Bu, Gurness and the Brochs of Orkney: Part III: The Brochs of Orkney 9780860544364, 9781407317809
242 62 30MB
English Pages [188] Year 1987
Front Cover
Copyright
Table of Contents
Dedication
FOREWORD
LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF PLATES
LIST OF TABLES
ABBREVIATIONS
CHAPTER 3.1 THE EARLY IRON AGE
CHAPTER 3.2 PICTISH AND LATER ACTIVITY
APPENDIX 3.1 CATALOGUE OF AUTHENTICATED BROCH SITES IN ORKNEY
APPENDIX 3.2 A SHORT HISTORY OF BROCH STUDIES IN ORKNEY
APPENDIX 3.3 THE REVEALED STRUCTURE OF THE ORKNEY BROCHS
REFERENCES
Recommend Papers
![Orkney [2 ed.]
9781804690963](https://ebin.pub/img/200x200/orkney-2nbsped-9781804690963.jpg)
- Author / Uploaded
- John W. Hedges
- Bernard Bell
File loading please wait...
Citation preview
Bu, Gurness and the Brochs of Orkney Part III: The Brochs of Orkney
John W. Hedges with the collaboratidn of
Bernard Bell
BAR BritlSh Series 165 1987
B.A.R.
5, Centremead, Osney Mead, Oxford OX2 ODQ, England.
GENERAL EDITORS A.R. Hands, B.Sc., M.A., D.Phil. D.R. Walker, M.A.
B.A.R. 165, 1987: 'Bu, Gurn ess an d the Brochs of Orkney. Part III: The Brochs of Orkney' © Crown Copyright, 1987 The author’s moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher. ISBN 9780860544364 paperback ISBN 9781407317809 e-book DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860544364 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library This book is available at www.barpublishing.com
B U, G URNESS, A ND T HE B ROCHS O F O RKNEY P art 3 :
T HE B ROCHS O F ORKNEY C ONTENTS P age i ii
F oreword f igures
i v
L ist o f
p lates
v i
L ist
t ables
v iii
L ist
o f o f
i x
A bbreviations u sed C HAPTER
A PPENDIX
3 .1
T HE E ARLY
3 .2
P ICTISH A ND L ATER A CTIVITY
3 .1
C atalogue o f
4 1 ' broch'
5 0
J ohn W H edges a nd B ernard B ell A s hort h istory o f ' broch s tudies
1 30
s ites 3 .2
1
I RON A GE
a uthenticated
i n O rkney
i n O rkney 3 .3
R eferences
T he r evealed s tructure o f ' brochs'
t he O rkney
1 52
1 68
These v olumes a re d edicated t o t he memory o f T HE N ORTH O F S COTLAND ARCHAEOLOGICAL S ERVICES ( NOSAS)
i i
F OREWORD T hese t hree v olumes -at
o ne
l evel -a re,
r espectively,
o n a s alvage e xcavation; t he l ong o verdue p ublication m onument o pened f or p ublic d isplay; a nd a d iscussion o f c ontext a nd
o f
t he
s imilar
s ites
c onclusions
i mplications
f or
t he
i n t he
d rawn,
i mmediate a rea.
h owever,
s tudy o f
T he e vidence
h ave i mportant
S cotland's
a nd
p rehistory.
t he n orth a nd w est h ave
l ong b een c onsidered t o b e
l east,
a m onument
w ell d efined a s
t ype.
h ere,
a r eport
o f a l arge b oth i n t he p roduced
f undamental
T he
' brochs
' understood'
o f a t
o r,
t aking O rkney a s
a c ase
s tudy, t he a ccepted c oncept o f t he ' broch' i s r ejected a s b eing b oth a nd c onstrictive t o t hought. T he w ay i s m ade o pen f or f resh u ntrue t hinking, n ot j ust a bout t wo c enturies, b ut f or t he whole p eriod f rom t he b eginning o f S upport H istoric
t he I ron A ge
t hrough t o
f or t he p roject h as
B uildings
a nd
t he V iking
p rincipally c ome
M onuments
s ettlement.
f rom t wo b odies.
D irectorate
o f
t he
T he
S cottish
D evelopment D epartment p rovided m ost o f t he f unding a nd s ome s ervices t hrough P atrick A shmore a nd t hen N oel F ojut. T he b ulk o f t he e arly w ork w as u ndertaken w ithin t he N orth o f S cotland A rchaeological S ervices a nd b enefited f rom t he h elp, g reat a nd s mall, o f v irtually a ll t he
m embers
r esearch.
o f
s taff.
T he
L atterly,
s eemingly
m anuscript f or p ublication was w ife, T eresa. F or g round
t his
v olume,
r esearch
o n
i t t he
a m uch n eeded g rant was
e ndless
i s
t ask
e diting
s uch
m ade a
l ightened t hrough t he a ssistance
a p leasure
f inds
o f
t o ac knowledge
f rom O rkney b rochs
t hat m uch
w as
f or l arge
o f
m y
b ack-
u ndertaken
b y
B ernard B ell. T his w as c ondensed f or i nclusion i n A ppendix 3 .1 b ut a lso o ccurs a s a l arge u npublished t ypescript ( Bell 1 982). B ernard B ell a nd I b oth w ish t o t hank o ur r espective w ives, N icola a nd T eresa, f or t heir a ssistance w ith t he p lace-name d erivations i n A ppendix 3 .1. T he r esearch f or t his v olume, g enerally, c ould n ot h ave b een a ccomp lished w ithout t he a ssistance o f t he s taff o f t he R oyal S cottish M useum d rawings c redits g rateful
( Queen
S t)
a nd o f
t he N ational M onuments
R ecord.
a re v ariously b y L eigh T urner a nd F rank f or p hotographs h ave b een g iven i n t he l ist t o t he N ational M onuments R ecord o f
A ncient M onuments,
S cotland a nd
t o
T he
M oran. o f p lates
t he R oyal
l ine
S pecific b ut I a m
C ommission
o n
t he R oyal S cottish M useum ( Queen S t)
f or r eproductions o f m anuscript i llustrations o f v arious O rkney b rochs. M any o f t he l atter w ere t aken f rom m anuscripts o f t he S ociety o f A ntiquaries o f
S cotland, m ost
o f w hich a re h oused
i n t he N MR. JW H O xford
i ii
M arch 1 987
F IGURES P age
F igure 3 .1
O rkney B rochs: s tructures
Distribution o f p roven b roch t ype
2
3 .2
O rkney B rochs:
O verall d iameter; w all t hickness;
6
a nd d iameter o f
c ourtyard 7
3 .3
O rkney B rochs: D iagram of a gainst w all t hickness
f loor a rea p lotted
3 .4
O rkney B rochs:
S urviving h eights
3 .5
O rkney B rochs:
D istribution o f proven b roch t ype
7
( over 1 .5m)
2 9
s tructures y ielding R oman f inds 3 .6
O rkney B rochs:
S ites w ith O N B org a nd H augr n ames
3 3
3 .7
O rkney B rochs:
Some c ontemporary s tructures known
3 7
f rom O rkney 3 .8
O rkney
B rochs:
A n
e merging p attern o f
P ictish
4 8
o ccupation i n t he i slands w ith c lear e vidence f or t he i mportance o f f ormer b roch s ites ( Brochs n umbered a s i n f ig 3 .1: a = B uckquoy; H owe; c = B rough o f B irsay; d = P ool 3 .9
O rkney B rochs:
3 O xtro,
-after P etrie 1 890,
b = S aevar
B irsay (RCAM 1 946,
f ig 6 7
5 7
p l 8 )
3 .10
O rkney B rochs:
5 B urgar,
E vie
( Thomas 1 852,
3 .11
O rkney B rochs:
9 R edland, Steeringlo,
p l 1 7)
6 0 6 3
F irth
( Dryden a nd P etrie M S ( a)) 1 1
I ngshowe,
F irth ( Petrie M S
O rkney B rochs:
3 .13
O rkney B rochs: 1 2 B urrian, H array ( 1) ( RCAM 1 946, f ig 7 8)
( Russland)
6 8
3 .14
O rkney B rochs: 1 4 B urrian, H array ( 3) ( RCAM 1 946, f ig 8 0)
( Garth)
7 1
3 .15
O rkney B rochs: 1 5 N etlater, M anse of H array, H array ( Petrie 1 890, f igs 7 -9)
7 4
3 .16
O rkney B rochs:
2 2 B orthwidk,
8 4
S andwick
(0)
6 6
3 .12
( RCAM 1 946,
f ig 3 47) 3 .17
O rkney B rochs:
27 B reckness,
S tromness
( RCAM 1 946,
9 0
f ig 4 22) 3 .18
O rkney B rochs:
3 2 A yresdale,
B urray ( RCAM 1 946,
W est B roch o f
B urray,
f ig 3 69 -after P etrie M S ( s))
i v
9 5
F igure 3 .19
P age O rkney B rochs: ( RCAM 1 946,
3 .20
O rkney B rochs:
Or kney B rochs: ( RCAM 1 946,
3 .22
9 7
B urray
f ig 3 69 -after D ryden M S ( b))
( Petrie 1 890, 3 .21
3 E ast B roch o f B urray, 3
3 E ast B roch o f B urray, 3
3 E ast B roch o f B urray, 3
f ig 3 71
O rkney B rochs:
B urray
9 8
B urray
9 9
p l 7 )
-after D ryden M S ( b))
3 E ast B roch o f B urray, 3
1 00
B urray
( RCAM 1 946 f ig 3 72 -after D ryden M S ( b)) 3 .23
O rkney B rochs: 3 5 H owe o f H oxa, ( Dryden a nd P etrie M S ( a))
S R onaldsay
1 03
3 .24
O rkney B rochs: 3 5 H owe o f H oxa, ( Wilson 1 863, f ig 1 20)
S R onaldsay
1 04
3 .25
O rkney B rochs:
3 6 B urrian,
N R onaldsay ( RCAM 1 946,
1 05
3 6 B urrian,
N R onaldsay ( RCAM 1 946,
1 06
f ig 8 8) 3 .26
O rkney B rochs:
f ig 8 9 -after D ryden M S ( b)) 3 .27
O rkney B rochs: 2 73)
3 9 M id H owe,
R ousay ( RCAM 1 946,
f ig
3 .28
O rkney B rochs:
3 9 M id H owe,
R ousay ( RCAM 1 946,
f ig
3 9 M id H owe,
R ousay ( RCAM 1 946,
f ig
2 78) 3 .29
O rkney B rochs:
13 1
2 74) 3 .30
O rkney B rochs:
4 9 H unton,
S tronsay ( Dryden a nd
1 25
P etrie M S ( a)) 3 .31
O rkney B rochs:
5 0 L amb H ead,
S tronsay ( RCAM 1 946,
1 27
5 2 B urristae,
W estray ( RCAM 1 946,
1 29
f ig 4 23) 3 .32
O e ( cney B rochs: f ig 4 54)
P LATES P age
P late 3 .1
3 .2
O rkney B rochs:
3 O xtro, Birsay ( Dryden M S ( b))
( RCAMS - SAS M S
1 70)
O rkney B rochs:
1 2 B urrian,
H array ( 1)
1 31
( Russland)
1 31
( Russland)
1 32
( Petrie M S ( s)) ( RCAMS -SAS M S 4 87) 3 .3
3 .4
O rkney B rochs:
1 2 B urrian,
( Petrie M S ( e),
6 9)
O rkney B rochs:
1 5 N etlater, M anse o f H array,
( RSM(Q) -SAS M S 5 46)
H array (Dryden M S ( b)) 3 .5
O rkney B rochs:
H array ( 1)
( RCAMS -S AS M S
( RCAMS - S AS M S
3 .6
Or kney B rochs: 1 6 L och of A yre, ( Graeme 1 914, f ig 1 )
3 .7
Or kney B rochs:
owe, 19 R ound H
O rkney B rochs:
1 33
1 70)
S t M ary's,
H olm
1 33
1 34
( Howe o f
( Petrie M S ( q))
L angskaill), S t A ndrew's 87) ( RCAMS -S AS M S 4 3 .8
1 70)
1 5 N etlater, M anse o f H array,
H array (Dryden M S ( b))
1 32
owe, 19 R ound H
1 34
( Howe o f
Petrie M S ( s)) L angskaill), S t A ndrew's ( ( RCAMS -S AS M S 4 87) 3 .9
O rkney B rochs: P etrie M S ( b))
3 .10
rochs: O rkney B S ( b)) P etrie M
3 .11
3 .12
2 1 L ingro,
S t O la ( Dryden a nd
1 35
( RCAMS - S AS M S 3 2) 2 1 L ingro,
S t O la
( Dryden a nd
1 36
( RCAMS - S AS M S 3 2)
Or kney B rochs: ( Dryden M S ( b))
3 3 E ast B roch o f B urray,
Or kney B rochs:
3 3 E ast B roch o f
( Deyden M S ( b))
( RCAMS - S AS M S
( RCAMS - S AS M S
B urray
1 37
B urray
1 37
1 70) B urray, 1 70)
3 .13
Or kney B rochs: 3 6 B urrian, N ( b)) ( RCAMS - S AS M S 1 70)
Dryden M S R onaldsay (
1 38
3 .14
Or kney B rochs:
Dryden M S R onaldsay (
1 39
( b)) 3 .15
3 .16
( RCAMS - S AS M S
O rkney B rochs: M S
( q))
1 70)
3 7 B othikan,
P apa W estray ( Petrie
1 40
( RCAMS - S AS M S 4 87)
O rkney B rochs: M S ( b))
3 .17
3 6 B urrian, N
4 7 B urroughston,
( RCAMS -SAS M S
S hapinsay ( Dryden
1 40
S hapinsay ( Dryden
1 41
1 70)
4 7 B urroughston, Or kney B rochs: M S ( b)) ( RCAMS -SAS M S 1 70)
v i
P age
P late 3 .18
O rkney B rochs: M S
3 .19
( b))
( b))
4 7
S hapinsay ( Dryden
1 42
S hapinsay ( Dryden
1 42
1 70)
B urroughston,
S ( RCAMS -S AS M
1 41
1 70)
4 7 B urroughston,
S ( RCAMS -S AS M
O rkney B rochs: M S
4 7 B urroughston, S hapinsay (Dryden
( RCAMS -S AS M S
O rkney B rochs: M S
3 .20
( b))
1 70)
v ii
TABLES P age
T able 3 .1
O rkney B rochs:
V arying c omplexity o f
r ecorded
9
e ntrances 3 .2
O rkney B rochs:
R adiocarbon d ates for B u a nd n on-
b roch r ound b uildings
i n O rkney
v iii
3 5
ABBREVIATIONS a pp
a ppendix B roch P eriod c irca
c h
c hapter
c m
c entimetre(s)
E IA
E arly
f ig
f igure
E ast I ron A ge
f orth
f orthcoming p ublication
f t
f oot/feet
H BM
H istoric B uildings
a nd M onuments D irectorate o f
S cottish D evelopment D epartment km
kilometre(s) m etre(s)
M oPBW
M inistry o f
N MR
N orth N ational M onuments
O C
O ld C eltic
O D
O rdnance D atum
O N O NB
O ld N orse ( Ordnance S urvey) O bject N ame
O S
O rdnance S urvey
O SFI
O rdnance
P B
p age P ost
p ers
c omm
P ublic B uildings
R ecord
a nd W orks
f or S cotland
B ook
S urvey F ield I nvestigator
B roch P eriod
p ersonal
c ommunication
p l P OAS
p late P roceedings
o f
t he O rkney A ntiquarian S ociety
P SAS
P roceedings
o f
t he S ociety
o f A ntiquaries
o f
S cotland R CAMS
R oyal C ommission o n A ncient M onuments
R SM(Q)
R oyal Museum o f
S AS
S ociety o f A ntiquaries
S cotland
( Queen S treet
o f
S cotland
o f
S cotland
S outh S M
S ite M useum
S oc Antiq
S ociety
o f
Antiquaries
S cot s trat
s tratified
ix
o f
S cotland
p remises)
T HM
T ankerness H ouse M useum
u nstrat
u nstratified W est
C HAPTER 3 .1 T HE EARLY IRON AGE
I ntroduction T he d erivation o f t he w ord ' broch r eturned t o a t a l ater s tage ( apps
b e
h owever, s hould
i t
i s
b e
m ore p ertinent
i s i tself o f 3 .1, 3 .2).
i nterest a nd w ill A t t his p oint,
t hat a f ormalised v ersion o f
a dopted i n t he l atter p art o f
t he
t he s pelling
1 9th c entury i n o rder
c ategorize a p articular t ype o f S cottish m onument. T he o ccasion t he g athering o f a s eries o f a ddresses w hich h ad b een g iven t o
t o w as t he
S ociety o f Antiquaries o f S cotland b etween 1 866 a nd 1 874 ( finally p ublished a s A rchaeologia S cotica V ). T hese h ave a s pecial p lace i n t he
h istory
o f
b roch s tudies
i n S cotland
( Petrie
1 890;
J oass
1 890;
A nderson 1 890; D ryden 1 890) e ach b eing a c ollection o f known d ata o n t he s ubject b y t he f oremost a uthority o f a p articular a rea. T hey c an b e s een t o b e t he p roduct o f a c ommon t hread o f u nderstanding, o f a f orum f or d iscussion, t ion o f K eeper o f
A nderson t ook
a ccount
w as o f
a n a ctive
s chool
o f
t hought;
o utstanding c apability a nd
t he e vidence N aturally,
t he c ulmina-
t he v iew h e g ave
t hat h ad b een c ollected a nd w as t here w ere a reas
o f w eakness
c lear
i n k eeping
t he t imes, b ut t he c oncept o ffered o f w hat c onstituted a b roch a nd i dea o f t he t imespan t hey b elonged t o h ave r emained v irtually
u nquestioned a nd h ave a
o f
a m an o f
a ll
a nd a uthoritative. w ith h is
a nd
t his c ame i n t wo l ectures g iven i n 1 881 b y J oseph A nderson, t he N ational M useum o f Antiquities ( published 1 883).
w hole.
F or
c oloured a ll
A nderson,
a s
s ubsequent f or
o thers
t hought b efore
o n t he s ubject a nd
a fter,
a s t he
quintessence o f a b roch s ite w as t he t ower -t he t wo b eing s ynonymous. h e t ook t he t allest s urviving s uch t ower -M ousa i n S hetland -a s t ypifying
what
a ll b rochs w ere o riginally
l ike a nd w hile a
r eview
o f
o ther s ites s howed v ariation i t w as t he o verall s imilarity w hich w as s tressed. S uch b uildings w ere t hought t o b e i deally s uited f or p assive r esistance
o n t he p art
o f
n ative a griculturalists
t hreatened w ith
t he
s hort-term a ttacks o f m arauders. A ccommodation w as t hought t o b e a ctually w ithin t he w alls -t he i ntramural c ells a nd g alleries -a nd, w ith t he e xception o f o uter d efences, a ll i ndications o f s tructures b oth
i nside
a nd o utside
c onstructions. A nderson a lso
t he
t owers w ere d ismissed a s
b eing
s econdary
A l ot o f t his f ollowed f rom t he t houghts o f o thers b ut s olved t he m uch d ebated q uestion o f d ate s uggesting t hat
' Celtic' e lements
o f
a rchitecture a nd
t he b rochs E arly I ron A ge. a ble -t he R oman f inds, c onstructions -b ut
t here
te h f inding
B oth o f h is f or e xample,
l ines o f c oming
c an b e n o d oubt
t o
t he
l ater f irst 1
a nd
t he
R oman o bjects m ade
a rgument a re q uestionf rom h is ' secondary'
t hat h e w as
b e m entioned h ere t hat t he i nterpretation t hat v iews i s t hat b rochs o nly b elonged t o t he R oman g enerally a ssigned
o f
r ight.
I t
s hould
h as b een p ut o n h is p eriod, t heir b eing
s econd
c enturies A D.
F ig 3 .1
O rkney B rochs:
D istribution o f
2
p roven b roch t ype
s tructures
Mainland K nowe o f
K nowe o f T aft, B irsay. O xtro b roch, B irsay.
4 5 6 7
E ves H owe ( Braebuster), D eerness. ß roch o f B urgar, E vie. G urness, A ikerness, E vie. K nowe o f S tenso, E vie. N ess o f W oodwick, E vie. B roch o f R edland, S teeringlo, F irth.
9
o gar,
H Y
1 2 3
B irsay.
1 0 1
C hapel K nowe, B urness, I ngshowe, F irth.
2 639
2 340
H Y 2 836 2 226 H Y 2 537 2 678 H Y 5 490 0 611 H Y 3 519 2 771 H Y 3 818 2 685 H Y 3 638 2 675 H Y 4 007 2 486 H Y 3 780 1 715
F irth.
H Y 3 881 H Y 3 903
1 556 1 277
1 2
ß urrian B roch,
( Russland)
H Y 2 961
1 834
1 3 1 4
B urrian B roch, H array. . ( 2) ( Corrigal) K nowe o f B urrian, H array. ( 3) ( Garth)
H Y 3 235 H Y 3 082
1 937 1 680
1 5 1 6 1 7
N etlater, M anse o f H array, H array. L och o f A yre, S t M ary's, H olm. K nowe o f D ishero, R andall.
H Y 3 232 1 741 H Y 4 702 0 136
1 8 1 9 2 0
D ingy's H owe, S t A ndrew's. R ound H owe ( Howe o f L angskaill), ß erstane, S t O la.
2 1 2 2 2 3
B roch o f L ingro, S t O la. B roch o f B orthwick, S andwick. B urrian B roch, S andwick.
H Y H Y H Y H Y H Y H Y
2 4 2 5 2 6
L och o f C lumly, S andwick. S taäkrue B roch, L ing, S andwick. C ummi-Howe, S tenness.
H Y 2 517 H Y 2 705
1 649 1 512
H Y 2 824
1 039
2 7 2 8 2 9 3 0 3 1
B roch o f B reckness, S tromness. C emetery, S tromness. h illock o f H owe, S tromness. K nowe o f R edland, S tromness. N avershough, B u, S tromness.
H Y H Y H Y H Y H Y
H array.
( 1)
H Y 4 256
S t A ndrew's.
1 998
5 476 0 330 5 078 0 593 4 752 1 002 4 345 0 878 2 241 1 678 2 888 1 538
2 247 0 928 2 378 0 818 2 759 1 092 2 659 1 385 2 697 0 933
S outh I sles 3 2
A yresdale,
3 3
E ast
W est B roch o f
3 4 3 5
T he G reen H ill, H oy. H owe o f H oxa, S R onaldsay.
B roch o f
B urray,
B urray,
B urray.
B urray.
N D 4 847
9 871
N D 4 897
9 881
H Y 2 500 0 284 N D 4 252 9 396
N orth I sles 3 6
B roch o f
3 7
C astle
o f
B urrian,
H Y 7 627 5 138 H Y 4 926 4 927 H Y 4 144 2 722
N R onaldsay.
B othikan, H unclett,
P apa W estray.
3 8
K nowe o f
3 9 4 0
M id H owe, R ousay. N orth H owe, R ousay.
R ousay.
4 1 4 2 4 3 4 4 4 5
W estside, R ousay. P oint o f B uryan, S anday. W asso, S Anday. B roch o f , S teiro, S hapinsay. H elliar H olm, S hapinsay.
4 6 4 7
T he H illock, S hapinsay. H illock o f B urroughston,
4 8 4 9 5 0
h illo c k o f B aywest, S tronsay. H unton, S tronsay. L amb H ead, S tronsay.
5 1 5 2
H owarness, W estray. K nowe o f B urristae, W estray.
H Y M Y H Y H Y
3 716 3 061 3 704 3 074 3 727 3 036 7 724 4 340
H Y 7 902 H Y 5 019 H Y 4 859 H Y 5 356
S hapinsay.
3
3 794 1 635 1 579 2 238
H Y
5 404
2 100
H Y H Y H Y H Y H Y
6 190 6 534 6 904 4 17 4 317
2 425 2 754 2 146 4 96 4 293
F amiliarity
w ith
B u
a nd G urness m ade i t
p lain
t o
t he
p resent
w riter t hat t here w ere f undamental e rrors i n Anderson's w ay o f t hinking a nd t hat n ot o nly w as t he t ype o f m onument i n n eed o f r adical r eappraisal
b ut
t hat
t he i nevitable
o utcome w ould b e a r icher a nd
m ore
c redible p icture o f t he n orth a nd « w est o f S cotland i n t he E arly I ron A ge ( Hedges, J W a nd B ell 1 980). T hough a n e xhaustive e xploration o f t he
t hesis w as
t hat t he s ame o f t he b rochs -t he b oth
o ut
o f
t he question i n t he p resent
c ontext,
i t w as
f elt
e nd w ould b e s erved t hrough a n i ntensive b ackground s tudy o f O rkney. A fter h aving d ecided o n a m inimal d efinition
o ccurrence o f c urved w alling o f a n a ppropriate n ature -lists o f a uthenticated a nd p resumed b roch s ites w ere d rawn u p ( app 3 .1).
I ncluded
a mong
t he 5 2 i n t he
f ormer c ategory ( fig 3 .1) w ere
t he
H owe
( 29) a nd S tromness C emetery ( 28), e xcavations a t b oth o f w hich a re n ow i n t he p rocess o f i ndependent p ublication ( Smith e t a l f orth; B ell f orth). s tances
F or e ach o f t he r emaining 5 0 a s ummary w as m ade o f t he c ircumo f e xploration a nd o f t he s tructures a nd l ayers f ound, t o w hich
w as
a ppended
a l ist
t his
c atalogue
i s
f acts
a nd
1 982). w riter T he s een,
o f
a ll known r eferences
( app 3 .1).
a nother p repared b y B ernard B ell,
e nvironmental
P arallel
t o
i n w hich t he a rte-
f inds known f rom e ach s ite a re
l isted
( Bell
A dditionally t here a re t wo s upplementary s tudies b y t he p resent -' A s hort h istory o f b roch s tudies i n O rkney ( app 3 .2), a nd r evealed s tructure o f t he O rkney B rochs' ( app 3 .3). A s w ill t he l abour i nvolved i n d rawing t ogether s uch a v ast a mount
b e o f
i nformation p roved t o b e v ery w orthwhile, w ith c lear i mplications f or t he w hole a rea i n w hich b rochs a re f ound, r ather t han j ust f or O rkney.
T he l evel o f evidence T he e vidence w e p ossess t oday r eflects a lmost t hree c enturies o f i nterest a nd e nquiry ( Hedges, J W 1 985; a pp 3 .2) P articular b roch s ites i n O rkney a re m entioned a s
e arly a s
s econd
1 700,
h alf
o f
i n t he a ccounts
o f
s cholars
a nd e xploratory d elvings w ere t he
e ighteenth
c entury
a nd t ravellers
o nwards.
T he
i nformation
a ccumulated u p t o 1 850 i s h owever o f v ery l ittle w orth, r ecognised b y C aptain F W L T homas i n h is ' Account o f s ome C eltic A ntiquities o f O rkney' p ublished i n 1 852. T his
a rticle
m arked a w atershed
i n
f rom
c ertainly m ade f rom t he
a rchaeological
a f act o f t he
i nterest
i n
O rkney a nd p articularly i n t he e xcavation o f b rochs, h eralding a p eriod o f i ntelligent a ntiquarian e nquiry w hich s panned t he y ears 1 850-1880. T his
w as
t he e ra
o f m aximum a ctivity w hen n o p rominent
a rchaeological
s ite w as s afe f rom i nvestigation a t t he h ands o f h ired l abour. l andowners w ere i nvolved b ut t he n ames w e h ear m ost o f a re
C ertain F arrer,
P etrie, a nd D ryden -r espectively, a v isiting M P w ith l ittle s kill b ut a r apacious a ppetite f or e xcavation; a l ocal a ntiquarian o f l esser s ocial s tanding b ut w ith a m ore s erious a ttitude t owards t he g athering a nd c ollation o f i nformation; a nd a n eminent a rchitect w ho p roduced b eautiful a t f irst w orked v aried, w ith
s ite d rawings o f w hat h ad b een u ncovered, t hough n ot a lways h and. S ometimes t hese m en c ollaborated b ut a s o ften t hey
o n t heir o wn o r i n c onjunction w ith o thers. e ven t he b est o f t he e xcavations w as c rude
t he
s ubstantial s imilarly
c hances
o f
t hey w ere. w as
t he d iscovery o f R ecovery o f
f eatures
o bjects
T hough s tandards b y m odern c riteria
b eing r elated
a nd e nvironmental
p oor a nd b iased w ith a d eveloped i dea o f
t o
h ow
r emains
p hasing
o nly
o ccurring -a berrantly -a t D r W illiam T rai n's B urrian e xcavations o n h is i sland o f N orth R onaldsay. I t h as a lso t o b e t aken i nto a ccount 4
t hat
t he s cope
o f
e xcavations v aried.
and
t he c rudity o f
t echniques m eans
i n
O rkney p roduced a g reat
d eal o f
T his,
t hat
t he p rejudices
t he h eyday o f
o f
t he d ay,
b roch e xcavation
i nformation o n b roch
t owers,
a bout i nternal f urnishing, l ess s till r egarding o utbuildings, l ittle i ndeed c oncerning e xternal d efences.
l ess
a nd v ery
J ust a s C aptain T homas a rticle m arked t he b eginning o f s erious b roch i nvestigations i n O rkney s o J oseph A nderson's d efinitive l ectures o f 1 881 s ignalled t he e nd. T he b rochs b y t hen w ere c onsidered t o b e f ully u nderstood a s a p henomenon a nd t he f ew e xcavations t hat d id o ccur i n
e nsuing d ecades
1 930s
a
n ew
s ites t o n eighbour
s eem a imless
i mpetus w as
t he M id
a nd
t echnically
r egressive.
i ntroduced i n a d esire
I n
t o o pen key
g eneral p ublic. T he w ork a t b oth H owe b elong t o t his p eriod b ut w hile
t he
o r
t ype
G urness a nd i ts e xcavations w ere
e xhaustive, i mprovements i n t echnique w ere m ore a pparent i n i ntent t han e ffect, a nd t here w as n o f undamental questioning o f a ccepted t heory. I t w as n ot u ntil c onditions i nfluences
t he n ext
r esurgence
w ere r ight f or o f R escue a nd o f
a nd H owe w ere
o f
a ctivity,
c hange a nd i t w as a t t he N ew A rchaeology,
i n t he
1 970s,
t hat
t his t ime, u nder t he t hat e xcavations a t B u
s tarted a nd t he p ublication o f G urness
e mbarked u pon.
T HE S TRUCTURES S ite p lans
r elevant
t o
t his
d iscussion a re
t o b e
f ound,
b y b roch,
i n a ppendix 3 .1
The b roch t owers T he i ntention h ere
i s n ot m erely
t o
s ummarize
b ut
a lso t o question
t he c ore a ssumption t hat s uch s imilarity e xists b etween b roch t owers a s t o s uggest t hat t hey s prang f orth f ully f ormed; t hat t hey w ere a ll e rected
o ver
s pecialist
a
v ery
s hort
s pace o f
a rchitect-builders
A lthough t he c ase w ill b e
w ere
t ime;
a nd
i nvolved
a rgued o n w hat
e ven
t hat
( MacKie
i s known o f
i tinerant
1 977,
b rochs
6 1-63).
i n
O rkney,
i t i s p ertinent t hat t he v ery t ower w hich A nderson t ook a s t ypical M ousa o n S hetland -h as r ecently b een c ompared w ith o ther known e xamples
a nd f ound
E ven g reat
t o b e
' the m ost
v ariability
r ather u nusual
b asic m easurements r ather
t han
( Fojut f or
t he s ort
1 981).
t he O rkney o f
b rochs
h omogeneity
i ndicate
t hat
m ight
s uggest a c ommon b lueprint ( fig 3 .2). O verall d iameters v ary f rom 1 2m t o 2.5m ; w all t hicknesses f rom 2 .75m t o 5 .2m ; a nd t he d iameter o f 2 c ourtyards
f rom 7 .3m t o
1 3.7m.
M oreover,
t hese v ariables
s how l ittle
c orrelation, a ll s izes o f c ourtyard b eing m atched b y m ost o f t he r ange o f w all t hicknesses ( fig 3 .3). O riginal h eight i s, o f c ourse, t he m ost d ifficult d imension t o s peak o f b ut e ven h ere t here a re c lues t hat n ot a ll b rochs w ere t he t ower-like b uildings i magined. K nown s urviving h eight d oes
i ndicate
b eing o ver 3 m, m ore
t han 6 m
a nd,
t hat o f
s ome w ere t hese,
( fig 3 .4).
T here
t all -if
n ot
t ower-like -t hirteen
s ix e xceeding 4 m, i s a h int h ere,
a nd o ne,
h owever,
r eputedly,
t hat n ot
a ll
w ere t he s ame i n t his r espect f or t he 2 0% w ith t he g reatest p reserved h eight a lso t end t o h ave w alls o f a bove a verage t hickness, c ourtyards o f b elow a verage d iameter, o r b oth ( fig 3 .3). T his c ould b e d ue t o p referential
p reservation
b ut
t he p ossibility 5
t hat
s ome o f
t he
s o-
O RKNEY B ROCHS
2 2 -
O VERALL D IAMETER 20-
1 8 -
1 6 -
1 4 -
1 2 -
1 0
48 2 4
5 0
3 3 3
1 0 -
6 -
4 -
2 -
5 0
3 3 3 4 4
2 7
6-
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1 4
1
5
2 0
3 6 4 4
2 1
1 R
1 2 7
5 3 9 3
4 9
1 8
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5
3 2
2 5 4 7
8 2 2
4 3 4 2
1 3
3 7
3 8 4 5
3 0
9
4 1 4
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 D U u 2 3
4 6 2 0
1 8
1 5
1
1 2
3
3 8 3 2 4 7
3 6
1 6
3 5
2 5
1 7
4 3
2 1
1 4
8
3 7
2 2
9 5 2
3 2
4 5 5 0 4 7
4 6
1 8
1 5
3
4 5 4 2
1 3
4
1 9
WALL T H ICKNESS
4-
2-
1 4
F ig 3 .2
2 3
I NTERNAL D IAMETER
1 2 -
0
1 2
I I Ii i i i i i i i 1 3
1 2
3 1
3 3
2 1
1 6
3 5
2 2
1 3 9 2 3
O rkney B rochs: d iameter o f
4 9
2 0
1 3 7
4 1
4 2
2 5
4 3
O verall d iameter;
c ourtyard
6
w all
1 0I I 7 4 4
2 7
3 8
1 9
t hickness;
4
9
a nd
1 5 0-
O RKNEY
5 0+ + 3
B ROCHS
D IAGRAM O F F LOOR AREA
1 4 0 -
P LOTTE D
4+
WALL
1 3 0 -
o
AGAINST
T HICKNESS
S URVIVING O VER
3 .5 m H IGH
1 20-
10-
1 004 4+
6
3 30
2 7+
: 9 0-
2 3+
4 6+ 8 0
I
15408
60
I V °
1 2+ 7.
3 8+
7 0
9 1 9 4 7( 1 ) 032 3
3 6+
s — 4 35 2 5 e I, 4 3+
6 0
3 7+
9+
5 0
+ 2 1 1 4+
922
4 5+
c
4 2+
4 0-
1 3+
0 ' 3
U . 3 0 -
1 9+
2 0 25
30
40
WALL
F ig 3 .3
O rkney B rochs:
5 .0
T HICKNESS
6 -0
metres
D iagram o f
f loor a rea p lotted a gainst w all
t hickness
ORKNEY
BROCHS
S URVIVING H EIGHT S
( over 1 . 5 metres)
5—
4—
; . • e, _ 2 0 1—
1
1
1
3 4 2 2 3 9 3 3
F ig 3 .4
1
1
5 4 7
1
1
1
1
6 3 2 2 5 1
O rkney B rochs:
1
1
1
4 8 3 6 1 2
1
1
1 0 1 5
1
1
3 5 2 7
1
1
S urviving h eights
7
1
1
3 5 0 3 7 2 6
1
1
9 4 1
( over
1
1
4 9 3 1
1
1 6
1 .5m)
c alled
b rochs
s eemingly
o f
O rkney m ay h ave
c onfirmed
b y
B u
w here
b een r elatively l ow
s tructures
i s
a ll
t he
i f
t he
r ubble
o n
s ite,
r eplaced, w ould o nly h ave m ade t he w all b etween 1 .8m a nd 2 m h igh. T he s ample d oes s eem t o b e h eterogeneous a nd t he question c omes t o m ind w hether
a t
l east
a p roportion m ight n ot
h ouses w ith a bnormally t hick w alls t ainly r evealing i n t his r espect, t he w all 5 .22m.
h aving d isclosed
W hat
i s known o f
t hat
b e b etter d escribed a s
r ound-
r ather t han a s t owers. B u i s c ert he u nprecedented s tep o f s ectioning
i ts w idth w as
o ther a spects
o f
i ncreased
f rom 3 .61m
t he s tructure o f
t he w alls
t o
a lso
i ndicates v ariability. T hough t he s olid-based b uildings a ppear t o h ave
i nformation i s f ar b een m ost c ommon,
s eemingly c ertain e xamples -O xtro; L ingro; B urroughston; B u; E B urray;
B urrian, R ussland; N etlater; A yre; B urrian N R onaldsay; a nd B othikan.
G round-galleried H owe,
b uildings
W B urray a nd,
t hat f orms
a lso
o ccur,
p ossibly,
T aft
h owever,
a nd i t
i s
a s
o f
f rom c omplete t here b eing t en
a t
G urness,
a dditional
M id
i nterest
t he f irst t hree v ary i n t heir c onstruction. O nly M id H owe c one xactly t o t he s tereotype, a b asal a nd a s uperimposed i ntramural
g allery
g oing
t he
f ull
c ircuit
o f
t he w all.
G urness
i s
a ctually h alf
s olid-based, t he l owest g allery e xtending o nly f or t wo t hirds o f t he l ength o f t he w all a nd t hat a bove f or o nly o ne t hird. S imilarly, t here w ere n o i ndications o f a nything o ther t han a b asal g allery a t W B urray. F urther
v ariation
i s
i ntroduced b y
t he
w hich c ould b e e ntered f rom g round l evel t he c ertain s olid-based a nd o ne o f t he
p resence
o f
i ntramural
c ells
i n t he b roch i nterior; h alf o f g round-galleried b rochs h ad
t hese. A dditionally, s ome b rochs h ad i ntramural f lights o f s tairs w ith t he p osition a nd h eight o f t hese -a nd o f t heir a ccess f rom t he i nterior -p roviding y et m ore v ariability. l ittle e vidence f or a c ommon b lueprint. I t t hat
b oth v ariants
o f
T here i s c ertainly v ery i s g enerally c onsidered
b roch h ad g alleried w alls
a bove a c ertain h eight.
P reservation i mposes l imits o n o ur knowledge h ere b ut t his c ertainly s eems t o b e t he c ase a t t he g round-galleried M id H owe a nd t he s olidb ased E B urray a nd B urroughston, t he c ritical h eight b eing a pparently c 3 .75m. I t m ay b e s ignificant t hat n o s uch g alleries w ere n oted i n t he c ase o f W B urray a nd B orthwick, p reserved r espectively t o 3 .73m 4 .88m, b ut i t m ust b e a gain u nderlined t hat t he f act t hat s ome o f
a nd t he
O rkney
a ll
b rochs w ere
c onformed T he
t o
t his
t ower-like d oes n ot n ecessarily m ean t hat
t hey
p attern.
s eVre nteen e ntrances d ocumented a lso d iffer
( table
3 .1).
T he
s implest i s t hat o f B u b ut e ven h ere t he d oor w as l ocated p art w ay d own t he p assage. T his a nd t he d oor r ebates, w hich a re c ommon t o m ost i f n ot
a ll
v ery
r emarkable i n t hemselves.
t he o ther e xamples,
a dditional o ne e nters o ne t o t he t he d oor e xamples
m ay b e
c onsidered d efensive b ut
T hirteen o f
t he
s ample,
a re
n ot
h owever,
h ave
f eatures. A ll h ave g uard c ells o n t he r ight h and s ide a s ( occasionally o utside t he d oor) a nd p ossibly h alf a lso h ave l eft. H oles t hrough w hich a b ar c ould b e p assed t o s ecure a re known i n s ix i nstances, a nd t here a re t wo o r t hree
o f a s upplementary d oor.
E B urray,
a t
t he o ther e xtreme
c omplexity t o B u, h as a ll s ix f eatures m entioned w hile G urness l acks a s econd d oor a nd M id H owe b olt-holes. A llusion h as a re i nteresting i nternal a ccess w ent
c lockwise,
b een m ade
t o
i ntramural
s tairs
a nd,
h ere a gain,
o f o nly
t here
d ifferences. A t O xtro a nd a t N etlater t here w as t o a s tairway w hich s tarted a t g round l evel a nd w hich i n t he
l atter
c ase 8
t o a h eight
o f
c 1 .83m w here t here
e ntrance s kewed G uard c ell o utside d oor
•
s TrloI
4 " I " 4- I '
C ' s•
loop puozas
L n
L l
•1
•• 1
swu m. T rog
• •4
1
asui
•• 1
• -1
• • • 4
• • • I
m . 4
r• •1
› , 1
0 r e zw eHc 0 1 O›s d n t Q O0g 0 0z 1_ 0 j
0 )
1 . 4
co
0 : 1
4
0c u 5 2K A< b e( 4 1 c gN 0 0o
4 . p . 1 1
I 1
>i dg i d4 Jh i1 o 3 N . 2 0 . 4 . 41C 2° N I 1 " . = . . 2 N c = n Mo.--4 122 A N . 4. 3 o.o c m
Nce e ,i Ncn 4 . 4 . t n Ncn e — 4
9
ge r i m
O rkney B rochs:
loop
1
C• ••
B urray
se re [ passaz e i
•1
T able 3 .1
Trap pien2 au°
1 5 N etlater
( x)
C • • • )
c s . •
f puo3ast
3 3E
( q) traz
w as
s ome s ort
t he
o f
i nterior.
l anding f rom w hich, A s econd v ariant
i s
p ossibly,
t here w as
f ound a t G urness,
a r e-entry
E
B urray,
t o M id
H owe, H owe a nd, p ossibly, H oxa a nd B urrian R edland, t he e ntrance t o t he s tair b eing c 1 .83m a bove g round l evel. I n t he f irst f our i nstances t he s tair i s known t o h ave g one c lockwise a nd M id H owe a nd E B urray a re s ufficiently w ell p reserved
t o s how t hat
t his
l ed t o a r e-entry
t o
t he
b roch i nterior a t a t otal e levation o f s ome 3 .4 -3.8m. I t s eems v ery l ikely t hat t his w as a lso t he c ase w ith G urness a t l east. F inally, a t B urroughston e ntrance t o a c lockwise i ntramural s tair w as a t a h eight o f c 3 .5m. S ome o f t he r emaining b rochs c an b e c onjectured t o h ave h ad i ntramural s tairs, t hough a t a n u nknown l evel; o thers a re known n ot t o h ave h ad a s tair a t g round l evel. I t i s f rustrating t hat i t i s v irtually s tructures
i mpossible t o know f or c ertain w hether a ny o f o f O rkney w as w ithout s uch a s tair, t hough t his
t o
h ave
h as
a ny v alidity.
b een t he c ase w ith B u i f
t he e stimate o f
t he ' broch' s eems l ikely
o riginal w all
h eight
I n t he b roch s tructures t hat a re p reserved t o a ny h eight v ertical m easurements o f a round 1 .8m a nd 3 .6m o ccur a gain a nd a gain. T his i s n ot
c laimed h ere a s
u nit h ead
o f
l ength
r eflecting a ny m aster-plan o r t he u se o f
( et MacKie 1 977,
6 1-67)
c learance i n b uildings w ith m ore
b ut
t han o ne
a s tandard
i s m erely s een a s f loor.
I t
i s
g iving e ntirely
a ppropriate t hat known e ntrance h eights c ould c onsistently a pproximate t o t he l esser o f t he t wo f igures b ut i t i s o f r eal i nterest t hat s uperimposed c ells c an b e t raced i n f ive o f t he e ight i nstances. A t G urness, B urroughston, B orthwick, E B urray a nd M id H owe, t herefore, t here h ad t o b e a ccess f rom t he i nterior a t s lightly m ore t han 1 .8m a bove g round l evel. M oreover, t he c ells a t t he l ast t wo s ites w ere c eiled a t a h eight a pproaching 3 .6m, t his b eing t he a pproximate l evel a t w hich t hese a nd t he f irst t wo h ad a p rojecting l edge, o r s carcement, a round t he i nner c ircuit o f t he b roch w all. T hese f acts t ogether w ith t he p osition o f e ntrances t o i ntramural s tairways a nd r e-entries f rom t hem s uggest -w ith a l ittle e xtrapolation -t hat N etlater, B orthwick, a nd p robably O xtro h ad a f loor a t t he h eight o f c 1 .8m; t hat G urness, E B urray, M id H owe a nd p ossibly B urrian R ussland a nd H oxa h ad f loors a t c 1 .8 a nd 3 .6m; a nd t hat B urroughston, a t l east, m ay i n a ddition h ave h ad a h igher f loor s till, p resumably a t c 5 .4m. S uch a umbries a nd p rojecti ng s upports f or f urnishings a s h ave b een n oted c orroborate r ather t han c ontradict t he i dea o f s uperimposed l iving l evels. B ut w e n ecessarily r eturn t o t he question o f w hether a ll t he O rkney B rochs w ere s imilar i n t his r espect. i ndicate t hat
T he e stimated o riginal h eight o f B u i s t he b uilding w as o nly o ne s torey h igh.
a rguable b ut may F urther, i t i s
i nterestingrthat t hree o f t he b rochs p reserved t o a g reater h eight t han 3 .6m -Ingshowe, B orthwick a nd W B urray -h ad n o r eported t race o f e ither
s carcement
V arious
o r i ntramural
p arameters
s tair.
h ave b een t aken h ere -t he o verall d iameter
o f
b rochs a nd t hat o f t heir i nternal ' courtyard"; t he t hickness o f t heir w alls a nd t heir p reserved h eight; w hether t hey w ere s olid-based o r h ad a
b asal
g allery;
w hether o r n ot
t here
w ere
p ossible p resence a nd l ocation o f s tairs; e ntrances; a nd t he i ndicated n umber o f d emonstrated o nly i s a ny c orrelation
i ntramural
c ells;
t he c omplexity o f f loors. I t h as
t he t heir b een
t hat o n a ll t hese c ounts t here i s m arked d iversity. i dea o f a b lue-print a n onsense b ut t he s eeming l ack b etween a ny o f
t he f actors m entioned m eans
t hat
t here
N ot o f a re
n ot e ven a ny c learly d efinable s ub-groups o r s ub-types. T he v ariability f ound i s w ell i llustrated b y c ontrasting B u a nd G urness -
1 0
t he
t wo s ubjects o f
t his m onograph.
T hey b oth h ad a s imilarly
c ourtyard b ut t he f ormer w as p robably l ess t han 2 m h igh l atter m ay h ave b een o ver 5 .4m. B u h ad a s olid-based w all,
s ized
w hile t he b uilt i n
t hree s tages a nd, i ronically, t hicker t han i ts g round-galleried c ounterpart; n either h ad i ntramural c ells. T he e ntrance i n t he o ne c ase i s t he s implest known; t hat i n t he o ther a mong t he m ost c omplex. F inally, G urness,
t here w here
p artly b y m eans
i s t he c ontrast b etween a s ingle s torey t here w ere a t l east t wo o ther f loors, o f
b uilding a nd a ccess b eing
a n i ntramural s tair.
T he i nternal f loor p lans F ormerly i t h ad b een s upposed t hat t he i nternal f urnishings f ound w ithin t he O rkney b rochs w ere s econdary , t he p roduct o f a r e-occupation o f
t he t owers
b y a p eople w ith a n i nferior s tyle o f
a rchitecture.
I t
i s o ne o f t he m ost e xciting o utcomes o f t he w ork o n B u a nd G urness t hat t his h as n ow b een d isproved. T here m ay h ave b een a lterations o r r efittings ( as a t t he l atter s ite) b ut t he i deas i nvolved a re o riginal. W here
w e
h ad
' intrusive s tructures
w e
n ow
h ave
r emarkable
t hree
d imensional f loor p lans a nd, n ot i nfrequently, t races o f h igher f loors w hich l ink w ith s uch f eatures i n t he w all a s h ave b een s poken o f. S ome
f ifty p er c ent
o f
o ur s ample a re known t o h ave h ad t races
s imilar i nternal c onstructions b ut h ere, a s i n o ther r espects, l evel o f e vidence i s v ariable. T he e ight f loor p lans t hat i ntelligible, h owever, f all i nto t wo e qually-sized c lear g roups.
o f t he a re I n
t he f irst, a s e xemplified b y B u, t here i s a s ingle c ompartment a t g round l evel -t hese s howing a n u ncanny s imilarity. T he s econd g roup h ave t wo a partments a t g round l evel; a t G urness w e know t his t o h ave b een t he r esult o f a s ubdivision o f a n i nterior w hich o riginally h ad a u nitary p lan.
S ingle a partment i nteriors E xcavations a t B u g ave, b y a nd l arge, a c omplete p icture o f l ayout o f t he i nterior a t g round l evel ( fig 1 .10). C entrally
t he a nd
a ccessible d irectly f rom t he e ntrance v ia a f lagged v estibule w as a s ervice a rea w ith a m assive s emi-circular h earth a nd a c ooking t ank. T his s ervice ' a rea h ad p resent, i n s itu, a n umber o f k itchen i mplements a s w ell a s b eing c overed w ith c arbonaceous m aterial i ncluding s pent g ranite p ot-boilers. B etween s even a nd t en o 'clock a gainst t he b roch w all w ere t hree s lab-sided c ompartments w hich o pened o nto t he s ervice a rea. B roken p ottery f ound w ithin t hese t ogether w ith t heir m ud f loors s uggests t hey w ere u sed f or s torage. T he r emainder o f t he p eriphery w as t aken u p w ith t hree f lagged r ooms; t hese w ere i nterconnecting a nd o ne
c ould h ave w alked f rom t he v estibule t hrough a s mall r oom ,
a l ong
o ne, a nd t hen i nto a s econd s mall o ne. T he l atter m ay h ave a lso b een a ccessible f rom t he s ervice a rea a nd i t i s p ossible t hat t he d ivision b etween t hese r ooms a nd t he c entral z one w as o f l imited h eight. R emains o f l itter s uggest t hat, a mong o ther t hings, t he r ooms m ay h ave b een u sed f or s leeping, t hough t he d ebris h ave c ome f rom t hatching.
1 1
c oncerned c ould
c onceivably
T hough R ussland,
n one a re a s
c omplete,
a nd B urroughston a re
b e
c onjectured
i s
a c entral z one,
t hat
t he g round p lans
r emarkably
l ike
a t
t hat a t
t he o riginal f loor a t G urness w as w hich i n t he c ase
o f
H owe, B u.
B urrian
I t
c an o nly
s imilar.
B urrian R ussland w as
T here
c learly a
k itchen; t here a re t hree c ompartments b etween s ix a nd n ine o 'clodk; a nd t he r emaining t hree quarters o f t he p eriphery i s t aken u p w ith a c urving
a rea
o bserved
w hich m ay w ell h ave
t hat
t his
a rea
b een s ubdivided.
a t H owe
e nds
j ust
I t w ill
b elow t he
a lso
e ntry
t o
i ntramural s tair a nd t his m ay b e o f s ignificance. I t i s a lso a t hat t he m aximum h eight o f t he o rthostats i nvolved f its w ith t he o f
a c eiling
i t a nd, h eight
a t
c entre.
I t w ill
d ivision t he m asonry r ather
w as
a h eight
t his b eing o nly w ent
f ound a t
o f
a round
1 .8m;
t hey w ould h ave h elped
t he c ase, i t m ay b e s uggested a round t he p eriphery a nd d id b e
o bserved t hat
t hat n ot
b e t he f act i dea
s upport
t he f loor a t t his e xist o ver t he
a t
B urrian R ussland a nd B urroughston
b etween t he p eripheral t han u pright f lags; a t
r ooms a nd t he c entral z one i s o f t he l atter s ite a n i ntact c eiling
e xactly
t he h eight
p ostulated.
Multiple a partment interiors A t M id H owe b y
i t
i s
b inary f ission.
r ow o f l arge p assage. A t
a lmost
a s
t hough
T he c ourtyard w as
t he s ingle d ivided i nto
p lan w ere
r eproduced
t wo a partments
b y a
s labs s tanding o ver 2 m h igh a nd i n l ine w ith t he e ntrance t he i nner e nd o f t he e ntrance p assage w as a v estibule a nd
o n b oth s ides o f t his a d oorway l eading i nto a s hort l obby f rom w hich a ccess c ould b e m ade t o t he n orth a nd s outh c ompartments. A round t he p eripheral a rc f ormed b y t heir s hare o f t he b roch w all e ach h ad c ompartments m ade o f o rthostats a nd c entrally p laced i n e ach a rea w ere r ectangular h earths a nd c ooking t anks. T he c orrespondence b etween t he i nternal f urnishings
a nd
b e w orth d etailing. 3 :6m t ogether w ith f eatures
a s
t he h eights
t he h eight o f t he s carcement i tself, a t
t he w all f ittings
b oth t hose
a t
t his
i s
l evels.
t he h eight
t he l anding B etween t he t o t he a round h eight
s uch a s
t o
o f
t he f loor
a nd
c eiling a bove
t he
e ntrance;
b eginning o f t he s tair t o t he s carcement, o f t he t he e ntrance o ver i t, a nd t he i ntramural g alleries T he f urnishings
f it
v ery w ell w ith
e ntrance t o t he n orthern a partment h as o n i ts w hich o versails f rom t he b roch w all a nd o n i ts a lcove
s ite w as
H ere, a s a t o ther s ites, a f loor a t a h eight o f c a m ezzanine o ne a t c 1 .8m i s s uggested b y s uch
o f
t he
s carcement
t his.
T he
l eft-hand s ide a n a lcove r ight a s tone p ress; t he
a nd t he p ress
i s
t he h eight
o f
n d i ts r oof w as f ire-cracked a nd h ad b urnt m aterial o n i t. p ress a nd a lcove w as a f itting f or a l intel t o t he e ntrance
n orthern a partment a t a h eight o f 1 .88m. T he c ompartments t he w alls a re b adly p reserved b ut s eem t o h ave b een r oofed a t a o f
b etween 1 .5m a nd
a n i nternal h eight o f t he G urness,
1 .8m.
I n t he
s tair w hich w ent s carcement.
f rom t he
w hich h as
o ther
s o m any
s outhern a partment t op o f
f eatures
a
t here
c ompartment
t o
w as t he
i n c ommon w ith M id H owe,
a lso l atterly h ad a d ivided f loor p lan t hough i t i s n owhere n ear a s n eat a nd r egular ( fig 2 .8). T he l argest a partment o ccupies t he s outhern p art o f t he c ourtyard a nd c ontains a h earth, c ooking t ank, a nd f lagged c ompartments a s w ell a s t he a ccess t o a l anding a t a h eight 1 .8m. T he o ther l iving a rea o ccupied t he n orth w est t hird o f c ourtyard a nd w as d ivided f rom t he l arger b y a p artition. a h earth a nd p eripheral c ompartments; f rom i t t here w as f light
o f
s teps
t o
t he
s carcement.
B oth o f 1 2
o f t he
T his t oo h ad a n i nternal
t he a partments w ould h ave
b een
e ntered
t riangular
v ia a p resumed a ccess z one,
c upboarded
e vidence f or f loors a t
l obby.
A s
a t
1 .8m a nd 3 .6m,
i tself
e ntered
M id H owe t here a s
i s
t hrough p lenty
i ndicated b y f eatures o f
a o f t he
w all. T he i nternal w alls o f t he l obby r each t he l esser o f t hese h eights, a s d id t he e ntrance f rom t he l obby a nd t he m ade u p t op o f t he c upboard; p resumably t here w as a f loor a bove f rom w hich t he c ell o ver t he e ntrance c ould b e e ntered. T he c ompartments a round t he s outhern a partment f it w ell w ith t he t hesis, t he s uperimposed o nes t o t he w est s plitting t he d istance t o t he s carcement e qually. T here h ad o riginally b een c onstructions a gainst t he s outh w all a nd t here s ome a ccess t o t he l anding m ust h ave b een i ncorporated. F rom t his e levation o f 1 .8m o ne c ould h ave g one u p t o t he 3 .6m f loor v ia t he i ntramural s tair. T he e xistence o f t his u pper f loor i s c onfirmed i n t he n orth w estern a partment u nderline
b y t he i nternal s tair a nd b oth G urness a nd M id H owe r eally t he n ecessity f or t hinking o f s imilar b uildings a s b eing
m ultistoreyed, w hether t he u pper f loors w ere t aken u p w ith a ccommodation o r o ther a partments. T he l ess w ere
r emaining
t wo e xamples o f m ultiple a partment
s leeping
i nteriors
a re
c lear. A t N etlater ' fragments o f w alls a nd s tones s et o n e dge' f ound i n t he c ourtyard b ut w ere g iven l ittle n otice b eing a ssumed
t o b e s econdary. I t c an b e s een i n r etrospect t hat t he i nterior w as d ivided i nto a l arger a nd a s maller a partment, a ccess t o b oth b eing g iven b y a s hort c orridor i n t he l ine o f t he b roch e ntrance. T he i nterior o f L ingro w as r ecorded a t a s urprisingly l ow l evel t hough p reservation m ay h ave b een p oor. I t c an b e s een, h owever, t hat t here w ere d istinct p artitions w hich d ivided t he i nterior i nto t wo, i f n ot t hree,
p arts,
o ne c ontaining a c ooking t rough o r h earth.
O ne f inal a spect o f t he i nterior t hat n eeds t o b e m entioned i s t he o ccurrence o f w ells, t hese h aving b een r egarded a s a d efensive f eature. T hey
d o
i ndeed a ppear t o h ave b een c ommon f or o f
t he e ighteen
b rochs
t hat h ave b een c leared s ufficiently t hey h ave b een f ound i n t welve. T he w ell a t G urness i s t ypical t hough m uch w ould d epend u pon t he l ocal l evel o f t he w ater t able o r o f s prings; t he w ell a t A yre s eems t o h ave b een p articularly s hallow w hile t he w hole w ell s tructure a t R edland i s s aid t o h ave b een 6 .1m d eep. I t r emains o f i nterest t hat s ix o f t he s ample -i ncluding B u -d o n ot h ave a w ell w ithin t he ' courtyard'. A t t wo o f t hese s ites, h owever -H owe a nd E B urray -w ells w ere d iscovered w ithin t he-outer d efences a nd, i n t he l atter c ase, i t w as s aid t hat t here w as a ccess v ia a t unnel f rom t he b roch e ntrance.
External s ettlements T wo p oints o f e qual i mportance c ome o ut o f t he e xcavation a nd a nalysis o f G urness a nd B u. O ne i s t hat t he e xternal d wellings a t t he f ormer s ite w ere c ontemporary w ith t he t ower, b oth e lements b eing p art o f a f ortified v illage w ith a k eep. T he s econd i s t hat n o s uch e xternal s ettlement e xisted a round t he l ower b ut c omparable b uilding a t B u; i t s tood a lone, p robably t he i solated d welling o f a s ingle f amily. S ome o f t he r emainder o f o ur s ample m ust h ave b een l ike B u i n t his r espect b ut, i ronically, t he n on e xistence o f e xternal s ettlement i s s omething t hat c an o nly b e p roved b y c areful e xcavation a nd i t m ust b e r emembered t hat m ost i nvestigators h ave f ocused a lmost e xclusively o n ' broch t owers'. I t m ay h owever b e p ertinent t hat n o o utbuildings m entioned a t O xtro, a s ite w hich w as a lmost t otally l evelled. 1 3
a re T he
p robable
e xistence
o f
e xternal
s ettlements,
o n
m ore r eadily g auged a nd t his i s p articularly o f known e xamples a re f ully u nderstood. G urness
i s
b y
f ar
t he
p lanning
i mplicit
i n
w ill
o bserved
t hat
b e
p assage
w hich
i t
e nters
c learest
a re a ll
t he
t o o f
b e
a nd
t he
o ther h and,
t he
s ymmetry a nd
o utbuildings
s ettlement
i s m uch
c ase w hen t he e lements
p articularly n oted
t he d egree
( fig
o f
2 .10).
a re a ccessible
i n a d irect
e ntrance a nd t hen b ifurcates t o c ontinue T he o utbuildings t hemselves a re a rranged t ower. p assage
t he
t he
l ine w ith
I t
f rom
t he
a round t he b ase o f t he b roch. r adially w ith r espect t o t he
T hey s hare c ommon s ide w alls, t heir f ront w alls f orm s poken o f a nd t heir b acks make a c ontinuous w all a round
s ettlement
a s
s imilarly
e xtensively e xplored
s triking,
t hough
h as
m oulded
b een
a w hole.
T he
i n t he b y
l ikeness
l atter
t he
b etween t his
s ites
o f L ingro,
c ase
c onfines
t he e xact o f
a
b roch
t he t he
) f
t he
H owe a nd M id H owe
i s
p lan a nd
f orm o f
t hose
t he
t he p eninsula o n
s ettlement
w hich
i t
i s
s ituated. B ut w hat e vidence i s t here e lsewhere? H owe h ave s pelled o ut c learly i s t hat
a nd f ocus
o f
s ubsequent
s ettlement.
S heer
O ne l esson t hat B u, G urness b roch s ites w ere o ften t he
s ize
o f
a m ound,
i n i tself,
i s
a n u nreliable g uide a nd e ven t he p resence o f ' outbuildings i s i nconclusive s ince t hey m ay n ot b e c ontemporary w ith t he b roch t ower a s,
f or
e xample,
c onundrum t he a s
l ies
e vidence c lear a s
p arts.
i n
a t
B urrian
t he
p lanning
N R onaldsay. a nd
s ymmetry
T he
s olution
s een a nd,
t o
t his
f or c ertain b rochs r eally b eing keeps w ithin v illages i s i t i s i ncontravertible. T his e vidence f alls i nto f our
F irst,
t he
t endency
o f
e arly
e xcavators
t o
t rench r ound b roch
t owers s ometimes i ncidentally l ed t o t he d iscovery o f a w all p arallel a nd a t a d istance o f 0 .9 -1.2m , a s a t I ngshowe, R ussland,
N etlater,
R onaldsay,
B othikan,
u nderstood
a t
t he
o uter w all
o f
t he
t he o f
e xternal
S econd, p assage
i n t he f rom
p artly
r evealed.
e rosion h as
t his
a ccepted,
R ound A yre
t ime
H owe
b ut
t he
t he p assage
f eature
r ound
d wellings -t his
c ase t he
t he
B orthwick, T his
c an n ow r eadily b roch -t hat
b eing
B urrian
N
p henomenon w as n ot i s,
p articularly
b e
s een t o
b e
t he i nner w all
c lear
a t
A yre.
o f B othikan, B urroughston a nd A yre, t he l ine o f t he b roch e ntrance t hrough t he o utbuildings w as a lso T hird,
e xposed
L angskaill
a nd B urroughston.
r unning B urrian
t here
b uildings
a re
e ither
a n umber
s ide
o f
o f
s ites
a b roch a nd
w here i n t he
c liff c ase
a t l east B reckness a nd S tromness C emetery t here i s e very a ppearance t heir b eing ; contemporary. F inally, t here a re a f ew s ites s uch a s
o f o f E
B urray, B urrian C orrigal, D ishero a nd R edland S teeringlo w here t he p resence o f o uter d efences m akes t he e xistence o f a n e xternal s ettlem ent s eem h ighly p robable. I n t otal t hen a m inimum o f t wenty o f o ur entred o n s ample o f ' brochs' w ere r eally w ell o rdered v illages, a lbei '- c a c ircular keep.
Outer d efences G urness d efences,
a nd
t he
B u
o ne
a gain h aving
p rovide a
c ontrast
t he m ost m agnificent
O rkney ( contemporary w ith t he o utbuildings) a nd i mportantly -h aving n one a t a ll. A gain, t here quality s ample m ore
o f
t he
m eans
c apable
i nformation w e h ave
t hat o f
t he
p roof
e xistence
t han t heir
o f
r egarding o uter
c oncerning s eries
i n
t he o ther -equally i s t he i rony t hat t he
t he
d efences
r emainder e lsewhere
p ossible n on-existence. 1 4
e xternal
e xcavated
o f i s
t he m uch
T he b riefly
e lements
o f
t he o uter d efences
r ecapitulated.
T he b acks
o f
t he
a t G urness
( fig 2 .1)
e xternal b uildings
m ay
b e
f orm a c on-
t inuous i f i rregular c urtain w all w hich c ontinues d own t o t he b ase o f a n e ncircling d itch o f i mpressive d imensions. T here i s a c auseway i n l ine
w ith t he p assage
t hrough
t he o utbuildings
a nd
t he b roch
a nd o n i t t here s tood a g atehouse. B eyond t he d itch a nd w ith t he g atehouse w ere t wo c oncentric s tone-faced r amparts. d efences, m ay n ot
o verall,
h ave
a re
c ircular i n p lan;
b een m ade u p o f
a s hort
I nformation f rom o ther s ites i s o ne s ees a c ertain r epetition o f
b ut
p art
o f
s tretch o f
t heir
t he
d efinitely c ircular i n f orm b ut t here w as t he o utbuildings a nd a r o c k-cut d itch. i n
t his
f or
c ircuit m ay o r
c oast.
o f d iffering quality a nd d etail f eatures. D iversity a lso e xists
b ut o nly t o t he d egree t hat o ne w ould e xpect i n a rchaeological t ype. A t H owe, f or e xample,
i ncorporated
e ntrance i ntegrated T he o uter
a f ully r esearched t he d efences w ere
a c lay-cored r ampart b etween A g atehouse m ay h ave b een
t here w ere e xpanded t erminals
a t
t he
d itch
c auseway. S imilarly c ircular d efences a re a lso t o b e n oted a t B urroughs ton a nd R edland 9 , t hough o nly s een a s t he s urviving l ine o f a r ampart.
A t R ound H owe
t raced, s lightly
( Langskaill)
a p ear-shaped e mbankment
c ould b e
t he n arrow e nd b utting t he c oast a nd t he b roader o ne h aving a o verlapping g ap i n i t, t his p resumably h aving b een t he
e ntrance.
A t D ishero
t here a re
s light
t races
o f
a n e nclosing w all w ith
a w ide d itch b eyond i t. T he t heme o f i ncorporating a ccess t o f resh o r s alt w ater i s f urther s een a t B urrian C orrigal a nd a t E B urray. A t t he l atter
t he
l andward
s ide
o f
t he b roch
t ower i s
s urrounded b y a
s hoe s haped e mbankment; a t t he f ormer t he a djacent i ncorporated i n a d efence w hich e lsewhere c onsists e xternal
r ampart.
A t
( Lamb
1 980).
B urrian R ussland,
o ne,
o ne
f our
a nd
o ff
f urther s ites
h ave
t he
b een c ut
f ive
w hich
h ave
h ad
c liffs.
-e ach T he
w ith
r ampart
a re o n p eninsulas
r amparts c oastal
r espectively b ut
M id
l ow,
s ide.
a s ingle a t
f orts
L amb H ead a nd B urrian N R onaldsay h ave
i nvolved a re
a d itch o n t he
B orthwick
b roch t owers
b y d efensive w alls -a s w ith p romontory
s pread
l och a nd s ea s hores
h orse-
s teep s ided b urn i s o f a d itch w ith a n
i n t hese i nstances
t hough L amb H ead d oes I n
c ontrast,
r ampart -a re b acked H owe
h as
b een
M id b y
s eem t o
H owe
a nd
s ubstantial
e xamined
a nd
h as
a
p articularly f ine d eepened e ntrance t o o ne s ide w hich i s c onstricted a t i ts o uter e nd. T here a ppears a lso t o h ave b een a s econd r ampart -w ith t he i llusion o f a d itch b etween t he t wo -as w ell a s i nternal d itch w hich u nderlay t he b roch o utbuildings. t hough
l ess
f ully
i nvestigated,
s eems
t o
h ave
b een
s imilar w ith a n e ntrance a t o ne e nd o f t he r ampart i nternal c ell -a nd a n a pparent d itch t o t he o utside.
a p eculiar B orthwidk, s uperficially
c omplete
w ith
THE F INDS K nowledge O rkney
h as
e xist i n g enerally
o f
t he a rtefactual a ssemblage
l a c ked e xactitude
i n s pite o f
o f
t he B roch
t he h undreds
o f
P eriod f inds
i n t hat
m useum c ollections. T he r oot o f t he p roblem h as b een a l ow s tandard o f e xcavation a nd r ecording b ut t he s ituation
h as b een e xacerbated b y t hree r elated f actors. O ne w as a n a mbivalence t owards m ultiperiodicity w hich c aused c ollections t o b e u nusefully a nd u ncritically r egarded a s f rom a p articular b roch s ite. t he c onfusion c aused b y t he m istaken p remise t hat t he 1 5
A s econd w as c onstructions
i nside
a nd
p eriod
o f
m atters
a round f ocal
w ere
b rochs w ere s omehow l ater,
i nterest
n ot
h elped
d evoid o f b y
t he
a n i dea w hich l eft
a ssociated o bjects.
f act
t hat
c hronologically d iagnostic a nd
t hat
w as
a r ather u nclear p erception o f
t he
b y
t he
t hirdly,
t he v ast m ajority
r ecovered w ere n ot l essened
A nd
o f
t heir
f inds
p otential
I ron A ge
i n
t he
a rea. T he p ublication o f B u a nd G urness g ives a n u nprecedented o pportunity f or t he d efinition o f a B roch P eriod a rtefactual a ssemblage f or O rkney. T he o ne s ite i s t he f irst o f t he b rochs e xcavated t o m odern s tratigraphic s tandards w hile t he m assive a ssemblage f rom t he o ther
h as
b een
g iven a n u nexpected d egree
o f
p hasing
t hrough
t he
r etrospective a nalysis o f s ite r ecords. T he a rtefacts f rom t he r ecent e xcavations a t t he H owe a nd S tromness C emetery a re o utside t he r emit o f t his p ublication b ut t here i s v aluable a dditional i nformation f rom t he r emaining t hirty-seven s ites w hich h ave p roduced f inds. M ost e xciting i s
t he
w ay
M id H owe t ions
i n w hich
l ends
a nd
t he p ublished r eport
i tself
t o
r einterpretation.
o utbuildings
a re
o utworks t hen t he l evel o f t he f inds t o b e p hased.
s een a s
o n
G urness
I f
s ister
t he i nternal
c ontemporary w ith t he
s ite
c onstruct ower
a nd
d etail g iven i s s ufficient t o p ermit m any o f T raill's o riginal p ublished p hasing f or
o bjects f rom B urrian N R onaldsay u nfortunately m ainly r elates t o u se o f t he s ite, a s d oes t he m ore s cant i nformation f rom O xtro.
l ater T here
i s, h owever, s urprisingly r eliable d etail f rom A yre a nd a lso s pecified c ontexts o f i nterest i n t he d ocumentation o f L ingro a nd E B urray. E ven t he v ast
n umber
o f
u nstratified f inds
t hey a ugment t he t ype a rtefacts a dditions t o t he r ange. I n f inds
t he
f ollowing
c atalogues h as
s ites a re o ften C atalogue o f F inds f acilitate
l ist
o f
a re n ot w ithout
d efined a s w ell a s
t ypes
t he o rder o f
b een b roadly f ollowed.
r eferred t o b y n umber f rom t he O rkney B rochs
t he w riting o f
s eparate d ocument h as
t he p resent
t heir w orth s ince
s uggesting p ossible
t he B u
F or
t he
a nd
G urness
o f
b revity
s ake
( app 3 .1). B ernard B ell's ( 1982) w as c ompiled t o
s ection a nd
o bviated a ny n eed f or h eavy
i ts
e xistence
a s
a
r eferencing.
B one i tems o f l ocal m anufacture Antler a nd w halebone w ere c ommonly u sed a s w ell a s a nimal C etacean i v4ry a nd t eeth w ere u tilized f or s pecific p urposes.
b one.
P erforated mounts; t hin r ectangular o r s ub-rectangular p lates o f a ntler, a nimal o r c etacean b one v ariously p erforated a t t he e nds a nd t o t ake p pinted p egs, ( Strat: 6 ; 3 9; 1 6
s ometimes a long t heir l ength w ith h oles d esigned s ome o f w hich s urvive i n s itu ( figs 2 .17-20) U nstrat:
1 6;
2 2;
3 3;
3 6;
4 7).
P egs
a re
f ound s eparately a t G urness
( strat) a nd A yre ( unstrat); s ome o f t hese a re t oo l arge f or m ounts t hough t hey m ay h ave h ad a s imilar u se. U nperforated p lates a re known f rom G urness ( strat). T hese m ounts w ere o bviously s ecured t o a m ore p erishable p robably
m aterial
d riven i nto
L ong-handled c ombs'.
-m ost
l ikely
p repared h oles.
c ombs;
M anufactured
a t ype
w ood -by
t he
p egs
T heir p recise u sage
w hich i s
t raditionally c lassified a s
f rom c etacean b one,
a ntler
f rom a nimal b one o r h orn. H andles s ometimes d ecoration o n o ne f ace a nd a n i ncised l ine a cross 1 6
a nd,
w ere
o bscure. ' weaving
i nfrequently,
b ear s imple i ncised t he b ase o f t he t eeth
i s
c ommon ( fig 2 .21)
( Strat:
6 ;
1 6;
3 6;
3 9 U nstrat:
3 ;
5 ;
1 5;
2 1;
2; 2
3; 4 1). T hree u nstratified f inds i ndicate s tages o f m anufacture: a n 3 u ncut b lank f rom B urrian N R onaldsay; a n u nfinished c omb f rom M id H owe; a nd a c omb a bout t o b e r etoothed f rom G urness. A lthough m any f unctions h ave b een p osited f or t his t ype i t s eems m ost p robably t hat t hey w ere u sed t o c omb a nd o rnament t he h air ( Hodder a nd H edges 1 977). H andles;
t he m ost c ommonly f ound t ype a re t hose m ade f rom t he e nd
o f a n a ntler t ine w hich h as b een c ut o ff a nd t hen s ocketed; s ometimes t he h andle h as b een f urther s haped a nd d ecorated a nd o ccasionally t here i s a s ingle o r o pposing r ivet h oles n ear t he s ocket ( figs 2 .23, 2 .24). ( Strat: 6 U nstrat: 1 5; 2 1; 3 6). T here a re t wo d ecorated e xamples, o ne ( strat) f rom G urness, t he o ther ( unstrat) f rom N etlater. A nother ( unstrat) f rom L ingro b ears a d esign o f i nterlocking r eversed c urves b ut m ay h ave b een a t rial p iece. N one o f t he t ools o riginally h oused s urvives b ut p art o f a n i ron t ang r emains i n s itu i n o ne o f t he ( unstrat) B urrian N R onaldsay h andles. T here
a re
a lso
t wo l ess
c learly a uthenticated t ypes
o f
h andle.
O ne i s w here s uitable l engths o f a ntler h ave b een s lotted, p ossibly t o h ouse a t ang ( fig 2 .38) ( Strat: 6 ; 3 9 U nstrat: 3 ?. T he o ther i s w here p erforated m ounts o f s uitable s hape a nd s ize m ay h ave b een e mployed a s h aft p lates ( fig 2 .18.204) ( Strat: 6 U nstrat: 3 9). O ne p ossible e xample f rom M id H owe i s N eedles a nd b odkins; F lat p lates o f a symmetric d iamonds 2 .25.85)
( Strat:
d ecorated. s tratified e xamples
b one s haped l ike e longated a nd o ften s lightly p erforated a t t he j unction o f t heir a xes ( fig
6 U nstrat:
2 2).
O ne f rom B orthwidk
T hose p erforated n ear o ne e nd w here s haft t o 2 .25.91).
a ccommodate t his; ( Strat: 6 U nstrat:
P ins ;
b eing
f all i nto t wo g roups:
s ections 2 2).
i s d ecorated.
t here m ay b e a w idening o f t end t o b e o val o r
a part f rom u nidentifiable f ragments,
t wo
t ypes
r ound
t he ( fig
a re f ound:
T hose w here n atural a rticulations h ave b een l eft a s h eads w ithout m odified m uch, i f a t a ll. M ostly t hese a re p ig f ibulae ( fig
2 .24.97)
( Strat:
T hose t ion o f
6 ;
3 1;
3 9 U nstrat:
w here t he h ead i s
t he s haft
1 6;
3 3).
s imply a s quared-off o r r ounded
( fig 2 .26.102).
