nderson 1 883, D ryden M S

( b)

1 3

1 99 ( three

p lans

a nd

s ections)

D ryden a nd P etrie M S ( a) ( among m aterial o f f inds c opied f rom P etrie M S ( e)) F raser L aing P etrie

1 923,

s hould n ot

b e

i n

t his

f olio a re

t wo

p ages

3 2

1 868 1 890,

P etrie M S ( k),

t hat

7 8-81,

( d),

4 -9;

1 00;

M S ( 1),

8 8, M S 8 2;

9 2,

9 4 n o 3 4

( e), M S

( q),

3 0,

5 6-61,

l oose

8 4-97;

p apers

7 5

M S

m arked

( g), ( 7),

1 3;

M S

( j),

6 a nd 7 ( 5);

4 4-53, M S

( s),

1 28-129; 5

M S

1 6

L OCH O F A YRE,

S T MARY'S, H OLM ( Ayre)

( pl 3 .6)

D erivation o f name A yre d erives f rom O N e yrr -s and o r g ravel b ank, s hoal, s pit, g ravelly b each e tc; i n O rkney t he t erm i s u sually a pplied t o a n arrow s trip o f b each b etween a s alt-water l agoon a nd t he

o pen s ea

( Marwick

1 952,

7 6).

.Geographical l ocation H Y

4 702

0 136.

T he

b roch s tands

o n t he

a nd t he N e nd o f t he l och t o t he o ther; T he s urrounding a rea i s m ainly f lat a nd p osition h as

d efensive

a dvantages

a nd

l ow g round o f

a n a yre w ith

t he

s ea

t o o ne

s ide

t he l och a nd s ea m ay h ave b een c onnected a t o ne t ime. i s a m ixture o f r ough g razing a nd i mproved l and. T he

t here

i s

s heltered

b eaching

f or c raft.

Excavations e tc

w as

E xcavations w ere s tarted

i n 1 901

a

c

m ound

d escribed

a mateurishly,

b ut

a s

r esulted

a nd

r esumed

6 0m l ong a nd

i n

t he

c

b roch

i n 1 909 b y G raeme.

P rior

4 5m

w as

a cross.

i nterior

o utbuildings a round i t b eing d ug t o a l imited e xtend. m ost o f t he m asonry w as s till v isible.

T his

b eing

c ompletely

W hen v isited

b y

t o

t his

t he

t renched, c leared

s ite

r ather a nd

t he

t he C ommission i n

1 929

S tructures B roch t ower T his

h ad

d iameter

c

O utside,

a n o verall d iameter o f 9 .2m.

o n t he

A t

S W,

o f

n ot

f ar

r emoved

I n

t he

T he

i nside

f rom t he

T here a re

c hamber. i tself w as

a lso

r ight

m asonry

t o

t he E ,

t hese

i t w as

e xterior,

c hecks

h and

c 1 8m;

p reserved

o f

c 0 .3m t hick w as

t he w all w as 4 .3m a nd n oted

w as U .9m w ide a t 1 .4m w ide.

w ere a s ocket

m entioned

s ide

t he w idth o f

t he w all w as c 1 .5m h igh a nd a t

f or a n

s tone,

p aved

a nd

t he

A t 9 o 'clock

t here w as

p eculiarly,

t he

t he

t hree

s labs

t he

t his

o n t he

0 .75.

b roch w all.

s et o f l eft,

i nternal

1 .1m a t

d oor j ambs, a nd

b olt

t he

f irst

w hich w ere

h oles

a t

e ither

i nner d oor.

t he e ntrance,

r ound a rch a bout U .25m i n

o n

t he

i ts w orst c

t he o uter e nd a nd

W ith

b etween

t he d oors,

T he e ntrance t o t his w as r aised c 0 .3m a bove r homboidal i n s hape, m easuring 1 .5m b y 1 .2m. e ntrance w as

i nverted

b ut,

w hich w as

d oor j ambs;

s ide.

b est

a c asing o f

T he e ntrance, s et

i ts

c overed

t he

w as

f loor

a d rain b uilt

t he a ccess

l evel,

o f

s tone

a nd

i n

t o a t he

t he

g uard

c hamber

s hape

o f

a n

d iameter.

e ntrance

s teps

t o a s tairway

s urviving

l ead

a t

g round

d own b elow

l evel.

T his

f loor

l evel

t he

w as

c0 .8m w ide

o f

t he

b roch,

t erminating i n a c avity r oofed b y o verlapping s tones. T he t hree s teps w ere e ach 0 .25m d eep m eaning t hat t he c avity w ould m ostly h ave b een i n t he w all a nd m ay h ave s imply b een a p eculiar m ural

c ell.

I nternal c onstructions T here o f

t hese

w ere

a re

a n umber

r epresented

t he

b roch w all w as

h and

s ide A t

o f

b uilt

t he e ntrance

1 2 o 'clock

r oofed w ith a f lat

o f o n

o ver

i s

h ad

i n t he

p ublished t he

( going

w as w hat s lab,

d ivisions t he

b eginning

o f

I t t he

f ormed o f

i s

u pright

p articularly

p artition w hich

t o

f lagstones b e

n oted

e xtended

a nd

t hat

s ome

p art

o f

f rom

t he

r ight

r oughly 0 .6m s quare,

w as

p artly

i n).

d escribed

t wo

i nterior

p lan.

s teps

a s

a w ell.

l eading d own

I t w as t o

i t,

a nd w as

f ull

o f

w ater.

External c onstructions T he e xternal a

p ath

p assages t here w as

c onstructions w ere

c 1 .2m w ide a round l ed o ff, a t

i n o ne

l east

o ne

p arts

c ase

a umbry

o f

f ragmentary

a nd n ot

t he

o f

o utside

o ver a t hreshold

t he

s tone.

s eriously b roch.

l ooked

F rom t his

O ther w alls

a t.

T he

w hat

s hown a re

p lan s hows

w ere

c alled

c urvilinear a nd

n oted.

Finds S ome

f inds

f ew o bjects w ere

h ave n ot

b een t raced,

f rom c learly

t hough

s everal a re i llustrated

s tratified c ontexts.

7 6

i n t he

s ite

r eport.

A

B one a nd a ntler :

p erforated m ounts

( 2 B ;

1 P B);

p egs

f or m ounts;

l ong-handled

c ylindrical s ocketed h andles; n eedle w ith p erforation a t o ne e nd ( PB); m odified h eads ( some P B); p in w ith d ecorative h ead a nd h ipped s hank; p ointed

i mplements;

p ossible

b obbin;

M etal:

p ossible

r ubbing a nd

p olishing

p arallelepiped d ice

i ron s pearhead;

b ronze p in;

( 1

i mplements

B );

( PB);

p in

s tones

( some

B ;

1 P B);

( 1

B );

w hale v ertebra v essel

( B);

t oggle.

s mall b ronze

i ron a xehead

( 1

c ombs

p ins w ith s carcely g lobular p in h eads;

r ing

( PB);

i ron s pike o r s pearhead

i n g lobular p in-head

a bove;

( B?);

m iscellaneous

s ocketed f ragments

i ron. S tone:

w horls;

' wedge-shaped O ther:

v essel; s tone;

P umice;

P ottery :

p ivot

c onglomerate a t

l arge

B );

r otary querns;

s addle quern;

p ossible m ortars;

w aterworn p ebbles.

amount

o f

b roch f loor

n ative w are

l evel

( some

B ,

c ontaining

s ome P B),

b urnt

s ome

c lay,

d ecorated;

p ottery a nd m ediaeval

i ron.

s herd.

Environmental r emains S ome P eriod

r emains

a re s aid s pecifically

t here w ere

i ndications

c harcoal w hich s ignified o f o x, s heep, l impets, r ed

d eer,

d iver,

h orse,

g ull,

a nimals w ere

m ostly

o x,

t o h ave s heep,

c ome

s eal,

s hag,

s callop,

s hearwater,

f rom i mmature

f rom p haseable

p ig,

t he b urning o f t wigs. w inkles a nd p eat a sh.

w hale,

s wan,

o f

a nd

c ontexts.

F or

s mall c ylindrical

t he

B roch

p ieces

o f

F or t he P ost B roch P eriod t here w ere r emains O ther r emains f rom t he s ite i nclude t hose o f

o yster, a nd

c rab,

c ockle,

g reat

g annet,

a uk.

I t

i s

c ormorant,

n oted

t hat

g reat

n orthern

t he b ones

o f

t he

i ndividuals.

Human r emains B ones

r ecovered w ere

f rom a t

l east

t hree

i ndividuals.

S ources H Y 4 0

S E b

k UAM 1 94b, N MAS

L oan

1 02-3 n o 3 6U r egister

C aulfield 1 978, 1 31 C larke 1 970, 2 30 C ursiter G raeme

1 923,

1 914,

S tevenson Y oung

5 0 n o 4 ,

1 955,

1 953,

5 2

3 1-51 2 92

9 4

1 7

K NOWE O F D ISHERO,

R ENDALL ( Discrow,

D isherow)

D erivation o f n ame T he d ysjar

f irst s ince

e lement

o f

t here a re

t he

n ame

i s

O N d ys

s everal m ounds

i n

-m ound,

t he

c airn o r g rave -possibly

v icinity.

T he

s econd e lement

i n t he

m ay

p lural

c ome

f rom

e ither O N ä -stream -o r O N k rö p en o r c attlefold.

G eographical location N Y 4 25b 1 998. o verlooking a r ocky

T he b roch i s s ituated b each w ith a v iew a cross

A ll

l and

t he s urrounding

h as

o n t he R endall c oast, i n G orseness t ounship, t o G airsay a nd S hapinsay a nd d own W ide F irth.

b een i mproved.

B eaching w ould b e

p ossible

b ut

w ould

1 890 b ut

i s

i n

i s d escribed

a s

b e

b etter

f urther S . Excavations e tc T his n otebooks p rojecting i ndicates

b roch ( MS

d oes

( 1),

t hrough t hat

n ot

7 1), i t

a ppear w ith

f eature

i n P etrie's

1 860,

a nd h aving a t rench o r

s ome d igging w as

t here w ere d iagnostic

t o

t he d ate

f eatures

d one p rior

s howing

t o

o f

t he m ound

f osse

a round

1 927.

w hich w ould n ot

7 7

l ist

w here

i t.

A

d onation

o ne t o

W hen t he C ommission v isited h ave

o f

h aving

b een m issed b y P etrie.

h is

s tones

t he

N MAS

i n

1 928

S tructures B roch t ower I n

1 928

p art

i ncorporating o r g allery.

o f

t he i nner w all

a b locked u p T he

i nternal

o pening

f ace 6 .0m l ong

a nd

o ver 0 .8m w ide w hich

d iameter w as

e stimated a t

c 1 .4m h igh w as

v isible

p robably g ave a ccess

o n

t he

t o a m ural

W

c ell

c 9 .1m.

External constructions T o

t he E w ere s een s light

t races

o f

a n e nclosing w all w ith a w ide

d itch b eyond

i t.

Finds T he S tone :

s ole

f ind s urvives

s hale

a rmlet

b ut

i s w ithout

c ontext.

f ragment.

S ources H Y 4 1 N W R CAM 1 946, R SM(Q)

P etrie M S P SAS

1 8

7 9 n o 2 65

C atalogue ( 1),

1 927,

7 1

2 62

D INGY'S H OWE,

S T A NDREWS ( Dingies H owe,

D ingishove;

P etrie g ives p arish a s D eerness)

D erivation o f n ame T he o f

f irst

a ssembly,

e lement

m eeting

i s

p robably a p ersonal

p lace,

n ame

b ut m ay

b e

a c orruption

o f

O N

t ing

= p oint

p arliament.

G eographical l ocation H Y t o

5 476

0 330.

t he M ainland.

l ead

t o

t he

T he

b roch s tands

T idal

s and

o pen s ea o n t he

t he t a nd W w ith d unes

i n

f lats

S .

t he

o n a n i sthmus

c onnecting

( St P eter's P ool)

T here a re g ood

l ie

t o

t he

f ertile D eerness

t he N ,

s hingle,

b eaching f acilities.

i mmediate v icinity.

T he l ocation h as

I mproved s trategic

p eninsula

r ock

a nd

l and

l ies

s and t o

p otential.

Excavations e tc T he

s ite w as

e xcavated

b y

F arrer a t

s ome

t ime

b y P etrie a lthough n o i llustration o f i t h as b een r easonably l arge-scale f or i t i s r ecorded t hat t o w ere

t he w hole

t he

f ound, T he

r ecent

o f

a ction o f

t hat

p art

a s trong

( Petrie M S

s ite a ppears

o f

t he

s andy knoll

f ire a nd

p rior

t o

1 878 a nd w as

b een t raced. F arrer's t hat h e d ug b eneath t he o n w hich

i t

h ad

c onsiderable quantities

o f

p lanned,

e xcavations f oundations

b een b uilt b urnt

h ad

b ones

a pparently, m ust a nd

h ave f ound

b een s ubjected

o f

l arge

a nimals

4 4).

( c),

n ow a s a l arge

d isturbances w hich h ave

t urf-grown m ound

e xposed

s tonework

a bout 7 .6m i n h eight.

T here h ave

b een

a nd m idden.

S tructures B roch t ower N othing 1 7.37m;

i s known a bout

t he w all

t he b roch e xcept

t hickness w as

c 3 .66m;

a nd

f or t he

i ts d imensions. c ourtyard w as

I ts

o verall d iameter w as

c

c 1 0.06m a cross.

F inds N one o f

t he

o bjects

n ot

b een t raced.

o r,

a lternatively,

B one a nd a ntler : S tone:

p art

h ave u seful c ontexts

T he s herd

c ould h ave

t ine

c ome

p olished a t

p erforated

a nd

t he

h ammerstones

a nd

o f G rooved W are m ay h ave b een i ntroduced f rom

t he d eposit

e xplored

t o

b elow t he

s upposed

a xeheads

b roch

f oundations.

t ip.

p ebble w hetstone;

h ammerstones,

7 8

a xehead

h ave

t he m useum c ollection

s haped w aterworn s tones.

P ottery:

o ne

f ragment N eolithiC G rooved W are;

a l arge

n umber

o f

n ative

o f

b urnt

s herds.

Environmental r emains A n w ere

u nstratified d eer m etatarsal

s aid

t o

b e

b eneath

s urvives

b ut quantities

t he b roch f oundations.

K itchen

b ones

m idden

w as

o f

l arge a nimals

o bserved

b y

t he

C ommission.

S ources N Y 5 0 S W 7 R CAM 1 946, 2 42-3 n o 6 25 H M ' 8 C atalogue N MAS 1 892 C atalogue ' NM C atalogue A nderson 1 878,

3 16

P etrie 1 890, 8 8, 9 3 n o P etrie M S ( c), 4 4 P SAS

1 892,

S tevenson

1 4

2 30 1 946

1 9

R OUND H OWE,

S T A NDREW'S ( Howe o f L angäkaill)

( pls 3 .7,

3 .8)

D erivation o f name T he f rom O N

c ommon n ame m ust r elate t o t he s hape o f t he m ound w hile t he a lternative l angi-skali -long h all, a b uilding w hich m ust h ave b een n earby.

i s

d erived

G eographical location H Y D eer

5 078

S ound

o utcrops.

0 593.

T he

i nlet, T here

b roch

l ies

c 1 .5km i nland

a c oastline w ith a m ixture

i s

a s tream n ear

t he

s ite a nd

o f

i n T oab s andy

t he

b ut

b ays,

w ith a ccess s and a nd

h interland h as

a ll

t o

t he

s heltered

s hingle,

a nd

r ocky

b een e nclosed.

Excavations e tc The

r ecords

e xcavating

t his

u ncovered h as

w hen d rawing

b een m ade

s eems

t o

t hat

b e

s urvive

s ite a nd

s uffice

t hat P etrie

t hem.

N o

s how i t

r eport w as

t o u nderstand w hat w as

t hat

t o

f ound

t hat

v ery

F arrer m ade

d ifficult

p ublished

f ound.

I t

e ither t he e nigmatic b roch-like

i s

a t

t he

a n

t o m ake t ime

a bortive s ense

a nd

n o

d ifficult

t o

b e

s tructure w as

a )

s itting

o f

a ttempt t he

s ubsequent

c ertain b ut

a t

r emains a ttempt

t he

p roblem

o n a m ound,

n atural

o r n ot c 4 .27m h igh o r b ) o nly t he u pper c 0 .8m o f a s tructure c 5 .05m h igh w as r evealed. w as n ot u ncharacteristic o f F arrer's a pproach t o g ive u p i f t he s tructures b eing r evealed

I t i n

a n e xcavation w ere n ot e asily f ollowed o r u nderstood. I t i s m ost l ikely, t herefore, h ave a p lan o f a b roch a t a h eight o f c 4 .27m r ather t han m ore o r l ess a t i ts b ase.

w e

The

s ite was

s ubsequently

c ut

i n t wo

b y a r oad

a nd

e xists

t hat

i n a v ery m utilated s tate.

S tructures B roch t ower T he 3 .05m

d iameter o f

t hick

b ut,

a nd

b earing

t his

i s

s tructure s hown i n P etrie's

i n m ind w hat h as

A f eature o f

t he

t he c ourtyard

s imilar

v ery

c 5 .99m a cross. b een s aid,

t o a n e ntrance

d ubious,

l ooking

i ts

t he

r ight

s hown

a t

t here

w hile

a d istinct

i s a s imilar o ne

a h eight

c learly

b uilding, i s

a nd

o f

c 0 .79m w ide was

t o

o f

s ketched l ines

i ndicate

p ossibility

t hat

t he

t hat

c 3 .51m,

r ather

h ave

f ound t owards

h as

t he w alls

b eing

s ection w as c

c

0 .79m

b een n earer c 5 .05m.

t he E NE;

t he o uter

b een b roken t hrough a nd

h as

n o

p art o uter

t hickness h ere i s o nly c 2 .74m c orroborates t his. t here i s a s ide p assage c 0 .41m w ide l eading t o l eft.

c 0 .61m f or a d istance

f or a d istance

c 1 2.09m,

s hown i n t he

p reserved h eight m ay

l ike a w all

s urface. T his a nd t he f act t hat t he wall C irca 1 .93m f rom t he i nside o f t he p assage l intelled

p lans w as

The h eight

l ess

t hat

o f

The a t

r ight-hand o ne

l east

c learly

c 0 .91m.

f or a t hird o f

i s

s hown t o h ave

T he

l eft-hand

t he

c ircuit

b een

o ne o f

t he g allery m ay h ave

g one a ll

t he w ay

t han b eing a b asal g allery

t his w as

o ne a t a h eight

c 4 .27m.

7 9

r ound.

i s t he I t o f

External c onstructions S urrounding

t he b roch a t

t his

t hen i ts

t rue h eight w ould h ave

e ither i n o r t hat

t his

i s

s hown a s

a d istance o f

s ection

o n a m ound

T he m ound a nd t he E e nd

s eems

t he

o nly

t he t op

b roch w as o f

t he

a t

t he

a w all

r uins

T he b uilding

c 2 7.4m a cross

b uilding w ere w ithin a l arge

l arge.

t he

h ad

i tself

b ase;

i t

i s

f ace; b een

i s

i n

t he

r evealed,

s hown a s

t herefore

b eing

p ossible

o utbuildings.

c 0 .76m h igh;

t oo

i f

b een n earer c 4 .88m.

c 4 .27m h igh a nd

p artly c onsisted o f

c 7 .32m b road a nd

c 0 .61m f rom

c 0 .61m h igh b ut,

a t

t he W e nd

T he e nclosure

t here

i tself

p ear-shaped e nclosure d elimited i s a n e ntrance

w as

c 6 8m b y

c 4 .57m w ide b ut

c 5 3.64m

b y

a b ank

t he

g ap a t

( inside m easurement).

S ources H Y

5 0 NW

R CAM 1 946,

2 43 n o 6 27

A nderson 1 878, 3 18 O NB 2 3, 1 880, 8 1 P etrie 1 890, 9 3 n o 1 3 P etrie M S ( j), 1 12-114,

17-121, 1

2 0

1 23;

B ERSTANE,

M S

( q),

l oose

s heet

S T OLA ( Birstane,

( 7)

1 2;

M S

( s),

1 0

B riston)

D erivation o f n ame P robably

a p ersonal

n ame

c ompounded w ith O N

s tadir -f arm

( Marwick

1 952,

9 6).

G eographical l ocation H Y l ooking t here

4 752 o ut

a re

1 002.

o ver

s ome

T his

I nganess

s andy

b roch B ay

a reas.

s tands

o n

t he

t o S hapinsay T he

l ow c liff

S ound.

h interland

T he

s lopes

o f. a p romontory c oast

i s

m ostly

( Taing o f

B er . ,tane) ,

r ocky o utcrops

d own f rom c 8 0m O D a nd

t hough

h as

b een i mproved.

b y

t he

Excavations e tc T he

s ite

I irstane i

a nd

a ppears

p lanned

i n

P etrie's

b y G eo P etrie;

l ist w here

n o

r ecord

i t

o f

s ays

i t

w as

e xcavated

t he e xcavation o r

t race

o f

t he

T enant

p lan h as

f ound. T he s ite w as v isited b y t he C ommission i n 1 928 a nd b y t he O rdnance S urvey i n t he m ound s tands c 1 .7m h igh a nd o ver h alf t he b roch, t o t he E , h as b een w ashed a way.

o f b een

1 973;

S tructures B roch t ower P etrie t hickness a ssessed

a nd

t he

C ommission

s ay

t hat

t he

t ower h ad

a d iameter

o f

c

1 8.29m,

a

w all

o f c 4 .11m and t hat t he c ourtyard w as c 1 0.2m a cross. T he O rdnance S urvey i n 1 973 t he w all t hickness a t c 3 .6m ( and h ence t he t otal d iameter a t c 1 7.4m).

A dditionally,

a t a p oint w hich w ould h ave

g round

( c 0 .5m w ide) was

l evel

s tructure h ad a g round c ell o r g uard c hamber.

b een i n t he n orthern p art

o bserved;

g allery a s

t he

i t

f eature

i s

n ot

p ossible

s een m ay h ave

o f

t he w all,

a g allery a t

h owever

t o

b e

c ertain t hat

b een p art

o f

a n i ntramural

t he

s tair,

External c onstructions M idden

a nd

p ossible

s tructures

h ave

b een o bserved

i n t he

s ection

o utside

t he

b roch

t ower.

F inds T he

l imited

f igurine h as S tone: P ottery :

n umber

o f

f inds

a re w ithout

u seful

b een t raced.

p ossible

t ether

s tone

o r

f igurine;

' implement'.

n ative.

8 0

c ontext

a nd

o nly

t he

t ether

s tone/

Environmental r emains T he O S F ield I nvestigator n oted m idden i n t he f ew s mall b ones, a nd p ottery f ragments.

c liff

s ection;

i t

c ontained

s ea s hells,

a

S ources F L Y 4 1 S E K CAM 1 946,

1 52 n o 4 05

T HM C atalogue P etrie

1 890,

P etrie M S

9 2

( j),

9 4 n o

1 7

1 43-4

2 1

B ROCH O F L INGRO,

S T O LA ( Lingrow)

( pie 3 .9,

3 .10)

D erivation o f n ame T he r ua -a

f irst

e lement

c learing

i s O N l yng -h eath,

( Marwick

1 952,

h eather,

' ling';

t he

s econd

e ither O N r jear o r O N

9 9).

G eographical l ocation F L Y

4 345

S capa B ay h arbourage;

0 878.

a t t he

T he

b roch

l ay a s hort

d istance

i nland,

o n r ising

g round,

t he h ead o f S capa F low. T he b ay a nd i ts s andy b each w ould h interland h as b een i mproved; a nd L ingro B urn i s a djacent t o

a w ell s ituated

a nd p otentially d efensive

o verlooking

o ffer e xcellent t he s ite. I t i s

l ocation.

Excavations e tc T he

e xact

p eriod

o f

n ewspaper

r eports a nd p lans

t he

1 879,

U S,

P etrie's w ork i s

1 870;

i s e rroneous.

o utbuildings w as

o n t he

w ork

T he v ery

s ite

c ontinued

i s o bscure i nto

1 871,

s izeable e xcavation o f

f unded b y Mr G raeme o f G raemeshall,

b ut a t

t he

e arliest

l east.

t he b roch a nd

t he S cottish S ociety

d ate

i n

T he d ate g iven b y i ts

e xtensive

o f A ntiquaries,

a nd

a M r Y oung o f K elly. P lans w ere m ade b y P etrie i n c ollaboration w ith D ryden. O wing t o P etrie's d eath n o d etailed a ccount o f t he e xcavation was p repared; a r eport i s b eing c ompiled a t

p resent The

b y H edges s ite w as

e xtensive

C ommission v isited w ere t he

a nd B ell

i n

( forth). b ut

t he s tructures

1 929 t he o utline o f

o nly m arked b y o ccasional s tones e arly

1 980s,

f or a gricultural

n ot

p reserved

t he b roch c ould j ust

p rojecting

r easons,

f rom t he

a nd

t o a ny g reat b e

t urf.

t he s ite

h eight;

t raced a nd

T he g round w as

c an b e

w hen

t he

t he o utbuildings

c onsidered

l evelled

t o

h ave

i n

b een

d estroyed.

S tructures B roch t ower T his

h ad

a n

o verall

d iameter o f

c 1 8.11m;

t he w alls

b eing c

4 .57m

t hick

a nd

t he

c ourtyard c 8 .97m a cross. b uilding l ine i s s ketched

T he p reserved h eight a ppears t o h ave b een c l m. O n t he p lans a i n c 1 .2m i n f rom t he i nside f ace o f t he b roch w all a nd c orrespond-

i ng

o f

t he

b een

t o t he

i nner e dge

i ndications

a gainst

t his;

i t

o f i s

t o

t he

n either d oor j ambs,

d istance o n t he 1 .22m.

o f

i n n either c ase w as

t he

I t

c ell o r

c 1 .04m w ide a t

s ense o f

i s

s aid

t hat

I t

i s

h eight

a r ecessed o rthostat

s aid o f

t hat t he

t here may w all

h ave

m ilitates

s olid-based. i ts

o uter e nds.

p rojecting o rthostats,

T here a ppear

o r b olt

c 0 .61m h igh o n

t he

h oles

t o h ave

b ut,

l eft a nd

t he

a t

a

w all

t hat t he p assage c ontinued t o t he i nterior a t a w idth o f c t he o rthostat a nd r ecess r espectively t here w as a g uard c ell; i ts

p assage

s till

l intelled.

The a ccess

t o

t he

l eft-hand o ne

c 1 .22m l ong a nd t he c hamber i tself w as o val, c 3 .05m l ong a nd c 1 .42m t he r ight-hand g uard c ell w as c 0 .54m w ide, c 1 .42m l ong a nd t he c ell

ectangular b eing e xtended a nd s ub - r

w as m entioned

b elow.

t he p reserved

t he s tructure w as

S E a nd w as

i n t he

r ight w as r ecessed s o O n b oth s ides, i nside

w as

t hat

c 2 .29m i n t here w as

w as c 1 .02m w ide a nd w ide. T he a ccess t o i tself

i n t he N NE b ut

f airly c lear

T he e ntrance w as b een

t he g uard c ells m entioned

a g allery

t he

i n t he s ame

i nner f ace c ontext

a s

o f t he

c 3 .45m i n l ength a nd

t he w all h ad ' secondary

8 1

b een s ubjected b uildings

c 1 .08m w ide. t o a lterations

i nside.

b ut

t his

I nternal constructions T he

i nternal

s eem t hat i nto

t wo,

i f

1 2 o 'clock h and s ide a partment

f urnishings

t here w ere d istinct n ot

t hree,

a re

n ot

a s

p artitions

p arts.

c learly

r ecorded

a s

m ade u p o f u pright

O ne o f

t hese

m ight

s labs

r an f rom 7 .30 t o

b e e xpected

b ut

w hich d ivided

t he

t he c entre a nd

b e g ained

f rom i t.

T here a re,

i n a ddition,

o ther o rthostats

t o

i nterpret

t hese.

T wo

s hort

l engths

o f

u pright

s labbing

f rom

t he r ightl eft-hand

i ncluding

o n t he p erimeter a t 1 a nd 2 o 'clock b ut c onsidering t he p reservation o f t he ( uprights n ot b eing l ikely t o s urvive) a nd o ur l ack o f i nformation a bout h eights, l ittle d ifficult

w ould

i nterior

t he o ther

t o t he c entre w ith a g ap b etween; t his w ould m ean t hat t he a partment t o w ould h ave b een e ntered d irectly f rom t he o utside a nd a ccess t o t he c ould

i t

s ome

m onument i t i s a

p roject

f rom

t he

i nterior o f t he w all a nd m eet t he p artitions; t he t riangular a reas t hey f orm m ay h ave b een b ox b eds. A part f rom t hese t he o nly o ther f eature i s o ne o mitted b y D ryden b ut p encilled i n b y P etrie o n h is p lan -a c ooking t rough o r h earth i n t he l eft h and a partment. ( MS g l oose s heet

( M)

3 4).

External c onstructions T he o utbuildings a round t he s outhern a rc a re t he m ost s triking T races o f w alling i n t he N W s uggest t hey o nce e xisted f urther n orth

f eature t han t he

r evealed;

o f

i t

i s t o

s tated

t hat

d escribe

n ot

a ll w ere e xcavated.

b roch

c ontaining o rthostats, a nd h ere t he b uildings i nside o f t his t he b uildings o utbuildings c lear. E -W

b and w ere

t o

t he

t he w hole

s ame N -S.

W hether

c ontinuing

i n w hich

i ts

l ine

t hey a re

a re

i t

i s

known;

d ifficult.

s mall

p aired

t he ' dog kennel t ype. T hese a re a lbeit b adly r ecorded, a re d wellings

h earths a nd t anks. T he S W p ortion i s t he c 8 .23m w ide w ith a n u nbroken w all o n i ts

t he

b roch,

s ettlement m easures w as

d etail

b est p reserved o utside. T he

b y a c orridor c U .61 -0.76m w ide a round t he b roch f rom w hich O ne w ould e xpect t here t o b e a n a ccess t hrough t hese

c orridor a nd

i t

a nd

t han 1 .2m s quare o f t he b uildings w hich,

p artitions, f orm a b and

i s d efined e ntered.

e ntrance

s light

c atalogue

t he s ame t ime t he u nsystematic a ppearance o f t he p lan m akes g eneralizations i ndividual b uildings n either t heir l imits o r t heir c ontents a re known. t he

t he

t his

a t F or

c hambers, e ach s omething l ess d istinguishable f rom t he m ass o f

i n e ven

c ontext

p ossible

o utside

o utbuildings

I n t he

n ot

I mmediately

t he

o f t he s ite. c oncL‘tration

i f

n ot

c 4 8m a cross,

s urrounded w ith d itches

a nd

t o

t he

a nd

b roch e ntrance,

i t

c ould e asily

r amparts

i s

b ut

i t

i s

n ot

h ave m easured

t he

u nknown.

F inds T he t hose

p rolific

t hat

f inds

s urvive,

c ollection w as

f rom t his

s ite a re v irtually a ll w ithout

a f ew a re known f rom r eport.

f ound a t

s ome d istance

B one a nd antler: l ong-handled c ombs; t ion; o ther b one p ins a nd n eedles;

f rom t he s ite

m iscellaneous

Metal: S tone :

p ieces

o f

i ncluding

w horls;

m ould

n ative w are,

( f),

t o

1 02).

r ubbing a nd p olishing i mplement; c ircular m ount w ith b one b ead; c etacean b lade; h ollowed s ections o f a ntler

c hain a nd

s heet;

s trike a l ights;

g rinders/pounders; m acehead; r est; m iscellaneous i tems. Pottery:

( Petrie M S

I n a ddition

t he m acehead i n t he

i tems.

b ronze

s pindle

c ontext.

b e n oted t hat

s ocketed h andles; p robable n eedle w ith t erminal p erforag lobular p in h ead; s word p ommel; d agger g uard; u lna

p ointed i mplements; ' fish b one a wl'; p egs; c etacean i vory t ube; d ice, ( 8); b eams;

I t s hould

f ragments;

p ot

l id;

c rucible;

s ome d ecorated;

m ediaeval

r otary querns

c hipped

s mall

s ilver R oman d enarii ( some 8 );

s late o bject;

b ell;

b ead m ade

( 2

8 ).

p ossible p ivot

p olisher;

s tones;

l amp w ith c up a nd w ick

f rom a s herd;

a l arge q uantity

o f

s herd.

Environmental r emains

r ight

Q uantities o f s hells, b urnt b ones, a shes a nd p ottery w ere i n t he b roch g uard c ell p roduced h uman b ones m ixed w ith b ones o f o x, h orse, s heep,

b ones, c oprolites a nd c harred g rain s urvive.

c harred g rain w ere a lso

f ound.

O f

t hese

i tems

o nly

t he

i nterior; p ig e tc;

t he f ish

c oprolites

a nd

h uman r emains A

h uman

s kull

a nd o ther

b ones w ere

f ound i n

t he H M c ollection.

8 2

t he

r ight

g uard c ell;

a s kull i s

l isted

i n

S ources H Y

4 0 N W

R CAM

1

1 946,

1 52-153 n o 4 06

H M C atalogue T hM C atalogue N MAS

1 892

C atalogue

A nderson C larke

1 883,

1 970,

2 43-244

2 31

D ryden a nd P etrie M S P etrie

a lone

( b)

( a n umber o f

p lans

a nd

s ections,

b oth

r ough a nd

t idied

u p,

b y

a nd w ith D ryden)

H edges a nd B ell f orth P etrie 1 890, 9 3 n o 1 8 P etrie M S 2 6, 3 4;

( f),

6 2-69;

M S

( g),

7 8;

M S

( h),

1 -32,

3 8-39;

M S

2 8-29, 3 1-37, 3 9-40, 6 9, 1 31, 1 33, 1 35, 1 37, 1 38; M S l oose s heet ( 7), 1 3 l oose s heet ( 7), 1 4; M S ( s), 4

P SAS

1 872,

3 57

P SAS

1 885,

1 39

Y oung

1 953,

( i), ( n);

1 -15, M S

1 7-18,

( q),

l oose

2 1-23,

2 5, (7 )

s heet

1 94

2 2

B ROCH O F B ORTHWICK,

S ANDWICK ( Burwick,

B orwidr)

( fig 3 .16)

D erivation o f n ame The

n ame

c omes

f rom O N B org -fort -a nd O N v ik -b ay.

Geographical l ocation 2 241

H Y

1 678.

The

s trongly d efensive. b edrock;

a ny a rable

b roch s tands

T he

o n a n e xposed c oastal p romontory w ith s heer s ides

s urrounding

f arming m ust

l and

h ave

i s

t hin,

s uffered

p oor,

a nd

i s

a nd u nimproved w ith b are o utcrops

o f

f rom w esterly

g ales.

Excavations e tc E xcavations w hich w as known

w ere

c arried o ut

t o P etrie,

a s

b y W G T W att

a t urf-covered,

o f

S andwick

i n

1 881

a pparently n atural,

w ho

d escribed

m ound

t he

s ite,

c 3 -4m h igh.

W att's

e xcavations w ere c oncentrated o n t he i nterior o f t he b roch t ower b ut i ncluded s ome w ork o n o uter b uildings a nd d efences. H is p ublication w as quick, f ull, a nd a uthoritative b ut i t i s n ot

t erribly

e ssential S econdly, s ome

r emains

t rue

c ondition

o f i s

r easons.

t hat

F irstly,

a nd,

r ecognised a ' rude

r eally a s o f

t wo

u nderstanding

t he a mbiguities

f indings; c ondition

i t

t o

W att

o f

s tructures

a nd

c lear -f or

a id

t here i s n o p lan,

p articularly,

r eoccupation o f

t he s ite

a ppear i n d escriptions

b elonging

t o m ore

a nd

r einterpreting,

o f

b ut

i t

t he f irst

t han o ne p hase.

I t

i s

i s

t his t he

n ot

i s

o ften

w ritten i mprobable

o ccupation a rise

d ifficult

t o

a n

w ord. t hat

f rom

p recis

t he

W att's

c an b e s een f rom t he O S a nd R CAMS r ecords. B oth a uthorities c oncentrate o n t he t he s ite w hen l ast s een, t he l atter i n 1 935, t he f ormer i n 1 966; i n 1 979 i t t hat t he n ot

w hile

t he

s ite h as p ossible

g eneral

p icture o utlined

n aturally d eteriorated t o

e ither a dd

b y W att

i s

s till

( the maximum h eight

i nformation o r i nterpret

o f

t o

b e

s een,

t he w all

t he d ubious

t o c

p oints

t he 2 .5m)

o f

h is

d escription.

S tructures B roch t ower T he a cross; v ariable t hinner t his

o verall

d iameter

i s

s aid

t o h ave

b een s ome

1 6.76m a nd

t he

c ourtyard

a bout

8 .23m

t he w all t hickness w ould t herefore b e e xpected t o b e c 4 .27m. I t w as a ctually b eing b etween c 4 .26 a nd 4 .57m i n t he S a nd E b ut t hi c ker i n t he N ( c 4 .88m) a nd t o

m ust

t he W ( c 3 .48m). h ave o nly

b een o n

d own'. N o s carcement f rom t he c ourtyard; i nside was r emoved a s i ndicated b y

When e xcavated t he

l andward

t he w all i s

s ide

f or

s aid

t owards

t o h ave s tood

t he

s ea i t

c 4 .88m

i s d escribed

h igh b ut a s

' broken

i s m entioned, n or a re a ny s igns o f g alleries, s tairs o r c ells o pening i t i s n ot c lear h owever w hether s ufficient o f t he s econdary b uilding

f or t he l atter t o b e s een, i f t here. T he w all h ad a n e xterior b atter a nd, t renching r ound t he E s ide, t he f irst c ourse p rojected a nd a cted a s a

s carcement. T he e ntrance w as 1 .04m w ide t o

a

a t

t he

o n t he

b ase,

l andward w ide,

c 2 .74m l ong a nd

s mall c hamber a bove.

t o

t he S E.

l intelled

P rojecting d oor

c hecks

e ntrance t o a w idth o f c 0 .89m. F or t he l ast p assage c 1 .52m w ide, a nd t here w as n o r oof.

8 3

b y

T he o uter s ix

m ade

l arge o f

p art w as

s labs;

s labs

s et

c 1 .52m t he w alls w ere

c 1 .57m h igh a nd

t hese

f ormed

o n e dge r ecessed,

t he

c

f loor

n arrowed

t he

m aking

t he

O n

t he

e ntered

b y

d ismissed

r ight-hand a

b y

s ide,

p assage

j ust

t he C ommission a s

O pposite ' secondary";

t he h e

g uard

s aw i t

b ehind

c U .61m w ide

t he

a nd

b eing w here

c ell w as

a s a m eans

s tones

a w all

o f

d oor

c hecks w as

c 1 .04m h igh. h ad

t o

t he

a c ollapsed h oles

b ee-nive

s uggested

b y

g uard

c ell

W att

w as

f allen o ut.

c U .5m w ide

g etting

b ar

a nd

d escribed

c hamber a bove

b y W att

t he

a s

' rude'

a nd

p assage.

I nternal c onstructions S econdary h eight

o f

b uilding

c 1 .83m a nd

i nside

u p

t o

t he

b roch

c ourtyard

c 2 .13m w ide w hich

i ncluded a f acing w all

r educed

t he

i nterior

t o

p reserved

t o

c 4 .68m a cross.

a

T his

a nd o ther w alling -w hich t ogether f ormed t wo o blong c hambers -w as p robably a ssociated a l ayer c 0 .61m d eep d escribed a s ' unctuous m atter...(very d ifficult t o g et t o l eave

w ith t he

s pade), c omposed o f a shes, b ones a nd s hells, m ixed w ith c lay'. A nother s econdary f eature w as a r ude k ind o f s tairway b uilt a gainst t he i nside o f t he wall o n t he E s ide. I t w as c 1 .22m w ide

a t

1 .37m. and

t he A ll

e arth

b ottom n arrowing

t he

s econdary

b elow w hich w as

T he

o riginal

b roch;

t his

l evel.

S et

m ay i n

t he

f loor

i s

i ndicate

t his

t o

a w idth o f

f eatures w ere o riginal s aid

t hat

t o

a t

t he

f loor w ere o rthostats

o ccupation d ebris, t hey m ust c hamber a bove t he e ntrance.

h ave

i ts m aximum p reserved

o n a l ayer

c 0 .91m t hick

s ame

a s

o f

h eight

s mall

t he

l evel

c entre

o f

t he

a nd,

a s

t hey j ust

t he o utside

i nside w as

b een c 1 .5m h igh -a bout

f oundation

c leared

p rojected t he h eight

t o

t hrough o f

t he

t he

0

1 0

20

30FEET C .5 .T .C .

F ig 3 .16

O rkney

B rochs:

2 2

c

B orthwidk,

S andwick

8 4

( RCAM

1 946,

f ig 3 47)

f

t he

t he s econdary

\ \ ,

5

o f

s tones

' p_imary'

f loor

SE A

' 0

f lat

f loor. b e

o nly

c 0 .61m a t

f ounded

o f

t he

E xternal constructions A cross

t he

n eck

o f

t he

p romontory

t he

i s a s hallow d epression c 2 5m b road a nd a r ampart.

