The Roundhouses, Brochs and Wheelhouses of Atlantic Scotland c. 700 BC - AD 500: Architecture and material culture. Part 1: The Orkney and Shetland Isles 9781841714592, 9781407319827

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The Roundhouses, Brochs and Wheelhouses of Atlantic Scotland c. 700 BC - AD 500 Architecture and material culture Part 1 The Orkney and Shetland Isles

Euan W. MacKie

BAR British Series 342 2002

Published in 2019 by BAR Publishing, Oxford BAR British Series 342

The Roundhouses, Brochs and Wheelhouses of Atlantic Scotland c. 700 BC - AD 500 © Euan W. MacKie and the Publisher 2002 The author’s moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher. ISBN 9781841714592 paperback ISBN 9781407319827 e-book DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9781841714592 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library This book is available at www.barpublishing.com BAR Publishing is the trading name of British Archaeological Reports (Oxford) Ltd. British Archaeological Reports was first incorporated in 1974 to publish the BAR Series, International and British. In 1992 Hadrian Books Ltd became part of the BAR group. This volume was originally published by Archaeopress in conjunction with British Archaeological Reports (Oxford) Ltd / Hadrian Books Ltd, the Series principal publisher, in 2003. This present volume is published by BAR Publishing, 2019.

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FRONT ISP IECE

D raw ing o ft h eB roch o fL evenw ick , S he t land ( HU41 5 ) , a f t e ri t se xcava t ion b yG i lbe r tG oud ie i n1 869 . R ep roduced w i th t h ep e rm i s s ion o ft h e S he t land L ib ra ry ,w i th w hom c opy r igh tr ema in s .

T ab le o fC on ten t s P ref ace

v i

I ndex o fs i te n ame s T he i lus tra t ions l i s ted

v i i x i i i

S ec t ion 1 : i n t roduc t ion t ot he C orpus 1 . 1 1 . 2

T he s i te r ef erence s y s tem T ype s o fb rochs 1 . 2 .1 C la ss if ica t ion b yd eg ree o fpr e ser va t ion 1 . 2 .2 C la ss i f ica t ion b ya rch i tec tura lf ea ture s B roch a rch i tec ture 1 . 3 .1 T he h o l low -wa l lf ea ture s R oundhouse s B iograph ica l s ource s

1 1 2 2 2 2 2 3

1 . 6 1 . 7

P ho tographs D e scr ib ing b rochs 1 . 7 .1 T he c l ockf ace r ef e rence s y s tem 1 . 7 .2 T he s y s tem o fl e ve l s

3 3 3 3

1 . 8

D raw ing s o fi t ems o f ma ter ia lc u l ture

4

1 . 3 1 . 4 1 . 5

S ec t ion 2 : t he t ower o n Mou sa i s land 2 . 1 2 .2 2 . 3 2 . 4

I n troduc t ion T he N or thern I s le s AV ik ing v i s i tt oS he t land T he b roch o f Mousa 2 . 4 .1 T he e n t rance p a s sage T he p a s sage a si tw a s i n modern t imes T he o r ig ina l d es ign o ft h ee n t rance 2 . 4 .2 T he c en t ra lc our t P r ima ry f e a tu res o nt h e f l oo r S econda ry f e a tu res o nt h e f l oo r 2 . 4 .3 P r imary f ea ture so ft h ew a l lf ace 2 . 4 .4 S ta i ra nd g a l ler ie si nt h ew a l l

7 7 7 7 8 8 8 9 9 9 1 0 1

T he i n t ra -mu ra l s t a ir T he i n t ra -mu ra lg a l le r ie s 2 . 5 2 .6 2 .7

1 1

T he t op o ft h ew a l l E x terna l f e a ture s F inds o fp o t tery P rob lems t o b e i nve s t iga ted 2 . 7 .1 T he d a te o f Mou sa 2 . 7 .2 A rch i tec ture a nd p urpo se H e igh ta nd d ef en s ivene ss I n t ra -mu ra l f e a tu re s a nd s ca rcemen t Wooden r a ised f l oo r s T he h ea r th a nd t h ep r ima ry f unc t ion o ft h eb roch

T he ma in r oof 2 .8 T he p hase so fo ccupa t ion o ft he b roch 2 .9 T he b roch i ni t s t opograph ica ls e t t ing 2 . 10 Conc lud ing r emark s

1 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 3 1 3 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 6 1 7 1 7 1 7

S ec t ion 3 : ah i s tor yo fr e search i n to b rochs 3 . 1 3 . 2

I n troduc t ion L o s te v idence f rom c on temporary o bserver s

2 7 2 7 i

3 . 3 3 . 4

C lue s f r om t he 1 5 th a nd 1 6 th c en tur ie s E n l igh tenmen t d awns - t he 1 8 th a nd e ar ly 1 9t h c en tur ie s 3 . 4 .1 1 8 th c en tu ry t r ave l ler s 3 . 4 .2 T he f i r s te xcava t ion s 3 . 5 . T he F i r s t F lower ing o fB roch S tud ie s -1 851 -1 883 3 . 5 .1 Dan ie l W i l son a nd ' P reh i s tory" 3 . 5 .2 T he f i r s ta ccura te s ur vey s 3 . 5 .3 N ew d i scover ie s i nO rkney 3 . 5 .4 J o seph A nd er son ' s c on t r ibu t ion s D educ t ion v e r su s i n duc t ion T he f i na l s yn the s is 3 . 6 H a lf ac en tury o fc onso l ida t ion : 1 883 -1 935 3 . 6 .1 C on t inu ing b ad e xcava t ion s 3 . 6 .2 T he s t ar to fs y s tema t ic f i e ldwork 3 . 6 .3 T he l a s t ' i s o la t ion i s t 'r ev iew 3 . 7 I n tegra t ion w i th E uropean A rchaeo logy - 1 935 -6 4 3 . 7 .1 T he s yn the se s o fV .G . C h i ld e 3 . 7 .2 S i rL ind say S co t ta nd an ew a pproach 3 . 7 .3 Ad e ta i led a rch i tec tura ls t ud y 3 . 7 .4 B roch ma ter ia lc u l ture 3 . 7 .5 Mod ern e xcava t ion s i nS he t land 3 . 7 .6 T he l a s ts yn the s i s b ef ore t h em od ern e xcava t ions 3 . 8 R ecen t D eve lopmen t s 3 . 8 .1 P rob lems w h ich s eemed i mpor tan ti n1 961 3 . 8 .2 Work a f t er 1 974 We re b roch s s t rongho ld so rf a rmhou se s? B rochs i nt h e l a nd scape I st h e re au n if orm b roch m a te r ia l c u l tu re? E a r ly I r on A ge p ro to types a nd b roch o r ig ins We re b roch s" va r iab le s t ruc tu re sw i th al o ng c h rono logy" o r " homogeneou s s t ruc tu re sw i th as ho r tc h rono logy"? T he s oc ia l o rgan isa t ion o ft h eb roch b u i lde r s F o re ign i nf luence o rl o ca l d eve lopmen t?

2 7 2 8 2 8 3 1 3 1 3 1 3 2 3 2 3 3 3 4 3 4 3 4 3 5 3 5 3 6 3 6 3 7 3 8 3 9 3 9 4 0 4 1 4 1 4 1 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 3 4 3 4 3 4 3

S ec t ion 4 : t he b rochs o fS he t land ( Ma jo rs i te e n t r ies o n ly i n dexed ) J ar l shof HU30 1

6 2

DESCR IPT ION 1 . E ar ly w ork 2 . T he p re -broch s e t t lemen t s 2 . 1 T he e ar l ie s tl e ve l s 2 . 2 T he l a te B ronze A ge v i l lage 2 . 3 T he e a r ly I r on A ge v i l lage 3 . T he b roch c omp lex 3 . 1 S umma ry 3 . 2 T he b roch a nd i t sc our tyard 3 . 3 T he r oundhou se a nd b y re 3 . 4 T he t wo w hee lhou se s 3 . 5 D emo l i t ion o ft h eb roch 3 . 6 F ind sf rom t h ew hee lhou se s 4 . L a ter P i c t ish s t ruc ture s

6 2 6 2 6 3 6 3 6 3 6 4 6 5 6 5 6 5 6 6 6 8 6 8 6 9 6 9

D ISCUSS ION 5 . T he b roch c omp lex 5 . 1 T he b roch a nd i t sc our tyard 5 . 2 T he r oundhou se a nd b y re

6 9 6 9 6 9 7 0 i

7 2 7 2

5 . 3 T he s equence o fw hee lhou se s 6 . S oc ia l b ackground Mousa HU42 6 1 .G enera l 1 . 1 T he b roch t ower 1 . 2 T he e n t rance 1 . 3 T he i n ter ior f l oor 1 . 4 Mura lc e l l sa nd s carcemen t s 1 . 5 R a i sed i n t ra -mura lf ea ture s 1 . 6 F ind s 1 . 7 D imens ion s 2 . H i s tory o ft he s i te 2 . 1 P reh i s tory 2 . 2 T he 1 8 'h a nd 1 91 c en tur ie s 2 . 3 T he 2 0 'h c en tury 3 . D i scus s ion

8 2 8 2 8 2 8 2 8 3 8 4 8 4 8 5 8 5 8 5 8 5 8 6 8 6 8 6 C l ickh im in

HU44 1 1 .G enera l

8 9 8 9

P ART 1 : EARLY S TUD IES 2 . E ar ly w ork

9 0 9 0

P ART 2 : GENERAL DESCR IPT ION OF THE S ITE 3 . D e scr ip t ion o fs t ruc ture s 3 . 1 T he c au seway 3 . 2 O u ter w a l la nd l and ing s t age 3 . 3 T he f orework 'o r ' b lockhouse ' 3 . 4 O ther v i s ib le e x terna lf ea ture s 3 . 5 T he b roch 3 . 5 .1 T he b roch e n t rance p a s sage 3 . 5 .2 F ea tu res o ft h eb roch w a l lf ace s 3 . 5 .3 U ppe ri n t ra -mu ra lg a l le r ie s 3 . 5 .4 S ta ir a nd s e cond e n t rance 3 . 5 .5 T he mu raL c e l ls 3 . 5 .6 S econda ry c ons t ruc t ion s i n s ide t h eb roch 3 . 5 .7 O u tbu i ld ing s 3 . 5 .8 S i te s equence 4 . N ew i n terpre ta t ions

9 0 9 0 9 0 9 1 9 1 9 2 9 3 9 3 9 4 9 4 9 5 9 5 9 6 9 6 9 6 9 6

P ART 3 : THE RECENT EXCAVAT IONS 5 . P hase 1 : t he l a te B ronze A ge h ouse 5 . 1 T he s t ruc ture 5 . 2 F ind s o fP ha se 1 6 . P hase 2 : e ar ly I ron A ge 6 . 1 S t ruc ture s a nd d epo s i t s 6 . 2 F ind s o fP ha se 2 7 . P hase s 3& 4 : p re -broch f o r t if ica t ions 7 . 1 T he o u ter w a l l 7 . 2 T he i n terna lb u i ld ing s 7 . 3 T he g a tehou se 7 . 4 T he f i nd sf rom P ha se 3 7 . 5 P ha se 4 : t h e ' i nner r i ng -wa l l ' 7 . 6 E v id ence a ga in s tt h eo r thodox i n ner r i ng -wa l l 8 . P hase 5 : c ons truc t ion o ft he b roch 8 . 1 S t ra t ig raphy 8 . 2 T he r ound h u t 8 . 3 A l tera t ion st ot h eg a tehou se 8 . 4 T he b u i ld ing o ft h eb roch

9 7 9 7 9 7 9 8 9 8 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 1 00 1 01 1 02 1 02 1 03 1 03 1 04 1 04 1 04 1

8 . 5 F ind sf rom t h eb roch l e ve l s 8 . 6 B roch p o t tery 9 . P hase 6 : d emo l i t ion o fb roch a nd c ons truc t ion o f whee lhouse 9 . 1 D emo l i t ion o ft h eb roch 9 . 2 T he w hee lhou se 9 . 3 Da t ing 9 . 4 F ind sf rom P ha se 5 1 0 . P hase 6 : l a te whee lhouse o ccupa t ion 1 0 .1 L a te p i t sa nd h u t s 1 0 .2 T he l a te s tf i nd s

1 04 1 05 1 05 1 05 1 06 1 06 1 06 1 07 1 07 1 07

PART 4 : GENERAL D ISCUSS ION 1 . T he n a ture o ft he p re -broch f o r ts 1 .1 D e s ign o ft h eg a tehou se 1 .2 T he f unc t ion o ft h eg a tehou se 1 .3 T he o r ig ina ln a ture o ft h eo u ter w a l l 1 .4 T he a ge o ft h es econd r i ng -f or t 1 .5 T he s t ruc tura lf ea ture so ft h eg a tehou se 1 .6 A na l te rna t ive s econd r i ng -f or t 1 2 . Ma ter ia lc u l ture 1 3 . R ev ised s i te s equence 1 3 .1 P ha se 1 : l a te B ronze A ge f arm 1 3 .2 P ha se s 2& 3 : e ar ly I r on A ge f arm a nd n ew r i ng -f or t 1 3 .3 P ha se 4 : R ing -f or t2 1 3 .4 P ha se 5 : t h eb roch 1 3 .5 P ha se 6 : w hee lhou se 1 3 .6 P ha se 7 :l a te l e ve l s 1 4 . F ina l C ommen t s 1 5 . D imens ions 1 6 . S ource s

1 07 1 08 1 08 1 08 1 08 1 09 1 09 10 10 10 10 11 12 13 14 14 14 15 15

S ec t ion 5 : t he b rochs o fO rkney ( Ma jo rs i te e n t r ies o n ly i n dexed ) B u HY20 4 1 . T he e xcava t ions 1 . 1 T he s t ruc ture o ft h er oundhouse 1 . 2 T he e n t rance p a s sage 1 . 3 T he c en t ra lc our t 1 . 4 L a ter o ccupa t ion 2 . T he f i nds 2 . 1 F ind sf rom t h ep re -roundhou se p ha se s ( J a &I b ) 2 . 2 F ind sf rom t h er oundhou se ( Pha se I a ) 2 . 3 F ind sf rom t h ep o s t -roundhou se s i l t( Pha se 1 b ) 2 . 4 F ind sf rom P ha se sI Ia & I Ib 2 . 5 A n ima lb one sa nd p lan te v id ence 3 . D a t ing 3 . 1 R ad iocarbon d a te s

2 13 2 14 2 14 2 14 2 14 2 15 2 15 2 15 2 15 2 15 2 15 2 15 2 16 2 16

T he Howe HY2 1 6 1 . T he e xcava t ions 1 . 1 C on t inu i ty w i th t h ep a s t? 1 . 2 P ha se 5 : t h ee ar ly I r on A ge r oundhou se 1 . 3 P ha se 6 : t h ed un 1 . 4 P ha se 7 : t h e ' b roch ' 1 . 5 L a ter P ha se 7& P ha se 8 1 . 6 F ind s ( I ) : t h ep o t te ry 1 . 7 F ind s ( 2 ) : o t her a r tef ac t s 2 . D i scus s ion

2 18 2 18 2 18 2 19 2 19 2 19 2 19 2 20 2 20 2 21 i v

Gurne s s HY32 2 1 . D e scr ip t ion 1 . 1 T he h i s tory o ft h es i te a se s tab l i shed b ye xca va t ion 1 . 2 T he b roch

2 27 2 27 2 27 2 28

1 . 3 F ea ture s i n s id et h eb roch 1 . 4 T he o u tbu i ld ing s 1 . 5 T he ma in e n t rance 1 . 4 T he o u ter d ef ence s 2 . T he f i nds 2 . 1 B ronze

2 29 2 29 2 29 2 30 2 30 2 30

2 . 2 F i red c l ay 2 . 3 G la ss 2 . 4 S tone 2 . 5 B one 2 . 6 P o t tery 3 . D i scuss ion 3 . 1 G enera l 3 . 2 T he s t ruc ture o ft h eb roch

2 30 2 30 2 30 2 30 2 30 2 31 2 31 2 31

3 . 3 3 . 4 3 . 5

T he o u tbu i ld ing sa nd o u ter d ef ence s C on t inu i ty b e tween t h et wo p ha se s Da t ing

2 32 2 32 2 32

M idhowe HY33 1 1 . D e scr ip t ion 1 . 1 S i te s equence d educed b yt h ee xca va tor 1 . 2 T he g ene ra ls i tua t ion o ft h es i te 1 . 3 T he a rch i tec ture o ft h eb roch 1 . 4 S econdary a l tera t ion st ot h eb roch 1 . 5 T he o u tbu i ld ing s 1 . 6 T he o u ter d ef ence s

2 33 2 33 2 33 2 33 2 33 2 36 2 37 2 37

2 . T he f i nds 3 . D i scus s ion 3 . 1 S i te s equence 3 . 2 Ad i f f e ren tv i ew 3 . 3 Ma ter ia lc u l ture

2 37 2 38 2 38 2 40 2 40

B urr ian 5( Nor th R ona ld say ) HY75 1 1 . D e scr ip t ion 2 . D i scus s ion 2 . 1 T he ' r ever se s carcmen t ' 2 . 2 T he i n t ra -mura lg a l lery 2 . 3 S t ra t ig raphy

2 55 2 56 2 56 2 56 2 56

Howmae HY75 3 1 . T he s i te 2 . D i scus s ion 3 . F inds

2 58 2 58 2 59

B ib l iography

3 70

Append ix L i s to fi d en t if ica t ion s o fi lu s t ra ted f i nd s

3 76

V

P ref ace T he S co t t i sh b r och - s ymbo l i sed b yt h e l o ne ly t ow e ro n Mou sa i s l and i nS he t land ( I l l . 2 . 1) - h a s , s i nce t h e e a r ly y ea r s o ft h e 1 8t h c en tu ry ,e x c i t ed t h ec u r io s i ty o fa r cha eo log i s t s ,a n t iqua r ie sa nd l a yp e r son sa l ik e . T he g r ea tp i le so fr u bb le o r t h e g r een m ound s c ove r ing t h e i rm a s s iv er u in sa r e e ve rywhe r et ob e s e en i nt h ew e s t er na nd n o r ther ni s l and sa nd i nt h e n o r th -ea s ter n c oun t ie s o fC a i thne s s a nd S u th e r land , o f t en i nu p land p l a ce s w he r e t h e r e a r e f ew o t h e r s i gn s o fh uman h ab i ta t ion . I n d eed p a r t o ft h e f a sc ina t ion o ft h e b r och s i st h a t t h e se a bundan t s i gn s o fd ynam ic h uman e ne rgy a nd o r gan i sa t ion a r e c oncen t ra t ed i nt h e m a r i t im e r e g ion o ft h e f a rn o r th a nd w e s t o fS co t land w h ich - u n t i lt h e d i scov e ry o f o i l f o cu s sed a t ten t ion o n t h e i mpo r tance o ft h e s e a a ga in - s e emed r emo t e i ne ve ry s e n se f r om t h e c en t r e s o f p opu la t ion o ft h em oder n UK . When t h e m a son ry i se xpo sed i ti sm a s s ive a nd w hen a r ch i t ec tu ra l f e a tu r e s c an b e s e en t h ey a r e s u rp r i s ing ly s oph i s t i ca t ed - p onde rou s e n t ran ce p a s sag e s w i th m a s s ive f l a t l i n t e l s a nd d oo r -check s a nd b a r -ho le s , c o rbe l led c hambe r s a nd l o ng g a l le r ie s i n s ide t h ew a l l s a sw e l la sv a r iou s o t he ro pen ing st h ep u rpo se o fw h ich i sn o t i mmed ia te ly a ppa r en t . We r e i tn o t f o rt h e f a c t t h a t t h e b u i ld ing s a r e a lway s r o und , a nd t h a t t h e s t one i si n va r iab ly d r y ( w i thou t a b i nd ing m o r ta ro fa ny k i nd ) o n em igh tt h ink o n ew a sd ea l ing w i th aMed ieva lc a s t le o fs ome k i nd . Y e tt h e se b u i ld ing s a r ea tl e a s t at h ou sand y ea r so l de rt h an t h e Med ieva lp e r iod a nd b e long t ot h ep r eh i s to r ic I r on A g e . B roch s i n d eed m ay b e f a i r ly d e sc r ibed a so ne o fh umank ind 's g r ea t e s t a ch iev emen t s i nd r y s t one b u i ld ing - p e rhap s t h eg r ea te s ta ch iev emen t -a nd t h ey t h u sp r e sen tt h e i n te r e s t ed e nqu i r e rw i th ap rob lem . I nt h ed eve lopm en to fE u rope a nd t h e Med i t e r ranean s i nce a nc ien tt i me s m a jo ra dvan ce s i na r ch i tec tu r e -l i ke N eo l i th ic c hambe r ed t omb s , I r on A g e h i l lf o r t s a nd R oman a nd Med ieva l r e l ig iou s a nd m i l i ta ry b u i ld ing s -h av e o n t h e w ho le o ccu r r ed a mong t h e m o r e a dvanced s o c ie t ie s o ft h e C on t inen t a nd b een i mpo r ted t ot h e B r i t i sh I s le s . Y e t t h e b roch s a ppea r ed i nt h e e x t r eme n o r th a nd n o r th -w e s to fS co t land ; t h e r ei sn o th ing r emo te ly l i k et h em a nywhe r ee l se . H ow d i dt h i sc ome a bou t ? Why d i dt h ep e r iod b e tw een a bou t 1 00BC a nd AD 1 00 s e et h i sg r ea tf l owe r ing o fs k i l l si no rgan i sa t ion a nd b u i ld ing? Mo r eov e ri ti sn o tj u s tt h eb u i ld ing st h a td emand a ten t ion . C a r ef u l e x cava t ion h a sr e pea t ed ly s hown t h a tt h e r e a ppea r w i th t h e se s t ru c tu r e s aw ho le r a ng e o fm anuf a c tu r ed i t em s -p o t t e r y , m e ta lwo rk , b one a nd s t one t o o l s -w h ich a r en o t f o und i ne a r l ie rc u l tu r e s a nd w h ich m o r e o rl e s s c omp le t e ly d i sappea rw i th t h e f i na l a bandonm en t o ft h e b roch s i t e s a t a bou t t h e m idd le o ft h e f i r s t m i l lenn ium , o n t h e e v e o ft h e h i s to r ic p e r iod . T he r e a r e a l so s i gn s t h a t m o r e a dvan ced e conom ic p r a c t ice s w e r e i n t rodu ced a tt h e s am e t i me - t h a t t h e b ro ch s w e r e i nf a c t t h e f o r t if i ed f a rmhou se s o ft r iba l c h ief s a nd s ub -ch ief s e a ch o fw hom h ad a n ' e s ta t e ' w i th m any o r d ina ry t r iba l f am i l ie s w o rk ing o n i ta nd o w ing h im a leg ian ce . S i gn s a r e a l so a ppea r ing t h a t a no the rp r ima ry f u n c t ion o ft h e b roch m ay a l so h ave b een t oa c t ( u nd e rt h e g u idance o fi t sr e s iden t c h ie f ) a s ar e d i s t r ibu t ion c en t r e i nw h ich s u rp lu s g r a in a nd o t he r f o od s tuf f s c ou ld b e s t o r ed a ga in s tt i m e so fh a rd sh ip ,o rt oa low w a r l ik ee xped i t ion st ob em oun t ed . C lea r ly t h e r e a r e m any q ue s t ion s t oa s k a bou t t h e b roch c u l tu r e b u t , a st h a t f o und ing f a the r o fS co t t i sh a r cha eo logy J o seph A nd e r son m a in ta ined w e l l o ve r ac en tu ry a go - t h e f i r s t r e qu i r emen t i st oc o l lec t t h e f a c t s t o g e th e r ( G raham 1 976 ) ; w i thou t h av ing a l t h e r e levan t f a c t s i ti sd if i cu l t t od o m o r e t h an s p ecu la t e . O ne c u r iou s f a c t i st h a t m o s t w r i t e r s a bou t b roch s i nt h e p a s t h av e t e nded t or e ly f o r t h e i r c onc lu s ion s o n ar e la t iv e ly s ma l l n umbe r o fw e l l k nown s i t e s ; a pa r t f r om t h e w o rk o ft h e R oya l C omm i s s ion o n t h e A nc ien t a nd H i s to r ica l Monumen t s o fS co t land ( t he l a s t I n ven to ry o fw h ich t od e sc r ibe m any b r och s a ppea r ed i n1 946 ) t h e r e h a s n eve rb een as y s t ema t ic a t t emp tt oc o l la te a l t h e a va i lab le d a ta a bou tb r och s e ve rywhe r e a nd t h e f i nd s m ad e i nt h em . T h i s i so ne o ft h e t a sk s Is e tm y se lf i n1 96 1 s oon a f t e r Ic ame t o S co t land a nd t h i s v o lum e i st h e f i r s t h a lf o ft h e r e su l t . B e ing as i ng le -hand ed w o rk i tw i l l i n ev i tab ly h ave f l aw s - i np a r t icu la r al o tm o r ew o rk c ou ld h av eb een d one o nt h eb ro ch f i nd s i nm u seum s- b u ti ti s as t a r t . I ts hou ld b e n o ted t h a t S ec t ion s 1a nd 2w e r e o r ig ina l ly w r i t t en a sc hap t e r s f o r ab ook . E ven tua l ly i tb ecame o bv iou s t h a t s u ch ab ook w ou ld b e b e t t e r p o s tponed u n t i l s ome th ing l i k e t h i s C o rpu s h ad a ppea r ed . O th e rw i se s u ch aw o rk w ou ld h av et oh ave b een c l ogg ed w i th h i the r to u npub l i shed p r ima ry d a ta , a nd t h u sb ev e ry l a rge , o ri tw ou ld b eo pen t o t h e c r i t ic i sm t h a tt h e r ew e r et o o m any u n sub s tan t ia t ed g ene ra l i sa t ion s a nd n o te nough h a rd s uppo r t ing d a ta . I ts e emed ag ood i d ea t oi n t rodu ce t h i s C o rpu s w i th t h o se c hap te r s ; t h e f i r s t d e sc r ibe s o u rb e s t p r e se rved b r och i nd e ta i l , i nt h e f o rm o f ag u ided t o u r , i no r d e rt og e t ap r e l im ina ry i d ea o ft h e b u i ld ing s w h i le t h e s e cond o u t l ine st h e d eve lopmen t o f b roch s t ud ie ss i nce t h e 1 6t hc en tu ry . E uan W . Ma cK ie May 1 3t h2 002

v i

I ndex o f s i te n ames T he n ames i n CAP ITALS a r et h ep r ima ry n ame su sed h e re ;t h e c od ing i s I t a l ic s= p os s ib le b roch s r oman =p robab le o rd ef in i te b roch s u nder l ined = o t he rb roch l ike s i te s b o ld = s em ib roch s u nd er l ined i t a l ic s =r oundhou se s a nd w hee lhou se s N ame s i nl owe rc a se a r e R oman a l ter na t ives a nd a r e s hown w i th t h er e levan ts i te c ode .

S he t land

HU54 HU69 HU43 HU58

1 1 1 3

A ITH A ith A ITHSETTER Ayw ick

HP51 HP60 HP60 HP60 HP60 HU25 HP50 HU30 HU36 HP50 HU25 HU25 HP50 HU43 HU25 HU43 HU42 HU41 HU15 HU35 HU47 HU41 HU42 HU15 HU25 HU54 HU56 HU33 HU54 HP60 HU24 HU45 HU59 HU56 HU41 HP50 HP50 HU69 HU59

1 1 1 2 2 1 6 3 2 1 3 3 5 1 2 2 1 3 1 3 2 5 4 2 8 2 1 1 1 1 6 3 1 3 4 5 5 2 2

BALIASTA 1 BALIASTA 2 B a l ias ton BALTA B a lta I s le B roch BAY OF GARTH B e l mont B et ty Mowa t 's C rof t B rae BREI WICK B r ind ib ister Voe BRINDISTER VOE B roch Ho lm o f L undaw ick B roch o f A ithset ter B roch o f B rousta B roch o f Bur land B roch o f Burra land B roch o f Da lset ter B roch o f E aster B roch o f Hou l land B roch o f I nf ie ld B roch o f L evenw ick B roch o f Ma i l B roch o f Ness B roch o ' S et ter BROUG H I BROUG H 3 B rough B rough B rough B rough B rough B rough o f Burraness B rough Geo B rough Head BRO UG H HOL M B rough Ho lm o f L undaw ick B rough o f Houb ie BRO UG H LODGE v i i

HP60 HU25 HU25 HU37 HU36 HP61 HU46 HU25 HU25 HU56 HU33 HU43 HU42 HU34 HU59 HU36 HU57 HU38 HU57 HU42 HU24 HU24 HU45 HU45 HU34 HU31

3 2 3 1 1 1 1 4 9 4 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 1 1 8

BRO UG H T AING BRO USTA B rund ib ister Voe BURGA N BURGASTOO BURGAR STACK BURGAR WATER 1 BURGA WATER 2 B urgh o f Burraf ir th Burgh o f Hogset ter BURLA ND 1 BURLAND 2 B urn o f A ith BURRA HOL M BURRA NESS BURRAVOE 1 BURRAVOE 2 BURRA VOE Burra Voe BURRALAND 1 BURRALAND 2 BURRASTO W BURRIA N I BURRIA N 2 BUR W ICK HOL M BYRELA NDS

HU46 HU41 HU44 HU44 HU44 HU44 HU42 HU41 HU45 HP60 HP50 HU25 HU54 HU24 HU24 HU25

2 1 1 l a l b l c 2 2 2 3 4 5 3 3 3 5

CHAPEL KNO WE CLEVIGARTH CLICKHI MIN CLICKHI MIN CLIC KHI MIN CLICKHI MIN CLODIE KNO WE CLU MLIE CORN HOL M C roon o ' d e U ra CR UNESS CULERYIN LOCH CULLINGSB URGH Cu l lsw ick CULS W ICK C um is B rough p oss ib le? ?

HU41 HU35 HU39 HU41 HU41 HU27 HU42

3 1 1 4 4 a 2 5

DALSETTER EAST BURRA F IRTH E as ter Wick EASTSHORE EASTSHORE E sha Ness EVERGLA DES NORTH

HU69 HU69 HU39 HP50 HP51 HU24 HU47

1 1 1 1 2 4 1

FEAL , F ea l B roch FETHLA ND F i l lacomb P o in t F lubersgerd ie FOOTABRO UG H FUGLA NESS

HP60 HU45 HP50 HU42 HU58 HU49 HP50 HU33

2 4 3 2 1 2 2 3

Geo o f t he B rough GLETNESS G loup Gord GOSSABROUGH GRA VELA ND GREENBA NK GR UNASO UND

HU28 HU44 HU48 HU67 HU35 HU25 HU41 HU44 HU27 HP50 HU27 HU34 HU45 HU45 HU45 HU25 HU47 HU25 HU69 HU35 HU34

1 2 1 1 2 6 5 3 1 6 4 4 1 6 5 4 3 9 2 3 5

HA MNAVOE HA WK'S NESS HEA D OF BRO UG H HEA D OF GR UNAY HEGLIBISTER 1 HEGLIBISTER 2 He lm HEOGA N HILLS WICK HOGA NESS Hoga land HOGALA ND Ho lm o f B enston HOL M OF BENS TON HOUSABISTER Ho lm o f Burga Wa ter HOL M OF COPISTER , Ho lm o f Hebr ista HOUBIE HO ULLA ND HO ULLA NDS

HU47 2 HU36 3

I NFIELD I SLESB URG H

HU30 1 ** HU30 l a

J ARLSHOF J ARLSHOF

HP50 HU27 HP50 HU42

7 1 3 3

K IRKABY K irk L och K IRKS KNO WE OF HOULLA ND

HU41 HU41 HU33 HU24

5 5 a 4 1

LEVEN WICK LEVEN WICK L INGA L och o f B re ib is ter

HU43 HU31 HU37 HU27 HU15 HU56 HU58 HP50 HU45 HU15 HU45 HU31

3 1 3 2 1 4 2 9 7 2 4 2

LOCH OF BR INDISTER , LOCH OF BRO W LOCH OF BURRALA ND LOCH OF HOULLAND LOCH OF HUXTER 1 LOCH OF HUXTER 2 LOCH OF KETTLESTER L och o f S na B roch LOCH OF STAVA NESS LOCH OF WATSNESS L onga S kerr ies LUNABISTER

HU42 HU37 HU42 HU42 HU25 HU15 HP50

4 4 6 6 a 2 3 8

MAIL MARKI NESS MOUSA MO USA Muck le B rous ta M UCKLE HEOGA N M USSELB URG H

HU30 HU34 HU58 HU16 HU37 HP51 HU38 HU54 HU25

2 3 1 1 1 2 1 4 7

NESS OF BURGI NESS OF BUR WICK Ness o f Gossabrough NORTH BA NK Nor th G luss NORTH GEO OF BRO UG H Nor th Roe NOSS SOUND NO UNSBOROUG H

HU31 HU31 HY37 HU37

3 4 2 5

OLD HO USE OF BRO W OLD SCATNESS O lnesf ir th ORBISTER

HP40 1 HU24 5

P IGEON HELLIE P INHO ULLA ND

HU45 HU31 HU31 HU68

8 5 7 1

RAILSB URG H Rhu-A l len Rob in 's B rae RUIR T AING

HU27 HU27 HP60 HP61 HU69 HU56 HU43 HU30 HU31 HU31 HU31 HU33 HP50 HU59 HP50 HU59 HU33 HU41

3 3 4 2 1 3 4 3 4 5 6 5 9 3 9 3 6 6

SAE BRECK S aebr ig S A ND WICK ST . JO HN 'S CHURCH S t . Rognva ld 's S a lt Ness SCALLO WAY SCATNESS S ca tness SCO USEB URG H SKELBERRY SKEO HILL S nabrough S na B rough SNA BROCH 1 SNA BROCH 2 SO UND OF MEAL SOUTHVOE

HU56 HU58 HU25 HU31 HU56

2 3 8 4 3

STAVA NESS STOAL STO URA BRO UG H S u mburgh A irpor t SY MBISTER

HU30 HU34 HU48 HU45 HU37 HU27 HU35

3 5 2 3 2 5 3

The A ith T he B rough T he B rough T he Burr ian THE CU MLINS THE HA MARS , Tumb l in

HP50 1 0 HU43 4 HP61 3

UNDERHOULL Upper S ca l loway URA GEO

HP50 HU46 HU31 HU25

8 3 4 7

Uyeasound V IDLIN V irk ie Voe o f C lousta

HU45 HU31 HU27 HU33 HU25 HU27 HU25 HU48 HU24 HU49

9 7 4 1 9 4 1 0 2 6 1

WA DBISTER NESS WARD HILL West Ayre WEST BURRA WEST BURRA F IRTH WEST HOGALA ND WEST HO ULLA ND WEST S A ND W ICK WESTER SKELD WIND HO USE

ND49 ND49 HY21 HY21 HY31 HY31 HY75 HY31 HY31 HY31 HY74

1 2 2 3 4 5 1 2 4 4 4

BURRAY EAST BURRAY WEST BURR IAN 1 BURR IAN 2 BURRIA N 3 BURRIA N 4 BURR IAN 5 BURRIA N ( ex ists?) Burr ian b roch , Harray Burr ian , Corr iega l l Burr ian , L opness

HY21 HY21 HY52 HY38 HY21 HY74

2 3 1 1 1 4

Burr ian b roch , Russ land Burr ian , L och o f Harray BURROUGHSTON BURRO WSTONE Burw ick Buryan

HY21 HY53 HY50 HY38 HY21 HY44 HY44 HY44 HY31 HY74 HY21 HY64 HY63 HY21

6 1 2 4 4 2 2 2 3 6 9 1 4 5

C a irston CALF OF EDAY CA MPSTON CA NTICK HEA D CASTLE BLOODY 1 CASTLE OF BOTHICAN Cas t le o f Both ikan C ast le o ' Mi l lyemay Chape l Knowe CHAPEL OF ANSTON C lum l ie COLLI NESS C roos o f Neb ister CU M M I HO WE

Orkney

HY32 2 HY2I 8 HY40 1

A ikerness A n on AYRE

HY631 HY50 9 HY62 4 HY41 1 HY21 1 3 HY31 1 HY31 1 HY52 1 HY21 1 HY74 1 HY20 1 HY50 1 HY63 2 HY20 3 HY41 1 HY21 1 HY32 1 HY21 2 HY63 3 ND49 7 HY31 1 6 HY52 2 HY21 1 3 HY21 9 ND49 5 HY403 HY44 1 HY48 1 HY20 4 HY20 4 a HY32 1 HY32 1 HY31 3

BACKASKA ILL BACKLA ND BENNI CU ML BERSTA NE B igg ing B IG HO WE B ighowe Borrows ton BOR WICK BRACE GARTH BRAEBISTER BRAEB USTER BRAEHO WAR BRECKNESS B r iston B roch o f Borw ick B roch o f Burgar B roch o f Harray B roch o f L amaness B rough o f On tof t B roch o f R ed land B roch o ' S te iro BROUGH OF B IGGING B rough o f C lum ly B rough o f Hoxay B roch o f Wa rbu s te r BRO UG H BRO UG H FAR M BU BU ( Phase 2 ) BURGAR Burgher BURNESS

HY50 3 HY75 2 HY50 4 i x

DEERNESS CHURCH DENNIS NESS D INGIESHO WE

1Y50 4 HY41 3

D ingy 's Howe D iscrow

ND49 HY63 HY63 HY50 HY50

E ast b roch o f Burray ELSNESS E is Ness Eve 's Howe Ev ie Howe

1 5 5 1 1

HY31 6

F INSTO WN

HY31 HY63 HY20 HY39 HY38 ND39 HY32

5 8 2 1 2 2 2

Gar th GREEN HILL GREEN H ILL GREEN HILL GREEN HILL GREEN HILL GURNESS

HY42 HY73 ND49 HY21 HY31 HY31 HY41 HY41 HY62 HY30 HY52 HY51 HY44 HY44 HY21 HY63 HY51 ND49 HY50 HY31 HY50 HY75 ND49 HY62

1 1 4 2 7 1 5 2 8 1 1 1 1 3 4 6 6 1 5 5 8 9 3 6 2

HALL OF RENDALL HA NGI HEA D HARRA BRO UG H Harray HARRAY CHURCH Harray Churchyard HATSTON HELLIAR HOL M HILLOCK OF BAY WEST HILLOCK OF BRECKNA H i l lock o ' Burroughston H i l lock o f Howe HODGALEE HOOR NESS Howe o f Howe HO WE FAR M HO WE HILL HO WE OF HOXA HO WE OF LA NGSKAILL HO WEN BROCH How ie o ' Back land HO W MAE HUNDA HUNTON

1 2 3 OF HESTI GEO OF SCAR TON

HY64 2 HY64 2 HY31 9

I CEGARTH I cegar th C ast le I NGSHO WE

HY31 HY44 HY31 HY42 HY31 HY44 HY41 HY32 HY31 HY45 HY42 HY44 HY21 HY32

K IRK OF CLEATON KNOLL OF SKULZIE KNO WE OF BOSQ UOY KNO WE OF BURRIA N Knowe o f Burr ian KNO WE OF BURR ISTAE KNO WE OF DISHERO Knowe o f G rugar KNO WE OF GULLO W K IRK OF HO WE KNO WE OF HUNCLETT KNO WE OF QUEEN 0 ' HO WE KNO WE OF REDLA ND KNO WE OF RYO

1 0 7 1 6 5 5 3 3 1 2 2 7 6 8 3

HY44 HY22 HY32 HY32 HY22 HY21 ND49

9 1 4 8 6 1 2 3

KNO WE OF SKEA KNO WE OF SKOGAR KNO WE OF STENSO KNO WE OF SWANDRO Know o ' T af t Knowe o f Verron KYELITTLE

HY48 HY62 HY63 HY40 HY40 HY44 HY40 HY21 HY21 HY22 HY22 HY43 HY41

2 3 3 2 2 2 1 3 9 2 3 1 9

L ady Weem 's Cast le LA MB HEA D LA MA NESS L INGRO L ingrow L inks o f Moc let t L och o f Ayre L och o f Bosquoy LOCH OF CL U MLY LOCH OF HUNDLA ND LOCH OF I SBISTER L och o f S cockness LOCH OF WESTHILL

HY64 HY33 HY44 HY32 HY20 HY20 ND47 HY45

3 1 2 5 5 5 1 3

MARYGARTH MA NSE MIDHO WE Mi l lymay MITHO USE Monkerhouse Monkers G reen M UCKLE SKERRY Munkerhoose

HY20 HY20 HY63 HY42 HY52 HY42 HY31 HY31 HY31 HY74 HY41 HY33 HY22

4 4 4 7 2 3 1 3 5 1 4 2 4 2 7

Navershaw Navershough NEBISTER NESS OF BORAY NESS OF ORK NESS OF WOOD WICK NETHER HO USE Netherbrough NETLATER NE WARK NORTH ETT IT NORTH HO WE NORTON

HY38 HY31 HY22 HY22 HY31

3 1 5 4 4 6

OUTER GREEN HILL OVERBROUG H OXTRO W Ox tro Oyce

HY74 3 HY44 8 HY74 4

PETERKIRK P IERO WALL QUARRY POINT OF BURYA N

HY41 5 HY44 6 HY50 9

QUA NTERNESS Queena Howe Quoybur ing

HY31 1 6 HY50 6 a HY50 6 b

REDLAND R IGGAN OF KA M I R IGGA N OF KA M!

HY50 5 HY64 4

Round Howe Runna C le t t

HY 4 53 HY40 1 HY31 1 7 HY31 1 8 HY45 1 HY64 4 HY21 1 0 HY43 1 HY43 2 HY22 5 HY63 5 ND49 7 HY21 1 HY21 11 HY52 2 HY31 1 6 HY20 5 HY20 5

S T . BON IFACE CHURCH S t . Mary 's Holm ST . M ARY 'S K IRK 1 ST . MARY 'S K IRK 2 ST . TRED WELL'S CHAPEL SCAR SCARRATAING SCOCKNESS 1 SCOCKNESS 2 SKEABRAE Sma l l B rough SM IDDYBA NKS STACKR UE S taker -row STEIRO S t ir l ingo STRO MNESS S tromness Churchyard

HY22 6 HY43 1

T AFT T af t o ' F arrac le t t

HY44 HY50 HY50 HY33 HY31 HY31 HY52 HY21 HY21 HY21 HY63 HY28 HY42 HY42 HY40 HY74 HY74 HY74

1 0 7 8 4 1 2 6 2 6 6 a 6 b 7 1 4 4 3 5 5 5

T AFTS T A NKERNESS I T A NKERNESS 2 THE BURRIA N T he Cast le T he H i l lock T he H i l lock THE HO WE , P hase 7 THE HO WE , P hase 5 THE HO WE , P hase 6 THE KNO WES THE SKEO T h ing 's Vo l l T ING WALL TOFTS TOFTS NESS T of tsness T af t 's Ness

HY21 HY32 HY32 HY32

1 2 6 9 7

VERRON 2 VERRON 1 V IERA LODGE V INQ UIN

HY20 HY73 HY73 HY73 HY42 HY48 HY64 ND49 HY33 HY41 HY41

5 2 2 2 5 2 5 2 3 6 7

Warebeth C emetery Wassa Wasshow WASSO WASS WICK WEE MS CASTLE WESTBRO UG H West b roch o f Burray WEST S IDE WIDEFORD HILL WORK

x i

T he i lu s t ra t ion sl i s ted T he l i ne d r aw ing sa nd p ho tog raph s a r e , w i th t h e e xcep t ion o ft h e F ron t i sp iece , n umbe red i n s equence s o fI lu s t ra t ion s f o re ach o ft h et e nS ec t ion t h a tm ake u pt h et wo v o lume s o ft h i sw o rk . T hu st ho se f o rS ec t ion 1a r en umbe r ed 1 . 1 , 1 . 2 , e t c . , t h o se f o rS ec t ion 2 ,2 . 1 ,2 . 2 e t c . , a nd s oo n . T he S ec t ion sa r ea sf o l low s . V o lume 1 S ec t ion S ec t ion S ec t ion S ec t ion S ec t ion

1 2 3 4 5

V o lume 2 I n t roduc t ion T he T owe ro n Mou sa I s land AH i s to ry o fB roch R e sea rch T he S he t land I s land s T he O rkney I s land s

S ec t ion S ec t ion S ec t ion S ec t ion S ec t ion

6 7 8 9 1 0

C a i thne s sa nd S u the r land T he We s tC oa s ta nd I nne rH eb r ide s T he O u te rH eb r ide s T he C en t ra la nd S ou the rn Ma in land G ene ra ld i scu s s ion

A l i s t o f a l l t h e i lu s t ra t ion s , w i th s ho r tened c ap t ion s , i sg i ven h e r e . A t t h e e nd o f e ach f u l l c ap t ion , u nde r t h e i lu s t ra t ion s t h em se lve s , i s t h e a u tho r 's n ega t ive n umbe r f o r t h e p ho tog raph c once rned i n as qua r e b racke t ( t he se n ega t ive sw i l lu l t ima te ly b ed epo s i ted w i th t h eN a t iona l Monumen t sR eco rd i nE d inbu rgh ) . F o r c onven ience o fc ompa r i son mo s to ft h ep l an s o ft h eu nexcava ted b roch s a nd a l l ied s i te s a r e g i ven h e re a t as ca le o f 1 : 600 , w h i le t h o se w h ich h ave b een e xcava ted o ro t herw i se r e co rded i n mo r e d e ta i l a r e a t1 : 300 o r 1 : 150 . T he g r ea t ma jo r i ty o ft ho se i nt h e f o rme rc a tego ry a r et ho se p r epa red a nd p ub l i shed b yt h e R oya lC omm i s s ion o nt h eA nc ien ta nd H i s to r ica l Monumen t s o f S co t land a nd a l l t h e se h ave t h e i r C rown c opy r igh t r e served . O the r s c ome f r om t h e P roceed ing so ft h eS oc ie ty o fA n t iqua r ie so fS co t land a nd f r om A rchaeo log ia S co t ica A f ew c ome f r om p ub l ica t ion so f t h e v a r iou sp redece s so r s o fH i s to r ic S co t land a nd t h eC rown c opy r igh to ft h e l a t te ri sa l so r e se rved . Ia m v e ry g ra tef u l t ot h e se v a r iou sb od ie sf o rp e rm i s s ion t or ep roduce .

F ron t i sp iece D raw ing o ft h eB roch o f L evenw ick , S he t land ( HU4 1 5 ) , a f t e ri t se xcava t ion b yG i lbe r tG oud ie i n1 869 .

S ec t ion 1 : I lu s tra t ion s

5 -6

1 . 1 Map o fS co t land w i th t h eO rdnance S u rvey g r id s upe r impo sed t os how h ow t h eb roch n umbe r ing s y s tem w o rk s . 1 . 2 D iag ram t os how h ow t h es t ruc tu r eo f ah ypo the t ica ls t anda rd b roch c an b ed i v ided i n to v a r iou ss t o rey so rL eve l s .

S ec t ion 2 : I lu s tra t ion s 2 . 1 2 . 2 2 . 3 2 . 4 2 . 5 2 . 6 2 . 7 2 . 8

2 0 -26

Mou sa b roch , S he t land i n1 987 . V iew f r om a l ong t h es ho re . E leva t ion o f Mou sa w i th t wo h ypo the t ica lc r o s ss e c t ion sb yG eo rge L ow i n1 774 . S i rH . D ryden 's 1 866 p l an o f Mou sa . S i rH . D ryden 's 1 866 p l an o f Mou sa a tt h e t op a nd a t1 7f t .u p . S i rH . D ryden 's 1 866 c r o s ss e c t ion so f Mou sa b roch . S i rH . D ryden 's 1 866 c r o s ss e c t ion so f Mou sa b roch . S i rH . D ryden 's 1 866 l o ng i tud ina ls e c t ion so ft h eh o l low -wa l l s t ruc tu re o f Mou sa b roch , w i th ag ene ra l v i ew b e low . Mou sa ( HU42 5 ) , i n1 987 . V iew o f t h e l owe s t mu ra lg a l le ry .

S ec t ion 3 : I lus tra t ion s 3 . 1 3 . 2 3 . 3 3 . 4 3 . 5 3 . 6

4 5 -55

T he R oman t emp le k nown a sA r thu r 's O 'on n ea rF a lk i rk : a ne a r ly le c en tu ry d raw ing made b ef o re i t sd e s t ruc t ion i n1 743 . A lexande rG o rdon 's d raw ing so fD un T e lve a nd D un T roddan b roch s ,n ea r G lene lg , I nver ne s s sh i r e ,c .1 720 . T he ' Dan ish f o r t s ' i n G len B eag , n ea r G lene lg - D un T e lve a nd D un T roddan - a sd rawn f o r T homa s P ennan t a f t e r h i s 1 772 v i s i t . D un T e lve b roch i n1 986 , s how ing t h ei n ne rf a ce o ft h er ema in ing t a l l p a r t . T he b roch o fD un B eag , S kye a ss e en b yP ennan ti n1 772 . D un B eag b roch i n1 985 .

x i i

3 . 7 3 . 8 3 . 9 3 . 10 3 . 11 3 . 12 3 . 13 3 . 14

B a ck ie sb roch , S u the r land ; s k e tche so ft h ep l an a nd e l eva t ion s t ruc tu re b yJ . J . Wo r saae d u r ing h i sv i s i tt oS co t land i n1 848 . B a ck ie sb roch i n1 985 s how ing t h ei n ne re nd o ft h ee n t rance p a s sage a nd t h ed oo rt ot h em u ra lc e l lt oi t sr i gh t . P l an o fK e t t lebu rn b roch , C a i thne s sm ade a f t e rt h ee xcava t ion so fS i rH . R h ind i n1 853 . C ap t . FW LT homa s ' s u rvey o fD un B a rabha ti nL ew i s . D iag ram so fS a rd in ian n uraghe , f r om A nde r son 1 883 . K e i s sS ou th b roch ,t h e ' Ha rbou r Mound ' ) u nde re xcava t ion b yS i rF .T r e s sB a r ry i n1 893 . Map o f t h e ' A t lan t ic rd B c u l tu re s ' a f t e rT homa s 1 963 . Two h i s tog ram sw h ich c ompa r e( by m ean so ft h eC h i S qua r ed t e s t )t h ed i s tance o fS he t land b roch s i t e sf r om t h es e aw i th t h e s ame d i s tance o f as e to fr a ndom ly c ho sen p o in t s.

S ec t ion 4 : I lu s tra t ion s 4 . 1 4 . 2 4 . 3 4 . 4 4 . 5 4 . 6 4 . 7 4 . 8 4 . 9 4 . 10 4 . 11 4 . 12 4 . 13 4 . 14 4 . 15 4 . 16 4 . 17 4 . 18 4 . 19 4 . 20 4 . 2 1 4 . 22 4 . 23 4 . 24 4 . 25 4 . 26 4 . 27 4 . 28 4 . 29 4 . 30 4 . 31 4 . 32 4 . 33 4 . 34 4 . 35 4 . 36 4 . 37 4 . 38 4 . 39 4 . 40 4 . 4 1 4 . 42 4 . 43 4 . 44 4 . 45 4 . 46

1 2 1-2 12

T op ,p l an o fH oga N e s s( Be lmon t ) : b o t tom , p l an o fU nde rhou l l . H oga N e s s( Be lmon t )i n1 963. G ene ra lv i ew o fb roch m ound w i th t h em ound so ft h eo u te rd ef ence si nt h ef o r eg round . U nde rhou l li n1 963 . T he o u te rd ef ence s . L och o fH ux te ri n1 963 . D is tan tv i ew w i th t r a ce so fo u two rk si np rof i le . L och o fH ux te ri n1 963 . P a r to ft h em u ra lc e l l w i th p o le a te nd o fb roch m a son ry . C u l sw ick i n1 987 , d i s tan tv i ew . T op ,p l an o fC u l sw ick . B o t tom , p l an o f We s tB u r ra F i r th . C u l sw ick i n1 963 : c l o se -up o fo u te rw a l lw i th e n t r ance a nd t r iangu la rl i n te l . C u l sw ick i n1 987 . I n s ide t h el i n te l led e n t rance p a s sage l o ok ing i n . C u l sw ick i n1 987 . I n s ide t h ev o id o ve rt h ee n t rance p a s sage , l o ok ing t owa rd st h ei n te r io r . C u l sw ick i n1 963 .T he c hambe ro ve rt h el i n te l led e n t rance p a s sage s e en f r om t h ei n te r io r . C u l sw ick i n1 987 . V iew d own i n to m u ra lc e l l . C u lsw ick i n1 987 . V iew a c ro s st h ei n te r io rl o ok ing t owa rd st h ev o id o ve rt h ee n t rance p a s sage . C u l sw ick i n1 987 . V iew f r om t h eb roch t oo u te rw a l lo nt h es ou th -we s ts i de . We s tB u r ra F i r th i n1 987 . G ene ra l v i ew f r om s e awa rd s i de w i th p o le i nf r on to fl ef tg ua rd c e l l . We s t B u r ra F i r th i n1 987 . V iew f r om t h e i n te r io r t ow a rd s t h e e n t rance ; t h e p o le i sr e s t ing o n t h e s c a r cemen t w h ich r un s a c ro s st h ei n ne rmo s tl i n te l . We s t B u r ra F i r th i n 1 987 . T he s c a rcemen t l e dge i nt h e i n ne r w a l lf a ce ( po le l y ing o n i t )w i th an a r row d oo r i nt h e i n ne r w a l lf a ce i mmed ia te ly b e low i t . We s t B u r ra F i r th i n 1 987 . U p r igh t s l ab i ni n ne r w a l l f a ce a t 9o ' c lock , f o rm ing t h e s i de o fv o id o r d oo rway a bove t h e s c a r cemen t( wh ich i si n v is ib le ) . We s tB u r ra F i r th i n1 987 . T he l e f tg ua rd c e l lw i th d oo rl i n te lt ot h ee n t rance p a s sage v i s ib le a tb o t tom ( b e low t h ep o le ) . We s tB u r ra F i r th i n1 987 . I n s ide t h er a ised i n t ra -mu ra lg a l le ry l e ad ing t ot h ec e l la t1 0 .30 o ' c lock . L och o fH ou l land i n1 987 . G ene ra lv i ew o ft h es i te o ni t sl o ch p romon to ry . L och o fH ou l land i n1 987 . T he o u te rw a l lf a ce o nt h ee a s to rn or th -ea s t . L och o fH ou l land i n1 987 . T he r ound , c o rbe l led g ua rd c e l l s how ing l i n te l ( a tp o le )o ft h ed oo rway t ot h ee n t rance p a s sage b eyond . P l an o fS a eB r eck a f t e rp a r t ia le xcava t ion . P lan o fp r e -b roch s e t t lemen t a tJ a r lshof . J a r l shof i n1 987 : ' c ou r tya rd h ou se ' i nt h eL a te B ronze A ge v i l lage . L a te B ronze A ge p o t te ry f r om t h ef i r s tp r e -b roch v i l lage o f' c ou r tya rd h ou se s ' a tJ a r l shof . E a r ly I r on A ge p o t te ry f r om t h es e cond p r e -b roch v i l lage o fr ound s t one h u t sa tJ a r lshof . P lan o ft h eb roch a nd i t sc ou r tya rd a tJ a r lshof a f t e re xcava t ion . J a r l shof i n1 963 . T he o u te rw a l lo fb roch c omp lex f r om e x t e r io r , l o ok ing t owa rd ss i te o fg a teway . T he m ode rn s e aw a l li st o t h er i gh t . J a r lshof i n1 987 . V iew o ft h ee a s te nd o ft h eb roch w a l lw he r ee r o s ion h a sc u tt h rough i t . J a r l shof i n1 963 . T he o u te rd ef en s ive w a l lo ft h eb roch c omp lex a tt h ep o in tw he re s e ae r o s ion h a sd e s t royed i t . J a r l shof i n1 963 . T he o u te rf a ce o ft h eb roch o nt h ew e s ts i de s how ing i t sf ounda t ion p l in th a nd t h ew a l lo f Whee lhouse 1t o t h el e f t . J a r l shof : i n 1 987 . T he a i s led w hee lhou se s e en f r om o n t o p o ft h e b roch w a l l , w i th t h e t wo w hee lhou se s b eyond , p a r t ly e nc roa ch ing o ni t . J a r l shof i n1 963 . T he i n te r io ro fa i s led w hee lhou se s how ing o ne o ft h ef r ee s tand ing r a d ia lp i e r si nf o reg round . S ec t ion st h rough t h ed epo s i t so ft h eb roch a nd i t sc ou r tya rd a tJ a r lshof . A l te rna t ive s ugge s ted s e quence o fs t ruc tu ra lc hange si nt h em idd le I r on A ge a tJ a r lshof . D iag ram o fp robab le r oof ing o ft h ea i s led r oundhou se si ni t st wo p ha se so fe x is tence . P o t te ry a nd o t he rf i nd sf r om t h eb roch a nd l a te rl e ve l sa tJ a r l shof . P o t te ry a nd o t he rf i nd sf r om t h eb roch a nd l a te rl e ve l sa tJ a r l shof . P o t te ry f r om t h eb roch a nd l a te rl e ve ls a tJ a r l shof . J a r l shof i n1 963 . T he e r os ion -cu tc r o s ss e c t ion t h rough t h eb roch w a l lo nt h ew e s t . J a r l shof i n1 987 . T he i n te r io ro f Whee lhou se 1s how ing t h e c en t ra l h ea r th a nd t a l l k e rb s tone f l ag s a tt h e i n ne re dge o fe a ch b ay . T op : p l an o fN e s so fB u rg i ' b lockhou se ' f o r t ;L och o fH ux te r' b lockhou se ' f o r t . B o t tom l e f t , L evenw ick ,r i gh t ,C lum l ie R econ s t ruc ted p l an so fL evenw ick b roch , a tg r ound l e ve la nd f i r s tf l oo rl e ve l . N e s so fB u rg ic oa s ta lp romon to ry f o r ti n1 963 : d i s tan tv i ew .

4 . 47 4 . 48 4 . 49 4 . 50 4 . 51 4 . 52 4 . 53 4 . 54 4 . 55 4 . 56 4 . 57 4 . 58 4 . 59 4 . 60 4 . 6 1 4 . 62 4 . 63 4 . 64 4 . 65 4 . 66 4 . 67 4 . 68 4 . 69 4 . 70 4 . 71 4 . 72 4 . 73 4 . 74 4 . 75 4 . 76 4 . 77 4 . 78 4 . 79 4 . 80 4 . 81 4 . 82 4 . 83 4 . 84 4 . 85 4 . 86 4 . 87 4 . 89 4 . 89 4 . 90 4 . 9 1 4 . 92 4 . 93 4 . 94 4 . 95 4 . 96 4 . 97 4 . 98 4 . 99 4 . 100 4 . 10 1

N e s s o fB u rg i p romon to ry f o r t i n 1 963 . t h e e n t rance p a s sage l o ok ing o u twa rd s w i th t wo f a l len l i n t e l s a nd d oo r -check s b eyond . B roch o f C lum l ie i n 1 987 . A v i ew t owa rd s t h e e n t rance ( po le ) f r om t h e i n te r io r , s how ing t h e s e conda ry w a l l w i th t h e p r im a ry b roch w a l lb eh ind i t . B roch o fC lum l ie i n1 987 , s how ing t h eg ua rd c e l l i nt h ef o r eg round w i th t h ee n t r ance p a s sage a nd d oo r -check ( t he u p r igh t s l ab )b eyond . B roch o fC lum l ie i n1 963 . T he e n t rance p a s sage i nt h e f o reg round w i th t h e o t he rd oo r -check ( a tt h e p o le ) ; t h e l ow d oo rt o t h eg ua rd c e l l i sa l so v i s ib le . C lum l ie i n1 987 .V iew a c ro s si n te r io rt owa rd se n t rance w i th t h ew ide s e conda ry w a l lv i s ib le . F ind s : n o s . 1 13 , p o t te ry a nd a r tef a c t s f r om C lum l ie b roch ; n o . 1 4 e ve r ted r im s he rd f r om Mou sa b roch ; n o s . 1 5 -20 , p o t she rd sf r om We s tB u r ra F i r th b roch . E a s t sho re b roch i n1 987 , b ef o re t h er e cen te xcava t ion s . V iew a c ro s si n te r io r , w i th t h ep o le r e s t ing o ns c a rcemen tl e dge a nd t wo r a d ia lp i e r sv i s ib le . L evenw ick i n1 987 . D is tan tv i ew w i th o u te rd ef ence si np rof i le . L evenw ick b roch i n 1 987 . L ook ing a c ro s s i n te r io rt ot h e s ou th , t owa rd st h e p robab le m a in e n t rance a tc en t re , u ppe rr i gh t ( t ot h er i gh to ft h ep o le . L evenw ick i n1 963 . Ac l o se rv i ew o f t h ei n ne rw a l lf a ce s how ing t h es e conda ry w hee lhou se w a l l( r igh t )a nd o t he rf e a tu r e s . L evenw ick i n1 963 . R ema in so fo u tbu i ld ing si n c lud ing ap o s s ib le ' c ou r tya rd h ou se ' . B u r ra land b roch o ni t sc l if f top s i te i n1 987 . Ad i s tan tv i ew s how ing t h ep rof i le o ft h ew a l l . B u r ra land i n1 987 . V iew a c ro s st h ei n te r io rw i th t h ep o le a tt h er a ised v o id i nt h ei n ne rw a l lf a ce . B u r ra land i n1 987 ; e x te r io rw a l la nd t h eo u te re nd o ft h ee n t r ance p a s sage ( by t h ep o le ) . B u r ra land i n1 987 . I n s ide t h es t i l ll i n te l led e n t r ance p a s sage , l a rge ly f i l led w i th d eb r is , l o ok ing i nwa rd s . T op l ef t : p l an o fC lev iga r th . T op r i gh t :p l an o ft h eu ppe rp a r to ft h ew a l lo fB u r ra land b roch . B o t tom : p l an o f Mou sa . Mou sa i n1 987 . G ene ra lv i ew o ft h eb roch . Mou sa i n1 963 . C lo se -up v i ew o ft h et owe r . Mou sa i n1 987 .D e ta i lo ft h ee x te rna lw a l lf a ce s how ing t h ep l in th a tt h eb a se . Two c r o s ss e c t ion so f Mou sa . Mou sa : p l an a nd c r o s ss e c t ion so ft h ec en t ra lc ou r t . Mou sa . T op : p l an so ft h es i xl e ve l so fi n t ra -mu ra lg a l le r ie s . B o t tom : c r o s ss e c t ion so f mu ra lg a l le r ie s . Mou sa i n1 987 . I n s ide t h el owe s ti n t ra -mu ra lg a l le ry ( Leve l3 ) . Mou sa i n1 987 : t h ei n ne re nd o ft h ee n t rance p a s sage l o ok ing i n . Mou sa i n1 987 . V iew o ft h ee n t r ance p a s sage l o ok ing o u t . Mou sa i n1 987 . V iew d own i n to t h ec en t ra lc ou r t . Mou sa i n1 987 .A no the rv i ew o f t h ei n ter na lf l oo r sw i th t h eh ea r th , t h ew a te rt a nk t oi t sl ef ta nd t h eo t he rf e a tu r e s . Mou sa i n1 963 . V iew o ft h er a ised d oo rt ot h e mu ra ls t a i r( r is ing t ot h er i gh t ) 1 o ' c lock . Mou sa i n1 987 . I n s ide mu ra l c e l l Ba t1 2 .30 o ' c lock . Mou sa i n1 987 . T he s t a i rf oo tg ua rd c e l la t1 0o ' c lock . Mou sa i n1 987 . V iew o ft h ei n ne re nd o ft h ee n t rance p a s sage a nd v o id sa bove i t . B u r land b roch i n1 987 . V iew o ft h es i te o ni t sc l if fp romon to ry w i th t h eo u te rd ef ence st ot h el ef ts e en i np rof i le . B u r land b roch i n1 963 . T he o u te rf a ce o ft h eb roch s t and ing 1 0f th igh ( po le ) , s how ing t h es t eep ly b a t te r ed p rof i le . T op : p l an o f t h e b roch o fB u r land o n i t s d ef ended p romon to ry w i th , r i gh t , d e ta i led p l an o ft h e b roch e n t rance p a s sage . B o t tom : g ene ra lp l an o fH o lm o fC op is te r . B u r land b roch i n1 987 . V iew o ft h e f r ag i le look ing c hambe ro ve rt h e ma in e n t rance ( Leve l2 ) , c l ea r ed o u ts i nce 1 963 . B u r land b roch i n1 987 . T he i n te r io ro ft h eg ua rd c e l l , i t sr oof p a r t ly i n ta c t . B u r land b roch i n1 987 . T he j unc t ion b e tween t h e s e cond a ry a nd t e r t ia ry i nwa rd e x ten s ion s t ot h ee n t rance p a ssage , l o ok ing o u twa rd s . B u r land b roch i n1 987 . T he i n ne re nd o ft h et e r t ia ry e n t rance p a s sage , f i l led w i th r ubb le b u tw i th l i n te l si n ta c t . C l ickh im in b roch i n1 987 . G ene ra lv i ew o fs i te t a ken f r om t h ea pp roa ch c au seway . C l ickh im in i n 1 987 . V iew o ft h e o u te r f a ce o ft h e o u te r w a l l j u s t t o t h e l ef t ( we s t ) o ft h e l a nd ing s t age ( s een i nt h e b a ckg round . C l ickh im in i n1 963 .T he o u te rf a ce o ft h eo u te rw a l lo nt h ee a s ts i de , s how ing t h e ' b end ' a bove a ne a r th -f a s tb ou lde r . C l ickh im in i n1 987 . V iew l o ok ing d own o nt h ee n t rance p a s sage t h rough t h eo u te rw a l l . C l ickh im in i n1 963 . T he c e l led h u t( ' cou r tya rd h ou se ' )s e en f r om t op o fb roch . C l ickh im in b roch .D ryden 's p l an o ft h eb roch a nd s t ruc tu re st ot h ew e s t . C l ickh im in b roch . T op - D ryden 's 1 866 p l an o ft h e b roch a bou t h a lf w ay u p ; b o t tom - e l eva t ion l o ok ing n or th -we s t s how ing t h el e ve lo ft h el o ch w a te rt h en . C l ickh im in b roch .T op - D ryden 's 1 866 p l an o ft h eb roch a tt h et op o ft h ew a l l ; b o t tom - e l eva t ion l o ok ing s ou th -ea s t . C l ickh im in b roch . T op - D ryden 's 1 866 c r o s ss e c t ion s ,t op l o ok ing e a s ta nd b o t tom l o ok ing w e s t . C l ickh im in b roch . L ef t , D ryden 's 1 866 p l an s o ft h e ` f o r ewo rk ' a tg round l e ve l , h a lf w ay u p a nd o nt op ; r i gh t , l o ng i tud ina l e l eva t ion s ( d rawn b ef o re c l ea rance ) . C l ickh im in b roch . T he R oya lC omm is s ion 's p l an s how ing t h es ugge s ted t h r ee p ha se h i s to ry o ft h es i te . C l ickh im in b roch .T op : t h eR oya lC omm i s s ion 's p l an so f t h eb roch h a lf w ay u p . B o t tom , i t ss e c t ion sa c ros st h es i te o nl i ne s A -A a nd B -B . C l ickh im in b roch . T he R oya lC omm is s ion 's s e c t ion sa nd e l eva t ion s . C l ickh im in b roch . G ene ra lp l an o ft h es i te a f t e r t h e moder ne xcava t ions . C l ickh im in b roch . G ene ra lp lan o ft h es i te s how ing t h ee xcava ted a r ea sa nd t h ep os i t ion so ft h ec r o s ss e c t ion s . C l ickh im in b roch . U ppe r : p l an a nd v a r iou se l eva t ion so ft h e ' b lockhou se ' . L owe r : c onven t ion su sed o nt h ep l an s . C l ickh im in b roch . S ec t ions a l ong AA 1,BB 1,CC 1. x iv

4 . 102 4 . 103 4 . 104 4 . 105 4 . 106 4 . 107 4 . 108 4 . 109 4 . 110 4 . 111 4 . 112 4 . 113 4 . 114 4 . 115 4 . 116 4 . 117 4 . 118 4 . 119 4 . 120 4 . 121 4 . 122 4 . 123 4 . 124 4 . 125 4 . 126 4 . 127 4 . 128 4 . 129 4 . 130 4 . 131 4 . 132 4 . 133 4 . 134 4 . 135 4 . 136 4 . 137 4 . 138 4 . 139 4 . 140 4 . 141 4 . 142 4 . 143

C l ickh im in b roch . T op : s ugge s ted r e con s t ruc t ion o ft h eb u i ld ing s , a l ong t h ei n ne rf a ce o ft h e f i r s tf o r tw a l l o nt h ew e s ts i de . B o t tom :p l an o fp o s t -ho le s ,p av ing ,e t c . C l ickh im in i n1 987 . T he i n ne re nd o ft h e e n t rance t h rough t h eo u te rw a l l( on l ef t )a nd i t sr e la t ion sh ip w i th t h eo u te re nd o f t h e ' b lockhou se ' e n t rance p a s sage ( r igh t ) . C l ickh im in i n1 963 .T he r e a rw a l lf a ce o ft h e ' b lockhou se ' s how ing t h e s c a rcemen ta tt h et o po fp o le . C l ickh im in i n1 987 . I n s ide t h el i n te l led e n t r ance p a s sage o ft h e ' b lockhou se ' l o ok ing o u t . C l ickh im in i n1 963 .T he w e s te nd o ft h eb l ockhou se s how ing t h ef l igh to fs t ep si ni t . C l ickh im in i n1 987 .V iew o ft h ee a s te nd o ft h e ' b lockhou se ' . C l ickh im in i n1 987 . T he t o po ft h el e f to rw e s th a lf o ft h e ' b lockhou se ' . C l ickh im in i n1 987 . V iew f r om t h ee a s tl o ok ing d own i n to t h er i gh th and ( e a s t )m u ra lc e l lo ft h e ' b lockhou se ' . C l ickh im in i n1 963 . L ook ing f r om t h ee a s te nd o ft h eg a tehou se ( r igh tf o r eg round )t owa rd st h eb roch e n t rance . C l ickh im in i n1 987 . T he b roch w a l lb eh ind t h e ' b lockhou se ' . C l ickh im in i n1 987 . T he o u te rf a ce o ft h eb roch o nt h ee a s ts i de w i th t h ew a l lf o o t ing so ft h ea leged s e cond r i ng -f o r ti nf r on t o fi t . C l ickh im in i n1 963 . T he ' s pu r ' i nt h eo u te rw a l lf a ce o ft h eb roch s l igh t ly w e s to fn o r th ( r igh tf o reg round ) . C l ickh im in i n1 987 . V iew o ft h e ' s pu r ' f r om t h eo t he rd i r ec t ion s how ing t h eo u te rf a ce o ft h eb roch o nt h en o r th . C l ickh im in i n1 987 . I n s ide t h e b roch e n t r ance p a s sag e l o ok ing o u t , s how ing t h e s l ab -bu i l t d oo r -check o n t h e l e f t( t o t h e r i gh to ft h ep o le . C l ickh im in i n1 987 .T he s ame p a r to ft h er i gh tw a l lo ft h eb r och e n t rance p a s sage , l o ok ing i nwa rd s . C l ickh im in i n1 987 . I n s ide t h eo u te re nd o ft h eb roch e n t rance p a s sage l o ok ing i n . C l ickh im in i n1 987 . Aw ide a ng le v i ew o ft h ei n te r io rl o ok ing t owa rd st h e m a in e n t rance w i th t h ev o id sa bove i t . C l ickh im in i n1 987 .A no the rw ide a ng le v i ew o fi n te r io rl o ok ing t owa rd st h eb roch c e l la t1 2o ' c lock . C l ickh im in i n1 987 . V iew o ft h eu ppe ri n t ra -mu ra lg a l le ry a t 9o ' c lock s how ing t h er a ised v o id t ot h ei n te r io r . C l ickh im in i n1 987 . I n s ide t h eb roch m u ra lc e l l Ba t 4o ' c lock . C l ickh im in i n1 987 . I n s ide b roch c e l l a t 4o ' c lock s how ing n ea t I r on A ge b l ock ing ( b y w hee lhou se w a l l ) i nd oo rway w i th l a rge l i n te la bove . C l ickh im in i n1 987 . T he b roch s t a i rway a t 9o ' c lock . C l ickh im in i n1 987 . T he s e conda ry e n t rance a tt h ef o o to ft h ei n t ra -mu ra ls t a i ra t 9o ' c lock , l o ok ing o u t . C l ickh im in i n1 987 . T he l i n te ls o ft h em u ra l g a l le ry a t1 2o ' c lock , a bove c e l lA . C l ickh im in i n1 987 . T he s ame r a ised g a l le ry b u tl o ok ing a n t i -c lockw ise b a ckwa rd st owa rd st h em a in e n t r ance . C l ickh im in i n1 963 . T he u ppe ri n t ra -mu ra lg a l le ry o nt h es ou th. C l ickh im in b roch . E a r ly I r on A ge P o t te ry f r om P ha se s 2( Ham i l ton 1 968 ) . C l ickh im in . F o r t 1p o t te ry f r om P ha se 3( Ham i l ton 1 968 ) . C l ickh im in b roch. D iag ram s how ing s ugge s ted h i s to ry o ft h es i te a c co rd ing t ot h ea r gumen t sp r e sen ted h e r e . C l ickh im in b roch . P l an s how ing t h el i ke ly n a tu re a nd p o s i t ion o ft h ea l te rna t ive g a l le ry -wa l led F o r t 2s ugge s ted h e re . T op : p l an o f F ug la N e s s b roch . B o t tom , p l an o f t h e r ema in s o f S na B roch a nd i t s o u te r d ef ence s ( HU59 3 ) a nd a n e l eva t ion . F ug la N e s si n1 987 . T he b roch m ound j u s ta bove t h es ho re a nd t h eo u te rd ef ence s . F ug la N e s si n1 987 . T he t wo s i de so ft h ee n t rance p a s sage p ro jec t ing o ve rt h em oder nb ea ch ,w i th af a l len l i n te l i nf r on t . F ug la N e s si n1 987 . T he l e f tg ua rd c e l lw i th t h el i n te lt ot h ee n t rance p a s sage v i s ib le a tt h eb a se o ft h ep o le . F ug la N e s si n1 987 . T he b a sa lc ou r se o ft h eo u te rw a l lf a ce n o r th o ft h ee n t rance p a s sage w i th t h er a d ia ld ef ens ive w a l l . B roch o fI nf ie ld i n1 963 .T he e n t rance p a s sage ( a tp o le )e me rg ing o ve rt h em oder nb ea ch . G o s sab rough i n1 963 . G ene ra lv i ew o ft h eb roch m ound . B u r ra N e s si n1 963 . G ene ra lv i ew o ft h eb roch m ound . B u r ra N e s si n1 963 .T he i n te r io rw a l lf a ce s how ing t h ep robab le s c a r cemen t( p ro jec t ing s l ab st or i gh to fp o le )a nd al a te rw a l l r unn ing a c ro s si t . B u r ra N e s si n1 963 . P os s ib le o u two rk ss e en f r om t h e b roch m ound . T op ,p l an o fH oub ie a nd i t so u te rd ef ence s . B o t tom ,p l an o fH amnavoe a nd i t so u te rd ef ence s . P l an so ff ou rS he t land b roch sa nd o ne g a tehou se f o r t ,w i th e l eva t ion sf o ra l e xcep tt wo o ft h eb roch s ,p r epa red f o rG eo rge L ow i n1 777 .

S ec t ion 5 :O rkney 5 . 1 5 . 2 5 . 3 5 . 4 5 . 5 5 . 6 5 . 7 5 . 8 5 . 9 5 . 10 5 . 11 5 . 12 5 . 13

2 65 -369

T op : p l an o fB o rw ick b roch . B o t tom ,p l an o f r ema in sa tS tT redwe l l 's C hape l . P apa We s t ray . B o rw ick i n1 985 ; g ene ra lv i ew o fb roch o ni t sc l if top s i te . B o rw ick i n1 963 : e n t rance p a s sage , i n ne re nd . B o rw ick i n 1 985 : b roch s e en f r om t h e o u t s ide . B o rw ick i n1 985 : v i ew o fi n te r io rl o ok ing t owa rd st h ee n t rance ; t h e r ei sn os i gn o f as c a r cemen t . B orw ick i n1 985 : i n s ide t h e l i n te l led o u te rp a r to ft h ee n t r ance p a s sage l o ok ing i nwa rd s . B o rw ick i n1 985 : t h ee n t rance p a s sage l o ok ing o u tw i th t h es i de so ft h ec hambe ra bove t h ee n t rance v i s ib le . B o rw ick i n1 985 : i n s ide t h ec o l lap s ing m u ra lc e l l . T op : p l an o fB rec i cne s s b roch w i th c r o s s s e c t ion o fr ema in s a bove b ea ch . B o t tom : p l an o f Bu r i n 2( Ru s s land ) , a f t e r P e t r ie . T op : p l an o fB u r r ian 2( Ru s s land ) , a f t e r RCAHMS . B o t tom : p l an o fM idhowe a tf i r s tf l oo rl e ve l . B u r r ian 2 ,R u s s land i n1 985 : g ene ra lv i ew o fb roch m ound o nl o ch p romon to ry . B u r r ian 2 ,R u s s land , i n1 985 : as ma l la r co ft h ew a l lf a ce w i th ad oo rway i n to t h ew a l l( r igh to fp o le ) . P l an so f s i xo ft h em a in p ha se sa tT he H owe ,t a ken f r om B a l l in Sm i th ( e d . ) 1 994 . XV

5 . 14 5 . 15 5 . 16 5 . 17 5 . 18 5 . 19 5 . 20 5 . 21 5 . 22 5 . 23 5 . 24 5 . 25 5 . 26 5 . 27 5 . 28 5 . 29 5 . 30 5 . 31 5 . 32 5 . 33 5 . 34 5 . 35 5 . 36 5 . 37 5 . 38 5 . 39 5 . 40 5 . 41 5 . 42 5 . 43 5 . 44 5 . 45 5 . 46 5 . 47 5 . 48 5 . 49 5 . 50 5 . 51 5 . 52 5 . 53 5 . 54 5 . 55 5 . 56 5 . 57 5 . 58 5 . 59 5 . 60 5 . 6 1 5 . 62 5 . 63 5 . 64 5 . 65 5 . 66 5 . 67

P lan o f T he H owe P ha se 6( f rom Ma cK ie 1 998b ) . D raw ing s( by t h ea u tho r )o f s even o ft h eI r on A ge r o ta ry q ue rn s tone sf ound a tT he H owe . V iew o f e xcava t ion s a t T he H owe i n1 980 : t h ee n t rance p a s sage o f' B roch 2 'l o ok ing o u t . V iew o f e xcava t ion s a t T he H owe i n1 980 : t h ei n te r io ro f' B roch 2 's how ing ar a i sed d oo ro rv o id i nt h ew a l l . V iew o f e xcava t ion s a t T he H owe i n1 980 : o u tbu i ld ing so fP ha se 8 . V iew o f e xcava t ion s a t T he H owe i n1 980 : g ene ra l v i ew o f' B roch 2 ' . V iew o f e xcava t ion s a t T he H owe i n 1 980 : r a ised v o id i n t h e i n ne r w a l lf a ce o f ' B roch 2 ' w i th t h e o pen ing t o t h e u nde rg round c hambe ri nt h ef o reg round . V iew o f e xcava t ion s a t T he H owe i n1 980 :t h ei n t ra -mu ra ls t a i r i n' B roch 2 's how ing c r a cked s t ep s . V iew o fe xcava t ion s a t T he H owe i n1 980 : t h ef e a tu re e xpo sed i nf l oo ro f' B roch 2 'w h ich t u rned o u tt ob et h ep a s sage o fa N eo l i th ic p a ssage g rave . T op : P e t r ie s 's 1 890 p l an o fO x t row . B o t tom : P e t r ie 's 1 890 p l an o fN e t la te rb roch . T op : p l an o fO x t row b roch f r om RCAHMS . B o t tom : p l an o fN e t la te rf r om RCAHMS . . N e t la te rb roch : c r o s ss e c t ion o ft h e ' we l l ' ( Pe t r ie 1 890 ) . F ind s f r om O x t row i nt h e N a t iona l Mu seum s o f S co t land ; s t one i mp lemen t s ( 4 l amp s a nd ap l aque ) , n a t ive p o t te ry , a S am ian b ow lb a se a nd ab ronze p enannu la rf i bu la . F ind sf r om 3s i te s , i nt h e Na t iona l Mu seum so fS co t land .T op -O x t row . C en t r e -B u r ray E a s t . B o t tom - L ing row . O x t row i n1 985 : g ene ra l v i ew o fb roch mound . O x t row i n1 985 : r ema ins o fc e l lo nt h e Ss i de . B u rne s si n1 987 : g ene ra lv i ew o fb roch mound . I ng showe i n1 987 : : v i ew o fb roch f r om t h eb ea ch . I ng showe i n1 987 : p ro jec t ing i n ne rf a ce o fb roch w a l l , a so n 5 . 31 . N e t la te ri n1 985 : g ene ra lv i ew o fo u te rw a l lf a ce . N e t la te ri n1 985 : t h er u ined s t a i r . G u rne s s : p l an o fs i te f r om RCAHMS . G u rne s si n1 963 : p l an a nd e l eva t ion so ft h e ' we l l ' f r om RCAHMS . G u rne s si n1 963 : g ene ra lv i ew o fb roch o u te rd ef ence sw i th r e -po s i t ioned ' c ou r tya rd h ou se ' i nf o reg round . G u rne s s i n 1 987 : g ene ra l v i ew l o ok ing n o r th a l ong t h e i nne r d i tch o n t h e w e s t s i de ; s t a cked s l ab s c an b e s e en a l ong t h e i n s ide f a ce ( f o reg round ) . G u rne s si n1 987 : a ppa r en t ly s t a cked s t one s l ab si nt h ei n ne rd i tch . G ur n e s si n1 987 : o u te rd ef ence sw i th b a s t ion w a l ls i t t ing i ni n ne rd i tch . G u rne s si n1 985 :g ene ra lv i ew o fb roch a nd o u te rd ef ence sf r om t h en o r th -we s t . G u rne s si n1 963 : i n ne rd i tch , l o ok ing t owa rd st h ee n t rance c au seway f r om e a s t ; t h e r o ck -cu te nd o ft h ed i tch i sv i s ib le w i th t h eb a s t ion w a l lo ve r r id ing i t . G u rne s si n1 985 :g ene ra lv i ew o ft h eo u tbu i ld ing sw i th t h eb roch i nb a ckg round . G u rne s s i n1 987 : l o ok ing n o r th t oR ou say a l ong t h e i n ne rd i tch o nt h ee a s ts i de ; t h ef a ce o ft h eb a s t ioned w a l le nc lo s ing t h e v i l lage i so nt h el ef t . G u rne s si n1 963 : l a te ' c ou r tya rd h ou se ' o nt op o fo u tbu i ld ing s , r e bu i l ti n an ew p o s i t ion . G u rne s si n1 987 : r ema in so fe a r th c l o se ta mong t h eo u tbu i ld ing s . G u rne s si n1 985 :t h eo u te re nd o ft h eb roch e n t r ance w i th p a s sage e x ten s ion h ou s ing t h es e conda ry d oo rf r ame i nf r on to fi t . G u rne s s i n 1 987 : s i de v i ew o fs e conda ry d oo r h ou s ing a nd g ua rd c e l l : t h e s t ra igh tj o in t b e tween i ta nd t h e b roch w a l l i s v i s ib le . G u rne s si n1 987 : v i ew f r om t h eb roch w a l l h ead o ft h ea pp roa ch r oad t ot h e e n t rance a nd o ft h es e conda ry d oo rh ou s ing a nd g ua rd c e l l . G u rne s s i n 1 985 : t h e i n s ide e nd o ft h e m a in e n t r ance s how ing c onc r e te l i n te l a bove d oo rf r ame h o ld ing u p s t ruc tu r e s f ound d u r ing e xcava t ion s . G u rne s si n1 963 : m a in e n t rance w i th d oo rc heck a nd c onc re te s uppo r ta bove ; t h eb a rs ocke ti sv i s ib le t ot h el ef to ft h ep o le a nd as ocke ts t one n ea ri t sb a se . G u rne s si n1 963 :t h er ema in ing h a lf o ft h es e conda ry r a i sed c hambe ra bove t h eg ua rd c e l lt ot h el ef to ft h ee n t rance . G u rne s si n1 963 : d i s tor ted d oo rway t ot h el ef tg ua rd c e l ls e en f r om i n s ide t h ed oorway t ot h e r i gh to ne . G u rne s si n1 987 :g round l e ve l i n t ra -mu ra lg a l le ry l e ad ing b a ck f r om t h el ef tg ua rd c e l l . G u rne s si n1 987 : l o ok ing d own o nt ot h ei n ne re nd o ft h e ma in e n t rance ,a nd t h ea d ja cen tc en t ra lc ou r t , f r om t h ew a l lhead . G u rne s si n1 985 :g ene ra l v i ew o ft h ei n te r io rl o ok ing t owa rd s t h ee n t rance . G u rne s si n1 985 : g ene ra lv i ew o ft h ei n te r io rf r om a bove t h ee n t rance p a s sage . G u rne s si n1 985 : t h ei n te r io rs how ing t h es e conda ry h ea r th . G u rne s s i n 1 963 : t h e s e conda ry h ea r th a s i tw a s i n 1 963 w i th t h e p r ima ry c en t ra l h ea r th a cce s s ib le u nde r t h e s l id ing c ove r b eyond i t . G ur n e s si n1 985 :t h e s t ep sd own i n to t h ew e l l . G u rne s si n1 987 :t h er o ck -cu tb a se o ft h ew e l lw i th al i t t le w a te ri ni t . G u rne s si n1 963 : e xpo sed l i n te ls o ft h eg round g a l le ry i nt h en or th t on or th -ea s ta r c . G u rne s si n1 963 : v i ew o ft h er a ised d oo rway t ot h es t a i rw i th p a r to ft h es ca r cemen tv i s ib le t oi t sr i gh t , a tt h et o po ft h ew a l l . G u rne s si n1 963 :t h er ema in so ft h ep r ima ry i n t ra -mu ra ls t a irway . G u rne s si n1 987 :t h es t a i rf oo tg ua rd c e l l s how ing s e conda ry mod if ica t ion s . G ur ne s s i n1 963 : t h e e dge o ft h e r a ised d oo rt ot h e s t a i r( ma rked b yt h e p o le )w i th t h e h i gh s ca r cemen tb eyond a nd v a r iou s o t he rs e conda ry f e a tu r e sr e s t ing o n i t . G u rne s s i n 1 963 : s e conda ry f e a tu re s i nt h e i n te r io r o ppo s i te t h e e n t rance , i n c lud ing as t eep f l igh t o fs t ep s a ga in s t t h e w a l l f a ce .

x v i

5 . 68 5 . 69 5 . 70 5 . 7 1 5 . 72 5 . 73 5 . 74 5 . 75 5 . 76 5 . 77 5 . 78 5 . 79 5 . 80 5 . 8 1 5 . 82 5 . 83 5 . 84 5 . 85 5 . 86 5 . 87 5 . 88 5 . 89 5 . 90 5 . 9 1 5 . 92 5 . 93 5 . 94 5 . 95 5 . 96 5 . 97

G u rne s s i n1 985 : t h e r a i sed v o id a t1 2 o ' c lock s how ing t h e s e conda ry s t ep s a ga in s tt h e i n ne rf a ce o ft h e w a l l a nd t h e c r o s s s l ab b l ock ing i t . G u rne s si n1 987 : v i ew o ft h es e conda ry s t a i ra ga ins tt h ei n ne rw a l lf a ce a t1 2o ' c lock w i th t h eb l ocked v o id a tl owe rr i gh t . G u rne s s i n1 987 : v i ew a l ong t h ew a l l h ead t ot h eb l ocked v o id a t1 2o ' c lock ( s lab o ne dge i nc en t r e )w h ich l e ad sl e f tt ot h e i n te r io r : p a r to ft h eu ppe r g a l le ry . G u rne s s , d i ag ram s how ing t wo p o s s ib le i n te rp re ta t ion so ft h ed e s ign o ft h ep r ima ry f l oo ri n s ide t h eb roch . G u rne s s , c r os s s e c t ion s s how ing i n t e rna l f l oo r s a nd p o s s ib le r oof ing o f t h e b roch a cco rd ing t ot h e a l te rna t ive s c ena r io s s hown i n I lu s . 5 . 7 1 . G u rne s s , f i nd sf r om t h es i te n ow i nt h eN a t iona l Mu seum so fS co t land . G u rne s s , m o r ef i nd sf r om t h es i te n ow i nt h eN a t iona l Mu seum so f S co t land . G u rne s s : m o re f i nd sf r om t h es i te n ow i nt h eN a t iona l Mu seum so fS co t land . G u rne s s : m o r ef i nd sf r om t h es i te n ow i nt h eN a t iona l Mu seum so fS co t land . G u rne s s , m o re f i nd sf r om t h es i te n ow i nt h eN a t iona l Mu seum so fS co t land . P l an o fM idhowe b roch a nd i t so u te rd ef ence sa nd o u tbu i ld ing s( RCAHMS ) . M idhowe : c r o s ss e c t ion so ft h eb roch a nd s u r round ing s t ruc tu re s( RCAHMS ) . M idhowe : o b jec t so fs t one ,f i red c l ay a nd m e ta li nt h eN a t iona l Mu seum so fS co t land . M idhowe : o b jec t so fb one i nt h eN a t iona l Mu seum so fS co t land . M idhowe : p o t te ry i nt h eN a t iona l Mu seum so fS co t land . M idhowe i n1 985 : g ene ra l v i ew f r om t h eh i l la bove o ft h eb roch m ound b e s ide t h es e a ,w i th i t sm a s s ive d i tch i nf r on t . M idhowe i n1 985 : t h eb roch o ni t sr o cky p romon to ry . M idhowe i n1 963 : g ene ra l v i ew o f t h eo u te rd i tch w i th t h eb roch j u s tv i s ib le t ot h er i gh t . M idhowe i n1 963 : t h ei n ne rd i tch o ft h ep romon to ry d ef ence w i th i t sh i gh , r e ve t ted o u te rf a ce a nd f l a t , r o ck -cu tb a se ( b roch t ot h el e f t ) . M idhowe i n1 985 : s e conda ry d oo rway o u t s ide t h em a in e n t rance o ft h eb roch ; i t sp i vo ts t one i si nt h es ame s e conda ry p aved f l oo rt h a tr un si n to t h eb roch p a s sage . M idhowe i n1 987 : a no the rv i ew o f t h ef r agmen ta ry r ema in so ft h es e conda ry g ua rd c e l ls o u t s ide t h em a in e n t r ance . M idhowe i n1 963 : v i ew o ft h er u ined w a l l h ead o nt h e s e awa rd s i de s how ing t h e d i s tor t ed a nd c o l lap s ing g r ound g a l le ry p a cked w i th s t one b l ock ing . M idhowe i n 1 963 : t h e e n t rance p a s sage f r om o u t s ide s how ing t h e g ap s b e tween t h e p a s sage l i n te ls i nf r on t o ft h e d oo r f r ame . M idhowe i n 1 985 : t h e e n t rance p a s sage l o ok ing o u t , s how ing h ow t h e d oo r -check s e x tend u pwa rd s i n to t h e c hambe r a bove i t . M idhowe i n1 987 : t h e o u te r e nd o ft h e e n t rance p a s sage s how ing t h e s e conda ry p av ing b eh ind t h e d oo rf r ame a nd i t s s i l l s t one . M idhowe i n1 985 : i n s ide t h e l e f tg ua rd c e l lw i th ,b eyond ,t h e g r ound l e ve l g a l le ry l e ad ing b a ck f r om i t . M idhowe i n1 963 : v i ew o ft h ec en t ra lc ou r tl o ok ing t owa rd st h em a in e n t rance . M idhowe i n1 985 : g ene ra lv i ew o ft h ec en t ra lc ou r tl o ok ing t owa rd st h ee n t rance . M idhowe i n1 985 : a no the rv i ew o ft h e i n te r io r , s how ing h ow t h ew a l l o nt h e S E s i de s ag s o u twa rd s a bove t h e s c a rcemen t ( t he p o le i sv e r t ica l . M idhowe i n1 985 : v i ew o ft h ec en t ra l c ou r t a ta bou t 1 . 30 o ' c lock w i th o ne o ft h es e conda ry h ea r th sa nd t h er ema in so ft h e

5 . 10 1 5 . 102

s e conda ry f l igh to fs t ep s . M idhowe i n 1 985 : v i ew o f t h e h i gh s c a rcemen tj u s t b eyond t h e e n t rance s how ing h ow s e conda ry m a son ry , f o rm ing t h e h i gh a l cove , o ve r lap st h el e dge . M idhowe i n1 987 : a no the rv i ew o ft h e s c a rcemen t a tt h e e n t rance , s e en f r om a bove , s how ing h ow t h e s e conda ry m a son ry o ve r lap si t . M idhowe i n1 987 : t h ei n ne re nd o ft h ee n t r ance p a s sage s how ing h ow i t ss e conda ry p av ing e me rge si n to t h ei n te r io ra bove t h ep r ima ry p av ing ( a tb o t tom ) . M idhowe i n1 985 : v i ew o ft h e i n te r io rf l oo rl o ok ing t owa rd st h e. e n t rance . M idhowe i n1 963 : v i ew t owa rd st h er a ised d oo rway t ot h es t a i ra t 9o ' c lock , t h es e conda ry a l cove t ot h el e f ta nd o ve r r id ing

5 . 103 5 . 104 5 . 105 5 . 106

t h es c a r cemen t . M idhowe i n1 963 : t h ei n t ra -mu ra ls t a i ro nL eve l2 ,w i th t h ed oo rway t ot h ei n te r io rt ot h er i gh t . M idhowe i n1 963 : v i ew b a ck d own t h es t a i rt ot h eL eve l 2g a l le ry r u nn ing a n t i -c lockw ise f r om i t . M idhowe i n1 987 : t h er a ised v o id i nL eve l 3a t1 . 30 o ' c lock l e ad ing t ot h ei n te r io r( t ot h el ef t . M idhowe i n 1 985 : t h e s ame L eve l 3g a l le ry j u s t c l ockw ise f r om t h e v o id a t 1 . 30 o ' c lock s how ing f r om t h e r e a r t h e

5 . 98 5 . 99 5 . 100

b l ock ing w h ich h a sf o rmed t h er e c tangu la rc e l l . M idhowe i n1 985 : t h er a i sed v o id a t8 . 30 o ' c lock ( o ri si t3o ' c lock )l e ad ing t ot h eb l ocked L eve l 3mu ra lg a l le ry . M idhowe i n1 985 : v i ew o ft h es t a cked s l ab sr e s t ing a ga in s tt h ef o o to ft h eb roch w a l lt ot h el ef to ft h ee n t r ance . T op : p l an o fb r och o fA y re ; b o t tom ,p l an o fL amb H ead ;b o th a f t e r RCAHMS . B roch o fA y re : s ome o ft h e d eco ra ted p o t te ry i nt h e N a t iona l Mu seum s o f S co t land ; t h e i n c i sed l i ne p a t ter n s r e ca l l H eb r idean V au lw a re . 5 . 111a T op : R ema in s o ft h eb r och o fA y re a nd o u tbu i ld ing s i n1 963 . B o t tom : G ra eme 's p l an o ft h eb roch a nd s e c t ion o fd epo s i t s i nt h eo u tbu i ld ing s . 5 . 111b G ra eme 's p l an o ft h eb roch o fA y re a nd h i ss e c t ion o ft h ed epo s i t si nt h eo u tbu i ld ing s . 5 . 112 T op : M idhowe b roch , a no the rp l an w i th d if e ren ts had ing . B o t tom p l an o fL ing ro b roch . 5 . 113 S ome o ft h ep l a in a nd d eco ra ted p o t te ry f r om L ing ro i nt h eN a t iona l Mu seum so fS co t land : s c a le 1 : 4 . 5 . 114 Mo r eo ft h ei n c i sed l i ne -deco ra ted p o t ter yf r om L ing ro i nt h eN a t iona l: s c a le 1 : 4 . 5 . 115 S ome o ft h es t one a nd b one f i nd sf r om L ing ro ( HY40 2 )i nt h eH un te r ian Mu seum , U n ive r s i ty o fG la sgow . 5 . 116 S i te o ft h e b roch o fL ing ro i n1 985 ; n ot r a ce o ft h eb u i ld ing r ema in si nt h ef i e ld .

5 . 107 5 . 108 5 . 109 5 . 110

x v i i

5 . 117 5 . 118 5 . 119 5 . 120 5 . 121 5 . 122 5 . 123 5 . 124 5 . 125 5 . 126 5 . 127 5 . 128 5 . 129 5 . 130 5 . 131 5 . 132 5 . 133 5 . 134 5 . 135 5 . 136 5 . 137 5 . 138 5 . 139 5 . 140 5 . 14 1 5 . 142 5 . 143 5 . 144 5 . 145 5 . 146 5 . 147 5 . 148 5 . 149 5 . 150 5 . 151 5 . 152 5 . 153 5 . 154 5 . 155 5 . 156 5 . 157 5 . 158 5 . 159 5 . 160 5 . 16 1

T op : p l an a nd o ne c r o s s s e c t ion o fC a s t le o fB o th ican a f t e r RCAH MS . B o t tom : p l an o fB roch o fB u r r i s ta e . B o th a ts c a le 1 : 300 . T he a bandoned e xcava t ion sa tR iggan o fK am i i n1 987 ; t h ep a r t ly e xpo sed e n t rance p a s sage s e en f r om t h ei n te r io rw i th t h e p o le a to ne o ft h ed oo r -ckeck s . R iggan o fK am i i n 1 987 ; t h e c en t ra l c ou r t s how ing o ne r a d ia l p i e r ( c en t r e ) a nd ar a i sed v o id i nt h e i n ne rw a l lf ace o n t h e r i gh t . R iggan o fK am ii n1 987 ; t h eg round l e ve li n t ra -mu ra lg a l le ry w i th af ew l i n te l si np o s i t ion . R iggan o fK am i ; p l an o ft h ee xpo sed r ema in s , m ade i nA p r i l 1 984 B y SC a r te ra nd D H a igh . P lan o f B o r row s tone ( Bu r rough s tone ) , S hap in say , a f t e r RCAH MS : s ca le 1 : 300 . B o r row s tone , S hap in say , i n1 985 ; g ene ra lv i ew o ft h e mound b yt h es ea . B o r row s tone , S hap in say , i n1 985 ; t h eg ra s sed -ove rw a l l h ead s how ing t r a ce s o ft h e u ppe rg a l le ry ( a bove t h e l ef te nd o ft h e p o le )w i th t h ei n ne rw a l lf a ce t oi t sr i gh t . B o r row s tone , S hap in say , i n1 985 ; t h es ame p i ece o fi n ne rw a l lf a ce s how ing t h es ca r cemen tw i th t h ep o le r e s t ing o ni t . B o r row s tone , S hap in say , i n1 985 ; v i ew a c ro s st h ec en t ra lc ou r tt owa rd st h ee n t rance ( po le ) . B o r row s tone , S hap in say , i n1 985 , i n 1 985 ; t h e e n t rance p a s sage w i th t h et o p o ft h ed oo rt ot h e l ef tg ua rd c e l l a nd amode rn w a l lb lock ing t h eo u te re nd ( po le ) . B o r row s tone , S hap in say , i n1 985 ; i n s ide t h eg ua rd c e l l . T op : e l eva t ion t h rough t h eb roch o fB o r row s tone ,a f t e rP e t r ie . B o t tom : p l an o fB a cka ska i l la f te r RCAH MS : s c a le 1 . 300 . C a lf o fE day w hee lhou se : p l an a f t e rC a lde r( 1937 ) . C a lf o fE day w hee lhou se : p o t te ry i nt h eN a t iona l Mu seum so fS co t land . S ca le 1 : 4 . B u r r ian b roch , No r th R ona ld say : p l an o fb roch a nd o u te rd ef ence sa f t e r RCAH MS : s c a le 1 : 300 . B aia nb roch , No r th R ona ld say : p lan o ft h ei n t e r io ra f t e rT ra i l l 1 890 : s ca le 1 : 300 . B u r r ian b roch , Nor th R ona ld say : as e lec t ion o ft h e b one a nd s t one f i nd s m ade b y W . T ra i l l , i nt h eN a t iona l Mu seum s o f S co t land . B u r r ian b roch , No r th R ona ld say : as e lec t ion o ft h e b one f i nd s a nd p o t te ry m ade b y W . T ra i l l , i nt h eN a t iona l Mu seum s o f S co t land . B u r r ian b roch , No r th R ona ld say , i n1 985 : g ene ra lv i ew o ft h eb roch mound w i th t h es e aw a l lt ot h el ef t . B u r r ian b roch , No r th R ona ld say , i n 1 985 : v i ew o ft h e s e aw a l l , o n t h e l ef t , w h ich i n co rpo ra ted t h e b roch w a l l , h e r e b e ing u nde rm ined . B u r r ian b roch , Nor th R ona ld say , i n1 985 : v i ew o ft h ei n ne rw a l lf a ce w i th t h ep o le r e s t ing o nt h es ca r cemen t . B u r r ian b roch , No r th R ona ld say , i n1 985 : t h ee n t rance ( l ead ing t ot h es ho re )s e en f r om t h ei n te r io r , w i th mode rn b lock ing . T op : B u r r ian b roch , p l an o ft h ei n te r io r . B o t tom , p l an o f Wa s so . B o th a f te r RCAHMS a nd a ts c a le 1 : 300 . S i te o ft h eH owma ew hee lhou se s , No r th R ona ld say T he H owma ew hee lhou se s : p l an o ft h eb u i ld ing sa sr e p roduced b yH am i l ton ( 1968 , f i g . 1 7 ) ; s ca le 1 : 300 . H owmae w hee lhou se : s ome o ft h eb one f i nd sa nd p o t she rd sf r om t h es i te a nd n ow i nt h eN a t iona l Mu seum so fS co t land . Weem sC a s t le : p lan o fb roch mound a nd o u te rd ef ence sa f t e r RCAHMS : s c a le 1 : 300 . B u r ray E a s t . T op : e l eva t ion o fb roch a tr i gh ta ng le st oe n t rance p a s sage , t h rough C e l lH . B o t tom : p l an o fb roch a nd o u te r d ef ence s . B o th f r om RCAH MS . B u r ray E a s t ; v a r iou s c r os s s e c t ion s o ft h e b roch v i s ib le a f t e r F a r re r 's e xp lo ra t ion s , f r om RCAHMS a f t e r P e t r ie : s c a le 1 : 300 . B u r ray E a s t . T op ; l o ng i tud ina l s e c t ion o ft h e ' we l l ' . B o t tom ; d e ta i led p l an o f t h ee n t r ance p a s sage , t h en e ighbou r ing w a l l a nd t h ee x ter na lw e l l . B u r ray E a s t . T op ; P e t r ie 's p l an a nd e l eva t ion ( t h rough t h ee n t rance p a s sage ) ; s ca le 1 : 300 . B o t tom ; s ome o ft h ef i nd sf r om B u r ray E a s t ,a f te rP e t r ie . B u r ray E a s t . T op ; P e t r ie 's d raw ing o fa n e l eva t ion o f t h e i n ne rw a l l f a ce a tt h ed oo rway t ot h e mu ra l c e l l . B o t tom ; p l an o fB u r ray We s t .w i th t wo c r o s ss e c t ion s . B u r ray E a s t i n1 963 ; g ene ra l v i ew o ft h eb roch mound o ni t sp l a tf o rm w i th t h es u r round ing r ampa r t . B u r ray E a s ti n1 963 ; o u te rw a l lf a ce o fb roch o nt h ew e s t . B u r ray E a s ti n1 987 ; v i ew a c ro s st h er ubb le -f i l led i n te r io r t owa rd st h eg ap t h a tF a r re rb roke t h rough t h ew a l l w i th t h ei n ne r e nd o ft h ee n t r ance t ot h er i gh t( a tp o le ) . B u r ray E a s ti n1 985 ; ar ound mu ra lc e l la t1 o ' c lock . B u r ray E a s ti n1 987 ; t h eo u te rw a l lo ft h eu ppe rg a l le ry a bove t h e i n t ra -mu ra l s t a i r( now h idden ) . B u r ray We s ti n1 963 ; t h er ema in so ft h eb roch mound u nde r aW W2 g un e mp la cemen t . H owe o fH oxa i n1 963 ; d i s tan tv i ew o fb roch mound . H owe o fH oxa i n 1 963 ; 1 9t h c en tu ry r e s to ra t ion s o f mor ta red m a son ry i n c lud ing a n a dded p l a tf o rm w i th af l ag p o le , t h e l a t te rn ow v an i shed ) . H owe o fH oxa i n 1 985 ; g ene ra l v i ew a c ro s s t h e c l ea red c en t ra l c ou r t s how ing r a d ia l u p r igh t s t one s l ab s a nd t h e r e a l s c a rcemen tj u s ta bove t h ep o le . H owe o fH oxa i n1 985 ; v i ew o ft h ei n s ide w a l lf a ce w i th t wo r a d ia l s t one s l abs s e ti n to as e conda ry f a c ing o fm a son ry . H owe o fH oxa i n1 985 ; t h er e con s t ruc ted p a r to ft h eu ppe ri n ne rw a l lf a ce s how ing p o in t ing w i th l ime m o r ta r . H owe o fH oxa i n1 985 ; v i ew o fb locked u pi n t ra -mu ra ld oo rway ,p robab ly l e ad ing t ot h es t a i r .

x v i i i

S ec t ion 1 :I n t roduc t ion t ot h eC o rpu s T h i s s ho r t s e c t ion c on ta in s s ome t e chn ica l i n f o rma t ion a bou t t h e w ay t h i s C o rpu s i so rgan i sed a nd a bou t h ow t h e s i te s a r e d e sc r ibed . Am o r e g ene ra l i n t roduc t ion t ot h i s b ranch o f a r chaeo logy i sp rov ided b y S ec t ion s 2a nd 3 w h ich c on ta in , r e spec t ive ly , ad e sc r ip t ion o f ap a r t icu la r ly w e l l p r e se rved b roch a nd a n a ccoun t o ft h ink ing a bou t t h e s ub jec ts i nce t h e 1 6t h c en tu ry .

u pt h e s i x f i gu re r e f e rence s a nd t u rn s o u tt ob e A chana r ra s , ap o s s ib le b roch o n ly ( vo l . 2 ) .