( Strat:
6 ;
3 9 U nstrat:
1 6;
t ermina3 3).
P in h eads; l arge h eads f ashioned f rom c etacean i vory, b one, o r a ntler w ith a p erforation d esigned t o h ouse t he p in s hank 2 .26.120-122). ( Strat: 6 ; 3 9 U nstrat: 3 ; 1 2; 1 6; 2 1; 3 3; 3 6).
t eeth ( fig T his
g roup c an p robably b e u sefully s ubdivided ( et S tevenson 1 955, 2 92-3): s ome h eads a re s olid, o thers i ncorporate a n atural t ransverse h ole; s ome a re g lobular, o thers b un-shaped o r e longated w ith a s emicircular c ross s ection. M ost w ould o riginally h ave h ad i ron p ins; t he b roken o ff s tumps o f t hese c an b e s een i n ( unstrat) e xamples f rom G urness, E B urray a nd B urrian N R onaldsay w hile o ne o f t he A yre h eads s till h as a p in 5 .9cm l ong a ttached t o i t. O ne o f t he G urness h eads ( strat) i s u nusual i n t hat i t c ontains t he s tump o f a b one p in. G raeme c onsidered t hat a s awn s ection o f b one f rom A yre m anufacture o f s uch o bjects ( 1914, 4 4). 1 7
r epresented t he f irst s tage
o f
P ointed i mplements;
t wo c ategories
a re a pparent:
B ovine, c ervid a nd o vicaprid u lnas w ith t heir d istal e nds r educed a nd u sed a s a p oint a nd o ften w ith t heir p roximal e nds m odified t o f orm a h andle
( fig 2 .27.124-138).
M iscellaneous
s livers,
( Strat:
6 ;
3 1;
3 9 U nstrat:
s plinters a nd f ragments o f
2 1;
3 6).
b one a nd a ntler
w hich h ave a u tilised p oint ( fig 2 .28). ( Strat: 6 ; 3 1; 3 9 U nstrat: 7 ; 1 2; 1 6; 2 1; 3 6; 4 3. T hese r eflect t he u se o f a ny s uitable m aterial t o h and r ather t han b eing a r esidual c ategory. N evertheless c ertain s pecific b ut r arely f ound t ypes m ay b e i ncorporated; a t G urness ( strat) a nd B urrian N R onaldsay ( unstrat) t here w ere l ong, m odified b ird b ones w hich m ay h ave b een p ins o r s pecialised i mplements. Rubbing a nd p olishing implements; O vicaprid
t here a re t wo c ategories:
m etapodials w ith t heir d istal e nds p reserved a nd
s hafts u sed a t a s light a ngle t o t he a nterior-posterior 2 .29.149). ( Strat: 6 ; 3 9 U nstrat: 2 1; 3 6). M iscellaneous
f ragments
o f b ones,
w orking s urface, g enerally a t h orizontal ( fig 2 .29.154,160).
o ften s patulate,
a nd
p lane
( fig
w ith a p olished
o ne e nd a nd a t a s mall a ngle f rom t he ( Strat: 6 ; 3 9 U nstrat: 2 1; 3 1; 3 6).
A gain, t his s eems t o r eflect t he u se o f r ather t han b eing a r esidual c ategory. V essels
t heir
a ny s uitable m aterial t o
l ids m ade f rom c etacean v ertebrae ;
h and
o bjects m ay
b e
d ivided i nto t hree c ategories: L arge
v essels
o r
c askets m ade b y h ollowing o ut
w hale
v ertebrae
( fig 2 .30. 1 5). ( Strat: 6 ; 3 1); s maller v essels o r c ups m ade s imilarly ( fig 2 .33), ( Strat: 1 6; 3 9 U nstrat: 6 ; 2?; 3); l ids 2 3 m anufactured f rom d etached w hale v ertebral e piphyses t rimmed a round t he e dges
( fig 2 .33.175) Quern
h andles ;
( Strat:
6 ).
s uitably s haped p ieces o f
b one o r
h ave h ad o ne e nd f orced i nto a h ole o f s maller d iameter 1 82). ( Strat: 6 U nstrat: 3 6).
a ntler
w hich
( fig 2 .34.177-
S pindle whorls; t he c learest t ype a re t hose m ade b y p erforating f emur h eads ' ( fig 2 .35.183,186). ( Strat: 6 ; 3 1; 3 9 U nstrat: 3 ; 3 3; 3 6). T here a re a lso a n umber o f w horls o f a nimal b one, c etacean b one a nd a ntler w hich e xhibit v arying c ross-sections a nd d egrees o f f inish. O nly o ne i s d efinitely B roch P eriod, s hape o f c etacean b one f rom M id H owe 3 2.3).
( Strat:
' Bobbins";
3 9 U nstrat:
1 2;
2 2?;
3 6). t hat
3 6).
( fig 2 .34.188)
P erforated b ovine i st p halanges ; t ransverse,
3 3;
s heep m etapodials w ith v arying c ombinations
p olished a reas a nd p erforations
U nstrat:
h owever, a f lattened s pheroidal ( Callander a nd G rant 1 934, f ig
T he p erforations o f
o f
( Strat:
( fig 1 .32.30).
6 U nstrat: ( Strat:
1 6. 6 ;
3 1
t he t hree s tratified e xamples a re
t he u nstratified o ne l ongitudinal.
1 8
o f w orn a nd
G aming
e quipment;
P arallelopiped 1 970)
d ice w ith v alues m arked a s
( fig 2 .36.191).
( Strat:
6 ;
1 6;
G aming p ieces. T hese a re d ifficult t he ( unstrat) d omed f lat-bottomed,
b ut
i ncised d ots
A
c arved
t he G urness
i vory
p laying p iece
c ollection w ithout
C omparatively p erforations;
l arge
l engths
3 9
U nstrat:
o f
( Strat:
Tubes m ade f rom b ird b ones; ( Strat:
r ather
a ny c lue
( fig 1 .35.31,32)
C larke
t o i dentify w ith a ny c ertainty p olished p ieces o f a ntler a nd
b one f rom B urrian N R onaldsay a re c onvincing a nd i vory f rom G urness i s s imilar ( fig 2 .36.194). 3 6).
( cf
2 1).
t o
t he ( strat) e xample o f ( Strat: 6 U nstrat:
l ike a m odern p awn i s i ts
a mong
a ntiquity.
whalebone
w ith
one
o r
m ore
3 1).
( Callander a nd G rant
1 934,
f ig 2 9.3)
3 3).
Antler p icks; a ntlers w ith t he b ay t ine r emoved, t he b eam s erving a s a h andle a nd t he b row t ine a s t he w orking p oint ( Callander a nd G rant 1 934, f ig 3 8). ( Strat: 3 9).
t ine,
Antler m allet; m allet m ade b y s awing a n a ntler o ff a bove t he b row l eaving t he l atter a s a h andle a nd t he b urr a s t he w orking f ace
( fig 2 .38.206). Antler
( Strat:
6 ).
hammerheads;
t o a ccommodate a h andle
m ace-head
s haped w ith a c entral
( Callander a nd G rant
1 934,
f ig
p erforation
3 6).
( Strat:
3 9). Miscellaneous
s tratified i tems;
t he a bove
c lassification l eaves
f ew s tratified b one o bjects t o b e a ccounted f or. T he m ost d istinctive a re a c etacean r adius f rom B u w ith l ateral g rooves o n t he s ide ( fig 1 .35.39); a nd, f rom M id H owe, a r ing o f c etacean b one ( Callander a nd G rant 1 934, f ig 3 2) a nd o ne o f t wo r ubbed d own s heep s capulae ( ibid, f ig 3 2). S everal b ones f rom B u b ear s ome t race o f p olish a nd w orked a nd a ltered p ieces o f a nimal b one, c etacean b one a nd a ntler o ccur o n a n umber
o f
s ites.
Miscellaneous u nstratified i tems;
s everal
t ypes
o f
o bject
w hich
a re a t p resent o nly known f rom u nstratified c ontexts m ay b elong t o t he B roch P eriod. T he l isting g iven h ere i s n ot i ntended t o b e e xhaustive. S ingle e dged n on-composite c ombs
( Unstrat:
H andles m ade f rom s ocketed a ntler b urrs 6 ;
2 2;
3 9).
( fig 2 .22.74).
( Unstrat:
3 9). H andles
1 934,
f ig 3 7) H andles
1 974,
c omprising r ough s ocketed c ylinders ( Unstrat:
3 6?;
( Callander a nd
c omprising w ell f inished s ocketed c ylinders
f ig 9 .118-121,
1 23)
G rant
3 9).
( Unstrat:
3 ;
1 6;
( MacGregor,
A
3 6).
H andles w ith a r educed e nd d esigned t o f it w ithin a s ocketed b lade ( MacGregor, A 1 974, f ig 9 .124) ( Unstrat: 3 6). 1 9
L arge b odkins
( fig 2 .26.93).
( Unstrat:
6 ).
S word/dagger p ommels a nd g uards ( cf k ynne 1 983; M acGregor, A 1 974, f ig 9 .127,128) ( Unstrat: 6 ; 2 1; 3 6). S upposed c alendering i mplements, a r ubbing m otion 3 6).
( MacGregor,
' Blubber mattocks', b lades n otches f or h afting ( MacGregor, 1 2; 3 6).
' Clubs ( Unstrat:
( Unstrat:
1 5;
c etacean b one u sed w ith ( Unstrat:
3 ;
c etacean b one
( MacGregor,
A
1 974,
( MacGregor,
A
f ig
1 5.202).
3 6).
C ylinders a nd r ings,
p ieces h as t wo w ell f inished.
o f
1 4.187-189).
3 6).
o f a ntler o r whalebone 3; 3
a ntlers, h ollowed 1 974, f ig 9 .133).
t wo
f ig
2 .37.202;
o f c etacean b one w ith p erforations o r A 1 974, f ig 1 5.197-201). ( Unstrat:
P erforated m isshapen b locks o f f ig 1 4.195,196).
b locks
A 1 974,
f ig
s ections
o f
a nimal
a s n ecessary a nd o f ( Unstrat: 3 ; 6 ; 1 6;
p erforations,
i s
o f
b ones,
v arying 2 1; 3 3;
c etacean i vory,
S norri-bones o r w eaving t ablets. s ymmetrically p laced p erforations.
c etacean b ones
a nd
l engths ( MacGregor, A 3 6). O ne o f t he L ingro
C ircular U sually
a nd i s
p articularly
p laques o f b one w ith d escribed a s w eaving
t ablets t hey m ay a lternatively h ave b een t oys m ade t o w hirr w hen s tring p assed t hrough t he h oles w as t wisted a nd t hen p ulled ( MacGregor, A 1 974, f ig 1 0.147,148). ( Unstrat: 3 6). T oggles, g roove a round
a ntler o r b one w ith e ither a t ransverse p erforation o r a t he m iddle
Antler p oints, w hittled.
( fig 2 .37.197).
t he e nds
( Unstrat:
3 ;
6 ;
o f
1 2;
t ines 1 6;
-a
c urved
6 ;
1 6;
r ubbed,
2 1;
2 2;
6
-a
h ollow,
3 6;
2). 2
p olished,
( fig 2 .35.196);
p robable m outhpiece b acked
b lade
o f
a p olished
s ecured
b y p egs
c etacean b one
s quared
s patula
( Hedges
( ibid);
o r
3 9). d ecorated
( fig 2 .36.200); d ecorated o bject known f rom a s ketch p art o f a f inely m ade s patulate o bject w ith a t l east
l arge p erforations 2 1
v ariously
1 8;
I tems o f i ndividual i nterest. b one t ube 2 .37.217);
( Unstrat:
( fig
( fig t wo
2 .36.201).
a nd B ell f orth);
a
n otched
l ength
a o f
2 3 c etacean b one ( ibid). 2 -a s upposed a ntler b ridle c heek p iece? 3 p art o f a s upposed c etacean b one w heel. 3 6 -a s upposed c etacean b one l ine s inker
( MacGregor,
A 1 974,
( ibid f ig 1 0.145); t wo s takes a r ope ( ibid f ig 1 4.184,185).
o f
f ig
1 4.186);
a s upposed p ottery m arker
c etacean b one,
o ne w ith w ear m arks
o f
S tone i tems o f l ocal m anufacture T he i s
g eology
r eflected
l aminated
o f
i n t he
s andstone
t he O rkney i slands t ypes
o f
s tone m ost
( flagstone),
i s
m assive
a nd c losely r elated b each p ebbles. i nstances o f l ess c ommon s tone t ypes. 2 0
f airly h omogeneous a nd
c ommonly u sed
T here
s andstone a re,
t his
f or a rtefacts
-
o f v arying g rades,
h owever,
o ccasional
S pindle whorls; f rom p ebbles 2 .46). C halk a nd
T he w horls
i n
c ase
F our
o f
u nusual s tone, ( Hedges a nd B ell 2; 2
2 5;
1 980,
3; 3
o f
o ne
t hough f orth).
3 6;
o f
f lagstone b eing u nusual
o f
R ough
f ormer
i t w as m ade
t hese h ave y et ( Strat: 6 ;
o f
d iscs
t ypes
f rom a
f ossil
f rom L ingro w ere m ade
t o b e a nalysed 3 9 U nstrat: 3 ;
a nd 1; 1
s ea
o f m ore
i dentified 1 2; 1 6; 2 1;
r epresented:
( Strat:
o ccurring
( Hedges
a re
s tone w ith a l arge
( fig 2 .47-49).
N aturally
t he
( fig
v ariants. R onaldsay
4 3). t wo
o ne e nd
o nes
t he u nstratified w horls
L oom-weights;
9 5)
f ew s tratified w horls w ere m ostly m anufactured s andstone,
u nstratified f inds i ntroduce t wo i nteresting a re known f rom L ingro, E B urray a nd B urrian N
t he
u rchin.
t he
o f m assive
1 980,
6 ;
p ebbles
9 8)
3 9;
c entral
p erforation
U nstrat:
1 ;
3 ;
1 5;
( Hedges
3 1).
p erforated w ith a s mall h ole
( fig 2 .50.300).
( Strat:
t owards
3 9 U nstrat:
6 ;
3). 3 P ebble p olishers;
( Strat:
6 ;
3 1;
3 9
U nstrat:
2 1).
T his
i s
a
d ifficult g roup t o i dentify w ith a ny c ertainty o r c omprehensiveness. S mooth, h ighly p olished, r ound, o r w ater-worn p ebbles a re a lso m entioned i n t he r eports o n A yre, B orthwick, a nd B urrian N R onaldsay. S ee
a lso
i mported
o bjects
S tone v essels;
a nd m aterials
t hese w ere
i nfra.
s eldom kept
f rom t he o lder
e xcavations
a nd c ontemporary d escriptions s uggest c onfusion b etween v essels p er s e a nd s uperficially s imilar t ypes s uch a s p ivot s tones, l amps, m ortars a nd t rough q uerns ( as a t 3 ; 9 ; 1 2; 1 5; 1 6; 2 2; 3 3; 3 5; 4 7). T wo g roups o f
v essels
a lso
a re h owever
i mported o bjects T hose
c ornered,
w hich
U nstrat:
m ight
a nd 1 ;
a nd
t hickness;
s haped
a nd
o ut
o r
t roughs
a nd b ase o f
t hey w ill h ave
s maller
a
b een p ecked
( fig
c rude v essels
Lamps; t hese f all i nto o bjects a nd m aterials i nfra). N aturally
o ccurring
o r
b eing
s ee
l arge,
c onstant
a nd
f rom b locks
2 .54.315).
D ish-shaped
l amps
Anvil s tones;
o ut
c onsisting o f
b locks
o f
o f
( Strat:
r ests
( Strat: a lso
6
( fig
o f
o f
( Strat:
o f
s tone
2 .59.325).
a s mall a nd
( fig 2 .108.2115).
w ith a n umber
6 ).
i mported
s haped b locks
s urface
a c up h ollowed o ut
sandstone
( fig 2 .63.336).
( though s ee
r oughly
o n o ne
t here a re n o w ick
o r m ore e dge
( fig 2 .56.321).
t wo g roups
o nly v ery
c up a nd w ic k r est p ecked 6 U nstrat: 3 ; 2 1; 3 3?).
o ften s haped s tone; 6 U nstrat: 3 ; 4 ?).
a long o ne
t anks
w ith s ides
i nside
( but
4 7?).
M iscellaneous
w ith a ( Strat:
r eliable e vidence
i nfra):
b e d escribed a s
f lat-bottomed
r elatively s light s andstone
i ndicated b y t he m ore a nd m aterials
( Strat:
c upped h ollows
6 ).
P ivot s tones; N aturally o ccurring o r s carcely s haped p ieces o f s tone w ith a p ecked s ocket i n, u sually, o ne f ace. T here m ay b e w ear a t 2 1
t he b ottom o f t he s ocket ( fig 2 .64.340). d oorways. ( Strat: 6 ; 1 6; 3 1; 3 9 U nstrat: S tones w ith s mall r ough p e Whetstones;
F requently f ound i n s itu 1 ?; 3 ; 4 ?; 1 0?).
ed h ollows ;
( fig 2 .66.372,379,386).
N aturally ( Strat:
6 ;
Querns; a nd
o ccurring
3 1;
6 U nstrat:
3 1).
s tratified e xamples f all i nto t wo c lasses:
M anufactured u nperforated w hetstones, b een b oxed
( Strat:
i n
s tones
3 9 U nstrat:
o ften w ith t races o f h aving
( Strat:
6 ;
3 9).
u sed a s w hetstones
( fig
2 .67.390).
3 6).
q uerns w ere n ot g enerally k ept f rom t he o lder e xcavations
d escriptions a re o ften t oo v ague f or t he t ype i nvolved t o b e c lear
( as a t 1 ; 9 ; 1 4; 1 5; 2 2; 2 3; 3 6). C aulfield's v iew t hat ' reference t o " querns" i n e arly e xcavation r eports c an w ith c onfidence b e t aken t o i nvariably m ean r otary q uerns ( 1978, 1 35) i s n ot c oncurred w ith. R otary querns
( fig 2 .69.395).
S addle q uerns
( fig 1 .37.50).
( Strat:
6 ;
2 1;
3 9 U nstrat:
1 6;
3 3;
3 1;
3 5;
3 9 U nstrat:
1 ?
4 ?;
3 7).
6 ;
( Strat:
l b. T op
r ubbers
M ortars U nstrat:
6 ;
f or s addle q uerns.
( Callander 3 5?;
T rough q uerns
( Strat:
a nd G rant 1 934,
3 1
f ig
U nstrat: 4 3.2,4).
1 6). ( Strat:
3 9
3 6?). ( fig 2 .72.442).
( Strat:
6 ;
3 1;
3 9).
A n a berrant t ype c onsisting o f a n aturally r ound s tone w ith a c onical m an-made f unnel p iercing i t ( fig 1 .52.118). T he f unnel h as b een g round w ith a c ircular m otion t o a r elatively s mooth s urface. ( Strat:
3 1).
P ounders,
r ubbers a nd g rinders;
a mong t he m ost
c ommon f inds f rom
b roch s ites, s uch u tilised b each p ebbles a re f requently j ust t ogether a s ' hammerstones' ( as a t S trat: 3 9?; U nstrat: 1 ?;
g rouped 3 ?; 4 ?;
2 1 2?; 1 8?; ; 2?; 3 3?; 3 6). T he e xcavations a t B u a nd G urness h ave c ont ributed t owards t he d efinition o f t ypes w ithin t he l arger c lass ( app 2 .1). R ubbers a nd g rinders, s tones u sed i n o ne o r b oth o f t he f ollowing n a r ubbing m otion p roducing w ays 1 ) u sed a t a n a ngle o f c irca 4 5° i f aceted w orked s urfaces ( fig 2 .75.450,461) 2 ) r ocked b ac kwards a nd f orwards
i n a g rinding m otion p roducing c oarser c urved w orked
( fig 2 .76.539). P ounders,
( Strat: s tones
b ;
u sed
s urfaces
3 1). i n o ne o r b oth o f
t he f ollowing
w ays
1 )
h aving p ocked s urfaces c aused b y p ounding ( fig 2 .77.575) 2 ) h aving b een s plit o r s plintered b y m ore v igorous u se o n h arder s ubstances ( fig 2 .77.565). ( Strat: 6 ; 3 1). S tones w hich h ave b een u sed f or p ounding, ( Strat: 6 ; 3 1 U nstrat: 1 ; 2 1?; 3 5?). 2 2 .
r ubbing a nd
g rinding.
P estles, e longated p ebbles w ith a m ixture o f g rinding a nd p ocking a t o ne o r b oth e nds ( fig 2 .76.650). ( Strat: 6 U nstrat: 3 5?). B each p ebbles u sed a s m iscellaneous ( Strat:
6 ;
s triking t ools
( fig 2 .75.661).
3 1).
P ot l ids; r oundels o f c ircumference ( fig 1 .49.112). 2 1; 2 2; 3 6). C hipped s tone o bjects; S hetland s ites
o f
f lagstone c hipped t o s hape a round t heir ( Strat: 6 ; 3 1; 3 9 U nstrat: 3 ; 1 2; 1 5;
a c lass o f
t he B ronze A ge
C hipped, p ecked a nd ( Strat: 3 1 U nstrat: 3 6).
a rtefact m ore w idely k nown f rom
( Hedges, J W f orth):
s ometimes
w orn a rd p oints
( fig
1 .57.148)
M attocks, f lat r ectangular c hipped s tones p resumed t o h ave u sed f or c ultivation ( fig 1 .41.132). ( Strat: 3 1). M iscellaneous:
6
( strat)
-t he h andle o f
a f lat
i mplement
b een
( fig
2 .81.801), a f lat f igure o f e ight ( fig 2 .81.798), a t ricuspate p iece and o ne r esembling a knife b lade; 3 1 ( strat) -a f lat, ( fig 2 .81.797), p ointed t rimmed t ool ( fig 1 .50.115), p art o f a f lat w aisted o bject ( fig 1 .49.146), a f lat s tone w ith l imited c hipping r ound t he e dge a nd a r ough-out f or a c ircular i mplement; s imilar t o a ' tetherstone/figurine'. C hippings
f rom m anufacture
T ether s tones/figurines; d escribed 1 .53.124).
v ariously a s T heir s hape
2 1
( unstrat) a p iece w ith a
( fig 1 .42.67).
( Strat:
3 1).
o bjects o f u nknown u se w hich h ave
' tether s tones o r a s i s t hat o f a f lattened
r ounded
o val quartzite p ebbles g rooved l ongitudinally o n
o ne o r b oth s ides w here w orn b y a s triker. O ccasionally t here b rown a dhesions ( fig 2 .78.852). ( Strat: 6 U nstrat: 2 1; 3 1; 3 6). S hale a rmlets; S tones ( Strat:
P umice ;
( Strat:
3 9 U nstrat:
w ith encircling g rooves ;
3 9 U nstrat:
3 ;
1 6;
a re
1 7).
p ossibly w eights
( fig 2 .81.794).
6 ).
g rooving a nd r ubbing o n s ome p ieces
s uggests
t his w as u sed
a s a n atural a brasive. S ome o f t he B urrian N R onaldsay p ieces s uspension h oles ( MacGregor, A 1 974, f ig 1 9.255,256). ( Strat: U nstrat:
b een
' figurines' ( fig p hallus, g enerally
h aving a n e longated b ody w ith o pposing c onstrictions n ear o ne e nd. ( Strat: 3 1 U nstrat: 1 ; 9 ?; 2 0?). S trike a l ights ;
f orm
h ave 6 ; 3 1
3 6).
F lint, c hert a nd quartz; ( Strat: 6 ; 3 1 U nstrat: 2; 3 1; 3 6; 3 9). 2 T he s tratified p iece f rom B u i s a n o void c ore i mplement o f quartz ( fig 1 .54.177). M any o f t he o ther p ieces a re j ust f lakes o f f lint o r c hert b ut t here i s a s tratified s craper f rom G urness u nstratified o nes f rom B u a nd M id H owe.
2 3
( fig
2 .86.839)
a nd
S tones w ith i ncised m arks and d esigns; p erhaps p iece
i nsignificant o f
s imilar
g rouping.
s andstone w ith a V c ut p iece
a nd
t wo
p ortions
t his
i s
a m iscellaneous
S tratified f rom G urness
i s
i n i t w hile u nstratified o f
f lagstones
a
a nd
s mall
t here
i s
b earing s cratched
a
l ines
( fig 2 .53.310). A s mall s tone w ith a b road a rrow c ut i nto i t w as f ound u nstratified a t R edland S teeringlo. A s piral-marked s tone f rom t he l atter s ome w ere
s ite
and
t wo
c up m arked
s tones
s tylistic c oherence b ut t hey w ere p ossibly s imply f ound a nd r eused.
u nstratified t rial
p iece
B urness o f
S tone
f rom C hapel K nowe
t he P ictish p eriod
( POAS
Miscellaneous s tratified i tems; a dditional t o t hose c lassified a bove. o f
n otched a nd
p erforated p ieces
a lso a p ortion o f b y u nstratified
a f ossil
e xamples
f rom M id H owe f orm a b uilt i nto t he T he s tyle o f 1 ,
g roup
o f
t ower m asonry a nd t he f igure o n t he
s uggests
t hat
f rontispiece
i t
i s
a
i llus).
t here a re f ew s tratified i tems F rom G urness t here a re a n umber
o f
c rinoid,
f lagstone
( fig 2 .80)
a c urious
f ind w hich i s
f rom B urrian N R onaldsay.
a nd
t here
i s
p aralleled
F rom B u t here i s a
f lat s tone w hich a ppears t o h ave b een s moothed o n e ach s ide a t o ne e nd a nd t here i s a b each p ebble b earing s mall a reas o f b rown g loss. P ebbles a nd a rtefacts w ith s imilar a dhesions a re i n t he G urness c ollect ion, s ome b eing o f t he B roch P eriod w hile a f lat o val s tone w hich h ad b een r ubbed s mooth i n p arts w as f ound s tratified a t M id H owe. Miscellaneous unstratified i tems; u nstratified o bject w hich m ay P ossible g aming c ounters
6 ;
b elong
t here a re
t o
( fig 2 .46.302-304).
M anufactured a nd p erforated w hetstones 1 8; 2 2). S addle querns w ith p ecked h ollows;
t he N eolithic
s ettlement
s ite
o f
o n
t he K nap
' Skaill knives' ( Unstrat:
s harp
h ave
s aid
t o
e dged
t ypes
o f
6 ;
f lakes
6 ;
2). 2
( Unstrat:
a nalogy w ith r ubbers
o f H owar
2 ?;
3 ;
h ard s eeds
1 2;
s truck
f rom
t hese m ay h ave
3 1;
b een
( Ritchie,
A
3 9).
f rom
l arge
b oulders.
2). 2
P ossible m oulds. m ay
( Unstrat:
( Unstrat:
( fig 2 .66.377).
d esigned t o t urn a nd f acilitate t he c racking o f 1 983, 5 6) ( fig 2 .72.438,439), ( Unstrat: 6 ). H aematite p olishers.
a lso s everal
t he B roch P eriod.
( Unstrat:
1 2;
2). 2
b een f or c asting i ngots w hile
h ave
b een f or f orming c rusie
T hat
t he
f rom B urrian R ussland
e xample
f rom B orthwick
i s
l amps.
I tems o f i ndividual i nterest. A side f rom v arious m iscellaneous p erforated o r a braded p ieces o f s tones w hich s uperficially r esemble a rtefacts f ollowing -a
t here a re t he
p erforated
c hopper?;
t he
3 0 -a
m acehead c lub?
b roken c ircular p late a p artially
f ollowing:
c ircumference
d rilled
o n o ne
6 -a f ace
( of N eolithic a nd a p ossible
o f m icaceous
s andstone
s tone
b all.
2 4
s andstone d isc w ith a g roove
( fig 2 .78.803); t ype);
2 2
9 -a
-a
c lub?;
s mall
p erforated h ammerhead?; a nd a p ossible
2 1
s tone 3 -a 3
t oy quern ;
3 6 -
Metal i tems o f l ocal m anufacture -B ronze
1 19)
C opper o res a nd l ead o ccur n aturally b ut t in a nd z inc ( ?) a re a bsent.
e lements o res,
a re
p resent
a s m etals
t hey w ould h ave h ad
o r i ncorporated
t o
b e
i mported,
i n b ronzes w hich w ere
e vidence w e h ave f or c rucibles a nd f or m oulds i s b ronzes w ere c ommonly c ast l ocally ( vide i nfra). P enannular b rooches; 4 5).
( Strat:
3 9).
( Callander a nd G rant
T he
t hree
1 18t wo
i n O rkney ( Mf tura 1 976, I n s o f ar a s t he l ast w hether
s crapped.
a s T he
c lear i ndication t hat
f ig 4 4,
1 934,
p enannular b rooches
a re
4 ,5;
f ig
c lose i n s ize
a nd s tyle a nd h ave a ffinities w ith F owler s ' A d erivatives ( 1960). T hey a re 2 .5-3cm i n d iameter a nd h ave p ins w ith a b ow; o ne h as l arge t erminals
c upped
a t
t he e nds,
t he s econd h as
t urned b ack
w ire
t erminals, a nd t he t hird m ay h ave h ad s pheroidal o nes. P art p ossible f ourth p enannular b rooch f rom t he s ame s ite i s s lightly a nd m ade
o f
o verlapped
t hin b ronze
f or
o f a l arger
p lates.
P ins: P rojecting r ing-headed p ins 2 36).
( Strat:
3 9
U nstrat:
( cf
S tevenson 1 955)
6 ).
T he M id H owe
( fig
p ieces
2 .39.235,
a nd o ne
f rom
G urness a re m ade b y b ending w ire r ather t han c asting. J udging f rom t he m ould e vidence ( vide i nfra) t he o ther u nstratified p in f rom G urness -a c ast
o ne w ith
a lmost
t he
c ertainly
f ace
o f
t he
d ecorated w ith f ine
P ins w ith p lain t erminations ( Strat:
6 U nstrat:
E ar-rings; w ith 3 9).
o f
a
b reak
Chains; t he t ype o f
G urness
c lose
r adiating
l ines
-is
p eriod. t o t he s haft
( fig
2 .39.237,
2 38).
1 6).
t hin
b ronze
i n t heir
r ings w ith a d iameter o f
c ircuit
( fig 2 .43.229).
1 .1-1.8cm
( Strat:
6
a nd
U nstrat:
i ndividual l inks, ( Strat: 6 U nstrat: 2 1). A n e xample c hain t hese m ay h ave c ome f rom w as f ound u nstratified a t
( fig 2 .43.230).
Miscellaneous n eedle
f rom;
R ussland
s tratified i tems;
G urness
( Raftery
( fig 2 .39.233)
1 982 f ig
1 0.20)
t he m ost
d istinctive
t hough a s pear b utt
m ay
p erhaps
b e
i s
f rom
r egarded a s
a
f ine
B urrian
s tratified
-p articularly i n v iew o f t he m ould e vidence ( vide i nfra). F ragments o f s heet b ronze w ere f ound a t M id H owe a nd s imilar t hough u nstratified p ieces
a re known f rom G urness
a nd L ingro.
Miscellaneous u nstratified i tems; t o
b e
o f
t ypes
b elonging
F inger-rings
t o
( Unstrat:
S ome
o f
t he
f ollowing m ay
p rove
t he B roch P eriod: 6 ).
A t G urness
t wo
s piral
f inger-rings,
o ne g ilded, w ere f ound i n a ssociation w ith t wo p lain r ings o f c ircular s ection a nd a h eavy o ne w ith a s hallow U -shaped s ection ( fig 2 .42.22225). 2
T here
i s
a nother h eavy
r ing w ith a U -shaped
c ollection. A rmlets/bracelets.
1 5?;
( Unstrat: 2 5
3 9).
s ection
i n
t he
I tems o f i ndividual i nterest:
3
-a
t ankard h andle w ith
e arly
C eltic p arallels ( MacGregor, M 1 976 n o 2 91 f ig) a nd a r ing 2 .5cm i n d iameter; 6 -a p ossible c lasp ( fig 2 .43.240), a d ecorated t ube w ith p erforated l ugs ( fig 2 .43.243), a p erforated d ish-shaped p iece o f s heet m etal ( fig 2 .43.244) a nd a m isshapen d ebased r ing ( fig 2 .42.227).
I ron T he r ecovery o f s amples o f s tratified s lags a nd o res f rom G urness, A yre, B u a nd M id H owe -the l atter i n a ssociation w ith a f urnace -is i ndication t hat i ron w as s melted f or u se; t here a re s ources o f o re i n H oy ( Mykura 1 976, 1 18-119). W hetstone, h andles a nd f inely c ut p ieces o f b one a re a dditional t estimony t o t he u se o f i ron a s a re a f ew o bjects b earing t races s uch a s a l ong-handled c omb f rom G urness a nd p in h eads f rom G urness a nd A yre. T he m aterial h as n ot h owever s urvived a t a ll w ell i n t he c onditions p resented b y O rkney b rochs -t he o nly r ecorded i dentifiable s tratified f ind i s a s pike o r s pearhead w hich c ame f rom t he g uard c ell a t A yre. M iscellaneous p ossibly b e o f
unstratified
i tems;
s ome
o f
t he
f ollowing
m ay
B roch P eriod:
K nife b lades
( fig 2 .44.249-251).
S pearheads.
( Unstrat:
S pear f errules.
( Unstrat:
P ossible r ivets. A s ocketed a dze
1 6;
3 3;
3 6).
3 6). 3 6).
( fig 2 .44.259).
A s upposed c hisel.
6 ;
3 6).
( Unstrat:
A p ossible w ool-comb t ooth 2 .44.258). ( Unstrat: 6 ).
( Unstrat:
( Unstrat:
( cf
( Unstrat:
H edges,
6 ). J
W
1 980,
2 4ff)
( fig
3 3).
O ther m etal L ead
o ccurs n aturally i n O rkney ( Mykura 1 976,
1 18-119)
a nd
w as
u sed f or c lamps t o r epair S amian w are a t O xtro ( vide i nfra) a nd a n u nstratified r otary quern f rom G urness ( fig 2 .70.401). S ilver o ccurs a s a l ead o re c ontaminant b ut t he o nly p ossible i nstance o f i ts u se t hat c an b e c ited i s m elted-down o bject f ound i n t he w ell a t O xtro. C eramic i tems o f l ocal m anufacture C lay b ivalve m oulds;
( figs 2 .83-85,
6 8,
6 9).
2 1, 3 9). T hese h ave t he a dditional i nterest c ertain b ronze t ypes w ere o f l ocal m anufacture.
( Strat:
6 U nstrat:
t hat t hey s how I t c an b e s een
t hat t hat
t he m ould h alves w ere u nited w ith a s lip a nd t he g reater p reponderance o f b ack v alves c an b e a ccounted f or b y t he f ront v alves h aving b een b roken i n o rder t o e xtract t he c ast o bject. T he w ell s tratified m oulds f rom G urness a re f or s pear b utts a nd f or r ing-headed p ins ( vide s upra). M oulds f or p ins w ere a lso f ound a t L ingro, t wo h aving p rojecting r ing 2 6
h eads
a nd o ne o f
t hese
b een m oulded s quare,
3 9).
b eing
b eaded.
p resumably
T he
s hafts
o f
t hen b eing g round
P ottery ; p roduced
S ome
t wenty-four
p ottery,
o f
t he
t hough i n t he
h alf
a re
c ompletely
3 1 ( Unstrat: a nd p ouring
a n a dherent
2 ?; l ip
b ronze b ased
o r O f
f ourteen t his
f ewer ( 1; 2 ; t he r emaining
u nstratified
( 5;
3 1; a nd
f usion.
f ifty-two known O rkney b rochs
c ase o f
s urvive o r t here a re t hree s herds 2 2; 3 3; 3 5; 4 0; 4 1; 4 3; 4 5). c ollections
h ave
a ppear t o h ave
t o a r ound s ection.
Crucibles; ( fig 2 .82.804.805). ( Strat: 6 ; T wo t ypes w ere i n u se, o nes w ith a f oot
o thers w ith a p ointed b ase.
p ins
h ave
e ither d oes
n ot
3 ; 1 0; 1 2; 1 5; 2 0; t en r easonably s ized 1 6;
1 8;
2 1;
3 6)
a nd
t hose f rom S tromness C emetery a nd t he H owe a re o utside t he s cope o f t his p ublications. T hough t his o nly l eaves G urness, B u a nd M id H owe i t m ust
b e
s aid
t he f irst O rkney w as O ne
t hat
t hese
r eliable l ike. t hing
c ollections
a re v ery
i ndication o f w hat
t hat
h as
c ome
o ut
i mportant
p ottery
o f
t he
o f
s ince
t he B roch
a nalysis
o f
t hey g ive P eriod
t he
i n
G urness
p ottery, h owever, i s t he v ery g reat l ikeness t hat i t h as t o t hat o f t he s ucceeding p eriod. N o d oubt t here a re d ifferences -w hich w ill b e m ade a pparent i n t he H owe p ublication -b ut t here w ould s eem a t p resent b e n o r eady w ay i n w hich u nstratified B roch a nd P ictish s herds c an d istinguished.
I n v iew o f
c omment
t he
h ere
t o
t his
i t h as
b een d ecided
s tratified e lements
o f
t o
t o b e
l argely r estrict
t he G urness,
B u a nd M id H owe
a ssemblages. N inety-eight f rom 1 .4,
p er
c ent
i nclusion o f
c rushed d yke
r arely,
o rganic m aterial
a ppear
t o
h ave
p ossible u se o f b reaking
b een
t he
s tratified b roch a ssociated
t o
l atter p arts.
a s
c oil m ade
t empering,
o r
b ut
t heir
t urntable.
s cale
b ut
i s
T he s amples
s herds
T he f abric
b eing p ale
r ed-brown
( apps 1 0-30%
quartz a nd, T he p ots
s uggested i s m edium
c olouring v aries t he t o
c entre
o f
y ellow-grey.
t he s oft f rom t he T he
u ntreated s herds i s u neven, y et s mooth, a nd t here i s a b etween B u a nd G urness i n t hat s ome o f t he p ots f rom t he
l ocal
m anufacture
t hrough
t he
f rom B u a nd
w ere
r egularity
g enerally a t
s ite h ad b een b urnished b efore
W illiams
t hough m ica,
o ccasionally b e d etected.
t o a n u neven e dge w hile s urface
g rey-black,
o xidation-reduction s urface o f d ifference
r ock
c ould a lso
a s low w heel
f riably
r ed-brown
s ent
o f
b oth B u a nd G urness w ere o f S tephen C racknell's ' Fabric A 2 .4). T he m ost c haracteristic f eature o f t his i s t he
o f
t he
f iring,
p ottery
p etrological a nalysis
f ive
f rom G urness
s elected a nd d o n ot
( apps
e specially
w as o f
t heir
c onfirmed
b y
t hin s ections
1 .5,
2 .5)
u pper
D avid
o f
n ine
t hough t he s herds
c onstitute a r andom s ample.
T wo
m ajor
p oints o f i nterest a rise. O ne i s t hat d yke r ock c learly w as s ought o ut a s t empering, p robably b ecause i t w ould e nhance t he t hermal p roperties o f t he p ottery p roduced ( Williams 1 982). T he s econd i s t hat d yke r ock a nd p yroxene r ich i nclusions a t B u c ould b e b orders o f t he L och o f h array a nd t o t he G raemsay. a nd w ere
T his
i t m ay b e s imilarly
i mplies
n oted
t hat
s ourced
t o
t raced t o F irth o r t he n eighbouring i sland o f
l ocal i mportation o f m aterials i nclusions t he
o r o f
i n u nstratified s herds
s ame a rea a nd
2 7
t o S hetland.
p ottery
f rom G urness
T he c ult
t o
c ommonest
f orms
o f
c ategorize
s ince
t hey m erge o ne
b ases, a s f ar a s i n r im d iameter h eight
f rom
a s
p ot
a t
B u,
G urness i nto
a nd M id H owe a re
t he
o ther.
d iffi-
A ll h ad
f lat
c an b e s een, a nd w e a re s peaking h ere o f p ots r anging f rom s lightly l ess t han 1 00mm t o a lmost 4 00mm a nd i n l ittle
a s
7 5mm t o
p robably i n
e xcess
o f
3 00mm.
N o
c orrelation b etween s hape a nd s ize i s a t p resent p ossible. A t t he o ne e xtreme t here a re b ucket-shaped v essels w hich a re w ider a t t he m outh t han a t c lassed
a ny o ther p art ( fig 1 .68.257; 2 .88.913) a nd t hese t ogether w ith e xamples w here a s light i ncurving n ear
m ay t he
b e r im
g ives a b arrel s hape ( Callander a nd G rant 1 934, f ig 4 7, f ig 5 1.1,2). T he s econd a nd m ost f requently o ccurring c lass h as a c avetto b eneath t he 2 11,
r im, 2 13;
t hese r anging f rom e xamples w ith a s hort C allander a nd G rant 1 934 f ig 4 6, f ig 5 1,
s ome w hich h ave
a lmost a c arination a t
t wo
t hirds
n eck ( fig 1 .66.208, 1 5-17, f ig 5 2.1) t o
o f
t heir h eight
( fig
2 .89.967, 2 .92.1098). F inally, t here a re s ome v essels i n w hich t he i ncrease i n d iameter c an b e b est d escribed a s a n o utward s welling w hich a ttains a m aximum a t t wo t hirds f orm ( fig 2 .92.1111, 2 .93.1037, a ble
t hat
t he m ore
d eveloped
o f t heir h eight a nd g ives a s itulate 2 .94.1184, 2 .98.1288). I t i s n otice-
t ypes -t hose a pproaching
t he
b iconical
a nd t he s itulate -a re n either w ell n or c learly r epresented i n a ssemblage. T here
a re a lso
s maller v essels. 2 .99.1280) b ut b e a kers e xample
s ome
l ess
F rom G urness t here a re a lso
c ommon f orms,
t hese
o ccurring
t he
B u
a mong
t he
t here i s a s mall b ucket-shaped p ot ( fig t wo f ine h oney-pot s haped v essels o r
( fig 2 .95.1255, 2 .107.1861) a nd t here i s a p robable s tratified f rom B u ( fig 1 .67.221). T hese w ere a ll p resumably f lat b ased
b ut
t here a re a s eries
o ne
o f
w hich i s
o f
r ound-bottomed g lobular c ups
s tratified
( fig 2 .98.1286).
P erhaps
s tratified i tems a re t wo s mall f lat-bottomed v essels a re s quare i n p lan ( fig 2 .96.1282).
f rom
G urness,
t he m ost u nusual
f rom G urness w hich
G iven t he o verall f orms o f t he p ots t he r im t ypes f ound a t B u, G urness a nd M id H owe a re f or t he g reater p art p lain, b eing r ounded o r f lattened a t
t he
l ip a nd
i nturning,
u pright
o r m ildly e verted.
S trong
e versions a re r are, o ccurring i n o nly t wo s tratified e xamples ( fig 2 .101.1796, 2 .102.1811). T here a re h owever a m inority o f d istinct t ypes. A t G urness t here a re e ight e xamples o f b eaded r ims ( fig 2 .95. 1 255)
a nd
t here
a re
s everal w here
a s light
e version i s
t hi c kened
s o
a s
t o h ave a t riangular s ection, s ome o f t hese h aving a n i nternal c hamfer o r a g rooved r ecess a round t he t op ( fig 2 .97.1276, 2 .98.1269, 1 283, 1 287, 2 .99;1277). u nusual r im w hich
T he s tratified B u a ssemblage a lso i ncludes a n a ppears t o h ave b een b eaded i nternally ( fig
1 .68.258). C ompound r ims a re e xtremely r are; o ne f rom G urness h as a n e verted c ordon b elow t he l ip ( fig 2 .98.1288) w hile a nother f rom B u h as a c ordon w ith a s emi-circular s ection ( 259 c f f ig 1 .73.268). T here i s a n u nstratified e xample f rom M id H owe w hich h as a n i nternal l edge a nd t wo m oulded-in e xternal c ordons ( Callander a nd G rant 1 934, f ig 5 0.10). D ecoration i s a s
d istinctive
t he
l ast
n amed
a s
r ims s ite
r are
o n t he
p ottery f rom B u,
a re -t here a re j ust ( fig 2 .97.1276,
2 .102.1811,
f acts i ndicate t hat t he v iew g iven h ere O rkney i s o nly a p artial o ne s ince L ingro, h ave f rom
t hree
M id H owe
a nd G urness
s tratified p ieces 2 .107.1886).
T hese
f rom t wo
o f B roch P eriod p ottery i n A yre a nd S tromness C emetery
p roduced h ighly d ecorated w ares w ith c ompound r ims, t he s herds t he l atter s ite b eing s tratified. T here c learly w ere t wo c on-
t emporary
c eramic
t raditions
i n B roch P eriod O rkney, 2 8
a s ituation w hich
c an b e
p aralleled b y
( Hedges,
J W 1 984a,
Miscellaneous r ecorded
c lay b all
a nd U nstan W are o f
s eem o f
s tratified i tems a b ead m ade
u nstratified i tems;
l ittle
t he
N eolithic
1 6).
f rom L ingro a nd h alf a p ottery w horl
Miscellaneous P eriod
t he G rooved W are f ig
s ignificance:
f rom b roken p ottery i s
f rom M id H owe.
t hose w hich m ight b e o f 6 -a
f lat
p iece
o f
a nd a c lam s nell w ith g round e dges ( fig 2 .87.862); o f r eddish c lay; 2 2 -p ieces o f b itumen; 3 9 -a n
B roch
s emi-baked
2 1 -a s mall i ndeterminate
o bject.
I mported o bjects a nd m aterials T he p etrological a nalysis i n
g oods
a nd
t he a rea o f
o f
t his
p ottery h as
m ay b e
ta ken t o
i ndicated a l ocal i nclude
t raffic
S hetland o n
t he
g rounds o f a s teatite v essel f rom G urness ( fig 2 .54.319) a nd p olished s erpentine b alls f rom t hat s ite ( strat) ( fig 2 .53.311) a nd f rom H oxa ( uns t rat). A o f
r ather m ore e xotic
R oman o rigin
F ig 3 .5
( fig 3 .5).
O rkney B rochs:
c onnection i s L ingro
i s
s hown b y a v ariety o f t he
D istribution o f
y ielding R oman f inds 2 9
o nly
s ite
t o h ave
i mports p roduced
p roven b roch t ype s tructures
R oman c oinage, s ix o r s even d enarii b eing known t o h ave b een f ound. T hough t hese h ave n ot b een t raced, o ne was o f V espasian ( 69-79 A D), o ne o f H adrian ( 117-38 A l )), t wo o f A ntoninus ( Pius?) ( 138-61 A D), a nd t wo o r t hree G urness
o f C rispina t here w ere
2 .106.1860) C oarse w are.
( 180-3 A D) -t he l atter b eing s tratified. s tratified p ieces o f a R oman a mphora
F rom ( fig
a nd f rom M id H owe t here w ere s herds o f b oth S amian a nd C oarse w are i s a lso known f rom B orthwick a nd S amian f rom
T aft, E B urray a nd O xtro w ith t wo s herds f rom t he l atter s ite h aving m end h oles a nd a t hird b eing r ubbed a long i ts e dge. F inally, t he s mashed r emains o f a s mall b ronze p atera w ere r ecovered f rom a s tratified c ontext s tone
a t M id H owe.
s keuomorph o f
t ion o f t hese
I nfluence
a R oman l amp
c an a lso
f rom O xtro
a R oman p atera i n s teatite f rom G urness p resumably
b eing
c opies
o f
b e
( unstrat)
s een i n a s and-
a nd i n a n
( strat)
i mita-
( fig 2 .55.319),
o bjects w hich f ound
t heir
w ay
t o
O rkney. T he g lass g lobule a nd t oggle f ound s tratified a t G urness ( figs 2 .86.829, 9 30) t ogether w ith p art o f a n a rmlet r eported f rom T aft w ere a lmost c ertainly m anufactured b y r esmelting R oman g lass ( Stevenson 1 956).
T I LE E NVIRONMENTAL E VIDENCE
m ore o f
O ur l egacy o f i nformation c oncerning t he O rkney b rochs i s n owhere d eficient t han w ith r egard t o t he e xploitation o f t he e nvironment
t he
t imes.
i ndicators
B ernard B ell h as
f or m ore
t han h alf
c atalogued
t he s ites
r eferences
( Bell
1 982)
t o b one a nd o ther
b ut
t hese a re
j ust
a m easure o f h ow m uch h as b een l ost. S uch m aterial w as r arely kept ( and t hen s electively), w as i nfrequently i dentified, a nd w as a lmost n ever p hased o r p rovenanced. G urness, t he b est o f t he o lder s ites i n t his f act
r espect, i s t hat
t he s mall
h as c ontributed a ppallingly l ittle ( eh 2 .4) a nd t he b ald t he o nly c oherent a nd w orthwhile i nformation c omes f rom
s amples
T here
a re,
g athered a t h owever,
B u
( eh 1 .4).
a f ew i solated p oints
o f
i nterest.
C attle
b ones a re m entioned f rom s ecure c ontexts a t E B urray a nd M id H owe a nd c attle, s heep a nd p ig b ones f rom A yre a nd L ingro. S ome i dea o f w hat t he
c attle,
a t
l east,
w ere
l ike
i s g iven a t M id H owe w here
t wo s kulls
w ere c onsidered t o s how a r elationship t o t he S candinavian w ild o x B os f rontosus i n o ne o f i ts d omesticated v arieties. T he l arger o f t he b ones
f rom
A yre a nd
t he
b een s plintered
f or
h ave
i ndication
b een
a n
t he
c attle
b ones
f rom E B urray a re
e xtraction o f m arrow, t hat
t hey
w ere
s aid
t o
t hough t his m ay d ebitage
f rom
h ave
e qually i mplement
m anufacture. S imilarly, t he m anner i n w hich o ne o f t he M id H owe o x s kulls h ad b een c left m ay h ave b een d ue t o p ole-axing a s m uch a s t o a d esire t o e xtract t he b rain; a ccompanying n eck v ertebrae s howed s igns o f h acking w ith a m etal i mplement. T he s ame c ontext a t L ingro a lso p roduced h orse b ones a nd t his g oes s ome w ay t o c orroborate t he s tated f inding o f a j aw b one a t G urness -t hese b eing t he e arliest e vidence f or t he h orse i n O rkney. Antler, known w ith s uch f requency f rom f inds, i s o nly p ossibly l ife,
known t o h ave b een f ound i n s ecure c ontexts a t M id H owe a nd E B urray. E vidence i s l acking f or t he e xploitation o f b ird
f ish a nd
s hellfish b ut
t here w ere s tratified
f ragments
o f
c rabs
a t A yre a nd a w hale j aw a t E B urray. I nformation E B urray h ad
a bout v egetation i s
c harred b ere a nd b urnt
3 0
e ven m ore
s cant
b ut
t he h earth a t
s traw a ssociated w ith i t.
C harred
s traw f loor
o r r ushes w as f ound i n h eaps o n e ither t he p rimary o r s econdary a t B urrian N R onaldsay a nd i t i s i nteresting t hat p art o f t he
i nterior
o f M id H owe b roch w as
h ad s eemingly t rampled o n.
b een a dded T he l atter,
r emains o f t hatch, B u ( app 1 .9).
f uel o r
c overed w ith h eather a nd g rasses
t o l ayer b y a t l east, l itter
w hich
l ayer a s t he l ower o nes i s s trongly r eminiscent o f
g ot t he
i dentified i n t he p eripheral r ooms
a t
DATING I t
h as
b een a ccepted s ince
t he
t ime
o f J oseph A nderson t hat
t he
b rochs b elonged t o t he i st a nd 2 nd c enturies A l ) ( 1883, 2 45). H is c onclusion w as i nitially o f g reat s ervice, d ispelling t heories w hich p laced t hese m onuments a nywhere f rom b efore t he l ast I ce A ge u p t o t he V iking p eriod ( app 3 .2) b ut i t h as s ince p roved t oo r estrictive o f t hought.
T he
o bjects
p roblem i s
-n ative o nes
t hat h is
n ot
d ating w as
b ased o n f inds
b eing p articularly u seful i n t his
a nd n ot o nly w ere t hese B ritain b ut a ny n umber
o f
R oman
r espect
-
s olely a vailable w hen t he R omans w ere i n o f f actors m ay h ave s evered a n ecessarily
t enuous c onnection i n t he t hird a nd s ubsequent c enturies. A nderson's i nsight s hould t herefore b e t aken a s p roviding a f ocus f or e xploring t he
t rue
p eriod o f
t he
b rochs
r ather
t han a s
d efining t hat
p eriod
i n
t otal. T he d ating o f n ative a rtefacts p rogress i n t he l ast h undred y ears r esolving
t he p roblem i s
t ion a nd, s eries
f or t hat
i s
r adiocarbon d ating.
r eason,
a nticipated
h as, u nhappily, o nly m ade m oderate a nd t he p rincipal m eans w e h ave o f
d ates
a re
f rom H owe*.
T his
i s a r ecent
i nnova-
o nly a vailable f rom B u -t hough a
E ven t he B u d ates
o n t heir o wn a re,
h owever, s ufficient l esson f or t hey p rove t hat t his s tructure w as o ccupation s ome t ime b etween t he 8 th a nd 5 th c enturies B C ( with
i n 6 8%
c ertainty; a pp 1 .3) -at l east h alf a m illennium b efore b rochs w ere c onsidered t o h ave e xisted. ( Nothing f rom B u g ave a c lue t o t his d ate a nd i t i s a n i nteresting r eflection t hat v ery l ittle a s ite i n O rkney w hich w ould i ndicate i t t o b elong t o t he f irst m illennium B C). i t b e
c ould b e f ound o n t he l ast h alf o f
B u c an h ardly b e a n i solated o ccurrence a nd
t herefore s tands t o r eason t hat s ome o f t he o ther O rkney b rochs m ust o f a c omparable p eriod; e ven s ome o f t hose m entioned b elow m ay h ave
h ad s imilarly e arly o rigins. G urness r , c enturies A D. f ound
h owever, w as c learly e stablished i n t he i st T he r aw m aterial f or b oth p ieces o f g lass
i n t he e arliest
a lmost n ative 1 938;
i dentified o ccupation l ayer w ithin t he t ower w as
c ertainly R oman i n o rigin a nd o ne h as c lose a ffinities w ith b angles f or w hich t he d ating s eems r eliable ( Kilbride-Jones S tevenson 1 956).
a mphora o f
i st
and
T his
i mpression i s
e arly 2 nd c entury d ate
c onfirmed b y s herds
( 1860;
f ound b eneath t he f inal f loor l evel o f t he b eautiful s teatite g keuomorph o f a p atera ( 319), n ot
i n
o r e arly 2 nd ( 829, 8 30)
i tself m ore c losely d atable
t han
a pp 2 .5), b roch a lso
o f
i nterior. s tratified,
b eing c oeval w ith
t he
T hese h ave n ow b een p ublished i n i nterim f orm ( Cater e t a l T hey e ntirely c orroborate t he a rguments a dvanced h ere.
T he i s
R oman
p eriod. S ome i ndication o f h ow l ong B roch P eriod o ccupation o n s ite c ontinued f or i s g iven b y m ould f ragments f or s pear b utts
3 1
a n
t hese b eing
t he a nd
1 984).
p rojecting
r ing-headed p ins w hich c ame f rom t he m idden a t
t he b ase
o f
t he G reat D itch. T hese must p redate t he t ime when t his d efence b ecame c hoked w ith r ubble a nd J oanna C lose-Brooks h as a rgued t hat t hey b elong t o t he 3 rd
t o 4 th c entury
S even
o f
t he o ther s ites
i mplies o ccupation V espasian ( 69-79 A D) a lready
( app 2 .3). h ave d ating
e vidence
w hich
s imilarly
i n t he e arly c enturies A D. T he d enarius o f f rom L ingro i s s aid t o h ave b een w orn a nd m ay h ave
b een o ld o n i ts
a rrival b ut
t he o thers a re o f
t he 2 nd
c entury
w ith t he l atest b eing s tratified c oins o f C rispina ( 180-83 A D). M oulds f or p rojecting r ing-headed p ins f rom t he s ame s ite a re w ithout c ontext b ut w ould d ate t o t he 3 rd o r 4 th c entury l ike t hose f rom G urness. A t M id H owe t here w as R oman C oarse w are, a b ronze p atera a nd 2 nd c entury S amian
( Robertson,
A 1 970).
T hree s tratified p enannular b rooches h ave
a ffinities w ith F owler s ' A d erivative ( 1960) a nd c ould b elong e qually t o t he f irst t wo c enturies B C o r A D; t wo s tratified b ent w ire p rojecting r ing-headed p ins a re,
h owever,
m ost
l ikely
t o b elong t o t he
2 nd t o 4 th c enturies A D ( Stevenson 1 955, 2 88). T he o nly o ther r elevant i tem f rom t he O rkney b rochs w hich m ight b e c onsidered s tratified i s t he b ronze s pear b utt f rom B urrian R ussland b ut i n o ur p resent s tate o f knowledge
i t w ould b e u nwise
t o d ate
t his m ore c losely
t han t he i st
t o
4 th c enturies A D ( app 2 .3; R aftery 1 982). U nstratified b ut d atable o bjects f rom o ther s ites a re: R oman C oarse w are f rom B orthwick; S amian w are T aft; s tone
a nd a f ragment o f a l ate i st t o 2 nd c entury 2 nd c entury S amian w are f rom E B urray; a nd, c opy o f
a R oman l amp,
s ome
r epaired 2 nd
w are; a t ankard h andle w hich h as 4 th c enturies ( MacGregor, M 1 976, a nd g uards, ( Rynne 1 983)
s eem
t o t he
b orne u ntil n ames
e xtend
i st a nd 2 nd c entury d ating i nto
t he 3 rd c entury,
t ermination o f
i n
m ind
t hat
i ndicate t o
c entury
t hat
i f
I t m ay a lso
t he
i s
S amian
n ot
b e
t he f inds a lso
t he 4 th.
T his m ay
o r d ates p ertinent
t he 9 th?
c entury
i t
t hat
w ell
s hould
f rom P ictish
s tructure a nd f unction o f
t he N orsemen o f
A D
s ecure b ut
t he B roch P eriod i n O rkney b ut
t here a re n o f inds
t he 7 th c entury.
w as c lear
t o 3 rd
p arallels d ating f rom t he i st t o t he I, 2 91); a nd s word/dagger p ommels I
s uch a s h ave b een d ated t o t he f irst f ew c enturies f rom G urness, L ingro a nd B urrian N M onaldsay.
Anderson's m ark
g lass b angle f rom f rom O xtro, a s and-
t heir p resent
s ome o f
( fig 3 .6;
b e
c ontexts
t he
a pps 3 .1,
d ay
b rochs 3 .2).
W hatever t he p recise d ate b racket i t w ould s eem f rom t he O rkney e vidence t hat t he b rochs w ere a p henomenon t hat e xisted f or a m illennium o r m ore -r ather t han t wo c enturies -t hough t hat i s n ot t o s ay
t hat
b uilt
t o
t hey w ere a ll p recisely t he e nd o f
t he s ame
o r t hat
t hey c ontinued t o
b e
t he p eriod.
C ONCLUDING C ONSIDERATIONS T he w ork which h as c entred o n B u a nd G urness h as t ransformed o ur u nderstanding r egarding ' brochs' a nd s everal k ey a ssumptions w hich h ave s urvived a c entury h ave n ow t o b e a bandoned. T hese m onuments d o n ot c onform t o a s ingle p lan -e ven w ithin O rkney i tself t here i s g reat v ariability -a nd M ousa i n S hetland, t he ' type s ite p ar e xcellence, i s m ore u nusual t han t ypical. A ll t hought o f t heir b eing s olitary t owers o f
r efuge
h as
t o b e d iscarded n ow t hat
3 2
o riginal -a nd
s pectacular
-
3 3
i nternal
f urnishings
h ave
b een i dentified
l arge c ontemporary e xternal s ettlements r eject t he c enturies o f f orm. n ot
l east
i mmigrants
F inally,
o f
w e m ust
n otions t hat t hey b elonged e xclusively t o t he f irst t wo o ur e ra a nd t hat t hey s uddenly a ppeared i n f ully d eveloped
S everal
t he
t ogether w ith o ccurrences
a nd d efences.
d erivative h ypotheses t hat
o f
t he
t he
b rochs w ere
f irst
s pecialist a rchitects
h ave a lso
c entury B C a nd
( Childe
t o
t he p roduct
1 935,
2 04;
b e
l aid o n o ne s ide -
o f a ristocratic s outhern
t hat
t hey
S cott
w ere
1 947,
e rected
2 6-28;
b y
M acKie
1 977, 6 1-63). W e m ust s tart a fresh -t hough c omment h ere h as l argely t o b e r estricted t o t he s phere o f O rkney. T he m aterial f alls i nto t wo s ections,
e ach b elonging
t o
a s eparate
t imespan.
C ertain f undamental c haracteristics o f t he s tructures known a s b rochs r eally s tand o ut a gainst t he b ackground o f p rehistoric b uilding t raditions i n O rkney. T he t hickness o f t he w alls, t heir s tructure, a nd f ree-standing
n ature
a re q uite a t
v ariance w ith w hat
i s
f ound
i n
t he
N eolithic, t he B ronze A ge, a nd t he P ictish p eriod, w hen t he e xigencies o f t he c limate w ere v ariously m et w ith w alls w ith c ompact c ores a nd b uildings w hich w ere e ither w ith m idden. B uildings o f s tructed l imited
r ecessed i nto t he g round o r p acked a round o ther p eriods s eem a lso t o h ave b een c on-
w ith a m uch g reater a wareness s upply
r elatively
o f
s mall
t imber
t hat
o f p roblems
e xisted
i nternally,
f or
t o h ave
p iers,
t o
c ellular. T he c ircular c onstruction o f t he E arly f oreign t han t he l ater V iking l onghouses. T his T here
b rings
i s
n o
u s
t o
t he p roblems
o f
l onger a ny n eed f or u s
h aving a rrived
t he t o
i n a f ully-blown s tate -n or
o f
t he
r ound-house
B ritain i n t he M iddle S ome h ut m illennium B C
h eating a nd t hey
b e
t end
b e
e longated,
o r
I ron A ge
h ere
t o
o f
c onsider
i s
t he
t he i t
e ven m ore
s een i n
c oncept.
' broch t he
T he b asic t he g radual
t radition f irst
t he
t o
i ntroduction o f
t hink
o f a l arge-scale o r l ong d istance i nvasion. e lements c an b e v iewed m ore s imply a s p art o f e xtension
o f
r oofing;
a s
o utcome
s tructural n orthwards
t he
s outh
o f
B ronze A ge.
c ircles i n C aithness ( Roger M ercer p ers
h ave n ow b een d ated t o c omm) b ut t here i s
t he s econd i rrefutable
a rtefactual e vidence f rom J arlshof t hat t he i dea d id n ot r each S hetland u ntil t he 6 th c entury ( Hedges, J W 1 984b, 5 1). W e n ow h ave d ates f or t hree t hick-walled r ound b uildings i n O rkney -B u, Q uanterness a nd P ierowall Q uarry ( fig 3 .7; t able 3 .2) w hich m akes i t c lear t hat s uch s tructures w ere a n e stablished f act b y t he 7 th c entury. Q uanterness a nd B u, t hough s tage
h owever, h ave w alls o f t wo a nd t hree t he i dea o f b uilding t hick w alls c ame o f
a dding
c annot h elp s maller a nd O rkney h ouses
a s e arly f ollowing
i mportant N orthern
c laddings -w hether
b ut w onder i f t hin-walled.
f actor I sles
f or w armth o r d efence
t he e arliest r ound-houses I t r emains p ossible t hat
b lanket
p eat
l and;
t hat h as w ere
s tarted t he
-a nd
o ne
i n O rkney w ere n ot t he c oncept c ame t o
a s t he b eginning o f t he f irst m illennium B C, r oundo n f rom b urnt m ounds i n t he L ate B ronze A ge. O ne t o
a mong
b e
ta ken i nto
t he a reas
o f
t o
f orm o ver
g eneral
e ffects
t he
c onsideration i s
B ritain w orst
c limatic d eterioration w hich s tarted a round a ble
s kins r espectively -as t hrough a n i ntermediate
1 250 B C.
g reater
o n t he
I t w as
p roportion o f
l ivelihood o f
t hat
a ffected
t he
t he b y
a
t hen t hat
t he
a vail-
i nhabitants
m ust h ave b een s evere a nd t here a re i ndications t hat t he i slands b ecame s omething o f a b ackwater. T his m ay w ell b e t he r eason f or t he v ery s low t ransmission
o f
t he
i dea
o f
t he
t o S hetland.
3 4
r ound-house
f rom C aithness
t hrough
0
0
0 0 0
t r l C h
0
X )
i n 2 1
0 0 X ) X )
0
0
+1 +1 +1
+ 1+1
+ 1+1+ 1+1
+ 1+1+1
0 a l g l
0 X 1 L r " )
0
0
0
0
0
0 X 1 u l
0 0 0 z r l a a l a l L f-1 L c-) D o 2 \
L r l N . r e )
D r ) L r l
' 0 C I J 4 . )
L r l a l 0
0
1 4 4
+1 +1 +1
+1 +1
1 14
0
0
0
0
0 0 0 c N T X )
0 0 , X 1 0 0 . 0 e
0
0
0
0 a l . 0 I -,
r ound-house
U C I
0
0
4 J
o f
C O
t i O • H " e
I I " d l i O • •
O 0 • r I • r 1 4 . 3 4 J c e c e
C n
e
0 0 4 ) R I S 0 . d
O
0 c . ) 0 0
0
0
5
✓
h i
c t )
› ,
w
h i 0 0
5 0 , 1 U h i a ) , 2 4 Z r )
. , -) u l 4- c
2
4 )
e
c d Z . . . .
G . ) 4 ) 0 • i I 1 : 3 G . ) ( V H 1 • i 1 0 M I 0 I 0 9 0 • , 1
h i 0
c a t l
0 c . ) 0
• O • e I 4 . 3
0 • r I 4 )
_ C 4 . ) ) 4 C O C L )
0 $ 4 ) — I
0 g l 1 I -
• , 1
C . )
Z
• r I
-
, 4 I
, 4 1
I ) J J
0 0 4 1
C ( ) . )
C e ) 1 0 • , I
O
0
r z
c O 5 • , 1
0 C . ) 0
c d 5 • i I
a . ) V )
a 4▪ a ,
a l
a d c . ) 0
X ) N
. t . N c r l A L r l i r )
f = i -1 i
, i
, . ‘
0 W I 4 , A d
0
0 . 1 r : r 4,4 4 0 4 ) C 0
, 4 D O
3 2
- , 1 0
4- , i-
0 0 . 5 0 4 3 g
. i4 . 4 04 c c o
6 4 1
0 _ 0
a ) a ) a ) 4 ) 4 i t o . • i I • i I < c r ) c f ) 0 C U G ) 0 b i ) t 2 1 ) $ ‘
G ) C l )
› ,
g • N . 4g 4 -u s I c oc o " 0
_ .
c . ) 4 a ) • iI N 4
0 W
L ii L ii O 0
a ) c o Z
z _ D
Z . 7
, 4 , ▪ 4
. . D
z . 7
0 0 • r i. .1 4 .i4J . c ) c O a . a 0 C d u c d 0 0 )
i T C I ) . IM
E
e l• r I r • • I z a 1 1 . r . 4
0 0
> , S 4 c d 5 0 • i i c . ) w 0
2
c d
3 5
0
4 ) .
. 0 N .
EE . r 1 a l
. 1 1 a l
› , c l . )
0 C
e 0
0 rl c n b 0
C
. c r 3 . e
r 4 " C ) — i i 9 4 . 0
0 d $ 1 Z 2 1 0
c . ) _ g t 0
T able 3 .2
Q ) c n Z 0
B u l i roch
C U c f ) d O
0
k 0
T he
r ound-house w as,
w hich c ame
h owever,
o nly o ne o f
a n umber
t o O rkney i n t he f irst m illennium B C.
o f
i nnovations
O ur knowledge
o f
t he
B ronze A ge i s n ot y et a s g reat a s i t m ight b e b ut o ne c an s ee c hanges. T here a re f airly t rivial d ifferences i n m aterial c ulture -t he p ottery h aving c arinations a nd e verted r ims r ather t han b eing b ucket-shaped; t he l ong-handled c omb b eing i ntroduced -b ut t he m ost s ignificant c entre T he
o n a griculture,
h orse w as
t he p roduction o f
i ntroduced a t J arlshof
( Platt 1 933, 1 32-3; 1 934, G urness, L ingro a nd C rosskirk
a t
f ood i n a h ostile t he v ery e nd
s uperseded
C aithness
t he s addle q uern,
( Fairhurst
t remendous
i mpact
1 984).
b ut
l andscape.
t he B ronze A ge
3 17), b ones h aving a lso b een ( in C aithness) ( Macartney 1 984,
s tone a rd d isappears f rom t he r ecord a t s ome t ime B C, t his p resumably i ndicating t he u se o f i ron; quern
o f
T hese
t his
t hey w ere a lmost
a fter t he 4 th c entury a nd t he r otary d isc
h appening
t hree f actors
f ound a t 1 37); t he
p rior
t o 2 00 B C
i n
a lone w ould h ave h ad a
c ertainly j ust
p art
o f
a
m uch
w ider p henomenon w hich w ould h ave r anged f rom s ickles t o c arts a nd m ay h ave i nvolved i mproved i deas o f l and u se a nd o f h usbandry. I t i s n oticeable,
f or e xample,
t hat w hile
t here w as a t endency
t o s laughter
c attle i n t heir f irst y ear d uring t he N eolithic p eriod ( Hedges 1 984a, 2 04) t he e vidence f rom b oth C rosskirk ( Macartney 1 984, 1 46) a nd B u ( app 1 .6)
p oints
p rovision o f
s trongly
t o
t heir b eing o verwintered,
t his
i mplying
t he
b oth s helter a nd f eed.
W e c an, t hen, d efine a p eriod o f r evitalization a nd i nnovation w hich b rought O rkney o ut o f t he e conomic, s ocial a nd c ultural s lump o f t he B ronze A ge. p ottery h ave r adiocarbon
B u,
Q uanterness
a nd P ierowall w ith t heir
s houldered
b een i dentified a s b elonging t o t his t imespan -because o f d ating -b ut t here a re o ther s ites w hich e xtend a nd g ive
a dded d imensions t o o ur v iew. T wo t hin-walled h ut c ircles ( one w ith r adial p artitions) w ere r ecently e xcavated a t S purdagrove ( fig 3 .7); t hey w ere p robably a ssociated w ith a f ield s ystem a nd h ad r elated s tone a gricultural
i mplements
( Hedges,
S E u npublished M S;
O vrevik
1 985).
T here i s t he t hicker w alled C alf o f E day ' potter's w orkshop w here t here w ere r adial p artitions, s tone a gricultural i mplements, s addle querns, a nd b ucket-shaped p ots w ith p lain r ims ( Calder 1 937; 1 939). A djacent t o t his w ere t hree r ecessed s ub-circular b uildings w ith a c ommon p assage, w here t he w here s tone a gricultural 1 939). w ith
A t
B u i tself
s houldered
b uilding
p ottery w as d istinct b ut o f i mplements w ere s eemingly
s imilar f orm a nd l acking ( Calder
r ecessed a nd s ubterranean s tructures
p ottery h ad b een b uilt
i mmediately a fter
i ts
a mong
a pparently b rief
t he r uins
o f
o ccupation;
a ssociated t he
r ound
a p arallel
b ut l ess c learly u nderstood r euse o f t he r ound-house i nterior a t Q uanterness rp redates 1 90 B C 2 : 1 00 ( Renfrew 1 979, 1 94). A t t he S kaill e xcavations, p ublished o nly i n i nterim f orm ( Gelling 1 985), t he o ldest s ettlement p assageway;
c onsisted o f t wo s ub-circular a reas s eparated b y a c aved a ssociated s amples g ave d ates o f 3 75 1 30 a nd 1 60 B C - 1 10
a nd s tone a gricultural i mplements w ere a bundant. A round 4 0 B C 1 -- 1 10 a r ound-house w as b uilt w ith a c ircular e nclosure o pposite o ne o f i ts e ntrances; t he p ottery h ad c hanged a nd s tone i mplements w ere l ess c ommon. N one o f t he l atter w ere r eported f rom H owmae, a c omplex o f r ecessed b uildings 1 885; T rail 1 890). g iven -i n t he b oth
r ecent
s tructures
a mong w hich w as o ne o f s ub-circular p lan ( Traill E verted r imsherds a re m entioned -b ut n o c ontexts p ublication o f a s econd e arth-house a t G rainbank,
s eemingly
h aving h ad a ssociated
s urface
o ccupation
( Haigh 1 983). And t hen t here i s t he L ittle H owe o f H oxa, a n e nigmatic a nd c ompletely u ndated t hick-walled r ound-house w ith a b asal i ntramural
3 6
0 0 W 4 4
N . •
r e l
I X 4 1 N
3 7
g allery w hich w as a nd P etrie M S
s till r oofed w hen f ound
( a);
P etrie M S
( i),
4 3-54,
( PSAS 5 9-62,
I mperfect g limpse t hough w e m ay h ave, f irst
1 872,
1 11-112;
s ettlement
m illennium B C w as e vidently c omplex.
3 60-363;
D ryden
M S ( w),
2 -3).
i n O rkney i n t he
I t i s n ot j ust a c ase
o f
B ronze A ge t ype d wellings b eing s uperseded b y r ound-houses, t hemselves a ncestral t o a t hick-walled f orm w hich b ecame p rogressively c omplex. I t i s n ot a u nilineal d evelopment. T hin-walled r ound-houses, a s a t S kaill, w ere c learly b uilt l ong a fter o nes w ith t hick w alls h ad d eveloped. S tructures w ith n ative f eatures c ontinued i n u se a t l east u ntil t he t ime o f e verted r im p ottery a nd i ron a gricultural i mplements, a s
a t G rainbank
a nd H owmae.
A nd t here a re i nstances
o f b oth
i solated
d wellings a nd c lustered s ettlements. M ore
w ork
i s o bviously r equired i n o rder t o f ully e lucidate
t his
p eriod b ut a p icture i s e merging a nd i t i s o ne w hich a dds c onsiderably t o o ur u nderstanding o n t he s ubject o f ' brochs -h owever d efined. I t i s s uggested h ere t hat t he o nly i nflux o f p eople t o O rkney t hat n eeds t o b e e voked i s o ne o ccurring i n t he e arly c enturies o f t he f irst m illennium B C w hen t he i slands w ere a t a l ow e bb a nd t he r ound-house m akes i ts f irst a ppearance. S uch a n i mmigration n eed n either h ave b een l arge n or o f t he u pper e chelons o f a h ighly s tratified s ocial s ystem b ut i t i s f elt t o h ave o ccurred b ecause t he s imple a doption o f t he r ound-house
( and a ffiliated c oncepts)
b y a p urely a boriginal p opulation
w ould n ot h ave r esulted i n t he t ype o f h eterogeneous s ociety w hich c an b e o bserved. A s i t i s i t w ould s eem t hat a s ocial s ystem w as e stablished w hich w as s table a nd o f l ong d uration, t he d escendants o f t he i ncoming p opulation i nhabiting i solated r ound-houses a nd p resumably h aving d ominance o ver t he o ccupants o f m ore c lustered n ative s ettlem ents. I t m ust b e s tressed, h owever, t hat t here a re n o i ndications o f a w ealthy a ristocracy; t he l ifestyles o f t he t wo e lements o f t he p opulation w ere r ooted i n a griculture, a lbeit u nequally, a nd w ere n ot d ivergent
t o a ny m arked d egree.