W att m ust h ave e xcavated

i n t he m oat

a nd w as

p art

W att m aintained t hat t he w hole ' outbuildings'. H e d id n ot h owever t hey w ere

a ccount o f t o e nter t he E h e w hich

h ad

h e s ays

t renched

r ound

i t

t hought w as ' likely

p aved;

U .71m a bove d oes

l ike;

' At

b uilt

t his

t he

o n,

d efence a s

t op,

t here w as

a nd

s ome

h e

c 1 .83m a t

s ays

t he

t he r emains

o f

t he

t he

l evel o f

d escribe

' dog k ennel'

a nother

l ike

t he

a f uture

t he w alls

d ate

I s hall h ope

c ommon

t hat

b ase a nd

t here

i nside

r ampart w as

i t

i s

f ounded

c 2 .74m h igh.

a b uilding w ith a

t o

A t

c hamber

b e i n a p osition t o g ive

l eft

s ays

s imply

i n a ddition t o h and

s ide

a dvanced t o e nable o f t he b roch w all

c 1 .22m a way w as a w all

o uthouses'.

I t m ay

f eature

t he

o f

h e a dditionally

p avement.

c hamber o n

a nd

o f t he p romontory w ithin t he o uter w all w as c overed w ith l eave much r ecord o f e ither h ow m any h e i nvestigated o r

a nd h ad f ound

p roblematically,

1 5.75m f rom i t

w hich may b e a d itch,

t hem. I n t he m eantime t he e xcavations a re n ot s ufficiently p articularly i nto t he m atter.' I n i nvestigating t he o utside

h e

r udely

o f

c 0 .91 -1.22m w ide a t

t he p oint w here t he w all m et t he S c liff w hich was c ertainly p art o f a g ateway.

w hat

b roch w as

c 4 8.77m l ong,

o f

T his t hat b e

p assage

t he e ntrance

t hat

t he s ill

t he e ncircling

t he e ntrance,

c 0 .91

a round t o

b roch

b roch

s tone w as

p assage,

g oing

-1.22m h igh

t he

t he

a n m e t o w as

w as

r aised;

a nd

t hat

c h e

a s

a

o ut.

F inds T he B one

f inds

a re w ithout

a nd antler :

d ouble-edged

c ontext

a nd a l arge

p erforated m ounts;

c omposite c omb;

l ong-handled

s ingle-edged c omposite

s haped b odkin w ith c entral p erforation; p ins' s ome o f t he l atter w ith d ecorated whale

v ertebra;

Metal:

p iece

s pindle w horl;

o f

n umber h ave n ot c ombs; c omb;

b een t raced.

s ingle e dged

n on-composite

s ocketed h andle;

d ecorated

c omb;

d iamond-

t wo f urther p ossible n eedles o r b odkins; ' skewers a nd h eads; a ntler t ines u sed a s p oints; v essel m ade f rom

c etacean i vory

t oggle;

' hammer';

p ossible

r idle

c heek

p iece.

i ron r od.

S tone : w horl; p olished g aming p iece; v essels, m ortars o r l amps; m anufactured p erforated w hetstone; querns; h ammerstones; s upposed S kaill knives a nd ' chopper'; p ot l ids; p ossible s lingstones; O ther:

m ould

p ieces

Pottery:

o f

n ative;

f or i ron c rusie. f lint o ne

o r c hert.

s herd

r esembling

a d ark

R oman w are.

Environmental r emains C ontexts

c ontaining

e nvironmental

s econdary d eposits); t he e ntrance; a nd g oat, p igs, d eer, w hales a nd w alrus w ere a nd m arine m olluscs i n t he o riginal e xternal m idden. w alrus

( limpets, b roch O nly

r emains

p eriwinkles,

w helks,

s urvive.

2 1

N W

1

R CAM 1 946,

2 52-3 n o 6 79

T hM C atalogue A nderson 1 883, F raser P etrie W att W att

1 924, 1 890,

1 882, 1 905,

2 02,

t he

b roch

i nterior

r azor s hells).

h orse, r emains

2 38-240

2 6 9 4 n o 3 7

4 42-45U 1 3-14

8 5

( primary

a nd

o xen, s heep o r o f f ish, b irds,

I n a ddition,

f loor a nd i n t he e ntrance a nd a sh i n t he s econdary t he j aw b one o f a l arge f ish a nd t he c anine t eeth o f

Sources H Y

i ncluded

t he e xterior. T he b oxes o f i dentified t ogether w ith t he

c harcoal w as

o ccupation s ome p igs

a nd a nd

2 3

B URRIAN B ROCH,

S ANDWICK

Derivation o f n ame B urrian d erives

f rom O N

b org in -t he

f ort

( appendix i ntroduction).

Geographical l ocation H Y

2 888

H array.

1 538.

T his

The h interland

e nclosed.

i s

i nland o f

b roth s tands

p oor quality

T he s ite h as g ood d efensive

a nd

o n a p romontory l iable

o n t he W s ide

t o b e w et

t hough

l and

o f

t o

t he L och

t he S h as

o f b een

p otential. Excavations e tc

T his

b roch i s

c learly s tates

i t

n ot

t o

o f w hat w as f ound, t he U N8 i dentifies w ould

a s

i n P etrie's

b roth

l ist

a lthough

I t d oes n ot

s ay

t he O NB o f

b y w hom,

1 880

g ives

quite

l ittle

i dea

t hat n o f urther i nformation c ould b e o btained. A s econd h and i n a s o ne m entioned b y C louston i n h is N SA a ccount o f 1 841. T his

b racket

t he

i dentifiable

b een p artly e xcavated.

a nd s ays t he s ite

c onveniently

e rroneous

r eadily

h ave

t he

t ime o f

e xcavation

b ut

t he

i dentification

i n question i s

o n

t he L och o f h array a nd

t hrow n o

o n

t he

t he

o ne

i s

p robably

m entioned

i s

i n

S tenness. F raser

i n

1 924 c ould

w as n o r ecord; e arlier. T he

t hrown i n t he l och. t wo, t he O S r ecord, m aximum h eight

l ight

e xcavation a nd s aid,

i ncorrectly,

t hat

t here

f rom a ppearances h e t hought t he s ite t o h ave b een d isturbed s ome f ifty y ears w hole S E h alf h ad b een t aken a way ' for b uilding p urposes' a nd s ome h ad b een T he C ommission v isited i n 1 928 a nd t he r esultant e ntry i s b rief; o f t he u pdated i n 1 966, i s t he f uller. T he s ite i s n ow a l ong l ow m ound c 2 m i n

a nd c overing m utilated

s tructural

r emains.

S tructures B roch t ower A

s mall

s egment

o f

t he

o uter w all

s urvives

t o

t he S a nd

i s 2 .44m l ong

b y c 1 .22m

h igh

w ith a d istinct b atter. T his wall w as b uilt w ith s tones s imilar t o t hose o n t he l och s hore. The O S g ive t he o verall d iameter a s 1 8.3 -19.8m a nd s ay t hat t he w alls w ere c 4 -4.25m t hick.

T he

c ourtyard w ould

t herefore h ave

b een

c 1 0.75m a cross.

External c onstructions T he

O S

F t

i n 1 966 c onsidered

t hat

d isturbed g round

t o

t he S W

m ay

i ndicate

o utbuildings.

F inds A quern o f

' Pictish

t ype

was

d ragged

f rom

t he

w ater

c lose

t o

t his

s ite.

Environmental r emains T he O M

r ecords

t hat

' deer

h orns

a nd

a shes' w ere

f ound d uring e xcavation.

Human r emains T he O NB

r ecords

t hat

h uman

b ones

w ere

f ound d uring e xcavation.

S ources H Y 2 1 k CAM

N E

1 7

1 946,

C louston

2 53-4 n o 6 80

1 841,

F raser

1 924,

O NB

( 1880)

1 7

5 4-5

2 5 1 82

8 6

p ossible

2 4

L OCH O F G LUMLY,

S ANDWICK ( Brough o f C lumlie;

C lumley,

C lumlie,

C lumly)

D erivation o f n ame M arwick

c onsidered

t he n ame

t o

d erive

f rom O N kuml-hlid -c airn s lope

( 1952,

1 49-50).

Geographical l ocation H I 2 517 1 649. T he b roch i s s ituated o n t he S W s ide o f t he s hallow i nland L och o f C lumly o n a p eninsula which i s c ut o ff when c onditions a re w et. T he i mmediate a rea i s m arshy r ough g razing

t hough

s ome o f

t he h interland h as

b een i mproved.

T he s ite h as

n atural

d efensive

p otential.

Excavations e tc A lthough e xcavated. r ecord

t he b y

o f

b roch a ppears

F raser's

t hem.

C ommission's d iameter a nd

t ime

i n P etrie's

t here

I nformation

h ad

l ist

t here

i s

b een e xplorations

a bout

t he

w hile t he O S g ive a r ecent c 2 m h igh.

s ite

n o

s uggestion o f

' some y ears

i s n egligible

p icture;

b ut

i t n ow e xists

a go',

i t

h aving

b ut

t here w as

F raser's

a s

b een

p redates

a s tony m ound

c

n o t he

2 1m

i n

S tructures B roch t ower F raser t hat

s aid i t w as

t here

w as

a

a bout 2 1.95m i n d iameter,

d ouble wall.

t hat

t he e ntrance w as

The C ommission i n 1 928 s aid

t he

o n t he W

c onfused

s ide

r emains

a nd

h ad

a

d iameter o f c 1 9.81m a nd c ould s ee a s hort s ection o f ' typical' o uter w all f ace o n t he N W a nd a c ell i n t he t hickness o f t he w all. They a lso o bserved t races o f t he o vergrown l ine o f t he w all h igh.

o n

t he S s ide;

i n 1 966 t he O S

r ecorded

a 1 2m s tretch o f

w all

t o

t he S W

v isible

0 .7m

External c onstructions The

C ommission a nd

t he S o f

t he O S m ention

i ndefinite

t races

o f

b uildings

o bscured

b y

r ubble

t o

t he m ain s tructure.

F inds ' Stone

r elics'

a re

s aid

t o

h ave

b een f ound.

S ources H I

2 1

N E

1

K CAM 1 946,

2 52 n o 6 78

F raser

1 924,

2 6

P etrie

1 890,

9 4 n o 3 9

2 5

S TACKRUE B ROCH,

S ANDWICK ( Lyking,

S taker-row)

D erivation o f n ame T he

d erivation o f

S tadkrue

i s

o bscure,

t hough i t m ay

c ome

f rom O N

s ettlement -a nd O N k rö -pen, c attle f old. L yking c omes f rom O N t his s ignifying g ood p asture o r g rassland ( Marwick 1 952, 1 53, 2 50).

s tadr -p lace,

f arm

l eikvin -'sports-field',

Geographical l ocation H Y

2 705,

t he L och o f

1 512.

S tenness.

T he b roch There

l ies

o n f lat

l and a s hort

d istance

i s a s tream n earby a nd a l ow h ill

8 7

t o

b ack

t he W .

f rom

t he N s hore

o f

E xcavations e tc

t ion

T his b roch a ppears i n C ursiter's l ist, h aving b een o mitted b y P etrie. I ts i dentificaa nd e xploration p robably t herefore t ook p lace a fter t he l atter's l ist o f 1 872; a n O S

O bject N ame B ook f or u nderground p assage.

1 880 d escribes W G T W att o f

s ome c onnection b etween h im a nd t hat W att c ame i n p ossession o f

t he d iscovery o f b ones a nd a sh, c ircular w alls a nd a n S ca nl i s known t o h ave a cquired a t l east o ne f ind a nd

t he e xploration i s n ot i mprobable. O lsen ( 1954, 1 66-9) s ays t he f ind w hen t he r oad w hich n ow b isects t he s ite w as d riven

t hrough i t. O nly t he N h alf o f t he t ower s urvives a nd t his h as d eteriorated s ince r eported b y F raser i n 1 924; i n 1 966 t he O S r ecorded i t a s o nly s urviving 1 .3m h igh.

b eing

S tructures Br uch t ower F raser,

w hose d escription i s

t he e arliest w hich g ives d etail, j ust s ays

t he

b roch i s o f

t he u sual t ype a nd o f a verage d imensions; t he w all w as, h owever, c 3 .66m h igh i n t he N E. P roblems o f m easurement w ere c aused b y t he o utside o f t he w all s urviving i n o ne p art a nd t he i nside i n a nother b ut t he C ommission g ave t he i nternal d iameter a s c 9 .14m a nd, w ith a w all t hickness o f n ot l ess t han c 3 .96m, t he m inimum t otal d iameter w as t herefore c 1 7.06m. I n 1 928 i t w as

c 1 .98m h igh,

w here

s urviving,

a nd h ad a n e xternal b atter.

I nternal c onstructions A lthough t herein a part c onsisted o f s even s teps

t he

i nterior m ust h ave b een c leared o ut n othing

i s k nown

o f

a ny

s tructures

f rom a w ell b elow t he f loor. T his w as c 1 .07m f rom t he i nner f ace t o t he E a nd a b ee-hive c ell a bout 1 .68m h igh a nd c 1 .22m i n d iameter r eached b y a f light o f

d escending f rom a nd o pening c 0 .61m w ide a t

t he s urface.

E xternal c onstructions T he

knowledge

o f

t he

h eight a nd b atter o f

t he

e xterior

w all

f ace

e vidences

s ome

e xcavation a round t he b roch b ut n othing i s known o f i t. T o t he S E, o ver t he r oad, i s a b uilt p assage c 0 .69m s quare w hich i s s ubterranean a nd w hich F raser t hought t o h ave g one c 1 00m t o a b urn. A bove o utbuildings.

i t

a nd

t o

t he W t he

n ature o f

t he g round a nd

p rojecting

s tones

i ndicate

F inds T he t wo o bjects f rom t he s ite a re w ithout s econd i s known t o h ave b een i n p rivate h ands. S tone :

w horl;

c ontext;

t he f irst h as

d isc i ncised w ith r unes.

E nvironmental r emains T he o Nb g ives

' deer h orns

a nd a shes

a s a s tandard e ntry.

H uman r emains T he ( AB g ives

' human b ones" a s a s tandard e ntry.

S ources H Y 2 1

N E 9

R CAM 1 946, 2 52 n o 6 77 N M C atalogue C ursiter 1 923, 5 0 n o 1 3, F raser

1 924,

5 2

2 5

O lsen 1 954, 1 66-169 O NB 2 7 2 880, 2 78

8 8

b een t raced

a nd

t he

2 6

C UMMI-HOWE,

S TENNESS

D erivation o f name T he d erive

o rigin o f

t he

f irst

e lement o f

f rom O N kuml -c airn,

m ound.

t he

n ame

F or H owe

i s

s ee

o bscure

( Marwick

1 12)

1 952,

t hough

i t

m ay

a ppendix i ntroduction.

Geographical l ocation H Y

2 824

l ooking

t he

1 039. B ay

T he

o f

b roch

s tands

I reland.

I t

i s

o n

t he

l andward e nd

a g ood d efensive

o f

t he C umminess

p osition a nd

p romontory

c ommands

o ver-

t he e stuary

t he L och o f S tenness a s w ell a s b eing a djacent t o a c oast o f r ocky o utcrops, s hingle. A lthough t he b roch i s o n u nimproved l and, m ost o f t he s urrounding a rea i s

f rom

s and a nd o f b etter

quality.

S tructures B roch t ower I n t o

1 928

t he C ommission s aw a c urved w all

t he S s howed

t he W i t

h as

l m h igh f or a d istance

b een e roded a nd

t o

o f

t he E i t

i n

t he

6 m w hile i s

S c 1 .83m h igh.

t he N c ircuit

b uilt

M ore

r ecently,

c ould a lso

b e m ade

w alling

o ut.

T o

o ver.

External c onstructions T he C ommission n oted, a c ircle,

a djoining

m easuring c 2 .74m N -S

l ong

c ould b e

m ore

r ecently.

s een l eading

i nto

b y

t he m ain w all,

c 2 .44m E -W.

i t.

N one o f

a s mall

s tructure,

A p assage

t hese

i n

Aape a s egment

c 1 .12m w ide a nd

o f

o nly a bout 0 .61m

f eatures w ere v isible w hen t he O S v isited

S ources M Y

2 1

K CAM

S E

1 7

1 94b,

2 98 n o 8 72

° NB

2 7

B ROCH O F B RECKNESS,

S TROMNESS ( fig 3 .17)

D erivation o f name M arwick c rash,

c onsiders

n oise,

s uggested h eadland.

b y

u proar t he

t he

e tc.

f irst

( 1952,

t opography

o f

e lement 1 62).

t he

t o

T he

c ome

f rom

t he n earby

a lternative

h interland.

T he

o f

O N

s econd

B raga

S kerry;

b rekka -slope

e lement

i s

O N

b rak

-

o r h illside,

d erived

i s

f rom O N n es

G eographical l ocation H Y

2 247

o verlooking h azard

t o

a rea h as

0 928. a

T he

r o c ky

w ave

b roch c ut

s hipping a nd

t he

s ite

b een e nclosed

a nd

i s

l ies

o n

t he

p latform. i s

h eavily

g enerally

e astern,

l ess

T here a re e roded.

s ome T he

e xposed s andy

l and

s ide

p atches

r ises

o f

a

b ut

t he

b ehind

t he

l ow

h eadland

c oast

i s

b roch a nd

a t he

f ertile.

Excavations e tc T he P etrie,

s ite d oes m ost

o f

i t

n ot

s eem t o

h ad a lready

e ver h ave

b een e xcavated.

b een w ashed

a way

p root o f t he a ntiquity o f b rochs i n g eneral; A ll o bservations a re f rom t he n atural s ection.

b y

v ery

t he

I n s ea.

l ittle

1 866 w hen f irst L ailg u sed

c hange

h as

t his

o ccurred

r ecorded, e rosion a s

b y a

s ubsequently.

S tructures B roch t ower C onsidering

t hat

a ll

t hat

r emains

o f

t he

b roch

i s

a c hord

c 4 .57m w ide

a nd

c 1 2.8m l ong

i t i s n ot s urprising t hat t here i s a d iscrepancy b etween t he d imensions s hown i n D ryden a nd P etrie's p lan a nd t hose g iven b y L aing. L aing s hows h is m ethod a nd, b earing t his i n m ind,

8 9

D IKE

SOFT R OCK k C LAY

M .W .

S TONE .

B EACH

ROCK

'

S ECT ION

P LAN 1 0

Fig 3 .17

Orkney

B rochs:

5

2 7

0

B redkness,

1 0

S tromness

9 0

20

( RCAM

3 0F EET

1 946,

f ig 4 22)

P etrie's 1 U.98m

f igures ( Laing

t hickness w ould a

w all

h ave

a re

-c

t o

b e

p referred.

1 3.41m),

t herefore

t hickness

o f

h ave

c 3 m.

D ryden's t o

b een c 3 .51m

( Laing -c

A m aximum h eight

b e

p lan s hows

t he e xternal

c 1 7.99m

o f

t he

i nternal

( Laing -c

3 .66m).

c 2 .13m o f

T he O S

t he

d iameter

2 0.73m) i n

t o

a nd

1 964 o nly

i nner w all

f ace

b e

t he

c

w all

o bserved

i s k nown

t o

s urvived.

External c onstructions A t t he

p resent

b uildings

m ain s tructure.

T he C ommission i n n ot

v ery

f ar

I n

a nd m idden c an b e

t he

f ield

1 928 n oted,

f rom i t,

b ehind

s een e xtending

1 7m t o

t he W a nd 2 0m t o

i s a c orresponding a rtificial

i n t he s ection,

a s trong w all e ncircling

a nd a s mall k itchen m idden a t

s hore

l evel

t o

t he E

r ise i n g round t he

b roch,

o f

l evel.

p resumably

t he E .

Environmental r emains R idden

( vide s upra).

Human r emains W att g rave

m entions

s et

i n

f inding

t he b ank

a n u naccompanied s econdary

c lose

t o

e xtended i nhumation i n a

s lab

l ined

t he b roch'.

S ources M Y

2 0 N W 9

R CAM

1 946,

C ursiter D ryden

3 24 n o 9 20

1 923, M S

5 1

( b)

( A p lan a nd

s ection b y H D

1 879 f rom m easurements

a nd

n otes

b y

P etrie

1 866) L aing

1 8 ( 38,

P etrie

P etrie M S W att

6 3-65

1 890,

9 4 n o 4 3

( f),

1 905,

2 -7

1 3-14

2 8

.

C EMETERY,

S TROMNESS

( Mon iker-house,

D erivation o f T he

m odern

c emetery

n ame

r eflects

w hile M onker-house

W arebeth h as, h azardous

a s

n ature

a f irst o f

t he

t he

f act

t hat

a nd M on ikers G reen

e lement,

O N v arda o r

Mon ikers

G reen,

W arebeth)

n ame

t he

s ite h as

b een

b uilt

o ver

p oint

t o a n o lder e cclesiastical

y ard' .

-beacon,

c airn -this

b y

S tromness

a ssociation.

t estifying

t o

t he

c oast.

Geographical l ocation K Y o f The

2 376

0 818.

L ike

c oast o verlooking H oy h interland

i s

B reckness, S ound;

i t

t his

h eavily e roded

c ommands

e nclosed a nd g enerally

t he a ccess

t o

b roch t he

i s

s ited

a gainst a r ough

s heltered

h arbour o f

p iece

S tromness.

f ertile.

Excavations e tc T he

s ite

w as

s uperimposed.

o riginally d escribed

H alf

o f

a

b roch w as

a pparently b een w ashed a way b y r eidentified i n 1 980 a nd i ts

a s a m ound

o n w hich a c hapel a nd

s een i n s ection b y

L aing

c emetery

a nd P etrie

t he t ime o f t he C ommission's v isit i n w ell e xcavated. G rave d igging h as,

i n

h ad

1 866

b een

b ut

h ad

1 928; i t w as, h owever, o n v arious o ccasions,

b rought t o l ight o ther t races o f b uildings a nd m idden a nd t here i s a a rchaeological r emains r eported i n t he n eighbourhood w ith t he s ite.

c ase

f or

i ncluding

S tructures B roch t ower P robably a nd

w as

i ntact,

h alf

e ntered t he

i s

i n s ection;

b y a n a lmost

m aximum h eight

1 .5m.

..In

i ts

C arter

1 980,

2 2).

l ast

s tages

n o

v ertical

p ublished d etails. s taircase

a bove w ater t he w ell w as

l evel u sed

9 1

T he w ell w as

c 3 m h igh.

b eing

c 1 .8Um,

a s a m idden a nd

T he

r oot

o f

c ut

i nto

t he

t he w ell

t he m aximum d epth o f t hen a s a c esspit'.

b edrock

c avity w as w ater

c

( Bell a nd

External c onstructions E xtensive d igging

f rom

m idden. t here i s

r emains t he

B y a

o f

h abitations

t ime o f L aing

a re

t o

b e s een i n t he p resent

a nd P etrie

t o

t he

r ecent

p ast

h as

c liff

s ection a nd

r evealed

g rave

b uilt w alling

L aing's t ime a l ong c ist c emetery w as f ound o n t he o utskirts l ocal t radition t hat t here w as a r eligious e stablishment

o f i n

a nd

t he m idden a nd t he i mmediate

v icinity.

F inds V arious

o bjects

b one a nd antler : o bject; h ook-shaped Metal p art o f a p enannular b rooch. S tone:

f lakes;

P ottery :

p ot

f ound

i n

t he

c ourse

l ong-handled c omb; p iece o f a ntler. C eltic

l id;

o f p art

b ronze m ounting

v essel

g rave d igging o f

i mplement

s urvive

i n m useum c ollections.

s awn a t

b oth e nds;

i nlaid w ith g old;

f ragment; quern;

t erminal o f

p ointed

a ntler

C eltic

b ronze

a

p ossible w hetstone.

n ative.

Environmental r emains A nimal b ones a nd t eeth a re r eported t ogether w ith m idden. b roch w ell w as f ound t o h ave b een u sed a s a c esspit.

I n

t he

r ecent

e xcavations

t he

H uman r emains A s kull

s urvives,

t his

h aving

p ossibly

c ome

f rom t he

l ong

c ist

c emetery.

S ources K Y

2 0 N W

R CAM

K M

1 2;

1 946,

K Y

3 27

1;

2 0 N W n o 9 40;

K Y

3 21

2 0

N W

1 7

n o 9 16

C atalogue

N MAS 1 892 C atalogue, S M C atalogue B ell

a nd C arter

C harleson C ursiter

1 898, 1 887,

1 940,

2 00

L aing

1 868,

6 0

2 2

P etrie P SAS

( 1880), 1 890,

2 6

1 980 2-323 2 3 48

G rieg O NB

1 45-146

9 4 n o 4 1

( 1891-2),

2 9

29 2

8 6

H ILLOCK O F H OWE,

S TROMNESS ( The Howe, H owe o f H owe,

C airston)

D erivation o f n ame F or H owe

s ee a ppendix

i ntroduction.

Geographical K Y

2 759

1 092.

c ommanding v iew o f i s

T he

s ite

S capa F low a nd

l ies t he

l ocation

o n s loping e stuary o f

g round c 3 00m

t he L och o f

f rom t he

S tenness.

c oast T he

a nd

h as

s urrounding

a

l and

f ertile.

Excavations e tc T his t urf-covered m ound o f r ubble w as s ome 4 0m i n d iameter a nd c 4 .5m h igh; m aterial w as n oted a s w as e vidence o f s tone c onstruction. A lthough P etrie l isted i t b roch b oth t he O rdnance S urvey a nd i nvestigation m ade ' many y ears p revious w hich w as N orse.

R oyal C ommission w ere s ceptical. t o 1 888 p roduced a n umber o f f inds,

9 2

b urnt a s a

A n u nreported a t l east o ne o f

F rom S ervices; a nd w ere

1 978 t o 1 982 t he s ite u nderwent e xcavation b y t he N orth o f S cotland A rchaeological t wo b roch p hases w ere p receded b y o ccupation o f t he e arlier I ron A ge a nd N eolithic s ucceeded

b y P ictish a nd

? Viking

s ettlement

a nd u se.

F inds U nstratified B one a nd a ntler :

f inds

s word/dagger

S tone:

w horls;

O ther :

N orse g lass

Pottery:

o ne

f rom t he

s mall d isc;

s herd

e arlier e xcavations

p ommel/guard;

d ubious

s urvive

s ocketed

w hetstone;

i n m useum c ollections.

h andle

d ubious

p art

m ade o f

f rom a ntler

s teatite

t ine.

v essel.

l inen s moother. n ative a nd

a n u nexamined

s pout

s aid

t o b e

s imilar.

Environmental remains T he

s ole k nown f ind

f rom

t he

e arlier e xcavations

i s

a b oar's

t usk;

t his

s urvives

b ut

w as

u nstratified.

S ources H Y 2 1 S E 4 1 k CAM 1 946, 3 24 n o 9 21 N MAS

1 892

C atalogue,

2 30

S M C atalogue B ell a nd H aigh 1 981, C arter e t a l 1 984

2 5

G rieg 1 940, 8 0-81 H aigh a nd S mith 1 982 h edges,

B ell

a nd N eil

1 979,

2 4

H edges a nd B ell 1 980 M arwick, J 1 928. 1 21-122 P etrie 1 890, 9 4 S mith a nd C arter P SAS

1 889,

1 980,

2 3-24

2 38

3 0

K NOWS O F R EDLAND,

S TROMNESS ( Broch o f Arlon)

D erivation o f name M arwick

c onsiders

c leared

l and

( see

i nto O N)

-s hieling

t he

n o 9 ).

o riginal A n on

( Marwick

1 952,

i s

f orm o f

t hought

t he

t o

c ommon n ame

h ave

c ome

t o h ave

b een

f rom O C a irge

O N

r ° a-land

-

( taken a s a l oan-word

1 65).

Geographical l ocation H Y M uch

2 659

o f

1 385.

T his

i nland

t he h interland h as

b roch

l ies

b een e nclosed

a t a s hort

a nd

i mproved

d istance b ut

t here

f rom t he L och i s m arginal

o f

S tenness.

l and a t

t he

l och

e dge.

Excavations e tc T he s ite was l ocate

i t

a rea a s

( Anion)

e xcavated b ut

i n

d escribed

1 866 b y P etrie a nd F arrer. t he knowe

( Redland)

a s

I n

n atural.

1 928 t he C ommission f ailed I n

1 964 t he O S d escribed

t o t he

' featureless'.

S tructures B roch t ower T he t hickness

1 866 e xcavations a nd

a n e ntrance,

r evealed

s trength a nd a bout

f rom t he E ,

" a c ircular w all b uilt 5 0'

( c

1 5.24m)

o f

l arge

i n d iameter.'

a bout 0 .76m s quare a nd o n a l evel w ith

s quare

T he w all

s tones i s

t he o rdinary

s aid

a nd

o f

t o h ave

g reat h ad

s urface.

I nternal c onstructions N ear d epth o f

t he c entre o f

t he

c 6 .1m t erminating

c ircle w as

a s tone

i n a n a pparently

s taircase

l eading d ownwards,

s pirally,

r ock-cut w ell w hich c ontained p ure w ater.

9 3

t o a

F inds N either known f ind w as S tone :

p ecked

s tratified a nd o nly t he p ecked h andle h ammer s urvives.

h andle h ammer;

o val h oled

s tone,

p ossible m acehead.

E nvironmental r emains A g reat q uantity o f

a shes

a nd b ones a re s aid

t o h ave

b een i n t he b roch i nterior.

Sources H Y 2 1

S E 3 2

R CAM 1 946, 3 27 n os 9 39, R SM(Q) C atalogue O NB 2 2 ( 1880), 2 8 P etrie 1 890, 9 4 n o 4 2

9 42

3 1

B U, S TROMNESS ( Navershough, N avershav)

D erivation o f n ame

i ts

T he o wn

o rigin, m eaning a nd d evelopment o f r ight ( Marwick 1 952, 2 4U-3); f or

i ndicate a f arm o r e state o f c omparatively c omes f rom O N h augr -a m ound.

3 2

t he N orse p lace-name B u i n O rkney i s t he p resent p urpose t he t erm c an b e

l arge

s ize.

T he s econd e lement

A YRESDALE, B URRAY ( West B roch o f B urray)

o f

a s tudy i n t aken t o N avershough

( fig 3 .18)

D erivation o f n ame

f rom

T he f irst e lement o f t he n ame c omes f rom O N e yrr -gravelly b each, s pit; t he s econd i s d ale -valley o r g ulf. B urray i tself d erives i ts n ame f rom t he p resence o f t wo b rochs

( 32 a nd 3 3) O N b orgarey -brochs

i sland.

Geographical l ocation N D w ater

4 847 m ark

9 871.

B oth W est a nd E ast

a nd o verlook

H olm s ound a nd

b roch s tand a t

t he f oot o f a s lope j ust a bove

t he s mall i sles o f L amb H olm a nd G lims

G eo p rovides p articularly g ood b eaching f or t he W b roch. u nimproved a nd c onsists o f s and d unes a nd r ough g razing.

M uch

o f

t he

H olm.

h igh B oats

h interland

i s

O ne h alf o f t he w all a nd a n u nknown p ortion o f t he i nterior w as u ncovered b y F arrer; r emains w ere m easured a nd p lanned b y P etrie i n 1 867 a nd D ryden p repared p lans f rom

t he t he

E xcavations e tc

s ketches m ade i n 1 879. T he s ite w as n ot p ublished a t a ny l evel o f d etail; i t w as m entioned i n p assing b y P etrie. W hen t he C ommission v isited i n 1 929 t he r emains o f t he b uildings w ere s cattered a nd h idden b eneath t he t urf. S tructures B roch t ower T he

w alls

d iameter w ould s ections

i s

u ncovered

w are c 3 .81m t hick

t herefore h ave

c 3 .73m;

b een c 1 7.07m.

n o s carcement

i s

a nd t he c ourtyard c 9 .45m T he g reatest

a cross;

p reserved h eight

t he

t otal

i ndicated b y

t he

i ndicated.

T he p ortion o f t he w all u ncovered w as h alf t he c ircuit o f t he b roch b ut d id n ot c ontain t he e ntrance. C entrally, a nd a t i ts b ase, t here w as a n i ntramural g allery c 0 .14m w ide. I n t he p lan p ublished b y t he C ommission i t a ppears t hat t he p assageway e nded w ithin t he e xtent o f t he w all u ncovered; P etrie's o riginals, h owever, i ndicate t hat t hese t erminations a re j ust t he p oints a t w hich F arrer s topped d igging. E ntrance t o t his i ntramural g allery f rom t he c ourtyard w as f ound a t t wo p oints. O ne w as f rom a d oorway a t f loor l evel, c 1 .9m h igh a nd c 0 .7m w ide, v ia a ' chamber', w hich w as r eally j ust a s light e xpansion i n t he p assage. H ow t his ' chamber w as r oofed i s n ot c lear f or a l intel i s i ndicated a t a h eight o f s ection b ut a bove i t t here i s a s pace c i m h igh w hich l o o ks b ee-hive s haped. a ccess

w as

a pproximately

1 2 0 f rom t he

f irst a nd c 0 .5m a bove

9 4

f loor

l evel.

c 1 .6m i n t he T he s econd T he

p assage

S ECT IONS ARE DRAWN TO

TW ICE

T HE

SCALE

S ECT ION

A -B

S ECT ION

C -D

. 00s

t xo

• • • •

•

P LAN 1 0

F ig 3 .18

O rkney B rochs: ( RCAM 1 946,

b ottom,

h owever,

i s

A lthough t he a ccess

5

t o

0

3 2 A yresdale, W est

B roch o f

20 F EET

H urray,

H urray

f ig 3 69 -after P etrie M S ( s)) n ot

s hown

i s n ot s hown a s

a s b eing r aised a nd i s l intelled a t a h eight o f l intelled i ts h eight w as

c

1 .37m.

p robably c 0 .8m.

I nternal c onstructions T he o nly i nternal f eature s hown i n P etrie's p lan i s a n a ligned p air o f o rthostats w hich p rojected f rom t he r ight-hand s ide o f t he s econd a ccess t o t he i ntramural g allery ( looking i n) t owards t he c entre o f t he c ourtyard. T he h eight o f a t l east o ne o f t hese w as c 1 .52m. S ources N D 4 9 N E 2 R CAMS

1 946,

2 93 n o 8 61

D ryden M S ( b) ( A p lan b y H D 1 879 f rom m easurements a nd n otes i t i s t he b asis f or t he C ommission's p lan) P etrie

1 890,

P etrie M S

7 6, 9 2,

b y P etrie

9 3 n o 5

( d), 4 1, 4 7-49;

M S ( q),

s ketch b ook m arked 5 ,

9 5

o pposite 3

1 5th J uly

1 867:

3 3

EAST B RUCH O F I MLAY,

B URRAY ( figs 3 .19-3.22,

p ia 3 .11, 3 .12)

D erivation o f n ame S ee

n o 3 2.

Geographical l ocation N D 4 897

9 881.

S ee

n o 3 2.

E xcavations e tc T he

b roch

w as

o pened

a t F arrer's

e xpense

b ut

w ith t he

a ctive c ollaboration

a t

P etrie.

T he l atter g ives t he y ear o f c ommencement a s 1 851 o r 1 853 w hile t he f ormer g ives 1 8_2. H ow l ong t he e xcavations w ent o n f or i s s imilarly o bscure; i t s eems t hat d igging c ontinued i n 1 853

b ut

a l arge

n umber o f

p lans

a re d ated

1 855 a nd

i n P etrie's

p ublication o f

m ay h ave b een p repared e arlier) h e s ays t hat w ork w ould b e t aking C ertainly, a t t he t ime o f t his p ublication l ittle s eems t o h ave c ontinued p roblems

f or a nd

i n P etrie's

t he p lans

T here a ppear s trategy

t hat

F arrer's

t o h ave

s hould

p art

p ublications

o f

i n

p ublication

t hat

t he

n ame h ad

h e e mployed m en i n

1 866

t o c lear u p

o pinion b etween F arrer a nd P etrie P etrie m akes

p iecemeal a nd h e w as n ot

b roch w all. s ame v olume

i t

o f

b een e mployed.

b e

s ays

( which

s ome

d ate a s w ell.

b een d ifferences

t o

t he

t he

u nder

t his

h ave

i nvestigations

p ulled d own

1 890 p ublication h e

b ear

1 857

p lace t he f ollowing s ummer. b een d one. W ork m ay h ave

T he o f

i n

1 890 a nd

p oorly

f airly

p leased

a t

S cot

1 927 i t

i n

t he

1 857

b ecame

c lear

s ubject

a nd

r egarding

t hat

F arrer h aving

e xcavations w ere

P roc S oc A ntiq

o f P etrie

b een v ery

p artial

i t

w ith

v ery w idely

h e

t he

t hought

i ntentionally

o f

t wo

i ts

s eparate

s ubsequent

p ublished;

t he

f act

r emained

e xcavated.

a nd

F arrer d escribed t he s ite b efore c ommencement a s a l arge m ound w ith r emains o f a r ampart f osse a round t hat p art n ot p rotected b y t he s ea. I n 1 929 t he C ommission n oted t hat t he

m ound s till r ose t o a bout 6 .7m a nd t hat t he w all c ould b e s een b ut, f or t he m ost p art, C ommission's n either

e ntry a ttempted

t o

c omplete n or e ntirely

b ring

o utworks w ere s till v isible; p art t he s ite w as j ust g rass c overed

i nformation t ogether

o f t he d ebris.

b roch T he

f rom t he v arious a ccounts;

i t

i s

c orrect.

S tructures B roch t ower T he

t otal

t he

d iameter

m aximum s hown i n

t here

w as

t he

b roch w as

V arious

c 2 0.27m,

f igures

t he e levation d rawn u p

a s carcement;

d istance m aking a l edge T he p assage

o f

c 1.13m a cross.

c ourtyard

t he

i nner w all

t he w all

a re g iven f or b y D ryden i s

r eceded

t hickness

t he

c 4 .42m.

c 0 .15m a nd

c

p reserved A t

4 .57m

h eight

o f

a h eight

o f

t he s tones

p rojected

a nd

t he

t he w all; c

3 .66m

t he

s ame

c 0 .3m w ide.

e ntrance w as t o t he E a nd w as c 4 .57m l ong a nd c 1 .83m h igh. i s g iven a s c 1 .37 -1.52m b ut t his n eeds e laborating o n. T he

T he w idth o f o uter c 0 .75m

t he w as

n oticeably s kewed a nd i n t he o btuse a ngle, o n t he l eft h and s ide, w as a c heck c 0 .3m d eep. I nside t his, a bout h alf w ay a long t he t otal e ntrance, w ere o pposing p assages c 0 .8Im w ide, c U .Öbm l ong a nd

c U .69m h igh a t g round

l evel.

T hese

s quare, c 1 .83m h igh a nd h ad c orbelled r oofs. t herefore i nside t he g uard c ells, a v ertical f ace a nd a s imilar o ne

p rojected

c 0 .15m f rom

t he

w as c 1 .22m w ide a nd t here w ere b ar h oles; h oles h ad, i f a ny, w ith t he g uard c ells.

s ame

T he s paced l intels o ver t he w idth b ut c 0 .91m s horter,

w all.

C irca

D ryden's

c eiling w ould C irca 0 .76m

1 .68m

e levations

w ide

o f

t he

t herefore

0 .38m a bove

h ave t he

C irca 0 .96m a bove e nds.

c 1 .07m h igh. A ccounts

o f

t he T his

i t

i nto

t his

i t w as

i rregular

r oof c 1 .66m h igh. P etrie t he b ottom o ne o f w hich w as

o ver

o f

t hat

b een a t

a nd c 0 .23m l ong

i t

t he

c ell

n ot e asy

w as

t hought

h eight

c ells

p reserved

t he 1 1

t o

I nside

a nd

b een

l ed

v ary;

i n

t he

o 'clodk

3 o 'clock

c 6 .4m b y

s ections

9 6

I .83m

i t

i s

t he e ntrance t he

b ar

a bove i t w hich w as t he b y p art o f t he b roch

a n a nnotation a t

o n

t his

o ne

p oint;

o f i ts

s carcement. w as

c 2 .82m l ong a nd

f loor a t

t o a c ell

t hese

c onnection

l intelled

a n e ntrance

c 1 .83m w ide

d irects s pecial a ttention t o t he d ouble b roken a nd p ropped u p w ith a s tone. c ourtyard

w hich w ere a bout

s ee w hat

f loor f or a c ell f rom t he o utside

t o h ave

o f

f looring a t

a c hamber

t o g uard

r ight-hand o ne. i s

e ntrance f ormed t he i t b eing s eparated

h eight

i ntimates

l ed

A bout 1 .52m s hort o f t he i nner w all f ace, a nd s lab p rojected c 0 .46m f rom t he l eft-hand w all

w as

c 1 .52m, s aid n ot

l intel

t o

h ave

c

a

c orbelled

o ver

t he

e ntrance

a nother e ntrance o blong

c 0 .9Im h igh,

w ith

i n s hape

c 0 .91m w ide a nd w ith

b een e xcavated,

a nd

s quare i s

s hown

S ECT ION

0 0 4 0 0 1 I

1 0

E -G 1 00FEET I

50

1

3

4

I I

P LAN

F ig 3 .19

O rkney f ig 3 69

B rochs:

3 3

E ast

B roch o f

B urray,

B urray

( RCAM

w ithout a r oof a nd w ith a f loor a bout 0 .9m a bove t he c ourtyard f loor i s s aid t o h ave b een c 1 .83m a bove t he c ourtyard a nd t he c omplete,

b ee-hived a nd

A t 9 o 'clock a nd

w as

1 946,

-after D ryden M S ( b)) f loor; r oof i s

i n o ther s aid t o

p laces h ave

t he b een

c 2 .44m h igh.

t here w as

a nother e ntrance.

p robably o riginally a bout 2 m h igh,

T his w as a lthough

c 1 .52m f rom t he

t he

r . , )or, .

t op w as m issing.