T h i s i st h e f i r s t h a lf o ft h e w ho le w o rk a nd d ea l s w i th t h e b roch so fO rkney a nd S he t land . P a r t 2w i l la ppea ra ss oon a si tc an b ec omp le ted .

T he S he t land I s le s T he O rkney I s le s

T he c o r re la t ion b e tween t h e se n a tu ra l a nd c oun ty r eg ion s a nd t h et wo l e t te r 1 00 km s qua re s a r e a sf o l low s : P a r t 1 : S he t land a nd O rkney H P , HU HY , ND38 -49

P a r t2 : Ma in land S co t land a nd t h e W e s te rn I s le s 1 . 1 T he s i te r e f erence s y s tem T he f l a tp l a in o fC a i thne s s A l l S u the r land a nd t h eh i gh land p a r t o fC a i thne s s E a s ter np a r to fR o s s sh i re T he n or th -we s tc oa s te xcep t S u the r land

I nt h e f i r s tp l ace t h eb roch sd e sc r ibed h e r ea r eg rouped i n to t h e n a tu ra l g eog raph ica l r e g ion s o fS co t land i nw h ich t h ey f a l l , s t a r t ing i n t h e f a r n or th w i th t h e S he t land I s land s . T he z one sa r eS ec t ion 4 : S ec t ion 5 : S ec t ion 6 : S ec t ion 7 :

S ec t ion 8 : S ec t ion 9 ; S ec t ion 1 0 :

ND01-47

NC36 -96 NH33 -98 NC00 -23 , NH 18 & 1 9 , NG74 -93 S kye NG15 -60 I n ne rH eb r ide ss ou th o fS kye ( i nc . L i smo r e ) NM Ma in land A rgy l l &I s lay NR06 , 4 6 &7 9 T he O u te rH eb r ides NB03 -55 ,NG09 , NF60 -99 , NL58 -69 ( Ha r r i s NG , L ew i s NB , B enbecu la ,U is t sa nd B a r ra NF , i s land s a ts ou the rn t i p NL ) T he c en t ra lm a in land NN33 -43 , NN60 -70 , NS43 -88 S ou th -ea s t S co t land NT43 -76 S ou th -we s t S co t land NX04 -54

T he S he t land I s land s T he O rkney I s land s C a i thne s s a nd S u the r land ( i n t h e f a r n o r th a nd n o r th -ea s to ft h em a in land T he We s t C oa s t( e xc lud ing S u the r land i nt h e f a r n o r th ) a nd t h e I n ne r H eb r ide s ( i nc lud ing t h ei s land so fA rgy l l sh i re ) T he O u te rH eb r ide s T he c en t ra l Ma in land T he s ou ther na nd s ou th -we s ter n Ma in land

S i te s o n i n d iv idua l i s land s ( e xcep t v e ry s ma l l of sho re o ne s ) a r e g rouped s epa ra te ly w i th in t h e 1 00 km s qua re w he re a pp rop r ia te ; s ome t ime s t h i s m ean s t h a t s i te s o n t h e s ame i s land w i l l a ppea r u nde r mo re t h an o ne o f t h e se s qua re s ( a s i n S he t land ) . T he s i te n ame s , w i th t h e i r a l te rna t ive f o rm s , a r e a l so l i s ted i na l phabe t ica l o rde ri nt h e S i te N ame I ndex o n p . i i ; e a ch h a s i t s s i te c ode w h ich l e ad sb ack t ot h em a in l i s t .

H oweve r t h e p r ima ry n umbe r ing s y s tem f o r a l l t h e s i te s t h a t i st h e s i te c ode - d epend s o n t h e 1 00 km a nd t h e 1 0 k m s qua re s o f t h e O rdnance S u rvey 's g r id r e f e rence s y s tem . I l . 1 . 1 s how s w he re t h e 1 00 k m s qua re s a r e a nd a l so h ow e ach 1 00 k ms qua re i sd i v ided i n to 1 00 n umbe red 1 0 k m s qua r e s . I fw e t a ke f o r e xamp le s qua r e NN ( i n w h ich f ew b roch s a r e i n f a c t k nown ) , t h e 1 0 km s qua r e NNO0 i si nt h es ou th -we s tc or n e ra nd NN99 i si nt h en o r th e a s t . A l l s i te s w h ich f e l l i n to s qua re NN53 f o r e xamp le w ou ld b e g i ven t h a t p r ef ix a nd l i s ted u sua l ly ( bu t n o t i n va r iab ly ) i na l phabe t ica lo rde r - NN53 1 ,NN53 2a nd s o o n . T hu s t h e d e sc r ip t ion o fa ny b roch t h e s i x f i gu re g r id r e f e r ence o f w h ich i sk nown c an b e q u ick ly f ound b y e s tab l i sh ing t h e t wo l e t te r c o -o rd ina te s o f i t s 1 00 km s qua re ( wh ich s hou ld b e g i ven w i th e ve ry s u ch r e f e rence ) a nd t a k ing t h ef i r s ta nd t h e f ou r th n umbe r so ft h e s i x f i gu r e r e f e r ence t og e t t h e c o -o rd ina te s o ft h e 1 0 km s qua r e . A c heck w i th t h e m ap i nI l . 1 . 1 w i l l s how i nw h ich o ft h e R eg ion s l i s ted a bove t h e 1 0 k m s qua r e e n t r ie s w i l l b e f o und .

T he m a in b enef i t s o ft h i s n umbe r ing s y s tem a r e , f i r s t , t h a t i tr e la te s d i rec t ly t ot h e O .S . g r id s y s tem a sd e sc r ibed a nd , s e cond , t h a t n ew ly d i scove red s i te s c an b e i n co rpo ra ted i n to i ti n t h e i r p rope r p l a ce a nd w i thou t a ny d i s rup t ion . B lank p age s a r e l ef ta ti n te rva l s o n w h ich n o te s a bou ts u ch n ew s i te s c an b e m ade . T he o n ly d i ff icu l ty t h a t w i l l o ccu r i si f an ew s i te i sf ound , f o re xamp le , o n O rkney Ma in land i nS qua re HY42 , w h ich i n c lude s b o th t h i s a r ea a nd p a r t o f R ou say . I tw ou ld h ave t ob e n umbe red HY42 8a nd c ome d i r ec t ly a f t e r n umbe r 5( s ince 6a nd 7a r e o n R ou say ) . I t i sh oped t h a tt h ep rob lem w i l ln o ta r i se v e ry o f t en .

1 . 2 T ype s o fb rochs T hu s f o r e xamp le i f ab roch i ss u spec t ed a tg r id r e f e r ence ND 1 5 1552 w ek now t h a t i ti si n1 00 k m s qua re ND w h ich t h e m ap s how s t o b e i nt h e n o r th -ea s t m a in land ( a c tua l ly C a i thne s s ) . T ak ing t h e f i r s ta nd f ou r th f i gu re s ( unde r l ined ) w e g e t 1 0 k m s qua re ND 15 i nC a i thne s s i nw h ich 2 2 s i te s a r e l i s ted . T he o ne c once rned c an b e f ound b y m a tch ing

T he s i t e s d e sc r ibed a r e g rouped p r ima r i ly i n to t h r ee t y pe s a cco rd ing t ot h e i r v i s ib le s t a te o fp r e se rva t ion a nd o n t h e a s sump t ion t h a t ah o l low -wa l led b roch i sd ef ined b y ( 1 ) i t s r ound p l an , ( 2 ) i t s t h ick w a l l , ( 3 ) i t s s i ze , ( 4 ) al e dge o r s c a r cemen t o n t h e i n s ide w a l lf ace a nd ( 5 )b y i t sp o s se s s ion

1

T he R oundhou se s , B roch s a nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

o f a t l e a s t o ne o f c e r ta in h o l low -wa l led a r ch i tec tu ra l f e a tu re s ( b e low ) . T he r e h a s b een much d i scu s s ion a bou t w ha t p ropo r t ion o f ' b roch s ' a c tua l ly h ave t h e s pec ia l i sed h o l low w a l l c on s t ruc t ion a nd t h e a im o ft h i s c l a s s if i ca t ion i st os hed l i gh to nt h i sp rob lem .

t h ough w i th p rac t ice i t i s q u i te e a sy t o t e l l ab roch d oo rway . As c a r cemen to rl e dge a r ound t h e i n s ide w a l l f a ce i s av e ry g ood c e r ta in s i gn o f ah o l low -wa l led b roch , p a r t icu la r ly i f c omb ined w i th t h er ound ,t h ick -wa l led p l an ; h oweve rs u ch l e dge s a r e o cca s iona l ly f ound i nd un s , a s w e l l a s i no ne p ecu l ia r s t ruc tue o n B a r ra — D un C u ie r ( NF60 3 ) —s o i t c anno tb er e ga rded a sc omp le te ly r e l iab le .

1 . 2 .1 C la s s i f ica t ion b yd eg ree o fpr e ser va t ion B roch s

P robab le b rochs

P o s s ib le b rochs

s i te s w h ich h ave a t l e a s t t wo o f c ha rac te r i s t ic s 1 - 4 a bove a nd i n a dd i t ion n o . 5 . s i te s w h ich h ave a t l e a s t t wo o f c ha rac ter i s t ic s 1 4 a bove b u t l a ck a ny o fn o . 5 . S i te s w h ich h ave n o d i agno s t ic f e a tu re s e xpo sed b u t w h ich s e em l i ke ly f r om t h e i r s i tua t ion t o b e b roch s .

F ea tu re s w h ich s e em t o b e d i agno s t ic o f h o l low -wa l led b roch s a nd w h ich s o f a r h ave n o t b een f ound i na ny o t he r d ry s t one s t ruc tu re i n c lude t h ef o l low ing ( I l l . 1 . 2 ) An u pper g a l lery : t h i s c an b e moun ted e i the r o n as o l id b a sa l s t o rey o r o n t o p o f ag round l e ve l g a l le ry a nd i t p rov ide s t h e c r uc ia l e v idence t h a t t h e w a l l w a s ad oub le o ne , w i th t h et wo h a lve s l i nked t oge the rb yh o r izon ta lr ow s o fs t one l i n te l s a tv e r t ica l i n te rva l s o f1 . 5 o r 1 . 8 m( 5 -6 f t . ) ( I l l . 4 . 66 ) .

C la s s if ica t ion b ya rch i tec tura lf ea ture s G round -ga l ler ied

S o l id -ba sed

T rans i t iona l

b roch s w h ich h ave ( a pa r t f r om t h e e n t rance p a s sage a nd a ny g ua rd c e l l s ) amo re o r l e s s c on t inuou s i n t ra -mu ra l g a l le ry a t g round l e ve l ; t h ey a r e mo s t ly c oncen t ra ted i n t h e We s te rn I s le s . O cca s iona l ly t h e r e m ay b e a no the r mu ra l c e l l s a l so a t g round l e ve l , u sua l ly as t a i r -f oo tg ua rd c e l l . B roch s i nw h ich t h e l owe s tg a l le ry o f t h e h o l low o r d oub le w a l l s i t s o n t op o f as o l id w a l l b a se w h ich c on ta in s t h e e n t rance p a s sage , u sua l ly t h e s t a i r a nd o ne o r mo re mu ra l c e l l s . T h i s k i nd i s m a in ly i n t h e n o r ther n m a in land a nd t h en or ther ni s land s . Av e ry f ew s i te s h ave ac omb ina t ion o f g round -ga l le r ied a nd s o l id -ba sed f e a tu re s .

Ac hamber o ver t he e n trance ; t h i s s how s t h a tt h e s i de s o ft h e e n t rance p a s sage c on t inue u p a bove i t s f l a t r oofmg l i n te l s a nd i n to L eve l 2( b e low ) ; t h e f e a tu r e i su sua l ly c omb ined w i th a n e xcep t iona l ly m a s s ive ( s ome t ime s t r iangu la r ) l i n te la tt h eo u te re nd o ft h ee n t rance ( b ecau se i t h a s t os uppo r t t h e h i gh o u te r w a l lf a ce ) a nd t h e p u rpo se o f t h e o pen ing i st o r e l ieve t h e i n ne r p a s sag e l i n te l s o ft h e w e igh t o ft h e s t onewo rk a bove . T he w r i te rd oe s n o tk now o fa ne xamp le i n ad un . A v o id i n t he i nner w a l lf ace : t h e c hambe r o ve r t h e e n t rance j u s t m en t ioned i sa lway s o pen t ot h e i n t e r io r a nd , i ft h e s i te i s w e l l p r e se rved ( e .g . M idhowe : HY33 1 ) , t r ace s o fy e t ah ighe rc hambe rc an b e s e en . T hu s a l though t h e o u te r f a ce l a ck s a ny o t he r o pen ing s a pa r t f r om t h e e n t rance , m a jo r d oorway p a s sage s h av e t h i s w e igh t r e l iev ing d ev ice a bove t h e i r l i n te l s . S ome t ime s , a s a t Mou sa ( HU42 6 ) , as e r ie s o f v o id s r un s u p t h e w a l l i n l a dde r l ike f a sh ion e ven i ft h e re i sn o d oo r a tt h e b o t tom . P re sumab ly t h i s w a s m a in ly a s t one - a nd w e igh t sav ing d ev ice .

I n an umbe ro fe xcava ted o ro t he rw i se w e l le xpo sed b roch s t h e c ha ra c te r i s t ic s o ft h eg round l e ve l s t o rey a r ek nown y e t t h e s i te i sn o t s uf i c ien t ly w e l l p re se rved f o r a ny u ppe r l e ve l s ( c on ta in ing t h e h o l low -wa l l f e a tu re s ) t or ema in . I n t h e se c a se st h e d i agno s i s i sp re -f ixed b y ' p robab le ' s ot h a t f o r e xamp le ap robab le s o l id -ba sed b roch h a s n o k nown h o l low -wa l l f e a tu r e s p re se rved w he rea s as o l id -ba sed b roch d oe s .

A n i n tra -mura l s t a ir i n a n u pper l e ve l : i ft h e s t a i r c on t inue s u p i n to t h e f i r s ts t o rey ( Leve l2 ) , a nd p a r t icu la r ly i fo ne o ft h e f e a tu re sj u s t m en t ioned i sa l so p r e sen t , t h en t h e s t ruc tu r e i sa lmo s t c e r ta in ly ab roch . L ikew i se i ft h e s t a i rs t a r t sa tL eve l 2t h es ame i si mp l ied .

1 . 3 B roch a rch i tec ture

1 . 4 R oundhouse s

1 . 3 .1 Ho l low -wa l ledf ea ture s

T he r e a r e o t he r r ound s t one b u i ld ing s t h a t o ccu r i n t h e b roch p rov ince a nd w h ich o f t en s ha re t h e b roch m a te r ia l c u l tu r e . T hey a r e t e rmed r oundhou se s h e r e , a pa r t f r om a s pec ia l i sed v e r s ion i n w h ich t h e i n te rna l r oof suppor t ing p o s t s s e em t o h ave b een r e p laced b y r ad ia l s t one p i e r s . T he se a r e k nown a s w hee lhouse s . T he t e rm i sr e ta ined h e r e b ecau se o fi t s d e sc r ip t ive v a lue e ven t h ough ( a s w i th ' b roch s ' ) i ts ugge s t s s ome th ing p ecu l ia r a nd n o r ther n a nd u n re la ted t oa ny th ing e l se . A l though t h e w r i te r d oe s n o t t h ink t h a t A rm i t 's t e rm ' A t lan t ic r oundhou se ' s hou ld b e s ub s t i tu ted f o rh o l low -wa l led b roch s i ti s au sef u l t e rm f o r

T he a r ch i tec tu ra l f e a tu re s w h ich s e em p ecu l ia r t oh o l low w a l led b roch s a r e r e la t ive ly f ew a nd t h ey e xc lud e a n i n t ra mu ra l g a l le ry a tg round l e ve l a nd a n i n t ra -mu ra l s t a i r a t o n ly g round l e ve l ( as t a i r h ighe r u p i sd if e ren t —b e low ) ; b o th t h e se t r a i t s a r e f ound i nt h e o t he r much mo re v a r iab le s ma l l s t one d ef en s ive s t ruc tu re s , o r ' dun s ' , w h ich a r e c oncen t ra ted i n A rgy l l sh i re . L ikew ise t h e c ha rac te r i s t ic n a r row e n t rance p a s sage w i th w e l l b u i l t d oo r -f rame ( w i th b a r -ho le a nd s ocke t ) i sa l so a f e a tu re o f d un s a s w e l l , 2

S ec t ion 1 :I n t roduc t ion t ot h eC orpu s

d e sc r ibed a sa tb e ing a t' 9o ' c lock ' i fi ti s aq ua r te r o ft h e w ay r ound t h e w a l l t o t h e l ef t o f t h e e n t rance , a t ' 1 2 o ' c lock ' i fd i rec t ly o ppo s i te a nd s o o n . I np ra c t ice i ti s e a sy t o d ef ine t h e se a ngu la r p o s i t ion s t o w i th in h a lf a n h ou r .

a lmo s t e ve ry o t he rk i nd o fs ma l l , r ound b u i ld ing i n c lud ing w hee lhou se s ( t hough p a radox ica l ly A rm i t d oe s n o t i n c lude t h e se i nh i st e rm ) . T he r e a r e af ew e xcava ted b roch l ike s t ruc tu re s w h ich a ppea rn eve rt oh ave h ad t h eh i gh h o l low w a l l a nd t h ey a r e c a l led m a s s ive r oundhouse sh e r e . Am a jo rp rob lem i st o d e te rm ine w ha t p ropor t ion o f ' p robab le b roch s ' a r e r e a l ly t h e r u in s o fh o l low -wa l led b roch s a nd w ha tp ropor t ion a r e r e la t ive ly l ow -wa l led m a s s ive r oundhou se s .

I na n e x ten s ion o ft h is t h e f e a tu re s i nt h e e n t rance p a s sage a r e a lway s d e sc r ibed h e r e i sb e ing o nt h e l ef to rt h er i gh ta s i fo ne i sl o ok ing a tt h e c l ock , t h a t i sl o ok ing d own t h e p a s sage f r om t h e o u t s ide . 1 . 7 .2 T he s y s tem o fL eve l s

1 . 5 B ib l iograph ica ls ource s T he w ay b roch s a r e b u i l t - o u t l ined e a r l ie r - u sua l ly a low s o ne t oa loca te t h e v a r iou s a r ch i tec tu ra l f e a tu re s t o d i f f e ren t s t o rey s ; t h e t e rm u sed h e r e i sL eve l ( I l l . 1 . 2 ) , t h e w o rd b e ing s t a r ted w i th a c ap i ta l ' I , ' h e re t o a vo id c onf u s ion w i th t h e a d jec t ive . I th a s l o ng b een k nown t h a t t h e i n t ra -mu ra l g a l le r ie s a r e h o r izon ta l a nd n a tu ra l ly b u i l t o ne o n t o p o fa no the r s o t h a t , i n mo s t H eb r idean b roch s , t h e g round g a l le ry , u p t o i t s c ove r ing l i n te l s , i sL eve l 1 . T h i s L eve l a l so i n c lude s t h e e n t rance p a s sage , a ny g ua rd c e l l s a nd t h e b eg inn ing o ft h e i n t ra -mu ra l s t a i r . I ns o l id b a sed b roch s b y c on t ra s t L eve l 1c on ta in s n o g a l le ry b u t s t i l l h a st h e e n t rance , a ny c e l l s a nd , u sua l ly , t h e s t a i r . I na n umbe ro fw ha to ne m igh tc a l lt e chn ica l ly a dvanced b roch s t h e s t a i r s t a r t s a tt h e b a se o fL eve l 2 , p e rhap s 1 . 8 ma bove t h e g round . T he h o r izon ta l c on s t ruc t ion o ft h e h o l low w a l led b roch s i s s o w ide ly o b se rvab le t h a t , w hen o ne e ncoun te r s av a r ia t ion - s u ch a s t h e u neven i n t ra -mu ra l g a l le r ie s i nC l ickh im in a nd M idhowe - o ne m u s t a lway s w onde r w he the r t h e se a r e t h e r e su l t o fm i sgu ided m oder n r e bu i ld ing .

T h roughou t t h e d e sc r ip t ive t e x t s ( Sec t ion s 2a nd 3 i nP a r t 1 ) b i b l iog raph ica l s ou r ce s a r e g i ven i nt h e u sua l H a rva rd s y s tem ; i nt h e se as pec if ic b ook o ra r t ic le i sd e sc r ibed b y i t s a u tho r 's n ame a nd d a te o fp ub l ica t ion , t oge the rw i th t h e r e levan t p age n umbe r s i fn ece s sa ry . A l i s t o f a l t h e r e f e r ence sc i ted i sa tt h ee nd o ft h ew o rk . O n t h e o t he r h and w hen a p a r t icu la r s i te l i s ted i n t h e C o rpu s i sr e f e r r ed t o i n t h e se d e sc r ip t ive s e c t ion s i ti s r e f e r red t o s imp ly b y i t s n umbe r c ode i nt h e m a in l i s t a s d e sc r ibed e a r l ie r . T h roughou tt h ea c tua ld e sc r ip t ive C o rpu s ( Sec t ion s 4a nd 5 i nP a r t 1 )t h e r e f e r ence s y s tem i ss l igh t ly d if e r en t . T he s ou r ce s f o r e ach e n t ry a r e l i s ted a t i t s e nd a nd a r e n umbe r ed m a in ly i n o rde r o f c i ta t ion ; s t anda rd b i b l iog raph ica l r e f e rence s a r e a ga in i nt h e f o rm o fa u tho r a nd d a te o f p ub l ica t ion . When t h o se n umbe r s a r e r e f e r red t ow i th in t h et e x tt h ey o ccu ri ns qua re b racke t s .

I n m o s t b roch s o t he r s t anda rd a r ch i tec tu ra l f e a tu r e s a l so c o r r e la te w i th t h e se v e r t ica l L eve l s . F o r e xamp le t h e u b iqu i tou s s c a r cemen t o n t h e i n s ide w a l lf ace i sc ommon ly a tt h eb a se o fL eve l 2s ot h a t ,w he r e i tc r o s se st h e i n ne re nd o ft h e e n t rance , t h e i n ne rmo s t l i n te l s e rve s a s p a r t o ft h e l e dge . E ven w hen i ti s h i ghe r - a s f o r e xamp le a t M idhowe a nd Mou sa - i ti sl i ke ly t o b e a tt h e b a se o f L eve l 3 . L ikew i se a ny d oo r s ized o pen ing s i nt h e i n ne r w a l lf ace u sua l ly m a tch t h e g a l le ry b eh ind , a nd a ny l a nd ing s i nt h e s t a i ro ccu ra tt h ej unc t ion o ft h e L eve l s .

1 . 6 P ho tographs C op ie so fa l p ho tog raph sa nd c o lou rs l ide st a ken o fb roch s a nd a l ied s i te s b y t h e a u tho r u p u n t i l 1 987 h ave b een d epo s i ted i n t h e N a t iona l Monumen t s R eco rd i n E d inbu rgh , w he r et h ey c an b e c on su l ted ( t he n ega t ive s a nd c o lou r t r an spa r enc ie s w i l l u l t ima te ly b e d epo s i ted t h e re ) . T he NMR c a ta logue o ft h e b l ack a nd w h i te p ho tog raph s h a s i t s o wn n umbe r ing s y s tem b u t h e r e , i nt h e c ap t ion s t o t h e I l t ra t ion s ,t h e w r i te r 's n ega t ive n umbe ri sg i ven ( wh ich a r e a l so i nt h e NMR c a ta logue ) .

O cca s iona l ly ah o l low -wa l led s t ruc tu re i sb u i l t o n u neven g round s o t h a t p a r t o f t h e L eve l 1w a l l i so n al owe r f o unda t ion , w h ich i st h en c a l led L eve l -1 . D un A rd t r eck o n S kye i s ag ood e xamp le ( MacK ie 2 002 ) .

T he p ho tog raph s h ave f a i r ly d e ta i led d e sc r ip t ive c ap t ion s n o t a l o ft h e i n f o rma t ion i nw h ich i sr e pea ted i nt h e t e x t . T hu s c ap t ion s o ft h e p i c tu r e s c once rned s hou ld b e r e ad i n a dd i t ion t ot h es i te e n t ry .

1 . 7 D raw ing so fi t ems o fm a ter ia l c u l ture 1 . 7 D e scr ib ing b rochs

A n i mpo r tan tp a r t o ft h is C o rpu s i st h e l i s t ing a nd I l t ra t ing o f s ome o f t h e m any u npub l i shed f i nd s f r om t h e o l de r e xcava t ion s o f b roch s a nd a l l ied s i te s . H oweve r t h e se l i s t ing s a r e b y n o m ean s c omp le te . W i th t h e h e lp a nd e ncou ragemen t o ft h e t h en K eepe r , RBK S t even son , a nd t h e A s s i s tan t K eepe r M s A ud rey H en sha l l t h e w r i te r s p en t m any h ou r s i n 1 962 a nd 1 963 e xam in ing a nd d r aw ing p o t te ry a nd a r tef a c t s f r om b roch s a nd w hee lhou se s i nt h e c o l lec t ion s o ft h e N a t iona l Mu seum o fA n t iqu i t ie s w hen i t w a s i nQ ueen S t r ee t i nE d inbu rgh . I nt h o se d ay st h e f i nd s

1 . 7 .1 T he c l ock -f ace r ef e rence s y s tem When d e sc r ib ing t h e p o s i t ion o n ap l an o f t h e v a r iou s a r ch i tec tu ra l f e a tu re s i n ab roch o ra l ied r ound s t ruc tu re i t i su s ef u l t oa dop tt h e s y s tem s ugge s ted b y G raham ( 1947 ) . I nt h is t h eb u i ld ing i ss e en a s ac l ock f a ce w i th t h ee n t rance p a s sag ea lway s d i r ec t ly d ownwa rd sa t 6o ' c lock . T hu st h e d oo rway t o a mu ra l c e l l , o r av o id i n t h e w a l l , c an b e

3

T he R oundhou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

w e re l i s ted i n h and -w r i t ten c a ta logue s a nd s t o r ed i n s howca se s a nd i n s pec if i c d rawe r s i n t h e P r eh i s to r ic G a l le ry b u t f o r v a r iou s r e a son s -n o t l e a s t l im i ted t ime t h ew r i te rd i dn o ts e ee ve ry th ing t h a tw a sa va i lab le . Many o ft h e l a rge ro b jec t sl i ke q ue rn sw e r e i nr e se rve s t o rage b u t t h e re w a s a l so ap roce s s o fs e lec t ion g o ing i n , i nw h ich t h e w r i te r c oncen t ra ted - i nw ha t w a s i n tended t o b e af i r s t s weep - o n w ha t w a s c on s ide r ed t o b e t h e mo r e ' d iagno s t ic ' m a te r ia l . When t h i s d a ta w a s a s semb led i t w a s p o s s ib le t op roduce t h e f i r s t o u t l ine o ft h e s equence o f A t lan t ic l i on A ge m a te r ia l c u l tu r e e ve rp ub l i shed ( MacK ie 1 965 , f i g . 5 ) . H oweve r w hen A r thu r MacG rego r p ub l i shed t h e m a te r ia l f r om t h e b roch o fB u r r ian i nN or th R ona ld say h e f ound r a the r mo re t h an t h e w r i te r s aw ( 1974 ) . S ince a bou t 1 980 ac ompu te r i sed c a ta logue o fa l lt h e N a t iona l Mu seum 's a r chaeo log ica l c o l lec t ion s h a s b een c omp i led a nd i ti sh oped t h a t as umma ry l i s t ing f r om t h i s o f a l l t h e m a te r ia l f r om a l l b roch a nd w hee lhou se s i te s ( e xcep t t h o se w h ich h ave b een t h o rough ly p ub l i shed a l ready ) w i l l b e i n c luded a sa n a ppend ix i nP a r t 2o ft h i s C o rpu s . Meanwh i le i t i s h oped t h a t t h e h i the r to u npub l i shed m a te r ia l w h ich i sI l t ra ted h e r e w i l l p rove u sef u l . T he r e i sn o i n ten t ion t o r ep roduce i n d e ta i l t h e i n f o rma t ion o n a r tef a c t s t h a t o ccu r s i n moder ne xcava t ion r e por t s . D u r ing t h e 1 980 s w o rk w a s d one i n t h e H un te r ian Mu seum , U n ive r s i ty o f G la sgow , t o s epa ra te o u t a d ona t ion o fO rkney a nd S he t land a n t iqu i t ie so b ta ined f r om JW C u r s i te ro fO rkney ; p a r to ft h i sc o l lec t ion w a sb ough t b y A H B i shop i n 1 9 11 ( who g ave h i s e n t i r e l a rge c o l lec t ion t o u s i n 1 9 14 a nd 1 951) a nd p a r t c ame i n a s epa ra te d ona t ion f r om C u r s i te r i n 1 922 , b u t i tw a s n eve r c a ta logued s epa ra te ly a s t h e d ono r r eque s ted . T he c o l lec t ion i n c lude s an umbe r o f o b jec t s f r om s pec if ic O rkney b roch s w h ich h ave n eve r b een p ub l i shed b ef o r e a nd t h e se i t em s a r e r e f e r r ed t o u nde r t h e s i te e n t r ie s c once rned .

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5

T he R oundhouse s , B rochs a nd Whee lhouse so fA t lan t ic S co t land

1 . 2 D iag ram t o s how h ow t h e s t ruc tu r e o f a h ypo the t ica l s t anda rd b r och c an b e d i v ided i n to v a r iou s s t o rey s o rL eve l s . T he s o l id -ba sed b roch i sm ode l led a pp rox ima te ly o n D un T roddan a nd D un T e lve , n ea r G lene lg o n t h e w e s t c oa s t o f I n ve rne s s sh i re ( t oge the r w i th a g ua rd c e l l l i ke t h a t o f D un Mo r V au l o n T i ree ) a nd o n ly t h e b o t tom s o f t h e f i r s t t h ree L eve l s a r e s hown , a s s t age s i n t h e c on s t ruc t ion o f t h e t owe r . T he b roch i s1 8 .3 m (6 0 f t ) i nd i ame te r w i th aw a l l 4 . 58 m ( 1 5 f t ) t h ick a t g round l e ve l , a nd t h e h e igh t o f e a ch l e ve l i ss hown a s 1 . 8 m ( 6 f t ) , s l igh t ly m o re t h an t h eu sua l . L eve l 1 : t h e p l an o ft h e b roch i sl a id o u t o n t h e g round ,w i th e n t r ance p a s sage , ad oo rt ot h em u ra l s t a i r a t 9o ' c lock ( w i th a s t a i r -f oo t g ua rd c e l l l e ad ing o f t o t h e l e f t ) a nd a l a rge c e l l a t 3 o ' c lock . Ar i ng o f t we lve p o s t h o le s h a s b een l a id o u t f r om t h e s ame c en t r e a st h e w a l l i t s e lf , a nd a r e c tangu la r f i r ep la ce i sm a rk ed o u t i nt h e c en t re . U l t ima t e ly t h ee n t i re p e r iphe ra la r ea o ft h e c en t ra lc ou r t( ou t s ide t h ep o s t s )w i l lb ep aved .

b a se o f L eve l3

L eve l 2 : t h e f i r s t f l oo r l e ve l b eg in s o n t o p o ft h e s o l id b a se a nd t h e f o unda t ion s o ft h e f i r s t i n t ra m u ra l g a l le ry a r e l a id o u t . T he l i n te l s a l ready l a id a tt h is l e ve l c ove rt h e s t a i r -f oo tg ua rd c e l l a nd t h e l a rge c e l l a t 3o ' c lock w h ich i sa s sumed n o t t o h ave ac o rbe l led r oof . T he g ua rd c e l l b yc on t ra s t i sb e ing c on s t ruc ted a s ab eeh ive s hape , w i th a c o rbe l led d ome . T he f i r s t f l igh t o ft h e s t a i r r i se s o n ly t ot h is l e ve l w he re i tr e a che s al o ng l a nd ing , d e s igned t og i ve a c ce s s t o ar a is ed d oo r l e ad ing o u t t h e t h e r a ised w ooden f l oo r r e s t ing o n t h e s c a rcemen t ; p a r t o f t h i s r i ng shaped f l oo r o r b a lcony i s s hown b u t i tw ou ld d oub t le s s h ave b een am uch m o re e l abo ra te p i ece o f w oodwo rk , w i th ab a lu s t rade a nd p e rhap s al i gh t l e an to r o o f c ove r ing i t( t he m a in r o of i s a s sumed t o b e m a s s ive a nd u p n ea r t h e t o p o ft h e t owe r ) . T he s e cond f l igh t o ft h e s t a i r s t a r t s a tt h e e nd o ft h e l a nd ing a nd w i l l p robab ly g o s t ra igh t u p t ot h e t o p ,p robab ly w i th a no the rl a nd ing h i gh u pt og i ve a c ce s s t oa n u ppe rr a i sed d oo r . T h i s l e ad s o u tt o t h el owe rw oodwo rk o ft h em a in r oof .

b a se o f L eve l2

T he f l a t l i n te l so fa l t h r ee g round l e ve ld oo rway s h ave c hambe r s o rv o id s p l anned f o r a bove t h em , t o k eep t h e l i n te l s f r ee o f p r e s su re . T he m a in e n t rance h a s af u l l s ize c hambe r o ve r i t ,r e a ched f r om t h e w ooden f l oo r o n t h e s c a r cemen t ; i t s o u te rmo s t l i n te l i sm a s s ive , a nd t r iangu la r i nt h i s c a se , t os uppo r tt h eo u te rw a l lf a ce a bove . s=s t a i r s c s c a r cemen t v=v o id c=c e l l g l =g a l le ry l i n te ls

b a se o f L eve l I

I=l a nd ing g=g a l le ry r d =r a is ed d oo r g c =g ua rd c e l l p=p av ing

e=e n t rance i g= i nacce s s ib l eg a l le ry c e =c hamb e ro ve re n t rance s o =s o l id w a l lc o r e d=d oo rf r ame

6

L eve l 3 : a tt h is p o in t t h e l i n te l s o f t h e i n t ra m u ra l g a l le ry o fL eve l 2a r ea lmo s tc on t inuou sa l t h e w ay r ound t h e w a l l ; t h ey a r e i n te r rup ted b y t h e c hambe r o ve r t h e e n t rance , b y t h e t o pmo s t p a r t o f t h e d omed r oof o f t h e g ua rd c e l l ( t he c ap s tone i ss hown ) a nd f o r as ho r t d i s tance t o a low a c ce s s u p a nd d own t h e s t a i r . T he v o id s o ve r t h e d oo r t ot h e s t a i r a r e c omp le te , a s i st h e r a ised d oo r o n t h e s t a i r l a nd ing , a nd t h e s i de s o f a l f o u rd oo ro pen ing sw i l lc on t inue u pi n to L eve l 4 a nd h i ghe r u p , f o rm ing t h e s t r e s s r e l iev ing v o id s .

S ec t ion 2 :T he t owe ro n Mou sa i s land

2 . 1 I n troduc t ion

2 . 3

AV ik ing v i s i tt oS he t land

T h i s i n t roduc to ry s e c t ion c on s i s t s o f ad e ta i led d e sc r ip t ion o ft h e b e s t p r e se rved b roch s t i l l i ne x i s tence , w h ich s t and s o n t h e s ma l l i s land o f Mou sa , o f f t h e e a s t c oa s t o f t h e s ou the rnmo s t p en in su la o f m a in land S he t land ( I l l . 2 . 1) . B y c on s ide r ing t h e i n f o rma t ion f r om t h i s b u i ld ing , a nd t h e q ue s t ion s a nd t e n ta t ive a n swe r s t h a t t h i s r a i se s , i t i s p o s s ib le t o g e t ag ood p r e l im ina ry i mp re s s ion o f t h is r ema rkab le c l a s s o fI r on A ge b u i ld ing s a nd t ou nde r s tand s ome o ft h e p rob lem s t h a t ad e ta i led d e sc r ip t ive c o rpu s o f b roch m ay h e lp t o s o lve . I tw a s a l so o ne o f t h e f i r s t b roch s t ob e e xam ined a nd d e sc r ibed i n moder nt ime s ( I l l . 2 . 2 ) .

A t s ome t ime e a r ly i nt h e 1 0 th c en tu ry - p e rhap s a r ound AD 9 00 - aV ik ing l o ng sh ip w a s c r u i s ing n ea r t h e se f a r n o r the rn i s land s . O n b oa rd w a s ac h ief t ian n amed B jo rn w ho h ad b een much t a ken w i th T ho ra , t h e s i s te r o f o f a f e l low c h ief T ho r i r H roa ld s son ( who p r e sumab ly l i ved i n N orway ) . H av ing b een r e f u sed p e rm i s s ion t om a r ry h e rh e h ad a bduc ted t h e g i r l a nd t a ken h e r t oh i s f a the r 's h ou se . H i s f a the rh oweve rw a s af r iend o fT ho r i ra nd h ad n o tb een p l ea sed w hen t h e c oup le a r r ived ; h e r e f u sed t o l e t a w edd ing t a ke p l ace u nde rh i sr oof . E ven tua l ly t h e i mpa t ien t B jo rn t ook h e r o f f t o s e a a ga in a nd

Mo s t o ft h e r e f e rence s s uppo r t ing s p ec if ic s t a temen t s w i l l b e f ound u nde r t h e m a in e n t ry f o r t h i s b roch i ns e c t ion 4 ( HU42 3 ) .

" I t h appened o ne d ay t h a t t h ey w e re s a i l ing e a s t o f S he t land a nd d amaged t h e i r s h ip m ak ing l a nd o n Mo sey . T hey c a r r ied o f ft h e i r f r e igh t a nd m ade f o r t h e t own sh ip t h e re , c a r ry ing i na l t h e i r w a r e s , t h en d raw ing t h e i r s h ip a sho re a nd r e pa i r ing w ha t w a s b roken ."

2 . 2 T he N or thern I s le s T he S he t land I s le s -v i s ib le f r om t h e m o s tn o r the r ly p o in t i nO rkney a nd r e ached f a i r ly e a s i ly b y s e a e ven i na nc ien t t ime s -f o rm t h e n o r the rnmo s t l a nd i nt h e B r i t i sh I s le s , a nd t h e m o s t n o r th -we s te r ly p a r t o f E u rope e xcep t f o r I c e land . S i tua ted b e tween a bou t l a t i tude s 6 0° a nd 6 1° n o r th t h ey a r en ea re nough t ot h eA r c t ic c i rc le t ob e l i gh ta t m idn igh t f o r a s ho r t p e r iod a r ound m id summe r ; c o r r e spond l ing ly i th a rd ly g e t s l i gh ta ta l r ound m idw in te r . T he t h r ee m a jo ri s land s a r e f o rmed o fa nc ien tm e tamo rph ic m ica sch i s t , w i th s ome b l ock s o f s a nd s tone a nd i g neou s r o ck , a nd e ven t h e h i l ly p a r t s h ave a s moo thed , r o l l ing l o ok t h ank s t o t h e a c t ion o f g l ac ie r s d u r ing t h e l a s t I c e A ge . N ow t h e m i ld a nd o cean ic c l ima te h a s p roduced l a rge d epo s i t s o f p ea t , g i v ing t h e o f t en w a te r logged l a nd scape ad un -co lou red a ppea rance . U n t i l t h e c om ing o ft o u r i sm a nd o i l t h e i n hab i tan t s a lway s d epended m a in ly o n f i sh ing ; a g r icu l tu re i s o n ly p roduc t ive i ft h e s o i l i s c on s tan t ly d r a ined a nd f e r t i l i sed . G ood t a rmac r oad s a r e m a in ly ap o s t -wa rp henomenon .

T he s t o ry i sr e coun ted i n t h e O rkney inga S aga ( J one s 1 960 , 8) a nd t h e O ld N o r se w o rd t r an s la ted a s' t own sh ip ' i nt h i s v e r s ion i s ' b o rg ' . T he p l ace i sg i ven a s ' Mo sey ' a s i nt h e o r ig ina lt e x t . H oweve r e y i st h e N o r se f o r ' i s land ' a nd ' Mo sey ' a s w e h ave s e en i s Mou sa , as ma l l i s land o f f t h e e a s t c oa s t o f D un ro s sne s s o n w h ich s t and s t h e s t one t owe rm en t ioned t h e b e s t p r e se rved a nd b e s t k nown o f ac l a s s o fI r on A ge b u i ld ing s k nown a sb roch s a nd w h ich i sn ow n amed a f t e r t h e i s land o n w h ich i ts t and s ( I l l . 2 . 1) . I nt h e s aga s t o ry t h e w o rd ' b o rg ' -w h ich a l so m ean s s t rongho ld - mu s t r e f e r t o t h i s s t ruc tu r e ; t h e r e i sn o t r ace o f at own sh ip o n t h i s s ma l l b a r ren i s land , a nd i n deed a l a te r t r an s la t ion a ccep t s t h is ( J on s son 1 924 , 1 0 1) . T he e nd o ft h e t a le w a s t h a t B jo rn m a r r ied T ho ra A s s oon a s t h ey a r r ived i n S he t land ( how i sn o t e xp la ined ) a nd t h ey s pen t t h e w in te r i nt h ec r amped c onf ine s o f` Mo sey ja rbo rg . ' 2 . 4

T he c oa s t s o ft h e s ou the rn p a r t o f Ma in land - t h e l a rge s t i s land - t e nd t ob er o cky w i th r o l l ing h i l l s o rm oo rb eh ind . T he n o r th A t lan t ic s u r round s e ve ry th ing a nd i so f t en g r ey a nd s t o rmy , b u t o n f i ne d ay s t h e s e a a nd t h e l a nd l i gh t u p i n to b r i l l ian t b l ue s , g r een s a nd b rown s a nd t h e i s land s a ppea rt r an sf o rmed . O n s u ch ad ay t h e b oa t c om ing n o r th f r om O rkney t oL e rw ick p a s se s a l ong t h ee a s tc oa s to ft h e D un ro s sne s s p en in su la a nd , s hou ld t h e t r ave l le r b e o n d eck w hen i ti si nt h e S ound o f Mou sa , h e o rs h ew i l l s e e o n t h a t s ma l l b a r ren i s land t ot h e e a s t ag r ey r ound t owe r c l o se t ot h e s ho r e , c l ea r ly i l um ina ted b yt h e S un . T h i s i s t h e p r eh i s to r ic b roch o f Mou sa ( HU42 5 ) .

T he b roch o f Mou sa

T he b roch o f Mou sa i sc l ea r ly v i s ib le a c ro s st h em i le w ide c hanne l w h ich s epa ra te s i tf r om t h e m a in land ; i fi tw a s n o t f o r t h e r emo te a nd d e se r ted l a nd scape i tm igh t a t f i r s t g l ance b e i n te rp re ted a s ac oo l ing t owe ro f ap owe rs t a t ion . A s ho r t mo to rboa t t r ip f r om f r om t h e p i e r a t S andw ick b r ing s o ne t ot h e i s land a nd t o al a nd ing o n ar o cky s ho r e a bou th a lf am i le n o r th o ft h e s i len tt owe r . T he r e a r e s ome d r ama t ic v i ew s o ft h e b roch f r om t h e a pp roa che s a l ong t h e s ho r e ( I l l . 2 . 1) . T he v i s i to r d r aw ing n ea rt h e b roch m u s t b e i mp r e s sed f i r s t b y i t s s t a rk a nd s imp le s hape - ap l a in , t a l l g r ey t owe rs t i l l 1 2 .9 m ( 4 3 f t . ) h igh , w ide r a tt h e b o t tom t h an t h e t o p a nd w i th as moo th ly c u rved p rof i le t h a t g i ve s i tas l igh t ly b e l l -

7

T he R oundhou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

s haped a ppea rance . T he t op o ft h ew a l la c tua l ly o ve rhang s s l igh t ly o n o ne s i de . T he s e cond i mp re s s ion i s o f t h e b l ankne s so ft h ew a l l ;t h e re i sn oo pen ing a nywhe r e e xcep t a t t h e b a se o n t h e w e s te rn s i de w he re a n a r row , r e c tangu la r o pen ing f a ce s a c ro s s t h e S ound o f Mou sa t o t h e m a in land , a nd t owa rd s a no the r much mo r e r u ined t owe ro nt h eo ppo s i te c l if f s( HU42 1 ) .

p l . ) (X I I ) : h ew a sn o ta wa r et h a tt h ep a s sag ew a s n o ti ni t s o r ig ina lc ond i t ion . H oweve r n o t l o ng a f t e r t h e 1 861 c l ea rance t h e p a s sage i t se lf mu s t h ave b een e mp t ied o f d eb r i s a nd t h e o r ig ina l p aved f l oo re xpo sed ; t h eo u te re nd w a st h en f ound t ob en o l e s s t h an a bou t 3 . 0 m ( 10 f t ) h igh - t h e t a l le s t d oo rway k nown i na ny p r eh i s to r ic s i te . I ti ss hown a s al o ng s l i t i n a n 1 883 d raw ing m ade f r om w ha t mu s t b e o ne o f t h e e a r l ie s tp ho tog raph so ft h eb roch ( Ande r son 1 883 , 1 75 , f i g . 1 60 ) .

F rom af ew y a rd s a way i tb ecome s c l ea rt h a t t h e b roch i s v e ry s k i lf u l ly b u i l to fd ry s tone ma son ry ;t h e re a r en ot r ace s o f c emen t o r l ime mo r ta r , n o r o f a ny k i nd o f b ond ing , b e tween t h e c a ref u l ly s e t h o r izon ta l c ou r se o f f l a t s l ab s , m any o fw h ich h ave b een n ea t ly u nde rp inned w i th s ma l le r s t one s( I lu s .4 . 64 ) .

T he o r ig ina ld e s ign o ft h ee n t rance

At ou r r ound t h e t owe r a s i t i s n ow , p ro tec ted a nd

T he s ame t a l l s l i t a ppea r s i n ad i f f e r en t p ho tog raph t a ken s ome t ime b ef o r e 1 9 19 ( Pa t te r son 1 922 , f i g . 1 )a nd i tw a s i nt h a t y ea r t h a t t h e t h en Of f i ce o f Wo rk s i nE d inbu rgh , h av ing r e cen t ly t a ken c ha rge o f Mou sa b roch , u nde r took t h e c l ea rance o f 1 . 2 m( 4f t . ) o fd eb r i s w h ich h ad b u i l tu p i n s ide t h e t owe r s i nce 1 86 1 . T he t e am , u nde r t h e l e ade r sh ip o ft h e a r ch i tec t J .W i l son P a t te r son , w a s a l so c a r ry ing o u tr e s to ra t ion w o rk a nd m ak ing af r e sh s u rvey o f t h e i r n ew s i te . I tw a s a tt h i s p o in t t h a t t h e l i n te l s s t ump s m en t ioned w e re n o t iced a nd i tw a sr e a l i sed t h a tt h eo r ig ina l p a s sage r oof h ad b een much l owe r , t h e l i n t e l s h av ing b een r emoved l o ng b ef o r e .

m a in ta ined b yt h e H i s to r ic S co t land , w i l l g i ve ag ood i d ea o f t h e m a in a r ch i tec tu ra l f e a tu re s o f t h i s r ema rkab le b u i ld ing , a nd w i l l a l so p rov ide a n i n t roduc t ion t os ome o f t h e g ene ra l p rob lem s o f i n te rp re t ing a w ho le c l a s s o f c ompa rab le s t ruc tu re s . I ti ss en s ib le t os t a r tw i th t h e o n ly w ay i n( I l l .4 . 70 ) . 2 .4 .1 T he e n t rance p a s sage T he d oo rway a s n o ted f a ce s t h e s e a a nd i sn ow p ro tec ted b y am e ta l w icke t g a te ; o pen ing t h i s o ne d uck s u nde r t h e m a s s ive o u te rmo s t s t one l i n te l , o n ly s ome 1 . 5 m ( 5 f t . ) a bove t h e g round . T he p a s sage b eyond i s d a rk a nd g l oomy , a si st h e i n te r io r o ft h et owe ri t se lf , a nd o n ly 1 . 20 m( 3f t1 i n s . )w ide ; i fo ne h a s at o r ch o ne c an s e et h a t i t s r oof i s o f r a the r s t range c on s t ruc t ion , r i s ing s udden ly b eh ind t h e f r on t l i n te l t ot w ice t h e h e igh t o ft h a t s t one , u p t o3 . 05 m ( 10 f t . ) a bove t h e s t one f lagged f l oo r . H e r e i sa c u r iou s t unne l l ike r oof b u i l t o fs t one s l ab s l a id c r o s sway s a nd r e inf o r ced a t t h e f r on t e nd w i th mode rn c onc r e te ; e v iden t ly t h ee n t rance i sn o ti ni t so r ig ina ls t a te .

T he t e am d ec ided t or e s to re t h e o u te re nd o ft h ep a s sage t o s ome th ing l i ke i t so r ig ina l c ond i t ion b yr educ ing t h eh e igh t t o 1 . 5 m a nd f i l l ing t h e s pa ce a bove t h e n ew l i n te l w i th m a son ry ( Pa t te r son 1 922 , f i g . 5 ) . T he a l t e ra t ion c anno t n ow b e e a s i ly d e tec ted f r om t h eo u t s ide a l though , a sn o ted , i ti sc l ea rf r om t h ec onc r e te i nt h e i n te r io r . T he o r ig ina l l i n t e l s i n t h e r e s t o f t h e p a s sage w e r e n o t r e p laced a nd t h i s g i ve s t h e i n te r io r i t s p r e sen t o dd a nd m i s lead ing a ppea rance , w i th a n a ppa r en t ly c o rbe l led r oof t w ice a sh i gh a st h e d oo rway ( I l l . 4 . 7 1) . T he e n t rance o f t h e w e l l p r e se rved b roch D un T e lve , n ea r G lene lg o n t h e w e s t c oa s t o fI nve rne s s sh i re ( NG81 2 ) , h a s b een s im i la r ly d amaged a nd s how s as im i la r s udden h e igh ten ing b eh ind t h ef r on tl i n te l( Ma cK ie 1 995a , I l .2 1) .

I ndeed f u r the r c a ref u l i n spec t ion o f t h e p a s sage w a l l s r evea l s p ro jec t ing f r om e ach s i de ah o r izon ta l r ow o ft h e s ho r t s t ump s o fs eve ra l f l a ts t one s , aah e igh to fa bou t 1 . 63 m ( 5 f t4i n s ) a bove t h e p aved f l oo r . T h i s s ugge s t s t h a t t h e re w a s o nce ac on t inuou sr ow o ff l a ts t one l i n te ls a tt h i s h e igh t , a nd t h a t t h e p a s sage w a s o r ig ina l ly q u i te l ow ; a t s ome s t age t h e se l i n te l s mu s t h ave b een k nocked o u t , l e av ing o n ly t h e i r e nd s i np o s i t ion ( I l l . 4 . 7 1) . Wha t c an t h i sm ean?

T he e s sen t ia l p o in t , a sP a t te r son r e a l i sed , i st h a t t h e u ppe r p a r t o f t h e p a s sage ( a bove t h e o r ig ina l l i n te l s ) w a s o r ig ina l ly m ean tt ob e a n o pen c hambe r a bove t h e p r ima ry e n t rance a nd c ommun ica t ing o n ly w i th t h e i n te r io r ; i t s f l oo r w a s f o rmed b y t h e f l a t s t one l i n te l s c ove r ing t h e p a s sage b e low . T h i sp a r t icu la r f o rm o fc hambe rw a s , a s w i l l b e s e en , as t anda rd f e a tu re o fb roch a r ch i tec tu re a nd c an o n ly h ave b een r e ached f r om t h e c en t ra l c ou r t -b y w ha tm ean si sd i scu s sed l a te r .

T he p a s sage a si tw a sf ound i nm od e rn t i me s . I n f a c t w e k now t h a t b ef o re 1 9 19 t h e o u te r e nd o f t h e e n t rance p a s sage w a s much h i ghe r t h an i ti sn ow . T he i n te r io ro ft h et owe rw a s f i r s tc l ea red o fd eb r i s i n1 861 b u t t h e p a s sage w a s l ef tu n touched a nd i t so r ig ina l p aved f l oo r r ema ined h i dden u nde r t h e a ccumu la ted r ubb le a nd d eb r i s o f c en tu r ie s ( D ryden 1 890 , p l . XX I I ) . A t t h a t t ime t h e d oorway s e emed t ob e a bou t 5f t .h igh b u tt h e f l oo rs l oped d ownwa rd s t owa rd s t h e i n te r io r ( I l l . 2 . 5 ) . I n 1 852 , n ine y ea r s b ef o r e t h i s c l ea rance , S i r H en ry D ryden h ad u nde r taken t h e f i r s t a ccu ra te s u rvey o ft h e b roch a nd h e f ound t h e o u te re nd o ft h e p a s sage t ob e 1 . 58 m ( 5f t3i n s ) t a l l ( t hough h e g ave i ta s 1 . 72 m ( 5 f t9i n s ) o n h i s e l eva t ion d raw ing ( I l l . 2 . 5 &2 . 6 ) ( D ryden 1 890 , 2 08 &

S ome u sef u l c onc lu s ion s c an b e d rawn f r om t h e se o b serva t ion s . E v iden t ly t h e o r ig ina l d oo rway o f Mou sa h ad b ecome p a r t ia l ly b l ocked w i th d eb r i s -p re sumab ly a l o ng t ime a f t e r i th ad b een a bandoned b y i t s o r ig ina l o ccupan t s . L a te r s t i l l n ew i n hab i tan t s a r r ived a nd f ound t h ep a s sage t o o l ow f o rc onven ien tu se a nd ,r a the rt h an d i g i to u t ( i f i n deed t h ey k new t h e o r ig ina l f l oo r w a s much l owe r ) , t h ey d ec ided t or a i se t h er oof t of i tt h eh igh g round l e ve l . 8

S ec t ion 2 :T he t owe ro n Mou sa i s land

f l oo r i n t h e i n te r io r - w a s i n se r ted i n to t h e p a s sage i mmed ia te ly b eh ind t h e d oo r -check s i n a nc ien t t ime s . T h i s s t onewo rk m ay w e l l c ove r u p t h e p i vo t , a nd t h e v i ew i sn ow f u r the r o b s t ruc ted b y a moder n f l igh t o f w ooden s t ep s w h ich h a s b een f i t ted t oh e lp v i s i to r s o ve r t h e s t ep a nd i n to t h e i n te r io r . ( I l l . 4 . 70 ) .

T hey b roke a way a l t h e l i n te l sa sw e l la st h er e la t ive ly t h in p a r t o f t h e f r on t w a l l t h e r e , a nd m ade u se o f t h e u ppe r l i n te l s i n s tead . T he p ecu l ia r f e a tu r e o ft h e c hambe r o ve r t h e e n t rance m ade t h i s o pe ra t ion f a i r ly s imp le . S im i la r h a lf b u r ied e n t rance s c an b e s e en i n m any u nexcava ted b roch s -D un D or na ig i l i nS u the r land i s ag ood e xamp le ( NC44 2 ) -b u tn o l a te ro ccupan t s r e -opened t h ep a s sage s o ft h e se i nt h e d ra s t ic w ay s e en a t Mou sa . I ts e em s l i ke ly t h a t i tw a s t h e 1 0 th c en tu ry V ik ing v i s i to r s w ho m ade t h e a l te ra t ion s ; i fs o t h e 1 86 1 c l ea rance h a s r emoved a ny e v idence o ft h e s t ay o f B jo rn a nd T ho ra , a nd o f a no the r t empo ra ry V ik ing o ccupa t ion ac en tu ry l a te r .

2 . 4 .2 T he c en t ra lc ou r t B eyond t h e d oo rf r ame t h ep a s sage w iden st o1 . 55 m ( 5f t . 1i n . ) a nd t h en l e ad s i n to t h e c en t ra l c ou r t - as ma l l , g l oomy c i r cu la rr oom o n ly 5 . 2 -5 . 7 m( 17 f t . 4i n . -1 9f t .0 i n . ) i nd i ame te r i nw h ich o ne h a s t h e s e n se o fb e ing a tt h e b o t tom o f aw e l l . T he a bandoned b roch w a s o nce t h e h aun t o f s e a b i rd s ( wh ich w e re d oub t le s s r e spon s ib le f o r m uch o f t h e d e t r i tu s w h ich h ad t o b e c l ea red f r om t h e i n te r io r ) a nd i sn ow p ro tec ted b y am e ta l g r i l l o ve rt h e t o p a sw e l l a sb yt h em e ta l g a te a tt h ee n t rance .

We c an n ow s e e t h a t t h e d e s ign o ft h e o r ig ina l e n t rance i s q u i te s t ra igh tf orwa rd . T he o u te rp a r to ft h ep a s sage i s1 . 2 m( 3f t . 1 i n s )w ide a nd q u i te p l a in . A t ad i s tance o f2 . 4 m ( 8 f t . ) f r om t h e o u te r e nd i s as i ng le u p r igh t f l ag s tone , s e t o n e dge i n to t h e l ef t s i de o f t h e p a s sage w a l l a nd p ro jec t ing s l igh t ly f r om i t( I l l . 4 . 70 ) ; i tm a rk s t h e p o s i t ion o ft h e s t one f r ame f o rt h e o r ig ina l w ooden d oo r . S uch d oo r f r ame s a r e v e ry c ommon i n m a s s ive s t one I r on A ge s t ruc tu r e s a nd t h ey a lmo s t a lway s h ave t wo o ppo sed c heck s -o ne i ne ach w a l l ; h e r e t h e r i gh t h and c heck h a s e v iden t ly d i sappea r ed a ts ome t ime i nt h ep a s t .

P r ima ry f ea tu re s o nt h ef l oor T he re a r e s eve ra l s t one c on s t ruc t ion s o n t h e f l oo r w h ich g i ve v a luab le c l ue s t ot h e o r ig ina l p u rpo se o ft h e b u i ld ing . O ne 's f i r s t i mp r e s s ion i st h a tt h e t i ny f l oo ra r ea i sc l u t te r ed w i th o dd f r agmen t s o fm a son ry o n d i f f e r en t l e ve l s , b u t i n f a c t i ti sq u i te e a sy t om ake s e n se o ft h e se a nd t op i ck o u t s ome o ft h eo r ig ina l f u rn i sh ing s ( I l l . 4 . 67 & 4 . 72 ) .

T he p a s sage b eh ind t h e c heck s i ss l igh t ly w ide r a nd t h e d oo r e v iden t ly s wung i nwa rd s . T h i s i sc onf i rmed b y t h e f a c t t h a t i mmed ia te ly b eh ind t h e s u rv iv ing c heck i s a h o r izon ta l h o le i nt h ew a l l 1 . 45 m ( 4f t . 9i n s . )d eep ; t h i s i s a l so a s t anda rd f e a tu re o fI r on A ge s t one b u i ld ing s a nd i t h ou sed t h e d r awba r . T h i s b eam w a s k ep t i nt h e b a r -ho le a nd , w hen t h e d oo r w a s s hu t a ga in s t t h e c heck s , i tw a s p u l led o u t b eh ind t h e d oo r , a c ro s st h e p a s sage t os l o t i n to as ha l low s ocke t , h o ld ing t h e d oo r f i rm ly c l o sed a ga in s t t h e o u t s ide w o r ld . T he b a r s o cke t h e re h a s d i sappea red , p r e sumab ly n o tn o t iced b yt h e o r ig ina l t e am r e s to r ing a nd s t ab i l is ing t h em a son ry a nd u nw i t t ing ly b l ocked u p .

T he re i s a n a r ea o f l ow p aved f l oo r i n t h e m idd le , a ppa r en t ly r e s t ing o n r o ck , b u t s e em ing ly l a rge ly c ove r ed w i th l a te r c on s t ruc t ion s . O n t h i s l owe s t a nd e a r l ie s t f l oo r l e ve l c an b e s e en p a r t o f al a rge f i rep lace w h ich p ro jec t s f r om b e low ab ench l ike s t ruc tu re . T h is i s ar e c tangu la r , k e rbed s t one h ea r th o f t y p ica l I r on A ge t y pe a nd i t s c r acked a nd r e ddened s t one s a r e t h e r e su l t o ft h e h ea t o f m any f i re s ( I l l . 4 . 72 ) . N ex tt ot h e f i rep la ce i s as l ab l ined s t one t a nk - w i th af l a t , s l op ing b a se - w h ich h a s e v iden t ly b een c u t o u t o f t h e b ed rock o n w h ich t h e t owe r s t and s . S ome p av ing i sv i s ib le b e tween t h eh ea r th a nd t h et a nk a nd t h is a l so s e em st ob e l a id o nr o ck .

T he re s hou ld a l so b e ap i vo t s t one s e t i n to t h e f l oo r i mmed ia te ly b eh ind t h e l e f th and c heck . Me ta l h i nge s w e re u nknown i nS co t t i sh I r on A ge b u i ld ing s a nd i nt h i s k i nd o f d ef ended s t one p a s sageway t h e t h e h eavy w ooden d oo r t ur n ed o n i t s h i nge p o s t w h ich r e s ted i n s ome f o rm o f s ock e t i n t h e p a s sage f l oo r . I n t h e m o re s oph i s t ica ted b u i ld ing s t h i s w a s ah o l low p ecked i n to ah eavy b l ock o f s t one s e t i nt h e f l oo r s o t h a t t h e p o s t -w h ich m ay w e l l h ave b een s hod w i th i r on - c ou ld t ur n e a s i ly . A f i ne e xamp le w a s d i scove red i n ab roch o n T i ree i nt h e I n ne r H eb r ide s ( Ma cK ie 1 974 ,p l . X I IE ) .

S econdary f ea ture s o nt h ef l oor I ti sc l ea r f r om t h e s upe rpo s i t ion ing o f t h e m a son ry t h a t t h e f i r s t f e a tu re t ob e b u i l t o n t op o ft h e o r ig ina l f l oo r w a s t h e r i ng shaped b ench , o rl ow p l a tf o rm , 4 3 c m ( 1f t . 5i n . ) h i gh a i t s i n ne r e dge , t h e l a t te r b e ing f a ced w i th u p r igh t f l ag s tone s ( I l l . 4 . 67 ) . T he b ench i sa pp rox ima te ly o va l i n p l an , c on s t r ic t ing t h e c en t ra l a r ea t o as pace a bou t 1 . 98 x 2 . 90 m ( 6 .5 x 9 . 5 f t . ) c m , a nd h a s af l a t , p aved u ppe r s u rf ace w h ich e x tend s i n to t h e e n t rance p a s sage f o rs eve ra l f e e t , e nd ing a tt h e 6 0 c m h i gh ' s tep 'j u s t b eh ind t h e d oo r f r ame a l r eady m en t ioned .

I ti sn o t a ta l c l ea rw ha t s o r t o fh and le w a s a t ta ched t ot h e i n ne r f a ce o ft h e h eavy d oo r t oa low i tt ob e p u l led o pen . Av e ry s oph i s t ica ted i r on d oo r h and le w a s f ound i nD un A rd t reck o n S kye ( NG33 2 ) b u t s o f a r t h i s s e em s t ob e u n ique a nd w a s q u i te p o s s ib ly d e r ived d i rec t ly f r om t h e p a s s ing R oman f l ee t i nt h e e a r ly AD 8 0 s ( Ma cK ie 2 002 , I l . 2 9 ) . As imp le l o op o fr ope m ay h ave s uff i ced f o rm o s t b roch d oo r s .

O n t op o ft h i s b ench , a nd r e s t ing a ga in s t t h e f a ce o ft h e p r ima ry b roch w a l l , i s al ow w a l l ( wh ich c ou ld w e l l h ave b een a l o t h i ghe r o r ig ina l ly ) w i th a n a ve rage t h ickne s s o f 6 0 c m ( 2f t . ) a nd w h ich i sn owhe re m o r e t h an 6 0 c mh i gh . When i tw a s f i r s t u ncove red i n 1 86 1 i tw a s c l ea r t h a t r e gu la r g ap s h ad b een l ef t i n i t , i n f r on t o f t h e t h ree d oo rway s ( t o m u ra l c e l l s - b e low ) i n t h e b roch w a l l b eh ind , a l though t h e se a r e n o t s o o bv iou s n ow ( D ryden 1 890 , p l . XX I : I l 2 . 3 ) . T he o r ig ina l c l ea rance a l so

A t Mou sa h oweve r , t h ough o ne c an b e r e a sonab ly c e r ta in t h a t ap i vo t s t one f o rt h e d oo r e x i s ted , i ti sd i ff icu l t t os e e w he the r o ne s t i l l r ema in s i np o s i t ion . T h i s i sb ecau se a s t one s t ep 6 0 c m ( 2 f t . ) h i gh - l e ad ing u p o n t o ar a ised

9

T he R ound hou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

r e vea led t h r ee s ho r t ,r a d ia ls t one p i e r s ( l ik et h es pok e so fa w h ee l ) p ro jec t ing f r om t h e w a l l , r e s t ing o n t h e p l a tf o rm a nd p r o jec t ing a sf a r a si t s i n ne r e dge . O n ly o ne o ft h e se p i e r s n ow r ema in s a nd t h e s u rv ivo r i sn o t b onded t ot h e s e conda ry w a l l , m e r e ly r e s t ing a ga in s t i t . J udg ing f r om s im i la rb u i ld ing s i n se r ted i n to o t he rS h e t land b roch s b o th w a l l a nd p i e r s w e r e b u i l t a s au n i t ( f o re xamp le J a r l shof HU30 1 ) . T he l i n ing o ft h e s e conda ry w a l l ing n ow r i se s o n ly a sh i gh a s t h e t h r e shho ld s o ft h e r a i sed p r ima ry d oo rway s t ot h e b roch m u ra l c e l l s ( d e sc r ibed b e low ) . I f t h i s f e a tu r e w a s t h e w a l l o f ah ou se i t s hou ld o r ig ina l ly h av e b een c on s id e rab ly h i ghe r , t o a l low f o r a d equa te h ead room u nd e rt h er oof w h ich p r e sumab ly r e s t ed o ni t . S i n ce i td i d n o tb l ock o ft h ed oo rway st ot h em u ra lc e l l sb eh ind , t h e se e v iden t ly c on t inu ed i nu s e a f t e rt h e a l t e ra t ion s . T he f i e ld i n ve s t iga to r so ft h eR oya lC omm i s s ion o nt h eA n c ien ta nd H i s to r ica l Monumen t s o f S co t land t h ough t t h a t t h e n ew w a l lh ad a l so b l ocked t h e m a in e n t rance ( RCAHMS 1 946 , 3 ,4 9 -50 ) , b u t t h i s s e em s r a the r u n l ik e ly , b o th b ecau se D ryden s 's e a r l ie r s u rvey s how s t h a t i td i dn o ta nd b ecau se s u ch a b a r r ie r w ou ld h ave m ad e t h e b roch i n t e r io r i n a cce s s ib le f r om t h e o u t s id e e xcep t b y c l imb ing o ve r t h e h i gh w a l l .

e a r l ie r ,l a ck si t sl i n t e lf l oo r . E a ch o ft h e s t one l i n te l s o ft h e se i n t e r io r d oo rway s ( i ft h a t i sw ha t t h ey a r e ) h a s av e r t ica l r ow o f s im i la r o pen ing s a bov e i t ,c on s i s t ing o f al o ng n a r row ing s l i t t h et wo s i d e s o f w h ich a r e b r a ced a pa r t a t f r equ en t i n te rva l s b y h o r izon ta l s t one s l ab s , f o rm ing al a dd e r l ik e p a t te rn ( I l l . 4 . 74 ) . T he r e i sa no the ro ft h e se v e r t ica lr ow so fo pen ing s , o rv o id s , i nt h es ou th -ea s tp a r to ft h et ow e rb u tt h e r ei sn o d oo rway a tt h e b a se o ft h i s o ne a nd a nd m o s t o ft h e v o id s h e r e a r e d ummy o ne s , e nd ing e ven b ef o r e t h ey r e a ch t h e m u ra l g a l le r ie s i nt h e c en t r e o ft h e w a l l ( I l l . 4 . 66 , s e c t ion C -D ,r i gh tw a l l ) . Two h o r izon ta l l e dg e s o rs c a r cem en t s a bou t 2 0 c m ( 8i n . ) w ide r un r i gh t r ound t h e w a l l a nd a r e f o rm ed o ff l a t s l ab s p ro jec t ing f o rwa rd f r om t h e m a son ry l i k e s h e lve s ; t h e w a l lf a ce a bov e e a ch i ss e t b a ck s l igh t ly f r om t h a t b e low , a c cen tua t ing t h e w id th o f t h e s h e lf . O ne o f t h e se s c a r cemen t s i s2 . 14 m ( 7f t . ) a bove t h e p r ima ry f l oo r a nd t h es e cond o ne i s3 . 70 m ( 1 2f t . 4i n . ) . W i th t h e e xcep t ion o fS i r H en ry D ryd en ( who s how s t h e u ppe r s c a r cemen t -I l . 2 . 5 &2 . 6 ) t h e se f e a tu r e s w e r e n o t n o t iced - o ra tl e a s t n o t d e sc r ibed - b yt h e w r i t e r s o ft h e 1 8 th a nd 1 9 th c en tu r ie s . T hey s ugg e s tt h a t s om e k i nd o f t i mbe r c on s t ru c t ion e x i s t ed i n s ide t h e b r och a ta n e a r ly s t ag e ; o ne c ou ld a s sum et h a tt h i s c on s i s ted o f ar i ng - o r d i sc shaped r a i sed f l oo r o n t h e l ow e r l e dg e a nd , o n t h e u ppe ro ne , a ne ven h i gh e rs u ch f l oo ro r ar o of

S ome i n t e r e s t ing c onc lu s ion sc an b ed r awn f r om as t udy o f t h e se a l te ra t ion st ot h ei n t e r io ro f Mou sa b roch . T hey s e em t o s how t h a t t owe r h ad u nde rgon e ar a d ica l c hang e o f f u nc t ion a to ne p o in t , a nd y e ta ppa r en t ly w i thou tt h eh e igh t o ft h ew a l lb e ing a l t e r ed s i gn if i can t ly ,a nd a l so w i thou ta ny o bv iou s p e r iod s o f a bandonmen t a nd r u ina t ion . T h i s c onc lu s ion i s s uppo r ted b y e v id en ce o f s im i la r d r a s t ic c hang e s o ff u nc t ion f r om m any o t he rs i t e sd e sc r ibed i nt h i s C o rpu s a nd i ts e em s t h a tt h e r ew e r et wo d i s t in c tp ha se s i n w ha t m ay b e p rov i s iona l ly b e d e sc r ibed a s t h e ' b roch e poch ' . A t Mou sa t h e se p ha se s w e r e o n e o f p r ima ry o ccupa t ion - w hen t h eb u i ld ing w a su s ed f o rt h ep u rpo se s f o rw h ich i tw a s o r ig ina l ly e r ec ted - a nd al a t e rs e cond a ry p ha se w hen t h e f u nc t ion o ft h e i n t e r io r w a s s i gn if i can t ly c hang ed w i thou t ac hang ei nt h eh e igh to ft h et ow e r .

T he r e s e em s t ob e ar e la t ion sh ip b e tw een a tl e a s t o n e o f t h e se i n t er n a l d oo r s iz ed o pen ing s a nd t h e t wo s c a r cem en t s ; t h e C omm i s s ion 's e l eva t ion s how s t h i s c l ea r ly ( I l l . 4 . 67 ) . T he u ppe rh a lf o ft h e d oub le o p en ing a t 1 0o ' c lock h a s i t ss i l l a tt h e l e ve l o ft h e u ppe rs c a r cem en t ; t h el ow e rh a lf i st h ed oo rway t ot h es t a i rway a nd h a si t ss i l l a tt h el e ve lo ft h el ow e rs c a r cemen t .

2 . 4 .3 P r ima ry f ea tu re so ft h ew a l lf ace

E a ch o ft h et h r ee d oo rway s n ea rg r ound l e v e l l e ad s i n to a l a rg ea nd w e l l -bu i l tm u ra lc e l l c on s t ru c t ed w i th in t h es o l id b a se o ft h es t on ew a l l . E a ch i sa pp rox ima t e ly r e c tangu la r i ng r ound p l an , t h ough w i th ac oncave o u te r w a l l , a nd m ea su r e s a bou t4 . 2 m( 1 4 f t . ) i nl e ng th b y 1 . 5 m( 5f t . ) i n w id th ; e a ch h a s at a l l , c o rbe l led , ' b eeh iv e ' r o of r i s ing t oa bou t 3 . 3 m( 1 1 f t . ) a bove i t s f l oo r a nd t h e s i l l o fe a ch d oo rway i sr a i sed s om e 5 3 c m ( 1 f t9i n ) a bove t h e o r ig ina l f l oo r o ft h e b ro ch c ou r tya rd T h e s e conda ry w a l l a r ound t h e i n t e r io rt h u sp a r t ly o b s t ru c t st h eo pen ing st ot h e c e l l s . T he f l oo r s o ft h e c e l l s a r e a l so s l igh t ly a bov e t h e p r ima ry f l oo ri nt h ec ou r t( I l l .2 . 5 ) .

Al o ok r ound t h e t ow e r ing , s moo th ly b u i l t w a l l -f o rm ing ah o l low c y l inde r w i th ac i r c le o fs ky a bove ( I l l . 4 . 77 ) r e vea l s an umbe r o f i n t e r e s t ing o r ig ina l f e a tu r e s . I n a dd i t ion t ot h e m a in e n t rance t h e r e a r e s i x d oo rway s iz ed o pen ing s l e ad ing b a ck i n to t h ew a l l b u tn o tr i gh t t h rough t ot h e o u t s id e . T h r ee a r e n ea r f l oo r l e ve l , o ne i s al i t t le h i ghe r u p ( a nd i t s e lf h a s as im i la r s iz ed o pen ing o n t o p o f i t ) a nd t h e f i f th i sh a lf w ay u p t h e t ow e r . T he s i x th i s a bove t h e i n ne r e nd o ft h e e n t rance p a s sage a nd , a sn o t ed

I fo ne i mag ine s t h e p l an o ft h e b roch a s ac l ockf a ce , w i th t h e m a in e n t rance p o in t ing s t ra igh t d own t o 6o ' c lock , t h en t h e d oo r s t ot h e se c e l l s a r e a t8 , 1a nd 4 . 30 o ' c lock ( I l l . 2 . 3 &4 . 67 ) . E a ch c on ta in s s e ve ra ls ma l l , o pen -f ron t ed c upboa rd s , o r a umb r ie s , b u i l t i n to t h e w a l lf a ce s ome d i s tan ce a bov e t h e f l oo r . C e l l Bh a s a n u n ique f e a tu r e -a s c a r cemen t o fi t so wn i n s ide i t ,a t1 . 83 m ( 6f t . ) a bove i t s f l oo r ( I l l . 2 . 5 ) ; p r e sumab ly t h i s o nce s uppor t ed a r a i sed w ood en s h e lf o rm ezzan ine f l oo ro fs om ek i nd .

T he e v id ence f r om t h e i n t e r io r i sc on s ide r ed a ga in l a t e r ; m eanwh i le i tm ay b e o b se rved t h a t t h e o r ig ina l w ooden s t ru c tu r e s i n s ide t h e b r och ( t he e v id ence f o r w h ich i s d e sc r ibed i n t h e n ex t s e c t ion ) m u s t s u r e ly h ave b een r emov ed b ef o r e t h e s e conda ry s t one h ou se w a l l w a s i n se r ted , a nd t h i s a dd st ot h e i mp r e s s ion o f am a jo rc hange i nl i f es t y le f o rt h ei n hab i tan t s .

1 0

S ec t ion 2 :T he t owe ro n Mou sa i s land

g l oom s l igh t ly - a nd e ven tua l ly f i nd t h em se lve s a t ad ead e nd f o rmed b yt h eb ack o ft h e s t a irway .

2 . 4 .4 S ta i ra nd g a l le r ie s i nt h ew a l l T he r e a l ly u nu sua l a r ch i tec tu ra l f e a tu r e s o ft h i s p r eh i s to r ic t owe r a r e t o b e f ound i n s ide t h e d ry s tone w a l l i t se lf . N o th ing l i ke t h em i ss of a rk nown o u t s ide S co t land .

H oweve r t h is j ou rney i sa lmo s t i mpo s s ib le f o r a n a du l t b ecau se o f ab l ockage a f ew f e e t a n t i -c lockw i se f r om t h e d oo rway , c au sed b y t h e t o p o f t h e c o rbe l led r oof o f t h e s t a i r f oo t c e l l b e low w h ich r e duce s t h e h e igh t o ft h e g a l le ry t ol e s s t h an 6 0 c m ( 2f t ) f r om 1 . 5 mi nf o r as ho r t d i s tance ( I l l . 2 . 8 ) .

T he i n t ra -mura ls t a i r A t 1 0 o ' c lock i st h e f ou r th i n te r io r d oo rway o n L eve l 2 , t h e l owe s to ft h et h ree r a i sed o ne s , i t ss i l lb e ing 2 . 1 m( 7f t ) a bove t h e p r ima ry f l oo r ; o r ig ina l ly i tm u s t h ave b een r e ached b y aw ooden l a dde r . I t s s i l l i sa tt h e l e ve l o ft h e l owe r o f t h e t wo s ca rcemen t s ( I l l . 4 . 74 ) s o , i f aw ooden r a i sed f l oo r o r r i ng shaped b a lcony r e s ted o n t h i s l e dge , a cces s t ot h e d oo rway i nt h ew a l lw ou ld h ave b een d i r ec t ly f r om s uch a b a lcony . I n t h a t c a se a l a dde r o r f l igh t o f w ooden s t ep s u p t ot h e e dge o ft h e b a lcony w ou ld s e em t o h ave b een n eeded ; a l te rna t ive ly t h i s c ou ld h ave o b s t ruc ted t h e g round f l oo r l e s s i fi tl e du pt o ah o le o rt r apdoo ri nt h e r a ised f l oo r .

T h i s f i r s t h o r izon ta l g a l le ry i n s ide t h e w a l l -a tL eve l 3i sa bou t 9 0 c m ( 3f t ) w ide a nd a nd i t s s i de s a r e b u i l t m o re e ven ly t h an t h o se o ft h e u ppe r o ne s ( I l l . 4 . 69 ) w he re t h e re a r e m any p ro jec t ing s t one s . Af t e rt h e c e l lr oof o b s t ruc t ion t h e f l oo r o f t h e g a l le ry i s e i the r p aved o r o f r ubb le ( c en tu r ie s o fd u s t a nd d i r t c ove r i t ) , b ecau se i tr e s t s o nt h e s o l id b a se o ft h e w a l l c o re ( I l l . 4 . 66 ) . I ti sd i ff i cu l t t o u nde r s tand w hy t h e w a l ls o ft h i s g a l le ry a r e s on ea tw hen i t i ss od i ff icu l to fa cce s s . H oweve r i ti sa tt h i s p o in t t h a t t h e v i s i to r s hou ld s t a r t t o u nde r s tand t h e p r inc ip le s u pon w h ich t h i s r ema rkab le p r eh i s to r ic t owe r i sc on s t ruc ted , a nd w h ich a l lowed i t s g r ea t h e igh t a nd s t ab i l i ty t ob e a ch ieved w i thou t t h e u se o f c emen t . F o r t h e s t a i rway t h e reaf t e r a s cend s t h rough a s e r ie s o fs u ch g a l le r ie s , a l s im i la rt ot h e l owe s te xcep tt h a t t h a t r oof o fe ach - a nd t h ef eo re t h e f l oo r o ft h e o ne a bove - i sf o rmed o f ac on t inuou s r ow o ff l a t s t one s l ab s f i rm ly b onded i n to t h e s i de s ( I l l . 4 . 66 ) . T hu s t h e u ppe r p a r t o f t h e b roch w a l l i si ne f ec t ah o l low o rd oub le o ne , t h e t wo c oncen t r ic h a lve s b e ing b r aced a pa r t a nd h e ld t oge the r b y t h e r ow s o f s t one l i n te l s t o g i ve a n i n gen iou s d ry s t one s t ruc tu re w h ich c omb ine s l i gh tne s sw i th s t reng th .

T h is d oo rway i sj u s t o ve r 1 . 5 m( 5f t ) h i gh a nd h a s af l a t s t one l i n te l l e ve l w i th , a nd f o rm ing p a r t o f , t h e u ppe r s c a rcemen t ; i tf o rm s t h e s i l l o f y e t a no the r d oo r s ized o pen ing i mmed ia te ly a bove w h ich l o ok s a s t h ough i t r e la te s t ot h e u ppe r l e dge i nt h e s ame w ay ( I l l . 4 . 66 , l owe r e l eva t ion ) a l though i ti sn o t e a sy t os e e h ow t h i s d oo r c an h ave b een r e a ched f r om i n s ide t h e w a l l ( b e low ) . T he s i des o f t h e o pen ing c on t inue o n u p t h e w a l l f o r t h ree q ua r te r s o f i t s h e igh t a s o ne o ft h e s e r ie s o fw indow s o r v o id sa l r eady m en t ioned. T he l owe r o f t h i s p a i r o f s upe r impo sed r a i sed d oorway s t a ke s o ne i n to t h e c en t re o f t h e s o l id b a sa l p a r t o f t h e d ry s tone w a l l w he re i tm ee t s as ho r t p a s sageway a tr i gh t a ng le s t oi t . T ot h e l ef tt h i s l e ad s i mmed ia te ly i n to as ma l l , c o rbe l led c e l l f r om w h ich t h e re i s n o o t he r e x i t ; i ti s m a rked b yt h e d o t ted l i ne sb e tween m u ra l c e l l s Aa nd B i n t h e C omm i s s ion 's p l an ( I l l . 4 . 62 ) . T he f l oo r o ft h i s c e l l i s a l so a t t h e l e ve l o f t h e l owe r s c a r cemen t ( p r e sumab ly b ecau se o ft h e a b sence o fp rope r i lum ina t ion i nt h e 1 770 s L ow t hough tt h is w a st h eb eg inn ing o f ac on t inuou sg a l le ry -I l . 2 . 2 ) .

T h i s i n gen iou s a r ch i tec tu ra l d ev ice i s u npa ra l le led a nywhe r e e l se i nt h e w o r ld a s f a r a s t h e a u tho r i sa wa r e , a nd t h e re c an s u r e ly b e l i t t le d oub t t h a t i tw a s t h i s p ecu l ia r h o l low -wa l l a r ch i tec tu r e -u n ique t ot h e S co t t i sh b roch s w h ich w a s t h e s e c r e t o f t h e c on s t ruc t ion o f t h e se p r eh i s to r ic t owe r s . T he f l oo ro ft h e l owe s t g a l le ry , o n L eve l 3 ,i sa t ah e igh to f a bou t 3 . 9 m ( 1 3 f t ) a bove t h e p r ima ry f l oo r i nt h e c en t ra l c ou r t , a nd a t t h e s ame h e igh t a s t h e u ppe r s c a rcemen t . T h i s m ean s , a s h a s b een n o ted , t h a t t h e i n t ra -mu ra l s t a i r s t a r t s h a lf w ay u p t h e m a s s ive ly t h ick a nd s o l id b a se o ft h e b u i ld ing . A tt h e l e ve l o ft h e r oof o ft h e f i r s tg a l le ry - a bou t 4 . 95 m ( 16 .5 f t ) a bove t h e f l oo r -t h e l owe s t f l igh t o ft h e s t a i r e nd s a nd o ne w a lk s a l ong as ho r t l a nd ing f o rmed o f t h e l i n te l s o f t h a t r oof ; t h is i st h e ref o r e o n L eve l 4( I l l . 4 . 66 , l owe r ) .

T o t h e r i gh t t h e p a s sage l e ad s a t o nce t o t h e b a se o f a b road s t one s t a irway 9 0c m ( 3f t )w ide w h ich c u rve s a way u pwa rd s i n ac l ockw i se d i r ec t ion i n s ide t h ew a l l ,n a r row ing g r adua l ly . T he r oof o ft h e s t a i r -f oo t c e l l c ome s t oa n e nd i nt ime a low a nyone a s cend ing t h e s t a i r t oa vo id b ang ing t h e ir h ead a ga in s tt h es t onewo rk . T he i n t ra -mura lg a l le r ie s

F rom t h i s l a nd ing a l a rge d oo rway 1 . 65 m ( 5 .5 f t ) h i gh o pen s i n to t h e i n te r io r b u t i ti sn o t e a sy t os e e w ha t i tc an h ave b een u sed f o r . I t s s i l l i sa l so a bou t 5 . 1 m( 17 f t )a bove t h e p r ima ry f l oo r a nd 1 . 35 m ( 4 .5 f t ) a bove t h e l e ve l e ven o ft h e u ppe r s c a r cemen t , a nd t h e re i sn o p ro jec t ing s t one l e dge o r i n d iv idua l s t one s o n t h e i n ne r w a l lf ace w h ich c ou ld h ave a c ted a s s uppo r t f o r at h i rd r a i sed w ooden f l oo r . Av e r t ica l s e r ie s o fl a dde r l ike o pen ing s c on t inue s u pwa rd st h e s i de s o ft h i sd oo rway a l so .

O n a scend ing a f ew s t ep s o ne s oon d i scove r s t h a t o ne i s n o t c l imb ing as t a i rt h rough as o l id w a l l , a so ne w ou ld b e i n aMed ieva l c a s t le f o re xamp le . I mmed ia te ly a bove t h e s t a i r -f oo t c e l l ah o r izon ta l t unne l o pen s b eh ind o ne - a l i n te l led g a l le ry r unn ing a n t ic lockw i se r ound i n s ide t h e w a l l . T h i s g a l le ry i ss ome 1 . 5 m( 5f t )h i gh a nd , s i nce i t r un s b a ckwa rd s f r om t h e s t a i r , t og e t i n to i to ne m u s tj ump a c ro s s ag ap o fs eve ra l f e e t . I fa nyone c r aw led r ound t h i s g a l le ry a l t h e w ay r ound t h e w a l l t h ey w ou ld p a s s s eve ra l v o id s l e ad ing t o t h e i n te r io r -w h ich w ou ld l i gh ten t h e 1

T he R ound hou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

o f t h e e n t rance p a s sag e , o f at y pe f o und a tm any o t he r b r och s i t e s . I nt h r ee c l ea rc a se s -M i o dhowe a nd G u rne s s o nO rkn ey ( HY33 1& HY32 2 )a nd D un T e lve i nw e s t e rn I n ve rne s s sh i r e( NG8 1 2 ) -t h e se a dded o nb i t so fp a s sage c on ta in ad oo r f r am e a nd s e em t od a t e f r om at im e w hen t h e o r ig ina l d oo r i n s ide t h ep r ima ry p a s sag e w a s u nu sab le . T he s am em ay a pp ly a t Mou sa .

T he t o po ft h ew a l l T he r eaf t e r t h e s t a i r c on t inu e s i t s a s cen t i n as i ng le f l i gh t a lmo s t t o t h e p r e sen t w a l lhead , b r eak ing t h rough e a ch h o r izon ta l g a l le ry i nt u rn . I tr e a che s as e cond a nd r oughe r l a nd ing j u s t b e low t h e r o of o ft h e f i f th a nd l a s t c omp le t e g a l le ry , o nt o p o fw h ich i te me rg e s a f t e rt h r ee m o r e s t ep s . T h e r e w a s p r e sumab ly af i na l s ho r t f l igh t o fs t ep s w h ich r o se t ot h e v e ry t o p o ft h e w a l l b u t t h i s h a s c omp le te ly f a l len a way , t o ge the rw i th t h e r oof o ft h e s i x th g a l le ry ; i t d oub t le s s e me rg ed b eh ind ap a rape t f o rmed b y t h e o u t e r h a lf o ft h ew a l l .

2 . 6 F ind so fp o t tery O ft h e f ew f i nd s w h ich h ave s u rv iv ed f r om t h e v a r iou s c l ea r ing o pe r a t ion s — n ow i n t h e R oya l Mu seum o f S co t land i nE d inbu rgh —t h e m o s t i n t e r e s t ing i s af i n e r im s h e rd . I ti sp a r to fa ja rh av ing am ou th s ome 2 4c m( 9 .75 i n s ) i nd i am e t e r , t h e r im o fw h ich i ss h a rp ly t u rned o u t— ' e ve r t ed ' i na r cha eo log ica l t e rm s . T h e p o th a s ag l obu la r s h ape , b u lg ing o u twa rd s b e low t h e r im i n as moo th c u rve a nd t h en t u rn ing i na ga in t owa rd s t h e n a r row b a se ( wh ich i sn o tp r e se rved )( I l l .4 . 52 ) .

T h e w a l lhead i nt h e s ou th -ea s t q ua r t e r i sb e t t e r p r e se rv ed a nd a f ew c ou r se s o f t h e s i de s o f t h e s e v en th g a l le ry r ema in , u p t o at o ta l h e igh to f1 3 .05 m ( 4 3 .5 f t )a bove t h e g r ound o u t s id e ( I l l . 4 . 66 , t o p ) . I ti sn o tc l ea rw he th e rt h e s i x th g a l le ry w a s t h e l a s t r oof ed o ne a nd t h a t a n o pen w a l lhead w a lk , p e rhap s w i th a p a rape t a t l e a s t o n t h e o u t s id e , w a s o n t o p o f i t ,o r w he the r t h e s e v en th g a l le ry w a s c omp le t e w i th al i n te l w a l lhead w a lk a nd p a rape t o n t o po ft h a t .

T he s u rf a ce i ss h iny a nd b l a ck -bur n i sh ed , n o t o n ly o n t h e o u t s ide b u t a l so a s f a r a st h e i n t e r io r o ft h e r im w h ich i s o r namen t ed w i th t h r ee s h a l low , h o r izon ta l r i dg e s ; i t s s u rf a ce i st h u s f l u ted ( Ma cK ie 2 000 ,p l . 2 ) . T he o u t e re dg e o ft h er im i ss p l i tc on cen t r ica l ly , a si fa no the rl a y e ro fc l ay h ad b een a dded t o i t s u nde r s ide d u r ing m anuf a c t u r e , m ou ld ed i n to t h e o u t e r w a l l b u t l e av ing t h ej o in v i s ib le a t t h er im . A l though i th a sn ev e rb een c ommen t ed o nb ef o r e w hen d i scu s s ing t h e b r och , t h i s k i nd o fp o t t e ry h a s g ood a na log ie s a mong v a r iou s l a t e p r eh i s to r ic w a r e s i ne a s t e rn , n o r the rn a nd n o r th -w e s t er nF r ance .

T he f a c t t h a t t h e i n s ide h a lf o ft h e w a l l i sp r e se rved f o r a f ew i n ch e s a bove t h e f ew r ema in ing l i n te l s r oof ing t h e s i x th g a l le ry m igh t s ugg e s tt h a tt h e s e ven th w a s c omp le t e ; o nt h eo t he rh and t h e r em u s ts u r e ly h ave b een ar e a sonab ly h i gh p a rape t o n t h e i n s ide h a lf o ft h e w a l lhead a l so , b o th t ok eep t h e l i n t e l s b e low s t ab le a nd i np o s i t ion a nd a l so t o p r even t a nyone w a lk ing o n t h e w a l lhead p a th f r om f a l l ing i n to t h e i n t e r io r i nt h e d a rk ( l eav ing a s id e f o rt h e m om en t t h e q ue s t ion o fw he th e rt h e r e w a s am a s s iv e t h a t ched r o of o n t o p o ft h e t owe r ) . At h ick l a y e r o ft u rf o n t o p o ft h e t wo w a l lh ead s w ou ld h ave b een as imp le w ay o fk eep ing t h e se s t ab le a nd s t opp ing s t one sb e ing d i s lodged f r om t h em a c c iden ta l ly .

2 . 7 P rob lem st ob e i n ve s t iga ted T he r ema rkab le t owe r o n Mou sa i s land p r e sen t s a n o ppo r tun i ty w h ich i sr a r e i np r eh i s to r ic a r cha eo logy — t h e c han ce t os t udy c l o se ly a na lmo s ti n ta c t e xamp le o fo n e o f t h e f i ne s t a r ch i t ec tu ra l a ch ievemen t s o f ap r e l i te ra t e E u ropean p eop le . T hank st ot h ew ea l th o fd e ta i la va i lab le i ti sp o s s ib le t of o rm af a i r ly c l ea rp r e l im in a ry i d ea o fs ome o f t h e t e chn ica l s k i l l s , m o t ive s a nd n e ed s o f al o ng v an i shed s o c ie ty .

C a r ef u lp l an s a nd c r o s s s e c t ion sw e r ep r epa r ed b yt h et h en Of f i ce o f Wo rk s w hen t h a tb ody w a s c on so l ida t ing Mou sa b roch i n1 9 19 a nd t h ey a low a n a pp r ec ia t ion o ft h ed e s ign o f t h e b u i ld ing ( I l l . 4 . 66 ) ( Pa t t e r son 1 922 ) . T he c r o s s s e c t ion s i np a r t icu la r s how t h e b e l l shaped p rof i le o ft h e t owe r c l ea r ly , a l though t h i s m ay n o th ave b een a n o r ig ina l f e a tu r e ; t h e f a c t t h a t m any o f t h e l i n t e l s o f t h e u ppe r g a l le r ie s h ave a d i s t in c t t i l t d ownwa rd s a nd o u twa rd s s ugge s t st h a tt h eh o l low w a l lh a ss a gg ed al i t t le s i nce i tw a s b u i l t , a nd t h i sm ay e xp la in t h es l igh to ve rhang o ft h eu ppe r p a r to ft h eo u te rf a ce .

T h e s t udy a l so p rov id e s ag ood s t a r t ing p o in t f o r t h e d e ta i led e xam ina t ion o fa l k nown b roch s —t h e i mpo r tan t a r cha eo log ica l p henom enon o fw h ich Mou sa i so n ly o ne s ma l l p a r t , a l be i t t h e b e s t p r e se rved e xamp le - w h ich i s t h em a in o b jec to ft h i sw o rk . P a r t icu la r ly i n t r igu ing i st h e f a c tt h a tn o to n ly i st h eb r och p rov ince o fA t lan t ic S co t land o n t h e r emo t e s t f r ing e o f n o r th -w e s t e rn E u rope - t ot h e I r on A g e c u l tu r e s o fw h ich t h et owe r s m u s t i ns om e s e n se b er e la t ed —b u t Mou sa i t s e lf i sa tt h e m o s tn o r the r ly t i p o f t h eb roch p rov ince .

2 . 5 .E x terna lf e a ture s T h e r e a r es l igh tt r a ce so f as t one w a l l a bou t2 . 25 m ( 7 .5 f t ) t h ick w h ich a ppea r s t o h ave s u r rounded t h e t ow e r a ta d i s tan ce o fa bou t 6m ( 2 0 f t ) f r om i t sb a se ; i tw a s m uch b e t te rp r e se rved i nt h e 1 8 th c en tu ry a nd t h en l o ok ed v e ry r ough ( Low 1 879 : I l2 . 2 ) . I th a sb een s ugge s ted t h a ti ti s t h e r ema in s o f ar e cen t f i e ld w a l l ( HU42 5 , s ou r ce 1 ) . T he s t onewo rk i s a l so v i s ib le o n a n 1 883 d r aw ing ( Ande r son 1 883 , 1 75 ,f i g . 1 60 ) .

T h i sf a c ta l so s ugge s t s ab a s ic q ue s t ion w h ich i sr e levan tt o o u ru nde r s tand ing o ft h e d eve lopmen t o fh uman s o c ie ty i n g ene ra l . D o e s t h e a pp ea rance o f al a rge n umbe r o f a r ch i t ec tu ra l ly s oph i s t ica t ed b u i ld ing s l i k e b roch s i n a r emo t e a nd p e r iphe ra l p a r t o f E u rope s i gn if y a n e x t rao rd ina ry d ev e lopmen t i ni s o la t ion , o r d oe s i tm ean t h a t e ne rg e t ic n ew come r s ( l ik e t h e l a te r V ik ing s p e rhap s ) a r r ived i nt h i s n o r the rn m a r i t ime z one a nd g a lvan i sed t h e l o ca lp opu la t ion s?

I mmed ia t e ly o u t s ide t h e e n t r ance t h e r e a r e af ew t r a ce s o f s t one s t ruc tu r e sw h ich a ppea rt ob el a t e rt h an t h eb roch ( I l l . 4 . 62 ) ; t h e o n ly c l ea r f e a tu r e i s as ho r t , o u twa rd e x t en s ion 1 2

S ec t ion 2 :T he t owe ro n Mou sa i s land

T h i s r e f e r s t ot h e 4t h c en tu ry R oman g ene ra l w ho w a s s e n t b y t h e Empe ro r V a len t in ian ( AD 3 64 -75 ) t or e s to re o rde r i nB r i ta in a f t e r v a r iou s b a rba r ian i n cu r s ion s . T he R oman w r i te r Amm ianu s Ma r ce l l inu s d e sc r ibe s t h e c ampa ign b r ie f ly b u tm ake sn om en t ion o fO rkney , s ot h e c onnec t ion w i th T heodo s iu s w a s o bv iou s ly j u s t ag ue s s o n H ibbe r t 's p a r t , a l though h e w a s c o r rec t i n i n f e r r ing t h a t t h e b roch p e r iod w a sm uch e a r l ie rt h an t h e V ik ing a ge .

A l though t h i s i s av e ry d i ff icu l t q ue s t ion — n o t l e a s t b ecau se o ft h e d eep ly h e ld p r econce ived i d ea s t h a t m any a r chaeo log i s t s h ave a bou t t h e l i ke l ihood o f' d if f u s ion ' a nd ' i ndependen t i n ven t ion ' a s a gen t s o f d r a s t ic c hange s i n m a te r ia l c u l tu r e —i ti su sef u l t ok eep t h i s p rob lem i nm ind w h i le t h ed e ta i led e v idence i sb e ing r e v iewed . T he r e a r e s ev e ra l o t he r o bv iou s i fl e s s i mpo r tan t q ue s t ion s a bou t Mou sa w h ich u rgen t ly n eed a n swe r i fw e a r e t ou se t h e s i te a sa n i n t roduc t ion t ob roch a r chaeo logy , a nd t h ey i n c lude t h ef o l low ing . •

Wha t i st h e a ge o ft h e s t one t owe r a nd h ow l o ng w a s i tu s ed f o r ?

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Wha tw a si t sp r ima ry f u nc t ion o rf u nc t ion s?

•

I si tu n ique o ra r e t h e r e o t he r s im i la rb u i ld ing s? I f t h e re a r e h ow s im i la r a r e t h ey , h ow m any a r e t h e r e a nd w he re a r et h ey f ound?

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C an w e d i scove r t h e i d en t i ty o ft h e b u i lde r s , e i the r i nh i s to r ica l o ri na r chaeo log ica lt e rm s?

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H ow i s i tt h a t t h i s e x t rao rd ina ry b u i ld ing i s i n S he t land , i nm ode rn t ime s o ne o ft h e m o s t r emo te p a r t so fn o r th -we s tm a r i t ime E u rope?

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I s Mou sa a n u n ique c r ea t ion o r c an o ne d e tec t a l o ng a r ch i tec tu ra l d eve lopmen tb eh ind i t ?

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C an t h e t owe r b e f i t ted i n to a n a r chaeo log ica l c on tex t , a nd t h e e conomy a nd t e chno logy o f i t s b u i lde r sd i scove r ed?