O ur e nhanced u nderstanding o f t he f irst m illennium B C i n O rkney p uts s ucceeding e vents i n a p roper p erspective. T he s ocial s tratificat ion t here w as r emained, w ith t he r ound-houses a nd c lustered s ettlem ents b eing b rought t ogether t o f orm d efended v illages, o f w hich G urness i s j ust o ne o f t wenty i dentified e xamples. T wo p oints n eed t o b e u nderlined. O ne i s t hat w e a re s peaking o f a f orm o f s ettlement s o r emoved f rom t he c onventional i dea o f a b roch a s t o m ake t he t erm r edundant. T he f ocal t hick-walled r ound-houses o f t hese s ettlements w ere n ot r solated a nd n or w ere t hey a ll n ecessarily t ower-like. T he s econd i s t hat t he b asic c onstituent e lements o f t he n ew f orm o f s ettlement a lready e xisted w ithin O rkney a nd, w hile n ot d enying o utside c ontact, t here d evelopment.
i s
n o n eed t o s ee i t a s
a nything o ther t han
a
l ocal
W hether t he c hange o ccurred s uddenly o r a s a r esult o f g radual d evelopment i s a p roblem w hich c annot b e s atisfactorily a nswered o n p resent e vidence. G urness w as c learly f ounded i n t he f irst o r e arly s econd c entury A D a nd c ontinued i n o ccupation u ntil t he 3 rd o r 4 th c entury. L ess c lear e vidence f rom s ix o ther s ites i n O rkney c an b e s een a s c orroborating t his d ate b ra c ket b ut t he r ecent w ork a t C rosskirk i n C aithness s hows t he t hi c k-walled r ound-house t here t o h ave h ad e xternal b uildings a nd d efences b y 2 00 B C ( Fairhurst 1 984, 1 66).
3 8
T he s ettlement a t G urness a ppears t o h ave b een f ounded o n t he n ew s ite b ut i t m ay b e t hat s ome d eveloped a round e xisting r ound-houses. I f t he d evelopment w as l argely i nternal t hen i ts c ause m ust h ave b een f undamental. M ention h as b een m ade o f a gricultural i mprovements a nd t hese a nd c limatic a melioration m ay h ave p rovided t he i mpetus w ith i ncreased p roduction l eading o n t he o ne h and t o m ore p ronounced s ocial d istinctions a nd o n t he o ther t o a p opulation e xplosion w hich g ave t he i ssue o f l and a nd t erritorial b oundaries a h eightened i mportance. A s imilar e xplanation h as b een m ooted f or t he d evelopment o f t he h illf orts o f t he s outh o f E ngland ( Cunliffe 1 983) a nd t he d efended m ents o f O rkney c an b e s een a s a l ocal r esponse t o a m ore s ituation.
s ettleg eneral
I n t his w ider p erspective O rkney w as a f ringe e lement o f t he C eltic w orld a nd t he t ype o f s ociety w hich d eveloped o n t hese n orthern i slands w ould i nevitably h ave h ad s imilarities w ith t hose o f n eighbouri ng a nd m ore d istant
t ribal a reas.
S uch w ritings a s
t he G ermania,
t he
A gricola, a nd e arly I rish l iterature -t hough t hey c annot b e a pplied d irectly -give a v ery g ood i mpression o f t he t imes. N or s hould O rkney b e t hought o f a s r emote, i ts p osition a t t he j unction o f t he N orth S ea a nd t he A tlantic O cean b eing v ery f avourable f or m aritime c ontact.
T he
i slands w ould c ertainly h ave f elt t he e ffects o f R oman i mperial p olicy a nd i t i s v ery t elling i n t his r espect t hat O rkney c hieftains c oncluded a
t reaty
6 5). b ut
w ith t his p ower o n t he i nvasion o f E ngland
N ot
o nly i s
t he i mpression o f
t here w as c learly a n a wareness
c oupled w ith k ingdom.
a
T he R omans,
knowledge
o f
h owever, m ade
( Hamilton
t he s ocial s tructure
1 962,
c orroborated
o f w hat w as h appening s o f ar
t he e xpediency
s low p rogress
o f
b ecoming
a
s outh c lient
t hrough B ritain a nd O rkney
w as d estined t o h ave a n i ndependent e xistence w ell b eyond t he f rontier. I t c an b e i nferred f rom T acitus t hat O rkney w as p art o f t he C aledonian c onfederacy, w ith R oman a dvance.
t he T he
r out o f M ons G raupius i ronically s temming s ubsequent c ircumnavigation o f B ritain
t he b y
A gricola's a dmiral m ay w ell h ave b een p artly p unitive - t he f orces a llotted w ere s ufficient, a nd t he t error o f R ome h ad g one b efore h im b ut O rkney w as b eyond l ong-term c ontrol. E ven s o, R ome r emained a n e ver-present t hreat, a s w itnessed b y a f ourth c entury r ecord o f o n b oth O rkney a nd S hetland ( Platnauer 1 922, 2 89). T hough-the t ide h ad b een s temmed t he e xistence o f
r aids
s uch a n eighbour
j ust h ad t o b e d isruptive o f t raditional b ehaviour. T he w ealth o f R ome b rought p iracy a nd m ade s laves a m arketable c ommodity; t he R oman o bjects
f rom
( Robertson, a ddition
A t o
O rkney a nd e lsewhere i n t he n orth a nd w est 1 970) a re p robably v estiges o f o ccasional s olidarity a nd
o f
S cotland
s uch a ctivities. I n h eightened p olitical
c onsciousness R ome w ould a lso h ave m eant l ocal r aiding, i f n ot i nternecine w arfare. I t i s a gainst t his b ackground t hat t he s ituation i n O rkney i n t he f irst c enturies A D b ecomes r eadily u nderstandable. O n t he o ne h and t here w ere i nternal p ressures
o f
p opulation a nd w ealth;
o n
t he o ther b oth d istant a nd m ore i mmediate t hreats. I t i s e xactly t his k ind o f s tate o f a ffairs t hat w ould l ead t o t he c rystallization o f t he p ower s tructure a nd g ive r ise t o v illages w hich w e s ee.
t he c learly d efined p attern o f d efended
3 9
S ettlement
i n C aithness
m ay h ave b een p art p ointed o ut ( 1984, h as
d iffering
r igidly s erve t o
s eems
t o h ave
b een s imilar -it
a nd O rkney
o f t he s ame p olitical a rea -b ut, a s F airhurst h as 1 82-3), t hat i n o ther p arts o f t he ' broch p rovince'
c haracteristics.
T his
u nderlines
t he e xtent
t o w hich t he
d rawn s tereotype w hich h as b een h anded d own t o u s c an o nly o bscure o ur v iew. T he ' broch i s a n a rtificial c reation w hich
i gnores v ariability a nd i s i n a ny c ase o nly o ne p art o f m ore p henomena. A s a c oncept i t h as l ong o utlived i ts u sefulness.
4 0
g eneral
C HAPTER 3 .2 P ICTISH A ND LATER ACTIVITY
A t s uch,
p resent w ent
p oints
o ut
t o
t he o f
t imespan d uring w hich
u se
i s
t he 3 rd/4th c entury,
p ublication
o f
t he H owe
t he
r ather u nclear. b ut
i t
d efended
T he i s
e xcavations w ill
a nticipated
h indsight
d ifficulty i nvolved. e arlier
o f
w e
c an n ow s ee
T he w hole i dea o f
t heir
l ower
t he
a re
o n f lat
g round.
p resent
A t
t he
t ype
o f
a bandoned
t o
t he
i n f avour
a nd
h ad
o nly
o f s uch b uildings h ave r ecently A 1 977) b ut a re u nusual i n t hat
l ight
a nd
o f
b uildings w ere c omparatively s hort
t he n eighbouring
t o
f ull
s tructures
s ite
o f
S aevar H owe
i nto a n e xisting m ound w hich m ay o r m ay n ot ' broch'. T his i s o f p articular i nterest
s tudy h as b rought
t he
S ubsequent s ettlee scaped d etection.
w ere o ften r ecessed
i nternal w all f acing. A s eries e xcavated a t B uckquoy ( Ritchie, w ere r ecessed u ninvestigated
o f
r ound-house w as
t echniques;
p ortions
s ense
a s
t iming
t o h ave b een l argely d ue
i dentifying a nd making
c onstructional
l ived,
t his
t hat
r esolve b oth t he
t he n ature o f t he t ransition ( Smith e t a l f orth). m ent -w hich c an b e l oosely t ermed P ictish -long W ith
v illages,
l imited e vidence w e h ave
a g reat
d eal o f
e vidence
a n b een t hey
e xamples
c over a n s ince t he f or P ictish
h abitations h aving b een b uilt o ver e arlier d efended v illages. T he H owe e xcavations h ave g iven a n i ndication o f h ow g reat o ur i nformation l oss i s b ut r ecords
g ood d etail h as b een r ecovered f rom w hile e ither s tructures o r f inds
p ositively
i dentified
a t
n ine
o ther s ites.
t he o f
G urness e xcavation t he p eriod c an b e
W hen i t
i s
t aken
i nto
c onsideration t hat t he m ajority o f t he ' broch s ites i n o ur l ist o f f ifty-two h ave b een d elved i nto r ather t han f ully i nvestigated t hen t his
c oncurrence
c an b e
s een t o
b e q uite
r emarkable.
THE P ICTISH S TRUCTURES E xperience a t s ites s ome
c an b e
t he H owe
i ndicated
t hat P ictish o ccupation o n
c lassed s tructurally u nder
i nstances m ay h ave
t hree h eadings,
b een c ontemporaneous.
F irst,
b roch
t hough u se i n
t here w as
r e-use
o f t he b roch i nterior; s econd, r e-use ( and m odification) o f b uildings o f t he e xternal s ettlement; a nd t hird, t he e rection o f i ndependent s tructures w hich w ere r ecessed i nto e arlier r ubble. T his p attern t hrows
l ight
o n t he f indings
c ompetently o r T he N
t horoughly
c learest
R onaldsay w here
( had
b een)
b uilt
i nstance
o f
a n u pper u pon
c ontinued
o ther s ites,
t he
r e-use o f
p aved s pace,
t he d ebris
o riginal f loor' ( Traill 1 890, l evel ( fig 3 .26) i ndicates f urnishings
a t
n one
o f w hich h as
b een a s
i nvestigated.
t hat
a b roch i nterior a nd v arious o verlay
3 41). T he p lan o f t hat m any o f t he
i n u se -as
a nd
B urrian
c oncealed
w alls t he
t he i nterior a t t his e arlier o rthostatic
t hey d id a t H owe. 4 1
i s
p artition
T hough W att
d id
n ot m ake a p lan,
a v ery s imilar s ituation w as e ncountered a t B orthwick
( 1882, 4 44). T he o riginal f loor w as s eparated b y t wo o r t hree f eet o f s mall s tones f rom ' unctuous m atter...very d ifficult t o g et t o l eave t he s pade...composed o f a shes, b ones a nd s hells m ixed w ith c lay f or t wo f eet o r o r m ore d eep'. T he e arlier o rthostatic f urnishings a re a gain m entioned a s c ropping a bove w hat c an b e r etrospectively i dentified a s a s econdary o ccupation. I t i s f urther c lear f rom t he d escription g iven t hat t he i nternal d iameter o f t he o riginal c onstruction h ad b een r educed f rom 2 7 f t t o 1 6 o r 1 7 f t a nd t hat a s tair h ad b een b uilt a gainst t he e ast w all. W alls d efining t wo o blong c hambers a re a lso m entioned, t hough t hey m ay b e l ater s till. T he s tair a t B orthwick i s v ery r eminiscent o f t hat f ound j ust i nside t he e ntrance a t G urness, t his h aving s econdary p aving t o i ts f oot a nd b eing i tself f ounded o n r ubble. I ts p reserved h eight w as t he s ame a s t he s ill o f t he s outhern e ntrance t o t he i ntramural s tair ( 1.86m) a nd C raw t hought t hat t here h ad b een o ccupation a t t his l evel, t hough t he p ossibility t hat t his w as a ssociated w ith t he u pper p arts o f o riginal f urnishings c annot b e d iscounted. F inally, w alling s hown o n p lans o f O xtro a nd B urgar i s i nconsistent w ith w hat i s n ow k nown o f o riginal f urnishings a nd t herefore b e t entatively r egarded a s s econdary.
m ight
S ome o f t he e xternal s tructures c ome u pon i n g rave d igging a t t he C emetery, S tromness m ay b e P ictish, a s m ay a s trange o val b uilding a t N etlater, a s emi-circular e rection a t C ummi-Howe, a nd a s eries o f d ilapidated c onstructions t o t he S a nd S E a t M id H owe. T here a re o nly a f ew i nstances i n w hich w e c an b e c ertain a nd, e ven h ere, t he l evel o f e vidence i s s uch t hat i t i s n ot a lways p ossible t o d istinguish b etween b uildings w here e arlier s tructures h ave b een r e-used a nd t hose w hich a re e ntirely i ndependent.
T he c learest e xamples
o f t he f ormer a re t he
' Annexe a t G urness a nd a lso t he s econdary p aving i n t he n orth h alf o f b roch O utbuilding 5 , t his b eing s ealed b elow t he ' Longhouse'. S imilarly, t he ' Shamrock 'a t G urness p rovides t he m ost c omplete p arallel t o t he t ype o f i ndependent l obate s tructure f ound a t B uckquoy, t hough e ven h ere a n e arlier w all i s i ncorporated t o t he S E. E lements o f o ther b uildings a t G urness, t o t he n orth e ast a nd w est, m ay h ave b een b uilt i n o ne o r o ther w ay -a s m ay t he P ictish s tructures w hich c an n ow b e i dentified a t A yre a nd B urrian N R onaldsay. A part f rom t he c urious c ircular c onstruction a t G urness, t he t endency, w hen u nrestricted, s eems a lways t o h ave b een t owards a c ellular o r l obate p lan. T his u nderlines t he v ery g reat c hange t hat t he t wo l onghouses a t G urness r epresent -t hough i t m ust b e b orne i n m ind t hat n either t hese n or t he r ectangular c onstruction i n t he m iddle d itch h ad a ny a ccompanyi ng a rtefacts w hich w ere d iagnostically N orse.
T HE P ICTISH F INDS
i s
T he d iscussion o f P ictish p eriod f inds f rom b roch s ites i n O rkney l imited t o t hree o bjectives. O ne i s t o i temize o ccurrences o f
d iagnostic s tratified
o bjects -t his b eing g reatly a ssisted b y t he p ublished a ssemblages f rom S aevar H owe, B uckquoy a nd t he B rough o f
B irsay ( Hedges, s econd a im i s c ontexts, t hus
J W 1 983; R itchie, A 1 977; C urie, C L 1 982). T he t o l ist a ll t he o ther f ind t ypes known f rom b roch a dding t o t he i nformation a lready a vailable f rom t he
a bove
n amed s ites.
w ith,
o n
T he t hird i s
t he o ne h and,
t o d raw o ut e vidence f or
t he e arlier I ron A ge a nd, 4 2
c ontinuity
o n t he o ther,
t he
s ucceeding N orse p eriod. T he d efinition o f a P ictish a ssemblage i n t oto i s n ot a ttempted h ere s ince t he c ontribution o f t he ' broch' s ites
t o
t he s ubject w ill b e e normously i ncreased w ith t he
p ublication
o f t he H owe a nd a lso b ecause S aevar H owe, B uckquoy a nd B irsay a re c omparatively l ate, m ainly 8 th c entury, a nd t ell u s n othing a bout t he p receding f our h undred y ears.
D iagnostically P ictish a rtefacts C omposite
b one c ombs - b oth d ouble-a nd s ingle-sided a re f eatured
o n P ictish s ymbol s tones ( Curie, C L 1 982, 9 5-7) a nd h ave a lso b een f ound a t S aevar H owe, B uckquoy a nd B irsay. T hey w ere t hus c learly i n u se b y t he e ighth c entury, i f n ot b efore, t hough t hey w ere a lso f ound i n N orse l evels a t t he s ame s ites, t his b eing t aken t o d emonstrate a p erhaps u nexpected c ultural c ontinuity. T he t ypically ' hog-backed' s ingle-edged c ombs a re known f rom B urrian N R onaldsay ( strat) a nd B orthwick ( unstrat) w hile e xamples o f t he d ouble-edged v ariety h ave b een
f ound
s tratified
a t
B urrian N
R onaldsay
u nstratified a t B orthwick a nd E B urray. n one w as r ecovered a t G urness.
t ypes
S mall d ress p ins, o f d ecorative
a nd
M id
H owe,
a nd
I t i s v ery i nteresting
o ften w ith a h ipped s hank h ead w ere f irst m ooted t o
t hat
a nd w ith a v ariety o f b e ' Post B roch b y
S tevenson ( 1955). T his c onclusion h as b een c onfirmed a t S aevar H owe, B uckquoy a nd B irsay, t hough t he t ype c an b e s een t o s urvive i nto t he N orse p eriod a t t hese s ame s ites. T he b est known c ollection f rom a ' broch' i s t hat f rom B urrian N R onaldsay, t he p ins b eing s tated t o h ave c ome f rom s econdary o ccupation. S tratified e xamples a re a lso r ecorded f rom G urness a nd A yre, S ymbol
s tones,
u nstratified o nes
f rom O xtro a nd E B urray.
t he P ictish a rtefacts p ar e xcellence,
f rom a n umber o f b roch s ites. i n a s hort c ist a t O xtro,
a re
known
A s lab b earing a n e agle w as i ncorporated w here i ts u se i s p resumed t o h ave b een
s econdary; a nother w ith a n e agle, c rescent a nd V r od, a nd a m irror c ame f rom B urrian N etlater; a nd a t hird i ncised w ith a r ectangle a nd c rescent a nd V r od w as f ound i n t he l ocality o f S teeringlo R edland. I n a ddition, t here i s t he p ossible ' trial p iece' f ound s tratified a t G urness a nd t he o utline o f a h uman f igure f rom C hapel K nowe. P ictish s ymbols a lso o ccur o n t wo o x m etacarpals f rom B urrian N R onaldsay w here b oth t hese a nd a p ebble b earing a p entagram a nd a h exagram c ame f rom t he s econdary o ccupation. A n i ncised E arly C hristian c ross s lab f rom t he s ame s ite s hould a lso b e i ncluded, i ts p eriod b eing m ade c lear b y a n o gam i nscription. A s lab w ith a c rude c ross p ecked o ut l engthwise o n o ne s urface c ame f rom a P ost B roch s ituation a t G urness ( 306). O gam i nscriptions f rom ' broch' s ites
i nclude
t he o ne f rom
B urrian
N R onaldsay m entioned a nd a nother i ncised o n t he b one h andle o f a s tratified k nife f rom G urness ( 252). B oth a re p robably 8 th c entury. A dditionally t here i s a s pindle w horl f rom B urrian N R onaldsay a nd a p ebble a nd c etacean b one c asket a ll b earing o gam-like m arkings. B rooches,
p ins
l id f rom G urness,
a ll u nstratified,
a nd o ther d istinctive b ronzes o f
t he
p eriod
a nd
a re
known f rom f ive ' broch' s ites. P art o f a m ould f or t he b arrel-headed p in o f a p enannular b rooch ( 827) a nd t wo a ctual b rooches ( 218, 2 19) w ere w ithout c ontext i n t he G urness c ollection. B oth t he m ould 4 3
f ragment
a nd
t he l arger b rooch -w hich h as
z oormorphic
t erminals
-
b elong t o F owler s F 2 c lass f or w hich C lose-Brooks s uggests a d ate i n t he l ater 5 th 6 th o r 7 th c entury ( app 2 .3). A p recisely s imilar b rooch w as f ound u nstratified a t O xtro. f loor a t G urness w as f or a h and-pin,
O ne m ould f rom t he u pper ' Annexe' f or w hich C lose-Brooks s uggested a
d ate i n t he 7 th o r 8 th c entury ( 819; a pp 2 .3). A d isc-headed p in f ound ' 3ft f rom t he f loor a t E B urray a nd t wo d ecorated p ins f rom s econdary c ontexts a t B urrian N R onaldsay w ould a ll b e c lassed w ith t he b one d ress p ins d iscussed a nd d ated b y S tevenson t o t he 7 th o r 8 th c enturies, a t e arliest ( 1955). F inally, t here a re t wo p ieces o f m etalw ork b earing C eltic d esigns w hich w ere f ound i n t he i mmediate v icinity o f C emetery B roch. T he o ne, a f ragment o f a m ount, g old; t he o ther i s c ircular a nd m ay h ave b een t he p enannular b rooch ( Grieg 1 940, 2 00). T he
i s i nlaid w ith t erminal f or a
b ronzed i ron b ell f rom B urrian N R onaldsay i s g enerally
c on-
s idered t o h ave b een e cclesiatical a nd E arly C hristian i n d ate ( 6th-8th c entury; M acGregor, A 1 974, 1 03). L ike b ells h ave b een f ound a t S aevar H owe a nd o n t he B rough o f B irsay. A g lass b ead a nd a v essel f ragment f rom t he s econdary o ccupation a t B urrian N R onaldsay w ere c onsidered b y M acGregor t o b e o f R oman o rigin ( 1974, WO). R ecent p ublication o f f inds f rom B irsay p robable. P ainted
a nd S aevar H owe n ow m akes a P ictish d ate s eem p ebbles s uch a s t hat f rom B uckquoy w ere f ound a t
B urrian N R onaldsay.
P ictish f ind t ypes f rom s tratified c ontexts o n T he i ntention i n t his s ection i s
t wofold.
-b roch -
O ne i s
s ites
t o l ist a ll t he
t ypes o f f ind known f rom P ictish c ontexts o n b roch s ites i n O rkney; t he o ther t o i ndicate w hether, o n p resent e vidence, t he t ypes w ere a lso i n u se i n t he E arly I ron A ge a nd/or t he s ucceeding N orse p eriod. F urther d iscoveries w ill n o d oubt c hange t he p resent v iew. T he o rder o f t he G urness c atalogue i s f ollowed a nd a s ummary a pproach t aken; m ost o f t he f ind
t ypes
h ave
b een a dequately d escribed i n
e ither
t he
p receding
s ection o r i n c hapter 3 .1. R eference s hould a lso b e m ade t o t he m iscellaneous u nstratified i tems l isted i n t he l atter c hapter s ince s ome o f t hese m ay w ell b elong t o t he P ictish p eriod.
E lA B one P erforated m ounts ( strat:16) p egs ( strat:6) C ombs L ong-handled H og-backed, U /S:22)
a nd d isassociated
( strat:6) s ingle-edged c omposite
D ouble-edged c omposite
( strat:36
( strat:36;39 U /S:22;33)
4 4
N orse
H andles S ocketed t ine ( strat:6) S ocketed r ough c ylinders
( strat:6 U /S:36)
S ocketed s mooth c ylinders
( strat:6 U /S:16;36)
N eedles a nd B odkins D iamond-shaped, c entrally p erforated O val-sectioned,
( strat:16)
p erforated a t o ne e nd
( strat 6 ;36)
x
P ins e th l ittle m odified h eads ( strat:16;36) W ith s quared o r r ounded t erminals ( strat:6;36 U /S:16;33) W ith d ecorative h eads a nd o ccasional h ipped s hanks ( strat:6;16;36 U /S:3;33) G lobular p in h eads ( strat:6) P ointed implements U lna p oints ( strat:6) U sed s livers a nd f ragments
( strat:6)
R ubbing a nd p olishing i mplements O vicaprid m etapodials ( strat:6) U sed s livers a nd f ragments ( strat:6;16?) G aming e quipment P arallelopiped d ice ( strat:36) G aming p ieces ( strat:36)
p arallel t ypes
M iscellaneous B one c ylinder e xtensively d ecorated o n o utside ( strat:6) U nfused m etacarpal w ith g rooves a cross ( strat:6)
f aces
S tone S pindle whorls ( strat:6 U /S:36-with o gam) L oom w eights P erforated d isc t ype ( strat:6) P erforated p ebble t ype ( strat:6) C rude s tone b asins ( strat:6) Lamps R oughly s haped w ith w ick
r est
( strat:6)
D ish s haped w ithout w ick r est ( strat:6) T riangular ( strat:39 U /S:16, ? 47) P ivot s tones ( strat:6) Whetstones,
m anufactured b ut
i mperforate
4 5
( strat:6)
x
Querns S addle
( strat:39)
T rough (strat:6) P ounders, r ubbers and g rinders H ammerstones ( strat:6) R ubbers
a nd g rinders
P ounders
( strat:6)
( strat:6)
O ther s triking P ot l ids
t ools
( strat:6)
( strat:6)
S trike a l ights
( strat:6)
S tones w ith i ncised m arks and d esigns
p arallel
t ypes
( strat:6;36 U /S:3;9(near);10) Miscellaneous C urved
p iece o f
M anufactured R ough d isc
s teatite
b all
( possibly Norse)
( strat:6)
( strat:6)
( strat:6)
B ronze P enannular b rooches P ins
( U/S:3;6)
( strat:6(mould);33;36)
p arallel
t ypes
p arallel
t ypes
p arallel
t ypes
p arallel
t ypes
p arallel
t ypes
Miscellaneous T refoil
o bject
( strat:6)
O rnamental m etalwork
( U/S:28(near))
I ron R atchet R ings
( strat:36 T U3)
( strat:36)
L eaf—shaped a rrowhead ( strat:36) Lozenge—shaped s pearhead ( strat:36) E cclesiastical b ell ( U/S:36) C eramic C lay b ivalve m oulds Crucibles
( strat:6)
( strat:6)
P ottery ( strat:6;16) G lass B ead a nd v essel f ragment
( strat:36)
4 6
T he e ffect
o f
t his
p rocess
i s
p artly
t o
s how t hat
c ertain t ypes
o bject known t o h ave b een u sed i n t he P ictish p eriod o ccur a mong
o f
l ocal
N orse a ssemblages ( though f oreign t o t he V iking h omeland). T his p henomenon h as a lready b een a pparent a t S aevar H owe, B uckquoy a nd B irsay a nd h as b een t aken t o i ndicate a d egree o f f usion o f t he t wo c ultures t he o ne t here
i nvolved r ather b y t he o ther.
a re
N orse
a lso
t ypes w hich d id n ot
i ncursions,
i ndicates P ictish.
t han t he o usting o r c omplete s ubjugation o f I t i s e qually o bvious f rom t he a nalysis t hat
m any
o f
t hese
s urvive
b eing
o f
t hrough t o
E arly
t he e ra
o f
t he
I ron A ge a ncestry.
T his
c ontinuity f rom t he B roch P eriod b ut a lso c hange w ithin B oth a spects m erit c loser f uture e xamination.
t he
CONCLUDING C ONSIDERATIONS T he ' broch
l evel s ites
o f h as
e vidence a vailable
r egarding P ictish o ccupation
n ot m erited o verdetailed
p resentation.
r emains a re p oorly r ecorded; s tratified f inds f ar e nvironmental r emains r estricted t o a h andful o f b ones a nd d ating d ependent
f rom n umerous; f rom G urness;
o n t ypological d istinctions w hich p lace a p ossibly
u ndue e mphasis o n t he e nd o f t he p eriod. I t i s a lso t he c ase t hat p articular r eport h as b een w ritten i n o nly s light a dvance o f p ublication
o f
t he
H owe -a
s ite
f or w hich
i nformation
o f
I h ope h as
c ontinuing l oci P ictish p eriod.
b een s hown -i s o f A
t hat
t here
i s
t his t he
a
s tandard h as b een c ollected f or a n o ccupation w hich s panned t he o f t he P ictish p eriod. W hat h as b een a ttempted h ere, h owever w hat
o n
S tructural
h igh w hole -a nd
i rrefutable e vidence f or
o ccupation f rom t he E arly I ron m inimum o f 1 2 o f o ur l ist o f
A ge t hrough t he f ifty-two O rkney
' broch' s ites h ave o ne o r m ore i ndications o f P ictish o ccupation, t he m ajority o f t hese b eing known t o h ave f ormerly b een d efended v illages. W hen t he g eneral
l evel
o f
i nvestigation,
t he
f railty
o f
t he
e vidence,
a nd i nto
t he p robability o f s ome o f t he ' brochs' b eing a kin t o B u i s ta ken c onsideration t hen t he c oncurrence c an b e s een t o b e r emarkable.
( fig
3 . 0 M ost
o f
t hat
o nly
a nd
t he i nformation w e h ave r ecently
c ome
b y -is
a bout O rkney f or
i n P ictish
t he 8 th c entury.
t imes T he
-
c lear
i mplication o f t he c onclusion c ome t o h ere i s t hat ' broch' s ites c ons titute a n u nsuspected r eservoir o f i nformation a bout s ettlements o f t he
P ictish p eriod a s
a w hole -a
p oint
o ccupation'unwittingly u ncovered a t knowledge t he E arly t hing
o f
d efended
b orne
H owe.
o ut
b y
t he p alimpsest
E ven i n o ur p resent
o f
s tate o f
i t w ould s eem t hat l and b oundaries m ay h ave c ontinued f rom I ron A ge a long w ith s ettlement l oci. T hough d efences w ere a t he
p ast,
a nd
p opulation m ore
v illages m ay h ave
r emained
o f
d ispersed,
i mportance.
t he s ite
o f
t he
A domnan's m ention
o f t he v isit o f a r egulus f rom O rkney t o t he c ourt o f t he P ictish K ing B ridei s on o f M aelchon i n 5 65 A l ) i nevitably c omes t o m ind, t he m ore s o s ince
r egulus
c an b e
t ranslated
a s
' minor k ing'
( Ritchie,
A 1 985,
1 85).
T here i s a lso a n O rkney f olk t ale o f p articular i nterest. T he B roch o f B orthwick i s s aid t o h ave b een t he r esidence o f a ' king' who h ad a d ispute w ith t he ' king' o f V erron ( Firth 1 986, king i s ' righ' -w hich i s v ery p robably C eltic known
t o
p ossible
h ave
h ad P ictish o ccupation;
b roch a t V erron j ust 3 km t o
4 7
a nd
1 70). T he w ord u sed f or i n o rigin; B orthwick i s t here i s
t he n orth.
t he
s ite
o f
a
F ig 3 .8
O rkney
B rochs:
A n e merging
p attern o f P ictish o ccupation i n
t he i slands w ith c lear e vidence f or t he i mportance o f f ormer b roch s ites ( Brochs n umbered a s i n f ig 3 .1: a = B uckquoy; b = S aevar H owe; c = B rough o f B irsay; d = P ool
4 8
A t
S aevar H owe,
B uckquoy a nd
t he B rough o f
t ion
w as
i mmediately s ucceeded b y N orse.
c ase
a t
s ome
' broch
s ites
b een a f ocus
m ents. b ell
w ere
G reen',
f ound
a nd H owe.
f or E arly C hristian a nd
S uch a t radition i s a t
w here p art
P ictish o ccupa-
f or r ectilinear b uildings
t ype h ave b een f ound a t b oth G urness h ave
B irsay,
T his m ay a lso h ave b een t he o f
' Broch'
l ater
s ites m ay a lso
r eligious
a ssociated w ith C hapel K nowe;
B urrian,
o f a c hapel
N R onaldsay;
W arebeth
s till
t he
s tands;
a ppropriate e stablish-
t he c ross a nd
i s
o n
S t T redwell o n P apa W estray m ay h ave c ome a fter a n e arlier m ent w hich w as i tself b uilt o ver a p ossible ' broch'; a nd H array
-a
c ommon
w ith m any
u sed
a s
p robable b roch s ite h as
b urial
t hose o f i nferred
a a t
o f
a c hurch a nd
t he o ther m ounds
p laces.
o f
T he r emains
' Mohkers
1 2th c entury c hapel o f
c emetery
e stablishO verbrough i t.
I n
O rkney ' broch s ites' w ere
a lso
a t G urness
a re
o n
a t
l east
p artly
9 th c entury c emetery a nd a b urial o f t his d ate c an b e t he H owe; t he r une-incised d isc f rom S tadkrue a nd r ing-
h eaded p in f rom O xtro c ould a lso b e g rave g oods. O ther b urials a re l ess d atable b ut i n ,lude s hort c ists a t T aft a nd O xtro; c remations i n p ots
a t N etlater;
B redkness,
i nhumations,
C emetery,
B u,
s ome i n l ong
G reen
c ists,
a t B urgar,
H ill a nd H illock;
s pecific r eferences t o h uman r emains a t I ngshowe, B urrian S andwidk, S tadkrue, B urrian N R onaldsay,
a s w ell
a s
A yre, l ess
N etlater, L ingro, a nd M id H owe. O ne
' broch' s ite - B urgar -h ad b een u sed a s t he h iding p lace f or a f abulous t reasure o f P ictish o r V iking d ate -w hich m et a n u ntoward e nd. f oci
T he f or
' broch' a ctivity
s tarted
i n
o bjects
f rom
r epresented, f elicitously,
s ites o ver
o f l ong
N eolithic t imes; s everal; a s i n t he t he g lass
a nd
O rkney d o i ndeed s eem t o h ave o ften s pans
o f
t ime.
H owe
t here a re M ediaeval e ven t his
p resent
a nd
a nd
c entury
b een
D ingieshowe
p ost-Mediaeval i s
s ometimes
S econd W orld W ar t rench a t B u a nd, m ore m arbles b roken f rom l emonade b ottles a t
G urness.
4 9
A PPENDIX 3 .1 CATALOGUE O F A UTHENTICATED B ROCH S ITES I N ORKNEY John W H edges a nd B ernard B ell
T his c atalogue i s b ased o n a vailable d ocumentation, m useum c ollections a nd m aps, r elies o n t he f ieldwork o f t he O rdnance S urvey a nd R oyal C ommission ( OS; R CAM 1 946). o bjective i t
h ad
i s
t o
b e
t o
s ynthesise
d ecided w hich
a ll
t he known i nformation a bout O rkney
s ites
s hould
b e
i ncluded
i n
t he
s ample,
t here s hould a t l east b e e vidence o f a w all o f a ppropriate p roduced a l ist o f f ifty-two b rochs, t hough t here a re e ighty r egarded l istings ( 1965, a re o n
a s p ossible b rochs. g iven h ere a nd t hose
b y
b rochs.
A s a p reliminary
t he
t aken b eing
i ndex
c urvature a nd b uild. o ther known s ites w hich
t hat
T his m ay b e
T here a re d ifferences, b oth i n n umber a nd d etail, b etween t he o f o ther r ecent a uthorities s uch a s G raham ( 1947, 5 1); M acKie
1 43); a nd H amilton ( 1968, M ainland, i n t he S outh
a lphabetically
a nd I ts
1 74-175). I sles, o r
I n t hese l ists s ites a re o rdered b y w hether t hey t he N orth I sles; w ithin t his t hey a re l isted
p arish,
Known b rochs
( extant o r not)
Mainland 1
K nowe
o f
2
K nowe
o f T aft,
S kogar,
3
O xtro
4
E ves
b roch, H owe
B irsay.
B irsay.
B irsay.
( Braebuster),
5
B roch o f
B urgar,
6
G urness,
A ikerness,
7
K nowe N ess
9
o f o f
E vie.
S tenso,
E vie.
E vie.
W oodwick,
B roch o f
D eerness.
E vie.
R edland,
S teeringlo,
1 0 1 1
C hapel K nowe, B urness, I ngshowe, F irth.
1 2
B urrian B roch,
H array.
( 1)
H array.
' ( 2)
1 3
B urrian
1 4
K nowe
B roch,
1 5
N etlater,
1 6
L och o f
o f
B urrian, M anse
A yre,
H array.
o f
( Russland) ( Corrigal) ( 3)
H array,
S t M ary's,
D ishero,
F irth.
F irth.
( Garth)
H array.
H Y
2 639
2 340
H Y
2 836
226 2
H Y
2 537
2 678
H Y
5 490 0 611
H Y
3 519
2 771
H Y
3 818
2 685
H Y
3 638
2 675
H Y 4 007
2 486
H Y
3 780
1 715
H Y
3 881
1 556
H Y
3 903
1 277
H Y
2 961
1 834
H Y
3 235
1 937
H Y
3 082
1 680
H Y 3 232 1 741 H Y 4 702 0 136
H olm.
1 7
K nowe o f
l b 1 9
D ingy's H owe, S t A ndrew's. R ound H owe ( Howe o f L angskaill),
R endall.
2 0
B erstane,
2 1 2 2 2 3
B roch o f L ingro, S t O la. B roch o f B orthwick, S andwick. B urrian B roch, S andwick.
H Y
2 888
1 538
2 4 2 5
L och o f G lumly, S tackrue B roch,
H Y 2 517 H Y 2 705
1 649 1 512
H Y 2 824
1 039
S t A ndrew's.
H Y
4 256
H Y
5 476 0 30
H Y
5 078 0 593
H Y 4 752
S t O la.
1 998
1 002
H Y 4 345 0 878 H Y 2 241
S andwick. L yking, S andwick.
2 6
C ummi-Howe,
2 7
B roch o f Breckness,
2 8 2 9
C emetery, S tromness. H illock o f H owe, S tromness.
H Y
2 759
1 092
3 0
K nowe
H Y
2 659
1 385
3 1
N avershough,
H Y
2 697
0 933
N D 4 847
9 871
o f
S tenness.
1 678
R edland, B u,
S tromness.
H Y 2 247 0 928 H Y 2 378 0 818
S tromness. S tromness.
S outh I sles 3 2
A yresdale,
3 3
E ast
W est
3 4
T he G reen H ill,
3 5
H owe
B roch o f o f
H oxa,
B roch o f
B urray,
B urray,
B urray.
N D 4 897 9 881
B urray.
H oy.
H Y
S R onaldsay.
2 500 0 284
N D 4 252
9 396
N orth I sles 3 6
B roch o f
3 7
C astle
o f
B urrian,
N k onaldsay.
B othikan,
3 8
K nowe o f
3 9
M id H owe,
H unclett,
4 0
N orth H owe,
P apa W estray. R ousay.
k ousay. k ousay.
5 0
H Y
7 627
5 138
H Y
4 926
4 927
H Y
4 144
2 722
H Y
3 716
3 061
H Y
3 704
3 074
4 1 4 2
W estside, R ousay. P oint o f B uryan, S anday.
H Y H Y
4 3 4 4 4 5
W asso, S anday. B rach o f S teiro, S hapinsay. H elliar H olm, S hapinsay.
H Y 7 902 3 794
4 8
T he H illock,
4 7
H illock
o f
4 6 4 9
H illock H unton,
o f B aywest, S tronsay.
5 0 5 1
L amb H ead, H owarness,
5 2
K nowe o f
H Y 5 019 1 635 H Y 4 859 1 579 H Y 5 356 2 238
S hapinsay.
B urroughston,
H Y 5 404 2 100 H Y 6 1 % 2 425 H Y 6 534 2 754
S hapinsay.
S tronsay.
H Y 6 904 2 146
S tronsay. W estray.
B urristae,
3 727 3 036 7 724 4 340
H Y 4 17 H Y 4 317
W estray.
4 96 4 293
P ossible b rochs
G rid r ef.
0 .S.No.
R .C.No.
M ainland 1 2 3
L och o f H undland. B irsay. L och o f I sbister, B irsay. S aevar H owe, B irsay.
H Y•2 977 2 634 H Y 2 572 2 334 H Y 2 460 2 700
H Y 2 2 N E 2 6 H Y 2 2 S E 3 5 H Y 2 2 N W 5
N o. 1 8 N o. 1 7 N o. 4 0
4 5
H owan, D eerness. rugar ( Ryo), K nowe o f G
H Y 5 889 0 633 H Y 3 563 2 730
H Y 5 0 N E 2 1 H Y 3 2 N E 1 0
N o. 6 29 N o. 2 67
H Y H Y H Y H Y H Y H Y
N o. N o. N o.
E vie.
7 8 9 1 0 1 , 1
V erron, E vie. V inquin, E vie. T he H illock, F irth. B roch o f B urrian, H array. H owen B roch, C orston, H array. K irk o f C leaton, H array.
H Y H Y H Y H Y H Y H Y
1 2 1 3 1 4
K nowe o f B osquoy, H array. M ithouse, M irbister, H array. N orth o f H array C hurch, H array.
H Y 3 093 1 864 H Y 3 080 2 000
H Y 3 1 N W 3 0 H Y 3 2 S W 1 7
N o. 7 1 N o. 1 9
H Y 3 14
H Y 3 1
N o.
1 5 1 6
O verbrough, C hurchyard, H array. B rough o f W arbuster, K irkwall.
H Y 3 136 1 790 H Y 4 364 0 937
o f
B reakna,
O rphir.
3 185 2 990 3 268 2 830 3 611 1 415 3 09 1 84 3 180 1 914 3 019 1 565
1 79
3 2 3 2 3 1 3 1 3 1 3 1
N W N W S E N W N W N W
7 1 3 4 4 6 3 2 1 5
N W 4 9
H Y 3 1 N W 3 6 H Y 4 0 N W 2
2 60 2 66 3 23
N o. 2 0 N o. 2 3
1 38
N o. 1 39 N o. 4 30
1 7
H illo c k
1 8
T he C astle,
1 9 2 0 2 1 2 2
H a', K endall. N orth E ttit, K endall. T hing— voll, R andall. W ass W ick, R endall.
H Y 4 250 2 097 H Y 4 205 1 996
H Y 4 2 S W 1 2 H Y 4 1 N W 4
N o. 2 70 N o. 2 97
H Y 4 011 2 286 H Y 4 120 2 198
H Y 4 2 S W 3 H Y 4 2 S W 1 0
N o. 2 68 N o. 2 69
2 3 2 4
T he B rough, S t A ndrew's, C ampston, S t A ndrew's.
H Y 5 450 1 005 H Y 5 288 0 411
H Y 5 1 S W 4 H Y 5 0 S W 1
N o. 6 48
2 5 2 6 2 7 2 8
H owie o f t he M anse, J t A ndrew's. T ankerness, S t. A ndrew's. W ork, S t O la. B rough o f B igging, S andwick.
H Y H Y H Y H Y
H Y H Y H Y H Y
3 1 2 7
N o. N o. N o. N o.
6 26 6 35 4 35 7 30
2 9 3 0
T he C astle, S andwiäk. H owans, S andwiäk.
H Y 2 749 2 024 H Y 2 524 1 755
H Y 2 2 S E 4 H Y 2 1 N E 4 4
N o.
1 7
3 1 3 2
K nowe o f G eoso, S andwiäk. K nowe o f V erron, S andwiäk.
H Y 2 282 H Y 2 305
H Y 2 1 N W 1 9 H Y 2 1 N W 2 2
N o. 7 66 N o. 6 82
3 3
L ower L ee K nowe,
3 4 3 5 3 6 3 7
S carrataing, S andwiäk. U pper L ee K nowe, S andwiäk. B ig H owe, S tenness. T he C airns, S tenness.
K Y H Y H Y H Y H Y
H Y H Y H Y H Y H Y
N o. N o. N o. N o. N o.
K endall.
S andwiäk.
H Y 3 533 0 508
H Y
3 0 N E
1 3
N o. 4 86
H Y 3 86
H Y 3 2 S E
1 1
N o.
2 12
5 142 0 899 5 321 0 914 4 74 1 350 2 19 1 57
1 792 1 975
2 836 1 612 2 761 1 764 2 833 1 627 3 081 1 247 2 905 0 987
5 0 5 0 4 1 2 1
N W N W S E N W
2 1 2 1 2 1 3 1 2 0
N E 1 4 N E 4 0 N E 1 3 S W 3 1 N E 1
N D 4 9
3 03
7 55 6 81 7 55 9 11 8 92
S outh I sles 3 6
K yelittle
3 9 4 0
B raebister, B u', H oy.
B roch,
B urray.
4 1 4 2
B urrowstown , H oy. G reen H ill, N r C hurch,
4 3 4 4 4 5
G reen H ill o f H estigeo, H oy. O uter G reen H ill, N r C antidk, T he S keo, H oy.
N D 4 851
H oy.
H oy.
4 6
ß rough,
4 7 4 8
E S cott's, H oxa, S k onaldsay. W eems C astle, S R onaldsay.
H oy.
S k onaldsay.
5 1
N E d
N o. 8 66
H Y 2 130 0 522 H Y 2 375 0 523
9 531
H Y 2 0 N W 2 0 H Y 2 0 N W 2 1
N o. 3 80 N o. 3 86
N D 3 331 8 983 N D 3 148 9 095
N D 3 8 N W N D 3 9 S W
N o. N o.
1 032 1 007
N D 3 375 8 903
1 008
N D N D N D H D
1 0 1
N D 3 8 N W 8
N o.
3 425 2 857 428 4 4 243
8 956 8 796 8 333 9 403
N D N D N D N D
N o. 1 006 N o. 1 009 N o. 8 51 N o. 8 18
337 N D 4
845 8
N D 4 8 N W 2
3 8 N W 9 2 8 N E 3 4 8 S W 1 4 9 S W 2
N o. 8 16
N orth I sles 4 9
N ess
5 0
D ennis
5 2
B urrian,
S t.
o f
G airsay.
H Y
426 4
2 100
H Y
4 2
S W 4
N o.
3 13
N R onaldsay.
H Y
7 840
599 5
H Y
7 5
N E 5
N o.
2 05
H Y 4 964
5 088 3 338
H Y H Y
4 5
S E 4
N o.
3 3
S E
N o,
5 23 5 99
B oray, N ess,
T redwell's
C hapel,
P apa W estray.
k ousay.
5 3
K irk
5 4
K nowe
H ouse,
5 5
S cockness,
5 6 5 7
V iera L odge, B adkaskaill,
o f
K narston,
B urrian,
R ousay.
F rotoft,
R ousay.
3 949
H Y
R ousay. S anday. S anday.
1 3
4 464
2 927
H Y
4 2
N W
1 2
N o.
6 04
006 H Y 4
2 745
2 H Y 4
N W
1 3
N o.
5 51
4 498
3 308 2 808
N o. N o.
5 54
3 915 417 H Y 6
3 S H Y 4 W 6 H Y 3 2 N E 1 2
3 919
H Y
N o.
5 56 1 59
H Y 6 346 490 H Y 7
3 896 4 653
H Y 6 3 N W 2 8 H Y
7 4
N W
1
N o.
4 4 -4
3 7
H Y
W 6 3 N 7 4 N E
1 8 N o. N o.
4 7 -4 4 73 4 79
H Y H Y
R ousay.
T ower,
H Y
6 3
N W
1
5 8
B arber's
5 9
B race G arth,
6 0 6 1 6 2
B roch o f L amaness, S anday. B roch o f T oftness, S anday. C olli N ess, S anday.
1 H Y 6 60 H Y 7
4 70 212 H Y 6 850 4
1 H Y H Y 6 4 S E 2 1
6 3
E is
N ess,
S anday.
H Y
3 90
H Y
7
N o.
6 4
H ow F arm ,
S anday.
N o.
1 85
6 6 6 7
I var's K nowe, S anday. T he M anse, S anday.
H Y 6 3 N E 9 4 S H Y 6 E 1 6 4 S W 1 0 H Y 7
1 58
I cegarth
3 927 4 156
N o.
6 5
H Y 6 606 H Y 6 706
N o.
4 78
S anday.
B rough,
S anday.
S anday.
6 72
H Y
335 7 158 4
H Y
6 539
4 118
H Y 6 316
3 701
6 8
N ebister,
6 9 7 0
N ewark, S anday. P eterskirk, S anday.
H Y H Y
7 1 7 2
R unna C lett, S car, S anday. W estbrough, S anday.
H Y
6 659
H Y
7 3
H owe H ill,
H Y
7 4
L och o f
7 5 7 6
S hapinsay.
4 540
H Y H Y
6 4 N E 6 4 S E
H Y
5 1
H Y
6 282
3 116
H Y
6 470 3 001
7 7 7 8
M alme, S tronsay. B rough, W estray.
7 9
H odgalee,
436 H Y 6 862 2 H Y 4 791 482 4 473 644 4 H Y 4
8 0
K nowe o f
S kulzie,
W estray.
H Y
4 472
2 2
3 N H Y 6 W 2 7 4 S W 1 7 4 S W 7
235 6 633 4 599 5 117 1
H olm o f H uip, S tronsay. H uip N ess, S tronsay.
W estray.
S E
H Y H Y
1 833
S hapinsay.
6 4
H Y
N E
4 24 7 23 7 134 4 363
795 H Y 4
W esthill,
6 3
4 904
3 1 4
N o.
1 60
N o. N o.
4 39 4 60
N o.
1 82
N o.
1 83
N W 5
N o.
7 80
1 N E 8 H Y 4 3 S W 4 H Y 6
N o.
8 01
N o.
9 95
H Y 6 3
61 N o. 9
S W 2
2 S E 6 H Y 6 4 N H Y 4 W 2 4 4 S H Y 4 E 3
N o.
N o. 9 63 N o.
1 074 1 035
H Y 4 4 N W 2 3
N o.
1 072
S tructure o f c atalogue S ome c ase
o f
e xplanatory C emetery,
n otes
i nformation a vailable
p rior
e ntries
( 6)
o n
i nformation
o n
t he h eadings
S tromness
G urness
t o
( 28) t he
r ecent
a nd B u ( 31)
b eing c ontained
u sed i n
a nd H owe, a re
t he c atalogue a re g iven b elow.
S tromness
e xcavations l imited
t o
( Bell
( 29)
c omments
f orth;
a re
S mith e t
t he d erivation
o f
I n
t he
r estricted a l
t heir
t o
f orth). n ames,
T he o ther
i n t he m ain t ext.
D erivation o f n ame I n
t his
s ection T eresa W oodbridge
a nd N icola
B ell h ave
a nalysed
t he
v arious
n ames
o f
e ach s ite u sing M arwick's O rkney F arm N ames a s a p rincipal s ource ( 1952). S ome o f t he a re m odern, a nd o f l ittle i nterest, b ut t he m ajority i nclude N orse e lements. T hese
n ames o ften
i ncorporate a chievement
m ain w hile
o thers
i nteresting t opographical i nformation o r V iking p ersonal n ames r evolves a round w hether s ome b rochs w ere m ere r uins i n t he 9 th
w ere quite
r ecognizable
i ncorporate O N b org -a O N h augr -a dys f all
-m ound, i n
t he
m ound,
g rave
m ound e tc;
c airn o r g rave; f irst
f or w hat
f ortification,
t hey w ere.
f ortress
t he
s ame
c airn.
i n
p articular,
a re
l iving
e lements
b etween n ames
t op,
S eventeen o f s econd b ut
h illock,
o ur
t here
s ample a re,
m ound e tc; o f
t he
l anguage
o f
O rkney
a nd
a s O N
f ifty-two
a dditionally,
f orms. T his l ast p henomenon i s t he r eason b eing t hat ' broch', o f
w hich
w hich c ontain s uch e lements
r ounded h ill
n umber i n t he
f ive s ites w hich h ave n ames i ncorporating b oth a gainst t aking t hings a t t oo s implistic a l evel, 1 knowe',
a nd o thers
O N knollr -a
a nd O N kuml -a
c ategory a nd
T he d istinction i s
e tc
b ut t he c entury
m ay
a w arning ' howe', a nd h ave
b een
a pplied t o s ites i n r elatively r ecent t imes. A s ufficient n umber o f i ncontravertible i ncorPorations, h owever, r emain t o m ake t he c ase, a s s een i n s uch n ames a s B urrian, B uryan, h urray, B urra S ound, B urgar, B urrowston, B orthwick, B urness, H aughster, N avershough, H owarness, H oxa, W asshow, D ishero a nd C lumly. A lthough t he n ames o f t he e ighty p ossible b rochs w ere n ot e xhaustively r esearched, i t s eemingly o riginal i ncorporation o f O N b org.
i s
5 2
o f
i nterest
t hat a m inimum o f
f our
h ave
a
G eographical l ocation h ere
t he
O rdnance
S urvey
g rid
r eference
i s
f ollowed
p roximity i ng l and;
o f t he s ite t o t he s ea a nd a dequate b eaching; t he p resence o f f resh w ater; a nd t he g eneral
A lthough
t he
p ositioned a ccount
a nalysis
w ith
r ather
i s
r egard
f ar
f rom e xhaustive
t he
t o
t erritories
t hat
t han o ne -e
a nd
g d efence -being
o f
p oint
b y
B ernard
B ell's
n otes
t he a gricultural s tatus o f d efensive p otential o f t he i s
c learly m ade
a c ombination o f
p aramount
t hat
f actors
o n
t he
s urroundl ocation.
t he
s ites
w ere
w as
t aken
i nto
i mportance.
Excavations e tc U nder b ackground
t his t o
h eading
t he
i s
f actual
a b rief
h istory
o f known i nvestigations
i nformation w hich
w hich
i s
i ntended
t o
g ive
f ollows.
S tructures , e s tructural t .-
I nformation a bout
r emains
o f
e ach b roch
t he t owers a re d ealt w ith f irst, f ollowed b y i nternal c onstructions. G raham's c lock m ethod o f d escribing t he h as b een u sed i ndications a re c onverted
( 1947, 6 0); t he b roch e ntrance i s i n f rom t he p assage e tc l ast r eferred t o.
t o m etric
t hough i t
s hould
' b f eet', f or e xample, b ecomes a nd t he m ost i mportant a ccompany
b e n oted
t hat
i s
p resented
i n a u niform m anner;
c onstructions a nd p osition o f f eatures
t hen e xternal w ithin b rochs
t he b o 'clock p osition. D irectional A ll i mperial m easurements h ave b een
t his
g ives a f alse
i mpression o f
1 .82m. I llustrations p roved t o b e p articularly t he t ext, a n umber b eing p ublished f or t he f irst
a ccuracy;
i nformative t ime.
F inds F ollowing s ummarily F uller
a n
l isted
a ssessment
o f
s tratification a nd d egree o f
t he o rder
o f
t he G urness
i n
i nformation i s
t o
b e
f ound
i n B ernard
c atalogue, B ell's
l ess,
p hasing
t he known
o bjects
b eing g iven w here
S mall F inds f rom O rkney B rochs
a re
p ossible. ( 1982).
Environmental r emains T he
s mall
a mount
t hat
i s known a bout
e nvironmental
r emains
i s
s ummarized
f rom
B ell
( 1982).
Human r emains F inds
o f
h uman r emains
a nd
o f
c ists,
g raves
e tc a re
s ummarized.
S ources I n
o rder
t o
s ave
s pace
s ources
a re
n ot
r eferred
t o
i n t he
t ext
o f
t he
c atalogue
e ntries
b ut a re s imply l isted a t t he e nd. a nd t he R oyal C ommission I nventory
The O rdnance S urvey A ntiquity C ard n umber i s l isted f irst n umber s econd. R elevant m useum c atalogues a re t hen g iven
f ollowed
a lphabetical
d efinitive g ive a nd
b y
r eferences i n o nly
i n n ormal
a r estricted
o riginal o r i mportant O rkney H erald h ave
c orrespondence
o f
s ense;
o rder.
T he
l ist
r eferences w hich a llude
i nformation h ave b een e xcluded. I t i s n ot b een s earched f or i nformation,
G eorge P etrie
i n
t he N ational M onuments
o f t o
s ources a s ite
a ttempts
b ut
w hich
t o d o
b e n ot
r egretted t hat t he O rcadian n or h as t he s urviving
R ecord f or S cotland
b een
l ooked
i nto.
1
K NOWE O F S KOGAR,
B IRSAY
D erivation o f n ame S kogar i s
p lural
o f
O N
s kögr -w ood o r
f orest.
T his
f orm,
h owever,
m ay
f rom i ts t ranscription i nto E nglish. T hough t he s ite i s n ot l isted b y M arwick s uch n ames t o s uggest s crubwood r ather t han ' significant f orestation ( 1952, knowe s ee a ppendix i ntroduction.
5 3
h ave
r esulted
h e c onsiders 2 9-50). F or
G eographical l ocation M Y f arm)
2 639 2 34U. T he b roch t ounship c 0 .4km f rom t he
b etter
d rained,
t he o nly
s tands i nland i n p resent-day e nclosed f reshwater L och o f I sbister. T hough
t he s urrounding
n atural
l and
i s w aterlogged m arsh a nd
r ough
l and i n I sbister ( = E t he s ite i s s lightly p asture.
T he
m arsh
i s
d efence.
E xcavations e tc R educed o f
t o
o verturned
i ts
f oundations
s tones
b y
i n c ultiv ted
n on a rchaeological d isturbance l and w hich w as
i n o r
f urther d estroyed
p rior
t o
1 859;
a h eap
b y W WII a ctivity.
S tructures B roch t ower I n
t he
d istance
S a nd S W t ne o uter
o f 4 -5m,
p ossibly
f ace o f
t he w all w as o bserved
b eing 3 o r 4 c ourses
h igh.
T he w all
a bove
t he g round
t hickness m ay
h ave
l evel
b een
f or
c 3 .7m
a o r,
c 4 .6m.
External c onstructions C lose
t o
t he
s ite
t here
i s
s aid
t o
h ave
b een a k itchen m idden u sed
f or m anure.
F inds A ll
o f
S tone:
t he
f inds
a re w ithout
p erforated d isc
s tones;
t ether-stone
P ottery:
o ne
c ontext
l oom-weight;
o r f igurine;
a nd
s ome h ave
v essel,
n ot
p ossible
f urther u nspecified
b een l ocated.
p ivot
' stone
s tones;
s addle quern;
h ammer-
r elics'.
s herd.
Environmental r emains K itchen m idden n oted,
a s
a bove.
S ources M Y
2 2
[ ( CAM
S E
3 9
1 946,
l b n o
1 6
T HM c atalogue F raser
1 925,
2 3
P etrie
1 890,
9 3,
P etrie M S
( r),
n o 2 8
7
2
K NOWS O F T AFT, GREENAY,
B IRSAY
D erivation o f n ame T aft e xample
d erives i s
n ot
u sually,
i f
b uilding"
( 1952,
f rom O N
t opt
-h ouse
l isted b y M arwick
n ot
a lways, 1 6).
f ound
F or knowe
s ite
t hough h e a pplied s ee
o r
r emains
c onsiders t o
o f
i t
o ld b uilding(s).
" a
a s ite w here
f airly
T his
c ommon n ame
t here a re
t races
p articular
i n o f
O rkney... p rehistoric
a ppendix i ntroduction.
G eographical l ocation 2 M Y 2 836 22b. o verlooked b y a h ill
t o
l iable
a lthough s ome
T here
t o i s
f looding; a f air
a mount
T his i nland b roch t he N E. M uch o f o f
o f
w aterlogging
i s c 0 .4km f rom t he f reshwater L och o f S abiston a nd t he g enerally p oor f lat l and s urrounding t he s ite i s
i t h as a nd
b een e nclosed,
m arsh,
5 4
e specially
m ost
o f
a round
i t t he
i s
i n
l och,
r ough a nd
p asture.
t his
i s
t he
o nly
t ype
o f
n atural
d efence
t o
b e
s een.
Excavations e tc P artially b een
u sed
v isible h ead
e xcavated
a s
i n
a q uarry
1 882 b ut
a lthough
s tones
c 1 868 b y D avid S tephen; a nd
t here
a round
i s
t he
a mong w hich w ere
t his
p ractice w as
n ow n o
o utside
s urface
t race.
t here w as
f ound a n umber
o f
p rior
r esumed
t hat
t he knoll,
s hortly
a c onsiderable
c 3 m h igh,
a fter.
E xcavations w ere
n oted
s hort
t o
v ery
V estiges
h ad w ere
c oncentrated o n t he w all
a ccumulation o f
e arth
a nd
c ists.
S tructures B roch t ower R eferences
t o
a ' broch w all
o r
' circular w all"
a re n ot
s pecific
a b roch. A l intelled p assage w hich i s s aid t o h ave f ollowed a nd t raced f or c 9 .1m. I t w as 0 .85m w ide a nd i m h igh a nd, p robably
a t
g round
l evel.
T his
b eing
t he
c ase,
b ut
t he
s ite
i s
c alled
t he c ourse o f t he w all w as f ound f rom m easurements g iven, i t w as
t he K nowe o f T aft w as
n ot
a
s olid-based
b roch.
F inds A ll S tone :
o f
t he
f inds a re w ithout
" portions
o f querns";
O ther a rtefacts:
c rucible;
P ottery:
t wo
n ative;
c ontext
s ome h ave
n ot
b een l ocated.
h ammerstone.
f ragment
s herds
a nd
o f a g lass
b angle o r a rmlet;
h aematite.
R oman S amian.
H uman r emains h uman r emains
p resumed
t o h ave
b een o riginally p resent
i n t he P ost
B roch s hort
c ists.
S ources H Y
2 2
S E 8
R CAM
1 946,
N MAS
1 892
F raser O NB 1 , W att
1 6,
1 5
2 2 1 73
1 925, 1 880,
1 862,
n o
C atalogue
4 49-50
3
O ITRO B ROCH,
B IRSAY ( Haughster,
O kstrow)
( fig 3 .9,
p l 3 .1)
D erivation o f name O xtro s till
a nd
t he
o lder
e arlier H aughster,
( see a ppendix ( 1952).
f orm O kstrow a re w hich i s
i ntroduction)
a nd
c omposed
s tages o f
i n t he m odification o r
t wo O N e lements;
s etr -h omestead
o r
f arm.
c orruption
o f
t he
h augr -m ound o r g rave m ound I t
i s
n ot
l isted
b y
M arwick
G eographical l ocation H Y L och
2 537
c lose
quality; a ll a dvantages.
2 678. b y
t o o f
O xtro t he S E. i t
h as
l ies
c l km t o
T he b een
t he W o f
s urrounding
l and
e nclosed a nd
B irsay i s
i mproved.
5 5
B ay a nd h as
f lat
a nd
i s
T here
o f
t he
f reshwater B oardhouse
r easonably
a re
n o
g ood
n atural
f arming d efensive
Excavations e tc E xcavations l arge p ile a griculture f irst
f ound
quarried
D ryden's
b y t he
b y M r L eask
t he w orkmen; b roch,
a way.
w ork
T he c ourses
s tarted
o f
B oardhouse i n
1 847 o n w hat w as
s tones o n a k noll; t he p urpose o f t he w ork t o o btain b uilding m aterials. S hort c ists
e ncountered
B eneath w as w as
w ere
o f a nd
T he
o wes a l ot,
r emains
l eft
o ne
h ad a s ymbol s tone
b ut a p ortion o f
s ite w as i f
n ot
n ow a re
v isited,
n oted
e verything,
s cant:
i ncorporated
t he W s ide, a nd
d escribed
w as t o c lear t he c ontaining c remated
p robably
p lanned
i n
i ts
c ontaining
a s
a
g round f or b ones w ere s tructure.
t he e ntrance,
b y P etrie d uring
e xcavation.
t o P etrie's o bservations.
a bout
t hree q uarters
o f
t he w all
i s
v isible
u p
t o
f ive
h igh.
S tructures B roch t ower T his a cross.
h ad a n o verall d iameter o f
2 1m,
T he m aximum p reserved h eight
A s
s tated,
quarried r emains
a way o f
A t e xtended
n o e ntrance w as b y
1 1
o 'clock,
t o
t he
l eft, ( 1925,
a t
c ell
g round
b eing 3 .65m t hick
b ut
i t w as
T he O S
c ould
b e
l evel,
a lmost
t he w all
t he entrance
a nd
t he
c ourtyard
1 3.7m
c 2 .13m. c ertainly
F ield I nvestigator i n
s een i n
w as
i s
t o
i n t he a rea o f 1 967
t hought
t he
w all
t hat
t he
t he N W.
t o a p assage-like i ntramural
c hamber
l eft.
A t 3 o 'clock t o t he F raser
f ound,
w orkmen i n t he W .
a p utative g uard
t he w alls
s hown i n s ections
t here
i s
s hown o n t he
a nd a n i ntramural 2 3) s tates t hat
p lans
f light o f t he s teps
a s imilar e ntrance
t o a l anding,
w hich
s teps o f t en t reads, w hich e xtended l ed u p t o a g allery w hich c ould b e
e xtended
t o t he t raced
r ight. r ound
n early h alf t he b uilding; t here a re n o o riginal r ecords w hich c orroborate t his. I n a h ithert o u npublished s ection/elevation t hrough t he b roch a nd w ell d rawn u p b y D ryden i n 1 866 ( MS ( b))
i t
g round
i s
m ade
c lear h owever
I n D ryden's
p lan o f
a t 9 -10 o 'clock. t he
t hat
t he e ntrance,
l anding,
a nd
f oot
o f
t he
s teps,
w ere
a t
l evel.
r emains
o f
1 851
a nd
T hey a re m arked
a s carcement.
1 856
( MS
( b))
" 1/2' w ide",
N o h eight
t here a re a re
s tones
two
i n t he s ame
p rojecting
c olour a s
f rom
t he w all,
t he w all
a nd may
b e
i s g iven.
I nternal constructions I t
i s
o bvious
f rom P etrie's
2 m arked ( 7) 2) t hat d efective i n t wo w ays. b roch l east
b ecause o ne A
n otes
a nd
s ketches
( e g
p articularly M S
( q),
l oose
p aper
h is p ublished p lan ( 1890, f ig 5 ) a nd t hose d rawn u p b y D ryden w ere F irstly, t hey m iss o ut a l arge n umber o f t he s tructures f ound i n t he
t hey w ere
u nintelligently e xcavated a nd r emoved;
s econdly,
t hey
i nclude
a t
f eature o nly known f rom d escription.
w all
i s
s hown i n t he p ublished
o 'clock a nd c overing t he w ell. a ddition m ade a t a d ate s ubsequent
p lan r unning a cross
t he
c ourtyard
f rom 2 o 'clock
B ecause o f t his, P etrie c onsidered i t t o t o t he e rection o f t he o riginal b uilding.
t o
9
h ave b een a n P etrie n ever
s aw t he w all i n s itu a nd i ts e xtent a nd c ourse m ay n ot h ave b een t hat s hown o n t he M oreover a n a nnotation o n D ryden's p lan o f 1 851 a nd 1 866 ( MS ( b)) s ays ' stones o n e dge
p lan. a long
h ere' i ndicating t hat i t m ay n ot h ave b een o f t he n ature o r t hickness s uggested. F inally, i t d id n ot n ecessarily b lock t he e ntrance t o t he w ell. I n a ll, t here i s n o r eason t o a ssume t hat
i t w as F ew
n ot
o f
t he
p ublished p lan 7 ,
1,
a nd
o 'clock 2 2) t hem
a re
I n 2 .08m
t he d eep.
p robable
f ig 5 )
I n o ne
o ther s tone
f urnishings
i n t he c ourtyard w ere t here a re
s ketch
t hree
( Petrie M S
f lags
a nd
a nd a n a nnotation ' Large
f eet
h ave
t o m ake
( c
1 .8m)
i n
l ength b ut
i nconsistencies s ense
c ourtyard w as A
e quidistant
o f
t he
w hich m ake
o ther
f eatures
a w ell e ntered
d rain r an b etween
t his
i t
t he
e ntrance).
5 6
t he
d ifficult
t o
r ecorded.
t wo
( q)
v erticals
l oose
s tones
t he
o n e dge, o ne'.
r epresent
a t
s hown a t 7
p aper m arked
s et
e xception o f e ither
I n
f rom t he w all
( 7)
s ome B oth
t he
o f o f
u prights
s hown.
b y m eans
a nd
( Petrie M S
r emoved w ith
b roch i nterior.
p rojecting
t here a re
1 .2m l ong a nd 2 m a part, a lmost
i n a nother
1 3)
t he
i ntelligibly
u pright
( r),
i n
t hree
f ive
s ketches
o n a p lan o r
s tructures
1 890,
1 2 o 'clock.
a lmost
t hese
o ther
( Petrie
a bout
t here
c ontemporary w ith t he
o f
b reak
a f light
o f
i n t he w all
s teps; t o
i t
t he W
i s ( and
s hown h ence
a s
c t he
S ec t ion a long l ine d -e . ----------
F ig 3 .9
O rkney B roths: P etrie 1 890,
3 O xtro,
B irsay ( RCAM 1 946,
f ig 6 7 -after
p l 8 )
External c onstructions I n s pite o f t he f act t hat i n t he c ourse o f t he w ork t he e xterior o f b een i nvestigated n o b uildings a re m entioned a s h aving b een f ound.
t he b roch m ust h ave
F inds A ll
b ut o ne o f
B one a nd a ntler :
t he f inds a re u nstratified a nd s ome h ave n ot b een t raced.
l ong-handled c ombs;
p ossible s lotted h andle;
d ecorative t erminal a nd h ipped s hank; g lobular p in-head; w horl; r ings; c alendering i mplement; m iscellaneous i tems. M etal : b ronze z oomorphic p enannular b rooch; b ronze C eltic t ankard h oldfast; s ilver o bject. S tone :
s pindle
w horls;
p erforated d isc l oom-weight;
p ebble c ounter; s mall ' marble d ish; w ick r ests; s haped l amp w ithout w ick h ammerstones; P ottery :
p ot
n ative;
b ronze
r ing;
f ine b one
a ntler t ine
t ube h andle; p oints;
b ronze V iking
p in w ith
f emur
h ead
r ing-headed
p in;
P ictish s ymbol s tone
( PB);
p olished
r ude s tone v essels o f v arious s izes; r ough l amps w ith r est; s keuomorph o f R oman l amp; p ossible p ivot s tone;
l ids. t hree s herds R oman S amian.
5 7
Environmental r emains U pper b e o f w ithout c ontext.
f owl;
b oar's
t usk;
b one
f ragments,
i ncluding a ntler;
w hale
v ertebra -all
H uman r emains T he P ost
B r ooch c ists
c ontained
b urnt
b ones
a nd a shes.
S ources H Y 2 2 N E 4 R CAM 1 946, 1 1-3,
n o
1 1
N MAS 1 892 C atalogue A nderson 1 883, 1 99, 2 26, C orcoran 1 952 C urie, J 1 932, D ryden M S ( a) D ryden M S ( b)
2 40-42
3 94-5 ( Missing ( Plan o f
i n N MR) 1 851 a nd
1 866 a nd
D ryden a nd P etrie M S ( a) ( among m aterial o f d rawings o f f inds f rom O xtro) F raser 1 925, 2 3 G rieg L aing
1 940, 1 868,
M acGregor,
1 866)
s hould n ot
b e i n t his
f olio a re
t w , '
p ages
M 1 976
1 890,
7 6-78,
P etrie
1 927,
2 3-24
( a);
R obertson,
8 6-87,
M S
3 ; M S ( 1), 7 3; P SAS 1 876, 8 1 T homas
t hat
1 48-49 6 4
P etrie
P etrie M S
e levation o f
( b),
M S
9 2,
9 3 n o 2 7
9 -10;
( r),
M S
1 3-14;
( c),
M S
4 3-44;
( q)
l oose
M S
( e),
2 4-25,
p aper m arked
2 6?,
( 7)
7 2-73,
2 2;
M S
9 7-104;
( s),
M S
( k),
8
A 1 970,
M S
( a)
1 851 a nd
( This,
l ö6b p lans
4
i ncluding ( Dryden M S
E VES H OWE,
t he
a nnotation,
i s
a c opy b y W G alloway
o f
D ryden's
( b))
D EERNESS ( Evie H owe,
B raebuster)
D erivation o f n ame I t
i s
p ossible
t hat
t he
c ommon n aMe
a lternative n ame, B raebister, d erives l argest f arm i n D eerness ( Marwick 1 952,
o f
t he
s ite
c ontains
r eference
f rom O N b reidi-bölstadr -broad 7 6).
t o
a
p erson.
T he
f arm s ettlement,
t he
Geographical l ocation H I
5 490
s mall,
0 611.
s hallow
s urrounding d efensive
T he
l och.
l and
f eatures
i s
b roch
I t f lat
o ther
l ies
s tands a nd h as
t han
t he
o n o n
l ow g round r ough
m ostly l och
b etween a s andy,
p asture w hich
i s
b een e nclosed a nd
a nd
s heltered
l iable
t o
i mproved.
b each
f looding
T here
a re
n o
a nd b ut
a t he
n atural
s ea.
Excavations e tc T he
s ite
e xcavated
o n
w as known
t o P etrie
t he 2 4th M ay
1 883 a t
t hough C ursiter a m eeting
c laims
d esigned
t o
t hat
i t
w as
d iscovered
a nd
i naugurate a F ield N aturalist
p art C lub
i n O rkney.
S tructures B roch t ower C ursiter b eing
s aid
t o
a nd h is b e
p arty
s atisfied
R oyal C ommission a nd O rdnance a nd 3 m h igh
t hemselves
1 3m i n d iameter -e ither
i n w hich p art
o f
S urvey t he
b y
s ubsequently
o uter wall
t racing
t he
c ircuit
o f
e xternal o r i nternal -w ith w alls f ace
r ecord c ould b e
t he s ite a s
t he
t ower,
t his
3 m
t hick.
T he
a m ound 2 4m i n
d iameter
s een e xposed.
External c onstructions A
c auseway
R oyal C ommission;
a cross T he O S
t he i s
l och w as
conjectured
1 964 t hought
i t
r ecent.
5 8
t o
b e
c ontemporary w ith
t he
b roch
b y
t he
F inds T he
f inds
S tone :
a re
p ossible
f ew a nd w ithout
l amp;
c ontext;
s addle q uern;
o nly
s ocket
t he
s tone;
s ocket
s tone s urvives.
h ammerstone;
' tooled
s tone'.
S ources H Y
5 0 N W
1 4
R CAM
1 946,
N MAS
1 892
2 42 n o 6 24 C atalogue,
C ursiter 1 923, 5 2 P etrie 1 890, 9 3 n o P etrie M S
( j)
,
7 0
1 5
3 5
5
B ROCH O F B URGAR, E VIE ( fig 3 .10)
D erivation o f name B urger
i s
a
f ortification. m ounds
s lt _ht
I t
n ear o r a t
i s
t he
m odification
i nteresting
b each
o f
O N
t hat M arwick
( 1952,
b orgar,
p lural
a ttributes
t his
o f
b org
f orm ' to
-stronghold
t he
p resence
o r
o f
t wo
1 27).
G eographical l ocation M Y
3 519
2 771.
T he b roch i s
( Hisber P oint). T he r o c ky s hore n earby s tream a nd t he h interland a ffords
a c lear v iew a long
s ituated
i s i s
a gainst
t he e roding c oastline
o f
a
p romontory
a ccessible b ut n ot i deal f or k eeping b oats. o f g ood quality a nd h as b een e nclosed. T he
t he c oast
a nd
i s
t he m ain n atural d efensive
T here i s a p romontory
f eature.
Excavations e tc P artially l ater
( when h e
e xplored i s
s aid
b y P eterkin i n
t o
h ave
f ound
1 825 a nd
f urther e xcavated
a t reasure).
T homas
n oted
b y G ordon s ome
t he d imensions
1 5-20 y ears
o f
t he
b roch
a t s ome t ime p rior t o h is p ublication o f 1 852 i n w hich t here i s a r ather f abulous p lan ( pl 1 7). W hen v isited b y t he C ommission i n 1 928 t he r uins w ere c overed o ver b ut s light s urface i ndications
w ere
f ace w as
e xposed
n oted
1 967
M S
i n
( r)
i s
t o
n oted o f o n
t hat
c ells
t he N s ide t here w as
o r g alleries w ithin
f or
c 1 5m a nd
d anger
a f ine w atercolour
r eached
o f m utilation b y
f rom t he
t he
t hi c kness
a h eight c liff
o f
o f
t he w all.
c 2 .8m.
e rosion.
T he O S
T he
T he
o uter
s ubsequently
r eference
t o P etrie
s eaward s ide.
S tructures h roch t ower T he w ith
a
o nly w all
i llustration.
d escription i s p reserved
t hat
T here a ppeared
s eparated b y a d istance o f
o f
T homas
4 .3m h igh. t o
H is
w ho
h im t o h ave
c 2 .1m i n w hich
s ays
t hat
d escription b een t wo
t here w ere
o f
t he
b roch
t he w all
h ad a d iameter
i s
a s
c oncentric w alls, n umerous
o f
e nigmatic
e ach
1 8.3m a s
c 1 .5m t hick
h is a nd
c hambers.
I nternal c onstructions U nintelligible
i nternal
c onstructions
a re
s hown b y T homas.
F inds A ll w ere
t he
f ound
' treasure', a re
f inds
a re w ithout
t ogether h ave
n ot
a nd
u seful c ontext
a re a lmost
b een t raced
e xcept
t hat
c ertainly P ost
a nd w ere
p ossibly
t he
s ilver,
B roch.
T hese
d estroyed;
t he
g old a nd a mber o bjects i tems
c onstitute
b one a rtefacts
a nd
e xtant.
B one and a ntler :
l ong-handled c omb;
p robable
b roken p in.
M etal: p ossible b ronze o bjects; s ilver v ase; s ilver c ombs -o ne s hown t o h ave a r ounded a nd p erforated b a c k; s ilver b u c kles o r f ibulae; s ilver c hains; s ilver p ins; g old a rmillae. O ther a rtefacts: P ottery:
a mber b eads;
s nuff
b ox a nd
p en.
n ative.