T he

c 1 .12m w ide w idth

w as

r educed o n e ither s ide b y t wo f lags o n e dge w hich w ere o nly c 1 .07m h igh. L eading a ntic lockwise f rom t his a ccess was a b lind i ntramural p assage o r c ell c 4 .47m l ong, c 1 .22m w ide a nd c 1 .7m h igh. L eading c lockwise f orm t he a ccess w as a f light o f t wenty s teps c 1 .22m w ide a nd c 5 .29m l ong which r ose c 2 .34m t o a l anding. F rom t his a n e ntrance c 1 .12m w ide, c 1 .10m l ong a nd t hreshold was t his

p oint T wo

p reserved a t

t he

b ut w as n ot o f

t he

t o a h eight

l evel o f

p reserved

s ections

s how

o f

c 0 .61m o pened a t

t he s carcement.

T he

1 1

l anding

o 'clock

i nto

t he c ourtyard;

( and s taircase?)

d id n ot

i ts

s top

a t

f urther.

t hat

a bove

t he b ottom o f

t he i ntramural

t he l evel o f t he s carcement, t here were l intels a bove w hich w ere t his w as p robably t he ' ruins o f c ell m arked o n P etrie's p ublished

9 7

s taircase,

a nd

t he r emains o f a p lan o f 1 857.

a bout

g allery.

S ec t ion o n al i ne C to H .

F ig 3 .20

O rkney B rochs: 1 890 , p l 7 )

3 3 E ast

B roch o f

B urray,

B urray ( Petrie

T he O S m ention t hat i n t he o uter p art o f t he t rench, i n t he N E, w here F arrer's e xcavation b roke t hrough i n 1 852, t here i s a w ell b uilt e ntrance, o r p assage c 0 .9m w ide t hrough t he o uter f ace o f t he b roch. T his a ppears t o b e o riginal b ut i s u nnoted b y P etrie. I t i s c0 .8m l ong a nd 0 .7m h igh a nd f rom i ts e nd w ithin t he b roch w all t wo w all f aces c an b e s een e xtending a bout i m f rom i t a t r ight a ngles e ntrance t o t he g allery f rom o utside t he b roch.

i n e ither d irection a s i f

t his h ad

b een

a n

I nternal c onstructions L ittle

i s known o f

t he i nterior e xcept

t hat

i t w as a lmost,

i f n ot

c ompletely,

e mptied

o ut. D ryden's e levation s hows t he f loor l evel, w hich i s s aid t o h ave b een f lagged, t o v ary b y a s m uch a s 0 .5m, b eing l owest a t t he e ntrance. T here w ere o rthostats w ithin t he c ourtyard b ut t hey w ere o nly r ecorded s chematically a nd n one o f t heir h eights a re known ; t hey s eem t o f ulfil t heir u sual f unctions o f m aking a d ivision p arallel t o t he i nner w all f ace, m aking a p artition a cross t he b roch, a nd f orming c ompartments b y b eing p laced a t r ight a ngles t o t he b roch w all. External c onstructions T he

b roch

t ower i s s urrounded b y a h orseshoe-shaped e mba rkment

t he o pen e nd

o f

w hich

m eets t he c oast t o t he W . T his e mbankment a ppears t o b e o f e arth a nd s tones a lthough o ne o f D ryden's i llustrations h as a f aced t ermination a t t he N E e nd m arked i n ; i t s tood c 1 .52m h igh

9 8

E XTENDED

XCT ION A T E NTRANCE L OOK ING E AS E

F ig 3 .21

O rkney

B rochs:

f ig 3 71 a t

t he

t ime o f

3 3

t he C ommission's

t he

S ECT ION

F-E

S ECT ION

C-D

B roch o f

B urray,

B urray

( kCAM

L OOKiel S OUTH

1 946,

-after D ryden M S ( b))

i s s aid t o b e c 7 .01m a nd f inding m idden o utside t he O utside

E ast

S ECT ION O F S MNR

b roch,

v isit.

T he

i nterior

b etween

t he

r ampart

a nd

t he

b roch

t ower

t here a re i ndications o f o utbuildings. A lthough F arrer m entions b roch i t i s n ot known w hether a ny b uildings w ere i nvestigated.

c lose

t o,

a nd

s upposedly

l eading

f rom,

t he e ntrance

p assage c 0 .61m w ide w as d iscovered r unning N a nd t erminating i n a f light l ed d ownwards t o a r ock-cut w ell m easuring c 3 .05m f rom f loor t o c eiling.

9 9

o f

a s ubterranean

n ine

s teps

w hich

L ONG ITUD INAL

A

S ECT ION

0 c r e a

2

a 2

P LAN 5

1 F ig 3 .22

1 0

O rkney B rochs: 3 3 E ast B roch o f f ig 3 72 -after D ryden M S ( b))

B urray,

2 5 F EET

2 0

1 5

B urray ( ROAM 1 946

F inds N one o f B one

a nd

t he f inds a re

a ntler :

s ecurely s tratified a nd s ome h ave n ot

p erforated

m ount;

l ong-handled

c ombs;

b een t raced.

d ouble-edged

c omposite

C ombs;

c ylindrical h andles; p ins w ith s carcely m odified h eads; p in w ith s quared t ermination ; p ins w ith d ecorative h eads a nd h ipped s hanks; g lobular p in h eads; v essel m ade f rom c etacean v ertebra; w horls; p art o f a s upposed w heel; ' spatula a nd ' scoop'; ' arrowhead"; t ubes m ade f rom b ird b ones; p ossible c lubs; m iscellaneous i tems. M etal :

d ecorated d isc-headed

S tone : q uern;

w horls;

l oom-weight;

h ammerstones;

P ottery :

b ronze p in; v essels;

i ron k nife;

l amp w ith w ick

p ossible r est;

i ron c hisel.

r otary querns;

p ossible t oy

r otary

d isc.

n ative s herds;

f ragment o f R oman S amian;

' cup'.

E nvironmental r emains A q uantity o f o n t he b roch f loor.

c harred b ere o r b arley w ith f ragments o f L ess u seful c ontexts

b urnt

s upplied e vidence o f

p igs, ' fowls', w hales, a nd m arine m olluscs ( mostly l impets). m entioned. N one o f t he e nvironmental r emains s urvives.

1 00

s traw i s s aid

h orses, A shes a nd

s heep,

t o h ave

l ain

c attle,

d eer,

b urnt b one a re a lso

S ources N i ) 4 9

N E

1

R CAM

1 946,

N MAS

1 892 C atalogue 2 33-4

2 93-4 n o 8 62

I HM C atalogue A nderson

1 874,

7 17

A nderson 1 883, 1 97, 2 36-8 C oughtrey 1 872, 1 30, 1 45 C urie,

J 1 932,

F arrer

1 857a,

P etrie P etrie

1 857, 1 890,

3 94 5 -6;

1 857b,

5 6-58 7 2-76,

P etrie 1 927, 2 4 P etrie M S ( a); M S ( 7)

2; 2

( 7)

R obertson,

8 5-86, ( b),

1 857c,

1 78

9 3 n o 4

1 0-12;

M S

( d)

4 0,

6 8-75, 8 4-99;

M S

( k),

1 -2;

M S

( q),

L oose

p aper

3 5

A 1 970,

P SAS 1 857, 4 S tevenson 1 955, T homas M S

1 57-8;

( b),

t able

2 86,

I I

2 92,

f ig A

2 6

3 4

G REEN H ILL, H O!

D erivation o f name ' Green

H ill

o bviously o wes

i s r ecent

i ts

n ame

t o

a nd o f

t he

l ittle

i nterest

b ut

t he a djacent

p resence o f a r ecognisable

c hannel,

b roch i n N orse

H urra

t imes

( see

S ound,

n o 3 2).

Geographical l ocation N Y 2 500 0 284. T he H urra S ound t o G raemsay. b arren.

b roch i s s ituated o n t he c oast i n T he i mmediate h interland i s f lat

A g laciated v alley g ives

a ccess

t o

t he w est

s ide

t he N p art o f H oy, o verlooking b ut t hen b ecomes s teep a nd r ather

o f

t he

i sland.

Excavations e tc T he m entions t here

s ite i s i dentified b y t he O S i n t he U NB o f 1 880 a s t he c airn S ir W alter S cott h aving l anded a t i n a n ote t o T he P irate e n r oute t o t he D warfie S tone. I n 1 812

m ust

a djacent

h ave

h ouse;

b een a n a mount t his

o f

s topped w hen

d estruction c aused w hen s tone w as t he m en f ound

h uman b ones.

r emoved

B oth b efore a nd

f or

b uilding

s ince,

t he

t he s ite

h as s uffered m arine e rosion t o t he e xtent t hat t he W h alf h as b een r tmoved. I n 1 887 C ursiter a nd J G M oodie o f H eddle h ad t he s ite i nvestigated; t he p resent c ondition a nd t he m easurement o f

i nternal

h eight

S ince v isited

t hen

b y

t he

g iven s uggest

t he h ollow h as C ommission

m easuring 2 5m E -W b y

i n

t hat

t hey

b een u sed 1 929.

h ad a s

I n

t he

c entre e mptied o ut.

a r ubbish

1 964

t ip

a nd

t he

r emains

w ere

t he O rdnance S urvey d escribed

u nclear

t he

w hen

r emains

a s

1 8m N -S a nd 4 .0m h igh.

S tructures B roch t ower T he a h eight

w all o f

c an o nly

b e

v aguely

t raced

n ow.

I n

1 887

t he

i nterior w as

a llegedly

r evealed

t o

c 6 .09m.

External c onstructions A part c ists

w ith T he

f rom b ones

p resent

t he h uman b ones o f

t hree

l ie o f

f ound

b odies,

t he

l and

b ut a nd

i n

1 812,

o nly t he

o ne

c liff

t he e xcavation o f s kull,

o n

t op

s ection d o

n ot

o f

1 887

r evealed

t wo o r

t hree

t he m ound.

s uggest

o utbuildings.

H inman r emains T he s econdary

i nhumations a nd w ere

f ound

i n

1 812 a nd

p robably e xtended

a nd

1 887 m ay w ell h ave i n

l ong

1 01

c ists

b een t he

o r s lab-lined

s ame. g raves.

T hey w ere

c learly

S ources N Y 2 0 S W 7 R CAM 1 946, 1 08 -109 n o 3 79 C ursiter 1 923, 5 1 -52 O NB 1 0 1 880, 7 8

3 5

T HE H OWE O F H OXA,

S R ONALDSAY ( figs 3 .23, 3 .24)

D erivation o f n ame T he f ull n ame f or

c oming

f rom O N h augr

4 252 9 396. T his d efensively s ituated b roch s tands o n t he N s ide o f w hich c onnects t he H oxa p eninsula t o t he r est o f S R onaldsay; i t h as

a l ow f lat a c ommanding

-m ound - and

t his s ite i s

p art

t autological,

t he s econd f rom O N h augs-eia , -m ound

t he f irst e lement

i sthmus.

G eographical l ocation N D i sthmus

v iew t o t he N o ver S capa F low.

S mall

l ochs,

o riginally p art

o f

t he s ea,

l ie b ehind t he b roch

o n t he i sthmus a nd t o t he S i s t he s andy b each w hich w ould a fford s heltered h interland i s n ot g enerally o f h igh q uality a nd o nly s ome h as b een i mproved.

b eaching.

T he

Excavations e tc T he f irst r ecord o f t he s ite i s i n L ow's t our o f 1 774 a nd i t i s m entioned a gain i n P rincipal G ordon's v isit o f 1 781. I n 1 848 P etrie c ompletely c leared o ut t he c ourtyard a nd e xposed t he o utside w all o f t he b uilding. T he r emains w ere a lmost i mmediately o bscured a nd m utilated b y t he o wner i n a w ell i ntentioned b ut m isdirected e ffort a t c onservation; t he e xternal t rench w as f illed i n, t he w all c apped w ith n ew m asonry, s ome o f t he i nterior w as r endered a nd t he e ntrance w as c ompletely m odified t o h ouse a g ate. S o q uickly w as t his d one t hat a ll b ut o ne o f t he p ublished a ccounts a re b ased o n i nformation f rom s econd p arties w ho t hemselves h ad n ot s een t he s ite b efore r estoration; T homas' d escription o f t he l ocation o f t he

f inds,

f or e xample,

i s

p ainfully c oncocted.

A v ery s hort

r eport

b y P etrie d id m ake a

b elated a ppearance i n 1 927. I t i s c urious t hat, a lthough h e e xcavated t he s ite i n 1 848, t ook t he m easurements f or t he p lan d rawn u p b y D ryden i n 1 870 a nd 1 871. T udor's a ccount 1 883 s ounds v ery e xact b ut, a gain, i t m ust b e b ased o n s econd-hand i nformation, a nd i t d ifficult A t i t

i s

t o know h ow r eliable i t

t he

t ime o f

h e o f i s

i s.

t he C ommission's

v isit

i n

1 935 t he c ourtyard w as u sed a s

a c abbage

p atch;

s till o pen b ut d ilapidated.

S tructures B roch t ower T he e xternal d iameter w as c 1 7.68m, 9 .14m a cross; t he p reserved h eight i s s aid P etrie

j ust

d escribes

t he w all a s

t he w alls w ere c 4 .27m t hick t o h ave b een c 2 .44m. b eing

b etween b eing f illed w ith s tones. G ordon, a s a d ouble w all w ith a c 0 .91m g ap w hich,

f aced i n t he

a nd

i nside a nd

t he

c ourtyard

o utside,

ears p reviously, h owever, s ome sixty y n o d oubt, w as a g allery w hich w as n ot

t he

c

s pace

d escribes p reserved

i t i n

P etrie's d ay. L ining

p art

o f

t he

i nterior,

a nd

i ntimately c onnected w ith

t he

r adial

o rthostats

d escribed, w as a f acing c 0 .3m t hick a t t he S W a nd c 0 .91m a t i ts t ermination i n T his w as o nly c 2 .29m h igh, t erminating b elow a s carcement w hich p rojected c 0 .13m. T he

o riginal e ntrance w as i mmediately o bscured b ut w as

t he m odified o ne

i s.

T here s eem t o h ave b een j ambs

f ormed

a lmost

c ertainly

b y u pright

t o

f lags a nd

t o

t he

t he E

b e N E.

w here

s omewhere o n

t he r ight h and s ide, g oing i n, P etrie s ays ' There a ppears t o h ave b een a c hamber i n t he t hickness o f t he w all, f rom w hich t here w as a n a perture o r s lit t o t he w idest p art o f t he d oorway..." H e c ompares i t t o o ne a t I ngshowe, F irth ; t he u npublished i llustration o f t his i s n ot c lear b ut t he c hamber d oes l ook l ike a g uard c ell. T his c hamber d oes a ppear o n a n umber o f p ublished p lans b ut i ts s hape, t he t iny s lit c onnecting i t w ith t he p assage a nd t he a ccess t o i t f rom t he c ourtyard a re a ll b ased o n s econd-hand v erbal i nformation o btained b y a R obert H eddle

f rom s omeone e lse a fter i t

h ad a ctually g one.

T udor s tates

t he d oorway t o h ave

b een c 0 .9m b road a nd c 1 .8m h igh a nd t o h ave b een i n t he E . I nside t he b ar h oles, o n t he N s ide, h e s ays, w as a p assage c 0 .61m h igh a nd c 0 .46m b road l eading t o a c ircular b ee-hiver oofed c hamber c 1 .83m i n d iameter a nd c 3 .05m h igh ; a s mall a perture c 0 .15m b road a nd c 0 .3m h igh o pened f rom t his g uard c ell i n t he m ain e ntrance o utside t he b ar h oles.

1 02

e

7 /6

. 2 eA 4 1," 1

A

C YAr S .

b W

277 7 21Yd 5r

R . 011 .

/ Jet

t a

OR RNEY .

e t

O rkney B rochs:

71 .

tc

•

rt .te .

/ r/ 1/ ./

/ ./ • Je

F ig 3 .23

/

3 5 H owe o f H oxa,

Z S / e .e 1 : . Je e " ,/ e

I ' ' ' .

S R onaldsay ( Dryden a nd

P etrie M S ( a))

T homas

s ays

t hat

a part f rom t he c hamber n ear t he e ntrance t here

w ere

n o

i ntramural

s tructures. H is i nformant o nly s aw t he s ite, h owever, a fter t he w all h ad b een b uilt o ver a nd w e h ave a lready n oted t hat a n i ntramural g allery w as s een i n 1 781. A s T homas m entions a nd W ilson i llustrated, t here w ere r ecesses i n t he w all a t 1 0.30 a nd 3 o 'clock w hich w ere, v ery a pproximately, 2 m w ide a nd a bout 1 .55m f rom f loor l evel; o ne o f t hese m ay h ave b een t he b uilt o ver a ccess t o a s tair. A gain, a t 9 o 'clock, c 0 .91m f rom t he f loor, t here w as a nother e ntrance c0 .81m w ide a nd p reserved t o a h eight o f c 1 .19m ; w hen f ound, i t w as b locked u p. A bout 0 .9m c lockwise f rom i t a nd a t t he s ame l evel a s i ts t hreshold w as a h orizontal s tone p rojecting f rom t he b roch w all f ace.

1 0 3

4.• -

F ig 3 .24

O rkney B rochs:

-

• _ •

3 5 H owe o f H oxa,

-

•

S R onaldsay ( Wilson 1 863,

f ig 1 20)

I nternal c onstructions T he i nterior o f t he b roch w as t horoughly i nvestigated; i t w as c leared d own t o t he l evel o f t he r ock. T he o nly s urviving s tructural f eatures, f rom 1 0 o 'clodk t o 3o 'clock, w ere s ix o rthostats v arying i n h eight f rom c 0 .66m t o c 1 .6m, p rojecting f rom c 0 .33 -0.53m a nd b eing f rom c 1 .83 -2.3m a part. I t w as s aid t hat o ne o r t wo o f t hese h ad b een r emoved a nd t hat t here w ere b roken r emains o f ' some o f t he d ebris. T udor s tates t hat t here w ere n o l ess t han f ourteen f lags v arying i n h eight f rom c 1 .83 t o c 2 .74m a nd i n b readth f rom c 0 .61 t o c 1 .52m s et a t r ight a ngles t o t he w all. F rom d escriptions o f

t he l ocations o f f inds i t i s c lear t hat f lag t roughs w ere f ound s et

i n t he f loor.

F inds T he f inds k nown o f a re g enerally w ithout c ontext e xcept t hat t he q uerns a re s aid t o h ave b een o n t he b roch f loor. O nly t he s maller o bjects h ave b een t raced. S tone : p estle;

s teatite c up; s addle q uerns ( B); m ortars, s erpentine b all.

t rough q uerns o r v essels; g rinder/ p ounder;

S ources N D 4 9 S W 1 R CAM 1 946, 2 83-284 n o 8 15 N MAS 1 892 C atalogue, 2 28 D ryden a nd P etrie M S ( a) ( among m aterial t hat H D 1 879 f rom m easures b y G P etrie 1 871)

s hould n ot

G ordon 1 792, 2 57 L ow 1 879 ( 1774), 2 2 P etrie 1 890, 9 2, 9 3 n o 2 P etrie 1 927, 2 3 P etrie M S ( b), 9 ; M S ( c), 3 8-39, M S ( i), 4 1-42, 5 6, T homas 1 852, 19-122 T homas M S ( b), 2 7 T udor 1 883, 3 35-336 W ilson 1 863, 1 07-110

1 04

b e i n t his f olio i s a p lan

1 40-142;

M S ( w)

b y

3& BROQI or BUllIAM. N RONALDSAY (figs 3.1s. 3.2&. pls 3.13. 3.14) Derivation of oaae liurrian derives from ON borg-� - the fort (appendix introduction). Geographical location HY 7627 5138. The broch lies on the SE tip of the island, overlooking a shore of rocky outcrops. Further round to the W is a broad bay headed by a sandy beach which forms the island's present-day harbour. Marine erosion has stripped away part of the site. Most of the hinterland has been improved but it is all low-lying and the whole island is rather exposed.

w a: 0 :r:

If) I

w

c _ o _

) 3 , „ K ‚ V4 4r 0 Z '

#8 c -/ f 6 g o

4

s

0 7-4-f

F ig 3 .3U

O rkney ( a))

B rochs:

4 9 H unton,

7,9 6 3

S tronsay

( Dryden a nd P etrie M S

S tructures b roch t ower O nly w ould o utside s ides

t he e ntrance s eems

a lso h ave

b een

e xpanding

i nside

t he

t o h ave

t he w all

t o c 1 .17m a t

c hecks

b ut

b een e xamined

t hickness.

d oes

d oor c hecks n ot

b ut

T he w idth o f

t he

c 1 .9m i n.

s how a ny g uard

p assage w as n ot c ompletely c leared a nd t hat P etrie i ndicates t he h eight o f t he e ntrance a s

l ength o f

c 4 .11m s hown f or

t he e ntrance w as

c ells;

P etrie i t

s hows

o f

h oles

s hould b e

t his

c 0 .96m

a t

f or

o n b oth

b ars

r emembered

t hat

t he t he

t he l ocal i nformant s aid h e e ntered a c ell b eing i n e xcess o f c 1 .68m a nd d escribes i t a s

l intelled. External c onstructions T he l ocal knoll o utside

i nformant o f ( the

t he

t ime o f

t he

e xcavation r eported m idden b eing

b roch).

1 25

t urned u p

i n t he

F inds A s pindle w horl o f

u nknown m edium was

p icked

u p

i n t he

c ourse

o f

p loughing.

Environmental r emains H idden,

a s

a bove.

S ources 6 2

N E b

k CAMS

H Y

1 946,

D ryden

3 33-4 n o 9 80

a nd P etrie M S

( a)

( among

m aterial

t he e ntrance; ' HD 1 880 f rom G P etrie P etrie 1 890, 9 2, 9 4 n o 5 0 P etrie M S

( d)

5 7-8,

t hat

s hould n ot

b e

i n t his

f olio

i s

a p lan

o f

1 863 )

6 2

5 0

L AMB HEAD,

S TRONSAY ( fig 3 .31)

D erivation o f n ame This a spect o f

a nd l ike n ames p robably j ust o riginate i n a n i ncident i nvolving a n a nimal; f arming p ractice; o r i n t he s hape o f a n atural c onfiguration.

i n s ome

Geographical l ocation H Y

6 904

a r ather t he

2 146.

r ocky

T he

s hore;

h interland

i s

b roch

t here

i s

l ies

o n

t he

a v iable

n eck

i nlet

o f a p romontory w here

t o

t he

S .

T he s ite

l ow c liffs

h as

d efensive

l ead

d own

p otential

t o b ut

r ough a nd u nimproved.

Excavations e tc T his s ite i s f irst r ecorded a s a P ict's h ouse i n 1 841. i nvestigations i n 1 864 a nd h e m ade m easurements i n 1 869.

s ome o f

t he

b roch a s

W hen

s urviving a nd

v isited

b uilding.

b y

t he

t hey

a lso

C ommission

T he O rdnance S urvey

i n

i ndicate i n

1 928

1 970 n oted

s ome

e xamination

f eatures w ere

t he

P etrie h ad a c onnection w ith T he p lans o nly s how t he W h alf

p ossibility

o f

t he

o bscured

i nterior.

b y

d ebris

o f a d itch a nd

t he

a nd

r ecent

l ikelihood

o f

o utbuildings.

S tructures B roch t ower T he

f igures g iven b y P etrie

t hickness

o f

g ive

o verall

t he

w all

f ace w as T he

w ere

t he w all w ere, d iameter a s

v isible

e ntrance w as

o rthostats

i n

f or

t he o verall d iameter,

r espectively,

t he

c 2 0.72m a nd

c 2 1.02m, t he w all

t he w idth o f

t he c ourtyard a nd

c 1 3.71m a nd c 3 .66m.

t hickness

a s

c 4 .87m.

t he

T he C ommission I n

1 928

t he

i nner

S W.

o n t he N W a nd h ad

f orming d oor c hecks

a w idth o f

a nd

i nside

c 1 .22m.

t hese w ere

H alf

w ay a long

t he e ntrances

o n e ither

s ide

t o g uard c ells

e ach

o f w hich h ad a n a umbry a t i ts i nner e nd. W hen t he C ommission v isited, t he g uard c ell t o t he N w as m ost c omplete a nd w as c 2 .44m l ong w ith a maximum b readth o f c 1 .83m a nd a p reserved h eight f ront

o f

c 1 .98m.

a nd c 1 m a t T he

t hought

I ts

t he

a umbry w as

b ack.

C ommission n oted m ight

h ave

T he s light

i ndicated

c 0 .46m h igh a nd d eep a nd

l ess

c omplete

s urface

c ells

c ell

o n

d epressions

h ad a w idth o f

t he S w as i n t he

t op

c 0 .69m a t

t he

s imilar. o f

t he m ain w all w hich

t hey

o r a g allery.

I nternal c onstructions The C ommission i n 1 928 n oted h is h e f or

p lans p lainly a

p assage

s hows s hows

a p assage

d istance o f t o

b e

r ecent

s ome e xamination o f

t he

c 0 .78m w ide

c 2 .36m w here

i t

i s

b uilding o ver

t he i nterior o f

c ourtyard a rea a lthough i t r unning m arked

f rom ' ruins

c 0 .63m h igh.

1 26

t he

i nside

o f c ells':

o f

i s

t he n ot

b roch. e asy

t o

P etrie,

t he e ntrance a t 3 a nother

i n

u nderstand. o 'clock

s ketch s hows

t his

•

•

•

• •

•

•

e d.

1 0

F ig 3 .31

0

O rkney H rochs:

1 0

5 0 L amb H ead,

20

3F #

S tronsay ( [ (CAM 1 946,

40 F EET

f ig 4 23)

E xternal c onstructions I n

1 970 t he O rdnance S urvey

r eported

t hree f eatures o f

i nterest.

F irstly t hat

t o

t he W

a nd S o f t he t ower w as d isturbed s tony g round i ndicating t he a morphous r emains o f o utbuildings. S econdly t hey c ould s ee i n t he c liff e dge t o N W a nd S E t wo h ollows c 8 .0m w ide a nd l m d eep a nd a bout 1 5m l ong w hich t hey t hought m ight b e a d itch p rotecting t he W s ide o f t he b roch. T hirdly, a bout 8 0m t o t he N W w ere t he t urf-covered r emains o f a w all s pread c 4 m t hick t hat r an o bliquely a cross t he n ec k o f t he p romontory i n N W-SE d irection ; t hey d id n ot c onsider t his n ecessarily d efensive.

S o u r c e s M Y 6 2 S E 1 [ ( CAN 1 946, 3 28 n o 9 47 D ryden p lan, F raser,

a nd ' HD

P etrie M S ( a)

( among o ther m aterial t hat s hould n ot b e i n t his f olio

1 879 f rom m easurements a nd n otes b y G P etrie, M ay 1 869 )

1 925,

2 3

P etrie 1 890, 9 2, 9 4 n o 4 9 P etrie M S (0, 4 2, M S ( q) l oose s heet m arked M S ( r), 1 -12 k intoul 1 845, 1 59-60 S impson 1 841, T homas

1 852,

1 59 -160 1 23

1 27

( 7)

1 1;

i s

a

5 1

H OWARNESS, WESTRAY ( Hoor N ess,

N oup)

D erivation o f n ame T he

f irst

e lement

c omes

f rom O N

h augar -mounds;

t he

T he a lternative n ame ' Noup d erives f rom O N g nüpr -a w ith s teep o verhanging f ace ( Marwick 1 952, 4 1).

s econd

f rom O N n es -a

m ountain o r,

a s

h ere,

h eadland.

a h igh h eadland

Geographical l ocation N Y r ocky

4 17

4 96.

a nd m ost

T he

o f

r emains

a re

t he s urrounding

o n a h eadland c liff l and

i s

r ough a nd

i n t he N W

o f

t he

i sland.

T he c oast

i s

h illy.

Excavations e tc I n 1 866 P etrie o bserved a s mall s egment o f a b roch r emaining i n t he f ace o f a c liff. T he O NB e ntry o f 1 879 r ules n o a llusion o n a ntiquity. T he s ite w as l isted b y P etrie b ut v isited b y t he R oyal C ommission a nd t he O rdnance S urvey i n 1 970 c ould s ee n o t race.

S tructures B roch t ower B oth P etrie's

s ketch a nd

t he d rawing D ryden m ade

w all a bout a t wo s eventh c ircuit 4 .27m.

o f

w hich

f rom i t

r emained.

s how o nly

T he m easurement

t he

i nner e dge o f

a cross

t he

t he

c hord w as

c

I nternal c onstructions T he

p lans

h alf-way a long

i ndicate a n o rthostat

a t

r ight

a ngles

t o

t he s urviving

l ength

o f

w all

a nd

i t.

S ources N Y 4 4 N W 2 2 R CAM 1 946, 3 61 D ryden

n o

1 071

a nd P etrie M S

( a)

( amongst

o ther m aterial

p lan ' HD 1 880 a fter G eorge P etrie P etrie, 1 890 9 4 n o 6 3 P etrie M S O NB 2 6

( f),

1 879,

a b

1 866 B ook

t hat

s hould n ot

b e

i n t his

f olio

i s

a

9 p 1 32')

1 32 - 1 33

9 3

5 2

K NOWE O F BURRISTAE, W ESTRAY ( fig 3 .32)

D erivation o f name T he d erives

f irst

e lement

c omes

f rom O N

b org -fortress

o r f ortification;

t he

s econd

p robably

f rom O N s tadr -farm.

Geographical l ocation N Y

4 317

h ighest

p oint

b eaching

b oats.

4 293. o n

T he t he

T here

s ite

i sland i s

l ies

a nd

a s mall

o n

t he

f ronted l och

t o

e roding W c oast

b y a r ocky t he N W a nd

o f W estray,

f oreshore t here

-w hich

i s a s tream

t o

o verlooked i s

b y

t he

u nsuitable

f or

t he S .

Excavations e tc T he C ommission v isited a l arge, s eaward

r ounded, t he

i nner

t urf f ace

t he

s ite

g rown m ound; o f a c hord

i n

1 928 a nd

e rosion h ad

c ould

b e

1 935.

F rom t he

t aken m ost o f

s een w ith

1 28

t he

l andward

t he

i nterior

s ide

s ite a way f ull

o f

i t

a ppeared

h owever a nd

r ubble.

a s

f rom

s

5 0 4 4 4 II f I f t F ig 3 .32

O rkney

b rochs:

5 2

A

cARCE ME N 7-

b urristae,

1 0 II I W estray

1 5F EET

1

11 1 1

( RCAM

1 946,

C .S .T .C .

f ig 4 54

S tructures B roch t ower A bout

o ne

f ifth o f

d iameter o f c 7 .92m f or c U .2m w ide p rojected. 0 .25m t his

a bove g ave

t he

t he

s carcement

a ccess

t o

b ase

s urvived

t he c ourtyard. I n t he c entre a nd

a nd

t he a rc o f

t he

i nner

f ace

s howing

s uggested

a

A long a c 3 .8m l ength o f t he i nner w all a s carcement o f t he e xposed w all-face t here i s a n o pening p laced c

m easuring

a n i ntramural c avity

c 0 .52m w ide a nd t hat

r an b oth

c 0 .84m h igh

l eft

a nd

r ight,

f rom s ill t hough

t o

l intel;

f or

u nknown

d istances. I nternal c onstructions b elow o f

u pright

t he

s carcement

t he

r emains

w ere

f ull o f

s labs.

S ources H Y

4 4

[ ( CAMS

S W

1

1 946,

3 50 n o

1 034

1 29

r ubble

b ut

i n t his

c ould

b e

s een t he

t ops

A PPENDIX 3 .2 A SHORT H ISTORY O F B ROCH S TUDIES I N ORKNEY

T he

a ttribution

o f

t he n ame

c entury t heir f unction, i f n ot t his m ore g eneral t erm w hich h as s tructures e xamples.

t he

t o

s ome

o f

t hese

s tructures

i mplies

t hat

i n

t he

9 th

i s a c orruption o f A long w ith o ther

t hey f ind l ittle s pecific m ention i n t he S agas; t here a re n o r eferences t o O rkney F rom t wo s eparate s ources -t he S aga o f E gil S kallagrimson a nd t he O rkneyinga S aga

-we know o f r ather i t c an b e u nderstood a s

b org

f orm, w as u nderstood. T he w ord ' broch a cquired a s pecialised m eaning ( ch 3 .1).

f unction o f

s econdary u se o f M ousi i n S hetland. T he c ondition w hich b y i mplication t o h ave b een i n, s uggests t hat t he N orse w ere a s f amiliar w ith t he f orm

t he

s tructures

( Anderson

1 873,

c xi).

O n

t he e arliest

o ccasion,

c 9 00

A l ),

a s hip-wrecked r unaway c ouple s pent t he w inter t here, a nd i t w as d efensible i n t he 1 2th c entury. A ' borg' i s a lso m entioned a s h aving b een, u nsuccessfully, d efended i n t he e arly 1 3th

c entury a t

' broch' a s w e T here b een

l ost

l ate

S crabster,

s ee

i t

C aithness,

( Anderson

1 873,

t hen f ollows a p eriod o r,

a t

l east,

h istorical

r eference

I slands o f O rkney a wakening

o f

n ot

( 1700,

i nterest

b ut

x liii,

t o

i s

d ifficult

i n w hich knowledge

r ecorded. t hese

5 7)

i t

T hat

t he

s tructures

d efinitely

i n a ntiquities

o f

w hat

b e a s

t hese

f ormer w as

t he

i n O rkney:

c onfuses

H oxa

t o

c ertain t hat

t his

w as

a

1 97). t hings

c ase

i s

W allace

w ere

i n

h is

' broughs' w ith b urial

i n S R onaldsay s eems

t o h ave

s eems

i mplied

b y

t o

h ave

t he

f irst

A ccount o f

m ounds.

I n

a ttracted

t he t his

a ttention.

T his i s d oubtless b ecause t he a rea i s m entioned i n t he S aga o f O laf T ryggvison a s b eing w here T horfinn t he S kull-splitter w as ' howe-laid' c 9 63 A D ( Anderson 1 873, 2 07). I t i s m entioned a s

a d efensive

s tructure

t our o f 1 781 ( 1792, s tructures w ere, t he

i n L ow's

t our o f

1 774

2 2),

( 1879,

a nd

a lso i n P rincipal

m ade. B arry's e ntry i n h is H istory o f t he O rkney I slands o f 1 805 i s s tructure o f a b roch t ower b ut h e s tates t hat t his i s a s a r esult s outh a nd t hat i n t he N orthern I sles o f t heir f ore-fathers t han t o quarry d escribes

t hese

T here c ontinued. n ature m ade

t owers

a s

' Danish',

t he i nhabitants h ave i nto t hem ( 96-98).

B arry

c alls

a nd

c oncerns i n

1 825

f ound

t he

B roch o f

t he s on o f

B urgar,

t he

t he

l umped

a l ong-handled c omb,

C rown s hould

t ogether a s

c laim i t.

b eing

e nquiry w hich s erved a s u s

t oday.

O rkney

I t

a nd,

w as

h e

a u seful

a lmost

d eer h orns

m akes

T his

h ad m ore r espect f or t he m onuments I t s hould b e n oted t hat w hile L ow

p roduced

o f O rkney',

t he e nsuing w ork

g reatly d ilapitated, g ood s ervice m ay s urrounds t he o riginal t ower' ( 119) -a nd d ealt

u nintelligible;

w ith

t hat

t o

o f

d ate.

h oxa,

h ad

b een

e arth

t wenty

a nd y ears

t he

i n

m ay

b ut

h as

n othing

j ust

f actual

t o

1 9th c entury w hen F W L T homas ' Account

1 852 a nd s ignalled a c hange

o f

o f

t he P ictish B roughs

b e

a ntiquarian o ffer

v isited

s ome

o f

t he

a pproach.

i n

I n

O rkney

a re

y et b e d one b y c learing a way t he r ubbish w hich i s o nly e nabled t o g ive p lans o f t wo w hich h ad b een

T he

a s w ill

t he

F ifteen a nd

t otally u nprecedented a rticle,

w hich a ppeared

a ttempts o ut

r elatively u nintelligent

a p lea f or e xcavation -'though n early a ll

s ufficiently

p revious

o n d igging

s upposed p revious e xcavations

o f a p eriod o f t o

t hat

P eterkin,

s ame s ite, M r G ordon, m ade w hat a re d escribed f ound a t reasure, w hich h e t hrew i nto t he s ea

t he m iddle o f t he

i s s tated

a nd a s keleton.

a nd a ll

p relude

e xactly

I t

c lergyman,

r epresentative

a s a r esult,

C eltic A ntiquities i t

i nformed a s t o t he c rude o f e xcavations f urther

t hem ' Pictish'.

E vie.

p arish

l ater, i e i n t he 1 840s, t he p roprietor o f t he a s ' considerable e xcavations'. I n d oing s o h e l est

s uch b een

i s n o d oubt t hat t he c asual e nquiries t hat m ay b e i nferred f rom G ordon's c omments T he f irst a ctual w ritten a ccount o f a s pade t o e arth i nvestigation i s o ne o f t his

b ut

r ubbish

G ordon's

2 57). W hile t he f ormer m akes i t c lear t hat i t w as known w hat l atter a ctually m entions s ome i nvestigation b y e xcavation h aving

p lan

b e

o f

s een,

B urgar

b ecomes

w as,

a nd

c larified

b y

r emains, l ater

e ntirely

e xamples

a nd

a uthorities. T he

a ge

s preading

o f

i ntelligent

s lightly e ither

a ntiquarian e nquiry

s ide o f

t he

d ate

b racket

i n O rkney

i s

v ery

1 850-1880 i nto

w ell

t he e ras

d efined,

b efore

o nly

a nd a fter.

T he p rincipal c haracters -though n ot t he s ole o nes -w ere t hree. F irst a nd f oremost, t here w as G eorge P etrie. H e w as a l ocal m an a nd w as F actor f or t he G raemeshall E state. h e w as n ot t herefore

a g entleman o f

w as

i n

a lways

e xceptions

t he

h is

a rea,

w ork,

a nd m easurements, h e

b ecame

b y ' two I n o n

g ood

a nd

i ntelligent t he

a nd

e xcavation.

I f

F arrer

t he

P etrie w as

l evel, h ad

g ave h im t he

o f

h ire

r esponsible

e xposed

t he

Z etland,

t enant a nd a t

f armers, v erbal

f requent

1 30

p atiently l eft

t ravel

h e t wo

w ith a nnotations

f inding. p lanned

r eports

a nd W ith

T he s ites o penings

s uch a s

t hat

b y

g iven

B urgar. F arrer,

v isits

l abour n ecessary w ho

t o

o f a d iscovery.

r ough s ketches,

t here w as J ames

g round

m uch m ore a s ummer m igrant

b y

t reasure

m ade

t he m anual t he

m ade

o pportunity e vent

f or m easuring a nd

b y e rosion,

l andowners

t he m an o n

i n t he

c onsisted o f q uite

b een

c oncerning

E arl o f t o

w ork

d iscoveries

s ites

f riends t he

i nterest

w as

f ield

g entlemen'

w ith

t hough h is

i mmediately a vailable,

o thers

f riends,

c ategory o f

t erms

n ot

i n i ncluded

t heir

w herewithal h im,

a t

o f w hat

i nvolved

l andowners

l eisure i f

f or

t aking

a t rail

o f

t o

M P

f or D urham,

O rkney

e xtensive, n otes

o f

a nd i f

w ho w as h ad

n ot

o ccurrences

d estruction,

a bout

t he

e xact, a round

w hich

-

2

••

, „

y e.

1 / 6 nil .

e idGe.ye . ,

• • • •a x.

•

f e 2 0 , ›

4 4 4 7 4

•' Y . / le

,

, 717 .) ,ve 4«, 1

ORA,v£ t

P 1 3 .1

O rkney M S

B rochs:

3 O xtro,

B rochs:

1 2

/

B irsay ( Dryden M S ( b)) ( RCAMS -S AS

1 70)

i t

P 1 3 .2

O rkney ( s))

( RCAMS -S AS

B urrian,

M S

4 87)

1 31

H array

( 1)

( Russland)

( Petrie

M S

P 1 3 .3

O rkney B rochs: ( e), 6 9) ( RSM(Q)

1 2 b urrian, H array -S AS MS 5 46)

( 1)

( Russland)

( Petrie

M S

A -A

/7 ,174e .

Ir ArrA %

n p .N

P1 3 .4

O rkney b rochs: MS ( b))

( RCAMS

1 5

N etlater,

-S AS

M S

1 70)

1 32

Manse o f H array,

H array ( Dryden

77i1P /74 : .1 ;

ft i i i/•

Harr : 1v .

OR KNEY P 1 3 .5

O rkney MS ( b))

B rochs:

1 5 N etlater,

( RCAMS -S AS

M S

Manse o f

H array,

H array ( Dryden

1 70)

P1 3 .6

O rkney l b L och

B rochs: o f

A yre,

S t Mary's, H olm ( Graeme 1 914, f ig 1 )

1 33

P1 3.7

O rkney

B rochs:

1 9 R ound H owe, ( Howe o f L angskaill), S t A ndrew' s ( Petrie MS ( q)) ( kCAMS S AS

a I . Z :il d i a4 A 3 , 7 4-

P1 3 .8

O rkney

&Ochs:

1 9 R ound H owe, ( Howe o f kaill),

L angsS t

Andrew's ( Petrie MS ( s)) ( RCAMS SAS M S 4 87)

1 34

M S 4 87)

P 1 3 .9

O rkney B rochs: 2 1 L ingro, ( RCAMS -S AS M S 3 2)

1 35

S t O la

( Dryden a nd P etrie

M S ( b))

4

e

4

P 1 3 .10

O rkney 2 1 O la

s k i

4 . 1

1 36

S t

( Dryden

P etrie 4

B rochs:

L ingro, MS

a nd

( b))

( kCAMS -S AS M S 3 2)

e . „

/ eh, -A e . . .

t i e «

d t ke

Ea 's ./ grear iv i l B r , 1 7 , e ei e ,e

O nt i NE Y.