•

I n f a c t i ti st h e p i ece o f g l o s sy b l ack p o t te ry ( d e sc r ibed e a r l ie r ) w h ich , w i th t h e b enef i t o fm oder n a r cha eo log ica l k now ledge , g i ve s t h e m o s t u sef u l c l ue t o t h e d a te o f Mou sa . Many p a ra l le ls f o r s u ch ab l ack , g l obu la r e ve r ted r im j a r , w i th t h e u nu sua l d eco ra t ion o f f l u t ing a l ong t h e i n ne r f a ce o f t h e r im , a r e k nown a nd t h e n ea r e s t c ome m a in ly f r om e a s tern , n o r ther n a nd n o r th -we s ter n F rance a nd f r om t h e l a te r p a r t o ft h e B ronze A ge ( Sanda r s 1 957 ) . H ow much l a te r t h i s p o t te ry w a s i n u s e i n B r i t tany f o r e xamp le i sn o t a l toge the r c l ea r ; d i sp lay s i nl o ca l m u seum s s how i ti nI r on A ge g rave s . I ft h e r e i s ac onnec t ion b e tween t h e Mou sa s h e rd a nd t h e l a te B ronze a nd p e rhap s I r on A ge p o t te ry o fn o r th -we s ter n F rance — w h ich o f c ou r se c anno t b e t a k en f o r g r an ted — t h en i ts ugge s t s t h a t t h e t owe r b e long s t ot h e p r e -Roman I r on A ge a tt h e l a te s t . H oweve r c e ram ic d a t ing e v idence f r om a s i ng le b u i ld ing m u s t o bv iou s ly b e t e n ta t ive a nd mu s t b e s uppo r ted b y i n f o rma t ion f r om w e l l e xcava ted s i t e s . I td oe s g i ve u s as t a r t ing p o in th ow eve ra nd s ugge s t s t h a t Mou sa c ou ld b e long t ot h e m idd le o rl a te r p a r t o ft h e f i r s tm i l lenn ium BC . 2 . 7 .2

When ap r eh i s to r ic s t ruc tu re i sa sw e l l p r e se rved a s Mou sa i ts e em s p robab le t h a t a tl e a s t s ome th ing a bou t i t s o r ig ina l p u rpo se c an b e e s tab l i shed f r om t h e d e ta i l s o f i t s d e s ign , a nd t h a t f u r the r c l ue s m igh t b e o b ta ined f r om i t s s i tua t ion . H oweve r i tm u s t a lway s b e b or n i nm ind — p a r t icu la r ly a t t h i s e a r ly s t age o ft h e e nqu i ry — t h a t a l i n f e r ence s f r om a s i ng le s i te a r e u sua l ly t e n ta t ive - w o rk ing h ypo the se s o n ly —a nd h ave t o b e c hecked a ga in s t t h e a r ch i tec tu re a nd l o ca t ion o f a s m any o t he r c ompa rab le b u i ld ing s a s p o s s ib le . A f ew o f t h e se m u s t a l so b e e xcava ted s y s tema t ica l ly .

Wha ts o r to fs oc ie ty p roduced i ta nd u sed i t ?

A f ew o f t h e se q ue s t ion s a r e n ow c on s ide r ed i n al i t t le m o re d e ta i l , a sa n i n t roduc t ion t ot h e d i scu s s ion s a tt h e e nd o f P a r t 2o f t h i s C o rpu s , b u t m any d epend o n e v idence w h ich i so u t s ide t h e s cope o ft h i s s u rvey . N eve r the le s s t h e a r ch i tec tu re a nd m a te r ia l c u l tu re s o ft h e b roch s , a sw e l l a s t h e i r d i s t r ibu t ion i n t h e l a nd scape — t oge the r w i th t h o se i n f e rence s w h ich c an b e d r awn d i r ec t ly f r om t h is k i nd o f t a ng ib le e v idence — f o rm t h e s o l id f ounda t ion o n w h ich a l m o re g ene ra lh ypo the se sm u s tr e s t . 2 . 7 .1

A rch i tec ture a nd P u rpo se

H e igh ta nd d ef en s ivene s s

T he d a te o f Mou sa

I ti sd i ff icu l tt od i sag ree w i th S amue l H ibbe r t 's a s sump t ion ( 1822 ) t h a t t h e h i gh w a l l w i th i t s s i ng le o pen ing i mp l ie s t h a t Mou sa w a s b u i l t p r ima r i ly f o rd ef ence —t ot hwa r tw i th i t st owe r ing b l ank a nd s moo th w a l lf a ce a ny s udden a t ta ck s a nd s hor t s i ege s . T he p o s s ib i l i ty t h a t t h e w a l lhead c on s i s ted o r ig ina l ly o f as e n t ry w a lk b eh ind a p a rape t , e a s i ly r e a ched b y t h e i n t ra -mu ra l s t a i r , r e inf o r ce s t h i s i mp re s s ion . T he d e s ign o ft h e e n t rance p a s sage l i kew i se g i ve s c l ea r p roof o f t h e d ef en s ive n a tu re o ft h e b u i ld ing , p a r t icu la r ly w hen w e t a ke i n to a ccoun t t h a t o r ig ina l ly i t w a s af l a t roof ed t unne l o n ly 1 . 65m h i gh . T he o ppo sed c heck s i nt h e s i de w a l l s h a lf w ay d own a nd t h e b a r -ho le b eh ind t h e se a r e c l ea r ly i n tended t o f r ame a nd s e cu r e a m a s s ive w ooden d oo r ; ah eavy t imbe rb eam w a s e v iden t ly

L i t t le d i r ec t e v idence i sa va i lab le h e re . T he t owe r m u s t b e o l de r t h an a bou t AD 9 00 b ecau se t h a t i s t h e a pp rox ima te d a te o f t h e f i r s t r e co rded V ik ing v i s i t , d e sc r ibed i nt h e O rkney inga S aga — b u t h ow m uch o l de r ? S amue l H ibbe r t s uppo sed t h a t Mou sa a nd i t s f e l low S he t land b roch s w e r e a tl e a s t s eve ra l c en tu r ie s o l de r t h an t h i s a nd t h a t " some o ft h em i nS he t land m igh th ave b een t h rown u p b y t h e S axon s , w ho p eop led t h e O r cade s a nd w e re d ef ea ted b y THEODOS IUS" . ( H ibbe r t 1 822 , 2 55 ) .

1 3

T he R ound hou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

d r awn a c ro s s t h e p a s sag e b eh ind t h e d oo r , w hen i tr e s t ed a ga in s t t h e c h eck s , a nd f i t ted i n to as l o t i nt h e o ppo s i t e w a l l ,w h ich h a sn ow d i sappea r ed . G ran t ing t h i s c l ea re v id ence o f ad ef en s ive c apa c i ty i nt h e d e s ign o ft h et ow e rt h eq ue s t ion t h en a r i se so fw ho o rw ha t m igh t h av e b een t h e e nemy e xpec ted? Wa s Mou sa a m i l i ta ry c a s t le a s V . G . C h i lde t h ough t ( Ch i 1de 1 9 35 , 2 04 )? H es u rm i sed t h a t t h ee a ch o ft h eb r och sw a so wn ed b y ap r eh i s to r ic c h ief a nd s h e l te r ed a s ma l l g a r r i son o f p rof e s s iona l w a r r io r s w ho se t a sk w a s e i the r t od ef end t h e s u r round ing l a nd a ga in s t o u t s ide e nem ie s o r —i ft h e c h ief a nd h i s m en w e r e i n vad e r s —t oh o ld d own t h e c onqu e r ed p opu la t ion . A l t er na t ive ly c ou ld i th ave b een af o r t if ied f a rmhou se a sS i rL ind say S co t tt h ough t ( S co t t 1 947 , 9 10 ) -a na logou s p e rhap st ot h e l a t e Med ieva lt ow e rh ou se s i n t h e b o rde r r e g ion s o f S co t land ? T he a n sw e r t o t h i s q ue s t ion d epend s t oc ome e x ten t o n h ow w e i n te rp r e t t h e p r ima ry f u rn i sh ing si n s id e . T he i n t ra -mu ra lf ea tu re sa nd s ca rcemen t s A sw e s h a l l s e e i nt h e f o l low ing S ec t ion an umbe ro fe a r ly w r i te r st h ough tt h a tt h eg a l le r ie s i n s ide t h ew a l l -a l though d a rk , n a r row a nd i n conven ien to fa c ce s s —w e r ef o rt h eu s e o ft h e i n hab i tan t s , e i the ra ss t o rag e s p a ce , o rl i v ing s p a ce o rb o th . H ow ev e rt h ey w e r e e v iden t ly u nawa r e , f i r s t , o f t h e p a r t ia lb l ockage o ft h eb a sa l g a l le ry b yt h e r o of o ft h e c e l l a tt h e f o o t o ft h e s t a i rb e low a nd , s e cond , o ft h e t wo h o r izon ta ls c a r cemen t so nt h ei n s ide w a l lf a ce .

I ft h e g a l le r ie s w e r e n o t s u i tab le f o r l i v ing i n , o r f o r e v e ryday s t o rag e , w ha t m igh t t h e i r p r ima ry f u nc t ion b e? T he o bv iou s a l te rna t iv e i st h a t t h ey w e r e i n s ome w ay s t ru c tu ra l ; t h ey c ou ld b e a n i n g en iou s d ev ice — o n e w h ich i su n ique i nE u ropean d r y s tone a r ch i t ec tu r e —b y w h ich a s t ab le , h i gh w a l l w h ich c omb ined l i gh tn e s s w i th s t r eng th w a s a ch iev ed w i thou t t h e u s e o f c em en t . T he g a l le r ie s c ou ld a l so h ave b een e x t r eme ly u sef u lw h en t h eb roch w a s b e ing b u i l t s i n ce t h e l i n t e l f l oo ro fe a ch m igh th av e s e rv ed a st h e w o rk ing p l a tf o rm f r om w h ich t h e n ex t 1 . 5m o ft h e d oub le w a l l w a s b u i l t , e f ec t ive ly f r om i n s id e i t s e lf . T he l e s s m a s s ive b u i ld ing s t one s c ou ld o f c ou r se h ave b een c a r r ied u p t h e s t one s t a i rt oe a ch g a l le ry f l oo r i nt u rn , s o t h a tt h e s t one s h e l l o f Mou sa c ou ld c once ivab ly h av e b een b u i l t w i thou tm uch w ood en s c af f o ld ing ( Cu r ie 1 927 ) . A m a s s ive m a in r oof o n t o p w ou ld h ow eve r h ave b een a d if e r en tm a t t e r . Wa s t h e s t a i rway t h en s imp ly a d ev ice t o h e lp w i th t h e c on s t ruc t ion w o rk , o r d i d i ta l so h ave a n i mpo r tan t r o le d u r ing t h el i f e t ime o ft h eb roch , e i the rt og i ve a c ce s st ot h e w a l lhead o rt ot h eu ppe ri n t e r io rw ood en f l oo r s , o rt ob o th? I ft h e t ow e r w a s f o r a c t ive a nd n o tj u s t p a s s ive d ef ence , w h ich i ts u r e ly m u s th ave b een , t h e s t a i rs h ou ld h ave b een d e s igned t oa low t h ed ef ende r st or e a ch t h ew a l lhead ,b o th t oa c ta sl o okou t sa nd a l so t oa t ta ck b e s ieg e r sw i th m i s s i le s d u r ing a ne me rg en cy . I tm u s ta l so h av eb een i mpo r tan tt o b e a b le t o r e pa i r t h e m a in r oof w h ich m u s t s u r e ly h av e b een u pn ea rt h ew a l lhead s om ewhe r e . A s N oe lF o ju t h a sp o in ted o u tt h es t a i rway i sp o t en t ia l ly a w eak p o in ti nt h e s t ru c tu r e s i nce i tr e qu i r e s ab r eak i ne a ch o ft h e r ow s o fs t one l i n t e l s w h ich b ond t h e t wo h a lve s o f t h e w a l l t o g e the r a nd w h ich a r e o t he rw i se c on t inuou s ( Fo ju t 1 982b , 2 26 ) . As t a i r m ean t p r ima r i ly f o r d ef ence w ou ld n eed t or e a ch t h e w a l lhead a sq u ick ly a sp o s s ib le , p r ef e rab ly i n as i ng le f l i gh t ,b u tt h i si sn o t i d ea l i nt e rm so f s t ru c tu ra l s oundne s s a s i tc oncen t ra t e s t h e b r eak s i nt h e g a l le r ie si nt h es am es e c to r .

T he i mp l ica t ion s o ft h e se l e dg e s -n o t f u l ly t h ough t o u t u n t i l A ngu s G raham a na ly sed t h e i r p o s s ib le f u n c t ion s i n t h e 1 940 s ( G raham 1 947a , 6 7 -70 ) -m u s t b e t h a t a tl e a s t o ne r a i sed w ooden f l oo r o r b a lcony o r ig ina l ly e x i s t ed i n s ide Mou sa ; t h e i n ne r e dge o ft h i s p r e sumab ly w ou ld h ave h ad t oh ave b een s uppo r t ed b y ar i ng o fp o s t su n le s si t s panned t h e w ho le i n t e r io r . H oweve r i ft h e l a rg e c en t ra l f i r ep la ce w a s a l so ap r ima ry f e a tu r e ( b e low ) ar i ng shaped p l an w i th p o s t s s e em s i n d ica ted ; t h e s mok e a nd h ea tf r om t h e f i r e w ou ld h av e n eeded s p a ce t o r i se u p t ot h e m a in r oof . I th a s b een a r gued t h a t t h e r e w e r e t h r ee s t o r ey s o f w ood en f l oo r s i n s id e Mou sa , t h e u ppe rmo s to ne r e s t ing o n s ome p r o jec t ing c o rbe l s t one s w h ich c an s t i l l b e s e en a ta h i ghe r l e ve l b u t t h e se s t one s a r en o tr e gu la r ly p l a ced a nd a r ec e r ta in ly n o tc on sp icuou s .

O nt h e o t he rh and as t a i rd e s igned p r ima r i ly a s as t ruc tu ra l d ev ice —a nd a l so a sa na i dt oc a r ry ing s t one su pd u r ing t h e b u i ld ing o ft h et owe r —w ou ld p robab ly a vo id t h i sp rob lem o f s t ruc tu ra l w eakne s s b y r i s ing o n ly t h e h e igh t o f o ne g a l le ry a t at i me , u s ing s om e o f t h e l i n t e l s o f t h e n ex t g a l le ry u pa s al o ng l a nd ing b ef o r et h en ex tf l igh t . I nt h i s w ay t h e b r eak s c ou ld h av e b een s p r ead e ven ly a l a r ound t h e w a l l . S u ch s oph i s t ica t ion i sh ow eve r p e rhap s t ob e e xpec t ed a mong t h e l a t e r b roch s r a the r t h an t h e e a r l ie r o ne s , a f t e r t h e b u i ld e r s h ad a c cumu la t ed c on s ide r ab le e xpe r ience .

T he r e a l i sa t ion t h a t s u ch w ood en f l oo r s e x i s t ed m ak e s s p ecu la t ion a bou tt h e u s eo ft h eg a l le r ie s l a rge ly r e dundan t a s a n a bundan ce o f m o r e c ommod iou s , c omf o r tab le a nd c ompa ra t ive ly w e l l l i ts t o rag e a nd l i v ing s p a ce w ou ld h ave b een a va i lab le i nt h ei n t e r io r . I na ny c a se t h er ough n a tu r e o ft h e m a son ry o ft h e g a l le ry w a l l s ( e xcep t i mmed ia t e ly n ex t t ot h e s t a i r ca se ) , a nd t h e a wkwa rd g ap o fa bou t 2 m b e tween t h e s t a i r a nd t h e f i r s t l i n te l o f e a ch g a l le ry i t p a s se s t h rough , m ake i td if i cu l t t o b e l ieve t h a t t h e se t u nne l s w e r e d e s igned f o rh uman u s e . Mo r eove r i tc anno t b e ac o in c idence t h a tm o s to ft h ew id e s ta nd m o s ts p a c iou s m u ra l g a l le ry — t h e l owe s t — i s i n a cce s s ib le w i thou t c r aw l ing b ecau se o ft h e b u lg e o ft h e r o of o ft h e s t a i r -f oo t g ua rd c e l l u nde rnea th i t . H ow eve r i ti so fc ou r se p o s s ib le t h a t t h e m o r e o p en l owe r g a l le r ie s c ou ld h ave b een u s ed f o rl o ng t e rm s t o rage o fr a r e ly u s ed o b jec t s .

T he r e i sa l so t h ec l ea r p o s s ib i l i ty ,n o tc on s id e r ed b yF o ju t , t h a tp a r to ft h e f u nc t ion o ft h e s t a i rw a st og i v e a c ce s st oa d oo rway t ot h e i n te r io rl e ad ing t ot h er a i sed w ooden f l oo r s r e s t ing o n t h e s c a r cemen t s . T h i s i sd i scu s sed b e low b u t s u ch d oo rway s n eed n o t a f ec t t h e a r gumen t s f o r F o ju t 's t wo a l ter na t ive s a st h ey c ou ld p r e sumab ly h ave b een s e t a t v a r iou sp l a ce sa r ound t h ei n te r io ra sr e qu i r ed . T he s t a i ri n Mou sa h a s o ne l o ng l a nd ing a tt h e l e ve l o ft h e f l oo r o f t h e s e cond g a l le ry ( Lev e l 4 ) , a nd a no the r a tt h e f l oo ro ft h e s i x th ( Leve l 8 ) ; t h i s l o ok s l i k e ac omp rom i se 1 4

S ec t ion 2 : T he t owe ro n Mou sa i s land

W ood en r a i sedf l oo r s

b e tween t h e n eed s o f s t ruc tu ra l s oundne s s a nd t h o se o f d ef en s ive ef i c iency . Y e t i ti sa b so lu te ly c l ea rf r om o t he r e v idence t h a t t h e s t a i r w a s d e s igned a sa n i n teg ra l p a r t o f t h e d ef ence s o ft h e b roch , s o c l ea r i nf a c tt h a t o ne s hou ld p robab ly r e ga rd i t s u sef u lne s s d u r ing c on s t ruc t ion w o rk a s af o r tuna te e x t ra b enef i t . T he r e a son s f o rb e l iev ing t h i s a r e a sf o l low s . 1 .

I nt h e f i r s t p l ace t h e s t a i r c an b y n o s t re tch o ft h e i mag ina t ion b e r e ga rded a s p u re ly a s t ruc tu ra l d ev ice ; i ti sw e l l a nd n ea t ly b u i l t , t h e p a s sage c on ta in ing i ti sw ide a nd e a sy t on ego t ia te , i t sw a l l s h av ing b e ing m ade s moo th a nd e ven i na n t ic ipa t ion o fr e gu la rt r aff ic .

2 .

T he r a i sed s t a i r d oo r i s a n a wkwa rd a nd u nnece s sa ry o b s ta c le i ft h e s t a irway w a s i n tended s imp ly f o r t h e c onven ience o fp eacef u l i n hab i tan t s ( o ro ft h eb u i lde r s ) a nd i to n ly m ake s s e n se i fi tw a s p a r t o fa n i n teg ra ted p l an f o rt h e c on t inued d ef ence o ft h e t owe r a f t e r t h e m a in d oo r h ad b een b roken d own d u r ing a na t tack . I ti sd e s igned t op ro tec ta ny d ef ende r s w ho h ad r e t rea ted t o t h i s d oo r a nd w ho p l anned t oh o ld o n t ot h e s t a i r , t h e g a l le r ie s a nd t h e u ppe r f l oo r s . A s n o ted e a r l ie r t h i s f e a tu re a l so i mp l ie s t h a tt h e s t one s t a i rw a s i n deed t h e o n ly w ay u p t o t h e u ppe r w ooden f l oo r s ; a ny l a dde r a tt h e e dge o ft h e se w h ich c ou ld n o tb e q u ick ly w i thd rawn w ou ld h ave p rov ided a n a l te rna t ive r ou te u pwa rd s f o r t h e a t tacke r s . T h i s c onc lu s ion c on f l ic t s w i th t h a t o f F o ju t w ho t h ough t t h a t t h e s t a i r w a s p r ima r i ly a c on s t ruc t ion d ev ice a nd t h a t w ooden i n te r io r l a dde r s c onnec ted t h e r a ised w ooden f l oo r s ( Fo ju t 1 982b ,2 26 ) .

3 .

A cce s s t ot h e r a i sed w ooden f l oo r s w ou ld p r e sumab ly b e n eeded a s l o ng a s t h e t owe r w a s i n u s e i n i t s p r ima ry c ond i t ion ; t h e se s t ruc tu re s c ou ld h ave b een e i the r a b a lcony o n t h e l owe r , a nd a l e an to r oof o n t h e u ppe r l e dge , o r p e rhap s t wo b a lcon ie s w i th a h i ghe r l i gh t r oof s uppor ted i n ad if e r en t w ay . R oof s n eed t ob e c hecked a nd o cca s iona l ly r e pa i r ed f r om a bove a nd , w h i le t h e b a lcon ie s c ou ld p r e sumab ly h ave b een r e ached b y w ay o f i n ter na l l a dde r s r e s t ing o n t h e g round l e ve l f l oo r , t h e s ma l lne s s o f t h e c en t ra l c ou r t a t Mou sa a nd t h e c omf o r tab le w id th o f t h e s t a i r s a nd g a l le r ie s - n o t t o m en t ion t h e d ef en s ive c on s ide ra t ion s j u s t d e sc r ibed — a l s ugge s tt h a t a ny r a i sed w ooden f l oo r s w e r e r e ached b yt h e s t one s t a i r . H ow p r a c t ica lw ou ld t h i sh ave b een? T he s ho r t a n swe r i s' n o t v e ry ' b ecau se t h e f i r s t o pen ing t h a t t h e s t a i r m ee t s —a ti t s f i r s t l a nd ing — i st h e t a l l r a ised d oo rway a t 1o ' c lock t h e s i l l o fw h ich i sw e l l a bove e ven t h e u ppe r s c a r cemen t . T he s t one s t a i ra nd t h is d oo rc ou ld w e l l h ave b een u sed t og e t q u ick a c ce s s t oa ny l i gh t , l e an t o r oof w h ich o nce e x is ted a bove a s e cond b a lcony ; i n deed t h e e x i s tence o f t h is d oo r , a nd o f t h e i n t ra -mu ra l s t one l a nd ing b eh ind i t , -t h e mo s t o bv iou s a nd c a r ef u l ly d e s igned e x i t f r om t h e g a l le r ie s t o t h e b roch i n te r io r — s u re ly m ean st h a tt h e r ew a s s ome i n ter na lw ooden s t ruc tu re t oe me rge o n t oh e re . C once ivab ly t h e re m igh t e ven h ave b een at h i rd r a i sed f l oo rt h ough t h i s -a sw e l l a sa ny l e an t o r oof h e re - w ou ld p r e sumab ly h ave h ad t o h ave b een s uppor ted a ti t so u te re dge b ys t ru t sr e s t ing o nt h e s e cond . S o h ow d i d o ne g e t o n t o t h e u ppe r b a lcony , i ft h a t i s i n deed w ha t r e s ted o n t h e u ppe r s c a r cemen t? T he l a rge d oo rway l ike o pen ing a t 1 0 o ' c lock , a nd a bove t h e s t a i r d oo r , h a s i t s s i l l a tt h e l e ve l o ft h is s c a r cemen t a nd a tf i r s t s i gh t l o ok s l i ke t h e a n swe r . T he p rob lem i st h a t t h e s t a i r r i se s t ot h e r i gh t o fi t ,n o t n ex t t oi t ,a nd t h e re i st h e u sua l g ap b e tween t h e e nd o ft h e b a sa l g a l le ry a nd t h e s t a irway . H oweve r t h e c o inc idence o f t h e s i l l o f t h i s i n te rna l d oo rway b e ing a tt h e u ppe r s c a rcemen t i ss o s t r ik ing t h a t o ne m u s t s u r e ly c onc lude t h a t a cce s s t ot h e u ppe r b a lcony c ou ld h ave b een o b ta ined i nt h i sw ay . P re sumab ly i tw ou ld h ave b een e a sy e nough t o l a y an a r row w ooden w a lkway f r om t h e a pp rop r ia te s t ep i nt h e s t a i rb ack t ot h e f i r s t l i n te l a bove t h e s t a i r -f oo t c e l l , ad i s tance o fa bou t 2 . 1 m( 7 f t ) . P e rhap s t h i s w a s o n ly d one i ne me rgenc ie s a nd al a dde r i n t h e c en t ra l c ou r tw a st h eu sua lm e thod o fa cce s s .

T he c o rbe l led m u ra l c e l l a tt h e f oo t o f t h e s t a i r , w h ich o pen s t ot h e l e f t o ft h e d oo r , a l so s ugge s t s t h a t d ef ence w a s t h e p r ima ry c on s ide ra t ion ( I l l . 4 . 76 ) . T h is c hambe r c an h a rd ly h ave b een f o r p r iva te a ccommoda t ion — a st h e t h r ee g round l e ve l m u ra l c e l l s s u re ly w e re - a st h e re i sn o d oo r i n to i t a ss u ch . I tm u s t s u re ly h ave b een ag ua rd c hambe r , d e s igned t o p r even t a n i n vade r f r om g e t t ing o n t o t h e s t a i r . A ny a t ta cke rw ho h ad b u r s ti n to t h ec en t ra l c ou r t t h rough t h e e n t rance p a s sage , a nd w ho h ad g o t af oo tho ld o n t h e s i l l o ft h e r a i sed s t a i r d oo r , c ou ld h ave b een c onf ron ted b y t wo , p e rhap s t h r ee , o pponen t s —o ne t o t h e l e f t i nt h e c e l l , o ne t ot h e r i gh t o n t h e b o t tom s t ep a nd o ne a ga in s t t h e b a ck w a l l f a c ing o u tt h rough t h e d oo r .

T h i s s ugge s t ion s e em s a l t h e mo re p l au s ib le w hen o ne r ef lec t s t h a t t h is b a sa l g a l le ry i s , a s e xp la ined e a r l ie r , e f ec t ive ly b l ocked a s hor t d i s tance a n t i -c lockw i se f r om t h e r a ised d oo r ; t h u s u n le s s t h i s d oo r w a s e n t i re ly or namen ta l , w h ich s e em s u n l ike ly , i t s o n ly p u rpo se c an h ave b een t o g i ve a c ce s s f r om t h e s hor t u nob s t ru ic ted l e ng th o f i n t ra -mu ra l s pace o u t o n to a w ooden s t ruc tu re r e s t ing o n t h e u ppe r s c a r cemen t . T o s uppo se t h a t t h e d oo rway w a s m ean t t ow o rk t h e o t he rw ay —t og i ve a cce s s f r om t h e w ooden b a lcony t o i n s ide t h e w a l l —m ake s n o s e n se a ta l l , f o rs eve ra l r e a son s .

T hu s i ti sd i ff icu l t t or e s i s t t h e i mpo r tan t c onc lu s ion t h a t , i n Mou sa a tl e a s t , t h e i n t ra -mu ra l s t a i r p l ayed av i ta l r o le i n t h e d ef en s ive s t ra tegy o f t h e d e s igne r o f t h e t owe r . C ou ld i ta l so h ave g i ven a cce s st ot h e u ppe rw ooden f l oo r s r e s t ing o n t h e s c a r cemen t s? I fi td i d , t h e w ay t h i s w a s a r ranged m igh t t e l l u s s ome th ing a bou t t h e n a tu r e o ft h o se f l oo r s . We h ave a l r eady s e en t h a tt h e r a ised w ooden f l oo r i t se lf s t rong ly s ugge s t s t h a t t h a t w a s t h e w ay u p t oa l t h e u ppe rs t o r ey si nt h eb roch , w ha teve rt h e i rn a tu re .

1 5

T he R ound hou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

I fh oweve rt h eh ea r th w a sp u ti na t al a t e rd a te ,a nd w a sn o t ap a r to ft h eo r ig ina lf u rn i sh ing s ,t h i sm igh ts ugge s tt h a tt h e t ow e rw a sc onv e r t ed i n to af am i ly d w e l l ing s ome t ime a f t e r i tw a s b u i l t ; t h en t h e o r ig ina l f u nc t ion o f t h e b u i ld ing w ou ld h ave t oh ave b een d if e r en t . I tm igh tt h en p e rhap s h ave b een ac ommuna l s t rongho ld , f o r t h e u s e o fs e ve ra l f am i l ie s o n ly i nt i m e s o fd ang e rp e rhap s —a nd c ou ld t h en h ave h ad s e ve r a lf i r ep la ce s .

I nt h e f i r s t p l a ce o ne t h en h a st op r e sume t h e e x i s t en ce o f ap r eca r iou s v e r t ica l l a dde ra tt h e i n n e re dg e o ft h e s e cond b a lcony , s o t h a t o ne c ou ld g e t u p o n to i tf r om t h e l ow e r o ne ( h ow ev e rt h i sw ou ld c e a se t ob e as e r iou so b jec t ion i f aw ood en s t a i r ca se c ame u p t h rough at r apdoo r i nt h e t o p b a lcony ) . I nt h e s e cond p l a ce t h eo n ly p u rpo se o fs u ch a n e n t ry i n to t h e w a l l w ou ld b e t og e t t ot h e s t a i r a l ong t h e h ypo the t ica l p l ank b r idg e , w hen i tw ou ld h av e b een f a r e a s ie rt oc om eu pt h es t one s t a i ri t s e lf !

A ga in m igh t Mou sa h av e b een a n e a r ly f o rm o fm i l i ta ry c a s t le , w i th a s ma l l g a r r i son c ommand ed b y p rof e s s iona l s o ld ie rh o ld ing i tf o r at r iba lc h ief o rk i ng ?H owev e rs u ch a c a s t le w ou ld a l so n eed h ea r th ss om ewhe r ea nd i ti sd i f f icu l t t os e e h ow — w i th t h e e v id ence a tp r e sen t a va i lab le — o ne c ou ld t e l l t h e d if e r ence b e tw een ac h iefs r e s idence a nd a c a s t le .

H ow eve rt h e s t one d oo rway w ou ld h ave b een u s ef u l i nt h i s w ay i ft h e i n te r io r o ft h e b r och h ad b een c ap tu r ed , a nd t h e s t a i r w a s b e ing t h r ea t ened . I nt h i s c a se a c ce s s f r om t h e u ppe r b a lcony t o al a rge d oo rway i n f r on t o f t h e s t a i r w ou ld h av e a low ed d ef ende r s t ot a k e a t ta ck e r s c om ing u p t h es t a i rf r om b eh ind . T he r ea r en od i r ec tc l ue sa st oh ow o ne g o to nt ot h e l ow e r w ooden b a lcony , a t ah e igh to fa bou t2 . 1 m( 7f t )a bove t h e p r ima ry f l oo r . S i n ce t h i s i s ,a sn o ted , a tt h e l e ve l o ft h e s i l l o f t h e r a i sed d oo r t o t h e s t a i r , a nd s i nce t h i s d oo r e v iden t ly h ad t o b e d ef ended , o n e s hou ld p r obab ly c on c lude t h a t as t eep f l i gh t o f r emovab le w ooden s t ep s c ame u p f r om g r ound l e ve l t or e s t d i r e c t ly a ga in s t t h e s i l l o ft h e d oo r a nd t h a t s ome k i nd o ft r apdoo r i nt h e l ow e r b a l cony w a sa tt h et o po ft h i s .

T he m a in r oof U n le s s i tr e s t ed o n t h e u ppe r s c a r cemen t —w h ich s e em s u n l ik e ly f o r r e a son s a l r eady g i ven - Mou sa p rov ide s n o d i r ec t e v id ence a bou t t h e n a tu r e o f t h e m a in r oof T h e h i ghe s t p r e se rved p a r t o ft h e d oub le w a l l a ppea r s t ob e a f r agm en t o ft h e 7 "1g a l le ry w he r e t h e r e i sn o s i gn t h a t i t w a s a ny d if e r en t f r om t h e g a l le ry b e low . O ne c an p r e sumab ly a s sume t h a ta ny m a in r oof w ou ld h ave t oh av e b een a f a i r ly m a s s ive c on ica l s t ruc tu r e w i th t h ick t h a t ch r e s t ing o nh eavy r af t e rb eam sm ee t ing i nt h ec en t r e , w he r e t h e r ew ou ld b e as ma l lg ap t ol e to u ts mok e . T he se r a f te r s w ou ld a l so h ave t o h av e b een t i ed t o g e the r w i th c r o s s b eam s o r j o i s t s t o p r even t t h e h eavy c on ica l s t ru c tu r e s p r ead ing a nd w r eck ing t h e u ppe r p a r t o f t h e r e la t ive ly f r ag i le d r y s tone w a l l .

T h i s b a lcony w a s a l so a tt h e l e v e l o ft h e c hambe ro ve rt h e e n t rance a nd w a sd oub t le s st h eo n ly w ay o n ec ou ld g e ti n to t h i s i n t ra -mu ra l f e a tu r e . T h i s c hambe r c ou ld w e l l h av e p l ayed ar o le i nt h e d ef en ce o ft h e e n t rance p a s sag e f r om a bove i ft h e r e w e r e n a r row o pen ing s b e tw een t h e l i n te l s i n f r on t o ft h e d oo r f r ame , a s a tM idhow e b roch i nO rkney ( I l l . 5 . 90 ) . U nf o r tuna te ly a l t h e l i n te l s h ave v an i sh ed s o n oc heck o nt h i si d ea i sp o s s ib le .

S uch ah eavy r o of c ou ld e i the r ( a ) h ave r e s t ed o n at h i rd s c a r cemen t , n ow v an i sh ed , n ea r t h e t o p o f t h e i n s id e w a l lf a ce , o r( b ) a c tua l ly o n t h e m a in w a l l s omehow . T h e u ppe rs c a r cem en tt h eo ry s e em sp l au s ib le i no n ew ay i nt h a t t h e l ow e rp a r t o ft h e r oof w ou ld h ave b een p r o tec ted f r om g a le s . H ow ev e r a l r a in r u nn ing d own t h e t h a t ch w ou ld h av e f l ow ed d own t h e i n s id e f a ce o ft h e b r och w a l l w h ich w ou ld s u r e ly h av em ade t h ei n t e r io rd amp a nd s qua l id .

T he h ea r th a nd t h ep r ima ry f unc t ion o ft h eb roch A no the r i mpo r tan t q ue s t ion c on ce rn s t h e r e c tangu la r f i r ep la ce o nt h el ow e s tv i s ib le l e ve lo ft h ec en t ra lc ou r t . I f t h i sw a s i np l a ce a tt h e s t a r to ft h eo r ig ina l o ccupa t ion o ne m igh t s uppo se t h a t t h e b roch w a s b u i l t a s s ome k i nd o f f o r t if ied h ou se . Ac en t r a l h ea r th i su sua l ly t a k en t om ean t h a tt h e b u i ld ing w a s as i ng le f am i ly d w e l l ing , t h ough t h e m a s s iv e a nd p r e sumab ly e xpen s ive b roch m u s t s u r e ly m ean t h a t t h i s o ne b e long t o s ome k i nd o ft r iba l o r c l an e l i t e . I na ny c a se t h em oder nB r i t i sh c oncep t o f af am i ly —t wo p a r en t s ( u sua l ly )w i th f r om o ne t ot h r ee c h i ld r en —i s n o t l i k e ly t ob er e levan tt op r eh i s to r ic t r iba l s o c ie ty a ta ny l e v e l .

I ft h e r o of r e s t ed o nt h ew a l lhead i tw ou ld s u r e ly h ave h ad i t s r af t e r s r e s t ing o n t h e l i n t e l s c ov e r ing t h e t o pmo s t g a l le ry ; i nt h a t c a se t h e o u te rh a lf o ft h e w a l l c ou ld h ave r i sen u p a no th e r f i ve o r s i x f e e t , f o rm ing a p a rape t t o p ro tec t t h e b a se o ft h e r oof f r om t h e w ind . I nt h i s c a se h ow eve r t h e r e w ou ld h av e b een n o c onv en ien t w a l lhead w a lk f o r t h e o ccupan t s w ho w e r e o n s e n t ry d u ty o r w ho w an ted t o g e t a tt h e t o p o ft h e r oof ; a l so t h e s t one s t a i r w ou ld h ave c ome u p r i gh t u nd e r t h e t h a t ch ( t hough p r e sumab ly at r apdoo rc ou ld h ave b een a r rang ed ) .

O ne s hou ld p robab ly l o ok f o r ap r e l im ina ry a na logy a ta w ea l thy e a r ly V ic to r ian f am i ly , i nw h ich t h e r e m igh tb e— i na dd i t ion t ot h ep a t e rf am i l ia s a nd h i s w if e —p e rhap s s i x o r m o r e c h i ld r en , s ome g r andpa r en t s , u nma r r ied s i s te r s a nd p oo r r e la t ion s a s w e l l a s an umbe r o f s e rvan t s . I n p r eh i s to r ic t i me s t h e r e m ay a l so h ave b een s ome s l ave s , a nd — i ft h e b r och o wne rw a s ac l an c h ief —p e rhap s s ome f u l l t i me w a r r io r s a s w e l l , s e rv ing a s ab odygua rd a nd a b roch ' g a r r i son ' . Whe the r a l o ft h e se c ou ld h av e l i ved i n s ide t h et ow e ri sa no the rm a t t e r .

F u r the rd i scu s s ion o ft h en a tu r e o ft h e m a in r o of o fb roch s h a st ob e d ef e r r ed u n t i lm o r e e v idence f r om o t he rs i t e sh a s b een c on s id e r ed . I n p a r t icu la r i tm u s t b e e s tab l i shed w h e the rm o s tb roch sr e semb led Mou sa i nb e ing t ow e r l ik e o rw he the r m any w e r e m u ch l owe r ; i ft h e l a t t e r w a s t h e c a se t h e n a tu r e o f t h e m a in r oof w ou ld h ave t o b e r e con s ide r ed .

1 6

S ec t ion 2 :T he t owe ro n Mou sa i s land

2 . 8 P ha se so fo ccupa t ion o ft he b roch

2 . 9T he b roch i ni t st opograph ica ls e t t ing

T he re i sn o d oub t t h a t t h e f u nc t ion o f t h e b roch w a s d r a s t ica l ly c hanged a t s ome s t age ; t h e i n se r t ion o f t h e s e conda ry c i r cumf e ren t ia l s t one w a l l a nd i t s p ro jec t ing s t one p i e r s s how s c l ea r ly t h a t t h e c en t ra l c ou r t —d e sp i te a l r eady b e ing s os ma l l c ompa r ed w i th t h o se o fo t he rb roch s — w a s r e -de s igned . T h i s r e -a r rangemen t e v iden t ly i n vo lved t h e d i sman t l ing o fa ny w ooden f u rn i sh ing sw h ich w e re l i nked w i th t h e s c a rcemen t s ; i ti sh a rd t o s e e h ow s u ch e l abo ra te w oodwo rk c ou ld h ave r ema ined w i thou t a r i ng o f p o s t s t o r e s t o n , a nd n o p o s t -ho le s a r e n ow a ppa ren t . I ft h ey e x i s ted t h ey mu s t b e b u r ied u nde r t h e a dded s t onewo rk .

O ne m igh t h ope t og e t s ome c l ue t ot h e o r ig ina l p u rpo se o f t h is e x t rao rd ina ry I r on A ge t owe r , a nd t oi t ss oc ia l c on tex t , b y a na ly s ing i t s r e la t ion sh ip t ot h e s u r round ing l a nd scape . F o r e xamp le i fi tw a s m oun ted o n ar o cky o u t c rop w i th s ome g ood n a tu ra l ly d ef en s ive f e a tu re s t h i s w ou ld t e nd t o e mpha s i s i t sf u nc t ion a s as t rongho ld . I fo nt h e o t he rh and i t w a s p l an ted a mong a r ab le l a nd i n a n o t he rw i se d ef ence le s s s i tua t ion i t s f u nc t ion a s ad ef ended f a rmhou se w ou ld b e s t rong ly s uppo r ted . A ga in t h e re i s al i m i tt ow ha t as i ng le s i te c an t e l l u s i nt h i s r e spec t b u t t h e s i tua t ion o f Mou sa s hou ld a tl e a s t r a i se s ome q ue s t ion s i nt h is s phe re w h ich m igh t b e a n swe red b y s t udy ing a l a rge s amp le o f s im i la rs t ruc tu re s .

T he n a tu r e o ft h e s e conda ry o ccupa t ion i n s ide t h e b roch i s o fs ome i n te r e s t . I tm igh tb es uppo sed t h a t , s i nce w eh ave t h e h i s to r ica lr e co rd c once rned ,t h e l a te s tm a son ry a dd i t ion ( t he s e conda ry w a l l w i th t h et h r ee p ro jec t ing p i e r s )w a st h e w o rk o ft h e 1 0t h o r 11 t h c en tu ry N o r se v i s i to r s . H oweve r t h is k i nd o fb u i ld ing h a s l o ng b een k nown t o b e o f I r on A ge d a te ; s im i la r w hee lhou se s w e r e b u i l t i n s ide s eve ra l o t he r S he t land b roch s , a nd i ti sc l ea r t h a t t h e s t ruc tu re s i n Mou sa , s i nce t h ey a ppea r t o r e s t d i r ec t ly o n t h e p r ima ry f l oo r a nd n o t o n a ny r ubb le o rd eb r i s , c an o n ly b e al i t t le y ounge rt h an t h eb roch i t s e lf .

T he t owe r i s p l an ted o n o pen g round , a l though i t s c l o sene s s t o t h e r o cky s ho r e a s w e l l a s i t s p r e sence o n a l ow p romon to ry d oe s s ugge s tt h a t d ef en s ive c on s ide ra t ion s w e re t a ken i n to a ccoun t w hen t h e s i te w a s c ho sen . T he s i z e o ft h e i s land m ay b e s i gn if ican tt oo ; i tm ea su re s o n ly a bou t 2 . 25 b y 1 . 0 k m , at o ta l a r ea ( t ak ing a ccoun t o ft h e f a c t t h a t o ne e nd i sn a r rowe r ) o f l e s s t h an 2s qua r e k m , o r p e rhap s 1 50 h ec ta re s . T he l a nd i sl ow a nd r o cky a nd l a ck s m a jo r t r ac t s o fb a r ren g round . T he r e a r e a bundan t t r ace s o f f o rme r c u l t iva t ion a l though t h e re i sn o th ing t h e re n ow b u t s ome f l ock s o f s h eep b e long ing t o f a rme r s o n t h e m a in land . A s sum ing t h a t mo s t o ft h is g round i sc u l t ivab le t h e a r ea o f Mou sa f a l ls w e l l w i th in t h e r a nge o f t h e S he t land ' b roch e s ta te s ' d ef ined b y F o ju t . T he a ve rage o f e l even o f t h e se ( f o r m ax imum a r ab le l a nd ) i s 1 69 .1 h ec ta r e s w h ich w ou ld h ave s uppo r ted - u s ing p r e I mp rovemen tt e chn ique sa nd a ccep t ing a p r e Imp rovemen t s t anda rd o fl i v ing - ap opu la t ion o f f r om a bou t 3 05 -4 83 p eop le ( Fo ju t 1 982 , T ab le i i ) . E ven i fi tw a s s omewha t l e s s ( t o a low f o r r o cky g round ) t h i s s e em s j u s t a bou t e nough t os uppor t ab roch f am i ly a nd b u i ld t h et owe r .

A s w e h ave a s e en a s t ruc tu re l i ke t h i s , i fi tw a s t o b e i n ser ted i n s ide as t and ing b roch , w ou ld h ave r e qu i r ed t h e d emo l i t ion o fa ny o r ig ina l i n te rna l w ooden f l oo r s ; w e m ay t h e ref o r ea s sume p rov i s iona l ly t h a tt h eb roch w a s i n hab i ted b y f ewe rp eop le i nt h i s l a te rp ha se o fu s e . P re sumab ly t h e l a te s t d we l l ing w a s as o r to fl ow s t one r oundhou se i n se r ted i n to t h e b o t tom o ft h e t owe r ; t h e m o s t o bv iou s r e a son f o r s uch a n e x t ra w a l l o f m a son ry a ga in s t t h e h i gh , p r ima ry w a l lf ace i st h a t i th ad t o s uppo r t an ew l ow r oof . T he f u nc t ion o ft h e r i ng shaped p l a tf o rm b e low t h e w hee lhou se i su nc lea ra nd i sl i ke ly t or ema in s ou n t i l as im i la re xamp le i sf ound i na no the rb roch .

2 . 10 C onc lud ing r emark s T he a nc ien t k eep o n Mou sa m ay s u re ly b e c l a imed a so ne o f t h e w onde r s o f p r eh i s to r ic E u rope . I t w a s a s oph i s t ica ted , c y l ind r ica l d ef en s ive s t one t owe r , p robab ly f u l ly 1 5 m( 50 f t )h i gh o r ig ina l ly a nd w i th m any i n gen iou s s t ruc tu ra l f e a tu re s w h ich a r e n o t f ound i n t h e s ame c omb ina t ion i na ny o t he r k nown d ry s tone b u i ld ing . I tw a s b u i l t e n t i r e ly w i thou t m o r ta r o r c emen t , o r a ny k i nd o f b ond ing m a te r ia l b e tween t h e s t one s , a nd m ay f a i r ly b e c l a imed a s h uman i ty 's g r ea te s t a ch ievemen t i n d ry s tone a r ch i tec tu re .

We c an t h u s s e e t h a t t h e r e w e r e t wo q u i te d i s t inc t a nd a ppa ren t ly c on secu t ive p ha se s i nt h e o r ig ina lo ccupa t ion o f Mou sa . I mmed ia te ly a f t e r i tw a s b u i l t t h e e v idence s ugge s t s t h a t t h e re w a s r oom f o r af a i r n umbe r o fp eop le l i v ing i n s ide o n r a i sed w ooden f l oo r s o r b a lcon ie s ; p robab ly t h e re w a s ac en t ra l h ea r th i np l ace f r om t h e s t a r t b u t o ne c anno tb es u re . C e r ta in ly t h et h r ee s pa c iou si n t ra m u ra l c e l l s m u s t h ave p rov ided t h e b e s t a nd mo s t p r iva te a ccommoda t ion . T hen t h e re w a s as e conda ry p ha se w h ich - b ecau se t h e r e i s n o e v idence f o r a ny d eb r is b e tween t h e p r ima ry f l oo r a nd t h e l a te r m a son ry - s e em s t oh ave f o l lowed i mmed ia te ly o n t h e f i r s t . T he i mp r e s s ion i sc l ea r t h a t t h e t owe r — o bv iou s ly s t i l l e i the r r oof ed a nd s t and ing t oi t s f u l l h e igh t o ru n roof ed a nd s l igh t ly l owe r —w a s t h en c onve r ted i n to a l ow roof ed d we l l ing w h ich w a s d e s igned f o r m any f ewe r p eop le . O n ly t h e t h ree r oomy c e l l s w e re t h en a va i lab le f o r p r iva te q ua r te r s , u n le s s t h e g a l le r ie s w e r e s o u sed ( wh ich s e em s u n l ike ly f o r r e a son s a l r eady g i ven ) ; D ryden 's p l an c l ea r ly s how s h ow c a r ef u l ly c on s t ruc ted g ap s w e re l e f t i nt h e s e conda ry w a l l t o a low a cce s s t o t h e se ( D ryden 1 890 , p l . XX I ,p l an : I l . 2 . 3 ) .

U n l ike a l t h e o t he r m a jo r b u i ld ing s w h ich a ppea r a t d i f f e ren t t ime s i nt h e p r eh i s to r ic a nd h i s to r ic p e r iod s —t h e b a s ic d e s ign s o fa l o fw h ich w e re i mpo r ted f r om a b road — t h e b roch s s e em t o h ave b een d ev i sed e n t i re ly w i th in S co t land . N o th ing l i ke t h em i n s t ruc tu ra l d e ta i l ( a s o ppo sed t o g ene ra l a ppea rance ) i sk nown a nywhe re e l se . T h i s s u r e ly g i ve s t ot h e S co t t i sh b roch a n i mpo r tance f o r t h e h i s to ry o f b u i ld ing t e chno logy w h ich i sn o t a t f i r s t a ppa ren t f r om i t s g eog raph ica l l o ca t ion i n a r emo te h i gh land s a nd i s land z one o n t h e f a r n o r th -we s ter n f r inge s o fE u rope .

1 7

T he R ound hou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

T h i s d e ta i led r e v iew o ft h e a r ch i t ec tu r e a nd s e t t ing o fo n e o f t h e b e s t p r e se rv ed b roch s h a s r a i sed a n umbe r o f p rob lem s a nd p o s s ib i l i t ie s ; i th a s a l so s ugg e s t ed s ome a n swe r s t o t h e q ue s t ion s r a i sed . A ny r e l iab le a n swe r s c an o n ly b e f o und b y i n ve s t iga t ing a s m any c ompa rab le s t ruc tu r e s a s p o s s ib le . T he r e su l t s o f t h i s i n ve s t iga t ion , c onduc t ed o ve rm any y ea r s , a r es e to u ti n t h i sC o rpu s .

S ec t ion 2 :T he t owe ro n Mou sa i s land

2 . 1Mou sa b roch , S he t land ( HU42 5 ) , i n1 987 .

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S ec t ion 2 : T he t ower o n Mou sa i s land

T he R oundhou se s , B roch s a nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

2 . 8 Mou sa ( HU42 5 ) , i n1 987 . V iew o f t h e l owe s t mu ra lg a l le ry ( Leve l3 )i mmed ia te ly t ot h el e f to ft h es t a i ra nd a bove t h es t a i r -f oo t g ua rd c e l l o nL eve l2 . T he t op o ft h ec o rbe l led d omed r oof o ft h ec e l lb e low i sc l ea r ly v i s ib le i nt h eb ackg round ( l ook ing l i ke as ho r t f l igh to fs t ep s )a nd o b s t ruc t se a sy e n t ry t ot h ew ide g a l le ry b eyond . [ 1 987 /2 / 14 ]

2 6

S ec t ion 3 : Ah i s to ry o fb roch r e sea rch

e a r l ie s t e xp lo r e r s l i ke C ook - a nd w h ich s how Mao r i t e chno logy i ni t s p r e -Con ta c t s t a te - a r e s t i l l n ume rou s i n E u ropean mu seum s .

3 . 1 . I n troduc t ion H av ing l o oked a tt h e b roch o f Mou sa i ns ome d e ta i l w e n ow h ave ac l ea ri d ea o fw ha t aw e l l p r e se rved e xamp le o f t h e se d ry s t one t owe r s i sl i ke b u t , b ef o re r e v iew ing t h e a va i lab le m ode rn e v idence a bou t t h e s t ruc tu re s t h em se lve s a nd t h e i r I r on A ge i n hab i tan t s , i tw i l l b e h e lpf u l t oo u t l ine h ow b roch r e sea r ch h a s e vo lved i n t h e p a s t . I ts e em s i mpor tan t t o p l ace i n to a h i s to r ica l c on tex t i n t h i s w ay r e cen t i d ea s a nd d i spu te s , m any o fw h ich w i l l b e s e en t o h ave b een a n t ic ipa ted i nt h e 1 9 th c en tu ry - a nd t h e r eby t o g i ve d ue c r ed i tt ot h ep i onee r s i nt h i s f i e ld . A lso , a nd a si s t ob e e xpec ted , t h e d eve lopmen t o fE u ropean a r chaeo logy a s aw ho le i s r e f lec ted i n m any w ay s b y t h e p a inf u l e me rgence o ft h e s t udy o ft h e I r on A ge o ft h e h i gh land a nd i s land f r inge s o f B r i ta in f r om m y tho logy t o s c ience . I n s ome w ay st h is w a s o ne o ft h e l a s ta r ea s o fw e s ter nE u rope t o b e p ene t ra ted b y e n l igh tened a n t iqua r ian t h ough t a nd , a f t e r ab r i l l ian t s t a r t , s y s tema t ic a r chaeo log ica l r e sea rch i n t h e n or th l a gged b eh ind t h a t i ns ou ther n B r i ta in . T h i s w a s i n s t r ik ing c on t ra s t t o t h e a ch ievemen t s o f t h e b roch b u i lde r s t h em se lve s , w h ich s e em t oo f f e r ag ood I l t ra t ion o f h ow a s e r ie s o f d ynam ic c u l tu r e s e me rged i n a nc ien t t ime s i n w ha t n ow s e em s ar emo te a r ea f a r f r om t h e m e t ropo l i tan c en t r e so fc u l tu r e .

T he s ame k i nd o f t h ing mu s t h ave h appened w hen t h e R oman s c onque red B r i ta in a nd s upp r e s sed t h e o l d t r iba l ' Ce l t ic ' w ay o fl i f e t h ey f ound t h e r e . U nf o r tuna te ly h a rd ly a ny r e co rd s s u rv ive , a nd i ft h e r e w a s a n e t hnog raph ica l m u seum i nR ome f u l l o f B r i t i sh I r on A ge a r tef ac t s i td i d n o t s u rv ive t h e f a l l o ft h e w e s te rn Emp i re i nt h e m id 5 t h c en tu ry , o r -i fi tw a s moved t oC on s tan t inop le - t h a t o f t h e r emnan t s o f t h e e a s ter n Emp i r e i n 1 452 . We k now f r om t h e R oman h i s to r ian T a c i tu s t h a t i nt h e m id AD 8 0 s , i nt h e 6 t h y ea r o ft h e R oman G over no rA g r ico la 's m i l i ta ry c ampa ign i nn o r th B r i ta in , t h e n a t ive t r ibe s w e r e d ef ea ted s omewhe r e i ne a s te rn S co t land i nt h e g r ea t b a t t le f ough t a t ap l a ce c a l led Mon s , o r ' Moun t ' , G raup iu s ( s ee F eachem 1 970 f o r a n u no r thodox v i ew o f t h e s i te o f t h is b a t t le ) . Af t e r t h e R oman v i c to ry t h e f l ee t w a s s e n t o n av oyage o f c i rcumnav iga t ion , a nd t h e s h ip s e v iden t ly c a l led a tO rkney t or e ce ive ( a cco rd ing t oo ne i n te rp r e ta t ion ) a ga in f r om t h e l o ca l t r iba l c h ief s t h e i r f o rma l s ubm i s s ion t ot h e Empe ro r ( Dom i t ian ) , p r ev iou s ly g i ven t o C laud iu s i n AD 4 3 . I ndeed ap o s s ib le r e l ic o ft h i s v oyage - aR oman a rmy i r on a xe - h a s b een f ound i n ab roch l ike s i te i nS kye ( MacK ie 2 002 ) .

3 . 2 . L o s te v idence f r om c on temporary o b server s S eve ra l O rkney b roch s h ave p rov ided c l ea r d a t ing e v idence i nt h e f o rm o f f r agmen t s o f R oman p o t te ry a nd g l a s s , s o i ft h e se c h ief s d i d i n deed f o rma l ly s ubm i t , t h ey p robab ly l i ved i nt h e t owe r s a tt h a t t ime . T he I mpe r ia l s a i lo r s a nd m a r ine s d oub t le s s h ad a g ood l o ok a tt h e se e x t rao rd ina ry d ry s t one b u i ld ing s d u r ing t h e i r v a r iou s l a nd ing s i nt h e n o r the rn a nd w e s te rn i s land s , a nd w e m ay b e r e a sonab ly s u re t h a t t h e of i ce r s w ro te r e po r t s a nd t h e s u rveyo r s m ade m ap s a nd d r aw ing s o f t h em . A l l t h e se p ape r s -t o ge the r w i th am a s s o fo t he rm a te r ia l c oncer n ing t h e I r on A ge t r ibe s o f S co t land - s hou ld e ven tua l ly h ave f ound t h e i r w ay i n to t h e a r ch ive s i n R ome , b u t s o f a r n o th ing i sk nown t oh ave s u rv ived o ft h o se c on tempo ra ry w i tne s se s o f t h e t r iba l c u l tu re o f t h e S co t t i sh b roch b u i lde r s . O ne c an o n ly s pecu la te o n t h e p r ice le s s i n f o rma t ion t h a th a sb een l o s t .

When t h e a rm ie s o f al i t e ra te u rban e mp i re o ve r run an on l i t e ra te , b a rba r ian t r iba l p eop le t h e w ho le c omp lex w ay o f l i f e o ft h e l a t te r i si n ev i tab ly d i s to r ted a nd f i na l ly c hanged a lmo s t b eyond r e cogn i t ion . I n t h o se e a r ly d ay s t h e t e chno logy , e conomy a nd i d eo logy o f t h e v i c to r iou s i n vade r s c omba t s t h e n a t ive c u l tu re w i th a l t h e r u th le s sne s s o fn a tu ra l s e lec t ion i nt h e a n ima l w o r ld , a nd w he the r m uch k now ledge i sp r e se rved o ft h e o ld w ay o f l i f e c an d epend o nt h e s ympa the t ic c u r io s i ty o f ah andf u l o f t h e c onque ro r s . T h i s h appened m any t ime s t h roughou tt h e w o r ld f r om t h ee a r ly 1 6 th c en tu ry o nwa rd s a st h e E u ropean p owe r se xpanded t h e i re mp i r e sa nd t h e i ri nf luence . T he Mao r i b ranch o f t h e P o lyne s ian p eop le s w e re d i scove red t ob e a l r eady l i v ing i nr emo te N ew Z ea land b y t h e f i r s t E u ropean e xp lo re r s a nd s e t t le r s a nd t h ey w e re i n s ome w ay s s im i la r t ot h e I r on A ge t r ibe s o fE u rope e ven t h ough t h ey p o s se s sed o n ly aS t one A ge t e chno logy T hey b u i l t h i l l top s t rongho ld s , o rp a s i nw h ich t h ey t o ok r e f uge i nt ime s o fd ange r ( Fox 1 976 ) , a nd t h e i r c h ief -dom ina ted t r ibe s w e r e o b se s sed w i th p r e s t ige a nd w a rf a r e . U n l ike m any o t he r P o lyne s ian g roup s , Mao r i t r iba l s oc ie ty a nd i t s t r ad i t ion s s u rv ived t h e E u ropean c o lon i sa t ion o ft h e e a r ly 1 9 th c en tu ry a nd t h e i n vade r s w e r e a b le t o l e ar n a tf i r s t h and much a bou t t h e o l d w ay o f l i f e . T he n ew ly a bandoned p a s mu s t h ave b een t o u red b y w h i te m en w i th Mao r i g u ide s t o e xp la in t o t h em w ho l i ved w he re i nt h e f o r t if ied v i l lage , w ha tt h e n ame o ft h e c h ief w a s a nd s oo n . A nd o fc ou r se Mao r i w ooden b u i ld ing s a nd a r tef ac t s f i l l t h e mu seum s o fN ew Z ea land , w h i le t h o se c o l lec ted b yt h e

3 . 3 C lue s f r om t he 1 5 th a nd 1 6 th c en tur ie s T he b r ief V ik ing v i s i t s t o t h e b roch o n Mou sa i s land i n S he t land w e r e d e sc r ibed i nc hap te r 1 ; n o d e ta i l s a bou tt h e s t ruc tu re i t s e lf w e r e r e co rded i nt h e s aga s t o r ie s o ft h e se v i go rou s n o r ther n b a rba r ian s , w ho w e r e u n l ike ly i n a ny c a se t oh ave b een c once rned w i th a n t iqua r ian o b se rva t ion s . T he f i r s t k nown mode rn r e f e rence t ot h e I r on A ge t owe r s o f S co t land - b y t h en r u ined o fc ou r se - a ppea r s l a te i n t h e 1 6 th c en tu ry , a nd i ti so n ly a p a s s ing o ne . G eo rge B uchanan , i n h i s L a t in w o rk Ma t te r s c once rn ing t h e h i s tory o f S co t land , d i scu s sed t h e r ema rkab le c i r cu la r R oman t emp le k nown a s A r thu r 's O 'on ( Oven ) w h ich

2 7

T he R oundhou se s , B roch s a nd W hee lhou se so fA t l an t ic S co t land

e x i s ted n ea r F a lk i rk ( I l l . 3 . 1) ( Buchanan 1 582 , f o l . 6 ) . T h i s u n ique s t ruc tu re , d emo l i shed b y i t so wne r i nw ha t w e n ow r ega rd a s a n u npa ra l le led a c t o f v anda l i sm i n 1 743 ( S tee r 1 960 : 1 976 ) ,w a s2 8 f t( 8 .4m )i nd i ame te ra nd 2 2 f t . ( 6 .6m ) h i gh a nd h ad ag en t ly c o rbe l led d omed s t one r oof ; i t s p rof i le w a s t h e r ef o re d i s t inc t ly t owe r l ike . B uchanan s ay s , c once rn ing t h et emp le -

e duca ted t r ave l le r s w ho p e r sona l ly p ene t ra ted , o f t en i n d if i cu l t c ond i t ion s , t h e f a r n o r th a nd w e s t o f S co t land . T he se m en w e re i n va r iab ly i n te r e s ted i nt h e ' r ema rkab le r u in s ' , a sT homa s P ennan t p u t i t ,t h a t t h ey f ound a nd t h ey p ub l i shed s ome v a luab le d e sc r ip t ion s o fv a r iou s a n t iqu i t ie s i n c lud ing b roch s . O f t h e l a t te r t h ey n a tu ra l ly t e nded t o d e sc r ibe t h e b e s t p r e se rved e xamp le s t h e a r ch i tec tu re o f w h ich g ave t h e o n ly u sef u l c l ue s t h en a va i lab le a bou t t h e a ge a nd p u rpo se o ft h es t ruc tu re s .

" No r s hou ld Ih ave a l te r ed m y o p in ion ," ( t ha t t h e O 'on w a s aR oman t emp le ) " had I n o t b een i n f o rmed b y p e r son s o f u ndoub ted v e rac i ty , t h a t m any s im i la r e d if i ce s w e r e t o b e f ound i n t h e i s land s , d if e r ing f r om t h e o ne w e h ave d e sc r ibed , o n ly b yb e ing b igge r , a nd mo re l o o se ly c on s t ruc ted . T he re a r e a l so t wo l i t t le t emp le s o fs im i la r f o rm i n R o s s sh i re ' ( A ik rnan 1 927 ,2 4 ) .

Ma r t in Ma r t in w a s b o rn a nd b rough t u p i n t h e We s ter n I s le s i n t h e l a te r 1 7t h c en tu ry . A s h e e xp la ined i n h i s P ref ace , t h e f a c tt h a t h e h ad s e en t h ing s f o rh im se lf m ean t t h a t h i s w o rk w a s d if e ren t f r om t ho se o ft h e h i s to r ian s o f S co t land w ho h ad p receded h im , l i ke H ec to r B oece a nd G eo rge B uchanan . S ince t h el a t te r 's t ime h ee xp la in s

H e c an o n ly h ave b een r e f e r r ing t o r u ined b roch s , a nd m any w e re e v iden t ly s t i l lw e l l e nough p r e se rved 4 00 y ea r s a go t oh ave at owe r l ike a ppea rance . We s ha l l s e e l a te r t h a t af ew a r e k nown , n ow a lmo s t c omp le te ly d e s t royed , w h ich w e r e s t i l l t owe r l ike i n f o rm e a r ly i n t h e 1 96 1 c en tu ry .

" t he re 's a g r ea t C hange i n t h e Humou r o f t h e Wo r ld , a nd b y c on sequence i nt h e w ay o fw r i t ing . N a tu ra l a nd E xpe r imen ta l P h i lo sophy h a s b een much i mp roved s i nce h i sd ay s . ." ( Ma r t in 1 703 ,v i v i i ) . I tw a sn ow e s sen t ia lt od e scr ibe t h eg eog raphy o f ac oun t ry a sw e l l a s i t s h i s to ry . Ma r t in p rov ide s n o n i t ra t ion s o ft h e a n t iqu i t ie sh ev i s i ted a nd h i sd e sc r ip t ion so ft h e se a r e f a i r ly b r ief ; t h e d ry s tone f o r t s o ft h e H eb r ide s a r e a t t r ibu ted t o t h e D ane s , b u t i n S he t land t h ey w e r e b u rgh s o r P i c t i sh h ou se s . N eve r the le s s Ma r t in 's b ook , l i ke t h a to fH e rodo tu s mo re t h an t wo t hou sand y ea r s e a r l ie r , c an b e s a id t r u ly t o m a rk t h e b eg inn ing o f mode rn t ime s a s f a r a s t h e e t hnog raphy a nd a r chaeo logy o f h igh land S co t land i s c once rned .

I th a s b een p o in ted o u tt h a tt h e o r ig ina l L a t in - m a ju scu la e tl a x iora - c an b e t r an s la ted a s" r a the r b igge r a nd mo re r oomy" , w h ich m ake s b e t te r s en se f r om o u r p o in t o fv i ew t h an " mo r el o o se ly c on s t ruc ted" ( G raham 1 947a , 8 4 ) . 3 . 4 E n l igh tenmen t d awns - t he 1 8 th a nd e ar ly 1 9 th c en tur ie s T he 1 8 th c en tu ry i nB r i ta in s aw n o t o n ly t h eb eg inn ing s o f t h e I ndu s t r ia l R evo lu t ion b u t a l so d rama t ic a dvance s i n many f i e ld s o fe nqu i ry , n o t l e a s t a n t iqua r ian i sm . I ndeed t h e f ounda t ion o fm an 's c u r io s i ty a bou th i sp a s tw a sl a id a t t h a t t ime - p a r t ly b ecau se o fa n i n c rea s ing d i s sa t i sf ac t ion w i th r e l ig iou s d ogma ( Dan ie l 1 950 ) . T he re w a s s pec ia l i n te re s t i nt h e S co t t i sh h igh land s w he re a bundan tt r a ce s o f a n e xo t ic t r iba l s oc ie ty c ou ld s t i l l b e s e en a nd w h ich b y 1 750 h ad b een mo r e o rl e s s p a c if ied b y t h e a rmy a f t e rt h e t wo S t ewa r t u p r i s ing s ; d u r ing t h e 1 720 s a nd 1 730 s t h e h igh land s h ad a l so b een p rov ided ( f o r t h e f i r s t t ime s i nce t h e R oman s ) b y G ene ra l Wade w i th n ew h a rd r oad s , a nd l a te r t r ave l le r s l i ke J ame s B o swe l l a nd S amue l J ohn son c ou ld v i s i tt h e We s te rn I s le s much m o r ee a s i ly .

A lexande r G o rdon , p r e sumab ly a S co t , w a s S ec re ta ry t o t h e S oc ie ty o fA n t iqua r ie s i nL ondon a nd h e u nde r took h i s e x ten s ive j ou rney t h rough E ng land a nd S co t land i na bou t 1 720 . Mo s t o fh i s w o rk w a s c oncer n ed w i th t h e R oman r ema in s i n n o r ther n B r i ta in ( i nc lud ing t h e t emp le n ea r F a lk i rk w h ich w a s t h en s t i l l i n tac t ) b u t i n as ho r t b u t v a luab le a ccoun t i nt h e l a s t f ew p age s G o rdon d e sc r ibe s h ow h e v i s i ted G lene lg a nd w a s e s co r ted f r om t h e n ew ly b u i l t a rmy b a r rack s t h e r e t o v i ew t h e r ema rkab le s t one t owe r s i n t h e n ea rby G lenbeg , a bou t t wo m i le s a way ( Go rdon 1 726 , 1 66 -69 ) . F ou r ma s s ive r u in s i nt h ei s o la ted g l en a r e m en t ioned b u tt wo o ft h em - C a s t le C hon i l a tt h e h ead o ft h eg l en a nd C a s t le Ma lcomb n ea rt h e s eawa rd e nd -w e re t oo b ad ly r u ined t o " t ake t h e i r d r augh t s" . H e t h e r ef o re c oncen t ra ted h i s d e sc r ip t ion o n t h e p a i r o fb e t te r p re served s t ruc tu r e s , n amed C a s t le T roddan a nd C a s t le T e l lve , s upp ly ing am agn if icen t f o ld ing -ou tp l a te w i th b o th b roch s s hown ( I l l . 3 . 2 ) . T h i s mu s t b e t h e f i r s t e xamp le o f t h e b enef i t s t o s cho la r sh ip , i fn o t t o t h e h igh land w ay o f l i f e , o ft h ep re sence o ft h eA rmy i nS co t land a f t e rt h e 1 715 u p r i s ing s i nce G o rdon s e em s u n l ike ly t oh ave v i s i ted t h i s r emo te p a r to ft h ew e s tc oa s tw i thou tt h eb enef i to fm i l i ta ry p ro tec t ion . T he R edcoa t b a r rack s a tG lene lg h ad b een b u i l t af ew y ea r se a r l ie r .

3 . 4 .1 1 8 th c en tu ry t r a ve l le r s I n 1 728 A l lan R am say , t h e f amou s S co t t i sh p oe t , w ro te a n o de t ot h e E a r l o fH a r tf o rd a nd t h e r e s to ft h e Membe r s o f t h e S oc ie ty o f A n t iqua r ie si nL ondon ' To H a r tf o rd ,a nd h i s l e a rned f r iend s , Who se f ame f o rs c ience f a re x tend s , AS co t t i sh mu se h e rd u ty s end s , f r om P i c t i sh t owe r s ; H ea l th , l e ng th o fd ay s ,a nd h appy e nd s , b ee ve ry ou r s . '

B o th t h e se b roch s , t h ough t h ey s t i l l s t and s eve ra l s t o rey s h igh f o r a bou t at h i rd o f t h e i r c i r cumf e r ence s , a r e n ow b ad ly d amaged a nd G o rdon 's d e sc r ip t ion s a nd d raw ing s a r e e spec ia l ly v a luab le i nt h a t i ti sc l ea rt h a t a tt h e t ime o f

T he r e f e r ence t o' P ic t i sh t owe r s ' mu s t h ave b een i n sp i red b yt wo b ook sw r i t ten n o tl o ng b ef o re b y Ma r t in Ma r t in a nd A lexande r G o rdon , t h e f i r s t o f as ucce s s ion o fe nqu i r ing ,

2 8

S ec t ion 3 : AH i s to ry o fb roch r e sea rch

b y o t he r h and s , t h e i r a u tho r s h av ing b een s t imu la ted t o w r i te b yo m is s ion s i nt h e f i r s te d i t ion ( P ennan t 1 774 ) . F o r e xamp le i n t h e t h i rd e d i t ion t h e R ev . A lexande r P ope , M in i s te r i n R eay i n n or th S u the r land , c on t r ibu ted s ome v a luab le i n f o rma t ion o nt h eb e t te rs t a te o fp r e se rva t ion t wo h und red y ea r s a go o fs ome o ft h e n or ther nb roch s ; h e a l so m en t ion s t h a t h e f ound ' h and m i l l s ' - p r e sumab ly r o ta ry q uer n s - i ns e ve ra l ( Pennan t 1 774 , 3 18 f . ) . L i t t le i ss a id o n t h e o r ig in o f t h e r u in s e xcep t t h a t t h ey w e re P i c t i sh h ou se s , ar e f e r ence t o t h e e a r l ie s t r e co rded p o s t -Roman p eop le s o ft h e n or ther np a r t o ft h e c oun t ry ( Ram say 1 728 , 4 6 ) . I ti sa l so w or th m en t ion ing t h a t P ennan t v i s i ted G lene lg a nd f ound t h e t wo b roch s t h e re , w h ich h e c a l led ' Dan i sh f o r t s ' , m uch d amaged s i nce G o rdon 's v i s i t . C once rn ing t h e f i r s t , D un T e lve , h em en t ion st h a t

h i s v i s i t o ne a t l e a s t w a s a lmo s t a s c omp le te a s Mou sa , s t and ing w e l l o ve r 3 0f t h i gh t h e w ho le w ay r ound . I ti s a l so c l ea r t h a t as ub s tan t ia l p a r t o ft h e b a se s o fb o th w e r e b u r ied b e low d eb r i s : f o r e xamp le h e h ad t o c r aw l i n to ' Ca s t le T e l lve ' t h rough ah o le w h ich , t h ough h e d e sc r ibe s i ta s' t owa rd st h e We s t , a tt h eb a se ' , m u s t i nf a c th ave b een w e l l a bove f i r s tf l oo rl e ve l s i nce i tl e dh im o nt ot h es t a i ri n t h e m idd le o ft h e d oub le w a l l ; t h i s h e f ound ' c a r r ied m e d own f ou r o rf i ve S t ep s b e low t h e S u rf ace o ft h e G round ' w he r e h e f ound h im se lf i n as pace o rg a l le ry b e tween t wo w a l l s w h ich " l ed m er ound t h ew ho le B u i ld ing" . Af t e r i t s c l ea rance i n 1 9 14 t h e b roch w a s f o und t o b e s o l id -ba sed s o h e mu s t s t i l l h ave b een a tf i r s t f l oo r l e ve l ( NG81 2 ) . O n e me rg ing f r om t h i s t unne l i n to t h e c en t ra l c ou r t t h rough a d oo r o n t h e o ppo s i te s i de ( wh ich w a s a lmo s t c e r ta in ly t h e l a rge o pen ing t ot h e i n te r io r f r om t h e c hambe ro ve rt h em a in e n t rance , t h en b l ocked )h et h en s aw t h a t p a r to ft h e i n ne rh a lf o ft h e w a l l h ad f a l len a way . H e w a s t hu s a b le t o p rov ide t h e f i r s t d r aw ing e ve r o f t h e p ecu l ia r d oub le -wa l led s t ruc tu r e o ft h e S co t t i sh b roch ( I l l . 3 . 2 ) . T h i s s how s t h a t t h e t owe r h a s l o s t a tl e a s t 6f e e t o f m a sonry f r om i t sw a l lhead s i nce t h a tt ime .

. . i n 1 722 s ome G o th p u r lo ined f r om t h e t o p , s ome e l even f e e t a nd a h a lf , u nde r p r e tence o f a pp ly ing t h e m a te r ia ls t o c e r ta in p ub l ic b u i ld ing s . ' (Pennan t 1 790 , 37 -40 & p l . x l i ) . H i s d raw ing s how s t h a t t h e b roch f u r the r i n land , D un T roddan , h ad a l so b een d eva s ted s i nce G o rdon 's v i s i t , w i th l e s st h an h a lf o ft h eh i gh w a l lr ema in ing ( I l l . 3 . 3 ) .

T he d e sc r ip t ion o f C a s t le T roddan i se qua l ly i n te r e s t ing a l though i ti sc l ea r t h a t G o rdon 's n o te s a bou t t h e t wo s t ruc tu re s h ad b ecome m ixed u p s i nce h e s how s , a nd m en t ion s , t h e u n ique s e cond i n te rna l s c a rcemen t , n ea r t h e t op o ft h e w a l l , a sb e ing i nt h i s b roch w he rea s i ti si nf a c t i nD un T e lve . D un T roddan h oweve rs e em sa tt h et ime o f G o rdon 's v i s i tt oh ave b een a lmo s t i n tac t , i ns ad c on t ra s tt o i t ss t a te w hen T homa s P ennan tc ame t oG lene lg a lmo s th a lf ac en tu ry l a te r ( b e low ) . G o rdon a l so n o ted d own s ome ' b a rba rou s I r i sh r hyme s ' i nE r se ( Gae l ic ) a bou t t h e o r ig in s o f t h e G lene lg b roch s , t o ld t o h im b y al o ca l h i gh lande r a nd w h ich t h e l o ca l l a ndowne r t r an s la ted f o r h im . T hey a r e s uppo sed t o i n d ica te t h a t t h e b roch s w e re b u i l t b y a Mo the rf o rh e rf ou rs on s .

Af t e r A lexande r G o rdon 's v i s i t t o G lene lg o ne o f t h e e a r l ie s t u sef u l d e sc r ip t ion s o f as p ec if i c b roch i st h a t o f Mou sa i n S he t land b y G eo rge L ow , c omp i led d u r ing h i s t ou ro f S co t land f i f ty y ea r s l a te r i n1 774 b u tn o tp ub l i shed u n t i l ac en tu ry a f t e r t h a t ( Low 1 879 ) . A t t h a t t ime t h e re w a s l i t t le r e levan t b ackg round k now ledge f o r L ow t od r aw u pon - h e d oe s n o t s e em t oh ave b een a wa r e o fG o rdon 's b ook f o r e xamp le - s o h i s d e sc r ip t ion i sf a i r ly b r ief ; h e d oe s h oweve r g i ve s ome u s ef u l d r aw ing s w h ich i n c lude c l ea r c r o s s s e c t ion s o f t h e b roch s how ing i t s p ecu l ia r g a l le r ied w a l l c on s t ruc t ion ( I l l . 2 . 2 ) . H e c l imbed t h e s t a i r i n s ide t h e w a l l a nd r e po r ted p a s s ing u pwa rd s t h rough s even s u cce s s ive g a l le r ie s .

' My f ou rs on s , af a i rc l an , Il ef to nt h e s t ra th o fo ne g l en ; m y Ma lcomb ,m yl o ve ly C hon i l , m yT e l lve ,m yT roddan ' . G o rdon a l so p rov ide s t h e f i r s t s en s ib le d i scu s s ion o f t h e a ge a nd p u rpo se o ft h e t owe r s , r e jec t ing t h e i d ea t h a t t h ey w e re t emp le s o f t h e D ru id s b ecau se t h ey w e re t o o c l o se t oge the r , a nd a l so b ecau se l o ca l t r ad i t ion c a l led t h em ' c a s t les ' ( ' dun ' i nG oe l ic ) . H e p r ef e r red t h e i d ea t h a t t h ey w e re s t rongho ld s a ga in s t f o r e ign i n vade r s , o r a ga in s t e nemy n e ighbou r ing t r ibe s . A s f o r t h e i r d a te h e f o und a c l ue i nt h e b roch k nown a s ' K ing D o rnad i l la 's C a s t le ' i n ' my L o rd R eay 's c oun t ry ' ( Su the r land ) ; B uchanan 's w o rk o n t h e h i s to ry o f S co t land m en t ion s t h a t t h is l e genda ry k i ng 's r e ign s t a r ted i n2 60 B .C . a nd l a s ted f o r 2 8 y ea r s , s o h e t hough tt h a tt h eb roch s i nG lene lg w e re o f as im i la ra ge . Wha teve r t h e v a lue o f t h e h i s to r ica l s ou r ce s o u sed t h is w a s ar ema rkab ly p re sc ien t e s t ima te , m o r e a ccu ra te t h an t h ose o fm any w ho c ame t ot h e s ub jec t l a te r .

L ow 's d r aw ing s how st h e e l eva t ion o ft h e d oub le w a l l w i th o ne h a lf t a ken a way , e xpo s ing b o th t h e s t a i r a nd t h e r ow s o fg a l le ry l i n te l s . A tf i r s ts i gh tt h es t a i rs e em st ob es hown r i s ing t o t h e l e f t i n s tead o ft o t h e r i gh t , b u t t h i s i sn o t a m i s take ; i n f a c t t h e w a l l i sd ep ic ted w i th t h e o u te r h a lf r emoved , n o t t h e i n ne r a so ne m igh t e xpec t i fi th ad b een d rawn f r om t h e i n s ide ; d ay l igh t i ss e en c om ing t h rough t h e s t a i r d oo r w h ich o pen s o n ly t ot h e i n te r io r . T he i nwa rd f a c ing v e r t ica l s e r ie s o f v o id s i n t h e i n ne r w a l lf a ce a r e d e sc r ibed , b u t t h e l e dge s o r s c a rcemen t s o n t h e i n ne r w a l lf ace w e r e a ppa r en t ly n o t s e en . L ow of e red n o s ugge s t ion sa st ot h ed a te o rf u nc t ion o ft h e ' Bu rgh ' . S amue l J ohn s ton i s k nown t o a r chaeo log i s t s f r om h i s n o to r iou s ly d i sm is s ive s e n t ence " S i r , a l t h a t i sk nown o ft h e a nc ien t s t a te o fB r i ta in i sc on ta ined i n af ew p age s . We c an k now n o m o re t h an w ha t o l d w r i te r s h ave t o ld u s" ( Dan ie l 1 950 , 2 5 ) , w h ich s ugge s t s t h a t t h e i d ea o fe xam ing p hy s ica l r e l ic s o f t h e p r eh i s to r ic p a s tw a s q u i te p o in t le s s . H oweve rw hen h e t r ave l led w i th J ame s B o swe l l t h rough t h e h i gh land s a nd

T homa s P ennan t u nde r took a n e x ten s ive t ou r a r ound S co t land i nt h e y ea r s 1 769 a nd 1 772 a nd t h e s e cond a nd f o l low ing e d i t ion s o fh i s b ook h ave s ome n ew a ppend ice s 2 9

T he R ound hou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se so fA t l an t ic S co t land

w e s te rn i s l and s o fS co t land i n1 773 h e d i d i nf a c t t a k e a n i n t e r e s t i nt h e r u ined s t on e b u i ld ing s t h a t h e w a s s h own , a nd m ad e s ome s e n s ib le c omm en t s a bou t t h em ( Chapman ( e d . ) 1 979 , 6 4 -5 ) . F o re xamp le h ew a st a k en t os e e a' d un o rb o rough ' n ea rU l l in i sh i nS kye - a lmo s t c e r ta in ly D un

h e igh t o f t h e w a l l , t h a t t h e t owe r w a s w e l l a dap t ed t o w i th s tand ing s ho r t s i eg e s . I ns uppo r to ft h i s h e m en t ioned t h e V ik ing a s sau l t i n t h e y ea r A .D . 153 ( S ec t ion 1 ) . H ow eve r i ti sn o t c l ea rh ow g ood a n e xamp le t h i s i ss i nce i ti so bv iou st h a t ,t h ough t h eb e s ieg ing f o r ce s c ou ld n o tg e t i n , n e i the r c ou ld t h e b e s ieg ed g e t a way , a nd t h ey c ou ld h o ld o u t o n ly a sl o ng a st h e i r w a t e r a nd p r ov i s ion s l a s t ed . T h i s p a r t icu la r c onf ron ta t ion o ve r ab r och w a s e nded b y n ego t ia t ion a sn o t ed e a r l ie r .

B a n e d ag th n o e u a g r ht St b r y ua D n , rc J on h s n p s i o c n u ' o sug su o i d n ei t M sro M c k c y Qu e m e i n ne t n o ch ea v e b een a D an i sh f o r t ( I l l . 3 . 5 ) . J ohn son d e sc r ibed t h e b u i ld ing a nd , w i th h i s u sua l h ea l thy s c ep t i c i sm , n o t ed t h a t " i n S ky , a s i ne ve ry o t he r p l a ce , t h e r e i sa n a mb i t ion o f e xa l t ing w ha tev e rh a s s u rv ived m emo ry ,t os om e i mpo r tan t u s e , a nd r e f e r r ing i tt ov e ry r emo t ea g e s ." H ed oub t ed t h a t i tc ou ld h ave b een af o r t b ecau se o ft h e l a ck o f aw a t e r s upp ly ,a nd t h ough ti tap l a ce t os e cu r es t o len c a t t le . T he t h i rd e d i t ion o fC ha r le s C o rd ine r 's b ook ( 1 788 -95 ) i s w o r th m en t ion ing b ecau se o f t h e h i gh q ua l i ty o f t h e e ng rav ing s , w h ich i n c lud em any o fP i c t i sh s t one s . H e a l so i n c luded a na c coun t ,b ya na nonymou sa u tho r , o ft h eb r och D un D or nad i l la i n S u th e r land , a c compan ied b y a m agn if i cen t d r aw ing w h ich s how s t h e b r och m u ch b e t t e r p r e se rv ed t h an i ti sn ow ( s ee NC44 2 ) . T he s ame i st r u eo f t h e r emo te f a s tne s s C a s t l e C o le , a l so i n S u th e r land , o f w h ich a d r aw ing i sa l so i n c lud ed ( NC71 1 ) . H e r e h e d e sc r ibe s s t a i r ca se s i n t h e w a l l ' p e r f ec t ly e n t i r e ' w h ich h ave n ow v an i shed . A d e ta i led d e sc r ip t ion o f t h e b roch o f Mou sa , t h i s t i m e w i th a d i scu s s ion , w a s p ub l i shed b y S amue l H ibbe r t i n 1 822 . A s w h en L ow v i s i t ed t h e s i t e h a lf ac en tu ry e a r l ie r t h e t owe rw a s s t i l l u nc lea r ed o ft h e a c cumu la t ed d eb r i s o f c en tu r ie s a nd i tw a s o n ly p o s s ib le t og e t i no n h and s a nd k nee s t h rough t h e e n t ran ce ; t h i s , a s w e h av e s e en , w a s h e igh t ened m u ch e a r l ie r , p robab ly i nN o r se t ime s . F rom t h e f a c t t h a t H ibbe r t d e sc r ibed s e ven c omp le t e s upe r impo sed g a l le r ie s i n s tead o ft h e f i v e , w i th p a r t o fa s i x th , w h ich a r ev i s ib le n ow , i tm igh tb ec onc luded t h a tt h e b roch w a s s ub s tan t ia l ly b e t t e r p r e se rv ed i nt h e e a r ly 1 9 th c en tu ry . H oweve r , i ti sc l ea rf r om h i s s k e t ch c r o s s s e c t ion t h a th e a s sumed t h a ta ne x t r ag a l le ry e x i s t ed a tt h e l e ve l o f t h eb o t tom o ft h e s t a i r( H ibbe r t 1 822 ,p l . 6 ,f i g . 8 )w he r ea s w e n ow k now t h a t t h e w a l l i ss o l id a tt h i s l e v e l . B o th H ibbe r t a nd L ow p r e sumab ly p eeped i n to t h e d a rk r e ce s s l e ad ing o ft ot h e l e f to ft h e s t a i r d oo ra nd a s sumed t h a t i t w a s al o ng g a l le ry , f a i l ing t o s e e t h a t i tw a s ac e l l a nd e nded a f t e r af ew f e e t . H ibbe r t n o t iced t h e v e r t ica l r ow s o fo pen ing s i nt h e i n ne r w a l lf a ce ( t he d oo r s t ot h e g r ound l e v e l m u ra l c e l l s w e r e t h en c oncea led u nde r d eb r i s ) b u t n o t t h e s c a r cemen t s , t h e u ppe ro ne a tl e a s t o fw h ich m u s th av e b een e xpo sed i nh i s t ime ( I l l .2 . 5 ) . H ec ou ld n o tt h e r ef o r ei n f e rt h ee x i s tence o f ar a i sed w ooden r oof o rf l oo ri nt h e i n t e r io r , b u tc on c luded i n s tead t h a tt h em u r a lg a l le r ie sh ad b een t i e r so fa pa r tmen t s f o r l i v ing i n . N e i the rh e n o ra nyone e l se l a te rn o t ic ed t h a t t h es pa c iou sf i r s tg a l le ry w a sl a rg e ly b l o ck ed b yt h er o of o f t h e s t a i r -f oo t g ua rd c e l l ; b ef o r e t h e e l ec t r ic t o r ch w a s i n ven t ed i tm u s th ave b een e x t r eme ly d i ff i cu l tt os e e i n s ide s u ch d a rk r e ce s se s . T he v o id s h e s aw a s o pen ing s d e s igned t o g i ve t h e se a pa r tmen t s am in imum s upp ly o f l i gh t a nd a i r , w hen t h ey w e r e s h e l te r ing w omen a nd c h i ld r en f r om a t ta ck , a nd h e c onc luded f r om t h e f a c t t h a t t h e b roch h ad b u t as i ng l e e n t ran ce , a nd f r om t h e g r ea t

I n 1 824 J ohn MacCu l loch t h e g eo log i s t p ub l i sh ed t h e a c coun t o fh i s o wn t o u r o ft h e h i gh land s a nd w e s t er ni s l e s a nd i n c lud ed s e v e ra l p age s o n t h e ' P ic t i sh ' o r ' c on ica l t ow e r s ' , s t imu la ted m a in ly b y s e e ing t h e w e l l p r e se rved e xamp le s n ea r G lene lg ( McCu l loch 1 824 , v o l . 2 ,2 45 -58 ) . A s w a s u sua l i nt h e e r a b ef o r e s y s t ema t ic e xcava t ion h e h ad t o r e ly o n s p ecu la t iv e i n f e r ence s b a sed o n w ha t a r ch i t ec tu ra le v idence c ou ld b eg a ined b yv i s i t ing t h es i t e s . N eve r the le s s h i s w a s t h e f i r s t g ene ra l r e v iew o f t h i s a n t iqua r ian t o p ic a nd i ti si mpo r tan t f o rt h a t r e a son a l one . H e n o t ed t h a t t h e b u i ld ing s c on ta ined n o p rov i s ion f o r e x ter na l d ef en ce - n o l o op -ho le s o ra pe r tu re s o fa ny k i nd a pa r t f r om t h e d oo r -a nd h e t h ough t t h e r ef o re t h a t t h ey m u s t h ave b een f o r t if i ed h ou se s r a the rt h an m i l i ta ry p o s t s . T he e l abo ra t e n a tu r e o ft h e a r ch i tec t ur e s ugg e s ted t oh im t h a tt h e e xpen se o fe r ec t ing o ne c ou ld o n ly h ave b een b or n b y ac h ief ; y e ta ga in s tt h a ti d ea a ppea r ed t ob et h ef a c tt h a t i nG lene ig , a si nS u the r land a nd S h e t land , t h et owe r sw e r e f o und v e ry c l o se t o g e the r -t o oc l o se f o rp o ten t ia l ly h o s t i le c h ief s . A s f o r t h e i d en t i ty o ft h e p eop le w ho c on s t ru c t ed t h e t ow e r s , Ma cCu l loch h ad e v iden t ly h ea rd t h a t s im i la r b u i ld ing s e x i s ted i n S cand inav ia , s o h e c on c luded t h a t t h e r ef o r e t h e ' n o r the rn t r ibe s ' r a the rt h an t h e a nc ien t C e l t s w e r e r e spon s ib le . H i s s e n s ib le a r t ic le p i npo in ted s ome o f t h e b a s ic p rob lem s a bou tt h e f u n c t ion o ft h e b roch s w h ich h ave e xe r c i sed a l s ub sequen ti n ve s t iga to r s . Ma cCu l loch a l so c on s id e r ed t h em o r er u ined c i rcu la rs t one f o r t s o ft h e We s ter nI s le s a nd , i nc ommon w i th o t he r 1 8 th c en tu ry o b se rv e r s , d e sc r ibed t h em a s D an i sh i n c on t ra s t w i th t h e c on ica l o rP i c t i sh t ow e r s ( 1 824 , v o l . 3 , 1 52 f . ) . T hough h ec on s ide r ed t h e i rm a son ry c r ude rh ea l lowed t h a t s ome w h ich c on ta ined g a l le r ie sw i th in t h e i rw a l l sm igh tb e t h es t ump so fb ad ly r u ined c on ica lt owe r s ; a ne xamp le w a s o ne i n L i smo r e i s land w h ich m u s t b e T i r ef ua r b roch ( NM84 1) . A ga in t h e c omp le te a b sen ce o f a ny c l u e s t o t h e i r d a te o r o r ig in f r u s t ra ted f u r the r s p ecu la t ion . A n a mu s ing i n s igh t i n to t h e s t a t e o fa n t iqua r ian s t ud ie s a tt h e t i me , a nd t h e k i nd o fp e r son w ho t o ok t h em u p , m ay b e r e f lec ted i n h i s s h a rp c ommen t s a bou t t h e d ange r s o f e ngag ing i nd eba t ei nt h i sf i e ld . " The s ub jec t " ( t he f o r t s ) " be ing d a rk , i tm igh t i n deed m ak e av o lume . B u t i ti sn o t t h e m o r e i mpo r tan tb ecau se a n t iqua r ie sh ave s quabb led a bou t i t . P r ec i se ly t h e r e ve r se ; a s y ou w i l l p l ea se t o o b se rve t h a t t h i s m o s t i r r i tab le a nd a bu s iv e o f a l i r i tab le a nd a bu s iv e r a ce s i s a lway s m o s t p a r t icu la r ly n e t t le some , r a b id a nd i l -manne r ed , w hen t h e m a t t e r s u nde r c on t en t ion a r e mo s t f l occ i n i h i l i -p i la ceou s ." ( McCu l loch 1 824 ,v o l . 3 ,1 52 ) O ne h ope st h a tt h ing sh ave i mp roved s i nce h i sd ay .

3 0

S ec t ion 3 : AH i s tory o fb roch r e sea rch

q uan t i ty o fu sef u l a r tef a c t s , h e f a i led t ou nde r s tand t h e r e a l n a tu r e o ft h e s t ruc tu re h e h ad e xpo sed ; h i s p l an ( I l l . 3 . 9 ) s how s as e r ie s o f c oncen t r ic w a l lf ace s , a l c ove red b y a s i ng le a r ea o f s had ing , i n w h ich w e c an n ow d e tec t t h e o u t l ine s o f ab roch , i t s i n te r io r s e conda ry s t ruc tu re s a nd a dded e x te rna l w a l l s a nd o u tbu i ld ing s ( Rh ind 1 854 : RCAHMS 1 9 11 , n o . 5 88 ) . H e d ec ided t h a t t h e r ema in s w e re a' P ic t 's H ou se ' .

3 . 4 .2 T he f i r s te xca va t ion s I tw a s n o t u n t i l t h e 3 rd d ecade o f t h e 1 9 th c en tu ry t h a t p eop le b egan t o i n ve s t iga te t h e se a nc ien t s i te s b y d i gg ing i n to t h em - ad eve lopmen t o ff u ndamen ta l i mpo r tance i n a r cha eo logy w h ich r e f lec t s , h oweve r d im ly a tt h e t ime , t h e b a s ic h uman d e s i re ( wh ich s howed i t s e lf s o s t rong ly i n w e s t er n E u rope f r om t h e 1 8t h c en tu ry o nwa rd s ) t o o b ta in m o re i n f o rma t ion a ga in s t w h ich t om ea su re e x i s t ing i d ea s . I n ev i tab ly i nt h o se e a r ly d ay s t e chn ique s w e re c r ude , a nd p robab ly n o s i ng le c l a s s o f B r i t i sh a r chaeo log ica l s i te s uf f e r ed m o re t h an t h e b roch s f r om u n sk i l led d i gg ing a nd i n adequa te p ub l ica t ion d u r ing t h e f o l low ing c en tu ry . T he se e xp lo ra t ion s b egan i nt h e O rkney i s land s , a nd o u r k now ledge o ft h e se p i onee r ing p ro jec t s h a s r e cen t ly b een g r ea t ly i n c r ea sed b yt h e r e sea rche s o fJ ohn H edge s ( 1987 , v o l . 3 ,1 30 f . ) .

3 . 5T he F ir s t F lower ing o fB roch S tud ie s -1 851-1883 T he t h r ee d ecade s f r om 1 851 s aw t h e f i r s t p ha se o f s y s tema t ic w o rk o n t h e b roch s p rog re s s r a p id ly a nd c ome t o ac l imax i n t h e f o rm o f t h a t r ema rkab le s yn the s i s o f S co t t i sh a r cha eo logy p roduced b y J o seph A nde r son , S co t land i nP agan T ime s ( 1883 ) . Much o ft h e r e sea r ch i n to t h e b roch s w a s c a r r ied o u t b y m en w ho w e re a mong t h e f o remo s t S co t t i sh a n t iqua r ie s o ft h e i r d ay , a nd a f ew m o r e e xcava t ion s p l anned a nd s pon so r ed b yt h e S oc ie ty o f A n t iqua r ie s i nS co t land i nE d inbu rgh t o ok p l ace , n o tab ly b y A nde r son h im se lf o n Y a r row s i nC a i thne s s ( ND34 1 6 ) . Many o t he r b roch s w e re e xcava ted a nd r e co rded b y i n te r e s ted a nd c on sc ien t iou s a ma teu r s s u ch a s t h e R ev Maxwe l l J oa s s a nd W i l l iam T ra i l l , o r w e re d ug i n a n u nen l igh tened m anne r a nd h ad t h e i r i n f o rma t ion r e scued a nd p ub l i shed b y s omeone e l se . S imu l taneou s ly S i r H en ry D ryden w a s p roduc ing t h e f i r s t a ccu ra te s u rvey s o f t h e t owe r s w h i le C ap ta in F W L T homa s , i nt h e m id s t o fh i s s u rvey ing v oyage s f o r t h e R oya l N avy , f ound t ime t o r e co rd i nc on s ide rab le d e ta i l d ry s tone s t ruc tu re s , i n c lud ing b roch s , i nO rkney a nd t h e O u te r H eb r ide s ( Thoma s 1 851 , 1 867 & 1 890 ) .

T he f i r s t b roch w h ich w a s e xp lo red w i th t h e i n ten t ion o f o b ta in ing a nd p ub l i sh ing u sef u l i n f o rma t ion s e em s t oh ave b een t h e H owe o f H oxa o n S ou th R ona ld say i s land , e xp lo red b y G eo rge P e t r ie i n 1 848 ( ND49 5 ) . P e t r ie h ad l i t t le t og u ide h im b u t w a s j u s t b eg inn ing a c ampa ign o f i n ve s t iga t ion i n to t h e O rkney ' b u rgh s ' w h ich w a s u l t ima te ly t ob e e x t reme ly f r u i tf u l , t h ough c u r ta i led b y h i s u n t ime ly d ea th . I n t h i s c a se h oweve r n o th ing u sef u l w a s f ound a nd t h e s t ruc tu r e o ft h e g a l le r ied w a l l d oe s n o t s e em t o h ave b een u nde r s tood ( Thoma s 1 851 , 19 -22 ) . T he c l um s ine s s o fs ome o ft h e se e a r ly e f or t s i sw e l l s hown b y t h e w o rk d one b y J ame s F a r re r , M .P . f o r D u rham , i nt h e e a r ly 1 850 s o n t h e e a s t b roch o n B u r ray i s land ( ND49 1 ) ; P e t r ie r e co rded w ha t r e su l t s h e c ou ld , a nd w e c an s t i l l s e e h ow t h e b u i ld ing w a s b ad ly d amaged b y at r ench d r iven r i gh t t h rough t h e m a s s ive w a l l c l o se t o t h e e n t rance ( I l l . 5 . 152 ) . H oweve r t h e s t ruc tu re w a s w e l l p r e se rved ( a nd i s s t i l l i mpo s ing ) a nd m any i n te re s t ing a r ch i tec tu ra l f e a tu re s w e re m ea su r ed a nd d r awn b y P e t r ie . I np a r t icu la r ar a i sed i n t ra -mu ra l g a l le ry w a s r e vea led o n t o p o ft h e s o l id w a l l b a se ( I l l . 5 . 146 ) , t h e f i r s t t ime a p l anned e xcava t ion h ad r e su l ted i nu s ef u ln ew a r ch i tec tu ra l i n f o rma t ion .

3 . 5 .1 D an ie l W i l son a nd ' P reh i s to ry ' I ti sh i gh ly l i ke ly t h a tt h i sp ha se o fs y s tema t ic i n ve s t iga t ion w a s s t imu la ted b y t h e p ub l ica t ion i n 1 851 o f D an ie l W i l son 's T he A rchaeo log y a nd P reh i s to r ic A nna l s o f S co t land , w h ich i n c luded t h e f i r s t s y s tema t ic a t temp t t o u nde r s tand t h e b roch s ( S imp son 1 963 ) . W i lson w a s s u rp r i s ing ly s u cce s sf u l a nd f a r s igh ted w hen o ne c on s ide r s h ow s c an ty w e re t h e r e l iab le d a ta h e h ad t ou se ; h e a l so s e em s t o h ave b een a lmo s t t h e f i r s t t o u se t h e w o rd ' p reh i s to r ic ' t od e sc r ibe p r e -Roman r ema in s ( Dan ie l 1 967 , 2 4 -5 ) . H e m ade t h e i mpor tan t p o in t t h a t t h e r e w a s n o e v idence t o s uppo r t t h e c ommon ly h e ld v i ew t h a t t h e ' Bu rgh s ' , o r ' P ic t i sh T owe r s ' a s t h ey w e r e t h en c a l led , w e r e o f S cand inav ian o r ig in ; t h e re w e re n o c ompa rab le s t ruc tu re s i nS cand inav ia , a n o p in ion h e ld b y t h e D an i sh a n t iqua ry , Wo r saae ( who , a sn o ted , h ad v i s i ted S co t land i n 1 848 ) .

I ti sw o r th n o t ing t h a t a tt h a t t ime a l t h e g r ea t c hambe r ed m ound s o f O rkney w e re c a l led " P ic t s ' h ou se s" a nd t h e d i s t inc t ion i n a ge , f u nc t ion a nd a r ch i tec tu re b e tween t h e I r on A g e b roch s a nd t h e N eo l i th ic c hambe r ed c a ir n s w a s n o tt h en p rope r ly u nde r s tood ( Thoma s 1 851 , 1 27 f . ) . T he f a c t t h a t ar a i sed i n t ra -mu ra l g a l le ry h ad b een f ound o n t o p o f t h e s o l id w a l l b a se a t B u r ray E a s t w a s i mpor tan t i n s how ing t h a t s ome o ft h e m ound s c on ta ined t h e s t ump s o f b u i ld ing s w h ich m igh t o nce h ave b een s im i la r t o Mou sa . S im i la r e a r ly w o rk w a s b e ing d one i n C a i thne s s a nd S u the r land w i th e qua l ly s c an ty r e su l t s . T he c l ea r ing o u t o f t h e B a ck ie s b roch n ea r G o l sp ie i s mo r e m emo rab le t h an t h e r e s t b ecau se t h e D an i sh a n t iqua ry J .J . Wo r saa e v i s i ted t h e s i te i n 1 848 w hen t h e w o rk w a s g o ing o n a nd m ade s ome s k e tche s i nh i s n o tebook , t h e o n ly k nown s u rv iv ing c on tempo ra ry r e co rd ( I l l . 3 . 7 &3 . 8 ) .

T ak ing t h e s t ruc tu r e o f Mou sa a s t y p ica l W i l son e mpha s i sed t h e s im i la r i ty o f i t s g round p l an t o t h o se o f o t he r l e s s w e l l p r e se rved b roch s i ns p i te o fd if e r ence s i n t h e i rd imen s ion s . S uch s im i la r i t ie s i n c luded t h e a b sence o f o pen ing s i nt h e o u te r w a l lf ace , a nd t h e d oub le s h e l l w a l l w i th g a l le r ie s a nd a s t a i r b e tween . H e a s sumed t h a t t h e t owe r w a s u n roof ed s i nce t h e o n ly l i gh t i n t h e m u ra l g a l le r ie s c ame t h rough o pen ing s t o t h e i n te r io r . A f te r c on s ide r ing t h e i n f o rma t ion g a ined f r om t h e f ew e xcava ted b roch s W i l son c onc luded t h a tt h ey w e r e p robab ly n a t ive i n

F u r the r n o r th o n t h e f l a t p l a in o fC a i thne s s t h e K e t t lebum b roch w a s e xp lo red i n 1 853 , a nd t h i s s e em s t oh ave b een t h e f i r s t i n ve s t iga t ion o f a' b u rgh ' w h ich w a s s pon so r ed b y a n of i c ia l b ody - t h e S oc ie ty o fA n t iqua r ie s o fS co t land . A l though t h e e xcava to r , A . H en ry R h ind , o b ta ined al a rge 3 1

T he R oundhou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

o r ig in a nd w e r e s omewha t e a r l ie rt h an t h e No r se i n va s ion s o f t h e 9 t h c en tu ry AD . H e s ugge s ted t h a t t h ey w e re s t rongho ld s ,b u tn o ti nt h es en se o fb e ing m i l i ta ry g a r r i son s a nd q uo ted Ma cCu l loch 's v i ew t h a tt h ey w e re s oe l abo ra te a nd e xpen s ive l o ok ing t h a tt h ey o ugh tt ob ec h ief s ' c a s t le s . B u t a ga in s tt h i s v i ew b e c i ted e xamp le s o fb roch s s t and ing i ng roup s s oc l o se t oge the rt h a t e ach c h ief w ou ld h ave h ad v e ry l i t t le l a nd . H ep ref e r r ed t oc ompa r et h em w i th t h e l o g f o r t s o ft h ee a r ly Ame r ican s e t t le r s , a nd s ugge s ted t h a tt h ey w e re t empo ra ry r e f uge s i n a n u n se t t led e r a ; t h e V ik ing r a id s w h ich l e du pt ot h eN o r se c onque s tm igh th ave g i ven t h e n a t ive p opu la t ion a m o t ive t o d ev i se a nd c on s t ruc t t h em .

t h e s ame h o l low -bu i l t w a l l w a s u sed t o c on s t ruc t an on c i r cu la r , o pen s ided f o r t t i ed t o ac l if f e dg e . T he t wo a l ter na t ive i mp l ica t ion s o f t h i s o b se rva t ion - t h a t t h e se ' o pen s ided b roch s ' c ou ld e i the r b e l a te d egene ra te f o rm s o r , mo r e e xc i t ing ly , p ro to type s t ruc tu r e s -w e re n o t f o l lowed u pu n t i l much l a te r .