5 9
t he
p ottery
le a /v i z / id P l an , o . f a1 ) ( et • ( i z . s t i e a t Bu e r 6 7 , Eri e, Par t z ii l ly . 1 3 :rcav oi e f t l y F ig 3 .10
O rkney B rochs:
5 B urgar,
E vie
m r Cordon ,
( Thomas
1 852,
f r_ Burgh er. p l 1 7)
Environmental r emains N ot n umerous o r,
s trictly,
p hased:
a ntler;
o yster s hell;
b urnt b ones;
H uman r emains T wo i nhumations,
p robably P ost B roch
S ources H Y 3 2 N E 2 7 R CAM 1 946, 7 4 n o 2 61 N MAS N MAS
1 849 s ynopsis, 2 2, 1 892 c atalogue
3 4
T HM c atalogue B ell 1 980 C oughtrey 1 872, p l X III, f ig 1 I rvine M SS 4 , 1 872 ( MS n ote i n N MAS R CAM c opy) P eteekin 1 831 P etrie 1 890, 8 9, 9 3 n o 2 4 P etrie 1 927, 2 3 P etrie M S ( b), 8 ; M S ( c), 4 4; T homas 1 852, 1 22 T homas i n P etrie M S T raill 1 868, 4 29 W ilson 1 851, 4 25
( p)
W ilson 1 8b3,
1 U6-7
v ol 2 ,
M S
( 1), 6 3;
M S ( p);
M S
( r)
l etter a mong c orrespondence)
6 0
o pposite 1 8
b ones a nd a shes.
b
B RUCH O F G URNESS,
E VIE ( Aikerness)
D erivation o f name T he
t wo
e lements
o f
t he m ost
f arm -a nd O N n es -h eadland. e kra-nes -both o f w hich c an
c ommon n ame
A ikerness b e g iven a s
p robably
c ome
r espectively
f rom O N g arar
i s a s light c orruption o f e ither O N ä kra-nes ' the h eadland o f c ultivated f ields ( Marwick
-a
o r O N 1 952,
3 1).
7
K NOWE O F S TENSO,
E VIE
D erivation o f name F rom
O N
t autologous
s teineä n ame
o f
-standing
t he
n earby
s tone
b urn.
O N ä s ubsequently
quite
d ifferent
s econd e lement:
S tanesäkir,
1 26).
F or knowe
s ee a ppendix i ntroduction.
b ecame
R ental n ames
s tream -B urn o f W oo:-
o f
S tanissakir -c ultivated
W oo,
1 492 a nd f ields
h ence
t he
1 500 s how
( Marwick
a
1 952,
Geographical l ocation N Y
3 638
2 675.
T he
b ro t h i s
b etween
o utcrops w ould h ave
e nclosed
a nd s eems
o f
s ituated o n t he e dge
p ermitted
r easonable
t he b eaching
f arming quality.
o f a r ocky
o f
b oats.
A part
c oast,
T he
f rom t he
w here
s andy
s urrounding c oast
l and
t racts h as
b een
t here a re n o n atural
d efences.
Excavations e tc T he
s ite
r emains
a ppears
a s m uch
i n P etrie's
b roken u p
a nd
b oth m ention a v isible g allery. f ind
w as
m ade
d etail w as
a mong
t he
r uins
l ist a nd a lthough
t he C ommission i n
c overed w ith v egetation S lightly e arlier o f
t he
t here m ay
h ave
t han t he C ommission's
o utside w all.
T he s tate o f
1 928
b een
d escribed
l ittle v isit,
c hange h owever,
t he m onument m eant
t he f or a
l ittle
d iscernible.
S tructures B roch t ower F oundation s egment
a nd
c ourses
t hese
T he g allery
o f
i ndicated s een b y
t he w all c ould t he
t otal
b e
t hickness
t he C ommission o n t he
t raced
b y
t o h ave t op o f
t he C ommission f or b een a t
l east
t he m ound w as
E xternal constructions T here a re
s urface
i ndications
o f
e xtensive
b uilding
F inds T he
s ole
f ind
B one a nd a ntler:
i s
u nstratified.
p ointed
t ool o f
s eal
b one
S ources H Y 3 2 N E 1 1 R CAM 1 946, 7 4-75 n o 2 62 P etrie P SAS
1 890,
1 921,
9 3 n o 2 5
2 75
6 1
t o
t he
S .
c 6 .1m o n
3 .6m.
c 0 .3m w ide.
t he
N
8
N ESS O F W OODWICK,
E VIE
D erivation o f n ame T he o f
m odern f orm o f
w ood
o r
d riftwood
t imber
( Marwick
t he n ame
b ay
1 952,
i s
a p art
( ON v id-vik).
t ranslation a nd
T he
' wood
h ere
c an b e g iven a s
i s
p robably
t o
h eadland b e
( ON
N es)
u nderstood
a s
1 27).
Geographical l ocation B Y
4 007
2 486.
The
v iew a cross G airsay o f
s and
a nd
i mmediate
b ro t h l ies
S ound
a nd
r ocky o utcrops
s urrounding
i n t he h interland. r ectangular i nlet o f
a bout
h alf-way
a long a l arge h eadland a nd h as a c ommanding
o ver E ynhallow S ound a nd w ould
l and h as
p resent n o
b een i mproved
The s ite w as W ood W ick l ies
t o R ousay a nd W yre. p roblems
t hough t here
T he
b each
a
b oat.
i n h auling u p i s
s ome
r ough g razing
i s
m ade
u p
A ll
t he
f urther
a way
p robably w ell a ble t o b e d efended. T he b road, c 1 km t o t he S W. T here i s a f reshwater l och c lose
a lmost b y.
Excavations etc S imply
d escribed a s a m ound
o f
c onsiderable
h eight.
S tructures B roch t ower A t t he t ime o f t he C ommission's v isit i n 1 928 t he o uter w all c ould b e t raced f or a bout 6 .1m o n t he N E, s eaward, s ide; i n 1 967 t he O S c ould s ee l ess. A s f ar a s c ould b e j udged, t he i nternal
d iameter w as
7 .6 -9.2m a nd
t he e xternal
1 5.3 -18.3m.
S ources H Y 4 2 S W 9 R CAM 1 946, 7 9 n o 2 64
9
B ROCH O F REDLAND,
FIRTH ( Steeringlo,
S tirlingou)
( fig 3 .11)
D erivation o f name A ccording N orse
c onfused l and
M arwick
w ith O N r jodr -a
( 1952, T he
t his
n ame
i s
p lace
a n e xample
o f
t o S cots.
c learing -a nd
t hat
f aulty
t ranslation a t
I t w ould s eem t hat
t he n ame w as
o riginally
t he
t ime
w hen
O N r audr -red r jod-land
-w as
-cleared
1 26).
d erivation o f
e lement, t he
t o
s peech i n O rkney w as g iving
h owever,
s econd
c omes
m ay
t he a lternative b e
r elated
n ame
f or
t he
s ite
i s
n ot
g iven b y M arwick.
t o O N s oetr -m ountain p asture
f rom O N l yng a nd
r jodr -o r
r ud -a
c learing
f or i n
c attle t he
T he
f irst
i n s ummer -w hile
h eather
( cf
L ingro
( 21)). G eographical l ocation
o f
B Y 3 780 1 715. C irca 1 .5m f rom t he s ea o n a s light e levation i n a p oorly d rained p iece l and w hich m ay o riginally h ave b een a s wamp o r s hallow l och. S ome o f t he s urrounding l and
h as
b een i mproved
b ut
s and
l ocation
d isadvantageous
i s
d istinct
d efensive
o r
t he h interland
I sbister -is
s and
a nd
i s
s hingle i n
m ostly
a nd
r ough
b oats
h aving n o
p asture.
c ould e asily
b uilding
s tone
T he h ave
c lose
n earest
b each
b een h auled t o
h and
b ut
-B ay
u p.
T he
i t
d oes
o f s ite h ave
a dvantages.
E xcavations e tc T he
s ite w as
P etrie
m ade
r obbed
f or
s tone
u nsuccessful t he
s ite
b ank;
t he
i s
e xcavated i n e ither
s ome v ery a nd
a ttempt m arked
t wo
r ough n otes
t he a rea w as
t o m ake
1 856
a nd
l evelled a nd
s ense o f
b y a n e levation,
t aken t ogether g iving
( Fraser)
m easurements t he
s parse
w hich m ay t he
b e
1 858
( other a uthorities)
i n 1 858.
p loughed r ecords
T he e xposed a round
f ive
y ears
p artly n atural,
i mpression o f
6 2
o r
a d itch.
1 874. a fter
b y
F arrer.
s tructures D ryden t his.
w ere
m ade A t
s urrounded b y a w ide
a n
p resent g rassy
t . 92 e . t ri e d
i v c ek -
4 3 24 _/ Ar vi3 /,
v i l 7,h _ . , >P 6e -e . .« V ` 1 ' 4 £
1 / 6 "
A k—
3 . vac,
.171--
_
s .
--
7Z r _
A: 4 . 4 2
-e d - >. -
1
v4
'
7
-. A • L -e _ . . , . . . • -
1 " - • . -,
r v _
We C C _ 94 7-8 , A
— 1
4e / 2 . , G e .e _ c Z
// :
\ \ A 2 76 W e
2 1 0
1 3rough Re dfandfFirt
# 2(?y oeG « , /872 44. 4 0 ,4 4¢* .44 ,
/ 83 '8.
O RKN EY , 3 -s )
F ig 3 .11
Orkney
B rochs:
P etrie
M S
9 R edland,
S teeringlo,
( a))
6 3
2 _1 2 0 -e
F irth
( Dryden a nd
S tructures B ro t h t ower T his
h ad
c ourtyard I t
a n o verall d iameter o f
c 1 3.7m,
t he w all b eing o nly c 2 .74m
t hick
a nd
t he
c 6 .23m a cross. i s
s aid
t hat s ufficient o f
t he w all r emained t o s how t he e ncircling g allery
c
0 .76m
b road b etween a n o uter w all c 1 .07m t hick a nd a n i nner w all c 0 .91m t hick; t his s uggests t hat t he b uilding w as n ot s olid b ased. A s ketch s hows t he p reserved w all h eight t o h ave b een a t o ne
p oint
c 1 .3m o r
A b ulge
c 1 .82m.
i n t he b roch w all w as
s culpted s tone s poken o f
r evetted w ith a r ude f acing;
i ncorporated i n t his w as
t he
b elow.
T he e ntrance w as n ot
l ocated.
I nternal c onstructions N ear t he c entre o f p ertaining
a
t o
t he c ourtyard a w ell w as
t his a nd a ssociated
f eatures
f ound p artly c ut
i s s light,
i nto
t he
r ock.
I nformation
u nclear a nd c ontradictory.
T he w ell a ppears f rom D ryden a nd P etrie's s ketches t o h ave h ad a d iameter o f c0 .76m a nd d epth o f c 0 .91m f rom a n i ndicated p avement l evel. C ontinuing o ne s ide o f t he w ell f rom
t his p avement l evel, h owever, w as o verhanging m asonry c 1 .12m h igh -a s trange t hing t o f ind i n t he c entre o f a c ourtyard. A s econd s ource o f c onfusion i s t hat t he w ell w as a pproached b y a s eries o f s teps c 0 .46m w ide a nd r ising c 0 .51m a bove w hat i s i ndicated a s p avement l evel. A n o rthostat i s s hown a s p art o f t he w ell p rofile w ith w hat a ppears t o b e t he b roch w all s ketched i n b ehind a nd a t r ight a ngles t o i t. T he o rthostat i s c 5 0mm w ide a nd s tood c 0 .81m h igh f rom t he o f
t he
l evel o f
t he p reserved
t op o f
t he s tairs
t o t he w ell a nd c 1 .32m f rom t he
l evel
i ndicated p avement.
External c onstructions M inimal w ork, e xternal
i f
a ny,
w as
c onducted o utside
t he m ain s tructure.
c onstructions a re i ndicated i n p lan i n P etrie a nd D ryden's
h owever b e c ourtyard.
t he
s ame
a s
t hose s hown i n t he w ell p rofile a nd
T he s ite w as s upposed t o b e s urrounded s tones a bout 1 .5m a part b ut o f n o g reat m isinterpretation o f t he r emains. T he O S s urrounded w ith a g rassy b ank 0 .3m h igh; t his h ave i ncorporated s tones, l arge d itch o r ' moat'.
a nd
A t
f irst s ight
s ketches;
t his w as
s aid
t o
t hese b e
a' f ew c ould
i n
t he
b y a a t o utside w hich w as a c ircular r ing o f d imensions. T his i s v ery l ikely t o b e a i n 1 966 r ecord t hat t he s ite, a m ound, i s i s p robably t he r emains o f a r ampart, w hich m ay
t he a rea b etween i t
a nd
t he
c entral m ound w as m istaken f or
a
F inds T he
s piral m arked
s tone
h ad b een r e-used
i n b uttressing
f inds a re w ithout c ontext a nd o nly s ome a re e xtant. s ymbol s tone w as o nly s aid t o h ave b een n ear t he s ite. S tone : a rrow-marked s tone; s piral-marked s tone; s tone o r f igurine; p ecked h andle h ammer. O ther :
l umps
o f
b lue
p igment
I t
i s
s ymbol s tone;
f or t o
t he b e
b roch w all; n oted
v essel;
t hat
a ll t he
q uern f ragment;
o ther P ictish
t ether
o r d ye.
S ources H Y 3 1 N E 1 2 R CAM 1 946, 9 1 n o 3 20; R SM(Q) D ryden l ess F raser
9 8-9 n o 3 45;
9 9 n o 3 46
C atalogue a nd P etrie M S ( a) ( Among m aterial t hat s hould n ot p lan o f t he b roch a nd a p rofile o f t he w ell). 1 927, 5 2-53
P etrie 1 890, 8 4, 8 7, 9 2, 9 3 n o 2 1 P etrie M S ( j), 3 4-39, 4 1, 1 32, 1 24-127 R itchie, J N G 1 969,
1 32 n o 7
6 4
b e
i n t his
f olio a re a f eature-
1 0
C HAPEL K NOWE, FIRTH ( Burness)
D erivation o f name The
c ommonly
d erivation -a nd w as
o f
u sed n ame
i ts
f or
t his
s ite
i mplies
a lternative n ame B urness
p erhaps
o riginally
a s econdary
i s O N b org -fort
e cclesiastical o r
c onnection.
T he
f ortress -O N n es -h eadland
b orgar-nes.
Geographical l ocation H Y a
3 881
1 556.
h eadland
F irth.
T hese
c raft.
T he
b roch s tands
p rojecting a re
b y a b each,
i nto W ide F irth
i ts m ain d efensive a spects
T he s urrounding
l and
i s
f lat
a nd
j ust
( Point o f a nd
a ll o f
a bove h igh w ater m ark,
B adkaquoy)
i t
i t h as
i s
a nd h as
a lso a g ood
o n
a v iew
t he S s ide
a cross
l ocation
f or
a ppear i n P etrie's
l ist
B ay
o f o f
b eaching
b een i mproved.
Excavations etc M arked o riginally
b y O S a s
a c hapel
s ite,
i t d oes n ot
o f
1 890:
C ursiter, a lthough h e h ad n ever s een i t, i ncluded i t i n h is l ist o n t he b asis o f i ts a lternative n ame. T he s ite w as i dentified i n 1 922 when s tones w ere r emoved f rom t he S a nd W quadrants, m ore o r l ess t o g round l evel, f or d yke b uilding. T he b roch w as n ever f ormally e xamined t he
a lthough t here w as
i ntramural
a m inor e xcavation n ear
t he quarrying w hich
r evealed d etails
o f
c ell m entioned b elow.
S tructures B roch t ower F raser 1 928 a nd
s ays
1 934,
c 6 .1m o f s tated t he
t he
i nner w all
a rea t o b e
f ace w as
v isible
c 4 .2m l ong a nd
b ut
t he C ommission,
c 2 .7m h igh.
w ho v isited
i n
T here w as a f acing wall c
U .bm t hick b uilt a gainst w hat t hey d escribe a s t he b roch w all p roper a nd, p rojecting f rom t he l atter, w as a s carcement. L ow d own, a t t he S e nd o f t he w all e xposed, w as t he l intelled e ntrance t o a m ural c ell a nd a bove i t w as a s mall r ecess o r v oid c 0 .8m h igh a nd c 0 .6m w ide. T he
d imensions
c orbelled
r oof
o f a nd
F raser s ays a dded
t hat
t he mural i ts
t he
t here w as
c ell w ere
l ower c ourses
i nternal
1 .75m b y
1 .2m a nd
i ts
i ncorporated
v ertical
f lags.
d iameter w as
a p ronounced
i nward
a bout 9 .2m ;
M arwick
h eight w as
c alculated
c 1 .7m ;
i t
i t
c 6 .1m a nd
t o
b e
h ad
a
b atter.
E xterior c onstructions F raser's
s tatement
t hat
t here w ere
n o v isible
o utworks
m ay
h ave
s tone
s lab
r eferred
d efences.
F inds N one S tone:
o f
t he
f inds a re
s lab w ith
P ottery :
i ncised
f ragments,
s tratified a nd o nly h uman
p robably
f igure
t he
d ecorated
a nd o ther m arks;
p ivot
n ative.
Environmental r emains B oar's
t usks
a re m entioned,
b ut w ithout
c ontext.
S ources M Y 3 1
N E
1
R CAMS 1 946, 9 1-92 n o 3 21, 9 9 n o 3 47, C ursiter 1 923, 5 0 n o 9 , 5 2 F raser M arwick P OAS
1 927, 1 924,
1 923,
9 9 n o 3 49
5 2 2 95-6
F rontispiece
6 5
s tones.
i s
e xtant.
s olely
t o
1 1
I NGSHOWE,
F IRTH ( Ingahowe,
I ngishowe,
I ngi's How)
( fig 3 .12)
D erivation o f n ame T he
f irst
e lement
p robably
r epresent
a f airly c ommon p ersonal
n ame
( v
M arwick
1 952,
1 17).
Geographical l ocation H Y a lmost
3 903 1 277. The b roch, m uch o f w hich h as o n t he t ip o f a p romontory a nd l ooks o ut
b een d estroyed b y m arine e rosion, o ver t he i sland o f D amsay a nd t he
s tands B ay o f
F irth t o W ide F irth. The s ituation h as d efensive a dvantages. T here a re s treams e ither s ide o f t he p romontory a nd a lso c oastline s uitable f or b eaching v essels. A ll o f t he i mmediate h interland h as
b een i mproved.
Excavations e tc T he a nd
w as
h alf
o f
t he
p lanned
s tructure
b y
l eft
P etrie.
b y
t he s ea w as
S ubsequent
t o
i nvestigated b y F arrer s hortly
t hese
a ntiquarian
e xtensively r obbed. E rosion, e xcavation a nd quarrying a nd s carcely r ecognisable c ondition. L ittle h itherto
w as known a bout
u npublished
t his
s ite,
l eft
t he
t he w ritten d escriptions
p lan a nd s ection m ade
b y P etrie a re
o f
d elvings,
m onument
b eing
v ery g reat
t he
b efore
1 866
s ite
w as
i n a v ery m utilated
s cant
a nd
o bscure;
a
a ssistance.
S tructures B roch t ower T he
b roch
t ower,
b uilt
o f
s tones
f rom
t he
f oreshore,
h ad
a n e xternal
d iameter
o f
c 1 8.3m
w ith w alls c 4 .11m t hick a nd a c ourtyard c 1 0.06m a cross. I t w as p reserved t o a m aximum h eight o f c 3 .66m. P etrie s ays t here w ere t races o f c oncentric w alls w ith n arrow s paces i n b etween a nd t hat t he o uter f ace o f t he w all c urved i nwards f rom t he b ase s o m uch t hat h eight o f c 2 .74m t he w all w as c 0 .61m n arrower t han a t t he b ase. T he s ection m akes t hat
t his
F ig 3 .12
b atter
O rkney
i s
o n
B rochs:
t he
o utside;
1
I ngshowe,
t he
i nner f ace
F irth
i s
( Petrie M S
6 6
v ertical.
(0)
a t t he c lear
I t
w as
s aid
t hat,
p reserved. T his i s c 0 .46m w ide, T here
i s
b ecause
i mplies t hat w ith w alling
a n i ndication
t hat
t he w all
s tood
t he b roch w as c 1 .38m t hick
t his
t o
s uch
a h eight,
a s ection
d efinitely
s topped s hort
o f
t he
g uard
c ell
c ourse, b ased a t a l ower l evel i n t he w all). T he i ntramural s taircase, e xisted, w ould h ave h ad t o b egin i n t he w estern h alf o f t he b roch w all. T he
g uard
c ell
s poken o f
t riangular,
b eing
c 2 .53m
t he
T here
i s
w all.
w as
l ong
a g reat
t o
a nd
t he
r ight
o f
t he e ntrance,
c 2 .25m b road.
I t w as
c onfusion i n t he w ritten
t o
s uppose a ny a nd
a bnormality
c 1 .63m l ong.
a nd d otted
A s
t he
l ines
p assage
d otted
i t
T he b ut
i t
e ither f rom
i t
r ose h igher
e ntrance w as
i tself
t he
f aced
p reserved h eight
S W.
T he n ature
c 1 .5m a cross n arrowing
s ide. t he
t han
w as
T he e ntrance
e xterior.
h and w all b eing
t o
F or t he
r ecessed)
t o
o f
o f
c 1 .37m b eyond
t o a w idth o f
a nd
c entrally
t he
e ntrance
t o
w as
o f h ave
s ub-
p laced a nd
i n i ts
t he
b roch e ntrance
r oofed,
w hen
c 1 .U7m
f ound,
h ere c 3 m. T he g uard t o b e c orbelled i n;
a t
a
c ell i tself p resumably,
t he w all.
i ts
c hamber w as
t o
p robably
e xterior
c 1 .02m a fter c 2 .9m ,
t he g uard
i n,
w as,
o ne
l ess
a bout
i ndicate a p assage
i s
o r
( which
t o t he o ne a t H oxa, S outh R onaldsay, s ketch s hows t hat t here i s n o r eason
l esser h eight t han t hat p reserved o f t he w all -w hich w as i s s hown t o s tart c U .61m f rom g round l evel a nd t hen o riginally
t he g allery w as
s upposing
g oing
m ore
r ecords
r elationship t o t he g uard c hamber c aused b y c omparing i t a bout w hich n ext t o n othing f actual i s known. P etrie's b road
o f
s olid b ased. T he g allery s hown i s o n t he E a nd o n t he o utside a nd c 2 .44m t hick o n t he i nside.
s ituated
t he d oor j ambs
i s
u nclear
i n P etrie's
w here d oor j ambs o n
t he
t he
r ight
p lan
p rojected
h and
s ide
p assage w as w idened
c
f rom 1 .22m
( the
l eft
t he
r est
c 1 .07m.
I nternal c onstructions H alf w as
n ot
s ome
o f
v ery
t he
1 .2m w ide
i nterior t he
e nd
i nternal w all,
i nterior h ad
t horoughly
o ne
i mmediately
i nside
w ould h ave had
o f
t he w all a nd
w all
w hich h e
w as
i t
t o
r ecorded.
t o
t he
P etrie's
t ime
t o
t he
e xcavation a nd
I n o rder
l eft
t hrough a p assage o f
f ace
o f
t hat
t o a h eight
o f
c 2 .13m a nd w as
h ave m et
a h eight o f
a t
o f
p lan i ndicates
t he m ain b roch e ntrance.
t urn
t he i nner
p reserved
s upposed
a lready b een d estroyed a t
e xamined o r
t he b roch.
t hat
t here w as
t o g ain a ccess
c 0 .8m w ide
I n
P etrie's
l eft
a w all t o
s ection
c orbelled i n t owards
t he
b etween
t he
t his b roch
c 3 m.
External c onstructions T he h owever, n öt b e
e xterior o f t here
a n e rror s ince t he
l imit
o f
i t
t ower w as
n ot
p encilled i n a bout
a ppears
F arrer's
T he C ommission, t races
t he b roch
i s a l ine
e xtensively
1 .2m f rom t he
i n t he s ection t oo;
i t m ay
i nvestigated. o utside
o f
b e w alling,
O n
t he
P etrie's
b roch w all.
b ut
i t
p lan, T his
c ould a lso
i s
j ust
t renching.
w hen t hey
v isited
i n
1 928,
n oted
t hat
i n a b ank
a djoining
t he b each w ere
o f a s cattered k itchen m idden.
F inds A ll a re w ithout S tone:
w horl;
O ther :
i ron s lag.
c ontext.
s tone w ith p ossibly n atural
p erforation;
' wedge
s haped
s tone'.
Environmental r emains Animal b ones -i ncluding a r ed d eer s keleton -a nd c harcoal; K itchen m idden i s a lso m entioned ( vide s upra).
a ll w ithout u seful c ontext.
Human r emains F ragments
o f
s kulls a nd o ther h uman b ones w ere
S ources H Y 3 1 S E 5 R CAM 1 946, 9 2 n o 3 22 T HM C atalogue A nderson 1 678, 3 16 F raser 1 927, 5 2
6 7
f ound
i n
t he
b roch i nfill.
P etrie
1 89U,
9 2,
9 3 n o 2 0
P etrie 1 927, 2 5 P etrie M S ( b), 1 2;
1 2
M S
( c),
B URRIAN B ROCH,
3 8-39;
M S
( j),
HAR MY ( 1)
5 6-57;
M S
( r)
o pposite
( Rusland, R ussland,
( fig 3 .13,
1 9
B roch o f H array)
p la 3 .2, 3 .3)
D erivation o f n ame d erives
burrian
i s
t he
f rom O N b org in -t he
t ounship a nd d erives
f ort
( appendix i ntroduction).
f rom O N h ross -horse
R usland
o r
R ussland
l and.
Geographical l ocation H Y
2 961
p rojects
i nto
t he
t he
L och
E o f i s
1 834.
T his
t he E s ide
i nland
o f
p romontory h as
l iable
t o
b roch s tands o n
t he L och o f
H array;
b een e nclosed
b ut
t he o uter e nd o f a l ow
t he s iting
t he a rea W o f
h as
d efensive
p romontory p otential.
t he n eighbouring
s hallow
w hich L and
t o
B osquoy
f looding.
Excavations e tc F arrer m entions
i t
e xcavated a s
p art o f
t he s ite i n J uly h is
r ecent
1 866 a nd i n a s ense
p rogramme
o f
w ork,
p resented n othing v ery p eculiar, a nd a dding l ittle i n d rawings P etrie m ade a nd t he C ommission p lan i s n ot
p ublished,
a dditional T he p art
o f
b y P etrie.
m onument
i tself,
e xists
O rkney ( RCAM
r uns
B rochs: 1 946,
E -W a cross
1 2
t he
c entre o f
H array
( 1)
f ig 7 8)
6 8
t hat h e
s hortly
c leared
b ased o n s ketches
i t
t he
s ite.
( Russland)
o f
a fter;
o ut,
t hat
h e i t
b een p reserved d rawn u p, b ut
w hich
c ontained
n oted.
o uter w all
i ncorporating h alf
t he
B urrian,
w as
b een p reviously
n ow i n a r educed s tate;
p ublished i t
e lse. M ost i nformation h as a s implified v ersion o f o ne
h owever,
n ever
t he i nner i s o n t he N E s ide,
A m ore m odern w all
F ig 3 .13
T his
i nformation a nd w hich h ave
s aying
f ace
i s
n o
t he e ntrance
l onger v isible a nd
t he g uard
b ut
c ell.
Structures .ISroch COiier The dimensions of the broch tower are only known from Petrie's sketches. The courtyard was definely c 9.75m across; the most consistent figure for the width of the wall is c 4.76m: The total diameter therefore was c 19.27m. Similarly, the wall is known to have been preserved. to a height of at least c 1.83m because of a dubious internal staircase starting there; but in a perspective drawing by Petrie it is nearer· 3m high. Although Petrie does not have a section he s-tates that the batter, presumably of the outer face of the wall, was c 0.25m in c l.Sm - or l in 6. The entrance faced E and, as drawn by Petrie, was, on the outside c 1.07m wide narrowing to c lm at a set of door jambs. Inside the jambs the passage widened to c l.35m and then c l .45m, both sides being recessed. In 1929 the Commission noted a fallen lintel stone on the outside of the passage; Petrie's pe·rspective sketch gives no indication of lintels having existed on the inside up to a height of c 2m. On the N side of the entrance, c O .Slm in from the door jambs (i e inside them), was a passage c O. 66m wide to a guard cell. This was sub oval, c 2.74m long and c 1.68m wide and the Commission noted a small aumbry in its side. The Commission also observed the possible remains of a second guard cell to the S of the entrance pas·sage. At 5 o'clock a passage c 0.6Ym wide and c 1.83m from the floor contained three rough s-teps which may have been the start of an intramural staircase. It is to be noted that between this and the entrance passage, at a similar height from the ground, a single scarcement stone is shown in Petrie's perspective sketch; the height of this is again similar to the' modal height of the orthos tats around the southern perimeter of the courtyard. lnteraal coastracti.ona The internal features of the courtyard of this broch were comparatively easily understandable.
well
preserved
and
are
More or less central was a hearth; circular, some 2m in diameter and defined by a kerb of flagst.ones on edge. Surrounding this was an area, very approximately 5.Sm in diameter, in which were a number of tanks (at least five) set in the floor - which Farrer described as 'underground cupboards'. A�ound the N part of this hearth and service area was a built wall c U.33m wide and preserved to a height of approximately lm. Whether the S circuit of this service area was as well delimited is not, at first sight, clear from Petrie's sketches. In his perspective, however, the N arc in its western portion changes from being a built wall to being composed of upright flags and inspection of his sketches as well as his drawn up plan indicates that there was a S arc of slabs to correspond to the N arc of walling. The entrance to this service area was in direct line with the broch entrance and of a similar width; the height of the slabs may indicate that this internal division was never more than lm high at any point. The outer limit of the service area was concentric with the inner face of the broch wall and a distance of c 2.2Y - 2.46m from it. In the S circuit this was divided by four orthostats projecting from the wall at 6.30, 8 o'clock, 9.30 and 11 o'clock measuring in height c 1.24m (1.02 + U.23m), c 1.78m, c 1.7m, and c 1.14m respectively. There was only one At 5 orthostat on the N circuit and that just inside the door and only c 0.94m high. o'clock, however, there was the entrance to a intramural staircase c 1.83m above the floor and this and a single scarcement stone nearer the broch entrance indicate a raised floor level at this height - the height of the two longest orthostats in the S circuit. External. conatructi.oas The outside was not thoroughly investigated but simply trenched round. So doing, however, revealed a passage-way round the broch from 4 o'clock to 10 o'clock and c 0.76m U.Ylm from it. The Commission figure does no� make it clear what is on the outside of this passage, or whether it is a passage, but in the text they mention seeing in lY29 a wall face c U.blm high around what would have been the outside of the broch on its S side. Petrie's sketches show what he had marked to be built masonry, which he measured parts of, and in his drawn-up plan it is coded in the same colour as the internal broch furnishings. There can be no reasonable doubt that the broch was surrounding by buildings but that they went unexcavated. A row of boulders across the neck of the peninsula may be an outer defence but it cannot be proved to be contemporary. The finda
Though the finds are generally without context Farrer considered the bronze spear and fragment of iron to be primary. Most of the objects are extant. aad aacler: globular pin-head; large antler fragment; needle; spindle whorl; 'blubber mattock'.
Booe
69
peg;
pointed
sliver;
butt
rubber/polisher
Metal:
bronze spear butt; iron fragment.
Stone: spindle whorls; vessels, lamps or socket stones; hammerstones; pot lids; bar mould; axehead-shaped waterworn stone. Other: Pottery:
polished haematite. native. Envi.roaaental reaaina
A boar's tusk and two pieces of worked antler, all without context. Sources HY 21 NE l9 RCAM 1946, 15 no 14 NMAS 1892 Catalogue Farrer 1868 • 1U3-5 Fraser 1923, 32 MacGregor. M 1976 (2). 179 fig Petrie 189U, 94 no 33 Petrie MS (e). 62-71; MS (s), opposite 8 PSA:i l�bl:S • 3b Stevenson 1955, 292
13
BUB.RIAN BROCH. HAIU(AY (2) (Corrigal) Derivation of a.-
hurrian derives from ON borg-in - the fort (appendix introduction). Marwick considers that the first element of Corrigal may either relate to a person or the name of the adjacent stream (1952, 141-2). The second element comes from ON .s.!!_ - gorge or ravine (ibid). Geographical locaeioa HY 3235 1937. This inland broch stands on the steep batit of Corrigall burn in Corrigall tounship. All of the surrounding land has been enclosed but there is rough pasture to the N, S and E. Further to the N and E there is higher land with access to the Evie coast via Lyde. The burn and ravine would have contributed to the defensive potential of the site. hcavationa etc A large quarry.
mound containing the remains of a broch which has been used extensively
as
a
Structures Broch tower When visited by the Commission in 1929 six courses of drystone walling c 1.4m high and c 2.5m long were exposed on the NW side but. elsewhere, only the foundation courses were The OS in 1966 recorded an inner wall face as being discernible in one or two places. visible on the N side and gave a wall thickness of 4.8m and an overall diameter of 16.7m. External constructions The broch is surrounded for half its circumference at a distance of 12.2m by a deep ditch 10m across. An embatitment 0.8 - 1.7m high lies on the outer lip of the ditch at the W side. The remains of 'outbuildings' were said by the Commission to lie between the broch and the ditch and the OS note that mutilation and disturbance of the ground in the N. w. and E had revealed wall faces of indeterminate structures.
HY 31 NW 33 KCAM 1946, 13 no 12
70
1 4
K NOWE O F B URRIAN,
H ARRAY ( 3)
( Garth.
N etherbrongh)
( fig 3 .14)
D erivation o f name F or
K nowe
a nd B urrian s ee
N etherbrough m eans
a ppendix
' lower b roch
a nd
i s
i ntroduction. t he
G arth derives
f rom O N g arar
-f arm.
t ounship n ame.
Geographical l ocation N Y
3 082
1 680.
T he
b roch
h interland h as b een e nclosed
b ut
i s
i nland
m ust
a t
a nd
o ne
c l km E o f
t ime
h ave
t he L och o f
H array.
b een p oorly d rained.
ENTRANCE
LEVEL O F NATURAL CL AY ' S .AN D PR O BABL E FL O O R OF THE BROC H
Z .
SECT I ON
A -B
C LAY , \ 3 -7
ENT R A NC E S TA IR DoWN
PLAN 0 -P ill
F ig 3 .14
O rkney B rochs: f ig 8 0)
I
2
I
I
1 4
3 i
4
5
t I
B urrian,
6
7
u
I
H array
( 3)
7 1
6
9
1 0 FE ET
I
( Garth)
I
( RCAM
1 946,
M uch
o f
t he
Excavations e tc T his r ecord
p robable
o f
1 923,
m entioning
v isited s ome
b roch s ite
i nvestigation
i n
i t
i n
1 929 b ut
a mateur t o
t his
1 8.5m
i n d iameter.
t he m ound
n o
m asonry
t he
b y
O n
a nd m aking
c alls
t he
s ite
a nd m easuring
w hole
a s
m ound P art
a s
i s
o f
b eing
t he
t he
c learance
o f
I n a s
s ite
o f a nd
s eem t o
a s teeply
i t
f it
N etherbrough.
r ising o f
c 4 0m.
a lmost
o f
t he
a s econd
t urf f lat
I n t he
r eported
v isit
t hat
' terraces
t op o f
t o a nd
i n
1 936.
c 5 m h igh
t he m ound
i n
s hortly a fter
p lace
f ollowing
v isited
a ctual
F raser,
T he C ommission
m ade
t ook
c overed m ound
w as
b y
a nd
t he
a h ollow
J
c
c urve b ut
R ichardson,
i s d rawn o n f or i nformation b y t he i n t hat w hile t he C ommission d escribes
c 1 .5m h igh o n a n atural t he
T here i s n o a lthough
u nexplored.
f armer,
t wo
t he r esulting f ile s lightly c onfusing
c 4 3m N -S
h illock
o ther a uthority g ives
o f
t he
r otten
r ock
i mpression
c
3 m
t hat
t he
t he C ommission d escribe
t his
c onnected w ith a b roch s tructure. c onsisted
n atural m ound
t he i nterior
d oes
a r esult
e xcavation w as
b uildings
e xcavations
f ar a s
a s
d iameter o f
T he
c 4 5m E -W a nd
t he
e xplored. t he
r emains
a rtificial
i nto
a s
t he W s ide w ere e vidences a t otal
a s
t wentieth c entury
i t a b roch w hich i s
e ntry w as
I nspector o f A ncient M onuments; O rdnance S urvey. T he a ccounts a re t he
l ist
e arly
s on o f M r P F lett,
a ppeared
v isible.
h igh
i n P etrie's
n ineteenth o r
I nventory
t he m onument
w as
a ppears t he
p assing,
e xcavations
P rior o f
i n
o f i s
' as
t he
o f
a t rench
w ell a s
b uilding
p ossible
f rom t he E :
t hrough t he w all
i mmediately
a bove'.
r evealed a s ubterranean c hamber
t o p ass
a ny j udgement
b est w ith d escriptions
o f
t he
w hich
t he C ommission's
f eatures
P artial w as
a lso
o verall v iew o f
f ound.
S tructures B roch t ower T he s ay
C ommission s tate
t hat
a nd
i ts
t hat
i nner f ace,
o n p lan i t
t hat
t he
w here
t ook
t he
t hi c kness
e xposed f orm o f
b y
o f
t he w all c ould n ot
t he E t rench,
a s emicircle
( E b eing
a bout 9 .75m. A t o ne p lace t he i nterior i s s aid t o h ave 0 .61m t hick. W hile t he O rdnance S urvey's f igures o f t he h igh b efore e xcavation a nd c 3 .05m a fter a re b ewildering, l evel
m entioned
b elow,
t heir s tated d iameter o f
b e e stimated
s tood c 0 .9m a bove
b ut
t hey
t he f loor
t he c entre) w ith a
d iameter
and w alls
o f
b een c ontracted b y a f acing w all c s tructure, o r m ound, b eing c 5 .18m w hen t aken t ogether w ith t he f loor
t he f eature,
c 1 8.29m,
t hough n o d oubt
a pproximate f igure s hould n ot b e o verlooked. There i s l ittle d oubt t hat t he s tructure c ircular, h ad a n e xternal d iameter o f v ery r oughly 1 8.3m, a n i nternal c ourtyard s ome a cross
d o
l evel
a n
w as 8 .5m
a pproximately 5 m t hick.
I nternal c onstructions The
C ommission r ecord
d eposits b een a t I n
o f t he
b ase o f
t he o f
d iscovered
b oth a uthorities
a nd
U .4m h igh a nd
g radually s ide o f
a sh a nd
t he W h alf
t here w as b y
p eat,
o f
e ight
d eposits
t he
a s
i nterior,
r ock
c ut
i t
a nd
i ts
c an i nfer l evel
l ined
o f
i s
t he
t he
b ase.
o f
T he
c 1 .83m w ide
i n i t
w ere
n ot
e ight o r n ine
c hamber, a nd
o r
f loor a nd
f or a d istance o f
t hrough w hich
f loor w hich i s
r ested o n,
c lose
t reads i t
i s
t o
w here, w hich
h ave
t he n atural.
f eature
w hich h ad a c orbelled
c 4 m h igh;
t o,
i s
T he e ntrance w as c 1 .1m
s howed
s aid
c 0 .36m i nto t he
T he w hole
r oughly w ith m asonry.
t o a s tair
c 3 .2m l ong,
a ccumulated
t he
l intelled
g ave w ay t o
u nder
T his
t o a s ubterranean c hamber.
t he p assage w as
i n p lan a nd
b urning.
s tructure a nd w hich w e
c hamber a lmost
t hat h ad
d uring e xcavation a f loor h ad b een d ug r eddened b y
t he e ntrance
i n h eight,
t he
t hat c lay
n atural
d escribed
c 0 .6m w ide
h aving
g ained
f ollowed d own r oof,
w as
d escribed a s w et
t he
f igure a nd
t he
c leared.
F inds The
f ew
i nterior'. S tone:
f inds
O nly
s ymbol
t he
a re w ithout
s atisfactory
c ontext
l atter s urvives.
s tone; quern;
' implements'.
Sources H Y 3 1 N W 2 R CAM 1 946, 1 7
-18 n o 2 1
M P I 3W 2 3640/1A C urie,
C L 1 940,
F raser
1 923,
6 6
3 2
7 2
t hough
t he s ymbol
s tone
w as
' in
t he
P etrie 1 890, 9 3 n o 3 0
1 5
N ETLATER,
R ARRAY ( Manse o f R array)
( fig 3 .15,
p ls
3 .4, 3 .5)
D erivation o f n ame K nown c hanges i n t he n ame o f
t he s ite i nclude N outland,
N oltland,
N oltclet,
N otclett,
N etclet, N ettleter ( Marwick 1 952, 1 43), N ettletar, a nd N etlater. T he e arlier f orms d erive f rom O N n aut a l and -cattle l and -b ut t he s econd e lement o f t he l ater f orms i s c learly O N k lettr
-a
r ock
( or t he p lural k lettar)
s ite a nd n o s uggestion c an b e o ffered c omes
( ibid).
T here a re n o n oticeable o utcrops
f or t he s ubstitution.
T he M anse o f
H array
n ear
n ame
t he
s imply
f rom t he a djacent h ouse.
G eographical l ocation H Y s hort
3 232
1 741.
d istance
T his
f rom t he
i nland b roch l ies p resent c ourse o f
b etween B imbister a nd B rough t ounships a t a v ery t he B urn o f N ettleton ( the b urn
a rtificially a t t his p oint). T he s urrounding a re p atches o f r ough g razing n ot f ar a way.
i s
s traightened
l and h as b een e nclosed a nd i mproved b ut
t here
Excavations e tc T he p revious t ook w as
s ite w as i ntensively e xcavated b y t he R ev D r T raill, M inister o f t he p arish i n o r t o 1 865. P etrie's p lans a nd n otes w ere m ade i n t hat y ear a nd t he f ollowing; D ryden
a dditional m easurements i n 1 866 a nd d rew u p p lans. I t i s t o b e n oted t hat e xcavation w ell u nder w ay b efore P etrie v isited t he s ite a nd t he p ublication h e p roduced c ontains
p lans w hich a re r ather s martened u p a nd i nclude d etails o f t hings h e o ccurrence w as n oted b y D ryden o n t he c opies h e m ade o f P etrie's p lans.
n ever
s aw.
T his
N ot l ong a fter t he e xcavation t he s ite w as r obbed f or s tone f or t he G lebe d ykes a nd b y 1 920s o nly h alf t he w all r emained a nd m ost o f t he f eatures w ere n o l onger v isible. T he
t he
O SFI o n h is v isit o f 1 966 r ecorded t hat o nly t he W a rc o f w all c ould b e s een, p art o f a m ural c ell ( the W o ne) a nd t he c hoked w ell; a ll i nternal a nd e xternal w alling h ad d isappeared.
S tructures B roch t ower T his
h ad
a n
o verall
d iameter o f
c 1 7.37m,
t he w alls
b eing c
3 .66m
t hick
a nd
t he
c ourtyard c 1 0.06m a cross. T he m aximum p reserved h eight o f t he w all w as s aid t o b e c 1 .98m i n t he W a rc a lthough t he e levations q uite c learly i ndicate t he m easurement t o b e a round 2 .6m.
o uter t hen,
T he e ntrance w as t o t he E a nd t here w ere n o g uard c hambers a ssociated w ith i t. T he e nd o f t he d oorway w as c 0 .84m w ide; c 1 .83m i n w ere t wo d oor j ambs c 1 .22m h igh a nd f or t he r emaining c 1 .83m, t he e ntrance w as c 1 .22m w ide. N o b ar h oles a re s hown i n
t he e levations. T hree s econd a t
c ells
a re s aid t o h ave b een f ound
1 1 o 'clock,
a nd t he
i n t he w all o f
t hird a t 3 o 'cloäk.
t he b roch;
T he f irst m entioned o f
o ne a t 8 o 'clock, t hese w as
b efore P etrie s aw t he s ite a nd i ts p ublished s hape a nd d imensions a re i nvented. I n h itherto u npublished e levations t he d emolished w all a t t his p oint h as b een r epresented c omplete a nd, a s t he l ower h alf i s m asked b y i nternal f urnishings, t hat t he e ntrance t o t he p ossible s ide c ell w as a t g round l evel a s,
a
d estroyed t he a s
i t i s a f air a ssumption o therwise, P etrie ( and
D ryden) w ould h ave b een f orced t o c onfect a n a perture i n t he e levation. T his e ntrance, i f n ot s ide c ell, i s i mportant a s i t g ave a ccess t o a n i ntramural s taircase c 0 .91m w ide, w hich w ent c lockwise, a nd o f w hich t here w ere 1 9 t reads t o t he s tart o f a p ossible i ntramural g allery. T he h eight o f t his i s u nknown b ut, p resumably, i t w as j ust a bove t he r oof o f t he i ntramural c ell a t 1 1 o 'clock w hich i s r epresented a s c 1 .83m h igh. T he l ast n amed c ell w as e ntered f rom t he c ourtyard a t g round l evel b y a p assage c 0 .81m h igh a nd c 0 .64m w ide ; t he c ell w as o val, c 3 .66m l ong a nd c 1 .83m w ide. T he p lan o f t he c ell a t 3 o 'clock w as s imilar, a s w as i ts e ntrance, w hich w as c 0 .81m h igh.
7 3
T he t he w all
b roch w as
t hen s olid-based w ith i ntramural
t o a p reserved h eight o f
c 2 .6m b ut
c ells;
t he e levations
s how t he i nside o f
t here i s n o i ndication o f a s carcement v isible.
I nternal c onstructions W ithin t he c ourtyard w ere ' fragments o f w alls a nd s tones s et o n e dge d ismissed a s s econdary; n o e vidence w as p ut f orward i n s upport o f t his i nternal
f urnishings a re,
g iven a l ittle l icence,
r eadily u nderstandable.
b ut t hese a ssertion. B asically,
w ere T he t he
i nterior i s d ivided i nto t wo a partments, a ccess t o b oth o f w hich i s g iven b y a s hort c orridor c ontinuing i n t he l ine o f t he b roch e ntrance. T he c orridor i s d efined o n t he r ight h and s ide b y f lagstones o n e dge a nd o n t he l eft b y a p erforated f lagstone a nd t hen a s ection o f l aid m asonry c 0 .84m w ide.
I t w ill
b y a n e ntry a t t he e nd o f a rea o ther t han a ccess t o
b e s een f rom t he p lan t hat a ccess
t o
t he s maller a partment w as
t he c orridor a nd t o t he r ight; n o f eatures a re i ndicated i n t his t he i ntramural c ell a t 3 o 'clock. T he c orridor i tself c ontinues
i nto t he l arger a partment w hich t akes u p t wo t hirds o f t he c ourtyard. A part f rom a ccess t o t he s ide c ell a t 1 1 o 'clock a nd t he i ntramural s taircase a n umber o f o ther f eatures a re r epresented. T he d ivision b etween i t a nd t he s maller a partment h as o rthostats p rojecting a t r ight a ngles d ividing i t i nto b ays, a nd n earest t he w all i s a t riangular d ivision w ith a d oorway w hich i s r eminiscent o f b ox b eds f ound i n o ther b rochs. A nother p iece o f b uilt-in f urnishing i s a r ecess i n t he b uilt w all s eparating t his a partment f rom t he c orridor w hich P etrie i llustrated a nd w hich l ooks l ike a b ench. I n t his a partment t oo a s ubterranean p assage l ed t o a s hort f light o f f ive s teps o ver a r ock-cut w ell w hich w as s quare, l ined w ith f lags, o nly c l m d eep a nd, i n t otal, c 2 .74m b elow g round l evel.
1
1
t
-
.
-
, • _ , , L _ . : _: /7 ‹ , -; _ -: _ _, _ r '•. -e . ; ; 2 .7" .
---„ -------
J . , eee e m k. _ -, . -, , . _
F ig 3 .15
O rkney
8 rochs:
H array ( Petrie
1 5 N etiater, 1 890,
M anse o f H array,
f igs 7 -9)
7 4
T he
h eight
e levations. 1 .48m h igh a partment
o f
T he b ut
a nd
t he
t wo a partments
t he
i nternal
f urnishings
i s
g iven
b y
t he
p reviously
b est p reserved i s t he h oled o rthostat j ust w ithin t he e ntrance; a s tone a gainst i t w as c 0 .3m h igher s till. T he w all b etween c orridor w as
o nly
s urvived
p reserved
t o
h alf
o f
t o a h eight
o f
c 0 .91m a nd
t he
u npublished t his w as c t he l arger
p artition b etween
t he
t his.
External constructions A t he
r ough s tone w all c 0 .91m t hick
e levations
s everal
p oints
s how t he h eight b ut P etrie's
B etween t his w all a nd
o f
t he
o f
w here a re
b roch e ntrance, a ccess
t he
b roch a t a d istance o f
b een c 1 .5m.
p icked
c 0 .91m f rom i t; t his wall u p
a t
s chematic.
o n i ts
c 0 .56m w ide
T raill
n orth s ide,
a nd
t here w as a c ompartment
c
c 0 .76m h igh.
I t i s s aid t hat a n umber o f ' cells w ere f ound o n t he E s ide o f t he b roch b ut, a part t he o ne a lluded t o, t he o nly o ne i llustrated w as s upposed t o h ave b een r oughly o val, c
1 0.06m
b y
c 7 m,
w ith w alls
s een b y P etrie, t his
t o h ave
i ndications
0 .91m i n d epth w ith a l intelled
f rom
s urrounded
t his
e xcept a s
b uilding w ere,
w hich a re
r epresented a s
b roken-through w alls,
s upposedly,
s tanding
a nd
i ts
c 1 .22m h igh.
p lan i s
i nvented;
w as
n ever
a ssociated
T his
w ith
a w ell a nd a c onduit.
F inds The w ere
f inds
w ere u nstratified
P etrie,
l ong-handled
p erforated c etacean o bjects; M etal:
t wo m ediaeval
S tone:
t hat
N one
o f
t he
t he
t wo c overed u rns
o bjects
c ontaining
s urvive b ut m any w ere
c remated
b one
i llustrated
b y
D ryden a nd L aing.
B one and a ntler :
( two
e xcept
p robably s econdary i nsertions.
p ossible
c omb;
d ecorated
s ocketed h andle;
p ossible
c etacean v ertebral d isc w ith e nlarged c entral
b ronze a nnular b rooches;
p erforated
d isc
p robable
l oom-weight;
b ronze
' vessels';
d ecorated h andle; p erforation.
b racelet.
h andled
l amp;
' querns";
p ot
l ids
t riangular o nes P B).
P ottery :
t wo u rns
( Pb);
o ne
n ative
s herd.
Environmental r emains U nstratified a ntler
f ragments
Human r emains
w as
T he t wo c overed u rns c ontained c remated f ound o n o r c lose t o t he b roch f loor.
b one a nd
a re
p robably
i nserted
b urials.
A s kull
S ources H Y
3 1
N W 3 8
R CAM 1 946, 1 3-15 n o R SM(Q) C atalogue T HM c atalogue A nderson 1 883, D ryden M S
( b)
1 3
1 99 ( three
p lans
a nd
s ections)
D ryden a nd P etrie M S ( a) ( among m aterial o f f inds c opied f rom P etrie M S ( e)) F raser L aing P etrie
1 923,
s hould n ot
b e
i n
t his
f olio a re
t wo
p ages
3 2
1 868 1 890,
P etrie M S ( k),
t hat
7 8-81,
( d),
4 -9;
1 00;
M S ( 1),
8 8, M S 8 2;
9 2,
9 4 n o 3 4
( e), M S
( q),
3 0,
5 6-61,
l oose
8 4-97;
p apers
7 5
M S
m arked
( g), ( 7),
1 3;
M S
( j),
6 a nd 7 ( 5);
4 4-53, M S
( s),
1 28-129; 5
M S
1 6
L OCH O F A YRE,
S T MARY'S, H OLM ( Ayre)
( pl 3 .6)
D erivation o f name A yre d erives f rom O N e yrr -s and o r g ravel b ank, s hoal, s pit, g ravelly b each e tc; i n O rkney t he t erm i s u sually a pplied t o a n arrow s trip o f b each b etween a s alt-water l agoon a nd t he
o pen s ea
( Marwick
1 952,
7 6).
.Geographical l ocation H Y
4 702
0 136.
T he
b roch s tands
o n t he
a nd t he N e nd o f t he l och t o t he o ther; T he s urrounding a rea i s m ainly f lat a nd p osition h as
d efensive
a dvantages
a nd
l ow g round o f
a n a yre w ith
t he
s ea
t o o ne
s ide
t he l och a nd s ea m ay h ave b een c onnected a t o ne t ime. i s a m ixture o f r ough g razing a nd i mproved l and. T he
t here
i s
s heltered
b eaching
f or c raft.
Excavations e tc
w as
E xcavations w ere s tarted
i n 1 901
a
c
m ound
d escribed
a mateurishly,
b ut
a s
r esulted
a nd
r esumed
6 0m l ong a nd
i n
t he
c
b roch
i n 1 909 b y G raeme.
P rior
4 5m
w as
a cross.
i nterior
o utbuildings a round i t b eing d ug t o a l imited e xtend. m ost o f t he m asonry w as s till v isible.
T his
b eing
c ompletely
W hen v isited
b y
t o
t his
t he
t renched, c leared
s ite
r ather a nd
t he
t he C ommission i n
1 929
S tructures B roch t ower T his
h ad
d iameter
c
O utside,
a n o verall d iameter o f 9 .2m.
o n t he
A t
S W,
o f
n ot
f ar
r emoved
I n
t he
T he
i nside
f rom t he
T here a re
c hamber. i tself w as
a lso
r ight
m asonry
t o
t he E ,
t hese
i t w as
e xterior,
c hecks
h and
c 1 8m;
p reserved
o f
c 0 .3m t hick w as
t he w all w as 4 .3m a nd n oted
w as U .9m w ide a t 1 .4m w ide.
w ere a s ocket
m entioned
s ide
t he w idth o f
t he w all w as c 1 .5m h igh a nd a t
f or a n
s tone,
p aved
a nd
t he
A t 9 o 'clock
t here w as
p eculiarly,
t he
t he
t hree
s labs
t he
t his
o n t he
0 .75.
b roch w all.
s et o f l eft,
i nternal
1 .1m a t
d oor j ambs, a nd
b olt
t he
f irst
w hich w ere
h oles
a t
e ither
i nner d oor.
t he e ntrance,
r ound a rch a bout U .25m i n
o n
t he
i ts w orst c
t he o uter e nd a nd
W ith
b etween
t he d oors,
T he e ntrance t o t his w as r aised c 0 .3m a bove r homboidal i n s hape, m easuring 1 .5m b y 1 .2m. e ntrance w as
i nverted
b ut,
w hich w as
d oor j ambs;
s ide.
b est
a c asing o f
T he e ntrance, s et
i ts
c overed
t he
w as
f loor
a d rain b uilt
t he a ccess
l evel,
o f
s tone
a nd
i n
t o a t he
t he
g uard
c hamber
s hape
o f
a n
d iameter.
e ntrance
s teps
t o a s tairway
s urviving
l ead
a t
g round
d own b elow
l evel.
T his
f loor
l evel
t he
w as
c0 .8m w ide
o f
t he
b roch,
t erminating i n a c avity r oofed b y o verlapping s tones. T he t hree s teps w ere e ach 0 .25m d eep m eaning t hat t he c avity w ould m ostly h ave b een i n t he w all a nd m ay h ave s imply b een a p eculiar m ural
c ell.
I nternal c onstructions T here o f
t hese
w ere
a re
a n umber
r epresented
t he
b roch w all w as
h and
s ide A t
o f
b uilt
t he e ntrance
1 2 o 'clock
r oofed w ith a f lat
o f o n
o ver
i s
h ad
i n t he
p ublished t he
( going
w as w hat s lab,
d ivisions t he
b eginning
o f
I t t he
f ormed o f
i s
u pright
p articularly
p artition w hich
t o
f lagstones b e
n oted
e xtended
a nd
t hat
s ome
p art
o f
f rom
t he
r ight
r oughly 0 .6m s quare,
w as
p artly
i n).
d escribed
t wo
i nterior
p lan.
s teps
a s
a w ell.
l eading d own
I t w as t o
i t,
a nd w as
f ull
o f
w ater.
External c onstructions T he e xternal a
p ath
p assages t here w as
c onstructions w ere
c 1 .2m w ide a round l ed o ff, a t
i n o ne
l east
o ne
p arts
c ase
a umbry
o f
f ragmentary
a nd n ot
t he
o f
o utside
o ver a t hreshold
t he
s tone.
s eriously b roch.
l ooked
F rom t his
O ther w alls
a t.
T he
w hat
s hown a re
p lan s hows
w ere
c alled
c urvilinear a nd
n oted.
Finds S ome
f inds
f ew o bjects w ere
h ave n ot
b een t raced,
f rom c learly
t hough
s everal a re i llustrated
s tratified c ontexts.
7 6
i n t he
s ite
r eport.
A
B one a nd a ntler :
p erforated m ounts
( 2 B ;
1 P B);
p egs
f or m ounts;
l ong-handled
c ylindrical s ocketed h andles; n eedle w ith p erforation a t o ne e nd ( PB); m odified h eads ( some P B); p in w ith d ecorative h ead a nd h ipped s hank; p ointed
i mplements;
p ossible
b obbin;
M etal:
p ossible
r ubbing a nd
p olishing
p arallelepiped d ice
i ron s pearhead;
b ronze p in;
( 1
i mplements
B );
( PB);
p in
s tones
( some
B ;
1 P B);
( 1
B );
w hale v ertebra v essel
( B);
t oggle.
s mall b ronze
i ron a xehead
( 1
c ombs
p ins w ith s carcely g lobular p in h eads;
r ing
( PB);
i ron s pike o r s pearhead
i n g lobular p in-head
a bove;
( B?);
m iscellaneous
s ocketed f ragments
i ron. S tone:
w horls;
' wedge-shaped O ther:
v essel; s tone;
P umice;
P ottery :
p ivot
c onglomerate a t
l arge
B );
r otary querns;
s addle quern;
p ossible m ortars;
w aterworn p ebbles.
amount
o f
b roch f loor
n ative w are
l evel
( some
B ,
c ontaining
s ome P B),
b urnt
s ome
c lay,
d ecorated;
p ottery a nd m ediaeval
i ron.
s herd.
Environmental r emains S ome P eriod
r emains
a re s aid s pecifically
t here w ere
i ndications
c harcoal w hich s ignified o f o x, s heep, l impets, r ed
d eer,
d iver,
h orse,
g ull,
a nimals w ere
m ostly
o x,
t o h ave s heep,
c ome
s eal,
s hag,
s callop,
s hearwater,
f rom i mmature
f rom p haseable
p ig,
t he b urning o f t wigs. w inkles a nd p eat a sh.
w hale,
s wan,
o f
a nd
c ontexts.
F or
s mall c ylindrical
t he
B roch
p ieces
o f
F or t he P ost B roch P eriod t here w ere r emains O ther r emains f rom t he s ite i nclude t hose o f
o yster, a nd
c rab,
c ockle,
g reat
g annet,
a uk.
I t
i s
c ormorant,
n oted
t hat
g reat
n orthern
t he b ones
o f
t he
i ndividuals.
Human r emains B ones
r ecovered w ere
f rom a t
l east
t hree
i ndividuals.
S ources H Y 4 0
S E b
k UAM 1 94b, N MAS
L oan
1 02-3 n o 3 6U r egister
C aulfield 1 978, 1 31 C larke 1 970, 2 30 C ursiter G raeme
1 923,
1 914,
S tevenson Y oung
5 0 n o 4 ,
1 955,
1 953,
5 2
3 1-51 2 92
9 4
1 7
K NOWE O F D ISHERO,
R ENDALL ( Discrow,
D isherow)
D erivation o f n ame T he d ysjar
f irst s ince
e lement
o f
t here a re
t he
n ame
i s
O N d ys
s everal m ounds
i n
-m ound,
t he
c airn o r g rave -possibly
v icinity.
T he
s econd e lement
i n t he
m ay
p lural
c ome
f rom
e ither O N ä -stream -o r O N k rö p en o r c attlefold.
G eographical location N Y 4 25b 1 998. o verlooking a r ocky
T he b roch i s s ituated b each w ith a v iew a cross
A ll
l and
t he s urrounding
h as
o n t he R endall c oast, i n G orseness t ounship, t o G airsay a nd S hapinsay a nd d own W ide F irth.
b een i mproved.
B eaching w ould b e
p ossible
b ut
w ould
1 890 b ut
i s
i n
i s d escribed
a s
b e
b etter
f urther S . Excavations e tc T his n otebooks p rojecting i ndicates
b roch ( MS
d oes
( 1),
t hrough t hat
n ot
7 1), i t
a ppear w ith
f eature
i n P etrie's
1 860,
a nd h aving a t rench o r
s ome d igging w as
t here w ere d iagnostic
t o
t he d ate
f eatures
d one p rior
s howing
t o
o f
t he m ound
f osse
a round
1 927.
w hich w ould n ot
7 7
l ist
w here
i t.
A
d onation
o ne t o
W hen t he C ommission v isited h ave
o f
h aving
b een m issed b y P etrie.
h is
s tones
t he
N MAS
i n
1 928
S tructures B roch t ower I n
1 928
p art
i ncorporating o r g allery.
o f
t he i nner w all
a b locked u p T he
i nternal
o pening
f ace 6 .0m l ong
a nd
o ver 0 .8m w ide w hich
d iameter w as
e stimated a t
c 1 .4m h igh w as
v isible
p robably g ave a ccess
o n
t he
t o a m ural
W
c ell
c 9 .1m.
External constructions T o
t he E w ere s een s light
t races
o f
a n e nclosing w all w ith a w ide
d itch b eyond
i t.
Finds T he S tone :
s ole
f ind s urvives
s hale
a rmlet
b ut
i s w ithout
c ontext.
f ragment.
S ources H Y 4 1 N W R CAM 1 946, R SM(Q)
P etrie M S P SAS
1 8
7 9 n o 2 65
C atalogue ( 1),
1 927,
7 1
2 62
D INGY'S H OWE,
S T A NDREWS ( Dingies H owe,
D ingishove;
P etrie g ives p arish a s D eerness)
D erivation o f n ame T he o f
f irst
a ssembly,
e lement
m eeting
i s
p robably a p ersonal
p lace,
n ame
b ut m ay
b e
a c orruption
o f
O N
t ing
= p oint
p arliament.
G eographical l ocation H Y t o
5 476
0 330.
t he M ainland.
l ead
t o
t he
T he
b roch s tands
T idal
s and
o pen s ea o n t he
t he t a nd W w ith d unes
i n
f lats
S .
t he
o n a n i sthmus
c onnecting
( St P eter's P ool)
T here a re g ood
l ie
t o
t he
f ertile D eerness
t he N ,
s hingle,
b eaching f acilities.
i mmediate v icinity.
T he l ocation h as
I mproved s trategic
p eninsula
r ock
a nd
l and
l ies
s and t o
p otential.
Excavations e tc T he
s ite w as
e xcavated
b y
F arrer a t
s ome
t ime
b y P etrie a lthough n o i llustration o f i t h as b een r easonably l arge-scale f or i t i s r ecorded t hat t o w ere
t he w hole
t he
f ound, T he
r ecent
o f
a ction o f
t hat
p art
a s trong
( Petrie M S
s ite a ppears
o f
t he
s andy knoll
f ire a nd
p rior
t o
1 878 a nd w as
b een t raced. F arrer's t hat h e d ug b eneath t he o n w hich
i t
h ad
c onsiderable quantities
o f
p lanned,
e xcavations f oundations
b een b uilt b urnt
h ad
b ones
a pparently, m ust a nd
h ave f ound
b een s ubjected
o f
l arge
a nimals
4 4).
( c),
n ow a s a l arge
d isturbances w hich h ave
t urf-grown m ound
e xposed
s tonework
a bout 7 .6m i n h eight.
T here h ave
b een
a nd m idden.
S tructures B roch t ower N othing 1 7.37m;
i s known a bout
t he w all
t he b roch e xcept
t hickness w as
c 3 .66m;
a nd
f or t he
i ts d imensions. c ourtyard w as
I ts
o verall d iameter w as
c
c 1 0.06m a cross.
F inds N one o f
t he
o bjects
n ot
b een t raced.
o r,
a lternatively,
B one a nd a ntler : S tone:
p art
h ave u seful c ontexts
T he s herd
c ould h ave
t ine
c ome
p olished a t
p erforated
a nd
t he
h ammerstones
a nd
o f G rooved W are m ay h ave b een i ntroduced f rom
t he d eposit
e xplored
t o
b elow t he
s upposed
a xeheads
b roch
f oundations.
t ip.
p ebble w hetstone;
h ammerstones,
7 8
a xehead
h ave
t he m useum c ollection
s haped w aterworn s tones.
P ottery:
o ne
f ragment N eolithiC G rooved W are;
a l arge
n umber
o f
n ative
o f
b urnt
s herds.
Environmental r emains A n w ere
u nstratified d eer m etatarsal
s aid
t o
b e
b eneath
s urvives
b ut quantities
t he b roch f oundations.
K itchen
b ones
m idden
w as
o f
l arge a nimals
o bserved
b y
t he
C ommission.
S ources N Y 5 0 S W 7 R CAM 1 946, 2 42-3 n o 6 25 H M ' 8 C atalogue N MAS 1 892 C atalogue ' NM C atalogue A nderson 1 878,
3 16
P etrie 1 890, 8 8, 9 3 n o P etrie M S ( c), 4 4 P SAS
1 892,
S tevenson
1 4
2 30 1 946
1 9
R OUND H OWE,
S T A NDREW'S ( Howe o f L angäkaill)
( pls 3 .7,
3 .8)
D erivation o f name T he f rom O N
c ommon n ame m ust r elate t o t he s hape o f t he m ound w hile t he a lternative l angi-skali -long h all, a b uilding w hich m ust h ave b een n earby.
i s
d erived
G eographical location H Y D eer
5 078
S ound
o utcrops.
0 593.
T he
i nlet, T here
b roch
l ies
c 1 .5km i nland
a c oastline w ith a m ixture
i s
a s tream n ear
t he
s ite a nd
o f
i n T oab s andy
t he
b ut
b ays,
w ith a ccess s and a nd
h interland h as
a ll
t o
t he
s heltered
s hingle,
a nd
r ocky
b een e nclosed.
Excavations e tc The
r ecords
e xcavating
t his
u ncovered h as
w hen d rawing
b een m ade
s eems
t o
t hat
b e
s urvive
s ite a nd
s uffice
t hat P etrie
t hem.
N o
s how i t
r eport w as
t o u nderstand w hat w as
t hat
t o
f ound
t hat
v ery
F arrer m ade
d ifficult
p ublished
f ound.
I t
e ither t he e nigmatic b roch-like
i s
a t
t he
a n
t o m ake t ime
a bortive s ense
a nd
n o
d ifficult
t o
b e
s tructure w as
a )
s itting
o f
a ttempt t he
s ubsequent
c ertain b ut
a t
r emains a ttempt
t he
p roblem
o n a m ound,
n atural
o r n ot c 4 .27m h igh o r b ) o nly t he u pper c 0 .8m o f a s tructure c 5 .05m h igh w as r evealed. w as n ot u ncharacteristic o f F arrer's a pproach t o g ive u p i f t he s tructures b eing r evealed
I t i n
a n e xcavation w ere n ot e asily f ollowed o r u nderstood. I t i s m ost l ikely, t herefore, h ave a p lan o f a b roch a t a h eight o f c 4 .27m r ather t han m ore o r l ess a t i ts b ase.
w e
The
s ite was
s ubsequently
c ut
i n t wo
b y a r oad
a nd
e xists
t hat
i n a v ery m utilated s tate.
S tructures B roch t ower T he 3 .05m
d iameter o f
t hick
b ut,
a nd
b earing
t his
i s
s tructure s hown i n P etrie's
i n m ind w hat h as
A f eature o f
t he
t he c ourtyard
s imilar
v ery
c 5 .99m a cross. b een s aid,
t o a n e ntrance
d ubious,
l ooking
i ts
t he
r ight
s hown
a t
t here
w hile
a d istinct
i s a s imilar o ne
a h eight
c learly
b uilding, i s
a nd
o f
c 0 .79m w ide was
t o
o f
s ketched l ines
i ndicate
p ossibility
t hat
t he
t hat
c 3 .51m,
r ather
h ave
f ound t owards
h as
t he w alls
b eing
s ection w as c
c
0 .79m
b een n earer c 5 .05m.
t he E NE;
t he o uter
b een b roken t hrough a nd
h as
n o
p art o uter
t hickness h ere i s o nly c 2 .74m c orroborates t his. t here i s a s ide p assage c 0 .41m w ide l eading t o l eft.
c 0 .61m f or a d istance
f or a d istance
c 1 2.09m,
s hown i n t he
p reserved h eight m ay
l ike a w all
s urface. T his a nd t he f act t hat t he wall C irca 1 .93m f rom t he i nside o f t he p assage l intelled
p lans w as
The h eight
l ess
t hat
o f
The a t
r ight-hand o ne
l east
c learly
c 0 .91m.
f or a t hird o f
i s
s hown t o h ave
T he
l eft-hand
t he
c ircuit
b een
o ne o f
t he g allery m ay h ave
g one a ll
t he w ay
t han b eing a b asal g allery
t his w as
o ne a t a h eight
c 4 .27m.
7 9
r ound.
i s t he I t o f
External c onstructions S urrounding
t he b roch a t
t his
t hen i ts
t rue h eight w ould h ave
e ither i n o r t hat
t his
i s
s hown a s
a d istance o f
s ection
o n a m ound
T he m ound a nd t he E e nd
s eems
t he
o nly
t he t op
b roch w as o f
t he
a t
t he
a w all
r uins
T he b uilding
c 2 7.4m a cross
b uilding w ere w ithin a l arge
l arge.
t he
h ad
i tself
b ase;
i t
i s
f ace; b een
i s
i n
t he
r evealed,
s hown a s
t herefore
b eing
p ossible
o utbuildings.
c 0 .76m h igh;
t oo
i f
b een n earer c 4 .88m.
c 4 .27m h igh a nd
p artly c onsisted o f
c 7 .32m b road a nd
c 0 .61m f rom
c 0 .61m h igh b ut,
a t
t he W e nd
T he e nclosure
t here
i tself
p ear-shaped e nclosure d elimited i s a n e ntrance
w as
c 6 8m b y
c 4 .57m w ide b ut
c 5 3.64m
b y
a b ank
t he
g ap a t
( inside m easurement).
S ources H Y
5 0 NW
R CAM 1 946,
2 43 n o 6 27
A nderson 1 878, 3 18 O NB 2 3, 1 880, 8 1 P etrie 1 890, 9 3 n o 1 3 P etrie M S ( j), 1 12-114,
17-121, 1
2 0
1 23;
B ERSTANE,
M S
( q),
l oose
s heet
S T OLA ( Birstane,
( 7)
1 2;
M S
( s),
1 0
B riston)
D erivation o f n ame P robably
a p ersonal
n ame
c ompounded w ith O N
s tadir -f arm
( Marwick
1 952,
9 6).
G eographical l ocation H Y l ooking t here
4 752 o ut
a re
1 002.
o ver
s ome
T his
I nganess
s andy
b roch B ay
a reas.
s tands
o n
t he
t o S hapinsay T he
l ow c liff
S ound.
h interland
T he
s lopes
o f. a p romontory c oast
i s
m ostly
( Taing o f
B er . ,tane) ,
r ocky o utcrops
d own f rom c 8 0m O D a nd
t hough
h as
b een i mproved.
b y
t he
Excavations e tc T he
s ite
I irstane i
a nd
a ppears
p lanned
i n
P etrie's
b y G eo P etrie;
l ist w here
n o
r ecord
i t
o f
s ays
i t
w as
e xcavated
t he e xcavation o r
t race
o f
t he
T enant
p lan h as
f ound. T he s ite w as v isited b y t he C ommission i n 1 928 a nd b y t he O rdnance S urvey i n t he m ound s tands c 1 .7m h igh a nd o ver h alf t he b roch, t o t he E , h as b een w ashed a way.
o f b een
1 973;
S tructures B roch t ower P etrie t hickness a ssessed
a nd
t he
C ommission
s ay
t hat
t he
t ower h ad
a d iameter
o f
c
1 8.29m,
a
w all
o f c 4 .11m and t hat t he c ourtyard w as c 1 0.2m a cross. T he O rdnance S urvey i n 1 973 t he w all t hickness a t c 3 .6m ( and h ence t he t otal d iameter a t c 1 7.4m).
A dditionally,
a t a p oint w hich w ould h ave
g round
( c 0 .5m w ide) was
l evel
s tructure h ad a g round c ell o r g uard c hamber.
b een i n t he n orthern p art
o bserved;
g allery a s
t he
i t
f eature
i s
n ot
p ossible
s een m ay h ave
o f
t he w all,
a g allery a t
h owever
t o
b e
c ertain t hat
b een p art
o f
a n i ntramural
t he
s tair,
External c onstructions M idden
a nd
p ossible
s tructures
h ave
b een o bserved
i n t he
s ection
o utside
t he
b roch
t ower.
F inds T he
l imited
f igurine h as S tone: P ottery :
n umber
o f
f inds
a re w ithout
u seful
b een t raced.
p ossible
t ether
s tone
o r
f igurine;
' implement'.
n ative.
8 0
c ontext
a nd
o nly
t he
t ether
s tone/
Environmental r emains T he O S F ield I nvestigator n oted m idden i n t he f ew s mall b ones, a nd p ottery f ragments.
c liff
s ection;
i t
c ontained
s ea s hells,
a
S ources F L Y 4 1 S E K CAM 1 946,
1 52 n o 4 05
T HM C atalogue P etrie
1 890,
P etrie M S
9 2
( j),
9 4 n o
1 7
1 43-4
2 1
B ROCH O F L INGRO,
S T O LA ( Lingrow)
( pie 3 .9,
3 .10)
D erivation o f n ame T he r ua -a
f irst
e lement
c learing
i s O N l yng -h eath,
( Marwick
1 952,
h eather,
' ling';
t he
s econd
e ither O N r jear o r O N
9 9).
G eographical l ocation F L Y
4 345
S capa B ay h arbourage;
0 878.
a t t he
T he
b roch
l ay a s hort
d istance
i nland,
o n r ising
g round,
t he h ead o f S capa F low. T he b ay a nd i ts s andy b each w ould h interland h as b een i mproved; a nd L ingro B urn i s a djacent t o
a w ell s ituated
a nd p otentially d efensive
o verlooking
o ffer e xcellent t he s ite. I t i s
l ocation.
Excavations e tc T he
e xact
p eriod
o f
n ewspaper
r eports a nd p lans
t he
1 879,
U S,
P etrie's w ork i s
1 870;
i s e rroneous.
o utbuildings w as
o n t he
w ork
T he v ery
s ite
c ontinued
i s o bscure i nto
1 871,
s izeable e xcavation o f
f unded b y Mr G raeme o f G raemeshall,
b ut a t
t he
e arliest
l east.
t he b roch a nd
t he S cottish S ociety
d ate
i n
T he d ate g iven b y i ts
e xtensive
o f A ntiquaries,
a nd
a M r Y oung o f K elly. P lans w ere m ade b y P etrie i n c ollaboration w ith D ryden. O wing t o P etrie's d eath n o d etailed a ccount o f t he e xcavation was p repared; a r eport i s b eing c ompiled a t
p resent The
b y H edges s ite w as
e xtensive
C ommission v isited w ere t he
a nd B ell
i n
( forth). b ut
t he s tructures
1 929 t he o utline o f
o nly m arked b y o ccasional s tones e arly
1 980s,
f or a gricultural
n ot
p reserved
t he b roch c ould j ust
p rojecting
r easons,
f rom t he
a nd
t o a ny g reat b e
t urf.
t he s ite
h eight;
t raced a nd
T he g round w as
c an b e
w hen
t he
t he o utbuildings
c onsidered
l evelled
t o
h ave
i n
b een
d estroyed.
S tructures B roch t ower T his
h ad
a n
o verall
d iameter o f
c 1 8.11m;
t he w alls
b eing c
4 .57m
t hick
a nd
t he
c ourtyard c 8 .97m a cross. b uilding l ine i s s ketched
T he p reserved h eight a ppears t o h ave b een c l m. O n t he p lans a i n c 1 .2m i n f rom t he i nside f ace o f t he b roch w all a nd c orrespond-
i ng
o f
t he
b een
t o t he
i nner e dge
i ndications
a gainst
t his;
i t
o f i s
t o
t he
n either d oor j ambs,
d istance o n t he 1 .22m.
o f
i n n either c ase w as
t he
I t
c ell o r
c 1 .04m w ide a t
s ense o f
i s
s aid
t hat
I t
i s
h eight
a r ecessed o rthostat
s aid o f
t hat t he
t here may w all
h ave
m ilitates
s olid-based. i ts
o uter e nds.
p rojecting o rthostats,
T here a ppear
o r b olt
c 0 .61m h igh o n
t he
h oles
t o h ave
b ut,
l eft a nd
t he
a t
a
w all
t hat t he p assage c ontinued t o t he i nterior a t a w idth o f c t he o rthostat a nd r ecess r espectively t here w as a g uard c ell; i ts
p assage
s till
l intelled.