P 1 3 .11

O rkney B rochs: ( b))

3 3 E ast

( RCAMS -S AS

M S

B roch of

B urray,

B urray ( Dryden M S

B urray,

B urray ( Dryden M S

1 70)

E B urr , OR KN E Y , P 1 3 .12

O rkney ( b))

B rochs:

3 E ast 3

( RCAMS -S AS

M S

B roch o f

1 70)

1 37

5' 2 , .• i t '

f ; • ; i ; . ” • e 74 3

Bro t tsh a t Burr ' .d u N or th

Rahat ( toPy

R KNEY GC AL_ C

P 1 3 .13

3

t

O rkney B rochs: 3 6 B urrian , N ( RCAMS -S AS M S 1 70)

1 38

I

R onaldsay

( Dryden

M S ( 6))

i c/ fo n of

e h a In

r

B ROCH O T -7 I g L IR + VA N , (e t )7 1

t ( )7 /

/ 77 7" . 1 "

,7

.

/ . h

P 1 3 .14

O rkney B rochs: 3 6 B urrian, ( RCAMS -S AS M S 1 70)

1 39

N R onaldsay

( Dryden

M S

( 6))

P 1 3 .15

O rkney B rochs: 3 7 B othikan , ( RCAMS — S AS M S 4 87)

P apa W estray ( Petrie M S W )

c o ,

/

2 94 ;

A

3 .n e I n 2r . , r i tu th ie tncy

/V

.

Z r

OR KNEY P 1 3 .16

O rkney

B rochs:

( XCAMS — S AS

M S

4 7

B urroughston ,

1 70)

1 40

S hapinsay

( Dryden M S ( b))

243

t i ‚o r ti ik

P meror outm t

,

OR KNEY P 1 3 .17

A

O rkney B rochs: 4 7 B urroughston, ( RCAMS -S AS M S 1 70)

S hapinsay

( Dryden

M S ( b))

6„ : 5> itYV : 5 ,

P 1 3 .18

O rkney

B rochs:

( RCAMS -S AS

M S

4 7

B urroughston,

1 70)

1 41

S hapinsay

( Dryden M S

( b))

e r :

A

Ze, ,e7

Bv o l t »

t bur ror es tmt

2 •0

h

OR KNEY P 1 3 .19

O rkney 4 7

B rochs:

B urroughston,

S hapinsay

( Dry-

d en MS ( b)) ( RCAMS -S AS M S 1 70)

P 1 3 .20

O rkney 4 7

B rochs:

B urroughston,

S hapinsay ( Dryd en MS ( b)) ( RCAMS -S AS M S 1 70)

A 41 1 72

3 , 1

2 0

•1 0 0

OR KNEY

1 42

w ere

i t

n ot

t or

P etrie -we

S ir h enry D ryden, b e

s een,

a lthough

s upposed;

a l arge

P etrie's

t he

w ould k now n ext f amous

D ryden

f irst

b roch

h is

n othing.

a rchitectural

d id

n umber o t

t o

o riginal

do

d rawings

s ite w as

r est

O xtro,

i llustrator,

w ork

o n P etrie's

a way;

t he

s olid-basea a n a rea c ell,

-c a t

i nterior w as

s avaged;

p reserved j ust

1 5Um -a nd 1 o 'clock, 1

a nd

n othing

o ver 2 m h igh.

I t

t he

i t

i s

i n

t hird n ot

s ketches

B irsay w here,

c ommenced r emoving a m ound f or a gricultural c learance d uring e xcavation a nd m ade n otes b ut h ad n o c ontrol h acked

i s

i n O rkney

a s

c haracter. m uch

1 847,

i s known a bout t o

b e

c omparatively t hin w alls -c 3 .6m a cross. a nd a t 9 -10 o 'clock t here w as a ccess t o

A s

w ill

m ight

b e

a lone. t he

f armer

a nd f or t he s tone. o ver w hat w ent o n.

h appened

a s

t he o ne

a nd

h is

m en

P etrie v isited i t T he e ntrance w as

o utside.

T he

w ith a v ery

b roch w as

l arge

f loor

I t a lso h ad a g round a s tairway i n t he w all

f loor w iuth

a t f loor l evel. I n t he i nterior w as a w ell a nd o f t he f urnishings o nly a f ew o rthostats a round t he w all e dge s urvived -though o thers a re known t o h ave e xisted. T he w all a cross t he c ourtyard

s hown

b y P etrie

' secondary' a nd m asonry f eature f lags

a nd w as

i s

i nteresting

i n t he s econd h e n ever i s u ndoubtedly u ntrue;

a p artial d ivision m ore

s ite u pset d ating s omewhat; i t w as j udged t o b elong t o t he S tone A ge. a P ictish s ymbol A h oxa,

s tone,

t he

s ite w hich P etrie w as S R onaldsay.

o n

t he

p art

a ble

i mmediately

o f

t o

t he

r eadily

o f

r easons.

I n

u nderstandable

R oman

t a c kle

t he

f irst

p lace

h e

f inds,

w ere n ot

d efined

T his

a rbitrarily

r ealised a t

a n e arly

s tage

t he o utside

b y a m isdirected,

T he o riginal

n ow.

c alled

i t

c ontinuous, o f u pright c hosen

c ontained n o m etal a nd t herefore w as o ne o f t he c ists h aving i ncorporated

p ersonally a t

i nside a nd

o bscured

t he o wner.

t wo

c overed w ith c ists, T he i mplications o f

p resent

h e s coured

r emains w ere a lmost t ion

a nd

f or

s aw i t. I ts r epresentation a s a b road, i t i s d escribed e lsewhere a s b eing m ade

b ut

s tructure o f

o f

t ime.

i n h is

t he w all

t horough,

t he

t he

a ttempt

s ite h as

c areer

w as

1 848.

T he

i n a t

c onserva-

r emained a s ource

c onfusion f or t wo r easons, b oth a ttributable t o P etrie's r elative i nexperience e xcavation. H e d id n ot r ecord i t w ell, ( in p articular h e d id n ot p lan i t), a nd

o f

i n b roch h e may n ot

h ave u nderstood h is f indings c learly s ince c ontusion c oncerned t he e ntrance w hich,

h e h ad s o l ittle t o c ompare t hem w ith. P articular w hen v arious c ontemporary a ccounts a re w eighed

a gainst

a ppears

P etrie's

b roch e ntrance h oles T he

a nd o n

t he

i nterior

o 'clock, a ngles

l ater s imple

r ecorded w as r ight-hand

w as

c leared

s ix o rthostats t o

i t.

u p

E lsewhere

r apid

r ebuilding o f

f rom

t he

s ide,

t wo

a nd

i nside

t hese,

t he

t o

1 .6m h igh a round

t here

u nderlying

a re known

c ertainly

r ecesses,

w as

r ock.

o f

b een p erfectly i nside

a p assage

n ormal.

T he

f irst

t he d oor j ambs w ere

t wo

l eading

c hamber.

T here s urvived,

t he

t o h ave

t o

f rom

i nternal

c ircuit

o f

b een f lag

t roughs

s et

a g uard

1 0 o 'clock

t he w all i n

t he

a nd

b ar t o

3

a t

r ight

f loor.

T he

1 0 - 1 a nd

3 o 'clock,

c 1 .55m

w hich c ould h ave h ad a ccess

t o a s tair

i n

c onfused

e ither

t o h ave

c 1 .8m h igh;

t o

t he s ite

f loor w ere

s tatement,

c 0 .9m w ide

t hings

b ut

a t

t he

w all. P etrie's g reat

f irst c ollaboration w ith F arrer w as

i nsight

i nto

t he

m ethods

e xcavations c ommenced i n 1 851 y ear, a s d irected b y F arrer, o f

t he b urg g iving

f armer w ho a greed

o f w orking

t hem d irections

h ow

T here

s eems

u nsystematic, s eems

t o

i sland h ave

t o h ave

o f l eaving t he a nd o utside'.

t he

E B roch o f

t ime.

A ccounts

a nd

t o

c arefully

v arious

t hought F arrer's

p roceed a nd s pecial l eave a ll

i nstructions

t he w alls

c onflict p arts

e xcavations

b uilding u ndisturbed, T he l ast m ay s imply

n oted o f

e very

r emoved w as,

f or

a nd

i t g ives

c ontradictory

u s b ut

t he

t ime

t o

a n i ntelligent

s tanding a nd c arefully

m ethod.

i nstead o f c rude

t o

F arrer's t he t wo

c ircumstance'. P etrie

t racing

f or h e h ad

a ccused

t he w alls t o

s uggest

F arrer

o f

t hroughout'. t o

h im ' the

b eing H e a lso

p ropriety

a nd o f t he c areful r emoval o f t he r ubbish, b oth i nside h ave b een a r esponse t o F arrer's i ntroduction o f a n ew

t echnique -trenching -w hich c aused t he w all t o b e b reached. t he s tructure was c ertainly a n a dvance o n s imple quarrying b ut r ubbish

B urray a re

t urn u p'. T his s tart w as m ade i n a dvance o f ' in a s tate o f f orwardness' a nd s ubsequently

b een s ome

' excavating a t

t o

t he w ork,

p reserve e very r elic w hich m ight a rrival s o t hat w ork s hould b e t he

o ver

t he

o r 1 853 a nd w ere c ertainly c ontinuing i n 1 855. I n t he l atter h e s et ' a c onsiderable b ody o f l abourers t o e xcavate t he r uins

t o s uperintend

' repeatedly v isited

o f

b eing,

t heoretical.

P etrie's a pproach o f e mptying h is d esire t o s ee t he o utside

T he d ifferences

o f

o pinion

i n

t he

m atter m ust h ave b een a t t he r oot o f t wo i nterim s tatements w hich a ppeared i n t he s ame v olume o f t he P roceedings o f t he S ociety o f A ntiquaries o f S cotland o n t he s ame s ubject a nd f rom t he p en o f t wo p eople w ho w ere o therwise n ot known a s b eing p ublication c onscious ( Farrer 1 857a; P etrie 1 857). A s l ate a s 1 866 P etrie e mployed m en t o c lear u p p roblems t hat h ad b een l eft o utstanding. T he

b roch w as

a gain

s olid-based,

h aving

t wo

i ntramural

c ells

a nd,

a t

9 -10 o 'clock,

a n

e ntrance 1 .8m f rom f loor l evel f rom w hich a f light o f s teps i nto t he courtyard at a h eight o f 3 .6m, o ver a s carcement.

l ed c lockwise t o a d oorway b ack T here a re t hen s everal n ew a nd

i mportant

o f

f eatures

c onnected w ith

l anding w hich i mplied t hat a fter t o t he unprecedented h eight, t he I t

h ad door

j ambs

t he

t ower,

a s olid b ase e ntrance w as

i nside w hich w as

n ot

t he

l east

w hich w as a g allery

a bove

3 .6m h igh t he w alls h ad c ontinued h ollow. c omplete a nd o ver i t w as a n i nward f acing

a n e xpansion a nd

1 43

b oltholes,

a nd

o utside w hich

w ere

t he

D ue c ell. t wo

guard

c hambers

s hown

i n

t hese

i nternal

t he

( though

i nterior

t here b ut

m ay

i t

s tructures,

i s

h ave

b een

c lear

v ery

l ittle

f ound t o e xist o utside t he e ntrance a ttempt w as m ade t o e xcavate o utside n oticed b ut i t w as t he s eaward e nds g reat

d eal

o f

F arrer's t o

h ave

h ad

a ttempted t rying t o o f

t he

t he

a nd t he

e mphasis

p laced

w ork

a c haracteristic

h as

t he

i nformed

i nvestigation

i s

u nknown a nd

b roch w ith

a f loor

A

t he

a rea

t he

m ade

o f

t hem.

o f

t o

b arely

r ecords

b e

s een)

W ith

a nd

t he

t he

b roch

' moat

b urroughston

r ecords

e mployed

c ould

r emains i n

S imilarly,

a re

t he a pproach

t o

a lthough a w ell

w as

i tself, n o s erious a re t here w ere n ot e mbankment. i nterpreted

A t o ne n or w as

o f a

i n

a nd

i ncompleteness

l acked p oint

t ime,

i s

o r

a bout

i t;

p atience,

k edland

i n

h e

a ppears

a nd a s pirit

F irth

w hich

o r

P etrie

t he c ondition o f t he s ite w as s uch t hat D ryden, i n s tated t hat h e d id n ot u nderstand t hem. T he e xtent m easur2ments m ay

o f

c 5 3m

a nd a lso

b e d oubted;

t hey w ould

t he

t he

o ne w ith

h ave

m ake

t hinnest

R edland

w all

a t

c

f eatures w hich a re a ssumed t o h ave b een i nside h ave b een o n t he o utside. T he s ite i s s upposed

b een

t he

i llusion o f

o f s tones. T his i s v ery a r ampart ( which c an n ow

a d ip

b etween i t

a nd

t he

m ound

( Vide b urrowstown i nfra). S hapinsay

' Shortly a fter

s ome m en

a f ew o rthostats

u sed a nd

b een s urrounded b y a m oat o utside w hich w as a c ircular r ing t o h ave b een a m isinterpretation; t he s tones w ere p art o f

s urrounding

P etrie

h ave

c ase

2 .74m. T he e ntrance w as n ot l ocated a nd t he t he c ourtyard, a nd w hich i ncluded a w all, m ay t o h ave l ikely

t he

t echniques

R oman m aterial.

i ncompetence

t o m ake s ome n otes o f i n 1 858; i nterpret t he r ecords, s imply

s mallest

t o

t ower w as a h orse-shoe s haped a b uilt f ace b ut t his w as n ot

b ut

e nquiry.

I n

d ue

t o c onnect w ith t he p assage b roch. T he s tructures t hat

f inding

b oth e nthusiasm a nd m oney,

p roblem-oriented

w as

s een t hat 7 m f rom t he o f t his D ryden s howed o n

t wo d oors).

t hat,

w e

s ee

t he

t he d iscovery o f

i nterests

M aeshowe,

t o o pen a l arge m ound

O n

o f

t he

l ocal

M r B alfour o f

g entry

e ntering.

B alfour a nd

t he i nvitation o f M r

T renabie

B alfour I r epeatedly

v isited t he p lace a nd t ook c areful m easurements a nd n otes.' T his w as a bout 1 862: S ir H enry D ryden a lso p lanned t he r uins i n 1 666. T his w as n ot o nly a n a dequately f unded e xcavation b ut o ne w hich w as d one w ith s ome c are a nd i n t he l ight o f knowledge p reviously g ained. T he c entre w as n ew

emptied w ith,

f eatures

w as r evealed e ntrance t o,

a re

a lso

a s w e

t o

b e

s hall

s een.

s ee, O ne

l ittle

i s

t hat

d amage

t he

t o

t he i nternal

b ase o f

t he

t ower

s tructures,

( and

i ts

f ull

b ut

t wo

p rofile)

b y a t rench a round i t a nd a nother i s t hat a b arrow r un w as c onstructed f rom t he i n t his c ase, t he c liffs; b oth w ere t o h ave u nforeseen a nd u nintended i mplica-

t ions. T he t ower i tself d oorway o pening o ver i t;

w as t he

s olid-based a nd h ad a s carcement a t a h eight o f s tairs c ontinued p ast t his. A t a l ower l evel,

c 3 .6m a nd a b ut w ell a bove

t he c ourtyard f loor, w as a nother d oorway i nto t he w all w hich w as d amaged b y e xcavation b ut s teps f rom w hich p robably l ed u p p ast t he u pper r e-entrance t o t he c ourtyard. T he b roch e ntrance

w as

p reserved

t o

i ts

f ull

h eight

a nd

j ambs h alf way a long a nd a g uard c ell t o t he p rocess o f e xcavation l ittle w as w ritten o r t hey w ere e ntrance t o r est

w as

c urved

c onsidered r elatively r ecent. t he w ell, a nd t here w as n othing

e qually

d ivided

r oom w hich n ot f orm o f

b etween

o nly

a n

i nward

f acing

c avity;

i t

h ad

c ompartments

i nner w all

f lags

a h eight

o f

i nside

a nother

s ections a nd

t hat

t hat

f ortification. t he

t he

f ormer a nd a ny b etween

t he

c onsidered

s econdary.

t he w all a round

t ower

i s

o utbuildings. p arts

o f

i s

b e

s een,

a d epression b etween

c hronological

t his m onument

t he b roch

r ampart

t he

r elationships

w ere

o utside

w ith h indsight,

p laced w ithin a c ircular

o nly

T he

T he a rea o utside c onsidered a r ampart

c an c learly

c entrally

s upposed d itch

v arious

I t

i t w as

r ound a c entral a rea -is

a nd

a

c 1 .9m.

t renching a round t he b roch b ase s howed a w all p arallel t o i t -w hich w as t hought t o b e s ort o f c ontemporary r ampart -w hile t he b arrow r un w as i nterrupted b y f limsy e xternal s ince

r ooms

b y o rthostatic

r oofed a t

g eneral

t hat w ere

a nd

s till

T he s ome

m isunderstood

f loor -compartments

d efined

b ut w as

t he T he

T he

c onstructions

t he

o ver i t

N othing s urvived i n t he c entre o ther t han a round o ne t hird o f t he i nner w all c ircuit.

i ndividual

h ad a b uilt

h ad

l eft. A lthough t hey w ere n ot d estroyed i n t he t hought a bout t he i nternal s tructures b ecause

e xpressed

b y

h as

i mportant.

b een v ery

w hich w as

f rom

t he

a

c ontemporar

w hich e ncloses

l atter a nd t hat w ere

t he

c 2 000m

r uins

c onsidered

f irm c olour

c oding

m uch d itch

o f t o

i n

t he exist

D ryden's

d rawing i n 1 866 o f p lans o f t his s ite, O xtro a nd N etlater, h array. W e h ave a lready s een t hat a t t he f ormer P etrie d eclared t he i nternal f urnishings s econdary ( because t he w all h e h ad n ot s een w ent o ver t he w ell e ntrance) a nd w e s een t his l ogically c ontinued. I n t he b urroughston p lans t he b roch t ower a nd t he w all s urroundtng i t a re c oloured r ed w hile t he i nternal c ons tructions W e s tone

a nd

s tructures

s ee P etrie h ad

p artially

a gain w ith

r evealed e mptied

r evealed

a n

b y

t he

F arrer i n

o pening d own

o n o ne d ay

a nd w as

1 863 a t

F irth,

P etrie i n

1 664

a lso

t hough

d oor j ambs

t here w as

a nd,

h ad

h e

s ome

n ot

t he

p lanned

b ehind

l east

t hem,

a nd

i n S tronsay w here

b y P etrie.

h esitation a v ery

p lanned

t wo g uard

b lue.

T he

T he p lan

a p lough

e ntrance i s

s uitably

t aking

u p

a

p assage

w as

s imple

a nd

d oor c hecks, a n i nternal e xpansion a nd b olt h oles, P erhaps t he m ost s ignificant p oint i s t hat a s w ith

c onnection w ith

o nly m easured

H unton

c oloured

t o a l intelled e ntrance.

' small j ust s howing t hat w hile t here w ere t here w ere a pparently n o g uard c ells. k edladd,

b arrow r un a re

i t

1 44

c alling

p artial

i n

c ells.

i n

1 869.

P etrie's

t his

s tructure a b roch.

e xcavation a t

L amb

T he e ntrance w as p lan a lso

s hows

H ead

i n

S tronsay

r evealed a nd

s ome

e xamination

h ad o f

t he

c ourtyard a rea t o h ave

t aken p lace;

h e

p lainly s hows

a p assage U .8m w ide a nd o nly

U .bm

he ' ruins o f c ells' a re m arked. N either h igh r unning f rom t he e ntrance t o t he r ight where t t he p utative r emains o f o utbuildings o r a f ortification a cross t he p romontory n oted b y t he O rdnance S urvey,

w ere e xcavated o r

r ecorded.

N etlater, o r t he M anse o f h array, w as a w ell f unded i ntensive e xcavation o n a p ar w ith B urroughston w hich w as c onducted b y t he R ev D r T raill, m inister o f t he p arish, i n o r b efore 1 865. P etrie m ade n otes i n t hat y ear a nd i n 1 866 b ut i t i s c lear t hat h e w as n either i n c harge o f o perations n or p resent u ntil t hey w ere w ell a dvanced. S ir h enry D ryden t ook a dditional m easurements i n 1 866 a nd d rew u p t he p lans s poken o f. A s a t b urroughston, t he i nterior w as e mptied, w ith a c are c onsistent w ith t he t imes a nd t echniques, t he t ower w as d efined b y b eing T he

b roch

t renched r ound w as

t he b ase,

s olid-based w ith

a nd a b arrow r un w as

c onstructed

t wo i ntramural c ells a nd a g round

f rom t he e ntrance. f loor

e ntrance

t o

s tairs i n t he w all; t he w all i tself w as p reserved t o i nsufficient h eight f or a s carcement t o b e p resent. T he e ntrance h ad d oor c hecks a nd a n i nternal e xpansion b ut n o g uard c ells. T he i nternal f urnishings w ere a s i nteresting a s t hose a t B urroughston b ut d istinctly d ifferent i n l ayout. A t N etlater a p assage f rom t he e ntrance l ed i nto e ither o f t wo a partments w hich w ere s eparated b y d ivisions o f o rthostats a nd b uilt w alls. I n o ne o f t hese w as a w all a nd i ts e ntrance. I n t renching r ound t he b roch t ower a w all w as d iscovered p arallel t o i t a nd t he b arrow r un f rom t he e ntrance c aused o utbuildings t o b ecome a pparent. T hose t hat w ere e xcavated h ad b een r emoved b y t he t ime o f P etrie's f irst v isit t o t he s ite. D ryden's c olour c oded i llustration s hows t hat, a s a t b urroughston, t he b roch t ower a nd e ncircling w alls w ere c onsidered c ontemporary a nd t he i nternal a nd e xternal b uildings l ater. 1 866 s eems t o h ave b een a b usy y ear f or P etrie a ltogether. I n J une h e g ave a l ecture t o t he S ociety o f A ntiquaries o f S cotland o n t he s ubject o f O rkney b rochs a nd i t i s i mportant t o n ote t his d ate s ince i t w as n ot i ssued i n p rint u ntil 1 874 a nd w as p art o f A rchaeologia b cotica v olume f ive, i tself d ated 1 890. W hat l ooks, a t f irst, t o b e a l ate, i ndeed p osthumous, p ublication w as a ctually a v ery e arly c ontribution t o b roch s tudies w hich m ust h ave b een t remendously i nfluential a t t his F arrer

w as

a lso b usy i n 1 866.

f ormative s tage.

T he O rdnance S urvey's O bject N ame B ook o f

1 880 i s

t he

o nly s ource t o d isclose t hat i t w as i n t his y ear t hat F arrer a nd P etrie w ere c onnected w ith e mptying t he m iddle o ut o f t he k nowe o f R edland, S tromness, a nd f inding a s tair t o a w ell. I t w as p robably a lso i n 1 866 t hat F arrer c onducted a p artial e xcavation a t I ngshowe, F irth , w hich P etrie p lanned. O nly h alf o f t his h ad b een l eft b y t he s ea a nd t he w all s eems t o h ave b een i nvestigated t o i ts b ase a nd a t l east p art o f t he c ourtyard d ug i nto. T he s tructure w as s olid-based b ut a g allery w as j ust p reserved a t a h eight o f 3 .6m a nd t he i mplication m ade i s t hat t his w ould b e a c onsistent f inding r elated t o h eight. T here w as o nly o ne g uard c ell, o n t he r ight h and s ide, w hich w as o utside t he d oor j ambs a nd e xpansion. M ost i nteresting w as a b lo c king a cross

t he e ntrance i n w hich t here w as a d oorway

t o t he l eft.

b oth o f t he a bove p ieces o f w ork b y F arrer, a nd t he o thers c ited ( with t he e xception o f t he E b roch o f B urray) w ere v ery p artial. I n J uly o f 1 866, h owever, h e w as r esponsible f or a t horough a ttempt o n b urrian, a nd u ninformative a ccount o f o ut

a

B rough i n h array,

P etrie's w ork F errer c ould f inal s cale,

( Russland), H array. H e a ctually p ublished a b rief u nillustrated t his o f w hich t he m ost i nteresting p assage i s; ' I h ave c leared

w hich p resented n othing v ery

p eculiar'.

W e

r ely v ery h eavily

f or a n u nderstanding o f t his s ite b ut w hile i t i s d ifficult m ake l ight o f s uch a d iscovery h is c omment d oes h ave t ruth

o n

t o u nderstand h ow i n i t. P etrie's

p lan i s a b eautiful i mitation o f t hose D ryden m ade i n t he s ame y ear -including t he l ettering a nd t wo-coloured w ater w ashes. I n i t w e c an s ee e vidence f or F arrer's

t renching m ethod a nd d eliberate c learance a round t he b ase o f t he m ain s tructure. T he b roch w as j ust a s olid-based o ne b ut c ontained a s tairway w hich s tarted 1 .8m f rom t he f loor; t he e ntrance h ad j ambs a nd, b ehind t hem , a s ingle g uard c ell t o t he r ight. T he i nternal f urnishi ngs w ere t he m ost i nteresting a spect o f t his s ite f or t hey a re v ery c losely c omparable t o t hose a t b urroughston. P arallel t o p art o f t he i nner f ace w as t he s tump o f a m asonry w all, w hich p robably o nce s upported a r oof, a nd e lsewhere r ound t he c ircuit w ere c ompartments m ade o f o rthostats. T he c entral a rea t hese f eatures s urrounded w as w ell d efined a nd i n i t w ere a h earth a nd n umerous t roughs o r c ooking t anks. P etrie c oloured t hese b lue a gainst t he b roch, w hich w as r ed. H e a lso c oloured t he o utside o f t he t rench a round t he b roch b lue a nd f rom t he R oyal C ommission's n otes t here c an b e l ittle d oubt t hat t here w as a w all a nd o utbuildings t here. T he R oyal C ommission a lso r ecorded a l ine o f b oulders c utting o ff t he p eninsula o n w hich

t he b roch w as s ituated.

F arrer w as

c orrect

i n s aying

t hat n othing n ew w as

d iscovered

a t B urrian, R ussland; i t d oes h owever s how h im a t t he h eight o f h is ( or h is w orkers') t echnical a bility a nd i t i s t he f irst o ccasion o n w hich s uch c omparatively f ragile f eatures a s h earths f loor. I t w as

a nd c oo king t roughs w ere

a lso i n

t he C emetery, m ajor e lement

1 866

t hat P etrie,

r ecorded a nd s ome c oncept w as g ained o f

w ith S amuel L aing,

w ent

S tromness, a nd b reckness. T he l atter s ite ( and i n L aing's a rgument f or t he e xtreme a ntiquity o f

1 45

t he w hole o f

t o o bserve m arine c ut

a

b rochs a t

t he c ists o ver O xtro) f ormed a b rochs a nd h is p lacing t hem i n

t he S tone A ge l ine

a t

o rthostat W e

( 1888).

P etrie

h owarness, a t

s ee

B urray,

r ight

a ngles

t o

t his

a nd

y ear o bserved

p ermanent

i mprovement

o n S anday

i s

w ork

i n

1 888;

f lag-made

L ingro,

S t

j ust

t he

w as

i n

F arrer's

A ll

m ore

a gainst

o r

c ompetence

a nother e xample.

e xcavation w as

c ompartments

U la,

s egment

i t.

o f

t hat

a b roch

i n

t he

c ould

b e

s een

i n e vidence

a t

t he

c oast

w as

o ne

t he w all.

l ittle

o f

a nother

s ketched a p lan o f

a nd W asso

F arrer's p resence

i n

W estray,

t he

P etrie

m ade

p lans

p artial a nd a ll

t hat

i s

i nner w all

l ess P etrie's

o f

w hat

w orth

W B roch h e

o f

s aid

w as

i s

t he

n oting

f ace.

f inale.

I t

w as

h is

v ery

o wn s ite

o n

l and

b elonging t o t he G raemeshall e state a nd h is r esearches w ere f unded b y h is e mployer, a M r Y oung o f K elly, a nd t he S ociety o f A ntiquaries o f S cotland. P etrie s tarted i n 1 87U, w ith s ome a ssistance f rom D ryden, a nd c ontinued i n 1 871. A s w e s hall s ee, P etrie d ied i n 1 875 a nd t o

t his

m ay

h owever, n o a s P etrie's r aised

i n

b e

a ttributed

t he

f act

h is

m ind

b ut

h e m ust

a lso

s ketches w ith m easurements a na h is S tratigraphy, i n p articular, was s ignificantly

-he

w hole

r elatively

s ite w as T he

t ower

h ad

c ondition

m ost

s eems

e ntrance w ith j ambs b ad

t hat

t he

s ite

w as

n ever

p ublished;

r emnant o f a m anuscript, o nly s ketches a nd d rawn u p o pportunity t o s eek a nswers t o t he q uestions o ther

b ut

t o

a nd

o f

f lat

b y

t he

o utbuildings a ny

c onsisted o f

H is

f ound

r ound

d efences w ould n ot

b een s olid-based

t wo g uard

i t.

s urvives,

r ecording

r emained

s een h ad

l imited

t o

t echniques w ere e xhaustive r ather t han i n a ny w ay r efined. a bsent. H e h ad t he c ourtyard c leared o ut b ut -tar m ore

a nd

h ave

b e j udged

t here

p lans. L ingro m ust b e p eople's e xcavations

c ells

a nd o nly

b ehind.

o rthostats

T he

t he

h ave

b roch

i tself

e mptied.

T he

b een o bvious.

s tood

i nterior

c 1 m h igh;

i t

f urnishings

o n e dge w hich d ivided

t he

h ad

m ust

c ourtyard

a

n ormal

h ave b een i nto

i n

t wo,

i f

n ot t hree, a reas. T he o utbuildings w ere s eparated f rom t he t ower b y a p assage a nd t hey f ormed a b and c 8 m w ide r ound t he 9 art o f i t w here t hey w ere e xcavated; t he p rojected a rea o f s ettlement w ould h ave b een c 2 000m i st a nd 2 nd c enturies A D. P etrie's w ith

p lan o f

f urnishings

t he

a nd

.

I n

t he

c ourtyard c learly

i t w as

n ot

o utbuildings w ere a n umber

s hows

e xcavated a s

t hat

s uch.

h e d id T he

n ot

o f

R oman c oins

c onceptualise

p lan o f

i t

a s

t he o utbuildings

o f

t he

a f loor s hows

a

s imilar s ituation. P etrie c learly u nderstood t he i mportance o f t hem b ut i n h is e xcavations a nd r ecording h e f ailed t o b ring o ut t he f act t hat t here w as a p assage t hrough t hem t o t he b roch e ntrance; t hat f rom t his a nd a p assage r ound t he b roch w ere d oorways l eading i nto t he o utbuildings;

t hat

t he

o utbuildings

w ere

d iscrete

u nits w ith

f urnishings;

a nd

t hat

t hey

s hared a c ommon o uter w all. T he c oins o nly w ent t o d emonstrate t he a ntiquity o f t he t ower b oth i nternal a nd e xternal b uildings a re c olour c oded a s s econdary t o i t. W here t he w all a round t he b roch, a t L ingro, m et w ith t he o utbuildings -of w hich i t f ormed t he i nner w alls i t b ut

t urned h is

c ould

f rom

r ed

b lue.

P etrie,

a t L ingro,

r emains

l imited

t o

h aving

w as

o n

t he

p oint

o f

s hown h ow e xtensive

a c onceptual o utbuildings

b reakthrough a round

b rochs

b e. P etrie d id

h e

t o

c ontribution

r emeasured

i ncorporated 1 874 a nd i s s ketch i s l ikely t aken

t o

n ot

h is

d ie

u ntil S eptember

e arliest

1 9th,

1 875,

e xcavation -H oxa;

i n

b ut a fter L ingro h e d id

1 872 h e d rew u p

i n t he A rchaeologia S cotica a rticle

p rinted

t he

l ater.

l ist

H is

o f

l ast

l ittle.

I n

d ated

d rawing

o f a b roch o n P apa W estray w hich i s a lmost c ertainly t he C astle o f b othikan. c oloured i n c rayon a nd a n i ndistinct r ed b lob i n t he r ight-hand c orner i s b e a r otary quern

p lace w ere

a perture i n i nvestigated

t han t he

o bviously m inor.

l amp h e

T he

f ound

t ower i s

t here

s hown a s

i n

1 849.

S uch

1 871

b rochs w hich w as i s T he m ore

e xcavations a s

h ad

s olid-based w ith a n on-intelligible

t he w all a t a n u nknown h eight. T he i nterior d oes n ot s eem t o h ave b een b ut t he e ntrance w as l intelled a nd h ad, o utside t he d oor j ambs a nd b olt h oles, a

g uard c ell o n t he r ight-hand s ide. T he r eally i nteresting t hing a bout t his s ite i s t hat w e s ee t he e ntrance b eing v ery d efinitely c ontinued -i ncluding b eing l intelled -a nd w e s ee a s imilarly I n

r oofed

p assage

s howing

p ersonalities

t he

l eading o ff

c hronological

-P etrie,

F arrer

t his

t o

t he a ccess

d evelopment

a nd D ryden -a

o f

a round

t he w ork

t he

b ase

o f

t he

c onnected w ith

f ew e xcavations

b roch

t he

f or w hich d ates

t ower.

t hree

m ain

h ave n ot

y et

b een o btained h ave b een o mitted. T hese a re a ll r elatively u nimportant -at l east a s f ar t hey a re d ocumented. B erstane, S t l i la w as a pparently e xcavated b y t he t enant a nd p lanned P etrie

-a ll

t raced. w hich h e, a ttempt

a t

s urvives h eight i t;

i t

t hat

r emains

t o

T he s ame i s t rue o f c haracteristically,

u s

e xcavating R ound H owe,

i t

c an b e

w as

t he m ound

s een

p lanned, a s

s uch

f rom i t b ut a s

a re

b are

L angskaill,

t hat

t he w all s ituated

a n a rea o f s ome 2 000m . F inally, R ousay; i t i s b y P etrie, c onsists o f

t he

t he

o verall m easurements,

n o

p lan

a n e xcavation b y F arrer a t D ingy's H owe, S t d ug d own b elow t he f oundations. F arrer a lso h e

f ound

s eems

t o

S t A ndrews, t he h ave

r emains b een

i n a p ear-shaped

a nd

h ollow a nd

e nclosure

I t

t here

d elimited

i s w as b y

n ot

p lan o f

t his

c lear a t

w hat

a p assage a round a b ank

a s ketch m ight b e m entioned w hich i s p robably t wo c oncentric c ircles, a nd i s u nscaled.

T he a chievement o f t he t hree i n t he f ield h as b een d etailed; s ubject o f b rochs i s c omparatively s cant. A s m entioned, b oth

1 46

b een

A ndrews, d uring m ade a n a bortive

t hough P etrie's

e nigmatic.

h aving

a s b y

t heir p ublication F arrer a nd P etrie

w hich N

h ad H owe,

r ecord o n p ublished

a n

i nterim r eport

o n

t he e xcavations

a t

t he E b roch o f

B urray u p

t o

1 854 i n t he

P roceedings

o f t he S ociety o f A ntiquaries o f S cotland v olume 2 . F arrer's o ther p ublication w hich i ncluded h is w ork a t B urrian, ( Russland), H array, i n 1 866 a ppeared i n P SAS v olume 7 a nd h as b een c ommented o n. P etrie's w ritings w ere f ar f rom p rolific. A l ecture h e g ave t o t he S ociety o f A ntiquaries o f S cotland i n 1 866 f ormed t he b asis f or a p rinted v ersion d ated w hich w as b ound u p i n A rchaeologia S cotica v olume 5 , i tself d ated 1 89O. A part f rom

1 874 t his

t here w as t he p osthumous p ublication o f a n u ndated m anuscript o f h is c oncerning O rkney a ntiquities w hich a ppeared i n v olume 5 o f t he P roceedings o f t he O rkney A ntiquarian S ociety i n 1 927. F rom i nternal e vidence i t s eems t his m anuscript w as p robably w ritten i n 1 868 a nd i s a d raft o f a l ecture s uch a s h e u sed t o g ive l ocally. A lthough P etrie w as a n i nveterate r ecorder n one o f h is o ther m aterial w as p ublished a nd, o n h is d eath, h is n otebooks p assed i nto t he h ands o f S ir H enry D ryden. D ryden c arried o ut w ork o n h is o wn a ccount i n O rkney. h e w as a t t he E B roch o f B urray i n 1 855; a t O xtro, N etlater a nd B urroughston i n 1 866; a t L ingro i n 1 870 a nd, s ocial e lement t o

a s w ill b e s een, i n N R onaldsay i n 1 871. t hem. D ryden's o wn d rawings a nd P etrie's

H is s tays s eem t o h ave h ad a s urviving n otes p assed t o t he

S ociety o f A ntiquaries o f S cotland b ut i t i s n ot g enerally r ealised t hat a n umber o f D ryden's p lans a re d ated 1 879 a nd 1 880 a nd a re s olely b ased o n P etrie's s ketches. M uch o f P etrie a nd D ryden's r ecords r emains u npublished t hough C ommission i n c ompiling t heir I nventory. T he i mpetus

c reated b y

t he

a ctually b roadened a s w ell a s T he B roch o f

t hey w ere

b oth p rimary s ources

f or

t he

R oyal

t hree c ontinued f or a s hort p eriod d uring w hich k nowledge w as

b eing i ncreased i n v olume.

B urrian i n N R onaldsay w as

i nvestigated b y D r W illiam T raill,

p roprietor o f

t he i sland, i n 1 870 o r ' 71, a pparently w ithout t he a ssistance o f P etrie, t hough D ryden h elped w ith p lans i n t he l atter y ear. T he a pproach t aken w as u nimaginative i n t hat o nly t he i nterior w as e xhaustively e xcavated, t he p assage r ound t he b roch a nd t he o utbuildings b etween i t

a nd

t he f irst o f

t his s ite w as c rudely. T he

f our r amparts b eing m erely p artially e xamined.

c omplete i ntramural c ell; f ound t wo p ossible.

T he i nnovatory a spect o f

t hat f or t he f irst t ime t he c oncept o f s tratigraphy w as e mployed, h owever b roch i tself w as s olid-based a nd n ot p reserved v ery h igh t hough t here w as a t he e ntrance h ad a c heck a nd e xpansion b ut n o g uard c ells.

T raill

f urnished f loors w ithin t he b roch a nd k ept t he f inds f rom t hem a s s eparate a s H e quickly p ublished h is f inding i n A rchaeologia S cotica a nd a lthough M acGregor

h as r ecently p ointed o ut, i n P SAS, t hat t he s tratigraphy d oes n ot b ear m uch A 1 974). T raill a ttributed t he r emains r emarkable f or t he t i r ij-Zgag regor,

s crutiny, p lenitude

i t o f

f inds t o t he o ffering o f s mall p ecuniary r ewards t o t he w orkmen f or t he d iscovery o f o bjects o f u nusual i nterest. O n t he b asis o f t he f inds h e d ecided t hat t he o utbuildings r evealed w ere c ontemporary w ith t he s econd o ccupation o f t he t ower; t his u nprecedented c omparison o f a ssemblages w as a c onsequence o f t he i nnovatory u se o f s tratigraphy. N either T raill's o r M acGregor's p ublication o f t he s ite m akes t he t wo f loors a nywhere n ear a s c lear a s t he c olour c oded o riginal d rawings b y T raill a nd D ryden d o. T he u pper f loor, d rawn b y t he f ormer, h as t he p rotruding p rimary f urnishings c learly i ndicated; i n r eaching t he l ower f loor, d rawn b y t he l atter, t he b ulk o f t hese w ere d estroyed. T raill

t hought

t he

t wo p eriods o f u se o f

t he b roch t o h ave

b een s eparated b y

a

l ong

p eriod o f t ime a nd c onsidered t he b roch i tself t o b e p re-Celtic. B efore g oing o n t o d iscuss t he o ther e xcavator o f t he p eriod, W G T W att, i t s hould b e m entioned t hat t his t ime w as d ecisive f or

t he d ating o f

t hese s tructures a nd o ur c onception o f

t hem.