3 . 5 .2 T he f i r s ta ccu ra te s u rvey s I n 1 852 S i rH en ry D ryden v i s i ted t h eb roch s o f Mou sa a nd C l ickh im in i n S he t land a nd m ade w ha t mu s t b e t h e f i r s t r e a l ly a ccu ra te b roch s u rvey s ( I l l . 2 . 3 -7 & 4 . 90 -94 ) ( D ryden 1 890 ) . A t t h a t t ime Mou sa w a s s t i l l u n touched b u t i n 1 86 1 t h e p rop r ie to r , M r J ohn B ruce o fS ambu rgh , h ad t h e i n te r io r c l ea r ed o u t a nd s ome r e pa i r s m ade t ot h e w a l l ; c on sequen t ly D ryden r e tu rned i n1 866 a nd c omp le ted h i s s u rvey s o ft h e b a sa l p a r t o ft h e b u i ld ing . H e w a s t h e f i r s t t o s e e t h e t wo l e dge s o r s c a r cemen t s o n t h e i n ne r w a l lf a ce a nd n o ted t h e o b jec t s w h ich h ad b een f ound d u r ing B ruce 's c l ea rance ( D ryden 1 890 , 2 10 ) . T he se i n c luded g r ea tq uan t i t ie s o fa n ima l b one s , t h e r ema in s o fa c l ay p o tb l a ck w i th u se o ve rt h e f i re ( Ma cK ie 2 000 p l . 2 ) , a nd s ome f l a t r ound s t one ' p o t l id s ' . D ryden s a id l i t t le a bou tt h ed a te a nd p u rpo se o ft h et owe r . C ap ta in F W L T homa s w a s i nc ha rge o ft h e s u rvey s h ip W ood la rk w o rk ing of S co t land a nd t ook t h eo ppo r tun i ty t o m ake c a r ef u l p l an s a nd e l eva t ion s o fs ome o ft h e a nc ien t s t one b u i ld ing s o ft h e O u te rH eb r ide s ( I l l . 3 . 10 ) . A sn o ted h e h ad a l r eady b een t oO rkney h ad h ad w r i t ten ap ape r o n t h e c a i rn s a nd b roch s o ft h o se i s land s ( Thoma s 1 851) , a nd a f t e r t h a t v i s i t h e e v iden t ly d ec ided t h a t a ccu ra ted d a ta o n t h e a nc ien t r ema in s w a s u rgen t ly n eeded . S ome o ft h i s w o rk , l i ke t h o se o fs eve ra l o t he r s , w a s n o t p ub l i shed u n t i l m o re t h an t wen ty y ea r s l a te r ( Thoma s 1 890 ) b u t h i s n ew p l an s a nd d e sc r ip t ion s w e re t h e f i r s t d e ta i led a ccoun t s o f t h e p reh i s to r ic s t ruc tu r e s o ft ho se r emo te w e s te rn i s land s . S eve ra l o f t h e b roch s w h ich h e d e sc r ibed b ecame c on s ide rab ly mo r e d i lap ida ted b e tween h i s v i s i t s a nd t h o se o ft h e R oya lC omm i s s ion e a r ly i nt h e2 0 th c en tu ry , a nd h i s s u rvey s t h u s p r e se rve s ome v a luab le i n f o rma t ion w h ich w ou ld o t herw i se h ave b een l o s t .

T he n ava l o ff ice r a l so r e a l i sed t h a t t h e O u te r H eb r idean b roch s w e re b a s ica l ly s im i la r i n d e s ign t o t h o se o f t h e O rkney a nd S he t land I s le s , a nd h e d i s t ingu i shed b e tw een b roch s w i th s o l id b a sa l s t o rey s a nd t h o se w i th a mu ra l g a l le ry a t g round l e ve l . H e a l so s ugge s ted t h a t t h e s c a r cemen t l e dge o n t h e i n ne r w a l lf a ce s uppo r ted ar a i sed w ooden f l oo r r a the rt h an ar oof a nd f o rp roof o ft h i s c i ted e xamp le s o fo pen ing s i nt h e w a l l a bove t h e l e dge ; t h e se w ou ld b e p o in t le s s i ft h ey w e r e a bov e ar oof . C oncer n ing t h e q ue s t ion o f ar oof T homa s b e l ieved t h a t t h e h o l low w a l l s o ft h e b roch t owe r , t h inn ing r ap id ly a tt h e t op , w e r e i n capab le o f s uppor t ing a c l r y s tone , c o rbe l led d ome a nd s ugge s ted t h a t al i gh t w ooden r oof c ou ld h ave b een b u i l t o nt h ew a l lh ead w i thou te xe r t ing a ny o u twa rd t h ru s t . T h i s c ou ld b e d one b y f o rm ing a s e r ie s o f s qua r e s o f d im in i sh ing s i ze w i th c r o s s b eam s -t h e c o rne r s o f e ach i n ne r s qua re r e s t ing o n t h e c en t re s o ft h e s i de s o ft h e n ex t l a rge s t -u n t i l o n ly ab road h o le w a s l ef t i nt h e c en t r e t o a dm i t l i gh t a nd a i r . A l l t h e se s ugge s t ion s w e re w e l l i n a dvance o ft h e i rt ime a nd w e r en o tt a ken u ps e r iou s ly a ga in u n t i lm any d ecade sl a te r . F ina l ly h e m ade a n e s t ima te o f t h e w o rk i n vo lved i n b u i ld ing Dun C a r loway b roch o n L ew i s ( NB14 1 ) , o n t h e b a s i s o fh i s o b se rva t ion s o fl o ca l s t one w o rke r s a nd d yke b u i ld e r s . H ec a lcu la ted t h a t al a bou rf o r ce o fa bou t6 0m en c ou ld h ave c o l lec ted t h e r equ i red s t one i n 1 00 d ay s a nd b u i l t t h e t owe r i na bou t a no the r 1 07 , at o ta l o fa bou t s even mon th s ( Thoma s 1 890 , 4 14 15 ) . Mo r et h an ac en tu ry l a te r t h i s i ss t i l l t h e o n ly s y s tema t ica l ly d ev i sed e s t ima te o ft h e l a bou r i n vo lved i n b u i ld ing a t a l l b roch , a nd i ti ss t i l l i mpo r tan t f o r u nde r s tand ing t h e s oc ia l c on t ex t o f b roch c on s t ruc t ion . 3 . 5 .3 N ew d i scove r ie s i nO rkney

C ap ta in T homa sp rov ided s ome f a r s igh ted t h ough t so nt h e c u r iou s a r ch i tec tu ra l f e a tu r e s o f t h e f ew b roch s h e i d en t if ied i nt h e L ong I s land , p o in t ing o u t t h e i mpo r tance a s ac on s t ruc t ion t e chn ique o f t h e i n t ra -mu ra l s t a ir a nd g a l le r ie s . Mo s t o b se rve r s o f t h a t t ime s imp ly n o ted t h e e x i s tence o ft h e se f e a tu re s b u t T homa s r e a l i sed t h a t t h ey w e re a n i n gen iou s a nd s k i l lf u l t e chn ique d ev i sed t ob u i ld a h i gh , d ry s tone , h o l low w a l l -t h e f undamen ta l f e a tu re o f b roch a r ch i tec tu re - r a the r t h an s imp ly b e ing y e t a no the r b i za r r e f o rm o fS co t t i sh b u i ld ing . H e a l so p o in ted o u tt h a t a na log ie s c ou ld b e d r awn w i th s i te s l i ke t h e B a r ra H ead p romon to ry f o r t o n B er n e ray ( NL58 1 )a nd D un G ruga ig , n ea rG lene lg i nw e s ter nI n ve rne s s sh i r e ( NG81 1 ) ; i nt h e se

3 2

G eo rge P e t r ie c an b e d e sc r ibed a st h e f ounde ro fI r on A ge a r chaeo logy i n O rkney b u t h i s u n t ime ly d ea th a ta bou t 1 870 p reven ted f u l l p ub l ica t ion o f h i s p i onee r ing w o rk . H e h ad s e en an umbe r o fb roch s u n sk i l lf u l ly e xcava ted b y o t he r p eop le a nd h ad r e scued a s much a sh e c ou ld o ft h e i n f o rma t ion r e cove red a nd i n1 866 h ew ro t e ap ape ro nt h e s ub jec t w h ich w a s n o t p ub l i shed u n t i l l o ng a f t e rwa rd s ( Pe t r ie 1 890 ) . E v iden t ly h e f e l t t h a t t h e o n ly w ay t o o b ta in t h e m ax imum a moun t o fi n f o rma t ion a bou t ab roch w a s t oe xcava te a no the r o ne h im se lf , u s ing t h e k now ledge a nd e xpe r ience g a ined o ve r t h e y ea r s s i nce h i s f r u i t le s s w o rk a tH owe o fH oxa i n 1 848 ( ND49 5 ) . H e b egan a t L ing row ( HY40 2 ) i n t h e s ou th Ma in land o f O rkney i n 1 870 i n c ompany w i th S i r H . D ryden , t h e e x ten s ive e xcava t ion s b e ing f unded b y t h e S oc ie ty o fA n t iqua r ie s o f S co t land a nd b y M r G raeme o fG raeme sha l l . T he r e su l t s w e re c l ea r ly o fg r ea t i n te re s t a nd t h e f i nd s i n c luded s ome u nu sua l p o t te ry ( I l l . 5 . 113 - 15 ) a nd s ome R oman c o in s , b u t u nhapp i ly P e t r ie 's d ea th p reven ted mo r e t h an a s umma ry o f t h e w o rk b e ing p ub l i shed . Mo r e t h an a

S ec t ion 3 : AH i s tory o fb roch r e sea rch

c en tu ry l a te r a n e xce l len t a t temp t w a s m ade t or e scue t h e i n f o rma t ion r e co rded i nP e t r ie 's n o tebook s ( Hedge s e ta l . 1 987 , v o l . 3 ,8 1 f . ) .

o ve r t h e n ex t f o r ty y ea r s a nd o fw h ich t h e h igh p o in t w a s v o lume 2 o fh i s S co t land i nP agan T ime s ( T he I r on A ge ) , a ppea r ing i n1 883 .

I n 1 870 D r W i l l iam T ra i l l o f Woodw ick i n O rkney e xcava ted i n to al a rge m ound k nown a sB u r r ian o n N o r th R ona ld say i s land , a f t e rt h e s e ah ad e xpo sed ac i r cu la rw a l l ( HY75 1 :T ra i l l 1 890b ) . T he m ound p roved t ob e ab roch a nd t h e w o rk w a s o u t s tand ing f o r t h e t ime i nt h a t T ra i l l d i s t ingu i shed t wo c l ea r s ucce s s ive p aved o ccupa t ion f l oo r s i n s ide t h e t owe r a nd f e l t a b le t or e la te s e ve ra l w e l l k nown t y pe s o f a r tef ac t s e xc lu s ive ly t o o ne o r o t he r o f t h e se l e ve l s . T he i mpor tance o ft h i s -t h e f i r s t s t ra t ig raph ica l e v idence t h a t ' b roch ' a r tef ac t s m igh t s pan ac on s ide rab le p e r iod o ft ime a nd n o t a l b e o ft h e s ame a ge - w a s n o t f u l ly a pp r ec ia ted u n t i l 8 5 y ea r s l a te r( S teven son 1 955 , 2 83 f . ) . A v e ry l a rge q uan t i ty a nd v a r ie ty o f f i nd s w a s r e cove r ed b o th f r om t h e b roch a nd i t s s u r round ing o u tbu i ld ing s a nd , t h ough o n ly as ma l ln umbe rw e r e r e la ted t o t h e i n te r io r s t ra t ig raphy , t h ey g ave a c omp rehen s ive p i c tu re o ft h e m a te r ia l c u l tu re o ft h e b roch d we l le r s . A l so i mpor tan t w e re a n O gham i n sc r ip t ion a nd v a r iou s P i c t i sh s ymbo l si n c i sed o nb one a nd s t one ; f r om s u ch f i nd s at h i rd , e a r ly C h r is t ian p ha se o f o ccupa t ion c an b e i n f e r r ed ( Ma cG r ego r 1 974 ) .

W i th t h i s i n ten s ive f i e ldwo rk a nd r e sea r ch a g ene ra l i n te rp re ta t ion o ft h e b roch s w a s f i rm ly e s tab l i shed w h ich w a s n o t c ha l lenged u n t i l w e l l i n to t h e f o l low ing c en tu ry . A nde r son m ade ap a r t icu la rp o in t o fd ea l ing w i th w ha to ne m igh t c a l l t h e h ype r -d if f u s ion i s t t h eo r ie s o fb roch o r ig in s , f o r e xamp le t h a t t h e i r b u i lde r s c ame f r om S a rd in ia . H e s howed c l ea r ly h ow t h e n uragh i -t h ep r eh i s to r ic t owe r s o f t h a t i s land - w e re n o t a ta l l s im i la r t ot h e S co t t i sh b roch s . I tw a s o n ly b y s e lec t ing t h e s imp le s t , i s o la ted S a rd in ian t owe r s t h a t o ne c ou ld m ake o u t a ny s o r t o fc a se ; t h e m o r e c omp lex s t ruc tu re s - w i th s eve ra l s ub s id ia ry t owe r s w e re o bv iou s ly aq u i te d i f f e r en t t y pe o fs i te . F u r the rmo re t h e i n te rna l s t ruc tu re o f a n u ragh c on s i s ted o f s upe r impo sed , d omed d ry s tone c hambe r s , u p t o t h r ee i n n umbe r , o ccupy ing t h e c en t re o ft h e t owe r a nd j o ined b y a s t a i r r unn ing u p i n s ide t h e s u r round ing s o l id w a l l ( I l l . 3 . 11) ; t h is i s ac omp le te ly d i f f e ren t a r rangemen t t o t h e h o l low c y l ind r ica l s hape o f ab roch w i th i t s d oub le , g a l le r ied w a l l . I n s p i te o f t h i s e a r ly r e f u ta t ion , a nd t h a t o f t h e i r S cand inav ian o r ig in ( b e low ) , t h e se t wo i d ea s h ave p e r s i s ted w i th e x t rao rd ina ry t e na c i ty d own t or e cen t t ime s . A l e t te r f r om t h e t h en P rof e s so r o f I t a l ian a t G la sgow U n ive r s i ty r e pea ted t h e S a rd in ian o r ig in t h eo ry i n t h e G la sgow H e ra ld i nS ep tembe r 1 963 . A t a bou t t h e s ame t ime t h e A rchaeo log ica l C omm i s s ione r i nw ha t w a s t h en B r i t i sh H ondu ra s ( a S co t ) , w hen c ommen t ing o n t h e w r i te r 's n ew r e sea r ch p ro jec t , r e f e r red t o ' S cand inav ian t owe r s ' i n al e t te r .

T ra i l l o f f e r ed s ome n ew t h ough t s o n t h e d a t ing o f t h e b roch s d e r ived f r om h i s r e su l t s . T he b ronze a nd i r on t o o l s f o und i nB u r r ian c l ea r ly s howed , h e t h ough t , t h a t a n i d ea r e cen t ly a dvanced b y S amue l L a ing ( 1 867 ) - t h a t t h e b roch s b e long ing t ot h e S t one A ge - w a s q u i te w rong a nd t h a t t h e s t ruc tu re s w e re much m o r e m oder n . T he P i c t i sh s ymbo l s a nd t h e O gham i n sc r ip t ion f r om B u r r ian i n d ica ted t h a t i t s o ccupa t ion c on t inued i n to p o s t -Roman t ime s , a nd S am ian s h e rd s f r om a no the r O rkney b roch a nd t h e R oman c o in s f r om L ing row - t h en b e ing e xcava ted b y P e t r ie s howed t h a t t h e s t ruc tu re s w e re p robab ly d a teab le t o t h e R oman p e r iod a sw e l l . I no t he r w o rd s t h e b roch d we l le r s w e r e C e l t ic p eop le s . T ra i l l 's c onc lu s ion s h ave , i n t h e i r e s sen t ia l s , s u rv ived m o re o r l e s s i n tac t t h e r e su l t s o f a f u r the rc en tu ry o fe xp lo ra t ion .

D educ t ion v e r su s i nduc t ion D u r ing t h e 1 870 s t h e o t he r h ype r -d if f u s ion i s t e xp lana t ion - t h a t t h e b roch s o r ig ina ted i n S cand inav ia - w a s p u t f o rwa rd a t l e ng th b y J ame s F e rgu s son t h e a r ch i tec t ( 1877a ) a nd A nde r son a t o nce r e sponded i n d e ta i l b y d ep loy ing w ha t w e w ou ld n ow d e sc r ibe a s as y s tema t ic a r chaeo log ica l a r gumen t ( 1878 ) . F e rgu s son q u ick ly r e p l ied t oA nde r son a nd h i s p ape r p rov ide s a n i n te re s t ing c on t ra s t i ni n te l lec tua l a pp roach ( 1877b ) . Whe r ea s h i s a n tagon i s t h ad r e l ied m a in ly o n am a s s o f f a c tua l d a ta F e rgu s son m a in ta ined t h a t c on t rove r s ie s o f t h is s o r t t e nd t o g e t ' smo the red i nd e ta i l ' a nd t os u ch a n e x ten t a st o ' o b scu re t h e m a in f a c t s a ti s sue ' . O nce t h e m a in p o in t s a r e d ec ided t h e d e ta i l s w i l l f o l low a nd t h e ' p r inc ipa l s o f c ommon s en se ' a r e f a vou red f o r t h is e n te rp r i se . T h is i s a n i n te r e s t ing e a r ly e xamp le o f t h e d educ t ive mode o f r e a son ing - f r om t h e g ene ra l t o t h e p a r t icu la r - i n a r chaeo logy t h a t h a s r e cen t ly b een r e v ived ( Ba r re t t 1 98 1) a nd , l i ke t h e m o r e r e cen t v e r s ion s , i tw e l l I l t ra te s t h e d ange r s o f t h i s a pp roa ch w hen a pp l ied t o m u te a r chaeo log ica l e v idence .

Av e ry m uch mo re d e ta i led a ccoun to ft h e se a r chaeo log ica l d eve lopmen t s i nO rkney w a s p r epa r ed b yJ ohn H edge s a nd h i s t e am , a nd i ti n c lude s an umbe r o f r e p roduc t ion s o f m anu sc r ip t p l an s a nd e l eva t ion s m ade a tt h e t ime ( Hedge s e ta l . 1 987 ,A ppend ix 3 . 2 ) . 3 . 5 .4 J o seph A nd e r son ' s c on t r ibu t ion s I n 1 87 1 J o seph A nde r son - S ec re ta ry o f t h e S oc ie ty o f A n t iqua r ie s o f S co t land a nd K eepe r o f t h e N a t iona l Mu seum o f A n t iqu i t ie s i n Q ueen S t ree t , E d inbu rgh d e sc r ibed t o t h e S oc ie ty t h e r e su l t s o f h i s w o rk a t t h e b rochs o fY a rhou se ( Ya r row s : ND34 1 6 ) a nd B rounaban ( ND34 2 )i nC a i thne s s a sw e l l a st h o se f r om s eve ra l o t he r s r e cen t ly e xcava ted i nt h e s ame c oun ty ( Ande r son 1 890 ) . T h is f o rmed t h e f i r s t b ody o f r e a sonab ly a ccu ra te d a ta g a the red f r om t h en o r th m a in land , a nd av a luab le a ppend ix l i s ted a l t h e b roch s t h en k nown i nS co t land . A nde r son a l so d i scu s sed a tl e ng th t h e i rd a t ing a nd c u l tu ra l c on tex t a s w e l l a st h e o t he r v i ew s w h ich h ad b een o f f e red . T h is w a s t h e f i r s t o f as e r ie s o fc on t r ibu t ion s o n t h e s ub jec t w r i t ten

F e rgu s son 's p ape r w a s s ho r t o n f a c t s a nd r e l ied m a in ly o n a b s t rac t a r gumen t ; A nde r son 's e v idence f r om b roch a r tef ac t s i sd i sm i s sed w i th t h ep ro te s tt h a to ne c anno ta low t h e ' t e s t imony o f af ew b i t s o fb one o r o fr ude p o t te ry o f v e ry d oub tf u l o r ig in ' t o w e igh a ga in s t t h e g ene ra l

3

T he R oundhou se s , B roch s a nd W hee lhou se s o fA t lan t ic S co t land

t h e q ua l i ty o ft h e w o rk r ema ined t h a t o ft h e 1 9 th c en tu ry . T he re w a s l i t t le o r n o u nde r s tand ing o ft h e p r inc ipa l s o f s t ra t ig raphy w h ich h ad b een w o rked o u t i n s ou the rn E ng land b yG ene ra lP i t tR ive r s a nd w a sb e ing r ef ined b yR E M Whee le r ; t h e s y s tema t ic r e co rd ing o f w ha t r e su l t s w e re a ch ieved w a s e qua l ly r a r e . S co t land i nf a c t l a gged b eh ind E ng land i nd eve lop ing as c ien t if ic a pp roa ch t of i e ld a r chaeo logy a nd i tw a s n o tu n t i l 1 948 t h a t ab roch s i te w a s e xp lo r ed a cco rd ing t o mode rn s t anda rd s ( s ec t ion 3 . 7 .5 b e low ) . T heo re t ica l a dvance s t o o r ema in ed m in ima l u n t i l t h e a dven t o fP rof e s so r VGC h i lde t ot a ke u p t h e n ew ly f ounded A be rc romby C ha i r i nt h e U n ive r s i ty o fE d inbu rgh i nt h el a te 1 920s .

c onc lu s ion s o n t h e i r n on -Ce l t ic o r ig in t h a t h e h ad d rawn f r om a b s t rac t a rgumen t . T h i s i st h e e t e rna l p ro te s t o ft h e e l oquen ta ma teu rw hen h i sv i ew so n at op ic a r e s upe r seded b y p rof e s s iona l i sa t ion o ft h e d i sc ip l ine . T he re w a s l i t t le d oub t t h a t t h e a r chaeo log ica l e v idence w ho l ly f a vou red A nde r son 's c a se . T he f i na ls yn the s i s I n 1 883 A nde r son p ub l i shed v o l . 2o fS co t land i nP agan T ime s a nd i ni tr ev iewed a ga in t h e p rob lem o ft h e b roch s . T h i s b ook mu s th ave h ad ac on s ide rab le i nf luence b o th o n a r chaeo log i s t s a nd o n i n te r e s ted l a ymen a si tw a s t h e o n ly g ene ra l a nd a u tho ra t i t ive a ccoun t o fa l l a spec t s o fS co t t i sh a r chaeo logy s i nce D an ie l W i l son 's w o rk o f t h i r ty y ea r s e a r l ie r , a nd i tr ema ined s o u n t i l t h e a ppea rance o f V .G . C h i lde 's T he P reh i s to ry o fS co t land i n 1 935 . Two l o ng c hap te r s a r e d evo ted t o t h e a r ch i tec tu re , m a te r ia l c u l tu r e a nd d a t ing o ft h eb roch s .

S tua r t P iggo t t , t h e n ex t A be rc romby P rof e s so r , p u t t h e s i tua t ion b lun t ly i n1 966 . " Excava t ion a nd f i e ld t e chn ique s w e r e a t a s hock ing ly l ow l e ve l , a nd o u t o f t ouch w i th c on tempo ra ry d eve lopmen t s s ou th o f t h e b o rde r , w h i le c ompa ra t ive s t ud ie s w e r e s im i la r ly s t u l t if i ed a nd p a roch ia l . T h i s l e dt oa nu nf o r tuna te c l ima te o f t hough tp r eva i l ing i nw h ich S co t t i sh p r eh i s to ry w a s r ega rded a ss ome th ing s u ig ene r i s , i n a cce s s ib le a nd s t range , c ouched i n as e c r e t l a nguage o fb roch a nd w ag , w eem a nd d un , a nd n o tt ob e r ega rded a sp a r t o ft h ew ide rB r i t i sh s c ene ." ( P iggo t t 1 966 )

O ne o f t h e mo s t i mp re s s ive f e a tu r e s o f t h e w o rk i st h e e mpha s i s p l a ced o n f a c tua l s uppo r t ing d a ta : v e ry f ew a s sump t ion s a r e m ade . F o r e xamp le , a f t e r d e sc r ib ing s eve ra l o ft h e w e l l k nown a nd w e l l p r e se rved s i te s s u ch a s Mou sa , D un T roddan , D un T e lve , D un D o rnad i l la a nd C a s t le C o le a nd n o t ing t h e i r b a s ic s im i la r i t ie s , h e w en t o n t oe s t ima te t h e t o ta l n umbe r o fs u rv iv ing b roch s i te s ( ove r 3 00 a tt h a t t ime ) a nd t h en t o c on s ide r w he the r t h e re w a s e v idence t h a t m any o f t h e se - mo s t ly r u ined h eap s o f r ubb le - h ad e ve r b een a s h igh a s t h e w e l l p re se rved t owe r sj u s t m en t ioned . H e d i d n o t s imp ly a s sume t h a t a l l b roch s w e re o nce h igh b u t c i ted much e v idence f r om 1 8 th c en tu ry r e co rd sw h ich s howed t h a t al a rge n umbe ro fo t he r b roch sh ad b een c on s ide rab ly h ighe rq u i te r e cen t ly .

3 . 6 .1 C on t inu ing b ad e xca va t ion s

A nde r son w a s i nn o d oub tt h a t t h e d e s ign a nd s i tua t ion o f t h e b roch s i n d ica ted t h a t t h ey w e re t h e f o r t s o f a n a g r icu l tu ra l p opu la t ion o f C e l t ic o r ig in ; t h e i r e s sen t ia l ly p a s s ive mode o f d ef en se w a s c onv inc ing ly p a ra l le led b y t h a t o f t h e R ound T owe r s o f c emen ted s t one , b u i l t t o a s t anda rd p l an b y i mm ig ran t I r i sh e cc le s ia s t ica l c ommun i t ie s i nE a r ly C h r i s t ian t ime s b ecau se o ft h e t h rea t o f r a id s b y t h e N o r semen . T he re i s ag ood e xamp le i n B rech in i n A ngu s a nd a no the r i n A be rne thy , P e r th sh i re . T h i st y pe o fb u i ld ing w a sc l ea r ly e vo lved t om ee tt h et h r ea t o f f r equen t t r an s ien t d ange r s a nd A nde r son a s sumed t h a t c ond i t ion s i nt h e I r on A ge h ad b een v e ry s im i la r a nd h ad p roduced as im i la rf o rm o fs t rongho ld . H ew a s i nn od oub t t h a t t h e b roch s w e re C e l t ic i n o r ig in : t h ey c omb ined a v a r ie ty o f w e l l k nown C e l t ic a r ch i tec tu ra l f e a tu re s i n a u n ique f o rm . I n h i s v i ew t h e r e l ic s r e cove r ed f r om t h e b roch s - o f w h ich t h e r e i s al o ng a nd c omp rehen s ive a ccoun t -s uppor ted al a te C e l t ic , p o s t -Roman c on tex t f o r t h es t ruc tu r e s . 3 . 6 H a lf ac en tury o fc on so l ida t ion : 1 883 -1935 T he p ub l ica t ion o f A nde r son 's b ook m a rked t h e h igh w a te r -ma rk o f V ic to r ian S co t t i sh a r chaeo logy ( G raham 1 976 ) a nd w a st h e c u lm ina t ion o fs eve ra l d ecade so fb roch e xp lo ra t ion , mo s t ly b y l o ca l l a ndowne r s . D u r ing t h e h a lf c en tu ry f o l low ing i t s a ppea rance s eve ra l b roch s w e re e xcava ted b u tw h i le s ome i n te re s t ing f i nd s w e re p roduced , 3 4

A g ood e xamp le o f t h e d eva s ta t ion c au sed b y t h e c r ude s t anda rd s o fe xcava t ion o ft h e t u rn o ft h e c en tu ry m ay b e s e en i nt h e r a p id e xp lo ra t ion o f s ome t h i r teen b roch s i n C a i thne s s f r om 1 894 o nwa rd s b y S i r FT r e s s B a r ry MP o f K e i s s C a s t le . We r e i tn o t f o r t h e f a c t t h a t h e w a s a pp roached b y J o seph A nde r son w ho r e co rded a nd p ub l i shed a s much o ft h e r e su l t ing i n f o rma t ion a sh e c ou ld p robab ly n o th ing w ou ld h ave a ppea red i n p r in t a t a l l ( Ande r son 1 901) . H oweve r T r e s s B a r ry d i d i n t roduce a n i mpo r tan tn ew r e co rd ing i n s t rumen t -t h ep l a t e c ame ra ; a l a rge n umbe r o fp r in t s o ft h e r e su l t ing p ho tog raph s o ft h e e xcava t ion s s u rv ive a nd e ven n ow s ome u sef u li n f o rma t ion c an b eg a ined f r om t h em ( I l l . 3 . 12 )( MacK ie 1 969b ) . T hey a l so s how v i v id ly t h e c l u t te r o fh eap s o fe a r th , w o rkmen 's s hove l s a nd b a r row s a nd h a lf b u r ied m a son ry w h ich w e r e t y p ica l o ft h i s r ough a nd r e ady a pp roa ch t oa r chaeo log ica l d i gg ing a tt h a tt ime . When o ne c on s ide r s t h e se c ond i t ion s i ti s t o w onde r t h a t a ny u sef u l i n f o rma t ion a t a l l w a s r e cove r ed . C op ie s o f t h e p r in t s a r e i n t h e N a t iona l Monumen t sR eco rd i nE d inbu rgh ( RCAHMS 1 998 ) . S i nce J o seph A nde r son h ad m ade o u t ac onv inc ing c a se f o r t h e p ropo s i t ion t h a t t h e r u ined s t ump s o fb ro ch s w e r e t h e b a se s o f e r s twh i le h igh , h o l low -wa l led t ow e r s e ve ryone h ad a ccep ted t h e a s sump t ion a lmo s t w i thou t q ue s t ion u n t i l S i r L ind say S co t t a r r ived o n t h e s c ene i nt h e m id 1 940 s ( Sec t ion 3 . 7 .2 b e low ) . H oweve r , i ti si n te re s t ing t on o te t h a t , w i th t h e e xcep t ion o fY a r row s , i nn o t as i ng le o ne o f t h e b roch s t h en e xp lo r ed o n t h e f l a tp l a in o fC a i thne s s w a s a ny e v idence o b se rved f o r t h e h o l low -wa l l c on s t ruc t ion t h en t h ough t t y p ica l o fb roch s . O n ly m any y ea r s l a te r d i d n ew d i scove r ie s i nO rkney a nd n o r the rn C a i thne s s t h row d oub t o n t h i s b e l ief a nd s howed t h a t m a s s ive -wa l led

S ec t ion 3 : AH i s tory o fb roch r e sea rch

a nd , t h ough t h ey w e re i n ev i tab ly p r im i t ive a nd i n comp le te b y mode rn s t anda rd s , t h ey m a rked t h e b eg inn ing i n S co t land o f a f undamen ta l c hange i n a r chaeo log ica l m e thod . T h i s w a s t h a t a d e ta i led a nd o b jec t ive e xam ina t ion s hou ld b em ade o fa l lt h ep r eh i s to r ic a nd e a r ly h i s to r ic s t ruc tu re s i ne ach t r ac t o fc oun t ry s ide . T hu s w a s b egun i n S co t land t h e s y s tema t ic s t udy o f a r chaeo log ica l s i te s i n t e rm s o f t h e i r t opog raph ica l s i tua t ion a nd t h e i r d i s t r ibu t ion o ve r w ide a r ea s o f c oun t ry , am e thod o f a pp roa ch w h ich h a s s i nce p roved t ob et h eo n ly s a t isf ac to ry o ne . O ne c on sequence h oweve r w a s n o t a pp rec ia ted f o r s ome t ime ; t h eb roch s ( a nd i n deed a l lk i nd s o fp r eh i s to r ic s i t e s ) w ou ld u l t ima te ly h ave t o s t op b e ing s t ud ied i n i s o la t ion .

c i r cu la r s t ruc tu re s w h ich w e r e r e la t ive ly l ow d i d e x i s t i n t h e n o r th a nd w e s t i l l d o n o t k now h ow w ide sp r ead t h i s p henomenon w a s . T h i s i sa n i n te r es t ing e xamp le o f a n a s sump t ion c ond i t ion ing h ow s c ho la r s s aw t h e a c tua l e v idence , a l though i nt h is c a se i tw a s q u i te a r e a sonab le a s sump t ion ,g i ven t h es t a te o fk now l edge a tt h et ime . S eve ra l b roch s w e re e xcava ted d u r ing t h e se y ea r s i nt h e d o ld rum s b u t o n t h e w ho le t h e s i gn if i cance o ft h e r e su l t s w a s n o t a pp r ec ia ted u n t i l l a te r . O n e p o ten t ia l ly i mpo r tan t s i t e w a s T o rwood lee i nS e lk i rk sh ir e ( NT43 1 ) w he r e f o r t h e f i r s t t i me l a te i s t c en tu ry A .D . R oman m a te r ia l w a s f o und i nq uan t i ty ; t h e l a rge R oman b a se a tN ew s tead ,t h en u nexcava ted , w a s n ea rby . T h is p rov ided u sef u l c onf i rma t ion t h a t b roch s b e longed t ot h e e a r ly y ea r s o ft h e f i r s tm i l lenn ium A .D .

3 .6 .3 T he l a s t ' i s o la t ion i s t 'r ev iew T he n ex t g ene ra l r e v iew o f b roch a r chaeo logy w a s u nder taken b y A lexande r 0 . C u r ie i nt h e f i r s t n umbe r o f t h e n ew j ou rna l A n t iqu i ty ( 1927 ) . H e h ad t h e b enef i t o f f i r s t h and k now ledge o ft h e t wo w e l l p r e se rved b roch s a t G lene lg j u s tm en t ioned a sw e l l a sw ide e xpe r ience o fm any b roch s i te s i nv a r iou s p a r t s o fS co t land o b ta ined d u r ing h i s w o rk w i th t h e R oya l C omm i s s ion . I n p a r t icu la r t h e i mpor tan t r e su l t s o ft h e C omm is s ion 's s u rvey o ft h e O u te r H eb r ide s a nd I s le o fS kye w e re a va i lab le t oh im a l though t h ey w e re n o t p ub l i shed t i l l t h e f o l low ing y ea r ( RCAH MS 1 928 ) .

E xp lo ra t ion sb egan a tJ a r lshof i nS h e t land ( HU30 1 )a tt h e b eg inn ing o ft h e 2 0t h c en tu ry ( Bru ce 1 906 ) b u t a r e o n ly m en t ioned h e r e b ecau se t h i s w a st h e f i r s t e xam ina t ion o fa s i te w h ich , h a lf a c en tu ry l a te r , w a st h e f i r s t o fi t s k i nd t o b e s y s tema t ica l ly e xp lo r ed i nt h em oder nm anne r , m a rk ing at r ue r e vo lu t ion i n b roch s t ud ie s ( s ec t ion 3 . 7 .5 b e low ) . E r sk ine B eve r idge d ug i n to s i te s i nt h e O u te r H eb r ide s a t t h e e nd o ft h e 1 9t h a nd t h e b eg inn ing o ft h e 2 0t h c en tu ry ( 1903 , 1 9 11 , 1 931) b u t , t h e p r inc ip le s o f s t ra t ig raph ica l e xcava t ion s t i l l n o t b e ing u nde r s tood , t h e m a in r e su l t w a s t h e g i f t o f al a rge a nd v a luab le c o l lec t ion o f I r on A ge a r tef ac t s t o t h e Na t iona l Mu seum i n E d inbu rgh , t h ough t h e se w e r e i ne f f ec t i nu n s t ra t if ied h eap s . S im i la r r e su l t s a t tended t h e e xp lo ra t ion o f t h e f i r s t t wo b roch s i n S kye , D un F i adha i r t a nd D un B eag ( NG25 1 & NG33 3 ) , a c oup le o fd ecades l a te r( RCAHMS 1 928 , n o s . 4 79 & 5 08 ) . L i t t le u sef u le me rged f r om t h e se e f f o r t se xcep tt h ea r tef ac t s a nd t h e m e thod o f p ub l ish ing t h e s e w a s s t i l l c r ude ; t h e s y s tema t ic d r aw ing o f p o t te ry f o r e xamp le w a s s t i l l n o t c ommon .

H e d e sc r ibed a t y p ica l b roch , p r e sumab ly Mou sa , e mpha s is ing t h e s t ruc tu ra l p u rpo se o f t h e m any c u r iou s a r ch i tec tu ra l f e a tu re s . T he n a r rowne s s o ft h e u ppe r mu ra l g a l le r ie s i np a r t icu la r s ugge s ted t oh im t h a t t h e se f e a tu re s w e re p r ima r i ly a w e igh t sav ing d ev ice r a the r t h an f o r h ab i ta t ion . Among o t he r a dvan tage s t h ey w ou ld h ave a l lowed t h e t owe r t ob e b u i l t mo re e a s i ly b y r educ ing t h e n eed f o r w ooden s c af f o ld ing ; e ach l e ve l c ou ld h ave b een b u i l t f r om t h e p l a tf o rm f o rmed b yt h e r ow s o fs t one l i n te ls , t h e s t one st h em se lve sb e ing c a r r ied u pt h e i n t ra -mu ra l s t a i r . S im i la r ly h e t h ough t t h a t t h e v o id s i nt h e i n te r io r w a l lf ace w e re d e s igned p r ima r i ly t o t a ke t h e w e igh t o f m a son ry f r om t h e d oo rway l i n te l s b e low , t o l i gh ten t h e t owe r i n g ene ra l a nd a l so t op rov ide am ean s o fd ef ence f r om i n s ide t h e w a l l a ga in s t a n e nemy w ho h ad p ene t ra ted t h e t owe r . T he l e dge o r s c a r cemen t o n t h e i n ne r w a l lf a ce w a s a p rob lem : t h e p o s t -ho le s d i scove red i n D un T roddan b y C u r ie h im se lf s ugge s ted t oh im t h a t ac ove r ed c o r r ido r r a n r ound i n s ide t h e b roch , i t s r oof p r esumab ly r e s t ing o n t h e s c a r cemen t ( t hough i ft h i s w a s s o t h e l a rge c en t ra l h ea r th a l so f ound a t D un T roddan w ou ld h ave b een o u t i nt h e o pen ) .

H oweve r t h e e xp lo ra t ion o f D un T roddan b roch n ea r G lene lg ( NG8 1 3 ) b y A 0 C u r le i n 1 921 d i d m a rk a n a dvance i nt h e s en se t h a t , f o r t h e f i r s t t ime , a n i mpo r tan t c l ue a bou t t h e d es ign o ft h e i n te r io r w a s f ound ; t h i s t ook t h e f o rm o f ac i rcu la r s e t t ing o fp o s t -ho le s i nt h e c en t ra l c ou r t a nd t h e e xcava to r w a s t h u s a b le t o m ake s ome s ugges t ion sa bou tt h en a tu re o ft h e w ooden s t ruc tu re w h ich h ad o nce r e s ted o n t h e s c a r cemen t ( s ee b e low : C u r ie 1 921) . T ha tu sef u l d i scove r ie sw e r em ade b yC u r ie i nt h i s b roch a nd i ni t sn e ighbou r D un T e lve ( NG81 2 )w a s i nn o s ma l l p a r t d ue t o t h e c on sc ien t iou sne s s o f t h e w o rkmen e mp loyed t od o t h e d i gg ing . I ts e em s t h a t C u r ie 's d u t ie s w i th t h e R oya l C omm i s s ion i n E d inbu rgh d id n o t a l low h im t o v i s i t t h e e xcava t ion s v e ry o f ten a nd t h e m en k ep t i n te re s t ing f e a tu re s f o rh im t os e eo nh i sv i s i t s ( Cu r ie 1 921 , 8 7 f . ) .

H e r epea ted t h e r e a son s a dvanced b y J o seph A nde r son f o r r e jec t ing a ny s o r t o f p a ra l le l w i th t h e S a rd in ian n u ragh i . T he b roch i t s e lf , h e t h ough t , h ad d eve loped s omewhe r e i n n o r the rn o r w e s ter n S co t land w he fe t h ey w e re mo s t n ume rou s ; t h e f ew i nt h e s ou ther nm a in land w e r ep robab ly p u t u p b y p eop le f r om t h e b roch a r ea p rope r a t ar e la t ive ly l a te d a te . C u r ie w a s t h e f i r s tp e r son s i nce C ap ta in T homa s t o c on s ide r t h e p o ten t ia l ly i mpo r tan t q ue s t ion o fh ow t h e t owe r sh ad a c tua l ly e vo lved . T he ' g a l le r ied d un s ' r e co rded b yt h e R oya l C omm i s s ion i nt h e H eb r ide sp o s se s sed a l t h e b a s ic i n t ra -mu ra l s t ruc tu ra l f e a tu re s o f t h e b roch s - a

3 . 6 .2 T he s t a r to fs y s tema t ic f i e ldwo rk T he f o rma t ion o f t h e R oya l C omm is s ion o n t h e A nc ien t a nd H i s to r ica l Monumen t s i n 1 909 m a rked a n i mpo r tan t a dvance i n S co t t ish a r chaeo logy a nd t h e R epor t s o n t h e s i te s o fC a i thne ss a nd S u the r land a ppea red s oon a f t e rwa rd s ( RCAHMS 1 9 11a : 1 9 11b ) . T he se f i r s t s u rvey s w e re c a r r ied o u t b y o ne m an , A lexande r 0 . C u r ie , o n ab i cyc le

3 5

T he R ound hou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

s t a i rway , s upe r impo sed g a l le r ie s , c e l l s a nd s oo n -e x cep t t h e c i r cu la r f o rm . T hey s t and m o s t ly o n r o cky p romon to r ie s , t h ew a l lr a r e ly c omp le t e ly e nc lo s ing t h es i t e ; t h e s i de a l ong t h e c l if e dge w a s t h u s l e f t o pen a nd h ad o n ly ar e la t ive ly t h in w a l l . T he C omm i s s ion 's s u rv ey sh ad t h u s r e vea led s t ruc tu r e s w h ich c ou ld w e l l b e a nce s t ra l t o t h e b roch s b u t u n t i l o ne w a s e x cava ted i tw ou ld n o t b e c l ea r w he the r t h e ' g a l le r ied d un s ' w e r e t h e i r a nce s to r s , c on tempo ra ry v a r ian t s o rd eg ene ra t e d e scendan t s . C u r ie 's v i ew s w e r e r e pea ted t h e f o l low ing y ea r i nt h e I n t roduc t ion t ot h e R oya l C omm i s s ion 's v o lume o n S ky e a nd t h e O u t e r I s le s ( RCAHMS 1 928 ) .

T he s e cond a dv an ce w a sh i sa temp tt oa n sw e rt h eq u e s t ion o fh ow a nd w hy t h e ' c a s t le s ' t h em se lv e so r ig ina ted . C h i ld e b e l ieved t h a t t h ey w e r e t h e s t rongho ld s o f a n i n t r u s iv e c onque r ing m ino r i ty a nd t h ough t t h a t t h e m a s s o f s e conda ry d w e l l ing s o f i n f e r io r m a son ry a r ound m any n o r the rn b ro ch sw a s e v id ence t h a t t h e s i t e s h ad l a t e r b e en t a k en o ve r b y p eop le w ho w e re t h e d e scendan t s o f t h e a bo r ig ina l B ron ze A ge s t ock , o nce s u b je c t ed b y t h e c a s t le b u i lde r s . T h i s w a s t h e f i r s t a temp t t o p l a ce t h e p henomenon i n ab r oad s o c ia l c on tex t a nd w a st h e e a r l ie s t o ft h e mode rn d i f f u s ion i s te xp lana t ion so ft h eo r ig in so ft h e t ow e r s , d r aw ing t h e c onc lu s ion o f af o r e ign o r ig in f o rt h e b u i lde r s f r om t h e s im i la r i t ie sb e tween m any b roch a r t ef a c t s a nd t h o se o ft h e I r on A ge c u l tu re s o fs o u th -we s t B r i ta in , w e l l s e en f o r e x amp le a tt h e ' l ake v i l lag e ' a tG la s tonbu ry i nS ome r se t( Bu l le id & G ray 1 9 17 ; M inn i t t &C o l e s 1 9 96 ) .

3 . 7 I n tegra t ion w i th E uropean A rchaeo logy - 1 935 -64 T he a dv en t o f P rof e s so r V . G o rdon C h i ld e t o t h e A be r c romby c ha i ro fp r eh i s to r ic a r cha eo logy i nE d inbu rgh i n1 927 g ave as h a rp s t imu lu s t om o re t h an o ne s phe r e o f S co t t i sh a r cha eo logy , n o t l e a s tt ot h a t o ft h e I r on A g e a nd i t s b roch s . C h i lde w a s t h e f i r s t a r cha eo log i s t t oc ome t o S co t land t o f i l l a n e m in en t a cadem ic p o s t w ho h ad t h e k now ledge a nd e xpe r ience t oc on s ide r t h e l o ca l p rob lem s i n d e ta i l a nd a ga in s t t h e b a ckg round o f E ng l i sh a nd E u ropean s t ud ie s . I tw a s h e w ho f i r s t i n t eg ra t ed t h e s i t e s a nd c u l tu r e s n o r th o ft h e b o rde r i n to t h e w ide r E u ropean p i c tu r e , a l though a ppa r en t ly h e w a s n o t a b le t o i n t eg ra t e v e ry w e l l w i th t h e S co t t i sh a r cha eo log ica l e s tab l i shmen t ( K i lb r ide J one s 1 994 ) .

C h i lde a na ly sed f o r t h e f i r s tt ime t h e p o t en t ia l ly i mpo r tan t b u t n eg lec t ed t o p i c o ft h e s t one r oundhou se s f o und i nt h e s ame a r ea a st h eb r och s . T he se h ad p r ev iou s ly b een c a l led ` e a r thhou se s ' b ecau se s om e s e emed t oh av eb een b u i l th a lf u nd e rg round b u t C h i lde d r ew t h e v i ta l d i s t inc t ion b e tw een t h e se a nd t h e t r ue e a r thhou se s o r s o u t e r ra in s - l o ng u nde rg round p a s sage s . T he r oundhou se s -n ow k nown a s ' whee lhou se s ' b e cau se o ft h e i ri n te rna lr a d ia l s t on ep i e r sw e r e f ound o n ly i n t h e H eb r ide s a nd S he t land . H e c on s ide r ed t h a t t h e e v id ence f r om J a r l shof i n S he t land ( p a r t icu la r ly t h e r ound s t on e h u t s o ft h e e a r ly I r on A g e v i l lage ) s howed t h a t t h e a r ch i tec tu ra l t r ad i t ion s o f t h e se r oundhou se s w e r e o l de r t h an t h e b r o ch p e r iod a nd w en t b a ck t ot h e l a t eB ronze A g e ; h owev e rm o s th ad o bv iou s ly b een i n hab i ted a t t h e s ame t ime a s , o r l a t e r t h an , t h e t owe r s . T h i s a n t ique l o ca l a r ch i tec tu r a lt r ad i t ion e v id en t ly s uppo r ted h i s v i ew t h a t ac on t ra s t e x i s t ed b e tw e en t h e i n t ru s ive c a s t le b u i lde r sa nd t h ea bo r ig ina lp opu la t ion .

A s w e h ave s e en t h e f i r s t p e r iod o fr a p id a dvance i nt h e s t udy o ft h eI r on A ge b roch t o ok p l a ce b e tw een a bou t 1 850 a nd 1 883 w hen a l a rge n umbe r w e r e e xcava t ed , a l be i t f a i r ly b ru sque ly , a nd w hen J o seph A nde r son i n t eg ra t ed t h e r e su l t s i n to ac omp r ehen s ib le f r amewo rk a nd f i rm ly p l a ced t h e b roch s i n to t h e i r b a s ic c u l tu ra l a nd c h rono log ica l c on tex t . B u t e ven h et e nd ed t oc on s id e rt h e se s t ru c tu r e si n i s o la t ion , a s au n ique ly S co t t i sh p henom enon w i th f ew c l ea r l i nk s a b road , a nd t h i s o u t look p r eva i led u n t i l C h i lde c ame . T he s e cond p ha se o fr a p id a dvance w a s s t a r t ed b y C h i lde a nd w a s c on t inued i n t e rm i t t en t ly b y p eop le i n f luenced b y h im . I t c u lm ina t ed i n t h e f i r s t e ve r s t ra t ig raph ica l e xcava t ion o f ab roch s i t e , a tJ a r l shof i n S he t land i nt h el a te 1 940 s . 3 . 7 .1 T he s yn the se so fV .G .Ch i ld e C h i ld e 's f i r s t b ook a bou t S co t t i sh p r eh i s to ry a ppea r ed i n 1 935 a nd i ni th et r i ed t og i ve t h eb roch s as o c ia la sw e l la s ac h rono log ica l c on t ex t ( 1 935 , c hap s . X&X I ) . B ecau se o f t h e i r s ma l l s i z e w hen c ompa r ed w i th t h e h i l lf o r t s h e g r ouped t h em , t o ge the r w i th t h e s ma l l s t one d un s , i n to a ' c a s t le c omp lex ' - t y p ica l o ft h e h i gh land a nd i s land z one . H i sv i ew w a st h a t" t hey c anno tb ev i l lag e so rt r iba lr e f ug e s b u tc an o n ly h ave s e rved a st h ed om ic i le o f aw a r l ik ec h ief a nd h i s r e ta ine r s" C h i lde h e r e m ade t wo i mpo r tan t a dvance s i nt h ink ing a bou t t h e b roch s . I nt h e f i r s t , w h ich h ad n eve r b een c l ea r ly s t a ted b ef o r e , h e i n s i s t ed t h a t t h ey w e r e o n ly o ne a s pec t o ft h e m o r e w ide sp r ead p henomenon o ft h e m u l t i tud e s o fs ma l l s t one ` c a s t le s ' ; t h ey t h e r ef o r e h ad t o b e c on s ide r ed a ga in s t t h i s b a ckg round a nd n o t i n i s o la t ion .

3 6

C h i lde a l so a n a ly sed t h e m a te r ia l c u l tu r e o f t h e v a r iou s g r oup s o ff o r t s a nd d w e l l ing s h e h ad d i s t ingu i shed e a r l ie r , i n c lud ing t h a t o f t h e b roch s . T hough t h e t ow e r s h ad p roduced m any d i s t inc t ive r e l ic s , a nd t h e d un s o ft h e w e s t c oa s t v e ry f ew , h e t h ough t t h a t t h e o c cu rence o f s om e ' b roch ' r e l ic s i nc ave s i nB u t e , Ay ra nd G a l loway j u s t if i ed t h e p rov i s iona l g r oup ing o f t h e w ho le a r ea i n to o n e c omp lex . H e d r ew a t t en t ion f o r t h e f i r s t t i me t o t h e s im i lar i t ie s b e twe en mu ch o ft h e b on e e qu ipmen t f o und i n t h e b roch s a nd t h a t o fs ou th -we s t E ng land , p a r t icu la r ly i n t h e G la s tonbu ry ' l ak e v i l lage ' . S u ch b one t o o l s a s t h e l o ng -hand led c omb s , b obb in s a nd t o gg le s s u r e ly i n d ica ted t h e i n t roduc t io n w eav ing , a nd t h e r ef o r e t h e m ig ra t ion o f w omen ; i n o t h e r w o rd s ar e la t ive ly l a rg e mov em en t o f p opu la t ion i n to t h e n o r th h ad o ccu r r ed . B one d a r t p o in t s a nd d i ce p roba b ly c ame f r om t h es am ea r ea . O n t h e o t he r h and t h e H eb r idean p o t t e ry a s soc ia ted w i th t h e b one e qu ipmen t w a s q u i t e d if e r en t f r om t h a t f o und a t G la s tonbu ry . Among t h e H eb r idean f e a tu re s s i ng led o u t f o r m en t ion w e r e t h e i n t e rna l ly f l u t ed r im s ( I l l . 4 . 129 ) f o r w h ich C h i lde s ugge s t ed p o s s ib le p a r a l le l s i nt h e e a r ly I r on A g e H a l l s ta t t c u l tu r e s o f s ou th -w e s t G e rmany a nd c en t ra l G au l -a nd t h e f l a t r im s a nd c a r ina ted p rof i le s o f t h e J a r l shof l a t e B ronz e A g e t r ad i t ion , n ow c a l led e a r ly I r on A ge ( I l l . 4 . 28 ) . S ome o ft h e i n c i sed m o t if s s e en o n t h e n o r the rn p o t te ry a r e f o und a ga in a tt h e e a r ly I r on A g e

S ec t ion 3 : AH i s tory o fb roch r e sea rch

s i t e a tA l l C ann ing s C ro s s i nW i l t sh i r e ( Cunn ing ton 1 923 ) . T he se v a r iou s l i nk s r e inf o rced h i s v i ew o f ap opu la t ion w i th d ua l o r ig in s - mo s t b e ing a bo r ig ine s o fB ronze A ge a nd H a l ls ta t tI r on Age d e scen tw i th as ma l l i n t ru s ive r u l ing c l a s s o fc a s t le b u i lde r s .

h o ld ing f o r e xamp le t h a t t h e e v idence w h ich w a s a l lowed t o i n d ica ted t h e i n t ru s ion o f w a r r io r a r i s toc rac ie s i n t h e I r on A ge a l so d emon s t ra ted t h e a ppea rance o f p r iva te p rope r ty a nd a s t ra t if ied o r c l a s s s oc ie ty . T h is w a s p a r t icu la r ly t r ue , h et h ough t , i nt h eb roch p rov ince .

W i th t h e p ub l ica t ion o f T he P r eh i s tory o f S co t land S co t land 's I r on Age w a s f i rm ly c l a s s if ied a nd r e la ted t ot h e c o r r e spond ing E ng l ish a nd C on t in en ta l c u l tu re s . T he b roch s t h em se lve s w e re d rawn i n to t h e p a t te rn a nd g i ven a p l au s ib le c u l tu ra l a nd s oc ia l c on t ex t , b u t t h e a b so lu te l a ck a t t h a t t i me o f s c ien t if ica l ly e xcava ted b rochs a nd w hee lhou se sp r even ted f i rme rc onc lu s ion s .

H oweve r , s t imu la t ing t h ough C h i lde 's i d ea s w e re , m any p eop le mu s t h ave t h ough t t h a t t h e b o ld s oc ia l i n f e r ence s w e r e t oo h eavy f o r t h e m inu te q uan t i ty o f f a c tua l d a ta t o b ea r , a tl e a s t a s f a r a st h e I r on A ge w a s c once rned . T he ' c a s t le c omp lex ' s t i l l l a cked a ny p rope r ly a nd s y s tema t ica l ly e xcava ted s i te s ( a s i tua t ion n o t r emed ied u n t i l ay ea r o rt wo l a te r ) a nd C h i lde w a s d ea l ing i ne f f ec t w i th h eap s o f u n s t ra t if ied f i nd s f r om s i te s w ho se d eve lopmen t o ve rt ime h ad n o tb een u n rave l led b ecau se o f t h e l a ck o ft h e n ece s sa ry s k i l l s . N eve r the le s s S co t land b ef ore t h eS co t sd i da tl e a s ta t temp tt om ake s en se i ns o c ia l t e rm s o fo ne o ft h e mo s td r ama t ic a r chaeo log ica l c u lu re s o f B r i t ish p r eh i s to ry .

P rof e sso r C h i lde r epea ted a nd a mp l if ied mo s t o f t h e se v i ew s i nt wo l a te r b ook s ( 1940 : 1 946 ) . I n 1 940 h e a ga in e xp la ined t h e b roch c u l tu re a st h e r e su l t o fa n i mm ig ra t ion f r om s ou th -we s t E ng land ; t h i s w a s d eemed t o b e a n ' a r chaeo log ica l f a c t ' a nd t o h av e r e p roduced i n t h e S co t t ish h i gh land s a nd i s land s t h e w a r l ike , m a r i t ime c omme r c ia l c u l tu re s w h ich e x i s ted i nB r i t tany a nd a r ound t h e B r is to l C hanne l i nt h e p re -Roman I r on A ge . H oweve r h e d id c hang e h i s m ind o n o ne p o in t ; h e d ec ided t h a t t h e c l u s te r s o f' o u tbu i ld ing s ' s u r round ing m any o ft h en o r the rn b rochs w e r et h e dwe l l ing s o ft h eb ro ch l o rd 's r e ta ine r s ; t h i s c on t ra s ted w i th o ne o f t h e v i ew s e xp r e s sed i n T he P reh i s tory o fS co t land - t h a t t h ey b e longed t oa bo r ig ine s w ho h ad r e -a s se r ted t h e i r r i gh t s a f t e r t h e b roch l o rd s h ad l o s t c on t ro l . T h is i sa n i n te re s t ing e a r ly e xamp le o fh ow t h e a ccep tance o f ah ypo the s i s d edu c t ive ly - d e r iv ing i ti n o t he r w o rd s f r om s ome g ene ra l p r inc ip le - c an c au se t h e d i s to r t ion o ro m iss ion o fs ome c on f l ic t ing f a c t s ; ab ody o f g ood e v idence h ad e x i s ted f o rs ome t ime p r ev iou s ly w h ich s ugges ted t h a t t h e se o u tbu i ld ing s w e r e s e conda ry c on s t ruc t ion s , p robab ly e r ec ted w hen t h e b roch w a s n o l o nge r u s ed a s af o r t . C h i lde h ad o fc ou r se m en t ioned t h i s v i ew e a r l ie r ( 1 935 , 2 04 ) .

3 . 7 .2 S i rL ind say S co t ta nd an ew a pp roach T he y ea r f o l low ing t h e p ub l ica t ion o fC h i lde 's b ook s aw a l a ndma rk i nb roch a r chaeo logy w i th t h e a ppea rance i na n a t iona lj ou rna l o f al o ng a r t ic le c a l led ' The p rob lem o ft h e b roch s ' b y S i r L ind say S co t t ( 1947 ) . S co t t h ad n o t b een t r a ined a s a n a r chaeo log i s t y e t h i s n ove l m e thod o f a pp roach i so fg r ea t i mpo r tance , b e ing t h e f i r s t s y s tema t ic e xamp le i n b roch s t ud ie s o f t h e ' l and scape a r chaeo logy ' p i onee red b y t h e R oya l C omm i s s ion . H e u nde r took a d e ta i led s u rvey i np e r son o fa l t h e b roch s i nt wo a r ea s i n t h e O u te r H eb r ide s a nd , w i th t h e a i d o f amo re s upe rf ic ia l s u rvey o f b roch s i n o t he r a r ea s , a t temp ted a f r e sh a s se s smen t o ft h e i r f u nc t ion a nd s oc ia l c on tex t . A ga in s t t h e b ackg round o ft h i s s y s tema t ic a pp roach h i s f a i lu re t o d ef ine e xac t ly w ha t ab roch w a s i nt e rm s o fi t sa r ch i t ec tu r e w a s n o t icab le . T h is a b sence w a s r emed ied b y A ngu s G raham t h e f o l low ing y ea r ( b e low ) b u t i tl e d t o s ome g l o s s ing o ve r o fi mpo r tan t d i f f e r ence s a nd t o as omewha t i n d i sc r im ina te t r ea tmen to f ag r ea tv a r ie ty o fs t ruc tu r e sa sa s i ng le c u l tu re c omp lex . T h i s r educ t ion i s t a pp roa ch w a s r e v ived a tt h e e nd o ft h e 1 970 s .

F o r t h e d a t ing o f t h e b roch c omp lex a s aw ho le C h i lde r e ga rded t h e e v idence f r om t h e b roch o f T o rwood lee ( NT43 1 )i ns ou th -ea s t S co t land a sc r uc ia l ( Cu r le 1 892 , 7 1 f . ) . T he re l a te i s t c en tu ry g l a s s a nd p o t te ry h ad b een f o und i n s ide t h e s t ruc tu re i n J am e s C u r le 's e xcava t ion s ( S ec t ion 3 . 6 .1 a bove ) ; i tw a s t h e r ef o re p r e sumed t h a t t h e b roch w a s a l ready s t and ing b y a bou t AD 8 0 , w hen t h e R oman s f i r s t e n te red S co t land , s i nce t h e i n vad ing a rmy w ou ld h a rd ly h ave p e rm i t ted i t s c on s t ruc t ion i nt e r r i to ry u nde r t h e i r c on t ro l a f t e r t h a t d a te . S i nce T o rwood lee i sa r emo te s ou the r ly o u t l ie r f r om t h e m a in b roch p rov ince , t h e b u lk o ft h e se s t ruc tu re s s hou ld , h et h ough t , a n teda te AD 8 0 b ys ome c on s ide rab le t ime .

S co t t , l i ke A nde r son b ef o r e h im , n o ted t h e c l ea r l i nk b e tween t h e s i t ing o fb roch s a nd t r a c t s o fg ood a g r icu l tu ra l l a nd b u th ew en tf u r the r . T he r e la t ion sh ip w a ss oc l o se , h e f e l t , t h a t t h e b roch s m u s t t h em se lve s h ave b een f a rm s . H e c l a s s if ied t h e b u i ld ing s i n to t h ree g roup s b a sed u pon t h e i r e x i s t ing s t a te o f p r e se rva t ion . T h i s i n vo lved t wo a s sump t ion s -t h a t t h e a moun t o fd eb r i s a r ound t h e r u in s i n d ica ted f a i r ly e xac t ly h ow m uch m a son ry h ad t umb led f r om t h e o r ig ina l s t ruc tu r e , a nd a l so t h a t t h e s c a r cemen t l e dge a r ound t h e i n te r io r w a l lf ace w a s ar oof s uppo r t a nd s howed t h a t t h e w a l l h ad n eve r r i sen r o se mo re 3o r 4f e e t a bove t h a t p o in t . H e t h u s d ec ided t h a t mo s t b roch s h ad n eve rb een m o re t h an 6 10 f e e th i gh .

B y 1 944 w hen P rof e s so r C h i lde d e l ive red h i s E d inbu rgh R h ind l e c tu r e s h e h ad e v iden t ly c hanged h i s m ind a bou t s ome i mpo r tan t p a r t s o ft h is t h e s i s . T he l e c tu re s r e su l ted i n ab ook ( 1 946 ) w h ich a n a t temp tt oi n te rp re tt h e S co t t i sh a r chaeo log ica l d a ta i n a mo r e Ma rx is t w ay t h an h ad h i ther to b een t r ied a nd t o i n f e r b road s t age s o f d eve lopmen t t h rough t h e e conom i c a c t iv i t ie s w h ich a l one w e re d i r ec t ly d educ ib le f r om t h i s e v idence ( K le jn 1 994 , 7 7 -9 ) . T he e mpha s i s w a s n ow o n i n te rna l d eve lopmen t i n s tead o f o n f o re ign i n va s ion . H e d i d n o t h e s i ta te t o a s s ign s o c ia l s y s tem s t o d i f f e r en t a r chaeo log ica l p e r iod s ,

A s f o rt h e s oc ia l f u nc t ion o ft h e b u i ld ing s h e w a s s u re t h a t t h e i r s i tua t ion s howed c l ea r ly t h a t t h ey h ad b een p ermanen t ly i n hab i ted f a rmhou se s . H e w a s o ppo sed t o C h i lde 's v i ew t h a t t h ey w e re c a s t le s o fa n a r is toc racy u sed t o o ve rawe a s ub jec t p opu la t ion ; n o e v idence o f m i l i ta ry g a r r ison s h ad b een f ound i na ny b roch , o n ly o fd ome s t ic

3 7

T he R oundhou se s , B roch s a nd W hee lhou se so fA t l an t ic S co t land

o ccupa t ion . H e w a s i n c l ined t o t h ink i n t e rm s o f l a nd h unge r i n ag ene ra l ly u n se t t led e poch w i th n o o ne s pec if i c e nemy p rovok ing t h eb u i ld ing o ft h eb roch s . H oweve rt h e e v idence o f t h e i r p o t te ry a nd a r tef a c t s s t i l l s ugge s ted t o h im t h a t t h e i r b u i lde r s o r ig ina ted i n t h e l a te p re -Roman I r on A ge c u l tu re so fF rance a nd o fs ou the rn E ng land .

t h e re i s r oom t o q ue s t ion s ome o f h i s c onc lu s ion s ( pa r t icu la r ly t h a t m o s t b roch s w e re l ow ) , h i s p ape r w a s a l a ndma rk i n t h e e vo lu t ion o f a s y s tema t ic m oder n a r chaeo logy o ft h eb roch s . A l i son Y oung ' sw o rk

As e cond m a jo r p ape r b y S co t t a ppea red i nt h e f o l low ing y ea r ( 1948 ) ,t h ef i r s tp a r to fw h ich w a s ar epor to nt h ef i r s t e ve r s c ien t if ic e xcava t ion o ft h e H eb r idean f o rm o f I r on A ge r oundhou se k nown , f r om i t s p ecu l ia r i n ter na l d e s ign , a st h e w hee lhou se . T h i s a l one w a s amomen tou s e ven tf o r S co t t i sh a r cha eo logy , s i nce t h e o n ly p r ev iou s w o rk h ad b een t h a t b y E r sk ine B eve r idge i nN o r th U i s t w h ich h ad p roduced n o c l ea r e v idence e xcep t t h a t o f t h e f i nd s ( Sec t ion 3 . 6 .1 a bove ) . C le t t rava l o n N or th U i s t ( NF77 4 ) w a s af r ee s tand ing , r ound s t one d we l l ing w i th i n te rna l r ad ia l p i e r s , t h e w ho le b e ing s e t w i th in ab ounda ry w a l l . V a r iou s s ub s id ia ry s t ruc tu r e s , i n c lud ing ab a rn /by re , w e re a l so w i th in t h e f a rmya rd . T he p o t she rd s f ound w e re s ub jec ted t o d e ta i led s t a t i s t ica l a na ly s i s b y f o rm a nd d eco ra t ion a nd S co t t c onc luded f r om t h i s t h a t s ou th -we s t E ng land o rn o r th -we s tF rance w a s i n d ica ted a st h ep l a ce o f o r ig in o ft h e i mm ig ran t s w ho b u i l t t h e w hee lhou se f a rm . H e a l so a na ly sed t h e a r ch i tec tu r e o ft h e r ound f a rmhou se w i th g rea tc a r e a nd f e l t a b le t or e con s t ruc ti t sr oof i ns ome d e ta i l . S ub s id ia ry b u i ld ing s i nt h e f a rmya rd w e r e a l so i d en t if ied . T he r e s t o ft h e p ape rw a s ad e ta i led a rgumen t f o r s e e ing t h e w hee lhou se s a nd b roch s a s s t age s i n a p rog re s s ive l o ca l d eve lopmen t o fI r on A ge f a rm s -a tf i r s t b u i l t b y i mm ig ran t s -w h ich g radua l ly o ve r t ime b ecame mo re ma s s ive a nd d ef en s ive . S co t t made o u t af o rm idab le c a se i nw h ich t h e re w e re t h ree d ec i s ive e l emen t s . T he f i r s t w a s t h e u ndoub ted f a c t t h a t C le t t rava l w a s af a rm s e tw i th in i t s o wn b ounda ry w a l l , a n i mpor tan t d i scove ry t h e s i gn if i cance o f w h ich i sh a rd t o o ve re s t ima te . T he s e cond w a s t h e c l o se l i nk b e tween b roch s a nd a r ab le l a nd , w h ich S co t t h ad d emon s t ra ted mo re c l ea r ly t h an h i the r to w i th h i s e a r l ie r f i e ldwo rk i n H a r r i s a nd B a r ra . T he t h i rd f ounda t ion o fh i s t h e s i s w a s h i s b e l ief t h a t t h e v a s t m a jo r i ty o fb roch s w e re l ow , t h i s m ak ing t h em mo re e a sy t oc ompa re w i th w hee lhou se s a nd much mo re p l au s ib le a sd ef ended f a rmhou se s .

Mr s A l i son Y oung a s s i s ted S co t t i nt h e w o rk a tC le t t rava l a nd a l so a t as e cond w hee lhou se a tA l la sda le o n B a r ra ( NF60 8 ) . H oweve r S co t t d i ed b ef o re t h e w o rk a tt h e l a t te r s i te w a s c omp le ted s o s he f i n i shed t h e e x cava t ion a nd p ub l i shed i t ( Young 1 953 ) . T h i s w a s a no the r w hee lhou se f a rm , s e tw i th in i t sy a rd w a l la nd a ccompan ied b y s ub s id ia ry s t ru c tu re s . S he a l so e xp lo red D un C u ie r , a b roch l ike b u i ld ing a l so o n B a r ra ( 1 956 ) ; t h i s w a s p a r t icua r ly i mpor tan t i nt h a t ac ha ra c te r i s t ic l a te I r on A ge c u l tu r e w a s i s o la ted t h e r e , w i th p o t te ry q u i te d if e r en tf r om t h a t o f t h e b roch s a nd w hee lhou se s a s w e l l a s w i th d i s t inc t ive or n amen ta l -headed b one p i n s a nd c ompo s i te b one c omb s . Y oung 's s t ra t ig raph ica le xcava t ion i n1 954 o f a no the r w h ee lhou se - o ne o fs ev e ra l n ea rD r imo r e i n S ou th U is t w h ich w e re e xp lo red i n a dvance o f t h e c on s t ruc t ion o f ar o cke t r ange - p rodu ced s t ra t ig raph ica l p roof t h a t t h is l a te I r on A ge h o r izon w a s much l a te r t h an t h e w hee lhou s e ( Young & R icha rd son 1 960 ) . A l i son Y oung t h en f e l ta b le t h en t o of e r as e quence o fH eb r idean I r on A ge p o t te r y w h ich w a st h e f i r s te ve r , a sw e l la ss ome g ene ra lt h ough t so nt h eA t lan t ic I r on A g e ( Young 1 962 ) . O ne c u r iou s r e su l t o fa l l t h i s w o rk w a st h a tb y 1 960 ( when t h e w r i te r c am e t o S co t land ) al a rge a moun t o f u sef u l i n f o rma t ion h ad b een a ma ssed a bou t H eb r idean w hee lhou se s , a nd a bou t t h e l a te I r on A ge c u l tu r e w h ich f o l lowed t h em , b u t a ccu ra te k now ledge o f t h e w e s ter n b roch s a nd t h e i r m a te r ia l c u l tu re w a s s t i l l a lmo s t n on e x i s ten t . 3 .7 .3 A d e ta i led a rch i tec tu ra ls t ud y A ngu s G raham h ad w o rked f o r many y ea r s w i th t h e R oya l C omm i s s ion o n t h e A nc ien t a nd H i s to r ica l Monumen t s o f S co t land a nd i nt h e c ou r se o ft h i s w o rk h e h ad n ume rou s o ppo r tun i t ie s t oe xam ine t h e a r ch i tec tu r e o ft h e b roch s i n d e ta i l . H i s l o ng p ape rp rov ide s a n i n te r e s t ing c on t ra s tw i th t h o se o fS i r L ind say S co t t , b e ing mo r e c once rned w i th t h e p a in s tak ing a na ly s i s o f al a rge q uan t i ty o fe v idence , a nd h e d r ew o n ly t h e m o s t c au t iou s o f c onc lu s ion s ( G raham 1 947a ) . H e t r i ed t o d ec ide h ow ' n o rma l ' t h e v a r iou s p ecu l ia r a r ch i t ec tu ra l f e a tu re s w e r e , h ow t h ey w e r e d i s t r ibu ted g eog raph ica l ly a nd s o o n . A s e cond m a jo r s e c t ion d ea l t w i th s hape a nd d imen s ion s , i n te rna l a nd e x te rna l d i ame te r s , p robab le o r ig ina l h e igh t ( w i th a v a luab le a na ly s i s o ft h e p robab ly h e igh t s o fs eve ra l b roch s i nt h e 1 8 th c en tu ry ) a nd t h et ype a nd f r equency o fe x ter na l d ef ence s .

I t mu s t b e p o in ted o u t h oweve r t h a t h i s a na ly s i s o f t h e C le t t rava l c e ram ic s w a s s omewha t i d io sync ra t ic . H e c oun ted t h e n umbe r o f i n d iv idua l f o rma l a nd d eco ra t ive t r a i t s w i thou tr e f e rence t ot h ep a t ter n s o ft h e i rc omb ina t ion o n i n d iv idua l p o t s . T hu s i tw a s i mpo s s ib le f o r h im t o d ef ine a c tua l c e ram ic s t y le s ( t hough t h e se c ou ld b e s e en a mong t h e p ho tog raph s o f t h e l a rge r s he rd s f ound ) a nd b ecau se o f t h i s i tw a s much e a s ie r t o c l a im c onnec t ion s w i th I r on A ge p o t te ry i n s ou th -we s t E ng land . T h i s t e chn ique i ss ome t ime s k nown a s ' t r a i t c ha s ing ' a nd h a s l o ng b een a bandoned .

U n l ike S co t t , A ngu s G raham w a s c onv inced t h a tt h ew ho le d e s ign a nd s t ru c tu r e o ft h eb roch w a st oa ch ieve t owe r l ike p ropo r t ion s ; m o s t o f t h e p ecu l ia r a r ch i tec tu ra l f e a tu re s w e re w e l l e xp la ined a s w e igh t sav ing a nd l o ad -bea r ing d ev ice s ( h e h ad a r t icu la ted m any o ft h e se o b jec t ion s a f t e r S co t t 's l e c tu re t o t h e P reh i s to r ic S oc ie ty i n L ondon G raham 1 947b ) . L ike J o seph Ande r son b ef o r e h im h e

T he r e i sn o d oub t t h a t S co t t w a s a head o f h i s t ime t o t a ck l ing t h ep rob lem o ft h es oc ia lf unc t ion o ft h e se m a s s ive c i rcu la r I r on A ge s t ruc tu r e s , i n g e t t ing a way f r om t h e c oncep t o fa r i s toc ra t ic c a s t le s a nd mov ing t owa rd s t h a t o f t h e d we l l ing s o f I r on A ge f a rme r s . H i s i d ea s w e re n o t r e a l ly f o l lowed u p f o r mo re t h a t t h i r ty y ea r s a nd , t hough

3 8

S ec t ion 3 : AH i s tory o fb roch r e sea rch

c i ted h i s to r ica l e v idence f o r t h e s ub s tan t ia l d i lap ida t ion o f s e ve ra l b r o ch s o ve r t h e l a s t f ew h und red y ea r s , t h e i n f e rence b e ing t ha t t h i s h ad b een g o ing o n e ve r s i nce t h e I r on Age ; t h i s w a s o f f e r ed a s a n a r gumen t a ga in s t S co t t 's v i ew t h a t m o s t o ft h e b ad ly r u ined b r och s h ad n eve r b een v e ry h igh . T he q ues t ion o fw hy s u ch t owe r s s hou ld h ave b een n eeded w a s mo r e d i ff icu l t t o a n swe r : s a f e ty f r om m i s s i les a nd s c a l ing l a dde r s m ay h av e p l ayed ap a r tb u th e m ade t h e i n te res t ing p o in t t h a t q u e s t ion s o f s t a tu s a nd p r e s t ige m ay h ave p l ayed ap a r t i nt h e p l an s o ft h e b roch b u i lde r s .

a nd c ompo s i te b one c omb s a nd b one d i ce s e emed t o b e c onf ined t ot h e u ppe r l e ve l ; e v iden t ly f ound o n ly o n t h e l owe r f l oo r w e re o b jec t s l i ke t h e l o ng -hand led b one c omb s . T h i s w a s t h e f i r s t t ime t h a t t h e p o ten t ia l o ft h i s a pp roach h ad b een p o in ted o u t , a nd am a jo r i mp l ica t ion o f i tw a s t h a t t h e ' b roch c u l tu r e ' p robab ly e x tended o ve r m any c en tu r ies a nd r e qu i red t ob e s ub -d iv ided . T h i s w a s s ub sequen t ly c onf i rmed i nt h eO u te rI s le sb yM r sY oung a s a l ready d e sc r ibed

H e a l so b e l ieved t ha tt h es c a rcemen tl e dge o ft h e i n ne rf a ce w a s mo s t l i ke ly t o h ave s uppo r t ed ar i ng shaped w ooden p l a tf o rm - p robab ly a g angway o r g a l le ry r a the r t h an a v e randah r o of - a nd t h a t t h e i n ne r e dge o f t h i s w a s s uppo r ted b y w ooden p o s t s o rb y s t one p i e r s o rs l ab s . H e r e v ived a n i d ea o f t h e 1 9 th c en tu ry ( Thoma s 1 890 ) b y s ugge s t ing t h a t t h e u ppe r s c a r cem en t s - o f w h ich t h ree w e re t h ough t t o b e k nown - p robab ly s uppor ted a r oof w i th h o r izon ta l b eam s f o rm ing c ho rd s a l ong t h e a r c o ft h e w a l l a nd f o rm ing as qua re ; s im i la r s qua re s o fp rog re s s ive ly s ho r te r b eam s wou ld t h en b e b u i l t , t h e c o rne r s o f e a ch r e s t ing o n t h e c en t re s o ft h e s i d e s o ft h e n ex t l a rge r . O n t h e w ho le G raham d i d n o t s pecu la t e a bou t t h e o r ig in s a nd s oc ia l p u rpo se o f t h e b roch s , e v iden t ly p r ef e r r ing t o a s semb le t h ee v idence a nd l e ave s u ch t a sk st oo t he r s .

At r u ly momen tou s a dvance w a s t h e f i r s t e xcava t ion t ob e c a r r ied o u t o n ab roch s i t e a cco rd ing t o t h e m ode rn s t anda rd s e s tab l i shed y ea r s e a r l ie r i n E ng land b y S i r Mo r t ime r Whee le r , w ho h im se lf f o l lowed t h e e xamp le o f G ene ra l P i t t R ive r s i nD o r se ta tt h e e nd o ft h e 1 9 th c en tu ry ( Dan ie l 1 967 , 2 50 1) . T h i s w a s c a r r ied o u t b y J ohn H am i l ton o ft h e t h en M in i s t ry o f Wo rk s i nS co t land , a nd t h e f a c t t h a t ' l e s y s t&ne Whee le r ' w a s n o t i n t roduced t o S co t t i sh A t lan t ic I r on A ge a r chaeo logy u n t i l t h e m id a nd l a te 1 940 s l a rge ly e xp la in s w hy t h e s ub jec t l a ngu i shed f o r s o l o ng . B ef o re 1 945 t h e r e s imp ly d i d n o t e x i s t t h a t s o l id b ody o fs y s tema t ica l ly c o l lec ted e v idence w h ich i st h e o n ly f ounda t ion f o r ap rope r u nde r s tand ing o fa n a r cha eo log ica l s ub jec t . W i th G raham 's c o l lec t ion o f a r ch i tec tu ra l e v idence , S co t t 's w o rk a tC le t t rava l ( f o l lowed u pb yA l i son Y oung o n as im i la r s i t e i nB a r ra ) a nd H am i l ton 's much s upe r io rw o rk a tJ a r l shof i nS he t land t h ing s a tl a s tb egan t o c hange .

3 . 7 .5 Mod ern e xcava t ion s i nS he t land

3 . 7 .4 B roch m a ter ia lc u l ture I ti s as t rang e f a c t t h a t n o s y s tema t ic s t udy o ft h e p o t te ry a nd a r t ef a c t s f ound i nl a rge q uan t i t ie s i nt h e m any b roch a nd w hee lhou se e xcava t ion s w a s u nder taken b ef o r e A l ison Y oung 's w o rk o n h e r o wn m a t e r ia l i nt h e 1 950 s . V G C h i lde a nd S i r L ind say S co t t h ad o f f e red s ome g ene ra l r ev iew s o f t h e s ub jec t , a nd t h e l a t te r h ad a na ly sed H eb r idean I r on Age p o t te ry i ns ome d e ta i l ( bu t , a sn o ted , i n a n i d io sync ra t ic m anne r ) , b u t i tw a s s t i l l d i f f icu l t t o d i scove r i n d e ta i l e xac t ly w ha t h ad b een f ound w i thou t g o ing t o t h e t h en N a t iona l Mu seum o f A n t iqu i t ie s i n E d inbu rgh a nd l ook ing . A s ar e su l t t h e re w a s b y 1 960 a lmo s t n o u nde r s tand ing o ft h e m a t e r ia l c u l tu r e s f ound i n b roch s a nd w hee lhou se s -t h a t i st h ef requen t ly r ecu r r ing c omb ina t ion s o f c e r ta in k i nd s o f c e ram ic s a nd a r tef ac t s . U n t i l s u ch w e re i s o la ted a nd a na ly s ed n o r e l iab le s equence o f ma t e r ia l c u l tu re i n t h e A t lan t ic p rov ince c ou ld b e c ons t ruc t ed .

T he w o rk a tJ a r l shof ( HU30 1 )w a sp ub l i shed i nb ook f o rm i n 1 956 a nd w a s a no the r l a ndma rk ( Ham i l ton 1 956 ) : h e r e f o r t h e f i r s t t ime w e r e l a rge s c a le , a ccu ra te p l an s a nd c a r ef u l ly d rawn , d e ta i led s e c t ion s ; t h e s epa ra te l a ye r s i n v a r iou s p a r t s o f a b roch s i te w e r e d i sen tang led a nd d e sc r ibed a nd t h e o b jec t s f ound i nt h em i d en t if ied , l i s ted a nd I l t ra ted . H am i l ton 's w o rk a tJ a r l shof i ss u re ly t h e s i ng le g r ea te s t i n nova t ing c on t r ibu t ion m ade b y a ny i n d iv idua l t of i e ldwo rk i nt h e S co t t ish A t lan t ic I r on A ge i n o ve r 2 00 y ea r s a nd t h i s f a c t o ugh t t o b e m o re g ene ra l ly a pp rec ia ted . ' T he b roch a nd t h e t wo a d jacen t w hee lhou se s h ad b een c l ea red o u t i nt h e 1 890 s s o i ti sn o t s u rp r i s ing t h a t h a rd ly a ny p o t she rd s a nd n o a r tef ac t s w e re f ound w h ich c ou ld b e a s s igned t ot h e b u i lde r s o ft h e r u ined t owe r . N eve r the le s s t h e e xcava t ion w a s o fg r ea t i mpo r tance i nt h a t i tf i xed t h e p l ace o f t h e b roch i n t h e l o ng h i s to ry o f t h e s i te 's o ccupa t ion - a f t e r t h e t wo s u cce s s ive l a t e B ronze a nd e a r ly I r on A ge v i l lage s ( e xcava ted b y A 0 C u r ie i n t h e 1 930 s a nd r e -pub l i shed m o re s y s tema t ica l ly h e r e ) a nd b ef o re t h e s oph i s t ica ted w hee lhou se s w h ich c l u s te red r ound t h e b roch . Mo r eove r t h i s w ho le I r on A ge c omp lex a n teda ted t h e e x ten s ive N o r se s e t t lemen t n ea rby . Am a jo r d i scove ry w a s t h e r ema in s o f ap a r t ly d i sman t led , mo r e p r im i t ive f o rm o fw hee lhou se , o rs t one r oundhou se , n ex tt o

A n e xamp le o ft h e i mpo r tan t d i scove r ie s w h ich c ou ld b e m ade - e ven i n t h e a b sence o f g ood s t ra t ig raph ica l e xcava t ion s - b y s t udy ing a s semb lage s o f f i nd s w a s p rov ided b y t h e k eepe r o f t h e N a t iona l Mu seum , R ober t S t even son , i n ac on t r ibu t ion t o t h e s pec ia l i s sue o f t h e P roceed ing s o f t h e P reh i s to r ic S oc ie ty o f f e red t o V G C h i lde o n t h e o cca s ion o fh i s r e t i r emen t f r om t h e I n s t i tu te o fA rcha eo logy i nL ondon U n ive r s i ty ( S teven son 1 955 ) . A s m en t ioned e a r l ie r S t even son e xam ined t h e f i nd s e xcava ted b y Wi l l iam T ra i l l i n 1 870 f r om t h e b roch o f B ur r ian , N o r th R ona ld say , O rkney . T he r e co rd s , t h ough s pa r se , s e emed t o i n d ica te f a i r ly c l ea r ly t h a t as e conda ry , u ppe r p av ed f l oo rl e ve lh ad b een f o und i nt h e i n te r io rw i th o ccupa t ion d eb r i s b o th b e low a nd a bove i t . C e r ta in c a tego r ie s o fo b jec t s l i ke b one p i n sw i th o rnamen ta l h ead s

IT he w r i te r e mpha s i sed S co t t i sh a r cha eo logy 's d eb t t oJ ohn H am i l ton a t ac onf e r ence o n b roch s i n L e rw ick , S he t land , i nJ u ly 2 000 . T he p roceed ing s o f t h e m ee t ing h ave n o t y e t b e en p ub l i shed ( a s a t S ep tembe r2 002 ) .

3 9

T he R oundhou se s , B roch s a nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

t h e b roch , w h ich w a s u nd i s tu rbed a nd c ou ld t h u s b e c a ref u l ly e xp lo red .

H am i l ton a l so b roke i mpor tan t n ew g r ound i n t r y ing t o r e con s t ruc t t h e n a tu re o f b roch s o c ie ty b y d r aw ing a na log ie s b e tw en t h e d e s ign o ft h e r i ng -f o r t a nd t h e b roch a t C l ick l im in a nd t h e f o r t s a nd h ou se s d e sc r ibed i nt h e e a r l ie s tI r i sh l aw s ,t h e C r i th G ab lach ; t h e se e v iden t ly r e f e r t o I r on A ge s o c i e t ie s a l though t n o t w r i t ten d own u n t i l a bou t t h e 8 t h c en tu ry . T h i s w a s ap o t en t ia l ly i mpo r tan t n ew a pp roach w h ich h a s s t i l l n o t b een f o l low ed u p s y s tema t ica l ly . I ts e em s l i k e ly t ha t p rof e s s iona l c r i t ic i sm o ft h ea r cha eo log ica la spec t so ft h er epo r t ( MacK ie 1 969c ; S t even son 1 970 ) h a s o b scu r ed t o s ome e x t en t t h e v a lu e o f s ome o fH am i l ton 's o t he ri d ea s .

H am i l ton t a ck led h ead o n t h e t h o rny p rob lem o ft h e k i nd o f I r on A ge s oc ie ty i n w h ich t h e b roch a ppea red . H e t h ough tt h a tt h e ' n a t ive ' c ha rac te ro ft h ep o t te ry a s soc ia ted w i th t h e e a r l ie s t p o s t -b roch s t ruc tu r e ( t he r oundhou se a nd i t s a s soc ia ted b y r e ) s howed t h a t an a t ive l a bou r f o rce h ad b een r e c ru i ted b y ' b roch l o rd s ' t ob u i ld t h e d ry s tone t owe r a nd h ad t h en s e t t led i nt h e r oundhou se i nt h e c ou r tya rd a s r e ta ine r s ( t h i s i d ea mu s t s u re ly b e d i rec t ly d e r ived f r om C h i lde 's S co t land i n P reh i s tory - S ec t ion 3 . 7 .1 a bove ) . T he p o t te ry a s soc ia ted w i th t h e l a te r w hee lhou se s w a s d i f f e r en tb u ti tt oo s howed s ome s im i la r i t ie sw i th p r e -b roch c e ram ic s a nd s ugge s ted t o t h e e xcava to r t h a t a bo r ig ina l t r ad i t ion s h ad r e -eme rged i nl a te p o s t -b roch t ime s . T h i s ma s s o fe v idence w a sp re sen ted i nt h er epo r t i n ac l ea ra nd o b jec t ive manne r .

3 . 7 .6 T he l a s ts yn the s i sb ef o re t h e mod e rn e xcava t ion s

S eve ra l t ime s i n t h e 1 960 s H am i l ton r epea ted a nd e l abo ra ted h i s v i ew s o n t h e p rob lem o ft h e b roch s ( 1957 , 1 962 , 1 965 & 1 966 ) . H eh ad i nt h em ean t ime e xcava ted a t a no the rc omp lex b roch s i te i nS he t land , t wen ty m i le sn o r th o fJ a r l shof , a nd i tw a s w ha t h e f ound h e re t h a t c onv inced h im t h a t h e h ad f ma l ly s o lved ' t he my s te ry o ft h e b roch s ' ( 1965 ) . T he i mpo r tan td i scove r ie sa tC l ickh im in w e r et h a t , a s a tJ a r l shof , t h e s i te h ad b een i n hab i ted l o ng b ef o r e t h e b roch w a sb u i l t . H oweve r , w he r ea s a tJ a r l shof t h e r e w a s a g ap i nh ab i ta t ion b e tween t h et wo s ucce s s ive e a r ly v i l lage s a nd t h e b roch , a tC l ickh im in t h e g ap w a s f i l led w i th t wo s upe r impo sed s t one f o r t s -t h e f i r s t s i te a tw h ich s uch a r e la t ion sh ip c ou ld b e d ef ined s t ra t ig raph ica l ly . H am i l ton w a s t hu s a b le t o m ake i n f o rmed d educ t ion s a bou t t h e e a r l ie rd eve lopmen to ft h et owe r s . H e a l so b e l ieved , i ns p i te o fS i rL ind say S co t t 's w o rk , t h a t t h e b roch s w e r e d ef en s ive s t ruc tu re s r a the r t h an f a rmhou se s a nd t h a t h i s n ew e v idence s howed t h a t i mm ig r an t s a nd n a t ive s h ad t oge the r e vo lved t h e b roch i n r e spon se t o e x te rna l p re s su re s . T h i s p r e s su re , h e s ugge s ted , w a s d ue t o a t ta ck s b y t h e i n hab i tan t s o f t h e v i t r if ied h i l lf o r t s o ft h e m a in land o fS co t land w h ich u n t i l 1 967 w e r e t hough tt od a te t oa bou t t h e s ame p e r iod a st h e b roch s , t hough p e rhap s s t a r t ing al i t t le e a r l ie r . I tt h a ty ea r h oweve r r ad ioca rbon d a te s w e r e o b ta ined w h ich s howed t h a ts ome a tl e a s tw e r ec en tu r ie se a r l ie r ( Ma cK ie 1 969a ) .

P rof e s so r S t ua r t P iggo t t s ucceeded C h i lde i n t h e A be rc romby c ha i r i nE d inbu rgh Un ive r s i ty i n 1 947 a nd a f ew y ea r s l a te rh er e v iewed t h e a r chaeo log ica l b ackg round t oa no the rt ho rny S co t t i sh a r chaeo log ica lp rob lem - t h a to f t h e P i c t s (Wa inw r igh t ( ed . ) 1 955 , 5 4 -65 ) . H e c on s ide red t h e I r on A ge c u l tu r e s o f S co t land a nd t h e i r o r ig in s s i nce t h e se p rov ided a w ea l th o f i n f o rma t ion f o r t h e p e r iod i mmed ia te ly b ef o r e t h e P i c t s b ecame an a t ion . T h i s e s say a ppea r ed j u s t b ef o re t h e p ub l ica t ion o f J a r l shof a nd t h e s e c t ion o nt h e b roch sw a s i ne f ec tt h e l a s to f al ong l i ne o f a t temp t s t o s h ed l i gh t o n t h e se n or ther n s t ruc tu re s w h ich , b ecau se o f t h e a lmo s t c omp le te a b sence o f r e l iab le e v idence f r om t h e A t lan t ic p rov ince i t s e lf , h ad t oa pp ly t o t h ep rob lem k now ledge g a ined e l sewhe r e . P iggo t t s ugge s t ed t h a t t h r ee l i ne s o fe v id ence - d eco ra t ed m e ta lwo rk , e v idence f o r h o r ses a nd c ha r io t s a nd t h e a ppea rance o f f o r t s - s howed t h a t aw a r r io r C e l t ic a r i s toc racy h ad a ppea red i ns ou the rn S co t land , p robab ly i n t h e i s tc en tu ry BC a nd i nr e spon se t od i s tu rb ing i n f luence s f u r the r s ou th . T he se l a s t i n c luded t h e B e lg ic i nva s ion s o f s ou ther n E ng land f r om t h e l a te 2 nd c en tu ry BC o nwa rd s , C a e sa r 's d ef ea to ft h e V ene t i i nB r i t tany i n5 6 BC a nd t h e R oman c onqu e s t o f s ou ther n E ng land f r om AD 4 3 o nwa rd s . Y o rk sh i re w a st h en ea res tm a jo rc en t re o fC e l t ic p owe r o f t h e t r ad i t iona l , c on t inen ta l L a T ene t y pe i n vo lv ing r i ch c h ief s w i th e l abo ra te ly d eco ra ted me ta lwo rk a nd w ho w e r e b u r ied u nde r t umu l i w i th w hee led v eh ic le s ( S tead 1 979 ) ; i tw a s f r om h e r e t ha t s om e o ft h e p r e sumed C e l t ic i n vade r so fS co t land a ppa ren t ly c ame . P iggo t t b e l ieved t h a t t h e m ig ra t ing c h ief s a nd t h e i r a rmed f o l lowe r sp robab ly c ame b yt wo d i s t inc tr o u tes , s k ir t ing t h e t e r r i to ry o f t h e p owe rf u l B r igan te s i n N o r thumb r ia ( I l l . 3 . 13 ) . F rom Y o rk sh i re t h ey c ame u p t h e e a s t c oa s t a nd i n to t h e C hev io t H i l l s b y w ay o ft h e Tw eed v a l ley , b u t i n t h ew e s tt h ey c ame i n to t h eH eb r ides f r om f u r the rs ou th b y t h e l o nge r A t lan t ic s e a r ou te s . T he m a te r ia l e qu ipmen t s ugge s t st h a t am o r e c omp le te m ig ra t ion c ame b yt h e l a t te r r ou te , a l though t h i s z one l a ck ed a ny L a T ene me ta lwo rk . I nt h e H eb r ide s t h e b roch f o r t s d eve loped f r om t h e r ound , s t one -wa l led f a rmhou se s a nd s ubsequen t ly s pread , w i th o t he r a spec t s o f t h e c u l tu re , n or thwa rd s t o S u the r land , C a i thne s s a nd t h en o r ther ni s land s . H ow eve rP iggo t tn o t ed t h a t t h e b one t o o l s f ound i nb roch s , w h ich C h i lde t h ough t i n d ica ted a m ig ra t ion f r om s ou th -we s t E ng land , w e r e e qua l ly c ha rac t e r i s t ic o f t h e Y o rk sh i re L a T ene c u l tu re . T he a s soc ia ted p o t te ry h a s o n ly g ene ra l s im i la r i t ie s w i th

T ur n ing h i s a t ten t ion t o t h e n a tu re o f t h e i n hab i tan t s , H am i l ton t hough t t h a th ec ou ld a l so d e tec ti nt h ep o t te ry a t C l ickh im in e v idence o f t wo s oc ia l g roup s o n t h e s i te n ame ly n a t ive s a nd s ome d om inan t n ewcome r s , r e cen t ly a r r ived f r om t h e s ou th ; i nt h i s l a s t v i ew h e w a s o fc ou r se f o l low ing V G C h i lde ( 1946 , 1 29 ) . P i ece so ft h i s s uppo sed i n t ru s ive w a re - b ucke t shaped j a r s w i th s ha rp ly e ve r ted r im s a nd d eco ra ted w i th a ' n eck -band ' a pp l ied c o rdon w e r e a l so f ound i nO rkney a nd w e r et a ken t os how t h a tt h e b roch w a s i n ven ted i nt ho se i s land s . T he r e su l t s o f t h e C l ickh im in e xcava t ion s a r e d i scu s sed i n t h e a pp rop r ia te p l a ce ( HU44 1 )b u tm eanwh i le i ti sf a i rt om en t ion t h a tt h e r epo r t i sw r i t ten i n a n e n t i re ly d if e ren t s t y le t o t h a t o f J a r l shof w h ich a ppea r ed t h i r teen y ea r s e a r l ie r ; i tr e ad s mo re l i ke a n h i s to r ica l n a r ra t ive t h an a n o b jec t ive e xcava t ion r e po r t( Ma cK ie 1 969c ) .

4 0

S ec t ion 3 : AH i s tory o fb roch r e sea rch

a nd s ou the rn B r i ta in i nt h e f i r s t c en tu r ie s BC a nd AD . , o r w a s i tap u r e ly l o ca lp henomenon?

t h a t o fs ou th -we s tE ng land , a nd i ts e emed t oP iggo t tt h a t i t w a s mo r e l i ke ly t o b e d e r ived f r om l o ca l B ronze A ge o r f r om l a te N eo l i th ic t r ad i t ion s .

A s i x th p rob lem w a s a l ready a ppa ren t , t h ank s t o S i r L ind say S co t t 's p ape r s , b u t w a s e f ec t ive ly i g no r ed u n t i l m uch l a te r . We r e t h e b roch s r e a l ly a l l m embe r s o f a n a r ch i tec tu ra l ly h omogenou s g roup o fo r ig ina l ly t a l l t owe r s o r h ad t h e i r b een a b roade r r a nge o f b u i ld ing t y pe s , p e rhap s e x tend ing o ve r al o nge r t ime s pan? T h i s i nm any w ay s i st h e mo s t i mpo r tan t q ue s t ion o f a l l s i nce , i ft h e l a t te r i st r ue , t h em mo s t t r ad i t iona l i d ea s a bou t b roch s h av ing b een b a sed o n t h e f o rme r a s sump t ion - mu s t t u rn o u t t ob e , i fn o t a c tua l ly ' b ogu s a nd i l -f ounded ' , t h en a t l e a s tr i pe f o rr e -a s se s smen t .

3 . 8 R ecen tD eve lopmen t s 3 . 8 .1 P rob lems w h ich s eemed i mpo r tan tt o m e i n1 96 1 T hu s b y 1 96 1 , w hen t h e a u tho r b ecame a c t ive ly i n te re s ted i nt h e p rob lem s o ft h e a r chaeo logy o ft h e S co t t i sh A t lan t ic I r on A ge , i th ad b een c l ea r f o r s om e t ime t h a t t h e re w e re m any u n r e so lved p rob lem s a bou t b roch s i n p a r t icu la r , s ome o ft h em q u i te b a s ic o ne s . F o r ty -one y ea r s l a te r s ome o ft h e se p rob lems a r e n ea re r s o lu t ion , w h i le o t he r s a r e s t i l l u n re so lved , b u t t h e v a r iou s t a sk s t h a t i ts e emed i mpor tan t t ot a ck le i n1 961 may b ee nume ra ted .

2

As even th p rob lem w a s d a t ing , a nd t h e a pp l ica t ion o ft h e t h en n ew m e thod p rov ided b y r ad ioca rbon s e emed i mpo r tan t , s i nce i t w a s e n t i re ly i n dependen t o f a r chaeo log ica l a s sump t ion s ( e xcep t f o r t h e s t ra t ig raph ica l c on tex to ft h e d a ted s amp le s ) .

I n t h e f i r s t p l ace t h e m a te r ia l c u l tu re o f t h e A t lan t ic p rov ince h ad n eve r b een p rope r ly r e co rded a nd w a s t h e ref o r e n o t u nde r s tood . P a r t o ft h e w r i te r 's i n i t ia l w o rk w a s t h e r ef o re t o e xam ine a nd d r aw a l t h e a va i lab le f i nd s f r om p r ev iou s b roch a nd w hee lhou se e xcava t ion s w h ich w e re h ou sed i n mu seum s .

3 . 8 .2 W ork a f t e r 1 974 B e tween 1 96 1 a nd a bou t 1 974 t h e w r i te r w a s t h e o n ly p e r son a c t ive ly e ngaged i n f i e ldwo rk a nd r e sea rch i nt h e S co t t i sh A t lan t ic I r on A ge , t h ough s i nce t h a tt ime an umbe r o f a r cha eo log i s t s h ave b ecome a c t ive ly i n te r e s ted a nd s eve ra l m a jo r e xcava t ion s h ave b een a nd a r e b e ing c onduc ted . B e ing s t i l l e ngaged i nt h is w o rk h e i sp robab ly n o t t h e p e r son b e s t s u i ted t oo f f e r ing ad e ta i led o ve rv iew o fd eve lopmen t s o ve rt h e l a s t t wen ty -e igh t y ea r s . I n deed t h e re i s av i ew t h a t ar a t iona l a pp roach t o t h e s t udy o f b roch s b egan o n ly a f t e r h e c ea sed t o b e t h e o n ly p e r son i n te re s ted . " Th i s" ( t he r e po r t o n D un V u lan ) " i s a w e lcome s i gn o fh ow f a r t owa rd s t h e m a in s t r eam A t lan t ic I r on A ge s t ud ie s h ave c ome s i nce t h e d a rk d ay s o f t h e 1 970 s w hen ' b rocho logy ' a ppea red a lmo s t a s a n a r cane a nd i re levan t s ub -d i sc ip l ine ." ( Arm i t 2 000 , 2 45 ) . L ikew i se I a n A rm i t 's p rof e s so r a t E d inbu rgh , D enn i s H a rd ing , h a s w r i t ten - " In A t lan t ic S co t land a l l t h r ee f a c to r s - d i f f u s ion , c omp re s sed c h rono logy a nd c l a s s if ica t ion b y s t ruc tu ra l t y po logy - c omb ined t o s t u l t if y ing e f f ec t i nt h e 1 960 s . P rog re s s i nb roch s t ud ie s a t t h a t t ime i s i n ev i tab ly l i nked t o t h e n ame o f D r E uan MacK ie . . ." ( 2000 , 2 ) . T he se c ommen t s m igh t a lmo s t r em ind o ne o f McCu l loch 's o p in ion o ft h e a n t iqua r ie s o f n ea r ly t wo h und red y ea r s a go ( p . 3 0 ) b u tt h ey d o s how w hy i t w ou ld p robab ly b e d i ff icu l t f o r m e t o d e sc r ibe d eve lopmen t s o ve r t h e l a s t f o r ty y ea r s i n ag ene ra l ly a ccep tab le w ay . S omeone e l se w i l l h ave t od ot h a t .