The a ccess
t o
t he
l eft-hand o ne
c 1 .22m l ong a nd t he c hamber i tself w as o val, c 3 .05m l ong a nd c 1 .42m t he r ight-hand g uard c ell w as c 0 .54m w ide, c 1 .42m l ong a nd t he c ell
ectangular b eing e xtended a nd s ub - r
w as m entioned
b elow.
t he p reserved
t he s tructure w as
S E a nd w as
i n t he
r ight w as r ecessed s o O n b oth s ides, i nside
w as
t hat
c 2 .29m i n t here w as
w as c 1 .02m w ide a nd w ide. T he a ccess t o i tself
i n t he N NE b ut
f airly c lear
T he e ntrance w as b een
t he g uard c ells m entioned
a g allery
t he
i n t he s ame
i nner f ace c ontext
a s
o f t he
c 3 .45m i n l ength a nd
t he w all h ad ' secondary
8 1
b een s ubjected b uildings
c 1 .08m w ide. t o a lterations
i nside.
b ut
t his
I nternal constructions T he
i nternal
s eem t hat i nto
t wo,
i f
1 2 o 'clock h and s ide a partment
f urnishings
t here w ere d istinct n ot
t hree,
a re
n ot
a s
p artitions
p arts.
c learly
r ecorded
a s
m ade u p o f u pright
O ne o f
t hese
m ight
s labs
r an f rom 7 .30 t o
b e e xpected
b ut
w hich d ivided
t he
t he c entre a nd
b e g ained
f rom i t.
T here a re,
i n a ddition,
o ther o rthostats
t o
i nterpret
t hese.
T wo
s hort
l engths
o f
u pright
s labbing
f rom
t he r ightl eft-hand
i ncluding
o n t he p erimeter a t 1 a nd 2 o 'clock b ut c onsidering t he p reservation o f t he ( uprights n ot b eing l ikely t o s urvive) a nd o ur l ack o f i nformation a bout h eights, l ittle d ifficult
w ould
i nterior
t he o ther
t o t he c entre w ith a g ap b etween; t his w ould m ean t hat t he a partment t o w ould h ave b een e ntered d irectly f rom t he o utside a nd a ccess t o t he c ould
i t
s ome
m onument i t i s a
p roject
f rom
t he
i nterior o f t he w all a nd m eet t he p artitions; t he t riangular a reas t hey f orm m ay h ave b een b ox b eds. A part f rom t hese t he o nly o ther f eature i s o ne o mitted b y D ryden b ut p encilled i n b y P etrie o n h is p lan -a c ooking t rough o r h earth i n t he l eft h and a partment. ( MS g l oose s heet
( M)
3 4).
External c onstructions T he o utbuildings a round t he s outhern a rc a re t he m ost s triking T races o f w alling i n t he N W s uggest t hey o nce e xisted f urther n orth
f eature t han t he
r evealed;
o f
i t
i s t o
s tated
t hat
d escribe
n ot
a ll w ere e xcavated.
b roch
c ontaining o rthostats, a nd h ere t he b uildings i nside o f t his t he b uildings o utbuildings c lear. E -W
b and w ere
t o
t he
t he w hole
s ame N -S.
W hether
c ontinuing
i n w hich
i ts
l ine
t hey a re
a re
i t
i s
known;
d ifficult.
s mall
p aired
t he ' dog kennel t ype. T hese a re a lbeit b adly r ecorded, a re d wellings
h earths a nd t anks. T he S W p ortion i s t he c 8 .23m w ide w ith a n u nbroken w all o n i ts
t he
b roch,
s ettlement m easures w as
d etail
b est p reserved o utside. T he
b y a c orridor c U .61 -0.76m w ide a round t he b roch f rom w hich O ne w ould e xpect t here t o b e a n a ccess t hrough t hese
c orridor a nd
i t
a nd
t han 1 .2m s quare o f t he b uildings w hich,
p artitions, f orm a b and
i s d efined e ntered.
e ntrance
s light
c atalogue
t he s ame t ime t he u nsystematic a ppearance o f t he p lan m akes g eneralizations i ndividual b uildings n either t heir l imits o r t heir c ontents a re known. t he
t he
t his
a t F or
c hambers, e ach s omething l ess d istinguishable f rom t he m ass o f
i n e ven
c ontext
p ossible
o utside
o utbuildings
I n t he
n ot
I mmediately
t he
o f t he s ite. c oncL‘tration
i f
n ot
c 4 8m a cross,
s urrounded w ith d itches
a nd
t o
t he
a nd
b roch e ntrance,
i t
c ould e asily
r amparts
i s
b ut
i t
i s
n ot
h ave m easured
t he
u nknown.
F inds T he t hose
p rolific
t hat
f inds
s urvive,
c ollection w as
f rom t his
s ite a re v irtually a ll w ithout
a f ew a re known f rom r eport.
f ound a t
s ome d istance
B one a nd antler: l ong-handled c ombs; t ion; o ther b one p ins a nd n eedles;
f rom t he s ite
m iscellaneous
Metal: S tone :
p ieces
o f
i ncluding
w horls;
m ould
n ative w are,
( f),
t o
1 02).
r ubbing a nd p olishing i mplement; c ircular m ount w ith b one b ead; c etacean b lade; h ollowed s ections o f a ntler
c hain a nd
s heet;
s trike a l ights;
g rinders/pounders; m acehead; r est; m iscellaneous i tems. Pottery:
( Petrie M S
I n a ddition
t he m acehead i n t he
i tems.
b ronze
s pindle
c ontext.
b e n oted t hat
s ocketed h andles; p robable n eedle w ith t erminal p erforag lobular p in h ead; s word p ommel; d agger g uard; u lna
p ointed i mplements; ' fish b one a wl'; p egs; c etacean i vory t ube; d ice, ( 8); b eams;
I t s hould
f ragments;
p ot
l id;
c rucible;
s ome d ecorated;
m ediaeval
r otary querns
c hipped
s mall
s ilver R oman d enarii ( some 8 );
s late o bject;
b ell;
b ead m ade
( 2
8 ).
p ossible p ivot
p olisher;
s tones;
l amp w ith c up a nd w ick
f rom a s herd;
a l arge q uantity
o f
s herd.
Environmental r emains
r ight
Q uantities o f s hells, b urnt b ones, a shes a nd p ottery w ere i n t he b roch g uard c ell p roduced h uman b ones m ixed w ith b ones o f o x, h orse, s heep,
b ones, c oprolites a nd c harred g rain s urvive.
c harred g rain w ere a lso
f ound.
O f
t hese
i tems
o nly
t he
i nterior; p ig e tc;
t he f ish
c oprolites
a nd
h uman r emains A
h uman
s kull
a nd o ther
b ones w ere
f ound i n
t he H M c ollection.
8 2
t he
r ight
g uard c ell;
a s kull i s
l isted
i n
S ources H Y
4 0 N W
R CAM
1
1 946,
1 52-153 n o 4 06
H M C atalogue T hM C atalogue N MAS
1 892
C atalogue
A nderson C larke
1 883,
1 970,
2 43-244
2 31
D ryden a nd P etrie M S P etrie
a lone
( b)
( a n umber o f
p lans
a nd
s ections,
b oth
r ough a nd
t idied
u p,
b y
a nd w ith D ryden)
H edges a nd B ell f orth P etrie 1 890, 9 3 n o 1 8 P etrie M S 2 6, 3 4;
( f),
6 2-69;
M S
( g),
7 8;
M S
( h),
1 -32,
3 8-39;
M S
2 8-29, 3 1-37, 3 9-40, 6 9, 1 31, 1 33, 1 35, 1 37, 1 38; M S l oose s heet ( 7), 1 3 l oose s heet ( 7), 1 4; M S ( s), 4
P SAS
1 872,
3 57
P SAS
1 885,
1 39
Y oung
1 953,
( i), ( n);
1 -15, M S
1 7-18,
( q),
l oose
2 1-23,
2 5, (7 )
s heet
1 94
2 2
B ROCH O F B ORTHWICK,
S ANDWICK ( Burwick,
B orwidr)
( fig 3 .16)
D erivation o f n ame The
n ame
c omes
f rom O N B org -fort -a nd O N v ik -b ay.
Geographical l ocation 2 241
H Y
1 678.
The
s trongly d efensive. b edrock;
a ny a rable
b roch s tands
T he
o n a n e xposed c oastal p romontory w ith s heer s ides
s urrounding
f arming m ust
l and
h ave
i s
t hin,
s uffered
p oor,
a nd
i s
a nd u nimproved w ith b are o utcrops
o f
f rom w esterly
g ales.
Excavations e tc E xcavations w hich w as known
w ere
c arried o ut
t o P etrie,
a s
b y W G T W att
a t urf-covered,
o f
S andwick
i n
1 881
a pparently n atural,
w ho
d escribed
m ound
t he
s ite,
c 3 -4m h igh.
W att's
e xcavations w ere c oncentrated o n t he i nterior o f t he b roch t ower b ut i ncluded s ome w ork o n o uter b uildings a nd d efences. H is p ublication w as quick, f ull, a nd a uthoritative b ut i t i s n ot
t erribly
e ssential S econdly, s ome
r emains
t rue
c ondition
o f i s
r easons.
t hat
F irstly,
a nd,
r ecognised a ' rude
r eally a s o f
t wo
u nderstanding
t he a mbiguities
f indings; c ondition
i t
t o
W att
o f
s tructures
a nd
c lear -f or
a id
t here i s n o p lan,
p articularly,
r eoccupation o f
t he s ite
a ppear i n d escriptions
b elonging
t o m ore
a nd
r einterpreting,
o f
b ut
i t
t he f irst
t han o ne p hase.
I t
i s
i s
t his t he
n ot
i s
o ften
w ritten i mprobable
o ccupation a rise
d ifficult
t o
a n
w ord. t hat
f rom
p recis
t he
W att's
c an b e s een f rom t he O S a nd R CAMS r ecords. B oth a uthorities c oncentrate o n t he t he s ite w hen l ast s een, t he l atter i n 1 935, t he f ormer i n 1 966; i n 1 979 i t t hat t he n ot
w hile
t he
s ite h as p ossible
g eneral
p icture o utlined
n aturally d eteriorated t o
e ither a dd
b y W att
i s
s till
( the maximum h eight
i nformation o r i nterpret
o f
t o
b e
s een,
t he w all
t he d ubious
t o c
p oints
t he 2 .5m)
o f
h is
d escription.
S tructures B roch t ower T he a cross; v ariable t hinner t his
o verall
d iameter
i s
s aid
t o h ave
b een s ome
1 6.76m a nd
t he
c ourtyard
a bout
8 .23m
t he w all t hickness w ould t herefore b e e xpected t o b e c 4 .27m. I t w as a ctually b eing b etween c 4 .26 a nd 4 .57m i n t he S a nd E b ut t hi c ker i n t he N ( c 4 .88m) a nd t o
m ust
t he W ( c 3 .48m). h ave o nly
b een o n
d own'. N o s carcement f rom t he c ourtyard; i nside was r emoved a s i ndicated b y
When e xcavated t he
l andward
t he w all i s
s ide
f or
s aid
t owards
t o h ave s tood
t he
s ea i t
c 4 .88m
i s d escribed
h igh b ut a s
' broken
i s m entioned, n or a re a ny s igns o f g alleries, s tairs o r c ells o pening i t i s n ot c lear h owever w hether s ufficient o f t he s econdary b uilding
f or t he l atter t o b e s een, i f t here. T he w all h ad a n e xterior b atter a nd, t renching r ound t he E s ide, t he f irst c ourse p rojected a nd a cted a s a
s carcement. T he e ntrance w as 1 .04m w ide t o
a
a t
t he
o n t he
b ase,
l andward w ide,
c 2 .74m l ong a nd
s mall c hamber a bove.
t o
t he S E.
l intelled
P rojecting d oor
c hecks
e ntrance t o a w idth o f c 0 .89m. F or t he l ast p assage c 1 .52m w ide, a nd t here w as n o r oof.
8 3
b y
T he o uter s ix
m ade
l arge o f
p art w as
s labs;
s labs
s et
c 1 .52m t he w alls w ere
c 1 .57m h igh a nd
t hese
f ormed
o n e dge r ecessed,
t he
c
f loor
n arrowed
t he
m aking
t he
O n
t he
e ntered
b y
d ismissed
r ight-hand a
b y
s ide,
p assage
j ust
t he C ommission a s
O pposite ' secondary";
t he h e
g uard
s aw i t
b ehind
c U .61m w ide
t he
a nd
b eing w here
c ell w as
a s a m eans
s tones
a w all
o f
d oor
c hecks w as
c 1 .04m h igh. h ad
t o
t he
a c ollapsed h oles
b ee-nive
s uggested
b y
g uard
c ell
W att
w as
f allen o ut.
c U .5m w ide
g etting
b ar
a nd
d escribed
c hamber a bove
b y W att
t he
a s
' rude'
a nd
p assage.
I nternal c onstructions S econdary h eight
o f
b uilding
c 1 .83m a nd
i nside
u p
t o
t he
b roch
c ourtyard
c 2 .13m w ide w hich
i ncluded a f acing w all
r educed
t he
i nterior
t o
p reserved
t o
c 4 .68m a cross.
a
T his
a nd o ther w alling -w hich t ogether f ormed t wo o blong c hambers -w as p robably a ssociated a l ayer c 0 .61m d eep d escribed a s ' unctuous m atter...(very d ifficult t o g et t o l eave
w ith t he
s pade), c omposed o f a shes, b ones a nd s hells, m ixed w ith c lay'. A nother s econdary f eature w as a r ude k ind o f s tairway b uilt a gainst t he i nside o f t he wall o n t he E s ide. I t w as c 1 .22m w ide
a t
1 .37m. and
t he A ll
e arth
b ottom n arrowing
t he
s econdary
b elow w hich w as
T he
o riginal
b roch;
t his
l evel.
S et
m ay i n
t he
f loor
i s
i ndicate
t his
t o
a w idth o f
f eatures w ere o riginal s aid
t hat
t o
a t
t he
f loor w ere o rthostats
o ccupation d ebris, t hey m ust c hamber a bove t he e ntrance.
h ave
i ts m aximum p reserved
o n a l ayer
c 0 .91m t hick
s ame
a s
o f
h eight
s mall
t he
l evel
c entre
o f
t he
a nd,
a s
t hey j ust
t he o utside
i nside w as
b een c 1 .5m h igh -a bout
f oundation
c leared
p rojected t he h eight
t o
t hrough o f
t he
t he
0
1 0
20
30FEET C .5 .T .C .
F ig 3 .16
O rkney
B rochs:
2 2
c
B orthwidk,
S andwick
8 4
( RCAM
1 946,
f ig 3 47)
f
t he
t he s econdary
\ \ ,
5
o f
s tones
' p_imary'
f loor
SE A
' 0
f lat
f loor. b e
o nly
c 0 .61m a t
f ounded
o f
t he
E xternal constructions A cross
t he
n eck
o f
t he
p romontory
t he
i s a s hallow d epression c 2 5m b road a nd a r ampart.
W att m ust h ave e xcavated
i n t he m oat
a nd w as
p art
W att m aintained t hat t he w hole ' outbuildings'. H e d id n ot h owever t hey w ere
a ccount o f t o e nter t he E h e w hich
h ad
h e s ays
t renched
r ound
i t
t hought w as ' likely
p aved;
U .71m a bove d oes
l ike;
' At
b uilt
t his
t he
o n,
d efence a s
t op,
t here w as
a nd
s ome
h e
c 1 .83m a t
s ays
t he
t he r emains
o f
t he
t he
l evel o f
d escribe
' dog k ennel'
a nother
l ike
t he
a f uture
t he w alls
d ate
I s hall h ope
c ommon
t hat
b ase a nd
t here
i nside
r ampart w as
i t
i s
f ounded
c 2 .74m h igh.
a b uilding w ith a
t o
A t
c hamber
b e i n a p osition t o g ive
l eft
s ays
s imply
i n a ddition t o h and
s ide
a dvanced t o e nable o f t he b roch w all
c 1 .22m a way w as a w all
o uthouses'.
I t m ay
f eature
t he
o f
h e a dditionally
p avement.
c hamber o n
a nd
o f t he p romontory w ithin t he o uter w all w as c overed w ith l eave much r ecord o f e ither h ow m any h e i nvestigated o r
a nd h ad f ound
p roblematically,
1 5.75m f rom i t
w hich may b e a d itch,
t hem. I n t he m eantime t he e xcavations a re n ot s ufficiently p articularly i nto t he m atter.' I n i nvestigating t he o utside
h e
r udely
o f
c 0 .91 -1.22m w ide a t
t he p oint w here t he w all m et t he S c liff w hich was c ertainly p art o f a g ateway.
w hat
b roch w as
c 4 8.77m l ong,
o f
T his t hat b e
p assage
t he e ntrance
t hat
t he s ill
t he e ncircling
t he e ntrance,
c 0 .91
a round t o
b roch
b roch
s tone w as
p assage,
g oing
-1.22m h igh
t he
t he
a n m e t o w as
w as
r aised;
a nd
t hat
c h e
a s
a
o ut.
F inds T he B one
f inds
a re w ithout
a nd antler :
d ouble-edged
c ontext
a nd a l arge
p erforated m ounts;
c omposite c omb;
l ong-handled
s ingle-edged c omposite
s haped b odkin w ith c entral p erforation; p ins' s ome o f t he l atter w ith d ecorated whale
v ertebra;
Metal:
p iece
s pindle w horl;
o f
n umber h ave n ot c ombs; c omb;
b een t raced.
s ingle e dged
n on-composite
s ocketed h andle;
d ecorated
c omb;
d iamond-
t wo f urther p ossible n eedles o r b odkins; ' skewers a nd h eads; a ntler t ines u sed a s p oints; v essel m ade f rom
c etacean i vory
t oggle;
' hammer';
p ossible
r idle
c heek
p iece.
i ron r od.
S tone : w horl; p olished g aming p iece; v essels, m ortars o r l amps; m anufactured p erforated w hetstone; querns; h ammerstones; s upposed S kaill knives a nd ' chopper'; p ot l ids; p ossible s lingstones; O ther:
m ould
p ieces
Pottery:
o f
n ative;
f or i ron c rusie. f lint o ne
o r c hert.
s herd
r esembling
a d ark
R oman w are.
Environmental r emains C ontexts
c ontaining
e nvironmental
s econdary d eposits); t he e ntrance; a nd g oat, p igs, d eer, w hales a nd w alrus w ere a nd m arine m olluscs i n t he o riginal e xternal m idden. w alrus
( limpets, b roch O nly
r emains
p eriwinkles,
w helks,
s urvive.
2 1
N W
1
R CAM 1 946,
2 52-3 n o 6 79
T hM C atalogue A nderson 1 883, F raser P etrie W att W att
1 924, 1 890,
1 882, 1 905,
2 02,
t he
b roch
i nterior
r azor s hells).
h orse, r emains
2 38-240
2 6 9 4 n o 3 7
4 42-45U 1 3-14
8 5
( primary
a nd
o xen, s heep o r o f f ish, b irds,
I n a ddition,
f loor a nd i n t he e ntrance a nd a sh i n t he s econdary t he j aw b one o f a l arge f ish a nd t he c anine t eeth o f
Sources H Y
i ncluded
t he e xterior. T he b oxes o f i dentified t ogether w ith t he
c harcoal w as
o ccupation s ome p igs
a nd a nd
2 3
B URRIAN B ROCH,
S ANDWICK
Derivation o f n ame B urrian d erives
f rom O N
b org in -t he
f ort
( appendix i ntroduction).
Geographical l ocation H Y
2 888
H array.
1 538.
T his
The h interland
e nclosed.
i s
i nland o f
b roth s tands
p oor quality
T he s ite h as g ood d efensive
a nd
o n a p romontory l iable
o n t he W s ide
t o b e w et
t hough
l and
o f
t o
t he L och
t he S h as
o f b een
p otential. Excavations e tc
T his
b roch i s
c learly s tates
i t
n ot
t o
o f w hat w as f ound, t he U N8 i dentifies w ould
a s
i n P etrie's
b roth
l ist
a lthough
I t d oes n ot
s ay
t he O NB o f
b y w hom,
1 880
g ives
quite
l ittle
i dea
t hat n o f urther i nformation c ould b e o btained. A s econd h and i n a s o ne m entioned b y C louston i n h is N SA a ccount o f 1 841. T his
b racket
t he
i dentifiable
b een p artly e xcavated.
a nd s ays t he s ite
c onveniently
e rroneous
r eadily
h ave
t he
t ime o f
e xcavation
b ut
t he
i dentification
i n question i s
o n
t he L och o f h array a nd
t hrow n o
o n
t he
t he
o ne
i s
p robably
m entioned
i s
i n
S tenness. F raser
i n
1 924 c ould
w as n o r ecord; e arlier. T he
t hrown i n t he l och. t wo, t he O S r ecord, m aximum h eight
l ight
e xcavation a nd s aid,
i ncorrectly,
t hat
t here
f rom a ppearances h e t hought t he s ite t o h ave b een d isturbed s ome f ifty y ears w hole S E h alf h ad b een t aken a way ' for b uilding p urposes' a nd s ome h ad b een T he C ommission v isited i n 1 928 a nd t he r esultant e ntry i s b rief; o f t he u pdated i n 1 966, i s t he f uller. T he s ite i s n ow a l ong l ow m ound c 2 m i n
a nd c overing m utilated
s tructural
r emains.
S tructures B roch t ower A
s mall
s egment
o f
t he
o uter w all
s urvives
t o
t he S a nd
i s 2 .44m l ong
b y c 1 .22m
h igh
w ith a d istinct b atter. T his wall w as b uilt w ith s tones s imilar t o t hose o n t he l och s hore. The O S g ive t he o verall d iameter a s 1 8.3 -19.8m a nd s ay t hat t he w alls w ere c 4 -4.25m t hick.
T he
c ourtyard w ould
t herefore h ave
b een
c 1 0.75m a cross.
External c onstructions T he
O S
F t
i n 1 966 c onsidered
t hat
d isturbed g round
t o
t he S W
m ay
i ndicate
o utbuildings.
F inds A quern o f
' Pictish
t ype
was
d ragged
f rom
t he
w ater
c lose
t o
t his
s ite.
Environmental r emains T he O M
r ecords
t hat
' deer
h orns
a nd
a shes' w ere
f ound d uring e xcavation.
Human r emains T he O NB
r ecords
t hat
h uman
b ones
w ere
f ound d uring e xcavation.
S ources H Y 2 1 k CAM
N E
1 7
1 946,
C louston
2 53-4 n o 6 80
1 841,
F raser
1 924,
O NB
( 1880)
1 7
5 4-5
2 5 1 82
8 6
p ossible
2 4
L OCH O F G LUMLY,
S ANDWICK ( Brough o f C lumlie;
C lumley,
C lumlie,
C lumly)
D erivation o f n ame M arwick
c onsidered
t he n ame
t o
d erive
f rom O N kuml-hlid -c airn s lope
( 1952,
1 49-50).
Geographical l ocation H I 2 517 1 649. T he b roch i s s ituated o n t he S W s ide o f t he s hallow i nland L och o f C lumly o n a p eninsula which i s c ut o ff when c onditions a re w et. T he i mmediate a rea i s m arshy r ough g razing
t hough
s ome o f
t he h interland h as
b een i mproved.
T he s ite h as
n atural
d efensive
p otential.
Excavations e tc A lthough e xcavated. r ecord
t he b y
o f
b roch a ppears
F raser's
t hem.
C ommission's d iameter a nd
t ime
i n P etrie's
t here
I nformation
h ad
l ist
t here
i s
b een e xplorations
a bout
t he
w hile t he O S g ive a r ecent c 2 m h igh.
s ite
n o
s uggestion o f
' some y ears
i s n egligible
p icture;
b ut
i t n ow e xists
a go',
i t
h aving
b ut
t here w as
F raser's
a s
b een
p redates
a s tony m ound
c
n o t he
2 1m
i n
S tructures B roch t ower F raser t hat
s aid i t w as
t here
w as
a
a bout 2 1.95m i n d iameter,
d ouble wall.
t hat
t he e ntrance w as
The C ommission i n 1 928 s aid
t he
o n t he W
c onfused
s ide
r emains
a nd
h ad
a
d iameter o f c 1 9.81m a nd c ould s ee a s hort s ection o f ' typical' o uter w all f ace o n t he N W a nd a c ell i n t he t hickness o f t he w all. They a lso o bserved t races o f t he o vergrown l ine o f t he w all h igh.
o n
t he S s ide;
i n 1 966 t he O S
r ecorded
a 1 2m s tretch o f
w all
t o
t he S W
v isible
0 .7m
External c onstructions The
C ommission a nd
t he S o f
t he O S m ention
i ndefinite
t races
o f
b uildings
o bscured
b y
r ubble
t o
t he m ain s tructure.
F inds ' Stone
r elics'
a re
s aid
t o
h ave
b een f ound.
S ources H I
2 1
N E
1
K CAM 1 946,
2 52 n o 6 78
F raser
1 924,
2 6
P etrie
1 890,
9 4 n o 3 9
2 5
S TACKRUE B ROCH,
S ANDWICK ( Lyking,
S taker-row)
D erivation o f n ame T he
d erivation o f
S tadkrue
i s
o bscure,
t hough i t m ay
c ome
f rom O N
s ettlement -a nd O N k rö -pen, c attle f old. L yking c omes f rom O N t his s ignifying g ood p asture o r g rassland ( Marwick 1 952, 1 53, 2 50).
s tadr -p lace,
f arm
l eikvin -'sports-field',
Geographical l ocation H Y
2 705,
t he L och o f
1 512.
S tenness.
T he b roch There
l ies
o n f lat
l and a s hort
d istance
i s a s tream n earby a nd a l ow h ill
8 7
t o
b ack
t he W .
f rom
t he N s hore
o f
E xcavations e tc
t ion
T his b roch a ppears i n C ursiter's l ist, h aving b een o mitted b y P etrie. I ts i dentificaa nd e xploration p robably t herefore t ook p lace a fter t he l atter's l ist o f 1 872; a n O S
O bject N ame B ook f or u nderground p assage.
1 880 d escribes W G T W att o f
s ome c onnection b etween h im a nd t hat W att c ame i n p ossession o f
t he d iscovery o f b ones a nd a sh, c ircular w alls a nd a n S ca nl i s known t o h ave a cquired a t l east o ne f ind a nd
t he e xploration i s n ot i mprobable. O lsen ( 1954, 1 66-9) s ays t he f ind w hen t he r oad w hich n ow b isects t he s ite w as d riven
t hrough i t. O nly t he N h alf o f t he t ower s urvives a nd t his h as d eteriorated s ince r eported b y F raser i n 1 924; i n 1 966 t he O S r ecorded i t a s o nly s urviving 1 .3m h igh.
b eing
S tructures Br uch t ower F raser,
w hose d escription i s
t he e arliest w hich g ives d etail, j ust s ays
t he
b roch i s o f
t he u sual t ype a nd o f a verage d imensions; t he w all w as, h owever, c 3 .66m h igh i n t he N E. P roblems o f m easurement w ere c aused b y t he o utside o f t he w all s urviving i n o ne p art a nd t he i nside i n a nother b ut t he C ommission g ave t he i nternal d iameter a s c 9 .14m a nd, w ith a w all t hickness o f n ot l ess t han c 3 .96m, t he m inimum t otal d iameter w as t herefore c 1 7.06m. I n 1 928 i t w as
c 1 .98m h igh,
w here
s urviving,
a nd h ad a n e xternal b atter.
I nternal c onstructions A lthough t herein a part c onsisted o f s even s teps
t he
i nterior m ust h ave b een c leared o ut n othing
i s k nown
o f
a ny
s tructures
f rom a w ell b elow t he f loor. T his w as c 1 .07m f rom t he i nner f ace t o t he E a nd a b ee-hive c ell a bout 1 .68m h igh a nd c 1 .22m i n d iameter r eached b y a f light o f
d escending f rom a nd o pening c 0 .61m w ide a t
t he s urface.
E xternal c onstructions T he
knowledge
o f
t he
h eight a nd b atter o f
t he
e xterior
w all
f ace
e vidences
s ome
e xcavation a round t he b roch b ut n othing i s known o f i t. T o t he S E, o ver t he r oad, i s a b uilt p assage c 0 .69m s quare w hich i s s ubterranean a nd w hich F raser t hought t o h ave g one c 1 00m t o a b urn. A bove o utbuildings.
i t
a nd
t o
t he W t he
n ature o f
t he g round a nd
p rojecting
s tones
i ndicate
F inds T he t wo o bjects f rom t he s ite a re w ithout s econd i s known t o h ave b een i n p rivate h ands. S tone :
w horl;
c ontext;
t he f irst h as
d isc i ncised w ith r unes.
E nvironmental r emains T he o Nb g ives
' deer h orns
a nd a shes
a s a s tandard e ntry.
H uman r emains T he ( AB g ives
' human b ones" a s a s tandard e ntry.
S ources H Y 2 1
N E 9
R CAM 1 946, 2 52 n o 6 77 N M C atalogue C ursiter 1 923, 5 0 n o 1 3, F raser
1 924,
5 2
2 5
O lsen 1 954, 1 66-169 O NB 2 7 2 880, 2 78
8 8
b een t raced
a nd
t he
2 6
C UMMI-HOWE,
S TENNESS
D erivation o f name T he d erive
o rigin o f
t he
f irst
e lement o f
f rom O N kuml -c airn,
m ound.
t he
n ame
F or H owe
i s
s ee
o bscure
( Marwick
1 12)
1 952,
t hough
i t
m ay
a ppendix i ntroduction.
Geographical l ocation H Y
2 824
l ooking
t he
1 039. B ay
T he
o f
b roch
s tands
I reland.
I t
i s
o n
t he
l andward e nd
a g ood d efensive
o f
t he C umminess
p osition a nd
p romontory
c ommands
o ver-
t he e stuary
t he L och o f S tenness a s w ell a s b eing a djacent t o a c oast o f r ocky o utcrops, s hingle. A lthough t he b roch i s o n u nimproved l and, m ost o f t he s urrounding a rea i s
f rom
s and a nd o f b etter
quality.
S tructures B roch t ower I n t o
1 928
t he C ommission s aw a c urved w all
t he S s howed
t he W i t
h as
l m h igh f or a d istance
b een e roded a nd
t o
o f
t he E i t
i n
t he
6 m w hile i s
S c 1 .83m h igh.
t he N c ircuit
b uilt
M ore
r ecently,
c ould a lso
b e m ade
w alling
o ut.
T o
o ver.
External c onstructions T he C ommission n oted, a c ircle,
a djoining
m easuring c 2 .74m N -S
l ong
c ould b e
m ore
r ecently.
s een l eading
i nto
b y
t he m ain w all,
c 2 .44m E -W.
i t.
N one o f
a s mall
s tructure,
A p assage
t hese
i n
Aape a s egment
c 1 .12m w ide a nd
o f
o nly a bout 0 .61m
f eatures w ere v isible w hen t he O S v isited
S ources M Y
2 1
K CAM
S E
1 7
1 94b,
2 98 n o 8 72
° NB
2 7
B ROCH O F B RECKNESS,
S TROMNESS ( fig 3 .17)
D erivation o f name M arwick c rash,
c onsiders
n oise,
s uggested h eadland.
b y
u proar t he
t he
e tc.
f irst
( 1952,
t opography
o f
e lement 1 62).
t he
t o
T he
c ome
f rom
t he n earby
a lternative
h interland.
T he
o f
O N
s econd
B raga
S kerry;
b rekka -slope
e lement
i s
O N
b rak
-
o r h illside,
d erived
i s
f rom O N n es
G eographical l ocation H Y
2 247
o verlooking h azard
t o
a rea h as
0 928. a
T he
r o c ky
w ave
b roch c ut
s hipping a nd
t he
s ite
b een e nclosed
a nd
i s
l ies
o n
t he
p latform. i s
h eavily
g enerally
e astern,
l ess
T here a re e roded.
s ome T he
e xposed s andy
l and
s ide
p atches
r ises
o f
a
b ut
t he
b ehind
t he
l ow
h eadland
c oast
i s
b roch a nd
a t he
f ertile.
Excavations e tc T he P etrie,
s ite d oes m ost
o f
i t
n ot
s eem t o
h ad a lready
e ver h ave
b een e xcavated.
b een w ashed
a way
p root o f t he a ntiquity o f b rochs i n g eneral; A ll o bservations a re f rom t he n atural s ection.
b y
v ery
t he
I n s ea.
l ittle
1 866 w hen f irst L ailg u sed
c hange
h as
t his
o ccurred
r ecorded, e rosion a s
b y a
s ubsequently.
S tructures B roch t ower C onsidering
t hat
a ll
t hat
r emains
o f
t he
b roch
i s
a c hord
c 4 .57m w ide
a nd
c 1 2.8m l ong
i t i s n ot s urprising t hat t here i s a d iscrepancy b etween t he d imensions s hown i n D ryden a nd P etrie's p lan a nd t hose g iven b y L aing. L aing s hows h is m ethod a nd, b earing t his i n m ind,
8 9
D IKE
SOFT R OCK k C LAY
M .W .
S TONE .
B EACH
ROCK
'
S ECT ION
P LAN 1 0
Fig 3 .17
Orkney
B rochs:
5
2 7
0
B redkness,
1 0
S tromness
9 0
20
( RCAM
3 0F EET
1 946,
f ig 4 22)
P etrie's 1 U.98m
f igures ( Laing
t hickness w ould a
w all
h ave
a re
-c
t o
b e
p referred.
1 3.41m),
t herefore
t hickness
o f
h ave
c 3 m.
D ryden's t o
b een c 3 .51m
( Laing -c
A m aximum h eight
b e
p lan s hows
t he e xternal
c 1 7.99m
o f
t he
i nternal
( Laing -c
3 .66m).
c 2 .13m o f
T he O S
t he
d iameter
2 0.73m) i n
t o
a nd
1 964 o nly
i nner w all
f ace
b e
t he
c
w all
o bserved
i s k nown
t o
s urvived.
External c onstructions A t t he
p resent
b uildings
m ain s tructure.
T he C ommission i n n ot
v ery
f ar
I n
a nd m idden c an b e
t he
f ield
1 928 n oted,
f rom i t,
b ehind
s een e xtending
1 7m t o
t he W a nd 2 0m t o
i s a c orresponding a rtificial
i n t he s ection,
a s trong w all e ncircling
a nd a s mall k itchen m idden a t
s hore
l evel
t o
t he E
r ise i n g round t he
b roch,
o f
l evel.
p resumably
t he E .
Environmental r emains R idden
( vide s upra).
Human r emains W att g rave
m entions
s et
i n
f inding
t he b ank
a n u naccompanied s econdary
c lose
t o
e xtended i nhumation i n a
s lab
l ined
t he b roch'.
S ources M Y
2 0 N W 9
R CAM
1 946,
C ursiter D ryden
3 24 n o 9 20
1 923, M S
5 1
( b)
( A p lan a nd
s ection b y H D
1 879 f rom m easurements
a nd
n otes
b y
P etrie
1 866) L aing
1 8 ( 38,
P etrie
P etrie M S W att
6 3-65
1 890,
9 4 n o 4 3
( f),
1 905,
2 -7
1 3-14
2 8
.
C EMETERY,
S TROMNESS
( Mon iker-house,
D erivation o f T he
m odern
c emetery
n ame
r eflects
w hile M onker-house
W arebeth h as, h azardous
a s
n ature
a f irst o f
t he
t he
f act
t hat
a nd M on ikers G reen
e lement,
O N v arda o r
Mon ikers
G reen,
W arebeth)
n ame
t he
s ite h as
b een
b uilt
o ver
p oint
t o a n o lder e cclesiastical
y ard' .
-beacon,
c airn -this
b y
S tromness
a ssociation.
t estifying
t o
t he
c oast.
Geographical l ocation K Y o f The
2 376
0 818.
L ike
c oast o verlooking H oy h interland
i s
B reckness, S ound;
i t
t his
h eavily e roded
c ommands
e nclosed a nd g enerally
t he a ccess
t o
b roch t he
i s
s ited
a gainst a r ough
s heltered
h arbour o f
p iece
S tromness.
f ertile.
Excavations e tc T he
s ite
w as
s uperimposed.
o riginally d escribed
H alf
o f
a
b roch w as
a pparently b een w ashed a way b y r eidentified i n 1 980 a nd i ts
a s a m ound
o n w hich a c hapel a nd
s een i n s ection b y
L aing
c emetery
a nd P etrie
t he t ime o f t he C ommission's v isit i n w ell e xcavated. G rave d igging h as,
i n
h ad
1 866
b een
b ut
h ad
1 928; i t w as, h owever, o n v arious o ccasions,
b rought t o l ight o ther t races o f b uildings a nd m idden a nd t here i s a a rchaeological r emains r eported i n t he n eighbourhood w ith t he s ite.
c ase
f or
i ncluding
S tructures B roch t ower P robably a nd
w as
i ntact,
h alf
e ntered t he
i s
i n s ection;
b y a n a lmost
m aximum h eight
1 .5m.
..In
i ts
C arter
1 980,
2 2).
l ast
s tages
n o
v ertical
p ublished d etails. s taircase
a bove w ater t he w ell w as
l evel u sed
9 1
T he w ell w as
c 3 m h igh.
b eing
c 1 .8Um,
a s a m idden a nd
T he
r oot
o f
c ut
i nto
t he
t he w ell
t he m aximum d epth o f t hen a s a c esspit'.
b edrock
c avity w as w ater
c
( Bell a nd
External c onstructions E xtensive d igging
f rom
m idden. t here i s
r emains t he
B y a
o f
h abitations
t ime o f L aing
a re
t o
b e s een i n t he p resent
a nd P etrie
t o
t he
r ecent
p ast
h as
c liff
s ection a nd
r evealed
g rave
b uilt w alling
L aing's t ime a l ong c ist c emetery w as f ound o n t he o utskirts l ocal t radition t hat t here w as a r eligious e stablishment
o f i n
a nd
t he m idden a nd t he i mmediate
v icinity.
F inds V arious
o bjects
b one a nd antler : o bject; h ook-shaped Metal p art o f a p enannular b rooch. S tone:
f lakes;
P ottery :
p ot
f ound
i n
t he
c ourse
l ong-handled c omb; p iece o f a ntler. C eltic
l id;
o f p art
b ronze m ounting
v essel
g rave d igging o f
i mplement
s urvive
i n m useum c ollections.
s awn a t
b oth e nds;
i nlaid w ith g old;
f ragment; quern;
t erminal o f
p ointed
a ntler
C eltic
b ronze
a
p ossible w hetstone.
n ative.
Environmental r emains A nimal b ones a nd t eeth a re r eported t ogether w ith m idden. b roch w ell w as f ound t o h ave b een u sed a s a c esspit.
I n
t he
r ecent
e xcavations
t he
H uman r emains A s kull
s urvives,
t his
h aving
p ossibly
c ome
f rom t he
l ong
c ist
c emetery.
S ources K Y
2 0 N W
R CAM
K M
1 2;
1 946,
K Y
3 27
1;
2 0 N W n o 9 40;
K Y
3 21
2 0
N W
1 7
n o 9 16
C atalogue
N MAS 1 892 C atalogue, S M C atalogue B ell
a nd C arter
C harleson C ursiter
1 898, 1 887,
1 940,
2 00
L aing
1 868,
6 0
2 2
P etrie P SAS
( 1880), 1 890,
2 6
1 980 2-323 2 3 48
G rieg O NB
1 45-146
9 4 n o 4 1
( 1891-2),
2 9
29 2
8 6
H ILLOCK O F H OWE,
S TROMNESS ( The Howe, H owe o f H owe,
C airston)
D erivation o f n ame F or H owe
s ee a ppendix
i ntroduction.
Geographical K Y
2 759
1 092.
c ommanding v iew o f i s
T he
s ite
S capa F low a nd
l ies t he
l ocation
o n s loping e stuary o f
g round c 3 00m
t he L och o f
f rom t he
S tenness.
c oast T he
a nd
h as
s urrounding
a
l and
f ertile.
Excavations e tc T his t urf-covered m ound o f r ubble w as s ome 4 0m i n d iameter a nd c 4 .5m h igh; m aterial w as n oted a s w as e vidence o f s tone c onstruction. A lthough P etrie l isted i t b roch b oth t he O rdnance S urvey a nd i nvestigation m ade ' many y ears p revious w hich w as N orse.
R oyal C ommission w ere s ceptical. t o 1 888 p roduced a n umber o f f inds,
9 2
b urnt a s a
A n u nreported a t l east o ne o f
F rom S ervices; a nd w ere
1 978 t o 1 982 t he s ite u nderwent e xcavation b y t he N orth o f S cotland A rchaeological t wo b roch p hases w ere p receded b y o ccupation o f t he e arlier I ron A ge a nd N eolithic s ucceeded
b y P ictish a nd
? Viking
s ettlement
a nd u se.
F inds U nstratified B one a nd a ntler :
f inds
s word/dagger
S tone:
w horls;
O ther :
N orse g lass
Pottery:
o ne
f rom t he
s mall d isc;
s herd
e arlier e xcavations
p ommel/guard;
d ubious
s urvive
s ocketed
w hetstone;
i n m useum c ollections.
h andle
d ubious
p art
m ade o f
f rom a ntler
s teatite
t ine.
v essel.
l inen s moother. n ative a nd
a n u nexamined
s pout
s aid
t o b e
s imilar.
Environmental remains T he
s ole k nown f ind
f rom
t he
e arlier e xcavations
i s
a b oar's
t usk;
t his
s urvives
b ut
w as
u nstratified.
S ources H Y 2 1 S E 4 1 k CAM 1 946, 3 24 n o 9 21 N MAS
1 892
C atalogue,
2 30
S M C atalogue B ell a nd H aigh 1 981, C arter e t a l 1 984
2 5
G rieg 1 940, 8 0-81 H aigh a nd S mith 1 982 h edges,
B ell
a nd N eil
1 979,
2 4
H edges a nd B ell 1 980 M arwick, J 1 928. 1 21-122 P etrie 1 890, 9 4 S mith a nd C arter P SAS
1 889,
1 980,
2 3-24
2 38
3 0
K NOWS O F R EDLAND,
S TROMNESS ( Broch o f Arlon)
D erivation o f name M arwick
c onsiders
c leared
l and
( see
i nto O N)
-s hieling
t he
n o 9 ).
o riginal A n on
( Marwick
1 952,
i s
f orm o f
t hought
t he
t o
c ommon n ame
h ave
c ome
t o h ave
b een
f rom O C a irge
O N
r ° a-land
-
( taken a s a l oan-word
1 65).
Geographical l ocation H Y M uch
2 659
o f
1 385.
T his
i nland
t he h interland h as
b roch
l ies
b een e nclosed
a t a s hort
a nd
i mproved
d istance b ut
t here
f rom t he L och i s m arginal
o f
S tenness.
l and a t
t he
l och
e dge.
Excavations e tc T he s ite was l ocate
i t
a rea a s
( Anion)
e xcavated b ut
i n
d escribed
1 866 b y P etrie a nd F arrer. t he knowe
( Redland)
a s
I n
n atural.
1 928 t he C ommission f ailed I n
1 964 t he O S d escribed
t o t he
' featureless'.
S tructures B roch t ower T he t hickness
1 866 e xcavations a nd
a n e ntrance,
r evealed
s trength a nd a bout
f rom t he E ,
" a c ircular w all b uilt 5 0'
( c
1 5.24m)
o f
l arge
i n d iameter.'
a bout 0 .76m s quare a nd o n a l evel w ith
s quare
T he w all
s tones i s
t he o rdinary
s aid
a nd
o f
t o h ave
g reat h ad
s urface.
I nternal c onstructions N ear d epth o f
t he c entre o f
t he
c 6 .1m t erminating
c ircle w as
a s tone
i n a n a pparently
s taircase
l eading d ownwards,
s pirally,
r ock-cut w ell w hich c ontained p ure w ater.
9 3
t o a
F inds N either known f ind w as S tone :
p ecked
s tratified a nd o nly t he p ecked h andle h ammer s urvives.
h andle h ammer;
o val h oled
s tone,
p ossible m acehead.
E nvironmental r emains A g reat q uantity o f
a shes
a nd b ones a re s aid
t o h ave
b een i n t he b roch i nterior.
Sources H Y 2 1
S E 3 2
R CAM 1 946, 3 27 n os 9 39, R SM(Q) C atalogue O NB 2 2 ( 1880), 2 8 P etrie 1 890, 9 4 n o 4 2
9 42
3 1
B U, S TROMNESS ( Navershough, N avershav)
D erivation o f n ame
i ts
T he o wn
o rigin, m eaning a nd d evelopment o f r ight ( Marwick 1 952, 2 4U-3); f or
i ndicate a f arm o r e state o f c omparatively c omes f rom O N h augr -a m ound.
3 2
t he N orse p lace-name B u i n O rkney i s t he p resent p urpose t he t erm c an b e
l arge
s ize.
T he s econd e lement
A YRESDALE, B URRAY ( West B roch o f B urray)
o f
a s tudy i n t aken t o N avershough
( fig 3 .18)
D erivation o f n ame
f rom
T he f irst e lement o f t he n ame c omes f rom O N e yrr -gravelly b each, s pit; t he s econd i s d ale -valley o r g ulf. B urray i tself d erives i ts n ame f rom t he p resence o f t wo b rochs
( 32 a nd 3 3) O N b orgarey -brochs
i sland.
Geographical l ocation N D w ater
4 847 m ark
9 871.
B oth W est a nd E ast
a nd o verlook
H olm s ound a nd
b roch s tand a t
t he f oot o f a s lope j ust a bove
t he s mall i sles o f L amb H olm a nd G lims
G eo p rovides p articularly g ood b eaching f or t he W b roch. u nimproved a nd c onsists o f s and d unes a nd r ough g razing.
M uch
o f
t he
H olm.
h igh B oats
h interland
i s
O ne h alf o f t he w all a nd a n u nknown p ortion o f t he i nterior w as u ncovered b y F arrer; r emains w ere m easured a nd p lanned b y P etrie i n 1 867 a nd D ryden p repared p lans f rom
t he t he
E xcavations e tc
s ketches m ade i n 1 879. T he s ite w as n ot p ublished a t a ny l evel o f d etail; i t w as m entioned i n p assing b y P etrie. W hen t he C ommission v isited i n 1 929 t he r emains o f t he b uildings w ere s cattered a nd h idden b eneath t he t urf. S tructures B roch t ower T he
w alls
d iameter w ould s ections
i s
u ncovered
w are c 3 .81m t hick
t herefore h ave
c 3 .73m;
b een c 1 7.07m.
n o s carcement
i s
a nd t he c ourtyard c 9 .45m T he g reatest
a cross;
p reserved h eight
t he
t otal
i ndicated b y
t he
i ndicated.
T he p ortion o f t he w all u ncovered w as h alf t he c ircuit o f t he b roch b ut d id n ot c ontain t he e ntrance. C entrally, a nd a t i ts b ase, t here w as a n i ntramural g allery c 0 .14m w ide. I n t he p lan p ublished b y t he C ommission i t a ppears t hat t he p assageway e nded w ithin t he e xtent o f t he w all u ncovered; P etrie's o riginals, h owever, i ndicate t hat t hese t erminations a re j ust t he p oints a t w hich F arrer s topped d igging. E ntrance t o t his i ntramural g allery f rom t he c ourtyard w as f ound a t t wo p oints. O ne w as f rom a d oorway a t f loor l evel, c 1 .9m h igh a nd c 0 .7m w ide, v ia a ' chamber', w hich w as r eally j ust a s light e xpansion i n t he p assage. H ow t his ' chamber w as r oofed i s n ot c lear f or a l intel i s i ndicated a t a h eight o f s ection b ut a bove i t t here i s a s pace c i m h igh w hich l o o ks b ee-hive s haped. a ccess
w as
a pproximately
1 2 0 f rom t he
f irst a nd c 0 .5m a bove
9 4
f loor
l evel.
c 1 .6m i n t he T he s econd T he
p assage
S ECT IONS ARE DRAWN TO
TW ICE
T HE
SCALE
S ECT ION
A -B
S ECT ION
C -D
. 00s
t xo
• • • •
•
P LAN 1 0
F ig 3 .18
O rkney B rochs: ( RCAM 1 946,
b ottom,
h owever,
i s
A lthough t he a ccess
5
t o
0
3 2 A yresdale, W est
B roch o f
20 F EET
H urray,
H urray
f ig 3 69 -after P etrie M S ( s)) n ot
s hown
i s n ot s hown a s
a s b eing r aised a nd i s l intelled a t a h eight o f l intelled i ts h eight w as
c
1 .37m.
p robably c 0 .8m.
I nternal c onstructions T he o nly i nternal f eature s hown i n P etrie's p lan i s a n a ligned p air o f o rthostats w hich p rojected f rom t he r ight-hand s ide o f t he s econd a ccess t o t he i ntramural g allery ( looking i n) t owards t he c entre o f t he c ourtyard. T he h eight o f a t l east o ne o f t hese w as c 1 .52m. S ources N D 4 9 N E 2 R CAMS
1 946,
2 93 n o 8 61
D ryden M S ( b) ( A p lan b y H D 1 879 f rom m easurements a nd n otes i t i s t he b asis f or t he C ommission's p lan) P etrie
1 890,
P etrie M S
7 6, 9 2,
b y P etrie
9 3 n o 5
( d), 4 1, 4 7-49;
M S ( q),
s ketch b ook m arked 5 ,
9 5
o pposite 3
1 5th J uly
1 867:
3 3
EAST B RUCH O F I MLAY,
B URRAY ( figs 3 .19-3.22,
p ia 3 .11, 3 .12)
D erivation o f n ame S ee
n o 3 2.
Geographical l ocation N D 4 897
9 881.
S ee
n o 3 2.
E xcavations e tc T he
b roch
w as
o pened
a t F arrer's
e xpense
b ut
w ith t he
a ctive c ollaboration
a t
P etrie.
T he l atter g ives t he y ear o f c ommencement a s 1 851 o r 1 853 w hile t he f ormer g ives 1 8_2. H ow l ong t he e xcavations w ent o n f or i s s imilarly o bscure; i t s eems t hat d igging c ontinued i n 1 853
b ut
a l arge
n umber o f
p lans
a re d ated
1 855 a nd
i n P etrie's
p ublication o f
m ay h ave b een p repared e arlier) h e s ays t hat w ork w ould b e t aking C ertainly, a t t he t ime o f t his p ublication l ittle s eems t o h ave c ontinued p roblems
f or a nd
i n P etrie's
t he p lans
T here a ppear s trategy
t hat
F arrer's
t o h ave
s hould
p art
p ublications
o f
i n
p ublication
t hat
t he
n ame h ad
h e e mployed m en i n
1 866
t o c lear u p
o pinion b etween F arrer a nd P etrie P etrie m akes
p iecemeal a nd h e w as n ot
b roch w all. s ame v olume
i t
o f
b een e mployed.
b e
s ays
( which
s ome
d ate a s w ell.
b een d ifferences
t o
t he
t he
u nder
t his
h ave
i nvestigations
p ulled d own
1 890 p ublication h e
b ear
1 857
p lace t he f ollowing s ummer. b een d one. W ork m ay h ave
T he o f
i n
1 890 a nd
p oorly
f airly
p leased
a t
S cot
1 927 i t
i n
t he
1 857
b ecame
c lear
s ubject
a nd
r egarding
t hat
F arrer h aving
e xcavations w ere
P roc S oc A ntiq
o f P etrie
b een v ery
p artial
i t
w ith
v ery w idely
h e
t he
t hought
i ntentionally
o f
t wo
i ts
s eparate
s ubsequent
p ublished;
t he
f act
r emained
e xcavated.
a nd
F arrer d escribed t he s ite b efore c ommencement a s a l arge m ound w ith r emains o f a r ampart f osse a round t hat p art n ot p rotected b y t he s ea. I n 1 929 t he C ommission n oted t hat t he
m ound s till r ose t o a bout 6 .7m a nd t hat t he w all c ould b e s een b ut, f or t he m ost p art, C ommission's n either
e ntry a ttempted
t o
c omplete n or e ntirely
b ring
o utworks w ere s till v isible; p art t he s ite w as j ust g rass c overed
i nformation t ogether
o f t he d ebris.
b roch T he
f rom t he v arious a ccounts;
i t
i s
c orrect.
S tructures B roch t ower T he
t otal
t he
d iameter
m aximum s hown i n
t here
w as
t he
b roch w as
V arious
c 2 0.27m,
f igures
t he e levation d rawn u p
a s carcement;
d istance m aking a l edge T he p assage
o f
c 1.13m a cross.
c ourtyard
t he
i nner w all
t he w all
a re g iven f or b y D ryden i s
r eceded
t hickness
t he
c 4 .42m.
c 0 .15m a nd
c
p reserved A t
4 .57m
h eight
o f
a h eight
o f
t he s tones
p rojected
a nd
t he
t he w all; c
3 .66m
t he
s ame
c 0 .3m w ide.
e ntrance w as t o t he E a nd w as c 4 .57m l ong a nd c 1 .83m h igh. i s g iven a s c 1 .37 -1.52m b ut t his n eeds e laborating o n. T he
T he w idth o f o uter c 0 .75m
t he w as
n oticeably s kewed a nd i n t he o btuse a ngle, o n t he l eft h and s ide, w as a c heck c 0 .3m d eep. I nside t his, a bout h alf w ay a long t he t otal e ntrance, w ere o pposing p assages c 0 .8Im w ide, c U .Öbm l ong a nd
c U .69m h igh a t g round
l evel.
T hese
s quare, c 1 .83m h igh a nd h ad c orbelled r oofs. t herefore i nside t he g uard c ells, a v ertical f ace a nd a s imilar o ne
p rojected
c 0 .15m f rom
t he
w as c 1 .22m w ide a nd t here w ere b ar h oles; h oles h ad, i f a ny, w ith t he g uard c ells.
s ame
T he s paced l intels o ver t he w idth b ut c 0 .91m s horter,
w all.
C irca
D ryden's
c eiling w ould C irca 0 .76m
1 .68m
e levations
w ide
o f
t he
t herefore
0 .38m a bove
h ave t he
C irca 0 .96m a bove e nds.
c 1 .07m h igh. A ccounts
o f
t he T his
i t
i nto
t his
i t w as
i rregular
r oof c 1 .66m h igh. P etrie t he b ottom o ne o f w hich w as
o ver
o f
t hat
b een a t
a nd c 0 .23m l ong
i t
t he
c ell
n ot e asy
w as
t hought
h eight
c ells
p reserved
t he 1 1
t o
I nside
a nd
b een
l ed
v ary;
i n
t he
o 'clodk
3 o 'clock
c 6 .4m b y
s ections
9 6
I .83m
i t
i s
t he e ntrance t he
b ar
a bove i t w hich w as t he b y p art o f t he b roch
a n a nnotation a t
o n
t his
o ne
p oint;
o f i ts
s carcement. w as
c 2 .82m l ong a nd
f loor a t
t o a c ell
t hese
c onnection
l intelled
a n e ntrance
c 1 .83m w ide
d irects s pecial a ttention t o t he d ouble b roken a nd p ropped u p w ith a s tone. c ourtyard
w hich w ere a bout
s ee w hat
f loor f or a c ell f rom t he o utside
t o h ave
o f
f looring a t
a c hamber
t o g uard
r ight-hand o ne. i s
e ntrance f ormed t he i t b eing s eparated
h eight
i ntimates
l ed
A bout 1 .52m s hort o f t he i nner w all f ace, a nd s lab p rojected c 0 .46m f rom t he l eft-hand w all
w as
c 1 .52m, s aid n ot
l intel
t o
h ave
c
a
c orbelled
o ver
t he
e ntrance
a nother e ntrance o blong
c 0 .9Im h igh,
w ith
i n s hape
c 0 .91m w ide a nd w ith
b een e xcavated,
a nd
s quare i s
s hown
S ECT ION
0 0 4 0 0 1 I
1 0
E -G 1 00FEET I
50
1
3
4
I I
P LAN
F ig 3 .19
O rkney f ig 3 69
B rochs:
3 3
E ast
B roch o f
B urray,
B urray
( RCAM
w ithout a r oof a nd w ith a f loor a bout 0 .9m a bove t he c ourtyard f loor i s s aid t o h ave b een c 1 .83m a bove t he c ourtyard a nd t he c omplete,
b ee-hived a nd
A t 9 o 'clock a nd
w as
1 946,
-after D ryden M S ( b)) f loor; r oof i s
i n o ther s aid t o
p laces h ave
t he b een
c 2 .44m h igh.
t here w as
a nother e ntrance.
p robably o riginally a bout 2 m h igh,
T his w as a lthough
c 1 .52m f rom t he
t he
r . , )or, .
t op w as m issing.
T he
c 1 .12m w ide w idth
w as
r educed o n e ither s ide b y t wo f lags o n e dge w hich w ere o nly c 1 .07m h igh. L eading a ntic lockwise f rom t his a ccess was a b lind i ntramural p assage o r c ell c 4 .47m l ong, c 1 .22m w ide a nd c 1 .7m h igh. L eading c lockwise f orm t he a ccess w as a f light o f t wenty s teps c 1 .22m w ide a nd c 5 .29m l ong which r ose c 2 .34m t o a l anding. F rom t his a n e ntrance c 1 .12m w ide, c 1 .10m l ong a nd t hreshold was t his
p oint T wo
p reserved a t
t he
b ut w as n ot o f
t he
t o a h eight
l evel o f
p reserved
s ections
s how
o f
c 0 .61m o pened a t
t he s carcement.
T he
1 1
l anding
o 'clock
i nto
t he c ourtyard;
( and s taircase?)
d id n ot
i ts
s top
a t
f urther.
t hat
a bove
t he b ottom o f
t he i ntramural
t he l evel o f t he s carcement, t here were l intels a bove w hich w ere t his w as p robably t he ' ruins o f c ell m arked o n P etrie's p ublished
9 7
s taircase,
a nd
t he r emains o f a p lan o f 1 857.
a bout
g allery.
S ec t ion o n al i ne C to H .
F ig 3 .20
O rkney B rochs: 1 890 , p l 7 )
3 3 E ast
B roch o f
B urray,
B urray ( Petrie
T he O S m ention t hat i n t he o uter p art o f t he t rench, i n t he N E, w here F arrer's e xcavation b roke t hrough i n 1 852, t here i s a w ell b uilt e ntrance, o r p assage c 0 .9m w ide t hrough t he o uter f ace o f t he b roch. T his a ppears t o b e o riginal b ut i s u nnoted b y P etrie. I t i s c0 .8m l ong a nd 0 .7m h igh a nd f rom i ts e nd w ithin t he b roch w all t wo w all f aces c an b e s een e xtending a bout i m f rom i t a t r ight a ngles e ntrance t o t he g allery f rom o utside t he b roch.
i n e ither d irection a s i f
t his h ad
b een
a n
I nternal c onstructions L ittle
i s known o f
t he i nterior e xcept
t hat
i t w as a lmost,
i f n ot
c ompletely,
e mptied
o ut. D ryden's e levation s hows t he f loor l evel, w hich i s s aid t o h ave b een f lagged, t o v ary b y a s m uch a s 0 .5m, b eing l owest a t t he e ntrance. T here w ere o rthostats w ithin t he c ourtyard b ut t hey w ere o nly r ecorded s chematically a nd n one o f t heir h eights a re known ; t hey s eem t o f ulfil t heir u sual f unctions o f m aking a d ivision p arallel t o t he i nner w all f ace, m aking a p artition a cross t he b roch, a nd f orming c ompartments b y b eing p laced a t r ight a ngles t o t he b roch w all. External c onstructions T he
b roch
t ower i s s urrounded b y a h orseshoe-shaped e mba rkment
t he o pen e nd
o f
w hich
m eets t he c oast t o t he W . T his e mbankment a ppears t o b e o f e arth a nd s tones a lthough o ne o f D ryden's i llustrations h as a f aced t ermination a t t he N E e nd m arked i n ; i t s tood c 1 .52m h igh
9 8
E XTENDED
XCT ION A T E NTRANCE L OOK ING E AS E
F ig 3 .21
O rkney
B rochs:
f ig 3 71 a t
t he
t ime o f
3 3
t he C ommission's
t he
S ECT ION
F-E
S ECT ION
C-D
B roch o f
B urray,
B urray
( kCAM
L OOKiel S OUTH
1 946,
-after D ryden M S ( b))
i s s aid t o b e c 7 .01m a nd f inding m idden o utside t he O utside
E ast
S ECT ION O F S MNR
b roch,
v isit.
T he
i nterior
b etween
t he
r ampart
a nd
t he
b roch
t ower
t here a re i ndications o f o utbuildings. A lthough F arrer m entions b roch i t i s n ot known w hether a ny b uildings w ere i nvestigated.
c lose
t o,
a nd
s upposedly
l eading
f rom,
t he e ntrance
p assage c 0 .61m w ide w as d iscovered r unning N a nd t erminating i n a f light l ed d ownwards t o a r ock-cut w ell m easuring c 3 .05m f rom f loor t o c eiling.
9 9
o f
a s ubterranean
n ine
s teps
w hich
L ONG ITUD INAL
A
S ECT ION
0 c r e a
2
a 2
P LAN 5
1 F ig 3 .22
1 0
O rkney B rochs: 3 3 E ast B roch o f f ig 3 72 -after D ryden M S ( b))
B urray,
2 5 F EET
2 0
1 5
B urray ( ROAM 1 946
F inds N one o f B one
a nd
t he f inds a re
a ntler :
s ecurely s tratified a nd s ome h ave n ot
p erforated
m ount;
l ong-handled
c ombs;
b een t raced.
d ouble-edged
c omposite
C ombs;
c ylindrical h andles; p ins w ith s carcely m odified h eads; p in w ith s quared t ermination ; p ins w ith d ecorative h eads a nd h ipped s hanks; g lobular p in h eads; v essel m ade f rom c etacean v ertebra; w horls; p art o f a s upposed w heel; ' spatula a nd ' scoop'; ' arrowhead"; t ubes m ade f rom b ird b ones; p ossible c lubs; m iscellaneous i tems. M etal :
d ecorated d isc-headed
S tone : q uern;
w horls;
l oom-weight;
h ammerstones;
P ottery :
b ronze p in; v essels;
i ron k nife;
l amp w ith w ick
p ossible r est;
i ron c hisel.
r otary querns;
p ossible t oy
r otary
d isc.
n ative s herds;
f ragment o f R oman S amian;
' cup'.
E nvironmental r emains A q uantity o f o n t he b roch f loor.
c harred b ere o r b arley w ith f ragments o f L ess u seful c ontexts
b urnt
s upplied e vidence o f
p igs, ' fowls', w hales, a nd m arine m olluscs ( mostly l impets). m entioned. N one o f t he e nvironmental r emains s urvives.
1 00
s traw i s s aid
h orses, A shes a nd
s heep,
t o h ave
l ain
c attle,
d eer,
b urnt b one a re a lso
S ources N i ) 4 9
N E
1
R CAM
1 946,
N MAS
1 892 C atalogue 2 33-4
2 93-4 n o 8 62
I HM C atalogue A nderson
1 874,
7 17
A nderson 1 883, 1 97, 2 36-8 C oughtrey 1 872, 1 30, 1 45 C urie,
J 1 932,
F arrer
1 857a,
P etrie P etrie
1 857, 1 890,
3 94 5 -6;
1 857b,
5 6-58 7 2-76,
P etrie 1 927, 2 4 P etrie M S ( a); M S ( 7)
2; 2
( 7)
R obertson,
8 5-86, ( b),
1 857c,
1 78
9 3 n o 4
1 0-12;
M S
( d)
4 0,
6 8-75, 8 4-99;
M S
( k),
1 -2;
M S
( q),
L oose
p aper
3 5
A 1 970,
P SAS 1 857, 4 S tevenson 1 955, T homas M S
1 57-8;
( b),
t able
2 86,
I I
2 92,
f ig A
2 6
3 4
G REEN H ILL, H O!
D erivation o f name ' Green
H ill
o bviously o wes
i s r ecent
i ts
n ame
t o
a nd o f
t he
l ittle
i nterest
b ut
t he a djacent
p resence o f a r ecognisable
c hannel,
b roch i n N orse
H urra
t imes
( see
S ound,
n o 3 2).
Geographical l ocation N Y 2 500 0 284. T he H urra S ound t o G raemsay. b arren.
b roch i s s ituated o n t he c oast i n T he i mmediate h interland i s f lat
A g laciated v alley g ives
a ccess
t o
t he w est
s ide
t he N p art o f H oy, o verlooking b ut t hen b ecomes s teep a nd r ather
o f
t he
i sland.
Excavations e tc T he m entions t here
s ite i s i dentified b y t he O S i n t he U NB o f 1 880 a s t he c airn S ir W alter S cott h aving l anded a t i n a n ote t o T he P irate e n r oute t o t he D warfie S tone. I n 1 812
m ust
a djacent
h ave
h ouse;
b een a n a mount t his
o f
s topped w hen
d estruction c aused w hen s tone w as t he m en f ound
h uman b ones.
r emoved
B oth b efore a nd
f or
b uilding
s ince,
t he
t he s ite
h as s uffered m arine e rosion t o t he e xtent t hat t he W h alf h as b een r tmoved. I n 1 887 C ursiter a nd J G M oodie o f H eddle h ad t he s ite i nvestigated; t he p resent c ondition a nd t he m easurement o f
i nternal
h eight
S ince v isited
t hen
b y
t he
g iven s uggest
t he h ollow h as C ommission
m easuring 2 5m E -W b y
i n
t hat
t hey
b een u sed 1 929.
h ad a s
I n
t he
c entre e mptied o ut.
a r ubbish
1 964
t ip
a nd
t he
r emains
w ere
t he O rdnance S urvey d escribed
u nclear
t he
w hen
r emains
a s
1 8m N -S a nd 4 .0m h igh.
S tructures B roch t ower T he a h eight
w all o f
c an o nly
b e
v aguely
t raced
n ow.
I n
1 887
t he
i nterior w as
a llegedly
r evealed
t o
c 6 .09m.
External c onstructions A part c ists
w ith T he
f rom b ones
p resent
t he h uman b ones o f
t hree
l ie o f
f ound
b odies,
t he
l and
b ut a nd
i n
1 812,
o nly t he
o ne
c liff
t he e xcavation o f s kull,
o n
t op
s ection d o
n ot
o f
1 887
r evealed
t wo o r
t hree
t he m ound.
s uggest
o utbuildings.
H inman r emains T he s econdary
i nhumations a nd w ere
f ound
i n
1 812 a nd
p robably e xtended
a nd
1 887 m ay w ell h ave i n
l ong
1 01
c ists
b een t he
o r s lab-lined
s ame. g raves.
T hey w ere
c learly
S ources N Y 2 0 S W 7 R CAM 1 946, 1 08 -109 n o 3 79 C ursiter 1 923, 5 1 -52 O NB 1 0 1 880, 7 8
3 5
T HE H OWE O F H OXA,
S R ONALDSAY ( figs 3 .23, 3 .24)
D erivation o f n ame T he f ull n ame f or
c oming
f rom O N h augr
4 252 9 396. T his d efensively s ituated b roch s tands o n t he N s ide o f w hich c onnects t he H oxa p eninsula t o t he r est o f S R onaldsay; i t h as
a l ow f lat a c ommanding
-m ound - and
t his s ite i s
p art
t autological,
t he s econd f rom O N h augs-eia , -m ound
t he f irst e lement
i sthmus.
G eographical l ocation N D i sthmus
v iew t o t he N o ver S capa F low.
S mall
l ochs,
o riginally p art
o f
t he s ea,
l ie b ehind t he b roch
o n t he i sthmus a nd t o t he S i s t he s andy b each w hich w ould a fford s heltered h interland i s n ot g enerally o f h igh q uality a nd o nly s ome h as b een i mproved.
b eaching.
T he
Excavations e tc T he f irst r ecord o f t he s ite i s i n L ow's t our o f 1 774 a nd i t i s m entioned a gain i n P rincipal G ordon's v isit o f 1 781. I n 1 848 P etrie c ompletely c leared o ut t he c ourtyard a nd e xposed t he o utside w all o f t he b uilding. T he r emains w ere a lmost i mmediately o bscured a nd m utilated b y t he o wner i n a w ell i ntentioned b ut m isdirected e ffort a t c onservation; t he e xternal t rench w as f illed i n, t he w all c apped w ith n ew m asonry, s ome o f t he i nterior w as r endered a nd t he e ntrance w as c ompletely m odified t o h ouse a g ate. S o q uickly w as t his d one t hat a ll b ut o ne o f t he p ublished a ccounts a re b ased o n i nformation f rom s econd p arties w ho t hemselves h ad n ot s een t he s ite b efore r estoration; T homas' d escription o f t he l ocation o f t he
f inds,
f or e xample,
i s
p ainfully c oncocted.
A v ery s hort
r eport
b y P etrie d id m ake a
b elated a ppearance i n 1 927. I t i s c urious t hat, a lthough h e e xcavated t he s ite i n 1 848, t ook t he m easurements f or t he p lan d rawn u p b y D ryden i n 1 870 a nd 1 871. T udor's a ccount 1 883 s ounds v ery e xact b ut, a gain, i t m ust b e b ased o n s econd-hand i nformation, a nd i t d ifficult A t i t
i s
t o know h ow r eliable i t
t he
t ime o f
h e o f i s
i s.
t he C ommission's
v isit
i n
1 935 t he c ourtyard w as u sed a s
a c abbage
p atch;
s till o pen b ut d ilapidated.
S tructures B roch t ower T he e xternal d iameter w as c 1 7.68m, 9 .14m a cross; t he p reserved h eight i s s aid P etrie
j ust
d escribes
t he w all a s
t he w alls w ere c 4 .27m t hick t o h ave b een c 2 .44m. b eing
b etween b eing f illed w ith s tones. G ordon, a s a d ouble w all w ith a c 0 .91m g ap w hich,
f aced i n t he
a nd
i nside a nd
t he
c ourtyard
o utside,
ears p reviously, h owever, s ome sixty y n o d oubt, w as a g allery w hich w as n ot
t he
c
s pace
d escribes p reserved
i t i n
P etrie's d ay. L ining
p art
o f
t he
i nterior,
a nd
i ntimately c onnected w ith
t he
r adial
o rthostats
d escribed, w as a f acing c 0 .3m t hick a t t he S W a nd c 0 .91m a t i ts t ermination i n T his w as o nly c 2 .29m h igh, t erminating b elow a s carcement w hich p rojected c 0 .13m. T he
o riginal e ntrance w as i mmediately o bscured b ut w as
t he m odified o ne
i s.
T here s eem t o h ave b een j ambs
f ormed
a lmost
c ertainly
b y u pright
t o
f lags a nd
t o
t he
t he E
b e N E.
w here
s omewhere o n
t he r ight h and s ide, g oing i n, P etrie s ays ' There a ppears t o h ave b een a c hamber i n t he t hickness o f t he w all, f rom w hich t here w as a n a perture o r s lit t o t he w idest p art o f t he d oorway..." H e c ompares i t t o o ne a t I ngshowe, F irth ; t he u npublished i llustration o f t his i s n ot c lear b ut t he c hamber d oes l ook l ike a g uard c ell. T his c hamber d oes a ppear o n a n umber o f p ublished p lans b ut i ts s hape, t he t iny s lit c onnecting i t w ith t he p assage a nd t he a ccess t o i t f rom t he c ourtyard a re a ll b ased o n s econd-hand v erbal i nformation o btained b y a R obert H eddle
f rom s omeone e lse a fter i t
h ad a ctually g one.
T udor s tates
t he d oorway t o h ave
b een c 0 .9m b road a nd c 1 .8m h igh a nd t o h ave b een i n t he E . I nside t he b ar h oles, o n t he N s ide, h e s ays, w as a p assage c 0 .61m h igh a nd c 0 .46m b road l eading t o a c ircular b ee-hiver oofed c hamber c 1 .83m i n d iameter a nd c 3 .05m h igh ; a s mall a perture c 0 .15m b road a nd c 0 .3m h igh o pened f rom t his g uard c ell i n t he m ain e ntrance o utside t he b ar h oles.
1 02
e
7 /6
. 2 eA 4 1," 1
A
C YAr S .
b W
277 7 21Yd 5r
R . 011 .
/ Jet
t a
OR RNEY .
e t
O rkney B rochs:
71 .
tc
•
rt .te .
/ r/ 1/ ./
/ ./ • Je
F ig 3 .23
/
3 5 H owe o f H oxa,
Z S / e .e 1 : . Je e " ,/ e
I ' ' ' .
S R onaldsay ( Dryden a nd
P etrie M S ( a))
T homas
s ays
t hat
a part f rom t he c hamber n ear t he e ntrance t here
w ere
n o
i ntramural
s tructures. H is i nformant o nly s aw t he s ite, h owever, a fter t he w all h ad b een b uilt o ver a nd w e h ave a lready n oted t hat a n i ntramural g allery w as s een i n 1 781. A s T homas m entions a nd W ilson i llustrated, t here w ere r ecesses i n t he w all a t 1 0.30 a nd 3 o 'clock w hich w ere, v ery a pproximately, 2 m w ide a nd a bout 1 .55m f rom f loor l evel; o ne o f t hese m ay h ave b een t he b uilt o ver a ccess t o a s tair. A gain, a t 9 o 'clock, c 0 .91m f rom t he f loor, t here w as a nother e ntrance c0 .81m w ide a nd p reserved t o a h eight o f c 1 .19m ; w hen f ound, i t w as b locked u p. A bout 0 .9m c lockwise f rom i t a nd a t t he s ame l evel a s i ts t hreshold w as a h orizontal s tone p rojecting f rom t he b roch w all f ace.
1 0 3
4.• -
F ig 3 .24
O rkney B rochs:
-
• _ •
3 5 H owe o f H oxa,
-
•
S R onaldsay ( Wilson 1 863,
f ig 1 20)
I nternal c onstructions T he i nterior o f t he b roch w as t horoughly i nvestigated; i t w as c leared d own t o t he l evel o f t he r ock. T he o nly s urviving s tructural f eatures, f rom 1 0 o 'clodk t o 3o 'clock, w ere s ix o rthostats v arying i n h eight f rom c 0 .66m t o c 1 .6m, p rojecting f rom c 0 .33 -0.53m a nd b eing f rom c 1 .83 -2.3m a part. I t w as s aid t hat o ne o r t wo o f t hese h ad b een r emoved a nd t hat t here w ere b roken r emains o f ' some o f t he d ebris. T udor s tates t hat t here w ere n o l ess t han f ourteen f lags v arying i n h eight f rom c 1 .83 t o c 2 .74m a nd i n b readth f rom c 0 .61 t o c 1 .52m s et a t r ight a ngles t o t he w all. F rom d escriptions o f
t he l ocations o f f inds i t i s c lear t hat f lag t roughs w ere f ound s et
i n t he f loor.