F ergusson i n

1 877,

s i n h is S hort say o n t he A ge a nd U ses o f t he B rochs a nd t he R ude S tone M onuments o f t he O rkney I slands a nd t he N orth o f S cotland a rgued c ogently f or t hem b eing N orse. A nderson h imself h ad n ot c onsidered t hem S tone A ge b ut b elonging t o t he 5 th -9th c entury A D. B y t he t ime o f t he K hind l ectures o f 1 881, h owever, h e h ad t aken t he f inding o f R oman o bjects i nto a ccount a nd t he b rochs b ecame p laced i n a i st a nd 2 nd c entury A D b racket. H is g rasp o f t he s ubject w as s o v ast t hat i n t hose w aning y ears o f i nvestigation h is s ynoptic v iew -though d oubtless b ased o n c urrent o pinion -w as t hat w hich b ecame a uthoritative. T he i dea o f a b roch a s a l one t ower e rected d uring a s hort t imespan w as r igidified a t t he t ime a nd t he i dea t hat t he i nternal a nd e xternal c onstructions w ere b uilt f rom t he r uins w as e ndorsed. I n

1 881 W G T W att o f S kaill H ouse,

s et a bout r egressive

S andwick -the e arliest e xcavator o f S kara B rae

-

t he B roch o f B orthwiäk, S andwiäk. F rom a t echnical p oint o f v iew h is w ork w as and h is a ccount o f t he e xcavations -though p ublished quickly i n P SAS -is q uite

i ncomprehensible, l argely b ecause i t a ppears t hat n o p lans w ere m ade ( 1882). T he c ourtyard w as e mptied a nd i n t he p rocess o f t his a s econdary f loor w as e ncountered w hich m ay h ave h ad l ate f inds a ssociated w ith i t. L ike T raill, h e r emoved t his f loor a nd f ound a nother b eneath, r eplete w ith f urnishings, b ut h e r ecorded n either. O ne c an s till s ee t he t rench a round t he b roch a nd b etween i t r ampart

t he r emains o f a nd a r ampart.

w as

l ater s urvey W att's h is

B orthwick

h is d elvings a mong t he o uthouses w hich c overed t he p romontory T he i nnovatory a spect o f t his e xcavation w as t hat p art o f t he

i ntentionally b ared a nd f ound b y

t o

c ontinue d own i nto a d itch o n i ts

t he R oyal C ommission s hows a g ateway n ext

c onnection w ith a rchaeology p robably p ublication h e

r eferred,

r uns d eeper

f or i nstance,

1 47

t o o ne c liff t han h as

t o e xcavation a t

o utside.

A

e dge. b een

d ocumented.

t he K nowe

o f T aft,

I n i n

n eighbouring b irsay. n ot

t o h ave

c ome

w hich s eems

t o P etrie's

t o

h ave

b een d one

a ttention.

f ind. T here w as a lso t wo b rochs i n S andwick. a ttracted s ome a ttention i n t he l ate 1 b7Os; W att o t

b y a l ocal m an.

T his w as

p utatively

D avid S tephen.

i n l bb t i a nd

g round-galleried w ith a

R oman

S tackrue a nd b urrian, w hich s eem t o h ave i s k nown t o h ave h ad a f ind f rom t he t ormer

t hese. w att's

c omplete a nd

e ndeavours

t he

b order

o n

t he a cademically p arochial

t ransition f rom t he h eyday o t

l argely

i nactive

C ursiter o n t he

p eriod

2 4th M ay.

t hat

1 6b3,

a nd

t hose

o f

i ntelligent a ntiquarian e nquiry

f ollowed.

E ves

a t a m eeting

R owe.

d esigned

t o

D eerness,

w as

i naugurate

t he

J ames t o

C ursiter

t he u ninspired

' rediscovered' F ield

b y

N aturalists"

C lub i n O rkney; o n t his o ccasion t hey w ere c ontent m erely t o c lear o ft t he t op o f t he w all a nd t o f ind a f ew o bjects. W e a lso s ee h im a t G reen h ill i n R oy i n 1 687 w ith J G M oodie h eddle:

t ney

t nat

h ad

i t

m ainstream

h ad b een

o f

t he

h alved

t he h ighest

t hought

r ecord o ther

t han

o f

b rochs.

i t

i ncorporated a n i mportant u pdating o f P etrie's

t he o nly s park

o f

a rchaeological a ctivity w as

w as a mateurishly t renched i nto b een F actor. T he i nterior w as

l ist

i n 1 901 a nd

o f

1 909 w hen t he L och

b y a G raeme o f G raemeshall, t he e state f or c leared o ut b adly b ut c ompletely, a nd a f ew

o utbuildings a nd p arts o f t he p assage b etween t hem a nd t he b roch r evealed. w ere p ublished i n P SAS ( 1914). I t w as a s olid-based b roch w ith a n i ntramural h ad o ne g uard c ell w ithin t he d oor j ambs

o rthostats b roch

v olume

t he

G laciation;

t his

i n 1 923 i n t he f irst

o ut

t he

A fter

o wn v iews

n o

t he l ast

o f A yre, h olm, w hich P etrie h ad

h is

l eft

C ursiter w as a l ittle

t hat t he

i n t his w ork was

s ummarised

t he s nore a nd

i n O rkney.

P roceedings o f t he O rkney A ntiquarian S ociety. H ere h e a ttempts t o d emonstrate b rochs c ame w ith t he P hoenicians v ia a l and b ridge f rom A tlantis p rior t o

a nd

h e

b roch

o f

o f t he r esults

a nd

i nterior e mptied o ver p reserved

b ut

w all

p assage

t he f loor w as

w as

b uilt

a round

t he

n ot

e xcavated

o ver a nd s ealed o ne o r b roch

w as

c learly

o f

t he e ntrance.

i n a t houghtful, t wo o f

t he

r evealed a nd

T he i nterior w as

p roductive m anner;

f urnishing

f rom i t

s tones.

c ould b e

s een

T he c ell

d ivided b y

p art o f

t he

O utside,

t he

e ntrances

i nto

o utbuildings. T here

m ay

h ave b een a f ew s ites

s uch a s D ishero,

K endall,

a rchaeologically

b etween

l ittle

i n

a ppeared

c ontributed 1 927).

B rae

t hat w ere d amaged o r i nvestigated d uring

t he C hapel K nowe, 1 8b0 a nd

t o

b rochs

t he P roceedings o f

A rchaeology i n g eneral b oomed a nd t he b rough o f B irsay w ere

b ut

b y a nd l arge

t here w as

1 930 w hen p ractically n o e xcavation

p rint a bout O rkney

b y F raser

F irth,

w as

t he

g ap

u ndertaken

a nd

e xcept i n g azetteer-type a rticles

t he O rkney A ntiquarian S ociety

p eriod

a n e normous b y

( 1923;

p arish

1 924;

1 925;

i n O rkney i n t he p re-war y ears w hen m onuments l ike b eing o pened t o t he p ublic. I n t he l ist o f s ites

S kara w hich

w ere s imilarly d ealt w ith t he b rochs o f G urness a nd M id H owe a re p rominent. i s a v ehicle f or t he f inal p ublication o f G urness a nd t he h istory r elating

T his m onograph t o i ts e xcavation

i s

i n t he c ontext

e ntered i nto

i n n ecessary d etail e lsewhere;

t he s tudy o f O rkney T hough l isted

b y P etrie,

G urness w as

c ommenced u pon w ith g usto i n t he w as

p rivately

C raw.

A s

f unded t hrough

f unds

s upervision,

r an o ut

n ominally,

t he s ite h as

t o

b e s et

I n t his t he

a nd

t he S ociety o f

c ame

a pproach

' discovered' i n 1 929;

i ts

e xtensive

f ollowing y ear a nd l asted a d ecade o f

f inance w as

A ncient M onuments. m ade

h ere

o f

b rochs.

A ntiquaries o f

t aken o ver b y

u nder R ichardson,

s ection i t

i s

i mportant

e xcavation w as

s ummers.

I nitially

S cotland a nd d irected

b y

t he O ffice o f W orks a nd o n C raw's t he s ole m ember o f

d ecease

t he n ew I nspectorate o f

t o n ote h ow l ittle,

t echniques u sed h ad c hanged o ver h alf

i t

H ewat

a nd i n w hich w ay,

a c entury.

T he

a pproach

t he w as

n ovel i n i ts s electively i mproved a pproach t o t wo f actors -the s tructures a nd t he f inds. T he s tructures w ere ' cleared o ut', t he p lanning o f t hem w as t he z enith o f r ecording o n t he s ite a s a w hole a nd, a t a ll t imes t here w ere n ot o nly e xcavators b ut c onsolidators. F rom t he v ery b eginning t he m onument w as t o b e o pened t o t he p ublic. S econdly, t he c ollection o f f inds

a s

e lement t ions.

d isplay p ieces

c ondition

t here

' Secondary a nd t ime

h ad w as

f or

t he N ational M useum w as a d eliberate o bjective a nd

o f s ite r ecording w as t he l isting o f t hese. T his s elective b ias S uperficial b uildings t hat o bscured t he m onument w ere r emoved. I f i s

l ittle

b uildings',

t o

b e

r ecord o f

i n a nd

a round

t hem, t he

l eft u ndisturbed b ecause o f

p resent

b ut

b ut

b roch,

a

s turdy

t heir d isplay

r udimentary a nd i n t he

c lump

t hat w ere i n g ood p otential.

l ater y ears h ad

w as

t he o ther m ain

h ad i ts i mplicat hey w ere i n p oor

r ebuilt

e lsewhere.

c ondition w ere a p roblem S tratigraphy

b een s upplemented

i n

C raw's

b y t he u se

o f

g rid a nd d atum. W ith b oth s ystems t he a bility t o r econstruct t he e xact l ocation o f f inds i s l imited a nd t here w as a d istinct f ailure t o r ecord l ayers a nd t heir r elationships. T hese m ay w ell h ave t ion w as b een

b een known t o

v iewed j ust

b roch w as

t he e xcavators

b ut

n o s ite

b ook

p er s e w as k ept.

u ndertaken b y w orkmen who w ere u nder d irection b ut, a s

e mptied,

b eyond t hem. T he d etailed e lsewhere.

a n ecessary

t hen a ll r easons

W hatever e lse m ight

b e

p reliminary

t o

s aid,

a nd

t he

t he

c onsequences

e xcavations

1 48

s ome

c onsolidation.

t he o utbuildings a round i t a nd, f or

t o

o f

F irstly,

f inally,

t he l ack

o f

T he a ctual e xcava-

e xtent,

t o

h ave

t he c entre o f

i t

s eems

t he

t he d itches

a nd

p ublication

t o d ate

a t G urness w ere e xhaustive,

w ere

r amparts a re

c arried

o ut w ith m ore c are t ower, w hich h ollow-based.

t han h itherto,

a nd w ere

p lanned w ith u nprecedented

p recision.

T he

b roch

w as p reserved o ver 3 .bm h igh, w as o f a f orm o nly h inted a t e lsewhere -it w as T he e ntrance w as a m odel, h aving j ambs, w ith b olt h oles, a n e xpansion, a nd t wo

g uard c ells b ehind. O ver i t w as a n i nward f acing c ell w ith i ts f loor a t 1 .8m a nd t here w as a l anding t o a s tair a t t he s ame h eight a t 9 o 'clock. T his s tairway l ed t owards a s carcement 3 .6m

f rom t he f loor

f urnishings

w ere

t hough i t w as

n ot

p reserved s ufficiently

r evealed w ith s ome c are b ut

t here i s

t o b e

r ecorded.

T he

i nternal

n o d etailed c ontemporary a nalysis

o f

t hem ; C raw t hought t hose v isible n ow m ostly s econdary, b ut s ome t ertiary. H e e xcavated i n t he c entral a rea, l eaving t he p eripheral f urnishings s tanding a nd f ound a p rimary h earth s tratified o ver t he h ole o riginally e xcavated f or t he w ell. T he f urnishings, a s w e s ee t hem t oday c an,

w ith h indsight,

b e i nterpreted

i n a c oherent w ay

r elating

n ot

o nly

t o e ach o ther

b ut t o t he f ixtures o f t he t ower. A t g round f loor l evel t here w ere t wo a partments, o ne w hich t ook h alf t he a rea a vailable a nd t he o ther o ccupying h alf t he a rea o f t he f irst.

o f T o

r each t hese o ne w ent i n t he b roch e ntrance, t urned s harp r ight t hrough a n o riginally r oofed a rea a t t he l eft t hrough a d oor. T he l arger a partment h ad a c entral h earth w ith a c ooking t ank a t s ome d istance f rom i t; a round t he p erimeter c ompartments a nd t he l anding t o t he s tair a t a h eight o f

a re 1 .8m.

t he r emains o f o rthostatic T he s maller a partment w as

d ivided f rom t his b y a n o rthostatic p artition ( now l argely d emolished) a nd w as m ostly t aken u p w ith a h earth, c ompartments a nd a s tairway w hich w ent t o t he h eight o f t he s carcement. I n a ddition

t o a f loor a t

p erhaps a round

s carcement h eight

t he p erimeter o nly,

( led t o b y b oth s taircases)

a t a h eight o f

t here w as

a lso a f loor,

1 .8m.

G urness a lso h ad s upposedly ' secondary o utbuildings w hich c ompletely e ncircled i t. I f n ot o bvious b efore, t he m eaning o f t he w all a round t he b roch b ecomes c lear a t t his s ite, f or a ccess t o t he o utbuildings i s o btained b y d oorways l eading f rom a p ath t hrough t hat o f t he b roch e ntrance a nd o ne w hich g oes a round t he b ase o f t he t ower. T he o utbuildings c ontain f urnishings s imilar t o t hose i n t he b roch i nterior a nd s ome m ay s imilarly h ave b een s ubd ivided. T hey a re w ell p lanned, w ith r adial s ide w alls g iving t hem a w edge s hape a nd a e w hich w ent t o t he b ottom o f a r ock-cut d itch. T he a rea e ncompassed b y i t s haped o uter fa c w as s ome 2 000m ; o utside i t w ere t wo r amparts a nd u nimpressive a ssociated d itches. G urness h ad a s ister s ite j ust a cross R ousay S ound,

-M id H owe.

I t

i s quite c lear

f rom

c orrespondence t hat c ontact b etween t he t wo e xcavations w as f requent a nd t he e xpectations a nd f indings o f t he o ne r eflected o n t he o ther. B oth s tarted i n 1 930 b ut M id H owe, b eing s maller, w as p robably a lways i n a dvance o f G urness a nd w as f inished b y 1 936. I t w as f unded p rivately b y W alter G rant o f T rumland w ho w as r esponsible f or c ausing, f unding a nd o verseeing a l arge n umber o f

e xcavations

t he g ardener o f T rumland,

i n k ousay d uring h is

J ames K Y orston,

l ife.

T he w ork

o f

e xcavation w as d one b y

a nd w hen h e h ad f inished t he s ite w as h anded o ver

t o t he O ffice o f W orks f or c onsolidation. P ublication w as i mmediate, a n a rticle a ppearing i n P SAS u nder t he c o-authorship o f C allan s ier a nd G rant ( 1934). T he p ublication i s a r emarkably c lear a nd c oncise d ocument w hich g ives a g ood a ccount n ot o nly o f t he s ite b ut o f t he w ay i n w hich i t w as e xcavated. I n b oth r espects i t w as v ery s imilar t o G urness a nd w e c an c onjec t ure t hat h ad t his s ite b een p ublished t he a ccount w ould h ave b een s imilar; p hasing o f t he s tructures w ould h ave b een a uthoritative, b ut questionable, a nd f inds w ould h ave b een l isted i n p lenty

b ut w ithout c ontext.

B y c oincidence M id H owe b roch w as h ollow-based a nd h ad a s imilar e ntrance t o t hat a t G urness t hough o n t he r ight h and s ide t here w as a b olt h ole o utside t he d oor j amb a nd t here w as a n i nner, f limsy, a dditional d oor. I n e xactly t he s ame p osition t here w as a l anding a nd t his t ime t he s teps a ctually w ent u p t o a h eight o f 3 .6m w hen i t w as p ossible t o r e-enter t he c ourtyard b y a d oorway o ver a s carcement. A bove t he b roch e ntrance w as a c ell w hich w as r oofed a t t his h eight a nd p art o f t he w all o versailed a c upboard t o m ake a f loor o n a l evel. A s a t G urness t he i nternal f urnishings w ere d ismissed a s s econdary a nd a n i nterpretation o f t hem i s m ade w ith h indsight. A cross t he c ourtyard w as a p artition o f o rthostats d ividing t he i nterior i nto t wo a partments w hich c ould b e e ntered b y l obbies t o r ight a nd l eft o f t he e ntrance. E ach h ad a h earth, c oo king t ank, c ompartments e tc; h owever t he l eft-hand o ne h ad t he r emains o f a s tair l eading, i nternally, f rom c 1 .8m t o c 3 .6m. T his d ivision o f t he i nterior w as s imilar t o, t hough m ore e qual t han, t hat a t G urness, a nd t he c omments m ade i n t hat c onnection a pply h ere a lso. T he o utbuildings a t M id H owe h ad b een b adly e roded b ut t he l oad-bearing

w alls h ad a w edge s hape i n a s f ar a s

t his w as

c onsistent w ith t he s ite b eing o n

a p romontory c ut o ff b y a r ampart. T hrough t he r ampart e ntrance t here w as a p ath w hich e ncircled t he b roch a nd f rom w hich, o riginally, t here w as a ccess t o t he o utbuildings. M idhowe m ust h ave b een t he f irst s ite a t w hich s ome a ttempt w as m ade t o e xcavate t he o uter d efences t otally. A s m entioned, t he p romontory w as c ut o ff b y a m assive s tone r ampart o utside a nd i nside w hich t here w ere d itches; i ts w alls c ontinued t o t he b ase o f t hese. T he e ntrance o ccurred a t o ne c liff e dge a nd h ad a d efensive g ate a nd c orridor-like a ppearance. C allander

a nd

G rant

h ad s ome u navoidable s tratigraphy

a t M id

H owe;

t he

o utbuildings

c overed t he f ill o f t he i nner d itch a nd b uttressing f or t he t ower b locked t he p assage r ound i t. T hey c onsidered t he t ower a nd r ampart t o b elong t o a f irst p hase o f u se a nd t he o utb uildings

t o a second.

c hronologically,

T hey w ere

w ith t he e xternal

c autious

b ut a ssociated

b uildings.

1 49

T o

t he

i nternal f urnishings,

t hem t he b locking o f

t he a ccess

l oosely, r ound

t he

t ower

r epresented

a t hird

p eriod.

T his

c onfirmation o f

t he a ccepted

s cheme o f

p hasing

w as

c arried o ver t o G urness b ut i t w as m odified w ith t he i mportant r evelation o f t he e xtent o f o uter d efences. N ow, i t s eems, t he t ower s till s tood a lone b ut w as i tself d efended; t he R oman f inds m ade a t b oth s ites w ere l inked w ith t his p hase a nd d ated i t. T he o utbuildings a na

i nternal

quarry

s ites

f or

f urnishings w ere

l ater

s ettlers

t he

r esult o f

t he d efences

c easing

t o

b e o f u se a nd

b ecoming a

o n t he s ite.

T he p re-war e xcavations a t G urness a nd M id H owe w ere t he f irst o ccasion o n w hich s uch w ere s o e xtensively e xcavated a nd r evealed b ut, b ecause o f t he l imitations o f t heir

a pproach a nd

t heir

e xcavations

r esearch-oriented;

t echniques,

t heir f indings w ere a lso t hey

w ere n ot

t esting

l imited.

I n n either c ase w ere

h ypotheses

t hat

h ad a risen f rom

t he c on-

t inued d iscussion; t hey w ere n ot i ntended t o s eek o ut n ew a reas o f t he s ubject f or s uch d iscussion. T hey w ere e xcavations o f a t ype o f s ite a bout w hich a s m uch a s m ight b e d esired w as

k nown a nd

t hey w ere e xcavated

i n o rder t o o pen e xamples

a b reak f rom p arochialism o nly c ame w ith G ordon C hilde p revalent a ssumptions w ith S ir L indsay S cott ( 1947). T o w hich

t he t ook

t o

t he p ublic a nd o btain f inds -

( 1935)

a nd

d isquiet

a bout

t he

t wo m ain e xcavations o f t he ' 3Us w e m ust a dd o ne a t B urrian, ( Garth), h array, p lace i n 1 936; y outhful e nthusiasm d iscovered t he e ntrance t o a w ell w hich w as

d uly r ecorded b y t he I nspectorate o f A ncient M onuments a nd t he R oyal C ommission. T he l atter b ody m ust b e p articularly m entioned i n c onnection w ith t his e ra f or a lthough t hey u ndertook n o e xcavation, t heir f ield r ecording a nd s ynthesis o f i nformation w as t he f irst o n s uch a s cale. T heir w ork, i n O rkney, c ommenced i n 1 928 a nd c ontinued a s l ate a s 1 937; t he r esult w as a c ompendium o f r emarkable m erit c ontaining a g reat d eal o f i nformation p ertaining t o b rochs. I t w as n ot a ctually p ublished u ntil 1 946 ( together w ith t he S hetland v olume) a nd i t i s i nteresting t o n ote t he o rthodox l ine t aken i n t he i ntroductory v olume t o b oth a t t his d ate.

B rochs

w ere

b asically p laces o f

r efuge w hich w ere a ll s imilar t o

M ousa,

t he

b est

p reserved. W hile a ctually m entioning t he r emains o f f loor p lans o riginally w ith w ooden f urnishings i n t he H ebrides t he C ommissioners p ointed o ut t hat a l arge n umber o f S hetland a nd O rkney b roch i nteriors w ere f illed w ith s econdary b uildings. T hey a lso n oted t he f requent p resence

o f

p oor q uality s upposed s econdary e xternal s ettlements.

T he

O rdnance

S urvey's

r ecording h as b een s pread m ore t hinly, o ver a c entury, s tarting w ith t he O bject N ame B ooks o f c 1 880 a nd c ontinuing t hrough t he ' 70s t o t he p resent. T he A ntiquity c ards a re m ost u seful i n

u pdating

t he

c onsidered t o h ave Known b roch s ites.

R oyal

C ommission e ntries a nd b etween t he

i dentified o r c onfirmed

t wo

a uthorities

t he s uspected i dentity o f a t

J ust a s t here w as a n a lmost c omplete g ap i n b roch s tudies 1 930 s o t here w as a nother b etween 1 939 a nd 1 978 -s ome 4 0 y ears.

l east

t hey

c an

t welve o f

b e t he

i n O rkney b etween 1 880 a nd I n t hese y ears t here w as a

g reat d eal o f t houghtful d iscussion o f t he s ubject i n a S cottish c ontext; a s ubject w hich a t f irst b adly n eeded r eliable i nformation a nd, l atterly, h as b een g radually s upplied w ith i t b y e xcavations i n o ther p arts. W ork f rom t his p oint i n O rkney m ust b e v iewed i n t he c ontext o f t he o verall t hemes i n v ogue a nd i mplications i t h as f or t hem. T his i s f ully b rought o ut i n a nother f ace o f

s ection b ut w e s hould o bserve h ere t he d rastic c hange t hat h as ta ken p lace i n t he a rchaeology. P rivate f unding i s m inimal a nd c osts b eyond t he m eans o f l ocal

s ocieties; m ost f inance c omes t hrough g overnment s ources a nd, n ow, i s d irected t owards s ites w hich a re b eing d estroyed r ather t han t hose w hich a re t o b e p reserved. T his g ives a g reat d eal o f l atitude i n i nvestigation o n t he o ne h and a nd h as r esulted i n a c orps o f p rofessionals w ith a cademic b ackgrounds o n t he o ther. T he r esulting e xcavations, t hough n ot n ecessarily o n t he c hoicest s ites, s hould b e v ery e ffective, c ombining a n a wareness o f t he s ubject a nd i ts p roblems w ith t he f inance, t echniques a nd s kills t o i nvestigate i t i n a p roductive m anner. T his b elonging

p ublication i s t he v ehicle f or d efinitive r eports o n t wo s ites w hich, t hough t o t he s ame c lass, c ontrast m arkedly i n s everal w ays -G urness a nd B u. N ot t he

l east c ontrast i s i n t he a pproach ta ken i n e xcavating t hem. B u w as a s mall c airn w hich, i n t he f ace o f i mminent d estruction, w as s avagely s ectioned b y m achinery b y t he N orth o f S cotland A rchaeological S ervices i n o rder t o a scertain i ts c ontents. I ts h aving b een f ound t o b e a b roch, a l imited s tay o f e xecution w as p ermitted b y t he l andowner a nd e mergency f unding w a% p rovided b y t he I nspectorate o f A ncient M onuments ( now H BM). T he a pproach ta ken w as r uthless b ut c alculatedly t actical. T he a ims w ere t o r ecord t he p rimary f loor, t o d ate i t, t o r ecover p rimary f inds a nd e nvironmental r emains a nd t o f ind t he r elationship b etween a ny o utbuildings a nd d efences w ithin t he b roch i tself. I t t hese a ims s eem w oefully l ow i t c an o nly b e p ointed o ut t hat n ot o ne h ad b een a chieved p reviously, a nd t hat t he f ive w eek c ampaign w as s uccessful o n a ll t hese p oints e ven t hough, r egrettably, i t m issed o thers. A s w ith G urness, a f ull a ccount i s g iven e lsewhere b ut h ere i t m ay b e s tated t hat t he s tructure w as v ery d efinitely a b roch i n t he s ense

t hat i t w as

i ndistinguishable

f rom o ther s ites

t hat

h ave b een i ncluded i n t hat c lass o f m onument. I t w as c ircular, o f a ppropriate d imensions, a nd h ad a s ingle e ntrance w ith a n e xpansion i nside j ambs. I ts o riginal f loor f urnishings consisted o f a c entral h earth a nd c ooking t ank w ith s urrounding s ervice a rea e ncircled b y a ompartments. T he division b etween t he s ervice a rea a nd t hese w as o f s eries o f r ooms and c u ncertain h eight b ut t heir o wn p artitions w ere o rthostatic; f unctionally t hey m ust h ave

1 50

v aried

t or

m idden. a nd

t he

F rom

e nvironmental

U utbuildings

a nd

c ontemporary

w ith

B u w idened

t he

i nterconnected

f loor

( and

r emains; d efences t he

d elivered

r egarding o f

l arge

t his

t here w ere

a c onsiderable and

g ulf

b etween o f

a lso

w ere

f loored

c ontexts

c ame

C 14

s electively

w ith

o utside)

s amples

l ooked

f or

f lags

w ere

a nd

t he

r ecovered

o thers

w ith

s tratified

f inds

w hich

d ated

i ts

u se

t hough

t here

w as

n o

t o

c

s ign

b UO

B C.

o f

a ny

b uildings.

Urkney

a r e—evaluation

s eries

c ontemporary

b low

e lsewhere. t he

b elief

a nd

s ubject

t o

The a s

t he

c onception

t otal

r eality

r eview

a nd

h as

a whole.

1 51

o f

o f t he

b rochs

w hich

m aterial

u nderlined

t he

i t

h as

g radually

m ade

n ecessity

e volved

n ecessary a nd

h as

d esirability

A PPENDIX 3 .3 THE R EVEALED S TRUCTURE O F T HE ORKNEY BROCHS

D efinition o f I t

i s

w orthwhile d iscussing

b roch, s ince e tymology o f b org i s t o

t o

a t

t his

p oint

t he s ample a nd

i n

t his

c ontext

t his m ust h ave c onsiderable b earing o n w hat t he w ord t hrows l ittle l ight o n t he s ubject,

d efences

i n g eneral

a nd

t his

h as

s urvived

i n

p lace

t he a ctual

d efinition

n ames

a s

b rough.

a

T he t erm

T he w ord

b roch

t he i nvention o f a rchaeologists a nd a s s uch c onveys o nly w hat t hey i ntend o r i ntended i t m ean. I n V ictorian t imes t he t erm w as s ettled o n t he m ore p rominent o r b etter p reserved

e xamples t ions

w hat

w as

u ndertaken

o f

u p

r eassessing

t he

b een c onsidered T hus

a n

t aken t o

a ccepted t o

b e

t o

b eyond

o verall

a nd

W orld

s tereotype.

t heir

i nvestigator

b e a t ype,

a nd

O ne

t his

W ar o f

t he

h omogeneity,

f inding a s tructure

i dentification

I I,

w ithout

c hief

i dea

t hrough

o f

c haracteristics

w ith o nly

w hich,

p ersisted

a ny

o f

e xcava-

c hallenging b rochs h as

s mall v ariations

t o

n umber o f

f eatures

t hat O rkney w as

h eld

w hich w ere d estroyed o f

o ne

( 1947,

t o

c redited

b e

c ommon

b y G raham's

b e d iscerned.

w ither s uperficially o r a s

h undred

a nd

f ive,

a re

r epresentative;

i nterest

t hat

t hat

a f ifth o f

i n G raham's

c lass

t hose

P etrie

t able h e

o f

s tructures

t ime) w hich

5 1)

b ut

t o

w ith s ixty-two

m onument.

T he

a

r esult

r esult

o f

b rochs

i n S cotland o verall. 1 872

n o

( 1890,

9 3)

t his

" comparable

a

T hese a re G raham's

l isted

s eventy

s tructures"

v ery

s cant

n one h as

h ave

f oundations;

b een c alled

t hat w ith

i n

s urvived.

t he m ajority

While

b rochs

i t w ould

o f

c ases

t here

t herefore b e

i n o ur s ample,

e ither

i t w ould b e e qually

a ccepted.

s tructure

t hat

h as

b een e vidence qualify. T he

T hus n ot

t he

o nly

t ime r est

t o i nclude a ll s ites

f allacious

c riterion f or i nclusion i n t his

b een g iven t he a ppellation o f

t o

t hese

g rounds

t he

n umber o f

b rochs

F or e ach a n a ttempt h as b een m ade t o l ook a t e very p lan a nd e very s urviving f ind. p roduced.

T he n ames

c ondition a nd

t he

knowledge

f eatures; T he

m ay

t hose

i nclude

f rom

t he

t o

t he

i n O rkney i s

l ocation o f

e xcavation,

s ite a re

h ad a nd

s tructures -the

i s

p resent

t his

i s

a lready known a s

f ifty-one

e ach b roch

d estruction o r

s ummarily a nd

t heir

t o e ach s ite;

c atalogue

i t

and

b een a s

f or w hich

o nly

o r

t hat t hose

b e l eft a lready

f ollows;

t here

r eferenced

s uch a nd

i s

any

o r h as

t here

( excluding H owe)

i s g iven,

i nspection.

t ower

p er s e,

w as

( fig 3 .1).

a nd a ny

s electively d escribed t o

b y d etails

T he e ntries

i nternal o r

b e e xhaustive

o nly

c oncluded t o

e xternal

b e

t ogether w ith

a re

o f

f ollows a s ummary o f

i llustrative m aterial may w ell

l ocation.

i ntended

f ollowed

T here

i ncluded.

a ny

b y

t he e xtent

c ontext

a o f

l ist

o f

i ncluding

i nformation. t he j oint w ork

o f

t he p resent a uthor a nd

B ernard

h aving c ontributed t he s ections r elating t o l ocation a nd f inds. T he t he r evealed s tructure o f t he O rkney b rochs i s e xclusively b ased o n w ithin

o r o n

a t e very w ritten r ecord, p ublished o r m anuscript, O n t he b asis o f t his a c oncise c atalogue h as b een

u npublished a nd e xplanatory

w hich c ontain s ome T his

g eographical

r elating

h ave

r eferences

a nd

p revious

h itherto

f inds

t hey

s tudy h as

b roch b ut

i s

t hat i t s hared o ne o r m ore a ttributes w ith o ur c oncept o f s uch a s tructure may l evel o f f actual e vidence m ay b e, a nd o ften i s, v ery l ow -a m ound o f s uitable

s ize a nd s hape c ould b e a ccepted a s a b roch i f i t w as e vidence o f c urved w alling o f a ppropriate d imensions. O n

I t

f or O rkney.

b een n o e vidence a t a ll

u nsatisfactory

o f

f igures

f ulfil o ur e xpectations o f w hat a b roch s hould b e -in t he l atter c ase w e s hould j ust a s mall s ample w hich c ould s erve o nly t o p rovide a nd i llustrate w hat i s

known a nd

i ts

h as

w as

t otal

i n t otal.

ive s ites h ave b een d esignated a s b rochs a t o ne F ar m ore t han o ne h undred and f a nother i n O rkney. T he v alue o f s uch i dentifications i s m inimal s ince t hey s eem t o e lse

o f

b roch l arge

( twenty

t ogether w ith " uncertain e xamples" g ave

i n

l ists

n ett

d efinitely c lassified a s

o r

a lways

c ursory e xamination s howed s ome f eature i n c ommon w ith t he a ccepted s tereotype o f a w ould h ave l ittle h esitation i n c alling i t b y t hat n ame, t hereby a ttributing t o i t a

o f

o f

i s i ncluded i n o ur s ample. s ince t he N orse a pplied t he

B ell,

t he

l atter

f ollowing d iscussion o f i nformation c ontained

t here.

The b roch t ower T he overall d imensions T he m assive a verage

b asic

c haracteristic

w alls. i s

b ased

I t

o n v ery

a nd o thers d ownright b roch h ad a n o verall t he

t hickness

Mackie

i s

o f

r epresented

n ot

o f

f raction a nd e xpressing

s ites

i s

t o g ive

t hat

W ith a s ample c I bm, w alls

w all r elative b y ta king t he i t

t o t he a mount

a s a p ercentage.

t hey

a verage

v ariable d ate -g uessed

i ncorrect. d iametee o f t he i t

t hese

d ifficult

a t,

a re

f igures

c ircular, b ut

p aced o ut,

o ne

f airly

m ust

l arge

r emember

m easured -some

a nd

h ave

t hat

ä ny

o ver-precise

o f 3 7 o r 3 b w e c an s ay t hat t he a verage O rkney c 4 m t hick a nd a c ourtyard c 9 .5m a cross. A s

s ize o f t he i nterior i s a n i nteresting f eature o f t he w hole d iameter o ccupied b y w alling a s a I n

1 52

t he

a verage O rkney

b roch

t he

w alls

o ccupy 4 67 .

o f

a ny

n ote

t otal d iameter.

t hat T hese

m ents 2 .75m t he

I t

t he a verage a verages

o ne

c onsiders

m ask q uite

b roch

i nteriors

a w ide

r ange

o f

f igure

f or o ne

f or

t he

v ariability I t

i s

i s

b roch m ay

p redominance w ide

b ut

i mportant

t he t o

b e

o f

d ouble

n ote

t hat

w alling

r ange

f or

t hat

l iving

v ariability.

f irst w e s ee t he o verall d iameter v arying t o 5 .2m a nd t he d iameter o f t he c ourtyard

i ndex

a s

s pace

i t

i s

i nteresting

t o

7 5m 2 .

f loor a rea w as

T aking

t he

f rom 1 2m t o 2 2.5m; f rom 7 .3m t o 1 3.7m.

f or a nother.

T his

i s

i n a d iameter w hich i anges

t he

f loor a reas

t hese

o f

2 öm

i nterconnecting

t hree

m easure -

t hickness f rom o f t hese c ounts

a lso

c ase

fom

-148m

v ariables

s imple

t he w all O n a ny

i s

t he 3 2%

t o

e ven

m ore

w ith 5 3%.

s how l ittle

t he T his

m arked.

o bvious

a nd

d efinite c orrelation. W e s eem t o h ave a v ery g enuine v ariability i n t he s implest a spect t his c lass o f s ite; t here a re a ll s izes o f d welling w ith m ost o f t he r ange o f t hicknesses w all. w idth

T his c an b e s een c learly f rom f ig 3 .3 -w here t he i nternal a rea i s o f w all e ncompassing i t -b ut p articular e xamples c an b e p ointed

p lotted a gainst o ut. k edland

o f o f t he a nd

R ound H owe h ave c ourtyards 8 .25m a nd ä m a cross a nd w alls 2 .75m a nd 3 m t hick r espectively. O n t he o ther h and O xtro B roch, E ves H owe a nd L amb H ead, w ith m assive c ourtyards 1 3.1 -13.7m a cross,

a lso o nly

h ad w alls

i n

t he

3 .1

-3.7m r ange.

B urrian B roch,

H array

( Corrigal)

m ay

b e

p ointed t o a s a n e xample w ith a c ourtyard o nly s lightly o ver 7 m a cross, b ut w alls 4 .bm t hick. L arge c ourtyards w ith s imilarly t hick w alls a re n ot a t a ll e asy t o p oint t o h owever. T he E b roch

o f

H urray

i s

t he o nly

p ossible e xample w ith a c ourtyard

1.13m a cross 1

a nd

a w all 4 .57m

t hick. O ne

o bvious

b asic d imension

t hat

h as

n ot

y et

b een m entioned

a verage i s n ot a n i nteresting f igure f or t his; w hat s urvives p roportion o f s omething w hich i tself w as o riginally i n a r ange d o n ot

h ave

a ny

i nformation -this

i s

n ot

t o

s ay

t hat

t he

r emains

i n o ther i nstances b rochs w ere f ar f rom p rominent. L ingro, l m i s w orth m entioning a lthough, i n t his a nd o ther c ases, t he

h eight o f T aking

t he w all h ad

1 .5m a s

b een

r educed

b y

t he m inimum f igure,

i s

t hat

o f

a re,

o f

o f

t he

l ast m entioned

b roch,

A n

i s a n =known s ome s ites w e

o r w ere,

s light -b ut

w hich s tood t o a h eight o f b arely i t i s i mpossible t o know h ow m uch

c ollapse a nd q uarrying.

2 b o f

t he 5 1

O rkney

b rochs

a re known t o

o ver t his h eight. T hese a re p lotted o ut i n f ig 3 .4 b ut i t c an b e s tated s urvived o ver 2 m, 1 3 o ver 3 m, s even o ver 4 m, a nd o ne, r eputedly, o ver b m. h eight

h eight.

i n e ach i nstance o f h eights. F or

G reen H ill,

N orth H oy,

i s

p ractically

h ave

s urvived

h ere t hat R egrettably

a ll

t hat

1 9 t he

i s known

i t. T here

c an b e

o nce t he h eight t han 3 .5m h igh. t endency, n ess,

n o c ertainty

t hat

t he

b roch w ith e ven

t he b arest m inimum o f

r emains w as

n ot

o f M ousa; a ll t hat i s s ure i s t hat o f o ur s ample t en, s ome 2 0%, w ere m ore I f t hese b rochs a re s ingled o ut i n f ig 3 .3 i t w ill b e s een t hat t here i s a

n o m ore,

o r b oth.

f or

t hem

t o

h ave a b elow a verage

N o e xamples w ith

a re

r epresented.

t hat

t he m ore

T his m ay

s table

n ot

s tructures

b elow a verage r eflect

h ave

a ny

f loor a rea,

t hi c kness w alls

i ntention a t

s urvived

t he

a n a bove a verage wall a nd a bove

t ime

o f

a verage

t hick-

f loor a reas

c onstruction

b ut

r ather

b etter.

T he s tructure o f t he wall W hen

w e

c ame

s implistic -w e a pplies

t o

f undamental i f

n ot t o

a t

a ny

w hether

t he

f eatures o f

b roch w as

i nterest,

r elating

t o

b rochs -o ther

w hich w e c an s peak

s olid-based o r g round-galleried,

s uch a s

t he

t he p rovision t hat w as

W e a re c ells

m ade

i n

e ven m ore

w alls m ay t hem f or

t han t he m ost

w ith a uthority v ery small. p oorly

a f eature

b asic T his

o f

s eemingly

i nformed o n m atters

h ave h oused

( guard

r aised f loors,

a nd

c ells

a nd e ven

o f

e qual,

a re d iscussed

t he a ccess w hich

t hey

t hese.

T he T aft,

l ook

t he n umbers

c lassificatory i mportance.

s uperior

s eparately), g ave

t o

f ind

B rochs

B irsay,

o f G urness a nd M id H owe w ere b e m entioned a s

b oth d efinitely g round-galleried.

t he

o nly c ertain o ne w as A yresdale, t he ' West B roch o f l ooked a t o ne h alf o f t he w all's c ircuit) w ere a ble

B urray. H ere t he e xcavators ( who t o e nter a n i ntramural g allery a t

o nly t wo

p oints

p articular

i nterior.

T his

o ne o f

t hird e xample

t he m ore

i s

o f

p robable

o f

o ther

T he K nowe o f examples;

f rom t he

s hould o nly

i nterest

i n

f loor g allery w as d iscovered o nly b ecause t here w as a ccess t o t he i nterior; t o c onclude t hat M idhowe a nd G urness m ight n ot h ave b een d iscovered t o b e h ad

t hey T he

b een e xcavated n umber o f

i temized a s O xtro; B urrian w ell

a ssumption

s olid-based

B urrian R ussland; a nd

b ut

w hich

t han f irm e vidence.

R edland, F irth, a nd H oxa. s ections. C hapel K nowe

b rochs

i s

N etlater;

s omewhat A yre;

B othikan -ten i n a ll.

b een s olid-based r ather

t he

g round

e arlier.

g enuinely

N R onaldsay;

h ave

t hat

t his may l ead u s g round-galleried

s eem

t o

h ave

I ngshowe

l arger.

L ingro;

T he

c ertain o nes

B urroughston;

T here a re a dditionally b een c lassified i s

o nly

a ssumed

a s t o

o n

t he

b asis

s olid-based

S teiro a nd H elliar H olm l ook s olid-based i n t heir p robably w as s olid-based i f t he c ell n oted i n . t he

1 53

m ay

b e

E H urray;

a n umber w hich

s uch b e

B u;

n aturally w all a t

a s

m ay o f w as

e roded g round

l evel w as a ny

n ot

s ign

b ased,

t here

g uard

T he

a nd

d angers

o f

v isible

b roth

f ormed

o f

i ts

f loor

g allery

a t

t he

a g round

g allery,

t he

f ew

h eavily

w hich

b ase

b etter

o n

f its

e xistence.

l evel,

a nd

e xcavators a s

t he

o f

t he

p roblem;

p oints

t he

t owards

p ossibly

t he w all a re

p reserved

r eliability

n eatly

t he o ne i s

o nly

b rochs o f

t he

i t

i ts

a ccessible

f or

i ts

t he

c ompounded

i s

h oped

o n

a g round

k ousay.