I n t h e s e cond p lace t h e re w a s af undamen ta l l a ck o f k now ledg e a bou t t h e s i tua t ion o f m o s t b roch s i n t h e l a nd scape , a nd a n a dd i t iona l t a sk w a s t h e ref o r e t ov i s i t a s m any s i te s i nt h e f i e ld a sp o s s ib le a nd t om ake s ome b a s ic o b se rva t ion s o nt h e i rg eog raph ica l c on tex t s . T h is q ue s t ion i sa l so i n ev i tab ly b ound u p w i th t h a t o fh ow t h e s t ruc tu re s w e re a c tua l ly u sed , a nd h e re t h ee v id ence h a st oc ome f r om c a ref u le xcava t ion s a nd a na ly s is o ft h e a s soc ia ted a r tef ac t s . I n t h e t h i rd p lace t h e re w a s a n a b so lu te l a ck o f s t ra t ig raph ica l ly e xcava ted b roch s a nywhe re w h ich h ad b een p r ev iou s ly u nd i s tu rbed ( t he b ro ch st h em se lve sa tb o th J a r lshof a nd C l ickh im in h av ing p r ev iou s ly b een c l ea red o u t ) , a nd a n a b so lu te l a ck o fa ny b r och s a ta l l e xcava ted i n t h i s w ay i nt h e w e s te rn h a lf o ft h e p r ov ince . T he w r i te r 's t h i rd t a sk t h e ref o re w a s t o f i nd a n u nd i s tu rbed s i te i nt h e H eb r ide s ; t h e o ne c ho sen , D un Mo rV au l o n T i ree ( N M04 4 ) , w a s e xp lo red b e tween 1 962 a nd 1 964 ( MacK ie 1 974 . T he b roch a t L eck ie i n S t i r l ing sh i re ( NS69 3 ) , w a s e xp lo red b e tween 1 970 a nd 1 978 . I n t h e f o u r th p lace t h e re w a s n o a g reemen t o n h ow t h e b roch s h ad d eve loped , o n ly S i r L ind say S co t t h av ing a dvanced a d e ta i led a r gumen t . T he a l ter na t ive v i ew n ame ly t h a t e a r l ie r f o r t if ied s i te s w e re b roch p ro to type s h ad n o tb een i n ve s t iga ted , s ot h ew r i te rs e th im se lf t h e t a sk o f p u r su ing t h is l i ne o f e nqu i ry . Two p o s s ib le b roch p ro to type sw e re e xcava ted - D un A rd t r eck i nS kye ( NG33 2 ) i n 1 965 ( MacK ie 2 002 ) a nd D un a n R u igh R ua idh i n R o ss a nd C roma r ty ( NH 19 2 ) i n1 968 a nd 1 978 ( Ma cK ie 1 980 ) .

S o w ha t f o l low a r e af ew b r ief p e r sona l r ema rk s o n r e cen t d eve lopmen t s i n b roch r e sea r ch w h ich w i l l b e e l abo ra ted a tt h e e nd o fv o lume 2 o ft h i s w o rk . T he f i r s t f ou r s ub s e c t ion s d ea l w i th w ha t o ne m igh t c a l l b a s ic b roch a r chaeo logy a nd t h e l a s t t h r ee w i th mo re g ene ra l c onc lu s ion s a bou t t h e e conomy a nd s oc ie ty o ft h e t owe r s . Wha t i sc u r iou s i sh ow m any o ft h e a r gumen t s a nd t h eo r ie s a bou t b roch s w h ich h ave c ome u p r egu la r ly s i nce t h e 1 8t h

Af i f th p rob lem c oncer ned t h e k i nd o fs oc ie ty w h ich h ad p roduced t h e b roch s - ad i ff i cu l t q ue s t ion w h ich h ad h a rd ly b een a dd re s sed a t a l l i nt h e p a s t o n t h e b a s i s o f d e ta i led e v idence . Ar e la ted q ue s t ion i st ow ha t e x ten t , i f a ny , f o r e ign e l emen t s c on t r ibu ted t ot h e r i se o ft h e b roch c u l tu re s i nm a r i t ime h i gh land a nd i s l and S co t land . I no t he r w o rd s w a s t h is e x t rao rd ina ry a r cha eo log ica l p henomenon t h e r e su l to fi mpor tan tp o l i t ica l e ven t s i nn or th -we s t F rance

Ac l a im m ade b y J ohn H edge s a t ac onf e r ence i nK i rkwa l l , O rkney i nS ep tembe r 1 985 .

2

4 1

T he R oundhou se s , B roch s a nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

c en tu ry h ave r e cu r red a ga in d u r ing t h i s l a te s t p e r iod o f i n ve s t iga t ion .

o bv iou s t h a ts i tua t ion s n ea rt h e b each w e re much p r ef e r r ed ( I l l . 3 . 14 ) . When an umbe ro fs uch f e a tu r e s w e r e s t ud ied i tw a sp o s s ib le t oi n f e rt h a te ach b roch d om ina ted ad i s t inc t ' e s ta te ' o fg round ,w i th i t so wn a rab le a nd g raz ing l a nd a nd a l so u sua l ly w i th e a sy a cce s st o ab each . T he c onc lu s ion s e em s i n e scapab le ; d e sp i te t h e d ef en s ive a r ch i t ec tu ra l f e a tu re s , a nd d e sp i te t h e f r equen t c ho i ce o f an a tu ra l ly d ef en s ive p o s i t ion , t h e b roch s a r e d ef ended f a rmhou se s , p re sumab ly o ft h e l e ad ing f am i ly o ft h e ' e s ta te ' . E a ch e s ta te w a s c apab le o f s uppo r t ing a n a ve rage o f b e tw een a bou t3 05 a nd 4 80 p eop le o fa l la ge sa nd b o th s exe s ,w h ich p re sumab ly m ean s b e tween a bou t 5 1 a nd 8 0 f a rm ing f am i l ie s( Fo ju t 1 982a , T ab le i i ) .

W e re b roch s " va r iab le s t ruc ture sw i th al ong c hrono logy" o r " homogeneou ss t ruc ture sw i th as hor tc hrono logy"? T h i s q ue s t ion h inge s o nh ow b e s tt oi n te rp re tt h e s u rv iv ing a r ch i tec tu re o ft h e b e t te r p r e se rved b roch s a s w e l l a s t h e a va i lab le C1 4 d a te s . I s t h e b e s t v i ew s t i l l t h e much c a s t iga ted ' c la s s ic V ic tor ian ' o ne w h ich s e e s a l l b roch s a s t a l l t owe r s o r S co t t 's i d ea t h a t mo s t w e re l ow? J ohn H edge s m ade a n a t temp t t o s how , w i th t h e d e ta i led e v idence f r om o ne s i te , t h a t G u rne s s i n O rkney ( and t h e ref o re p re sumab ly many o t he r b roch s ) w a s n eve r v e ry h igh , a nd t h a t i th ad t h e s t one c ub ic le s n ow v i s ib le i n s ide i tf r om t h e s t a r t , t hu s m ak ing i tmo r e l i ke ly t ob e d i rec t ly d e scended f r om t h e e a r ly I r on A ge B u ( Hedge s e t a l . 1 987 ) . T he a u tho rn eve rr ega rded t h e d e ta i led a r gumen t s a sc onv inc ing ( MacK ie 1 995a ) b u t H edge s d id i nt h i s w ay r e -open t h ed eba te a bou tw hen t h e se s t ruc tu re s b egan t ob e b u i l t . T he d i scove ry d u r ing t h e 1 970 s o f an umbe r o f s t one r oundhou se s i n O rkney w h ich c l ea r ly d a ted t o t h e 7t h/ 6f i c en tu r ie s BC - i nt h e e a r ly I r on A ge - m ade much mo re p l au s ib le t h e i d ea t ha tt h e m a s s ive b roch st h em se lve s b egan l o ng b ef o re t h e P t c en tu ry BC , t h e e a r l ie s t d a te u sua l ly a ccep ted u pu n t i lt h a tt ime .

Mo re r e cen t ly a t t emp t s h ave b een m ad e t o u n rave l t h e l a nd scape s e t t ing o f t h e b roch s o f S ou th U i s t a nd t h e s ugge s t ion h a s b een made t h a t t h e h i s to r ica l l a nd scape d iv i s ion s t h e r e g o b ack t ot h e I r on A g e ( Pa rke r P ea r son a nd S ha rp le s 1 999 : 3 64 -66 ) . I st h e re au n if o rm b roch m a te r ia lc u l tu re? O ne o ft h e mo r e d i sappo in t ing a spec t s o ft h e much g r ea te r i n te re s t i n , a nd a c t ive w o rk o n , t h e S co t t i sh A t lan t ic I r on A ge s i nce t h e m id 1 970 s h a s b een t h e a lmo s t c omp le te a b sence o ff r e sh w o rk o n t h e l o ca l s equence s o fm a t e r ia l c u l tu r e , f r om a bou t 7 00 BC t o AD 5 00 ( t he p o t te ry s equence b e ing a n e xcep t ion i n af ew a r ea s ) . T he b r och t owe r i s a f t e r a l l o n ly o ne a spec t o f t h e e conomy a nd t e chno logy o ft h e I r on A ge c ommun i t ie s c oncer ned , a nd o ne t h a t s e em s n o t t oh ave a ppea red f o r s eve ra l c en tu r ie s a f t e rt h e s e t t lemen t r e co rd b eg in s a f re sh i nt h e l a te B ronze A ge , i n a bou t t h e 8f i c en tu ry BC . T hu s i n o rde r t o u nde r s tand t h e b roch c u l tu r e s t h em se lve s -b road ly t a ken a sd ef in ing t h e m idd le o ft h e t h ree c l ea r s t age s o ft h e I r on A ge s equence - w e h ave t ou nde r s tand w h ich a spec t s o f t h em e x i s ted l o ca l ly e a r l ie r a nd w h ich a r e n ew ( Ma cK ie 1 965b , 9 5 ) . C a r ef u l a na ly s i s o f t h e m a te r ia l c u l tu ra l s equence s i sa l t h e mo re i mpor tan t , n o t o n ly b ecau se t h i s e v idence f i l l s i n am a ss o fd e ta i l a bou tt h e e ve ryday l i f eo f t h e b roch c ommun i t ie s a nd t h e i r p redece sso r s b u t a l so b ecau se t h e m idd le I r on A ge s t age i sn ow k nown t oh ave l a s ted - w i th v e ry l i t t le c hange i np o t te ry a nd a r tef a c t s f o r s eve ra l c en tu r ie s mo re t h an u sed t ob e t hough t . I t b egan a tl e a s t a s e a r ly a s t h e f i r s t c en tu ry BC , a nd v e ry p robab ly t h e 2nd , a nd l a s ted a t l e a s t u n t i l AD 5 00 ( a nd p o s s ib ly l a te ri ns ome p lace s )w hen i ta b rup t ly d i sappea r ed ( MacK ie 2 002 : 3 67 f . ) . T hu s i tw ou ld b e u sef u l t ob e a b le t o s ub -d iv ide t h i s l o ng p e r iod b y e s ab l ish ing w hen s pec if ic a r tef a c t s f i r s t a ppea red , o r t h e t ime a f t e r w h ich t h ey w e r e n o l o nge r p re sen t . T he v a r iou s k i nd s o f i mpor ted b ronze f i nge r r ing s a nd b rooche s , a nd t h e g l a s s b ead s , f ound i nb roch s a nd a l l ied s i te sp rov ide t h eo bv iou s m a te r ia l f o r t h i s r e sea rch a nd t h e s pec ia l is t s c once rned h ave p rov ided e x ce l len t i n f o rma t ion f o r t h e many e xo t ic o b jec t s f ound a t H owe f o r e xamp le ( Ba i l in Sm i th ( e d . ) 1 994 ) . G ood w o rk h a s a l so b een d one o no t he rs pec ia l i sed m a te r ia l , l i ke s p ea r -bu t t mou ld s ( Hea ld 2 002 ) . Wha t i s n eeded i s ag r ea te r b ody o f e v idence - mo r e w e l l e xcava ted s t ra t if ied s equence s w i th a bundan ta r tef a c t sa nd h e r e t h e c omp lex s i te a tO ld S ca tne s s i nS he t land ( HU31 4 ) w i l l d oub t le s s p rov ide many a n swe r s w hen i t s e xp lo ra t ion i sc omp le te ( Sm i th 2 002 ) .

H oweve r t h e i n c r ea s ing n umbe r o f r e l iab le r ad ioca rbon d a te s f o r t h e v a s t m a jo r i ty o ft h e se s i te s h ave r e f u sed t o e x tend b roch c h rono logy c onv inc ing ly b ef o re a bou tt h e rd c en tu ry BC a tt h e e a r l ie s t ( O ld S ca tne s s , c u r r en t ly u nde r e xcava t ion , may b e a n e xcep t ion ) . O nt h e o t he rh and t h e a rgumen t t h a t s ome b roch s w e r e l ow i sn ow s uppo r ted b y t h e d i scove ry o f s t ruc tu re s l i ke C ro s sk i rk ( NDO7 2 ) a nd H owe ( HY21 6 ) t h ew a l lc o r e s o fw h ich a r e s ob ad ly b u i l t t h a tt h ey c an n eve rh ave b een t owe r l ike . H ow many s uch b roch s ' t h e re i ss t i l l u nknown , b u t t h e f r agmen ta ry r ema in s o f t h e h o l low -wa l l a r ch i tec tu ra l f e a tu re s o f t h e t r ue t owe r b roch a r e s o w ide sp r ead t h a t t h e l ow b roch s ' s e em n o t l i ke ly t oh ave b een n ume rou s . Much r ema in s t o b e d i scove r ed i nt h i s a r ea , p a r t icu la r ly i nC a i thne s sw he re r e l iab le i n f o rma t ion i sm in ima l . B roch si nt h el and scape T he a u tho r 's r a the r b a s ic a t temp t i n t h e e a r ly 1 960s t o a na ly se t h e t opog raph ica l s i tua t ion o f b roch s ( MacK ie 1 965b ) w a s n o t f o l lowed u p f o r m any y ea r s . T h i s a na ly s i s w a s r e a l ly p a r t o f a n a t temp t t o u n rave l t h e t ypo log ica l d eve lopmen t o f t h e s t ruc tu re s ( by c l a s s if y ing t h e i r s i tua t ion s i nt e rm s o fn a tu ra l d ef en s ivene s s ) a nd d id n o t s hed much l i gh t o n t h e f unc t ion o ft h e t owe r s . T h i s s i tua t ion w a s r emed ied f o r o ne p a r t o ft h e b roch p rov ince b y Noe l F o ju t 's w o rk i n S he t land ( 1982a ) . H e re w a s c a r r ied o u t ag eog raph ica l a na ly s i s o ft h e s i tua t ion o ft h e s even ty -f ive b roch s t h en k nown a nd f o r t h e f i r s t t ime t h e r e l iab i l i ty o ft h e r e su l t s w a s a s se s sed b y c ompa r ing t h em w i th as im i la ra na ly s i so f as e to fr a ndom ly c ho sen s po t s i n t h e l a nd scape . I t i s d if i cu l t t o o ve re s t ima te t h e i mpor tance o ft h i sk i nd o fw o rk . T ot a ke o ne s imp le r e su l t , w hen t h e c l o sene s s t o t h e s e a o f t h e b roch s i te s i s c ompa red w i th t h a t o f t h e r a ndom ly c ho sen p o in t s ( t he i n te r sec t ion so ft h eO rdnance S u rvey 1km g r id ) i tb ecome s

4 2

S ec t ion 3 : AH i s tory o fb roch r e sea rch

f i e ldwo rk i nS he t land s howed t h a t t h o se b roch s r e a l ly h ad t o b e f o r t if i ed f a rmhou se s a nd t h i s i d ea i sn ow g ene ra l ly a c cep ted . Whe the r t h e a u tho r 's v i ew t h a t m o s t b roch s w e r e n eve r the le s s t owe r l ike i sa l so g ene ra l ly a ccep ted i s n o t s o c l ea r , e ven t h ough H edge s ' r e in te rp re ta t ion o f G u rne s s i sa lmo s tc e r ta in ly m i s taken ( MacK ie 1 995a ) .

I n b roade r t e rm s i ti ss t i l l c l ea r t h a t t h e re a r e r e g iona l c u l tu re s -m o s t c l ea r ly s e en i nl o ca l p o t te ry s t y le s -b u t t h e r e a r e a l so ' u n ive r sa l b roch ' a r tef ac t s , s ome o fw h ich h ave s t r ik ing p a ra l le ls i nd i s tan tr e g ion s , w ha teve rt h a tm ay m ean . T he r e m ay a l so b e az one o fb roch s w h ich h ave a c omp le te ly d i f f e ren t m a te r ia l c u l tu re a l ied c l o se ly t o t h a t o ft h e m a in land o fS co t land ( Ma cK ie 2 000 ) .

T he s oc ia lo rgan i sa t ion o ft h eb roch b u i ld e r s E a r ly I r on A g ep ro to type sa nd b roch o r ig in s I nt h e 1 960 s t h e o n ly p l au s ib le p ro to type s f o r t h e t owe r s w e r e t h e s em ib roch s o f t h e H eb r ide s a nd a c l ea r t y po log ica l d eve lopmen t a nd g eog r aph ica l s p r ead f r om t h e se c ou ld b e c on s t ruc ted ( MacK ie 1 965b : 1 04 & f i g . 1 ) . N ow an umbe ro f e a r ly I r on A ge s t one r oundhou se s h ave b een e xp lo r ed i nO rkney a nd t h e s i t ua t ion i sn o t s o c l ea r c u t . A s f a r a st h e e vo lu t ion o ft h e h o l low o r d oub le d ry s t one w a l l i sc once rned t h e We s t ern I s le s s t i l l s e em l i ke ly t ob e i t s b i r thp lace a nd t h ree p o s s ib le e a r ly I r on A ge s i te s t h e re ( s t i l l u nexcava ted ) h ave b een i d en t if ied o n S kye a nd i nt h eO u te rI s le s( MacK ie 1 992 :2002 : 3 64 & I l . 3 6 ) . W e re b roch sp r ima r i ly s t rongho ld so rf a rmhou se s? F o r many y ea r st h ea u tho rf a vou r ed t h e i d ea t h a tt h eb roch s a nd d un s w e r e - i fn o t C h i lde 's ' c a s t le s ' o f c onque r ing a r i s tocra c ie s -a t l e a s t p r ima r i ly f o r t if ied s t rongho ld s o f s ome k i nd . T he t e rm ' Sma l l s t one f o r t c omp lex ' w a s c o ined t o d e sc r ibe t h is v i ew , a nd t o d raw t h e f am i l ia r c on t ra s t b e tween t h i s w e s te rn a nd n o r the rn h igh land a nd m a r i t ime z one w i th t h e h i l lf or t r e g ion s o ft h e e a s te rn a nd s ou thern l ow land s ( MacK ie 1 965b , 9 8 ) . D e sp i te S co t t 's p owe rf u l a r gumen t s t o t h e c on t ra ry n ea r ly t h ir ty y ea r s e a r l ie r t h i s v i ew p reva i led f o r s ol o ng i nh i s m ind b ecau se t h e l ow b roch ' p a r t o ft h e h ypo th es i s s e emed u n tenab le a nd t o c onf l ic t w i th s o m uch a r ch i t ec tu ra l e v idence ( Sco t t 1 947 ) ; i t w a s t h e ref o re d i f f icu l t f o r al o ng t ime t o g e t a way f r om t h eo ve r s imp le f a l se a l t er na t ive s o f' h igh b roch s t rongho ld ' o r l ow b roch f a rmhou se ' a nd t h e i d ea o f a h igh b roch f o r t if ied f a rmhou se n ev er c ame u p . A no the r r e a son f o rt h i s r e luc tance t oa l te r a n o l d v i ew w a s t h a t t h e a u tho r 's e xcava t ion o f D un Mo r V au l o n T i ree ( N M04 4 ) b e tween 1 962 a nd 1 964 s e emed t oh ave s hown c l ea r ly t h a t t h is b roch o n ly b ecame ap e rmanen tf am i ly r e s idence ( w i th ac en t ra l h ea r th ) i n i t s s e conda ry p ha se o f u se ; i n i t s p r ima ry p ha se i ts e emed b e s t i n te r p r e ted a s ac ommuna l s t rongho ld ( n o d oub t i n ac h iefs c ha rge ) w h ich w a s o n ly o ccup ied o cca s iona l ly i nt ime s o fd ange r ( MacK ie 1 974 : 1 998a ) . H oweve r l a te r w o rk o n o t he r s i te s s howed t h a t t h is s i tua t ion i sp robab ly v e ry u nu sua l . I n 1 981 H edges a nd B e l l t r ied a ga in t od e s t roy t h eo l d i d ea o fh igh b roch s w i th t h en ew r e su l t sf r om t h e v e ry e a r ly s i t e a t B u a nd a r e -app ra i sa l o f t h e e v idence f r om G ume s s , b o th i nO rkney . J ohn B a r re t t r e s ta ted S co t t 's v i ew s i n t h e s ame y ea r a nd , d e sp i te t h e f a c t t h a t h e a l so a r gued a ga in f o r t h e i d ea t h a t mo s t b ro chs w e re a l so l ow , t h is p ape r p roved t o b e t h e c a ta ly s t f o r ar e -app ra i sa l o f t h e w ho le p rob lem , i n t h e a u tho r 's m ind a t l e a s t ( Ba r r e t t 1 98 1) .3 A t a bou t t h e s ame t i me F o ju t 's s y s tema t ic I nt h e m id 1 980 s h e g ave ac onf e r ence l e c tu r e c a l led s ome th ing l i ke " B roch s : I r on A ge mano rh ou se s?" i nw h i ch t h i s i d ea w a se xp lo r ed . 3

4 3

A s yn the s i s o f t h e e v idence f r om F o ju t 's f i e ldwo rk i n S he t land , f r om t h e a u tho r 's e xcava t ion s a tD un Mo r V au l ( NM04 4 ) a nd L eck ie ( NS69 3 )a nd f r om h i s a r ch i tec tu ra l s t ud ie s o f b roch s h a s b een p u t f o rwa rd ( MacK ie 1 995b : 2 000 ) . B road ly i ts ugge s t s t h a t mo s t b roch s w e re t h e f o r t if ied f a rmhou se s o f t r iba l c h ief s o r s ub -ch ief s m embe r s o ft h e t r iba l ' g en t ry ' -w ho l i ved o n t h e i r o wn e s ta te s a nd w ho w e re r e spon s ib le f o r ag roup o fo rd ina ry f a rm ing f am i l ie s w o rk ing o n t h e i r l a nd . U nf or tuna te ly , b ecau se o f t h e r e la t ive u n if o rm i ty o f b roch s , i ti s n o t p o s s ib le t o i d en t if y t h e r e s idence s o f t h e t r iba l c h ief s t h em se lve s . S im i la r i d ea s h ave b een o f f e red b y P a rke r P ea r son a nd S ha rp ie s ( 1999 : 3 45 f . ) . T he se t wo h ave a l so o f f e r ed i n te re s t ing s ugge s t ion sa bou th ow t h e I r on A ge d we l l ing s w e re l a id o u t a nd u sed i nt e rm s o ft h e d a i ly a nd s e a sona l m ovemen t s o ft h e S un ( I b id : F ig .1 .10 & S ec t ion 1 2 .3 ) . F ore ign i nf luence o rl o ca ld eve lopmen t? P e rhap s t h e m o s t s i gn if ican t c hange i no u t look s i nce t h e 1 960 s i st h e w ho le sa le a bandonmen t b y B r i t ish p r eh is to r ic a r cha eo logy o ft h e d i f f u s ion i s t p a rad igm w h ich w a s t a ken f o rg ran ted u n t i l t h en . T he s t a r t o ft h e w ide sp r ead c hange m ay p robab ly b e d a ted t o t h e p ub l ica t ion o f C o l in R enf rew 's B ef ore C iv i l i sa t ion i n1 974 - w h ich a rgued t h a t a ccumu la t ing C1 4 d a te s m ean t t h a t m any m a jo r p r eh i s to r ic d eve lopmen t s i n E u rope o ccu r red i n dependen t ly f r om t h o se i nt h e u rban c i v i l isa t ion s o fE gyp t a nd t h e N ea r E a s t ( a l though i nf a c t t h e f i r s t s e r iou s a r gumen t a ga in s tt h e o l d d i f f u s ion i s t a s sump t ion s a bou t t h e B r i t i sh I r on A ge w a s m ade ad ecade e a r l ie r -H od son 1 964 ) . T hu st h e a s sump t ion h a sg rown t h a te x ter na l i n f luence sc an b e d i scoun ted w hen s e ek ing e xp lana t ion s f o r t h e p henomenon o f t h e e me rgence a nd s p r ead o f t h e b roch s a nd w e a r e n ow i nd ange r o fg o ing b a ck t ot h e s i tua t ion b ef o re t h e m ode rn i s ing e f o r t s o fC h i lde a nd P iggo t t t r ied t o d r aw S co t t ish p r eh is to ry i n to t h e m a in s t ream o f E u ropean a r chaeo logy . I n deed t h e c u r ren t h o lde r o ft h e A be rc romby c ha i r h a s c ondemned i nt h e s t ronge s t t e rm s t h o se w ho d oub t t h e n ew o r thodoxy ( Ha rd ing 2 000 , 5 ) . T he re i so ne i mpo r tan t d i f f e rence h oweve r b e tween t h e p r e sen t m yop ic s i tua t ion a nd t h a t b ef o r e VGC h i lde c ame t o S co t land ; t h e r e i s n ow a p owe rf u l i d eo log ica l j u s t if ica t ion f o r i g no r ing o r d eny ing t h e e v idence o f ' e xo t ic ' a r tef a c t s i nt h e b roch c u l tu re s w i th t h e s ad r e su l t t h a tm oder np r eh i s to r ian sw ho w o rk i nS co t land r a r e ly f e e l t h e n eed t o c on s ide r , o r e ven t o b e f am i l ia r w i th , t h e p a ra l le l e v idence f r om t h e s ou th o fE ng land o rB r i t tany f o r e xamp le . H ypo the se s o f i n d igenou s d eve lopmen t t h e ref o r e t e nd t o p r eva i l b y d ef au l t , w ha teve r t h e i r m e r i t , a nd t h i s c anno t b e ah ea l thy s i tua t ion f o r as uppo sed ly r a t iona l a cadem ic d i sc ip l ine t o b e i n . T he i d eo log ica l

T he R oundhou se s , B roch s a nd W hee lhou se s o fA t lan t ic S co t land

j u s t if i ca t ion d epend s o n t h e b e l ief t h a t t h e d educ t ive , o r ' t heo ry f i r s t ' , a pp roach i st h e b e s tf o re vo lv ing e xp lana to ry h ypo the se s a bou t mu te p r eh is to r ic a r chaeo log ica l r ema in s a nd B a r re t t ( 1981) w a s t h e f i r s t t oa r t icu la te t h i s v i ew i n t h e c on tex t o f S co t t i sh A t lan t ic I r on A ge s t ud ie s . T he a pp rop r ia te r e spon se i so fc ou r se " I td epend s o nt h eq ua l i ty o ft h e e v idence w h ich t h e d educ t ive t h eo ry c once rned w a s d ev i sed t oe xp la in ." T he a u tho r 's f i r s t a t temp t t o s yn the s i se t h e e v idence f o r t h e o r ig in s o f t h e b roch s a nd t h e i r a s soc ia ted m a te r ia l c u l tu r e ( MacK ie 1 965b ) t ook i n to a ccoun t t h e e me rg ing d oub t s a bou tt h ew i sdom o fa s sum ing t h a tn ew p o t te ry a nd o t he r s pec ia l i sed a r tef ac t s a u toma t ica l ly m ean t t h e a r r iva l o f n ew p eop le ( Hod son 1 964 ) . I n c ommon w i th t h e d om inan t o p in ion o ft h e t ime h e c on s ide r ed t h a t ' f o r e ign e l emen t s ' -p a r t icu la r ly f r om s ou the rn a nd s ou th -we s te rn E ng land - a r r ived i nt h eA t lan t ic p rov ince a tv a r iou st ime s ( b r ing ing e xo t ic b rooche s a nd p in s , a nd s ome p o t te ry ) b u t " The u nden iab le f a c t t h a t b o th t h e w e s ter n a nd n o r the rn h a lve s o ft h e b roch p rov ince h ave s ub s tan t ia l ly d if e ren t p o t te ry s t y le s g oe s f a r t o r u le o u t ( s ic ) t h e i d ea o f a ny e x ten s ive m ig ra t ion o f b roch b u i lde r s" ( I b id . , 1 34 ) . L ikew i se t h e b roch s t h em se lve s w e re t a ken t o h ave d eve loped l o ca l ly i n t h e We s te rn I s le s ( t he re b e ing n o r emo te ly p l au s ib le p ro to type s e l sewhe r e ) , w he r e t h e l i nk s b e tween t h e l o ca l m a te r ia l c u l tu re w i th t h e s ou th s e emed s t ronge s t . Y e te ven h e r et h ep o t te ry s t y le w h ich s e emed t o h ave mo s t e xo t ic f e a tu re s - C le t t rava l w a re ( Ma cK ie 1 965a , f i g . 1 ) - w a s c l ea r ly a l o ca l d eve lopm en t , a n a ma lgama t ion o ft wo d i s t inc t t r ad i t ion s . T he u nde r ly ing a s sump t ion w a s t h a t as ma l l n umbe r o fi n f luen t ia l p eop le c ame n or th t ot h e ma r i t ime p rov ince o fS co t land a tv a r iou s s t age s b u tt h a tt h e ma s s o ft h e p opu la t ion e ve rywhe re w a s l o ca l . A l l t h i s w a s i nf a c t a n a dvance ( i n mode rn t e rm s ) o n t h e t h eo r ie s o f w ho le sa le c o lon i sa t ion a dvanced e i gh teen y ea r s e a r l ie r i nt h e s ame j ou rna l b y S co t t b u t t h e p ape rh a s , i n ev i tab ly ,b een c a s t iga ted s i nce mo re t h an o nce f o rb e ing t oo d i f f u s ion i s t . T he se i d ea s w e re d eve loped f u r the r af ew y ea r s l a te r ( MacK ie 1 969d , 1 971) o nt h e a s sump t ion t h a tt h ep o l i t ica l e ven t s o f t h e l a te 2n d a nd 1S t c en tu r ie s BC c au sed a m ig ra t ion n o r thwa rd s o f d i spo s se s sed s ou the rn E ng l i sh c h ief s a nd t h e i rf o l lowe r sw ho s e t t led , a mong o t he rp l a ce s , i nt h e We s ter n I s le s a nd g a lvan i sed t h e l o ca l c u l tu re s t o p roduce t h e b roch s a nd t h e i r a s soc ia ted t e chno logy a nd e conomy . E ven i fo ne l e ave s a s ide t h e c u r ren t a n t i m ig ra t ion i s t a s sump t ion s t h i s c an s t i l l n ow b e s e en t ob e a n o ve r s imp l if ica t ion ; f o r e xamp le t h e t h e m idd le I r on A ge s t age - w hen t h e a l leged ly e xo t ic i t em s a ppea r -c an n ow b e s e en a lmo s t c e r ta in ly t o h ave s t a r ted i n t h e 2n d c en tu ry BC o r e a r l ie r , w e l l b ef o re t h e b roch s a ppea r ed ( Ma cK ie 2 002 : 3 65 f . ) . I tm ay e ven h ave i t s o r ig in s i n t h e 6t h o r 5t h c en tu ry BC a tC l ickh im in i nS he t land ( HU44 1 ) . H oweve r , e xcep t t o d eny t h e i r r e levance , t h e se i s sue s a r e h a rd ly d i scu s sed a ta l l a ny l o nge r , e xcep tb yt h ea u tho r , s o i n f o rmed d eba te i sd if i cu l t .

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3 . 3 T he ' Dan ish f o r t s ' i n G len B eag , n ea rG lene lg - D un T e lve ( NG8 1 2 )a nd D un T roddan ( NG8 1 3 ) -a sd rawn f o r T homa s P ennan ta f t e rh i s 1 772 v i s i t ; t h eg r ea td amage s u s ta ined b yt h eb roch si na bou t 1 722 c an b es e en .

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3 . 7 B a ck ie s b roch , S u the r land ( NC80 1 ) ; s k e tche s o ft h e p l an a nd e l eva t ion o ft h e s t ruc tu re b y Wo r saae m ade d u r ing h i s v i s i t t o S co t land i n1 848 . C ompa r ing t h es k e tch o ft h ee n t rance p a s sage w i th t h ep ho tog raph ( I l l . 3 . 8 ) -i nw h ich t h e s ame m a ss ive l i n te lw i th r ounded e nd sc an b es e en - i ti sc l ea rt h a tm o s to ft h eh o l low -wa l led s t ruc tu re a bove t h ee n t rance h a sg one . R ep roduced w i th t h ek i nd p e rm is s ion o ft h eN a t iona l Mu seum i nC openhagen .

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3 . 12 K e i s sS ou th b roch ( ND36 6 ,t h e ' Ha rbou r Mound ' ) u nde re xcava t ion b y S i rF .T re s sB a r ry i n 1 893 . C rown c opy r igh tr e se rved .

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T he R oundhou se s , B roch s a nd W hee lhou se s o fA t lan t ic S co t land

F ig . z . T he ` S econd B ' P e r iod o ft he S co t t i sh I r on Age A : p enannu la r s o f Aa t ype . B , C , D : p ro jec t ing -he ad , b en t , a nd c a s t r i ng -headed p in s . E : G roup I I a nd I Ia s word s a nd s c abba rd s . F : ' A r r a s ' t h r ee l ink b i t s a nd d e r iva t ive s . G : l ong -h and led b one w eav ing -comb s , s hown h e re f or Tweed v a l ley a nd S co t land o n ly . A rea s ' E ' a nd ' S ' d ef ined b y d o t ted l i ne s a r e H awke s "Ea s te rn ' a nd ' Sou th ern ' p rov ince s .

3 . 13 Map o f t h e ' A t lan t ic 2 "d B c u l tu re s ' a f t e rT homa s 1 963 ; t h e s ugge s ted d if u s ion o f I r on A ge ' Ce l t ic ' a r tef a c t sf r om t h ez one o f c ha r io tg rave s i nY o rk sh i re - a l so p o s tu la ted b y SP iggo t t( 1966 )- i sc l ea r . H oweve rt h er i ng -headed p ins - t h eo n ly m e ta la r t ef a c t t h a th e r ec onnec t st h eA t lan t ic o rb roch p rov ince w i th Y o rk sh i re - a r en ow k nown t ob ea n i n d igenou sn o r the rn p henomenon . T he c l a s s ic ' Ce l t ic ' d eco ra ted m e ta lwo rk , l i ke s wo rd s c abba rd sa nd b r id le b i t s , i sn o tf ound i nb rochs o rw hee lhou se s . C opy r igh t : S oc ie ty o fA n t iqua r ie so fS co t land .

5 4

S ec t ion 3 : AH i s tory o fb roch r e search

3 . 14 C ompa ra t ive d i s t r ibu t ions o fl a nd a r ea a nd b rochs i nS he t land , w i th r e spec tt ot h ec oa s ta f te rF o ju t 1 982a . C opy r igh t : G la sgow A rchaeo log ica l S oc ie ty .

5 5

S ec t ion 4 : A rea 1 T he S he t land I s les

T h i s s e c t ion i sn o tab le f o rt h e e x ten s ive d i scu s s ion s o ft wo s i te s -J a r l shof a nd C l ickh im in - w h ich w e r e t h o rough ly e xcava ted i nt h e l a te 1 940s a nd t h e 1 950 s a nd t h e r e po r t s o nt h ew o rk a tw h ich a r ea l so e x ten s ive a nd t h o rough . Y e t t h e r e a r e u n so lved p rob lem s a bou t t h e s equence o f s t ruc tu re sa nd m a te r ia lc u l tu re sa tt h e se s i te s , s o at h o rough r ev iew o ft h e e v idence s e emed a dv i sab le . T he c on t inu ing w o rk a t t h e w e l l p r e served a nd c omp lex s i te a t O ld S ca tne s s w i l l d oub t le s s s hed much l i gh t o n t h e se o lde r i n ve s t iga t ion s i nd ue c ou r se b u t s ome y ea r s h ave t oe l ap se b ef o r e t h e p ro jec t i sc omp le ted a nd mo r e t ime b ef o r e t h e c omp le te r e por t i sa va i lab le . T he re s e em s l i t t le p o in t i n d e sc r ib ing i nd e ta i l s u ch a n o n -go ing p ro jec t s o t h e e n t ry f o rt h i ss i te i sb r ief ( HU31 6 ) .

s t i l l 1 f t . h i gh ; t h e o ve ra l l d iam e t e r o f t h e c en t ra l b u i ld ing i s e s t ima ted a s a t l e a s t 5 2 f t . 6i n s , a nd t h e i n d ica t ion s a r e t h a t t h e w a l l i sa tl e a s t 1 3 f t . 6i n s . t h ick . T he e n t rance m ay h ave b een o n t h e e a s t . T he re a r e o u te r d ef ence s c on s i s t ing o ft wo e a r then b ank s 2 5 f t . t o3 0 f t . a pa r t w i th ad i tch b e tween ; t h e i nne r b ank s e em s t oh ave b een a bou t 1 f t .f r om t h e b roch , a nd t h e s e o u two rk s h ave b een d e s t royed b y c u l t iva t ion o n t h e s ou th a nd s ou th -w e s t . I n 1 865 -66 I r v ine g ave t h e i n ter na l d i ame t e r a s2 6 f t . a nd t h e w a l l a s 1 2 f t . t h ick [ 2 ] . T he re i ss u pposed t oh ave b een ap e rpend icu la rp a s sage i n s ide t h e b r och , l i ke aw e l l , a nd w h ich l e dt o ac ave b e low [ 3 , 1 80 ] . S ource s : 1 .O S c a rd HP50 NW 2 : 2 .R CAH MS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,n o . 1 715 : 3 . A nde r son 1 890 , 1 80 .4 . I r v ine 1 865 .

A n umbe r o f p o s s ib le b roch s h ave b een a dded t o t h e w r i te r 's o r ig ina l l i s tt h ank s t o al i s tk ind ly s upp l ied b y Ms V a l T u rne r o ft h e S he t land A r chaeo log ica l T ru s t . Whe re n o f u r the r s ou rce s h ave b een c on su l ted t h e se s i te s a r e m a rked w i th a n ` + ' .

HU 5 03 K IRKS ( 'G loup ' ) HP /505049 S i te o fp o s s ib l e b roch o n Y e l l . A l though t he O S m ap m a rked a' b rough 'h e re t h e re i sn o th ing t os e en ow . S ource : O Sc a rd HP50 SW 8 .

Mr I a n T a i t o ft h e S he t land Mu seum h a s b een c omp i l ing i n f o rma t ion a bou t b roch s i te s f r om o ld p ho tog raph s , s how ing t h a t m any h ave u nde rgone s eve re d e te r io ra t ion o ve r t h e l a s t c en tu ry . A t p re sen t t h e p ape r c once rned h a s n o ty e tb een p ub l i shed ( i nt h e P roceed ing s o f ac onf e rence o nb roch sh e ld i nL e rw ick i nJ u ly 2 000 ) .

HP 5 04 CRUNESS + HP /52450505 P o s s ib le b roch o nY e l l ; n of u r the ri n f o rma t ion .

I s land o f Uns t

I s land o fY e l l S quare HP40 HP40 1 P IGEON HELL IE + HP /485062 T h i s p o s s ib le b roch o nY e l l ; n o f u r the r i n f o rma t ion .

S quare HP50 HP50 1 BRE IW ICK ( T i l lacomb P o in t ') HP /531053 T he s i te o ft h i s p o s s ib le b roch o n Y e l l c on s i s t s o f" some s t one s a nd r ubb i sh o ve rg rown w i th g ra s s , s i tua ted o n a c on sp icuou se l eva t ion o nt h eb r ink o f ap rec ip ice . I ti ss a id t h a t t h e g r ea te s tp o r t ion o ft h e b u i ld ing h a s f a l len o ve rt h e c l if f ' [ 1 ] . A 1 969 r epo r t s t a te s t h a t t h e b roch h a s d i sappea r ed [ 1 ] . S ou rce s : 1 .O S c a rd HP50 NW 3 ,w i th s ke tch p l an : 2 . RCAHMS 1 946 ,v o l . 3 ,n o . 1 744 . HP50 2 GREENBANK ( `Bu rg iG eo ' ) HP /539050 P robab le b roch o nY e l l i s land , n ow ar u inou s mound b u t

5 6

HP50 5 BROUGH HOL M ( ` B roch H o lm o f L undaw ick ' ) HP /566059 . Ap robab le b roch o nU n s to ccupy ing a lmo s tt h e w ho le o f a n i s le t of t h e c oa s t , b u t w i th n o t r a ce o f ac au seway t o t h e s ho re . I ti s" su r rounded a t ad i s tan ce o fa bou t2 1f t . b y ama s s ive d ef en s ive w a l l , p robab ly a bou t 1 0 f t .t h ick " a nd t r aceab le f r om n o r th -we s t t oe a s t —s ou th -ea s t . " Ou t s id e t h e w a l l i s ad i tch a bou t 2 0 f t . b road , a nd b eyond t h i s a r ampa r t o fe ar th a nd s t one s , s t i l l 4f t .t o 5f t .h igh" [ 1 , 2 ] . E ro s ion h a s r emoved a bou tt wo th i rd s o ft h e ma in b u i ld ing a nd h und red s o ft o n s o fs t one s a r e r epo r t ed t o h ave b een r emoved f r om t h es i te f o rb oa tb a l la s t [ 3 ] . S ource s :l . OS c a rd HP50 NE 3 : 2 . RCAHMS 1 946 , v o l . 3 , n o . 1 548 : 3 .S pence 1 899 , 4 6 -9 : 4 .H ibbe r t 1 822 , 3 98 . HP50 6 HOGA NESS ( 'Be lmon t ') HP /558005 ( v i s i t ed 7 / 6 /63 ) T h i s p robab le b roch o n U n s t ( a lso k nown a s B e lmon t ) s t and s a tt h e e nd o f ab road , f l a t , g reen t u r f ed p en in su la o n w h ich i s ar u in ed f a rm ( I l l s . 4 . 1 ( t op ) &4 . 2 ) . T he b ro ch i t s e lf w a s ar u ined mound i n1 774 [ 1 , 1 5 1 ] a nd i tb ack s o n t ot h e s t eep , r o cky s ho re w h ich i ss hee ri np l a ces , f o rm ing c l if f s a bou t 2 0 f t .h i gh ; i ti sd ef ended b y e x ten s ive o u t e r d ef ence so nt h el a ndwa rd a r c [ 4 , f i g . 6 59 ] .

S ec t ion 4 : S he t land

L eve lI : t h e 1 774 p l an a l so c l ea r ly s how s as egmen to ft h e f i r s t f l oo r g a l le ry o n t h e n or th s i de , s pec if y ing t ha t i ti s h ighe r t han t h e g round l e ve l s t o rey w i th i t s c e l ls . T h is c l ea r ly s how s t h a t t h e s i te i s ah o l low -wa l led b roch . I n a dd i t ion t h e i n d ica t ion o f at a l l , c o rbe l led g ua rd c e l l o n e ach s i de o ft h e e n t rance i mp l ie s a tl e a s to ne u ppe rg a l le ry , a sa tD un Mo rV au l ( NM04 4 ) .

T he b u i ld ing i sb ad ly r u ined b u t a n o ve ra l l d i ame te r o f a bou t 6 0 f t .i sp robab le w i th aw a l l a bou t 1 5 f t .t h ick . T he o u two rk s f o rm a ma s s ive s y s tem o f c oncen t r ic r ampa r t s a nd d i tche s( I l l . 4 .2 ) . T he i n ne rd ef ence i s as t one w a l l o ra s t one -f aced r ampa r t ; n ex t t o t h is i s ad eep d i tch f o l lowed b y ah igh b ank a nd t h en a n o u te rd i tch . T he o u te re n t rance w a s p robab ly o n t h e w es tern s i de w he re t h e s y s tem i s i n te r rup ted . I nt he s hor t s t re tch b e tween t h i s e n t rance a nd t h e s ea t h e s e cond b ank i sf a ced i n s ide w i th ma son ry b u i l t w i th ama rked b a t te r ; i ti st h e ref o re p robab ly as t one -f aced b ank r a the rt h an aw a l l . T he i n ne rd i tch s e em st ob ep a r t ly r o ck -cu ta nd t h e i nne rw a l l i sa bou t 1 0f t .t h ick . S ources : 1 .L ow 1 869 : 2 .H ibbe r t 1 822 , 3 97 : 3 . OS c a rd HP50 S E3 : 4 . RCAH MS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,n o . 1 545 .

S ource s : 1 . OS c a rd HP 5 0 S E 8( w i th s ke tch p l an ) : 2 : L ow 1 774 , 1 5 1-52 & f i g . 3 . H ibber t 1 822 3 98 : 4 . RCAH MS 1 946 , v o l . 3 , n o . 1 546 & f i g . 6 60 . HP50 1 0 UNDERHOULL HP /575044 ( v is i ted 7 / 6 /63) T h is p robab le b roch o nU n s ts t and s o nt h e e dge o f ar i dge w h ich s l ope s d own w i th i n c rea s ing s ha l lowne s s t ot h e ( I l ls . 4 . 1 ( l owe r ) a nd 4 . 3) . T he C omm is s ion c on s ide red t h a tt h e b roch i t se lf , s i tua ted o n a mound a bou t 2 50m f r om t h e s ho re a tL unda W ick , h a s b een a lmo s t e n t i re ly d es t royed a nd t h a t a l l t h a t i sl ef t i su nde r i t s own d eb r is . S u rf ace i n d ica t ion s s ugge s t t h a t t h e b roch h a s ad i ame te r o f5 5 f t . w i th aw a l l c .1 5 f t .t h ick [ 2 ] . Two c oncen t r ic r ampa r t s o f e a r th s u r round t h e b roch , f o rm ing a D shaped e nc lo su re a nd e nd ing a tt h e e dge o ft h e s t eep s l ope . Ad eep a nd w ide d i tch i sb e tween t h e b ank s ( I l l . 4 . 3) . E xcava t ion s h ave b een c a r r ied o u t o n t h e s l ope b e tween t h e b roch a nd t h e s ho re a nd t h e r ema ins o fa n e x ten s ive s e t t lemen t r evea led [ 4 ] .

HP50 7 K IRKABY HP /566064 . A p oss ib le b roch o n Un s t n o t n o ted b y t h e R oya l C omm is s ion . T he re a r e v ague t r ace so f ac i rcu la rs t ruc tu re n o r th -ea s t o ft h e r ema in s o ft h e Med ieva l c hu rch o n t op o f t h en a tu ra lk no l l . S ource : 1 .O Sc a rd HP50 NE 2 . HP50 8MUSSELBURGH ( 'Uyea sound ') HP /593011 . S i te o f p o s s ib le b roch o n t h e s ho re o f U yea S ound o n U n s t , c on s is t ing o f a" heap o fs t one s a nd b ou lde r s a lmos t e n t ire ly c ove red b yh igh t i de" ; t h e s i te i sp a r t ly c ove red b y amodern p i e r [ 1 ] . S ources : O S c a rd HP50 S E 2 5 : 2 . RCAH MS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,n o . 1 582 .

S ource s : 1 . OS c a rd HP 5 0 S E 1 2 ( w i th s ke tch p l an ) : 2 . RCAH MS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,n o . 1 547 , 1 33 & f i g s . 6 58 & 6 60 : 3 .I r v ine 1 865 : 4 . Sma l l 1 966 . NMR p ho tog raphs : 2 P , 1 T .

HP50 9S NA BROCH ( ` Loch o fS nab rough ' o r ` Snabu rgh ' ) HP /568027 ( v is i ted 7 / 6 /63) T h is p robab le s o l id -based b roch o n U n s t , s t and s o n a s hor t , l ow p romon to ry o n t h e s hore o f t h e L och o f S nab rough . F ew o fi t s s t ruc tu ra l d e ta i ls c an b e made o u t n ow . T he s i te s t and s o n r o l l ing c u l t ivab le l a nd i na n o pen a nd e xpo sed p os i t ion e xcep t f o rt h e l o ch o nt h e s ou th s i de ; e l sewhe re i ti sp ro tec ted b y a n o u t e r d ef ence s y s tem . A s t rong ma son ry wa l l , o rr ampa r tw i th a ne x terna l s t one f a ce [ 1 ] , w i th a d i tch o u t s ide i tr un s r ound o n t h e l a ndwa rd s i de , a c ro s st h e n eck o ft h e p romon to ry a nd f r om . 3 0 -35 f t . f r om t h e o u te r f a ce o f t h e b roch ; i ti ss t i l l 6f t . 6i n s . a bove t h e i n ner e dge o ft h e d i tch . T he re i s ag ap i nt h is w a l l i n f r on t o f t h e b roch e n t rance a nd i n l i ne w i th a c auseway a c ross t h e d i tch . In o ted t h a t t h e w a l l a l so r un s a l ong t h e e dge o ft h e l o ch s o t h a t i tc omp le te ly s u r round s t h eb roch m ound . T he re a r et r ace s o fo u tbu i ld ing sb e tween t h eb roch a nd t h e o u te rw a l l .

HP50 1 NESS OF WADB ISTER + HP /56200180 P os s ib le b roch o n U n s t ; n of u r the ri n f orma t ion .

S quare HP51 HP51 1 BAL IASTA 1 HP /596103 P o ss ib le b roch o n U ns t : n o f u r the ri n f orma t ion .

HP51 2 NORTH GEO OF BROUGH ( ` F lube r sge rd ie > HP /571125 . P os s ib le b roch o n U ns t ; n o f u r the ri n f orma t ion .

S quare HP60 S t ruc tura l a na lys i s : L eve l I : T he C omm is s ion n o ted t h e i n ner a nd o u te r f a ces o ft h e b roch w a l l 14 f t . 6i n s . t h ick -o n t h e s ou th -ea s t , a nd t h e e n t rance o n t h e n o r th -we s t w i th a h eavy l i n te l a t p re sen t g round l e ve l t hough a ppa ren t ly i n s i tu [ 4 , 1 33 ] . T he c o rbe l l ing o f t wo c hambe r s o n e i the r s i de o ft h e e n t rance w a s n o ted i n 1 969 [ 1 ] . I n t h e l a te 1 8 th c en tu ry L ow n o ted " l a rge h o l low a pa r tmen t s . .f o l low ing t h e c u rve o ft h e w a l l" w h ich a r e s hown a s m u ra l c e l l s i n h i s p l an [ 2 , 1 52 ] ; t h er e a r e n o s i gns o ft h e se n ow u n le ss t h ey b et h o se j u s tm en t ioned .

HP60 1 BAL IASTA 2 (Ta l ia s ton ' o r Trough ' ) c . HP /603098 . S i te o f p o ss ib le b roch o n U n s t ( a lso k nown a s Ta l ia s ton ') , n o ted b y I r v ine [ 2 ] ; n o t r ace o fi tw a s f ound i n1 969 [ 1 ] . S ource s : 1 . OS c a rd HP 6 0 NW 5 : 2 . I r v ine 1 866 : 3 . RCAH MS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,n o . 1 579 , 1 4 1 .

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T he R oundhou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

HP60 2 BALTA ( `Geo o f t h e B rough ' o r ` Ba l ta I s le B roch ' ) HP /660090 . P robab le b roch o nB a l ta I s land , ar o ck s t ack of t h es ho re o f Un s t . T he s t ack h a sb ad ly e r oded ,r emov ing p a r to ft h e o u te r f a ce o ft h e s t ruc tu re . Aw a tch h ou se , n ow r u ined , h a s b een b u i l t f r om t h e d eb r i s a nd p a r t o f t h e b roch e n t rance c an b e s e en i n s ide i t[ 2 ] . T h i s i s 3f t . w ide a nd 1 4 f t . 3i n s , l o ng , t h e t h ickne s s o ft h e w a l l . T he c en t ra l c ou r th a sb een 2 3 i n s . 6i n s , a c ro s sa nd as e conda ry w a l l4 f t . t h ick h a s b een b u i l t a ga in s t i t . T he e x te rna l d i ame te r w a s m ea su r ed a t 1 5 .3m i n 1 969 a nd t h e w a l l f r om 4 . 0m t h ick o n t h e s e awa rd s i de t o 4 . 9m a t t h e e n t rance ; a c u rved w a l l w a s n o ted i nt h e m idd le a bu t t ing a ga in s t t h e s e conda ry w a l l [ 1 ] . S ource s : 1 .O S c a rd HP 6 0 NE 2 : 2 . RCAH MS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,n o . 1 596 , 1 43 & f i g . 6 00 ( p l . ) .

HP60 3 BROUGH TA ING HP /633049 . S i te o fp o s s ib le b roch o n t h e s ho r e a tC o lvada le o n U n s t ; t h e C omm i s s ion 's i n ve s t iga to r 's c ou ld s e e n o t r ace o f a b u i ld ing [ 2 ] b u t 1 9 th c en tu ry r epo r t s i n d ica te t h a t as t one w a l l u sed t ob ev i s ib le [ 1 ] . C on s ide rab le e r o s ion b yt h e s ea h a st a ken p l ace . S ource s : 1 .O S c a rd HP 6 0 SW 1 6 : 2 . RCAHMS 1 946 v o l . 3 ,n o . 1 580 .

HP60 4 S AND W ICK c . HP /623021 S i te o fp o s s ib le b roch c l o se t ot h e s ho re o ft h ee a s ts i de o f t h e b ay o fS and iveck o n U n s t . No t r a ce o fi ti sn ow t ob e s e en . S ource s : 1 .O S c a rd H P 6 0 SW 1 4 : 2 . RCAHMS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,n o . 1 581 , 1 4 1 .

n o . 1 536 ,

1 26 .

HP61 3 URA GEO ( 'C roon o 'd eU ra ' ) HP /634 177 S i te o fp o s s ib le b roch n ea r B re i W ick o n Un s t . T he r e i s a n e a r ly r epo r t o f ab roch h e re [ 3 ] b u t n o t r ace c ou ld b e f ound i n1 930 [ 2 ] . S ou rce s : 1 . O S c a rd HP 6 1 NW 4 : 2 . RCAHMS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,n o . 1 572 , 1 39 : 3 .J akob sen 1 897 , 6 8 .

Ma in land S quare HU15 HU15 1 LOCH OF HUXTER 1( 'B roch o fE a s te r ' ) HU / 173570 ( v i s i ted 4 /6 /63 ) P robab le g round -ga l ler ied b roch i n Wa l l s a nd S andne s s , o n f l a t g round n ex t t o as ma l l l o ch ( I l l s . 4 . 4 & 4 . 5 ) . I n d ef en s ive t e rm s t h e s i te s t and s i n aw eak p o s i t ion , o n f l a t g round i nt h e m id s t o ff a rm land a nd n ex t t o t h e L och o f H ux te r , a tt h e n o r th e nd o f i t s e a s t s ho re . T he r e i sa m a s s ive r ampa r t s u r round ing t he b roch o n i t s l a ndwa rd a pp roache s , n o t m en t ioned i n t he C omm i s s ion 's a c coun t ( I l l . 4 . 4 ) . S pence r e f e r s t o" . . . ag igan t ic b u i ld ing , d oub le w a l led , c hamb e red l i ke ab eeh ive , a nd f i t t ed u p w i th e ve ry c onven ience ." [ 3 ] . A ppa r en t ly much s t one w a s r emoved f r om i ti na bou t 1 840 t o b u i ld d ike s [ 3 ] a nd t h e b roch i s n ow i n a v e ry r u inou s c ond i t ion . H oweve r s e ve ra l i n te re s t ing f e a tu re sc an b em ade o u t . P a r t o ft h e i n te r io rw a l l f a ce i sv i s ib le ( t hough as h eep p en h a s b een b u i l t i n s ide t h e s t ruc tu re ) a nd i ts t and s t o 5-6f t . o n t h e n o r th a nd n o r th -ea s t . T he p a r t c on ta in ing t h e m a in e n t rance h a s , h oweve r , b een c omp le te ly w reck ed . A d oo rway i nt h e i n te r io rw a l l f a ce l e ad st o al e ng th o fi n ta c t mu ra l g a l le ry - l i n te l led o ve r - wh ich r un s t ot h e l e f ta nd e me rge s f r om t h e b roken e nd o ft he w a l l( I l l . 4 . 5 ) . H e re i t c an c l ea r ly b e s e en t ob e e xpand ing i n to a no va l mu ra lc e l l . T h i s p a r t icu la ra r rangemen t - whe reby al e ng th o fg a l le ry r un s o n ly o ne w ay f r om ad oo r a nd e xpand s i n to ac e l l a t i t se nd - i sf ound a to n ly o ne o ther s i t e( HU25 9b e low ) .

HP60 5 NORTH L INKS HP /6591084 1 A p o s s ib le whee lhou se a nd a s soc ia ted m idden h a s b een i d en t if ied h e r eb yt h eU n s tH i s to ry g roup [ 1 ] . S ource :D i scove ry & E xcava t ion i nS co t land 2 00 1 , 8 5 .

D imen s ion s : t h e i n te rna l d i ame te r i s3 1 I t . 9i n s , a nd t h e w a l l , a tt h e o n e m ea su rab le p o in t , i s1 4 f t .t h ick : t h u s t h e w a l l sp ropo r t ion i sa bou t4 6 .7% .

S quare HP61 HP61 1 BURGAR S TACK HP /611144 . A p o s s ib le b roch o n as ma l l h ead land , B u rga r S t ack , o n U n s t . T he b u i ld ing i sw i th in a c i r cu la r mound b u t n o m a son ry i sv i s ib le ; t h e d i ame te r m ay h ave b een f r om 5 5 5 8 f t . . T he r e i sc e r ta in ly o ne r ampa r t , a nd p o s s ib le t wo , a c ro s st h en eck o ft h eh ead land . S ou rce s : I .O S c a rd HP 6 1 SW 1 0 : 2 . RCAH MS 1 946 v o l . 3 ,n o . 1 544 , 1 3 1 .

F ind s : d u r ing t h e r an sa ck ing o f t h i s b roch q ue rn s , " ma l le t s" , k n iv e s , p o t te ry a nd a n ima lb one sw e re f ound b u t w e r et h rown a way [ 2 : 3 ,5 2 -3 ] . S ou rce s : 1 .O S c a rd HU 1 5 NE 4 ( w i th s k e tch p l an ) : 2 . RCAHMS 1 946 , v o l . 3 , n o . 1 605 , 1 46 ( no p l an ) : 3 . S pence 1 899 , 5 2 . HU15 2LOCH OF WATSNESS ( `B roch o fN e s s ' ) HU / 175507 P robab le b ro ch i n Wa l l s a nd S andne ss , o n a l ow p romon to ry p ro jec t ing i n to t h e l o ch . T he b roch a nd i t s o u tbu i ld ing s h ave b een r educed t o f o unda t ion l e ve l b y q ua r ry ing [ 2 ] , a nd i t s o ve ra l l d i ame t e r m ay h ave b een c . 1 5m [ 1 ] . S ource s : 1 .O Sc a rd HU 1 5 S E 1 : RCAHMS 1 946 v o l . 3 , n o . 1 605 , 1 46 ( n op l an ) : 3 . S pence 1 899 , 5 2 .

HP61 2 S T . JOHN 'S CHURCH HP /65214 1 P o s s ib le b roch a t No rw ick o n U n s t . T he n o r th w a l l o f t h e c hu rch i ss l igh t ly c u rved b ecau se , a cco rd ing t o l o ca l t r ad i t ion , i to ve r l ie st h ew a l l o f ab roch . S ource s : 1 . O S c a rd HP 6 1 S E 1 : RCAHMS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,

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S ec t ion 4 : S he t land

HU15 3 MUCKLE HEOGAN + HU / 183599 P o ss ib le b roch i n Wa l ls a nd S andne ss ; i n f orma t ion .

n o

S t ruc tura l a na ly s i s : T he w a l l s t and s t o t h e h e igh t o f i t s f i r s tf l oo rg a l le ry ; t h e i n s ide f a ce o fa nu ppe rg a l le ry c an b e s e en a bove t h e e n t rance . A n u ppe r mu ra l g a l le ry i sa l so v i s ib le o n t h e w a l lhead a t a bou t 3o ' c lock , w h ich may h ave b een l i n te l led o ve r i n 1 774 [ 3 ] . T he re i sa l so av o id o r d oo rway i n t h e i n ne r w a l l f a ce a t a bou t 1 0 o ' c lock . T he re a r e n o s i gn s n ow o ft h e s e cond t i e r . T he s t ruc tu re i s f u l l o f d ebr i s w i th n o s i gn o f as ca rcemen t l e dge b u t a l i n te l led c hambe r i sa ppa ren t o ve r t h e i n ne r e nd o f t h e ma in e n t rance ( I l l .4 . 11) ; t h e l i n te ls o ft h ep a ssage a r en o t e xposed h e re ( I l l . 4 . 9 ) , s o i ft h e s c a rcemen t l e dge i sa t t h e l e ve l o f i t s f l oo r t h is mu s t b e c oncea led u nde r d eb r i s . F ou r c o rbe l s t one s w e re a l so n o ted p ro jec t ing f r om t h e i n ne rw a l l f a ce [ 2 ] .

f u r the r

P apa S tour S quare HU16 HU16 1 NORTH BANK HU / 18376097 P o ss ib le b roch o n P apa S tou r : n of u r the ri n f orma t ion .

T he o u te r e nd o ft h e m a in e n t rance i sc l ea r ( I l l . 4 . 8 ) b u t d eb r is i nt h e p a ssage r i se s t o w i th in 2 f t . o ft h e c ove r ing l i n te ls ( I l l . 4 .9 ) . T he re a r e d oo r -check s a bou t 7f t . f r om t h e e x te r io r( t hey c an b e s e en f r om t h e f r on t i nI l . 4 . 9 ) a nd t h e o u ter l i n te l i s ama ss ive t r iangu la r s t one ( I l l . 4 . 8 ) . A r ound mu ra l c e l l ( I l l . 4 . 12 ) i sv i s ib le t o t h e r i gh t o f t h e ma in e n t rance , w h ich i s 1 4 f t . 6i n s . l o ng [ 2 ] , a nd i s p robab ly at a l l g ua rd c e l l . I ti ss a id t h a t i t" wa s o r ig ina l ly e n te red f r om t h e c ou r tya rd" [ 2 ] b u t n o r e a sons a r e g iven f o rt h is c onc lu s ion ; p e rhaps t h e t op o ft h e d oo rway t ot h e c e l lw a sv i s ib le i n1 932 .

She t land Ma in land S quare HU24 HU24 1BURRALAND 2( ` Loch o fB re ib is te r ') HU /222496 P o ss ib le b roch i n Wa l ls a nd S andne ss , o nt h e e a s ts i de o f t h e L och o f B re ib is te r , n ow much mo re r u inou s [ 2 ] t h an w hen i tw a s d escr ibed a s b e ing o n ah o lm a nd w i th a " doub le c oncen t r ic w a l l w i th d i tche s t ha t w e re f i l led w i th w a te r f r om t h e l o ch , a nd c ommun ica t ing w i th t h e s ho re , b y m ean s o fs t epp ing s t ones" [ 3 ] . S ources : 1 . OS c a rd HU 2 4 NW 1 : 2 . RCAH MS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,n o . 1 607 , 1 46 . 3 .H ibbe r t 1 822 , 1 46 .

T he o u te r w a l l c omp le te ly s u r round s t h e b roch t h ough i t h a s l a rge ly d i sappea red o n t h e n o r th s i de ; i t s t h icknes s i s 1 3 f t . 6i n s , a nd t h e d i s tance f r om t h e b roch v a r ies f r om 1 -25 f t .( I l l . 4 . 14 ) . D imen s ion s . E x terna l d i ame te r c . 5 3 f t . , w a l l t h ickne ss a ve rage s 1 4 f t . , w a l ls p ropo r t ion i st h e ref o re a bou t5 3% . S ource s : 1 . OS c a rd HU 2 4 S E4 : 2 . RCAH MS 1 946 v o l . 3 ,n o . 1 397 , 1 01-2 & f i g s . 5 89 , 5 90 & 6 19 : 3 .L ow 1 774 , 8 8 : 4 .F o ju t 1 982a ; 5 . H ibber t 1 822 , 4 53 .

HU24 2 BURRASTO W HU /224478 S i te o fp o s s ib le b roch o n c oa s t o f Wa l ls a nd S andnes s . I t w a s r epo r ted t o b e " on a r ock a nd a lmos t e n t ire ly s wep t a way b yt h e s e a" [ 3 ] . No t r aces s u rv ive [ 2 ] . S ources : 1 . OS c a rd HU 2 4 NW 1 7 : 2 RCAH MS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,n o . 1 673 , 1 53 : 3 . D ryden 1 890 , 1 82 .

HU24 4 FOOTABROUGH HU /200495 P robab le b roch i n Wa l l s a nd S andne s s , n ow o n ly ag ra s s g rown mound 1 2 f t . h igh . F ou ro rf i ve c ou r se o ft h e o u te r w a l l a r ev i s ib le o nt h ew e s t . S ource s : I . OS c a rd HU 2 4 NW 2 7 : 2 . RCAHMS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,n o . 1 608 , 1 46 .

HU24 3CULS WICK ( 'Cu l lsw ick ' ) HU /254448 ( v is i ted 4 / 6 /63 & 1 / 7 /87 ) U nexcava ted b roch i nS and s t ing , w i th ama s s ive a nd c l ose -f i t t ing o u ter w a l l o n t op o f as t eep , s moo th k no l l n ea r c l if f s a nd t h e s ea ( I l ls . 4 . 6 -4 . 14 ) . T h is i so ne o ft h e b e s t p r ese rved b rochs i n S he t land a nd s t and s o n r a ised g round n ea r c l if f s o n t he s ou th s i de o f G ru t ing V oe a nd i n t h e m id s t o f r o l l ing c u l t ivab le l a nd ; t h e re a r e t wo f r eshwa te r l o ch s n ea rby ; i th a s ag ood v i ew o u t t o s ea ( I l l s . 4 . 6 -14 ) . C u lsw ick w a s e ven b e t te rp reserved i n1 774 [ 3 , 8 9 ] ; L ow 's d raw ing ( I l l . 4 . 143 ) s how s t h ree c omp le te i n t ra -mu ra l g a l le r ie s p r e served ( on t op o ft h e b u r ied b a sa l s t o rey ) a s w e l l a s t h e s c a rcemen t l e dge o n t h e i n s ide f a ce . T he l a t te r i sr ef er red t o a s " a s o r t o f s c a r cemen t , a s i fd e s igned f o r f l oo r ing" .

HU24 5 P INHOULLAND HU /255498 S i te o f p os s ib le b roch i n Wa l ls a nd S andness . T he re i s o n ly ak no l l w i th s ome e a r th -f a s ts t one sp ro t rud ing . S ource s : 1 . OS c a rd HU 2 4 NE 1 9 : 2 . RCAHMS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,n o . 1 611 , 1 47 . HU24 6 WESTER SKELD ( `Brough ') HU /297438 S i te o fp o ss ib le b roch i nS and s t ing . T he re a r e " s ign s o f t h e f o rme r e x is tence o f as t ruc tu re o fs ome s i ze i n ag ra ss g rown a r ea" [ 1 ] a nd s add le q uern s , p o t te ry a nd h amme r s t one sh ave b een f ound n ea rby [ 2 ] . S ource s : 1 . OS c a rd HU 2 4 S E 5 : 2 . RCAH MS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,n o . 1 400 , 1 02 .

A l low ing f o r a t l e a s t 4f t . o f w a l l b e ing b u r ied a t t h e e n t rance ( I l l s . 4 .8 & 4 . 9 ) t h e w a l l s e em s t ob e p r ese rved t o ah e igh t o f u p t o 1 2 f t . ( I l l . 4 . 8 ) a nd e v iden t ly r e ached a bou t2 3 f t . i nt h e 1 8 th c en tu ry [ 3 ] ; i th a s ac l ea rb a t te ro n t h e o u te r f a ce ( I l l . 4 . 8 ) . T he b roch i si n te re s t ing i nt h a t i t i s ar a re e xamp le o fs k i lf u l b u i ld ing w i th u n su i tab le s t one [ 4 ] . S ome v anda l ism h ad o ccu r red t ot h e e a s ts i de i n1 987 .

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T he R oundhou se s , B ruch s a nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

HU25 7 NOUNSBOROUGH (Woe o fC lou s ta ' ) HU /295577 P o s s ib le b roch i nS and s t ing , i nt he f o rm o f ag ra s s -g rown mound o fd eb r i s w i th a n a r c o ft he o u te rw a l l , 3f t . h i gh , v i s ib le o n t h e w e s t [ 2 ] . T he f oo t ing s o ft h i s w a l l c an b e t r aced mo s to ft h ew ay r ound [ 1 ] . S ou rce s : 1 .O S c a rd HU 2 5 NE 5 : 2 . RCAHMS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,n o . 1 394 , 1 01 .

S quare HU25 HU25 1BAY OF GARTH + HU /216582 P o s s ib le b roch i n Wa l l s a nd S andne s s ; i n f o rma t ion .

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HU25 2 BROUSTA ( `Muck le B rou s ta ' o r ' B roch o f B rou s ta ' ) HU /223575 P o s s ib le b roch i n Wa l l s a nd S andne s s . T he r ema in s a r e o n ar o cky k no l l a nd w ha t s e emed t ob e t r ace s o f aw a l l w e re v i s ib le i n ap i t d ug i n 1 936 [ 2 ] . O n t op i s ah o l low l i ke t h ei n te r io ro f ac i rcu la rb u i ld ing . S ource s : 1 .O S c a rd HU 2 5 NW 3 : 2 . RCAH MS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,n o . 1 6 10 , 1 47 .

HU25 8 S TOURA BROUGH ( `B roch o 'S e t te r ' [ 3 ] ) HU /209512 S i te o f p o s s ib le b roch i n Wa l l s a nd S andne s s , i n a n u nu sua l p o s i t ion o n ah i l l s ide . O n ly s ma l l d eb r i s n ow r ema in sb u t ' t yp ica lb roch r e l ic s ' h ave b een f ound h e r e [ 2 ] . S ource s : 1 .O S c a rd HU 2 5 SW 2 1 : 2 . RCAHMS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,n o . 1 674 , 1 53 : 3 .A nd er son 1 890 , 1 82 .

HU25 3 BR IND ISTER VOE ( 'B r ind ib i s te rV oe ' , ' B rund ib i s te rV oe ') HU /285572 P robab le b roch i nS and s t ing , o n a n i s le t as ho r t d i s tance f r om t h e w e s t s ho re o f B r ind i s te r V oe . I n 1 969 s ome h eavy s t one w a l l ing w a ss e en o nt h e e a s ts i de , e nough f o ra p o s i t ive i d en t if i ca t ion [ 1 ] . S ou rce s : 1 .O S c a rd HU 2 5 NE 6 : 2 . RCAHMS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,n o . 1 399 , 1 02 .

HU25 9 WEST BURRA F IRTH ( `Bu rgh o fB u r ra f i r th ' o r' Ho lm o fH eb r i s ta ') HU /256572 ( v i s i ted 1 / 7 /87 ) P robab le a berran t g round -ga l ler ied b roch o fu nu sua l f o rm i nS and s t ing , Ma in land , s t and ing o n al ow r o cky i s le t f i r th ( t he H o lm o fH eb r i s ta ) i nt h e F i r th ( I l l s . 4 . 7 &4 . 15 2 0 ) . A cco rd ing t oS pence t h e re w a s o n ce ac au seway f r om t h e i s le t t o t h e s ho re ; a l though n o t s e en b y t h e C omm i s s ion 's i n ve s t iga to r s [ 2 ] i tw a s a ppa ren t a t l ow w a te r i n1 969 [ 1 ] . T he s i te i sa n i n te r e s t ing o ne i nt h a t i n i t s s t ruc tu re a nd s i tua t ion i ts t rong ly r e semb les a n i s land b roch i nt h e O u te r H eb r ide s , e ven t ot h e e x ten t o fh av ing t h e l e dge t ype s c a rcemen t w h ich i sr a r e i n S he t land b u t a lmo s tu n ive r sa l i nt h ew e s t . T he l o ca ls t one a l so s p l i t si n to m a s s ive p o lygona l b lock s , l i ke t he g ne i s se s o ft h e O u te r H eb r ide s .

HU25 4 BURGA WATER 2( 'Ho lm o fB u rga Wa te r ' ) HU /234540 T hough t t o h ave b een a p o s s ib le b roch i n Wa l l s a nd S andne s s , o ccupy ing t h ew ho le s u rf ace o fa ni s le t i n al o ch o f t h e s ame n ame [ 2 ] , i th a s r e cen t ly b een v i s i ted a nd d i agno sed a s ar e la t ive ly t h in -wa l led d un [ 1 ] ( bu t s e e HU42 1 ,B u r ra land w he r e t h e w a l lhead i st h in b ecau se i t s t and s r e la t ive ly h igh a l though m a in ly c oncea led u nde r i t s o wn d eb r i s ) . T he s i te w a s " t o rn u p b y Mr S and s ome y ea r sa go" [ 3 ] .

G eo rge L ow v i s i t ed t h e s i te "on as ma l lh o lm i nH e l in s te r V oe c a l led t h e B u rgh o fB u r raf i r th ." H e d e sc r ibed a n umbe r o f c e l l s i n t h e b a se o f t h e w a l l ( t he d i ag ram s how ing t h e i mpo s s ib le n umbe r o fe l even ) ' t o b e e n t e r ed f r om w i th in ' ( i . e . f r om t h e c ou r t ) a nd c l ea r ly s t a ted t h a tt h e h o l low , g a l le r i ed w a l l b egan a bove t h e se . Mo r eove r t h e d e sc r ip t ion c ou ld i mp ly t h a t t h e re w a s mo re t h an o ne g a l le ry p re serv ed a tt h a t t ime , n ame ly " t he d oub le w a l l w i th g a l le r ie s b egan a bove t h e se" ( t he c e l l s ) " and w a s c on t inued t ot h e t o p" . T he c ro ss s e c t ion s ugge s t s aw a l l h e igh t o f a bou t 1 5 f t . j u s t o ve r t wo c en tu r ie s a go ( I l l . 4 . 143 ) .

P a r t o ft h e c r ude ly b u i l t o u te r w a l l f a ce , r i s ing t o ah e igh t o ft h r ee o r f ou r c ou r se s a bove d eb r i s , i se xpo sed ; i ti s o n ly 2 . 5 -1 . 0m t h ick [ 1 ] . T he re i ss uppo sed t oh ave b een ac au seway t ot h e s ho re [ 4 ] b u t t h i s c an n o l o nge r b e s e en [ 2 ] a nd s ound ing s f a i led t o l o ca te i t[ 1 ] . I n 1 774 t h e s i te w a s s e en f r om t h e s ho re b y G eo rge L ow w ho d e sc r ibed i ta s aT igh t 's c a s t le ' w i th t h e w a l l s t and ing t oa bou t 7f t .[ 5 ] . S ource s : 1 . OS c a rd HU 2 5 SW 5( w i th s ke tch p l an ) : 2 . RCAH MS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,n o . 1 606 , 1 46 : 3 .S pence 1 899 , 5 3 : 4 . O ld S ta t i s t ica l A cc t . 1 798 , x x , 12 13 ; 5 . L ow 1 774 .

I n s p i te o f m uch f a l len d eb r i s an umbe r o f s t ruc tu ra l f e a tu r e s w e re m ade o u t , a l though t h e r e i sn o s i gn n ow o f t h e u ppe r g a l le ry m en t ioned b y L ow . T he e n t rance i s b l ocked w i th s t one s b u t t h e l i n te l o ve r t h e i n ne r e nd i s a ppa ren t ( I l l . 4 . 16 , a bove t h e t h eodo l i t e ) , a tt h e l e ve l o fa s c a rcemen t9 11 i n s , w ide w h ich r un s a l r ound t h e i n t e r io r a ta nu nknown h e igh ta bove t h e f l oo r( I l l .4 . 17 ) . V o id sa r e v i s ib le o ve r t h e m a in e n t rance , a nd o ve r t h e d oo rway s t o f ou r mu ra l c e l l s ( I l l . 4 . 18 ) ; t h ese s hou ld h ave l e d t o a n u ppe rg a l le ry .

HU25 5 CULERY IN LOCH ( 'Cum i sB rough ' )+ HU /279543 P o s s ib le b roch i nS and s t ing ; n of u r the ri n f o rma t ion .

HU25 6 HEGL IB ISTER 1+ HU /288515 P o s s ib le b roch i n Wa l l s a nd S andne s s ; i n f o rma t ion .

T he se c e l l s a r e o fu nu sua l c on s t ruc t ion , t wo b e ing d umb b e l l s haped w i th s hor t p a s sage s b e tw een t h e t wo h a lve s . A no the r s e em s t ob e a n e l onga ted c e l l r e a ched b y as ho r t l e ng th o fg a l le ry f r om ad oorway ( s ee HU 15 1a bove ) a nd o ne o ft h e d umb -be l l s i ss im i la r ly r e a ched b y al e ng th o f

n o f u r the r

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S ec t ion 4 : S he t land

n ea rby i s land i n t h e l o ch , a nd a no the r c onnec t ing t h e i s land t o t h e w es t s ho re . T he s i te s t and s o n l ow g round a m id r o l l ing c u l t ivab le l a nd w i th s hee r c l if f s a nd t h e s ea a f ew h und red y a rd sa way . T he s t ony b roch mound s t i l l s t and s a bou t 1 5 f t .h igh a bov e t h e s u r round ing g round w i th t h ew a l l s u rv iv ing t o 1 2 f t . o n t h e n or th a nd n or th -ea s t ( I l l . 4 . 22 ) a l though o n ly t h e u ppe r 7f t . a r e c l ea r o fd eb r is . A n u ppe r mu ra l g a l le ry o n t h e w a l lhead i sa ppa ren to nt h en or th s i de .

g a l lery i n to o ne e nd f r om ad oorway a s w e l l a s t h rough a s e cond d oo rway a t i t s c en t re p o in t ( I l l . 4 . 20 ) . A f ou r th mu ra l c e l l s e ems t o b e c i rcu la r a nd i t s e n t rance i sn o t v i s ib le . T he re a ppea r t ob e t wo c e l l s o n e i the r s i de o ft h e e n t rance p a s sage , a lmo s tc e r ta in ly g ua rd c e l ls ( I l l . 4 . 19 ) . D imen s ion s . E x terna l d i ame te r 5 8 f t . a nd w a l l t h icknes s a bou t 1 5 f t . : t h e wa l ls p ropor t ion i st h e ref o re a bou t 5 1 .7% . I n 1 987 a f r esh s u rvey o f t h e c en t ra l c ou r t ( be low s c a rcemen t l e ve l ) w a s made b y t h e a u tho r w h ich r evea led t h a t i n p l an i t wa s c l o se t o at r ue c i rc le w i th a r ad iu s o f 4 . 10 + 0 . 08 m ; t he d i ame te r i st h u s c l o se t o8 . 20 m ( 26 .89 f t . ) . F ind s : af ew p o t she rd s f r om ' We s t B u r ra ' a r e i n t h e N a t iona l Mu seums a nd s e em l i ke ly t oc ome f r om t h is s i te ( I l l . 4 . 52 , 1 5 -20 ) . T hey i n c lude af r agmen to f af i ne b a r re l s haped u r n c on ta in ing s t ea t i te a nd w i th a s moo th , b l ack e x ter io r ( HR 129 ) a nd at h ick b a se o fc oa r se , g r i t ty w a re w h ich h a s b een d eco ra ted w i th d eep f i nge r i mp ress ion s o n i t s i n s ide s u rf ace ( HR 132 ) . S ources : 1 . OS c a rd HU 2 5 NE 4 ( w i th s ke tch p lan ) : 2 . RCAH MS 1 946 , v o l . 3 , n o .1393 , 1 00 & f i g . 6 18 : 3 . S pence 1 899 , 5 4 ; 4 . L ow 1 774, 1 26 -27 ; A nde r son 1 890 , 1 81 .

T he ma in e n t rance i s o n t h e w e s t —s ou th -wes t a nd i s a ppa ren t ly l i n te l led a tt h e i n ne re nd ; i ti s 3f t . w ide a tt h e mou th b u t n a r row s t o 2f t . 1 0 i n s , a tt h e i n ne r e nd . T he s i des o f av o id c an b e s e en a bove t h ese l i n te ls b u t t he r e a ppea r s t o b e n o f r on t w a l l f o r t h is , i t s s i de s a ppa r en t ly g o ing s t ra igh t t h rough t o t h e e x te r io r , af e a tu re h a rd t o u nde r s tand . M isgu ided moder n r e con s t ruc t ion ( su ch a s o ccu r red a tC l ickh im in : HU44 I )i sp os s ib le b u t p e rhap s mo re l i ke ly i st h e e x tens ion i na nc ien tt ime s o ft he p a ssag e t h rough t h e w a l l a t f i r s t f l oo r l e ve l , b ecau se t he g round l e ve l w a s a l ready b u r ied i nd eb r is . T he re a r e n o s i gns o f i n t ra -mu ra lg a l le r ie sr unn ing i n to t h e s i des o ft h is c hambe r . T he r oof o f at a l l mu ra l c e l l , p robab ly ag ua rd c hamber , i s v i s ib le o n t h e r i gh t o ft h e e n t rance , i t s d omed r oof r i s ing w e l l a bove t h e l i n te ls o f t h e l a t te r ( I l l . 4 . 23) : t h is i s a no the r c l ea r s i gn o f h o l low -wa l l c on s truc t ion a nd p robab ly e xp la in s t h e l a ck o fa n u ppe r mu ra l g a l le ry a tt h e c hambe r o ve r t h e e n t rance . T he t op s o ft h e c e l ls w ou ld h ave b locked t h is , a sa tD un Mo rV au l( NM04 4 ) . D imen s ion s : o ve ra l l d i ame te rc .5 7 f t . , w a l l c .1 5 f t .t h ick ; w a l lp ropo r t ion i st h e ref o re a pp rox ima te ly 5 2 .6 % . S ource s : 1 . OS c a rd HU 2 7 NW 5 ( w i th s ke tch p lan ) : 2 . RCAH MS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,n o . 1 352 , 8 9 -90 ; 3 .L ow 1 774 , 1 36 .

HU25 1 0 WEST HOULLAND ( ` The B roch ') . HU /275503 P robab le b roch o nt op o f ak no l l i nS and s t ing . T he o u te r f a ce o ft h e w a l l c an b e t r aced o n t h e s ou th a nd s ou th -ea s t , s ugges t ing a n o vera l l d i ame te ro f 6 1 f t . . S ources : 1 . OS c a rd HU 2 5 S E4 : 2 . RCAH MS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,n o . 1 398 , 1 02 . HU25 1 HEGLIBISTER 2 + HU /288515 P oss ib le b roch i nS and s t ing : n oo t he ri n f orma t ion .

HU27 3SAE BRECK ( ` Saeb r ig ') HU /211781 ( v is i ted 4 /6 /63 ) A p ar t ia l ly e xcava ted , p robab le s o l id -based b roch i n Nor thmaven , o nt h e s umm i to f ah igh b u ts ha l low ly s l op ing h i l l n ex t t h e s ea ( I l l . 4 . 24 ) . T h is s i te w a s t hough t t ob e a c a ir n b y t h e C omm is s ion 's i n ves t iga to r s [ 2 ] b u t w a s i d en t if ied a s ab roch i n 1 949 d u r ing t wo d ay s e xcava t ion b y C . S . T . C a lde r [ 3 ] . A w a tch towe r h ad b een b u i l t e xac t ly o nt op o ft h e ma in s t ruc tu re a nd t h e f ounda t ions f o r t h is p reven ted a ny e xam ina t ion o ft h e i n te r io r .

S quare HU27 HU27 1 H ILLS WICK ( `K i rk L och ') HU /281770 S i te o f p o s s ib le b roch i n Nor thmav ine ; ac hu rch , n ow d emo l ished , w a s b u i l t i nt h e 1 6t h c en tu ry o n t h e s i te w h ich w a s a ppa ren t ly p rev iou s ly f l a t tened [ 1 ] . T he C omm i s s ion t hough t t h e e v idence i n suff ic ien t t o c l a s s if y t h e s i te a s a b roch [ 2 ] , t h ough l o ng -hand led b one c omb s , p o t tery , b one i mp lemen t s , b ones a nd s he l ls w e re f ound i n am idden n o t f a ro f f[ 3 ] ; t h e c omb sa r e o fI r on A ge t ype [ 3 ] . S ource s : I . OS c a rd HU 2 7 NE 1 3 : 2 . RCAH MS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,n o . 1 388 , 9 9 : 3 . C ough t rey 1 872 , 1 46 -7 .

H oweve r t wo o ppo s ing s e c t ion s o f t h e ma in w a l l we r e u ncove red , o n t h e n or th a nd s ou th s i de s , a nd i ne ach wa s a mu ra l c e l l o f t h e u sua l s or t f ound i n s o l id -ba sed b roch s . E ach w a s ac u rved , p a ra l le l s ided s t ruc tu re w i th ad oor t o t h e i n te r io r n ea re r o ne e nd t h an t h e o t he r ; t h e s i l l o ft h e d oo r o f e ach w a s w e l l a bove i t s f l oo r a nd p r esumab ly a bove t h e f l oo ro ft h e c en t ra l c ou r t .

HU27 2 LOCH OF HOULLAND ( ` E sha N e ss ') HU /214792 ( v is i ted 4 /61963) T h is u nexcava ted b roch i n No r thmaven o ccup ies a lmo s t t h e w ho le o f as ma l l , l ow , h eav i ly d ef ended p romon to ry j u t t ing i n to t h e L och o f H ou l land ( I l ls . 4 . 21-23 ) . T he i n nermo s t o f t h ese d ef ences , b a r r ing t h e n eck o f t h e p romon to ry i nf r on t o ft h e b roch , i s as t one -f aced b ank 2 f t . h igh o n t h e e x te r io r , w i th t wo mo re l i ne s o f l a rge s t one s s e te dge i nf r on t o ft h is . T he o u termo s t may a l so b e ar u ined w a l l w i th v e ry l a rge b a se s t ones . T he re i sa c auseway 8 9 f t . w ide c onnec t ing t h e h ead land w i th a

I nt h e c a se o fC e l l Ao n t h e s ou th t h e s i l l w a s 2f t . 4i n s . h igh , a nd 4 f t .i nt h e c a se o fC e l l B . B o th s e c t ions o fw a l l e xpo sed w e re s t i l l s t and ing a bou t 5f t . h i gh a nd mos t o f t h e c o rbe l led d omes o f t h e c e l ls h ad d i sappea red . T he n or th c e l l w a s e mp ty b u tt h e o ne o n t h e s ou th w a s f ound t o h ave ac l ay f l oo r c ove red b y a n i regu la r l a ye r o fp ea t a s h u p t o 8i n s . t h ick . I nt h e a sh w e re s ome l i mpe t s he l l s a nd many p o t she rd s . T he l a t te r w e re d i agnosed b y JR C

6 1

T he R oundhou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se so fA t l an t ic S co t land

H am i l ton a s am ix tu r e o f t h e C la s s Ia nd I w a re s t h en b e ing f ound a tJ a r l shof ( HU30 1 ) ; t h ey w e re f r agmen t s o f t a l l , s i tu la te j a r s w i th s l igh t ly e ver ted r im s a nd m ade o f h a rd , g r i t ty d a rk g r ey o r b uf f -b rown w a r e . [ 3 , f i g . 3 ] . S ome o ft h e s he rd s a ppea r t ob e o ft r ue e ver ted r im w a r e [ 3 , n o . GA 1 206 ] . A n o u te r w a l l w a s t r aced a r ound t h e b roch a t v a r iou s d i s tance s f r om i t ; 1 5 f t .o n t h e n or th , 2 0 f t . o n t h e w e s t , 4 8 f t . o n t h e s ou th a nd 3 0 f t . o n t h e e a s t . T he m a son ry f a ce s o ft h i s o u te rw a l l w e r e t r aced o n t h e n or th -ea s t f o r a s ho r t d i s tance a nd t h e o u te r f a ce o n t h e s ou th -we s t f o r a f ew f e e t . D imen s ion s : o ve ra l l d i ame te r 5 f t . ; t h e t wo s e c t ion s o f t h e w a l l e xpo sed w e re 1 5 .5 f t . t h ick , s o t h e i n te rna l d i ame te ri sa bou t2 6 f t . ; t h e w a l l s p ropo r t ion i st h e r ef o re a bou t5 2 .7% . T he r ema in sa r en ow h idden b yt u rf . S ource s : 1 . OS c a rd HU 2 7 NW 2 ; 2 . RCAHMS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,n o . 1 361 , 9 4( " ca ir n " ) : 3 .C a lde r 1 952 . HU27 4 WEST HOGALAND ( 'We s t ` Hoga land ' ) HU /27917701 S i te o f ap o s s ib le b roch o r" P ic t 's H ou se" [ 1 ] . S ource s : 1 .O Sc a rd 1 E U2 7 NW 1 .

A y r e '

o r

HU27 5 THE HA MARS + HU /220780 P os s ib le b roch i nN or thmav ine n oo t he ri n f o rma t ion . T h i s m ay b e aw rong p o s i t ion f o r HU27 4 .

D un ro s sne s s p en in su la , c on s is t s o f al a te B ronz e A ge v i l lage w i th a n e a r ly I r on Age v i l lag e s upe r impo sed , f o l lowed a f t e ra ni n te rva lo fa bandonmen tb y am idd le I r on A ge p robab le b roch o f s o l id -ba sed t y pe w i th c ou r tya rd a t tached . L a t e r s t ruc tu re s i n c lude s eve ra l w hee lhou se s , a p a s sage h ou se a nd V ik ing f a rm s . O n ly t h e p r e -b roch s e t t lemen t s , t h e b roch a nd t h e whee lhou se s t ruc tu r e s a r e d e sc r ibed h e r e( I l l s . 4 . 25 -43 )

DESCR IPT ION 1 . E ar ly w ork I n 1 897 t wo g en t lemen s t ay ing w i th J ames B ru ce a t S umbu rgh H ead , P rof e s so r G un the r a nd E . M . N e l son , f ound m a son ry p ro jec t ing f r om t h e s a nd h i l l s a l ong t h e s ho re a nd " soon t h e i r i n te re s t a nd e n thu s ia sm l e d t h em t o c a s t of t h e i r c oa t s a nd b eg in e xcava t ing" [ 2 ] . B ruce h im se lf h ad p r ev iou s ly o b se rved ma son ry a tt h e s ame p l ace b u t h ad t h ough t i tp a r t o ft h e c e l la r s o ft h e o ld h ou se a t J a r l shof , e ven t h ough t h e s t ones s e emed t o b e w i thou t c emen t . B ruce t o ok u p t h e e xcava t ion w o rk i n 1 898 a nd c on t inued , w i th t h r ee h i red m en , e ve ry y ea r t i l l 1 906 . H e s pec if ica l ly i n s t ruc ted h i s m en t o g o a bou t t h e i r w o rk s l ow ly a nd h ad a s e a w a l l b u i l t t o p ro t ec t t h e b u i ld ing s e xpo sed f r om t h e e nc roach ing w ave s ( av i o len t s t o rm h ad e xpo sed t h e s t onewo rk t o t h e g aze o f B ruce 's g u e s t s i n 1 897 ) . B ruce f o l low ed t h e ma son ry i n to t h e s and h i l l a nd u ncove red a nd e xcava ted t h er ema in so f ab roch , t wo -f if th s o fw h ich h ad b een w a shed a way a nd w h ich p a r t ly u nde r lay t h e h ou se o f J a r l shof . H e a l so f ound t wo e xcep t iona l ly w e l l p re se rved " beeh ive s" ( now k nown a s whee lhou se s ) w h ich a ppea r ed t ob e s u r rounded b y ab ounda ry w a l l w i th ag a te i ni t . H e d i d n o t d i s t ingu i sh b e tw een p r ima ry a nd s e conda ry m a son ry a nd t hough tt ha t a l l t h e s t ruc tu re sw e re c on tempo ra ry . H i s r epo r t i sI l t ra ted w i th h igh q ua l i ty p ho tog raph s -o ft h e w hee lhou se i n te r io r s f o r e xamp le t h e t a k ing o f w h ich mu s t h ave b een a c on s ide rab le a ch ievemen tw i th t h ee qu ipmen to ft h ed ay .

S quare HU28 HU28 1 HA MNAVOE HU /239806 T h i s p robab le b roch i nN o r thmav ine h a s o u two rk s a nd s t and so nt h ee dge o ft h e s t eep s l ope o f ag u l ly t o t h e e a s t ; l i t t le o ft h e s t ruc tu re n ow s u rv ive s a nd t h e s i te i s ag ra s s c ove r ed k no l l . T he o u te r w a l l f a ce c an b e s e en a tt h r ee p o in t s , g i v ing a n o ve ra l l d i ame te r o fa bou t 6 2 f t . ; t h e p robab le i n ne r f a ce o f amu ra l c e l l i sv i s ib le o nt h e n or th e a s t a r c . A n o u te r d ef ence , e i the r aw a l l o r ab ank , r un s a l ong t h e c r e s t o f t h e s l ope a bove t h e g u l ly . O n t h e s ha l low a pp roach o n t h e o ppo s i te , w e s t s i de a mo re ma s s ive d ef ence e x i s t s , c on s i s t ing o f a n e a r th a nd s t one r ampa r t w i th a d i tch i n s ide i t : t h e r ampa r t s t and s 7 -8 f t . f r om t h e b a se o ft h e d i tch w h ich i sd eepe s t a tt h e n or the rn e nd . S ource s : 1 .O Sc a rd HU 2 8 SW 2 ; 2 . RCAHMS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,n o . 1 353 & f i g . 6 02 , 9 0 -1 .

T he r e po r t g i v e s h a rd ly a ny d e ta i ls o ft h e d epo s i t s i n s ide t h e s t ruc tu re s a nd mo s t o ft h e f i nd s l a ck p r ec i se c on tex t s . T h i s i su nf o r tuna te b ecau se t wo o ft h e a r tef ac t s -t h e l o ng h and led b one c omb a nd t h e e ve r ted r im " n eck -band" s h e rd [ 2 , f i g s . 1 & 1 5 ] -c ou ld b e o fs ome i n t e r es t i na s se s s ing t h e c u l tu ra l o r ig in o f t h e b roch a nd w h ee lhou se b u i lde r s a nd n o f u r the r e xamp le s w e re f ound i n t h e l a te r , m o r e s c ien t if ic e xcava t ion s . T he f i nd s r e cove r ed b y B ruce i n c luded a s e r ra ted s t one s aw , h amme r s tone s , s t one p o t l id s , " c lub s" ( wh ich a r e p re sumab ly s t one a r d p o in t s ) , q ue rn s ( o fu n spec if ied t y pe b u tp re sumab ly r o ta ry ) , s t one v e s se l s a nd s t one w ho r l s , t h e l o ng b one c omb a nd ab one p in [ 2 , f i g s . 1 0 16 ] . V a r iou s o t he r b one t o o l s - i n c lud ing a w l s - w e re a l so f o und t oge the r w i th s ome c up s m ade o f h o l lowed w ha le v e r teb rae . Ab ronze p in w i th ac rook shaped h ead a nd t h e s haf t o f as i lve r p i n w e re a l so f ound . V e ry f ew p o t she rd s t u rned u p e xcep t i ns ma l l f r agmen t s a nd t h e o n ly o ne w i th ad ef in i te s hape w a s t h e E ver ted r im n eck -band s h e rd m en t ioned e a r l ie r .

S quare HU30 HU30 1 J ARLSHOF HU 3 99096 ( v i s i ted 5& 9 / 6 / 1963 a nd i n1 987 ) A s i sw e l l k nown t h e o n ly t r ad i t iona l n ame s u rv iv ing f o r t h is s i te w a s ' The L o rd 's H ou se ' , w h ich r e f e r red t o t h e " gaun t r u in o f ad w e l l ing h ou se o fn o g r ea t a n t iqu i ty , t o w h ich S i r Wa l te r S co t t i n T he P i ra te g ave t h e n ame o f ` Ya r l shof" [ 5 , 13 ] . T he n ame h a s s t uck , t h ough n ow s pe l t w i th a ' F . T he s i te , n ea r t h e s ou ther n e nd o ft h e

6 2

S ec t ion 4 : S he t land

i n hab i tan t s o ft h e l a t te r h ad a n I r on A ge c u l tu re i n c lud ing t h eu se o fi r on [ 4 , 3 9 ] .

B ruce d oe s n o t s e em t oh ave d ug b e low a ny p aved f l oo r s i ne i the r o ft h e t wo w hee lhou se s h e c l ea r ed o r i n s ide t h e b roch i t s e lf a nd H am i l ton s ub sequ en t ly f ound t h a t a l l t h e se s u r f ace s w e r e s econda ry . T hu s , c on t ra ry t ow ha t H am i l ton i mp l ie s [ 4 ,4 6 ] , i ts e em s v e ry u n l ik e ly t h a ta ny o ft h e se f i r s t f i nd s c ou ld h ave c ome f r om a ne a r ly s t age i nt h e h i s to ry o f t h e b roch c omp lex - t h e d epo s i t s o f w h ich w e re n o t u ncove r ed u n t i l t h e 1 9 50 's - u n le s s i tw a s f r om b e tween t h e w a l l s o f Whee lhou se 1a nd t h e b roch . B ruce c l ea r ed a m a s so fs t one f r om t h i sg ap .

T he a c tua l e v idence f o r al a te B ronze A ge d a te f o rt h e f i r s t v i l lage c on s i s t s o f s ome b roken mou ld s f o r b ronze w eapon s o ft h a t p e r iod ( p re sumab ly d a teab le t ot h e 8 t h o r 7 t h c en tu r ie s BC ) w h ich w e re f ound i n s ide Dwe l l ing s I a nd I Va , r e s t ing o n b l own s a nd i nt h e f o rme r ( wh ich , i t w a s s ugge s ted , h ad c ome i nt h ough a h o le i nt h e r oo f ) . T h i s s ugge s t s t h a t V i l lage Im ay h ave b een a bandoned w hen t h eb ronze s m i th s e tu ph i sw o rk shop i n s ide Dwe l l ing

A t t h e e nd o fB ruce 's p ape ro ne o ft h e o r ig ina l e xcava to r s , E .M . N e l son , s ugge s ted t h a t t h e o u te r w a l l w a s ad ef ence f o r t h e b roch a nd e a r l ie rt h an t h e d we l l ing s ( whee lhou se s ) e nc lo sed b y i t . I n 1 925 t h e r u in s w e re t a ken o ve r b y t h e O ff i ce o f Wo rk s a s an a t iona l m onumen t a nd f r om 1 931 t o 1 935 D r . A .O . C u r le e xcava t ed t h e t wo e a r ly v i l lage s e t t lemen t s w h ich w e r e l a te r s hown t o a n teda te t h e b roch c omp lex [ 5 ,6 , 7& 8 ] .

I n t h e a d jacen t Dwe l l ing I Va h oweve r t h e c l ay mou ld f r agmen t s , t h ough b e long ing t o t h e f i na l s t age o f i t s o ccupa t ion , w e re n o t r e s t ing o n s and . A pa r t f r om o ne b ronze k n if eb l ade t h e re w e re n o o t he rs i gn so fm e ta l -u s ing i n V i l lage Iw h ich t e chn ica l ly t h e ref o r e h ad a N eo l i th ic t e chno logy w h ich w a s e v iden t ly i nu se u n t i l t h e a r r iva l o f t h e b ronze s m i th . T he o ccupa t ion l a ye r s o f V i l lage I p roduced i r on s l ag ( d i scu s sed b e low ) .

I tw a s c l ea r t h a t t h e r e w e re e ven e a r l ie r l e ve l s h e re w h ich c ou ld n o t b e e xam ined w i thou t d e s t roy ing s ome o f t h e n ew ly d i scove red s t one h u t s s o i n1 9 37 P rof . V . G . C h i lde i n ve s t iga ted t h ese i na n a r ea j u s t t ot h e n or th o ft h e p r e b roch v i l lage [ 4 , 8f . ] . Ad eep t r ench w a s s unk t h rough as u cce s s ion o fm idden s a nd o ccupa t ion l a ye r so nt h e s l ope o ft h em a in m ound . 2 .

V i l lage I i s s ome t ime s d e sc r ibed a s a s e t t lemen t o f ' c ou r tya rd h ou se s ' b ecau se o ft h e s upe rf ic ia l r e semb lance o ft h e i n d iv idua l d we l l ing s ( I l l . 4 . 26 ) w i th t h e m uch l a rge r s t ruc tu re a tC hy sau s te r i nC o rnwa l l , b u t t h e re i sn o r e a l l i nk . T he J a r l shof b u i ld ing s s e em t oh ave b een r oof ed o va l h u t s w i th d eep , o pen -f ron ted r e ce s se s i nt h e t h ick w a l l a nd ac en t ra l h ea r th . F o rw an t o f ab e t te ro ne t h e t e rm ' c e l led h u t s ' , t h ough n o te n t i re ly s a t isf ac to ry , i su sed h e re .

T he p re -broch s e t t lemen t s

2 . 1 T he e a r l ie s tl e ve l s I n g ene ra l t e rm s C u r le u ncove red t r a ce s o ft h ree o ft h e se s t one c e l led h u t s - Dwe l l ing s I , I a nd I Va - t oge the r w i th t h e f r agmen ta ry t r ace s o fa n e a r l ie r h ou se - Dwe l l ing I- w h ich m ay o r ig ina l ly h ave b een r ound . T he re s e em s t o h ave b een a no the r u nde r Dwe l l ing V o fV i l lage I b u t t h i s w a s n o t d i s tu rbed ( I l l . 4 . 25 ) . T he f i r s t t wo w e r e f u l ly e xp lo red , b u t I Va w a s o n ly p a r t ly u ncove red b ecau se Dwe l l ing I Vb o f V i l lage I w a s b u i l t r i gh t o n t op o f i t . T he d we l l ing s w e re c l o se t oge the r , f o rm ing a s i ng le c l u s te r , a nd w e re a ppa ren t ly c onnec ted b yp a s sage s ; t h ey a l so s e em t o h ave b een s urounded b y ab ounda ry w a l l . T hey a r e t h u s q u i te d i s t inc t f r om t h e i n d iv idua l l a rge e a r ly I r on A ge r oundhou se s f ound i nO rkney ( HY20 3 , HY21 1 , HY44 8 ( P ie rowa l l ) & HY4 1 7( Quan te rne s s ) ) . O n t h e o t he r h and t h e c e l led h u t a t C l ickh im in ( HU44 1 ) s e em st oh ave s t ood a l one .