F inds T he f inds k nown o f a re g enerally w ithout c ontext e xcept t hat t he q uerns a re s aid t o h ave b een o n t he b roch f loor. O nly t he s maller o bjects h ave b een t raced. S tone : p estle;
s teatite c up; s addle q uerns ( B); m ortars, s erpentine b all.
t rough q uerns o r v essels; g rinder/ p ounder;
S ources N D 4 9 S W 1 R CAM 1 946, 2 83-284 n o 8 15 N MAS 1 892 C atalogue, 2 28 D ryden a nd P etrie M S ( a) ( among m aterial t hat H D 1 879 f rom m easures b y G P etrie 1 871)
s hould n ot
G ordon 1 792, 2 57 L ow 1 879 ( 1774), 2 2 P etrie 1 890, 9 2, 9 3 n o 2 P etrie 1 927, 2 3 P etrie M S ( b), 9 ; M S ( c), 3 8-39, M S ( i), 4 1-42, 5 6, T homas 1 852, 19-122 T homas M S ( b), 2 7 T udor 1 883, 3 35-336 W ilson 1 863, 1 07-110
1 04
b e i n t his f olio i s a p lan
1 40-142;
M S ( w)
b y
3& BROQI or BUllIAM. N RONALDSAY (figs 3.1s. 3.2&. pls 3.13. 3.14) Derivation of oaae liurrian derives from ON borg-� - the fort (appendix introduction). Geographical location HY 7627 5138. The broch lies on the SE tip of the island, overlooking a shore of rocky outcrops. Further round to the W is a broad bay headed by a sandy beach which forms the island's present-day harbour. Marine erosion has stripped away part of the site. Most of the hinterland has been improved but it is all low-lying and the whole island is rather exposed.
w a: 0 :r:
If) I
w
c _ o _
) 3 , „ K ‚ V4 4r 0 Z '
#8 c -/ f 6 g o
4
s
0 7-4-f
F ig 3 .3U
O rkney ( a))
B rochs:
4 9 H unton,
7,9 6 3
S tronsay
( Dryden a nd P etrie M S
S tructures b roch t ower O nly w ould o utside s ides
t he e ntrance s eems
a lso h ave
b een
e xpanding
i nside
t he
t o h ave
t he w all
t o c 1 .17m a t
c hecks
b ut
b een e xamined
t hickness.
d oes
d oor c hecks n ot
b ut
T he w idth o f
t he
c 1 .9m i n.
s how a ny g uard
p assage w as n ot c ompletely c leared a nd t hat P etrie i ndicates t he h eight o f t he e ntrance a s
l ength o f
c 4 .11m s hown f or
t he e ntrance w as
c ells;
P etrie i t
s hows
o f
h oles
s hould b e
t his
c 0 .96m
a t
f or
o n b oth
b ars
r emembered
t hat
t he t he
t he l ocal i nformant s aid h e e ntered a c ell b eing i n e xcess o f c 1 .68m a nd d escribes i t a s
l intelled. External c onstructions T he l ocal knoll o utside
i nformant o f ( the
t he
t ime o f
t he
e xcavation r eported m idden b eing
b roch).
1 25
t urned u p
i n t he
F inds A s pindle w horl o f
u nknown m edium was
p icked
u p
i n t he
c ourse
o f
p loughing.
Environmental r emains H idden,
a s
a bove.
S ources 6 2
N E b
k CAMS
H Y
1 946,
D ryden
3 33-4 n o 9 80
a nd P etrie M S
( a)
( among
m aterial
t he e ntrance; ' HD 1 880 f rom G P etrie P etrie 1 890, 9 2, 9 4 n o 5 0 P etrie M S
( d)
5 7-8,
t hat
s hould n ot
b e
i n t his
f olio
i s
a p lan
o f
1 863 )
6 2
5 0
L AMB HEAD,
S TRONSAY ( fig 3 .31)
D erivation o f n ame This a spect o f
a nd l ike n ames p robably j ust o riginate i n a n i ncident i nvolving a n a nimal; f arming p ractice; o r i n t he s hape o f a n atural c onfiguration.
i n s ome
Geographical l ocation H Y
6 904
a r ather t he
2 146.
r ocky
T he
s hore;
h interland
i s
b roch
t here
i s
l ies
o n
t he
a v iable
n eck
i nlet
o f a p romontory w here
t o
t he
S .
T he s ite
l ow c liffs
h as
d efensive
l ead
d own
p otential
t o b ut
r ough a nd u nimproved.
Excavations e tc T his s ite i s f irst r ecorded a s a P ict's h ouse i n 1 841. i nvestigations i n 1 864 a nd h e m ade m easurements i n 1 869.
s ome o f
t he
b roch a s
W hen
s urviving a nd
v isited
b uilding.
b y
t he
t hey
a lso
C ommission
T he O rdnance S urvey
i n
i ndicate i n
1 928
1 970 n oted
s ome
e xamination
f eatures w ere
t he
P etrie h ad a c onnection w ith T he p lans o nly s how t he W h alf
p ossibility
o f
t he
o bscured
i nterior.
b y
d ebris
o f a d itch a nd
t he
a nd
r ecent
l ikelihood
o f
o utbuildings.
S tructures B roch t ower T he
f igures g iven b y P etrie
t hickness
o f
g ive
o verall
t he
w all
f ace w as T he
w ere
t he w all w ere, d iameter a s
v isible
e ntrance w as
o rthostats
i n
f or
t he o verall d iameter,
r espectively,
t he
c 2 0.72m a nd
c 2 1.02m, t he w all
t he w idth o f
t he c ourtyard a nd
c 1 3.71m a nd c 3 .66m.
t hickness
a s
c 4 .87m.
t he
T he C ommission I n
1 928
t he
i nner
S W.
o n t he N W a nd h ad
f orming d oor c hecks
a w idth o f
a nd
i nside
c 1 .22m.
t hese w ere
H alf
w ay a long
t he e ntrances
o n e ither
s ide
t o g uard c ells
e ach
o f w hich h ad a n a umbry a t i ts i nner e nd. W hen t he C ommission v isited, t he g uard c ell t o t he N w as m ost c omplete a nd w as c 2 .44m l ong w ith a maximum b readth o f c 1 .83m a nd a p reserved h eight f ront
o f
c 1 .98m.
a nd c 1 m a t T he
t hought
I ts
t he
a umbry w as
b ack.
C ommission n oted m ight
h ave
T he s light
i ndicated
c 0 .46m h igh a nd d eep a nd
l ess
c omplete
s urface
c ells
c ell
o n
d epressions
h ad a w idth o f
t he S w as i n t he
t op
c 0 .69m a t
t he
s imilar. o f
t he m ain w all w hich
t hey
o r a g allery.
I nternal c onstructions The C ommission i n 1 928 n oted h is h e f or
p lans p lainly a
p assage
s hows s hows
a p assage
d istance o f t o
b e
r ecent
s ome e xamination o f
t he
c 0 .78m w ide
c 2 .36m w here
i t
i s
b uilding o ver
t he i nterior o f
c ourtyard a rea a lthough i t r unning m arked
f rom ' ruins
c 0 .63m h igh.
1 26
t he
i nside
o f c ells':
o f
i s
t he n ot
b roch. e asy
t o
P etrie,
t he e ntrance a t 3 a nother
i n
u nderstand. o 'clock
s ketch s hows
t his
•
•
•
• •
•
•
e d.
1 0
F ig 3 .31
0
O rkney H rochs:
1 0
5 0 L amb H ead,
20
3F #
S tronsay ( [ (CAM 1 946,
40 F EET
f ig 4 23)
E xternal c onstructions I n
1 970 t he O rdnance S urvey
r eported
t hree f eatures o f
i nterest.
F irstly t hat
t o
t he W
a nd S o f t he t ower w as d isturbed s tony g round i ndicating t he a morphous r emains o f o utbuildings. S econdly t hey c ould s ee i n t he c liff e dge t o N W a nd S E t wo h ollows c 8 .0m w ide a nd l m d eep a nd a bout 1 5m l ong w hich t hey t hought m ight b e a d itch p rotecting t he W s ide o f t he b roch. T hirdly, a bout 8 0m t o t he N W w ere t he t urf-covered r emains o f a w all s pread c 4 m t hick t hat r an o bliquely a cross t he n ec k o f t he p romontory i n N W-SE d irection ; t hey d id n ot c onsider t his n ecessarily d efensive.
S o u r c e s M Y 6 2 S E 1 [ ( CAN 1 946, 3 28 n o 9 47 D ryden p lan, F raser,
a nd ' HD
P etrie M S ( a)
( among o ther m aterial t hat s hould n ot b e i n t his f olio
1 879 f rom m easurements a nd n otes b y G P etrie, M ay 1 869 )
1 925,
2 3
P etrie 1 890, 9 2, 9 4 n o 4 9 P etrie M S (0, 4 2, M S ( q) l oose s heet m arked M S ( r), 1 -12 k intoul 1 845, 1 59-60 S impson 1 841, T homas
1 852,
1 59 -160 1 23
1 27
( 7)
1 1;
i s
a
5 1
H OWARNESS, WESTRAY ( Hoor N ess,
N oup)
D erivation o f n ame T he
f irst
e lement
c omes
f rom O N
h augar -mounds;
t he
T he a lternative n ame ' Noup d erives f rom O N g nüpr -a w ith s teep o verhanging f ace ( Marwick 1 952, 4 1).
s econd
f rom O N n es -a
m ountain o r,
a s
h ere,
h eadland.
a h igh h eadland
Geographical l ocation N Y r ocky
4 17
4 96.
a nd m ost
T he
o f
r emains
a re
t he s urrounding
o n a h eadland c liff l and
i s
r ough a nd
i n t he N W
o f
t he
i sland.
T he c oast
i s
h illy.
Excavations e tc I n 1 866 P etrie o bserved a s mall s egment o f a b roch r emaining i n t he f ace o f a c liff. T he O NB e ntry o f 1 879 r ules n o a llusion o n a ntiquity. T he s ite w as l isted b y P etrie b ut v isited b y t he R oyal C ommission a nd t he O rdnance S urvey i n 1 970 c ould s ee n o t race.
S tructures B roch t ower B oth P etrie's
s ketch a nd
t he d rawing D ryden m ade
w all a bout a t wo s eventh c ircuit 4 .27m.
o f
w hich
f rom i t
r emained.
s how o nly
T he m easurement
t he
i nner e dge o f
a cross
t he
t he
c hord w as
c
I nternal c onstructions T he
p lans
h alf-way a long
i ndicate a n o rthostat
a t
r ight
a ngles
t o
t he s urviving
l ength
o f
w all
a nd
i t.
S ources N Y 4 4 N W 2 2 R CAM 1 946, 3 61 D ryden
n o
1 071
a nd P etrie M S
( a)
( amongst
o ther m aterial
p lan ' HD 1 880 a fter G eorge P etrie P etrie, 1 890 9 4 n o 6 3 P etrie M S O NB 2 6
( f),
1 879,
a b
1 866 B ook
t hat
s hould n ot
b e
i n t his
f olio
i s
a
9 p 1 32')
1 32 - 1 33
9 3
5 2
K NOWE O F BURRISTAE, W ESTRAY ( fig 3 .32)
D erivation o f name T he d erives
f irst
e lement
c omes
f rom O N
b org -fortress
o r f ortification;
t he
s econd
p robably
f rom O N s tadr -farm.
Geographical l ocation N Y
4 317
h ighest
p oint
b eaching
b oats.
4 293. o n
T he t he
T here
s ite
i sland i s
l ies
a nd
a s mall
o n
t he
f ronted l och
t o
e roding W c oast
b y a r ocky t he N W a nd
o f W estray,
f oreshore t here
-w hich
i s a s tream
t o
o verlooked i s
b y
t he
u nsuitable
f or
t he S .
Excavations e tc T he C ommission v isited a l arge, s eaward
r ounded, t he
i nner
t urf f ace
t he
s ite
g rown m ound; o f a c hord
i n
1 928 a nd
e rosion h ad
c ould
b e
1 935.
F rom t he
t aken m ost o f
s een w ith
1 28
t he
l andward
t he
i nterior
s ide
s ite a way f ull
o f
i t
a ppeared
h owever a nd
r ubble.
a s
f rom
s
5 0 4 4 4 II f I f t F ig 3 .32
O rkney
b rochs:
5 2
A
cARCE ME N 7-
b urristae,
1 0 II I W estray
1 5F EET
1
11 1 1
( RCAM
1 946,
C .S .T .C .
f ig 4 54
S tructures B roch t ower A bout
o ne
f ifth o f
d iameter o f c 7 .92m f or c U .2m w ide p rojected. 0 .25m t his
a bove g ave
t he
t he
s carcement
a ccess
t o
b ase
s urvived
t he c ourtyard. I n t he c entre a nd
a nd
t he a rc o f
t he
i nner
f ace
s howing
s uggested
a
A long a c 3 .8m l ength o f t he i nner w all a s carcement o f t he e xposed w all-face t here i s a n o pening p laced c
m easuring
a n i ntramural c avity
c 0 .52m w ide a nd t hat
r an b oth
c 0 .84m h igh
l eft
a nd
r ight,
f rom s ill t hough
t o
l intel;
f or
u nknown
d istances. I nternal c onstructions b elow o f
u pright
t he
s carcement
t he
r emains
w ere
f ull o f
s labs.
S ources H Y
4 4
[ ( CAMS
S W
1
1 946,
3 50 n o
1 034
1 29
r ubble
b ut
i n t his
c ould
b e
s een t he
t ops
A PPENDIX 3 .2 A SHORT H ISTORY O F B ROCH S TUDIES I N ORKNEY
T he
a ttribution
o f
t he n ame
c entury t heir f unction, i f n ot t his m ore g eneral t erm w hich h as s tructures e xamples.
t he
t o
s ome
o f
t hese
s tructures
i mplies
t hat
i n
t he
9 th
i s a c orruption o f A long w ith o ther
t hey f ind l ittle s pecific m ention i n t he S agas; t here a re n o r eferences t o O rkney F rom t wo s eparate s ources -t he S aga o f E gil S kallagrimson a nd t he O rkneyinga S aga
-we know o f r ather i t c an b e u nderstood a s
b org
f orm, w as u nderstood. T he w ord ' broch a cquired a s pecialised m eaning ( ch 3 .1).
f unction o f
s econdary u se o f M ousi i n S hetland. T he c ondition w hich b y i mplication t o h ave b een i n, s uggests t hat t he N orse w ere a s f amiliar w ith t he f orm
t he
s tructures
( Anderson
1 873,
c xi).
O n
t he e arliest
o ccasion,
c 9 00
A l ),
a s hip-wrecked r unaway c ouple s pent t he w inter t here, a nd i t w as d efensible i n t he 1 2th c entury. A ' borg' i s a lso m entioned a s h aving b een, u nsuccessfully, d efended i n t he e arly 1 3th
c entury a t
' broch' a s w e T here b een
l ost
l ate
S crabster,
s ee
i t
C aithness,
( Anderson
1 873,
t hen f ollows a p eriod o r,
a t
l east,
h istorical
r eference
I slands o f O rkney a wakening
o f
n ot
( 1700,
i nterest
b ut
x liii,
t o
i s
d ifficult
i n w hich knowledge
r ecorded. t hese
5 7)
i t
T hat
t he
s tructures
d efinitely
i n a ntiquities
o f
w hat
b e a s
t hese
f ormer w as
t he
i n O rkney:
c onfuses
H oxa
t o
c ertain t hat
t his
w as
a
1 97). t hings
c ase
i s
W allace
w ere
i n
h is
' broughs' w ith b urial
i n S R onaldsay s eems
t o h ave
s eems
i mplied
b y
t o
h ave
t he
f irst
A ccount o f
m ounds.
I n
a ttracted
t he t his
a ttention.
T his i s d oubtless b ecause t he a rea i s m entioned i n t he S aga o f O laf T ryggvison a s b eing w here T horfinn t he S kull-splitter w as ' howe-laid' c 9 63 A D ( Anderson 1 873, 2 07). I t i s m entioned a s
a d efensive
s tructure
t our o f 1 781 ( 1792, s tructures w ere, t he
i n L ow's
t our o f
1 774
2 2),
( 1879,
a nd
a lso i n P rincipal
m ade. B arry's e ntry i n h is H istory o f t he O rkney I slands o f 1 805 i s s tructure o f a b roch t ower b ut h e s tates t hat t his i s a s a r esult s outh a nd t hat i n t he N orthern I sles o f t heir f ore-fathers t han t o quarry d escribes
t hese
T here c ontinued. n ature m ade
t owers
a s
' Danish',
t he i nhabitants h ave i nto t hem ( 96-98).
B arry
c alls
a nd
c oncerns i n
1 825
f ound
t he
B roch o f
t he s on o f
B urgar,
t he
t he
l umped
a l ong-handled c omb,
C rown s hould
t ogether a s
c laim i t.
b eing
e nquiry w hich s erved a s u s
t oday.
O rkney
I t
a nd,
w as
h e
a u seful
a lmost
d eer h orns
m akes
T his
h ad m ore r espect f or t he m onuments I t s hould b e n oted t hat w hile L ow
p roduced
o f O rkney',
t he e nsuing w ork
g reatly d ilapitated, g ood s ervice m ay s urrounds t he o riginal t ower' ( 119) -a nd d ealt
u nintelligible;
w ith
t hat
t o
o f
d ate.
h oxa,
h ad
b een
e arth
t wenty
a nd y ears
t he
i n
m ay
b ut
h as
n othing
j ust
f actual
t o
1 9th c entury w hen F W L T homas ' Account
1 852 a nd s ignalled a c hange
o f
o f
t he P ictish B roughs
b e
a ntiquarian o ffer
v isited
s ome
o f
t he
a pproach.
i n
I n
O rkney
a re
y et b e d one b y c learing a way t he r ubbish w hich i s o nly e nabled t o g ive p lans o f t wo w hich h ad b een
T he
a s w ill
t he
F ifteen a nd
t otally u nprecedented a rticle,
w hich a ppeared
a ttempts o ut
r elatively u nintelligent
a p lea f or e xcavation -'though n early a ll
s ufficiently
p revious
o n d igging
s upposed p revious e xcavations
o f a p eriod o f t o
t hat
P eterkin,
s ame s ite, M r G ordon, m ade w hat a re d escribed f ound a t reasure, w hich h e t hrew i nto t he s ea
t he m iddle o f t he
i s s tated
a nd a s keleton.
a nd a ll
p relude
e xactly
I t
c lergyman,
r epresentative
a s a r esult,
C eltic A ntiquities i t
i nformed a s t o t he c rude o f e xcavations f urther
t hem ' Pictish'.
E vie.
p arish
l ater, i e i n t he 1 840s, t he p roprietor o f t he a s ' considerable e xcavations'. I n d oing s o h e l est
s uch b een
i s n o d oubt t hat t he c asual e nquiries t hat m ay b e i nferred f rom G ordon's c omments T he f irst a ctual w ritten a ccount o f a s pade t o e arth i nvestigation i s o ne o f t his
b ut
r ubbish
G ordon's
2 57). W hile t he f ormer m akes i t c lear t hat i t w as known w hat l atter a ctually m entions s ome i nvestigation b y e xcavation h aving
p lan
b e
o f
s een,
B urgar
b ecomes
w as,
a nd
c larified
b y
r emains, l ater
e ntirely
e xamples
a nd
a uthorities. T he
a ge
s preading
o f
i ntelligent
s lightly e ither
a ntiquarian e nquiry
s ide o f
t he
d ate
b racket
i n O rkney
i s
v ery
1 850-1880 i nto
w ell
t he e ras
d efined,
b efore
o nly
a nd a fter.
T he p rincipal c haracters -though n ot t he s ole o nes -w ere t hree. F irst a nd f oremost, t here w as G eorge P etrie. H e w as a l ocal m an a nd w as F actor f or t he G raemeshall E state. h e w as n ot t herefore
a g entleman o f
w as
i n
a lways
e xceptions
t he
h is
a rea,
w ork,
a nd m easurements, h e
b ecame
b y ' two I n o n
g ood
a nd
i ntelligent t he
a nd
e xcavation.
I f
F arrer
t he
P etrie w as
l evel, h ad
g ave h im t he
o f
h ire
r esponsible
e xposed
t he
Z etland,
t enant a nd a t
f armers, v erbal
f requent
1 30
p atiently l eft
t ravel
h e t wo
w ith a nnotations
f inding. p lanned
r eports
a nd W ith
T he s ites o penings
s uch a s
t hat
b y
g iven
B urgar. F arrer,
v isits
l abour n ecessary w ho
t o
o f a d iscovery.
r ough s ketches,
t here w as J ames
g round
m uch m ore a s ummer m igrant
b y
t reasure
m ade
t he m anual t he
m ade
o pportunity e vent
f or m easuring a nd
b y e rosion,
l andowners
t he m an o n
i n t he
c onsisted o f q uite
b een
c oncerning
E arl o f t o
w ork
d iscoveries
s ites
f riends t he
i nterest
w as
f ield
g entlemen'
w ith
t hough h is
i mmediately a vailable,
o thers
f riends,
c ategory o f
t erms
n ot
i n i ncluded
t heir
w herewithal h im,
a t
o f w hat
i nvolved
l andowners
l eisure i f
f or
t aking
a t rail
o f
t o
M P
f or D urham,
O rkney
e xtensive, n otes
o f
a nd i f
w ho w as h ad
n ot
o ccurrences
d estruction,
a bout
t he
e xact, a round
w hich
-
2
••
, „
y e.
1 / 6 nil .
e idGe.ye . ,
• • • •a x.
•
f e 2 0 , ›
4 4 4 7 4
•' Y . / le
,
, 717 .) ,ve 4«, 1
ORA,v£ t
P 1 3 .1
O rkney M S
B rochs:
3 O xtro,
B rochs:
1 2
/
B irsay ( Dryden M S ( b)) ( RCAMS -S AS
1 70)
i t
P 1 3 .2
O rkney ( s))
( RCAMS -S AS
B urrian,
M S
4 87)
1 31
H array
( 1)
( Russland)
( Petrie
M S
P 1 3 .3
O rkney B rochs: ( e), 6 9) ( RSM(Q)
1 2 b urrian, H array -S AS MS 5 46)
( 1)
( Russland)
( Petrie
M S
A -A
/7 ,174e .
Ir ArrA %
n p .N
P1 3 .4
O rkney b rochs: MS ( b))
( RCAMS
1 5
N etlater,
-S AS
M S
1 70)
1 32
Manse o f H array,
H array ( Dryden
77i1P /74 : .1 ;
ft i i i/•
Harr : 1v .
OR KNEY P 1 3 .5
O rkney MS ( b))
B rochs:
1 5 N etlater,
( RCAMS -S AS
M S
Manse o f
H array,
H array ( Dryden
1 70)
P1 3 .6
O rkney l b L och
B rochs: o f
A yre,
S t Mary's, H olm ( Graeme 1 914, f ig 1 )
1 33
P1 3.7
O rkney
B rochs:
1 9 R ound H owe, ( Howe o f L angskaill), S t A ndrew' s ( Petrie MS ( q)) ( kCAMS S AS
a I . Z :il d i a4 A 3 , 7 4-
P1 3 .8
O rkney
&Ochs:
1 9 R ound H owe, ( Howe o f kaill),
L angsS t
Andrew's ( Petrie MS ( s)) ( RCAMS SAS M S 4 87)
1 34
M S 4 87)
P 1 3 .9
O rkney B rochs: 2 1 L ingro, ( RCAMS -S AS M S 3 2)
1 35
S t O la
( Dryden a nd P etrie
M S ( b))
4
e
4
P 1 3 .10
O rkney 2 1 O la
s k i
4 . 1
1 36
S t
( Dryden
P etrie 4
B rochs:
L ingro, MS
a nd
( b))
( kCAMS -S AS M S 3 2)
e . „
/ eh, -A e . . .
t i e «
d t ke
Ea 's ./ grear iv i l B r , 1 7 , e ei e ,e
O nt i NE Y.
P 1 3 .11
O rkney B rochs: ( b))
3 3 E ast
( RCAMS -S AS
M S
B roch of
B urray,
B urray ( Dryden M S
B urray,
B urray ( Dryden M S
1 70)
E B urr , OR KN E Y , P 1 3 .12
O rkney ( b))
B rochs:
3 E ast 3
( RCAMS -S AS
M S
B roch o f
1 70)
1 37
5' 2 , .• i t '
f ; • ; i ; . ” • e 74 3
Bro t tsh a t Burr ' .d u N or th
Rahat ( toPy
R KNEY GC AL_ C
P 1 3 .13
3
t
O rkney B rochs: 3 6 B urrian , N ( RCAMS -S AS M S 1 70)
1 38
I
R onaldsay
( Dryden
M S ( 6))
i c/ fo n of
e h a In
r
B ROCH O T -7 I g L IR + VA N , (e t )7 1
t ( )7 /
/ 77 7" . 1 "
,7
.
/ . h
P 1 3 .14
O rkney B rochs: 3 6 B urrian, ( RCAMS -S AS M S 1 70)
1 39
N R onaldsay
( Dryden
M S
( 6))
P 1 3 .15
O rkney B rochs: 3 7 B othikan , ( RCAMS — S AS M S 4 87)
P apa W estray ( Petrie M S W )
c o ,
/
2 94 ;
A
3 .n e I n 2r . , r i tu th ie tncy
/V
.
Z r
OR KNEY P 1 3 .16
O rkney
B rochs:
( XCAMS — S AS
M S
4 7
B urroughston ,
1 70)
1 40
S hapinsay
( Dryden M S ( b))
243
t i ‚o r ti ik
P meror outm t
,
OR KNEY P 1 3 .17
A
O rkney B rochs: 4 7 B urroughston, ( RCAMS -S AS M S 1 70)
S hapinsay
( Dryden
M S ( b))
6„ : 5> itYV : 5 ,
P 1 3 .18
O rkney
B rochs:
( RCAMS -S AS
M S
4 7
B urroughston,
1 70)
1 41
S hapinsay
( Dryden M S
( b))
e r :
A
Ze, ,e7
Bv o l t »
t bur ror es tmt
2 •0
h
OR KNEY P 1 3 .19
O rkney 4 7
B rochs:
B urroughston,
S hapinsay
( Dry-
d en MS ( b)) ( RCAMS -S AS M S 1 70)
P 1 3 .20
O rkney 4 7
B rochs:
B urroughston,
S hapinsay ( Dryd en MS ( b)) ( RCAMS -S AS M S 1 70)
A 41 1 72
3 , 1
2 0
•1 0 0
OR KNEY
1 42
w ere
i t
n ot
t or
P etrie -we
S ir h enry D ryden, b e
s een,
a lthough
s upposed;
a l arge
P etrie's
t he
w ould k now n ext f amous
D ryden
f irst
b roch
h is
n othing.
a rchitectural
d id
n umber o t
t o
o riginal
do
d rawings
s ite w as
r est
O xtro,
i llustrator,
w ork
o n P etrie's
a way;
t he
s olid-basea a n a rea c ell,
-c a t
i nterior w as
s avaged;
p reserved j ust
1 5Um -a nd 1 o 'clock, 1
a nd
n othing
o ver 2 m h igh.
I t
t he
i t
i s
i n
t hird n ot
s ketches
B irsay w here,
c ommenced r emoving a m ound f or a gricultural c learance d uring e xcavation a nd m ade n otes b ut h ad n o c ontrol h acked
i s
i n O rkney
a s
c haracter. m uch
1 847,
i s known a bout t o
b e
c omparatively t hin w alls -c 3 .6m a cross. a nd a t 9 -10 o 'clock t here w as a ccess t o
A s
w ill
m ight
b e
a lone. t he
f armer
a nd f or t he s tone. o ver w hat w ent o n.
h appened
a s
t he o ne
a nd
h is
m en
P etrie v isited i t T he e ntrance w as
o utside.
T he
w ith a v ery
b roch w as
l arge
f loor
I t a lso h ad a g round a s tairway i n t he w all
f loor w iuth
a t f loor l evel. I n t he i nterior w as a w ell a nd o f t he f urnishings o nly a f ew o rthostats a round t he w all e dge s urvived -though o thers a re known t o h ave e xisted. T he w all a cross t he c ourtyard
s hown
b y P etrie
' secondary' a nd m asonry f eature f lags
a nd w as
i s
i nteresting
i n t he s econd h e n ever i s u ndoubtedly u ntrue;
a p artial d ivision m ore
s ite u pset d ating s omewhat; i t w as j udged t o b elong t o t he S tone A ge. a P ictish s ymbol A h oxa,
s tone,
t he
s ite w hich P etrie w as S R onaldsay.
o n
t he
p art
a ble
i mmediately
o f
t o
t he
r eadily
o f
r easons.
I n
u nderstandable
R oman
t a c kle
t he
f irst
p lace
h e
f inds,
w ere n ot
d efined
T his
a rbitrarily
r ealised a t
a n e arly
s tage
t he o utside
b y a m isdirected,
T he o riginal
n ow.
c alled
i t
c ontinuous, o f u pright c hosen
c ontained n o m etal a nd t herefore w as o ne o f t he c ists h aving i ncorporated
p ersonally a t
i nside a nd
o bscured
t he o wner.
t wo
c overed w ith c ists, T he i mplications o f
p resent
h e s coured
r emains w ere a lmost t ion
a nd
f or
s aw i t. I ts r epresentation a s a b road, i t i s d escribed e lsewhere a s b eing m ade
b ut
s tructure o f
o f
t ime.
i n h is
t he w all
t horough,
t he
t he
a ttempt
s ite h as
c areer
w as
1 848.
T he
i n a t
c onserva-
r emained a s ource
c onfusion f or t wo r easons, b oth a ttributable t o P etrie's r elative i nexperience e xcavation. H e d id n ot r ecord i t w ell, ( in p articular h e d id n ot p lan i t), a nd
o f
i n b roch h e may n ot
h ave u nderstood h is f indings c learly s ince c ontusion c oncerned t he e ntrance w hich,
h e h ad s o l ittle t o c ompare t hem w ith. P articular w hen v arious c ontemporary a ccounts a re w eighed
a gainst
a ppears
P etrie's
b roch e ntrance h oles T he
a nd o n
t he
i nterior
o 'clock, a ngles
l ater s imple
r ecorded w as r ight-hand
w as
c leared
s ix o rthostats t o
i t.
u p
E lsewhere
r apid
r ebuilding o f
f rom
t he
s ide,
t wo
a nd
i nside
t hese,
t he
t o
1 .6m h igh a round
t here
u nderlying
a re known
c ertainly
r ecesses,
w as
r ock.
o f
b een p erfectly i nside
a p assage
n ormal.
T he
f irst
t he d oor j ambs w ere
t wo
l eading
c hamber.
T here s urvived,
t he
t o h ave
t o
f rom
i nternal
c ircuit
o f
b een f lag
t roughs
s et
a g uard
1 0 o 'clock
t he w all i n
t he
a nd
b ar t o
3
a t
r ight
f loor.
T he
1 0 - 1 a nd
3 o 'clock,
c 1 .55m
w hich c ould h ave h ad a ccess
t o a s tair
i n
c onfused
e ither
t o h ave
c 1 .8m h igh;
t o
t he s ite
f loor w ere
s tatement,
c 0 .9m w ide
t hings
b ut
a t
t he
w all. P etrie's g reat
f irst c ollaboration w ith F arrer w as
i nsight
i nto
t he
m ethods
e xcavations c ommenced i n 1 851 y ear, a s d irected b y F arrer, o f
t he b urg g iving
f armer w ho a greed
o f w orking
t hem d irections
h ow
T here
s eems
u nsystematic, s eems
t o
i sland h ave
t o h ave
o f l eaving t he a nd o utside'.
t he
E B roch o f
t ime.
A ccounts
a nd
t o
c arefully
v arious
t hought F arrer's
p roceed a nd s pecial l eave a ll
i nstructions
t he w alls
c onflict p arts
e xcavations
b uilding u ndisturbed, T he l ast m ay s imply
n oted o f
e very
r emoved w as,
f or
a nd
i t g ives
c ontradictory
u s b ut
t he
t ime
t o
a n i ntelligent
s tanding a nd c arefully
m ethod.
i nstead o f c rude
t o
F arrer's t he t wo
c ircumstance'. P etrie
t racing
f or h e h ad
a ccused
t he w alls t o
s uggest
F arrer
o f
t hroughout'. t o
h im ' the
b eing H e a lso
p ropriety
a nd o f t he c areful r emoval o f t he r ubbish, b oth i nside h ave b een a r esponse t o F arrer's i ntroduction o f a n ew
t echnique -trenching -w hich c aused t he w all t o b e b reached. t he s tructure was c ertainly a n a dvance o n s imple quarrying b ut r ubbish
B urray a re
t urn u p'. T his s tart w as m ade i n a dvance o f ' in a s tate o f f orwardness' a nd s ubsequently
b een s ome
' excavating a t
t o
t he w ork,
p reserve e very r elic w hich m ight a rrival s o t hat w ork s hould b e t he
o ver
t he
o r 1 853 a nd w ere c ertainly c ontinuing i n 1 855. I n t he l atter h e s et ' a c onsiderable b ody o f l abourers t o e xcavate t he r uins
t o s uperintend
' repeatedly v isited
o f
b eing,
t heoretical.
P etrie's a pproach o f e mptying h is d esire t o s ee t he o utside
T he d ifferences
o f
o pinion
i n
t he
m atter m ust h ave b een a t t he r oot o f t wo i nterim s tatements w hich a ppeared i n t he s ame v olume o f t he P roceedings o f t he S ociety o f A ntiquaries o f S cotland o n t he s ame s ubject a nd f rom t he p en o f t wo p eople w ho w ere o therwise n ot known a s b eing p ublication c onscious ( Farrer 1 857a; P etrie 1 857). A s l ate a s 1 866 P etrie e mployed m en t o c lear u p p roblems t hat h ad b een l eft o utstanding. T he
b roch w as
a gain
s olid-based,
h aving
t wo
i ntramural
c ells
a nd,
a t
9 -10 o 'clock,
a n
e ntrance 1 .8m f rom f loor l evel f rom w hich a f light o f s teps i nto t he courtyard at a h eight o f 3 .6m, o ver a s carcement.
l ed c lockwise t o a d oorway b ack T here a re t hen s everal n ew a nd
i mportant
o f
f eatures
c onnected w ith
l anding w hich i mplied t hat a fter t o t he unprecedented h eight, t he I t
h ad door
j ambs
t he
t ower,
a s olid b ase e ntrance w as
i nside w hich w as
n ot
t he
l east
w hich w as a g allery
a bove
3 .6m h igh t he w alls h ad c ontinued h ollow. c omplete a nd o ver i t w as a n i nward f acing
a n e xpansion a nd
1 43
b oltholes,
a nd
o utside w hich
w ere
t he
D ue c ell. t wo
guard
c hambers
s hown
i n
t hese
i nternal
t he
( though
i nterior
t here b ut
m ay
i t
s tructures,
i s
h ave
b een
c lear
v ery
l ittle
f ound t o e xist o utside t he e ntrance a ttempt w as m ade t o e xcavate o utside n oticed b ut i t w as t he s eaward e nds g reat
d eal
o f
F arrer's t o
h ave
h ad
a ttempted t rying t o o f
t he
t he
a nd t he
e mphasis
p laced
w ork
a c haracteristic
h as
t he
i nformed
i nvestigation
i s
u nknown a nd
b roch w ith
a f loor
A
t he
a rea
t he
m ade
o f
t hem.
o f
t o
b arely
r ecords
b e
s een)
W ith
a nd
t he
t he
b roch
' moat
b urroughston
r ecords
e mployed
c ould
r emains i n
S imilarly,
a re
t he a pproach
t o
a lthough a w ell
w as
i tself, n o s erious a re t here w ere n ot e mbankment. i nterpreted
A t o ne n or w as
o f a
i n
a nd
i ncompleteness
l acked p oint
t ime,
i s
o r
a bout
i t;
p atience,
k edland
i n
h e
a ppears
a nd a s pirit
F irth
w hich
o r
P etrie
t he c ondition o f t he s ite w as s uch t hat D ryden, i n s tated t hat h e d id n ot u nderstand t hem. T he e xtent m easur2ments m ay
o f
c 5 3m
a nd a lso
b e d oubted;
t hey w ould
t he
t he
o ne w ith
h ave
m ake
t hinnest
R edland
w all
a t
c
f eatures w hich a re a ssumed t o h ave b een i nside h ave b een o n t he o utside. T he s ite i s s upposed
b een
t he
i llusion o f
o f s tones. T his i s v ery a r ampart ( which c an n ow
a d ip
b etween i t
a nd
t he
m ound
( Vide b urrowstown i nfra). S hapinsay
' Shortly a fter
s ome m en
a f ew o rthostats
u sed a nd
b een s urrounded b y a m oat o utside w hich w as a c ircular r ing t o h ave b een a m isinterpretation; t he s tones w ere p art o f
s urrounding
P etrie
h ave
c ase
2 .74m. T he e ntrance w as n ot l ocated a nd t he t he c ourtyard, a nd w hich i ncluded a w all, m ay t o h ave l ikely
t he
t echniques
R oman m aterial.
i ncompetence
t o m ake s ome n otes o f i n 1 858; i nterpret t he r ecords, s imply
s mallest
t o
t ower w as a h orse-shoe s haped a b uilt f ace b ut t his w as n ot
b ut
e nquiry.
I n
d ue
t o c onnect w ith t he p assage b roch. T he s tructures t hat
f inding
b oth e nthusiasm a nd m oney,
p roblem-oriented
w as
s een t hat 7 m f rom t he o f t his D ryden s howed o n
t wo d oors).
t hat,
w e
s ee
t he
t he d iscovery o f
i nterests
M aeshowe,
t o o pen a l arge m ound
O n
o f
t he
l ocal
M r B alfour o f
g entry
e ntering.
B alfour a nd
t he i nvitation o f M r
T renabie
B alfour I r epeatedly
v isited t he p lace a nd t ook c areful m easurements a nd n otes.' T his w as a bout 1 862: S ir H enry D ryden a lso p lanned t he r uins i n 1 666. T his w as n ot o nly a n a dequately f unded e xcavation b ut o ne w hich w as d one w ith s ome c are a nd i n t he l ight o f knowledge p reviously g ained. T he c entre w as n ew
emptied w ith,
f eatures
w as r evealed e ntrance t o,
a re
a lso
a s w e
t o
b e
s hall
s een.
s ee, O ne
l ittle
i s
t hat
d amage
t he
t o
t he i nternal
b ase o f
t he
t ower
s tructures,
( and
i ts
f ull
b ut
t wo
p rofile)
b y a t rench a round i t a nd a nother i s t hat a b arrow r un w as c onstructed f rom t he i n t his c ase, t he c liffs; b oth w ere t o h ave u nforeseen a nd u nintended i mplica-
t ions. T he t ower i tself d oorway o pening o ver i t;
w as t he
s olid-based a nd h ad a s carcement a t a h eight o f s tairs c ontinued p ast t his. A t a l ower l evel,
c 3 .6m a nd a b ut w ell a bove
t he c ourtyard f loor, w as a nother d oorway i nto t he w all w hich w as d amaged b y e xcavation b ut s teps f rom w hich p robably l ed u p p ast t he u pper r e-entrance t o t he c ourtyard. T he b roch e ntrance
w as
p reserved
t o
i ts
f ull
h eight
a nd
j ambs h alf way a long a nd a g uard c ell t o t he p rocess o f e xcavation l ittle w as w ritten o r t hey w ere e ntrance t o r est
w as
c urved
c onsidered r elatively r ecent. t he w ell, a nd t here w as n othing
e qually
d ivided
r oom w hich n ot f orm o f
b etween
o nly
a n
i nward
f acing
c avity;
i t
h ad
c ompartments
i nner w all
f lags
a h eight
o f
i nside
a nother
s ections a nd
t hat
t hat
f ortification. t he
t he
f ormer a nd a ny b etween
t he
c onsidered
s econdary.
t he w all a round
t ower
i s
o utbuildings. p arts
o f
i s
b e
s een,
a d epression b etween
c hronological
t his m onument
t he b roch
r ampart
t he
r elationships
w ere
o utside
w ith h indsight,
p laced w ithin a c ircular
o nly
T he
T he a rea o utside c onsidered a r ampart
c an c learly
c entrally
s upposed d itch
v arious
I t
i t w as
r ound a c entral a rea -is
a nd
a
c 1 .9m.
t renching a round t he b roch b ase s howed a w all p arallel t o i t -w hich w as t hought t o b e s ort o f c ontemporary r ampart -w hile t he b arrow r un w as i nterrupted b y f limsy e xternal s ince
r ooms
b y o rthostatic
r oofed a t
g eneral
t hat w ere
a nd
s till
T he s ome
m isunderstood
f loor -compartments
d efined
b ut w as
t he T he
T he
c onstructions
t he
o ver i t
N othing s urvived i n t he c entre o ther t han a round o ne t hird o f t he i nner w all c ircuit.
i ndividual
h ad a b uilt
h ad
l eft. A lthough t hey w ere n ot d estroyed i n t he t hought a bout t he i nternal s tructures b ecause
e xpressed
b y
h as
i mportant.
b een v ery
w hich w as
f rom
t he
a
c ontemporar
w hich e ncloses
l atter a nd t hat w ere
t he
c 2 000m
r uins
c onsidered
f irm c olour
c oding
m uch d itch
o f t o
i n
t he exist
D ryden's
d rawing i n 1 866 o f p lans o f t his s ite, O xtro a nd N etlater, h array. W e h ave a lready s een t hat a t t he f ormer P etrie d eclared t he i nternal f urnishings s econdary ( because t he w all h e h ad n ot s een w ent o ver t he w ell e ntrance) a nd w e s een t his l ogically c ontinued. I n t he b urroughston p lans t he b roch t ower a nd t he w all s urroundtng i t a re c oloured r ed w hile t he i nternal c ons tructions W e s tone
a nd
s tructures
s ee P etrie h ad
p artially
a gain w ith
r evealed e mptied
r evealed
a n
b y
t he
F arrer i n
o pening d own
o n o ne d ay
a nd w as
1 863 a t
F irth,
P etrie i n
1 664
a lso
t hough
d oor j ambs
t here w as
a nd,
h ad
h e
s ome
n ot
t he
p lanned
b ehind
l east
t hem,
a nd
i n S tronsay w here
b y P etrie.
h esitation a v ery
p lanned
t wo g uard
b lue.
T he
T he p lan
a p lough
e ntrance i s
s uitably
t aking
u p
a
p assage
w as
s imple
a nd
d oor c hecks, a n i nternal e xpansion a nd b olt h oles, P erhaps t he m ost s ignificant p oint i s t hat a s w ith
c onnection w ith
o nly m easured
H unton
c oloured
t o a l intelled e ntrance.
' small j ust s howing t hat w hile t here w ere t here w ere a pparently n o g uard c ells. k edladd,
b arrow r un a re
i t
1 44
c alling
p artial
i n
c ells.
i n
1 869.
P etrie's
t his
s tructure a b roch.
e xcavation a t
L amb
T he e ntrance w as p lan a lso
s hows
H ead
i n
S tronsay
r evealed a nd
s ome
e xamination
h ad o f
t he
c ourtyard a rea t o h ave
t aken p lace;
h e
p lainly s hows
a p assage U .8m w ide a nd o nly
U .bm
he ' ruins o f c ells' a re m arked. N either h igh r unning f rom t he e ntrance t o t he r ight where t t he p utative r emains o f o utbuildings o r a f ortification a cross t he p romontory n oted b y t he O rdnance S urvey,
w ere e xcavated o r
r ecorded.
N etlater, o r t he M anse o f h array, w as a w ell f unded i ntensive e xcavation o n a p ar w ith B urroughston w hich w as c onducted b y t he R ev D r T raill, m inister o f t he p arish, i n o r b efore 1 865. P etrie m ade n otes i n t hat y ear a nd i n 1 866 b ut i t i s c lear t hat h e w as n either i n c harge o f o perations n or p resent u ntil t hey w ere w ell a dvanced. S ir h enry D ryden t ook a dditional m easurements i n 1 866 a nd d rew u p t he p lans s poken o f. A s a t b urroughston, t he i nterior w as e mptied, w ith a c are c onsistent w ith t he t imes a nd t echniques, t he t ower w as d efined b y b eing T he
b roch
t renched r ound w as
t he b ase,
s olid-based w ith
a nd a b arrow r un w as
c onstructed
t wo i ntramural c ells a nd a g round
f rom t he e ntrance. f loor
e ntrance
t o
s tairs i n t he w all; t he w all i tself w as p reserved t o i nsufficient h eight f or a s carcement t o b e p resent. T he e ntrance h ad d oor c hecks a nd a n i nternal e xpansion b ut n o g uard c ells. T he i nternal f urnishings w ere a s i nteresting a s t hose a t B urroughston b ut d istinctly d ifferent i n l ayout. A t N etlater a p assage f rom t he e ntrance l ed i nto e ither o f t wo a partments w hich w ere s eparated b y d ivisions o f o rthostats a nd b uilt w alls. I n o ne o f t hese w as a w all a nd i ts e ntrance. I n t renching r ound t he b roch t ower a w all w as d iscovered p arallel t o i t a nd t he b arrow r un f rom t he e ntrance c aused o utbuildings t o b ecome a pparent. T hose t hat w ere e xcavated h ad b een r emoved b y t he t ime o f P etrie's f irst v isit t o t he s ite. D ryden's c olour c oded i llustration s hows t hat, a s a t b urroughston, t he b roch t ower a nd e ncircling w alls w ere c onsidered c ontemporary a nd t he i nternal a nd e xternal b uildings l ater. 1 866 s eems t o h ave b een a b usy y ear f or P etrie a ltogether. I n J une h e g ave a l ecture t o t he S ociety o f A ntiquaries o f S cotland o n t he s ubject o f O rkney b rochs a nd i t i s i mportant t o n ote t his d ate s ince i t w as n ot i ssued i n p rint u ntil 1 874 a nd w as p art o f A rchaeologia b cotica v olume f ive, i tself d ated 1 890. W hat l ooks, a t f irst, t o b e a l ate, i ndeed p osthumous, p ublication w as a ctually a v ery e arly c ontribution t o b roch s tudies w hich m ust h ave b een t remendously i nfluential a t t his F arrer
w as
a lso b usy i n 1 866.
f ormative s tage.
T he O rdnance S urvey's O bject N ame B ook o f
1 880 i s
t he
o nly s ource t o d isclose t hat i t w as i n t his y ear t hat F arrer a nd P etrie w ere c onnected w ith e mptying t he m iddle o ut o f t he k nowe o f R edland, S tromness, a nd f inding a s tair t o a w ell. I t w as p robably a lso i n 1 866 t hat F arrer c onducted a p artial e xcavation a t I ngshowe, F irth , w hich P etrie p lanned. O nly h alf o f t his h ad b een l eft b y t he s ea a nd t he w all s eems t o h ave b een i nvestigated t o i ts b ase a nd a t l east p art o f t he c ourtyard d ug i nto. T he s tructure w as s olid-based b ut a g allery w as j ust p reserved a t a h eight o f 3 .6m a nd t he i mplication m ade i s t hat t his w ould b e a c onsistent f inding r elated t o h eight. T here w as o nly o ne g uard c ell, o n t he r ight h and s ide, w hich w as o utside t he d oor j ambs a nd e xpansion. M ost i nteresting w as a b lo c king a cross
t he e ntrance i n w hich t here w as a d oorway
t o t he l eft.
b oth o f t he a bove p ieces o f w ork b y F arrer, a nd t he o thers c ited ( with t he e xception o f t he E b roch o f B urray) w ere v ery p artial. I n J uly o f 1 866, h owever, h e w as r esponsible f or a t horough a ttempt o n b urrian, a nd u ninformative a ccount o f o ut
a
B rough i n h array,
P etrie's w ork F errer c ould f inal s cale,
( Russland), H array. H e a ctually p ublished a b rief u nillustrated t his o f w hich t he m ost i nteresting p assage i s; ' I h ave c leared
w hich p resented n othing v ery
p eculiar'.
W e
r ely v ery h eavily
f or a n u nderstanding o f t his s ite b ut w hile i t i s d ifficult m ake l ight o f s uch a d iscovery h is c omment d oes h ave t ruth
o n
t o u nderstand h ow i n i t. P etrie's
p lan i s a b eautiful i mitation o f t hose D ryden m ade i n t he s ame y ear -including t he l ettering a nd t wo-coloured w ater w ashes. I n i t w e c an s ee e vidence f or F arrer's
t renching m ethod a nd d eliberate c learance a round t he b ase o f t he m ain s tructure. T he b roch w as j ust a s olid-based o ne b ut c ontained a s tairway w hich s tarted 1 .8m f rom t he f loor; t he e ntrance h ad j ambs a nd, b ehind t hem , a s ingle g uard c ell t o t he r ight. T he i nternal f urnishi ngs w ere t he m ost i nteresting a spect o f t his s ite f or t hey a re v ery c losely c omparable t o t hose a t b urroughston. P arallel t o p art o f t he i nner f ace w as t he s tump o f a m asonry w all, w hich p robably o nce s upported a r oof, a nd e lsewhere r ound t he c ircuit w ere c ompartments m ade o f o rthostats. T he c entral a rea t hese f eatures s urrounded w as w ell d efined a nd i n i t w ere a h earth a nd n umerous t roughs o r c ooking t anks. P etrie c oloured t hese b lue a gainst t he b roch, w hich w as r ed. H e a lso c oloured t he o utside o f t he t rench a round t he b roch b lue a nd f rom t he R oyal C ommission's n otes t here c an b e l ittle d oubt t hat t here w as a w all a nd o utbuildings t here. T he R oyal C ommission a lso r ecorded a l ine o f b oulders c utting o ff t he p eninsula o n w hich
t he b roch w as s ituated.
F arrer w as
c orrect
i n s aying
t hat n othing n ew w as
d iscovered
a t B urrian, R ussland; i t d oes h owever s how h im a t t he h eight o f h is ( or h is w orkers') t echnical a bility a nd i t i s t he f irst o ccasion o n w hich s uch c omparatively f ragile f eatures a s h earths f loor. I t w as
a nd c oo king t roughs w ere
a lso i n
t he C emetery, m ajor e lement
1 866
t hat P etrie,
r ecorded a nd s ome c oncept w as g ained o f
w ith S amuel L aing,
w ent
S tromness, a nd b reckness. T he l atter s ite ( and i n L aing's a rgument f or t he e xtreme a ntiquity o f
1 45
t he w hole o f
t o o bserve m arine c ut
a
b rochs a t
t he c ists o ver O xtro) f ormed a b rochs a nd h is p lacing t hem i n
t he S tone A ge l ine
a t
o rthostat W e
( 1888).
P etrie
h owarness, a t
s ee
B urray,
r ight
a ngles
t o
t his
a nd
y ear o bserved
p ermanent
i mprovement
o n S anday
i s
w ork
i n
1 888;
f lag-made
L ingro,
S t
j ust
t he
w as
i n
F arrer's
A ll
m ore
a gainst
o r
c ompetence
a nother e xample.
e xcavation w as
c ompartments
U la,
s egment
i t.
o f
t hat
a b roch
i n
t he
c ould
b e
s een
i n e vidence
a t
t he
c oast
w as
o ne
t he w all.
l ittle
o f
a nother
s ketched a p lan o f
a nd W asso
F arrer's p resence
i n
W estray,
t he
P etrie
m ade
p lans
p artial a nd a ll
t hat
i s
i nner w all
l ess P etrie's
o f
w hat
w orth
W B roch h e
o f
s aid
w as
i s
t he
n oting
f ace.
f inale.
I t
w as
h is
v ery
o wn s ite
o n
l and
b elonging t o t he G raemeshall e state a nd h is r esearches w ere f unded b y h is e mployer, a M r Y oung o f K elly, a nd t he S ociety o f A ntiquaries o f S cotland. P etrie s tarted i n 1 87U, w ith s ome a ssistance f rom D ryden, a nd c ontinued i n 1 871. A s w e s hall s ee, P etrie d ied i n 1 875 a nd t o
t his
m ay
h owever, n o a s P etrie's r aised
i n
b e
a ttributed
t he
f act
h is
m ind
b ut
h e m ust
a lso
s ketches w ith m easurements a na h is S tratigraphy, i n p articular, was s ignificantly
-he
w hole
r elatively
s ite w as T he
t ower
h ad
c ondition
m ost
s eems
e ntrance w ith j ambs b ad
t hat
t he
s ite
w as
n ever
p ublished;
r emnant o f a m anuscript, o nly s ketches a nd d rawn u p o pportunity t o s eek a nswers t o t he q uestions o ther
b ut
t o
a nd
o f
f lat
b y
t he
o utbuildings a ny
c onsisted o f
H is
f ound
r ound
d efences w ould n ot
b een s olid-based
t wo g uard
i t.
s urvives,
r ecording
r emained
s een h ad
l imited
t o
t echniques w ere e xhaustive r ather t han i n a ny w ay r efined. a bsent. H e h ad t he c ourtyard c leared o ut b ut -tar m ore
a nd
h ave
b e j udged
t here
p lans. L ingro m ust b e p eople's e xcavations
c ells
a nd o nly
b ehind.
o rthostats
T he
t he
h ave
b roch
i tself
e mptied.
T he
b een o bvious.
s tood
i nterior
c 1 m h igh;
i t
f urnishings
o n e dge w hich d ivided
t he
h ad
m ust
c ourtyard
a
n ormal
h ave b een i nto
i n
t wo,
i f
n ot t hree, a reas. T he o utbuildings w ere s eparated f rom t he t ower b y a p assage a nd t hey f ormed a b and c 8 m w ide r ound t he 9 art o f i t w here t hey w ere e xcavated; t he p rojected a rea o f s ettlement w ould h ave b een c 2 000m i st a nd 2 nd c enturies A D. P etrie's w ith
p lan o f
f urnishings
t he
a nd
.
I n
t he
c ourtyard c learly
i t w as
n ot
o utbuildings w ere a n umber
s hows
e xcavated a s
t hat
s uch.
h e d id T he
n ot
o f
R oman c oins
c onceptualise
p lan o f
i t
a s
t he o utbuildings
o f
t he
a f loor s hows
a
s imilar s ituation. P etrie c learly u nderstood t he i mportance o f t hem b ut i n h is e xcavations a nd r ecording h e f ailed t o b ring o ut t he f act t hat t here w as a p assage t hrough t hem t o t he b roch e ntrance; t hat f rom t his a nd a p assage r ound t he b roch w ere d oorways l eading i nto t he o utbuildings;
t hat
t he
o utbuildings
w ere
d iscrete
u nits w ith
f urnishings;
a nd
t hat
t hey
s hared a c ommon o uter w all. T he c oins o nly w ent t o d emonstrate t he a ntiquity o f t he t ower b oth i nternal a nd e xternal b uildings a re c olour c oded a s s econdary t o i t. W here t he w all a round t he b roch, a t L ingro, m et w ith t he o utbuildings -of w hich i t f ormed t he i nner w alls i t b ut
t urned h is
c ould
f rom
r ed
b lue.
P etrie,
a t L ingro,
r emains
l imited
t o
h aving
w as
o n
t he
p oint
o f
s hown h ow e xtensive
a c onceptual o utbuildings
b reakthrough a round
b rochs
b e. P etrie d id
h e
t o
c ontribution
r emeasured
i ncorporated 1 874 a nd i s s ketch i s l ikely t aken
t o
n ot
h is
d ie
u ntil S eptember
e arliest
1 9th,
1 875,
e xcavation -H oxa;
i n
b ut a fter L ingro h e d id
1 872 h e d rew u p
i n t he A rchaeologia S cotica a rticle
p rinted
t he
l ater.
l ist
H is
o f
l ast
l ittle.
I n
d ated
d rawing
o f a b roch o n P apa W estray w hich i s a lmost c ertainly t he C astle o f b othikan. c oloured i n c rayon a nd a n i ndistinct r ed b lob i n t he r ight-hand c orner i s b e a r otary quern
p lace w ere
a perture i n i nvestigated
t han t he
o bviously m inor.
l amp h e
T he
f ound
t ower i s
t here
s hown a s
i n
1 849.
S uch
1 871
b rochs w hich w as i s T he m ore
e xcavations a s
h ad
s olid-based w ith a n on-intelligible
t he w all a t a n u nknown h eight. T he i nterior d oes n ot s eem t o h ave b een b ut t he e ntrance w as l intelled a nd h ad, o utside t he d oor j ambs a nd b olt h oles, a
g uard c ell o n t he r ight-hand s ide. T he r eally i nteresting t hing a bout t his s ite i s t hat w e s ee t he e ntrance b eing v ery d efinitely c ontinued -i ncluding b eing l intelled -a nd w e s ee a s imilarly I n
r oofed
p assage
s howing
p ersonalities
t he
l eading o ff
c hronological
-P etrie,
F arrer
t his
t o
t he a ccess
d evelopment
a nd D ryden -a
o f
a round
t he w ork
t he
b ase
o f
t he
c onnected w ith
f ew e xcavations
b roch
t he
f or w hich d ates
t ower.
t hree
m ain
h ave n ot
y et
b een o btained h ave b een o mitted. T hese a re a ll r elatively u nimportant -at l east a s f ar t hey a re d ocumented. B erstane, S t l i la w as a pparently e xcavated b y t he t enant a nd p lanned P etrie
-a ll
t raced. w hich h e, a ttempt
a t
s urvives h eight i t;
i t
t hat
r emains
t o
T he s ame i s t rue o f c haracteristically,
u s
e xcavating R ound H owe,
i t
c an b e
w as
t he m ound
s een
p lanned, a s
s uch
f rom i t b ut a s
a re
b are
L angskaill,
t hat
t he w all s ituated
a n a rea o f s ome 2 000m . F inally, R ousay; i t i s b y P etrie, c onsists o f
t he
t he
o verall m easurements,
n o
p lan
a n e xcavation b y F arrer a t D ingy's H owe, S t d ug d own b elow t he f oundations. F arrer a lso h e
f ound
s eems
t o
S t A ndrews, t he h ave
r emains b een
i n a p ear-shaped
a nd
h ollow a nd
e nclosure
I t
t here
d elimited
i s w as b y
n ot
p lan o f
t his
c lear a t
w hat
a p assage a round a b ank
a s ketch m ight b e m entioned w hich i s p robably t wo c oncentric c ircles, a nd i s u nscaled.
T he a chievement o f t he t hree i n t he f ield h as b een d etailed; s ubject o f b rochs i s c omparatively s cant. A s m entioned, b oth
1 46
b een
A ndrews, d uring m ade a n a bortive
t hough P etrie's
e nigmatic.
h aving
a s b y
t heir p ublication F arrer a nd P etrie
w hich N
h ad H owe,
r ecord o n p ublished
a n
i nterim r eport
o n
t he e xcavations
a t
t he E b roch o f
B urray u p
t o
1 854 i n t he
P roceedings
o f t he S ociety o f A ntiquaries o f S cotland v olume 2 . F arrer's o ther p ublication w hich i ncluded h is w ork a t B urrian, ( Russland), H array, i n 1 866 a ppeared i n P SAS v olume 7 a nd h as b een c ommented o n. P etrie's w ritings w ere f ar f rom p rolific. A l ecture h e g ave t o t he S ociety o f A ntiquaries o f S cotland i n 1 866 f ormed t he b asis f or a p rinted v ersion d ated w hich w as b ound u p i n A rchaeologia S cotica v olume 5 , i tself d ated 1 89O. A part f rom
1 874 t his
t here w as t he p osthumous p ublication o f a n u ndated m anuscript o f h is c oncerning O rkney a ntiquities w hich a ppeared i n v olume 5 o f t he P roceedings o f t he O rkney A ntiquarian S ociety i n 1 927. F rom i nternal e vidence i t s eems t his m anuscript w as p robably w ritten i n 1 868 a nd i s a d raft o f a l ecture s uch a s h e u sed t o g ive l ocally. A lthough P etrie w as a n i nveterate r ecorder n one o f h is o ther m aterial w as p ublished a nd, o n h is d eath, h is n otebooks p assed i nto t he h ands o f S ir H enry D ryden. D ryden c arried o ut w ork o n h is o wn a ccount i n O rkney. h e w as a t t he E B roch o f B urray i n 1 855; a t O xtro, N etlater a nd B urroughston i n 1 866; a t L ingro i n 1 870 a nd, s ocial e lement t o
a s w ill b e s een, i n N R onaldsay i n 1 871. t hem. D ryden's o wn d rawings a nd P etrie's
H is s tays s eem t o h ave h ad a s urviving n otes p assed t o t he
S ociety o f A ntiquaries o f S cotland b ut i t i s n ot g enerally r ealised t hat a n umber o f D ryden's p lans a re d ated 1 879 a nd 1 880 a nd a re s olely b ased o n P etrie's s ketches. M uch o f P etrie a nd D ryden's r ecords r emains u npublished t hough C ommission i n c ompiling t heir I nventory. T he i mpetus
c reated b y
t he
a ctually b roadened a s w ell a s T he B roch o f
t hey w ere
b oth p rimary s ources
f or
t he
R oyal
t hree c ontinued f or a s hort p eriod d uring w hich k nowledge w as
b eing i ncreased i n v olume.
B urrian i n N R onaldsay w as
i nvestigated b y D r W illiam T raill,
p roprietor o f
t he i sland, i n 1 870 o r ' 71, a pparently w ithout t he a ssistance o f P etrie, t hough D ryden h elped w ith p lans i n t he l atter y ear. T he a pproach t aken w as u nimaginative i n t hat o nly t he i nterior w as e xhaustively e xcavated, t he p assage r ound t he b roch a nd t he o utbuildings b etween i t
a nd
t he f irst o f
t his s ite w as c rudely. T he
f our r amparts b eing m erely p artially e xamined.
c omplete i ntramural c ell; f ound t wo p ossible.
T he i nnovatory a spect o f
t hat f or t he f irst t ime t he c oncept o f s tratigraphy w as e mployed, h owever b roch i tself w as s olid-based a nd n ot p reserved v ery h igh t hough t here w as a t he e ntrance h ad a c heck a nd e xpansion b ut n o g uard c ells.
T raill
f urnished f loors w ithin t he b roch a nd k ept t he f inds f rom t hem a s s eparate a s H e quickly p ublished h is f inding i n A rchaeologia S cotica a nd a lthough M acGregor
h as r ecently p ointed o ut, i n P SAS, t hat t he s tratigraphy d oes n ot b ear m uch A 1 974). T raill a ttributed t he r emains r emarkable f or t he t i r ij-Zgag regor,
s crutiny, p lenitude
i t o f
f inds t o t he o ffering o f s mall p ecuniary r ewards t o t he w orkmen f or t he d iscovery o f o bjects o f u nusual i nterest. O n t he b asis o f t he f inds h e d ecided t hat t he o utbuildings r evealed w ere c ontemporary w ith t he s econd o ccupation o f t he t ower; t his u nprecedented c omparison o f a ssemblages w as a c onsequence o f t he i nnovatory u se o f s tratigraphy. N either T raill's o r M acGregor's p ublication o f t he s ite m akes t he t wo f loors a nywhere n ear a s c lear a s t he c olour c oded o riginal d rawings b y T raill a nd D ryden d o. T he u pper f loor, d rawn b y t he f ormer, h as t he p rotruding p rimary f urnishings c learly i ndicated; i n r eaching t he l ower f loor, d rawn b y t he l atter, t he b ulk o f t hese w ere d estroyed. T raill
t hought
t he
t wo p eriods o f u se o f
t he b roch t o h ave
b een s eparated b y
a
l ong
p eriod o f t ime a nd c onsidered t he b roch i tself t o b e p re-Celtic. B efore g oing o n t o d iscuss t he o ther e xcavator o f t he p eriod, W G T W att, i t s hould b e m entioned t hat t his t ime w as d ecisive f or
t he d ating o f
t hese s tructures a nd o ur c onception o f
t hem.
F ergusson i n
1 877,
s i n h is S hort say o n t he A ge a nd U ses o f t he B rochs a nd t he R ude S tone M onuments o f t he O rkney I slands a nd t he N orth o f S cotland a rgued c ogently f or t hem b eing N orse. A nderson h imself h ad n ot c onsidered t hem S tone A ge b ut b elonging t o t he 5 th -9th c entury A D. B y t he t ime o f t he K hind l ectures o f 1 881, h owever, h e h ad t aken t he f inding o f R oman o bjects i nto a ccount a nd t he b rochs b ecame p laced i n a i st a nd 2 nd c entury A D b racket. H is g rasp o f t he s ubject w as s o v ast t hat i n t hose w aning y ears o f i nvestigation h is s ynoptic v iew -though d oubtless b ased o n c urrent o pinion -w as t hat w hich b ecame a uthoritative. T he i dea o f a b roch a s a l one t ower e rected d uring a s hort t imespan w as r igidified a t t he t ime a nd t he i dea t hat t he i nternal a nd e xternal c onstructions w ere b uilt f rom t he r uins w as e ndorsed. I n
1 881 W G T W att o f S kaill H ouse,
s et a bout r egressive
S andwick -the e arliest e xcavator o f S kara B rae
-
t he B roch o f B orthwiäk, S andwiäk. F rom a t echnical p oint o f v iew h is w ork w as and h is a ccount o f t he e xcavations -though p ublished quickly i n P SAS -is q uite
i ncomprehensible, l argely b ecause i t a ppears t hat n o p lans w ere m ade ( 1882). T he c ourtyard w as e mptied a nd i n t he p rocess o f t his a s econdary f loor w as e ncountered w hich m ay h ave h ad l ate f inds a ssociated w ith i t. L ike T raill, h e r emoved t his f loor a nd f ound a nother b eneath, r eplete w ith f urnishings, b ut h e r ecorded n either. O ne c an s till s ee t he t rench a round t he b roch a nd b etween i t r ampart
t he r emains o f a nd a r ampart.
w as
l ater s urvey W att's h is
B orthwick
h is d elvings a mong t he o uthouses w hich c overed t he p romontory T he i nnovatory a spect o f t his e xcavation w as t hat p art o f t he
i ntentionally b ared a nd f ound b y
t o
c ontinue d own i nto a d itch o n i ts
t he R oyal C ommission s hows a g ateway n ext
c onnection w ith a rchaeology p robably p ublication h e
r eferred,
r uns d eeper
f or i nstance,
1 47
t o o ne c liff t han h as
t o e xcavation a t
o utside.
A
e dge. b een
d ocumented.
t he K nowe
o f T aft,
I n i n
n eighbouring b irsay. n ot
t o h ave
c ome
w hich s eems
t o P etrie's
t o
h ave
b een d one
a ttention.
f ind. T here w as a lso t wo b rochs i n S andwick. a ttracted s ome a ttention i n t he l ate 1 b7Os; W att o t
b y a l ocal m an.
T his w as
p utatively
D avid S tephen.
i n l bb t i a nd
g round-galleried w ith a
R oman
S tackrue a nd b urrian, w hich s eem t o h ave i s k nown t o h ave h ad a f ind f rom t he t ormer
t hese. w att's
c omplete a nd
e ndeavours
t he
b order
o n
t he a cademically p arochial
t ransition f rom t he h eyday o t
l argely
i nactive
C ursiter o n t he
p eriod
2 4th M ay.
t hat
1 6b3,
a nd
t hose
o f
i ntelligent a ntiquarian e nquiry
f ollowed.
E ves
a t a m eeting
R owe.
d esigned
t o
D eerness,
w as
i naugurate
t he
J ames t o
C ursiter
t he u ninspired
' rediscovered' F ield
b y
N aturalists"
C lub i n O rkney; o n t his o ccasion t hey w ere c ontent m erely t o c lear o ft t he t op o f t he w all a nd t o f ind a f ew o bjects. W e a lso s ee h im a t G reen h ill i n R oy i n 1 687 w ith J G M oodie h eddle:
t ney
t nat
h ad
i t
m ainstream
h ad b een
o f
t he
h alved
t he h ighest
t hought
r ecord o ther
t han
o f
b rochs.
i t
i ncorporated a n i mportant u pdating o f P etrie's
t he o nly s park
o f
a rchaeological a ctivity w as
w as a mateurishly t renched i nto b een F actor. T he i nterior w as
l ist
i n 1 901 a nd
o f
1 909 w hen t he L och
b y a G raeme o f G raemeshall, t he e state f or c leared o ut b adly b ut c ompletely, a nd a f ew
o utbuildings a nd p arts o f t he p assage b etween t hem a nd t he b roch r evealed. w ere p ublished i n P SAS ( 1914). I t w as a s olid-based b roch w ith a n i ntramural h ad o ne g uard c ell w ithin t he d oor j ambs
o rthostats b roch
v olume
t he
G laciation;
t his
i n 1 923 i n t he f irst
o ut
t he
A fter
o wn v iews
n o
t he l ast
o f A yre, h olm, w hich P etrie h ad
h is
l eft
C ursiter w as a l ittle
t hat t he
i n t his w ork was
s ummarised
t he s nore a nd
i n O rkney.
P roceedings o f t he O rkney A ntiquarian S ociety. H ere h e a ttempts t o d emonstrate b rochs c ame w ith t he P hoenicians v ia a l and b ridge f rom A tlantis p rior t o
a nd
h e
b roch
o f
o f t he r esults
a nd
i nterior e mptied o ver p reserved
b ut
w all
p assage
t he f loor w as
w as
b uilt
a round
t he
n ot
e xcavated
o ver a nd s ealed o ne o r b roch
w as
c learly
o f
t he e ntrance.
i n a t houghtful, t wo o f
t he
r evealed a nd
T he i nterior w as
p roductive m anner;
f urnishing
f rom i t
s tones.
c ould b e
s een
T he c ell
d ivided b y
p art o f
t he
O utside,
t he
e ntrances
i nto
o utbuildings. T here
m ay
h ave b een a f ew s ites
s uch a s D ishero,
K endall,
a rchaeologically
b etween
l ittle
i n
a ppeared
c ontributed 1 927).
B rae
t hat w ere d amaged o r i nvestigated d uring
t he C hapel K nowe, 1 8b0 a nd
t o
b rochs
t he P roceedings o f
A rchaeology i n g eneral b oomed a nd t he b rough o f B irsay w ere
b ut
b y a nd l arge
t here w as
1 930 w hen p ractically n o e xcavation
p rint a bout O rkney
b y F raser
F irth,
w as
t he
g ap
u ndertaken
a nd
e xcept i n g azetteer-type a rticles
t he O rkney A ntiquarian S ociety
p eriod
a n e normous b y
( 1923;
p arish
1 924;
1 925;
i n O rkney i n t he p re-war y ears w hen m onuments l ike b eing o pened t o t he p ublic. I n t he l ist o f s ites
S kara w hich
w ere s imilarly d ealt w ith t he b rochs o f G urness a nd M id H owe a re p rominent. i s a v ehicle f or t he f inal p ublication o f G urness a nd t he h istory r elating
T his m onograph t o i ts e xcavation
i s
i n t he c ontext
e ntered i nto
i n n ecessary d etail e lsewhere;
t he s tudy o f O rkney T hough l isted
b y P etrie,
G urness w as
c ommenced u pon w ith g usto i n t he w as
p rivately
C raw.
A s
f unded t hrough
f unds
s upervision,
r an o ut
n ominally,
t he s ite h as
t o
b e s et
I n t his t he
a nd
t he S ociety o f
c ame
a pproach
' discovered' i n 1 929;
i ts
e xtensive
f ollowing y ear a nd l asted a d ecade o f
f inance w as
A ncient M onuments. m ade
h ere
o f
b rochs.
A ntiquaries o f
t aken o ver b y
u nder R ichardson,
s ection i t
i s
i mportant
e xcavation w as
s ummers.
I nitially
S cotland a nd d irected
b y
t he O ffice o f W orks a nd o n C raw's t he s ole m ember o f
d ecease
t he n ew I nspectorate o f
t o n ote h ow l ittle,
t echniques u sed h ad c hanged o ver h alf
i t
H ewat
a nd i n w hich w ay,
a c entury.
T he
a pproach
t he w as
n ovel i n i ts s electively i mproved a pproach t o t wo f actors -the s tructures a nd t he f inds. T he s tructures w ere ' cleared o ut', t he p lanning o f t hem w as t he z enith o f r ecording o n t he s ite a s a w hole a nd, a t a ll t imes t here w ere n ot o nly e xcavators b ut c onsolidators. F rom t he v ery b eginning t he m onument w as t o b e o pened t o t he p ublic. S econdly, t he c ollection o f f inds
a s
e lement t ions.
d isplay p ieces
c ondition
t here
' Secondary a nd t ime
h ad w as
f or
t he N ational M useum w as a d eliberate o bjective a nd
o f s ite r ecording w as t he l isting o f t hese. T his s elective b ias S uperficial b uildings t hat o bscured t he m onument w ere r emoved. I f i s
l ittle
b uildings',
t o
b e
r ecord o f
i n a nd
a round
t hem, t he
l eft u ndisturbed b ecause o f
p resent
b ut
b ut
b roch,
a
s turdy
t heir d isplay
r udimentary a nd i n t he
c lump
t hat w ere i n g ood p otential.
l ater y ears h ad
w as
t he o ther m ain
h ad i ts i mplicat hey w ere i n p oor
r ebuilt
e lsewhere.
c ondition w ere a p roblem S tratigraphy
b een s upplemented
i n
C raw's
b y t he u se
o f
g rid a nd d atum. W ith b oth s ystems t he a bility t o r econstruct t he e xact l ocation o f f inds i s l imited a nd t here w as a d istinct f ailure t o r ecord l ayers a nd t heir r elationships. T hese m ay w ell h ave t ion w as b een
b een known t o
v iewed j ust
b roch w as
t he e xcavators
b ut
n o s ite
b ook
p er s e w as k ept.
u ndertaken b y w orkmen who w ere u nder d irection b ut, a s
e mptied,
b eyond t hem. T he d etailed e lsewhere.
a n ecessary
t hen a ll r easons
W hatever e lse m ight
b e
p reliminary
t o
s aid,
a nd
t he
t he
c onsequences
e xcavations
1 48
s ome
c onsolidation.
t he o utbuildings a round i t a nd, f or
t o
o f
F irstly,
f inally,
t he l ack
o f
T he a ctual e xcava-
e xtent,
t o
h ave
t he c entre o f
i t
s eems
t he
t he d itches
a nd
p ublication
t o d ate
a t G urness w ere e xhaustive,
w ere
r amparts a re
c arried
o ut w ith m ore c are t ower, w hich h ollow-based.
t han h itherto,
a nd w ere
p lanned w ith u nprecedented
p recision.
T he
b roch
w as p reserved o ver 3 .bm h igh, w as o f a f orm o nly h inted a t e lsewhere -it w as T he e ntrance w as a m odel, h aving j ambs, w ith b olt h oles, a n e xpansion, a nd t wo
g uard c ells b ehind. O ver i t w as a n i nward f acing c ell w ith i ts f loor a t 1 .8m a nd t here w as a l anding t o a s tair a t t he s ame h eight a t 9 o 'clock. T his s tairway l ed t owards a s carcement 3 .6m
f rom t he f loor
f urnishings
w ere
t hough i t w as
n ot
p reserved s ufficiently
r evealed w ith s ome c are b ut
t here i s
t o b e
r ecorded.
T he
i nternal
n o d etailed c ontemporary a nalysis
o f
t hem ; C raw t hought t hose v isible n ow m ostly s econdary, b ut s ome t ertiary. H e e xcavated i n t he c entral a rea, l eaving t he p eripheral f urnishings s tanding a nd f ound a p rimary h earth s tratified o ver t he h ole o riginally e xcavated f or t he w ell. T he f urnishings, a s w e s ee t hem t oday c an,
w ith h indsight,
b e i nterpreted
i n a c oherent w ay
r elating
n ot
o nly
t o e ach o ther
b ut t o t he f ixtures o f t he t ower. A t g round f loor l evel t here w ere t wo a partments, o ne w hich t ook h alf t he a rea a vailable a nd t he o ther o ccupying h alf t he a rea o f t he f irst.
o f T o
r each t hese o ne w ent i n t he b roch e ntrance, t urned s harp r ight t hrough a n o riginally r oofed a rea a t t he l eft t hrough a d oor. T he l arger a partment h ad a c entral h earth w ith a c ooking t ank a t s ome d istance f rom i t; a round t he p erimeter c ompartments a nd t he l anding t o t he s tair a t a h eight o f
a re 1 .8m.
t he r emains o f o rthostatic T he s maller a partment w as
d ivided f rom t his b y a n o rthostatic p artition ( now l argely d emolished) a nd w as m ostly t aken u p w ith a h earth, c ompartments a nd a s tairway w hich w ent t o t he h eight o f t he s carcement. I n a ddition
t o a f loor a t
p erhaps a round
s carcement h eight
t he p erimeter o nly,
( led t o b y b oth s taircases)
a t a h eight o f
t here w as
a lso a f loor,
1 .8m.
G urness a lso h ad s upposedly ' secondary o utbuildings w hich c ompletely e ncircled i t. I f n ot o bvious b efore, t he m eaning o f t he w all a round t he b roch b ecomes c lear a t t his s ite, f or a ccess t o t he o utbuildings i s o btained b y d oorways l eading f rom a p ath t hrough t hat o f t he b roch e ntrance a nd o ne w hich g oes a round t he b ase o f t he t ower. T he o utbuildings c ontain f urnishings s imilar t o t hose i n t he b roch i nterior a nd s ome m ay s imilarly h ave b een s ubd ivided. T hey a re w ell p lanned, w ith r adial s ide w alls g iving t hem a w edge s hape a nd a e w hich w ent t o t he b ottom o f a r ock-cut d itch. T he a rea e ncompassed b y i t s haped o uter fa c w as s ome 2 000m ; o utside i t w ere t wo r amparts a nd u nimpressive a ssociated d itches. G urness h ad a s ister s ite j ust a cross R ousay S ound,
-M id H owe.