T he

a s

t o

w all

r oof

a t

t hose

t o o bserve

o f

w e

g allery

t he

e xplore t he

a p artially

w ith

o ne

r an

u pon e lsewhere a nd

f orming

t hat

i t

t he

h eight o f

t he

o pposite

s eems

1 5 t reads p arts b ut

t he s carcement,

a d omed a lcove w hich p rojected

9 -10 o 'clock

i ntermediate g allery w hich

o ther

c ertain e xample

i nterior;

a brupt

h alt

o n

a t

h ad

f loor o f t he

f or

r an a lmost

t o

i ts

f loor

t he u pper

f light

o f

s uperf rom

t he

t he

t his

t he

l anding

a h ollow-walled

w as

3 .35m

c ourtyard

l intels

T his

w hich r ose t here c an b e

w hich

i nto

o f

p reserved o ne.

s teps

t he e ntrance.

t hat M idhowe w as

r ight

t he

o f

a g round-galleried

f rom b oth g uard c ells

r ight

9 o 'clock

g round g allery w as

t he

T he

i n

b asal

o riginal

c ontinued

t o

t he

i ntermediate g allery

b roch w ith e vidence

i t

p etered o ut

i mmediately

c 1 .52m.

b roch

b ut

a t

1 o 'clock

b elow t he

l anding

T he i ntermediate g allery

a t G urness w here

i t

s tood

i s G urness,

d id n ot

E vie.

r un t he e ntire

w hile

o n t he

l eft

( vide i nfra).

o f

p reserved.

I t

g allery, c entral

i f

L ike w as a t t reads

e ver

t hird

o f

p resent,

t he

w ould

c ircuit

M id H owe,

a nd

G urness

h ave

f or

b een o bserved.

t he

f inal

h ad a ccess

t o

T hus w e

t hird w e h ave

a l anding

a t

t he

f ind b asal

i t

a nother U .7m t o f loor.

A t

u p

t he h eight

1 2 o 'clock,

t o j ust

T he

t his

W hile

a dditionally

t o

c ourtyard

o versailing

h eight

n oting

i nterior,

w here

t he

f loor

c an a t

r ound

i t m ust

t o

i s

t o

t he

a lso

o nly j ust f ace

t o

c onform t o

b e

p ointed o ut

t here w as

w as

c ould a scend

a f loor a s

t he

t raceable

b e

n oted

t he b asal o ne, t hat a t hird

n o g alleries

f or

t he

l evel

a nd

t his

t he r ight t en r emaining t hese m ay w ell h ave l ed a f light

s lightly

t he

t o

t hat

g allery o nly.

o f

i nto

t he s tereotype; t hat

a n

o f

p reserved a t 3 .b5m a bove

t here

c orbelled o ver

p eople

t he K nowe o f

T aft,

' West

o f

b asal g allery a nother

i s

t he

t o

s teps t he

i nterior.

G urness

w all

w as

f rom a h eight

d iffers

b eing

o f

t he

w hich

u sed

c 1 .8m a bove

i ndicated b y a s carcement

a nd

a n

h ead.

b e s aid o f a

a lso

b y w hich

c 3 .5m w here

w hich

b roch w all

t he w all

h ouse a s taircase

A yresdale o r

l ooked

a gainst

t his

c orbelled w all

N othing g allery.

t he s carcement,

owe a ppears s tructure a t Mid H

w all

s lightly.

o f

b uilt

c ase

o f

c ame

o nly

s hould

c 1 .83m a bove g round

l east 1 .42m t all. T o t he l eft i s a s mall b lind c hamber a nd t o o f a f light o f s teps w hich r ise 1 .14m. A lthough n ot p reserved

t his

T he h eight

f ound a t M id H owe w as

c 1 .2m h igh w here

I n

c ircuit

t his i ntermediate g allery r an o nly a bout a t hird o f t he c ircuit, a nd f ollowed e xtending t he s ame d istance. G urness w as n ot p reserved t o s uch a h eight

w as

f rom

d emonstrate

b asal

T o t he r ight t here w as a s tair o f u pper g allery w as o nly p reserved i n

r oof

l anding

b asal g allery e xtended

t he

o f

s olid-

g alleries. O ur

w ent

a bsence

b eing

c hance o bservation o f

s tereotype o f

M id H owe

I t o ccurred a t

a s w as T he

t ailed

a n

c ome

t he

t hat

b etween a h ollow w all

N W q uadrant.

t he

c ourtyard

e xist.

s till s tanding 1 .6m h igh. t he u pper g allery. T his

d oubt

t hree

s ummarises

f rom t he

c hamber o n t he N s ide o f t he e ntrance a lmost r ound t o t he b ack o f t he o ther a nd h ad a o f 1 .5 -2 m. A t 9 -10 o 'clock t here w as a d oorway 1 .75m a bove t he f loor, l acking i ts

a bove

w as

t oo

B orthwick

c ells

c ertainty n ot

d iscussing

d epending

o nly

t op b ut 1 .5m t o

l eft

n o d id

B roch o f o r

f eature.

T he

t he

T he

s tairs

e ncountered

i n

i mposed o nes g uard h eight

i s

c ell,

p roblems

h igher,

c ell.

g alleries,

y et

c ollapsed

n o

a g uard

o f

a ccess

B roch l ed

B irsay,

B urray

f rom a c ell

i s t he

p erhaps,

I n t he h alf

c 2 .bm h igh,

round 1 20 0 a

s ome

e xcept,

o dd.

c ircuit.

w hich T he

t hat o f

h ad f irst

i t

t he

h ad

a ccess o f

a b asal

c ircuit

t hat

f rom

t he

t hese e ntrances

w as s ome 1 .9m h igh, t he s econd o nly c 0 .8m a nd t he p assage b etween t hem c 1 .37m; f rom t he o riginal d rawings i t c an b e s een t hat t he p assage c ontinued f urther t han t he s econd a ccess b ut

t he

c ourtyard

t o a b asal g allery b ut n o i ntermediate g allery w as n oted, a nd a lthough t he w all w as 3 .73m o r m ore i n h eight, n either s carcement, s tair n or t hird g allery w ere o bserved.

w as

p reserved

m ore

n ot

c leared.

N ot

o nly

i s

t he

s ite a nomalous

H aving d escribed t he o ccurrence o f o r l ess n eatly i nto o ur p attern, w e I f

g allery

t he a t

e xamples t he

o f

t he

s carcement

t here b eing

a ccess

f rom

t hese e xamples o f g round-galleried b roch, s hould m ove o n t o o ur s econd t ype o f w all

o f M idhowe a nd G urness

h eight

i n

a re

a nd o n

t o

b e

b oth

r elied

t hese

u pon w e

c ounts

c an a nticipate

a h eight

o f

w hich f it s tructure. f inding

c 3 .5m s eems

a t o

b e quite c ritical. O nly t wo o f t he s olid-based b rochs a bout w hich w e h ave m uch i nformation e xceed t his -the E ast B roch o f B urray a nd t he h illock o f B urroughston, S hapinsay. T he E B roth o f c a pe

and

t here r ight 1

a t

B urray

3 o 'clock.

i s a s olid-based

T he

l atter w as

o ne

w ith

i ndicated

t o

t wo h ave

i ntramural

w as a n e ntrance 1 .52m f rom t he f loor t o t he l eft o f a f light o f 2 0 s teps r ising 2 .34m t o a nother l anding.

o 'clock

o ff

t he

c ourtyard;

t his

h eight

w as

t hat

1 54

o f

t he

c ells;

b een c 2 .44m h igh.

o ne

a t A t

1 1 o 'clock 9

o 'clock

w hich w as a l anding a nd t o t he F rom t his a n e ntrance o pened a t

s carcement,

c 3 .8bm a bove

t he

f loor

o f

t he

b roch.

i t

i s

h ighly

s ignificant

t hat

o ne

o f

t he

s ections

s hows

w as l intelled o ver a t a bout t he h eight o f t he s carcement a nd t hat g allery; a g allery a t t his h eight i s a lso s hown a t 1 2 o r 1o 'clock t hat

t he

b roch w as

I n

t he

s carcement s ince

s olid-based w ith

e levations v aries

t he

o f

t he

s uperimposed u pon i t

i nterior

o f

t he

b etween 3 .22 a nd 3 .75m.

c ourtyard m ay n ot

h ave

h eight i n t he w all w hich w as t he c ourtyard w ith i ts b ase h igh.

T his

w as

c onnected

o 'clock

w hich w as

p reserved,

b een c leared

t hese

o ut

B urroughston

t he h igher

c ompletely.

T here w as

p reserved I f

w e

a t hird a

s eem a lso

f loor

h eight

i n

t otal i nto

b y

s ome m eans

s eemingly

h ave

b een

t hat

m ay

T here

w ith a nother e ntrance

t o

a s imilar

a mong

w e

n one a t h ave

s ome 3 m h igh;

a ccount

p resent

h eight.

n ot

n o

j ust

B urrian R ussland

b een

t he

e xpect

t he w all

t o

s tart

o f

s carcement w as

t hose w ith s olid

c ould

f irst

l anding

i s

w as

h eight t o

b e

o f

t he

p referred

a g allery

a t

t his

t raced h ere a nd t here. A t 1 2 o 'clock t here w as a n e ntrance t o a t t he h eight o f t he s carcement a nd i ts s ides p reserved 1 .14m

c ontained w hat

t ake

t ype

t o

t he

f igure

t o

T he

f ind

t ype

a n

t his

9

I t l ooks a s t hough B urroughston.

a t

5 o 'clock

i ntramural

-10

e ntrance

h as

a p assage

s taircase.

w as

i t

1 .83m

T his

b roch

v isible.

b ut

b ases.

b ut

a n

t he c ourtyard a t

b ottom o f

b elow t he s carcement a nd t he t op a bove i t b ut n either i s c lear. b een b adly m utilated b y e xcavation. T here w ere n o b asal c ells a t

f rom t he

t he

a h ollow w all.

B rough o f

O f

t hat

a bove t his t here w as a a nd t here i s l ittle d oubt

a ccess

p rovided

U nfortunately

i ndication

o f

b y

t he

w all,

n either e xample

a ny

s uperimposed

w e

f ind

o f

s uch

i s

h ollow

w all

s tructure. N etlater,

o r

t he M anse

o f

H array,

w as

s olid-based w ith

i ntramural

c ells

a t 3 o 'clock

a nd

1 'clock t here w as a g round l evel e ntrance o 'clock. T he l atter w as 1 .83m h igh. A t 9o l eading t o a l anding t o t he l eft a nd n ineteen t reads o f a s taircase t o t he r ight. T he h eight p reserved w as O xtro, t here

o nly 2 .6m a nd n o i n

B irsay,

w as a g round

s carcement w as

h ad a p assage

l ike

v isible. i ntramural

f loor e ntry w ith a l anding

t o

t he

c ell a t

l eft

1

o 'clock

a nd a f light

o f

a nd a t s teps

3 t o

o 'clock

t he

r ight

o f w hich t en r emained. T he p reserved h eight o f t he b roch s eems t o h ave o nly b een 2 .13m. F raser, t hree-quarters o f a c entury a fter i ts e xcavation, s aid t here h ad b een a g allery w hich c ould t he

b e

t raced

r ecords

n early

h alf

t hat w ould

w ay

h ave

w all i n o ne o f D ryden's p lans c ontinuous l arge s carcement. I n t he l ight T he H owe o f H oxa, a nd o ne

3 o f

o 'clock

t he

b uilding

a re

n ot

b ut

t o h im.

t here

i s

n o m ention o f

T wo s tones

g iven a h eight

b ut

i n a ny

o f

w hich p roject 0 .15m f rom

t he

a re u nlikely

t o

t his

h ave

b een p art

o f

a

o f t hese o bservations s ome o f t he m ore p artial r ecords m ake a l ittle s ense. S k onaldsay was m utilated d uring e xcavation a nd r estoration b ut a t 1 0 - 1

t here

t hese m ay w ell

d escribed p reserved

r ound

b een a vailable

a re

r ecesses

h ave

b een

n oted

t he

i n

t he w all a t

b uilt-over a ccess

a h eight

o f

1 .55m f rom t he

t o a s tair.

P etrie

f loor

e xcavating

a nd

i n

1 848

t he w all a s s olid b ut G ordon i n 1 781, n o d oubt s eeing i t i n b etter c ondition t o a g reater h eight, v ery p articularly d escribes i t a s d ouble w ith a 0 .91m

a nd g ap

b etween. T he t hat

l eft h and

r emained

g allery

w here H ere

t wo-thirds

o f

t here w as a g uard

c ould

b e

I ngshowe, c ell.

s een w hich s topped

F irth,

S ome

s hort

o f

o f

t he

t he

w as

d estroyed

b y e rosion b ut

s urviving w all w as

g uard c ell.

N o

s carcement w as

T he K nowe o f B urristae, W estray, p rovides a n i nteresting e xample o f i n t he f ragment o f t he w all r emaining a s carcement c an b e s een a t a n t here

a ppeared S ome b urrian

i s

t o

a

d oorway only 0 .84m h igh w hich g ave a ccess

r un b oth o f

i n

t he N

U nfortunately

r ight

a nd

b rochs m ay

R onaldsay a lthough

b e

c lassifiable o ne a t

s ite w as

a s

s olid-based

3 o 'clock

a t

b y

g round

s carcement-like

m isleading.

C hapel

K nowe

p reserved 3 .05m h igh o n

f eature 0 .91m a bove i n

F irth a lso

f loor

s eems

t o

l evel; h ave

h eight o f 1 .7m; h ere a gain t he w all w as p reserved h igher o n t he o ther. A s carcement a t a n u nspecified h eight, b ut w hich

s eems

t o h ave

e ntrance w hich

l ed

t o

b een s olid - b ased t hree

p art h ere a

o bserved.

a n e roded b roch u nknown h eight.

i ntramural

v irtue l evel

t his

s tairs

a nd w as

c avity

t hat

s ide

i n

t he

c ells.

A t

1 .52m

h igh.

S o nly

1 .22m

b een d estroyed. M acGregor g allery. B urrian h as a n r eady

h ad a c ell

i dentification m ay

a t

g round

l evel

b e

w ith

a

o n t his s ide a nd h ad b een d estroyed c 3 m, w as n oted. T he L och o f A yre,

p reserved o nly

d escending

i ts

o f

s tanding

s ide,

r emained a nd a ny v estige o f a s tair a bove g round l evel w ould h ave d oes m ention a n a nnotation t o a p lan w hich m arks a p ossible a nomalous

t he

l eft.

t here w as

t he

t o a n

i n

c 3 .66m h igh a nd

c 1 .5m h igh h ad

a t

9 o 'clock

a n

c 0 .75m.

B u, S tromness, a nd L ingro, S t O la, w ere p reserved t o n o g reat h eight ( 1.6m a nd 1 m r espectively) b ut t he e xhaustive i nvestigations c arried o ut c an l eave u s c onfident t hat t hese a re

e xamples T here

o f

s olid-based

b rochs

w ith n o

t races

a re

a n umber o f

b rochs

f or W hich

t here

1 55

o f i s

a g round g allery o r a m ention o f

g round

a p ossible

l evel

g allery

c ells. o r

a n

i nherence

t hat

t hey

a re

s olid-based;

o ften

t hese

s tatements

a re

u nintelligible

i nterpretative a nd i n g eneral t hey a re u nreliable. p robable g allery o ccurs -as a t T aft, B irsay, B urger,

O ne o ften c annot t ell a t w hat E vie, a nd W est S ide, R ousay.

c annot

j ust

b e

c ertain

s tairways

o r

B othikan,

t hat

e ven j ust

P apa W estray,

I t

i s

a s

g alleries i nternal

N orth H owe,

d ifficult

t o

b e

B reckness, I n

t he

a ssertion

a bsence

o f

R edland, o f

S tromness

o f

t o

o nly

s how

a s tairway.

T his

i t

i s

i s

p reserved

t he

i s

t herefore

t hat a b roch

w all b elow t his w as s olid b ut p robably o ne a t t he b ase t oo. l ikely

n ot

h ard e vidence

w hich w as

r emained

B erstane,

a b roch

m isinterpreted

D ubious

e xamples

S t O la,

a nd

s olid-based

p ieces

i nclude

t he K nowe

o n

t he

b e a s

s olid-based a s

o ften d ifficult

s olid-based.

1 .82m h igh

b ut

t o

a ccept

A c ase o f

w hich

i n i t

e ncircling g allery 0 .76m b road.

t he

w as

w as

t he g reater

h eight

v ery

s uspicion

p art

o f

t he a bove

t hose w ith

i t m ay

i t.

o f 4 .88m a nd w ithout

A fter a re

i rregular a nd

o f

a

r egarding

t he a uthenticity

o f

m any

I s

s ection

i s

s aid

a ssumption

o r

t he

o f

B roch

t hat

s ufficient t hat

s o-called

t he a lso m ost

s olid-based

t he e xample o f t he B roch o f B orthwick, S andwick. T his f ront y et n o s carcement i s m entioned a nd t here w ere n o

b e i t

o f

E vie.

l ength w ould a nd t he h roch

i mplication i s

s igns o f g alleries, s tairs o r c ells o pening f rom t he c ourtyard. T he g uard a nd t here i s n o c ertainty t hat a g round g allery w ould h ave b een n oticed. w ith

S tenso,

s eem i n s ection.

p oint

T he

c ells,

C astle

i f t here w as a g allery a t t he h eight o f 1 .82m t here w as I f t here w as n ot o ne a t t he b ase t hen t his ' gallery w as

b rochs c an b e f urther i llustrated w ith i s s aid t o h ave b een 4 .8öm h igh a t t he

w all

o f

e vidence

t hey

o f

t he

h as a g allery. S ectioning G urness a long i ts T he B roch o f S teiro, H elliar H olm, S hapinsay,

o r m ay

t he e xcavator

F irth,

t he w all

m ay

t hat

n ot

l ines.

R ousay,

s ure

a s i t i s t o b e c onfident t hat i t p roduce q uite d ifferent s tories. o h

m entioned a re

b uilding

o r

h eight a O ften o ne

t hat

t he a rchitectural

f eatures

o f

o n t he o ther h and a n i nstance o f

c ell w as c ollapsed T he h eight o f t he i nterest w ere

a b roch,

l ost

s olid

t o

a

s carcements?

r eview

i t

c an

b e

s een

h ollow-galleried w alls

f or

t hat

b oth

t heir

p osited

w all

t ypes

p reserved h eight

a nd

a re

p resent.

T here

t hose w ith a s olid

t o c 3 .5m a nd a h ollow w all t hereafter. I t h as f urther b een s hown t hat s olid b ase h as b een u sed t o h ouse i ntramural c ells a lthough t his i s n ot

b ase

i n s ome i nstances t he n ecessarily t he c ase.

T he w alls h ave b een d emonstrated t o h ave h ad a nother f unction -that o f p ermitting a ccess f rom o ne f loor t o a nother -a nd t here a re e xamples o f b oth t ypes w hich s uggest a f loor 3 .5m a bove

t he

c ourtyard

c oincidence s olid-based T o s ample h igh

t hese o f

a s

5 1

t hree

o f

b y w ay o f

b asic w all

b rochs

3 .5m.

e xamples

r eached

a s tair s tarting

c 1 .8m u p

t he w all.

I t

i s

p erhaps

t hat t he t wo e xamples w here t he s tair s tarts a t t he g round l evel h appen a nd i n n either c ase i s t here f irm e vidence o f a f loor a t a h eight o f 3 .5m.

i t

I

t he

i s

w ould

t aller

t ypes,

p ossible s uggest

t ype

o f

I s hould

t hat t hat

l ike

t here a re t hese h ave

b roch a nd

t hus

t o a dd a n

i ntermixed a lways

i ntuitive

s tructures

b een

b een c lassified

r egarded w ith

f ourth.

a

t o

b e

Among

o ur

w hich w ere

n ever

a s

a s

p reserved

b adly

t hem a nd

e ndowed w ith

t he

s ame a ttributes.

The b roch e ntrance T he

e ntrances

d efensiveness,

a re

f loor

i nteresting l evels

t he

i n

t heir o wn r ight

a nd w all

a nd a lso

t here

a t w hich t here a re d oor j ambs g enerally w idens. T ypically p erhaps

g enerally

i ndications

l intelled

a long

o f i ts

b olt

a re

t oo

c an i ndicate

b rochs w e

b roch e ntrance i s t he o nly c onnection b etween t he i nterior a nd t ypical f eatures. I t t ends t o b e a l ittle o ver 1 m w ide a nd

i s

a lthough

t hey

t he 5 1

T he s everal

t he j ambs

1 7

s ince o f

c oncerning

e ntrance

t o

O ut

e vidence

o utside t o a p oint f rom w hich p oint i t

e ntrances

h eight.

t hree

d egree

o nly h ave

a dditional

o f

p ositive

d ubious e xamples.

e xterior a nd c an h ave t o n arrow f rom t he

( sometimes w ith t hreshold a nd p ivot s tones) o ne w ould e xpect t o f ind g uard c ells i nside

h oles

o r

s ome m eans

l ength a nd a bove

t here

o f

m ay

s ecuring b e

t he d oor.

a h ollow i n

T he

t he w all.

M idhowe i s c 1 m w ide a t t he e xterior n arrowing t o U .9m a t t he j ambs, 2 .4m i n f rom t he o utside; b eyond t hese t he e ntrance w idens t o c 1 .3m. T here a ppear t o h ave b een t wo d oors, h owever,

s ince

f rom

t he

d oor

c hecks;

d eep.

o f

o nly w as

o f

t he

c orresponding h eight

n ot

i nside

t he r ight

s ocket

1 .9m a nd

a bove

r oof

f loor. t he

c ell

t he

c ell

h ad

T his

i s

a bove a bove

i ts

f loor

o f i t)

g reat i s

t he

c ell i ts

o f

l ine

t his

a s

t here

e ntrance w as

t he

t hat t he

t he

c ontinued

a pproximately s ame

t he j ambs c ells

o f

s ame

h ad a t

d oor.

t he

h eight t he

o f

w hich w as

t hree

o f

o f

e ntrance

t he

a s

t he

i n

s carcement

a nd

t he

a bsence

l intelled

l intel-like ( and

c 0 .2m

i nside a t

o f a

1 .2m w ide a nd 2 .8m

s carcement,

b ut

t he

3 .35m a bove

s lots

t he

t herefore

a t 9 -10 o 'clock

t he

i ts

e ntrance w as

h eight

l anding

h eight

T he

a nother o ccurred f rom a p oint

u nusual

l eaving a c ell

b een a l ine

b ut

e ntered

h ad a b ar h ole w hich w as

i mportance;

t he

b etween

t wo g uard

p osition o utside

t his

b een a bove,

s tone

T here w ere

h and

a nd

U .9m f rom t he

r eal

t here a s ill

b roch.

a nd t he

t he

t he

f loor

c eiling

h ighest

o f o f

g allery

p reserved. A t G urness

t here

i s

m uch

t he

s ame

p icture.

1 56

T he

s d oorway . i

1 .15m w ide

a t

t he

o utside a nd

c ontinues

s o

p assage

1 .7m w ide.

i s

f or

c omplete w ith

L m a t

w hich

T he

t hreshold

p oint

r ecesses

a nd

p ivot

t here

a re

i s

s tone.

I nside

o n e ither s ide a nd f rom e ach o f t he g uard A lthough o nly t he t wo o uter l intel s tones 1 .75m, i ts

t he

I t

t he

i s

p attern, b rochs. w as

s carcement

f loor

s ame

u nfortunate

t hat

s kewed

a nd

S ome 2 .3m i nside

s hort w hich

t his a s

c ontinues

t he t he

o n e ither

j ambs

a re

i n

t he

a t

a fter

t he e ntrances

i ndicates

t hat

t here h ad

w hich o f

t o

t he

a d oorway

a g uard

c ell

b olt h oles. a h eight o f

b een a c hamber

w ith

9 o 'clock.

e ntrance w as

n ot

t he o btuse a ngle e ntrance

a nd

f orm t he j ambs

c ells, b ehind t he d oor, t here a re w ere p reserved, g iving t he e ntrance

i n a nd

l anding

t he

s ide

a nd

l ocated a t

t he W est

i n g round f loor p lan a t l east, r eproduces i tself T he E B roch o f B urray's e ntrance w as c 1 .2m w ide a t

n oticeably

d eep.

f or

h eight

a r ecess

l ined w ith o rthostats

i n

t he

l eft

B roch o f

B urray

a mong s ome o f t he t he o utside b ut t he

h and

s ide

a s a w hole w ere o pposing g uard

w as

a p ossible

c ells.

b ut

t his

s olid-based f irst 0 .75m c heck

U nusually,

U .3m

c 1 .5m

o f t he i nner w all f ace, a nd t herefore i nside t he g uard c ells, t here w ere j ambs a fter t he e ntrance e xpanded t o a w idth o f 1 .4m a nd w here t here w ere b ar h oles. T he h eight o f

t he

e ntrance w as

b y

t he

0 .9m

i llustration f loor

t herefore

t hat

o f

t he

r emained

i ndicates

w ould

c eiling

c 1 .63m:

w hich

t he

t hat h ave

f loor o f a s

i t

t he w as

t he

c ell

t hought

t o

b een a pproximately

s carcement,

a bove,

o utside w all,

l anding

b e

w hich w as

w as

f ormed

l intelled

t he h eight

a nd

e ntrance

a t

o f

t o

t he

t he

t he

t he

s horter

b y

t han

t he

e ntrance

l intels.

h eight

p reserved

l anding a t

c ourtyard

D ryden's

9 o 'clock

3 .86m

-its a nd

a bove

i ts

f loor

l evel. T here a re t hree o ther i nstances o f s olid-based k ussland h ad a n e ntrance 1 .07m w ide w hich n arrowed I nside

t hese

r ight

a nd

l east

t he

e ntrance w idened

p ossibly a lso

2 m P etrie's A t L ingro,

t o

t he

p erspective

t o

c 1 .4m a nd

l eft.

t he e ntrance w as

t here w as

A lthough

s ketch d oes

n ot

1 .04m w ide

b rochs w ith d ouble g uard c ells. B urrian t owards a s et o f j ambs s ome 1 .5 -2 m i n. a n e ntrance

t he e ntrance w as

s how i ndications a t

i ts

o f

o uter e nd;

t o a g uard

p reserved

c ell

t o

t o a h eight

t he o f

a t

l intels.

2 .29m i n

t here w as a r ecessed

o rthostat o n t he l eft a nd a r ecess i n t he w all s o t hat t he p assage t hereafter w as 1 .22m w ide -o n b oth s ides w ithin t he j ambs t here w as a g uard c ell. T he h eight p reserved w as n ot g reat a nd o ne w ould

n ot

e xpect

P recise m easurements 1 .22m

w ide

e ntrances

a nd

E xamples

t he

l eft

s ide

a re n ot

c ells

o f

o r t o

( i

l intels b e

h ad

t o

h ave

b een s een.

f or L amb H ead,

e c I .83m i n)

S tronsay,

t here w ere

b ut

d oor c hecks

i ts

e ntrance w as

w ithin

w hich

c

w ere

o n e ither s ide.

s olid-based

b rochs w ith o ne g uard c ell a re

n ot

r are.

A t

B urroughston,

t he e ntrance w as c 1 .2m w ide n arrowing t owards s ome d oor c hecks a nd t hen w idening T hese a re n ot q uite o pposite e ach o ther, t he r ight h and s ide o ne b eing 2 .4bm a nd

h and

o nly

h oles

h alf w ay a long

t o g uard

S hapinsay, t o c 1 .27m.

h ar

s ide o ne 2 .18m f rom t he

t here w as

a b ar h ole a nd,

o uter d oorway.

a gain o n

t his

B ehind

s ide

o nly,

t he d oor

c heck

a g uard c ell.

o n t he T he

l eft

h eight

h and

o f

t he

p assage h ad b een c 1 .83m a nd t here r emained o n t he o utside t hree l arge f lags o n e dge. Above t hese, o n t he i nside, t he s ides o f t he e ntrance c ontinued, a s t hey w ould w ith a s uperimposed c ell, t o h eight; a bove

t he t he

t he

t he l atter a g ood w ay

f loor.

T he w here

p reserved h eight o f c 3 .96m. T he s carcement a t t his b roch w as a round l evel o f t he l anding a t 9 -10 o 'clock i s n ot p recisely known b ut w as

e ntrance

t here

t o

w ere

t he

B roch o f

B orthwidk,

S andwidk,

p rojecting s labs w ithin w hich

w as

1 .04m w ide

t he e ntrance w idened

t o

f or

t he

f irst

1 .52m f or

2 .75m

t he

l ast

1 .52m. O n t he r ight h and s ide, j ust b ehind t he d oor c hecks, w as a g uard c ell. B ar h oles s uggested b y W att w ere d ismissed b y t he C ommission. T he e ntrance w as c 1 .57m h igh a lthough o nly t he o uter 2 .75m w as s till l intelled. t o b e n oted t hat t he w all o f t he b roch was n or s carcement w as p reserved. T he h and

C astle

s ide,

o f

B othikan,

P apa W estray

c 1 .53m f rom t he o utside,

A bove t he e ntrance t here h ad b een a c ell. i n a v ariable c ondition a nd t hat n either

h ad a n e ntrance o nly 0 .9m w ide

w as a g uard c ell.

C irca

3 .42m i n

a nd

o n

f rom t he

I t i s l anding

t he

r ight-

o utside

w ere

d oor c hecks; i nside t hese t he e ntrance w as s lightly e xpanded o n t he l eft-hand s ide a nd t here a re i ndications o f a b olt h ole. T he e ntrance w as r oofed a t a h eight o f c 1 .83m w ith l intels, t hree

w here

o r

t he

o uter o nes

o f

w hich

T he e ntrance o f I ngshowe, F irth, d oor j ambs p rojected f rom e ither

g iving o nly,

f our o f

t he o utside

A t

t he

e ntrance t he

d oor

L och o f

p assage

a w idth

c hecks, A yre,

a nd

H olm,

o f

r emained. w as c 1 .5m a cross n arrowing t o c 1 .02m a fter c 2 .9m s ide. b eyond t hese t he l eft h and w all w as r ecessed 1 .07m.

T he

c 1 .22m f rom t he t he

e ntrance

w as 0 .9m w ide

f irst s et o f j ambs a fter w hich i t w idened t o 1 .4m. o utside a nd w ith t hem w as a ssociated a s ocket s tone w ere a lso m entioned f or t he i nner d oor. h and s ide, w as t he e ntrance a nd a g uard

B etween c ell.

1 57

g uard c ell w as

o n t he

r ight-hand

s ide

e xterior. t o

s tart

w ith a nd

1 .1m a t

t he

T hese j ambs w ere o nly c i m i n f rom t he a nd b olt h oles o n e ither s ide. C he c ks

t hem,

c 1 .5m

f rom t he e xterior,

o n

t he

r ight

T he g ive

e ntrance

a c lear

t here a lso

a t

H oxa h as

i ndication o f

w ere d oor j ambs b ar

s mall

h oles

a nd

a perture

t he

a nd T udor a re t he b est t he a pproximate h eight I n a ddition o thers

w ith

A t b een

t o

d u,

S tromness,

s ubsequently

A bout

2 .75m

i n

f rom

o rthostats.

b een

1 .06m

r esulted i n e xtensively e ntrance

a t

w hat T he

w ide

i n

s et

f urther.

N ot

T he

e ntrance

a nd o nly

w ere

o bserved L astly,

o utside

t he

w hich

T his

w ere

H is

T he

t he j ambs t o

d oor.

r ecords

i ts

l ength

m entioned

b ut

h ave a risen o ver a

P etrie,

t he l atter s ays t he e ntrance w as b locked-up s tair l andings.

o nly h ave

t he j ambs

b ut

i s w as

o riginally

t he

t he e xcavator,

1 .8m h igh.

t wo g uard

h ave

b een c 5 .25m

i nner 3 .74m s urviving

b een t he o uter e nd

o f

s lightly c onstricted a nd

i t

c ould

c 1 .74m o n

t he

t he a t

T his

c ells

l ong

w as

t here

a lthough

t o a h eight e ntrance

t his

v ery

n ot

b e

s hown t o

o f

a re

b ut

h ad

1 .56m.

w ere

s eems

T he

i t

c

t here

p oint

i nside.

b e o ne

h ad a n e ntrance w hich e xpanded c ertainly n o g uard

H unton

i n S tronsay w hich

c 0 .96m w ide a t

t he

s how

b ar

i s

o utside,

P etrie d escribes

e levations

g uard c hambers. c hamber b ut t his

b y

t wo

t o

r ecess

h ave w hich w as t he

e xcavation.

f rom 1 .14m t o

1 .6m

a fter

t wo

c ells. 1 .83m i n w ere t wo d oor j ambs N o b ar h oles o r g uard c ells

u nusual

t he e ntrance a s

h oles

i n

e xpanding

i n b oth s ides

t hat

t o

b eing

i nside

o nly

b tromness,

e xamples a nd

r eferred

R ound H owe,

t o

A ndrews.

I n

t he

e ntrance

t he

l intelled a nd t he j ambs

o riginally a re O xtro

S t.

t he

c 1 .17m a t

A v isitor a fter t he e xcavation s aid h e c ould o nly p artial i nformation m ay j ust b e m isleading.

t hree d ubious

K edland,

a re

b rochs w ith e ntrances w ith o ne a nd

T here w ere

c 1 .9m i n.

1 .68m h igh.

r eliable a long

i n t he e levations. t here

e xcavated.

t he

c onfusion s eems

N etlater i n H array h ad a n e ntrance o nly c 0 .84m w ide. S ome f or t he r emaining c 1 .83m t he e ntrance e xpanded t o c 1 .22m.

a nd

b ut

s omewhere

b e a ssumed t o h ave b een o n t he l eft-hand s ide w here t he w all t he r ight-hand s ide i nside t he j ambs t here a ppeared t o b e

R onaldsay

2 .84m i n.

c onfusion

a ll.

s hould

o utside

N

t he

e ntrance w as

t his c an o nly r ebuilt. O n

b urrian

t o

m uch

c ell.

t he e ntrance m ust

t o a g uard c hamber

o rthostats

c ell

o f

I t w as 0 .9m w ide

a g uard

i nterfered w ith,

v ertical c

c ells

s ubject

w idened

a uthorities a nd o f t he p ossible

s olid-based

n o g uard

i t

t hese w as

g uard

t he

s tructure.

a fter w hich

i nside

f rom

b een

i ts

o f

i n n o

o btain

B roch,

c ase

b ut

d oor

e xcess

o f

e ntrances

a ccess

B irsay, t he

w as

c hecks

f irst

t o

t o o ne

t he K nowe

o f

o f

n o

t hese

e ntrance w as f ound, i t u ndoubtedly b eing i n t he N p art o f t he w all r emoved b y w orkmen o riginally; t he O rdnance S urvey F ield I nvestigator i n 1 967 n oted t he r emains o f a g uard c ell i n t he N W b ut t his c ould h ave j ust b een a n i ntramural c ell. L ittle i s k nown o f t he s econd s ite

b ut

e ntrance

i t

i s

s aid

s ituated

t o

t o

h ave

h ad a n e ntrance

c 0 .76m s quare.

t he E NE a nd c 0 .79 w ide;

t his

T he

f eature m ay

t hird

h owever

s ite b e

h ad a

s imply

p ossible

a b reach

i n

t he w all. A fter

t he

a mong O rkney T alking, h ave

a bove

r eview i t

f ully

f irst,

i n

f ledged

t erms

d id h ave a s light

h aving

t wo g uard

h as i s

i ts

t hree a re

p ossible

c hamber, t he c ell

p ossible

t hat

i t i s

i t

s ome o ne,

s imilar n ear

p lan,

t o g ive a n o verall v iew o f

t o

t he

t here w as

c an b e

w ith j ambs

i nner d oor.

c hambers,

d oor j ambs

o f

e ntrances

M idhowe c hambers

i s

t he

e ntrances

f ound

b rochs.

t he

s een t hat

t he

t wo

T he

s olid-based e xamples

a nd

o thers n one a t

d oor

t he e ntrance a nd h ere

n earer

g uard

c hambers

a re m uch m ore

a ll.

g round-galleried e xamples

i nner e nd o f a s econd

t wo g round-galleried e xamples

h alf-way a long a nd

O f

b ut

t he

o ne,

t he g uard

f our w ith

t wo

t he W B roch o f

c ells

t he o utside.

b ehind.

v ariable,

O f

o utside

t he

B urray,

t hem.

n o

i s o nly B urroughston, S hapinsay, t hat h as i t o n t he l eft. I n t he b ehind t he d oor -B urroughston, S hapinsay, B orthwick, S andwick,

s ide

T he

c ells

e ntrances

a lthough a re

p reserved

a t 1 .83m a nd h ave a bove c eiling o f w hich, i n t he b roch

w ith

t he W est w as F our

a t

t wo g uard

B roch o f t he

o f

l evel

t he o f

H oxa,

p robably

n ot

T he

e ntrance

a t

s carcement

a nd

t o

j ambs

a nd e xpansions

v ariable

h eights

b ut

c ells

a nd

t he

h eight

o f

i ts

h alt

e ntrance

c ase o f t hree a nd H oxa, S

o f

l anding

a ctually

b rochs

w ith o ne g uard

S hapinsay;

B orthwick,

S R onaldsay -three b een c leared

B urroughston t he

f loor

o ut. h ad o f

l intelled a t

o ver

o f

F or i t

w hich w as

c ell

t hese w ere o nly

t wo

a c ell,

o f

t he

h eight

o f

t he

h eight o f

a nd

f urther w hich

l anding.

l engths. a re

p recisely t he

t he

o f

w as

i t i s b rochs

r oofed

l anding a nd t he o nly s olid-based

a c ell

C astle

i s

t he T he

t his

c 1 .83m h igh t hese

t he h eight

l evel w ith

1 58

h ave

S andwick;

t heir

a nd G urness

p reserved

1 .83m h igh a nd a bove

a nd w as

a long

b oth M idhowe

h ad a n e ntrance

t he

w ay

i s t he h eight o f t he s carcement.

B urray

s olid-based

h ad

h ave

t hem a c ell t he f loor o f w hich f ormer c ase, w as t he h eight o f

p reserved -Burroughston, a nd H owe

t hey

I t

s ix w ith o ne g uard

R onaldsay; i n t he c ase o f t he C astle o f B othikan, P apa W estray a nd I ngshowe, F irth, o utside t he j ambs a nd a t t he L och o f A yre i t w as b etween t wo d oors. F our s olid-based h ave

s ome g uard

s imilar;

f loor t he

o f

o f

w hich

s carcement.

t heir .

e ntrance

B othikan,

P apa W estray

B orthwick,

1 .57m h igh,

i nformation w as

T he

a t

l east

h eight

o f

a vailable. t hat t he

o f

t he H oxa

e ntrance w as a gain t hat o f N ot h unton,

a g reat S tronsay

t he p utative

b locked-up l andings

d eal c an b e s aid a bout t he e ntrance w as

t he

p reviously m entioned.

f our s olid-based b rochs w ith n o s ide c ells;

l intelled a t

l east

f or

c 1 .68m h igh b ut w e d o n ot k now w hat w as

a bove i t. A t B u B roch, S tromness, n ot o nly w as t he e ntrance u nlintelled b ut t he w all w as o nly p reserved c 1 .6m h igh. T he B roch o f B urrian w as m uch t he s ame f or a lthough i t h ad a n i ntramural c ell a nd w as p reserved c 3 .05m h igh i n o ne p art i t w as o nly c 1 .22m h igh t o t he S . I t

i s

n oteworthy

t hat

i t d id n ot

h ave a s carcement a t

h ad s tairs s tarting a t g round l evel. t here w ere a lso t wo i ntramural c ells;

t he n ormal

h eight a nd n either i t

n or B u

T he l atter w as t he c ase a t N etlater, h array, w here t he w all w as o nly p reserved 2 .6m h igh a nd n o s carcement

w as v isible.

The I nterior I nternal f urnishings O f t here

t he 5 1 O rkney b rochs w e h ave e vidence f or i nternal f urnishings i n 2 7. a re o nly e ight f or w hich w e c an s ay w e h ave a f loor p lan ; f or m ost o ur

A mong t hese e vidence i s

i ncomplete. F loor p lans m ay b e

t hat a b roch b uilt T he

b e c ategorised a s e ither o ne u nit d welling o r d ivided o nes. f or o ne p urpose w as

c onverted t o

I t m ay w ell

t he o ther.

s implest a nd m ost c omplete e xample w e h ave o f

t he c ourtyard b eing u sed a s a

s ingle

d welling s pace i s B u B roch. T he i nterior w as 9 .10m i n d iameter a nd c onsisted o f a c entral h earth, s urrounded b y a s ervice a rea, a nd o uter p erimeter o f i nterconnecting r ooms. D ivisions b etween t he r ooms c onsisted o f s ocketed u pright f lagged p artitions u p t o 1 .55m h igh. A d ivision o f f lagstones i n s ockets s eparated t he r ooms f rom t he s ervice a rea. T o t he E o f t he h earth w as a v estibule w ith a f lagged c upboard a nd o pen c ooking t ank. T o t he N t he v estibule o pened i nto a l ong b ent h all-like r oom a nd t hen a s maller o ne, b oth o f w hich w ere f lagged; t o t he S t he t hree r ooms o r d ivisions w ere f loored b y m ud a nd m idden. A lthough p ost-holes w ere f ound a t B u t hey c annot p rovide c onclusive c omment w ith r egard t o r oofing o r t he p resence o f m ore T wo o f t hey m ay S hapinsay,

t han o ne f loor.

o ur o ther s mall s amples o f

b roch f loors h ave a d istinct

i n s ome r espects b e m ore s ophisticated; t hese a re a nd t he B roch o f B urrian, ( Russland), H array.