C h i lde 's w o rk r evea led a s u cce s s ion o f t h ree m idden l a ye r s ( `M ' ) a nd o ccupa t ion s u rf a ces ( '0 ' ) s epa ra ted b y d epo s i t s o f b l own s a nd ( ' S ' ) ; t h e l a ye r s a r e n umbe r ed f r om It oI V s t a r t ing a tt h e t o p a nd M I I w a s d i v ided i n to t wo p a r t s , Aa nd B . T he t o p m idden ( M I ) h ad V ik ing m a te r ia l a nd s ome s t one i mp lemen t s a ppa r en t ly o fb roch a nd p o s t -b roch d a te . M I IB h ad p o t te ry e qu iva len t t o t h e m a te r ia l f o und i nt h e ' c ou r t -ya rd h ou se ' s e t t lemen t n ea rby b u tt h e s h e rd sf r om M I IB w e re m uch o l de ra nd a ppea red t o b e o fN eo l i th ic a ge . O I I u nde rt h i s i n c luded c l ay h ou se f l oo r s , p a r t s o f w h ich h ad b een b aked b y f i r ep lace s . M I IB r e s ted o n t h i s f l oo r l a y e r a nd c on ta ined l a rge n umbe r s o ff l aked q ua r tz i mp lemen t sa sw e l l a sm any s l a te c u t t ing a nd c hopp ing t o o l s [ 4 , f i g . 7 ] . B one i mp lemen t s i n c luded a w l s a nd p i e rce r s a sw e l l a ss c rap ing t o o l s [ 4 , f i g . 8 ] . T he r e w a s a l so a p e rf o ra ted b one p l aque - u n ique i n t h e B r i t i sh I s le s - w i th f i ne ly i n c i sed g eome t r ica l d eco ra t ion [ 4 , f i g . 8 ,t o p l ef t ] ; t h i s h a s p a ra l le ls b o th i n t h e s c h i s t ' i do l p laque s ' a nd c r o s s e s o f t h e P o r tugue se C oppe r A g e r ock -cu t t omb s a nd i n l a te N eo l i th ic m ega l i th ic t omb s i nD enma rk a nd S w eden [ 4 , 1 6 ] .

T he h u t s t e nded t ob e a pp rox ima te ly s ub -c i r cu la r i np l an . Dwe l l ing I m ea su red i n ter na l ly 5 . 3 mb y 2 . 9 m ; i tw a s f a i r ly s imp le i np l an w i th o ne l a rge c hambe r a tt h e s ou th e a s te nd . A t al a te rs t age a no u te re x ten s ion o ro pen c ou r t w a s a dded t o i t s n o r th -we s t s i de ( I l l . 4 . 25 ) . T he f l oo r d epo s i t s i n d ica ted t h a t p ea t h ad b een b u rned o n t h e c en t ra l h ea r th b u t t h a t , i n i t s p r ima ry p ha se o f o ccupa t ion ( c ove red b y af l agged f l oo r ) , o ne o r m o re a n ima ls h ad b een s t a l led i n t h e l a rge s ou th -ea s t c hambe r e . A b one t e the r ing r i ng w a s a l so f o und a nd Dwe l l ing I t h u s s e em st o h ave b een ab y re .

2 . 2 T he l a te B ronze A ge v i l lage C u r ie 's r e po r t s [ 6 -9 ] d esc r ibe t h e t wo s u cce s s ive p r e b roch s e t t lemen t s a s ' La te B ronze A ge I ' a nd ' La te B ronz eA ge 2 'b u t i ti sc l ea rt h a tt h e l a te ro ne f a l ls i n to t h e e a r ly I r on A ge , a nd i ti ss o d e sc r ib ed h e re . F o r s ome r e a son t h e o l d t e rm ino logy i sm a in t a ined i n H am i l ton 's a ccoun t -w he re t h e t e rm s ' V i l lage I 'a nd ' V i l lage I ' a r e u sed - a l though a t o ne p o in t i ti sc onceded t h a t t h e

Dwe l l ing I I , m ea su r ing o ve ra l l a bou t 8 . 3 m b y 8 . 3 m , w a s t h e mo s t c omp le te o f t h e s t ruc tu re s e xcava ted b y C u r le . I n s ide w a s a p aved ' c ou r tya rd ' o r c l ea r c en t ra l

6 3

T he R oundhou se s , B roch s a nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

a r ea a bou t 2 . 9 m w ide w h ich h ad p r e sumab ly o nce c on ta ined al a rge r e c tangu la rh ea r th ;t h e re w e re i n d ica t ion s o f b u rn ing o n t h e p aved f l oo r . F rom t h i s ' c ou r t ' f i ve l a rge , o pen -f ron ted c e l l s r e ceded i n to t h e t h ick w a l l , t h e l a rge s t b e ing t h e t r an sve r se o ne a t t h e s ou th -ea s t e nd . T h ree p ha se s o fo ccupa t ion w e r e d e tec ted i nt h i s d we l l ing , a nd t h e re s e em s t o h ave b een a p o t te r 's w o rk shop i n c hambe r Lw he r e al ump o fp l a s t ic c l ay w a sf ound b e s ide a t r ough q ue rn . Dwe l l ing Iw a s f r agmen ta ry b u t , a s i n d ica ted , t wo p ha se s o fc on s t ruc t ion w e re i d en t if ied t h ee a r l ie ro fw h ich a ppea r s t o h ave b een a s imp le r ound h u t . T h i s w a s a ppa ren t ly l a te r mod if ied b y t h e i n se r t ion o f w edge shaped p i e r s w h ich c onve r ted t h e h u t i n to s ome th ing mo r e l i ke t h e l a te r c e l led h u t s . T h i s s e em s t o s ugge s t t h a t t h e l a t te r w e r e a c ompa ra t ive ly l a te d eve lopmen t , w i th in t h e l a te B ronze A ge p e r iod , e xcep t t h a t s im i la r , o lde r , N eo l i th ic h ou se s a r ek nown f r om e l sewhe re i nS he t land . F ind sf rom V i l lage I [ 4 , f i g s . 1 -16 ] ( I l l . 4 . 27 ) . S tone i mp lemen t s i n c luded m any h eavy c u t t ing a nd c hopp ing t oo l s o fs l a te a sw e l la s ap e rf o ra ted m a t tock b l ade a nd t wo k ind s o f s ma l l b l ade s l o ok ing l i ke s aw s a nd k n if e b l ade s w i th g round e dge s ; t h e re w e re a l so q ua r tz s c rape r s . S t ea t i te v e s se l s o fs ub rec tangu la r f o rm w e re u sed a sw e re s and s tone t r ough q ue rn s . B one i mp lemen t s c h i se l l ike t oo l s , w o rk ing t oo l s .

i n c luded m a in ly a w l s a nd p i e r ce r s , o x -b lade s hove l s a nd p o s s ib le p o t -

B ronze . O n ly o ne a c tua l b ronze a r tef a c t w a s f ound - a k n if eb l ade [ 4 , f i g . 1 4 , n o . 6 ] b u ta bou t2 00 p i ece s o fc l ay b iva lve mou ld s w e re f ound i n Dwe l l ing s I I a nd I Va a nd s c a t te red r ound a bou t t h e se s t ruc tu re s [ 4 , f i g . 1 4 ] . T hey w e re f o r l e af shaped s wo rd s , s ocke ted a xe s , as unf lowe r p in , ag ouge a nd r od s . P o t te ry [ 4 , f i g . 1 6 ] ( I l l . 4 . 27 ) : t h i s c on s i s ted o fm a in ly b a r re l shaped v e s se l s , o f w e l l -f i r ed , h a rd w a re u sua l ly b aked t o ab r ick r ed w i th g r a in s o fm ica s how ing o n t h e s u rf ace s . T he m a jo r i ty o ft h e p o t sw e re p l a in b u t o ne ur n r im [ 7 , f i g . 3 , b u t n o t I l t ra ted i n4 ] i sd eco ra ted w i th a g eome t r ica l p a t ter n o f i n c i sed l i ne s ( I l l . 4 . 27 , t op r i gh t ) ; t h i s c l o se ly r e semb le sp o t te ry f ound i nP ha se 1a tD un Mo r V au l o n T i ree ( N M4 4 ) , as t ra t if ied a s semb lage w h ich w a s n o tk nown a bou t w hen H am i l ton 's r e po r tw a s w r i t ten . T he c ompa r i son s d rawn t h e r e w i th l a te B ronze A ge m a te r ia l f r om e a s te rn S co t land [ 4 , 2 9 -31 ] n ow s e em l e s s p l au s ib le a nd s ome k i nd o fc on t inu i ty t h roughou t A t lan t ic S co t land i nt h el a te B ronze A ge s e em s mo r ep robab le . 2 . 3 T he e a r ly I r on A ge v i l lage A s i n d ica ted C u r le f ound ' V i l lage I ' f i r s t , o n t op o ft h e s e t t lemen t o f c e l led h u t s j u s t d e sc r ibed . T he n ew s e t t lemen tc on s i s ted o ft h r ee r ound s t one h u t st wo o fw h ich h ad u nde rg round c e l la r s o rs ou te r ra in s a t ta ched a nd t wo o f w h ich h ad t h e i r i n te r io r s a t l e a s t p a r t ly d i v ided u p b y r ad ia l s t one p i e r s , l i ke s ma l le r v e r s ion s o ft h e p o s t -b roch w hee lhou se s o n t h e s i te . O n ly Dwe l l ing I V i sb r ief ly d e sc r ibed h e re .

T he n ew r ound h u t I Vb w a s b u i l t o n t o p o ft h e c e l led h u t I Va t h ew a l l s o fw h ich h ad b een r educed t oa bou t 1 8i n s , i n h e igh t ; s i nce t h e g round p l an o ft h e e a r l ie r s t ruc tu re w a s n o t c l o se ly f o l lowed i tw a s s ugge s ted t h a t t h e r e h ad b een a n i n te rva l o fa bandonmen t b e tween I Va a nd I Vb . I tw a s f u r the r d educed t h a t t h i s i n te rva l c anno t h ave b een v e ry l o ng b ecau se a f r agmen t o f a mou ld f o r al e af shaped b ronze s wo rd w a s f ound o n t h e f l oo r o ft h e u ppe r h ou se , i mp ly ing a c on t inua t ion o f t h e l a te B ronze A ge s m i th 's a c t iv i t ie s i nt h e n ew v i l lage . H oweve r t h i s s e em s t oh ave b een t h e o n ly f i nd o fi t sk i nd a nd , b ea r ing i nm ind t h a t t h e o lde r Dwe l l ing I Va ( i nw h ich as m i th h ad b een a c t ive )w a s much d i s tu rbed d u r ing t h e b u i ld ing o f I Vb , i ti ss u r e ly much mo re l i ke ly t h a t t h e mou ld f r agmen t w a s p u l led o u t o ft h e l owe rl e v e la tt h a tt ime . T he c omp le te c on t ra s t b e tween t h e m a t e r ia l c u l tu r e s o f V i l lage s Ia nd I , c ommen ted o n b e low , s uppo r t s t h i s i n te rp re ta t ion a nd a l so t h e b e l ief t h a t t h e r e w a s n o c on t inu i ty b e tw een t h et wo s e t t lemen t s . T he n ew h u t w en t t h rough t wo p e r iod s o f o ccupa t ion . T he f i r s th u t , I Vb ,h ad a n i n ter na l d i ame t e ro fs ome 2 5 f t . a nd t h e re w a s al a rge h ea r th i nt h e c en t r e ; s ome p o s t -ho le s n ea rby w e re e xp la ined a sh av ing s uppo r t ed as c reen f o rt h e f i re . As ma l ls ou te r ra in w a sb u i l ti n to t h ef l oo r( I l l .4 . 25 ) . F o rr e a son sn o tf u l ly e xp la ined t h eb u i ld ing w a sd i agno sed a s aw o rk shop b y C u r le [ 7 , 2 36 -37 ] . I nP ha se I Vc i t c on t inued t ob eu sed a s aw o rk shop a cco rd ing t oC u r ie b u t t h e i n te r io r w a s p a r t ia l ly s ub -d iv ided b y t h e a dd i t ion o f a s hor tr ad ia l p i e ro nt h e n o r th a nd ar ad ia l s l ab o nt h ew e s t . Two o ft h e t h r ee s ub -d iv i s ion s s o made h ad h ea r th s w i th in t h em b u t al a rg e n ew c i r cu la r h ea r th w a s b u i l t o n t op o fa b ed o f g rave l i nt h e c en t r e . T race s o f as ma l l k i ln o r f u rna ce w e re f o und c l o se t ot h is . Al a rg e n ew s ou te r ra in w a s b u i l t o u t s id e t h e e a s t s i de o f t h e h u t b u t w i th i t s e n t rance w i th in . F ind sf rom V i l lag e I[ 4 , f i g s . 1 7 -19 ] . T he r e a r e s e ve ra l ma rked c on t ra s t sw i th t h em a te r ia l c u l tu r e o fV i l lage I ;f o r e xamp le t h e h eavy s t one t oo l s d i sappea r a nd t h e r e i sa n i n c rea se i nt h en umbe ro fs t one p ound e r s . S l a te s aw sa nd k n ive s a nd q u a r tz s c rape r s a l so d i sappea r . T he p o t t e ry i s c omp le te ly n ew , b e ing r e la ted t o t h e e a r ly I r on A ge c a r ina ted w a r e so f s ou the rn a nd e a s te rn E ng land . Me ta l : I r on s l ag w a s e v iden t ly f ound i nt h e r ound h u t s [ 4 , 3 9 ] t h ough i t s p r ec i se c on tex t i sn o t g i ve b y H am i l ton . T h i s s l ag , w i th n o t r ace s o f c oppe r , i so ne o f t h e m o re i mpor tan t d i s cov e r ie s m ade a tJ a r lshof a nd r ema in s a mong t h ee a r l ie s te v idence f o rt h e i n t roduc t ion o fi r on s me l t ing i n n o r th B r i ta in , b e ing a s soc ia ted w i th t h e d i s t inc t ive c a r ina ted e a r ly I r on A ge p o t te ry . T he r e s e em s t o b e a s im i la r a s soc ia t ion a tR udh a n Duna in c ave s i te i n S kye ( NG31 1 ) . C u r le g i ve s t h e t wo f i nd s po t s a nd h e a l so o b ta ined ar e po r t o n t h e s l ag f r om M r CHD e sch o ft h e N a t iona l P hy s ica l L abo ra to ry , a l though t h i s d oe s n o t s e em t oh ave b een p ub l i shed [ 7 , 3 03 ] . S l ag w a s f ound i n1 933 a tt h e l owe s t l e v e l o fc hambe r ` 1 9 ' i n Dwe l l ing I I ; p r e sumab ly d i s tu rbance d u r ing t h e c on s t ruc t ion o ft h e s t one r ound h u to nt o p o ft h e c e l led h u t r e su l ted i nt h i s s amp le f i nd ing i t s w ay d own o nt ot h ef l oo r

6 4

S ec t ion 4 : S he t land

o ft h e l a t te r . Mo r e s l ag c ame f r om E a r th -hou se ' h ' w h ich i s a t ta ched t o t h e s ame s t one r ound h u t o r p r im i t ive w hee lhou se ( I l l . 4 . 25 ) ,t h a ti sP ha se 2o f Dwe l l ing I I .

e xam ine t h e b roch , t h e a s soc ia ted w hee lhou se s a nd t h e l a te r V ik ing f a rm s , a s w e l l a s t o e s tab l i sh t h e s t ra t ig raph ica l r e la t ion sh ip b e tween t h e b roch c omp lex a nd t h e e a r ly v i l lage s a l ready e xp lo red b y C u r le . T hough t h e i n te r io r s o ft h e b roch a nd t h e t wo w hee lhou se s h ad b een c l ea red o u t b y B ruce h a lf a c en tu ry e a r l ie r , t h e n ew e xcava t ion s , c a r ef u l ly r e co rd ing s t ra t ig raphy , p roduced a w ea l th o ff r e sh i n f o rma t ion a bou t t h e se b u i ld ing s a nd a l so d i scove red an ew w hee lhou se d we l l ing o f ad i f f e ren t t y pe . T h i s w a s t h e f i r s t t ime t h a t ab roch h ad b een g i ven a p r ec i se c on tex t b y m ode rn a r chaeo log ica l t e chn ique s , b o th w i th in as equence o fs t ruc tu r e s a nd i nt h e w ide r s cheme o f t h e A t lan t ic I r on A ge i ng ene ra l . T he i mpor tan t s t imu lu s t h a t t h i s w o rk g ave t o t h e r e newed a nd mo re s c ien t if ic s t udy o f aw ho le r a nge o f p rob lem s c onnec ted w i th t h e a r chaeo logy o f b roch s a nd w hee lhou se s c anno t b e o ve r e mpha s ised .

I n t h e f o l low ing y ea r , l a rge q uan t i t ie s o f s l ag w e r e r e cove r ed a l though C u r ie m ake s n o m en t ion o ft h e f a c t i n h i s r e la t ive ly s hor tr e por t [ 8 ] . W i th t h e r e s to ft h e J a r l shof m a t e r ia l i t i s h ou sed , u n reg i s t e red , i n t h e N a t iona l Mu seum s o fS co t land w i th al a be lw h ich r e ad s " S90 . I r on s l ag n o r th Mau so leum d i g 3 '0 " d own . 2 7 .6 .34 ." O ne w onde r s i f ' Mau so leum ' w a s at empo ra ry s i t e n ame f o r o ne o f t h e t wo s ou te r ra in s o r e a r th -hou se s d i scove red a t ta ched t ot h e r ound h u t s o ft h e s e cond p r e -b roch v i l lage . T he re a r e o t he r l a be l s w i th d a te s i nJ une a nd J u ly . A s epa ra te b ag d a ted 1 933 h a s al a be l r e ad ing " I n s ide c ou r tya rd , g r ey a sh . B 1 86" . T h is m u s t s u re ly b e t h e s amp le f o und o nt h e f l oo r o ft h e f i r s t H ou se I I , t h e c e l led h u t . A no the r p la s t ic b ag c on ta in s 5p i ece s o fw ha t l o ok l i ke t u yre f r agmen t s , p i ece s o f f i r ed c l ay t u be h eav i ly v i t r if ied o n o ne s i de ; t h e se i mp ly t h e o pe ra t ion o f ab l a s t f ur na ce . C u r ie 's l a s t r e por t d e sc r ibe s t h e i n v es t iga t ion o ft h e r ound h u t n o I V o ft h e e a r ly I r on A ge v i l lage , w i th l a rge a t tached s ou te r ra in ; n o s l ag i sd e sc r ibed f r om t h i sa r ea [ 9 ] . B ron ze o b jec t s n umbe r ed t h ree , a l s ma l l a nd i n c lud ing a r i ng ; h oweve rs eve ra lc r uc ib le sw e r ef ound . S tone o b jec t s i n c lude p ebb le p ound e r s a nd t r ough q uer n s , t h e l a t te r s im i la r t ot h o se i nu se i nt h e o l de r v i l lage . N ine p i ece s o fp o l i shed s t ea t i te a rm le t s w e r e f ound [ 4 , f i g . 1 7 ] , w i th c r o s s s e c t ion s l i ke af l a t tened D ; a l though t h ep a ra l le l i sn o t d r awn i nt h e r e por t t h e se s hou ld b e c onnec ted w i th t h e j e t a rm le t s w h ich a r e c ommon ly f ound i n e a r ly a nd m idd le I r on A ge s i te s i nm a in land S co t land . T he re w e re a l so s i x b ead s o r p endan t s o fs t ea t i t e [ 4 , f i g . 1 7 ] a nd t wo s p ind le w ho r l s , o ne o ff i r ed c l ay a nd o ne o fs t ea t i te . A n umbe r o f w he t s tone s c onf i rmed t h e p r e sence o f m e ta l t oo ls . P o t te ry ( I l l . 4 . 28 ) : c omp le te ly d i s t inc t f r om t h e v e s se l s o f V i l lage I ,t h e n ew p o t te ry i sd i s t ingu i shed b y r im s w i th i n terna l f l ange s , p rof i le s w i th am a rked s hou lde r ( b e low a c oncave p rof i le ) a bou t aq ua r te r o ft h e w ay d own t h e s i de a nd t h e u s e o f s t ea t i te b a ck ing . Mo s t o f t h e v e s se l s I l t ra ted a r e m ade o fp l a in , f a i r ly c oa r se w a re b u t t h ree a r e f i ne ly m ade p o t s w i th t h in w a l l s a nd a b l a ck b u rn i shed e x te r io r ; t h e se a r e s hown w i th s h aded s u rf ace s . T h i s l a t te r f e a tu re i sf o und o n e a r ly I r on A g e p o t te ry i n s ou the rn E ng land a nd n o r the rn F rance b u t , t o t h e a u tho r 's k now ledg e , n o t e l sewhe r e i nt h en o r th e xcep t f o rt wo s ma l l s he rd s f r om D un A rd t r eck , S kye [ 1 5 ] a nd s ome f r om C l ickh im in ( HU44 1 ) . H oweve r g l o s sy b l ack s he rd s f r om d i f f e r en tv e s se lf o rm sd oo cca s iona l ly o ccu r .

3 . T he b roch c omp lex 3 . 1 S umma ry T he e xcava t ion s b y J .R .C . H am i l ton o n b eha lf o f t h e M in i s t ry o f Wo rk s i nt h e e a r ly 1 950 's w e re d e s igned t o

6 5

I n s umma ry H am i l ton 's h i s to ry o f J a r l shof i n b roch a nd p o s t -b roch t ime sw a s a sf o l low s . T he b roch c omp lex - t h e s t ump o f w ha t w a s p re sumab ly o nce a m a s s ive c i rcu la r d ry s tone t owe r w i th a l a rge w a l led c ou r tya rd a t tached w a s b u i l t a f t e r a n i n te rva l d u r ing w h ich t wo s upe r impo sed o l de r v i l lage s h ad b een a bandoned a nd h ad s i l ted u p w i th s and . Af t e r a n u nce r ta in p e r iod o ft ime - w h ich m ay h ave b een m any y ea r s -t h eb roch e v iden t ly c ea sed t ob en eeded a s as t rongho ld a nd a s t one r oundhou se w i th a b y re a t tached w a s b u i l t i nt h e c ou r tya rd . P a r t o f t h e m a ss ive c ou r tya rd w a l l w a s d emo l i shed t o m ake r oom f o r , a nd t o p rov ide m a te r ia l f o r , t h is p r e sumed f a rmhou se . Af t e r a s ho r t i n te rva l t h e r oundhou se w a s c onver ted t o a n a i s led w hee lhou se b y t h e i n se r t ion o f r a d ia l s t one p i e r s . E ven tua l ly t h e c on s t ruc t ion o ff i r s t o ne a nd t h en as e cond w hee lhou se i nt h e c ou r tya rd ( af t e r p o s s ib ly t wo o r t h ree mo re h ad b een b u i l t e a r l ie r i n t h e v an i shed h a lf o f t h e e nc lo sed s pace ) c au sed t h e c on t rac t ion o f t h e a i s led w hee lhou se u n t i l l e s st h an h a lf o fi tw a sh ab i tab le . T he w hee lhou se c omp lex c on t inued i n o ccupa t ion f o r a l o ng t ime - s eve ra l c en tu r ie s - a nd v a r iou s o t he r s e conda ry b u i ld ing s w e r e e r ec ted o n t h e s i t e i n c lud ing a s t ruc tu re a c tua l ly i n s ide t h e b roch a nd , l a te r , v a r iou s p a s sage h ou se s a nd a f i e ld h u t r ound a bou t . T h rough c a r ef u l s t ra t ig raph ica l e xcava t ion i t w a s p o s s ib le t o a s soc ia te a l a rge q uan t i ty o f p o t te ry a nd f i nd s w i th t h e v a r iou sp ha se s o ft h e I r on A ge s e t t lemen t( I l l s . 4 . 39 -4 .31) . 3 . 2 T he b roch a nd i t sc ou r tya rd A bou tt wo -f if th s o ft h e b roch h a sb een w a shed a way b yt h e s e a , i n c lud ing t h e p a r t c on ta in ing t h e mu ra l s t a i r a nd e n t rance p a s sage ; t h e p r e sen t e nd s o ft h e w a l l r e vea l t h e h a lve s o ft wo m u ra l c e l l s o n o ppo s i te s i de s ( I l l . 4 . 29 , 4 . 31) [ 4 , f i g . 2 2 ] . T he o ne o n t h e e a s t ( no t s hown o n t h e d e ta i led p l an )h a st h e d oo rway t ot h e i n te r io rp r e se rved a nd s e em s l i ke ly t o b e t h e l o bby , o r g ua rd -ce l l , a tt h e f oo t o f t h e mu ra l s t a ir . T he o ne o n t h e w e s t i sp robab ly t h e s i ng le s imp le mu ra l c e l l w h ich t h is s o l id -ba sed b roch p o s se s sed . I ti sr e con s t ruc ted i nH am i l ton 's d raw ing [ 4 , f i g . 2 4 ] a st h e g ua rd c e l l s uppo sed ly o n t h e l ef t o f t h e m a in e n t rance , w h ich w ou ld t h u s f a ce n o r th -we s t , d i rec t ly t owa rd s t h e g a teway t h rough t h e c ou r tya rd w a l l .

T he R oundhou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t i cS co t land

A l though o ne m igh t e xpec t , f r om m any o t he re xamp le s , a b roch e n t r ance t o f a ce a way f r om a ny o u t e r g a te ( t o p r even t ad i r ec t r u sh a t t h e f o rme r i ft h e l a t t e r w a s b r ea ched ) , i nt h i s c a se H am i l ton i sp robab ly r i gh t . I ft h e c ou r tya rd w a s f a i r ly s ymme t r ica l , t h e v an i sh ed o t he r e nd o fi t s w a l l w ou ld h ave b een a t ta ched t ot h e b roch n ea r i t s s ou the rn s i de , l e av ing l i t t le r o om f o r ad oo rway [ 4 , f i g .2 4 ] .

( I l l .4 . 29 ) . T he t h icken ing o ft h eo u te rw a l la tt h eg a t eway s t rong ly s ugg e s t s ac onnec t ion w i th t h e ' b lockhou se ' o r g a t ehou se f o r t s o f S he t land - n ame ly L och o f H ux t e r ( HU56 4 ) , S ca t n e s s ( HU30 2 ) , N e s s o fB u rg i ( HU30 3 ) a nd C l ickh im in ( HU44 1 ) ; i nt h e se t h e e n t rance s e c t ion s w e r e b u i l t s e pa r a te ly a s t h ick e r l e ng th s o fw a l l w i th t wo v e ry l a rg e m u ra lc e l l s ,o ne o ne a ch s i d eo ft h ed oo rway .

I th a s t ob e a dm i t ted h ow eve r t h a t t h e r e i sa n e l emen t o f u nce r ta in ty a bou tt h i s . I ti sn o tc l ea rf r om t h ed e ta i led p l an [ 4 , f i g . 2 2 ] w he the r t h e s t ra igh t e nd o f t h e h a lf o f t h e w e s ter n b roch c e l l w h ich i sp r e se rved i sa n a r b i t ra ry e nd d ue t o e r o s ion o r i st h e b u i l t s i d e o f ad oo rway t o t h e i n te r io r , o r ap a s sage t h rough t h e w a l l . I ti sn o t l i k e ly t o b e t h e l a t t e r b ecau se n o d oo r c heck i ss hown b u t t h e e nd m igh t i n c lude t h e s i d eo f ac e l ld oo rt ot h e i n t e r io r . I nt h i s c a se t h em a in e n t ran ce ( w i th a ny g ua rd c e l l s l e ad ing o f fi t ) w ou ld b e o n t h e s ou ther n s i de a nd t h e c ou r tya rd w a l l w ou ld h av ec u rved f u r the rr ound t ot h ee a s tt oi n c lude i t .

L i t t le o f t h e f l oo r o f t h e c ou r tya rd c ou ld b e e xp lo r ed b ecau se o ft h el a t e rb u i ld ing sb u tt h a te xpo sed w a so fs a nd ; n o t r a ce s o f a ny s t ru c tu r e s w e r e f ound i ni t . A s h a l low d ep r e s s ion i nt h e s a nd , a bou t 2f t . 6i n s , w id e a nd 6i n s . d eep , s e em st oh av eb een u s ed f o r ac amp f i r e , p e rhap s( a s s u rm i sed b yt h ee x cava to r )b yt h e b roch b u i lde r s w h i le t h e t owe rw a sg o ing u p .

T he b roch 's o ve ra l l d i ame t e r i sa bou t 6 4 f t . , i t s w a l l i s s ome 1 8f t .t h ick a nd i t si n ter na ld i ame te r2 9f t . 6i n s . T he w a l l p ropo r t ion i st h e r ef o r e a bou t 5 6 .25% a nd J a r l shof s v e ry m a s s ive b u i ld f a l l s w e l l w i th in t h e S h e t land r a nge ( Ma cK ie 1 97 1 ,f i g . 1 ) . A s e conda ry w a l l h a s b een e r ec t ed r ound t h e i n te r io r , d i r ec t ly a ga in s t t h e b roch m a son ry f o r at h i rd o f t h e s u rv iv ing c i r cumf e r en ce a nd s t and ing a bou t 2f t .f o rwa rd o fi tf o rt h er e s t( I l l .4 .3 1 ) . I ts e em st oh ave b een s ome s o r t o f w h ee lhou se a nd t h e m a son ry r e s t s o n as e conda ry p avemen t a bou t 1 2 i n s , a bov e t h e p r ima ry b roch f l oo r . I n t h e s pa ce o rg a l le ry b eh ind t h e s e conda ry w a l l t h e b ro ch 's s c a r cemen t c an b e s e en , ap ro jec t ing l e dge o fs t one s l ab s r unn ing r ound t h e i n t e r io r w a l l f a ce a t ah e igh t o f 7f t .6 i n s , a bove t h ep r ima ry f l oo r( I l l . 4 . 31) . Aw e l l 1 3f t .d eep i su nd e rt h e b roch f l oo ra nd i sr e a ched b y af l i gh to fs t ep s ; t h e b o t tom 8f t .o ft h i s h av e b een c u t i n to t h e s o l id r o ck . H am i l ton m en t ioned n o t r a ce s o fa n u ppe rg a l le r ie s o nt h e p r e sen t w a l lh ead w h ich n ow s t and s 8o r 9f t . h i gh ; h owev e r i t i s n o t k nown w he the r t h e w a l lhead w a s s y s tema t ica l ly e xp lo r ed t os e a r ch f o rs u ch af e a tu r e . . T he c ou r tya rd w a l l o ft h e b roch i ss o f a r u n iqu e i nt h a t , w hen c omp le t e , i to n ly p a r t ly s u r rounded t h e t owe r : i t r un su p a ga in s tt h eb r och w a l l o nt h en o r th s i de a nd c u rv e s r ound a nd o u t t o t h e w e s t w he r e t h e r ema in s o f al a rg e m u ra l c e l l i n aw id e rp a r t i n d ica t et h e p o s i t ion o ft h e o u t e r g a teway ( I l l . 4 . 29 , 4 . 32 ) ; p r e sumab ly i tw en t o nt om ee t t h e b roch w a l l a ga in a t ap o in t w he r e i t h a s n ow d i sappea r ed [ 4 , f i g . 2 4 ] . T h e w a l l i sa bou t 4f tt h ick a nd s t i l l s t and s 1 0 f t . h i gh i n o ne p l a ce , a nd m ay o r ig ina l ly h ave b een s omewha th i ghe r .

O f t h e m a t e r ia l c u l tu re o ft h e b roch b u i ld e r s a tJ a r l shof o n ly p o t t e ry i s d e sc r ibed - c om ing f r om t h e b r och c ou r tya rd a nd f r om t h e c o r r e spond ing m idden h o r izon o u t s ide t h e o u t e rw a l l ; t h i sw a st h e s t anda rd J a r l shof C la s s Iw a r e f o und i na bundance i nt h e l a t e r r o undhou se ( I l l . 4 . 39 ) . A l though d e ta i l s o ff i nd s o fp o t sh e rd s a nd o b jec t s o fs t on ea nd b on ea r eg i ven f o ra l lt h el a t e rr oundhou se a nd w hee lhou se c on t ex t s , n o th ing i sd e sc r ib ed f o rt h e p r ima ry b roch h o r izon a nd o ne h a s t o c onc lud e t h a t o n ly s h e rd s w e r e f o und a tt h i s l e ve l . T he p o t te ry c on s i s ted o fl a rg e s i tu la t e ( o r o vo id )j a r s w i th s l igh t ly e v e r t ed r im s , b u i l t o n t h er i ng p r in c ip le a nd u s ing s t ea t i te f o rg r i t . T he e xcava to r i n f e r r ed , f r om t h e l o ca l c ha r a c te r o f t h i s w a r e , t h a t t h e J a r l shof b r och w a s p r obab ly b u i l t f o r a n i mm ig ran t r u l ing c l a s s b y a' n a t ive ' l a bou r f o r ce b r ough t d own t h eD un ro s sn e s sp en in su la f r om t h eL e rw ick a r ea f o r t h ep u rpo se . H ef u r th e rs uppo sed t h a tt h e se ' n a t ive s ' -o n t h e c omp le t ion o ft h e i rw o rk - s e t t led i n to t h er oundhou se i n s ide t h e b ro ch c ou r tya rd . T he d e ta i l s o f t h e r e levan t s t ra t ig raphy a nd t h e q ue s t ion o ft h e i d en t i ty o ft h ed w e l le r s o ft h e r oundhou se a r e b o th d i scu s sed l a t e r ( S ec t ion 4 . 2 ) . I ti se nough t on o t e h e r e t h a tt h e s t ra t ig r aphy o ft h e b r och c ou r tya rd d oe sn o tu nequ ivo ca l ly s uppo r tt h ev i ew t h a tt h e r oundhou se w a sb u i l ti mm ed ia te ly a f t e rt h eb roch , w h ich i t s hou ld h ave b e en i f t h e se h ypo the t ica l ' n a t ive ' b r och b u i ld ing l a bou r e r s l i v ed i ni ta s al ow e rc l a s s . N e i th e rd o t h e t wo ' u ppe r c l a s s ' a r t ef a c t s c i ted - a n E ve r t ed R im s h e rd a nd ab on e w eav ing c omb [ 4 , f i g . 2 5 ] -d ef in i te ly c om ef r om t h eb r och h o r izon ( S ec t ion 4 ,b e low ) . I ti si mpo r tan t t on o te t h a t n o t r ace o fi r on w a s f o und i n t h e se e a r ly l e v e l s . 3 . 3 T he r ound hou se a nd b y r e

T he r e i sn o d oub t t h a t i ta n teda t e s a l t h e w hee lhou se s t ruc tu r e s i te nc lo se s a nd t h a t i tw a s b u i l t w i th t h e b roch , o ri mmed ia t e ly a f t e rwa rd s ( t he s t ra t ig raph ica l e v idence f o r t h i s s t a t emen ti sd i scu s sed b e low ) .

T he f i r s to f as e r ie so fs t on ed we l l ing sw h ich w e r ea dd ed t o t h e o r ig ina l b r och c omp lex o ft owe r a nd c ou r tya rd w a s a l a rge s t one r o undhou se ; t h i sw a s f i t ted i n to t h en o r th -ea s t c o rne r o ft h e c ou r t a nd f o l lowed t h e c on cav e c u rv e o ft h e c ou r tya rd w a l l a nd t h e c onv ex c u rve o f as hor t s e c t ion o f b roch w a l l( I l l s .4 . 29 & 4 . 34 ) .

A no the ru n ique f e a tu r e o ft h e o u t e rw a l l i st h e l a rge m u r a l c e l ln ex tt ot h eo u t e rg a te : i ts e em sd oub tf u lw he the ri tw a s ag ua rd c e l l s i n ce o ne s i d e o f ad oo rway i sp r e se rved , l e ad ing d i r ec t ly b a ckwa rd s f r om t h e c e l l i n to t h e c ou r tya rd

T h i s b u i ld ing w a s o ccup ied f o r al o ng p e r iod - f o u r s upe r impo sed p av ed f l oo r s w e re f o und i n s id e i t- a nd u nde rwen t s e v e r a l a l te ra t ion s i n vo lv ing r e du c t ion s i ns i z e . O ne o ft h e se l a t e rw a l l s r e s t s o n r ubb le l y ing o nt h ep av ed 6 6

S ec t ion 4 : S he t land

A l so t h e w ooden p l a tf orm p r e sumed t oh ave r e s ted o n t h e s c a r cemen t s e em s u n l ike ly s t i l l t o h ave b een i nu se a f t e r t h e r a d ia l p i e r s w e re i n se r ted s i nce s ome o ft h e se p i e r s a r e b onded t ot h e o u te r w a l l w i th p a i r s o fs t one l i n te l s a tt h e l e ve l o ft h e l e dge ( I l l . 4 . 35 ) . P re sumab ly t h e c hange f r om p o s t st os t one p i e r st ook p l ace b ecau se t h ep r ima ry w ooden r oof w a s u n s tab le a nd t wo a l ter na t ive r e con s t ruc t ion s a r e s ugge s ted ( I l l . 4 . 38 , B&C ) .

f l oo r s [ 4 , f i g . 2 2 , s e c t ion AA ] ( I l l s . 4 . 29 & 4 . 36 ) . I ni t s p r ima ry f o rm t h e r oundhou se s e em st oh ave b een as imp le s t one d we l l ing w i th aw ooden r oof s uppor ted o n ar i ng o f i n terna l p o s t s ( t hough n o p o s t -ho le s w e re a c tua l ly f ound ) . T he f r ee s tand ing , r ad ia l s t one p i e r sw e re d educed t oh ave b een a dded l a te r( I l l . 4 . 38 ) . T he w a l lw a s4 f t . t h ick a nd t h em a son ry c on ta ined ah ighe r p ropo r t ion o f b each p ebb le s t h an t h a t o f t h e b roch ( c ompa r e I l s . 4 . 33 & 4 . 35 ) . T he w a l l l e an s a ga in s t t h e b roch a to ne p o in t a nd i st h e re r e duced t o at h ickne s s o f o ne c ou r se o fs t ones ( I l l . 4 . 29 ) . T he i n te r io r , t h ough much r e duced b y t h e e nc roa chmen t o f l a t e r w hee lhou ses , w a s p robab ly n ea r e r a n o va l t h an ac i r c le i np l an , f i t t ing a s i t d i d i n to o ne e nd o ft h e c ou r tya rd , a nd i t sp r e sen tm ax imum a nd m in imum i n ter na l d i ame te r s a r e 3 7 a nd 3 2 f t . r e spec t ive ly .

I nt h e f i r s t t h e r ad ia l s t one p i e r s a r e a s sumed t oh ave b een a bou t 1 4 f t . h igh a nd d i rec t ly t o h ave s uppo r ted r af t e r s r i s ing f r om t h e w a l lhead t o t h e c en t re ; t h e r oof o n t o p w ou ld h ave t h a tch o r t u rf [ 4 , f i g . 8 9 ] . I nt h e s e cond t h e p i e r s r i se o n ly t o t h e a s sumed o r ig ina l h e igh t o f t h e w a l lhead , a bou t 1 0 f t . , a nd t h e i r i n ne r e nd s s uppo r t s ho r te r r af t e r s w h ich r i se m o re s t eep ly t o t h e a pex o ft h e r oof i n t h e c en t re ; t h ey a l so s uppo r t mo re b eam s d own t o t h e w a l lhead .

T he p r ima ry f l oo r i n s ide i n c luded a s t r ip o f p e r iphe ra l p av ing a r ound t h e w a l l w h ich w a s b ounded b y ak e rb o f s l ab s o ne dg ea t ad i s tance o f 6f t .o u tf r om i t ; ar e c tangu la r p aved h ea r th w a s i nt h e c en t r e . T he m ax imum w a l l h e igh t a tp re sen ti s 7f t . 7i n s , t h ough ar obbe rt r ench s how st h a t i t r o se t o a t l e a s t 1 0 f t . ( I l l . 4 . 36 ) . A s c a r cemen t l e dge f o rmed o ft h in s t one s l ab s p ro jec t s f r om t h e i n ne r f a ce a ta h e igh t o f 5f t . 6i n s , a bove t h e f l oo r( I l l . 4 . 34 ) . I ti sn o t c l ea rw he the rt h is l e dge c on t inued a l ong t h et h in p a r to ft h e w a l l a d ja cen tt ot h e b roch ; p r e sumab ly i td i d i ft h e re w a s a c omp le t e w ooden r oundhou se i n s id e . S eve ra l c upboa rd s o r a umb r ie sw e r e i nt h e i n te r io rw a l l f a ce a nd a tl e a s to ne w a s a bove t h e l e ve l o ft h e s c a r cemen t . N ot r ace o fp o s t -ho le s f o r t h e r o of w e re f ound i nt h e c en t ra l a r ea - t h ough t h e i n se r t ion o ft h e r ad ia l p i e r s l a te rh ad b een a ccompan ied b y g r ea t d i s tu rbance - s o i tw a s d educed t h a t t h e se h ad b een a tt h ek e rb o ft h ep e r iphe ra lp av ing .

I nv i ew o ft h e f a c t t h a t , a t al a te r s t age , s ome o ft h e a i s le s ( t he g ap s b e tween t h e f r ee s tand ing p i e r s a nd t h e o u te r w a l l ) w e re b locked w i th m a son ry - e v iden t ly t oc oun te rac t t h e o u twa rd t h ru s t e xer ted o n t h e p i e r s b y t h e r oof - i t s e em s m o re p robab le t h a t s hor te r r oof b eam s r e s ted o n t h e i n ne r e nd s o ft h e p i e r s , a nd t h u s e xe r ted a n o u twa rd t h ru s t u pon t h em , r a the r t h an s imp ly r e s t ing o n t h e t op s o f t h e p i e r s . I n t h e l a t te r c a se t h e t h ru s t w ou ld h ave b een a d ownwa rd o r e ven a n i nwa rd o ne p rov ided t h a t t h e b eam s w e re s e cu re ly a ncho red t ot h ew a l lhead a tt h e i ro u te re nd s . I ft h e p i e r s n eve r r o se a ny h i ghe r t h an t h ey d o a tp r e sen t l o nge r b eam s w ou ld h ave b een n eeded t o r un f r om t h e i r t op su pt ot h er af t e r s . Among t h e r oundhou se s a nd w hee lhou se s c u r r en t ly b e ing u ncove red s t and ing a r ound t h e b roch a tO ld S ca tne s s i s o ne o f t h e f o rme r w i th a s im i la r s c a rcemen t [ 1 0 , p l . 6 ] . O ne mu s t h ope t h a t f u r the r i n f orma t ion a bou t t h e r oof ing o ft h i st y pe o fb u i ld ing w i l lb e o b ta ined a tt h i s s i te .

T he s ca r cem en t l e dge - u n t i lr e cen t ly au n ique f e a tu r e i na w hee lhou se ( I l l . 4 . 34 ) -w a s s uppo sed o r ig ina l ly t oh ave s uppor ted ar i ng shaped w ooden p l a tf orm o r g a l le ry a nd t h e i n ne r e dge o ft h i s w a s p r e sumab ly a t ta ched t ot h e r i ng o f r oof -po s t s a round t h e p av ing k e rb ( I l l . 4 . 38 , A ) . T he e x is tence o f t h e a umb ry a bove t h e l e ve l o f t h e l e dge s ugge s t s t h a t i tw a s u sed t os uppo r t s ome s o r t o fp l a tf o rm , j u s t a s d o d oo rway s i n as im i la r p o s i t ion i ns ome b roch s . H am i l ton e s t ima tes t h a t w hen t h e s c a r cemen t p l a tf o rm o r b a lcony w a si nu se t h er oundhou se w a l lr o se t oa bou t 1 2f t . a nd t h a t t h e r oof e i the r s l oped d ownwa rd s a nd i nwa rd s f r om t h i s ( q u i te u n rea l i s t ic a s t h e r a inwa te r w ou ld h ave d r a ined o n t ot h e h ea r th ) , o r u pwa rd s t o f o rm a s ha l low c one [ 4 ,f i g . 8 9 ] ( t he a ng le o ft h er oof s hown i nH am i l ton 's d i ag ram i su n rea l is t ica l ly l ow ) . I nt h e l a t te rc a se t h e p o s t s s uppo r t ing t h e r oof a nd t h e s c a r cemen t p l a tf o rm w ou ld h ave b een l o ng , 1 6 f ta tl e a s ta nd m o r ep robab ly 2 0f tw hen t h er oof i sg i ven as u i tab le s t eep p i tch ( I l l . 4 . 38 ) .

T he b y re . E xcava t ion s b e low t h e f l oo ro f Whee lhou se 1b u i l t n ex tt o , a nd s l igh t ly e nc roa ch ing o n , t h e r oundhou se -r e vea led a s t one d ra in a s soc ia ted w i th a c obb led f l oo r r e s t ing o n t h e u nde r ly ing s a nd . S i nce t h e d r a in h ad b een b l ocked b y o ne o f t h e r ad ia l p i e r s o f t h e w hee lhou se i t e v iden t ly b e longed t oa n e a r l ie rs t ruc tu re . H am i l ton c on s ide red t h a t , i nv i ew o ft h e a b sence o f ad r a in i n t h e r oundhou se a nd t h e r ough n a tu re o f t h e c obb led f l oo r , t h e se f e a tu r e s w e re l i ke ly t ob et h e f l oo ra nd d r a in o f as epa ra te b y re s im i la rt ot h o se f ound w i th t h e w hee lhou se f a rm s tead s o f C le t t rava l i nN o r th U i s t ( NF77 4 ) a nd t h e A l la sda le o n B a r ra ( NF60 8 ) . A c omp le te v e s se l o f J a r l shof C la s s Iw a r e w a s f ound i nt h e d ra in [ 4f i g . 3 2 , n o . 1 ]a nd a r im s h e rd o f as im i la r v e s se l w a s f ound o n t h e c obb led f l oo r . T h i s t y pe o fp o t te ry w a s f o und i nt h e b roch a nd e a r ly r oundhou se l e ve l s a nd s uppo r t s t h e a s soc ia t ion o ft h eb y re w i th t h em .

T he e v idence o ft h e s c a rcemen t l e dg e a nd t h e p o s i t ion o f s ome o ft h ea umb r ie s s e em t os how f a i r ly c onc lu s ive ly t h a t t h e r ad ia l s t one p i e r s w e re s e conda ry i n ser t ion s a nd t h a t t h ey w e r e t h e r e su l t o f ad ra s t ic r e con s t ruc t ion o ft h e r oof o f t h e d w e l l ing . S eve ra l o f t h e a umb r ie s a r e p l aced a wkwa rd ly i nr e la t ion t o t h e s t one p i e r s , a l so s ugge s t ing t h a tt h e l a t te rw e re a dded l a te r .

F ind s . T he p o t te ry a s soc ia ted w i th t h e r oundhou se o ccupa t ion w a s t h e s ame a st h a t f ound i nt h e e a r l ie rb roch l e ve l s , n ame ly J a r l shof C la s s Iw a re c on s i s t ing o f l a rge s i tu la te j a r s a nd u rn s w i th s imp le , s l igh t ly e ve r ted r im s ( I l l .

6 7

T he R oundhou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se so fA t l an t ic S co t land

4 . 39 ) . O ne v e s se l -t h a t f o und i nt h e b y r e d r a in - w a s 1 4 .5 i n s , h i gh a nd h ad ar ud imen ta ry c a r ina t ion u nde r t h e r im . Many o ft h es h e rd sh ad ah a rd s t ea t i t ic s l ip a pp l ied o n t h ee x t e r io ra nd t h ep o t t e ry i sr i ng -o rc o i l -bu i l t . S ome l a t e r C la s s Is h e rd s w e r e f o und i nt h e u ppe r l e ve l s o fs ome o ft h er oundhou se m idden s .

Whee lhou se 1h ad e i gh tr a d ia l p i e r s , w i th t r ace s o f as t one k e rb j o in ing t h e i r i n ne r e nd s , a nd ac e n t ra l h ea r th . T he l a t e s t f l oo r l e v e l i ni t si n t e r io rh ad b een f o und a nd c l ea r ed b y B ruce . T he e n t ran ce t ot h i s d we l l ing h ad b een t h rough as ma l l p o r ch o n t h e e a s t e rn s i d e , i n s ide t h e a i s led r oundhou se p a r t o f w h ich mu s t t h e r ef o r e h av e b een d emo l i sh ed w h en i tw a sb u i l t( I l l .4 . 29 ) .

S tone i mp l emen t s i n c luded a xe s , k n ive s a nd v a r iou s c hopp ing i mp lemen t s o fs t one a nd s l a t e ; b ead s w e r e a l so f ound a sw e re h amm e rs t one sm ade o fb ea ch p ebb le s , T he q ue rn s w e r e m o s t ly t h e s add le t y pe b u t i ti si mpo r tan t t o n o te t h a tt h eu ppe rs t one o f r o ta ry q ue rn , o fs a nd s tone a nd 2 4 i n s , i nd i ame te r , w a s f ound o n t h e p r ima ry p e r iphe ra l p av ing i nt h e a i s led w hee lhou se [ 4 , 4 9 ] ; i nc on t ra s t t o w ha t H am i l ton m a in ta in s ( b e low ) t h i s t y pe o fq ue rn mu s t t h e r ef o r e h av e b een i nu se i nt h e r oundhou se p ha se a nd p e rhap se a r l ie r .

Mo r et h an h a lf o ft h ea i s led w hee lhou se w a ss t i l lo ccup ied , h oweve r ,a nd ap a r t i t ion w a l lw a sb u i l tb ye x tend ing o n eo f i t s r a d ia l p i e r s a c ro s s t h e i n te r io r a nd o v e r t h e p r ima ry h ea r th ( I l l . 4 . 29 ) . I ta ppea r s t h a t a c ce s s b o th t o t h e c on t ra c ted r oundhou se a nd t o Whee lhou se 1w a sg a in ed b y w ay o ft h e l i n t e l led p a s sag e w h ich r u n s a l ong b e tw een t h e w hee lhou se a nd t h e b roch c ou r tya rd w a l l : t wo l a y e r s o f p av ing w e r ef o und i ni tb e low t h eu ppe rmo s to ne ( e xpo s ed b yB ruce ) , i mp ly ing al o ng o ccupa t ion .

B one m a t e r ia l i n c luded w ha lebone a r t ef a c t s l i k e t e the r p eg s a nd s c oop s a nd av a r ie ty o fs ma l l t o o l s s u ch a sa w l s , p i n sa nd s p a tu la te t o o l s .

Whee lhou se 2w a s b u i l t l a t e r a nd c r amm ed i n to t h e s p a ce b e tw een n o .1 a nd t h e a i s led w h ee lhou se , f u r th e r e nc roa ch ing o n t h e i n te r io r o f t h e l a t t e r a nd o n t h e c ou r tya rd w a l l( I l l .4 . 29 ) . D u r ing c l ea r an ce u nd er tak en t o m ak e s pa ce f o r t h i s n ew d w e l l ing t h e a i s led r oundhou se w a s s t i l l f u r th e r d emo l i sh ed a nd m u ch s t one r ubb le a nd e a r l ie r o ccupa t ion r e f u se w a s t h rown o n t o p o f i t s l a t e s t p av ing . S ome a b rad ed e a r ly C la s s Is h e rd s w e r e i nt h i s r ubb le . Whee lhou se 2 w a s e n te r ed b y ad oo rway d r iv en t h rough t h e c ou r tya rd w a l l a nd an ew d oo r mu s t a l so h ave b een p u shed t h rough t h e w e s te rn w a l l o f Whee lhou se 1 s i n ce n o . 2h ad c u t o ft h e l i n te l led p a s sag e t oi t s o r ig ina l p o r ch e n t ran ce .

F i red c l ay m a te r ia li n c luded s p ind le w ho r l s . I n h i s d i scu s s ion o f t h e m a t e r ia l c u l tu r e o f t h e t wo w hee lhou se s w h ich w e r e s ub sequ en t ly b u i l t n ex t t o t h e r oundhou se H am i l ton d e sc r ibed a s t h e m o s t s i gn if i can t i n nova t ion o f t h a t ( whee lhou se ) p ha se t h e r o ta ry q ue rn " wh ich r e p la ced t h e s add le t y pe u s ed b y t h e r oundhou se i n hab i tan t s" [ 4 , 5 9 ] . T ha t i t w a s e v iden t ly n o t a n i n nova t ion t h en m u s tr e duce t h e f o r ce o ft h e a r gumen t f o r t h e e xo t ic o r ig in s a s c r ibed t ot h e w hee lhou se b u i lde r s , a s a l so m u s t t h e e v id ence f o r ac on t inuou s e vo lu t ion f o r t h e w hee lhou se s t ruc tu r e s o u t o ft h e a i s led s t ruc tu r e ( b e low ) .

3 . 5 D emo l i t ion o ft h eb roch B ef o r e t h e e r e c t ion o f Wh ee lhou se 2 al a rg e q uan t i ty o f m a s s ive s t on er u bb le , i n c lud ing s om ev e ry l a rge s a nd s ton e f l ag s , h ad b een p i led i nt h e t r iangu la r a r ea i nf r on t o ft h e p o r ch e n t rance i n to Whee lhou se 1a nd n ex tt ot h ep a r t i t ion w a l l a c ro s s t h e c en t r e o ft h e a i s led w h ee lhou se . E v id en ce o f b r eakag e w a s c ommon a mong t h e se s t on e s a nd a n umbe ro ff l ag s l a y a ta n a cu te a ng le , s u gg e s t ing t h a tt h ey h ad b een d r opped f r om a h e igh t [ 4 , 6 8 ] . H am i l ton b e l iev e st h a t i ti sp r obab le t h a tB ruce f o und as im i la rm a s s o f s t one d eb r i s a tt h e f o o t o f t h e b r och w a l l w h en h e c l ea r ed o u t t h e s p a ce b e tw een Wh ee lhou se 1 a nd t h e b roch ,t h ough B ru ce d oe sn o ts t a te t h i sc l ea r ly [ 2 , 2 5 ] .

3 . 4 T he t wo w hee lhou se s . W i th in t h es u rv iv ing h a lf o ft h eb roch c ou r tya rd t h e r ew e re t h r ee d ome s t ic s t ruc tu r e s , t h e a i s led w hee lhou se j u s t d e sc r ibed a nd t wo w e l l p r e se rv ed w hee lhou se s w h ich h ad b een b u i l t l a te r a nd t om ak e r oom f o rw h ich f i r s tp a r t a nd t h en h a lf o ft h ea i s led d w e l l ing h ad b een d emo l i shed . I ti s h i gh ly l i k e ly t h a t t h e r e w e r e m o r e w hee lhou se s i n t h e v an i sh ed h a lf o ft h ec ou r tya rd ( Ham i l ton 1 953 ,p l .3 ) . B o th Whee lhou se s 1a nd 2w e r eb a s ica l ly t h e s ame t y pe o f s t ruc tu r e a s t h e a i s led d we l l ing a l though a r ch i t ec tu ra l ly c on s ide rab ly m o re s oph i s t ica t ed . T he i r r a d ia l p i e r s w e r e b ond ed t ot h e o u t e r w a l l a nd t h e w id th o ft h e se i n c r ea se s w i th t h e i rh e igh ts ot h a tt h eb ay sb e tween t h em a r ei ne f ec t p a r t ly r oof ed b yc o rbe l l ing : t h e s ma l l r ema in ing g ap sw e r e c ove r ed w i th f l a ts l ab s( I l l .4 . 43 ) .

T he s i ze o fs ome o ft h ef l ag sa nd t h ee v id ence f o rd r opp ing a nd b r eakag e s u gg e s t st h a tt h e s t one s c am e f r om t h eb r och i t s e lf - t h e l a rg e f l ag s b e ing t h e l i n t e l s o f t h e g a l le r ie s i n s ide t h eh o l low w a l l -w h i ch w a sb e ing p u l led d own t oa s a f e h e igh t . T h i s d emo l i t ion mu s t h av e b een c a r r ied o u t b ef o r et h ee r e c t ion o f Wh ee lhou se 2 ,s i nce i t sw a l lr a no ve r t h e s t on e d eb r i s [ 4 , p l . X c ] , a nd a f t e rt h a t o f Whee lhou se I . Ap a r t i t ion w a l l i n s ide Whee lhou s e 1b a r r ing o ft h e s e gmen tn ea r e s tt h e b roch s ugge s t st h a tf a l l s o fs t on e f r om t h e d ecay ing s umm i t o ft h e t owe rw e r e m ak ing c ond i t ion s d ang e rou s b e low a nd w e r e t h e r e a son f o r t h e d emo l i t ion . I ti si mpo r tan tt on o t et h a tt h e d emo l i t ion d i dn o to c cu rf o r s ome c on s id e r ab le t i me a f t e rt h e c ou r tya rd b egan t of i l l u p w i th d ome s t ic d w e l l ing s .

T he t wo b u i ld ing s a l so h ave m uch s ma l le r i n t er na l d i ame te r s t h an t h e a i s led d w e l l ing s -3 f t . a nd 2 3 f t . r e spec t iv e ly - a nd t h e i n ne r e nd s o ft h e r a d ia l p i e r s a l so c u rve i nwa rd s o ve r t h e c en t r e [ 4 , f i g . 9 0 ] . T hu s t h e s t ruc tu r e s w e r e f a rm o re c ompa c t a nd s t ab le t h an t h e l a rg e a i s led w hee lhou se w i th i t s r e la t ive ly f l im sy f r ee s tand ing p i e r s ; t h e s ma l le r o f t h e t wo , n o . 2 , m ay w e l l h ave s uppo r t ed a c o rbe l led s t one d ome o ve r t h e c en t ra l a r ea w h ich i sa bou t 1f t .a c ro s sa tf l oo rl e ve l [ 4 ,f i g . 9 0 ] .

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S ec t ion 4 : S he t land

D ISCUSS ION

p r e sumab ly a f te rt h e d emo l i t ion s i n ce i tw ou ld h a rd ly h ave b een p l aced i n s ide t h e t owe r i fs t one s w e re l i ab le t od rop f r om t h e w a l lhead . T he p aved f l oo r o f t h i s s t ruc tu re , w h ich w a s a l so c l ea red o u t b y B ru ce , r e s ted o n a bou t 1 2 i n s , o fo ccupa t ion d eb r i sw h ich h ad b u i l tu po nt h ef l oo ro f t h eb ro ch i t se lf .

5 . T he b roch c omp lex 5 . 1 T he b roch a nd i t sc ou r tya rd T he s e cond e xcava t ion o ft h eJ a r l shof b roch w a st h e f i r s tt o p rov ide p o t te ry a nd a r tef ac t s f r om a n u namb iguou s p r ima ry b roch c on tex t . T he s h e rd s o fC la s s Ip o t te ry f r om t h e l owe s t l e ve ls i nt h e b roch c ou r tya rd a nd i nt h e m idden s o u t s ide w e re t h e f i r s t e ve r t ob e a s s igned t o t h e p r ima ry u se r s o f ab roch a so ppo sed t ot h e i rs e conda ry o ccupan t s . H am i l ton 's i d ea t h a t b o th t h e s i ng le l a rge s he rd o fn eck b and p o t te ry a nd t h e o n ly w eav ing b one c omb d i scove red o n t h e s i te - b o th u ncove red b y B ruce - a l so b e longed mo s t p robab ly t o t h e b roch b u i lde r s h a s a l ready b een d i scu s sed . H e s ugge s t s t h a t t h i s E ve r ted R im n eck -band p o t te ry s t y le - c on t ra s t ing s ha rp ly a s i td oe s w i th t h e r e s t o f t h e C la s s Iw a r e , a nd w h ich i sf ound s po rad ica l ly o n m any o t he r b roch a nd w hee lhou se s i t e s , i n c lud ing s ome i n t h e We s te rn I s le s - m ay r e p r e sen t t h e a c tua l b roch a r i s toc ra t s a s o ppo sed t o t h e s e rf c l a s s w ho b u i l t t h e s t ruc tu re .

3 . 6 F ind sf rom t h ew hee lhou se s T he p o t te ry f ound i nt h e w hee lhou s e l e ve l s c on t ra s t s w i th t h e C la s s Iw a re o f t h e b roch a nd a i s led w hee lhou se i n b e ing l a rge v e s se l sw i th f l a t , r o l l topped a nd b ead r im s a nd m ade o f an ew r e d , h a rd -f i red w a r e ( I l l s . 4 . 40 & 4 . 43 ) . S eve ra l s ha rp ly e ve r ted r im s i n t h e H eb r idean s t y le a r e I l t ra ted b u t t h e l a rg e s t v e s se l s hown i si nb a s ica l ly i nt h e s ame s t y le a s t h e C la s s Iw a re . S eve ra l r im s o f b a r re l s haped u rn s a r e s hown a nd s ome s h e rd s w i th p l a in h o r izon ta l c o rdon s : t h e se l a s t t wo f e a tu re s a nd t h e h a rd , r ed f a b r ic o ft h e w a r e s ugge s t ar e appea rance o ft h e o ld p o t te ry f r om t h e e a r l ie s t v i l lage o fc e l led h u t s ( ' cou r tya rd h ou se s ' ) [ 4 , f i g . 3 5 , n o s . 1 3 -5 ) . T he h a rd -f i red , r e dd i sh w a r e c ou ld a l so c ome f r om O rkney a nd t h e We s ter nI s le s .

Wh i le i ti sn o t i mpo s s ib le t h a tn eck -band p o t te ry m ay h ave s ome c l o se c onnec t ion w i th t h e w ide sp read a dop t ion o f b roch s , n e i the r t h e s he rd f r om J a r l shof n o r t h e l o ng h and led c omb ( t he o t he r s ugge s ted i n d ica to r o f ' b roch l o rd s ' ) w a s g i ven a ny c l ea r c on tex t b y B ruce . S ince h e c onf ined h i s e xcava t ion s t o c l ea r ing o u t t h e t wo w hee lhou se s a nd t h e b roch a nd s ome o ft h e s pace r ound a bou tt h e se s t ruc tu re s w i thou tp ene t ra t ing t h e l a te s tp av ing , i ts e em s h igh ly d oub tf u l t h a t a ny th ing h e f ound c ame f r om a nywhe re n ea r ap r ima ry b roch c on tex t .

Among t h e s t one t o o l s t h e r e w e r e r o ta ry q uer n s w h ich a ppea r t o h ave b een t h e o n ly t y pe u sed , a s w e l l a s a n o tched s l a te s t ick , p robab ly f o rd e ta ch ing g r a in f r om t h e s t a lk s d u r ing h a rve s t ing . As imp le r f o rm o ft h is i mp lemen t w a s a l so u s ed i nt h e l a te B ronze A g e v i l lage [ 4 , 2 6 : f i g . 1 2 , n o s . 5& 8 ] . O the r s t one a r tef a c t s i n c lude ah and led c up o r l amp , b ead s , h amme r s t one s , af ew s l a te c hopp ing t o o l sa nd d i sc s , a nd s ome p a in ted p ebb le s . B one a r tef ac t si n c luded s poon s , s pa tu la te t o o l sa nd a w l s . Me ta lwo rk ing : m any f r agmen t s o fb r onze c a s t ing mou ld s w e re r e cove red a nd a c omp le te b ronze r i ng -headed p i n . F ragmen t s o fc o r roded i r on w e r e a l so f ound , t h e f i r s t c l ea r s i gn s o f t h e u se o f t h i s m e ta l s i n ce t h e E a r ly I r on A ge v i l lage . 4 .L a ter P i c t i sh s t ruc ture s T he r e w e r e an umbe r o f s t one d we l l ing s a ' p a s sage h ou se ' a nd s ome r ound h u t s - w h ich p o s t -da ted t h e w hee lhou se c omp lex a nd a n teda ted t h e e x ten s ive N o r se v i l lag e w h ich w a sb u i l to n a no the rp a r to ft h e s i t e f r om t h e f i r s t h a lf o ft h e 9 t h c en tu ry o nwa rd s [ 4 , 8 0 f ] . T he se a r e n o t d i scu s sed h e r e , e xcep t t om en t ion t h a t s ome d eco ra ted s ma l l s t one d i scs c ame f r om t h em w h ich s e em t o b e o f P i c t i sh /Ea r ly C h r i s t ian d a te [ 4 , p l . XV I Ic ] . O ne o ft h e se d i sc s w a s r e cove red f r om t h e l a te s t f l oo r o f Wheel hou se 1 [ 4 , p l . XV I Ic , b o t tom l e f t ] w h ich c l ea r ly i mp l ie s t h a t t h e Whee lhou se c omp lex w a s i n hab i t ed a t l e a s t u n t i l t h e m idd le o ft h e f i r s t m i l lenn ium . As t one d i sc w i th t h e P i c t i sh r u nn ing s c ro l l m o t if w a s f o und i ns a nd b l ow o ve r t h e r ema in s o f ap r e -b roch h ou se [ 4 , 8 4 &p l . XV I Ic , t op l ef t ] .

E ven i ft h e s he rd w a s f ound i nt h e b roch , a s H am i l ton s t a te s [ 4 , 4 6 ] b u tB ruce d oe s n o t [ 2 , 2 9 ] , i ts t i l l mu s th ave c ome f r om a bove t h e s e conda ry p av ing t h e r e ( t he w hee lhou se f l oo r ) ; t h e d eb r i s b e low t h a t p av ing , i n ve s t iga ted b y H am i l ton , y i e lded s he rd s o fC la ss I w a re o f t h e w hee lhou se p ha se [ 4 , f i g . 3 5 ] . I ti si n a ny c a se u n l ike ly t h a t t h e w hee lhou se i n s ide t h e b roch w a s e r ec ted b ef o re t h e t owe r w a s d emo l i shed , l a te i n t h e p o s t -b roch p ha se a nd , i fi td id c ome f r om i n s ide t h et owe r , t h en eck b and s he rd s hou ld mo s tp robab ly d a te f r om al a te p e r iod . S t ruc tu ra l ly t h e b roch i t s e lf i sn o tu nu sua l , b e ing t h e s t ump o f am a s s ive s o l id -ba sed t owe r n ea r t h e t o p e nd o f t h e S he t land r a nge o f w a l l t h ickne s se s . A ny e v idence o f h o l low -wa l l c on s t ruc t ion , i n t h e f o rm o f u ppe r m u ra l g a l le r ie s a nd amu ra l s t a i r , h ad b een d e s t royed w hen t h e t owe r w a s d emo l ished a nd b y l a te r s e a e r o s ion , s o t e chn ica l ly t h i s s i te c an b e c l a s sed o n ly a s a' p robab le b roch ' . O n ly t h e s hape a nd d imen s ion s , a nd t h e s c a r cemen t o n t h e i n s ide p r ima ry w a l lf ace , i n d ica te i t s o r ig ina l n a tu re . H oweve r t h e d eb r i s f r om t h e u ppe r w o rk s , a l r eady d e sc r ibed , c ou ld b e p rov id ing s ome d i rec t e v idence t h a t t h eb roch w a so nce much t a l le r . A s n o ted t h e s u r round ing w a l l i su nu sua l i nt wo r e spec t s . F i r s t ly i td oe sn o tc omp le te ly e nc lo se t h eb roch b u tf o rm s a c our tya rd i n f r on t o fo n ly a bou t h a lf o fi t ,i n c lud ing ( one mu s t a s sume ) t h e e n t rance . T he w a l l r un s u p a ga in s t t h e

6 9

T he R ound hou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se so fA t l an t i cS co t land

t owe r o n t h e n o r th a nd m u s t h ave d one s o o n t h e s o u th a s w e l l .

b u i l t -n o t , i ts e em s , f o r a ny r e a son c onn ec t ed w i th t h e e xcava ted d a ta b u tb ecau se o fh i sa s sump t ion t h a tt h e l o ca l p eop le w ho a r e a leged t o h av e b u i l t t h e b r och f o r t h e i n t ru s ive u ppe r c l a s s s e t t led d own i nt h i s r o undhou se o n t h e c omp le t ion o ft h e i r t a sk , l i k e s e rf s o u t s id e t h e c a s t le w a l l s ( e x cep t t h a t t h e r oundhou se w a s o r ig ina l ly a v e ry c ommod iou s d w e l l ing , e ven m o r e s o t h an t h e b r och ) ; " The e xped ien cy w h ich o cca s ioned t h e b u i ld ing o f t h e b roch c omp lex w a s a ppa r en t ly s h o r t l iv ed . . " [ 4 , 4 8 & 9 0 ] .

S econd ly t h e e n t rance t h rough t h e o u te r w a l l i so f v e ry u nu sua ld e s ign i nt h a tt h ew a l lt h ick en sa si ta pp roa che st h e p a s sag e a nd c on ta in s am u ra l c e l l f l ank ing t h e e n t rance . P r e sumab ly t h e r ew a s as e cond c e l l o nt h e o t he rs i de , n ow w a shed a way . T he p l an o ft h e s i te ( I l l . 4 . 29 ) s how s o n e s i de o f ad oo rway l e ad ing f r om t h e p r e se rved mu ra l c e l l b a ckwa rd s i n to t h e c ou r tya rd s o i td oe s n o t s e em t oh ave b een ag ua rd c e l l . I th a sb een o b se rved t h a tt h es t ruc tu r eo ft h i so u te rg a t eway i ss t r ik ing ly s im i la r t ot h o se o ft h e f o u r f o r t s o n S he t land w i th m a s s ive s e c t ion s o f w a l l c on ta in ing t h e e n t rance p a s sag e a nd l a rg e m u ra l c e l l s f l ank ing t h i s . T he se a r e L och o fH ux t e r ( 1 1U56 4 ) , N e s s o fB u rg i ( HU30 2 ) , t h e C l ickh im in " b lockhou se" ( HU44 1 )a nd S ca tne s s HU30 3 ) ; t wo o ft h e se s i t e s a r e c l o se n e ighbou r s o fJ a r l shof . F rom t h e c l ea r s t ra t ig raph ica l e v id en ce a tC l ickh im in t h e se c an c e r ta in ly b e a s s igned t o ap r e -b roch f o r t -bu i ld ing s t ag e . T he s t ruc tu r e o ft h e g a teway i n to t h e c ou r tya rd a tJ a r l shof s t rong ly s ugg e s t s t h a t t h e " b lockhou se f o r t " t r ad i t ion w a s s t i l l a l ive w hen t h e J a r l shof b roch w a s b u i l t a nd t h a t i t i nf luenced t h e d e s ign o fi t s o u te r g a t eway . T he f a c t t h a t t h i s e n t ran ce s e c t ion w i th i t s c e l l o r c e l l s i ss moo th ly c on t inuou s w i th t h e r e s t o ft h e o u te r w a l l w he r ea s i nt h e g a tehou se f o r t st h e e n t rance s e c t ion s a r eb u i l ts e pa ra te ly a s r e c tangu la r b l ock s o f m a son ry a l so s ugg e s t s t h e a ma lgama t ion o ft wo d i s t inc ta r ch i t ec tu ra lt r ad i t ion s . 5 . 2 T he r ound hou se a nd b y re I th a s b een e xp la ined t h a t t h e f i r s t s t ru c tu r e i n se r ted i n to t h e s u rv iv ing h a lf o f t h e b roch c ou r tya rd w a s t h e r ound s t one d w e l l ing i nt h en o r th -ea s tc o rne r( I l l .4 . 29 ) .

I th a sa lway ss e em ed t om et h a tt h i si sa nu n l ik e ly s c ena r io , e ven d i scoun t ing t h e d i ff i cu l ty o f e s tab l i sh ing a c l ea r ly d i s t inc t m a te r ia l c u l tu r e f o r t h e ' b roch l o rd s ' . T he c ou r tya rd w a l l i ss om a s s iv e a nd e m inen t ly d ef en s ib le , a nd s o c l ea r ly p a r t o ft h e o r ig ina l d e s ign o ft h e b r och , t h a t i t s e em s i n conce ivab le t h a t t h a ti tw ou ld h av eb een b r ea ched a lmo s t i mmed ia te ly - a nd t h u s g r av e ly c omp rom i sed t h e s e cu r i ty o f t h e s i t e -j u s t t o p r ov ide a r o undhou se f o r s ubo rd ina t e c l an smen . I n d eed a no th e r o f H am i l ton 's r e con s t ru c t ion d r aw ing s s uppo r t s t h i s v i ew , s h ow ing t h e b roch a nd i t s c ou r tya rd w a l l i n ta c t w i th t h e r oundhou se t u ck ed i na to n ee nd [ 4 , f i g .2 4 ,l ow e r ] . T he r e i sa l so t h e p o in tt h a t H am i l ton s p e c if i ca l ly s a y st h a t t h e r oundhou s e w a l l w a s b u i l t o f i n f e r io r s t one . A l though s ome f r e sh look ing s l ab s( a nd t h e r ef o r ep r e sumab ly f r e sh ly q ua r r ied ) f r om t h eb roch a nd c ou r tya rd w a l lm a son ry w e r e u s ed , t h e r e w e r e m any m o r e w a te r -wor n s l ab s c o l le c t ed f r om t h e b ea ch n ea rby [ 4 , 4 8 ] . T he i d ea t h a t t h e n ew ly b u i l t a nd m a s s iv e c ou r tya rd w a l l w a s b r ok en d own j u s tt o o b ta in b u i ld ing m a te r ia lt h u ss e em se v en m o r ei mp robab le . I ft h e r oundhou se w a s b u i l t o n ly a f t e r t h e p r ima ry b r o ch d ef ence s w e r e b r ea ched t h en t h i s s ugge s t s t h a t i tw a s p u t u p v e ry mu ch l a t e rt h an t h e b r och , a t at i m e w hen d ef en ce w a s m uch l e s s i mpo r tan t ( t ha t t h e r e w a s s u ch a t i m e i s s hown b y t h e f a c t t h a t t h e b r och i t s e lf w a s l a rg e ly p u l l ed d own a t am u ch l a te rd a te - b e low ) . T h i so fc ou r se w ou ld d i sp rove t h e ' l o rd s a nd s ub jec t s ' h ypo th e s i s , a tl e a s t i nt h e f o rm a r gued f o rb yH am i l ton .

T he s t ra t ig raphy . T he s t ra t ig raph ica l e v id en ce a s soc ia ted w i th t h i s b u i ld ing n eed s t o b e a s se s sed a nd u nde r s tood b ef o r e i t s f u l l s i gn if i cance c an b e r e a l i sed . I th a s b een i n te rp r e t ed i nm o r et h an o ne w ay [ 1 4 ,2 0 1 ] . T he e xcava to r h im se lf o f e r ed t wo d if e r en t v i ew s o n i t s s i gn if i cance a nd t h e u n ce r ta in ty h a s c on t inued ( Ma cK ie 1 965 , 1 35 & E n . 2 ) . T he r e a r e t wo p o in t s a ti s sue . T h e f i r s ti st h ew ay t h es t ump o ft h ed emo l i shed c ou r tya rd w a l l , a tt h e p l a ce i ti sm o s t r u ined , r e la te s t ot h e n o r th s i de o f b o th t h e r oundhou se w a l l a nd t h a t o f Whee lhou se 2 ( I l l s . 4 . 29 & 4 . 36 ) . T he s e cond i st h e l e ng th o ft i me t h a t i s l i k e ly t o h ave e l ap sed b e tween t h e c on s t ruc t ion o f t h e b roch a nd i t s c ou r tya rd a nd t h e i n se r t ion o f t h e s t one r oundhou se i n to t h a tc ou r t .

Y e t a ga in t h e r e i sn o d oub t t h a t t h e c ou r ty a rd w a l l w a s c omp le t e ly d emo l i shed a t av e ry l a t e d a t e i nt h eh i s to ry o f t h e o ccupa t ion o ft h e b roch /whee lhou se c omp lex , a nd j u s t af ew f e e t w e s t o f t h e s u ppo sed b r ea ch c au sed b y t h e r oundhou se . T h i sw a sw hen Whee lhou se 2-t h el a s ti nt h e s e r ie s -w a s b u i l t , o ve r lapp ing t h e c ou r tya rd w a l l [ 4 , f i g . 2 2 ] ( I l l . 4 . 29 ) ; t h e d oo r t ot h i s d w e l l ing w a s d r iv en r i gh t t h rough t h eo l dw a l l . T hu st h e r e s e em t ob e f o u rs c ena r io s t oc on s id e r , t h e f i r s t t wo i n vo lv ing t h e a s sump t ion t h a tt h e r e w a s n o s i gn if i can t t i me g ap b e tw een b roch a nd r oundhou se ( s uppo r t ing t h e ' b roch l o rd s a nd c l an sm en ' t h eo ry ) . ( 1 ) T he f i r s t i s H am i l ton 's p r ef e r r ed i d ea o f av e ry e a r ly r oundhou se i n vo lv ing t h e b r ea ch ing o f t h e c ou r tya rd w a l l . ( 2 ) A l t e rna t ive ly t h e r oundhou se c ou ld b e e qua l ly e a r ly b u t i n se r ted w i th in t h ec ou r tya rd w i thou td amag ing t h ew a l l .

I ti sc l ea r t h a t as ub s tan t ia l s e c t ion o ft h e c ou r tya rd w a l l w a s c omp le t e ly p u l led d own a t al a t e r d a te t om ak e w ay f o r Whee lhou se 2 ; t h u st h e s t ump o ft h a tw a l l , c ove r ed b y I r on A g e m idden m a te r ia l , w h ich i sv i s ib le i nS ec t ion AA [ 4 , f i g . 1 9 ] , c ou ld r e la t et ot h a te ven t( I l l .4 . 36 ) . H am i l ton h oweve r w a s i n n o d oub t t h a t p a r t o f t h e c ou r tya rd w a l lw a sd emo l i shed a ta ne a r l ie rt ime t op r ov ide b u i ld ing m a te r ia l f o r t h e n ew r oundhou se [ 4 , 4 8 &9 0 ] . H ea s sumed t h i sh appened v e ry q u ick ly a f t e rt h et owe rw a s

T he s e cond t wo o p t ion s s u ppo se a m u ch l o ng e r i n t e rva l b e tween b roch a nd r oundhou se , s ot h a tt h ec ou r tya rd ( o ra t l e a s t t h e s u r v iv ing h a lf o f i t ) r ema ined e mp ty o f s t one 7 0

S ec t ion 4 : S he t land

O n t h e o t he r h and , i f i t i s d emo l i t ion d eb r i s , t h en H am i l ton 's b a s ic s c ena r io i sc onf i rmed ; t h e r oundhou se w a s b u i l t a f t e r as e c t ion o f t h e o u te r d ef en s ive w a l l w a s p u l led d own . A lso M idden 1c an h a rd ly b e a ny th ing b u t r e f u se t h rown o u to ft h er oundhou se d u r ing i t se a r ly p ha se s o f o ccupa t ion ; b ef o re t h a t t h e a d ja cen t c ou r tya rd w a s p r e sumab ly e mp ty . Mo reove r t h e f a c t t h a t t h e re i sn o b l own s and e i the r u nde r M idden 1o r u nde r t h e t a lu s o f r ubb le s t rong ly s ugge s t s t h a t n o t much t ime e l ap sed b e tween t h e b u i ld ing o f t h e b roch a nd i t s c ou r tya rd , a nd t h a t o ft h e r oundhou se . T hu s i ft h e e x te rna l r ubb le i s d emo l i t ion d eb r i s t h en H am i l ton 's s c ena r io i s l a rge ly s uppor ted , a l though a n i mmed ia te c on s t ruc t ion o f t h e r oundhou se , a nd a p u l l ing d own o f t h e o u te r d ef en s ive w a l l , s t i l l s e em s i n he r en t ly u n l ike ly .

b u i ld ing s d u r ing t h a t t ime . ( 3 ) T he t h i rd p o s s ib i l i ty i st h a t t h e r oundhou se w a s much l a t e r a nd i n vo lved t h e d emo l i t ion o fp a r t o ft h e c ou r tya rd w a l l w h i le ( 4 ) t h e l a s t o p t ion i st h es ame b u ta s sume st h eo u te rw a l ls t i l lb e i n tac t . S upe r impo sed o n t h i s p rob lem i sa no the r , n ame ly w he the r t h e i n augu ra t ion o f t h e s e r ie s o f s ub s id ia ry s t one r oundhou se sb u i l t i nt h e o u te rc ou r tm a rk st h eb eg inn ing o f am a jo r s e conda ry o ccupa t ion o f t h e b roch , a f t e r i th ad b een p a r t ly d emo l i shed a nd t ime s w e r e mo re p eacef u l . A l ter na t ive ly d id t h e s ub s id ia ry h ou se sb eg in w hen t h e s i te w a s f u l ly d ef en s ive a nd t h e t owe r s t and ing h i gh? I nf a c t w e k now t h a t s e cond o p t ion i sp robab ly c o r rec t ; a sn o ted b roch d eb r i sp i led u p a ga in s tt h e w a l l o f Whee lhou se I ,s o s eve ra l r oundhou se sw e re i ne x i s ten ce i n s ide t h e c ou r tya rd w h i le t h e b roch w a s s t i l l t owe r l ike . H oweve r w e n eed t o k now a tw ha t s t age p a r t o ft h e n o r th c ou r tya rd w a l l w a s s ub s tan t ia l ly d amaged b ecau se i tm ay h ave b een t h a te ven t w h ich f i r s t s i gna l led t h a t t h e e r ao ft h e b roch s e t t lemen t a s af o rm idab ly d ef en s ive o ne w a so ve r .

H oweve r o n t h e w ho le i ts e em s mo re l i ke ly t om e t h a t t h e e x ter na l r ubb le i s c on s t ruc t ion d eb r i s a nd t h a t t h e r oundhou se w a s b u i l t a nd o ccup ied w h i le t h e c ou r tya rd w a l l w a s i n ta c t ; t h e f a c t t h a t M idden 1 , w i th t h e a pp rop r ia te e a r ly p o t te ry , a bu t s a ga in s t t h e o u te r f a ce o f t h i s w a l l f i t s t h i s s c ena r io w e l l . T h i s v i ew a l so s imp l if ie s t h e s equence o fe ven t s i nt h a t o n ly o ne m a jo re ven t o f' d e f o r t if y ing ' t h e s i t e i sn eeded - t h a t w h ich s aw t h e t a k ing d own o f t h e b roch t owe r s ome t ime a f t e r Whee lhou se 1 w a s b u i l t , a nd t h e d e s t ruc t ion ( p re sumab ly a t t h e s ame t ime ) o f al o ng s egmen t o ft h e n o r th s i d e o ft h e c ou r tya rd w a l l w hen Whee lhou se 2w a se r ec ted .

T hu s i nt h e l i gh t o fa l l t h i s i ti se s sen t ia l t ot r y t ou n rave l t h e mo s t l i ke ly l i ke ly m ean ing o f t h e s t ra t ig raph ica l s equence u ncove red b y H am i l ton i n s ide a nd t ot h e n or th o f t h e s t one r ound -hou se . T he c r uc ia l e v idence c on s i s t s o ft h e d epo s i t s l y ing d i rec t ly o n t h e p r ima ry s u rf ace o f c ompa c ted s a nd o u t s ide t h e s t ump o ft h ec ou r tya rd w a l l( on w h ich b o th i ta nd t h eb roch w a l l a r e b u i l t ) . T he se l a ye r s a r e ( a ) at a lu s s l ope o f r ubb le r e s t ing o n t h i s o l d g round s u rf ace a nd p i led u p a ga in s t t h e s t ump , ( b ) am idden l a y e r ( no . 1 )l y ing o n t h i s r ubb le b u t r e s t ing a ga in s t , n o t o ve r , t h e s u rv iv ing o u te r f a ce o ft h e s t ump o ft h e w a l l ( i t r e s t s o n t h e o l d g round s u rf a ce f u r the r o u t ) , ( c ) al a ye r o fb l own s and c ove r ing t h i s m idden a nd t h e s t ump o ft h e w a l l a nd ( d ) as e cond m idden ( n o . 2 A )w h ich c ove r sa l lt h i sa nd a bu t sa ga in s tt h e r oundhou se w a l lh ighe ru p( I l l . 4 . 36 ,s e c t ion AA ) .

T h is v i ew a l so a vo id s t h e p ecu l ia r s i tua t ion , i mp l ied b y H am i l ton 's s c ena r io i nw h ich t h e o r ig ina lp o r ch e n t rance o f Whee lhou se 1 w a s r e ached b y al o ng p a s sage - n ow r oof ed w i th l i n te l s - b e tween t h a t d we l l ing a nd t h e a d ja cen t c ou r tya rd w a l l a nd t h en p a s t t h e c on t rac ted r oundhou se . B u t w hy w ou ld s uch a l o ng e n t rance w ay h ave b een n eeded i f t h e c ou r tya rd w a l l n or th o f t h e r oundhou se h ad a l r eady b een p u l led d own s o t h a t am uch s hor te r a pp roach t o t h e p o r ch f r om t h e o u t s ide w a s a va i lab le? T he l o ng g a l le ry m ake s much b e t te r s en se i f t h e w ho le c ou r tya rd w a l l w a s i n tac t u n t i l s ome t ime a f t e r Whee lhou se 1h ad b een b u i l t .

H am i l ton s t r e s sed t h a t t h e p o t she rd s f ound i n t h e t wo m idden sa r eq u i te d i f f e r en t , C la s s Iw a re i nn o . 1a nd C la s s Iw a re i nn o . 2 A . T hu s i ts e em s e m inen t ly r e a sonab le t o a s soc ia t ed M idden 1w i th t h e b u i ld ing a nd o ccupa t ion o f t h e r oundhou se ( t he re w ou ld b e n o r e a son f o r am idden t o a ccumu la te h e re w hen t h e c ou r tya rd w a s e mp ty ) , M idden 2 A w ou ld s i gna l t h e c on s t ruc t ion o f Whee lhou se 1 a nd M idden 2 B , h i ghe r u p , t h a t o f Whee lhou se 2 ( t he l a t te r m idden , o n t o p o f af u r the r s and b l ow , a l so h ad C la s s I w a re b u t i n c lud ing s ome E ver ted R im j a r s , a b sen t f r om 2 A ) .

O ne m u s t a dm i th oweve rt h a tt h e r e i sn o w ay n ow o fb e ing s u re o ft h e a l l i mpor tan t d i agno s i s o ft h e o r ig in o ft h e t a lu s s l ope o f r ubb le l y ing a ga in s t t h e s t ump o ft h e c ou r tya rd w a l l , a nd p e rhap s i tw ou ld n o t h ave b een p o s s ib le t ob e c omp le te ly s u r e e ven i fo ne h ad b een p r e sen t w hen i tw a s u ncove red [ 4 , p l . V ia ] . Is ubm i t h oweve r t h a t t or ega rd i t a s c on s t ruc t ion d eb r is - a nd t ot h e ref o re a s sume t h a t t h e r oundhou se w a s o ccup ied w i th in a n i n tac t b roch c ou r tya rd -m ake s b e t te r s e n se o ft h e v a r ied s t ra t ig raph ica l e v idence c onnec ted w i th i t . T he r oundhou se a nd i t sb y re c ou ld s t i l l h ave b een b u i l t v e ry q u ick ly a f t e r t h e b roch b u t i ts e em s mo re l i ke ly t h a t i tw a s a s amo r e c ommod iou s d we l l ing f o r t h e b roch c h ief a nd h i s f am i ly ( who w e r e , Is ugge s t , o f l o ca l o r ig in ) , o rf o r as on a nd h i s f am i ly , t h an f o rs ome o f t h e i rc l an smen .

T he c r uc ia l q ue s t ion c l ea r ly i s-w ha t i st h e n a tu re o ft h e f a l len r ubb le l y ing a ga in s t t h e f o o t o f t h e s t ump o f t h e c our tya rd w a l l , w h ich u nde r l ie s a l t h e e x te rna l m idden s a nd s a nd b l ow s [ 4 , p l . V la ]? H am i l ton w a s i nn o d oub t t h a t i tw a s d eb r i s f r om t h e d emo l i t ion o f t h a t w a l l b u t m igh t i tb e d eb r is f r om i t s c on s t ru c t ion i n s tead? T he p ho tog raph s ugge s t s t h a t i ti sn o t m a s s ive d eb r is a nd t h e f a c t t h a t i tr e s t s o n t h e s ame o l d g round s u rf ace o f c ompac t ed s a nd a s t h e c ou r tya rd w a l l i t s e lf s e em s t o s uppor tt h i s i d ea . B u t w ou ld m uch d eb r i s b e l ef ta f t e rt h e b u i ld ing o fs u ch ama s s ive w a l l ,a nd w ou ld i tb e l ef tt h e r e?

H av ing m ade t h e se p o in t s o nt h eb a s i s o fa ne xam ina t ion o f t h e e v idence f r om t h is p a r t icu la r s i te s i ti sn ow a pp rop r ia te t o m en t ion t h a t , f r om t h e r e su l t s o f ag ene ra l s u rvey o f S he t land b roch s ( Fo ju t 1 982 ) , a sw e l l a s f r om av a r ie ty o f o t he r e v idence , i tm ay a s sumed t h a t f r om t h e s t a r t t h e s i te

7 1

T he R ound hou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

w a s ad ef ended f a rmhou se o ccup ied b y am embe r o ft h e t r iba le l i t ea nd h i sf am i ly a nd r e ta ine r s( Ma cK ie 1 997a ) .

o f s t r ik ing i n nova t ion s . E v en C la s s I p o t t e ry c ou ld p l au s ib ly b e d e r iv ed , a t l e a s t i n p a r t , f r om t h e a n c ien t S he t land c ou r ty a rd h ou se w a r e s [ 4 , 6 0 ] .

F rom t h e s e quence s o fp o t te ry a nd a r tef a c t s f o und i nt h e b roch /whee lhou se c omp lex t h e r e r e a l ly i s v e ry l i t t le e v idence f o rt h e a r r iva lo fi mm ig ran t sa ta ny s t age a nd t h e m idd le I r on A g e s i t e i s s u r e ly b e s t e xp la ined a s t h e r e s iden ce o f t h e b roch c h ief , h i s s u cce s so r s a nd t h e i r e x tended f am i l ie s o ve r s e ve ra l c en tu r ie s . P o s tu la t ing n ew come r s f r om c hang e s i n p o t te ry s t y le s w a s c ommon a r chaeo log ica l p r ac t ice i n t h en 1 950 s b u t i sn o l o ng e r . Mo r e l i k e ly i st h e a r r iva l o fn ew f a sh ion s i np o t t e ry a nd i t i ss i gn if i can t t h a t t h e E ve r ted R im j a r v e r s ion o fC la s s I w a r e d oe s n o t a ppea r u n t i l r e la t iv e ly l a t e i n t h e Whee lhou se p ha se . A l though a s soc ia t ed w i th t h e b roch b u i lde r s o n T i r ee ( MacK ie 1 998a , 1 67f f ) E ve r t ed R im w a r e t o ok t ime t ob e a dop ted e v en b y b roch c ommun i t ie s i nn e ighbou r ing H eb r idean i s land s ( Ma cK ie 2 00 1 , I l . 3 5 ) . A s w e h ave s e en , f a r f r om b e ing a n i n nova t ion i n t h e Whee lhou se p ha se , t h e r o ta ry q ue rn w a s i n u s e e a r l ie r . T he o n ly i mpo r tan t t e chno log ica l i n nova t ion i nt h e l a t te r p e r iod s e em st oh ave b een i r on -wo rk ing . 5 . 3 T he s equence o fw hee lhou se s

Whee lhou se s 1a nd 2a r e , m o r eove r , l i k e ly t ob e t h e l a t e s t o f as e r ie s o f p o s t -b roch d we l l ing s i nt h e c ou r t , b e ing c r ammed i n to t h e n o r th -ea s t p a r t a nd c au s ing t h e p rog r e s s iv e d emo l i t ion a nd c on t ra c t ion o ft h e o l d a i s led w hee lhou se b e cau se t h e r e s t o f t h e ( n ow v an i sh ed ) e nc lo sed s pa ce w a sa l r eady u s ed u p . L ook ing a tt h e s i t e a s aw ho le i n s tead o fc oncen t ra t ing o n t h e i n d iv idua l s e qu ence s o fm idden s a nd f l oo r s i ti ss u r e ly m o r e p robab l e t h a t i t h ou sed a s i ng le , h i gh s t a tu s c ommun i ty w h ich o ccup ied i to ve r s e v e ra l c en tu r ie s , a nd w h ich r e qu i r ed m o r e a nd m o r e e l egan t s t on e r oundhou se s a s i te xpanded i nn umbe r s . T he r e s e em s t o b e n o r e a l o b jec t ion t os u gge s t ing t h a tt h e a i s led w hee lhou se w a st h e f i r s t p o s t -b roch d we l l ing , t h a t Whee lhou se s 1a nd 2w e r e t h e l a t e s t , a nd t h a t t h e d e s t royed b u i ld ing s i nt h e s ou th w e s t h a lf o ft h e c ou r t p rov id ed t h e i n t e rm ed ia te s t ru c tu ra l l i nk sb e tw een t h et wo s u rv iv ing s t ag e s . T he d e r iva t ion o ft h e t r ue w h ee lhou se ( w i th b onded r a d ia l p i e r s ) f r om t h ea i s led v e r s ion ( w i th f r ee s tand ing p i e r s ) a t J a r l shof i sr e nd e r ed m o r e p r obab le b yt h e e v idence i nt h e a i s led d w e l l ing t h a t t h e f r ee s tand ing p i e r s p roved t ob e u n s tab le u nde rt h eo u twa rd t h ru s te xe r t ed b yt h er oof . O ne o ft h ep i e r sw a s s t r eng thened b yh av ing t h e ' a i s le ' b l o ck ed w i th m a son ry ( b e tw een b ay s i va nd v )a nd t h ep i e rb e tw een b ay s va nd v is e em st oh ave b een r e bu i l tt or e s ta ga in s tt h e o u te rw a l lf a ce [ 4 ,p l .V I I ] ( I l l .4 . 34 & 4 . 35 ) .

T he s t ruc tu r e o f t h e r oundhou se , a nd t h e n a tu r e o f i t s s e conda ry m od if ica t ion s i n to a na i s led w hee lhou se ,m ay b e r e levan t t o u n rave l l ing t h e o r ig in o f t h e w hee lhou se s t h em se lve s . A sn o t ed v a r iou s l i ne s o fe v idence c omb ined t o s ugge s t t o t h e e xcava to r t h a t t h e r a d ia l f r ee s tand ing s t one p i e r sw e r e s e conda ry i n se r t ion s a nd t h a tt h ed we l l ing h ad o r ig ina l ly h ad w ood en r oof p o s t s a nd b een a t r u e r oundhou se . Mo r eove r as c a r cemen t l e dge r a n r ound t h e i n ne r w a l l f a ce - a f e a tu r e o t he rw i se u nknown i n w hee lhou se s -a nd H am i l ton t h ough tt h a tt h er ound -hou se i n i t s p r ima ry p ha se h ad a r i ng shaped r a i sed w ood en g a l le ry o r p l a tf o rm i n t e r io r l i ke t h a t u sua l ly s uppo sed t o h ave e x i s t ed i n s id eb roch s [ 4 , 2 00 -02 ] .

P robab ly t h e f r ee s tand ing p i e r s w e r e d i r ec t a nd i n expe r ienced t r an s la t ion s i n to s t on e o f t h e o r ig ina l w ood en r oof -po s t s w h ich w e r e s oon m od if ied w hen t h e i r s t ruc tu ra l w eakn e s s w a s d i scove r ed . T he c on s id e rab le d i f f e r ence s b e tw een t h e l a rge a nd r a th e rr am sha ck le a i s led w hee lhou se a tJ a r l shof a nd t h e c ompa c t a nd s oph i s t ica t ed w hee lhou se s w i th t h e i r t a l l , c o rbe l l ing p i e r s a nd f l agg ed l of t s a r e e xp l icab le p u r e ly i n t e rm s o f a c cumu la ted e xpe r ience a tt h i s o ne s i t e o fs t one r o undhou se b u i ld ing . Whe the rt h e d e s ign sw e r et a k en t oo t h e rS he t land s i t e s ,and u l t ima te ly t o t h e O u t e r H eb r ide s , i s m o r e d eba tab le , p a r t icu la r ly i n t h e l i gh t o f s ome p o s s ib le p r e -b roch w hee lhou se s i nt h e We s t er nI s le s ( Vo l . 2 ,S ec t ion 8 ) . I ti s n ev e r the le s s t r ue t h a t t h e e v idence f r om J a r l shof , a s s umma r i sed h e r e , h a s n ev e r b een p r ope r ly c on s id e r ed b y t h o se c on s ide r ing t h eo r ig in a nd n a tu r eo fw hee lhou se s .

T he c l o se s im i la r i ty b e tw een t h e o r ig ina l r oundhou se a nd t h ei n t e r io ro ft h en ea rby b roch i sr ema rkab le a nd t h e r ec an b e l i t t le d oub t t h a t t h e f o rme r w a s b u i l t a s ar oom ie r , d ome s t ic c opy o f ab roch . T he s ub sequen t a d ju s tmen t o ft h e i n te r io r o ft h e d we l l ing t o c onve r t i tt o a n a i s led w hee lhou se i sa l so o f g r ea t i n te r e s t a nd p rov ide sb y f a rt h e c l ea r e s tk nown e xamp le o f t h e o r ig in o f aw h ee lhou se i n ab r och a nd o ft h e v e ry c l o se c u l tu r a l c onnec t ion s b e tween t h e t wo f o rm s o fs t ruc tu r e s . Mo r eove r t h i s d emon s t rab le o r ig in o ft h e J a r l shof a i s led w hee lhou se i n ar oundhou se u l t ima t e ly d e r ived f r om t h e b roch m u s tr e nde rm uch l e s sp robab le t h ed e r iva t ion o ft h e p o s t -b roch d we l l ing s t h e r e a s aw ho le f r om t h e s imp le r r ound s t one h u t s o ft h e e a r ly I r on A ge v i l lage o n t h e s i t e ; t h e se d o n o t g i ve t h e s ame i mp r e s s ion o fb e ing i n d iv idua l f a rm s t ead sa sd oe st h er oundhou se .

6S oc ia lb ackground T he a l te rna t iv e i n te rp r e ta t ion s o ft h e d ev e lopmen t o ft h e s t ru c tu r e s a nd m a t e r ia l c u l tu r e s a tJ a r l shof w h ich Ih av e s ugg e s ted h e r em u s th ave s ome b ea r ing o nt h e q ue s t ion o f a n ' u ppe r c l a s s ' o f b roch l o rd s a nd a l owe r c l a s s o f r e ta ine r ss ugg e s t ed b yH am i l ton .

We h ave n o ted t h a t , a l though H am i l ton s ugge s t s t h a t Whee lhou se s 1a nd 2 w e r e p robab ly t h e r e su l t o f af r e sh i n cu r s ion o fp eop le t ot h e s i t e - t h i s i su n l ik e ly ; t h et wo l a te r s t ru c tu r e s c ou ld e qua l ly b e r e ga rded a st h e u l t ima t e d e scendan t s o f t h e a i s led w hee lhou se a nd t h e m a t e r ia l c u l tu r e d oe s n o t r e a l ly s how a ny s imu l taneou s a ppea rance

S eve ra l a r cha eo log ica l f a c t s w h ich s e em n o t t of a vou rt h i s p a r t icu la r i n t e rp r e ta t ion ( t hough t h ey d o n o t n ece s sa r i ly d i sp rove i t . ) n e ed t ob e b r ie f ly r e v iew ed . T he f i r s t i st h a t t h e l o ng -hand led c omb a nd s h e rd o f n eck -band w a r e c anno t b e d emon s t ra t ed t ob e long t op ha se 1( b roch ) a nd 7 2

S ec t ion 4 : S he t land

N ever the le s s t h e re i ss t i l l s ome th ing v e ry u nu sua l a bou t t h i s b roch s i t e . T he u n ique c ou r tya rd w h ich d oe s n o t c omp le te ly s u r round t h e b roch s t and s o u t , a s d oe s t h e m a s s ivene s s o f t h i s s u r round ing w a l l a nd i t s c l ea r l i nk s w i th t h e o l de r , S he t land p romon to ry f o r t s . T he s i x , s even o r e ven e i gh t s oph i s t ica ted r oundhou se s a nd w hee lhou se s w h ich g radua l ly f i l led t h e c ou r tya rd f o rm ag roup w h ich i s i n ac l a s s b y i t se lf . T he e v idence f o r p e rhap s f i ve c en tu r ie s o fc on t inuou s o ccupa t ion , a nd t h en a bandonmen t b u t n o t d e s t ruc t ion o rs i gn if ican t p i l lag ing o fs t one , i sa l so s t r ik ing . I s i t p o s s ib le t h a t w e h ave a t J a r lshof t h e f o r t if ied f a rm s tead a nd c ou r t o f ah i gh c h ief o r p e t ty k i ng o f t h e m idd le I r on A ge - t h ep a ramoun tr u le ro fS he t land p e rhap s - t h e ' b a i ley ' o fw ho se c a s t le towe r g radua l ly f i l led w i th f i ne ly b u i l t h ou se s s u i tab le f o r h i s g radua l ly i n c rea s ing f am i ly a nd f o r h ou s ing c l ien t c h ief s w hen t h ey c ame t os e e h im? I ts e em s mo re t h an l i ke ly . E qua l ly i n te r e s t ing i s t h a t , o n ly as ho r t d i s tance a way a tO ld S ca tne s s , a ne qua l ly c omp lex a nd i mpo r tan t s i te s e em s t ob e e me rg ing ( HU31 7 ) . S ource s : I .O S c a rd :2 .B ruce 1 906 : 3 . RCAHMS 1 946 , v o l . 3 , n o . 149 , 2 8 -33 & f i g s . 4 89 -501 : 4 . H am i l ton 1 956 : 5 .A . 0 . C u r le 1 932 : 6 .A . 0 . C u r le 1 933 : 7 .A . 0 . C u r le 1 934 : 8 .A . 0 . C u r le 1 935 : 9 .A . 0 . C u r le 1 936 ( t he l a s t f ou r f o r t h e p r e -b roch v i l lage s ) . 1 0 . N icho lson & D ock r i l l ( e d s . ) 1 998 : 1 . F o ju t 1 998 .

i n deed a r em o re l i ke ly t ob e f r om t h ew hee lhou se p ha se . T he s e cond i st ha t t h e r oundhou se a nd b y r e w e re v e ry p robab ly i n ser ted i n to a n i n ta c t b roch c ou r tya rd a s o ve rf low q ua r te r s f o r t h e b roch c h iefs f am i ly . T h i s i s s uppor ted b y t h e f a c t t h a t t h e r oundhou se s e em s t ob e a d i rec tc opy o f ab roch i n te r io r -c omp le te w i th s ca r cemen t p l a tf o rm - a nd t h e r ef o r e m uch m o re l i ke ly t o b e t h e d we l l ing o fp eop le a ccu s tomed t ou s ing t h eb roch . At h i rd p o in t i st ha t t h e r oundhou se w i th i t s s epa ra te b y r e r e p re sen t s at y pe o f l a rge i n d iv idua l f a rm s tead w h ich s e em s a l ien t ot h e t r ad i t ion s o ft h e l a te B ronze a nd e a r ly I r on A g e v i l lage s a tJ a r l shof ( wh ich a r e c l u s te r s o f c l o se s e t d we l l ing s , e ach p o s s ib ly s u r rounded b y a n e nc lo s ing w a l l ) a nd m o re c ompa rab le t o s im i la r m idd le I r on A g e i n d iv idua l f a rms tead s i n t h e H eb r ide s - l i ke T igh T a lamhan ta o n B a r ra ( NF60 8 ) a nd C le t t rava l i nN o r th U i s t ( NF77 4 ) - a s w e l l a s i n s ou the rn S co t land a nd E ng land . A s n o ted as y s tema t ic s t udy o ft h e s e t t ing o ft h e S he t land b roch s w i th in t h e l a nd scape s t rong ly s ugge s t s t h a t e ach w a s af o r t if i ed f a rm s tead , o ccup ied b y ar u l ing f am i ly f r om t h e t r iba l e l i te a nd s e t w i th in i t s o wn t e r r i to ry o re s ta te o n w h ich l i ved a l a rge n umbe r o f o rd ina ry f a rm ing f am i l ie s ( Fo ju t 1 982a ) .