I t
i s quite c lear
f rom
c orrespondence t hat c ontact b etween t he t wo e xcavations w as f requent a nd t he e xpectations a nd f indings o f t he o ne r eflected o n t he o ther. B oth s tarted i n 1 930 b ut M id H owe, b eing s maller, w as p robably a lways i n a dvance o f G urness a nd w as f inished b y 1 936. I t w as f unded p rivately b y W alter G rant o f T rumland w ho w as r esponsible f or c ausing, f unding a nd o verseeing a l arge n umber o f
e xcavations
t he g ardener o f T rumland,
i n k ousay d uring h is
J ames K Y orston,
l ife.
T he w ork
o f
e xcavation w as d one b y
a nd w hen h e h ad f inished t he s ite w as h anded o ver
t o t he O ffice o f W orks f or c onsolidation. P ublication w as i mmediate, a n a rticle a ppearing i n P SAS u nder t he c o-authorship o f C allan s ier a nd G rant ( 1934). T he p ublication i s a r emarkably c lear a nd c oncise d ocument w hich g ives a g ood a ccount n ot o nly o f t he s ite b ut o f t he w ay i n w hich i t w as e xcavated. I n b oth r espects i t w as v ery s imilar t o G urness a nd w e c an c onjec t ure t hat h ad t his s ite b een p ublished t he a ccount w ould h ave b een s imilar; p hasing o f t he s tructures w ould h ave b een a uthoritative, b ut questionable, a nd f inds w ould h ave b een l isted i n p lenty
b ut w ithout c ontext.
B y c oincidence M id H owe b roch w as h ollow-based a nd h ad a s imilar e ntrance t o t hat a t G urness t hough o n t he r ight h and s ide t here w as a b olt h ole o utside t he d oor j amb a nd t here w as a n i nner, f limsy, a dditional d oor. I n e xactly t he s ame p osition t here w as a l anding a nd t his t ime t he s teps a ctually w ent u p t o a h eight o f 3 .6m w hen i t w as p ossible t o r e-enter t he c ourtyard b y a d oorway o ver a s carcement. A bove t he b roch e ntrance w as a c ell w hich w as r oofed a t t his h eight a nd p art o f t he w all o versailed a c upboard t o m ake a f loor o n a l evel. A s a t G urness t he i nternal f urnishings w ere d ismissed a s s econdary a nd a n i nterpretation o f t hem i s m ade w ith h indsight. A cross t he c ourtyard w as a p artition o f o rthostats d ividing t he i nterior i nto t wo a partments w hich c ould b e e ntered b y l obbies t o r ight a nd l eft o f t he e ntrance. E ach h ad a h earth, c oo king t ank, c ompartments e tc; h owever t he l eft-hand o ne h ad t he r emains o f a s tair l eading, i nternally, f rom c 1 .8m t o c 3 .6m. T his d ivision o f t he i nterior w as s imilar t o, t hough m ore e qual t han, t hat a t G urness, a nd t he c omments m ade i n t hat c onnection a pply h ere a lso. T he o utbuildings a t M id H owe h ad b een b adly e roded b ut t he l oad-bearing
w alls h ad a w edge s hape i n a s f ar a s
t his w as
c onsistent w ith t he s ite b eing o n
a p romontory c ut o ff b y a r ampart. T hrough t he r ampart e ntrance t here w as a p ath w hich e ncircled t he b roch a nd f rom w hich, o riginally, t here w as a ccess t o t he o utbuildings. M idhowe m ust h ave b een t he f irst s ite a t w hich s ome a ttempt w as m ade t o e xcavate t he o uter d efences t otally. A s m entioned, t he p romontory w as c ut o ff b y a m assive s tone r ampart o utside a nd i nside w hich t here w ere d itches; i ts w alls c ontinued t o t he b ase o f t hese. T he e ntrance o ccurred a t o ne c liff e dge a nd h ad a d efensive g ate a nd c orridor-like a ppearance. C allander
a nd
G rant
h ad s ome u navoidable s tratigraphy
a t M id
H owe;
t he
o utbuildings
c overed t he f ill o f t he i nner d itch a nd b uttressing f or t he t ower b locked t he p assage r ound i t. T hey c onsidered t he t ower a nd r ampart t o b elong t o a f irst p hase o f u se a nd t he o utb uildings
t o a second.
c hronologically,
T hey w ere
w ith t he e xternal
c autious
b ut a ssociated
b uildings.
1 49
T o
t he
i nternal f urnishings,
t hem t he b locking o f
t he a ccess
l oosely, r ound
t he
t ower
r epresented
a t hird
p eriod.
T his
c onfirmation o f
t he a ccepted
s cheme o f
p hasing
w as
c arried o ver t o G urness b ut i t w as m odified w ith t he i mportant r evelation o f t he e xtent o f o uter d efences. N ow, i t s eems, t he t ower s till s tood a lone b ut w as i tself d efended; t he R oman f inds m ade a t b oth s ites w ere l inked w ith t his p hase a nd d ated i t. T he o utbuildings a na
i nternal
quarry
s ites
f or
f urnishings w ere
l ater
s ettlers
t he
r esult o f
t he d efences
c easing
t o
b e o f u se a nd
b ecoming a
o n t he s ite.
T he p re-war e xcavations a t G urness a nd M id H owe w ere t he f irst o ccasion o n w hich s uch w ere s o e xtensively e xcavated a nd r evealed b ut, b ecause o f t he l imitations o f t heir
a pproach a nd
t heir
e xcavations
r esearch-oriented;
t echniques,
t heir f indings w ere a lso t hey
w ere n ot
t esting
l imited.
I n n either c ase w ere
h ypotheses
t hat
h ad a risen f rom
t he c on-
t inued d iscussion; t hey w ere n ot i ntended t o s eek o ut n ew a reas o f t he s ubject f or s uch d iscussion. T hey w ere e xcavations o f a t ype o f s ite a bout w hich a s m uch a s m ight b e d esired w as
k nown a nd
t hey w ere e xcavated
i n o rder t o o pen e xamples
a b reak f rom p arochialism o nly c ame w ith G ordon C hilde p revalent a ssumptions w ith S ir L indsay S cott ( 1947). T o w hich
t he t ook
t o
t he p ublic a nd o btain f inds -
( 1935)
a nd
d isquiet
a bout
t he
t wo m ain e xcavations o f t he ' 3Us w e m ust a dd o ne a t B urrian, ( Garth), h array, p lace i n 1 936; y outhful e nthusiasm d iscovered t he e ntrance t o a w ell w hich w as
d uly r ecorded b y t he I nspectorate o f A ncient M onuments a nd t he R oyal C ommission. T he l atter b ody m ust b e p articularly m entioned i n c onnection w ith t his e ra f or a lthough t hey u ndertook n o e xcavation, t heir f ield r ecording a nd s ynthesis o f i nformation w as t he f irst o n s uch a s cale. T heir w ork, i n O rkney, c ommenced i n 1 928 a nd c ontinued a s l ate a s 1 937; t he r esult w as a c ompendium o f r emarkable m erit c ontaining a g reat d eal o f i nformation p ertaining t o b rochs. I t w as n ot a ctually p ublished u ntil 1 946 ( together w ith t he S hetland v olume) a nd i t i s i nteresting t o n ote t he o rthodox l ine t aken i n t he i ntroductory v olume t o b oth a t t his d ate.
B rochs
w ere
b asically p laces o f
r efuge w hich w ere a ll s imilar t o
M ousa,
t he
b est
p reserved. W hile a ctually m entioning t he r emains o f f loor p lans o riginally w ith w ooden f urnishings i n t he H ebrides t he C ommissioners p ointed o ut t hat a l arge n umber o f S hetland a nd O rkney b roch i nteriors w ere f illed w ith s econdary b uildings. T hey a lso n oted t he f requent p resence
o f
p oor q uality s upposed s econdary e xternal s ettlements.
T he
O rdnance
S urvey's
r ecording h as b een s pread m ore t hinly, o ver a c entury, s tarting w ith t he O bject N ame B ooks o f c 1 880 a nd c ontinuing t hrough t he ' 70s t o t he p resent. T he A ntiquity c ards a re m ost u seful i n
u pdating
t he
c onsidered t o h ave Known b roch s ites.
R oyal
C ommission e ntries a nd b etween t he
i dentified o r c onfirmed
t wo
a uthorities
t he s uspected i dentity o f a t
J ust a s t here w as a n a lmost c omplete g ap i n b roch s tudies 1 930 s o t here w as a nother b etween 1 939 a nd 1 978 -s ome 4 0 y ears.
l east
t hey
c an
t welve o f
b e t he
i n O rkney b etween 1 880 a nd I n t hese y ears t here w as a
g reat d eal o f t houghtful d iscussion o f t he s ubject i n a S cottish c ontext; a s ubject w hich a t f irst b adly n eeded r eliable i nformation a nd, l atterly, h as b een g radually s upplied w ith i t b y e xcavations i n o ther p arts. W ork f rom t his p oint i n O rkney m ust b e v iewed i n t he c ontext o f t he o verall t hemes i n v ogue a nd i mplications i t h as f or t hem. T his i s f ully b rought o ut i n a nother f ace o f
s ection b ut w e s hould o bserve h ere t he d rastic c hange t hat h as ta ken p lace i n t he a rchaeology. P rivate f unding i s m inimal a nd c osts b eyond t he m eans o f l ocal
s ocieties; m ost f inance c omes t hrough g overnment s ources a nd, n ow, i s d irected t owards s ites w hich a re b eing d estroyed r ather t han t hose w hich a re t o b e p reserved. T his g ives a g reat d eal o f l atitude i n i nvestigation o n t he o ne h and a nd h as r esulted i n a c orps o f p rofessionals w ith a cademic b ackgrounds o n t he o ther. T he r esulting e xcavations, t hough n ot n ecessarily o n t he c hoicest s ites, s hould b e v ery e ffective, c ombining a n a wareness o f t he s ubject a nd i ts p roblems w ith t he f inance, t echniques a nd s kills t o i nvestigate i t i n a p roductive m anner. T his b elonging
p ublication i s t he v ehicle f or d efinitive r eports o n t wo s ites w hich, t hough t o t he s ame c lass, c ontrast m arkedly i n s everal w ays -G urness a nd B u. N ot t he
l east c ontrast i s i n t he a pproach ta ken i n e xcavating t hem. B u w as a s mall c airn w hich, i n t he f ace o f i mminent d estruction, w as s avagely s ectioned b y m achinery b y t he N orth o f S cotland A rchaeological S ervices i n o rder t o a scertain i ts c ontents. I ts h aving b een f ound t o b e a b roch, a l imited s tay o f e xecution w as p ermitted b y t he l andowner a nd e mergency f unding w a% p rovided b y t he I nspectorate o f A ncient M onuments ( now H BM). T he a pproach ta ken w as r uthless b ut c alculatedly t actical. T he a ims w ere t o r ecord t he p rimary f loor, t o d ate i t, t o r ecover p rimary f inds a nd e nvironmental r emains a nd t o f ind t he r elationship b etween a ny o utbuildings a nd d efences w ithin t he b roch i tself. I t t hese a ims s eem w oefully l ow i t c an o nly b e p ointed o ut t hat n ot o ne h ad b een a chieved p reviously, a nd t hat t he f ive w eek c ampaign w as s uccessful o n a ll t hese p oints e ven t hough, r egrettably, i t m issed o thers. A s w ith G urness, a f ull a ccount i s g iven e lsewhere b ut h ere i t m ay b e s tated t hat t he s tructure w as v ery d efinitely a b roch i n t he s ense
t hat i t w as
i ndistinguishable
f rom o ther s ites
t hat
h ave b een i ncluded i n t hat c lass o f m onument. I t w as c ircular, o f a ppropriate d imensions, a nd h ad a s ingle e ntrance w ith a n e xpansion i nside j ambs. I ts o riginal f loor f urnishings consisted o f a c entral h earth a nd c ooking t ank w ith s urrounding s ervice a rea e ncircled b y a ompartments. T he division b etween t he s ervice a rea a nd t hese w as o f s eries o f r ooms and c u ncertain h eight b ut t heir o wn p artitions w ere o rthostatic; f unctionally t hey m ust h ave
1 50
v aried
t or
m idden. a nd
t he
F rom
e nvironmental
U utbuildings
a nd
c ontemporary
w ith
B u w idened
t he
i nterconnected
f loor
( and
r emains; d efences t he
d elivered
r egarding o f
l arge
t his
t here w ere
a c onsiderable and
g ulf
b etween o f
a lso
w ere
f loored
c ontexts
c ame
C 14
s electively
w ith
o utside)
s amples
l ooked
f or
f lags
w ere
a nd
t he
r ecovered
o thers
w ith
s tratified
f inds
w hich
d ated
i ts
u se
t hough
t here
w as
n o
t o
c
s ign
b UO
B C.
o f
a ny
b uildings.
Urkney
a r e—evaluation
s eries
c ontemporary
b low
e lsewhere. t he
b elief
a nd
s ubject
t o
The a s
t he
c onception
t otal
r eality
r eview
a nd
h as
a whole.
1 51
o f
o f t he
b rochs
w hich
m aterial
u nderlined
t he
i t
h as
g radually
m ade
n ecessity
e volved
n ecessary a nd
h as
d esirability
A PPENDIX 3 .3 THE R EVEALED S TRUCTURE O F T HE ORKNEY BROCHS
D efinition o f I t
i s
w orthwhile d iscussing
b roch, s ince e tymology o f b org i s t o
t o
a t
t his
p oint
t he s ample a nd
i n
t his
c ontext
t his m ust h ave c onsiderable b earing o n w hat t he w ord t hrows l ittle l ight o n t he s ubject,
d efences
i n g eneral
a nd
t his
h as
s urvived
i n
p lace
t he a ctual
d efinition
n ames
a s
b rough.
a
T he t erm
T he w ord
b roch
t he i nvention o f a rchaeologists a nd a s s uch c onveys o nly w hat t hey i ntend o r i ntended i t m ean. I n V ictorian t imes t he t erm w as s ettled o n t he m ore p rominent o r b etter p reserved
e xamples t ions
w hat
w as
u ndertaken
o f
u p
r eassessing
t he
b een c onsidered T hus
a n
t aken t o
a ccepted t o
b e
t o
b eyond
o verall
a nd
W orld
s tereotype.
t heir
i nvestigator
b e a t ype,
a nd
O ne
t his
W ar o f
t he
h omogeneity,
f inding a s tructure
i dentification
I I,
w ithout
c hief
i dea
t hrough
o f
c haracteristics
w ith o nly
w hich,
p ersisted
a ny
o f
e xcava-
c hallenging b rochs h as
s mall v ariations
t o
n umber o f
f eatures
t hat O rkney w as
h eld
w hich w ere d estroyed o f
o ne
( 1947,
t o
c redited
b e
c ommon
b y G raham's
b e d iscerned.
w ither s uperficially o r a s
h undred
a nd
f ive,
a re
r epresentative;
i nterest
t hat
t hat
a f ifth o f
i n G raham's
c lass
t hose
P etrie
t able h e
o f
s tructures
t ime) w hich
5 1)
b ut
t o
w ith s ixty-two
m onument.
T he
a
r esult
r esult
o f
b rochs
i n S cotland o verall. 1 872
n o
( 1890,
9 3)
t his
" comparable
a
T hese a re G raham's
l isted
s eventy
s tructures"
v ery
s cant
n one h as
h ave
f oundations;
b een c alled
t hat w ith
i n
s urvived.
t he m ajority
While
b rochs
i t w ould
o f
c ases
t here
t herefore b e
i n o ur s ample,
e ither
i t w ould b e e qually
a ccepted.
s tructure
t hat
h as
b een e vidence qualify. T he
T hus n ot
t he
o nly
t ime r est
t o i nclude a ll s ites
f allacious
c riterion f or i nclusion i n t his
b een g iven t he a ppellation o f
t o
t hese
g rounds
t he
n umber o f
b rochs
F or e ach a n a ttempt h as b een m ade t o l ook a t e very p lan a nd e very s urviving f ind. p roduced.
T he n ames
c ondition a nd
t he
knowledge
f eatures; T he
m ay
t hose
i nclude
f rom
t he
t o
t he
i n O rkney i s
l ocation o f
e xcavation,
s ite a re
h ad a nd
s tructures -the
i s
p resent
t his
i s
a lready known a s
f ifty-one
e ach b roch
d estruction o r
s ummarily a nd
t heir
t o e ach s ite;
c atalogue
i t
and
b een a s
f or w hich
o nly
o r
t hat t hose
b e l eft a lready
f ollows;
t here
r eferenced
s uch a nd
i s
any
o r h as
t here
( excluding H owe)
i s g iven,
i nspection.
t ower
p er s e,
w as
( fig 3 .1).
a nd a ny
s electively d escribed t o
b y d etails
T he e ntries
i nternal o r
b e e xhaustive
o nly
c oncluded t o
e xternal
b e
t ogether w ith
a re
o f
f ollows a s ummary o f
i llustrative m aterial may w ell
l ocation.
i ntended
f ollowed
T here
i ncluded.
a ny
b y
t he e xtent
c ontext
a o f
l ist
o f
i ncluding
i nformation. t he j oint w ork
o f
t he p resent a uthor a nd
B ernard
h aving c ontributed t he s ections r elating t o l ocation a nd f inds. T he t he r evealed s tructure o f t he O rkney b rochs i s e xclusively b ased o n w ithin
o r o n
a t e very w ritten r ecord, p ublished o r m anuscript, O n t he b asis o f t his a c oncise c atalogue h as b een
u npublished a nd e xplanatory
w hich c ontain s ome T his
g eographical
r elating
h ave
r eferences
a nd
p revious
h itherto
f inds
t hey
s tudy h as
b roch b ut
i s
t hat i t s hared o ne o r m ore a ttributes w ith o ur c oncept o f s uch a s tructure may l evel o f f actual e vidence m ay b e, a nd o ften i s, v ery l ow -a m ound o f s uitable
s ize a nd s hape c ould b e a ccepted a s a b roch i f i t w as e vidence o f c urved w alling o f a ppropriate d imensions. O n
I t
f or O rkney.
b een n o e vidence a t a ll
u nsatisfactory
o f
f igures
f ulfil o ur e xpectations o f w hat a b roch s hould b e -in t he l atter c ase w e s hould j ust a s mall s ample w hich c ould s erve o nly t o p rovide a nd i llustrate w hat i s
known a nd
i ts
h as
w as
t otal
i n t otal.
ive s ites h ave b een d esignated a s b rochs a t o ne F ar m ore t han o ne h undred and f a nother i n O rkney. T he v alue o f s uch i dentifications i s m inimal s ince t hey s eem t o e lse
o f
b roch l arge
( twenty
t ogether w ith " uncertain e xamples" g ave
i n
l ists
n ett
d efinitely c lassified a s
o r
a lways
c ursory e xamination s howed s ome f eature i n c ommon w ith t he a ccepted s tereotype o f a w ould h ave l ittle h esitation i n c alling i t b y t hat n ame, t hereby a ttributing t o i t a
o f
o f
i s i ncluded i n o ur s ample. s ince t he N orse a pplied t he
B ell,
t he
l atter
f ollowing d iscussion o f i nformation c ontained
t here.
The b roch t ower T he overall d imensions T he m assive a verage
b asic
c haracteristic
w alls. i s
b ased
I t
o n v ery
a nd o thers d ownright b roch h ad a n o verall t he
t hickness
Mackie
i s
o f
r epresented
n ot
o f
f raction a nd e xpressing
s ites
i s
t o g ive
t hat
W ith a s ample c I bm, w alls
w all r elative b y ta king t he i t
t o t he a mount
a s a p ercentage.
t hey
a verage
v ariable d ate -g uessed
i ncorrect. d iametee o f t he i t
t hese
d ifficult
a t,
a re
f igures
c ircular, b ut
p aced o ut,
o ne
f airly
m ust
l arge
r emember
m easured -some
a nd
h ave
t hat
ä ny
o ver-precise
o f 3 7 o r 3 b w e c an s ay t hat t he a verage O rkney c 4 m t hick a nd a c ourtyard c 9 .5m a cross. A s
s ize o f t he i nterior i s a n i nteresting f eature o f t he w hole d iameter o ccupied b y w alling a s a I n
1 52
t he
a verage O rkney
b roch
t he
w alls
o ccupy 4 67 .
o f
a ny
n ote
t otal d iameter.
t hat T hese
m ents 2 .75m t he
I t
t he a verage a verages
o ne
c onsiders
m ask q uite
b roch
i nteriors
a w ide
r ange
o f
f igure
f or o ne
f or
t he
v ariability I t
i s
i s
b roch m ay
p redominance w ide
b ut
i mportant
t he t o
b e
o f
d ouble
n ote
t hat
w alling
r ange
f or
t hat
l iving
v ariability.
f irst w e s ee t he o verall d iameter v arying t o 5 .2m a nd t he d iameter o f t he c ourtyard
i ndex
a s
s pace
i t
i s
i nteresting
t o
7 5m 2 .
f loor a rea w as
T aking
t he
f rom 1 2m t o 2 2.5m; f rom 7 .3m t o 1 3.7m.
f or a nother.
T his
i s
i n a d iameter w hich i anges
t he
f loor a reas
t hese
o f
2 öm
i nterconnecting
t hree
m easure -
t hickness f rom o f t hese c ounts
a lso
c ase
fom
-148m
v ariables
s imple
t he w all O n a ny
i s
t he 3 2%
t o
e ven
m ore
w ith 5 3%.
s how l ittle
t he T his
m arked.
o bvious
a nd
d efinite c orrelation. W e s eem t o h ave a v ery g enuine v ariability i n t he s implest a spect t his c lass o f s ite; t here a re a ll s izes o f d welling w ith m ost o f t he r ange o f t hicknesses w all. w idth
T his c an b e s een c learly f rom f ig 3 .3 -w here t he i nternal a rea i s o f w all e ncompassing i t -b ut p articular e xamples c an b e p ointed
p lotted a gainst o ut. k edland
o f o f t he a nd
R ound H owe h ave c ourtyards 8 .25m a nd ä m a cross a nd w alls 2 .75m a nd 3 m t hick r espectively. O n t he o ther h and O xtro B roch, E ves H owe a nd L amb H ead, w ith m assive c ourtyards 1 3.1 -13.7m a cross,
a lso o nly
h ad w alls
i n
t he
3 .1
-3.7m r ange.
B urrian B roch,
H array
( Corrigal)
m ay
b e
p ointed t o a s a n e xample w ith a c ourtyard o nly s lightly o ver 7 m a cross, b ut w alls 4 .bm t hick. L arge c ourtyards w ith s imilarly t hick w alls a re n ot a t a ll e asy t o p oint t o h owever. T he E b roch
o f
H urray
i s
t he o nly
p ossible e xample w ith a c ourtyard
1.13m a cross 1
a nd
a w all 4 .57m
t hick. O ne
o bvious
b asic d imension
t hat
h as
n ot
y et
b een m entioned
a verage i s n ot a n i nteresting f igure f or t his; w hat s urvives p roportion o f s omething w hich i tself w as o riginally i n a r ange d o n ot
h ave
a ny
i nformation -this
i s
n ot
t o
s ay
t hat
t he
r emains
i n o ther i nstances b rochs w ere f ar f rom p rominent. L ingro, l m i s w orth m entioning a lthough, i n t his a nd o ther c ases, t he
h eight o f T aking
t he w all h ad
1 .5m a s
b een
r educed
b y
t he m inimum f igure,
i s
t hat
o f
a re,
o f
o f
t he
l ast m entioned
b roch,
A n
i s a n =known s ome s ites w e
o r w ere,
s light -b ut
w hich s tood t o a h eight o f b arely i t i s i mpossible t o know h ow m uch
c ollapse a nd q uarrying.
2 b o f
t he 5 1
O rkney
b rochs
a re known t o
o ver t his h eight. T hese a re p lotted o ut i n f ig 3 .4 b ut i t c an b e s tated s urvived o ver 2 m, 1 3 o ver 3 m, s even o ver 4 m, a nd o ne, r eputedly, o ver b m. h eight
h eight.
i n e ach i nstance o f h eights. F or
G reen H ill,
N orth H oy,
i s
p ractically
h ave
s urvived
h ere t hat R egrettably
a ll
t hat
1 9 t he
i s known
i t. T here
c an b e
o nce t he h eight t han 3 .5m h igh. t endency, n ess,
n o c ertainty
t hat
t he
b roch w ith e ven
t he b arest m inimum o f
r emains w as
n ot
o f M ousa; a ll t hat i s s ure i s t hat o f o ur s ample t en, s ome 2 0%, w ere m ore I f t hese b rochs a re s ingled o ut i n f ig 3 .3 i t w ill b e s een t hat t here i s a
n o m ore,
o r b oth.
f or
t hem
t o
h ave a b elow a verage
N o e xamples w ith
a re
r epresented.
t hat
t he m ore
T his m ay
s table
n ot
s tructures
b elow a verage r eflect
h ave
a ny
f loor a rea,
t hi c kness w alls
i ntention a t
s urvived
t he
a n a bove a verage wall a nd a bove
t ime
o f
a verage
t hick-
f loor a reas
c onstruction
b ut
r ather
b etter.
T he s tructure o f t he wall W hen
w e
c ame
s implistic -w e a pplies
t o
f undamental i f
n ot t o
a t
a ny
w hether
t he
f eatures o f
b roch w as
i nterest,
r elating
t o
b rochs -o ther
w hich w e c an s peak
s olid-based o r g round-galleried,
s uch a s
t he
t he p rovision t hat w as
W e a re c ells
m ade
i n
e ven m ore
w alls m ay t hem f or
t han t he m ost
w ith a uthority v ery small. p oorly
a f eature
b asic T his
o f
s eemingly
i nformed o n m atters
h ave h oused
( guard
r aised f loors,
a nd
c ells
a nd e ven
o f
e qual,
a re d iscussed
t he a ccess w hich
t hey
t hese.
T he T aft,
l ook
t he n umbers
c lassificatory i mportance.
s uperior
s eparately), g ave
t o
f ind
B rochs
B irsay,
o f G urness a nd M id H owe w ere b e m entioned a s
b oth d efinitely g round-galleried.
t he
o nly c ertain o ne w as A yresdale, t he ' West B roch o f l ooked a t o ne h alf o f t he w all's c ircuit) w ere a ble
B urray. H ere t he e xcavators ( who t o e nter a n i ntramural g allery a t
o nly t wo
p oints
p articular
i nterior.
T his
o ne o f
t hird e xample
t he m ore
i s
o f
p robable
o f
o ther
T he K nowe o f examples;
f rom t he
s hould o nly
i nterest
i n
f loor g allery w as d iscovered o nly b ecause t here w as a ccess t o t he i nterior; t o c onclude t hat M idhowe a nd G urness m ight n ot h ave b een d iscovered t o b e h ad
t hey T he
b een e xcavated n umber o f
i temized a s O xtro; B urrian w ell
a ssumption
s olid-based
B urrian R ussland; a nd
b ut
w hich
t han f irm e vidence.
R edland, F irth, a nd H oxa. s ections. C hapel K nowe
b rochs
i s
N etlater;
s omewhat A yre;
B othikan -ten i n a ll.
b een s olid-based r ather
t he
g round
e arlier.
g enuinely
N R onaldsay;
h ave
t hat
t his may l ead u s g round-galleried
s eem
t o
h ave
I ngshowe
l arger.
L ingro;
T he
c ertain o nes
B urroughston;
T here a re a dditionally b een c lassified i s
o nly
a ssumed
a s t o
o n
t he
b asis
s olid-based
S teiro a nd H elliar H olm l ook s olid-based i n t heir p robably w as s olid-based i f t he c ell n oted i n . t he
1 53
m ay
b e
E H urray;
a n umber w hich
s uch b e
B u;
n aturally w all a t
a s
m ay o f w as
e roded g round
l evel w as a ny
n ot
s ign
b ased,
t here
g uard
T he
a nd
d angers
o f
v isible
b roth
f ormed
o f
i ts
f loor
g allery
a t
t he
a g round
g allery,
t he
f ew
h eavily
w hich
b ase
b etter
o n
f its
e xistence.
l evel,
a nd
e xcavators a s
t he
o f
t he
p roblem;
p oints
t he
t owards
p ossibly
t he w all a re
p reserved
r eliability
n eatly
t he o ne i s
o nly
b rochs o f
t he
i t
i ts
a ccessible
f or
i ts
t he
c ompounded
i s
h oped
o n
a g round
k ousay.
T he
a s
t o
w all
r oof
a t
t hose
t o o bserve
o f
w e
g allery
t he
e xplore t he
a p artially
w ith
o ne
r an
u pon e lsewhere a nd
f orming
t hat
i t
t he
h eight o f
t he
o pposite
s eems
1 5 t reads p arts b ut
t he s carcement,
a d omed a lcove w hich p rojected
9 -10 o 'clock
i ntermediate g allery w hich
o ther
c ertain e xample
i nterior;
a brupt
h alt
o n
a t
h ad
f loor o f t he
f or
r an a lmost
t o
i ts
f loor
t he u pper
f light
o f
s uperf rom
t he
t he
t his
t he
l anding
a h ollow-walled
w as
3 .35m
c ourtyard
l intels
T his
w hich r ose t here c an b e
w hich
i nto
o f
p reserved o ne.
s teps
t he e ntrance.
t hat M idhowe w as
r ight
t he
o f
a g round-galleried
f rom b oth g uard c ells
r ight
9 o 'clock
g round g allery w as
t he
T he
i n
b asal
o riginal
c ontinued
t o
t he
i ntermediate g allery
b roch w ith e vidence
i t
p etered o ut
i mmediately
c 1 .52m.
b roch
b ut
a t
1 o 'clock
b elow t he
l anding
T he i ntermediate g allery
a t G urness w here
i t
s tood
i s G urness,
d id n ot
E vie.
r un t he e ntire
w hile
o n t he
l eft
( vide i nfra).
o f
p reserved.
I t
g allery, c entral
i f
L ike w as a t t reads
e ver
t hird
o f
p resent,
t he
w ould
c ircuit
M id H owe,
a nd
G urness
h ave
f or
b een o bserved.
t he
f inal
h ad a ccess
t o
T hus w e
t hird w e h ave
a l anding
a t
t he
f ind b asal
i t
a nother U .7m t o f loor.
A t
u p
t he h eight
1 2 o 'clock,
t o j ust
T he
t his
W hile
a dditionally
t o
c ourtyard
o versailing
h eight
n oting
i nterior,
w here
t he
f loor
c an a t
r ound
i t m ust
t o
i s
t o
t he
a lso
o nly j ust f ace
t o
c onform t o
b e
p ointed o ut
t here w as
w as
c ould a scend
a f loor a s
t he
t raceable
b e
n oted
t he b asal o ne, t hat a t hird
n o g alleries
f or
t he
l evel
a nd
t his
t he r ight t en r emaining t hese m ay w ell h ave l ed a f light
s lightly
t he
t o
t hat
g allery o nly.
o f
i nto
t he s tereotype; t hat
a n
o f
p reserved a t 3 .b5m a bove
t here
c orbelled o ver
p eople
t he K nowe o f
T aft,
' West
o f
b asal g allery a nother
i s
t he
t o
s teps t he
i nterior.
G urness
w all
w as
f rom a h eight
d iffers
b eing
o f
t he
w hich
u sed
c 1 .8m a bove
i ndicated b y a s carcement
a nd
a n
h ead.
b e s aid o f a
a lso
b y w hich
c 3 .5m w here
w hich
b roch w all
t he w all
h ouse a s taircase
A yresdale o r
l ooked
a gainst
t his
c orbelled w all
N othing g allery.
t he s carcement,
owe a ppears s tructure a t Mid H
w all
s lightly.
o f
b uilt
c ase
o f
c ame
o nly
s hould
c 1 .83m a bove g round
l east 1 .42m t all. T o t he l eft i s a s mall b lind c hamber a nd t o o f a f light o f s teps w hich r ise 1 .14m. A lthough n ot p reserved
t his
T he h eight
f ound a t M id H owe w as
c 1 .2m h igh w here
I n
c ircuit
t his i ntermediate g allery r an o nly a bout a t hird o f t he c ircuit, a nd f ollowed e xtending t he s ame d istance. G urness w as n ot p reserved t o s uch a h eight
w as
f rom
d emonstrate
b asal
T o t he r ight t here w as a s tair o f u pper g allery w as o nly p reserved i n
r oof
l anding
b asal g allery e xtended
t he
o f
s olid-
g alleries. O ur
w ent
a bsence
b eing
c hance o bservation o f
s tereotype o f
M id H owe
I t o ccurred a t
a s w as T he
t ailed
a n
c ome
t he
t hat
b etween a h ollow w all
N W q uadrant.
t he
c ourtyard
e xist.
s till s tanding 1 .6m h igh. t he u pper g allery. T his
d oubt
t hree
s ummarises
f rom t he
c hamber o n t he N s ide o f t he e ntrance a lmost r ound t o t he b ack o f t he o ther a nd h ad a o f 1 .5 -2 m. A t 9 -10 o 'clock t here w as a d oorway 1 .75m a bove t he f loor, l acking i ts
a bove
w as
t oo
B orthwick
c ells
c ertainty n ot
d iscussing
d epending
o nly
t op b ut 1 .5m t o
l eft
n o d id
B roch o f o r
f eature.
T he
t he
T he
s tairs
e ncountered
i n
i mposed o nes g uard h eight
i s
c ell,
p roblems
h igher,
c ell.
g alleries,
y et
c ollapsed
n o
a g uard
o f
a ccess
B roch l ed
B irsay,
B urray
f rom a c ell
i s t he
p erhaps,
I n t he h alf
c 2 .bm h igh,
round 1 20 0 a
s ome
e xcept,
o dd.
c ircuit.
w hich T he
t hat o f
h ad f irst
i t
t he
h ad
a ccess o f
a b asal
c ircuit
t hat
f rom
t he
t hese e ntrances
w as s ome 1 .9m h igh, t he s econd o nly c 0 .8m a nd t he p assage b etween t hem c 1 .37m; f rom t he o riginal d rawings i t c an b e s een t hat t he p assage c ontinued f urther t han t he s econd a ccess b ut
t he
c ourtyard
t o a b asal g allery b ut n o i ntermediate g allery w as n oted, a nd a lthough t he w all w as 3 .73m o r m ore i n h eight, n either s carcement, s tair n or t hird g allery w ere o bserved.
w as
p reserved
m ore
n ot
c leared.
N ot
o nly
i s
t he
s ite a nomalous
H aving d escribed t he o ccurrence o f o r l ess n eatly i nto o ur p attern, w e I f
g allery
t he a t
e xamples t he
o f
t he
s carcement
t here b eing
a ccess
f rom
t hese e xamples o f g round-galleried b roch, s hould m ove o n t o o ur s econd t ype o f w all
o f M idhowe a nd G urness
h eight
i n
a re
a nd o n
t o
b e
b oth
r elied
t hese
u pon w e
c ounts
c an a nticipate
a h eight
o f
w hich f it s tructure. f inding
c 3 .5m s eems
a t o
b e quite c ritical. O nly t wo o f t he s olid-based b rochs a bout w hich w e h ave m uch i nformation e xceed t his -the E ast B roch o f B urray a nd t he h illock o f B urroughston, S hapinsay. T he E B roth o f c a pe
and
t here r ight 1
a t
B urray
3 o 'clock.
i s a s olid-based
T he
l atter w as
o ne
w ith
i ndicated
t o
t wo h ave
i ntramural
w as a n e ntrance 1 .52m f rom t he f loor t o t he l eft o f a f light o f 2 0 s teps r ising 2 .34m t o a nother l anding.
o 'clock
o ff
t he
c ourtyard;
t his
h eight
w as
t hat
1 54
o f
t he
c ells;
b een c 2 .44m h igh.
o ne
a t A t
1 1 o 'clock 9
o 'clock
w hich w as a l anding a nd t o t he F rom t his a n e ntrance o pened a t
s carcement,
c 3 .8bm a bove
t he
f loor
o f
t he
b roch.
i t
i s
h ighly
s ignificant
t hat
o ne
o f
t he
s ections
s hows
w as l intelled o ver a t a bout t he h eight o f t he s carcement a nd t hat g allery; a g allery a t t his h eight i s a lso s hown a t 1 2 o r 1o 'clock t hat
t he
b roch w as
I n
t he
s carcement s ince
s olid-based w ith
e levations v aries
t he
o f
t he
s uperimposed u pon i t
i nterior
o f
t he
b etween 3 .22 a nd 3 .75m.
c ourtyard m ay n ot
h ave
h eight i n t he w all w hich w as t he c ourtyard w ith i ts b ase h igh.
T his
w as
c onnected
o 'clock
w hich w as
p reserved,
b een c leared
t hese
o ut
B urroughston
t he h igher
c ompletely.
T here w as
p reserved I f
w e
a t hird a
s eem a lso
f loor
h eight
i n
t otal i nto
b y
s ome m eans
s eemingly
h ave
b een
t hat
m ay
T here
w ith a nother e ntrance
t o
a s imilar
a mong
w e
n one a t h ave
s ome 3 m h igh;
a ccount
p resent
h eight.
n ot
n o
j ust
B urrian R ussland
b een
t he
e xpect
t he w all
t o
s tart
o f
s carcement w as
t hose w ith s olid
c ould
f irst
l anding
i s
w as
h eight t o
b e
o f
t he
p referred
a g allery
a t
t his
t raced h ere a nd t here. A t 1 2 o 'clock t here w as a n e ntrance t o a t t he h eight o f t he s carcement a nd i ts s ides p reserved 1 .14m
c ontained w hat
t ake
t ype
t o
t he
f igure
t o
T he
f ind
t ype
a n
t his
9
I t l ooks a s t hough B urroughston.
a t
5 o 'clock
i ntramural
-10
e ntrance
h as
a p assage
s taircase.
w as
i t
1 .83m
T his
b roch
v isible.
b ut
b ases.
b ut
a n
t he c ourtyard a t
b ottom o f
b elow t he s carcement a nd t he t op a bove i t b ut n either i s c lear. b een b adly m utilated b y e xcavation. T here w ere n o b asal c ells a t
f rom t he
t he
a h ollow w all.
B rough o f
O f
t hat
a bove t his t here w as a a nd t here i s l ittle d oubt
a ccess
p rovided
U nfortunately
i ndication
o f
b y
t he
w all,
n either e xample
a ny
s uperimposed
w e
f ind
o f
s uch
i s
h ollow
w all
s tructure. N etlater,
o r
t he M anse
o f
H array,
w as
s olid-based w ith
i ntramural
c ells
a t 3 o 'clock
a nd
1 'clock t here w as a g round l evel e ntrance o 'clock. T he l atter w as 1 .83m h igh. A t 9o l eading t o a l anding t o t he l eft a nd n ineteen t reads o f a s taircase t o t he r ight. T he h eight p reserved w as O xtro, t here
o nly 2 .6m a nd n o i n
B irsay,
w as a g round
s carcement w as
h ad a p assage
l ike
v isible. i ntramural
f loor e ntry w ith a l anding
t o
t he
c ell a t
l eft
1
o 'clock
a nd a f light
o f
a nd a t s teps
3 t o
o 'clock
t he
r ight
o f w hich t en r emained. T he p reserved h eight o f t he b roch s eems t o h ave o nly b een 2 .13m. F raser, t hree-quarters o f a c entury a fter i ts e xcavation, s aid t here h ad b een a g allery w hich c ould t he
b e
t raced
r ecords
n early
h alf
t hat w ould
w ay
h ave
w all i n o ne o f D ryden's p lans c ontinuous l arge s carcement. I n t he l ight T he H owe o f H oxa, a nd o ne
3 o f
o 'clock
t he
b uilding
a re
n ot
b ut
t o h im.
t here
i s
n o m ention o f
T wo s tones
g iven a h eight
b ut
i n a ny
o f
w hich p roject 0 .15m f rom
t he
a re u nlikely
t o
t his
h ave
b een p art
o f
a
o f t hese o bservations s ome o f t he m ore p artial r ecords m ake a l ittle s ense. S k onaldsay was m utilated d uring e xcavation a nd r estoration b ut a t 1 0 - 1
t here
t hese m ay w ell
d escribed p reserved
r ound
b een a vailable
a re
r ecesses
h ave
b een
n oted
t he
i n
t he w all a t
b uilt-over a ccess
a h eight
o f
1 .55m f rom t he
t o a s tair.
P etrie
f loor
e xcavating
a nd
i n
1 848
t he w all a s s olid b ut G ordon i n 1 781, n o d oubt s eeing i t i n b etter c ondition t o a g reater h eight, v ery p articularly d escribes i t a s d ouble w ith a 0 .91m
a nd g ap
b etween. T he t hat
l eft h and
r emained
g allery
w here H ere
t wo-thirds
o f
t here w as a g uard
c ould
b e
I ngshowe, c ell.
s een w hich s topped
F irth,
S ome
s hort
o f
o f
t he
t he
w as
d estroyed
b y e rosion b ut
s urviving w all w as
g uard c ell.
N o
s carcement w as
T he K nowe o f B urristae, W estray, p rovides a n i nteresting e xample o f i n t he f ragment o f t he w all r emaining a s carcement c an b e s een a t a n t here
a ppeared S ome b urrian
i s
t o
a
d oorway only 0 .84m h igh w hich g ave a ccess
r un b oth o f
i n
t he N
U nfortunately
r ight
a nd
b rochs m ay
R onaldsay a lthough
b e
c lassifiable o ne a t
s ite w as
a s
s olid-based
3 o 'clock
a t
b y
g round
s carcement-like
m isleading.
C hapel
K nowe
p reserved 3 .05m h igh o n
f eature 0 .91m a bove i n
F irth a lso
f loor
s eems
t o
l evel; h ave
h eight o f 1 .7m; h ere a gain t he w all w as p reserved h igher o n t he o ther. A s carcement a t a n u nspecified h eight, b ut w hich
s eems
t o h ave
e ntrance w hich
l ed
t o
b een s olid - b ased t hree
p art h ere a
o bserved.
a n e roded b roch u nknown h eight.
i ntramural
v irtue l evel
t his
s tairs
a nd w as
c avity
t hat
s ide
i n
t he
c ells.
A t
1 .52m
h igh.
S o nly
1 .22m
b een d estroyed. M acGregor g allery. B urrian h as a n r eady
h ad a c ell
i dentification m ay
a t
g round
l evel
b e
w ith
a
o n t his s ide a nd h ad b een d estroyed c 3 m, w as n oted. T he L och o f A yre,
p reserved o nly
d escending
i ts
o f
s tanding
s ide,
r emained a nd a ny v estige o f a s tair a bove g round l evel w ould h ave d oes m ention a n a nnotation t o a p lan w hich m arks a p ossible a nomalous
t he
l eft.
t here w as
t he
t o a n
i n
c 3 .66m h igh a nd
c 1 .5m h igh h ad
a t
9 o 'clock
a n
c 0 .75m.
B u, S tromness, a nd L ingro, S t O la, w ere p reserved t o n o g reat h eight ( 1.6m a nd 1 m r espectively) b ut t he e xhaustive i nvestigations c arried o ut c an l eave u s c onfident t hat t hese a re
e xamples T here
o f
s olid-based
b rochs
w ith n o
t races
a re
a n umber o f
b rochs
f or W hich
t here
1 55
o f i s
a g round g allery o r a m ention o f
g round
a p ossible
l evel
g allery
c ells. o r
a n
i nherence
t hat
t hey
a re
s olid-based;
o ften
t hese
s tatements
a re
u nintelligible
i nterpretative a nd i n g eneral t hey a re u nreliable. p robable g allery o ccurs -as a t T aft, B irsay, B urger,
O ne o ften c annot t ell a t w hat E vie, a nd W est S ide, R ousay.
c annot
j ust
b e
c ertain
s tairways
o r
B othikan,
t hat
e ven j ust
P apa W estray,
I t
i s
a s
g alleries i nternal
N orth H owe,
d ifficult
t o
b e
B reckness, I n
t he
a ssertion
a bsence
o f
R edland, o f
S tromness
o f
t o
o nly
s how
a s tairway.
T his
i t
i s
i s
p reserved
t he
i s
t herefore
t hat a b roch
w all b elow t his w as s olid b ut p robably o ne a t t he b ase t oo. l ikely
n ot
h ard e vidence
w hich w as
r emained
B erstane,
a b roch
m isinterpreted
D ubious
e xamples
S t O la,
a nd
s olid-based
p ieces
i nclude
t he K nowe
o n
t he
b e a s
s olid-based a s
o ften d ifficult
s olid-based.
1 .82m h igh
b ut
t o
a ccept
A c ase o f
w hich
i n i t
e ncircling g allery 0 .76m b road.
t he
w as
w as
t he g reater
h eight
v ery
s uspicion
p art
o f
t he a bove
t hose w ith
i t m ay
i t.
o f 4 .88m a nd w ithout
A fter a re
i rregular a nd
o f
a
r egarding
t he a uthenticity
o f
m any
I s
s ection
i s
s aid
a ssumption
o r
t he
o f
B roch
t hat
s ufficient t hat
s o-called
t he a lso m ost
s olid-based
t he e xample o f t he B roch o f B orthwick, S andwick. T his f ront y et n o s carcement i s m entioned a nd t here w ere n o
b e i t
o f
E vie.
l ength w ould a nd t he h roch
i mplication i s
s igns o f g alleries, s tairs o r c ells o pening f rom t he c ourtyard. T he g uard a nd t here i s n o c ertainty t hat a g round g allery w ould h ave b een n oticed. w ith
S tenso,
s eem i n s ection.
p oint
T he
c ells,
C astle
i f t here w as a g allery a t t he h eight o f 1 .82m t here w as I f t here w as n ot o ne a t t he b ase t hen t his ' gallery w as
b rochs c an b e f urther i llustrated w ith i s s aid t o h ave b een 4 .8öm h igh a t t he
w all
o f
e vidence
t hey
o f
t he
h as a g allery. S ectioning G urness a long i ts T he B roch o f S teiro, H elliar H olm, S hapinsay,
o r m ay
t he e xcavator
F irth,
t he w all
m ay
t hat
n ot
l ines.
R ousay,
s ure
a s i t i s t o b e c onfident t hat i t p roduce q uite d ifferent s tories. o h
m entioned a re
b uilding
o r
h eight a O ften o ne
t hat
t he a rchitectural
f eatures
o f
o n t he o ther h and a n i nstance o f
c ell w as c ollapsed T he h eight o f t he i nterest w ere
a b roch,
l ost
s olid
t o
a
s carcements?
r eview
i t
c an
b e
s een
h ollow-galleried w alls
f or
t hat
b oth
t heir
p osited
w all
t ypes
p reserved h eight
a nd
a re
p resent.
T here
t hose w ith a s olid
t o c 3 .5m a nd a h ollow w all t hereafter. I t h as f urther b een s hown t hat s olid b ase h as b een u sed t o h ouse i ntramural c ells a lthough t his i s n ot
b ase
i n s ome i nstances t he n ecessarily t he c ase.
T he w alls h ave b een d emonstrated t o h ave h ad a nother f unction -that o f p ermitting a ccess f rom o ne f loor t o a nother -a nd t here a re e xamples o f b oth t ypes w hich s uggest a f loor 3 .5m a bove
t he
c ourtyard
c oincidence s olid-based T o s ample h igh
t hese o f
a s
5 1
t hree
o f
b y w ay o f
b asic w all
b rochs
3 .5m.
e xamples
r eached
a s tair s tarting
c 1 .8m u p
t he w all.
I t
i s
p erhaps
t hat t he t wo e xamples w here t he s tair s tarts a t t he g round l evel h appen a nd i n n either c ase i s t here f irm e vidence o f a f loor a t a h eight o f 3 .5m.
i t
I
t he
i s
w ould
t aller
t ypes,
p ossible s uggest
t ype
o f
I s hould
t hat t hat
l ike
t here a re t hese h ave
b roch a nd
t hus
t o a dd a n
i ntermixed a lways
i ntuitive
s tructures
b een
b een c lassified
r egarded w ith
f ourth.
a
t o
b e
Among
o ur
w hich w ere
n ever
a s
a s
p reserved
b adly
t hem a nd
e ndowed w ith
t he
s ame a ttributes.
The b roch e ntrance T he
e ntrances
d efensiveness,
a re
f loor
i nteresting l evels
t he
i n
t heir o wn r ight
a nd w all
a nd a lso
t here
a t w hich t here a re d oor j ambs g enerally w idens. T ypically p erhaps
g enerally
i ndications
l intelled
a long
o f i ts
b olt
a re
t oo
c an i ndicate
b rochs w e
b roch e ntrance i s t he o nly c onnection b etween t he i nterior a nd t ypical f eatures. I t t ends t o b e a l ittle o ver 1 m w ide a nd
i s
a lthough
t hey
t he 5 1
T he s everal
t he j ambs
1 7
s ince o f
c oncerning
e ntrance
t o
O ut
e vidence
o utside t o a p oint f rom w hich p oint i t
e ntrances
h eight.
t hree
d egree
o nly h ave
a dditional
o f
p ositive
d ubious e xamples.
e xterior a nd c an h ave t o n arrow f rom t he
( sometimes w ith t hreshold a nd p ivot s tones) o ne w ould e xpect t o f ind g uard c ells i nside
h oles
o r
s ome m eans
l ength a nd a bove
t here
o f
m ay
s ecuring b e
t he d oor.
a h ollow i n
T he
t he w all.
M idhowe i s c 1 m w ide a t t he e xterior n arrowing t o U .9m a t t he j ambs, 2 .4m i n f rom t he o utside; b eyond t hese t he e ntrance w idens t o c 1 .3m. T here a ppear t o h ave b een t wo d oors, h owever,
s ince
f rom
t he
d oor
c hecks;
d eep.
o f
o nly w as
o f
t he
c orresponding h eight
n ot
i nside
t he r ight
s ocket
1 .9m a nd
a bove
r oof
f loor. t he
c ell
t he
c ell
h ad
T his
i s
a bove a bove
i ts
f loor
o f i t)
g reat i s
t he
c ell i ts
o f
l ine
t his
a s
t here
e ntrance w as
t he
t hat t he
t he
c ontinued
a pproximately s ame
t he j ambs c ells
o f
s ame
h ad a t
d oor.
t he
h eight t he
o f
w hich w as
t hree
o f
o f
e ntrance
t he
a s
t he
i n
s carcement
a nd
t he
a bsence
l intelled
l intel-like ( and
c 0 .2m
i nside a t
o f a
1 .2m w ide a nd 2 .8m
s carcement,
b ut
t he
3 .35m a bove
s lots
t he
t herefore
a t 9 -10 o 'clock
t he
i ts
e ntrance w as
h eight
l anding
h eight
T he
a nother o ccurred f rom a p oint
u nusual
l eaving a c ell
b een a l ine
b ut
e ntered
h ad a b ar h ole w hich w as
i mportance;
t he
b etween
t wo g uard
p osition o utside
t his
b een a bove,
s tone
T here w ere
h and
a nd
U .9m f rom t he
r eal
t here a s ill
b roch.
a nd t he
t he
t he
f loor
c eiling
h ighest
o f o f
g allery
p reserved. A t G urness
t here
i s
m uch
t he
s ame
p icture.
1 56
T he
s d oorway . i
1 .15m w ide
a t
t he
o utside a nd
c ontinues
s o
p assage
1 .7m w ide.
i s
f or
c omplete w ith
L m a t
w hich
T he
t hreshold
p oint
r ecesses
a nd
p ivot
t here
a re
i s
s tone.
I nside
o n e ither s ide a nd f rom e ach o f t he g uard A lthough o nly t he t wo o uter l intel s tones 1 .75m, i ts
t he
I t
t he
i s
p attern, b rochs. w as
s carcement
f loor
s ame
u nfortunate
t hat
s kewed
a nd
S ome 2 .3m i nside
s hort w hich
t his a s
c ontinues
t he t he
o n e ither
j ambs
a re
i n
t he
a t
a fter
t he e ntrances
i ndicates
t hat
t here h ad
w hich o f
t o
t he
a d oorway
a g uard
c ell
b olt h oles. a h eight o f
b een a c hamber
w ith
9 o 'clock.
e ntrance w as
n ot
t he o btuse a ngle e ntrance
a nd
f orm t he j ambs
c ells, b ehind t he d oor, t here a re w ere p reserved, g iving t he e ntrance
i n a nd
l anding
t he
s ide
a nd
l ocated a t
t he W est
i n g round f loor p lan a t l east, r eproduces i tself T he E B roch o f B urray's e ntrance w as c 1 .2m w ide a t
n oticeably
d eep.
f or
h eight
a r ecess
l ined w ith o rthostats
i n
t he
l eft
B roch o f
B urray
a mong s ome o f t he t he o utside b ut t he
h and
s ide
a s a w hole w ere o pposing g uard
w as
a p ossible
c ells.
b ut
t his
s olid-based f irst 0 .75m c heck
U nusually,
U .3m
c 1 .5m
o f t he i nner w all f ace, a nd t herefore i nside t he g uard c ells, t here w ere j ambs a fter t he e ntrance e xpanded t o a w idth o f 1 .4m a nd w here t here w ere b ar h oles. T he h eight o f
t he
e ntrance w as
b y
t he
0 .9m
i llustration f loor
t herefore
t hat
o f
t he
r emained
i ndicates
w ould
c eiling
c 1 .63m:
w hich
t he
t hat h ave
f loor o f a s
i t
t he w as
t he
c ell
t hought
t o
b een a pproximately
s carcement,
a bove,
o utside w all,
l anding
b e
w hich w as
w as
f ormed
l intelled
t he h eight
a nd
e ntrance
a t
o f
t o
t he
t he
t he
t he
s horter
b y
t han
t he
e ntrance
l intels.
h eight
p reserved
l anding a t
c ourtyard
D ryden's
9 o 'clock
3 .86m
-its a nd
a bove
i ts
f loor
l evel. T here a re t hree o ther i nstances o f s olid-based k ussland h ad a n e ntrance 1 .07m w ide w hich n arrowed I nside
t hese
r ight
a nd
l east
t he
e ntrance w idened
p ossibly a lso
2 m P etrie's A t L ingro,
t o
t he
p erspective
t o
c 1 .4m a nd
l eft.
t he e ntrance w as
t here w as
A lthough
s ketch d oes
n ot
1 .04m w ide
b rochs w ith d ouble g uard c ells. B urrian t owards a s et o f j ambs s ome 1 .5 -2 m i n. a n e ntrance
t he e ntrance w as
s how i ndications a t
i ts
o f
o uter e nd;
t o a g uard
p reserved
c ell
t o
t o a h eight
t he o f
a t
l intels.
2 .29m i n
t here w as a r ecessed
o rthostat o n t he l eft a nd a r ecess i n t he w all s o t hat t he p assage t hereafter w as 1 .22m w ide -o n b oth s ides w ithin t he j ambs t here w as a g uard c ell. T he h eight p reserved w as n ot g reat a nd o ne w ould
n ot
e xpect
P recise m easurements 1 .22m
w ide
e ntrances
a nd
E xamples
t he
l eft
s ide
a re n ot
c ells
o f
o r t o
( i
l intels b e
h ad
t o
h ave
b een s een.
f or L amb H ead,
e c I .83m i n)
S tronsay,
t here w ere
b ut
d oor c hecks
i ts
e ntrance w as
w ithin
w hich
c
w ere
o n e ither s ide.
s olid-based
b rochs w ith o ne g uard c ell a re
n ot
r are.
A t
B urroughston,
t he e ntrance w as c 1 .2m w ide n arrowing t owards s ome d oor c hecks a nd t hen w idening T hese a re n ot q uite o pposite e ach o ther, t he r ight h and s ide o ne b eing 2 .4bm a nd
h and
o nly
h oles
h alf w ay a long
t o g uard
S hapinsay, t o c 1 .27m.
h ar
s ide o ne 2 .18m f rom t he
t here w as
a b ar h ole a nd,
o uter d oorway.
a gain o n
t his
B ehind
s ide
o nly,
t he d oor
c heck
a g uard c ell.
o n t he T he
l eft
h eight
h and
o f
t he
p assage h ad b een c 1 .83m a nd t here r emained o n t he o utside t hree l arge f lags o n e dge. Above t hese, o n t he i nside, t he s ides o f t he e ntrance c ontinued, a s t hey w ould w ith a s uperimposed c ell, t o h eight; a bove
t he t he
t he
t he l atter a g ood w ay
f loor.
T he w here
p reserved h eight o f c 3 .96m. T he s carcement a t t his b roch w as a round l evel o f t he l anding a t 9 -10 o 'clock i s n ot p recisely known b ut w as
e ntrance
t here
t o
w ere
t he
B roch o f
B orthwidk,
S andwidk,
p rojecting s labs w ithin w hich
w as
1 .04m w ide
t he e ntrance w idened
t o
f or
t he
f irst
1 .52m f or
2 .75m
t he
l ast
1 .52m. O n t he r ight h and s ide, j ust b ehind t he d oor c hecks, w as a g uard c ell. B ar h oles s uggested b y W att w ere d ismissed b y t he C ommission. T he e ntrance w as c 1 .57m h igh a lthough o nly t he o uter 2 .75m w as s till l intelled. t o b e n oted t hat t he w all o f t he b roch was n or s carcement w as p reserved. T he h and
C astle
s ide,
o f
B othikan,
P apa W estray
c 1 .53m f rom t he o utside,
A bove t he e ntrance t here h ad b een a c ell. i n a v ariable c ondition a nd t hat n either
h ad a n e ntrance o nly 0 .9m w ide
w as a g uard c ell.
C irca
3 .42m i n
a nd
o n
f rom t he
I t i s l anding
t he
r ight-
o utside
w ere
d oor c hecks; i nside t hese t he e ntrance w as s lightly e xpanded o n t he l eft-hand s ide a nd t here a re i ndications o f a b olt h ole. T he e ntrance w as r oofed a t a h eight o f c 1 .83m w ith l intels, t hree
w here
o r
t he
o uter o nes
o f
w hich
T he e ntrance o f I ngshowe, F irth, d oor j ambs p rojected f rom e ither
g iving o nly,
f our o f
t he o utside
A t
t he
e ntrance t he
d oor
L och o f
p assage
a w idth
c hecks, A yre,
a nd
H olm,
o f
r emained. w as c 1 .5m a cross n arrowing t o c 1 .02m a fter c 2 .9m s ide. b eyond t hese t he l eft h and w all w as r ecessed 1 .07m.
T he
c 1 .22m f rom t he t he
e ntrance
w as 0 .9m w ide
f irst s et o f j ambs a fter w hich i t w idened t o 1 .4m. o utside a nd w ith t hem w as a ssociated a s ocket s tone w ere a lso m entioned f or t he i nner d oor. h and s ide, w as t he e ntrance a nd a g uard
B etween c ell.
1 57
g uard c ell w as
o n t he
r ight-hand
s ide
e xterior. t o
s tart
w ith a nd
1 .1m a t
t he
T hese j ambs w ere o nly c i m i n f rom t he a nd b olt h oles o n e ither s ide. C he c ks
t hem,
c 1 .5m
f rom t he e xterior,
o n
t he
r ight
T he g ive
e ntrance
a c lear
t here a lso
a t
H oxa h as
i ndication o f
w ere d oor j ambs b ar
s mall
h oles
a nd
a perture
t he
a nd T udor a re t he b est t he a pproximate h eight I n a ddition o thers
w ith
A t b een
t o
d u,
S tromness,
s ubsequently
A bout
2 .75m
i n
f rom
o rthostats.
b een
1 .06m
r esulted i n e xtensively e ntrance
a t
w hat T he
w ide
i n
s et
f urther.
N ot
T he
e ntrance
a nd o nly
w ere
o bserved L astly,
o utside
t he
w hich
T his
w ere
H is
T he
t he j ambs t o
d oor.
r ecords
i ts
l ength
m entioned
b ut
h ave a risen o ver a
P etrie,
t he l atter s ays t he e ntrance w as b locked-up s tair l andings.
o nly h ave
t he j ambs
b ut
i s w as
o riginally
t he
t he e xcavator,
1 .8m h igh.
t wo g uard
h ave
b een c 5 .25m
i nner 3 .74m s urviving
b een t he o uter e nd
o f
s lightly c onstricted a nd
i t
c ould
c 1 .74m o n
t he
t he a t
T his
c ells
l ong
w as
t here
a lthough
t o a h eight e ntrance
t his
v ery
n ot
b e
s hown t o
o f
a re
b ut
h ad
1 .56m.
w ere
s eems
T he
i t
c
t here
p oint
i nside.
b e o ne
h ad a n e ntrance w hich e xpanded c ertainly n o g uard
H unton
i n S tronsay w hich
c 0 .96m w ide a t
t he
s how
b ar
i s
o utside,
P etrie d escribes
e levations
g uard c hambers. c hamber b ut t his
b y
t wo
t o
r ecess
h ave w hich w as t he
e xcavation.
f rom 1 .14m t o
1 .6m
a fter
t wo
c ells. 1 .83m i n w ere t wo d oor j ambs N o b ar h oles o r g uard c ells
u nusual
t he e ntrance a s
h oles
i n
e xpanding
i n b oth s ides
t hat
t o
b eing
i nside
o nly
b tromness,
e xamples a nd
r eferred
R ound H owe,
t o
A ndrews.
I n
t he
e ntrance
t he
l intelled a nd t he j ambs
o riginally a re O xtro
S t.
t he
c 1 .17m a t
A v isitor a fter t he e xcavation s aid h e c ould o nly p artial i nformation m ay j ust b e m isleading.
t hree d ubious
K edland,
a re
b rochs w ith e ntrances w ith o ne a nd
T here w ere
c 1 .9m i n.
1 .68m h igh.
r eliable a long
i n t he e levations. t here
e xcavated.
t he
c onfusion s eems
N etlater i n H array h ad a n e ntrance o nly c 0 .84m w ide. S ome f or t he r emaining c 1 .83m t he e ntrance e xpanded t o c 1 .22m.
a nd
b ut
s omewhere
b e a ssumed t o h ave b een o n t he l eft-hand s ide w here t he w all t he r ight-hand s ide i nside t he j ambs t here a ppeared t o b e
R onaldsay
2 .84m i n.
c onfusion
a ll.
s hould
o utside
N
t he
e ntrance w as
t his c an o nly r ebuilt. O n
b urrian
t o
m uch
c ell.
t he e ntrance m ust
t o a g uard c hamber
o rthostats
c ell
o f
I t w as 0 .9m w ide
a g uard
i nterfered w ith,
v ertical c
c ells
s ubject
w idened
a uthorities a nd o f t he p ossible
s olid-based
n o g uard
i t
t hese w as
g uard
t he
s tructure.
a fter w hich
i nside
f rom
b een
i ts
o f
i n n o
o btain
B roch,
c ase
b ut
d oor
e xcess
o f
e ntrances
a ccess
B irsay, t he
w as
c hecks
f irst
t o
t o o ne
t he K nowe
o f
o f
n o
t hese
e ntrance w as f ound, i t u ndoubtedly b eing i n t he N p art o f t he w all r emoved b y w orkmen o riginally; t he O rdnance S urvey F ield I nvestigator i n 1 967 n oted t he r emains o f a g uard c ell i n t he N W b ut t his c ould h ave j ust b een a n i ntramural c ell. L ittle i s k nown o f t he s econd s ite
b ut
e ntrance
i t
i s
s aid
s ituated
t o
t o
h ave
h ad a n e ntrance
c 0 .76m s quare.
t he E NE a nd c 0 .79 w ide;
t his
T he
f eature m ay
t hird
h owever
s ite b e
h ad a
s imply
p ossible
a b reach
i n
t he w all. A fter
t he
a mong O rkney T alking, h ave
a bove
r eview i t
f ully
f irst,
i n
f ledged
t erms
d id h ave a s light
h aving
t wo g uard
h as i s
i ts
t hree a re
p ossible
c hamber, t he c ell
p ossible
t hat
i t i s
i t
s ome o ne,
s imilar n ear
p lan,
t o g ive a n o verall v iew o f
t o
t he
t here w as
c an b e
w ith j ambs
i nner d oor.
c hambers,
d oor j ambs
o f
e ntrances
M idhowe c hambers
i s
t he
e ntrances
f ound
b rochs.
t he
s een t hat
t he
t wo
T he
s olid-based e xamples
a nd
o thers n one a t
d oor
t he e ntrance a nd h ere
n earer
g uard
c hambers
a re m uch m ore
a ll.
g round-galleried e xamples
i nner e nd o f a s econd
t wo g round-galleried e xamples
h alf-way a long a nd
O f
b ut
t he
o ne,
t he g uard
f our w ith
t wo
t he W B roch o f
c ells
t he o utside.
b ehind.
v ariable,
O f
o utside
t he
B urray,
t hem.
n o
i s o nly B urroughston, S hapinsay, t hat h as i t o n t he l eft. I n t he b ehind t he d oor -B urroughston, S hapinsay, B orthwick, S andwick,
s ide
T he
c ells
e ntrances
a lthough a re
p reserved
a t 1 .83m a nd h ave a bove c eiling o f w hich, i n t he b roch
w ith
t he W est w as F our
a t
t wo g uard
B roch o f t he
o f
l evel
t he o f
H oxa,
p robably
n ot
T he
e ntrance
a t
s carcement
a nd
t o
j ambs
a nd e xpansions
v ariable
h eights
b ut
c ells
a nd
t he
h eight
o f
i ts
h alt
e ntrance
c ase o f t hree a nd H oxa, S
o f
l anding
a ctually
b rochs
w ith o ne g uard
S hapinsay;
B orthwick,
S R onaldsay -three b een c leared
B urroughston t he
f loor
o ut. h ad o f
l intelled a t
o ver
o f
F or i t
w hich w as
c ell
t hese w ere o nly
t wo
a c ell,
o f
t he
h eight
o f
t he
h eight o f
a nd
f urther w hich
l anding.
l engths. a re
p recisely t he
t he
o f
w as
i t i s b rochs
r oofed
l anding a nd t he o nly s olid-based
a c ell
C astle
i s
t he T he
t his
c 1 .83m h igh t hese
t he h eight
l evel w ith
1 58
h ave
S andwick;
t heir
a nd G urness
p reserved
1 .83m h igh a nd a bove
a nd w as
a long
b oth M idhowe
h ad a n e ntrance
t he
w ay
i s t he h eight o f t he s carcement.
B urray
s olid-based
h ad
h ave
t hem a c ell t he f loor o f w hich f ormer c ase, w as t he h eight o f
p reserved -Burroughston, a nd H owe
t hey
I t
s ix w ith o ne g uard
R onaldsay; i n t he c ase o f t he C astle o f B othikan, P apa W estray a nd I ngshowe, F irth, o utside t he j ambs a nd a t t he L och o f A yre i t w as b etween t wo d oors. F our s olid-based h ave
s ome g uard
s imilar;
f loor t he
o f
o f
w hich
s carcement.
t heir .
e ntrance
B othikan,
P apa W estray
B orthwick,
1 .57m h igh,
i nformation w as
T he
a t
l east
h eight
o f
a vailable. t hat t he
o f
t he H oxa
e ntrance w as a gain t hat o f N ot h unton,
a g reat S tronsay
t he p utative
b locked-up l andings
d eal c an b e s aid a bout t he e ntrance w as
t he
p reviously m entioned.
f our s olid-based b rochs w ith n o s ide c ells;
l intelled a t
l east
f or
c 1 .68m h igh b ut w e d o n ot k now w hat w as
a bove i t. A t B u B roch, S tromness, n ot o nly w as t he e ntrance u nlintelled b ut t he w all w as o nly p reserved c 1 .6m h igh. T he B roch o f B urrian w as m uch t he s ame f or a lthough i t h ad a n i ntramural c ell a nd w as p reserved c 3 .05m h igh i n o ne p art i t w as o nly c 1 .22m h igh t o t he S . I t
i s
n oteworthy
t hat
i t d id n ot
h ave a s carcement a t
h ad s tairs s tarting a t g round l evel. t here w ere a lso t wo i ntramural c ells;
t he n ormal
h eight a nd n either i t
n or B u
T he l atter w as t he c ase a t N etlater, h array, w here t he w all w as o nly p reserved 2 .6m h igh a nd n o s carcement
w as v isible.
The I nterior I nternal f urnishings O f t here
t he 5 1 O rkney b rochs w e h ave e vidence f or i nternal f urnishings i n 2 7. a re o nly e ight f or w hich w e c an s ay w e h ave a f loor p lan ; f or m ost o ur
A mong t hese e vidence i s
i ncomplete. F loor p lans m ay b e
t hat a b roch b uilt T he
b e c ategorised a s e ither o ne u nit d welling o r d ivided o nes. f or o ne p urpose w as
c onverted t o
I t m ay w ell
t he o ther.
s implest a nd m ost c omplete e xample w e h ave o f
t he c ourtyard b eing u sed a s a
s ingle
d welling s pace i s B u B roch. T he i nterior w as 9 .10m i n d iameter a nd c onsisted o f a c entral h earth, s urrounded b y a s ervice a rea, a nd o uter p erimeter o f i nterconnecting r ooms. D ivisions b etween t he r ooms c onsisted o f s ocketed u pright f lagged p artitions u p t o 1 .55m h igh. A d ivision o f f lagstones i n s ockets s eparated t he r ooms f rom t he s ervice a rea. T o t he E o f t he h earth w as a v estibule w ith a f lagged c upboard a nd o pen c ooking t ank. T o t he N t he v estibule o pened i nto a l ong b ent h all-like r oom a nd t hen a s maller o ne, b oth o f w hich w ere f lagged; t o t he S t he t hree r ooms o r d ivisions w ere f loored b y m ud a nd m idden. A lthough p ost-holes w ere f ound a t B u t hey c annot p rovide c onclusive c omment w ith r egard t o r oofing o r t he p resence o f m ore T wo o f t hey m ay S hapinsay,
t han o ne f loor.
o ur o ther s mall s amples o f
b roch f loors h ave a d istinct
i n s ome r espects b e m ore s ophisticated; t hese a re a nd t he B roch o f B urrian, ( Russland), H array.
L ittle w as w ritten a bout c onsidered c omparatively r ecent.
s imilarity
t he
B roch
t o B u a lthough
o f
B urroughston,
t he i nternal s tructures a t B urroughston b ecause t hey w ere N othing w as f ound i n t he c entre o ther t han t he e ntrance t o
a w ell; s imilarly, a round t he c ircuit f rom 2 o 'clock t o 6 o 'clock n o s tructures w ere f ound b ut f rom 6 t o 9 10 o 'clock t here w ere c ompartments m ade o f o rthostats a nd f rom 9 -10 t o 2 o 'clock t here w as a s ingle b uilt c ompartment w ith r oof i ntact. T he f irst s et o f c ompartments w ere m ade i n t he u sual w ay w ith t wo o rthostats p rojecting s ome 1 .68m i n f rom t he b roch w all a nd, w ith t he b uilt s ide o f t he n ext c ompartment, f orming t hree b ays w hich w ere d efined a t t he f ront b y o ther f lags o n e dge. T he b uilt c ompartment s hared a w all w ith t he s lab b uilt o nes;
t his
t urned i n t he l ine o f
f or a d oorway, i t c ontinued l eft a c orridor c 1 .8m w ide f ound. i s t o
t he i nner f ace o f
t he b roch w all a nd,
a fter a g ap o f
B etween t he t op o f t his b e n oted t hat t he t op o f
r oof t his
a nd t he t op o f t he s carcement w as a s pace o f 1 .04m. r oofed r oom w as t he h eight u sually a ssociated w ith
e ntrance t o l andings; t here w as s uch a l anding, t hough a t a n u ncertain h eight, a ccess c ould b e g ained t o t he s carcement a nd f loor a bove. A t
B urrian
c omparatively d iameter a nd
c 0 .6m
r ound t o 3 o 'clock. T his w all, i tself c 0 .6m a nd c 1 .93m h igh, b etween i t a nd t he b roch w all a nd t his w as a ctually r oofed w hen
( Russland),
h array,
t he
i nternal
f eatures
w ere
w ell
I t t he
a nd f rom i t
p reserved
a nd
e asy t o u nderstand. M ore o r l ess c entral w as a c ircular h earth s ome 2 m i n d efined b y ak erb o f f lagstones o n e dge. S urrounding t his w as a n a rea
a pproximately 5 .5m i n d iameter i n w hich w ere a t
l east
f ive t anks s et
i n t he f loor,
d escribed
b y F arrer a s ' underground c upboards'. A round p reserved
t he
N p art o f
t his h earth a nd s ervice a rea w as a b uilt w all c
t o a h eight o f a pproximately l m.
W hether t he S c ircuit
o f
t his
w ide
a nd
s ervice a rea
0 .33m
w as
w ell d elimited i s n ot a t f irst s ight c lear f rom P etrie's s ketches. I n h is p erspective, h owever, t he N a rc i n i ts w estern p ortion c hanges i n s tructure f rom a b uilt w all t o u pright f lags a nd i nspection o f h is s ketches a s w ell a s h is d rawn-up p lans i ndicates t hat t here w as a S a rc o f s labs t o c orrespond t o t he N a rc o f w alling. T he e ntrance t o t his s ervice a rea w as i n d irect l ine w ith t he b roch e ntrance a nd o f a s imilar w idth; t he h eight o f t he s labs m ay i ndicate t hat t his i nternal d ivision w as n ever m ore t han l m h igh a t a ny p oint. T he o uter
l imit o f
t he s ervice a rea w as
c oncentric w ith t he
1 59
i nner
f ace o f
t he b roch w all
and
a d istance
at
o rthostats t he
e ntrance
m ent
s tone
h eight
o f
t o t wo
t ions.
I t
i nterior
t he
-2.46m f rom i t.
t he w all
o f
m ay
i nterior
b e
t hat
f itted
m easuring
s taircase
o rthostats
b y d uplicate
f irst
a nd
b roch e ntrance
l ongest
t ype
i ndicated
c 2 .29
f rom
a n i ntramural
n earer
t he
A s econd a re
o f
p rojecting
s hows
t his o ut
d oes f or
1 .83m a bove t he
a nd
n ot
t his
t he
f loor
a nd
f loor
A t
t his
T he E -W
c learest
a s
i nto
e ntrance o f
t hough t wo
u se
t he
o f
a b roch
s ingle
o f
t wo d welling
s tairs
a nd
r epresent
f amily w as
s paces
a t
b y s eparate d oors
t he
o riginal
l ater
c ompartments
p assage.
A t
t his a d oorway
i nterior w ith
p lan w ere
d ivided
b y a r ow o f
d ivided
b y
5 o 'clock
a nd
l evel a t
f our
t here
a s ingle
t his
i s
s carce-
h eight
l arge
t he
i nner end o f
t he
l eading
i nto a s hort
l obby
t wo
b y
f loor p lan
r emodelled
t o
l iving a reas
b inary
s labs
g round
a nd
-the
f rom w hich a ccess
r ather
a b roch,
i s M id H owe,
f ission.
p assage w as
T hese p arti-
b ut
T he
t hat t wo;
R ousay;
i n
a v estibule c ould b e
l ine
a nd
g ained
a n s uch
a nd w ould
c ourtyard w as
s tanding 2 -2.5m h igh
e ntrance
l evel.
s eparating
a ccommodate
r emodelling w ould h ave t aken p lace w hile t he b roch w as s till i n u se a s c ome u nder t he h eading o f s econdary o ccupation i n t he u sual s ense.
a lmost
w as
c 1 .78m h igh.
S c ircuit.
e vidence
o ne
t he S c ircuit t o
i ndicate a r aised
i n
h earths
I n u p
i t
i s
d ivided w ith
o n t o
n ot
b oth
t he s ides
t he N a nd
S
c ompartments. T he e ntrance f ormed b een
t wo s ides a re v ery t o t he w ell i n t he
b y
t heir
s hare
d escribed
t he
b efore,
b roch
a nd
w all e ach h ad
c entrally
p laced
c ompartments
b eing t he i nclusion o f t he A round t he p eripheral a rc
m ade
i n e ach a rea w ere
o f
o rthostats
s uch
a s
r ectangular h earths
h ave
a nd
a
t ank.
cooking
H aving
o utlined
f ew
d etails.
t he
b roch w all a nd
h eight
o f
s imilar i n p lan, t he c hief d ifference n orthern ( and b etter p reserved) s ide.
o f
t he
p lan f or e ach h alf
T he e ntrance
t he
o n i ts
t o
r ight
s carcement -c
o f
t he c ourtyard
t he N c ompartment a s tone
p ress.
T he a lcove,
a s w ell
a s m entioned
i solate
b efore,
w as
o f b y
b urnt m aterial
o n i t.