L ittle w as w ritten a bout c onsidered c omparatively r ecent.

s imilarity

t he

B roch

t o B u a lthough

o f

B urroughston,

t he i nternal s tructures a t B urroughston b ecause t hey w ere N othing w as f ound i n t he c entre o ther t han t he e ntrance t o

a w ell; s imilarly, a round t he c ircuit f rom 2 o 'clock t o 6 o 'clock n o s tructures w ere f ound b ut f rom 6 t o 9 10 o 'clock t here w ere c ompartments m ade o f o rthostats a nd f rom 9 -10 t o 2 o 'clock t here w as a s ingle b uilt c ompartment w ith r oof i ntact. T he f irst s et o f c ompartments w ere m ade i n t he u sual w ay w ith t wo o rthostats p rojecting s ome 1 .68m i n f rom t he b roch w all a nd, w ith t he b uilt s ide o f t he n ext c ompartment, f orming t hree b ays w hich w ere d efined a t t he f ront b y o ther f lags o n e dge. T he b uilt c ompartment s hared a w all w ith t he s lab b uilt o nes;

t his

t urned i n t he l ine o f

f or a d oorway, i t c ontinued l eft a c orridor c 1 .8m w ide f ound. i s t o

t he i nner f ace o f

t he b roch w all a nd,

a fter a g ap o f

B etween t he t op o f t his b e n oted t hat t he t op o f

r oof t his

a nd t he t op o f t he s carcement w as a s pace o f 1 .04m. r oofed r oom w as t he h eight u sually a ssociated w ith

e ntrance t o l andings; t here w as s uch a l anding, t hough a t a n u ncertain h eight, a ccess c ould b e g ained t o t he s carcement a nd f loor a bove. A t

B urrian

c omparatively d iameter a nd

c 0 .6m

r ound t o 3 o 'clock. T his w all, i tself c 0 .6m a nd c 1 .93m h igh, b etween i t a nd t he b roch w all a nd t his w as a ctually r oofed w hen

( Russland),

h array,

t he

i nternal

f eatures

w ere

w ell

I t t he

a nd f rom i t

p reserved

a nd

e asy t o u nderstand. M ore o r l ess c entral w as a c ircular h earth s ome 2 m i n d efined b y ak erb o f f lagstones o n e dge. S urrounding t his w as a n a rea

a pproximately 5 .5m i n d iameter i n w hich w ere a t

l east

f ive t anks s et

i n t he f loor,

d escribed

b y F arrer a s ' underground c upboards'. A round p reserved

t he

N p art o f

t his h earth a nd s ervice a rea w as a b uilt w all c

t o a h eight o f a pproximately l m.

W hether t he S c ircuit

o f

t his

w ide

a nd

s ervice a rea

0 .33m

w as

w ell d elimited i s n ot a t f irst s ight c lear f rom P etrie's s ketches. I n h is p erspective, h owever, t he N a rc i n i ts w estern p ortion c hanges i n s tructure f rom a b uilt w all t o u pright f lags a nd i nspection o f h is s ketches a s w ell a s h is d rawn-up p lans i ndicates t hat t here w as a S a rc o f s labs t o c orrespond t o t he N a rc o f w alling. T he e ntrance t o t his s ervice a rea w as i n d irect l ine w ith t he b roch e ntrance a nd o f a s imilar w idth; t he h eight o f t he s labs m ay i ndicate t hat t his i nternal d ivision w as n ever m ore t han l m h igh a t a ny p oint. T he o uter

l imit o f

t he s ervice a rea w as

c oncentric w ith t he

1 59

i nner

f ace o f

t he b roch w all

and

a d istance

at

o rthostats t he

e ntrance

m ent

s tone

h eight

o f

t o t wo

t ions.

I t

i nterior

t he

-2.46m f rom i t.

t he w all

o f

m ay

i nterior

b e

t hat

f itted

m easuring

s taircase

o rthostats

b y d uplicate

f irst

a nd

b roch e ntrance

l ongest

t ype

i ndicated

c 2 .29

f rom

a n i ntramural

n earer

t he

A s econd a re

o f

p rojecting

s hows

t his o ut

d oes f or

1 .83m a bove t he

a nd

n ot

t his

t he

f loor

a nd

f loor

A t

t his

T he E -W

c learest

a s

i nto

e ntrance o f

t hough t wo

u se

t he

o f

a b roch

s ingle

o f

t wo d welling

s tairs

a nd

r epresent

f amily w as

s paces

a t

b y s eparate d oors

t he

o riginal

l ater

c ompartments

p assage.

A t

t his a d oorway

i nterior w ith

p lan w ere

d ivided

b y a r ow o f

d ivided

b y

5 o 'clock

a nd

l evel a t

f our

t here

a s ingle

t his

i s

s carce-

h eight

l arge

t he

i nner end o f

t he

l eading

i nto a s hort

l obby

t wo

b y

f loor p lan

r emodelled

t o

l iving a reas

b inary

s labs

g round

a nd

-the

f rom w hich a ccess

r ather

a b roch,

i s M id H owe,

f ission.

p assage w as

T hese p arti-

b ut

T he

t hat t wo;

R ousay;

i n

a v estibule c ould b e

l ine

a nd

g ained

a n s uch

a nd w ould

c ourtyard w as

s tanding 2 -2.5m h igh

e ntrance

l evel.

s eparating

a ccommodate

r emodelling w ould h ave t aken p lace w hile t he b roch w as s till i n u se a s c ome u nder t he h eading o f s econdary o ccupation i n t he u sual s ense.

a lmost

w as

c 1 .78m h igh.

S c ircuit.

e vidence

o ne

t he S c ircuit t o

i ndicate a r aised

i n

h earths

I n u p

i t

i s

d ivided w ith

o n t o

n ot

b oth

t he s ides

t he N a nd

S

c ompartments. T he e ntrance f ormed b een

t wo s ides a re v ery t o t he w ell i n t he

b y

t heir

s hare

d escribed

t he

b efore,

b roch

a nd

w all e ach h ad

c entrally

p laced

c ompartments

b eing t he i nclusion o f t he A round t he p eripheral a rc

m ade

i n e ach a rea w ere

o f

o rthostats

s uch

a s

r ectangular h earths

h ave

a nd

a

t ank.

cooking

H aving

o utlined

f ew

d etails.

t he

b roch w all a nd

h eight

o f

s imilar i n p lan, t he c hief d ifference n orthern ( and b etter p reserved) s ide.

o f

t he

p lan f or e ach h alf

T he e ntrance

t he

o n i ts

t o

r ight

s carcement -c

o f

t he c ourtyard

t he N c ompartment a s tone

p ress.

T he a lcove,

a s w ell

a s m entioned

i solate

b efore,

w as

o f b y

b urnt m aterial

o n i t.

B etween

h eight

t he a nd

a nd h ad h ad

c 1 .83m h igh -the

a

o versailed

p ress

t ire-cracked,

p reserved

t o

w hich

t he a lcove w as a f itting f or a l intel t o t he e ntrance t o t he N c ompartment a t a h eight 1 .88m. A n umber o f t he c ompartments a round t he b roch i nner w all h ad b een d estroyed

w as

p ress w as

b e

t he

r oof

T he

w ould

l eft a n a lcove

o f

l anding -its

3 .35m.

i t

h ad o n i ts

t he

c ollapsing m asonry b ut t he b est p reserved w ere c 1 .22m d eep a nd r oofed a t a h eight o f c 1 .52m. I n t he N E a rc w here t hey w ere l ess w ell p reserved, w all h olds c ould b e s een c 1 .52m 1 .83m

a bove

l et

t he w all w as

i n

T he

S

f eatures, f ive

t he

w ith

o f

t he

l anding w as

a t a h eight

t wo

a lthough i n a p oorer s tate o f i mportant

a dditions.

a s taircase w hich w ould

h ave

A bove

h ad A

b e

o n

i t

p lan.

o ther

n umber o f

f ound o r

t o

W e a lso 1 ) 2 )

i nteresting

w hich h ave

t hey

p oints

r each m ay

e vidence

r elating h ere

b e

o f

e ntrance a nd

H eight

o f

t he

p ress

f loor o f

a djacent

t o

m irrored

c ompartment t o

c onsistent

f loor a t

t he

c ell

i n

s lab

a

n umber

t he S E s ection

i n t he w all a t

t o

t he e ntrance

3 )

H eight

o f

t he

r emains

o f

t he c ompartments

4 )

H eight

o f

t he

l anding

o n

t he N s ide.

5 )

H eight

o f

t he

b ase

t he

e vidence

o f w ere

1o 'clock

t he h eight

o f

f eatures t he

c 1 .8m t hus:-

t o N c ompartment

a nd

o f

s tep

f or a nother

S carcement.

2 )

H eight

o f

c eiling

3 )

H eight

o f

o verhanging

4 )

H eight

o f

u pper g allery

a nd

5 )

H eight

o f

t op

i n S E.

o f

o n

a round

t he

c ircuit

o f

t he w alls.

t he S s ide.

f loor a t a h eight

c ell a bove

t he

o f

c 3 .5m,

t hus:-

e ntrance.

a lcove.

s tairs

c ell

a t

1o 'clock

1 60

( with e ntrance

t o

a re

g round

e ntrance.

1 )

o f

h eights a t w hich

A t M id H owe w e h ave

c ell a bove.

t he

h ave

b ottom o f a

t he f oot o f t he m ain w all t o t he S W w as t his w as p robably t he t op o f a c ubicle

s ummarized.

f or a m ezzanine

H eight

a lso

t he

b uildings.

a rchitrave o f

W e

c 1 .75m a nd

p reservation,

t he

g iven a ccess

a t t he l evel o f t he u pper g allery. A bout 1 .68m a bove a l arge s lab p rojecting d ownwards a nd i nto t he c ourt; a nd

o f

c 1 .37m u p.

c ompartment

b ut

t reads

f loor w hile

i nterior)

t o

f loor

T hese

t eatures,

r egarded

b y

t he o riginal e xcavators

a s

s econdary,

m ay w ell

b e s o

i n t he

s ense t hat t hey w ere a r ebuild. I n t his r espect i t s hould b e n oted t hat t he a ccess f rom t he S c ompartment t o t he f loor 3 .5m u p w as b y w ay o f a s taircase a dded a gainst t he o riginal b roch w all.

p lan,

G urness a long w ith m any o ther f eatures i n c ommon w ith M id H owe, a lso h as a d ivided a lbeit i nferior i n n eatness a nd r egularity. A c entral c urvilinear h earth w as

h ere u nder t he f urnishings t o b e d escribed b elow, a nd t here c an b e n o d oubt i ndicates a d egree o f r efitting o f t he i nterior. T he i nterior a s w e know i t h as a nd

t herefore w e m ay s uppose

t here

t o b e

t wo

l iving s paces

f loor f ound

t hat t his t wo h earths

r epresented.

T he l argest o ccupies t he S a nd i s v ery s imilar t o o ne o f t he h alves a t M id H owe. T here i s a c entral r ectilinear h earth a nd a c ooking t rough; t o t he E z _ re t hree s urviving c ompartments; t o t he S , w here t he l anding i s s ituated, t here i s a g ap w hich i s d ue t o v ariable p reservation o r t o e xcavation; i n t he W p art o f t his l iving a rea t here i s a s truct ure

t hat

i s o bviously a b ox b ed w ith

T he

o ther

l iving a rea o ccupied

t he

r emains o f a nother c ompartment

t he N W t hird o f

t he c ourtyard.

s uperimposed.

I t w as d ivided

f rom

t he

l arger a rea b y a n E -W p artition. T he E e nd o f t his i s i nterrupted a nd l eaves u s i n s ome d oubt a s t o w hether t his w as t he o riginal a ccess-through t he l arger a rea -as h as b een e xtensively d isturbed b y d estruction a nd e xcavation, p articularly t o t he p rimary h earth. h owever t he c ompartments,

s maller N d welling a rea h ad a c entral r ectilinear h earth a nd p eripheral o ne o f w hich w as p laced a gainst t he d ivision a nd w as p atently a b ox b ed. I t

s hould b e n oted t hat f rom t his d welling a rea t here i s a n a dded f light o f h ave l ed t o a p oint w here t he w all b egins t o o versail t he c ourtyard a t

s teps w hich w ould t he h eight o f t he

s carcement. T he e ntrance

t o

t he c ourtyard i s c omplex,

a s m any v isitors

t o

t he b roch h ave f ound.

T o

e nter t he g round f loor i t w as n ecessary t o t urn r ight a long a p assage, w hich w ould h ave b een r oofed, p ast a c upboard a nd o ver a t hreshold i nto t he l arger l iving a rea. T he d oor j amb o n t he

l eft o f

t he t hreshold g ives

s ome i ndication o f

t he h eight

o f

t he a rchitrave h ere.

F or G urness t hen w e h ave a d ivided g round f loor p lan. I ndications o f a t a h eight o f c 1 .83m a re f ound i n p arts o f t he c ircuit i n t he f orm o f:-

T hat

1 )

T he h eight o f

t he e ntrance a nd t he f loor o f

2 )

T he

v arious

3 )

T he h eight o f

t he d oor j amb l eading i nto t he m ain d welling a rea.

4 )

T he h eight

o f

t he c ompartments.

5 )

T he h eight

o f

t he l anding.

h eight

o f

t he c ell a bove

a m ezzanine f loor

i t.

s carcement s tones a nd s upport m asonry.

t here w as a lso a f loor a t a h eight

o f

c 3 .65m i s

i ndicated b y:-

1 )

A s carcement.

2 )

T he s teps f rom t he s maller o f t he t wo l iving a reas w hich l ed o versailing p art o f t he w all a s a t M idhowe.

3 )

I n a ddition t here w ent t o s carcement

i s t he m ere a ssumption t hat l evel.

t he s tairs

u p

t o

a n

f rom t he l anding

T he f loor p lan o f N etlater, h array, i s o riginally d escribed a s ' fragments o f w alls a nd s tones s et o n e dge w hich w ere d ismissed a s s econdary. T he i nternal f urnishingJ a re, g iven a l ittle

l icence,

m ents, a ccess b roch e ntrance.

r eadily u nderstandable. t o

B asically,

t he i nterior i s d ivided

i nto

t wo a part-

b oth o f w hich i s g iven b y a s hort c orridor c ontinuing i n t he l ine o f t he T he c orridor i s d efined o n t he r ight-hand s ide b y f lagstones o n e dge a nd o n

t he l eft-hand s ide b y a p erforated f lagstone a nd t hen a s ection o f l aid m asonry c 0 .84m w ide. I t w ill b e s een f rom t he p lan t hat a ccess t o t he s maller a partment w as b y a n e ntry a t t he e nd o f t he c orridor a nd t o t he r ight; n o f eatures a re i ndicated i n t his a rea o ther t han a ccess t o t he i ntramural c ell a t 3 o 'clock. T he c orridor i tself c ontinues i nto t he l arger a partment w hich t akes u p t wo t hirds o f t he c ourtyard. A part f rom a ccess t o t he s ide c ell a t 1 1 o 'clock a nd t he i ntramural s taircase a n umber o f o ther f eatures a re r epresented. T he d ivision b etween i t i nto b ays b eds

f ound

a nd t he s maller a partment h as o rthostats p rojecting a t r ight a ngles d ividing a nd n earest t he w all i s a t riangular d ivision w ith a d oorway r eminiscent o f i n o ther b rochs.

W ithin

t his

a partment

1 61

i s a ccess

t o a w ell.

i t b ox

T he h eight o f t he i nternal f urnishings i s o nly g iven i n u npublished e levations. T he H ighest p reserved i s 1 .78m, t hough t he w all b etween t he l arger a partment a nd t he c orridor i s p reserved o nly t o a h eight o f 0 .9m a nd t he p artition b etween t he t wo a partments o nly s urvived t o h alf

o f

t his.

T he

i nternal

f urnishings o f L ingro a re n ot a s c learly

i t w ould s eem t hat i nterior i nto a t

t here w ere d istinct l east t wo p arts.

o rthostats p lan.

t he

a nd

i n

T he L och o f A yre, n umber o f d ivisions

r ecorded a s m ight

b e e xpected

b ut

p artitions m ade u p o f u pright s labs w hich d ivided t he H eights a re u nknown b ut t here a re o ne o r t wo r adial

l eft-hand a partment a t rough o r h earth i s

p encilled i n b y P etrie o n

a

H olm h as r eally t he l east i mpressive o f o ur f loor p l i 'ns. T here w ere a i n t he i nterior f ormed o f u pright f lagstones a nd s ome o f t hese a re

r epresented i n t he p ublished p lan. I t i s p articularly t o b e n oted t hat p art o f t he b roch w all i s b uilt o ver t he b eginning o f t he p artition w hich e xtended f rom t he r ight o f t he e ntrance. A t 1 2 o 'clock t here w as a s tructure d escribed a s a w ell; i t i s p robably a c ooking t rough. T he m ore o r l ess c omplete t ypes o f f loor p lans w e h ave b een d iscussing h ave c ertain r ecurrent b asic f eatures a nd t hese a re f amiliar i n t he m ore p artial a ccounts o f i nternal f urnishings. F or s ome

b rochs

e g S tackrue,

S andwiäk,

B urrian ( Garth),

H array a nd R edland,

S tromness,

t he o nly i nformation w e h ave r egarding t heir i nteriors i s t hat t here w as a w ell. F or a t l east o ne -T homas' i llustration o f B urgar i n E vie -the i nternal c onstruction i s c ompletely u nintelligible. F or

s ome

s ites

w e h ave a l ittle m ore i nformation.

A t

B orthwick

i n

S andwidk,

f or

i nstance, i t i s d ifficult t o m ake s ense o f t he s econdary c onstructions w hich w ere e xcavated, b ut b elow t hese w ere o rthostats w hich m ust h ave s tood c 1 .5m h igh, p rojecting a s t hey d id t hrough t he s econdary o ccupation. A t t he K nowe o f B urristae, W estray, t he s carcement m ay b e s een i n t he r uins a nd, a mongst t he r ubble b elow t his, t he t ops o f u pright f lags. T he p lan u sually p roduced o f t he B roch o f B urrian, N R onaldsay, s hows quite c learly t he p resence o f t wo s uperimposed o ccupations, a nd t he e xistence o f a l ater p lan a fter t he r emoval o f t he s econdary

f eatures

p roves

t hat s ome o f

t he r adial o rthostats,

R adial p artitions a re v ery n oticeably p resent

a t

a t

l east,

t he H owe o f

H oxa,

w ere

p rimary.

S R onaldsay.

F rom 1 0

o 'clock t o 3 o 'clock w ere s ix o rthostats u p t o 1 .6m h igh. S ome a re known t o h ave b een r emoved a nd T udor s tates t here t o h ave o riginally b een a s m any a s f ourteen w hich w ere 1 .83m t o 2 .74m h igh s et a t r ight a ngle s t o t he w all. F rom d escriptions o f l ocations o f t he f inds i t

i s

c lear t hat R adial

f lag

t roughs w ere f ound s et

o rthostats

a re

a r ecurrent

i n t he f loor.

t heme.

T hey h ave b een o bserved

S teiro, S hapinsay, H elliar H olm, S hapinsay a nd H owarness, w ere s een a nd t here h as b een n o i ndication o f t heir h eight. s uch o rthostats w ere s hown f orming t wo c ompartments

l ining

t o b e

p resent

a t

W estray b ut h ere o nly o ne o r t wo A t W asso, S anday, a n umber o f

t he b roch w all;

o ne o f

t he s tones

w as 4 .11m h igh. A t W H urray, t he o nly i nternal f eatures s hown w ere t wo a ligned o rthostats p rojecting f rom t he r ight-hand s ide o f t he s econd a ccess t o t he i ntramural g allery. T he h eight o f a t l east o ne o f t hese w as 1 .52m. A t O xtro, B irsay, t oo, l ittle i s known o f t he i nterior; t here i s a w ell a nd a round t he p erimeter a t l east f our o rthostats, s ome c 1 .8m h igh. A dditionally t here w as a w all w hich m ay h ave d ivided t he c ourtyard i nto t wo a reas. A t k edland, F irth o ne o rthostat 1 .32m h igh i s known t o h ave b een f ound b uilt i nto a w all. E B urray i s u ninformative i n t hat a lthough i t w as e mptied o ut l ittle i s known o f i ts f urnishings.

T here w ere s ome o rthostats s hown b ut

t hey w ere o nly

r ecorded s chematically a nd

n one o f t heir h eights i s known. T hey c an c learly b e s een t o f orm a d ivision p arallel t o t he i nner w all f ace a nd a p artition a cross t he b roch a nd, w hen p laced a t r ight a ngles t o t he b roch w all, t o f orm c ompartments. F inally, e xamination

L amb H ead, w as m ade o f

S tronsay

i s a s ite w orthy o f m ention.

t he c ourtyard,

b ut

i t i s d ifficult

P etrie i ndicates

t o m ake m uch s ense o f

t hat s ome t his.

H e

p lainly s hows a p assage 0 .78m w ide r unning f or a d istance o f 2 .36m, w here i t i s m arked ' ruins o f c ells'. A nother s ketch s hows t his p assage t o h ave b een c 0 .63m h igh, t hough o f c ourse i ts b ottom m ay n ot h ave b een r eached. I t i s p ossible t hat t his i s t he a ccess t o t he g round f loor o f t he b roch, w hile t he r est o f t he e ntrance t o t he c ourtyard i s b locked w ith t he r emains o f t he a ccess t o a h igher f loor. T his m ay t hrow s ome w here m asonry s eems t o b lock t he e ntrance.

l ight o n o ther c ases e g

I ngshowe,

F irth,

W ells W ells

a re a c ommon f eature o f

t he b roch i nteriors.

I n o ne s ense

t hey a re a p art o f

t he

i nternal f urnishings b ut i n a nother t hey a re p art a nd p arcel o f t he d efence s ystem o f t he b roch i tself. H owever, w hen o ther f actors w ere t aken i nto c onsideration, i t m ay n ot a lways

1 62

h ave

b een p ossible

t o b uild

t he s tructure o n a s ite s uitable

f or a w ell.

T en o f

t he O rkney

b rochs h ave b een s hown t o h ave w ells i nternally, o ne b roch m ay h ave h ad o ne a nd a nother a n e xample o f a n e xternal w ell w hich w as a ccessible f rom t he i nterior b y a t unnel.

h as

T he c onstruction o f t he w ells t ends t o v ary v ery l ittle, s o t here w ill b e n o d etailed d escription o f i ndividual o nes. T he r ock i s n ever f ar b elow t he g round i n O rkney a nd t hus t he f ollowing m ethod o f c onstruction w ould b e f ollowed. A l arge h ole, t erminating i n a r elatively s mall i ndentation w ould b e d ug t o a d epth a nd p oint a t w hich w ater w ould c ollect. T he h ole w ould t hen b e w holly o r p artly l ined a nd r oofed b y c orbelling a nd r elieving a rches. A s tairway b uilt i n a s p art o f t he l ining p rovided a ccess, a nd b y j ug, r ather t han l owering a b ucket d own a s haft. T here i s s ubterranean T he

t en e xamples

o f

t his

c ellars.

t ype a re:

O xtro, B irsay G urness, E vie

2 5 3 0

S taäkrue, S andwiäk R edland, S tromness

9 1 4

k edland, F irth B urrian ( Garth) H array

3 6 3 9

B urrian, N R onaldsay M id H owe, R ousay

1 5

N etlater,

4 7

B urroughston,

3 6

t he

f eatures d oubled a s

t he m ethod o f c ollection w as t he p ossibility t hat t hese

M anse o f H array

S hapinsay

I n s ome c ases w ells m ay h ave b een s ituated e xternally a lthough t his w ould h ave w eakened b roch s d efences. A t t he E B roch o f B urray t here w as s upposedly a s ubterranean p assage

0 .8m w ide w hich r an f rom w ithin t he b roch e ntrance t o a f light o f s teps o utside i t w hich w ere p art o f a n o therwise ' typical w ell. O ne w ell w hich d oes n ot a t f irst s ight s eem t ypical w as t M ary's H olm. T he f ound a nd i dentified -perhaps i ncorrectly -at t he L och o f A yre, › S f eature

w as

r oughly 0 .6m s quare,

p artly

r oofed w ith a f lat s lab a nd h ad

t wo

s teps

l eading

d own i nto i t. I t s eems a s l ikely t o h ave b een a c ooking t rough a s a w ell b ut i t m ust b e b orne i n m ind t hat t here w ould b e n o p oint d igging a n u nnecessarily d eep w ell; t he f eature a t t he L och o f A yre w as r eported t o b e f ull o f w ater a nd t he s ite i tself i s j ust a bout a t s ea l evel.

' Dog K ennels' T he

s tructures

r eferred

t o a re n ot f ound i n t he b roch i nterior b ut a re a dded o n t o

t he

o utside o f t he e ntrance. T hey a re o f a s hape a nd s ize t hat p recludes t heir b eing u sed b y h umans a nd t he v ery r easonable s uggestion h as b een m ade t hat t hey w ere f or g uard d ogs ( pers c omm R P F ereday). L ingro h as o ne o n e ither s ide; G urness a nd B orthwick o ne o n t he l eft a nd M id H owe, N etlater a nd, p ossibly, B urroughston, o nes o n t he r ight-hand s ide. T he t hree b rochs w here t he o utbuildings h ave b een c leared f igure p rominently i n t his s mall s ample s uggesting t he f eatures m ight b e q uite c ommon. I t i s d ifficult t o c ite i nstances w here t here i s a d efinite a bsence b ut t wo p ossible c ases a re B urrian, R ussland, H array a nd t he L och o f A yre,

S t M ary's H olm.

T he E xterior O utbu i ldings T he o nly b rochs a t w hich o utbuildings h ave b een s ystematically a nd e xhaustively e xplored a re L ingro, M id H owe a nd G urness. P etrie u nfortunately d ied b efore p ublishing a ny c onclus ions c oncerning t he f ormer s ite a nd t he e xcavators w ho w ere c oncerned w ith t he l atter t wo b rochs i nterpreted t heir f indings i n a t raditional m anner. A s w ith t he c onstructions i n t he i nterior o f t he b rochs i t h as a lways b een a ssumed t hat t hose o utside w ere s econdary c onstruct ions m ade f rom t he r uins o f t he t ower. I t i s h oped t hat i t h as b een d emonstrated t hat t here i s n o r eason t o t hink t he i nternal f urnishings a ny m ore ' secondary' t han b eing t he i mmediate f ittings o f a n e mpty s hell. A long t he s ame l ines i t c an b e s hown t hat t here i s n o r eason t o t hink

t hat

t he o utbuildings

f ound w ith b rochs a re a nything o ther

t han c ontemporary.

I t m ust b e c learly a dmitted t hat t he r uins o f s ome b rochs a re known t o h ave b een b uilt o n a nd p erhaps u sed a s a s ource f or t hese b uildings -G urness i tself i s a c ase i n p oint. S uch a p henomenon i s n ot t hat b eing s poken o f; t he p roblem i s t hat w ith t he d ata w e h ave w e m ay n ot b e a ble t o d iscriminate b etween t he t wo. T he t ype o f e xternal c onstructions b eing r eferred e xamples O r

t o f ollow a d istinct c ited. t hese G urness

i s

p attern,

t he n ature o f w hich i s

t he c learest a nd

i n d escribing

b est

i t s imply

i llustrated b y t he

t he

i ntention i s

t hree

t o g ive a

c lear i mpression. T here i s a p assage t hrough t he e xternal d efences a nd a ligned w ith t he b roch e ntrance i tself; a t t he l atter t he p assage b ifurcates a nd f orms a c orridor r ound t he b ase o f t he t ower, i ts l evel b eing t hat o f t he b roch i nterior. T his n aturally r esults i n a w all s urrounding t he b roch a nd t his a nd t he s ides o f t he m ain p assage t hrough t he o utbuild-

1 63

i ngs

a re

p unctuated

r ubble-built s egment

o f

w alls

a c itrus

f ires,

c ooking

w ill

s ituated.

b e o bserved

e ntrances

f orm o f s hare

c ircuit

t he

t heir

a round

c ould

a nd

a umbries;

t hat

w ith G urness

g uess

P ressure

h ad

a t

o uter

n ow

o ne

t here

t o

b uildings

t ransverse

s ettlement

b ox

b eds

S s ector o f

b efore

d ivision

i ncreased

t his

w hich

s ections

a nd

t heir

a s a w hole.

h ave

o f

b ack

T hen,

a s

t he w alls

i n

t he

L ike t he i nterior t oo, t he T here a re o bvious o nes -

a nd

t here

i s

e ven

t he b uildings

a t M id H owe h ave

c ut

t here w as

a pproximately

o ff

a

i s

c ompletely

w ell

r ising

t he a rea

m arine e rosion.

p reserved.

T o t he N s ettlement

s omething

T hus w e

1 00,

a p eninsula;

b een e xtensive

r oom f or

t o 3 0 -40.

l ike

c an e stimate l ater

i nside

T his

i s

-20

t hat

t o 2 50 o r t his

i s

1 5

t he w as t he

s o.

r elatively

e videnced

b y

t he

b roch e ntrance b eing t runcated s omewhat s ooner t han w ould b e a nticipated; t he b uildings t o t he W h aving b een r emoved; a nd b y o nly s mall f ragments

o f t he b uildings e lsewhere b eing p reserved a t a ll. G urness i s s triking. T here i s a gain t he e ntrance t ower i n t he f orm o f a n a lley 1 .2m w ide. t ypically s haped a nd f urnished b uildings. a nd h ave

a ccess

l ongitudinal w alls

t he

a re

t he

s tage a p opulation o f

t here m ust t he a ll

t hat

o n s pace

d efences

b ut

c ontinuation o f b y t he b acks o f

w all w ould

g ive

t runcated

i s a nd a lways w as a s pace -w hich m ust h ave b een i nviolable. m uch d estroyed b ut c learly t his i s w here t wo-thirds o f t he

O ne

T he s mall

t he

b uildings

i rregular,

t roughs

u nits.

s ettlement

T he

T hese

t ake

p rivy.

T o t he W t here b uildings w ere f amily

i f

t o

t he b roch, t he b uildings a re s ometimes s ubdivided. a re m ade o f f lagstone a nd a re v ery w ell p reserved.

r ecognisable I t

t end

f ruit.

f orm a c ontinuous, i nterior o f f urnishings

b y e ntrances. a nd

B earing t his i n m ind, t he s imilarity w ith t hrough t he b uildings a nd a ccess r ound t he

F rom t his c an b e s een d oorways w hich l ead o ff i nto T o t he S t here a re i ndications o f t he e ncircling

s teps a nd h ere o utbuildings m ay h ave b een a t a n aturally l ower l evel w here t hey b een s ubsequently s wept a way. T here i s a r egrettable d earth o f i nformation a bout

t hese o utbuildings; t hey w ere a ll t hought s econdary a nd t hose i n t he S E a nd S w ere d ismissed a s ' late a nd d ilapidated; t he e xcavation d id n ot r esult i n g ood f loor p lans o r i n r ecords o f f eatures

s uch a s

b uilding F w as T he

t hird

B roch o f f eature. n ot

n or

a ccess w ide

c ooking i n p art

e xample o f

L ingro, T races

a ll w ere

h uts

h earths,

p reserved

e xcavated.

a round

e tc.

I t

s hould

b e

n oted

h owever

a c ompletely e xposed e xternal

s ettlement w as

a lso

T he e xcavator's

c ontents t he

t he

a re

c learly

b roch e ntrance t ower

h ere

c an

f rom w hich

b ewildering s ince

b e

o ut.

m ade

b e a rgued

t he

f or a nd

b uildings

n either

T hough b adly t here w as

w ere e ntered.

T he

m easured 4 8m a cross -o nly s lightly l arger t han G urness. O n t he p opulation o nce h oused h ere t o h ave b een s imilar i n s ize.

b eyond

f orm a b and 8 .23m d eep w ith a n

S W

D efences

t his - may

h ave

e xisted a nd n ot

r oof

f irst

o f

-the

t he

f irst

a nd

s econd c enturies

A D w ere

f ound

i s l ittle d oubt t hat h ad P etrie n ot d ied w hen h e d id o utbuildings e xcavated w ould h ave b een e xploited t o

o ther

c onclusion c ould h ave

b een r eached

b ut

t hat

i n

l imits s ome

o f

t his

t he

t he

s ort

p ortion

u nbroken

d iscussion o f s tructure i t h as b een a d eliberate p olicy f inds; i t m ust h owever b e m entioned t hat a t olerably l arge t o

t he

b een i nvestigated.

T here f irst

o f U .7m

i s

b est

w all

o n

E -W

t he w hole

c rude

t heir

b asis

w e

t o e xclude t he n umber o f R oman

o utbuildings

a t

L ingro.

t he e vidence o f t hese c oins i n t he t he f ull. I t i s d oubtful i f a ny

t he o utbuildings w ere

c ontemporary w ith

t he

t ower.

B roch v ariable

e xcavations -if a ffairs.

i solate o r

t he

c ertainly a c orridor

s ettlement c an e xpect

c entral

t he

r ecorded

o utside.

d ating

b uildings

p lan i s

a nd

c oins

t he

t o

p reserved

I n t his d iscussion o f

t hat

c 1 .83m h igh.

S t O la. T he o utbuildings a round t he S a rc o f t he s ite a re i ts m ost s triking o f w alling t o t he N W s uggest t hey o nce e xtended f urther N ; i t i s s tated t hat

t heir

t owards

t roughs

a nd was

i t

s o

I t

t hat

l esser e xtent

i t

a nd

h as w as

b y

e xcavations a lways

t hey w ere a t

b een a p rimary

f ree-standing.

t renching

r ound

a ll -h ave

b een s een t o

c onsideration

T his w as

t o

f ind

d one b y e mptying

t he e xterior.

T rial

t he

t renching

t he

h ave

b een

t ower

c entre

t o

v ery

a nd

t o

a g reater

s ometimes

u ncovered

o utbuildings b ut t he d efining o f t he o uter f oundation o f t he t ower i s p articularly i mportant; w ith m onotonous r egularity t his p rocedure r esulted i n t he d iscovery o f a w all f ollowing t hat o f

t he

o r

b roch

s ettlement b een o f t he

r ound

i nterest

a rea

s uspects

a round w e

l ess

i t

t han a m etre

b ut

w here

t here

c ontemporary w ith

f rom i t. i s

i t.

T his

s uch a w all T races

o f

t he t o m ust

g et

c an n ot

b e

a s

s ure

o f

c ontemporaneity

b roch e ntrance was

m ore

t he w heelbarrows

i n a nd

t ake

i nto

a ccount

t he

i ntensively o ut.

p ossibility

w as

t here

e xternal

b y e xcavation o r e rosion o r h ave b een s uspected o n

t he

a lthough e xamined

F inally, t hat

n ot

o f

b uildings g rounds

t here a re t han

a re

d eal

f or

h ave

o f

a

a lso

t he

l ie

c ases

w here

e lsewhere

-o ne

w hen c onsidering

t hey

a g reat

i s , e vidence

t he e xternal

d elimited

b y

v isible

d efences.

B urrian

( Russland)

i nvestigated b ut s imply b roch f rom 5 o 'clock t o m ake t ext

f ound

b roch a nd

H ere w e

i n o rder

s ettlements e xternal

a d istance o f

t he

e ither

l and.

a t

t hose w ho

a round

n oted t he

t o

H array,

i s

a t ypical

e xample.

t renched r ound. S o d oing, 1 0 o 'clock a nd 0 .76 -U.91m

T he

h owever, f rom i t.

o utside

w as

n ot

i t c lear w hat i s o n t he o utside o f t his p assage, o r w hether i t i s a p assage, t hey m ention s eeing i n 1 929 a w all f ace c U .blm h igh a round w hat c ould h ave

1 64

t horoughly

r evealed a p assageway r ound T he C ommission f igure d oes b ut i n b een

t he n ot t he t he

o utside

o f

m asonry a s t he

w hich h e m easured p arts o f, i nternal b roch f urnishings.

t he b roch o n i ts

s urrounded b y b uildings A t N etlater,

b ut

S s ide.

t hat

P etrie's s ketches s how w hat

h e

h ad m arked

t o

b e

b uilt

a nd i n h is d rawn-up p lan i t i s c oded i n t he s ame c olour T here c an b e n o r easonable d oubt t hat t he b roch w as

t hey w ere

H array a w all 0 .9m t hick

n ot e xcavated. s urrounded

t he b roch a t

a d istance o f

cU .9m f rom

i t. T he e levations s how t he h eight o f t his t o h ave b een c 1 .5m. T raill p icked t his w all u p a t s everal p oints b ut P etrie's i ndications o f w here a re s chematic. I t i s s aid t hat a n umber o f ' cells o val;

w ere

f ound i n t he E s ide o f

t he b roch.

t his w as n ever s een b y P etrie e xcept T he

e xterior

o f

t he

t ower w as

O nly o ne

i s

i llustrated a nd w as s upposedly

a s a b roken-through w all a nd

n ot e xtensively i nvestigated

a t

i ts

p lan i s

I ngshowe,

i nvented.

F irth.

O n

P etrie's p lan, h owever, t here i s a l ine p encilled i n a bout 1 .2m f rom t he o utside o f t he b roch w all. T his i s n ot a n e rror s ince i t a lso a ppears i n s ection. T his i s p robably a w all b ut c ould

b e A t

t he l imit o f

F arrer's

t he L och o f A yre,

t renching.

h olm,

a r elatively

r ecent e xcavation,

t he e xternal

c onstructions

w ere p arts

f ragmentary a nd n ot s eriously i nvestigated. T he p lan s hows a p ath c E .2m w ide o f t he o utside o f t he b roch. F rom t his w hat w ere c alled ' passages' l ed o ff,

c ase

o ver a t hreshold s tone.

O ther w alls

s hown a re c urvilinear a nd t here w as a t

a round i n o ne

l east

o ne

a umbry n oted. T he R ound H owe, S t A ndrews, i s a c onfusing s ite. S urrounding t he t ower a t a d istance o f 0 .6m f rom i t w as a w all f ace. I n s ection t his i s s hown a s 0 .6m h igh b ut i f o nly t he t op o f t he r uins w ere r evealed i ts t rue h eight w ould h ave b een n ear 4 .88m. T he b uilding i tself s hown a s b eing e ither i n o r o n a m ound 4 .27m h igh a nd c 2 7.4m a cross a t t he b ase; i t t herefore p ossible t hat t his p artly c onsisted o f o utbuildings.

i s i s

W att m aintained t hat a t B orthwick, S andwick, t he w hole o f t he p romontory w ithin t he o uter w all w as c overed w ith ' outbuildings'. H e d id n ot h owever l eave m uch r ecord e ither h ow m any h e i nvestigated o r a ny d etailed d escription ; h e s ays A t a f uture t ime I s hall h ope t o b e

i n

a

p osition

t o g ive a n a ccount o f

t hem.

I n t he m eantime t he

e xcavations

a re

n ot

s ufficiently a dvanced t o e nable m e t o e nter p articularly i nto t he m atter.' I n i nvestigating t he o utside o f t he b roch w all t o t he E h e h ad t renched r ound i t a nd h ad f ound t hat c 1 .2m a way w as a w all c 0 .9m -1.2m h igh w hich h e t hought w as ' likely t he w alls o f o uthouses'. B etween w here

t he

t he g round

b elow t his o ccupation.

b ut

r ampart a nd i s i t

t he b roch

t ower a t B urrian,

r aised a nd i rregular. i s

i ronic

t hat

t hree

I t

i s v ery

N R onaldsay, l ikely t hat

t hat w ere i nvestigated

i s a s pace o f

t here

b elonged

a re t o

c

1 0m

o utbuildings a

s econdary

T he H illock o f B urroughston, S hapinsay, i s p erhaps t he m ost c onfused o f a ll e xcavation r eports. T he d escription o f t he o utworks m ention a p assage, r ampart, d itch a nd p arapet s urrounding t he b roch, i n t hat o rder, e xcept t o t he E w here t hey a re s upposed t o h ave b een r emoved b y s econdary b uildings f ound o utside t he e ntrance. T he p assage h ere w as 2 .74m w ide.s imilar t o B urrian, T his w as d ug o ut a nd a re

j ust

N R onaldsay -a nd w as b etween t he b roch w all a nd a nother w all i m t hick. t he ' rampart' a nd ' ditch' s poken o f, j udging f rom t he o riginal s ections,

t he r emaining l ip o f

t he m ound a nd t he g round b eyond.

T he b roch

i s m ore

o r

l ess

c entrally p laced w ithin a r ampart w hich w ould g ive t he w hole s upposed s ettlement a n a rea s imilar t o t hose o f G urness a nd L ingro. P etrie c ertainly c onsidered t he o utworks a nd b uildings t o b e s econdary w hile t he O rdnance S urvey i n 1 972 a ctually s uggested t hat t he c onstruction o f t he b uildings d estroyed t he o utworks t o t he E . T his i s a n e ntirely s ubjective a ssessment. T he o utbuildings o f 1 862 w ere c onnected t o t he b roch e xtending e ntrance p assage s eawards a nd a re s hown t o b e o n t he s ame l evel a s t he b roch i nterior. t he p lan a n a rea o f o utbuildings s eems o nly a n o rthostat a nd b ox b eing f ound. B othikan,

P apa W estray,

t o h ave b een e xcavated a nd

i s a nother o dd a nd i nteresting s ite.

l ittle m ade

o f

i t,

t he O n w ith

T he e ntrance w as c ontinued

a s w ith B urroughston. H ere i t w as l intelled a t a h eight o f c 1 .23m a nd w as t raced f or c 5 m a lthough i t i s s upposed t o h ave g one f urther. C irca 1 .6m f rom t he b roch e ntrance o n t he l eft h and s ide, a s y ou e nter, a nother p assage l ed o ff; t his w as l intelled a t a s imilar h eight a nd h ad a w idth o f c 0 .94m. T hese p assages w ere e vidently j ust o ne p art o f a c omplex o f e xternal b uildings b ut t hey g ive a n i nteresting i dea o f t he p assage b eing c overed a nd l ow w ith t he e ntrances

t o t he d wellings

l eading o ff

t hem.