HU30 2 NESS OF BURG I HU 3 89084 ( v i s i ted 5 / 6 /63 ) T h i s g a tehouse p romon tory f o r t , e xcava ted i n 1 935 [ 2 ] , s t and s n ea r t h e s ou th e nd o f S ca tne s s , o ve r look ing t h e We s t V oe o f S umbu rgh , a c ro s s t h e w a te r f r om J a r lshof ( I l l s . 4 . 44 , 4 . 46 & 4 . 47 ) . T he d ef ence s c on s i s t o f t wo d i tche s w i th a b ank , w h ich i s p robab ly a s t one w a l l , b e tween t h em ; e nc lo sed b y t h e se i s af r ee s tand ing r e c tangu la r b l ock o fm a son ry w i th a n e n t rance p a s sage o f s t anda rd b roch t y pe i nt h e m idd le o fi t . T he n o r th -ea s t e nd o ft h i s ' g a tehou se ' s e c t ion i s ab u i l t f a ce w i th n o t r a ce o f a ny f u r the r w a l l c r o s s ing t h e r e s t o ft h e p romon to ry w h ich s e em s t ob e d ef ended o n ly b yt h e d i tche s . T he o t he r e nd o f t h e g a tehou se i sn o t s oc l ea r ly d ef ined a nd r un st ot h e e dge o ft h ep romon to ry .

T hu s t h e s t ra t ig raph ica l a nd s t ruc tu ra l s equence s u n rave l led a tJ a r lshof d o s ugge s t t h a t t h e r oundhou se a nd t h e r ef o r e t h e a i s led w h ee lhou se a nd t h e l a te r w hee lhou se s -w e re t h e d ome s t ic d we l l ing s o ft h e s o c ia l g roup w ho b u i l t t h e b roch a nd t h a t a l l t h e se m idd le I r on A ge b u i ld ing s ma rk a s ha rp b r eak w i th t h e p r e -b roch b u i ld ing t r ad i t ions . I ta l so s e em s t h a t t h e v a r iou s p o s t b roch w he e lhouse s r e p r e sen t t h e g r adua l e vo lu t ion o ft h i s t ype o fs t ru c tu re a s mo re a nd m o r e w e r eb u i l t( 1 1 . 4 . 37 ) . A t f i r s t s i gh t t h e se i n f e r ence s a bou t t h e d eve lopmen t o f n ew a nd e xo t ic s t one b u i ld ing s o n t h e s i te a nd t h e i r f unc t ion s , s e em s t o c on t ra s t w i th t h e e v idence o f t h e ma te r ia l c u l tu ra l s equence . T he C la s s Ip o t te ry m ay b e u l t ima t e ly d e r ived f r om t h e l o ca l e a r ly I r on A ge w a re s , a nd t h e s t one t oo l s c e r ta in ly b e long t o a n e ven o l de r t r ad i t ion - t ot h a tt h e l a te B ronz e A ge s e t t lemen to fc e l led h u t s ( ' cou r tya rd h ou se s ' ) . N o t r ace o f i r on w a s d i scove r ed i n t h e b roch a nd r oundhou se l e ve l s a nd t h e h eavy s t one i mp lemen t s m ay b er e ga rded a ss ub s t i tu te s f o r m e ta l c u t t ing a nd c hopp ing t o o l s , a s t h ey s e em t o h av e b een i nt h ei n i t ia lp ha se o ft h e e a r ly I r on A ge s e t t lemen t [ 4 , 2 7 &f i g . 3 0 ] .

Two l a rge mu ra l c e l l s , o ne w i th ad oo r i n to t h e e n t rance p a s sage a nd t h e o t he r o pen ing t ot h e i n te r io r , a r e o n e i the r s i de o ft h e p a s sage a nd t h e re a r e t r ace s o f at h i rd o n t h e s ou th -we s t . T he g a tehou se i sa bou t 7 4 f t . l o ng a tp re sen t t h ough i tw a s p robab ly l o nge r o r ig ina l ly . I tv a r ie s i nw id th f r om 1 8 f t . 6i n s . t o2 1 f t .T he e n t rance w a s e qu ipped w i th d oo r - c heck s a nd b a r -ho le s a nd s ome l i n te ls a r e s t i l l i n p o s i t ion .

T he c on t ra s t b e tween t h e c r ude i n d igenou s look ing ma te r ia l c u l tu re o f t h e b roch a nd r oundhou se p ha se s ( excep tf o rt h er o ta ry q uern ) a nd t h ee xo t ic s t one b u i ld ing s s e em s s t r ik ing b u to n ly i fo ne l o ok sa tJ a r l shof i ni s o la t ion . T he re i sp l en ty o f e v idence n ow t h a t t h i s i s as t anda rd f e a tu re o ft h e ' b roch c u l tu re s ' i nm any a r ea s -p a r t icu la r ly i n C a i thne s s a nd S u the r land ( MacK ie 2 000 ) . T he d rama t ic a nd s t anda rd i sed n ew b ro ch s s e em o f t en t oh av e b een p u t u p f o r i n d igenou s c h ief s b y i t i ne ran t a r ch i tec t s a nd b u i lde r s ,a nd t h i si ss u re ly w ha th appened a tJ a r lshof .

I tc an b e a r gued t h a t t h e r e mu s t h ave b een aw a l lj o in ing t h e g a tehou se t o t h e n o r th e dge o f t h e c l if f p romon to ry , a l though n o t r ace s n ow r ema in o f i t , f o r o t he rw i se t h e s t ruc tu re c ou ld b e e a s i ly b y -pa s sed b y a t ta cke r s o nce t h e o u te r d ef ence s h ad b een c r o s sed . Two c a rved s t one d i sc s s e em t oh ave b een f ound o nt h e s i te i na bou t 1 882 [ 2 , 2 97 ] . I n 1 983 at r ench w a s c u tt h rough t h e b ank b e tween t h e t wo d i tche s o f t h e o u te r d ef ence s , n ea r t h e n o r th e nd w he re t h e re i ss e a e r o s ion [ 5 , I l . 1 ] . T h is w a s f ound t ob e a

7 3

T he R oundhou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se so fA t l an t ic S co t land

w a l l s ome 3 . 5 mw ide t h e c o re o fw h ich w a s am ix tu r e o f d umped r ubb le a nd c l ay l o am . T he re w e re n of i nd s .

p re served . I nwa rd s f r om t h ed oo rt h ep a s sage w a s 1 . 5m w ide ; n o l i n te l s w e re f ound i n p o s i t ion o r l y ing o n t h e f l oo r .

T h i s k ind o f d ef ence w o rk i s s ome t ime s k nown a s a ' b lockhou se f o r t ' b u t t h e t e rm ' g a tehou se ' i s p ref e r r ed h e re . T he e v idence f r om C l ickh im in ( HU44 1 ) s how s t h a t t h e r e c tangu la r b u i ld ing s w e re p robab ly n o t d e s igned a s f r ee s tand ing b lockhou se s b u t a s at h icke r p a r t o ft h e p r ima ry w a l lw h ich c on ta ined t h ee n t rance p a s sage . F ind sf rom 1 935 : o n ly p o t te ry w a s f ound ( now i nL e rw ick Mu seum )b u tn od raw ing sw e re p ub l i shed . S eve ra lw a re s w e r e b r ie f ly d e sc r ibed , w i th o ne p ho tog raph [ 3 , f i g . 5 ] , i n c lud ing o ne v e s se lw i th ab l ack b u rn i shed s u rf ace . T he m a te r ia l w a s e xam ined a ga in b y t h e 1 983 e xcava to r s o f S ca tne s s( I 1U30 3 ) b u t t h er epo r tw a sn o tp ub l i shed . S ource s : 1 . O S c a rd n o . HU30 NE 2 :2 .J .A . Sm i th 1 883 : 3 . Mowb ray 1 936 ( no p l an ) : 4 . RCAHMS 1 946 , v o l . 3 , n o . 154 , 3 4 -6 & f i g s . 5 02 a nd 5 05 -8 ( i nc . p l an ) : 5 . C a r te r , McCu l lagh & MacSween 1 996 , 4 46 -47 ( i nc . c r o s s s e c t ion o fo u te rw a l l ) .

T he b u i ld ing w a s 4 . 0 mw ide i ni t s o r ig ina l f o rm a nd m u s t h ave b een s ome 1 5 .5m a l ong i t s c en t ra l a x is s i n ce t h e s u rv iv ing w es tp a r t i s7 . 0m i nl e ng th a nd t h ep a s sage i s1 . 5 m w ide . A l a rge , o b long o r t r apezo ida l mu ra l c e l l p r e sumab ly o r ig ina l ly c on s t ruc ted w i th ac o rbe l led r oof i si nt h ew e s tp a r t . T he c e l lm ea su red c .4 . 0 ml ong b y 1 . 8 mw ide a nd w a s r e ached b y a n n a r row p a s sage a ti t se a s t e nd , p a ra l le l w i th t h e m a in e n t rance a nd e me rg ing i nt h e r ea rw a l l c l o se t oi t . T h i s h ad t wo l i n t e l s s t i l l i np o s i t ion a nd m ea su r ed 1 . 05 m h igh a nd o n ly 5 0 c m w ide . O ne i n te r e s t ing s t ruc tu ra l f e a tu re n o ted w a s av o id o r s t r e s s r e l iev ing o pen ing a bove t h i sp a s sage [ 3 ,I l .6 ] ; t hough t h i s i s s ome th ing w h ich i s c ha rac te r i s t ic o f b roch s s u ch a d ev ice i sp r e sumab ly l i ke ly t oh ave b een d ev i sed w he r eve r s t re s s h a s t ob e r emoved f r om t h e l i n t e l s o f ap a s sag e i na h igh w a l l . A s ma l l n a r row c e l l , w i th i t s l ong a x i s a tr i gh t a ng le s t o t h a t o ft h e l a rg eo ne , w a s f ound a tt h ee x t r eme w e s te nd o f t h e s t ruc tu re ; t h e o n ly a cce s s i n to i tw a s b y w ay o f a r e c tangu la r o p en ing 4 0 c m h igh b y 2 0 c m a nd 4 0 c m a bove t h e f l oo r . T he re w e re c l ea r s i gn st h a tt h is c e l lh ad a c o rbe l led r oof . O ne h a s t h e i mp r e s s ion t h a t t h i s m igh t h ave b een ad ungeon .

1U30 3 SCATNESS ( ` The A i th ' , ' Be t ty Mowa t 's C rof t ') HU 3 89008 T h i s g a tehouse p romon tory f o r t s t and s 4 00 m n o r th o f N e s s o fB u rg i ( HU30 2 ) , o n a no the r p romon to ry o n t h e s ame r ocky c oa s t . I tw a s f i r s t i d en t if ied a ss uch b y L amb i n 1 971 [ 2 ] a nd i tw a s c l ea r t h en t h a t s e a e r o s ion o n t h e n or th s i de o ft h e p romon to ry w a s g radua l ly d e s t roy ing t h e b u i ld ing . T he s i te i sv e ry s im i la rt oN e s s o fB u rg i( HU30 2 ) a nd a s umma ry o ft h e r e su l t s o ft h e e xcava t ion s h ed s l i gh to nt h ef o rme rs i te a sw e l l .

No a r tef ac t s o rd a tab le c a rbon w e re f o und a s soc ia ted w i th t h eP ha se 1f e a tu r e s . S econda ry f ea tu re s ( Pha se 2 ) : t h e g a tehou se w a s e ven tua l ly mod if i ed w i th a dded ma son ry w h ich r e s t ed o n t h e s ame g round s u rf ace a s t h e p r ima ry f e a tu re s ; t h e re d oe s n o t t h e r ef o r e a ppea r t o h ave b een a n i n te rva l o f a bandonmen t b e tw een P ha se s 1a nd 2u n le s s t h e d eb r i s o f t h i sw a sc l ea red a way b ef o r et h e l a te rf e a tu r e sw e re b u i l t .

E xcava t ion sw e re u nde r taken i n1 983 [ 3 ] a nd r evea led j u s t o ve r h a lf o f am a s s ive r e c tangu la r d ry s tone b u i ld ing ; t h e e a s t p a r t , a lmo s t u p t o t h e c en t ra l e n t rance p a s sage , h ad b een d e s t royed . T he p r imary s t ruc ture ( Pha se 1 ) : T he g a tehou se w a s b u i l t b eh ind a n o u te r d ef ence w h ich c u t of t h e s ma l l p romon to ry . E xcava t ion s c ou ld r evea l n o s t ra t ig raph ica l c onnec t ion b e tween t h e t wo f e a tu r e s s o i th a s t o b e a s sumed t h a t t h e w ide , c u rved b ank w i th i n ter na l d i tch i s p a r t o ft h ep r ima ry s i te [ 3 , I l . 2 ] . As e c t ion a c ro s st h e se f e a tu re s r evea led t h a t t h e b ank w a s as imp le d umped s t ruc tu re w h ich s u rv ive s u p t o0 . 7 mh igh . T he r o ck -cu t d i tch w a s 7 . 3 mw ide a nd 1 . 7 md eep a tt h ep o in tt r enched a nd l a y i mmed ia te ly w i th in t h e b ank , w i th n o i n te rven ing b e rm . T he h igh ly u nu sua l p a t ter no ft h i s o u te r d ef en ce , h av ing a n i n ter na l d i tch , i sn o t e xp l icab le a tp r e sen t ; s u ch a r rangemen t s a r e u sua l ly t hough t t o b e f o r c e r emon ia l r a the r t h an d ef en s ive s i te s , a s w i th N eo l i th ic h enge monumen t s .

S econda ry d ry s tone m a son ry w a sb u i l ta ga in s tb o th t h er e a r ( s ou th )w a l l -i n c r ea s ing t h et h ickne s s o ft h e g a tehou se b y 1 . 8 m t h e w ho le w ay a l ong . T he e n t ran ce p a s sage w a s l e ng thened b y t h i s , a sw a s t h e n a r row p a s sage l e ad ing t o t h e mu ra l c e l l ; t h e e x i s tence o f as e cond l a rge c e l l i nt h e v an i shed e a s th a lf s e em st ob e c onf i rmed b yt h e f a c tt h a t a p a s sage w a s l e f t b e tween t h e o r ig ina l b u i ld ing a nd t h e a dded m a son ry t o t h e e a s t o ft h e ma in e n t rance ; t h i s i s o n ly l i ke ly t oh ave l e dt os uch ac e l l . T he w e s tc e l l w a sc on t rac ted b yb lock so fs im i la rm a son ry a te i the r a nd b y at h inne r w a l l a l ong i t s s ou th s i de . A l l t h e se a dd i t ion s w e re p r e sumab ly made a ta bou t t h e s ame t ime . P ha se 3 : c on s ide rab le q uan t i t ies o f m a t e r ia l g radua l ly a ccumu la ted , u p t o at h ickne s s o f4 0 c m , b o th w i th in t h e e a s t c e l l , a ga in s t t h e s e conda ry s ou th f a ce o ft h e b l ock h ou se , a ga in s t i t s p r ima ry n or th f a ce a nd i n t h e m a in e n t rance p a ssage [ 3 , I l . 5 ] . R ad ioca rbon d a te s w e r e o b ta ined f r om t h is m a te r ia l i n d ica t ing a c t iv i ty i nt h em idd le o r l a t te r p a r t o f t h e 1s tm i l lenn ium AD . S ome p l a in p o t te ry , p r e sumab ly o ft h e l a te I r on A g e , w a s r e cove red f r om t h e se d epo s i t s [ 3 , I l . 9 ] .

T he e n t rance p a s sage o ft h e g a tehou se i s4 . 0m l o ng a nd 1 . 2 m w ide a t i t s o u te r e nd ; T he h i ghe s t s u rv iv ing m a son ry w a s t h e w e s t p a s sage w a l l w h ich a to ne p o in t s t ood 1 . 6m h igh . A t ad i s tance o f1 . 3 mi nf r om t h e f r on t e nd i st h e d oo r f r ame , t h e c heck s b e ing c ompo sed o fl o ng t h in s t one s l ab s l e t i n to t h e p a s sage w a l l s a tr i gh t a ng le s . Ab a r -ho le w a s f ound i nt h e w e s t s i de j u s t i n s ide t h e d oo r f r ame b u t t h e e a s t w a l l w a s t oo l ow f o r t h e s ocke t t ob e

7 4

S ec t ion 4 : S he t land

T he re s e em st ob en ow ay o fk now ing w he the rt h e P ha se 1 g a tehou se w a s s t i l l i n ta c t a tt h i s t i me - i n o t he r w o rd s w he the r t h e p a s sage a nd t h e m u ra l c e l l s w e re s t i l l r oof ed a nd t h e w a l l w a s s t and ing t o i t s o r ig ina l h e igh t - o r w he the r i tw a s ar educed s t ruc tu r e w i th r oo f le s s i n t ra m u ra l f e a tu r e st h e d eb r i s o fw h ich h ad b een r emoved f r om t h e s i te . T he f a c tt ha tn o l i n te l s f r om t h e e n t rance p a s sage w e re f ound i n t h e d eb r i s o f t h e f i na l c o l lap se ( b e low ) s ugge s t st h el a t te r .

p r e sen t d imen s ion s ( d iame te r o f c . 1 8m a nd a w a l l t h ickne ss o f 3m ) a r et h e r ef o re l i ke ly t ob et oo l ow . T h i s s i te i sl i ke ly t ob e a tl e a s ta si mpo r tan ta sJ a r l shof , a nd t h e mu l t i -d i sc ip l ina ry r e sea rch t e am i n vo lved w i l l d oub t le s s e x t rac t amuch g r ea te rv a r ie ty o fi n f o rma t ion t h a t w a s p o s s ib le a t t h e f o rme r s i te . E xcava t ion s a r e s t i l l c on t inu ing i n2 002 . T he e xcava t ion d i rec to r , D r S t eve D ock r i l l , h a s r e cen t ly w r i t ten t h e f o l low ing [ 4 ] .

P ha se 4 : r u bb le o nt op o ft h e se d epos i t sm a rked t h e f i na l c o l lap se o f t h e g a tehou se i n to a n u n inhab i ted r u in ; i n c e r ta in p l a ce s l i ke t h e e n t rance p a s sage t h i s c o l lap se e v iden t ly t o ok p l ace i n d i s t inc t s t ages . N o a r tef ac t s o r d a tab le m a te r ia lw e re r e cove red .

" The u n ique n a tu re o f t h e s i t e - i n t e rm s o f p re se rva t ion , r e cove ry a nd t ime p e r iod - p rov ide s a n u npa ra l le led o ppor tun i ty t o d eve lop a n a b so lu te c h rono log ica l s equence . T he s t ra t ig raphy , t h e s equence o f l a ye r s , p rov ide s ar e la t ive f r amewo rk . T o t h i s , w e h ave n ow a dded o ve r 7 0 a b so lu te d a te s u s ing t h ree m e thod s : r ad ioca rbon , a r chaeomagne t i sm , a nd o p t ica l ly s t imu la ted l um ine scence ( OSL ) .

S ource s : I . O S c a rd n o . HU30 S E 2 1 : 2 .L amb 1 980 : 3 . C a r te r , McCu l lagh & Ma cSween 1 996 ,4 30 -45 .

S quare HU31 T he b ackbone o f t h e s equence i s p rov ided b y t h e a cce le ra to r m a s s s pec t rome te r r ad ioca rbon d a t ing o f c a rbon i sed b a r ley g r a in s f r om s e cu re c on tex t s r e cove r ed b y f l o ta t ion : t h i s g i ve s t h e d a te o fh a rve s t ing f o r e ach g ra in . A rchaeomagne t ic m e thod s a r e u sed b y D r C a thy B a t t t og i ve t h e d a te w hen h ea r th s a nd o ven s w e re l a s t f i r ed T he O SL d a t ing , b y D r E d R hode s o f O xf o rd U n ive r s i ty , t e l l s u s w hen m ine ra l g ra in s w e re l a s t e xpo sed t ol i gh t -am e thod t h a th a s b een a pp l ied t o v a r iou s d epo s i t s , i n c lud ing m idden s , h ea r th s , w ind b lown s and s , a nd b u r ied s o i l s .

HU31 1 LOCH OF BRO W HU /383156 P o s s ib le b roch i nD un ro s sne s s , o n as ma l l i s land i nt h e l o ch . T he r ema in s a r e n ow r e du ced t o g round l e ve l . S t epp ing s t one sa nd ar ough c au sew ay l i nk t h e i s land t ot h e w e s t s ho r e , b u t a r e n ow 2 f t . b e low w a te r l e ve l [ 1 ] . A s a dd le q ue rn w a sn o ted n ea rby i n1 9 30 [ 2 ] . S ource s : I .O S c a rd HU 3 1 NE 7 : 2 . 2 . RCAH MS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,n o . 153 , 3 4 . HU31 2 LUNAB ISTER HU /378164 P robab le b roch i nD un ro s sne s s , o r ig ina l ly al a rge g r a s s c ove red m ound w i th t r a ce s o fm a son ry [ 2 ] , i nw h ich a bou t 4 0 f t .o fb rok en w a l l , 5 . 5 f t .h i gh a nd w i th t h eu sua l b a t te r , w a s f ound i n 1 956 ; t h e e s t ima ted d i ame te r i s6 0 f t . a nd o u two rk sa r ea ppa ren tu nde rt u rf o nt h es ou th s i de [ 3 ] . S ource s : I .O S c a rd HU 3 1 NE 6 : 2 . RCAH MS 1 946 , v o l . 3 , n o . 152 , 3-4 : 3 . J .S t ewa r t i n D i scove ry & E xcava t ion , S co t land , 1 956 , 2 7 .

Wo rk o n d a te s c on t inue s , b u t t h e s equence t h a t i s e me rg ing p rov ide s c l ea r e v idence t o c ha l lenge c ommon ly a ccep ted d a te s f o r s t ruc tu re s l i ke t h e se a t O ld S ca tne s s E spec ia l ly i mpo r tan ta r et h em id I ron A ge d a te s f o rt h e g roup o fs t ruc tu re st ot h es ou th -we s to ft h e b roch , o ne o fw h ich ( s t ruc tu re 1 4 ) i sc l ea r ly p a ra l le led b y a n a i s led w hee lhou se a tJ a r lshof . A r chaeomagne t ic a nd r ad ioca rbon d a te s i n d ica te t h a t t h is g roup ( of b u i ld ing s ) i sb road ly c on tempo ra ry a nd b e long s t ot h e p e r iod 4 00 BC -AD 1 .T he g roup i n c lude s ap i e r ed w hee lhou se o f 1 0m i n te rna l d i ame te r ( s t ruc tu r e 1 2 ) w h ich h ad b een f i l led w i th a shy w a s te . R ad ioca rbon d a t ing o fp l an t m a te r ia l a nd a s equence o fO SL d a te s o n q ua r tz i n c lu s ion s w i th in t h e d epo s i t s i n d ica te t h a t t h e d ump d a te s t oc .1 00 BC t o AD 1 00 E xcava t ion o f t h e se s t ruc tu re s h a s n o t y e t r e ached p r ima ry f l oo r s u rf ace s , b u t , g i ven t h a t t h ey w e re d ef in i te ly b u i l t a f te r t h e b roch , a nd g i ven t h e d a te o fm a te r ia l d umped i n s ide t h em o nce t h ey w en t o u t o fu se , t h e O ld S ca tne s s b roch mu s t c on s ide rab ly p r eda te t h e g ene ra l ly a ccep ted r a nge o f 1 00 BC t o AD 1-t h ough b y h ow m uch w e w i l l n o t k now u n t i l w e e xcava te d own t ot h e p r ima ry l e ve l s i n t h eb roch i t se lf

HU31 3 OLD HOUSE OF BRO W HU /383139 P o s s ib le b roch i nD un ro s sne s s , as a ndy k no l lw h ich o nce s howed s t one s ; t h e r e a r e c onf l ic t ing v i ew sa st ow he the r i t i sl i ke ly t ob e ab roch s i te , o re ven a na n t iqu i ty [ 1 ] . S ou rce : I .O Sc a rd HU 3 1 S E 1 4 . HU31 4 OLD SCATNESS ( `V irk ie ' , ` Sumbu rgh A i rpo r t ' , ` S ca tnes s ' ) HU390 107 Mu l t i -pe r iod s e t t lemen t w i th b roch , whee lhou se s a nd l a ter dwe l l ing s i nD un ro s sne s s . A n a r c o ft h e b roch w a l l w a s e xpo sed i n o ne s i de o f ag r een mound d u r ing t h e b u i ld ing o ft h e p e r ime te r r oad a tt h e a i rpo r t a tS umbu rgh H ead i n 1 976 [ 1 ] . I n 1 995 e x cava t ion s w e r e s t a r ted f o l low ing ag eophy s ica l a nd t o pog r aph ica l s u rvey [ 2 ] . B y 1 996 t h e c i r cu la r b u i ld ing h ad b een f u r the r r e vea led , t o ge the r w i th a sh m idden m a t e r ia l w h ich h ad e v iden t ly a ccumu la ted a ga in s t i t . T he b ro ch s e em s t ob e s t and ing s eve ra l m e t r e s h igh w i th a b a t te r ed o u te r w a l l f a ce ; t h e

T he l e ng th o ft h e I r on A ge c h rono logy i si n d ica ted b y d a te s f r om l a te I r on A ge s t ruc tu re s i nt h e s ou th -ea s ter n g roup o f b u i ld ing s . T he se w e r e i n ser ted i n to e a r l ie r m id I ron A ge b u i ld ing s w h ich h ave y e tt ob e d a ted . F o r e xamp le , at r iangu la r p i e red w hee lhou se ( s t ruc tu re 6 ) , 5 m i n d i ame te r , h a s b een e xcava ted t h rough a t l e a s t

7 5

T he R oundhou se s , B roch s a nd W hee lhou se so fA t l an t ic S co t land

f ou r f l oo r s u rf ace s , e ach a s soc ia ted w i th a c en t ra l h ea r th ,t oi t sp r ima ry f l oo rs u rf ace .

Wes t Barra I s land

T he se d epo s i t s h ave g iven a s equence o fr ad ioca rbon a nd a r chaeomagne t ic d a te s w h ich a l low d e ta i led i n te rp re ta t ion o ft h e u se a nd r e -u se o ft h e b u i ld ing . I t w a s i n u se u p t o AD 8 00 , a nd w a s t h e r ef o re c on tempo ra ry w i th t h e P i c t i sh b u i ld ing s ( i nc lud ing t h e c e l lu la r b u i ld ing , s t ruc tu re 7 ,i n se r ted i n to t h e b roch ) , w h ich a r e d a ted c . AD 6 00 -900 . Al a rge P i c t i sh p a in ted p ebb le w a s f ound w i th in t h ep r ima ry l e ve l s o f as e cond l a te I r on A ge w hee lhou se ( s t ruc tu r e 1 ) . T h i s b u i ld ing , i ts e em s , w a s d e l ibe ra te ly i n f i l led d u r ing t h e e a r ly No r se p e r iod t oc r ea te al e ve l f l oo r . E xcava t ion o ft h i s f l oo rr evea led al o ng h ea r th c ha rac te r i s t ic o ft h eN o r se , a nd ag roup o fs oap s tone a nd s ch i s tl o om w e igh t s l y ing j u s ta st h ey h ad f a l len f r om t h e l o om .

S quare HU33 HU33 1 WEST BURRA (Trough ' ) HU /379350 P o s s ib le b roch o n t h e i s land o f We s tB u r ra i nL e rw ick ar ugged g ra s s -g rown h i l lock i n ac ommand ing p o s i t ion . T he re a r e s l igh ti n d ica t ion so fr egu la r ly l a id s t onewo rk . S ou rce s : 1 . O S c a rd HU 3 3 S E 7 : 2 . RCAHMS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,n o . 1 277 , 7 7 : 3 .A nde r son 1 890 , 1 82 . Ma inland HU33 2 BURLAND 1 HU / 390370 P o s s ib le b roch i nT ingwa l l , o ccupy ing t h e w ho le o f a s ma l l i s le t 8 0 100m f r om t h e w e s t s ho re o ft h e i s land o f T rond ra . T he i s l e th a sb een c onnec ted t ot h e l a rge ro ne b y ac au seway b u t t h i s , a nd t h e b roch , h ave b een a lmo s t c omp le te ly d e s t royed . S ou rce s : 1 .O S c a rd HU 3 NE 1 : 2 . RCAHMS 1 946 , v o l . 3 , n o . 1 535 , 1 26 : 3 . Ande r son 1 890 , 1 82 : 4 . D i scove ry & E xca va t ion i nS co t land 2 000 , 8 1 .

An umbe r o fl a te r b u i ld ing s a nd m idden d epo s i t s t a ke t h i s o ccupa t ion s equence t h rough t ot h e m id twen t ie th c en tu ry ." S ource s : 1 . OS c a rd HU 3 1 S E 2 1 : 2 . D i scove ry & E xca va t ion , S co t land , e n t r ie s f r om 1 995 o nwa rd s : 3 . N icho l son & D ock r i l l , e d s . , 1 998 : [ 4 ] C ur ren tA rchaeo l . n o . 1 77 ( J an .2 002 ) , 3 87 -88 .

HU33 3 GRUNA SOUND HU /373333 P o s s ib le b roch i nL e rw ick ; n o th ing m uch r ema in sb u ta n a mo rphou s ,t u r f -cove red mound w i th s ome s t one ss how ing , a nd t h e s i te s e em st oh ave s e rved a s aq ua r ry . Ar e po r t i n 1 968 d id n o to b se rve a ny b roch l ike m a son ry , b u t as add le q ue rn w a sn o ted n ea rby [ 1 ] . S ource s : 1 .O S c a rd HU 3 S E 1 4 : 2 . RCAHMS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,n o . 1 278 , 7 7 .

HU31 5 S COUSEBURGH ( 'Rhu -A l len ' ) HU /37721781 P o s s ib le b roch i nD un ro s sne s s , i n ah igh c on ica l k no l l ; t h e p l ace n ame s ugge s t s ab roch [ 2 ] b u t ar epor ti n1 968 i s s c ep t ica l [ 1 ] . I n 1 956 ac i s t o rh ea r th w a s e xpo sed n ea rby w i th a r tef ac t s s uch a s w ho r l s , s t ea t i te f r agmen t s , e t c . ; n o b roch l ike m a son ry w a so b se rved . [ 1 ] . S ource s : O S c a rd HU 3 1 NE 9 : 2 . RCAHMS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,n o . 190 , 4 5 : 3 .J .S t ewa r ti nD i scove ry & E xca va t ion , S co t land , 1 956 , 2 7 .

HU33 4 L INGA + HU /359397 P o s s ib le b roch i nL e rw ick ;n oo the ri n f o rma t ion .

HU31 6 SKELBERRY HU /391164 P o s s ib le b roch i nD un ro s sne s s , ag ra s sg rown k no l l( now s uppor t ing a h ou se ) w h ich h a s a t v a r iou s t ime s y i e lded t r ace s o f ma s s ive w a l l ing , a nd w a l l f a ce s s ugge s t ing c hambe r s , a sw e l l a sp o t she rd s ( i nc lud ing n eck -band w a r e [ 1 ] ) a nd i mp lemen t s i n c lud ing a s add le q ue rn ( ' non r o ta ry ' ) , ap o t l id a nd p o s s ib le s t one l o om w e igh t s [ 2 ] . S ource s : 1 .O S c a rd HU 3 1 NE 5 : 2 . RCAHMS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,n o . 151 , 3 3 .

HU33 5 SKEO H ILL HU /376312 P o s s ib le b roch i nL e rw ick , ap rom inen t h i l lock t h ough t t oc on ta in a n e a r ly s t ruc tu re . Ak i tchen m idden n ea rby h a s y i e lded p o t te ry a sw e l l a s" nume rou s s t one o b jec t s s im i la r t ot ho se f ound i nb roch s" [ 2 ] . S ource s : 1 . OS c a rd HU 3 3 S E 8 : 2 .R CAH MS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,n o . 1 265 , 7 4 .

HU 3 1 7 WARD H ILL ( Rob in 's B rae ') HU 3 90 128 T h i s s t ruc tu r e , d i agno sed a s awhee lhouse , w a s l o ca ted i n 1 988 a f t e r as i lo p i t d ug i n to amound r evea led m a son ry [ 2 ] . Al i n te l led e n t rance p a s sage ,t h ree m a son ry p i l la r sa nd o ne o r tho s ta t w e re s e en , a l l p re sumab ly r ad ia l . Much p o t te ry , a l leged ly o fl a te I r on A ge d a te ( t he m ean ing o ft h i s t e rm i su nc lea r ) ,w a sa l so f ound . S ource s : 1 .O S c a rd HU31 S E 3 0 : 2 . D i scove ry a nd E xcava t ion i nS co t land 1 988 , 3 0 .

HU33 6 SOUND OF MEAL + HU /374354 P o s s ib le b roch i nL erw ick ; n oo the ri n f o rma t ion .

S quare HU34 HU34 1 BUR W ICK HOLM + HU /38624022 P o s s ib le b roch i nT ingwa l l ; n o o t he ri n f o rma t ion

HU31 8 BYRELANDS + HU3810 1600 P o s s ib le b roch i nD un ro s sne s s . No o t he ri n f o rma t ion .

HU34 2 BURRA HOL M HU /3 8 6458

7 6

S ec t ion 4 : S he t land

P robab le b roch i n T ingwa l l . A g ra ss -g rown h eap o f d eb r is o ccupy ing mos to ft h et i da l i s l e t o fB u r ra H o lm ; t h e f oo t ing s o ft h e o u te r w a l l f a ce a r e v i s ib le mo s t o ft h e w ay r ound , i n d ica t ing ad i ame te ro f 5 1 .8 f t .[ 1 ] . No c au seway w a sn o ted [ 1 ] . S ources : 1 . OS c a rd HU 3 4 NE 9 : 2 . RCAH MS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,n o . 1 529 , 1 25 .

I n 1 998 t wo s ma l l t r enches r evea led v a r iou s f r agmen t s o f w a l l ing w h ich s e emed t o p o s t -da te t h e b roch ; I r on A ge p o t she rd sw e re a l so f ound [ 3 ] . S ource s : I . OS c a rd HU 3 5 SW 3 : 2 . RCAH MS 1 946 , v o l . 3 , n o . 1 396 , 1 01 : 3 . D i scovery & E xca va t ion i n S co t land 1 998 , 8 4 -5 .

HU34 3 BUR WICK ( 'Ness o fB u rw ick ') HU /388406 P oss ib le b roch i nT ingwa l l , o n as ma l l i s land o ppo s i te t h e t own sh ip o f B urw ick . T he r ema ins o f ab u i ld ing a r e a ppa ren tb u t i th a s b een a lmo s t c omp le te ly d e s t royed . No c l ea rs i gn so f ac au seway w e re n o ted . S ource s : 1 .O S c a rd HU 3 4 S E4 : 2 . RCAH MS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,n o . 1 528 , 1 25 .

HU35 4S E MBL ISTER + HU /33905050 P os s ib le b roch i n Ma in land ; n oo t he ri n f o rma t ion .

S quare HU36 HU36 1 BURGASTOO HU /345660 P o ss ib le b roch i n D e l t ing o n a n i s land 1 00m f r om t h e s ho re . No t r ace o f ab u i ld ing i sv i s ib le n ow b u t ac au seway t ot h e s ho re i sr e pu ted t o h ave e x is ted [ 2 ] . T h is w a s n o t s e en i n1 968 [ 1 ] . S ource s : 1 . OS c a rd HU 3 6 NW 7 : 2 . RCAH MS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,n o . 126 , 1 2 .

HU34 4 HOGALAND HU /395469 P oss ib le b roch i n T ingwa l l . N o c l ea r s i gns o f ac i rcu la r b u i ld ing h ave b een n o ted b u t a n u nde rg round p a ssage a nd c hambe r w e r e f ound w hen t h e f ounda t ion s o ft h e h ou se a t H oga land w e re d ug . S ome h amme r s t one s , s t one i mp lemen t sa nd p o t she rd sw e re r e covered t h en . S ource s : 1 . OS c a rd HU 3 4 NE 6 : 2 . RCAH MS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,n o . 1 400 , 1 02 .

HU36 2 BURRAVOE 1 HU /359669 P o ss ib le b roch i nD e l t ing , o n al ow r ock , n ow o ve r la id b y t h e r ema ins o f af i sh ing s t a t ion . P ar t o ft h e l owes t c ou r se o ft h e o u te r w a l l f a ce i st r aceab le a nd i nd ica tes ad i ame te r o f 5 5 f t . . S ource s : 1 . OS c a rd HU 3 6 NE 3 : 2 . RCAH MS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,n o . 114 , 9 .

HU34 5HOULLANDS ( `The B rough ') HU /309443 S i te o f p o s s ib le b roch i n S ands t ing l i s ted i n t h e 1 9 th c en tu ry [ 3 ] ,b u tn ot r ace sn ow s u rv ive [ 2 ] . S ource s : I . OS c a rd HU 3 4 SW 3 : 2 . RCAH MS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,n o . 1 400 , 1 02 : 3 .A nde r son 1 890 , 1 8 1 .

HU36 3 I SLESBURGH HU /337692 P o s s ib le b roch i n No r thmav ine , n ow c omp le te ly d es t royed b y r obb ing i n 1 849 t o b u i ld t h e a d jacen t f a rmhou se [ 1 ] . a rd HU 3 6 NW 1 0 2 . RCAH MS 1 946 , S ource s : I . OS c v o l . 3 ,n o . 1 354 , 9 1 .

S quare HU35 HU35 1 EAST BURRA F IRTH HU /358580 P oss ib le b roch i n S and s t ing , o n ar o cky i s le t c onnec ted b y as t ra igh t c au seway t ot h e s ho re . T he l owe s t c ou r se o f t h e o u te r f a ce o f ac i rcu la r b u i ld ing c ou ld b e t r aced f o r mos t o f t h e w ay r ound ( e xcep t i n t h e n or th -ea s t ) a nd i n d ica ted ad i ame ter o f4 5 f t . , q u i te s ma l l f o r ab roch . S ource s : 1 . OS c a rd HU 3 5 NE 2 : 2 . RCAH MS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,n o . 1 395 , 1 0 1 .

S quare HU37 HU37 1 BURGAN ( `No r th G lu s s ') HU /344775 P o ss ib le b roch i n No r thmav ine . T he r ema ins , o n a p rom inen t h i l lock a r e n ow u n in te l l ig ib le b u t a r e t hough t l o ca l ly t oh ave b een ab roch . T he re i s ad e scr ip t ion [ 3 ] o f t h e d i scovery o f a n o va l , p o l ished s t one k n if e d u r ing t h e c l ea r ing o u t o f t h e f ounda t ion s o f ap os s ib le b roch a t G lu s s . S ource s : OS c a rd HU 3 7 NW 2 : 2 . RCAH MS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,n o . 1 396 , 9 8 -9 : 3 .P .S .A .S . 4 2 ( 1907 -08 ) , 1 63 .

HU35 2 HEGL IB ISTER 1 HU /389516 Ap os s ib le b roch i nT ingwa l l . O n t op o f al a rge n a tu ra l k no l l a r e t h e r ema in s o f ab u i ld ing i n ag ra ssy mound . T he s hape a nd f o rm o ft h e mound s ugge s t ab roch [ 1 ] a nd h amme rs t ones w e re f ound i n an ea rby m idden . S ource s : 1 . OS c a rd HU 3 5 S E3 : 2 . RCAH MS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,n o . 1 50 1 , 1 20 -1 .

HU37 2 THE CU ML INS ( 'O lne sf i r th ') HU /308770 P o ss ib le b roch i n No r thmav ine , a n i regu la r , g ra s s c ove red mound o f l o o se s t one s . A r e cen t r epor t d oub t s t h a t i tc ou ld b e ab roch [ 1 ] . I r on Age p o t te ry h a s b een f ound i ni t[ 3 ] , a nd o t he ra r tef ac t s i n c lud ing as add le q uern . S ource s : 1 . OS c a rd HU 3 7 N W 8( w i th s ke tch p lan ) : 2 . RCAH MS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,n o . 1 363 , 9 4 : 3 .H am i l ton 1 956 ,

HU35 3 HOULLAND ( `Broch o fH ou l land ' , ` Tumb l in ') HU /34495389 P robab le b roch i n S and s t ing . T race s o f ac i rcu la r b u i ld ing r ema in , w i th ad i ame te ro fa bou t 1 6 .93 m ( 55 f t .6 i n s ) . T he s upposed o u te r r ampa r t [ 2 ] i sp robab ly af i e ld w a l l [ I ] .

7 7

T he R oundhou se s , B roch s a nd W hee lhouse s o fA t lan t ic S co t land

4 6 -7 .

S quare HU41 HU41 1 CLEV IGARTH HU 4 07129 Ap robab le b roch i nD un ro s sness , o nt h es ho re o f ar o cky i n le t . T he w a l l f a ce s a r e v i s ib le a nd i n d ica te at h ickne s s o f a bou t 1 4 f t . ; t h e o ve ra l l d i ame ter i sa bou t 5 7 .5 f t .s ot h e w a l l p ropor t ion w ou ld b e a bou t4 8 .5% . T he u ppe rp a r t s o f t wo c e l ls a r e a ppa ren t i nt h e w a l l o nt h es ou th -wes ta nd t h e l i n te l o f ad oo r i si nt h e i n s ide w a l l f a ce o nt h e n o r th -wes t . T he re a r et r ace s o fm any o u t -bu i ld ing s( I l l .4 .62 ) . S ource s : 1 . O S c a rd HU 4 1 SW 3 , i n c . p l an : 2 . RCAH MS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,n o . 147 , 2 7 &f i g . 4 88 ( p lan ) .

HU37 3 LOCH OF BURRALAND HU /344750 S i te o f p o ss ib le b roch i n Nor thmav ine , ag ra s sy mound a ny s t ruc tu re i nw h ich h a sb een d emo l ished . S ource s : 1 . OS c a rd HU 3 7 SW 5 : 2 . RCAH MS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,n o . 1 387 , 9 9 . HU37 4 MARK I NESS + HU /354721 P oss ib le b roch i n No r thmav ine : n o f u r the r i n f orma t ion . HU37 5 ORB ISTER HU /310768 P os s ib le b roch i n No r thmav ine , o n t h e s ho re . A ny b u i ld ing h a s a lmo s t c omp le te ly d i sappea red , e xcep t f o r s ome l a rge , b roch l ike s t ones e xpo sed a tl ow w a te r [ 1 ] . S ource s : 1 . OS c a rd HU 3 7 NW 1 : 2 . RCAH MS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,n o . 1 385 , 9 8 .

HU41 2 CLU ML IE HU 4 04181 ( v is i ted 5 / 6 /63) P robab le s o l id -based b roch i n Dun ro s sne ss , s t and ing o n al ow r i se o n f l a t a r ab le g round . O n ly t h e l owe r l e ve l s o f t h is b roch r ema in a nd modern b u i ld ing s e nc roach u pon t h e r u ins . C lum l ie w a s p a r t ia l ly e xcava ted b y G oud ie i n1 887 a nd s ome o ft h e o b jec t s r e covered a r e I l t ra ted i nI l . 4 . 52 . Much o ft h e w es th a lf o ft h e s i te i sh i dden b y as t one d yke a nd w a s n o t e xp lo red , b u t t h e e n t rance p a s sage - w i th d oo r -check sm ade o fu p r igh t s l abs s e t i n to t h e w a l l a t1 f t . f r om t h e e x te r io r -a nd a g ua rd c e l l o n t h e r i gh t b eh ind t h e se a r e v i s ib le . A mu ra l c e l l a t 7 . 30 o 'c lock i sa l so a ppa ren t b u t t h e i n te r io r w a l l f a ce i st o o b roken d own f o r a ny t r ace o f as c a r cemen t t ob e p reserved . T he o u te rw a l l f a ce o n t h e n o r th -ea s t w a s 7 -8 f t . i n 1 9 34 b u t t h e u ppe r c ou r ses w e re r e bu i l t a tt h e t ime o ft h e e x cava t ion [ 3 ] ( I l ls . 4 . 44 & 4 . 48 -52 ) .

S quare HU38 HU38 1 BURRA VOE ( `No r th R oe ') HU /373892 S i te o fp os s ib le b roch i n No r thmav ine . T he re i sn o t r ace o f ab u i ld ing a nd t h e s i tua t ion i sa n u n l ike ly o ne f o r a b roch ,b e ing o ve r looked [ 1 ] . S ource s : 1 . OS c a rd HU 3 8 NE 2 : 2 . RCAH MS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,n o . 1 384 , 9 8 : 3 . T homa s 1 890 , 1 80 .

T he d oo r t o t h e g ua rd c e l l i so n ly 2 f t . 9i n s , h i gh a nd make s ac on t ra s t w i th w ha t mu s t h ave o nce b een a t a l l b eeh ive c e l l b eh ind . A s e conda ry w a l l - v a ry ing i n t h ickne s s f r om 1 5 f t . -r un sr ound t h e i n te r ior o ft h eb r och a nd i so fu nev en t h icknes s , b e ing a bou t 1f t . a tt h e m a in e n t rance a nd a bou t 5f t .o nt h ew es t s i de .

S quare HU39 HU39 1 F ETHALAND (Ta s te rW ick ') HU /375943 P os s ib le b roch i n No r thmav ine . As t ruc tu re e x is t s t h e re a nd w a sp a r t ia l ly d ug o u ta nd p l anned i n1 904 [ 4 ] . I tb ea r s l i t t le r e semb lance t o ab roch e xcep t i n w ha t m ay b e t wo c u rved , r e c tangu la rw a l l c hambe r sw h ich s e em t ol i e o nt h e c i rcumf e rence o f ac i rc le a bou t 3 0 f t . i n d i ame te r , r a the r s ma l l f o r a b roch [ 2 , f i g . 6 03 ] ; t h e s i te h a s b een e x tens ive ly q ua r r ied . Mo re o f i th ad b een d es t royed b y 1 931 [ 2 ] . A l i s t o f t h e f i nd s made i n 1 904 i n c lude s n o th ing s pec if ica l ly o fb roch t ype [ 4 , 1 74 ] . S ource s : OS c a rd HU 3 6 NW 1 0 : 2 . RCAH MS 1 946 , v o l . 3 , n o . 1 355 , 9 1 & f i g . 6 03 : 3 . C . S . T . C a lde r i n D i scovery & E xcava t ion , S co t land , 1 956 , 2 8 : 4 . A be rcromby i n1 905 , 1 7 1 .

T he i n te rna l d i ame te r o ft h e s t ruc tu re w a s t h e reby r e duced f r om 3 3 -34 f t . t oa bou t 2 7 f t . No m en t ion w a s m ade o f r ad ia l p i e r s b y t h e e xcava to r b u t ah ea r th w a s f ound i nt h e f l oo r w h ich p r e sumab ly b e longed t o t h e s e conda ry o ccupa t ion . Ac a r ef u l ly c on s t ruc ted g ap i nt he s e conda ry w a l l a t 1 0 .30 o ' c lock may h ave l e d t ot h e o r ig ina l d oo r t o t h e s t a irway i nt h e b roch w a l l b u t t h e r e i sn o s i gn o ft h is n ow . D u r ing t h e e xcava t ion s Goud ie f o und a w e l l -bu i l t s t one c i s t 2 . 5 f t . a bove t h e f l oo r o f t h e b roch a nd c onc luded t h a t t h e s t ruc tu re h ad b een u s ed f o r b u r ia l s a f t e r f a l l ing i n to d i su se [ 1 ] . D imen s ion s : t h e o ve ra l l d i ame te r i s6 8 f t .a nd t h e w a l l i s 1 7 18 f t .t h ick , g i v ing aw a l l p ropor t ion o f5 1 .5 % . F ind s : t h e se i n c luded " a l a rge n umbe r o fg ra in r ubbe r s" a nd ap ho tog raph [ 3 , 2 8 ] s how s a t l e a s t o ne r o ta ry q uern . O the r f i nd s w e r e 5w he t s tone s o f m ica ceous s t one , 2o f s ands tone , 3w hor ls ( 1 o fs ch is t , 2o fs t ea t i te ) a nd s e ve ra l h amme r s t ones . T he re w e re a l so many p o t tery f r agmen t s a nd a n ima l b one s , s h e l ls a nd s t one i mp lemen t s ( I l l . 4 . 52 ) . S ource s : 1 . OS c a rd HU 4 1 NW 4 : 2 . G oud ie 1 889 , 2 49 5 3 : 3 .G oud ie 1 904 , 2 1-9 : 3 . RCAHMS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,n o . 145 , 1 5 -6 & f i g . 4 87 ( p lan ) .

S quare HU40 HU40 1 SU MBURGH HEAD HU /407079 A p os s ib le b roch i n D un ro s sne ss , o n t h e s i te o f t h e p resen t l i gh thou se , c l a imed a s a n a n t iqu i ty b y D ryden o n u nknown e v idence , p e rhaps t h e n ame o ft h e h ead land [ 2 ] . R ampa r t s c ro ss t h e n eck o ft h eh ead land [ 1 ] . S ource s : 1 . OS c a rd HU 4 0 NW 1 : 2 . D ryden 1 890 , 2 11 : 3 .D i scovery & E xcava t ion , S co t land , 1 956 , 2 6 .

7 8

S ec t ion 4 : S he t land

( wh ich c ove r ed t h e b o t tom c ou r se s o fb o th p i e r s a nd b roch w a l l ) w i th ap av ing o fs ma l l s l ab s o n t o p o ft h i s . T h r ee s upe r impo sed o ccupa t ion d epo s i t s , e ach c ove r ed w i th p av ing , w e re f ound o nt op o ft h i s a nd m o s to ft h e I r on A ge p o t te ry a nd f i nd s r e cove r ed c ame f r om t h e se . R ubb le f r om t h e d i lap ida t ion o ft h eb roch w a so nt op o ft h e se .

HU41 3 DALSETTER ( `Broch o fD a l se t te r ' ) HU /408158 P robab le b roch i n D un ro s sne s s , 5 0m f r om ap r ec ip i tou s c l if fa tt h en o r th s i de o ft h eV oe . O n ly as ho r t l e ng th o ft h e o u te rw a l l f a ce i sv i s ib le o nt h e s ou th . T he o u te rd ef ence s a r e e x ten s ive a nd w e l l p r e se rved , c on s i s t ing o f t wo c oncen t r ic r ampa r t s s epa ra ted b y a w ide d i tch a nd , r e spec t ive ly , 2 6 f t . a nd 5 3 f t .d i s t an t f r om t h e b roch [ 1 , p l an : 2 ,f i g . 2 78 ] . T hey a r em ade m a in ly o fe a r th a nd r i se f r om 4 . 5 -5 . 0 f t .a bove t h e b o t tom o ft h e d i tch ; t h e b a sa l w id th o ft h e o u te r o ne i s1 2 15 f t . . Amo rphou s t r aces o f m any o u tbu i ld ing s c an b e s e en a nd t h e r e a r e t wo w e l l sj u s t o u t s ide t h eo u te rr ampa r t . S ource s : 1 .O S c a rd HU 4 1 NW 1( i nc . s ke tch p l an ) : 2 . R CAHMS 1 946 , v o l . 3 , n o . 146 , 2 6 -7 & p l s . 4 78 -9 ( p la te s ) .

A n e x ten s ive e x te rna l m idden w a s f ound i n t h e s e cond t r ench , r e s t ing o n t h e u nde r ly ing t i l l . A s e r ie s o f C 14 d a te s s ugge s ted t h a t t h i s b egan t o a c cumu la te e a r ly i nt h e i s t m i l lenn ium AD a nd c on t inued u n t i l t h e m idd le o r l a te p a r t o f i t . T he w ho le r a nge o f C 14 d a te s o b ta ined s ugge s t s t h a t t h e s e t t lemen t m ay g o b ack w e l l i n to t h e i s t m i l lenn ium B .C . [ 5 , T ab le 4i nm ic rof iche ] . F ind s : t h e p o t tery f ound h a s b een I l t ra ted [ 5 , I l . 1 6 ] . Mo s t o ft h e r im s he rd s i n d ica te s imp le , p l a in b a r re l shaped v e s se ls , a nd o ne s ma l l p o t h a s a n e ver ted r im . O ne d eco ra ted v e s se l w a s f ound ( V6 ) -a n e ve r ted r im j a rw i th ah i gh ly p o l i shed ( p re sumab ly b l ack ) o u te r s u rf a ce , f l u t ing a l ong t h e i n s ide f a ce o ft h e r im , o b l ique i n c ised l i ne s o n t h e e x te r io r i mmed ia te ly b e low t h e r im , w i th a no the r r ow o f i n c ised m a rk s j u s t a bove t h e b a se . T he b l ack b ur n i sh ing , t h e e ver ted r im a nd t h e f l u t ing c an a l so b e s e en o nt h e l a rge s h e rd f r om Mou sa ( I l l . 4 . 52 ) .

HU41 4 EASTSHORE ( `Brough H ead ') HU /402 113 B roch , p robab ly s o l id -ba sed , a nd w hee lhouse i n D un ros sne s s , s t and ing o n t h e e dge o f ac l if f o n as ma l l h ead land a nd p a r t ly d e s t royed b y t h e s e a a nd s u r rounded b y moder n , d i su sed b u i ld ing s [ 1 , 2 ] ( I l l . 4 . 53 ) . I tw a s p a r t ia l ly e x cava ted i n1 989 b y d i gg ing t wo t r enche s a c ro s s t h e mound [ 3 ] .

S tone i mp lemen t s i n c lude p ounde r s , h a lf o ft h e u ppe rs t one o f ar o ta ry q ue rn ( i n t h e u ppe r l e ve l s o ft h e m idden ) a nd s ome s ub r ec tangu la rs t one p l aque s .

B ef o re t h i s as e conda ry w a l l a bou t 5f t .t h ick c ou ld b e s e en i n s ide t h eb roch a sw e l l a st r ace so ft wo r a d ia l p i e r s o nt h e w e s t s i de [ 3 ] . Abou t 2 0 f t . o f i n ne r w a l l f a ce , w i th a s c a rcemen t w a s e xpo sed o n t h e s ou th -we s t s i de ( 1 1 . 4 . 59 ) a nd t r a ce s o fa bou t 2 0 f t . o f a n i n t ra -mu ra l g a l le ry w e re o b se rved o n t h e n or th s i de c l o se t ot h e b each [ 1 , 2 ] . T he b roch c ou ld b e s een t oc on ta in aw hee lhou se . T he r e i sa l a rge c l u s te r o f o u tbu i ld ing s a nd a n o u te r r ampa r t w a s r e f er red t ob u tn o td e sc r ibed [ 1 ] .

C lo th : t r ace s o fw oo l len f a b r ic w e r e f ound i no ne o ft h e o ccupa t ion l a ye r s i n s ide t h eb roch . D i scu s s ion : t h e e xcava to r s w e re u nab le t od ec ide w he the r t h er ad ia l p i e r s i n s ide t h e b roch w e r e b u i l tu pon t h et o p o f ap r e b roch m idden w h ich h ad b een e r oded d own b e low t h e f ounda t ion s o ft h e a d jacen t m a in w a l l , o r w he the r t h e s u rf ace h ad b een d e l ibe ra te ly c u t d own t o a ccommoda te t h e p i e r s . T he f o rme r w ou ld i mp ly a l o ng p e r iod o f a bandonmen t ( bu t w ou ld n o t e xp la in h ow ' e ro s ion ' c ou ld o ccu r i n s ide e ven t h e s t ump o f am a s s ive s t one t owe r ) w he rea s t h e l a t te r w ou ld s ugge s t t h a t t h e s e conda ry o ccupan t s h ad c l ea red a way t h e d eb r i s o f t h e p r ima ry b roch o ccupa t ion f o r t h e i r n ew s t ruc tu re , p re sumab ly a w hee lhou se . T he s e cond v i ew s e em sm uch mo re p l au s ib le .

A p l ane t a b le s u rvey o f t h e s i t e w a s m ade i n 1 983 a nd s ugge s ted t h a t ac on s ide rab le p r eh is to r ic s e t t lemen t l a y a r ound t h e b roch , n o t m uch s ma l l e r t h an t h a t e x i s t ing a t J a r lshof [ 5 , 4 49 -50 & I l . 1 2 ] . T he t wo 1 989 t r enche s r evea led m idden d epo s i t s o fp r e b roch d a te ; t h e b roch w a l l w a s f ou nded d i rec t ly o n t h em . T h is w a l l h ad a m a s s ive f ounda t ion c ou r se , o r p l in th , p ro jec t ing 5 c m i nf r on t o ft h e b a t te red w a l l f a ce a bove , a nd t h e l a t te rr o se t o am ax imum h e igh t o f2 . 7 m . T he l i n te l led e n t r ance t o ap robab le i n t r a -mu ra l c e l l w a s f ound o n t h e i n ne r w a l l f a ce o n t h e w es t s i de , 9 5 c m b e low a m a s s ive s c a r cemen t o f t h e l e dge t y pe w h ich w a s 1 . 7m a bove t h e f o unda t ion l e ve l . T rac e s o fc u rved w a l l f a ce s w e re f ound o n t h e u n t r enched w a l lhead w h ich s e em l i ke ly t o b e long t o aL eve l I( f i r s t s t o r ey ) i n t ra -mu ra l g a l le ry , c onf i rm ing t h ed i agno s i so ft h e b u i ld ing a s ah o l low -wa l led b roch .

T he t ime o f t h e c on s t ruc t ion o f t h e b roch c ou ld n o t b e p inned d own c l o se rt h an a bou tt h e f i r s tc en tu r ie s BC o r AD w i th t h e C 14 d a te s o b ta ined . T he se d o s ugge s t t h a t t h e b roch m ay h ave c on t inued i no ccupa t ion ( t hough d oub t le s s r e duced i nh e igh t ) u n t i l t h e m idd le o ft h e i s t m i l lenn ium AD . D imen s ion s : e s t ima ted o ve ra l l d i ame te r a f t e r e xcava t ion s , 1 9 .4m ; w a l l t h ickne s s c .4 . 4 m ; t h e w a l l p ropo r t ion w ou ld t h u s b e a bou tj u s t o ve r 4 5% ( t hough t h e e xpo sed s egmen t o fo u te rf a ce i sn o tc oncen t r ic w i th t h e i n ne r[ 5 , 1 1 . 1 4 ] ) .

Two r ad ia l p i e r s w e re f ound t o h ave b een a dded t o t h e i n ne r w a l l f a ce o n t h e s ou th s i de ; t h ey e v iden t ly a l so r e s ted o n t h e p re -b roch m idden d epo s i t s , w i th t h e i r f o unda t ion c ou r ses al i t t le b e low t h a t o ft h e a d jacen tb roch w a l l . T he i n ne r f a ce o fe ach p i e r h ad b een f a ced w i th a s t one s l ab a nd t h e i n ne r e dge o ft h e b ay s o d ef ined w a s e dged w i th as i l l f o rmed o fs t one s l abs o n e dge . T he f l oo r o ft h e b ay h ad b een l i ned w i th at h ick l a ye ro fy e l low c l ay

S ource s : 1 .O S c a rd HU 4 1 SW 4 : 2 . RCAHMS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,n o . 148 : 3 .D i scove ry a nd E xca va t ion , S co t land , 1 956 , 2 7 -8 . 4 . I b id . , 1 989 , 6 8 : 5 .C a r te r , McCu l lagh a nd MacSween 1 996 , 4 47 -64 a nd m ic rof iche .

7 9

T he R oundhou se s , B roch s a nd W hee lhou se s o fA t lan t ic S co t land

HU41 5 L EVEN W ICK ( 1 3 roch o fL evenw ick ' , ' He lm ' ) HU 4 15197 V i s i ted 5 / 6 /63 & 3 0 /6 /87 B roch , p robab ly s o l id -ba sed , o n f l a t g round a tt h e e dge o f t h e c l if f s b ound ing t h e e a s t c oa s t o f t h e D un ro s sne s s p en in su la ; i ti sa tt h e f o o t o f f e r t i le l a nd w h ich s l ope s g r adua l ly d own t ot h e c oa s t , e nd ing a s am o re o r l e s s f l a t s t r ip a bou t h a lf am i le a c ro s s n ex t t ot h e s e a ( F ron t isp iece a nd i l s . 4 . 50 & 4 . 60 ) . T he r e a r e m any m odem s e t t lemen t s n ea rby a nd t h es i te h a s ag ood v i ew o u tt os e a .

as e cond f l i gh to fs t a i r s l e d u pwa rd st ot h er i gh to ft h ev o id b u t t h e se s e em t oh ave b een d e s t royed o rb u r ied . I n1 963 t h ep o s s ib le o u t l ine s o fa n o va l mu ra l c e l lw er e o b se rved a t 1 2o ' c lock b u tt h i s i sn o tr e f e r red t oi nt h e e a r l ie rr e po r t s . A l so n o t m en t ioned i n t h e e a r l ie r r e po r t s i s al a rge u nexcava ted d oo rway o n t h e s ou th s i de , u nde r t h e v o id m en t ioned ; o n e s i de o ft h e l a t te r m ay h ave b een r e bu i l t i n m ode rn t ime s . T h i s d oo r may h ave b een e xpo sed r e la t ive ly r e c en t ly b y d i lap ida t ion ,b u t i t i s h a rd t o u nde r s tand h ow G oud ie d i dn o tf i nd i t , e s pec ia l ly w hen h i s d r aw ing ( F ron t i sp iece ) c l ea r ly s how s t h e v o id o rc hambe r o ve r i t ; i t a l so s how s as e conda ry d oo rway l e ad ing t owa rd s t h e o l d m a in e n t rance a nd g i v ing a cce s s t o al o ng c e l l i nt h e w h ee lhou se s w a l l , s o p r e sumab ly t h e p r ima ry e n t rance w a s b l ocked u p . P re sumab ly a l so t h e s e conda ry w a l l ( b e low ) c oncea led i t s i n ne re nd , s ot h a tt h e o p en ing i n t h e l a t te r w a s o n ly a t f i r s t f l oo r l e ve l . T he re i sa l so a c l ea r s c a r cemen t i nt h e p r ima ry b roch w a l lf ace h e r e , a bou t 3 0 c m a bove t h e p r ima ry p a s sage l i n te l ( I l l . 4 . 56 ) ; f r om G oud ie 's d r aw ing i ts e em st h a tt h e s e conda ry w a l l c ame u p l e ve l w i th t h is . T he t h ick s e conda ry w a l lw h ich c an s t i l l b e s e en r unn ing r o und t h e i n te r io r b e long s t o a n i n se r ted w hee lhou se ( F ron t isp iece & I l . 4 . 55 ) ; i tw a s a bou t 1 . 8 m ( 6 f t . ) t h ick , a nd o f as im i la r h e igh t w hen e xpo sed , a nd h ad f i ve s t one p i e r s b onded t o i ta nd p ro jec t ing r a d ia l ly i n to t h e c en t ra l a r ea . T he l e ng th o ft h e se p i e r s v a r ied f r om 0 . 75 -1 . 2 m( 2 .5 -4f t . ) s ot h e c en t ra l a r ea w a s 3 . 1 -3 . 6m ( 10 -1 2 f t . ) i nd i ame te r . T h ree s l ab s o n e dge s e emed t o h ave f o rmed a f i r ep lace o n t h e n o r th s i de o f t h e c en t ra l a r ea . A l l t h es e i n terna l f e a tu re s e xcep tt h e c i r cumf e r en t ia l w a l l a r en ow b u r ied u nde rd eb r is .

T he e a r l ie s tr e f e r ence t ot h i s s i te i sb y S i bba ld [ 5 , 4 1] w ho d e sc r ibe s ' . .ru in s o ft wo f o r t s , b u i l t b y t h e P i c t s u pon a R ock , c l o se b y t h e s e a . ' L evenw ick w a s c l ea red o u t b y G oud ie i n 1 869 [ 3 , 4 ] ( F ron t isp iece ) b u t m uch o f t h e i n te r io r h a s f i l led u p a ga in w i th d eb r i s i nt h e i n te rva l s o t h a tt h e l owe rf e a tu r e s a r e o b scu red . F ur the rd e s t ruc t ion t o t h e m a son ry w a s c au sed b y w ave s b e ing b l own u p t ot h e s i te b yt h e g r ea tg a le o fF eb rua ry 1 900 [ 2 ] ( F ron t i sp iece & I l s . 4 . 54 -57 ) . R emova l o fr ubb le b egan i nt h e c en t re a nd r e vea led at h ick s e conda ry w a l l b u i l t a ga in s t t h e i n ne r f a ce o f t h e b roch w a l l a nd w i th t h ree o pen ing s i ni t ,o n t h e n or th , e a s t a nd s ou th ,a l l a ppa ren t ly a t f l oo r l e ve l a nd l e ad ing t o c o r re spond ing o pen ing s i n t h e b roch w a l l ( I l l . 4 . 44 ) . G oud ie d e sc r ibe s t h i s s e cond -a ry w a l l a s a` s ca r cemene ac ommon h ab i t a tt h a t t ime - b u t t h e t e rm h a s l o ng b een r e se rved f o r t h e n a r row l e dge o n t h e i n ne r f a ce o f t h e p r ima ry b roch w a l l . A cco rd ing t oG oud ie t h em a in e n t rance w a st h ep a s sage o n t h e e a s t s i de b u t i tc an n o l o nge r b e s e en . I tw a s c .9 0cm ( 3f t . ) w ide t h roughou t , b u t n o t r ace o fd oo r -check s i ni t s w a l ls a r e m en t ioned i nt h e c on tempo ra ry a ccoun t s a nd t h e p l an o f t h e s i te s how s n one . Two l i n te ls o f t h e l o ng p a s sage w e r e f ound i ns i tu , o ne a tt h e i n ne r e nd o f t h e p r ima ry p a s sage a nd a no the r a t t h e i n ne r e nd o f i t s s e conda ry i nwa rd e x ten s ion . O n t h e n o r th s i de G oud ie f ound t h e d oo r t o t h e i n t ra -mu ra l s t a i r , w i th a w ide , c u r iou s ly t r iangu la rg ap t h rough t h e s e conda ry w a l l l e ad ing t oi t ; t h i ss t a i rd oo ri ss t i l lv i s ib le , a si st h ep a s sage t u rn ing r i gh t f r om i t s i n ne r e nd . T he p r ima ry d oo rway i t s e lf w a s f ound t o b e f i l led w i th b l ock ing m a son ry s o t h e c u r iou s o pen ing i nt h e s e conda ry w a l l m ay h ave b een p l anned a sa c e l l . N eve r the le s s i ts e em s u n l ike ly t h a t s uch as e conda ry c e l l w ou ld h ave b een p l aced i n f r on t o ft h e s t a i r d oo r i f a cce s st ot h i sw a sn o ts t i l l n eeded ;t h eb l ock ing m ay b e long t o at e r t ia ry s t age o fo ccupa t ion , w hen t h e u ppe r p a r t s o f t h e b roch w a l l w e re i n r u in s a nd t h e s t a i r c ove red w i th r ubb le . O n t h e o t he rh and t h e re i sn o s i gn o ft h e s t a irway i nt h ef o r eg round o fG oud ie 's d raw ing ( F ron t i sp iece ) .

T he b roch i ss u r rounded o n t h e l a ndwa rd s i de b y am a s s o f ' o u t -bu i ld ing s ' , n ow r e duced t ot u rf -g rown r ubb le ; o ne o f t h em l o ok s l i ke ac e l led h u t( ' cou r tya rd h ou se ' )o fS he t land t y pe ( I l l . 4 . 57 ) . T he r e a r e t wo c oncen t r ic s t one w a l l s b eyond t h e se a nd p a r t ly s uround ing t h e b roch [ 1 , p l an ] ; t h ey n ow r un r o und f r om n o r th t o s ou th a r ound t h e w e s t a r c , a nd t h e m i s s ing s egmen t h a s p r e sumab ly b een d e s t royed b yt h e s e a . S t ruc tura l a na ly s i s : i n t h e l i gh t o f o u r m odem u nde r s tand ing o f b roch a r ch i tec tu re G oud ie 's a c coun t i s r e a sonab ly c l ea r a nd i sm ade mo r e s o b y h i s e xce l len t s k e tch ( F ron t isp iece ) ; I l . 4 . 45 s how s ar e con s t ru c ted p l an o fL evenw ick a tL eve l s 1a nd 2 . T he r e i sl i t t le d oub tt h a t t h e s t ruc tu r e w a s w e l l p re se rved i n 1 869 , s t and ing a tl e a s t a sh i gh a st h e t o p o fL eve l 2( p e rhap s t o3 . 7 mo rh i ghe r ) a nd p e rhap s i n c lud ing as ma l l p a r t o fL eve l 3( t he s e cond f l oo r g a l le ry ) . T he re i s n o m en t ion o f a ny s y s tema t ic e xp lo ra t ion o ft h e o u te r f a ce o f t h e b r och w a l l w h ich i s e v iden t ly s t i l l b u r ied u nde rh uge q uan t i t ie so fs t one d eb r i s .

T he s t a i r r o se t ot h e r i gh t f r om f l oo r l e ve l f o r 2 . 4 o r3 . 0m ( 8 o r 1 0 f t . ) a nd t h e d i gge r s i n 1 869 w e re e v iden t ly f o l low ing ar oof ed p a s sage u pwa rd s ; ' e ven tua l ly ' d ay l igh t a ppea r ed a bove ' . T he s t a i r i sd e sc r ibed a sb e ing r oof ed w i th ' o ve r lapp ing s l ab s ' w h ich t e rm i sn o te n t i r e ly c l ea r [ 4 , 1 6 ] . I t l e d t o a n u ppe r m u ra l g a l le ry w h ich i s n ow o b scu r ed ( no t m a rked o n G oud ie 's p l an ) a nd t h i s r a n r i gh t r ound t h e e a s t h a lf o ft h e w a l lhead , p r e sumab ly o ve r t h e e n t rance p a s sage , t o ar a i sed v o id a t 9 o ' c lock ( i n G oud ie 's t e rm s ) w h ich c an s t i l l b e s e en . H e re 1 5 s t ep s o f

L eve l I . T he g r ound p l an m akes m uch b e t te r s e n se i fi ti s a s sumed t h a t t h i s s o l id -ba sed b roch h ad a s e conda ry d oorway f o r ced t h rough t h e w a l l o n t h e e a s t , p r e sumab ly a f t e r t h e h i gh , h o l low w a l l h ad b een l a rge ly p u l led d own . T he a b sence o fa ny m en t ion o fd oo r -check s i nt h i sp a s sage , a nd t h e o m i s s ion o fs uch f r om t h e g round p l an ( I l l . 4 . 44 ) , m ake s t h i s f a ir ly c l ea r ; s im i la rs e conda ry p a ssage s w i thou t d oo r c heck s a r e f ound i na tl e a s t t wo o ft h e b roch s n ea r K e i s s i nC a i thn e s s ( ND36 5& ND36 6 )[ 5 ] . T he p r ima ry 8 0

S ec t ion 4 : S he t land

HU41 6 SOUTHVOE HU /400 147 Ap robab le b roch i nD un ro s sne s s , s t and ing n ea rt h e e dge o f c l if f s a nd i n ad i lap ida ted c ond i t ion . F ew o f t h e s t ruc tu ra l f e a tu re s c an b e m ade o u t . T he e n t rance p a s sage i so n t h e s ou th -we s t a nd h a s t h r ee l i n te l s t one s i np o s i t ion . T he i n te rna l d i ame te r i sa bou t 2 7 f t .a nd t h e w a l l a bou t 1 5 f t . t h ick : t h u s t h e w a l l p ropor t ion m ay b e a bou t 5 2 .6% . T he r e i s ap o s s ib le o pen ing i nt h e i n ne r w a l l f a ce i nt h e i n ne rw a l l f a ce i nt h e n o r th s egmen t . T he re a r e n ume rou s t r ace s o fo u tbu i ld ing s a nd ag ood n a tu ra l h a rbou r i sc l o se b y . S ource s : 1 .O S c a rd HU 4 1 SW 2 : 2 . RCAHMS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,n o . 142 , 2 3 -4 .

e n t rance , n o t o b served b y G oud ie , s e em s t o b e t h e o pen ing o n t h e s ou th s i de ( i t s i n ne rmo s t l i n t e l i sn ow v i s ib le ) a nd i ti sc l ea r t h a t t h e w a l l h e r e mu s t h ave b een s t and ing s u ff i c ien t ly h i gh i n 1 870 f o r t h i s t ob e p r e se rved i n tac t , t oge the r w i th mo s t o ft h e g a l le ry a bove i t ,a nd t h e v o id t ot h e i n te r io r t or ema in . C lea rance o fr ubb le a tt h e o u t s ide o f t h e w a l l w ou ld q u ick ly s how w he the r t h i s h ypo the s is i sc or rec t ; am a s s ive o u te rmo s t l i n te l s hou ld a ppea r a nd t h e p a ssage s hou ld s t i l l b e c omp le te ly r oof ed . A t 9o ' c lock t h ere m ay w e l l b e a n o va l mu ra l c e l l i n s ide t h e s o l id w a l l b a se . A t 1 2 o ' c lock , a cco rd ing t o t h i s a s sump t ion a bou tt h em a in e n t rance , i st h e i n t ra -mu ra l s t a i r w h ich w a s c ove red o ve r i n 1 869 ; s i nce t h i s r i se s t h rough L eve l 1 ,t h rough a s o l id w a l l b a se , o ne m ay s uppo se t h a t s t one l i n t e l s r a the r t h an c o rbe l led m a son ry r oof ed i t , l e av ing ag ap o fa bou t 6f tf o rp eop le t ow a lk u pt h e s t a i r .

S quare HU42 L eve l2 : N o tm en t ioned i ne a r l ie rr e po r t s i st h es c a rcemen t o n t h e i n s ide w a l l f a ce w h ich c an b e s e en b e s ide a nd j u s t a bove w ha ti sa s sumed h e re t ob et h ep r ima ry e n t rance ( I l l . 4 . 56 ) . I ti sd i f f icu l t t o k now h ow h igh i ti sa bove t h e p r ima ry f l oo r l e ve l , b u t , a s u sua l , i tc an b e t a ken t om a rk t h e s t a r to fl e ve l 2( p e rhap s s l igh t ly a bove t h e l i n te l s o ft h e e n t rance p a s sage ) . T he f i r s t f l igh t o ft h e i n t ra -mu ra l s t a i r l e d t o ar a i sed i n t ra -mu ra l g a l le ry w h ich r a n r ound t h e w a l lhead c l ockw ise f r om 1 2 t o 6o ' c lock ; i no t he r w o rd s t h i s mu s t h ave b een al o ng l a nd ing ( t he l o nge s t k nown i n a ny b roch ) , t h e f l oo r o f w h ich , p r e sumab ly a bou t 6f t a bove t h eg r ound , w a st h e r ubb le o ft h e s o l id w a l l c o re o f L eve l 1 . G oud ie s t a te s t h a tt h is g a l le ry w a s c on t inuou s s o , i ft h e e n t rance a t 3o ' c lock w a s as e conda ry o ne , t h i s mu s t h ave b een p u shed t h rough u nde r t h is g a l le ry . O ne m igh t a s sume t h a tt h er a ised v o id o nt h es ou th - a t 6o ' c lock a nd a bove w ha t i sa s sumed h e re t o b e t h e m a in e n t rance e v iden t ly m a rk s t h e p o in t a tw h ich t h i s l o ng l a nd ing g i ve s a cce s s t o t h e i n te r io r , a nd p r e sumab ly a to ne t ime t o a r i ng shaped r a ised w ooden f l oo rr e s t ing o n t h e s c a r cemen t i nt h e p r ima ry b roch i n ne rw a l lf a ce ( ma rked o nt h e L eve l2 p l an : I I . 4 . 45 ) . I mmed ia te ly w e s t o f t h i s r a i sed d oo r f i f t een s t ep s o ft he n ex t f l igh t o ft h e i n t ra mu ra l s t a i r w e re p r ese rved i n 1 869 , r unn ing c l ockw i se f r om t h e o pen ing a nd u p t oL eve l 3 . J udg ing f r om o t he rv i s ib le b roch s t a i r s i tp robab ly r a n a l l t h e w ay u p t ot h e t op o ft h e w a l l i no ne f l igh t . A s sum ing t ha t ab roch s t a irw ay h a sa bou tt h ree s t ep s p e rf oo tt h i sw ou ld t a ke L eve l 2u pa no the r 5f ta tl e a s t .

HU42 1 BURRALAND HU /447232 ( v i s i ted 2 9 /6 /87 ) B roch o n t h e i n ne r e nd o f ah i gh r o cky p romon to ry i n D un ro s sne s s ; i ts t and s o n t h e s ho re o ppo s i te Mou sa a nd i n ap o s i t ion o fc on s ide rab le n a tu ra l s t r eng th ( I l l s . 4 . 58 -62 ) . T race s o fm any o u tbu i ld ing s a r e v i s ib le o n t h e f l a t g round r ound a bou t . T he b roch i sb ad ly d i lap ida ted t h ough t h e w a l l s w e r e r e po r ted a s s t and ing 1 2 f t .h i gh i np l ace s [ 2 ] ; t h e v i s ib le o u te r f a ce r o se t oa bou t 8f t .i n1 987 . A mu ra l g a l le ry i sv i s ib le m o s t o ft h e w ay r ound o n t h e w a l lhead b u tt h e re i sn o t r ace o f as c a r cemen t o n t h e i n s ide f a ce ( I l l . 4 . 59 ) . T he o u te r w a l l f a ce s e em s t o b e n ea r ly v er t ica l i n s tead o fh av ing t h e u sua l b roch s l ope e xcep t o n t h e w e s t s i de w he r e i ts l ope s i nwa rd s2 5cm ( 10 i n s . ) i n2 . 7m ( 9f t . ) . S t ruc tu ra l a na ly s i s : av i s i t i n 1 987 r e vea led an umbe r o f f e a tu re s n o t h i the r to c ommen ted o n . T he m a in e n t rance , c omp le te ly l i n te l led o ve r , i s j u s t v i s ib le a bove t h e s u r round ing r ubb le o n t h e w e s t s i de ( I l l . 4 . 60 ) , a nd t h e l i n te ls a ppea r t o s l ope u pwa rd s t owa rd s t h e i n te r io r ( I l l . 4 . 61) . T he o u te r p a r t s o ft h e s i de s o ft h e p a s sage h ave s omehow c onve rged a nd t h e o u te r e nd l o ok s l i ke a n i regu la r h o le ; t h is d oub t le s s e xp la in s w hy t h e e n t rance s e em s n o tt oh ave b een i d en t if ied b ef o re . T he e n t rance g i ve s av a luab le c l ue a s t o t h e s u rv iv ing h e igh to ft h e s t ruc tu r e . T he r e m u s tb e a bou t 5f t .o fd eb r i s h id ing t h e b a se o ft h e w a l l h e r e a nd t h e o u te rmo s t l i n te l i s s ome 2 . 0m b e low t h e w a l lhead a bove ; t h i s c ove r s t h e l i n te l s o ft h e w a l lhead g a l le ry h e re , w h ich i st h e ref o r e t h e f i r s tf l oo ro rL eve l 2g a l le ry .

T he o n ly p r ob lem w i th t h i s i n te rp r e ta t ion i st h a t G oud ie 's d raw ing ( F ron t isp iece ) d oe s n o t s e em t os how t h e g a l le ry e n te r ing t h e c hambe r o ve r t h e e n t rance f r om t h e l ef t , t h ough t h ed e ta i ls o ft h em a son ry a r en o ta b so lu te ly c l ea r . F ind s . G oud ie s eem s t o h ave f o und n o th ing b u t af ew f r agmen t s o f w ood b u t t h i s i sp e rhap s n o t s o s u rp r i s ing s i nce h i s o pe ra t ion s s e em mo s t ly t oh ave b een d evo ted t o c l ea r ing r u bb le ; n of l oo rl e ve l sa r e d e sc r ibed c l ea r ly .

Mo reove r i tc an b e s e en t h a t t h e w a l lhead a t a bou t 1 2 o ' c lock o ppo s i te i sc on s ide rab ly h i ghe r( 1 1 . 4 . 59 ) , a nd h e re t oo t h e s i de s o f aw a l lhead g a l le ry c an b e s e en . T h i s t h e ref o re mu s t b e t h e s e cond f l oo r o r L eve l 3g a l le ry , i n to w h ich t h e v o id sa t1 o ' c lock a nd 2o ' c lock m u s tl e ad .

D imen s ion s . T he b roch h a s a n e x t e rna l d i ame te ro f5 4 .5 f t a nd w a l l s f r om 1 2 -1 6 f t .t h ick : i t sw a l l p ropo r t ion i st h u s c .5 1 .4% . S ource s : 1 .O S c a rd HU 4 1 NW 3( w i th p l an ) : 2 . RCAHMS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,n o . 144 , 2 4 -5 & f i g s . 4 86 & 4 99 : 3 .G oud ie 1 872 , 2 12 19 : 4 .G oud ie , 1 904 , 1 4 18 a nd g round p l an : 5 .S ibba ld 1 829 .

T hu s B u r ra land i s aw e l l p r e se rved s t ruc tu re , s u r rounded b y ah uge p i le o f d eb r i s , w h ich h a s p a r t o f i t s L eve l 3 ( s econd u ppe r )g a l le ry i np o s i t ion ; i tm ay w e l l s t and u pt o 1 4 f t .a bove t h e g round i np l ace s . T he u nu sua l t h in -ne s s o ft h e w a l l a nd t h e a b sence o ft h e s c a rcemen t o n t h e i n ne r f a ce a r e t h u s e xp la in b y t h e r e la t ive ly g r ea t h e igh t o f a t w h ich m ea su remen t sh ave t ob et a ken .

8 1

T he R oundhou se s , B roch s a nd W hee lhou se s o fA t lan t ic S co t land

D imen s ion s : t h ese a r e u n re l iab le f o r t h e r e a son j u s t e xp la ined ; a tt h e w a l lhead t h e d i ame te r i s' a t l e a s t ' 5 5 f t . a nd t h e w a l l t h ickne ss a tt h e s ame h e igh t i su pt o 1 0 f t . . I t g round l e ve lt h ew a l l mu s tb e much mo re m a ss ive . S ource s : 1 . OS c a rd HU 4 2 SW 1 : 2 . RCAH MS 1 946 , v o l . 3 , n o . 143 , 2 4 & f i g s . 4 85 ( p lan ) & 4 81-3 ( pho tog raph s ) : 3 .H ibber t 1 822 , 2 55 -6 . HU42 2 CLOD IE KNO WE ( `Go rd ' , ' Burn o fA i th ') HU 4 41294 P robab le b roch i nD un ro s snes s , ag ra ss -cove red mound 9 f t . 9i n s , h igh a nd s t and ing o n al a rge a r ea o ff l a t g round . No s t ruc tu ra l f e a tu re s c ou ld b e s e en [ 1 , 2 ] . I n 1 988 a m ach ine t r ench u p t o 1m d eep w a s c u t a c ro ss t h e mound . Two d ry s tone w a l ls w e re r e vea led e ach a bou t 6m w ide , o ne w i th t r ace s o f a n i n t ra -mu ra l g a l lery o r c e l l o n i t s t o T he s t ruc tu re w a sd i agno sed ab roch , p o s s ib le s t i l l s t and ing s eve ra lm e t re sh igh .

o ne t ime i tw a s s u r rounded b y aw a l l -n o t n ece s sa r i ly c on tempo ra ry w i th i t- 7 . 5 f t . ( 2 .29 m ) t h ick a nd a ta d i s tance o f 2 0 f t . ( 6 .1 m ) f r om i t s b a se , b u t t h i s h a s l a rge ly d i sappea red [ 1 , 1 82 ] . T he w a l l o ft h e t owe ri t s e lf i se x t reme ly w e l l b u i l t d ry s t one ma son ry ( I l l . 4 . 65 ) a nd i mmense ly t h ick a t t h e f ounda t ions i n p ropo r t ion t o t h e o ve ra l l d i ame te r - 1 5 f t . ( 4 .58m ) i n at o ta l o f 5 0 f t . ( 15 .25m ) -a nd i s as o l id m a ss o fl a id r ubb le f o r t h e f i r s t 1 3 f t .( 3 .96m ) e xcep t f o r t h e f o l low ing g aps . T he re i sa n a r row e n t rance p a s sage o nt h e w es t , t h ree l a rge , c o rbe l led mu ra l c e l ls a t 8 , 1a nd 4 o ' c lock , ar a i sed d oo r t o t h e s t a i rway ( wh ich a l so l e ad s t o as t a ir -f oo t g ua rd c e l l ) a t 1 0 .30 o ' c lock , a nd t h ree l a rge a umb r ie s o rw a l l c upboa rd s a t1 0 , 1 .30 a nd 2 . 30 o ' c lock . T he w a l l o nt o p o ft h is ma s s ive f ounda t ion i s ad oub le o ne , c on ta in ing i n i t s h i ghes t p a r t s i x c omp le te mu ra l g a l le r ie s w i th t h eb a se o f as even th . T he p rof i le o ft h e t owe r i s ma rked ly b e l l shaped b u t t h e s u rveyed e l eva t ion s p r epa red b y H . M . O ff ice o f Wo rk s i n 1 9 19 s ugge s t t h a t t h is i sa tl e a s t p a r t ly d ue t o t h e s a gg ing o f t h e u ppe r s t o r ey s ; t h e l i n te ls o f t h e g a l ler ies h ave a n o t iceab le o u twa rd a nd d ownwa rd t i l t ( I l l . 4 .66 ) . T he s l igh to u twa rd o ve rhang o ft h et op f ew f e e ti sp robab ly d ue t ot h e s ame c au se [ 4 , 2 10 ] .

S ource s : OS c a rd HU 4 2 NW 6 : 2 . RCAH MS 1 946 , v o l . 3 , n o . 150 : 3 . D i scove ry a nd E xcava t ion i n S co t land 1 988 , 3 0 . HU42 3 KNO WE OF HOULLAND HU /426240 S i te o f p os s ib le b roch i n S andw ick , o n t op o f as ma l l k no l l f r om w h ich s t ones p ro t rude . No s t ruc tu ra l r ema in s a r ev i s ib le . S ource s : 1 . OS c a rd HU 4 2 SW 3 : 2 . RCAH MS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,n o . 188 , 4 5 .

A l l t h e g a l le r ie s i n Mou sa a r e w ide e nough t o w a lk a l ong ( I l l . 4 . 69 ) b u t a r e al i t t le l ow f o rc omf o r t , v a ry ing i nw id th f r om 1 8 i n s . -3 . 5 f t .( 45cm -1 . 07m ) a nd i nh e igh t f r om 4 . 0 -5 . 5 f t . ( 1 .22 - 1 . 53m ) . Un l ike e very o the r w e l l p rese rved b roch t h e s i de s o ft h eg a l le r ie sa r er e la t ive ly w e l l b u i l tw i th f ew m a rked ly p ro jec t ing s t one s( 1 1 . 4 .69 ) . E ach g a l le ry s t ar t s a t ag ap i nf r on t o ft he a s cend ing s t a ir ( wh ich , a s a lway s , r i ses t o t h e r i gh t ) a nd e nd s b l ind ly a nd i n acce ss ib ly b eh ind t h e s ame s t a irway a tt h e o ther e nd [ 4 , p l . XX I I ] ( I l l . 2 . 7 ) .

HU42 4 MA IL ( `Broch o f Ma i l ') HU /432280 P o s s ib le b roch i n D un ro ssnes s o n at i da l i s le t o f r o ck . T he re a r en ot r aces o f ab roch n ow b u tc i rcu la rf ounda t ion s h ave b een r epo r ted [ 2 ] . S ource s : 1 . OS c a rd HU 4 2 NW 8 : 2 . RCAH MS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,n o . 187 , 4 5 .

T he b roch i sb u i l t o ft h e l o ca l s ch is to se s l a te a nd m o s t o f t h e s t ones o ft h e w a l l f a ce s a r e s ma l l , a ve rag ing 1f t . 1 i n s . b y 6i n s . ( 5 7 b y 1 5cm ) . Howeve r t h e l owes t c ou r se o n t h e n o r th s i de o f t h e e n t rance h a s 8 l a rge s l ab s m ea su r ing 3f t .( 9 0cm ) l o ng a nd 8i n s . -2f t .( 20 -6 0cm ) h igh . Mou sa i st h e o n ly b roch wh ich s t i l l s t and s t oa lmo s t i t s o r ig ina l h e igh t t h roughou t t h e e n t i re c i r cu i t o fi t s w a l l , a nd i ta l so s t and s a pa r t f r om t h e r e s t i nt e rm s o fi t s s ma l l d i ame te r a nd i nt h e r e la t ive ly g rea t t h ickness o ft h e w a l l b a se ( s ec t ion 4b e low ) .

HU42 5 EVERGLADES NORTH + HU /43002930 P o ss ib le b roch i n Ma in land ; n o o t he ri n f orma t ion . HU42 6 MOUSA HU 4 57237 T h is s o l id b ased b roch i se xcep t iona l ly w e l lp r ese rved a nd s t and s o n t h e f l a t r o ck s u rf ace o f al ow p romon to ry n ea r t h e w e s t s ho re o f Mou sa I s land , o ve r look ing Mou sa S ound a nd a bou t am i le o f f t h e e a s t c oa s t o f t h e D un ros snes s p en insu la ( I l ls . 4 . 62 -77 ) ( v is i ted 5 / 6 /63 , 2 9 /6 /87 a nd i n J u ly 2 001) .

S ibba ld [ 1 2 , 4 2 ] r e la te s ac u r ious s t o ry a bou t t h is b roch , s ay ing t h a t ` . . i ti sb u i l t c l o se b y t h e S ho re , a nd t h e S ea , b y a n u nde r P a s sage , f l ow s u p w i th in i t . ' H e w ou ld n o t h ave b een a b le t os e e t h e w a ter t a nk a tt h a t e a r ly d a te b u t p e rhaps s ome r a inwa te rh ad a ccumu la ted i n s ide .

I . DESCR IPT ION 1 . 2 T he e n t rance I .G enera l T he d oorway i n to t h e b roch i so n t h e w e s t s i de a nd h a s b een e n la rged a nd a l te red i na n t iqu i ty ( I l ls . 4 .76 & 4 . 77 ) . T he p a ssage i s1 6 f t .l o ng a nd h a s h ad c hecks f o rt h e d oo r a ta bou t 8f t .f r om t h e o u te re nd ; o n ly as i ng le f l ag s tone o n e dge s u rv ive s a tt h i s p o in t i nt h e l ef tw a l l , t h e o the rb e ing p robab ly c oncea led b eh ind t h e s econda ry ma son ry o n t h e

1 . 1 T he b roch t ower T he g r ey s t one t owe r o ft h e b roch o f Mou sa ( I l ls . 2 . 1 , 4 . 64 & 4 . 65 ) s t and s 4 3 f t 6i n s . ( 1 3 .27m ) h igh a tp resen t a nd m ay w e l l h ave r e ached 5 0 f t .( 15 .25m ) o r ig ina l ly . A t

8 2

S ec t ion 4 : S he t land

r i gh t s i de ( b e low ) ( I l l . 4 . 70 ) . B eh ind t h e d amaged d oo r f r ame i s ab a r -ho le 4 f t . 9i n s , d eep , a nd t h e o ppo s ing b a r s o cke t i sa l so p r ese rved . T he w id th o ft h e p a s sage i nf r on t o f t h e d oo r f r ame i s 3f t . 1 i n s , a nd t h e s i de s h e re a r e s t ra igh t a nd p a ra l le l : b eyond t h e d oo r i tw iden s t o 5f t . 1 i n c . a nd t h e w a l ls a r e s l igh t ly c oncave , n a r row ing a ga in t owa rd st h ei n ne re nd . T he r i gh ts i de o ft h ep a s sage b eyond t h e d oo rf r ame i sn ow c ove red b y as e conda ry f a c ing o fm a son ry w h ich c onnec t s w i th t h e s e conda ry w a l l r unn ing r o und t h e i n te r io r ( I l l . 4 . 70 ) . L ikew i se t h e i n ne r e nd o ft h ep a s sage i sf i l led w i th ar a ised s e conda ry s t one f l oo rw h ich i sc on t inuou sw i th t h e s u rf a ce o ft h e s e conda ry b ench i n s id e( b e low ) ; t h e f r on to f t h i s f o rm s ah igh s t ep j u s t b eh ind t h e d oo r -check s ( I l l . 4 . 70 ) . T hough t h e o r ig ina l p a s sage l i n te l s h ave b een t o rn o f f , t h e s t ump st h a tr ema in s how t h a tt h ey w e r et h in s l ab s l a id 5f t . 4i n s , a bove t h e p r ima ry p a s sage f l oo r ( I l l . 4 . 7 1) . T h is f l oo r i sp aved w i th s t one f l ag s , p r e sumab ly l a id o n r o ck , b u t i ti sn o tc l ea ri ft h e p i vo ts t one f o rt h e h i nge p o s to ft h e d oo r , w h ich s hou ld b e s e t i n to t h e f l oo r i mmed ia te ly b eh ind t h e l e f tc heck , s t i l l e x i s t s ( t h i sp a r t o ft h e p a s sage i s n ow h a rd t oe xam ine b ecau se o ft h ew ooden s t ep s s e tt h e re f o rt h e b enef i to fv i s i to r s ) .

n a r row s l i t [ 1 0 , f i g . 1 60 ] a nd a no the r l a te r o ne , t a ken s ome t ime b ef o re 1 9 19 a nd p ub l i shed i n1 922 [ 5 ] , s how s t h e s ame f e a tu re . T h i s o dd a ppea rance o f t h e e n t rance p a s sage - s ugge s t ing ab roch b u i l t f o r g i an t s - a t t ra c ted n o c ommen t u n t i l 1 9 19 w hen t h e O ff ice o f Wo rk s , h av ing t a ken o ve r r e spon s ib i l i ty f o r t h e b roch , w a s u nder tak ing c l ea r ing a nd r e s to ra t ion w o rk . D u r ing t h e r e su l t ing f r e sh e xam ina t ion o ft h e o l d t owe r t h e s napped -of fl i n te l s t ump s w e re n o t iced f o r t h e f i r s t t ime a nd i tb ecame a ppa r en t t h a t w ha t h ad h i ther to b een t hough t t o b e t h e r oof o f t h e e n t rance w a s i n f a c t t h e c o rbe l led r oof o f a n u ppe r c hambe r . T he u ppe r p a r t o f t h e n ow e xce s s ive ly t a l l d oorway w a st h e ref o re b locked u p a nd an ew l i n te l i n se r ted a ta bou t t h e s ame h e igh t a st h e s t ump s , a bou t 5f t . 4i n s , a bove t h e g round a nd t h e p aved p a s sage f l oo r( I l l s . 4 . 66 & 4 . 71) . T he p a s sage w a s l ef tu n roof ed . J udg ing f r om t h e m ea su red s e c t ion , t h e c hambe r o ve r t h e e n t rance d oe s n o t s e em t o h ave e x tended u p a s f a r a st h e l e ve l o ft h e f l oo ro ft h e f i r s t mu ra l g a l le ry ( wh ich s t a r t s a ta h e igh t o f 1 3 f t . ) ; t h e re a ppea r s t ob e a tl e a s t 2f t .o fs o l id m a son ry b e tween t h et wo f e a tu re s ( I l l . 4 . 66 ) . I ti sd i ff icu l t n ow t od ec ide h ow f a rf o rwa rd t h e c hambe re x tended s i nce i t s f r on t w a l l w a s k nocked o u t d u r ing t h e a nc ien t r e con s t ruc t ion w o rk ; j udg ing f r om t h e t h in -ne s s o f t h e s t ump s o f t h e s napped -of f l i n te l s i tp robab ly e x tended f o rwa rd s t o t h e o r ig ina l a nd mo re m a s s ive f r on t l i n te l w h ich mu s t h ave b een n eeded t os uppo r tt h e w e igh t o ft h e o u te r w a l l f a ce . T he c hambe r c ou ld t h en h ave b een i n e f f ec t a n o pen s ide c o rbe l led d ome , r e s t ing o nt h e s i de s o f t h e p a s sage a nd o n t h e f r on t l i n te l . N ow t h e s i de s o ft h i s c hambe r r un s t ra igh t f o rwa rd t ot h e m oder nm a son ry a ti t s f r on t e nd ( I l l . 4 . 71) ; p re sumab ly t h e se s i de s w e re s t ra igh tened o u tw hen t h e p a s sage w a se n la rged u pwa rd s . T he a nc ien t u pwa rd e n la rgemen t o f t h e e n t rance w a s p r e sumab ly u nder taken l a te i nt h e I r on A ge , b ecau se t h e i n ser t ion o fs e conda ry d we l l ing s i nt h e i n te r io r ( d e sc r ibed b e low ) m ade t h e o r ig ina l d oorway i mpa s sab le . A l ter na t ive ly , a nd mo re p robab ly , i th appened s ome t ime a f t e r t h e b roch h ad b een a bandoned a nd w hen t h e a ccumu la t ion o f d eb r is i n t h e i n te r io r h ad p roduced t h e s ame e f f ec t .

I nf a c t t h e p r e sen t o u te r l i n te l o ft h e p a s sage a nd t h e f i r s t f ew f e e to fm a son ry a bove i ta r e m oder na nd d a te t o 1 9 19 [ 5 ] ; t h e c onc re te r e inf o rcemen t b eh ind a nd a bove t h is s t onewo rk i se a s i ly s e en ( I l l . 4 . 7 1) . A s n o ted a l t h e o r ig ina l p a s sage l i n te ls h ave b een b r oken o f fa ts ome t ime i nt h e p a s ta nd t h er e a son f o rt h i sd e s t ruc t ion w a s e v iden t ly t h a t an ew o u te r o pen ing h ad t ob e m ade b yt a k ing o u t t h e f r on t l i n te l( wh ich s hou ld h ave b een m o re m a s s ive t h an t h e r e s t ) a nd b r eak ing a way t h e m a son ry a bove i tt o ad i s tance o f a bou t 5f t . , t hu s t h e p a s sage w a s i n e f f ec t p ro longed u pwa rd st oa bou tt w ice i t so r ig ina lh e igh t . When t h eb r och w a s f i r s tc l ea red o fd eb r is i n1 852 o n ly t h e i n te rna l c ou r t w a s d ug o u t ; t h e f l oo r o f t h e e n t rance p a s sage r ema ined h idden u nde r s e ve ra l f e e t o fr ubb i sh a nd i tw a s i nt h i s s t a te w hen S i r H en ry D ryden r e -v i s i ted t h e s i te a nd c omp le ted h i s s u rvey [ 4 ] ( I l l s . 2 . 5 & 2 . 6 ) B ecau se o ft h e u nc lea r ed r ubb i sh h e d i d n o t s e e t h e b a r h o le a nd s o cke t i nt h e w a l ls b eh ind t h e d oo r -f rame a nd h e a l so f a i led t oo bse rve t h e s t ump s o ft h e s napped -of fl i n te l s ( wh ich w e r e v i s ib le ) ; a tt h a t t i me t h e o u te r e nd o ft h e p a s sage w a s 5f t . 9i n s , a bove t h e g r ound ( I l l . 2 . 5 ) a nd t h e p a s sageway d id n o t l o ok v e ry u nu sua l i n t e rm s o f t h e r e la t ive ly s c an ty k now ledge o f t h e a r ch i tec tu re o f w e l l p r ese rved b r ochs w h ich w a s a va i lab le a tt h a t t ime . N ow w e w ou ld p robab ly n o t ice t h a t -u n l ike a l o t he r k nown b rochs w i th i n tac t d oo rway s -t h e p a s sage o f Mou sa i sn o t l i n te l led b u tr oof ed w i th s ome th ing a k in t o as ha l low b a r r e l v au l t . D ryden t h e r ef o re c ou ld o n ly c onc lude t h a t t h e e n t rance w a si na pp rox ima te ly i t so r ig ina l s t a te .

1 . 3 I n te r ior f l oor Mo s t o ft h e e nc lo sed c i r cu la r c ou r t e xcep t t h e c en t ra l a r ea i sn ow o b scu red b y s e conda ry s t one s t ruc tu r e s ( I l l s . 4 . 67 , 4 . 72 & 4 . 78 ) . I nt h e c en t re t h e o r ig ina l , l owe s t f l oo r c an b e s e en , c on s i s t ing o fp av ing r e s t ing o n t h e s u rf ace o ft h e u nde r ly ing r o ck ; ar ec tangu la r t a nk w i th a f l a t , s l op ing b a se h a s b een c u t i n to t h is r o ck - t h e s l ope p r e sumab ly b e ing t h e r e su l t o f q ua r ry ing a l ong t h e b edd ing p l ane d u r ing e xcava t ion ( I l l . 4 . 73) . O n t h e s ame l owe s t l e ve l a nd s l igh t ly w e s t o f t h e c en t re o ft h e c ou r t -i s al a rge , r e c tangu la r k e rbed a nd p aved s t one h ea r th o ne e nd o f w h ich i so b scu red b yt h e l a te rm a son ry ; t h e h ea r th b a se i s m ade o f as i ng le f i re -f rac tu red s l ab . T h i s l owe s tf l oo ri sa l i t t le h ighe r t h an t h e p av ing o f t h e o u te r e nd o f t h e e n t rance p a s sage ( I l l . 4 . 66 , u ppe r ) .

H oweve r t h i r ty y ea r s l a te r t h e e n t rance p a s sage h ad e v iden t ly b een c omp le te ly c l ea r ed o fd eb r i s a nd t h e o u te r e nd h ad b een e xpo sed t oi t s f u l l h e igh t o fa bou t 1 0 f t . f o r t h e f i r s t t i me . A d r aw ing ( b a sed o n ap ho tog raph ) p ub l i shed i n 1 883 s how s t h e d oo r a s a n u nu sua l ly t a l l

Wha t mu s t b e t h e f i r s t a l te ra t ion t ot h e c en t ra l c ou r t o ft h e b roch i s ar i ng shaped s t one b ench o rl ow p la tf orm 1f t .6 i n s , h i gh a ti t s i n ne re dge w h ich i sf a ced w i th u p r igh t s t one

8 3

T he R oundhou se s , B roch s a nd W hee lhou se s o fA t lan t ic S co t land

s l ab s ; t h e b ench i s s l igh t ly o va l i n p l an a nd i s a pp rox ima te ly c oncen t r ic w i th t h e b roch w a l l ( I l l . 4 . 67 ) . T he c en t ra l s pace t h u s l e f t c l ea r ( a nd i nw h ich t h e h ea r th a nd t a nk c an b e s e en ) m ea su re s a bou t 6 . 5 x9 . 5 f t . . T he u ppe r s u r f ace o ft h e b ench i sf l a t a nd c ove red w i th p av ing s l ab s ( I l l . 4 . 72 ) a nd i te x tend s i n to t h e e n t rance p a s sage f o r as ho r t d i s tance , e nd ing a t av er t ica l s t ep s ome 1f t . 1 i n s . h i gh a nd t h e s ame d i s tance i nwa rd s f r om t h e d oo r -check s ( a s n o ted , as ho r t f l igh t o fw ooden s t ep s n ow c ove r s t h e s t one s t ep ) . T he b ench s u rf ace i sa l so l e ve lw i th t h er a ised s i l l s o ft h et h ree d oo r st ot h e i n t ra -mu ra l c e l l s .