B etween
h eight
t he a nd
a nd h ad h ad
c 1 .83m h igh -the
a
o versailed
p ress
t ire-cracked,
p reserved
t o
w hich
t he a lcove w as a f itting f or a l intel t o t he e ntrance t o t he N c ompartment a t a h eight 1 .88m. A n umber o f t he c ompartments a round t he b roch i nner w all h ad b een d estroyed
w as
p ress w as
b e
t he
r oof
T he
w ould
l eft a n a lcove
o f
l anding -its
3 .35m.
i t
h ad o n i ts
t he
c ollapsing m asonry b ut t he b est p reserved w ere c 1 .22m d eep a nd r oofed a t a h eight o f c 1 .52m. I n t he N E a rc w here t hey w ere l ess w ell p reserved, w all h olds c ould b e s een c 1 .52m 1 .83m
a bove
l et
t he w all w as
i n
T he
S
f eatures, f ive
t he
w ith
o f
t he
l anding w as
a t a h eight
t wo
a lthough i n a p oorer s tate o f i mportant
a dditions.
a s taircase w hich w ould
h ave
A bove
h ad A
b e
o n
i t
p lan.
o ther
n umber o f
f ound o r
t o
W e a lso 1 ) 2 )
i nteresting
w hich h ave
t hey
p oints
r each m ay
e vidence
r elating h ere
b e
o f
e ntrance a nd
H eight
o f
t he
p ress
f loor o f
a djacent
t o
m irrored
c ompartment t o
c onsistent
f loor a t
t he
c ell
i n
s lab
a
n umber
t he S E s ection
i n t he w all a t
t o
t he e ntrance
3 )
H eight
o f
t he
r emains
o f
t he c ompartments
4 )
H eight
o f
t he
l anding
o n
t he N s ide.
5 )
H eight
o f
t he
b ase
t he
e vidence
o f w ere
1o 'clock
t he h eight
o f
f eatures t he
c 1 .8m t hus:-
t o N c ompartment
a nd
o f
s tep
f or a nother
S carcement.
2 )
H eight
o f
c eiling
3 )
H eight
o f
o verhanging
4 )
H eight
o f
u pper g allery
a nd
5 )
H eight
o f
t op
i n S E.
o f
o n
a round
t he
c ircuit
o f
t he w alls.
t he S s ide.
f loor a t a h eight
c ell a bove
t he
o f
c 3 .5m,
t hus:-
e ntrance.
a lcove.
s tairs
c ell
a t
1o 'clock
1 60
( with e ntrance
t o
a re
g round
e ntrance.
1 )
o f
h eights a t w hich
A t M id H owe w e h ave
c ell a bove.
t he
h ave
b ottom o f a
t he f oot o f t he m ain w all t o t he S W w as t his w as p robably t he t op o f a c ubicle
s ummarized.
f or a m ezzanine
H eight
a lso
t he
b uildings.
a rchitrave o f
W e
c 1 .75m a nd
p reservation,
t he
g iven a ccess
a t t he l evel o f t he u pper g allery. A bout 1 .68m a bove a l arge s lab p rojecting d ownwards a nd i nto t he c ourt; a nd
o f
c 1 .37m u p.
c ompartment
b ut
t reads
f loor w hile
i nterior)
t o
f loor
T hese
t eatures,
r egarded
b y
t he o riginal e xcavators
a s
s econdary,
m ay w ell
b e s o
i n t he
s ense t hat t hey w ere a r ebuild. I n t his r espect i t s hould b e n oted t hat t he a ccess f rom t he S c ompartment t o t he f loor 3 .5m u p w as b y w ay o f a s taircase a dded a gainst t he o riginal b roch w all.
p lan,
G urness a long w ith m any o ther f eatures i n c ommon w ith M id H owe, a lso h as a d ivided a lbeit i nferior i n n eatness a nd r egularity. A c entral c urvilinear h earth w as
h ere u nder t he f urnishings t o b e d escribed b elow, a nd t here c an b e n o d oubt i ndicates a d egree o f r efitting o f t he i nterior. T he i nterior a s w e know i t h as a nd
t herefore w e m ay s uppose
t here
t o b e
t wo
l iving s paces
f loor f ound
t hat t his t wo h earths
r epresented.
T he l argest o ccupies t he S a nd i s v ery s imilar t o o ne o f t he h alves a t M id H owe. T here i s a c entral r ectilinear h earth a nd a c ooking t rough; t o t he E z _ re t hree s urviving c ompartments; t o t he S , w here t he l anding i s s ituated, t here i s a g ap w hich i s d ue t o v ariable p reservation o r t o e xcavation; i n t he W p art o f t his l iving a rea t here i s a s truct ure
t hat
i s o bviously a b ox b ed w ith
T he
o ther
l iving a rea o ccupied
t he
r emains o f a nother c ompartment
t he N W t hird o f
t he c ourtyard.
s uperimposed.
I t w as d ivided
f rom
t he
l arger a rea b y a n E -W p artition. T he E e nd o f t his i s i nterrupted a nd l eaves u s i n s ome d oubt a s t o w hether t his w as t he o riginal a ccess-through t he l arger a rea -as h as b een e xtensively d isturbed b y d estruction a nd e xcavation, p articularly t o t he p rimary h earth. h owever t he c ompartments,
s maller N d welling a rea h ad a c entral r ectilinear h earth a nd p eripheral o ne o f w hich w as p laced a gainst t he d ivision a nd w as p atently a b ox b ed. I t
s hould b e n oted t hat f rom t his d welling a rea t here i s a n a dded f light o f h ave l ed t o a p oint w here t he w all b egins t o o versail t he c ourtyard a t
s teps w hich w ould t he h eight o f t he
s carcement. T he e ntrance
t o
t he c ourtyard i s c omplex,
a s m any v isitors
t o
t he b roch h ave f ound.
T o
e nter t he g round f loor i t w as n ecessary t o t urn r ight a long a p assage, w hich w ould h ave b een r oofed, p ast a c upboard a nd o ver a t hreshold i nto t he l arger l iving a rea. T he d oor j amb o n t he
l eft o f
t he t hreshold g ives
s ome i ndication o f
t he h eight
o f
t he a rchitrave h ere.
F or G urness t hen w e h ave a d ivided g round f loor p lan. I ndications o f a t a h eight o f c 1 .83m a re f ound i n p arts o f t he c ircuit i n t he f orm o f:-
T hat
1 )
T he h eight o f
t he e ntrance a nd t he f loor o f
2 )
T he
v arious
3 )
T he h eight o f
t he d oor j amb l eading i nto t he m ain d welling a rea.
4 )
T he h eight
o f
t he c ompartments.
5 )
T he h eight
o f
t he l anding.
h eight
o f
t he c ell a bove
a m ezzanine f loor
i t.
s carcement s tones a nd s upport m asonry.
t here w as a lso a f loor a t a h eight
o f
c 3 .65m i s
i ndicated b y:-
1 )
A s carcement.
2 )
T he s teps f rom t he s maller o f t he t wo l iving a reas w hich l ed o versailing p art o f t he w all a s a t M idhowe.
3 )
I n a ddition t here w ent t o s carcement
i s t he m ere a ssumption t hat l evel.
t he s tairs
u p
t o
a n
f rom t he l anding
T he f loor p lan o f N etlater, h array, i s o riginally d escribed a s ' fragments o f w alls a nd s tones s et o n e dge w hich w ere d ismissed a s s econdary. T he i nternal f urnishingJ a re, g iven a l ittle
l icence,
m ents, a ccess b roch e ntrance.
r eadily u nderstandable. t o
B asically,
t he i nterior i s d ivided
i nto
t wo a part-
b oth o f w hich i s g iven b y a s hort c orridor c ontinuing i n t he l ine o f t he T he c orridor i s d efined o n t he r ight-hand s ide b y f lagstones o n e dge a nd o n
t he l eft-hand s ide b y a p erforated f lagstone a nd t hen a s ection o f l aid m asonry c 0 .84m w ide. I t w ill b e s een f rom t he p lan t hat a ccess t o t he s maller a partment w as b y a n e ntry a t t he e nd o f t he c orridor a nd t o t he r ight; n o f eatures a re i ndicated i n t his a rea o ther t han a ccess t o t he i ntramural c ell a t 3 o 'clock. T he c orridor i tself c ontinues i nto t he l arger a partment w hich t akes u p t wo t hirds o f t he c ourtyard. A part f rom a ccess t o t he s ide c ell a t 1 1 o 'clock a nd t he i ntramural s taircase a n umber o f o ther f eatures a re r epresented. T he d ivision b etween i t i nto b ays b eds
f ound
a nd t he s maller a partment h as o rthostats p rojecting a t r ight a ngles d ividing a nd n earest t he w all i s a t riangular d ivision w ith a d oorway r eminiscent o f i n o ther b rochs.
W ithin
t his
a partment
1 61
i s a ccess
t o a w ell.
i t b ox
T he h eight o f t he i nternal f urnishings i s o nly g iven i n u npublished e levations. T he H ighest p reserved i s 1 .78m, t hough t he w all b etween t he l arger a partment a nd t he c orridor i s p reserved o nly t o a h eight o f 0 .9m a nd t he p artition b etween t he t wo a partments o nly s urvived t o h alf
o f
t his.
T he
i nternal
f urnishings o f L ingro a re n ot a s c learly
i t w ould s eem t hat i nterior i nto a t
t here w ere d istinct l east t wo p arts.
o rthostats p lan.
t he
a nd
i n
T he L och o f A yre, n umber o f d ivisions
r ecorded a s m ight
b e e xpected
b ut
p artitions m ade u p o f u pright s labs w hich d ivided t he H eights a re u nknown b ut t here a re o ne o r t wo r adial
l eft-hand a partment a t rough o r h earth i s
p encilled i n b y P etrie o n
a
H olm h as r eally t he l east i mpressive o f o ur f loor p l i 'ns. T here w ere a i n t he i nterior f ormed o f u pright f lagstones a nd s ome o f t hese a re
r epresented i n t he p ublished p lan. I t i s p articularly t o b e n oted t hat p art o f t he b roch w all i s b uilt o ver t he b eginning o f t he p artition w hich e xtended f rom t he r ight o f t he e ntrance. A t 1 2 o 'clock t here w as a s tructure d escribed a s a w ell; i t i s p robably a c ooking t rough. T he m ore o r l ess c omplete t ypes o f f loor p lans w e h ave b een d iscussing h ave c ertain r ecurrent b asic f eatures a nd t hese a re f amiliar i n t he m ore p artial a ccounts o f i nternal f urnishings. F or s ome
b rochs
e g S tackrue,
S andwiäk,
B urrian ( Garth),
H array a nd R edland,
S tromness,
t he o nly i nformation w e h ave r egarding t heir i nteriors i s t hat t here w as a w ell. F or a t l east o ne -T homas' i llustration o f B urgar i n E vie -the i nternal c onstruction i s c ompletely u nintelligible. F or
s ome
s ites
w e h ave a l ittle m ore i nformation.
A t
B orthwick
i n
S andwidk,
f or
i nstance, i t i s d ifficult t o m ake s ense o f t he s econdary c onstructions w hich w ere e xcavated, b ut b elow t hese w ere o rthostats w hich m ust h ave s tood c 1 .5m h igh, p rojecting a s t hey d id t hrough t he s econdary o ccupation. A t t he K nowe o f B urristae, W estray, t he s carcement m ay b e s een i n t he r uins a nd, a mongst t he r ubble b elow t his, t he t ops o f u pright f lags. T he p lan u sually p roduced o f t he B roch o f B urrian, N R onaldsay, s hows quite c learly t he p resence o f t wo s uperimposed o ccupations, a nd t he e xistence o f a l ater p lan a fter t he r emoval o f t he s econdary
f eatures
p roves
t hat s ome o f
t he r adial o rthostats,
R adial p artitions a re v ery n oticeably p resent
a t
a t
l east,
t he H owe o f
H oxa,
w ere
p rimary.
S R onaldsay.
F rom 1 0
o 'clock t o 3 o 'clock w ere s ix o rthostats u p t o 1 .6m h igh. S ome a re known t o h ave b een r emoved a nd T udor s tates t here t o h ave o riginally b een a s m any a s f ourteen w hich w ere 1 .83m t o 2 .74m h igh s et a t r ight a ngle s t o t he w all. F rom d escriptions o f l ocations o f t he f inds i t
i s
c lear t hat R adial
f lag
t roughs w ere f ound s et
o rthostats
a re
a r ecurrent
i n t he f loor.
t heme.
T hey h ave b een o bserved
S teiro, S hapinsay, H elliar H olm, S hapinsay a nd H owarness, w ere s een a nd t here h as b een n o i ndication o f t heir h eight. s uch o rthostats w ere s hown f orming t wo c ompartments
l ining
t o b e
p resent
a t
W estray b ut h ere o nly o ne o r t wo A t W asso, S anday, a n umber o f
t he b roch w all;
o ne o f
t he s tones
w as 4 .11m h igh. A t W H urray, t he o nly i nternal f eatures s hown w ere t wo a ligned o rthostats p rojecting f rom t he r ight-hand s ide o f t he s econd a ccess t o t he i ntramural g allery. T he h eight o f a t l east o ne o f t hese w as 1 .52m. A t O xtro, B irsay, t oo, l ittle i s known o f t he i nterior; t here i s a w ell a nd a round t he p erimeter a t l east f our o rthostats, s ome c 1 .8m h igh. A dditionally t here w as a w all w hich m ay h ave d ivided t he c ourtyard i nto t wo a reas. A t k edland, F irth o ne o rthostat 1 .32m h igh i s known t o h ave b een f ound b uilt i nto a w all. E B urray i s u ninformative i n t hat a lthough i t w as e mptied o ut l ittle i s known o f i ts f urnishings.
T here w ere s ome o rthostats s hown b ut
t hey w ere o nly
r ecorded s chematically a nd
n one o f t heir h eights i s known. T hey c an c learly b e s een t o f orm a d ivision p arallel t o t he i nner w all f ace a nd a p artition a cross t he b roch a nd, w hen p laced a t r ight a ngles t o t he b roch w all, t o f orm c ompartments. F inally, e xamination
L amb H ead, w as m ade o f
S tronsay
i s a s ite w orthy o f m ention.
t he c ourtyard,
b ut
i t i s d ifficult
P etrie i ndicates
t o m ake m uch s ense o f
t hat s ome t his.
H e
p lainly s hows a p assage 0 .78m w ide r unning f or a d istance o f 2 .36m, w here i t i s m arked ' ruins o f c ells'. A nother s ketch s hows t his p assage t o h ave b een c 0 .63m h igh, t hough o f c ourse i ts b ottom m ay n ot h ave b een r eached. I t i s p ossible t hat t his i s t he a ccess t o t he g round f loor o f t he b roch, w hile t he r est o f t he e ntrance t o t he c ourtyard i s b locked w ith t he r emains o f t he a ccess t o a h igher f loor. T his m ay t hrow s ome w here m asonry s eems t o b lock t he e ntrance.
l ight o n o ther c ases e g
I ngshowe,
F irth,
W ells W ells
a re a c ommon f eature o f
t he b roch i nteriors.
I n o ne s ense
t hey a re a p art o f
t he
i nternal f urnishings b ut i n a nother t hey a re p art a nd p arcel o f t he d efence s ystem o f t he b roch i tself. H owever, w hen o ther f actors w ere t aken i nto c onsideration, i t m ay n ot a lways
1 62
h ave
b een p ossible
t o b uild
t he s tructure o n a s ite s uitable
f or a w ell.
T en o f
t he O rkney
b rochs h ave b een s hown t o h ave w ells i nternally, o ne b roch m ay h ave h ad o ne a nd a nother a n e xample o f a n e xternal w ell w hich w as a ccessible f rom t he i nterior b y a t unnel.
h as
T he c onstruction o f t he w ells t ends t o v ary v ery l ittle, s o t here w ill b e n o d etailed d escription o f i ndividual o nes. T he r ock i s n ever f ar b elow t he g round i n O rkney a nd t hus t he f ollowing m ethod o f c onstruction w ould b e f ollowed. A l arge h ole, t erminating i n a r elatively s mall i ndentation w ould b e d ug t o a d epth a nd p oint a t w hich w ater w ould c ollect. T he h ole w ould t hen b e w holly o r p artly l ined a nd r oofed b y c orbelling a nd r elieving a rches. A s tairway b uilt i n a s p art o f t he l ining p rovided a ccess, a nd b y j ug, r ather t han l owering a b ucket d own a s haft. T here i s s ubterranean T he
t en e xamples
o f
t his
c ellars.
t ype a re:
O xtro, B irsay G urness, E vie
2 5 3 0
S taäkrue, S andwiäk R edland, S tromness
9 1 4
k edland, F irth B urrian ( Garth) H array
3 6 3 9
B urrian, N R onaldsay M id H owe, R ousay
1 5
N etlater,
4 7
B urroughston,
3 6
t he
f eatures d oubled a s
t he m ethod o f c ollection w as t he p ossibility t hat t hese
M anse o f H array
S hapinsay
I n s ome c ases w ells m ay h ave b een s ituated e xternally a lthough t his w ould h ave w eakened b roch s d efences. A t t he E B roch o f B urray t here w as s upposedly a s ubterranean p assage
0 .8m w ide w hich r an f rom w ithin t he b roch e ntrance t o a f light o f s teps o utside i t w hich w ere p art o f a n o therwise ' typical w ell. O ne w ell w hich d oes n ot a t f irst s ight s eem t ypical w as t M ary's H olm. T he f ound a nd i dentified -perhaps i ncorrectly -at t he L och o f A yre, › S f eature
w as
r oughly 0 .6m s quare,
p artly
r oofed w ith a f lat s lab a nd h ad
t wo
s teps
l eading
d own i nto i t. I t s eems a s l ikely t o h ave b een a c ooking t rough a s a w ell b ut i t m ust b e b orne i n m ind t hat t here w ould b e n o p oint d igging a n u nnecessarily d eep w ell; t he f eature a t t he L och o f A yre w as r eported t o b e f ull o f w ater a nd t he s ite i tself i s j ust a bout a t s ea l evel.
' Dog K ennels' T he
s tructures
r eferred
t o a re n ot f ound i n t he b roch i nterior b ut a re a dded o n t o
t he
o utside o f t he e ntrance. T hey a re o f a s hape a nd s ize t hat p recludes t heir b eing u sed b y h umans a nd t he v ery r easonable s uggestion h as b een m ade t hat t hey w ere f or g uard d ogs ( pers c omm R P F ereday). L ingro h as o ne o n e ither s ide; G urness a nd B orthwick o ne o n t he l eft a nd M id H owe, N etlater a nd, p ossibly, B urroughston, o nes o n t he r ight-hand s ide. T he t hree b rochs w here t he o utbuildings h ave b een c leared f igure p rominently i n t his s mall s ample s uggesting t he f eatures m ight b e q uite c ommon. I t i s d ifficult t o c ite i nstances w here t here i s a d efinite a bsence b ut t wo p ossible c ases a re B urrian, R ussland, H array a nd t he L och o f A yre,
S t M ary's H olm.
T he E xterior O utbu i ldings T he o nly b rochs a t w hich o utbuildings h ave b een s ystematically a nd e xhaustively e xplored a re L ingro, M id H owe a nd G urness. P etrie u nfortunately d ied b efore p ublishing a ny c onclus ions c oncerning t he f ormer s ite a nd t he e xcavators w ho w ere c oncerned w ith t he l atter t wo b rochs i nterpreted t heir f indings i n a t raditional m anner. A s w ith t he c onstructions i n t he i nterior o f t he b rochs i t h as a lways b een a ssumed t hat t hose o utside w ere s econdary c onstruct ions m ade f rom t he r uins o f t he t ower. I t i s h oped t hat i t h as b een d emonstrated t hat t here i s n o r eason t o t hink t he i nternal f urnishings a ny m ore ' secondary' t han b eing t he i mmediate f ittings o f a n e mpty s hell. A long t he s ame l ines i t c an b e s hown t hat t here i s n o r eason t o t hink
t hat
t he o utbuildings
f ound w ith b rochs a re a nything o ther
t han c ontemporary.
I t m ust b e c learly a dmitted t hat t he r uins o f s ome b rochs a re known t o h ave b een b uilt o n a nd p erhaps u sed a s a s ource f or t hese b uildings -G urness i tself i s a c ase i n p oint. S uch a p henomenon i s n ot t hat b eing s poken o f; t he p roblem i s t hat w ith t he d ata w e h ave w e m ay n ot b e a ble t o d iscriminate b etween t he t wo. T he t ype o f e xternal c onstructions b eing r eferred e xamples O r
t o f ollow a d istinct c ited. t hese G urness
i s
p attern,
t he n ature o f w hich i s
t he c learest a nd
i n d escribing
b est
i t s imply
i llustrated b y t he
t he
i ntention i s
t hree
t o g ive a
c lear i mpression. T here i s a p assage t hrough t he e xternal d efences a nd a ligned w ith t he b roch e ntrance i tself; a t t he l atter t he p assage b ifurcates a nd f orms a c orridor r ound t he b ase o f t he t ower, i ts l evel b eing t hat o f t he b roch i nterior. T his n aturally r esults i n a w all s urrounding t he b roch a nd t his a nd t he s ides o f t he m ain p assage t hrough t he o utbuild-
1 63
i ngs
a re
p unctuated
r ubble-built s egment
o f
w alls
a c itrus
f ires,
c ooking
w ill
s ituated.
b e o bserved
e ntrances
f orm o f s hare
c ircuit
t he
t heir
a round
c ould
a nd
a umbries;
t hat
w ith G urness
g uess
P ressure
h ad
a t
o uter
n ow
o ne
t here
t o
b uildings
t ransverse
s ettlement
b ox
b eds
S s ector o f
b efore
d ivision
i ncreased
t his
w hich
s ections
a nd
t heir
a s a w hole.
h ave
o f
b ack
T hen,
a s
t he w alls
i n
t he
L ike t he i nterior t oo, t he T here a re o bvious o nes -
a nd
t here
i s
e ven
t he b uildings
a t M id H owe h ave
c ut
t here w as
a pproximately
o ff
a
i s
c ompletely
w ell
r ising
t he a rea
m arine e rosion.
p reserved.
T o t he N s ettlement
s omething
T hus w e
1 00,
a p eninsula;
b een e xtensive
r oom f or
t o 3 0 -40.
l ike
c an e stimate l ater
i nside
T his
i s
-20
t hat
t o 2 50 o r t his
i s
1 5
t he w as t he
s o.
r elatively
e videnced
b y
t he
b roch e ntrance b eing t runcated s omewhat s ooner t han w ould b e a nticipated; t he b uildings t o t he W h aving b een r emoved; a nd b y o nly s mall f ragments
o f t he b uildings e lsewhere b eing p reserved a t a ll. G urness i s s triking. T here i s a gain t he e ntrance t ower i n t he f orm o f a n a lley 1 .2m w ide. t ypically s haped a nd f urnished b uildings. a nd h ave
a ccess
l ongitudinal w alls
t he
a re
t he
s tage a p opulation o f
t here m ust t he a ll
t hat
o n s pace
d efences
b ut
c ontinuation o f b y t he b acks o f
w all w ould
g ive
t runcated
i s a nd a lways w as a s pace -w hich m ust h ave b een i nviolable. m uch d estroyed b ut c learly t his i s w here t wo-thirds o f t he
O ne
T he s mall
t he
b uildings
i rregular,
t roughs
u nits.
s ettlement
T he
T hese
t ake
p rivy.
T o t he W t here b uildings w ere f amily
i f
t o
t he b roch, t he b uildings a re s ometimes s ubdivided. a re m ade o f f lagstone a nd a re v ery w ell p reserved.
r ecognisable I t
t end
f ruit.
f orm a c ontinuous, i nterior o f f urnishings
b y e ntrances. a nd
B earing t his i n m ind, t he s imilarity w ith t hrough t he b uildings a nd a ccess r ound t he
F rom t his c an b e s een d oorways w hich l ead o ff i nto T o t he S t here a re i ndications o f t he e ncircling
s teps a nd h ere o utbuildings m ay h ave b een a t a n aturally l ower l evel w here t hey b een s ubsequently s wept a way. T here i s a r egrettable d earth o f i nformation a bout
t hese o utbuildings; t hey w ere a ll t hought s econdary a nd t hose i n t he S E a nd S w ere d ismissed a s ' late a nd d ilapidated; t he e xcavation d id n ot r esult i n g ood f loor p lans o r i n r ecords o f f eatures
s uch a s
b uilding F w as T he
t hird
B roch o f f eature. n ot
n or
a ccess w ide
c ooking i n p art
e xample o f
L ingro, T races
a ll w ere
h uts
h earths,
p reserved
e xcavated.
a round
e tc.
I t
s hould
b e
n oted
h owever
a c ompletely e xposed e xternal
s ettlement w as
a lso
T he e xcavator's
c ontents t he
t he
a re
c learly
b roch e ntrance t ower
h ere
c an
f rom w hich
b ewildering s ince
b e
o ut.
m ade
b e a rgued
t he
f or a nd
b uildings
n either
T hough b adly t here w as
w ere e ntered.
T he
m easured 4 8m a cross -o nly s lightly l arger t han G urness. O n t he p opulation o nce h oused h ere t o h ave b een s imilar i n s ize.
b eyond
f orm a b and 8 .23m d eep w ith a n
S W
D efences
t his - may
h ave
e xisted a nd n ot
r oof
f irst
o f
-the
t he
f irst
a nd
s econd c enturies
A D w ere
f ound
i s l ittle d oubt t hat h ad P etrie n ot d ied w hen h e d id o utbuildings e xcavated w ould h ave b een e xploited t o
o ther
c onclusion c ould h ave
b een r eached
b ut
t hat
i n
l imits s ome
o f
t his
t he
t he
s ort
p ortion
u nbroken
d iscussion o f s tructure i t h as b een a d eliberate p olicy f inds; i t m ust h owever b e m entioned t hat a t olerably l arge t o
t he
b een i nvestigated.
T here f irst
o f U .7m
i s
b est
w all
o n
E -W
t he w hole
c rude
t heir
b asis
w e
t o e xclude t he n umber o f R oman
o utbuildings
a t
L ingro.
t he e vidence o f t hese c oins i n t he t he f ull. I t i s d oubtful i f a ny
t he o utbuildings w ere
c ontemporary w ith
t he
t ower.
B roch v ariable
e xcavations -if a ffairs.
i solate o r
t he
c ertainly a c orridor
s ettlement c an e xpect
c entral
t he
r ecorded
o utside.
d ating
b uildings
p lan i s
a nd
c oins
t he
t o
p reserved
I n t his d iscussion o f
t hat
c 1 .83m h igh.
S t O la. T he o utbuildings a round t he S a rc o f t he s ite a re i ts m ost s triking o f w alling t o t he N W s uggest t hey o nce e xtended f urther N ; i t i s s tated t hat
t heir
t owards
t roughs
a nd was
i t
s o
I t
t hat
l esser e xtent
i t
a nd
h as w as
b y
e xcavations a lways
t hey w ere a t
b een a p rimary
f ree-standing.
t renching
r ound
a ll -h ave
b een s een t o
c onsideration
T his w as
t o
f ind
d one b y e mptying
t he e xterior.
T rial
t he
t renching
t he
h ave
b een
t ower
c entre
t o
v ery
a nd
t o
a g reater
s ometimes
u ncovered
o utbuildings b ut t he d efining o f t he o uter f oundation o f t he t ower i s p articularly i mportant; w ith m onotonous r egularity t his p rocedure r esulted i n t he d iscovery o f a w all f ollowing t hat o f
t he
o r
b roch
s ettlement b een o f t he
r ound
i nterest
a rea
s uspects
a round w e
l ess
i t
t han a m etre
b ut
w here
t here
c ontemporary w ith
f rom i t. i s
i t.
T his
s uch a w all T races
o f
t he t o m ust
g et
c an n ot
b e
a s
s ure
o f
c ontemporaneity
b roch e ntrance was
m ore
t he w heelbarrows
i n a nd
t ake
i nto
a ccount
t he
i ntensively o ut.
p ossibility
w as
t here
e xternal
b y e xcavation o r e rosion o r h ave b een s uspected o n
t he
a lthough e xamined
F inally, t hat
n ot
o f
b uildings g rounds
t here a re t han
a re
d eal
f or
h ave
o f
a
a lso
t he
l ie
c ases
w here
e lsewhere
-o ne
w hen c onsidering
t hey
a g reat
i s , e vidence
t he e xternal
d elimited
b y
v isible
d efences.
B urrian
( Russland)
i nvestigated b ut s imply b roch f rom 5 o 'clock t o m ake t ext
f ound
b roch a nd
H ere w e
i n o rder
s ettlements e xternal
a d istance o f
t he
e ither
l and.
a t
t hose w ho
a round
n oted t he
t o
H array,
i s
a t ypical
e xample.
t renched r ound. S o d oing, 1 0 o 'clock a nd 0 .76 -U.91m
T he
h owever, f rom i t.
o utside
w as
n ot
i t c lear w hat i s o n t he o utside o f t his p assage, o r w hether i t i s a p assage, t hey m ention s eeing i n 1 929 a w all f ace c U .blm h igh a round w hat c ould h ave
1 64
t horoughly
r evealed a p assageway r ound T he C ommission f igure d oes b ut i n b een
t he n ot t he t he
o utside
o f
m asonry a s t he
w hich h e m easured p arts o f, i nternal b roch f urnishings.
t he b roch o n i ts
s urrounded b y b uildings A t N etlater,
b ut
S s ide.
t hat
P etrie's s ketches s how w hat
h e
h ad m arked
t o
b e
b uilt
a nd i n h is d rawn-up p lan i t i s c oded i n t he s ame c olour T here c an b e n o r easonable d oubt t hat t he b roch w as
t hey w ere
H array a w all 0 .9m t hick
n ot e xcavated. s urrounded
t he b roch a t
a d istance o f
cU .9m f rom
i t. T he e levations s how t he h eight o f t his t o h ave b een c 1 .5m. T raill p icked t his w all u p a t s everal p oints b ut P etrie's i ndications o f w here a re s chematic. I t i s s aid t hat a n umber o f ' cells o val;
w ere
f ound i n t he E s ide o f
t he b roch.
t his w as n ever s een b y P etrie e xcept T he
e xterior
o f
t he
t ower w as
O nly o ne
i s
i llustrated a nd w as s upposedly
a s a b roken-through w all a nd
n ot e xtensively i nvestigated
a t
i ts
p lan i s
I ngshowe,
i nvented.
F irth.
O n
P etrie's p lan, h owever, t here i s a l ine p encilled i n a bout 1 .2m f rom t he o utside o f t he b roch w all. T his i s n ot a n e rror s ince i t a lso a ppears i n s ection. T his i s p robably a w all b ut c ould
b e A t
t he l imit o f
F arrer's
t he L och o f A yre,
t renching.
h olm,
a r elatively
r ecent e xcavation,
t he e xternal
c onstructions
w ere p arts
f ragmentary a nd n ot s eriously i nvestigated. T he p lan s hows a p ath c E .2m w ide o f t he o utside o f t he b roch. F rom t his w hat w ere c alled ' passages' l ed o ff,
c ase
o ver a t hreshold s tone.
O ther w alls
s hown a re c urvilinear a nd t here w as a t
a round i n o ne
l east
o ne
a umbry n oted. T he R ound H owe, S t A ndrews, i s a c onfusing s ite. S urrounding t he t ower a t a d istance o f 0 .6m f rom i t w as a w all f ace. I n s ection t his i s s hown a s 0 .6m h igh b ut i f o nly t he t op o f t he r uins w ere r evealed i ts t rue h eight w ould h ave b een n ear 4 .88m. T he b uilding i tself s hown a s b eing e ither i n o r o n a m ound 4 .27m h igh a nd c 2 7.4m a cross a t t he b ase; i t t herefore p ossible t hat t his p artly c onsisted o f o utbuildings.
i s i s
W att m aintained t hat a t B orthwick, S andwick, t he w hole o f t he p romontory w ithin t he o uter w all w as c overed w ith ' outbuildings'. H e d id n ot h owever l eave m uch r ecord e ither h ow m any h e i nvestigated o r a ny d etailed d escription ; h e s ays A t a f uture t ime I s hall h ope t o b e
i n
a
p osition
t o g ive a n a ccount o f
t hem.
I n t he m eantime t he
e xcavations
a re
n ot
s ufficiently a dvanced t o e nable m e t o e nter p articularly i nto t he m atter.' I n i nvestigating t he o utside o f t he b roch w all t o t he E h e h ad t renched r ound i t a nd h ad f ound t hat c 1 .2m a way w as a w all c 0 .9m -1.2m h igh w hich h e t hought w as ' likely t he w alls o f o uthouses'. B etween w here
t he
t he g round
b elow t his o ccupation.
b ut
r ampart a nd i s i t
t he b roch
t ower a t B urrian,
r aised a nd i rregular. i s
i ronic
t hat
t hree
I t
i s v ery
N R onaldsay, l ikely t hat
t hat w ere i nvestigated
i s a s pace o f
t here
b elonged
a re t o
c
1 0m
o utbuildings a
s econdary
T he H illock o f B urroughston, S hapinsay, i s p erhaps t he m ost c onfused o f a ll e xcavation r eports. T he d escription o f t he o utworks m ention a p assage, r ampart, d itch a nd p arapet s urrounding t he b roch, i n t hat o rder, e xcept t o t he E w here t hey a re s upposed t o h ave b een r emoved b y s econdary b uildings f ound o utside t he e ntrance. T he p assage h ere w as 2 .74m w ide.s imilar t o B urrian, T his w as d ug o ut a nd a re
j ust
N R onaldsay -a nd w as b etween t he b roch w all a nd a nother w all i m t hick. t he ' rampart' a nd ' ditch' s poken o f, j udging f rom t he o riginal s ections,
t he r emaining l ip o f
t he m ound a nd t he g round b eyond.
T he b roch
i s m ore
o r
l ess
c entrally p laced w ithin a r ampart w hich w ould g ive t he w hole s upposed s ettlement a n a rea s imilar t o t hose o f G urness a nd L ingro. P etrie c ertainly c onsidered t he o utworks a nd b uildings t o b e s econdary w hile t he O rdnance S urvey i n 1 972 a ctually s uggested t hat t he c onstruction o f t he b uildings d estroyed t he o utworks t o t he E . T his i s a n e ntirely s ubjective a ssessment. T he o utbuildings o f 1 862 w ere c onnected t o t he b roch e xtending e ntrance p assage s eawards a nd a re s hown t o b e o n t he s ame l evel a s t he b roch i nterior. t he p lan a n a rea o f o utbuildings s eems o nly a n o rthostat a nd b ox b eing f ound. B othikan,
P apa W estray,
t o h ave b een e xcavated a nd
i s a nother o dd a nd i nteresting s ite.
l ittle m ade
o f
i t,
t he O n w ith
T he e ntrance w as c ontinued
a s w ith B urroughston. H ere i t w as l intelled a t a h eight o f c 1 .23m a nd w as t raced f or c 5 m a lthough i t i s s upposed t o h ave g one f urther. C irca 1 .6m f rom t he b roch e ntrance o n t he l eft h and s ide, a s y ou e nter, a nother p assage l ed o ff; t his w as l intelled a t a s imilar h eight a nd h ad a w idth o f c 0 .94m. T hese p assages w ere e vidently j ust o ne p art o f a c omplex o f e xternal b uildings b ut t hey g ive a n i nteresting i dea o f t he p assage b eing c overed a nd l ow w ith t he e ntrances
t o t he d wellings
l eading o ff
t hem.
T o t hese t en c ertain e xamples o f b rochs w ith c ontemporary o utbuildings m ay b e a dded s ixteen w here t he p resence o f o utbuildings i s s uspected o n t he g rounds o f m asonry a nd f eatures s een o r t he s tony, i rregular e levation o f t he l and. S ome o f t hese a re a s c ertain a s B reckness, S tromness w here a t p resent o utbuildings a nd m idden c an b e s een e xtending 1 7m t o t he W a nd 2 0m t o t he E o f t he m ain s tructure. I n t he f ield b ehind i s a c orresponding a rtificial r ise i n g round l evel. O n t he o ther h and t he i ndications m ay b e j ust a s a t N orth H owe, R ousay, w here t he O S F ield I nvestigator i n 1 972 n oted u neven g round s uggestive o f
1 65
s econdary
s ettlement.
f eatures
s hown
e xamples
a re
T here
o utside
t he
i s
a dditionally
b roch
n ot w orth m entioning
7 1 3
S tenso, E vie d urrian, C orrigal,
2 0
B erstane,
2 3
B urrian
B roch, G lumly,
i n
t he
t he
p lan
i n d etail
H array
S t O la S andwick
c onfused
p robably
b ut
e xample
o f
r epresent
s hould,
p erhaps
b e
2 8 3 3
C emetery, S tromness E B roch, B urray
3 d 4 0
K nowe o f H unclett, R ousay N orth H owe, R ousay
2 4
L och o f
4 1
W est
S tadkrue, S andwick C ummi-Howe, S tromness
4 3 4 6
W asso, S anday T he H illock, S hapinsay
2 7
d redkness,
5 0
L amb H ead,
W hile
w e
S tr ( nness
m ust
s tress
p ossibly m any m ore -h ave
t he
f act
t hat
c ontemporary
S ide,
w here T hese
R ousay
S tronsay
a p robable m inimum o f
e xternal
F irth,
f eatures.
l isted:-
2 5 2 6
S andwick
R edland,
i nternal
s ettlements,
t wenty
w e
s hould
O rkney n ot
b rochs
l ose
s ight
-a nd o f
e ven
a f ew i nstances i n w hich t here a re n o o utbuildings o r e lse t hey a re d emonstrably l ater. o utbuildings a t d u w ere n ot c ontemporary; a t O xtro e xhaustive i nvestigations s eem t o f ailed d oes
t o
n ot
r eveal
a ny
o utbuildings.
s uggest
t he
p resence
o f
T he
p resent
a n e xternal
l ie
o f
t he
l and a t G reen H ill,
N H oy,
T he h ave s imply
s ettlement.
Outer d efences B ecause b een
t he
o f
t he m ethod o f
l east
e xamined
a pproach
i dentifications h ave b een m ade a nd n ot t o s ay t hat w e c an b e s ure o utbuildings i nto
t wo
o r
c ompletely
T he
o f
a nd
t he w a ls
t hat
o f
t his
u nimpressive
d eep d itch a s
t he
A t
B urroughston,
b roch
c an
b e
a nd
e xample
i ts
u se.
t hat
o f
t he
f ormer
w e
t he
f ourteen
t he
o uter
a nd d itches
i s G urness w here
t o
t he
b ottom o f
t he
h ave w here
d efences i s
i n
a
f ill
i n
t he
e xterior
o f
t he
s urrounds
p asses
a nd
i s
i s
i mportant
t hat
c S Om i n
T he
o uter
a bout 3 .4m a cross.
d iameter.
T he
t otal
d iameter o f
i s
d efences
o n e ach s ide a nd w here w e b roch e ntrance i tself.
p laced w ithin a c ircular
t o
m ust
T his
s imilar a lthough n o d etails
c entrally
t hey
f or a d itch.
t he w hole.
i ncurve a nd t he
I t
t his
i nhabited
t hem w hat
s ituation i s a re
c an d ivide
r amparts
T he a rea e nclosed a nd
t he r amparts a nd d itches t hrough t he o utbuildings
a r ise 0 .8m h igh a nd
o uter d efences a re
b eyond w hich i s a d itch.
c ontinue
s upposedly
S hapinsay,
-there
f orts.
i mmediately
c ontemporary o utbuildings
s een a s
t hen t hose w here
a r ampart w ith b etween
d itch
e ntered f rom t he E w here a lignment o f t he p assage
T he
a re
t he o utbuildings i s
t he m onuments
l iterally e ncircle a b roch t ower w hich
d efences -promontory
b een c ontemporary w ith
O utside
T here
f oremost
t o
u ncommon
o n t ypological g rounds
t hose w hich
m ake a c ontinuous w all
t aken
T hey a re n ot
i n a lmost a ll t he c ases o utbuildings a re known. T his i s t hat t he o uter d efences w ere c oeval w ith e ither t he
P urely a re
p osition.
n atural
f irst
o utbuildings h ave
T here
e xposed
d eficiencies
n ote
t he b roch.
t ypes.
p reviously
f eatures.
f ind
c an
b e
a s a re t he
s een.
r ampart
w hich
t he c omplex
i s
c 5 2m. T here
i s
a n ot
b roch a nd w hat d elineated b y w ide
w hile
w as
6 .68m
t o
h ave
a t
t he E e nd
b y 5 3.64m;
R edland, a part
F irth,
b een
b ut
d issimilar s ituation a t
t he
i nside i s
n o g reat
r amparts
t erminate a t a n atural
f eature.
b y a m oat
a nd
p ossibly
n ot
v ery
d imensions.
t he a rea b etween i t a nd o utbuildings f rom h ere
T his
i s v ery
l ikely
t he c entral m ound w as m istaken a re e qually c onfusing.
N atural f eatures, w here t hat g reat. T he t ower o f
s hoe
s haped
e arth
e mbankment
s tones
and
9 m
( Corrigal),
d eep.
surrounded
l ies
o n
t he
F or
t here
i s
a
a t
t he
c oast
o ne o f D ryden's
t o
b e
a
t he
h alf
a t a d istance o f o uter l ip o f t he
s ite.
r ing o f
I t
i s
s tones
s upposed
a bout
m isrepresentation
1 .5m
o f
t he
s urrounded b y a g rassy b ank 0 .3m h ave h ad i ncorporated s tones a nd
f or a l arge
d itch o r m oat.
t o
t he W .
i llustrations
T he
e mbankment
h as a f aced
R eports
b roch
i ts
i s
l ocated
c ircumference
1 2.2m b y d efences
d eep d itch i n p art o f
a longside t he
b roch
a ppeared
t erminal a t
t he t ime o f t he C ommission's v isit. T he i s s aid t o b e 7 m a nd t here a re i ndications
H array l east
i tself
o f
p resent, a re n oted t hough t heir d efensive c ontribution m ay n ot t he E B roch o f B urray, f or i nstance, i s s urrounded b y a h orse-
w hich m eets
a lthough
I t s tood c 1 .52m h igh a t r ampart a nd t he b roch t ower d urrian,
w here
T he e nclosure
i nformative
o utside w hich w as a c ircular
r emains. T he O S i n 1 966 r ecord t hat t he s ite, a m ound, i s h igh. T his i s p robably t he r emains o f a r ampart, w hich m ay
b e
S t A ndrews,
m easurement.
a n e nigmatic
s urrounded
o f
t he R ound H owe,
s eem t o b e c ontemporary o utbuildings s ituated w ithin a p ear-shaped e nclosure a b ank 7 .3m b road a nd 0 .76m h igh. A t t he W e nd t here w as a n e ntrance 4 .57m
b e
i nterior b etween o f o utbuildings.
a b urn w ith a p erpendicular t ower
1 0m a cross. t he c ircuit.
c an b e
s een
t o
h ave
o f e nd. t he A t b ank b een
A n e mbankment U .dm -1 .7m h igh T races o f b oth b ank a nd d itch
n ave b een o bscured b y a gricultural p ractice b ut t hey s eemed t o h ave c ombined w ith d efence o f t he burn - side. T he U S noted indeterminate structures around t he b roch
1 66
t o
t he N E
t he n atural t ower.
O ne
o f
t he c lassic e xamples o f
a p romontory-type o uter d efence -certainly
t he
o ne
w e
k now m ost a bout -is M id H owe. A s w e s ee i t, t he s hort p romontory t he b roch s tands o n h as r unning a cross i ts n eck a r ampart w ith a n i nturning e ntrance a nd a d itch a t e ither s ide. O ther a spects o f w all f ace, i f n ot h ave
b een i nvestigated. T he
t he
t he d efence m ay n ot h ave b een f ully r evealed f or t here a re i ndications o f a a r ampart, o utside t he o uter d itch w hile a nything u nder t he b roch w ould n ot
r ampart d iscovered s tands o ver 2 m h igh a nd
i nside.
A t
i ts n arrowest
i t
i s
c 0 .4m a cross
i s
s heer o n t he o utside a nd b attered
b ut
a t
t he b ase
i t
i s
8 m
b road.
t urning o f t he r ampart a long S tenchna G eo m ade t he e ntrance 1 0m l ong a nd 1 .62m b road. o uter p art w as o nly 1 .U7m w ide h owever a nd w here i t e xpanded t here w ere d oor c hecks a nd f lagstones
s unk
a cross w ith a g ap
o n T he T he t wo
b etween.
T he o uter d itch w as 2 .5 -3m w ide a nd h ad a f lat b ottom. T he i nner o ne w as s imilar and w as h alt t he w idth a t t he b ase. B oth i ts s ides w ere b uilt o f s tone a nd i ts b ottom w as c 0 .91m b elow t he b ase o f t he b roch. H ere i s t he p roblem -for h alf i ts l ength i t a nd i ts f ill w ere
c overed w ith b uildings w hich c ould b e
t hought
t o b e c ontemporary w ith t he
b roch.
T he
s urviving a rea e nclosed o n t he p eninsula i s k nown t o h ave b een e roded. T he s ite m ost s imilar t o M idhowe i s B orthwick, S andwiäk. A cross t he n eck o f t he p romontory t he b roch w as b uilt o n a nd s ome 1 6.75m f rom i t t here i s a s hallow d epression c 2 5m b road a nd 5 0m l ong w hich m ay b e a d itch ;
i nside i t i s a r ampart.
W att m ust h ave
e xcavated
p art o f t his d efence a s h e s ays t hat t he r ampart w as f ounded i n t he m oat a nd w as 0 .9 -1.2m w ide a t t he t op, c 1 .83m a t t he b ase a nd c 2 .74m h igh. A t t he p oint w here t he w all m et t he S c liff t here w as t he r emains o f a b uilding w ith a c hamber w hich w as c ertainly p art o f a g ateway. W ithin t he r ampart w as a n a rea c overed w ith o utbuildings p resumed c ontemporary w ith t he b roch. B urrian,
( Russland),
H array,
i s o n a s lender t ongue o f
l and p rojecting
i nto
t he L och o f
H array. T here s eem t o b e c ontemporary o utbuildings a round t he t ower a nd a cross t he n eck t he p eninsula i s a l ine o f b oulders w hich m ay h ave b een t he r emains o f a n o uter d efence. B urrian,
N R onaldsay,
i s d escribed a s a p romontory
f ort b ut i n b eing s uch i t
o f
i s n ot w ell
d efended. I t i s t rue t hat t he b roch t ower s tands o n a t riangular s pit o f l and p ointing o ut t o s ea; t hat i s h as w hat s eems t o c ontemporary b uildings a round i t a nd b eyond t hese a re f our v ery s pread r amparts ( some 1 0m f rom t he t ower). A ccess f rom t he c oast i s d ifficult h ere a nd c ontrasts s trangely w ith f our r amparts o n t he l andward s ide. c urrently b eing e roded a nd i t c ould h ave b een i n t he p ast.
b y
b y
n o m eans T he s ite i s
L amb H ead, S tronsay, a ppears t o b e i n a p romontory p osition a nd o utbuildings w ere n oted t he O S i n 1 970. T hey a lso s aw t wo h ollows c 8 m w ide a nd I m d eep t o t he N W a nd S E i n t he
c liff e dges w hich t hey t hought m ight b e a d itch p rotecting t he W s ide. A bout 8 0m t o t he N W w ere t he r emains o f a w all s pread 4 m t hick t hat r an o bliquely a cross t he n eck o f t he p romontory i n a N W-SE d irection b ut
t hey d id n ot c onsider t his n ecessarily d efensive.
T o t he a bove c lear e xamples m ay b e a dded t races
o f o utbuildings s een b ut
t o
t wo o thers.
t he E w ere t he s light
A t D ishero, t races
R endall,
t here w ere
o f a n e nclosing w all w ith
w ide d itch b eyond i t. N o o uter d efences w ere n oted a t L ingro b ut P etrie s hows t he o uter l imit o f t he b uildings, f airly m assive m asonry f aced o n t he o utside.
t o
n o a
t he S E, a t I n D ryden's
v ersion t his h as b een c leared u p a nd l abelled ' substructure'. T here i s n o r eason w hy s hould n ot h ave b een p art o f t he s urrounding w all w ith a d itch o n t he o utside w hich
t his w as
s ubsequently b uilt o ver. I t
i s v ery p robable t hat a l arge n umber o f
t he s ites w e c all b rochs h ad o uter
d efences
b ut t hat t hese h ave n ot b een o bvious a nd h ave n ot b een u ncovered b ecause t hey h ave n ot b een l ooked f or. I t i s h owever t rue t hat B u b roch d oes n ot s eem t o h ave h ad a ny d efences a nd a t o ther s ites e g C hapel K nowe, F irth , a nd G reen H ill, H oy, A t O xtro n either o utbuildings n or d efences w ere m entioned; t he o ne m ay h ave p recluded t he n ecessity f or t he o ther.
1 67
t here a re d efinitely n one v isible. i t i s p ossible t hat t he a bsence o f
R EFERENCES
Allen, J R 1 903 T he E arly C hristian M onuments o f
S cotland:
P art
I II,
E dinburgh. Anderson, J 1 872 N otes b rochs 5 61.
o n t he e vidence o f
o r p ictish t owers
s pinning a nd w eaving i n t he
,P roc S oc A ntiq
Anderson, J ( ed) 1 873 T he O rkneyinga S aga,
S cot 9 ( 1870-72)
5 48-
E dinburgh.
Anderson, J 1 874 N otes o n s ome p olished s tone d iscs P roc S oc A ntiq S cot 1 0, ( 1872-74) 7 17-719.
o f u nknown u se,
Anderson, J 1 878 N otes o n t he s tructure, d istribution, a nd c ontents o f t he b rochs w ith s pecial r eference t o t he question o f t heir C eltic o r N orwegian o rigin, P roc S oc Antiq S cot 1 2 ( 1876-78) 3 14-355. Anderson, J 1 881 S cotland i n E arly C hristian T imes, Anderson, J 1 883 S cotland i n P agan T imes:
E dinburgh.
T he I ron A ge,
E dinburgh.
Anderson, J 1 890 ( 1871) N otice o f t he e xcavation o f t he b rochs o f Y arhouse, B rounaben, B owermadden, O ld S tirkoke, a nd D unbeath, i n C aithness, w ith r emarks ( 1874-90) 1 31-198. Anonymous n d P lan o f ( unnumbered).
o n t he p eriod o f
B roch o f
( 1980) B ell,
N R onaldsay,
B 1 980 B roch o f
S oc A ntiq
S cot M SS
t he O rkney I slands,
B urgar,
E dinburgh.
D iscovery a nd E xcavation i n S cotland
2 4. B 1 982 S mall F inds f rom O rkney B rochs,
M onuments
t ypescript
a t
C emetery B roch,
Bell, B a nd Haigh, D 1 981 H owe ( 1981)
o f H owe,
D iscovery a nd E xca-
D iscovery a nd E xcavation i n
2 5.
C alder, C S T 1 937 A n eolithic d ouble O rkney,
K irkwall.
S tromness.
B ell, B and Carter, S P 1 980 Warebeth C hurchyard, v ation i n S cotland ( 1980) 2 2.
S cotland
i n N ational
R ecord f or S cotland a nd T ahkerness H ouse Museum,
B ell, B f orth E xcavations
E day,
A rch S cotica 5
( In NMR)
B arry, G 1 805 H istory o f B ell,
B urrian,
t he b rochs,
P roc S oc Antiq
S cot 7 1
C alder, C S T 1 939 E xcavations E day i n O rkney, P roc S oc Antiq
c hambered c airn o n t he C alf ( 1936-37)
o f I ron A ge d wellings o n t he C alf S cot 7 3 ( 1938-39) 1 67-185.
1 68
o f
15-154. 1 o f
C allander, J G and Grant, W G 1 934 T he B roch o f M id H owe,
C arter,
S P , H aigh, D , N eil, N R J and S mith, B 1 984 I nterim r eport a t H owe,
( 1933-34)
R ousay,
P roc S oc Antiq
t he s tructures
S cot 6 8
4 44-516.
O rkney,
O rkney, G lasgow A rch J 1 1
S tromness,
( 1984)
o n 6 1-
7 3. C aulfield, S oc A ntiq
S 1 978 Q uern r eplacement S cot
1 09
( 1977-78)
C harleson, M M 1 898 N otes t he e arly
a nd
t he
o rigin o f
t he b rochs,
P roc
1 29-139.
o n s ome
s tone
i mplements
i nhabitants o f O rkney, P roc S oc A ntiq
a nd o ther r elics
S cot 3 2
( 1897-98)
o f
3 16-
3 24. Childe, V G 1 935 T he P rehistory o f C larke, 3 6
L ondon.
D V 1 970 B one d ice a nd t he S cottish I ron A ge,
( 1970)
C louston,
C 1 841 P arish o f ( 1845)
S andwick,
( Orkney)
P roc P rehist S oc 1 8
C oughtrey, M 1 872 N otes
T he N ew S tatistical A ccount o f
4 1-67.
C orcoran, J X W P 1 952 T ankards ( 1952)
a nd
t ankard h andles
o n m aterials
B 1 983 D anebury:
P roc S oc A ntiq
t he B ritish I ron
f ound i n ak itchen-midden a t t o
l ong-handled c ombs,
A natomy o f a n I ron A ge H illfort,
Curle, C L 1 940 T he c hronology o f S cotland,
o f
8 5-102.
H illswick, S hetland, w ith s pecial r eference P roc S oc Antiq S cot 9 ( 1870-72) 1 18-151. C unliffe,
P roc P rehist S oc
2 14-232.
S cotland 1 5
Age,
S cotland,
S cot 7 4
L ondon.
t he E arly C hristian m onuments ( 1939-40)
o f
6 0-116.
C urle, C L 1 982 P ictish a nd N orse F inds f rom t he B rough o f B irsay 7 4,
E dinburgh.
( =
S oc A ntiq
C urie, J 1 932 A n i nventory o f o rigin f ound o n s ites c onstructions,
o bjects
i n S cotland n ot
P roc S oc A ntiq
Cursiter, J W 1 887 N otice o f
S cot t he
o f
R oman a nd p rovincial R oman
d efinitely a ssociated w ith R oman
6 6
( 1931-32)
b ronze w eapons
2 77-397. o f O rkney a nd S hetland,
a nd o f a n I ron A ge d eposit f ound i n a c ist a t M oan, A ntiq S cot 2 1 ( 1886-87) 3 39-346. Cursiter, J W 1 923 T he O rkney b rochs, 4 9-52.
h array,
P roc O rkney A ntiq
S oc
P roc S oc
1 ( 1922-23)
D ryden, H 1 890 ( 1872) N otes o f t he b rochs o r ' Pictish T owers C lickemin, & c, i n S hetland, A rch S cotica 5 ( 1874-90) 1 99-212. Dryden, H ( 1868) MS ( a) B irsey O kstrow B rough. C opied
b y H D 1 868
o riginals S oc A ntiq
1 934-
S cot M onog S er 1 )
R emains
o f M ousa,
f ound i n i t.
f rom w atercolour s ketches b y h im i n 1 866 f rom
i n p ossession o f W L eask S cot M SS 2 2. (Missing) (
o f B irsey a nd G P etrie o f K irkwall, i n NMR).
1 69
Dryden, H M S ( b) O rkney a nd S hetland c ircles, S oc A ntiq
S cot M SS
1 70.
b roughs
Dryden, H and P etrie, G MS ( a) T he B roughs o f O rkney,
S oc A ntiq
S cot M SS 3 0.
a g ood d eal o f m aterial t hat Dryden, O rkney,
( In N MR)
S oc
S kara a nd L ingrow,
( When e xamined t his c ontained
H and P etrie, G MS ( b) T he B roughs o f S kara a nd L ingrow, S oc A ntiq S cot M SS 3 2. ( In N MR) ( When e xamined t his c ontained s hould h ave b een i n a nother f older)
Fairhurst, H 1 984 E xcavations a t C rosskirk B roch, ( =Soc A ntiq
C aithness,
E dinburgh.
S cot M onog S er 3 )
F arrer, J 1 857a N otice o f O rkney,
a ' Burgh',
P roc S oc Antiq
F arrer, J 1 857b N otice o f
F arrer, J 1 857c N otes
r ecently o pened i n t he i sland o f
S cot 2 ( 1854-57)
a ntiquities
r ecently e xamined b y J ames 1 58.
h ouse',
P lans,
s hould h ave b een i n a nother f older)
a g ood d eal o f m aterial t hat
B urray,
& e tc.
( In NMR)
F arrer,
o n t he
5 -6.
i sle
P roc S oc A ntiq
o f E day,
o n t he b ronze a nd i ron r emains
i n t he h olm o f E day,
O rkney,
O rkney,
S cot 2 ( 1854-57)
P roc S oc Antiq
1 54-
d ug u p i n a ' Picts S cot 2 ( 1854-57)
1 78-179. F arrer, J 1 868 N ote f ound i n O rkney, ( 1866-68)
r especting v arious
a nd n ow p resented
a rticles
i n b ronze a nd s tone;
t o t he M useum,
P roc S oc A ntiq
S cot 7
1 03-105.
Feachem, R 1 963 A G uide t o P rehistoric S cotland,
L ondon.
F ergusson, J 1 877 S hort E ssay o n t he A ge a nd U ses o f t he B rochs a nd t he R ude S tone M onuments o f l and,
t he O rkney I slands a nd t he N orth o f
S cot-
L ondon.
F irth, H N 1 986 T raditions a nd C ustoms P eople o f O rkney, K irkwall, 1 37-174. F ojut, N 1 981
I s M ousa a b roch?,
i n B erry,
P roc S oc A ntiq
R J a nd F irth,
S cot
1 11
H N T he
2 20-
( 1981)
2 28. F owler, E 1 960 T he o rigins a nd d evelopment o f t he p enannular b rooch i n E urope, P roc P rehist S oc 2 6 ( 1960) 1 49-177. F raser, J 1 923 S ome a ntiquities 1 ( 1922-23)
F raser, J 1 924 A ntiquities ( 1923-24)
o f
S andwidk P arish,
S oc
o f
B irsay P arish,
P roc O rkney Antiq
S oc 2
P roc O rkney A ntiq
S oc 3
2 1-30.
F raser, J 1 927 T he a ntiquities ( 1926-27)
P roc O rkney A ntiq
2 2-29.
F raser, J 1 925 A ntiquities ( 1924-25)
i n H array P arish,
3 1-37.
o f
F irth P arish,
5 1-56.
1 70
P roc O rkney A ntiq
S oc 5
G elling, P S 1 985 E xcavations a t S kaill, D eerness T he P rehisory o f O rkney, E dinburgh, 1 76-182.
i n R enfrew,
G ordon, - P rincipal 1 792 R emarks m ade i n a j ourney I slands, A rch S cotica 1 ( 1792)
2 56-268.
G raeme, A S 1 914 A n a ccount
t he e xcavation o f
M ary's;Holm ,
O rkney,
G raham, A 1 947 S ome ( 1946-47) G rieg,
o f
P roc S oc A ntiq o bservations
S cot 4 8
o n t he b rochs,
- B-
t he O rkney
t he B roch o f A yre,
( 1913-14)
S t
3 1-51.
P roc S oc A ntiq
S cot 8 1
4 8-49.
S 1 940 V iking A ntiquities i n S cotland,
O slo.
V iking A ntiquities i n G reat B ritain a nd I reland, HM
t o
C ( ed)
C atalogue = H unterian M useum,
( =Shetelig,
P art
C atalogue o f
H ( ed)
I I)
H enderson B ishop
C ollection. H h i l C atalogue = H unterian M useum C atalogue. H aigh,
D 1 983 A s econd e arth-house a t G rainbank,
S oc A ntiq
S cot
13 1
H aigh, D and S mith, R eport,
( 1983)
S t O la,
O rkney,
P roc
3 67-372.
B 1 982 E xcavations a t H owe,
S tromness.
A n I nterim
K irkwall.
H amilton, J R C 1 962 B rochs a nd b roch b uilders T he N orthern I sles, E dinburgh, 5 3-90.
i n W ainwright,
H amilton, J R C 1 968 E xcavations a t C lidkhimin,
S hetland,
F T ( ed)
E dinburgh.
H edges, J W 1 980 T extile a nd T extile P roduction i n D ark A ge B ritain, u npublished M P hil
t hesis,
U niversity o f
S outhampton.
H edges, J W 1 983 T rial e xcavations o n P ictish a nd V iking s ettlements S aevar H owe, B irsay, O rkney, G lasgow A rch J 1 0 ( 1983) 7 3-124. H edges, J W 1 984a T omb o f
t he E agles,
L ondon.
H edges, J W 1 984b G ordon P arry's W est B urra S urvey, ( 1984)
G lasgow A rch J 1 1
4 1-59.
H edges, J W 1 985 T he b roch p eriod i n R enfrew, O rkney,
a t
E dinburgh,
C ( ed) T he P rehistory o f
1 50-175.
H edges, J W f orth T ougs,
B urra I sle,
S hetland,
G lasgow A rch J 1 2.
H edges, J W , B ell, B and N ell, N 1 979 H owe o f H owe, E xcavation i n S cotland ( 1979) 2 4. Hedges, J W a nd B ell, B 1 980 T hat b roch, A ntiquity 5 4 ( 1980) 8 7-94.
t ower o f
S cottish p rehistory -t he
H edges, J W a nd B ell B f orth T he B roch o f L ingro,
1 71
D iscovery a nd
S t O la,
O rkney.
H edges,
S E unpublished S ite R eport
H array,
O rkney,
t ypescript
o f E xcavations
a t
S purdagrove,
l odged w ith H BM.
H odder, I and Hedges, J W 1 977 ' Weaving c ombs -t heir t ypology a nd d istribution w ith s ome i ntroductory r emarks o n d ate a nd f unction i n C ollis, J ( ed) T he I ron A ge, S heffield, 1 7-28. I rvine M SS 4 1 872 R eference n ot R CAMS 1 946.
c hecked -M S n ote i n R SM ( Q)
J ackson, K H 1 955 T he P ictish l anguage i n W ainwright, P roblem o f t he P icts,
E dinburgh,
J oass, J M 1 890 ( 1871)
c opy o f
F T ( ed) T he
1 29-165.
T he b rochs
o r ' Pictish t owers' o f
C inn T rolla,
C arn-Liath, a nd C raig C arril, i n S utherland, w ith n otes o n o ther N orthern B rochs, A rch S cotica 5 ( 1874-90) 9 5-130. K ilbride-Jones, 7 2,
( 1937-38)
L aing,
H E 1 938 G lass a rmlets
i n B ritain, P roc S oc A ntiq
3 66-395.
S 1 868 O n t he a ge o f
p rehistoric r emains ( 1866-68) 5 6-79.
t he b urgs
o r ' brochs' a nd s ome o ther
o f O rkney a nd C aithness,
P roc S oc A ntiq
S cot 7
Lamb, R G 1 980 I ron A ge P romontory F orts i n t he N orthern I sles, ( = B ritish A rchaeological R eports B ritish S eries 7 9) L ow, G 1 879
S cot
O xford.
( 1774) A T our t hrough t he I slands o f O rkney a nd S chetland,
K irkwall. Macartney, E 1 984 A nalysis 1 47.
o f
f aunal r emains
MacGregor, A 1 974 T he B roch o f S cot 1 05 ( 1972-74) 6 3-118.
B urrian,
i n F airhurst
N orth R onaldsay,
MacGregor, M 1 976 E arly C eltic A rt i n N orth B ritain,
1 984,
P roc S oc A ntiq
L eicester.
MacKle, E W 1 965 T he o rigin a nd d evelopment
o f
b uilding
P roc P rehist S oc
c ultures
o f
t he S cottish I ron A ge,
1 33-
t he b roch a nd w heelhouse ( 1965)
9 3-
1 46. MacKle, E W 1 977 S cience a nd S ociety i n P rehistoric B ritain, Marwi c k, S oc A ntiq Marwick,
H 1 924 T wo S cot
5 8
s culptured s tones
( 1923-24)
r ecently f ound i n O rkney, P roc
2 95-299.
H 1 952 O rkney F arm-names,
K irkwall.
Marwi c k, J G 1 928 N otes
o n s ome
r elics
S ociety,
S cot 6 2
( 1927-28)
P roc S oc Antiq
M PBW = M inistry
L ondon.
o f P ublic B uildings
Mykura, W 1 976 O rkney a nd S hetland,
f rom O rkney e xhibited b efore t he 1 21-122.
a nd W orks F iles. E dinburgh.
1 72
NMAS ( National Museum o f Antiquities o f S cotland)
1 849 S ynopsis o f
M useum o f
E dinburgh.
t he S ociety o f A ntiquaries o f
S cotland,
t he
N MAS ( National Museum o f Antiquities o f S cotland) 1 892 C atalogue o f t he N ational Museum o f A ntiquities o f S cotland, N ew E dition, E dinburgh. N MAS = L oan R egister o f N ational M useum o f
A ntiquities
o f
S cotland.
O NB = O rdnance S urvey O bject N ame B ooks. O S ( Ordnance S urvey) n d Antiquity C ards. O lsen,
M 1 954 R unic i nscriptions i n G reat B ritain,
o f M an, a nd
O slo.
I reland,
O vrevi l t,
( = S hetelig,
h ( ed)
I reland a nd t he I sle
V iking A ntiquities i n G reat B ritain
P art V I)
S 1 985 T he s econd m illenium a nd a fter i n R enfrew,
P rehistory o f O rkney,
E dinburgh,
P OAS ( Proc O rkney Ant S oc)
C ( ed) T he
1 31-149.
1 923 F rontispiece,
P roc O rkney Antiq
S oc
1
( 1922-23). P SAS ( Proc S oc Antiq S cot) ( various d ates) D onations L ibrary, P roc S oc Antiq S cot. P etemkin, A 1 831 N arrative o f o ut o f ( 1831)
t he B urgh 4 4-45.
( or
h uman r emains,
c ircular f ort)
a c omb
a t B urgar
t o
t he M useum a nd
& c w hich w ere d ug ,A rch S cotica 3
P etrie, G 1 857 D escription o f a ntiquities i n O rkney r ecently e xamined, roc S oc A ntiq S cot 1 854-57) 5 6-62. w ith i llustrative d rawings-, P P etrie, G 1 890 ( 1866) N otice o f
t he b rochs
O rkney, A rch S cotica 5 ( 1874-1890) P etrie, G 1 927 P rimeval a ntiquities ( 1926-27)
o r l arge
r ound
t owers
o f
7 1-94. o f O rkney,
P roc O rkney A ntiq
S oc 5
1 9-29.
P etrie, G M S ( a) N otice o f t he B rochs a nd t he s o c alled P icts H ouses o f O rkney, i n S oc Antiq S cot M SS 3 97. ( In NMR) ( This i tem i s c learly m isplaced P etrie,
s ince
e arly
i s
a M S a nd n ot
G MS ( b) N otebook
a ntiquities P etrie,
i t
o f
O rkney,
a n ewspaper c utting)
1 ( large) N otice o f
S oc A ntiq
S cot M SS
G MS ( c) N otebook 7 P aper o n t he
i nhabitants
o f O rkney,
S oc A ntiq
P etrie G ( 1863) MS ( d) S mall n otebook
s ome o f
5 40.
t races which a re f ound o f
S cot M SS 7 ,
t he a boriginal
( In R SM ( Q))
5 45.
S oc A ntiq
t he
( In R SM(Q))
S cot M SS 5 50.
( In
R SM(Q)) P etrie, G ( 1865) MS ( e) S mall n otebook
8 ,
S oc A ntiq
S cot M SS 5 46.
R SM(Q)) P etrie, G M S ( f) N otebook
9 ,
S oc A ntiq 1 73
S cot M SS
54. 5
( In R SM(Q))
( In
P etrie, G ( 1869-70) MS ( g) S mall n otebook ( In R SM(Q)) 1 1,
P etrie, G M S ( h) S mall n otebook R SM(Q)).
P etrie, G ( 1870-71) MS ( i) N otebook m issing. ( In R SM(Q))
S oc A ntiq
1 2,
( In R SM)
( Pages n ot
n umbered;
1 4,
S oc A ntiq
1 3,
S cot M SS 5 47.
S cot M SS 5 48.
S oc A ntiq
P etrie, G ( 1869-70) MS ( j) S mall n otebook ( In R SM(Q)) P etrie, G ( 1865) MS CO N otebook
1 0,
S cot M SS n umber
S oc A ntiq
S oc A ntiq
( In
S cot M SS 5 49.
S cot M SS n umber m issing.
t hose g iven s tart w ith i nside o f c over)
P etrie, G M S ( 1) N otebook, c ould b e n otebook 4 o r 5 )
S oc Antiq
S cot M SS 5 41.
( In R SM(Q))
P etrie, G M S ( m) N otebook,
S oc A ntiq
S cot M SS 5 51.
( In R SM(Q))
P etrie,
G ( 1870) MS ( n) P lan o f
S oc M SS
4 23.
B roch o f L ingrow,
O rkney,
( This
S oc A ntiq
( In N MR)
P etrie, G M S ( o) C orrespondence,
S oc A ntiq
S cot M SS 3 19.
( In N MR)
P etrie,
S oc Antiq
S cot M SS 3 32.
( In N MR)
G MS ( p) C orrespondence,
Petrie, G ( 1855-57) MS ( o i l) P ortfolio c ontaining
c orrespondence o f
G eorge P etrie r egarding t he r ecovery o f t he s ilver h oard a t S kaill. P aper d escribing a ntiquities e xamined i n O rkney d uring 1 855, 1 856, 1 857. F our s ketch b ooks a nd l oose s ketches a nd p lans a ntiquities b y G eorge P etrie, S oc A ntiq S cot M SS 4 87. t he s ketch b ooks r eference)
h ave b een a llotted s eparate
l etters
o f O rkney ( In N MR) f or e ase
( NB
o f
Petrie, G M S ( r) S ketchbook ( In NMR)
m arked 3 ?
a mong S oc Antiq
S cot M SS 4 87.
P etrie, G M S ( s) S ketchbook
m arked 5 ,
a mong S oc A ntiq
S cot M SS 4 87.
Petrie, G M S ( w) S ketchbook m arked 6 , ( In NMR).
a mong S oc Antiq
S cot M SS 4 87.
( In N MR)
P latnauer, M 1 922 C laudian,
V ol
1 a nd 2 ,
L ondon.
P latt, M I 1 933 R eport o n t he a nimal b ones S hetland, 1 27-136 i n C urle, A 0 A ccount o f o f
t he
S cot
6 7
p rehistoric ( 1932-33)
t ownship a t J arlshof,
f rom J arlshof, S umburgh, f urther e xcavation i n 1 932
S hetland....
,P roc S oc A ntiq
8 2-136.
Platt, M I 1 934 R eport o n t he a nimal b ones f rom J arlshof, S umburgh, S hetland, 3 13-319 i n C urle, A 0 A n a ccount o f f urther e xcavation a t J arlshof, S umburgh, S hetland 6 8 ( 1933-1934) 2 24-319.
i n 1 932 a nd
1 74
1 933....
,P roc S oc A ntiq
S cot
RCAMS ( Royal C ommission o n t he Ancient M onuments o f S cotland) T welfth R eport, V ol 2 , O rkney, E dinburgh. R SM(Q) C atalogue = R oyal S cottish M useum ( Queen S t) R adford, C A R 1 962 A rt a nd a rchitecture; W ainwright, R aftery, ( ed)
F T ( ed) T he N orthern I sles,
G 1 982 K nobbed
s pearbutts
S tudies o n E arly I reland:
o f
1 946
C atalogue.
C eltic a nd N orse i n E dinburgh,
1 63-187.
t he I rish I ron A ge i n S cott,
E ssays i n H onour o f M V D uignan,
R enfrew, C 1 979 I nvestigations i n O rkney, A ntiq L ondon 3 8)
L ondon.
B G
7 5-92.
( = R ep R es C omm S oc
R enfrew, C a nd Buteux, S 1 985 R adiocarbon d ates f rom O rkney i n R enfrew, C ( ed) T he P rehistory o f O rkney, E dinburgh, 2 63-274. Rhys, J 1 892 T he i nscriptions S oc A ntiq
S cot 2 6
R intoul, D 1 845 o f S cotland 1 5
( 1891-92)
( 1841) ( 1845)
a nd
l anguage o f
t he n orthern P icts,
P roc
2 63-351.
S tronsay a nd E day, ( Orkney)
T he N ew S tatistical A ccount
1 56-168.
R itchie, A 1 977 E xcavation o f P ictish a nd V iking-age f armsteads a t B uckquoy,
O rkney,
P roc S oc Antiq
S cot
1 08
( 1976-77)
1 74-227.
R itchie, A 1 983 E xcavation o f a N eolithic f armstead a t K nap o f H owar, P apa W estray, O rkney, P roc S oc Antiq S cot 1 13 ( 1983) 4 0-121. R itchie, A 1 985 O rkney i n t he P ictish K ingdom i n R enfrew, P rehistory o f O rkney,
E dinburgh,
R obertson, A 1 970 R oman f inds B ritannia 1 ( 1970) 1 98-226.
f rom n on-Roman s ites
Rynne, E 1 983 S ome e arly I ron A ge i n O 'Connor, A a nd C larke, F ive, E dinburgh, 1 88-196.
C ( ed) T he
1 83-204.
s word-hilts
i n S cotland,
f rom I reland a nd S cotland
D V 1 983 F rom t he S tone A ge t o t he ' Forty-
SM Catalogue = S tromness Museum C atalogue S cott, L 1 947 T he p roblem o f
t he B rochs,
P roc P rehist S oc
1 3
( 1947)
1 -
3 6. S impson, J 1 845 ( 1841) P arish o f o f S cotland 1 5
( 1845)
( Orkney)
S tronsay,
1 59-160.
S mith, B a nd C arter, S 1 980 H owe o f H owe, S cotland
( 1980)
T he N ew S tatistical A ccount
D iscovery a nd E xcavation i n
2 3-24.
S mith, B e t a l f orth T he H owe,
S tromness,
S tevenson, R B K 1 946 J ottings ( 1945-46) 1 41-143.
o n e arly p ottery,
1 75
O rkney. P roc S oc Antiq
S cot 8 0
Stevenson, RB K 1955 Pins and the chronology of brochs, Proc Prehist Soc 21 (1955) 282-294. Stevenson, RB K 1956 Native bangles and Roman glass, Proc Soc Antiq Scot 88 (1954-56) 208-231. THK Catalogue
=
Tankerness House Museum, Kirkwall, Catalogue.
Thomas, F W L 1852 Account of some of the Celtic antiquities of Orkney, Archaeologia 34 (1852) 88-136. Thomas, F W L MS (a) Notes and drawings of Hebridean and Orkney duns and brochs, Soc Antiq Scot MSS 29. (In NMR) Thomas, F W L MS (b) Notes with plans on Hebridean Duns, Soc Antiq Scot MSS 34. (In NMR) Trail, J 1890 Notes on the further excavations at Howmae, 1889, Proc Soc Antiq Scot 24 (1889-90) 451-461. Traill, W 1868 On submarine forests and other remains of indigenous wood in Orkney, Trans Bot Soc Edinburgh 9, 146. Traill, W 1885 Notice of excavations at Stenabreck and Howmae in North Ronaldsay, Orkney, Proc Soc Antiq Scot 19 (1884-85) 14-33. Traill, W 1890 (1872) Results of excavation at theBroch of Burrian, North Ronaldsay, Orkney during the summers of 1870 and 1871, Arch Scotica 5 (1874-90) 341-364. Traill, W and Smellie, G I841 Parish of Lady, The New Statistical Account of Scotland 15 (1845) (Orkney) 133-148. Tudor, J R 1883 The Orkneys and Shetland, London. Wallace, J 1700 An Account of the Islands of Orkney, London • Watt, W GT 1882 Notice of the broch known as Burwick or Borwick, in the Township of Yescanbee and Parish of Sandwick, Orkney, Proc Soc Antiq Scot 16 (1881-82) 442-450. Watt, W GT 1905 ·The ruins of Breckness: Prehistoric and modern in Charleson, M M (ed) Urcadian Papers, Stromness. Williams, D F 1982 Aspects of prehistoric pottery making in Orkney in Freestone, I, Johns, C and Potter, T (eds) Current Research in Ceramics: Thin-section Studies, London, 9-13. (=British Museum Occasional Paper 32) Wilson, D 1851 The Archaeology and Prehistoric Annals of Scotland, London. Wilson, D 1863 Prehistoric Annals of Scotland, 2nd Edition, London. Young, A 1953 An aisled farmhouse at the Allasdale, Isle of Barra, Proc Soc Antiq Scot 87 (1952-53) 80-105. 176