T o t hese t en c ertain e xamples o f b rochs w ith c ontemporary o utbuildings m ay b e a dded s ixteen w here t he p resence o f o utbuildings i s s uspected o n t he g rounds o f m asonry a nd f eatures s een o r t he s tony, i rregular e levation o f t he l and. S ome o f t hese a re a s c ertain a s B reckness, S tromness w here a t p resent o utbuildings a nd m idden c an b e s een e xtending 1 7m t o t he W a nd 2 0m t o t he E o f t he m ain s tructure. I n t he f ield b ehind i s a c orresponding a rtificial r ise i n g round l evel. O n t he o ther h and t he i ndications m ay b e j ust a s a t N orth H owe, R ousay, w here t he O S F ield I nvestigator i n 1 972 n oted u neven g round s uggestive o f

1 65

s econdary

s ettlement.

f eatures

s hown

e xamples

a re

T here

o utside

t he

i s

a dditionally

b roch

n ot w orth m entioning

7 1 3

S tenso, E vie d urrian, C orrigal,

2 0

B erstane,

2 3

B urrian

B roch, G lumly,

i n

t he

t he

p lan

i n d etail

H array

S t O la S andwick

c onfused

p robably

b ut

e xample

o f

r epresent

s hould,

p erhaps

b e

2 8 3 3

C emetery, S tromness E B roch, B urray

3 d 4 0

K nowe o f H unclett, R ousay N orth H owe, R ousay

2 4

L och o f

4 1

W est

S tadkrue, S andwick C ummi-Howe, S tromness

4 3 4 6

W asso, S anday T he H illock, S hapinsay

2 7

d redkness,

5 0

L amb H ead,

W hile

w e

S tr ( nness

m ust

s tress

p ossibly m any m ore -h ave

t he

f act

t hat

c ontemporary

S ide,

w here T hese

R ousay

S tronsay

a p robable m inimum o f

e xternal

F irth,

f eatures.

l isted:-

2 5 2 6

S andwick

R edland,

i nternal

s ettlements,

t wenty

w e

s hould

O rkney n ot

b rochs

l ose

s ight

-a nd o f

e ven

a f ew i nstances i n w hich t here a re n o o utbuildings o r e lse t hey a re d emonstrably l ater. o utbuildings a t d u w ere n ot c ontemporary; a t O xtro e xhaustive i nvestigations s eem t o f ailed d oes

t o

n ot

r eveal

a ny

o utbuildings.

s uggest

t he

p resence

o f

T he

p resent

a n e xternal

l ie

o f

t he

l and a t G reen H ill,

N H oy,

T he h ave s imply

s ettlement.

Outer d efences B ecause b een

t he

o f

t he m ethod o f

l east

e xamined

a pproach

i dentifications h ave b een m ade a nd n ot t o s ay t hat w e c an b e s ure o utbuildings i nto

t wo

o r

c ompletely

T he

o f

a nd

t he w a ls

t hat

o f

t his

u nimpressive

d eep d itch a s

t he

A t

B urroughston,

b roch

c an

b e

a nd

e xample

i ts

u se.

t hat

o f

t he

f ormer

w e

t he

f ourteen

t he

o uter

a nd d itches

i s G urness w here

t o

t he

b ottom o f

t he

h ave w here

d efences i s

i n

a

f ill

i n

t he

e xterior

o f

t he

s urrounds

p asses

a nd

i s

i s

i mportant

t hat

c S Om i n

T he

o uter

a bout 3 .4m a cross.

d iameter.

T he

t otal

d iameter o f

i s

d efences

o n e ach s ide a nd w here w e b roch e ntrance i tself.

p laced w ithin a c ircular

t o

m ust

T his

s imilar a lthough n o d etails

c entrally

t hey

f or a d itch.

t he w hole.

i ncurve a nd t he

I t

t his

i nhabited

t hem w hat

s ituation i s a re

c an d ivide

r amparts

T he a rea e nclosed a nd

t he r amparts a nd d itches t hrough t he o utbuildings

a r ise 0 .8m h igh a nd

o uter d efences a re

b eyond w hich i s a d itch.

c ontinue

s upposedly

S hapinsay,

-there

f orts.

i mmediately

c ontemporary o utbuildings

s een a s

t hen t hose w here

a r ampart w ith b etween

d itch

e ntered f rom t he E w here a lignment o f t he p assage

T he

a re

t he o utbuildings i s

t he m onuments

l iterally e ncircle a b roch t ower w hich

d efences -promontory

b een c ontemporary w ith

O utside

T here

f oremost

t o

u ncommon

o n t ypological g rounds

t hose w hich

m ake a c ontinuous w all

t aken

T hey a re n ot

i n a lmost a ll t he c ases o utbuildings a re known. T his i s t hat t he o uter d efences w ere c oeval w ith e ither t he

P urely a re

p osition.

n atural

f irst

o utbuildings h ave

T here

e xposed

d eficiencies

n ote

t he b roch.

t ypes.

p reviously

f eatures.

f ind

c an

b e

a s a re t he

s een.

r ampart

w hich

t he c omplex

i s

c 5 2m. T here

i s

a n ot

b roch a nd w hat d elineated b y w ide

w hile

w as

6 .68m

t o

h ave

a t

t he E e nd

b y 5 3.64m;

R edland, a part

F irth,

b een

b ut

d issimilar s ituation a t

t he

i nside i s

n o g reat

r amparts

t erminate a t a n atural

f eature.

b y a m oat

a nd

p ossibly

n ot

v ery

d imensions.

t he a rea b etween i t a nd o utbuildings f rom h ere

T his

i s v ery

l ikely

t he c entral m ound w as m istaken a re e qually c onfusing.

N atural f eatures, w here t hat g reat. T he t ower o f

s hoe

s haped

e arth

e mbankment

s tones

and

9 m

( Corrigal),

d eep.

surrounded

l ies

o n

t he

F or

t here

i s

a

a t

t he

c oast

o ne o f D ryden's

t o

b e

a

t he

h alf

a t a d istance o f o uter l ip o f t he

s ite.

r ing o f

I t

i s

s tones

s upposed

a bout

m isrepresentation

1 .5m

o f

t he

s urrounded b y a g rassy b ank 0 .3m h ave h ad i ncorporated s tones a nd

f or a l arge

d itch o r m oat.

t o

t he W .

i llustrations

T he

e mbankment

h as a f aced

R eports

b roch

i ts

i s

l ocated

c ircumference

1 2.2m b y d efences

d eep d itch i n p art o f

a longside t he

b roch

a ppeared

t erminal a t

t he t ime o f t he C ommission's v isit. T he i s s aid t o b e 7 m a nd t here a re i ndications

H array l east

i tself

o f

p resent, a re n oted t hough t heir d efensive c ontribution m ay n ot t he E B roch o f B urray, f or i nstance, i s s urrounded b y a h orse-

w hich m eets

a lthough

I t s tood c 1 .52m h igh a t r ampart a nd t he b roch t ower d urrian,

w here

T he e nclosure

i nformative

o utside w hich w as a c ircular

r emains. T he O S i n 1 966 r ecord t hat t he s ite, a m ound, i s h igh. T his i s p robably t he r emains o f a r ampart, w hich m ay

b e

S t A ndrews,

m easurement.

a n e nigmatic

s urrounded

o f

t he R ound H owe,

s eem t o b e c ontemporary o utbuildings s ituated w ithin a p ear-shaped e nclosure a b ank 7 .3m b road a nd 0 .76m h igh. A t t he W e nd t here w as a n e ntrance 4 .57m

b e

i nterior b etween o f o utbuildings.

a b urn w ith a p erpendicular t ower

1 0m a cross. t he c ircuit.

c an b e

s een

t o

h ave

o f e nd. t he A t b ank b een

A n e mbankment U .dm -1 .7m h igh T races o f b oth b ank a nd d itch

n ave b een o bscured b y a gricultural p ractice b ut t hey s eemed t o h ave c ombined w ith d efence o f t he burn - side. T he U S noted indeterminate structures around t he b roch

1 66

t o

t he N E

t he n atural t ower.

O ne

o f

t he c lassic e xamples o f

a p romontory-type o uter d efence -certainly

t he

o ne

w e

k now m ost a bout -is M id H owe. A s w e s ee i t, t he s hort p romontory t he b roch s tands o n h as r unning a cross i ts n eck a r ampart w ith a n i nturning e ntrance a nd a d itch a t e ither s ide. O ther a spects o f w all f ace, i f n ot h ave

b een i nvestigated. T he

t he

t he d efence m ay n ot h ave b een f ully r evealed f or t here a re i ndications o f a a r ampart, o utside t he o uter d itch w hile a nything u nder t he b roch w ould n ot

r ampart d iscovered s tands o ver 2 m h igh a nd

i nside.

A t

i ts n arrowest

i t

i s

c 0 .4m a cross

i s

s heer o n t he o utside a nd b attered

b ut

a t

t he b ase

i t

i s

8 m

b road.

t urning o f t he r ampart a long S tenchna G eo m ade t he e ntrance 1 0m l ong a nd 1 .62m b road. o uter p art w as o nly 1 .U7m w ide h owever a nd w here i t e xpanded t here w ere d oor c hecks a nd f lagstones

s unk

a cross w ith a g ap

o n T he T he t wo

b etween.

T he o uter d itch w as 2 .5 -3m w ide a nd h ad a f lat b ottom. T he i nner o ne w as s imilar and w as h alt t he w idth a t t he b ase. B oth i ts s ides w ere b uilt o f s tone a nd i ts b ottom w as c 0 .91m b elow t he b ase o f t he b roch. H ere i s t he p roblem -for h alf i ts l ength i t a nd i ts f ill w ere

c overed w ith b uildings w hich c ould b e

t hought

t o b e c ontemporary w ith t he

b roch.

T he

s urviving a rea e nclosed o n t he p eninsula i s k nown t o h ave b een e roded. T he s ite m ost s imilar t o M idhowe i s B orthwick, S andwiäk. A cross t he n eck o f t he p romontory t he b roch w as b uilt o n a nd s ome 1 6.75m f rom i t t here i s a s hallow d epression c 2 5m b road a nd 5 0m l ong w hich m ay b e a d itch ;

i nside i t i s a r ampart.

W att m ust h ave

e xcavated

p art o f t his d efence a s h e s ays t hat t he r ampart w as f ounded i n t he m oat a nd w as 0 .9 -1.2m w ide a t t he t op, c 1 .83m a t t he b ase a nd c 2 .74m h igh. A t t he p oint w here t he w all m et t he S c liff t here w as t he r emains o f a b uilding w ith a c hamber w hich w as c ertainly p art o f a g ateway. W ithin t he r ampart w as a n a rea c overed w ith o utbuildings p resumed c ontemporary w ith t he b roch. B urrian,

( Russland),

H array,

i s o n a s lender t ongue o f

l and p rojecting

i nto

t he L och o f

H array. T here s eem t o b e c ontemporary o utbuildings a round t he t ower a nd a cross t he n eck t he p eninsula i s a l ine o f b oulders w hich m ay h ave b een t he r emains o f a n o uter d efence. B urrian,

N R onaldsay,

i s d escribed a s a p romontory

f ort b ut i n b eing s uch i t

o f

i s n ot w ell

d efended. I t i s t rue t hat t he b roch t ower s tands o n a t riangular s pit o f l and p ointing o ut t o s ea; t hat i s h as w hat s eems t o c ontemporary b uildings a round i t a nd b eyond t hese a re f our v ery s pread r amparts ( some 1 0m f rom t he t ower). A ccess f rom t he c oast i s d ifficult h ere a nd c ontrasts s trangely w ith f our r amparts o n t he l andward s ide. c urrently b eing e roded a nd i t c ould h ave b een i n t he p ast.

b y

b y

n o m eans T he s ite i s

L amb H ead, S tronsay, a ppears t o b e i n a p romontory p osition a nd o utbuildings w ere n oted t he O S i n 1 970. T hey a lso s aw t wo h ollows c 8 m w ide a nd I m d eep t o t he N W a nd S E i n t he

c liff e dges w hich t hey t hought m ight b e a d itch p rotecting t he W s ide. A bout 8 0m t o t he N W w ere t he r emains o f a w all s pread 4 m t hick t hat r an o bliquely a cross t he n eck o f t he p romontory i n a N W-SE d irection b ut

t hey d id n ot c onsider t his n ecessarily d efensive.

T o t he a bove c lear e xamples m ay b e a dded t races

o f o utbuildings s een b ut

t o

t wo o thers.

t he E w ere t he s light

A t D ishero, t races

R endall,

t here w ere

o f a n e nclosing w all w ith

w ide d itch b eyond i t. N o o uter d efences w ere n oted a t L ingro b ut P etrie s hows t he o uter l imit o f t he b uildings, f airly m assive m asonry f aced o n t he o utside.

t o

n o a

t he S E, a t I n D ryden's

v ersion t his h as b een c leared u p a nd l abelled ' substructure'. T here i s n o r eason w hy s hould n ot h ave b een p art o f t he s urrounding w all w ith a d itch o n t he o utside w hich

t his w as

s ubsequently b uilt o ver. I t

i s v ery p robable t hat a l arge n umber o f

t he s ites w e c all b rochs h ad o uter

d efences

b ut t hat t hese h ave n ot b een o bvious a nd h ave n ot b een u ncovered b ecause t hey h ave n ot b een l ooked f or. I t i s h owever t rue t hat B u b roch d oes n ot s eem t o h ave h ad a ny d efences a nd a t o ther s ites e g C hapel K nowe, F irth , a nd G reen H ill, H oy, A t O xtro n either o utbuildings n or d efences w ere m entioned; t he o ne m ay h ave p recluded t he n ecessity f or t he o ther.

1 67

t here a re d efinitely n one v isible. i t i s p ossible t hat t he a bsence o f

R EFERENCES

Allen, J R 1 903 T he E arly C hristian M onuments o f

S cotland:

P art

I II,

E dinburgh. Anderson, J 1 872 N otes b rochs 5 61.

o n t he e vidence o f

o r p ictish t owers

s pinning a nd w eaving i n t he

,P roc S oc A ntiq

Anderson, J ( ed) 1 873 T he O rkneyinga S aga,

S cot 9 ( 1870-72)

5 48-

E dinburgh.

Anderson, J 1 874 N otes o n s ome p olished s tone d iscs P roc S oc A ntiq S cot 1 0, ( 1872-74) 7 17-719.

o f u nknown u se,

Anderson, J 1 878 N otes o n t he s tructure, d istribution, a nd c ontents o f t he b rochs w ith s pecial r eference t o t he question o f t heir C eltic o r N orwegian o rigin, P roc S oc Antiq S cot 1 2 ( 1876-78) 3 14-355. Anderson, J 1 881 S cotland i n E arly C hristian T imes, Anderson, J 1 883 S cotland i n P agan T imes:

E dinburgh.

T he I ron A ge,

E dinburgh.

Anderson, J 1 890 ( 1871) N otice o f t he e xcavation o f t he b rochs o f Y arhouse, B rounaben, B owermadden, O ld S tirkoke, a nd D unbeath, i n C aithness, w ith r emarks ( 1874-90) 1 31-198. Anonymous n d P lan o f ( unnumbered).

o n t he p eriod o f

B roch o f

( 1980) B ell,

N R onaldsay,

B 1 980 B roch o f

S oc A ntiq

S cot M SS

t he O rkney I slands,

B urgar,

E dinburgh.

D iscovery a nd E xcavation i n S cotland

2 4. B 1 982 S mall F inds f rom O rkney B rochs,

M onuments

t ypescript

a t

C emetery B roch,

Bell, B a nd Haigh, D 1 981 H owe ( 1981)

o f H owe,

D iscovery a nd E xca-

D iscovery a nd E xcavation i n

2 5.

C alder, C S T 1 937 A n eolithic d ouble O rkney,

K irkwall.

S tromness.

B ell, B and Carter, S P 1 980 Warebeth C hurchyard, v ation i n S cotland ( 1980) 2 2.

S cotland

i n N ational

R ecord f or S cotland a nd T ahkerness H ouse Museum,

B ell, B f orth E xcavations

E day,

A rch S cotica 5

( In NMR)

B arry, G 1 805 H istory o f B ell,

B urrian,

t he b rochs,

P roc S oc Antiq

S cot 7 1

C alder, C S T 1 939 E xcavations E day i n O rkney, P roc S oc Antiq

c hambered c airn o n t he C alf ( 1936-37)

o f I ron A ge d wellings o n t he C alf S cot 7 3 ( 1938-39) 1 67-185.

1 68

o f

15-154. 1 o f

C allander, J G and Grant, W G 1 934 T he B roch o f M id H owe,

C arter,

S P , H aigh, D , N eil, N R J and S mith, B 1 984 I nterim r eport a t H owe,

( 1933-34)

R ousay,

P roc S oc Antiq

t he s tructures

S cot 6 8

4 44-516.

O rkney,

O rkney, G lasgow A rch J 1 1

S tromness,

( 1984)

o n 6 1-

7 3. C aulfield, S oc A ntiq

S 1 978 Q uern r eplacement S cot

1 09

( 1977-78)

C harleson, M M 1 898 N otes t he e arly

a nd

t he

o rigin o f

t he b rochs,

P roc

1 29-139.

o n s ome

s tone

i mplements

i nhabitants o f O rkney, P roc S oc A ntiq

a nd o ther r elics

S cot 3 2

( 1897-98)

o f

3 16-

3 24. Childe, V G 1 935 T he P rehistory o f C larke, 3 6

L ondon.

D V 1 970 B one d ice a nd t he S cottish I ron A ge,

( 1970)

C louston,

C 1 841 P arish o f ( 1845)

S andwick,

( Orkney)

P roc P rehist S oc 1 8

C oughtrey, M 1 872 N otes

T he N ew S tatistical A ccount o f

4 1-67.

C orcoran, J X W P 1 952 T ankards ( 1952)

a nd

t ankard h andles

o n m aterials

B 1 983 D anebury:

P roc S oc A ntiq

t he B ritish I ron

f ound i n ak itchen-midden a t t o

l ong-handled c ombs,

A natomy o f a n I ron A ge H illfort,

Curle, C L 1 940 T he c hronology o f S cotland,

o f

8 5-102.

H illswick, S hetland, w ith s pecial r eference P roc S oc Antiq S cot 9 ( 1870-72) 1 18-151. C unliffe,

P roc P rehist S oc

2 14-232.

S cotland 1 5

Age,

S cotland,

S cot 7 4

L ondon.

t he E arly C hristian m onuments ( 1939-40)

o f

6 0-116.

C urle, C L 1 982 P ictish a nd N orse F inds f rom t he B rough o f B irsay 7 4,

E dinburgh.

( =

S oc A ntiq

C urie, J 1 932 A n i nventory o f o rigin f ound o n s ites c onstructions,

o bjects

i n S cotland n ot

P roc S oc A ntiq

Cursiter, J W 1 887 N otice o f

S cot t he

o f

R oman a nd p rovincial R oman

d efinitely a ssociated w ith R oman

6 6

( 1931-32)

b ronze w eapons

2 77-397. o f O rkney a nd S hetland,

a nd o f a n I ron A ge d eposit f ound i n a c ist a t M oan, A ntiq S cot 2 1 ( 1886-87) 3 39-346. Cursiter, J W 1 923 T he O rkney b rochs, 4 9-52.

h array,

P roc O rkney A ntiq

S oc

P roc S oc

1 ( 1922-23)

D ryden, H 1 890 ( 1872) N otes o f t he b rochs o r ' Pictish T owers C lickemin, & c, i n S hetland, A rch S cotica 5 ( 1874-90) 1 99-212. Dryden, H ( 1868) MS ( a) B irsey O kstrow B rough. C opied

b y H D 1 868

o riginals S oc A ntiq

1 934-

S cot M onog S er 1 )

R emains

o f M ousa,

f ound i n i t.

f rom w atercolour s ketches b y h im i n 1 866 f rom

i n p ossession o f W L eask S cot M SS 2 2. (Missing) (

o f B irsey a nd G P etrie o f K irkwall, i n NMR).

1 69

Dryden, H M S ( b) O rkney a nd S hetland c ircles, S oc A ntiq

S cot M SS

1 70.

b roughs

Dryden, H and P etrie, G MS ( a) T he B roughs o f O rkney,

S oc A ntiq

S cot M SS 3 0.

a g ood d eal o f m aterial t hat Dryden, O rkney,

( In N MR)

S oc

S kara a nd L ingrow,

( When e xamined t his c ontained

H and P etrie, G MS ( b) T he B roughs o f S kara a nd L ingrow, S oc A ntiq S cot M SS 3 2. ( In N MR) ( When e xamined t his c ontained s hould h ave b een i n a nother f older)

Fairhurst, H 1 984 E xcavations a t C rosskirk B roch, ( =Soc A ntiq

C aithness,

E dinburgh.

S cot M onog S er 3 )

F arrer, J 1 857a N otice o f O rkney,

a ' Burgh',

P roc S oc Antiq

F arrer, J 1 857b N otice o f

F arrer, J 1 857c N otes

r ecently o pened i n t he i sland o f

S cot 2 ( 1854-57)

a ntiquities

r ecently e xamined b y J ames 1 58.

h ouse',

P lans,

s hould h ave b een i n a nother f older)

a g ood d eal o f m aterial t hat

B urray,

& e tc.

( In NMR)

F arrer,

o n t he

5 -6.

i sle

P roc S oc A ntiq

o f E day,

o n t he b ronze a nd i ron r emains

i n t he h olm o f E day,

O rkney,

O rkney,

S cot 2 ( 1854-57)

P roc S oc Antiq

1 54-

d ug u p i n a ' Picts S cot 2 ( 1854-57)

1 78-179. F arrer, J 1 868 N ote f ound i n O rkney, ( 1866-68)

r especting v arious

a nd n ow p resented

a rticles

i n b ronze a nd s tone;

t o t he M useum,

P roc S oc A ntiq

S cot 7

1 03-105.

Feachem, R 1 963 A G uide t o P rehistoric S cotland,

L ondon.

F ergusson, J 1 877 S hort E ssay o n t he A ge a nd U ses o f t he B rochs a nd t he R ude S tone M onuments o f l and,

t he O rkney I slands a nd t he N orth o f

S cot-

L ondon.

F irth, H N 1 986 T raditions a nd C ustoms P eople o f O rkney, K irkwall, 1 37-174. F ojut, N 1 981

I s M ousa a b roch?,

i n B erry,

P roc S oc A ntiq

R J a nd F irth,

S cot

1 11

H N T he

2 20-

( 1981)

2 28. F owler, E 1 960 T he o rigins a nd d evelopment o f t he p enannular b rooch i n E urope, P roc P rehist S oc 2 6 ( 1960) 1 49-177. F raser, J 1 923 S ome a ntiquities 1 ( 1922-23)

F raser, J 1 924 A ntiquities ( 1923-24)

o f

S andwidk P arish,

S oc

o f

B irsay P arish,

P roc O rkney Antiq

S oc 2

P roc O rkney A ntiq

S oc 3

2 1-30.

F raser, J 1 927 T he a ntiquities ( 1926-27)

P roc O rkney A ntiq

2 2-29.

F raser, J 1 925 A ntiquities ( 1924-25)

i n H array P arish,

3 1-37.

o f

F irth P arish,

5 1-56.

1 70

P roc O rkney A ntiq

S oc 5

G elling, P S 1 985 E xcavations a t S kaill, D eerness T he P rehisory o f O rkney, E dinburgh, 1 76-182.

i n R enfrew,

G ordon, - P rincipal 1 792 R emarks m ade i n a j ourney I slands, A rch S cotica 1 ( 1792)

2 56-268.

G raeme, A S 1 914 A n a ccount

t he e xcavation o f

M ary's;Holm ,

O rkney,

G raham, A 1 947 S ome ( 1946-47) G rieg,

o f

P roc S oc A ntiq o bservations

S cot 4 8

o n t he b rochs,

- B-

t he O rkney

t he B roch o f A yre,

( 1913-14)

S t

3 1-51.

P roc S oc A ntiq

S cot 8 1

4 8-49.

S 1 940 V iking A ntiquities i n S cotland,

O slo.

V iking A ntiquities i n G reat B ritain a nd I reland, HM

t o

C ( ed)

C atalogue = H unterian M useum,

( =Shetelig,

P art

C atalogue o f

H ( ed)

I I)

H enderson B ishop

C ollection. H h i l C atalogue = H unterian M useum C atalogue. H aigh,

D 1 983 A s econd e arth-house a t G rainbank,

S oc A ntiq

S cot

13 1

H aigh, D and S mith, R eport,

( 1983)

S t O la,

O rkney,

P roc

3 67-372.

B 1 982 E xcavations a t H owe,

S tromness.

A n I nterim

K irkwall.

H amilton, J R C 1 962 B rochs a nd b roch b uilders T he N orthern I sles, E dinburgh, 5 3-90.

i n W ainwright,

H amilton, J R C 1 968 E xcavations a t C lidkhimin,

S hetland,

F T ( ed)

E dinburgh.

H edges, J W 1 980 T extile a nd T extile P roduction i n D ark A ge B ritain, u npublished M P hil

t hesis,

U niversity o f

S outhampton.

H edges, J W 1 983 T rial e xcavations o n P ictish a nd V iking s ettlements S aevar H owe, B irsay, O rkney, G lasgow A rch J 1 0 ( 1983) 7 3-124. H edges, J W 1 984a T omb o f

t he E agles,

L ondon.

H edges, J W 1 984b G ordon P arry's W est B urra S urvey, ( 1984)

G lasgow A rch J 1 1

4 1-59.

H edges, J W 1 985 T he b roch p eriod i n R enfrew, O rkney,

a t

E dinburgh,

C ( ed) T he P rehistory o f

1 50-175.

H edges, J W f orth T ougs,

B urra I sle,

S hetland,

G lasgow A rch J 1 2.

H edges, J W , B ell, B and N ell, N 1 979 H owe o f H owe, E xcavation i n S cotland ( 1979) 2 4. Hedges, J W a nd B ell, B 1 980 T hat b roch, A ntiquity 5 4 ( 1980) 8 7-94.

t ower o f

S cottish p rehistory -t he

H edges, J W a nd B ell B f orth T he B roch o f L ingro,

1 71

D iscovery a nd

S t O la,

O rkney.

H edges,

S E unpublished S ite R eport

H array,

O rkney,

t ypescript

o f E xcavations

a t

S purdagrove,

l odged w ith H BM.

H odder, I and Hedges, J W 1 977 ' Weaving c ombs -t heir t ypology a nd d istribution w ith s ome i ntroductory r emarks o n d ate a nd f unction i n C ollis, J ( ed) T he I ron A ge, S heffield, 1 7-28. I rvine M SS 4 1 872 R eference n ot R CAMS 1 946.

c hecked -M S n ote i n R SM ( Q)

J ackson, K H 1 955 T he P ictish l anguage i n W ainwright, P roblem o f t he P icts,

E dinburgh,

J oass, J M 1 890 ( 1871)

c opy o f

F T ( ed) T he

1 29-165.

T he b rochs

o r ' Pictish t owers' o f

C inn T rolla,

C arn-Liath, a nd C raig C arril, i n S utherland, w ith n otes o n o ther N orthern B rochs, A rch S cotica 5 ( 1874-90) 9 5-130. K ilbride-Jones, 7 2,

( 1937-38)

L aing,

H E 1 938 G lass a rmlets

i n B ritain, P roc S oc A ntiq

3 66-395.

S 1 868 O n t he a ge o f

p rehistoric r emains ( 1866-68) 5 6-79.

t he b urgs

o r ' brochs' a nd s ome o ther

o f O rkney a nd C aithness,

P roc S oc A ntiq

S cot 7

Lamb, R G 1 980 I ron A ge P romontory F orts i n t he N orthern I sles, ( = B ritish A rchaeological R eports B ritish S eries 7 9) L ow, G 1 879

S cot

O xford.

( 1774) A T our t hrough t he I slands o f O rkney a nd S chetland,

K irkwall. Macartney, E 1 984 A nalysis 1 47.

o f

f aunal r emains

MacGregor, A 1 974 T he B roch o f S cot 1 05 ( 1972-74) 6 3-118.

B urrian,

i n F airhurst

N orth R onaldsay,

MacGregor, M 1 976 E arly C eltic A rt i n N orth B ritain,

1 984,

P roc S oc A ntiq

L eicester.

MacKle, E W 1 965 T he o rigin a nd d evelopment

o f

b uilding

P roc P rehist S oc

c ultures

o f

t he S cottish I ron A ge,

1 33-

t he b roch a nd w heelhouse ( 1965)

9 3-

1 46. MacKle, E W 1 977 S cience a nd S ociety i n P rehistoric B ritain, Marwi c k, S oc A ntiq Marwick,

H 1 924 T wo S cot

5 8

s culptured s tones

( 1923-24)

r ecently f ound i n O rkney, P roc

2 95-299.

H 1 952 O rkney F arm-names,

K irkwall.

Marwi c k, J G 1 928 N otes

o n s ome

r elics

S ociety,

S cot 6 2

( 1927-28)

P roc S oc Antiq

M PBW = M inistry

L ondon.

o f P ublic B uildings

Mykura, W 1 976 O rkney a nd S hetland,

f rom O rkney e xhibited b efore t he 1 21-122.

a nd W orks F iles. E dinburgh.

1 72

NMAS ( National Museum o f Antiquities o f S cotland)

1 849 S ynopsis o f

M useum o f

E dinburgh.

t he S ociety o f A ntiquaries o f

S cotland,

t he

N MAS ( National Museum o f Antiquities o f S cotland) 1 892 C atalogue o f t he N ational Museum o f A ntiquities o f S cotland, N ew E dition, E dinburgh. N MAS = L oan R egister o f N ational M useum o f

A ntiquities

o f

S cotland.

O NB = O rdnance S urvey O bject N ame B ooks. O S ( Ordnance S urvey) n d Antiquity C ards. O lsen,

M 1 954 R unic i nscriptions i n G reat B ritain,

o f M an, a nd

O slo.

I reland,

O vrevi l t,

( = S hetelig,

h ( ed)

I reland a nd t he I sle

V iking A ntiquities i n G reat B ritain

P art V I)

S 1 985 T he s econd m illenium a nd a fter i n R enfrew,

P rehistory o f O rkney,

E dinburgh,

P OAS ( Proc O rkney Ant S oc)

C ( ed) T he

1 31-149.

1 923 F rontispiece,

P roc O rkney Antiq

S oc

1

( 1922-23). P SAS ( Proc S oc Antiq S cot) ( various d ates) D onations L ibrary, P roc S oc Antiq S cot. P etemkin, A 1 831 N arrative o f o ut o f ( 1831)

t he B urgh 4 4-45.

( or

h uman r emains,

c ircular f ort)

a c omb

a t B urgar

t o

t he M useum a nd

& c w hich w ere d ug ,A rch S cotica 3

P etrie, G 1 857 D escription o f a ntiquities i n O rkney r ecently e xamined, roc S oc A ntiq S cot 1 854-57) 5 6-62. w ith i llustrative d rawings-, P P etrie, G 1 890 ( 1866) N otice o f

t he b rochs

O rkney, A rch S cotica 5 ( 1874-1890) P etrie, G 1 927 P rimeval a ntiquities ( 1926-27)

o r l arge

r ound

t owers

o f

7 1-94. o f O rkney,

P roc O rkney A ntiq

S oc 5

1 9-29.

P etrie, G M S ( a) N otice o f t he B rochs a nd t he s o c alled P icts H ouses o f O rkney, i n S oc Antiq S cot M SS 3 97. ( In NMR) ( This i tem i s c learly m isplaced P etrie,

s ince

e arly

i s

a M S a nd n ot

G MS ( b) N otebook

a ntiquities P etrie,

i t

o f

O rkney,

a n ewspaper c utting)

1 ( large) N otice o f

S oc A ntiq

S cot M SS

G MS ( c) N otebook 7 P aper o n t he

i nhabitants

o f O rkney,

S oc A ntiq

P etrie G ( 1863) MS ( d) S mall n otebook

s ome o f

5 40.

t races which a re f ound o f

S cot M SS 7 ,

t he a boriginal

( In R SM ( Q))

5 45.

S oc A ntiq

t he

( In R SM(Q))

S cot M SS 5 50.

( In

R SM(Q)) P etrie, G ( 1865) MS ( e) S mall n otebook

8 ,

S oc A ntiq

S cot M SS 5 46.

R SM(Q)) P etrie, G M S ( f) N otebook

9 ,

S oc A ntiq 1 73

S cot M SS

54. 5

( In R SM(Q))

( In

P etrie, G ( 1869-70) MS ( g) S mall n otebook ( In R SM(Q)) 1 1,

P etrie, G M S ( h) S mall n otebook R SM(Q)).

P etrie, G ( 1870-71) MS ( i) N otebook m issing. ( In R SM(Q))

S oc A ntiq

1 2,

( In R SM)

( Pages n ot

n umbered;

1 4,

S oc A ntiq

1 3,

S cot M SS 5 47.

S cot M SS 5 48.

S oc A ntiq

P etrie, G ( 1869-70) MS ( j) S mall n otebook ( In R SM(Q)) P etrie, G ( 1865) MS CO N otebook

1 0,

S cot M SS n umber

S oc A ntiq

S oc A ntiq

( In

S cot M SS 5 49.

S cot M SS n umber m issing.

t hose g iven s tart w ith i nside o f c over)

P etrie, G M S ( 1) N otebook, c ould b e n otebook 4 o r 5 )

S oc Antiq

S cot M SS 5 41.

( In R SM(Q))

P etrie, G M S ( m) N otebook,

S oc A ntiq

S cot M SS 5 51.

( In R SM(Q))

P etrie,

G ( 1870) MS ( n) P lan o f

S oc M SS

4 23.

B roch o f L ingrow,

O rkney,

( This

S oc A ntiq

( In N MR)

P etrie, G M S ( o) C orrespondence,

S oc A ntiq

S cot M SS 3 19.

( In N MR)

P etrie,

S oc Antiq

S cot M SS 3 32.

( In N MR)

G MS ( p) C orrespondence,

Petrie, G ( 1855-57) MS ( o i l) P ortfolio c ontaining

c orrespondence o f

G eorge P etrie r egarding t he r ecovery o f t he s ilver h oard a t S kaill. P aper d escribing a ntiquities e xamined i n O rkney d uring 1 855, 1 856, 1 857. F our s ketch b ooks a nd l oose s ketches a nd p lans a ntiquities b y G eorge P etrie, S oc A ntiq S cot M SS 4 87. t he s ketch b ooks r eference)

h ave b een a llotted s eparate

l etters

o f O rkney ( In N MR) f or e ase

( NB

o f

Petrie, G M S ( r) S ketchbook ( In NMR)

m arked 3 ?

a mong S oc Antiq

S cot M SS 4 87.

P etrie, G M S ( s) S ketchbook

m arked 5 ,

a mong S oc A ntiq

S cot M SS 4 87.

Petrie, G M S ( w) S ketchbook m arked 6 , ( In NMR).

a mong S oc Antiq

S cot M SS 4 87.

( In N MR)

P latnauer, M 1 922 C laudian,

V ol

1 a nd 2 ,

L ondon.

P latt, M I 1 933 R eport o n t he a nimal b ones S hetland, 1 27-136 i n C urle, A 0 A ccount o f o f

t he

S cot

6 7

p rehistoric ( 1932-33)

t ownship a t J arlshof,

f rom J arlshof, S umburgh, f urther e xcavation i n 1 932

S hetland....

,P roc S oc A ntiq

8 2-136.

Platt, M I 1 934 R eport o n t he a nimal b ones f rom J arlshof, S umburgh, S hetland, 3 13-319 i n C urle, A 0 A n a ccount o f f urther e xcavation a t J arlshof, S umburgh, S hetland 6 8 ( 1933-1934) 2 24-319.

i n 1 932 a nd

1 74

1 933....

,P roc S oc A ntiq

S cot

RCAMS ( Royal C ommission o n t he Ancient M onuments o f S cotland) T welfth R eport, V ol 2 , O rkney, E dinburgh. R SM(Q) C atalogue = R oyal S cottish M useum ( Queen S t) R adford, C A R 1 962 A rt a nd a rchitecture; W ainwright, R aftery, ( ed)

F T ( ed) T he N orthern I sles,

G 1 982 K nobbed

s pearbutts

S tudies o n E arly I reland:

o f

1 946

C atalogue.

C eltic a nd N orse i n E dinburgh,

1 63-187.

t he I rish I ron A ge i n S cott,

E ssays i n H onour o f M V D uignan,

R enfrew, C 1 979 I nvestigations i n O rkney, A ntiq L ondon 3 8)

L ondon.

B G

7 5-92.

( = R ep R es C omm S oc

R enfrew, C a nd Buteux, S 1 985 R adiocarbon d ates f rom O rkney i n R enfrew, C ( ed) T he P rehistory o f O rkney, E dinburgh, 2 63-274. Rhys, J 1 892 T he i nscriptions S oc A ntiq

S cot 2 6

R intoul, D 1 845 o f S cotland 1 5

( 1891-92)

( 1841) ( 1845)

a nd

l anguage o f

t he n orthern P icts,

P roc

2 63-351.

S tronsay a nd E day, ( Orkney)

T he N ew S tatistical A ccount

1 56-168.

R itchie, A 1 977 E xcavation o f P ictish a nd V iking-age f armsteads a t B uckquoy,

O rkney,

P roc S oc Antiq

S cot

1 08

( 1976-77)

1 74-227.

R itchie, A 1 983 E xcavation o f a N eolithic f armstead a t K nap o f H owar, P apa W estray, O rkney, P roc S oc Antiq S cot 1 13 ( 1983) 4 0-121. R itchie, A 1 985 O rkney i n t he P ictish K ingdom i n R enfrew, P rehistory o f O rkney,

E dinburgh,

R obertson, A 1 970 R oman f inds B ritannia 1 ( 1970) 1 98-226.

f rom n on-Roman s ites

Rynne, E 1 983 S ome e arly I ron A ge i n O 'Connor, A a nd C larke, F ive, E dinburgh, 1 88-196.

C ( ed) T he

1 83-204.

s word-hilts

i n S cotland,

f rom I reland a nd S cotland

D V 1 983 F rom t he S tone A ge t o t he ' Forty-

SM Catalogue = S tromness Museum C atalogue S cott, L 1 947 T he p roblem o f

t he B rochs,

P roc P rehist S oc

1 3

( 1947)

1 -

3 6. S impson, J 1 845 ( 1841) P arish o f o f S cotland 1 5

( 1845)

( Orkney)

S tronsay,

1 59-160.

S mith, B a nd C arter, S 1 980 H owe o f H owe, S cotland

( 1980)

T he N ew S tatistical A ccount

D iscovery a nd E xcavation i n

2 3-24.

S mith, B e t a l f orth T he H owe,

S tromness,

S tevenson, R B K 1 946 J ottings ( 1945-46) 1 41-143.

o n e arly p ottery,

1 75

O rkney. P roc S oc Antiq

S cot 8 0

Stevenson, RB K 1955 Pins and the chronology of brochs, Proc Prehist Soc 21 (1955) 282-294. Stevenson, RB K 1956 Native bangles and Roman glass, Proc Soc Antiq Scot 88 (1954-56) 208-231. THK Catalogue

=

Tankerness House Museum, Kirkwall, Catalogue.

Thomas, F W L 1852 Account of some of the Celtic antiquities of Orkney, Archaeologia 34 (1852) 88-136. Thomas, F W L MS (a) Notes and drawings of Hebridean and Orkney duns and brochs, Soc Antiq Scot MSS 29. (In NMR) Thomas, F W L MS (b) Notes with plans on Hebridean Duns, Soc Antiq Scot MSS 34. (In NMR) Trail, J 1890 Notes on the further excavations at Howmae, 1889, Proc Soc Antiq Scot 24 (1889-90) 451-461. Traill, W 1868 On submarine forests and other remains of indigenous wood in Orkney, Trans Bot Soc Edinburgh 9, 146. Traill, W 1885 Notice of excavations at Stenabreck and Howmae in North Ronaldsay, Orkney, Proc Soc Antiq Scot 19 (1884-85) 14-33. Traill, W 1890 (1872) Results of excavation at theBroch of Burrian, North Ronaldsay, Orkney during the summers of 1870 and 1871, Arch Scotica 5 (1874-90) 341-364. Traill, W and Smellie, G I841 Parish of Lady, The New Statistical Account of Scotland 15 (1845) (Orkney) 133-148. Tudor, J R 1883 The Orkneys and Shetland, London. Wallace, J 1700 An Account of the Islands of Orkney, London • Watt, W GT 1882 Notice of the broch known as Burwick or Borwick, in the Township of Yescanbee and Parish of Sandwick, Orkney, Proc Soc Antiq Scot 16 (1881-82) 442-450. Watt, W GT 1905 ·The ruins of Breckness: Prehistoric and modern in Charleson, M M (ed) Urcadian Papers, Stromness. Williams, D F 1982 Aspects of prehistoric pottery making in Orkney in Freestone, I, Johns, C and Potter, T (eds) Current Research in Ceramics: Thin-section Studies, London, 9-13. (=British Museum Occasional Paper 32) Wilson, D 1851 The Archaeology and Prehistoric Annals of Scotland, London. Wilson, D 1863 Prehistoric Annals of Scotland, 2nd Edition, London. Young, A 1953 An aisled farmhouse at the Allasdale, Isle of Barra, Proc Soc Antiq Scot 87 (1952-53) 80-105. 176