T h i rd ly - t h e w hee lhou se , c r amped t h ough i ta ppea r s , w a s e v iden t ly i n tended t ob e u s ed t oge the r w i th t h e t h r ee l a rge m u ra l c e l ls , a nd t h ese o f c ou r se w ou ld h ave p rov ided p l en ty o fe x t ra l i v ing s pace . 1 . 4 Mura lc e l l sa nd t h es ca rcemen t s T he t h ree c o rbe l led mu ra l c e l ls IL eve l 1a r e t a l l , n a r row , e l onga ted r oom s t h e d oo rway s t o w h ich h ave t h e i r s i l l s r a ised u p t o 2f t . 3i n s , a bove t h e ir i n te r na l f l oo r s , a nd p r e sumab ly a l so as im i la r d i s tance a bove t h e p r ima ry f l oo r o ft h e c en t ra l c ou r t , n ow o b scu red b y t h e a nnu la r b ench ( I l l . 4 . 62 ) . O ne o bv iou s r e a son f o r t h e se s i l ls i st ok eep d r augh t s f r om r u nn ing a c ro s s t h e f l oo r so ft h ec e l ls .

E i the r a tt h e s ame t ime o r al i t t le l a te r an ew f ac ing o f ma sonry w a s a dded a ga in s t t h e b roch w a l l a nd o n t o p o f t h e b ench ; i ta ve rage s 2f t .i nt h ickne s s a nd s t i l l s t and s 3 f t .h igh i np l ace s a l though i ti so bv iou s ly v e ry d i lap ida ted a nd h a s l o s t m uch o fi t s f a b r ic ( I l l s . 4 . 67 & 4 . 72 ) . When t h e se f e a tu re s w e re f i r s t r e vea led i nt h e 1 9 th c en tu ry t h r ee w edge shaped p i e r s o f d ry s tone m a son ry ( o f w h ich o n ly o ne s u rv ive s t oday ) w e re f ound p ro jec t ing i nwa rd s f r om t h i s s e conda ry w a l l ; t h ey a l so r e s ted o n t h e b ench a nd e x tended i nwa rd s a s f a r a s i t s i n ne r e nd , w i th w h ich t h e i r i n ne r e nd sw e re f l u sh ( I l l . 4 . 67 ) . T he s u rv iv ing p i e r i sn o t b onded i n to t h e s e conda ry w a l l a nd i tp a r t ly o ve r r ide s t h e f l oo rt a nk .

C e l l A , a t 8o ' c lock , i s 1 4 x5x 1 f t .h i gh , a nd B a nd C a r e s im i la r ( I l l s . 4 . 62 & 4 . 75 ) . A s w a s d esc r ibed e a r l ie r t h ep aved t op o ft h e s e conda ry a nnu la rb ench i nt h e i n t e r io r i sa tt h e l e ve l o ft h e se s i l l s [ 1 1 , p l . XL I I Ia ] ( I l l . 4 . 73 ) , a nd t h e d oo r s t h em se lve s a r e r e la t ive ly l ow , a ve rag ing s ome 3 . 5 -4 f t . i n h e igh t . E ach c hambe r h a s a umb r ie s o r s h e lve s i n i t s i n s ide w a l l f a ce a nd C e l l A h a s o ne w i th u ppe rs he lve st oi t , 6f t . a bove t h e f l oo r . A bove t h e l i n t e l o fe ach c e l l d oo r a r e f u r the r o pen ing s , o r v o id s , w h ich s e em d e s igned t o l e t l i gh t a nd a i r i n to t h e c hambe r b eh ind , a nd a l so n o d oub t t or e l ieve s t re s s o n t h e l i n te l , i tb e ing n ea r t h e b o t tom o f av e ry h i gh w a l l f a ce . T he c o rbe l led r oof s a r e f o rmed b y t h e g radua l i nwa rd s l op ing o ft h e l o ng s i de s , a nd b yt h e s h a rpe r i nwa rd s l ope o ft h e e nd s ; t h ey e x tend u p i n to L eve l2 ,t ot h e f l oo ro ft h e f i r s tg a l le ry , 1 3f t .a bove t h ep r ima ry f l oo r . T he l i n te l so f t h e d oo rway s t ot h e se c e l l s a r e a tt h e s ame l e ve l a s -a nd t h u s f o rm p a r t o f - al e dge , o rs ca rcemen t , r unn ing r ound t h e i n ne r w a l l f a ce a t ah e igh t o f 7f t .a bove t h e o r ig ina l f l oo r [ 6 , 5 1 : 1 , p l . XL I I Ia ] -o rn ea r e r 6f t .a cco rd ing t o t h e e l eva t ion ; t h i s l e dge i sj u s t a bove t h e h e igh t o f t h e s t ump s o f t h e e n t rance l i n te ls a nd f o rm s t h e b ounda ry b e tween L eve l s 1a nd 2( I l l s . 4 . 66 & 4 . 72 ) .

T hu s i ti sc l ea r t h a t s ome t ime a f t e r t h e t owe r w a s b u i l t , d e sp i te i t s c r amped i n te r io r , t h e b roch o f Mou sa w a s e qu ipped i n s ide w i th as ma l l w hee lhou se . T he s e conda ry w a l l h a s g ap s l ef t i nf r on t o ft h e d oo r s t ot h e mu ra l c e l l s a nd i nf r on t o ft h e e n t rance p a s sage ; o n t h e o t he rh and i t r un s b e low t h e r a i sed d oo r t ot h e s t a i rw i thou t ab r eak a nd a l so s im i la r ly i nf r on t o ft h e t h r ee a umb r ie s , t h ough t h e se a r e n ow e xpo sed b y t h e d i lap ida t ion o f t h e w a l l . P re sumab ly t h e w a l l a nd p i e r s w e re a t l e a s t 5f t . h i gh o r ig ina l ly t oa low f o r s t and ing r oom u nde r ap i tched r oof ; t h e c l o se l i nk b e tween t h e b ench a nd t h e w a l l a nd p i e r s o n t op o fi ts ugge s tt h a ta l lt h e s e conda ry m a son ry w a sb u i l ta s a u n i t , a nd t h a t t h e w hee lhou se n eeded a r a i sed , p e r iphe ra l f l oo ra r ea f o rs ome r e a son .

T he l e dge i sf o rmed p a r t ly b yt h e r e ce s s ion o ft h e w a l l f a ce a bove i ta nd p a r t ly b yp ro jec t ing s l ab s ; i tt h u s p ro jec t so n ly 3i n s , b e low b u t 6i n s . a bove . As econd h i ghe rs c a rcemen t , b u i l t i nt h e s ame w ay a tt h e b a se o fL ev e l 3 , i s1 2 f t . 4i n s . a bove t h e p r ima ry f l oo r , s l igh t ly b e low t h e l e ve l o ft h e f l oo r o ft h e l owe s t mu ra l g a l le ry ; i ti sj u s t v i s ib le i nI l . 4 . 78 a t t h e b o t tom l ef t a nd r i gh t . T he r e a r e a l so t h r ee r e ce s se s , o rl a rge c upboa rd s , i nt h e i n ne rw a l l f a ce , a t9 . 30 , 1 .30 a nd 2 . 30 o ' c lock ; t h e l owe r p a r t s o ft h e se o pen ing s a r eo b scu red b yt h e l a te rm a son ry .

S ome c onc lu s ion s c an b e d rawn f r om t h e s equence o f m a son ry s t ruc tu re s i nt h e c en t ra lc ou r t . F i r s t ly - t h e h i gh , c a ref u l ly m ade s t ep i nt h e e n t rance p a s sage w h ich l e ad s u p o n t o t h e s u rf ace o ft h e b ench i n d ica te s t h a t t h e p a s sage w a s s t i l l l a rge ly i ni t so r ig ina l s t a te - t h a t i s , i th ad n o ty e t b een e x tended u pwa rd s -w hen t h e w hee lhou se w a s b u i l t . P e rhap s t h e i n nermo s t l i n te l s h ad b een r emoved t o m ake r oom f o rp eop le c l imb ing t h e s t ep , b u tt h e p aved f l oo r o f t h ep a s sage m u s ts t i l lh ave b een i nu s e . S econd ly - i f , a s s e em s l i ke ly , t h e re w a s o r ig ina l ly a c omp lex w ooden r oundhou se i n s ide t h e b roch ( r e s t ing o n t h e s c a rcemen t l e dge s a nd p r e sumab ly o n ar i ng o fp o s t s s e t i n to t h e p r ima ry f l oo r ) t h en t h i s mu s t h ave b een d emo l i shed t o m ake w ay f o r t h e w hee lhou se . I n o t he r w o rd s t h e i n se r t ion o ft h i s k i nd o fd we l l ing i n s ide Mou sa d i dn o tt a ke p l ace i nt h e s ame w ay a sa tC l ickh im in ( HU44 1 )-a ppa r en t ly a f t e rt h e t owe rh ad f a l len i n to r u in s -b u t w h i le i tw a s i n tac t . A lmo s t c e r ta in ly t h e ref o r e t h e Mou sa w hee lhou se a ppea red a s t h e r e su l t o f s ome k i nd o f e vo lu t iona ry s o c ia l c hange i nt h i s b roch c ommun i ty r a the r t h an o ne b rough t a bou t b y n ewcome r s i n to ad e se r ted s i te .

8 4

1 . 5 R a i sed i n t ra -mu ra lf ea ture s T he i n t ra -mu ra l g a l le r ie s a r e f o rmed b y t h e s pace b e tween t h e t wo c oncen t r ic w a l l s o f t h e u ppe r p a r t o f t h e b r och , w h ich a r e b ond ed t o ge the r( a nd b raced a pa r t ) b y h o r izon ta l r ow s o f l a rge , f l a t s t one l i n te l s ( I l l . 4 . 66 ) . E ach r ow o f l i n te ls t h u s f o rm s t h e f l oo r o fo ne g a l le ry a nd t h e r o of o f t h e o ne b e low , t h ough t h e f l oo r o ft h e b o t tom o ne ( b e ing o n as o l id w a l l b a se ) i so fp av ing o n r u bb le a si nt h e s t a i r f oo t g ua rd c e l l b e low ( I l l s . 4 . 69 & 4 . 76 ) . I ti sp o s s ib le t o w a lk a l ong m o s t o ft h e g a l le r ies t hough m o s t o ft h e w a l l s a r e l ef t r oughe r t h an t h e f a c ing m a son ry o f t h e c en t ra l

S ec t ion 4 : S he t land

a l so h ave l e t al i t t le l i gh t i n to t h e u ppe r g a l le r ie s , b u t n o t v e ry much w hen t h e b roch w a s c omp le te ly r oof ed . O ne l o ng o ne i so ve r t h e m a in e n t rance ( I l l . 4 . 83 ) , a nd o t he r l o ng o ne s r i se o ve rt h e d oo rt oC e l l B , t h e d oo rway t ot h e s t a i r a nd i nt h e s ou th a r c o ft h e w a l l ( b e low ) . A l so h i ghe r u p o ve r c e l l B i s t h e r a i sed d oo r a t t h e s t a i r l a nd ing m en t ioned , w i th al o ng s e r ie s o fv o id s a bove i t( I l l . 4 . 74 ) . I n t h e c a se o ft h e v o id s i nt h e s ou th a r c o n ly t wo o ft h e a pe r tu r e s a c tua l ly p ene t ra te t ot h eg a l le r ie sb eh ind , t h er e s t b e ing m e re r e ce s se s 1 6 i n s . d eep . T he re a r e o t he r , l owe r v o id s i n c lud ing o ne o ve r t h e d oo r t o C e l l C . T he i n ne r w a l l f a ce o ft h e t owe r i s mo re o r l e s s v e r t ica l t h roughou t t h e l owe r , s o l id p o r t ion b u to ve rhang s s l igh t ly f u r the ru p .

c ou r t , t h e s i de o ft h e s t a i rway a nd o ft h e mu ra l c e l l s . T he re a r en ow f i ve g a l ler ie sp r e se rved c omp le te , p a r to ft h e6 t h i s c omp le t ea nd r oof ed a nd t h e b o t tom p a r to ft h e 7 t hr e s t so n t h e 6 t h ( I l l . 4 . 66 ) . A s n o ted e a r l ie r t h e l i n te l led f l oo r s t e nd s t o t i l t s l igh t ly o u twa rd s a nd d ownwa rd s , a s i ft h e o u te rh a lf o ft h eh o l low w a l lh a ss agg ed . T he s t a i rb eg in s a tL eve l 2 ,a tt h e s ame h e igh ta st h e l owe r s c a rcem en t , a nd i sr e a ched b y ad oo rway i nt h e i n ne rw a l l f a ce w i th as i l l a bou t 7f t . a bove t h e o r ig ina l f l oo r l e ve l ; t h i s l e ad s i n to al obby . Al a rge c o rbe l led c e l l o pen s t ot h e l ef to ft h i s , a nd h a s a n a umb ry i ni t sw a l l ; i tc an b et e rmed as t a i r -f oo t g ua rd c e l l , a nd mo s t o f i ti sb u i l t w i th in t h e s o l id c o r e o ft h e b a sa l p a r t o ft h e w a l l ( I l l . 4 . 76 ) . T h i s i s t h e f i r s t r a i sed c hambe r . I ti sw or th n o t ing t h a t t h e c o rbe l led t o po ft h is c e l lp ro jec t sa bou t 2f t . i n to t h e s pace o ft h e l owe s t i n t ra -mu ra l g a l le ry ( Leve l 3 ) , s ot h a tt h e f l a t s l abs o fi t s r oof f o rm w ha t l o ok s l i ke as ha l low f l igh t o f s t eps u p a bove t h e g a l le ry f l oo r a nd d own a ga in ( I l l . 2 . 8 ) . T h is m ake s i ti mpo s s ib le t og e t i n to t h e f u r the r p a r t o ft h e b a sa l g a l le ry e xcep t b y c r aw l ing s o o ne m u s t p r e sumab ly c onc lude t h a t -d e sp i te t h e w ide , w e l l b u i l t a nd r e la t ive ly s pac iou s n a tu re o ft h a t r emo te r p a r t - e ven t h e l owe s t a nd w ide s t o f t h e m u ra l g a l le r ie s i n Mou sa w e r e p u r e ly s t ruc tu ra l .

1 . 6 F ind s Mou sa w a s s y s tema t ica l ly c l ea red o f d eb r i s i n 1 86 1 a nd g r ea t q uan t i t ie s o fa n ima l b one s , e spec ia l ly o fo t te r s , w e r e f ound [ 4 , 2 10 ] ; p r e sumab ly t h e o t te r s i n hab i ted t h e d e se r ted r u in . A l so f ound t h en w e re p i ece s o f ac l ay p o t , f l a t s t one p o t l i d s , as l a ty s t one a bou t 1 2 i n s l o ng " l ike a t h ree -cor ne red f i l e" a nd a" ca rved mode l o f aN o rway b oa t i nf i r " a bou t 3i n s . l o ng . T he i n te r io r w a s c l ea r ed a ga in b y t h en O ff ice o f Wo rk s i n 1 9 19 - a f t e r af u r the r 4f t . o f d eb r is h ad a ccumu la ted i n s ide i t ,b u t n o f i nd s a r e m en t ioned . T he f ew f i nd s i nt h e N a t iona l Mu seum i n c lude s ome s he rd s , n o tab ly a f i ne b l a ck -bur n i shed s h e rd o fc l a s s ic I r on A ge t y pe ( I l l . 4 . 52 ) , b u t t h e e xac t p o s i t ion i sn o t r e co rded . P re sumab ly , s i nce t h e s e conda ry s t ruc tu r e s i n s ide t h e t owe r d o n o t s e em t o h ave b een d i s tu rbed a ta ny t ime , t h e se s h e rd s b e long t ot h e l a te rp ha se o fI r on A ge o ccupa t ion .

T he s t a i rr i se s t ot h e r i gh t a nd r u n s u p i n s ide t h e w a l l i na c on t inuou s s weep b roken b y t wo s ho r t l a nd ing s , o ne a ta h e igh t o fa bou t 1 7 f t . a bove t h e f l oo r a nd t h e o t he r n ea r t h e p re sen t s umm i t . A t t h e f i r s t l a nd ing ( j u s t o ve r h a lf w ay u p L eve l 3 ) i s ad oo r t ot h e i n te r io r , h i gh a bove t h e f l oo ro fc ou r se a nd 4f t . 6i n s , a bove t h eu ppe rs c a r cemen t , a nd w i th a s e r ies o f v o id s a bov e i t( b e low ) . T he re a r e o n ly f i ve s t ep sr ema in ing a bove t h e s e cond l a nd ing , a nd n o c l ea r s i gn s o f i tg o ing much f u r the r ; t h e s i x th g a l le ry i s t h e ref o r e l i k e ly t ob e t h e l a s t , e xcep tp e rhap s f o r ap a rape t o n t op . T he s t a i r i s 3f t .w ide a tt h e b o t tom a nd t h e r i se r s a nd t r ead se a ch mea su re 6i n s . ; t h ea ng le o fa s cen t i st h u s a bou t 4 5 d eg rees . D u r ing i t s w ho le a s cen t t h e s t a i r h a s w ound i t s w ay r ound t h rough a bou t h a lf o f t h e c i rcumf e r ence o ft h et owe r , a nd t h i sh a lf i so nt h eo ppo s i te s i de t ot h a t c on ta in ing t h e e n t rance a nd t h e c hambe r s a nd v o id s a bove i t .

1 . 7 D imen s ion s P re sen t g r ea te s t h e igh t 4 3 .5 f t . ( 1 3 .05m ) : e x te rna l d i ame te r ( a cco rd ing t o my m ea su r emen t s m ade w i th t a pe a nd t h eodo l i te ) , n o r th -s ou th 1 5 .22m ( 50 f t . 9i n s . ) , e a s t w e s t4 9 .95m ( 49 f t . 1 0i n s . ) : i n ter na l d i ame te rn o r th -s ou th 5 . 80m ( 19 f t . 4i n s . ) , e a s t -w e s t 5 . 10m ( 17 f t . ) : a ve rage e x terna l d i ame te r 1 5 .08m ( 50 f t . 3i n s . ) , i n te rna l 5 . 45m ( 18 f t . 2i n s . ) : t h e w a l l s p ropo r t ion o f6 4 .4% i st h e l a rge s t i n a ny k nown b roch .

T he s e cond r a ised c hambe r i st h e o ne o ve r t h e e n t rance p a s sage w h ich h a s a l r eady b een d e sc r ibed ( I l l . 4 . 77 ) . O r ig ina l ly i th ad af l oo rm ade o ft h ef l a t l i n te l s o ft h e m a in e n t rance p a s sage , a nd i t s r oof i s as h a l low b a r r e l -vau l t , o r a no pen s ide c o rbe l led d ome t h ea x i so fw h ich i sp a ra l le lt o t h a t o ft h e p a s sage b e low . U n l ik e t h e s t a i r -f oo t c e l l t h e f l oo r o ft h e b a sa l g a l le ry ( Leve l 3 )i sa bou t 2f t . a bove t h e r oof o ft h e c hambe r o ve r t h e e n t rance , t h e re b e ing a b and o fs o l id m a son ry t h e re o ft h a tt h ickne s s ; t h i s s ugge s t s t h a tt h eb a r r e lv au l t i sa no r ig ina l I r on A ge f e a tu r e .

2 . H i s tory o ft he s i te T he d eve lopmen t o ft h e b roch o f Mou sa h a s a l r eady b een d i scu s sed i nS ec t ion 2 s o o n ly b r ief c ommen t s a r e m ade h e re . 2 . 1 P reh i s tory N o th ing o ft h e s i te i nI r on A ge t ime s i sk nown f r om w r i t ten r e co rd s ; A g r ico la 's f l ee t , c i rcumnav iga t ing S co t land i nt h e e a r ly AD 8 0 's , i sn o t t h ough tt oh ave l a nded o n S he t land , a l though i tp robab ly s i gh ted t h e i s land s . T hey a r e l i s ted a s ' Thu le ' , P to lemy p r e sumab ly h av ing g o th i s i n f o rma t ion a bou t n or ther n S co t land f r om t h e r e co rd s o f A g r ico la 's f l ee t , n one o fw h ich a r ek nown t oh ave s u rv ived d i r ec t ly .

F ou r l o ng v er t ica l r ow s o f o pen ing s , o r v o id s , b r eak t h e i n ne r w a l l f a ce a nd l e t l i gh t a nd a i r i n to t h e w a l l g a l le r ie s [ 6 , p l . 1 8 : 1 , p l . XL I I Ib ] ( I l ls . 4 . 74 & 4 . 77 ) . E ach o f t h e se i ne f f ec tc ons i s t s o f an a r row s l i tr unn ing u pt h e i n ne r h a lf o ft h e w a l l a nd b r idged a tf r equen t i n te rva l s b y s t one l i n te l s , a nd t h e u sua l e xp lana t ion f o r t h em i st h a t t h ey r e l ieve t h in d oo r l i n te l s o f t h e p r e s su re o f t h e m a son ry a bove t h em a nd g ene ra l ly l i gh ten t h es t ruc tu re ; t h ey w ou ld

F rom t h e f o rego ing s t ruc tu ra l a na ly s is t h e o r ig ina l b roch a ppea r s t oh ave b een a n s imp le s t one c y l inde r w i th at a nk

8 5

T he R oundhou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se s o fA t lan t ic S co t land

s unk i nt h e f l oo r a nd p robab ly as t one h ea r th ; d oub t le s s t h e re w e re t h e u sua l w ooden f u rn i sh ing s i n s ide . T he se w ou ld h ave c omp r i sed a q u i te c omp lex r oundhou se w i th o ne , p o s s ib ly t wo , a nnu la r f l oo r s o r b a lcon ie s r e s t ing o n t h e s c a r cemen t s w i th d oub t le s s al e an to r oof a bove t h e se . Ac omp le te c on ica l t h a tched r oof m u s t s u re ly h ave c apped t h e s t one t owe r a l though h ow t h is w a s a r ranged s o t h a t i t d i d n o t d amage t h e u ppe rp a r t s o ft h e d ry s tone w a l l b y i t s o u twa rd p r e s su re i sn o t c l ea r ( s ee D un T roddan a nd D un T e lve - NG81 3a nd NG81 2 ) .

u nde r d eb r i s ) h e d i d n o t n o t ice t h e t wo s c a r cemen t s , a t l e a s t t h e u ppe ro ne o fw h ich w ou ld h ave b een c l ea r . H e c ou ld n o t t h e r ef o r e s pecu la te a bou t a ny w ooden s t ruc tu re s t h a t m igh t h av e b een i n s ide a nd c onc luded i n s tead t h a tt h e i n t ra -mu ra l g a l le r ie s h ad b een t i e r s o fa pa r tmen t s f o rl i v ing i n . H e i n te rp r e ted t h e r ow s o fv o id s a so pen ing s d e s igned t o l e t am in imum o f l i gh t a nd a i r i n to t h e se g a l le r ie s , n ece s sa ry w h en w omen a nd c h i ld ren w e r e s he l te r ing i n t h em f r om a t ta ck . I ng ene ra l H ibbe r tt h ough t t h a t t h e s i ng le e n t rance a nd t h e h i gh w a l l m ean t t h a t t h e b roch w a s w e l l a dap ted t o w i th s tand ing s h o r t s i ege s f r om p i ra t ica l r a ide r s -w h ich w e re a l s u ch r a ide r s c ou ld p re sumab ly m anage i ne a r ly t ime s i nt h e s h o r t n o r ther n s umme r s . I ns uppor t o ft h i s i d ea h e c i ted t h e 1 2 th c en tu ry s i ege o f Mousa r e co rd ed i n N o r se s ou rce s a nd m en t ioned i nS ec t ion 2 ; h oweve r i ti s n o t a ta l c l ea r h ow g ood a n f i l t ra t ion t h i s i sf o r h i s p o in t s i nce , w h i le t h e b e s ieg ing f o rce c ou ld n o t g e t i n , n e i the r c ou ld t h o se t r apped i n s ide g e t a way , a nd t h ey mu s t h ave s t a rved i fn o t i n duced t os u r r ende r .

A t al a te r d a te t h e w ooden r oundhou se w a s p r e sumab ly r emoved , w hen t h e r i ng shaped s t one f l oo r o r b ench w a s i n se r ted i n to t h e i n te r io r ( a nd i n to t h e i n ne r e nd o f t h e e n t rance )a l though p re sumab ly i ti sp o s s ib le t h a tt h er i ng o f p o s t s c on t inued t o r e s t o n t h e i n ne r e dge o f t h is b ench . H oweve r al a te r c hange i n vo lved t h e b u i ld ing o f as ma l l w hee lhou se i nt h e c r amped i n te r io r , a nd t h i s mu s t s u re ly h ave i n vo lved t h e r emova l o f t h e p r ima ry w ooden f u rn ish ing s . F o r r e a son s e xp la ined e a r l ie r i ts e em s t h a t t h e o r ig ina l l i n te l led d oorway w a s s t i l l i n u se a lmo s t u na l te red a tt h i s t ime , a l though , i fi tw a s , t h e i n se r t ion o f t h e s t one b ench mu s th ave m ade t h e i n ne re nd r a the rl ow .

I n 1 852 S i r H en ry D ryden b egan t h e f i r s t a ccu ra te s u rvey o f Mou sa b roch , a nd f ound 9f t .o fd eb r i s i n s ide i t( 1 1 . 2 . 5 , t op ) ; t h et owe rw a st h u s i nm uch t h e s ame s t a te a si tw a sa t t h e t ime o fH ibbe r t 's v i s i t , a nd t h e m u ra l c hambe r s w e re s t i l l i n v i s ib le . H oweve r i n 1 861 t h e i n te r io r w a s c l ea r ed b y M r . J ohn B ruce o f S umbu rgh , t h e p rop r ie to r ( h e w ho l a te r b egan t h e c l ea rance a tJ a r lshof ) , w ho a l so h ad s ome r e pa i r s m ade t ot h e w a l l ; D ryden w a s t h u s a b le t op l an f u r the r d e ta i l s i n1 866 [ 4 ] . H e s aw t h e s c a r cemen t s a nd h e a l so m en t ioned t h a t an umbe r o fo b jec t sh ad b een f o und d u r ing B ruce 's c l ea rance ( s ec t ion 1 . 5 a bove ) .

2 . 2 T he 1 8 th a nd 1 9 th c en tu r ie s T he t wo r e co rded N o r se v i s i t s t o Mou sa w e re d e sc r ibed i n S ec t ion 2 ; t h is w a s p robab ly t h e t ime w hen t h e e n t rance p a s sage w a se x tended u pwa rd s . T he e a r l ie s t mode rn a n t iqua r ian a ccoun t o ft h e s i te w a s b y G eo rge L ow , c omp i led d u r ing h i s t o u r o f 1 774 b u t w h ich r ema ined i nm anu sc r ip t f o rm f o r mo re t h an ac en tu ry [ 2 ] . T he d e sc r ip t ion i sf a i r ly b r ief , a so ne m igh t e xpec t a tt h a t e a r ly d a te a nd w hen k now ledge a bou t t h e se s t ruc tu r e s w a s m in ima l , b u t h e d oe s p rov ide t h e f i r s t d r aw ing s o f t h e b roch ( I l l . 2 . 2 ) ; t h e se i n c lude w ha t m u s t b e t h e e a r l ie s t c l ea r c r o s s s e c t ion o f t h e p ecu l ia r h o l low -wa l led c on s t ruc t ion o ft h et owe r , s how ing t h e s upe r impo sed g a l le r ie s . L ow c l imb -ed t h e s t a i r i n t h e w a l l a nd s ay s h e p a s sed t h rough s even g a l le r ie s , a nd h e r e pea t s t h i s e r ro r i n h i s c u taway e l eva t ion w h ich s how s t h e g a l le r ie s , a nd t h e s t a i r d oo r , i n d i ag ramma t ic f o rm f r om t h e e x te r io r w i th t h e o u te r h a lf o ft h e w a l l r emoved . L ike o t he r e a r ly v i s i to r s L ow s e em s t o h ave a s sumed t h a t t h e s t a ir -f oo t g ua rd c e l l w a s t h e b eg inn ing o f al o ng g a l le ry a nd h e d r ew i ta ss u ch ; p r e sumab ly t h e f a c t t h a t o n ly c and le s ( o r n o th ing a ta l l ) w e r e a va i lab le t o l i gh t t h e i n te r io r e xp la in s t h e m i s take . H e o f f e r s n o t h ough t s o n t h e a ge o r p u rpo se o f t h e s t ruc tu re .

D ryden 's e l eva t ion s how s t h e f i ve c omp le te i n t ra -mu ra l g a l le r ie s , w i th p a r t o ft h e s i x th , t h a t w e s e e n ow a nd a l w e re c o r r ec t ly p l aced a bove t h e l e ve l o f t h e c o rbe l led d ome s o f t h e m u ra l c e l ls [ 4 , p l . x x i i ] . H owev e r h i s e l eva t ion m ak e s i tc l ea rt h a th e h ad n o tm anaged t ou n rave l a l l t h e d e ta i l s o f t h e o rgan isa t ion o f t h e i n t ra -mu ra l f e a tu r e s ; t h e b a sa l g a l le ry i ss hown b eh ind t h e s t a i r -f oo t c e l l a nd c omp le t e ly i s o la ted a nd t h e r ef o r e i n v i s ib le ( I l l . 2 . 7 ) ! T h i s p a r t o ft h e w a l l i si nf a c t s o l id , a nd o n h i s c r o s s s e c t ion D ryden o n ly s how s f i ve c omp le te g a l le r ie s a bove t h e c e l l s . P re sumab ly h e m iscoun ted s omehow a nd f ound h e h ad t o i n se r t t h e s i x th g a l le ry b e low t h e r e s t . N o t u n t i l t h e O ff ice o f Wo rk s s u rvey i n1 9 19 ( b e low ) w a s t h e a r ch i tec tu r e o f Mou sa b roch p rope r ly u nde r s tood . 2 . 3 T he 2 0 th c en tury

S amue l H ibbe r t v i s i ted t h e b roch h a lf ac en tu ry l a te r a nd h i s 1 822 d esc r ip t ion , a s w e l l a s b e ing m o re d e ta i led , i n c lude s ad i scu s s ion o ft h e s i t e [ 3 ] . A s w a s t h e c a se i n L ow 's t ime t h e i n te r io rw a s s t i l l c hoked w i th d eb r i s s ot h a t i tw a s o n ly p o s s ib le t og e t i n to t h e e n t rance o n h and s a nd k nee s -e n la rged u pwa rd s t h ough w e n ow k now i tt oh ave b een a t t h e t ime ( Dun D or na ig i l i n S u the r land i s i n a s im i la rs i tua t ion - NC44 2 ) . H ibber tc l imbed t h e s t a irway a nd , l i ke L ow , c oun ted s e ven g a l le r ie s , a ga in e v iden t ly m is tak ing t h e s t a i r -f oo t c e l l f o r t h e l owe s t . A l though h e c ommen ted o n t h e v e r t ica l r ow s o fo pen ing s i nt h e i n ne r w a l l f a ce ( t he d oo r st ot h em u ra l c e l ls b e ing t h en c oncea led

I n 1 9 19 H e r Ma je s ty 's O ff ice o f Wo rk st o ok c ha rge o ft h e b u i ld ing a nd a ga in c l ea red o u tt h e i n te r io ri nw h ich a bou t4 f t . o fd eb r is - m o s t ly b i rd d ropp ing s -h ad a ccumu la ted s i nce 1 86 1 [ 5 ] . T he a ccumu la ted d eb r i s a tt h e b a se o ft h e o u te r w a l l w a s a l so r emoved a t t h i s t ime . T he a r chaeo log ica l r e su l t s o f t h i s s u rvey h ave a l r eady b een d e sc r ibed . 3 .D i scu s s ion T he u n iquene s s o ft h e b roch o f Mou sa i nt e rm s o fi t ss ma l l s i ze , f i ne s t a te o fp r e se rva t ion a nd r e la t ive m a s s ivene s s o f 8 6

S ec t ion 4 : S he t land

L e rw ick , i ss i tua ted o n ah igh , s t eep c l if fp romon to ry t h e a pp roa ch t o w h ich - f r om t h e n o r th - i sd ef ended b y a m a s s ive s e r ie s o fd i tche s a nd w a l l s a c ro s s i t sn eck ( I l l .4 . 78 -4 . 84 ) . T he o u te r w a l l f a ce s t and s 9 10 f t .h igh mo s t o f t h e w ay r ound . T he l i n te l o f a n i n t ra -mu ra l g a l le ry i s v i s ib le a ta bou t 8o ' c lock o n t h e w a l lhead o ft h i s r u ined a nd u nexcava ted b u i ld ing a nd , s i nce i t s l i n te ls a r e s ome 8 f t .a bove t h e f l oo ro ft h e o u te re nd o ft h e e n t rance p a s sage , i ti sa lmo s t c e r ta in ly a n u ppe r r a the r t h an ag round l e ve l g a l le ry . T he C omm i s s ion s aw a no the r f r agmen t o ft h i s g a l le ry a t1 0 o ' c lock [ 2 , f i g . 5 74 ] a nd i n1 963 ad oo ri nt h e i n ne r w a l l f a ce w a s v i s ib le a ta bou t 1 0 o ' c lock ; i tm ay b e t h e e n t rance t o ac e l l . T he u nexcava ted i n te r io ra ppea r st o b e f i l led w i th a s e conda ry c i rcu la r s t ruc tu re w h ich h a s c on t rac ted t h e c en t ra l c ou r t c on s ide rab ly ; b ecau se o ft h i s t h ep r ima ry b roch w a l l f a ce c anno tb e s e en .

i t sw a l lw a sn o ted b yt h ew r i te r i n1 965 [ 8 ; f i g . 7 ] ; i tw a s s ugge s ted t h en t h a tt h e se s pec ia l f e a tu re sm ean tt h a t Mou sa i st h e b e s t b u i l t o f a l l k nown b ro ch s a nd t h a t t h i s m ay p a r t ly a ccoun tf o ri t se xce l len ts t a te o fp r e se rva t ion . F o ju t h a s r e v iewed a ga in t h e s i ze , p ropo r t ion s a nd a r ch i tec tu re o f Mou sa a nd s hown t h a t i ti sa n e xcep t iona l b u i ld ing e ven i n aS he t land c on t ex t [ 9 ] . U s ing n ew d a ta c o l lec ted i nt h e f i e ld , h e n o te s t h a tt h e w a l l p e r cen tage o f Mou sa ( 6 4 .5% ) i s s o much g r ea t e r t h an t h o se o f i t s S he t land n e ighbou r s t h a t i ts i gn if ican t ly a l te r s t h e m ean o f t h a t i s land g r oup . O n t h e r e a sonab le a s sump t ion t h a tt h e g r ea te rt h er e la t ive ma s s ivene s s o ft h ew a l lb a se o f ab roch , t h e g r ea te r i t so r ig ina l h e igh t , Mou sa p robab ly a l so s t ood a pa r t f r om i t s n e ighbou r s i nt h e I r on A ge ; i f i tw a s n o t a c tua l ly t h e t a l le s t , t h en i tw a s c e r ta in ly t h e t a l le s t a nd m o s t s t ab le . U s ing t h e s ame k i nd o fc r i te r ia Mou sa i sa l so f ound t ob e a sa t yp ica l o fS co t t i sh b r och s a s aw ho le a so f S he t land o ne s . F o ju t a l so a r gue s t h a t t h e d e s ign o ft h e i n t ra -mu ra l s t a i r o f Mou sa m ay n o t b e t y p ica l o f o t he r b roch s .

D u r ing t h e 2 4 y ea r s b e tween t h e w r i te r 's f i r s t a nd s e cond v i s i t s ac on s ide rab le a moun t o fd amage w a s d one t ot h e e n t rance p a s sage . T he c hambe r o ve rt h e e n t rance i sn ow c omp le te ly e xpo sed , a sf a rb a ck a si t s i n ne r e nd ( I l l . 4 . 81) ; t h e o u te r w a l l f a ce i nf r on t o ft h i s h a s e i the rb een k nocked d own o r - mo re p robab ly - w a s n eve r t h e r e . A l though t h e w r i te r 's o r ig ina l 1 963 d e sc r ip t ion o ft h e s i te s ay s t h a t a l l t h e l i n te l s w e re i np o s i t ion o ve rt h e e n t rance , n one a r e n ow ( a pa r tf r om o ne i mmed ia te ly i nf r on t o ft h e p o le i nI l . 4 . 81) . I nv i ew o fw ha tf o l low s i ts e em s l i ke ly t h a th e m ade am is take t h en a nd d i d n o t r e a l i se t h a t t h e e x ten s ive l i n te l led p a s sage w h ich c an b e s e en i s as e conda ry c on s t ruc t ion ( t he C omm i s s ion 's d e sc r ip t ion d oe s n o t m en t ion a ny p r ima ry l i n te l s ) .

D e sp i te t h i s u n iquene s s , a nd d e sp i te F o ju t 's c u r iou s q ues t ion i nh i st i t le " I s Mou sa aB ro ch?" ( 'wha t e l se c an i t b e? ' o ne m igh t r ep ly ) , t h e t owe r o n Mou sa i s land c an r e a sonab ly b e d esc r ibed a s t h e m o s t p e rf ec t ly d e s igned h o l low -wa l led b roch o f w h ich w e h ave d e ta i led k now ledge . I td if e r s i n d e ta i l f r om t h e r e s t -a nd i t s a r ch i tec t s e em s t oh ave b een u nu sua l ly i n sp i red o ve r s ome o ft h e se d e ta i l s- b u ti t sb a s ic d e s ign a nd a r ch i tec tu re a r e i nt h e s t anda rd b roch p a t te rn .

T he l i n te l s h av ing b een r emoved , t h e p a s sage b e low c an b e s e en f a i r ly c l ea r ly , a nd t h e t wo m a s s ive d oo r -check s f o rmed o f s t one s l ab s -a r e v i s ib le 3 . 05m ( 10 f t . 0i n . ) f r om t h e o u te r e nd . T he u ppe r p a r t o ft h e c o rbe l led g ua rd c e l l c an b e s e en o n t h e r i gh t , f u l l o fd eb r i s ( I l l . 4 . 82 ) ; t h e d oo rf r om t h is c e l lt ot h ep a s sage , s e en a nd p l anned b yt h e C omm i s s ion , i sn ow b u r ied . T he o u te re nd o ft h e e n t rance p a s sage i so n ly a bou t am e t re ( 3 f t . ) f r om t h e e dge o ft h e s hee r c l if f , a nd ad i r ec t a pp roach t oi ti sn ow i mpo s s ib le . T he w id th o ft h e p a s sage i s0 . 9m ( 3f t . ) a ti t so u te re nd b u t i tw iden s t o 1 . 52m ( 5 f t . ) w i th in t h e c heck s , c on t rac t ing a ga in t o1 . 37 m ( 4f t . 6i n s . )a tt h e i n ne re nd .

T he c on c lu s ion d rawn h e re f r om t h e f a c t t h a t t h e r oof o f t h e s t a i r -f oo t c e l l i n t rude s i n to t h e b a sa l g a l le ry h a s n eve r b een d r awn b ef o re b u t i td oe s s e em t o c onf i rm i n a d ec i s ive w ay t h e o ne t h a t c ou ld a l r eady b e d r awn f r om t h e a wkwa rdne s s o f a cce s s t o t h e g a l le r ie s f r om t h e s t a i r t h a t t h e b roch s ' i n t ra -mu ra l g a l le r ie s w e re p r ima r i ly a s t ruc tu ra l f e a tu re a nd w e r e n o tf o rl i v ing i no rf o rs t o rage . S ource s : 1 .O S c a rd HU 4 2 S E 1 : 2 . L ow 1 879 , 1 8 1-83 : 3 .H ibbe r t 1 822 , 2 51-55 : 4 . D ryden 1 890 , 2 07 11 : 5 . P a te r son 1 922 : 6 . RCAH MS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,n o . 1 206 , 4 8 5 5 , f i g s . 5 31-41 & p l s . 1 7 & 1 8 : 7 . C ruden 1 951 : 8 . MacK ie 1 965 : 9 . F o ju t 1 981 : 1 0 . A nde r son 1 883 : 1 . H am i l ton 1 968 : 1 2 . S ibba ld 1 829 , 4 2 .

T he C omm is s ion n o ted t wo c oncen t r ic l i ne s o fs e conda ry w a l l ing a tt h e i n ne r e nd o f t h e p a s sage , w h ich w a s t hu s p ro longed i nwa rd s . T h i s s e conda ry e n t rance c an b e s e en c l ea r ly n ow , s t a r t ing i mmed ia te ly b e low t h e n ow v i s ib le i n ne re nd o ft h e c hambe ra bove t h e b roch e n t rance . T he re i s as t ra igh t j o in t o n e ach s i de b e tween b roch w a l l a nd s e conda ry w a l l , a nd t h e c on t inuou s r ow o f l owe r l i n te l s s t a r t s h e re ; t h e r e semb lance t o D un R ing i l l o n S kye i s v e ry s t r ik ing ( NG51 4 ) . T he re i s at e r t ia ry w a l l b eyond t h i s , a l so w i th t h e l i n te l led e n t rance p ro longed t h rough i t w i th h ighe r l i n te l s ; t h e s t ra igh tj o in t o n t h e l ef t h and s i de f o rm s ad oo r c heck , a nd i sv i s ib le i nI l . 4 . 84 o n t h e r i gh t , j u s t i nf r on to ft h e f i r s t l owe rl i n te l . T he e xce l len ts t a te o f p r e se rva t ion o ft h i s i nwa rd ly e x tended p a s sage - t h e l i n te ls o fw h ich c an o n ly b e as hor t d i s tance b e low t h e s u rf ace o f t h e i n te r io rr ubb le - m ake s B u r land u n ique i nS he t land a nd w e l lw o r thy o fp ro tec t ion a nd p r e se rva t ion . T he o u te r d ef ence s c on s i s t o f t h ree m a s s ive b ank s w i th

S quare HU43 HU43 1 A ITHSETTER ( `B roch o fA i th se t te r ' ) HU /44 -7304 P o ss ib le b roch i n D un ro s sne s s , o n a h igh r o cky p romon to ry ;t h e mu t i la ted mound ,c omp le te ly c ove red w i th t u rf , i s2 . 5m h igh . T he re a r e t r a ce s o f t wo c oncen t r ic c u rved r ampa r t s o n t h e n a r row n eck l e ad ing t o t h e h ead land . S ource s : I . OS c a rd HU 4 3 SW 2 ( w i th p l an ) : 2 . RCAHMS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,n o . 14 1 , 2 3 .

HU43 2 BURLAND 2( `B roch o fB u r land ' ) HU /44636 1 ( v i s i ted 5 / 6 /63 & 3 0 /6 /87 ) . T h i s p robab le s o l id -ba sed b roch i n D un ro s sne s s ,

n ea r 8 7

T he R oundhou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se s o fA t lan t ic S co t land

t h ree d i tche s b e tween a nd i nf r on t o f t h em ( I l l s . 4 . 78 & 4 . 80 , t op l ef t ) . T he s ha l low , o u te r d i tch i sa bou t 2 2 f t . w ide , t h en c ome s ap robab ly s t one w a l l 1 8 f t .t h ick w i th a d i s t inc t g ap o r d oo rway i ni t s c en t re 8 f t . w ide . W i th in t h i s a r et wo s ha l low d i tche s w i th aw a l l o rr ampa r tb e tween t h em ; t h e c en t ra l g ap r un s t h rough t h e se a l so . T he i n nermo s td ef ence i sa no the rw a l l , c l ea r ly v i s ib le a ss u ch a t i t s w e s t e nd a nd 1 0 f t .t h ick ; t h e w e s t h a lf a ppea r s t ot u rn i nt oa bu t t h e b roch w a l l . T he se d ef ence s e nc lo se a n a r ea o ft h e p romon to ry - w h ich h a s c l if f s 1 00 f t .h i gh - a bou t 5 0 f t . l o ng b y 3 0 -4 0 y d s . w ide , o f w h ich t h e b roch o ccup ie so n ly at i ny p a r t . D u r ing t h e 1 980 's a s e c t ion w a s c u t a c ro s s t h e o u te r d ef ence s ( e xcep t f o r t h e i n ne r r ampa r t ) c l o se t o t h e w e s t c l if f [ 3 , I l . 1 8 ] . B o th r ampa r t s a ppea red t o b e o f t h e d ump t y pe , w i th r ubb le a nd s o i l c o re s , w i th r e ve t ted d ry s tone f a ce s . D imen s ion s : E x te rna l d i ame te r 6 5 f t . , w a l l a bou t 1 5 f t . t h ick : w a l lp ro -po r t ion t h u sa bou t4 6 .2% . S ource s : 1 . O S c a rd HU 4 3 NW 5 ( w i th p l an ) : 2 . RCAH MS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,n o . 1 247 , 7 0 -2 & f i g s . 5 74 -5 & 5 78 -9 ( p la te s ) : 3 . C a r te r , McCu l lagh & MacSween 1 996 , 4 64 -67 .

t h e e a s t s i de . o ccupa t ion .

T he e xcava t ion s r e vea led f i ve p ha se s o f

P ha se 1 w a s ac r ema t ion b u r ia l a nd v a r iou s s t ruc tu ra l f e a tu re s o f u nknown p re -b roch d a te . P ha se 2 s aw t h e c on s t ruc t ion a nd o ccupa t ion o f t h e b r och a nd i t s o u te r d ef ences d u r ing t h e m idd le I r on A ge p e r iod . T h i s p e r iod w a s e nded b y ad e s t ruc t ion b y f i re . P ha se 3 w a s t h e s e conda ry o ccupa t ion o f t h e b roch a nd a n a d ja cen t s e t t lemen td u r ing t h e l a te I r on Age , w h i le P ha se 4s aw t h e u se o ft h e s i te a s ac eme te ry a nd P ha se 5t h e c on s t ruc t ion o f a Med ieva l f a rm . O n ly P ha se 2 i sd i scu s sed h e r e i n m o re t h an o u t l ine ; t h em a te r ia l c u l tu r ea nd d a t ing o fP ha se 3i sc ommen t ed o n b ecau se o fi t s r e levance t ot h e l e ng th o ft h eP ha se 2o ccupa t ion .

HU43 3 LOCH OF BR IND ISTER HU /432370 T he mo s t r e cen t d e sc r ip t ion f r om p e r sona l o b se rva t ion o f t h i s p robab le b roch , s i tua ted o na n i s le ti nt h el o ch o ft h a t n ame n ea r L e rw ick , i s t h a t o f G oud ie i n 1 888 , w ho u nder took s ome e xcava t ion t h e re [ 3 ] . T he re i sn os i gn n ow o f ac au seway t ot h e l a nd . G oud ie e xpo sed t h e o u te r w a l l f a ce , t h e e n t rance p a s sage a nd p a r t o ft h e i n ne r f a ce a nd a cco rd ing t oh im t h e w a l l s w e re f ound t ob e s t and ing o n ly 5f t . h igh ; t h e o ve ra l l d i ame te r w a s 5 0 f t . f r om n o r th s ou th a nd 5 1 f t . f r om e a s t -w e s t . T he a ve rage w a l l t h ickne s s w a s 8f t .a nd t h e w id th o ft h e e n t rance f r om 3f t . 9i n s . t o 4f t . . I ft h e se m ea su r emen t s a r e c o r rec t t h e w a l l s a r e e xcep t iona l ly t h in f o r ab roch - t h e w a l l p ropo r t ion b e ing a bou t 3 1 .7% - b u t , a sG oud ie n o te s , i tm ay b e t h a t t h e s pec ia l s i tua t ion o f t h e s t ruc tu re m ade h igh w a l l s u nnece s sa ry . N o e v idence f o r i n t ra -mu ra l f e a tu re s w a s o b served . S ource s : 1 . O S c a rd HU 4 3 NW 9 : 2 . RCAHMS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,n o . 1 248 , 7 2 : 3 .G oud ie 1 889 , 2 46 -9 . HU43 4 S CALLO WAY ( `Uppe rS ca l loway ' ) HU /406399 P robab le s o l id -ba sed b roch i n D un ro s sne s s w h ich w a s d i scove red a s ar e su l t o fh uman b one s h av ing b een f ound d u r ing w o rk o n ah ou s ing d eve lopmen t ; i tw a s e xcava ted d u r ing g ene ra l ly b ad w ea the r i nt h e w in te r o f 1 989 -90 [ 1 ] . T he re h ad b een n o k now ledge o f ab roch o n t h e s i te p r ev iou s ly , w h ich s ugge s t s t h a t t h e r e c ou ld b e m any m o re o ft h e se s t ruc tu r e st h an i sk nown a tp r esen t .

T he w a l lf a ce s r a r e ly s t ood t o mo re t h an t wo c ou r se s h i gh a nd mo s t o f t h e r ubb le c o re h ad g one . T he i n te r io r a ppea red t o b e s l igh t ly p ea r shaped t owa rd s t h e e a s t a nd t h e f ounda t ion s o fo ne i n t ra -mu ra l c e l l w e r e f ound o n t h e s ou th -ea s t . N oc l ea rt r ace s o ft h e e n t rance p a s sage o ro fa n i n t ra -mu ra l s t a i r c ou ld b e f ound ( a l though t h e l a t te r d oub t le s s s t a r t ed a tf i r s t f l oo r l e ve l ) . T he re w a s ap aved h ea r th i nt h e c en t r e o ft h e c ou r t a nd t h e f ounda t ion s o fa s e conda ry w a l l , b u i l t a ga in s tt h e b roch i n ne rw a l lf a ce , h ad s e a led p a r t o ft h e p r ima ry f l oo r d epo s i t s ; t h e e xcava to r i s c onf iden t t h a t h e h ad i s o la ted mo s t o ft h i s l a ye r o ve r t h e i n te r io r . T he r ew e r e s ome p i t s i nt h i sf l oo r . T he b roch 's o u te r d ef ence s c on s is ted o f ad i tch c u t a c ro s s t h e p romon to ry o nt h e n or ther na pp roa ch . T he r ew a sa l so ah o l low b e tw een t h i s d i tch a nd t h e b roch w h ich y i e lded a n umbe ro ff i nd s . As eve re f i re a tt h e e nd o fP ha se 2c au sed t h e d epo s i t ion o f ar e d a sh l a ye r w h ich w a s d i agno sed a st h e r ema in s o fa c o l lap sed a nd b ur ned r oof . Two C 14 d a te s f o r t h i s a sh l a ye r i mp ly t h a t t h e re i s a9 8% c hance t h a t t h e f i r e t o ok p l ace b e tween a bou t AD 3 45 -505 a nd AD 4 15 -525 . A l a rge n umbe r o fa r tef a c t s w e re f ound i nt h e p r ima ry f l oo r l e ve l s , n ea r ly a l o f w h ich w e re i nt h i s b u rn t l a ye r ; t h e a s sump t ion i s t h e r ef o re t h a t t h e b r och w a s r e gu la r ly c l eaned o u tw h i le o ccup ied . Av e ry l a rge a moun to fb ur n t b a r ley w a s a l so f o und , s ugge s t ing t h a t t h e b u i ld ing h ad s e rved a s ag ra in s t o r e . D a t ing : at o ta l o f2 4 r ad ioca rbon d a te s w a s o b ta ined f o r s t ra t if ied o rgan ic s amp le s f r om t h e s i t e ; n one w e r e f r om t h e p r e -b roch p e r iod [ 1 , T ab le 2 4 ) . When a r ranged i n s t ra t ig raph ica l o r de r [ 1 , f i g . 7 1] t h ey g i ve a f a i r ly c l ea r p i c tu re o ft h ec h rono logy o ft h e s i te 's h i s to ry . T he e a r l ie s t s t ra t if ied d a ted s amp le f o r P ha se 2 a l so g ave t h e e a r l ie s t d a t e w h ich f a l l s i nt h e i s t c en tu r ie s B C /AD ; t h i s i se xac t ly w ha t i st o b e e xpec ted i fo ne a dop t s t h e ' s ho r t ' c h rono logy f o r h o l low -wa l led b r och s ( s ee S ec t ion o n d a t ing i nP a r t 2 ) . T he r e s t o ft h e d a te s , i n c lud ing t h e t wo s pec if ica l ly f r om t h e d e s t ruc t ion d epo s i t s , a r e s c a t te r ed t h rough t h e f i r s th a lf o ft h e f i r s tm i l lenn ium AD b u tt h e re i s ag ood c l u s te r o ft h r ee w h ich s how s f a i r ly c l ea r ly t h a t t h e m idd le I r on A g e o ccupa t ion p robab ly w en t o n u n t i l a bou t AD 5 00 . T he p o s t -b roch p ha se 3 w a s d i v ided i n to t h ree s t age s o n

T he e xcava t ion h a s b een t h o rough ly r epo r ted a nd , s i nce i n a dd i t ion s t ruc tu ra l r ema in s w e r e m in ima l , o n ly as umma ry o f t h e d i scove r ie s i sg i ven h e re . S ome v e ry i mpor tan t d a t ing e v idence w a sr e cove red . T he s i te s t and s o n al i me s tone r i dge r unn ing n or th sou th . T he b roch i t s e lf h ad b een a lmo s t c omp le te ly d e s t royed , a c omp le te c r o s s s e c t ion o ft h e w a l l b e ing p r e served o n ly o n

8 8

S ec t ion 4 : S he t land

t h e b a s i s o f t h e e xcava t ion e v iden ce a nd i nb road t e rm s t h e se s t age s s eem t o h ave l a s ted f r om a bou t 5 00 -650 , f r om 6 50 t o 9 00 a nd b e tween a bou t 9 00 a nd 1 000 r e spec t ive ly . P resumab ly t h eb roch i t s e lf , a l though b u rned o u t o n ce a nd p re sumab ly much r e duced i n h e igh t , mu s t h ave b een r oof ed a nd s t and ing t o a tl e a s t 3m i n h e igh t u n t i la bou t AD 1 000 .

1 .G enera l B e tween 1 953 a nd 1 957 t h i s c omp lex S he t land s i te w a s e xcava ted b y J .R .C . H am i l ton o n b eha lf o f t h e t h en M in i s t ry o f Wo rk s a nd a r ema rkab le s e r ie s o f s t ruc tu re s a nd a r tef ac t s w e r e u ncove red [ 1 1 ] . T h i s w a s o n ly t h e s e cond b roch s i te e ve r t o h ave b een s t ra t ig raph ica l ly e xcava ted , t h ough i th ad b een p a r t ly c l ea r ed o u t i nt h em id 1 9 th c en tu ry . T he p ub l i shed r epo r t , h oweve r , p r esen t s t h e s t uden tw i th s ome d i ff i cu l t ie so fi n te rp r e ta t ion .

F ind s f r om t h e e nd o f P ha se 2 : t h e se a r e i mpo r tan t b ecau se t h ey g ive u s ap i c tu re o ft h em a te r ia l c u l tu re o ft h e i n hab i tan t s o f aS he t land b roch p robab ly a tt h e e nd o ft h e 5 t h c en tu ry AD . H oweve r t h e w ay t h e a r tef ac t a ppend ice s , a nd t h e i r a ccompany ing I l t ra t ion s , a r e o rgan ised i n t h e r e por t ( t o I l t ra te v a r iou s e conom ic a c t iv i t ie s ) d oe s n o t m ake i te a sy t og e t aq u ick a nd c l ea r i mp r es s ion o fw ha tf i nd s a r ec ha ra c t e r i s t ic o fe ach P ha se .

I ns ha rp c on t ra s t t ot h e e xcava to r 's r e po r t o n h i s o wn a nd o t he r s ' p r ev iou s e xp lo ra t ion s a tt h e mo re c omp lex J a r l shof s i te ( HU30 1 ) , h i s a ccoun t o ft h e w o rk a tC l ickh im in i s p re sen ted i n an a r ra t ive s t y le w h ich f r equen t ly m ake s i t d i ff icu l t t o s epa ra te f a c t f r om t h eo ry [ 1 2 ] . Mo reove r c e r ta in o ft h e e xcava to r 's i n te rp re ta t ion s c an b e q ue s t ioned o n t h e b a s is o f t h e e v idence h e h im se lf p r e sen t s , a nd i n s ome c a se s a l te rna t ive v i ew s c an b e o f f e r ed w h ich a ppea r t oe xp la in t h e e v idence a tl e a s t a sw e l l i fn o t b e t te r . A s w i l l b ecome c l ea r C l ickh im in i so fp a ramoun t i mpor tance f o r o u r u nde r s tand ing o f s eve ra l a spec t s o f t h e A t lan t ic I r on A ge c u l tu re s -b o th i nt e rm s o ft h e s t one b u i ld ing s a nd o ft h e a s soc ia ted m a te r ia l c u l tu r e s -a nd i ti st h e ref o re u nf or tuna te t h a t s ome d oub t r ema in s a bou t h ow t h e s i te a c tua l ly d eve loped , a nd a bou t t h e d a t ing o f i t s v a r iou s p ha se s . F u r the r c a ref u l ly p l anned e xcava t ions , i n vo lv ing r ad ioca rbon d a t ing , w ou ld b e n eeded t o s o lve t h e o u t s tand ing p rob lem s . T he w o rk w a s o f c ou r se d one b ef o re C 14 d a t ing w a s e a s i ly a va i lab le . T h is a ccoun t o f t h e s i te i st h e ref o re p r e sen ted i n c on s ide rab le d e ta i l , i n m o re d e ta i l f o r e xamp le t h an t h e e n t ry o n J a r lshof , t h e r e po r t o n t h a t s i te b e ing m o re s y s tema t ic a nd o b jec t ive a nd n eed ing l e s sc l a r if ica t ion .

P o t t e ry i n c ludes s ome E ve r ted R im w a re o fb o th t h e n eck b and ( f ig . 8 0 , 6& 7 )a nd t h e f l u ted r im v a r ie t ie s ( f ig . 8 0 , 5 ) . T he r e w e re a l so s ome s imp le b a r re l shaped p o t s , i n c lud ing a n a lmo s t c omp le te e xamp le w i th ar ema rkab le p a t te rn o fv e r t ica l a nd d i agona l f l u t ing o n i t s e x te r io r ( f ig . 8 0 , 1 ) . T h i s l a s ta l so h ad a n i n ter na l ly d eco ra ted b a se . Me ta l o b jec t s i n c lude ap i ece o f ab ronze b ow l ( f ig . 8 5 ) w h ich m ay b eR oman . C a r ina t ed p o t te ry : t h e re i s o ne s t range p henomenon w h ich , t h ough c ommen ted o n [ 1 , 1 33 ] , i s n o t r e a l ly e xp la ined i n t h e r e po r t . F rom d epo s i t s c onf iden t ly a l loca ted b y t h e e xcava to r t ol a te P ha se 3( e nd o ft h e f i r s t m i l lenn ium AD ) c ome s s ome t a lc t empe r ed p o t te ry w h ich l o ok s s t r ik ing ly l i ke t h e e a r ly I r on A ge c a r ina ted w a re f r om C l ickh im in a nd J a r l shof w h ich s hou ld d a te t o t h e 7t h i 6 t h c en tu r ie s BC [ 1 , f i g . 8 3) . I n p a r t icu la r t h e s ha rp ly c a r ina ted w a l l s he rd n o . 5h a s d eco ra t ion w h ich i sq u i te s im i la r t o t h a t o n a s im i la r s h e rd f r om C l ickh im in ( Ham i l ton 1 968 ) . P re sumab ly s ome m ix ing o fd epo s i t s mu s t h ave o ccu r red d u r ing t h e e x ten s ive d e s t ruc t ion s a nd r e -bu i ld ing sw h ich t o ok p l ace o nt h e s i t e . T hu s t h e r em ay h ave b e en a n i mpo r tan t e a r ly I r on A ge o ccupa t ion o n t h e s i te w h ich c ou ld n o t b e r e cogn i sed a mong t h e s t ra t if ied l a ye r s .

T h i s d e sc r ip t ion i si n f ou r m a in p a r t s . T he f i r s t i sa n a ccoun t o ft h e w o rk a tt h e s i te i nt h e 1 9 th a nd e a r ly 2 0 th c en tu r ie s . T he s e cond i sm a in ly a d e sc r ip t ion o f t h e s t ruc tu re s v i s ib le o n t h e s i te n ow a nd i s ac omb ina t ion o f t h e a ccoun t d r awn u p b yt h e R oya l C omm i s s ion [ 4 ] a nd o f o b se rva t ion s m ade b y t h e w r i te r . T he t h i rd p a r t i sa d e sc r ip t ion a nd a n a na ly s is o f t h e r e su l t s o f H am i l ton 's p o s t -wa r e xcava t ion s , a nd c on s ide r s t h e r e con s t ruc ted h i s to ry o ft h e s i te p ha se b yp ha se , p i npo in t ing o u t s tand ing p rob lem s a nd o cca s iona l ly o f f e r ing a l te rna t ive h ypo the se s . T he f our th p a r t i s ag ene ra l d i scu s s ion o f t h e s i te a s a w ho le .

D imen s ion s : e x terna l d i am . 1 9 .6m , i n te rna l d i am . 7 . 8 8 . 4m , w a l l t h ickne s s 5 . 5 -6m ; t h u s t h e w a l l p ropo r t ion w ou ld v a ry f r om a bou t 5 6 -61 % t o p robab ly a bove 6 0% ; t h i s a tt h eu ppe rr ange o ft h e m ea su rab le S he t land s i te s [ 1 , f i g . 3 4 ] . S ource : 1 .S ha rp le s 1 998 .

Id o n o t c l a im t oh ave s o lved a l l t h e o u t s tand ing p rob lem s o f t h e a r chaeo log ica l s equence a t C l ickh im in ; f r e sh e xcava t ion s , c a r ef u l ly d e s igned t o u n rave l o b scu re s t ra t ig raphy , a nd t o o b ta in m a te r ia l f o r r ad ioca rbon d a te s , w ou ld b e n eeded f o rt h a t . H oweve r Ih ope t h a ta t temp t ing ar e -ana ly s is o ft h e s i te a tl e ng th i nt h i s w ay w i l l a tl e a s t h i gh l igh t t h e m any p rob lem s n eed ing s o lu t ion a s w e l l a s o f f e r ing s ome c on s t ruc t ive s ugge s t ion s t o m ake b e t te r s en se o ft h e s i te .

S quare HU44 HU44 1 CL ICKH IM IN HU /464408 S o l id -ba sed b roch i nD un ro s sne s s , Ma in land , s i tua ted o n al o ch p romon to ry j u s t o u t s ide L e rw ick . S y s tema t ic e xcava t ion h a s r evea led i t t o b e o n t o p o f e a r l ie r s e t t lemen t s ( wh ich i n c lude s t ruc tu re s l i ke ac e l led h u t o r ' c ou r tya rd h ou se ' , ap o s s ib le r oundhouse , ar i ng f o r ta nd ah ybr id g a tehouse f o r t ) a nd t oh ave b een s u cceeded b ya w hee lhou se b u i l t i n s ide i t( v i s i ted 3 & 1 0 /6 /63 a nd i n 1 971 a nd 1 987 ) 8 9

T he R oundhou se s , B roch s a nd W hee lhou se s o fA t lan t ic S co t land

P ART 1 : EARLY S TUD IES 2 .E ar ly w ork T he p romon to ry i nt h e l o ch o fC l ickh im in o nw h ich t h e s i t e s t and s i sh a lf am i le o u t s ide L erw ick a nd u n t i l 1 874 w a s a n i s le t w i th a s t one c au seway l e ad ing t ot h e s ho re . I nt h a t y ea r t h e l o ch w a s p a r t ly d r a ined , t h e w a te r l e ve l d ropped b y a bou t 7 5 c m a nd t h e i s l e t b ecame a p romon to ry [ 3 , 2 02 ) . A p ho tog raph t a ken b ef o re 1 874 s how s t h a t t h e w a te r t h en r e ached t h e e dge o ft h e r ubb le f a l len f r om t h e o u te r w a l l a nd t h a t t h e c au seway w a sj u s t v i s ib le a bove i t s s u rf ace [ 4 ,2 4 , f i g . 5 70 ] . T he f i r s t s y s tema t ic s u rvey o ft h e s i t e w a s b egun i n 1 855 b y S i r H en ry D ryden ; h e c omp le ted i t ,w i th ad e sc r ip t ion , i n 1 866 a f t e rt h e f i r s t e xcava t ion s h ad b een c omp le ted [ 3 ] . I n e s sen t ia l s t h e s i te c on s i s t s o f a n o u te r w a l l r unn ing r ound t h e i s le ta nd c l o se t oi t se dge , w i th t h er ema in s o fa b roch t owe r o ccupy ing t h e h i ghe s t g round i n s ide t h i s . B e tween t h e b roch a nd t h e g a teway i n t h i s w a l l i sa n u n ique , f r ee s tand ing b lock o fm a son ry k nown a tf i r s t a s t h e ` f o r ewo rk ' a nd mo re r e cen t ly a st h e ' b lockhou se ' , a nd t h e re a r e t r ace s o f o t he r ' o u tbu i ld ing s ' a r ound t h e b roch ( I l l . 4 . 95 ) .

t h ough t h is i sn o tm en t ioned f o re xamp le b yD ryden . T he e a r ly p ho tog raph w h ich s how s t h e s i te o n a n i s land , w i th w a te r c om ing u p a lmo s t t ot h e t op o ft h e c au seway [ 4 , f i g . 5 70 ] , mu s th ave b een t a ken b ef o re 1 874 w hen t h e l e ve l o f t h e w a te rw a s l ow e red . T h i s p ho tog raph s how s t h eb roch m o re o r l e s s a si ti st oday , w i th a l e ve l w a l lhead c ove r ed w i th t u rf , a nd i ts e em s r e a sonab le t o s uppo se t h a t i tw a s t a ken a f t e r t h e c on so l ida t ion w o rk w h ich f o l lowed t h e 1 86 1 e xcava t ion s . S i nce o ne o fD ryden 's e l eva t ion s o ft h e b roch s how s a n u neven w a l lhead , a nd a l so s ome f e a tu r e s n ea r t h e t op w h ich h ave n ow d i sappea r ed , i ts e em s t h a t t h i s d raw ing w a s m ade i n1 855 , d u r ing h i s f i r s t v i s i tt ot h e s i te [ 3 , 2 03 ] ( I l l . 4 . 92 ) ; t h e r e s t w e re m ade ( o r a d ju s ted ) i n 1 866 , p r e sumab ly a f t e r t h e w o rk o f e xcava t ion a nd r e s to ra t ion w a sc omp le te . I n 1 908 10 t h e s i t e w a s t a ken i n to g ua rd ian sh ip b y H . M . O ff ice o f Wo rk s a nd m uch o ft h e f a l len d eb r i sw a s c l ea red f r om a r ound t h e b roch a nd t h e o u te r w a l l ; t h e u ppe r p a r t s o f t h e b roch a nd t h e ` f o r ewo rk ' o r ' g ua rdhou se ' w e r e a ppa r en t ly f u r the r c onso l ida ted a t t h a t t i me [ 1 1 , 1 ] , t h ough n o d e ta i l s a r eg i ven .

P ART 2 : GENERAL DESCR IPT ION O F THE S ITE I n 1 86 1 t h e S he t land L i te ra ry S oc ie ty w a s f o rmed i n L e rw ick a nd i tf i nanced e xcava t ion sa tC l ickh im in t h en a nd i nt h e f o l low ing y ea r , d i rec ted b y R obe r t N . S pence [ 2 ] . I n t h is w ay t h e i n te r io r o f t h e b roch a nd s ome o f t h e c hambe r s i nt h e o u tbu i ld ing s w e re c l ea red o u t b y " some g en t lemen i nL e rw ick w i th a s s is tance f r om t h e S oc ie ty o f A n t iqua r ie s a nd o t he r s" [ 3 , 2 03 ) . As t one r oundhou se , o r w hee lhou se , w a s t h e reby r e vea led i n s ide t h e b roch a nd i n co rpo ra ted i n to D ryden 's p l an . O n t h e s t one c au seway l e ad ing f r om t h e s i te t ow ha tw a st h en t h e s ho re o ft h e l o ch i sa n o u te r g a teway w i th s hor t f l ank ing w a l l s ; as i l l s t one i nt h is b ea r st wo c a rved f oo tp r in t s s i de b ys i de o n i t su ppe r s u rf ace . T h i s g a teway i sn ow b ad ly r u ined b u t w a s e v iden t ly c on s ide rab ly r e s to r ed b ef o r e 1 874 [ 4 , f i g . 5 70 ) , p re sumab ly a tt h et ime o ft h ee xcava t ion s .

3 . D e scr ip t ion o fS truc ture s T he C omm i s s ion 's i n ve s t iga to r s v i s i ted t h e s i te i n 1 930 a nd 1 934 a nd c omp i led t h e f i r s t r e a l ly c omp rehen s ive a ccoun t o ft h e v a r iou s s t ruc tu re s t h e re . T o t h is a r e a dded o b se rva t ion s m ade b y D ryden i n1 855 a nd 1 866 a nd b yt h e w r i te r , m a in ly i n1 987 . 3 . 1 T he c au seway T h is i s2 . 3 m( 7 f t . 6i n s . ) w ide a nd a pp roa che s t h e i s l e t f r om j u s t e a s t o f s ou th ; i ti sn ow t r a ceab le f o r at o ta l l e ng th o f3 7 m( 1 22 f t . ) [ 4 ] -o r5 1 .9 m ( 1 70 f . )a cco rd ing t oD ryden [ 3 ] . A t ad i s tance o f 1 2 .8 m ( 4 2 f t . ) f r om t h e o u te r w a l l o ft h e s i t e i s as hor t w a l l c on ta in ing ag a teway w h ich e v iden t ly b l ocked t h e c au seway w hen t h e w a te r l e ve l w a s h i ghe r [ 4 , p l . 2 4 , f i g . 5 70 ] . T he s i l l s t one o ft h i s o u te rg a teway b ea r st h et wo c a rved f oo tp r in t s .

T he f e a tu re o ft h e s i te w h ich a r ou sed mo s t i n te r e s t , b o th i n D ryden 's m ind a nd i nt h a t o fm o s t l a te r i n ve s t iga to r s , w a s t h e f r ee s tand ing s t one s t ruc tu re - t e rmed a ' g ua rdhou se ' b y h im - b eh ind t h e o u te r e n t rance [ I l l . 4 . 106 ] . D ryden w a s u nab le t o d ec ide w he the r t h i s s t ruc tu re w a s e a r l ie r t h an , c on tempo ra ry w i th o rl a te rt h an t h e b roch b u t h e w a s i n c l ined t ot h ink t h a t t h e q ua l i ty o f i t s m a son ry i n d ica ted c on temp -o rane i ty . B y c on t ra s th et h ough tt h a tt h em a son ry o ft h e o u tbu i ld ing s w a s i n f e r io rt ot h a t o ft h e b roch a nd h e i n f er r ed t h a tt h e s e conda ry b u i ld ing i n s ide t h et owe r -n ow k nown a s aw hee lhou se - w a sm ade o fm a te r ia l f a l len f r om t h eb roch w a l ls .

T he c au seway p roceed s s t ra igh t o u twa rd s f r om t h e l a nd ing s t age a nd a ta n a ng le w h ich i ss l igh t ly t ot h e w e s t o ft h e c en t re l i ne o ft h e p a s sage t h rough t h e o u te rw a l l ( I l l . 4 . 98 ) . T hen i tt u rn s s h a rp ly t ot h e e a s t ( t hrough a na ng le o fa bou t 4 5 d eg ree s , e s t ima ted b y e ye ) a nd c an b e s e en , c ove r ed i n g r a s s , c r o s s ing t h e a d jacen t f i e ld u n t i l i td i sappea r s n ea r t h e m odem w a l l . T h is b end , a nd t h e o u te r p a r t o f t h e c au seway , a r e n o t m en t ioned i n t h e p ub l ished a c coun t s a nd i ti sb e l ieved l o ca l ly t h a t t h e o u te r p a r t w a s m ade b y w o rkmen c l ea r ing t h e s i te , t o make i te a s ie r t o b a r row m a te r ia l a way .

T he f i nd s r e cove red f r om t h e b roch i n1 86 1 i n c luded s t one t r ough s o r mo r ta r s , o va l b each s t one s u sed a s p e s t le s , c oa r se b l ack p o t te ry , s p ind le w ho r l s , s t one p o t l i d s a nd s he l ls . S ome o ft h e i n f o rma t ion c omp i led b y D ryden i s i n c luded i nt h e d e ta i led d e sc r ip t ion o ft h e s t one s t ruc tu r e s i nP a r t2 .

T he s u rf ace o f t h e f i r s t p ar t o f t h e c au seway i s a pp rox ima te ly l e ve l a nd i tm u s t r e la te t ot h e l e ve l o ft h e w a te r i nt h e l o ch w hen i tw a s b u i l t . T h i sw a s w e l l a bove t h e p r e sen t l o ch s u rf ace ( wh ich , a s n o t ed , w a s p a r t ly d r a ined i n 1 874 a nd b ecame a bou t 7 5 c m l owe r ) . D ryden 's e l eva t ion s how st h ew a te r l e ve lt h en t oh ave b een

I ti sc l ea rt h a te x ten s ive c on so l ida t ion a nd r e s to ra t ion w o rk w a s u nde r taken a t t h e s i te a f t e r t h e 1 86 1 e xcava t ion s ,

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S ec t ion 4 : S he t land

a bou t 5 . 5 f t . b e low t h e u nde r s ide s o f t h e l i n te ls o f t h e ' b lockhou se ' e n t rance ( I l l . 4 . 94 , s e c t ion o f ' b lockhou se ' ) w h ich s e em s t o b e a ta bou t t h e s u r f ace o ft h e c au seway a t t h e f o o tp r in tg a teway ( I l l . 4 . 96 , s e c t ion BB ' ) . T h i s w ou ld f i t w i th t h e o ld p ho tog raph w h ich s how s t h e c au seway a lmo s t s u bme rged [ 4 , p l . 2 4 , f i g . 5 70 ] . T he w a te r t h en mu s t h ave b een a bove t h e p aved f l oor o ft h e ' b lockhou se ' p a ssag e( I l l .4 . 100 ) .

l a nd ing s t age . A s i se xp la ined l a te rt h e se s l ab sw e re f ound t o b e r e s t ing a l so o n t op o f am idden l a ye r w h ich h ad a ccumu la ted o ng rave l a nd a ga in s tt h e f oo to ft h er i ng -wa l l . 3 . 3 T he Torework 'o r ' B lockhou se ' T he se a r e t h e a l te rna t ive n ame s w h ich h ave b een g i ven t o t h e i s o la ted s t ruc tu r e i mmed ia te ly b eh ind t h e o u te r g a teway a nd 2 . 75 m ( 9 f t . ) f r om i ta nd w h ich w a s p r e sumed b y t h e C omm i s s ion t ob e c on tempo ra ry w i th t h e b roch ( I l l . 4 . 98 ) [ 1 1 , 5 4 -6 1] . I tw a s f ounded o n n a tu ra l g rave l [ 1 1 , f i g . 9 ,s e c t ion E 'E ] a nd s t i l l s t and s 2 . 90 m ( 9 .5 f t . ) h i gh a nd 1 2 .96 m ( 42 .5 f t . ) i nl e ng th a nd i sb u i l t w i th n ea t ly c on s t ruc ted e nd s a nd i n ac u rve a pp rox ima te ly c oncen t r ic w i th t h a t o ft h e b roch w a l l a l though s omewha t s ha l lowe r ( I l l s . 4 . 103 -4 . 107 ) . D ryden 's d r aw ing s s ugge s t t h a t i tt o o w a s r e s to red a nd c on so l ida ted i nt h e 1 860 s ( I l l . 4 . 94 ) .

U nf o r tuna te ly , a nd a l though i ti sa n i mpo r tan t p i ece o f i n f o rma t ion , t h e l e ve l o f t h e c au seway s u rf ace i s n o t c l ea r ly r e la ted t ot h e v a r iou s I r on A ge f l oo r s i na ny o ft h e p ub l i sh ed a c coun t s , t h ough a sn o ted D ryden d oe sm a rk t h e p re 1 874 w a te r l e ve l ( b ef o re t h e l o ch w a s d ra ined ) o n h i s e l eva t ion s [ 3 ] . V e ry s im i la r s ubme rged a nd a ng led c au seway s c an b e s e en a t D un T o rcu i l l i n N or th U i s t ( NF87 3 )a nd a tD un B a rabha ti nH a r r is ( NB 13 1 ) . 3 . 2 O u t e rw a l la nd l a nd ing s t ag e T he t h ick s t one w a l l s u r round ing t h e w ho le s i te ( known a s t h e r i ng -wa l lt ot h e e xcava to r ) a ppea r s t ob e as o l id b a r r ie r o fu nev en t h icknes s ; i t sa ve rage w id th i sc .3 . 05 m ( 10 f t . ) [ 1 1 , 5 2 -4 & 7 6 ] . B ef o re t h e m odern e xcava t ion s i ts t ood 1 . 7 m( 5 .5 f t . ) h i gh o u t s ide a nd i s ma s s ive ly a nd r egu la r ly b u i l t w i th b l ock s o f t h e l o ca l g r i t ( I l ls . 4 . 86 -4 .88 ) . I n f r on t o f t h e s i ng le g a teway t h rough t h i sw a l l , w h ich f a c e s a l ong t h ec au seway , i s aw id e a nd f l a t , l ow p l a tf o rm , s uppo sed t ob e al a nd ing s t age . T he p a ssage i t s e lf i s5 . 3 m( 17 .5 f t . ) l o ng s o t h e w a l l i sm uch t h icke r h e r e t h an e l sewhe r e ; t h e re i s ap a i r o fd oo r check s 4 .40 m ( 14 f t . 5i n s . ) f r om t h e o u te r e nd , f o rmed o f s l abs p ro jec t ing f r om t h e w a l ls , a nd t h e re a s i ng le r e ba t ed d oo r -check , 2 . 44 m ( 8 f t . ) i n . T he o u te r p a r t o ft h e p a s sage i sf unne l shaped ( w i th a w ide r o u te r e nd ) a nd s e ems t o h ave b een a dded o n a ts ome s t age ; a s t ra igh t j o in t i sv i s ib le i n t h e f o rm o f t h e r e ba ted d oo r c heck m en t ioned [ 6 , 1 12 ] ( I l l . 4 . 88 ) . T hu s t h e re w e re e v iden t ly t wo w ooden d oo r s o r g a te s i n t h e e n t rance t h rough t h eo u te rw a l l . T he p av ed f l oo ro ft h i s p a s sage i sc ons ide rab ly h i ghe rt h an t h e g round n ow e xpo sed i mmed ia te ly i n s ide , a nd t h e re a r e s eve ra l s t ep s d own f r om t h e p a s sag eway h e r e l e ad ing t oa s t re tch o fp av ing w h ich c onnec t s d i r ec t ly w i th t h e f l oo r o f t h e p a s sage t h rough t h e ' b lockhou se ' b yw ay o f ap r ima ry s t ep a tt h eo u te re nd o ft h e l a t te r( I l l4 . 103) . A s sum ing t h e l a t te r t ob e t h e p r ima ry f l oo r l e ve l t h e p av ing i nt h e o u te r g a teway i sp r e sumab ly s e conda ry o re ven t e r t ia ry . T he ' l and ing s t age ' i s al o ng , l ow p l a tf o rm i mmed ia te ly o u t s ide t h i sg a teway ; i ti sa tp r e sen ta bou t3 0 c mh i gh , u p t o 5m w ide a nd 2 2 m l o ng , t wo th i rd s o fi tb e ing t ot h e w e s t o ft h e g a teway . I th a s c l ea r ly b een l a id a ga in s t t h e r i ng -wa l l b u t i t s e xac t s t ra t ig ra ph ica l p o s i t ion w a s e l uc ida ted d u r ing t h e r e cen t e xcava t ion s , a nd i sd i scu s sed i nS ec t ion 7 . 6 .

I t s m ax imum t h ickne s s , a tt h e c en t ra l ly s i tua ted e n t rance p a s sage , i s4 . 12 m ( 1 3 .5 f t . ) . T h i s p a s sage i s1 . 5 mw ide a tt h e o u te r e nd a cco rd ing t ot h e d raw ing [ 1 1 , f i g . 2 4 ] a nd i ss t i l l p a r t ly l i n te l led ; i th a s b u i l t , r e ba ted d oo r -check s 1 . 53 m ( 5 f t . ) f r om t h e o u te r e nd , w i th a b a r -ho le a nd s ocke t b eh ind t h e se . T he b a r -ho le i ss t a ted b y S imp son t o r un i n to t h e mu ra l c e l l o n t h e e a s t [ 7 , 2 1 ] b u t a cco rd ing t oH am i l ton i te nd s b ef o r e t h a t [ 1 1 , f i g . 2 4 ] ; at o rch n ow s how s o n ly b lock ing a tt h e f a r e nd o f t h e h o le , a nd t h e C omm i s s ion 's e l eva t ion i n f a c t a l so s how s t h e b a r -ho le s t opp ing s hor to ft h e c e l l ( I l l . 4 . 97 , s e c t ion E E ') . T he r e i s as t ep u p i n to t h e e n t rance p a s sage a tt h eo u te re nd w h ich l o ok s l i ke ap r ima ry f e a tu r e ; t h e h ug e s l ab f o rm ing t h e s i l l u nde r l ie s b o th w a l l f a ce s ( I l l . 4 . 103 ) . T he r e i s a no the r s i l l s t one a t t h e d oo r -f rame w h ich m igh t b e d educed t o b e ap r ima ry f e a tu re i n t h e s ame w ay ; t h is f o rm s al ow s t ep l e ad ing u p t ot h e h i ghe r l e ve l o fp av ing i n t h e i n ne r h a lf o f t h e p a s sage ( I l l . 4 . 105 ) . T he w ho le p aved f l oo r w i th i t s t wo s t ep s i ss hown a s as e conda ry f e a tu re i nt h e e xcava t ion r e po r t [ 1 1 , f i g . 2 4 , F -E ] a l though n o m en t ion i sm ade o fi th av ing b een t a ken u p t of i nd a ny p r ima ry p av ing b e low ( I l l . 4 . 100 ) . I ndeed t h e s uppo sed ' p lugg ing ' o ft h e p a s sage i nt h is w ay i sm ade a s i gn if ican t f e a tu re o f t h e e p i sode o f f l ood ing w h ich i sh e ld t oh ave o ccu r red b e tween t h e c on s t ruc t ion o f t h e f i r s t a nd s e cond r i ng -f o r t s [ 1 1 , 7 5 ] . Wh i le n o e v idence f o rt h e s e conda ry n a tu r e o ft h e f l oo r i sg i ven i nt h e r epo r t , a nd w h i le t h ec ha rac te ro ft h e s i l l s s e em s f i rm ly t op r ec lude t h e i d ea , i ti st r ue t h a tn o p ivo t s t one i sv i s ib le n ow b eh ind t h e l ef t d oo r -check ( I l l . 4 . 105 ) . T h i s i mp l ie s t h a t i ti s p robab ly b u r ied u nde r al a te r f l oo r l a id i nt h e i n ne rp a r t o f t h ep a s sage . T he s i de w a l l s o f t h e p a s sage c on t inue u p a bove t h e r oof ing l i n te ls o ft h e e n t rance t of o rm ac hambe ro rv o id o f t h e s ame w id th w h ich e x tend s f o rwa rd t o a p o in t i mmed ia te ly a bove t h e d oo r -f rame b e low ; t h e reaf te r t h e w a l l i ss o l id a s f a r a s t h e f r on t l i n te l ( I l l . 4 . 97 , S ec t ion BB 1) , i n t h e s ame w ay a s t h e b roch e n t rance ( b e low ) . T he re i s as hor t l e ng th o fl ow , l i n te l led mu ra l g a l le ry , 1 . 2 m ( 4 f t . ) h i gh , l e ad ing w e s twa rd s f r om t h i s u ppe r c hambe r , a c ro s s t h e w es te rn m u ra l c e l l ( wh ich w a s u nknown t o t h e C omm i s s ion 's i n ve s t iga to r s ) t o e nd b l ind

R e s t ing a ga in s t t h e f o o t o ft h e o u te r f a ce o ft h e r i ng -wa l l i mmed ia te ly w e s to ft h e l a nd ing s t ag e , a nd f o r ad i s tance o f c .1 6 mf r om i t , i s am a s s o fl a rg e s t one s l ab s l a id o n e nd ( I l l . 4 . 86 ) . T hey a l so s e em t or e s ta ga in s t t h e e nd o ft h e

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T he R oundhou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se so fA t l an t ic S co t land

b eh ind t h e e x te rna l s t a i rway i n t h e e nd w a l l ; t h e u nde r s ide s o fs om e o ft h e se s t ep s c an b e s e en f r om b e low a st h ey p a s sa c ro s st h es i d eo ft h ec e l ld ome ( I l l .4 . 108 ) .

g a l le ry , ( 2 ) t h em a son ry b l ock b e tween t h e c hambe r o v e r t h e e n t rance a nd t h e e a s tg a l le ry a nd ( 3 )t h es i ng le l i n te li n p o s i t ion o v e r t h e w e s t g a l le ry . H e a l so s h ow s t h a t t h e w e s tc e l lw a s p a r t ly e mp ty o fi t sr ubb le f i l ls ot h a to n eh ad t os t ep d own i n to i tf r om t h eg a l le ry .

T he r e i sa no th e r s ho r t l e ng th o ft h i s u ppe r g a l le ry w h ich o ve r run s t h e d e ta ched mu ra l c e l l o n t h e w e s t w h ich , l i k e t h ee a s to ne , i sa c ce s s ib le o n ly f r om a bove . T h i sg a l le ry i ss e pa ra t ed f r om t h ec hambe ro v e rt h ee n t rance b y ab l ock o f m a son ry a bou t 1 . 2 m ( 4 f t . ) t h ick . I tm ay b e a s k ed w he the rt h i sb l ock ing i so r ig ina l , s i nce s u ch u ppe rg a l le r ie s u sua l ly m ee t t h e c hambe r o v e r t h e e n t rance i nt h e s ame w ay o n b o th s i de s -e i the rj o in ing i to r b e ing s e pa ra ted f r om i tb y s o l id w a l l ing . T he s e cond o rw e s t e rn c e l l w a s o n ly e mp t ied i n t h e p o s t -wa r e xcava t ion s , h av ing a ppa r en t ly b een d e l ibe ra te ly p a r t ly f i l led w i th r u bb le i nt h e 1 9t hc en tu ry .

B y t h e t ime t h e C omm i s s ion 's i n ve s t ig a to r s s u rveyed t h e f o r ewo rk i nt h e e a r ly 1 9 30 s t h e f i l l w a s u pt ot h e l e v e l o f t h ep a s sage l i n t e l s a nd t h eg a l le ry f l oo r [ I I .4 . 97 ] , a nd t h e e x i s tence o f t h e c e l l w a s t h e r ef o r e u n su spec t ed . P r e sumab ly D ryden 's d r aw ing sw e r en o tc on su l ted . 3 . 4 O the rv i s ib l ee x t e rna lf ea tu re s T he m o s t i mpo r tan t o ft h e se i s as o r t o fb r oad mound o r p l a tf o rm ( n ow g r a s sed o v e r ) w h ich r e s t s a ga in s t a bou t a q ua r t e r o f t h e c i r cumf e r ence o f t h e b r o ch w a l l , f r om b eh ind t h e f o r ewo rk r ound t o t h e e a s t . T h i s w a s o n ly d i scov e r ed d u r ing t h e e x cava t ion s a nd , a s i s e xp la in ed l a te r , H am i l ton i n t e rp r e ted i ta st h er ema in so ft h ew a l lo f t h e s e cond , c on t r a c t ed p r e -b roch r i ng -f o r t ; h oweve rt h e p l a tf o rm , f r om i t sp r e sen t a ppea rance , l o ok s mo r e l i k e a mound o fr ubb le p i led a ga in s t t h e b a s e o ft h e b roch ( I l l . 4 . 111) . T he r e a r e n o v i s ib l e t r ace s o fw a l l f a ce s e a s t o f t h e f o r ewo rk , w he r e t h e p l a tf o rm r e a che s i s g r ea t e s t w id th , a nd r u bb le c an b e s e en b eh ind t h e s i ng le r ow o f n ea r ly v e r t ica lf a c ing s l ab sw h ich r un sa l ong t h e f r on te dg e o ft h e ' p la tf o rm ' .

B o th f r on t a nd r e a r f a ce s o f t h e f o r ewo rk a r e b a t t e r ed ( s loped ) a nd o nt h e l a t te r ah o r izon ta l l e dg e o rs c a r cemen t o ft h e s h e lf t y pe p ro jec t s a t ah e igh t o ff r om 4 . 5 -5 f t . a bove t h ep r e sen tg round l e ve l( I l l . 4 . 104 ) ; t h e i n ne r -mo s t l i n t e l o ft h ep a s sage ,w hen i tw a sp r e sen t ,w ou ld h ave b een ac on t inua t ion o ft h i s l e dg e [ 4 , f i g . 5 64 ] . I tw a s s u rm i sed b y t h e C omm i s s ion t h a t s t one l i n t e l s r e s t ed o n t h i s a nd r oof ed ap a s sage o rc or ido rr u nn ing b eh ind t h e f o r ewo rk ; t h e o t h e rw a l l o ft h i s ' p a s sage ' w a s b roken d own h e r e b u t i tw a s t h ough t t h a t as t r e t ch o f w a l l f a ce v i s ib le f u r the r w e s ta nd w h ich m e tt h eb roch e n t rance , w a s ac on t inua t ion o fi t . T h e se h ypo the se sh av eb een m ade r e dundan tb yt h e r e su l t s o f t h e m ode rn e xcava t ion s , a nd a l so b y am o r e r e cen t u nd e r s tand ing o f t h e p u rpo se o f s c a r cem en t s i n b roch s . T h i s s e e s t h em a s s uppo r t s f o r r a i sed w ood en f l oo r s , n o tf o rs t one l i n te l s .

I mmed ia te ly b eh ind t h e f o r ewo rk t h e ' p la t f o rm ' h a s b een d ug a way t o e xpo se s ome k i nd o f s ma l l c i r cu la r c e l l o r c hambe ro nt h eo l dg r ound s u rf ace , a nd t h eb ack o fw h ich i sf o rmed b y t h e b r och w a l l . H e r e o n o ne s i de o ft h e e xpo su r e i tc an b e c l ea r ly s e en t h a t t h e ' p la tf o rm ' i sp i led a ga in s t t h e b ro ch - i n d ica t ing t h a t t h e l a t t e r i se a r l i e r a l though o nt h eo t he rs i de t h e r ei s as ugg e s t ion t h a tt h es i de o f t h e c e l l p ene t ra te s t h e b r och m a son ry ( I l l . 4 . 111) . Wha t d oe s s e em t o b e r e a sonab ly c l ea r h oweve r i st h a t h e r e t h e f r on t e dg e o ft h i s ' p la tf o rm ' -w h ich b eh ind a nd w e s t o ft h e f o r ewo rk i sr e v e t t ed w i th al ow w a l l f a ce o ve r r id e s t h e l ow r ema in s o ft h e w a l l f a ce w h ich c onn ec t s t h e f o r ewo rk t ot h eb roch e n t rance ( I l l .4 . 107 ) ; t h u sb o th t h e b roch i t se lf a nd t h e f o r ewo rk w ou ld s e em , f r om t h e e v iden ce v i s ib le a tt h e s i t e n ow , t o b e o l de r t h an t h e ' p la tf o rm ' .

T he i n t ra -mu r a l s t one s t a i rr i se s f r om t h e w e s t e nd o ft h e b u i ld ing u pt o al a nd ing f o rmed b yt h el i n t e l sa tt h ep r e sen t w a l lhead ; t h i s o f c ou r se i s a bov e t h e u ppe r g a l le ry , d e sc r ibed e a r l ie r( I l l .4 . 106 ) . P r e sumab ly t h e r ew a sa to n e t ime a tl e a s t ap a r ape ta l ong t h e f r on tf a ce o ft h ef o r ewo rk . When H am i l ton 's e xcava t ion s e xpo sed t h ew e s te nd o ft h e f o r ewo rk i tb ecame c l ea r t h a t t h e s t ep s s t opped a tt h e p r e sen t e nd o ft h e b u i ld ing , b u t s ome d i s tance a bov e i t s b a se [ 1 1 , p l . XVa ] . H am i l ton a s sumed t h a t t h i s m ean t t h a t t h e s t a i r w a s as e conda ry f e a tu r e b u t i tc ou ld e qua l ly m ean t h a tt h el ow e s tp a r to ft h ef l igh th ad b een r emoved i n a n c ien tt i me s . T h i sw ou ld h ave p ro jec ted b eyond t h ew e s t e nd o ft h e f o r ewo rk a nd n ex tt ot h e l ow w a l l f a ce r e f e r r ed t o a bove , w h ich c on t inue s t h e i n s ide f a ce o f t h e s t a i r p a s sag e r ound a s f a r a s t h e b r och e n t rance p a s sag e ( I l l . 4 . 117 ) . T h i s i s ap o in t o f g r ea t i mpo r tance w h ich i s c on s ide r ed l a te r . T he l ow e s tf ew s t ep sw h ich c an b es e en n ow w e r ep r e sumab ly l a id i nt h e 1 950 s( I l l .4 . 106 ) .

N one o ft h e se p o in t s a r e c l a r if ied i nt h e e x cava t ion r e po r t [ 1 1 ] w h ich t e nd st od e sc r ibe t h e e xcava t ed f e a tu r e s a st h ey a ppea rr e levan tt ot h e g ene ra ln a r ra t iv ea bou tt h e s uppo sed h i s to ry o f t h e s i t e . T he ' p la tf o rm ' j u s t d e sc r ibed i s i n t e rp r e ted a sp a r t o ft h e s e cond p r e -b ro ch r i ng -f o r t , b u t n o e v iden ce f o r t h i s i sd e sc r ibed a nd n o e xp lana t ion i s g i v en f o rt h ef a c tt h a t i tl o ok s n o th ing l i k e aw a l l . A l so t h e ' wa l l ' o ft h i s s e cond p r e -b roch r i ng -f o r ti sd e sc r ib ed a s r unn ing a n t i -c lockw i se f r om t h e b roch e n t r an ce - w h ich i t d oe s -b u tb eh ind t h ef o r ewo rk t oj o in w i th t h e ' p la tf o rm ' [ 1 1 , f i g . 3 2 ] , w h ich i tc l ea r ly d oe s n o t a tp r e sen t . A s n o t ed t h e t w o w a l l f a ce s a r e s epa r a t e a nd t h a t o f t h e ' p la tf o rm ' o v e r r id e s t h a t o f t h e p r e -b ro ch w a l l . T he se d i sc r epan c ie sa r ed i scu s sed l a t e r .

T he s moo th , l e v e l t o p o ft h e f o rewo rk s how s c l ea r ly t h a t t h e u ppe r p a r t o ft h e s t ruc tu r e h a s b een h eav i ly r e s to r ed a nd c on so l ida ted , p r e sumab ly s oon a f t e r t h e e xcava t ion s o f 1 860 -6 1 . D ryden 's e l eva t ion s ( p r e sumab ly o f 1 8 55 ) s how t h et o p a sh i gh ly i regu la r ( I l l . 4 . 94 ) s oh e d oub t le s s s u r veyed t h e b u i ld ing b ef o r e t h e e a r l ie s t w o rk a tt h e s i t e t o ok p l a ce . T he s u rvey s how s m o s t o ft h e m ode rn i n t ra m u ra l f e a tu r e s a l r eady i n p o s i t ion , s o t h ey s hou ld b e o r ig ina l . T he se i n c lude , ( 1 ) t h e l i n te l s f o rm ing t h e l a nd ing a tt h e t o p o ft h e s t a i r , a nd r oof ing t h e w e s t u ppe r 9 2

S ec t ion 4 : S he t land

b e t h e r e su l t o f u n sk i l led r e s to ra t ion w o rk . I tr ema in s a f a c t t h a t s uch o dd f e a tu re s a r e o n ly f ound i n b roch s r e con s t ruc ted i nV ic to r ian t ime s . F o re xamp le H owe o f H oxa i n O rkney h a s a' r eve r sed s c a r cemen t ' a nd w a s c l ea r ed o u t a nd e x ten s ive ly r e bu i l t w i th mo r ta r ed ma son ry ( ND49 4 ) . T he s ame f e a tu re i ss e en i n B u r r ian , N o r th R ona ld say t h e w a l l -head o fw h ich w a s a l so r e con s t ruc ted l e ve l a f t e r i t s l a te V ic to r ian c l ea rance ( HY75 1 ) . N eve r the le s s t h e e x t ra d oo rway a tt h e f oo t o ft h e s t a i r i s l i ke ly t ob ea nc ien t( b e low ) .

3 . 5 T he B roch A pa r t f r om t h e c u r iou s ' s pu r ' o fm a son ry a tt h e f oo t o ft h e o u te r w a l l o n t h e n o r th s i de ( d i scu s sed l a te r ) -a nd w ha t s e em t ob et wo s ub s id ia ry , s ma l l , r a i sed d oorway st h rough t h e o u te rw a l l f a ce - t h e b roch s e em s a tf i r s t s i gh t t ob e a n o rma l o n e w i th a s o l id w a l l b a se , t wo c o rbe l led m u ra l c e l l s i n s ide t h i s b a se a nd s omewha t i r r egu la r ly b u i l t mu ra l g a l le r ie s a nd v o id s o ve rt h e d oo r l i n te l s . H oweve r c l o se r e xam ina t ion r a i se s t h e s u sp ic ion t h a t i t s u ppe r l e ve l s h ave b een e x t en s ive ly r e -bu i l t i n moder nt ime s ; t h e r e a r e m any i n t ra -mu ra l f e a tu res w h ich l o ok v e ry o dd i n t e rm s o f s t anda rd i sed b roch a r ch i tec tu r e , a nd w h ich a r e w e l l e xp la ined a s t h e r e su l t o f modem r e s to ra t ion b y p e r son s u nf am i l ia rw i th t h ed e ta i l so ft h a t a r ch i t ec tu r e .

3 . 5 .1 . T he b roch e n t rance p a s sage : t h e b roch i t se lf r e s t s o n a n e a r l ie r s t one w a l l a t i t s e n t rance ( t ha t w h ich w a s t h ough t t ob e p a r t o ft h e ' p a s sage ' o r ' c o r r ido r ' b eh ind t h e f o rewo rk ) a nd t h e s e c t ion m ake s t h i s c l ea r ( I l l . 4 . 97 ) [ 4 , f i g . 59 ] . A s t ra igh t j o in t i mmed ia te ly u nde r t h e o u te r w a l l f a ce o f t h e b roch s how s t h a t t h e t owe r w a s b u i l t a ga in s tt h e i n ne r f a ce o f , a nd s l igh t ly o ve r lapp ing , ap r e e x i s t ing w a l l , a nd i ns u ch aw ay t h a t t h e b roch e n t rance w a s a l igned w i th ap a s sage o ft h e s ame w id th i nt h is o l de r w a l l ( I l l . 4 . 117 ) . T he t wo o u te rmo s tl i n te l s , w h ich r e s to n t h e o l de r p a r t o ft h e e n t rance , a r e s l igh t ly h ighe r t h an t h e r e s tb ecau se o ft h i s . I nt h i s e n t rance p a s sage w eg e t ar a r e g l imp se o f t h e i mpo r tance o f c on t inu i ty t o t h e ' move r s a nd s hake r s ' o ft h e I r on A ge w o r ld ( s ee D iscu s s ion ) .

T he s t ump o ft h et owe rh a sa na v e rage e x te rna ld i ame te ro f 6 5 f t . [ 4 ] , o r6 7 f t . 6i n s , a cco rd ing t oD ryden [ 3 ] ; t h e o r ig ina l c en t ra l c ou r t w a s mo r e o r l e s s c i rcu la r w i th a d i ame te ro f 3 0 f t . [ 4 ] , o r 2 9 f t .a c co rd ing t oD ryden [ 3 ] . T he w a l l i st h e ref o r e o n a ve rag e 1 7 .5 f t . t h ick , a nd t h e w a l l p ropo r t ion i sa bou t 5 3 .8% . At h eodo l i te m ea su remen t i n 1 97 1 o f t h e p r ima ry i n ne r w a l l f a ce - t a ken m a in ly a bove t h e l e ve l o ft h e s e conda ry w a l l - g ave ar ad iu s f o r t h e c ou r to f4 . 615 + 0 . 09m ,w h ich g i ve s ad i ame te ro f9 . 23 m o r 3 0 f t . 3i n s . . T h i s mu s t h ow eve rb e a bove t h e l e ve l o f t h e s c a r cemen t w h ich i s m a in ly c oncea led b y t h e s e conda ry w a l l ; h oweve r a t t h e b ack o f t h e c e l l b u i l t w i th in t h i s i tc an b e s e en t ob e 6f t .a bove t h e s e conda ry f l oo r . T hu s t h e d i ame te r o ft h e c ou r t a tf l oo r l e ve l i s p robab ly a bou t 1 2 -15 i n s , l e s s , p e rhap s 2 9 f t . .

T he e n t rance p a s sage f a ce s w e s t sou th -we s t a nd i t s a x i s i s a tr i gh t -ang le s t o t h a t o f t h e e n t rance s t h rough t h e o u te r w a l l a nd t h e f o rewo rk . N o g ua rd c hambe r i sn ow v i s ib le b u t t h e r e a r e t r ace s o fw ha t m igh t b e t h e b l ocked d oo r t o o ne i nt h e r i gh t w a l l b eh ind t h e d oo r -check s ; av e r t ica l s t one s l ab s e t i n to t h e w a l l m ay b e aj amb [ 4 , f i g . 5 59 , s e c t ion AA ] ( I l l . 4 . 116 ) . I tm ay b e t h a t , i ft h e re w a s a g ua rd c e l lh e re , i tw a s o b scu r ed a f t e rt h e 1 86 1 e xcava t ion s a l though D ryden s how sn ot r a ce o fi t . Two r e ba ted c heck s f o r ad oo r , f a ced w i th s l ab s , a r e 1 .5 f t .d own t h e p a s sage f r om t h e j unc t ion w i th t h e o l de r w a l l , o r a bou t 1 6 .5 f t . f r om t h e p r e sen t o u te r e nd . T he b roch p a s sage i s 2f t . 11 i n s , w ide i nf r on t o ft h is d oo r a nd e xpand s t o 4f t .6 i n s . b eh ind i t . A b a r -ho le a nd s o cke t w e re i n t h e w a l l s i mmed ia te ly b eh ind t h e d oo r - c heck s i nD ryden 's t ime b u t h ave s i nce b een o b l i te ra ted ; t h i s o fc ou r se c onf i rm s t h a t t h ee n t rance p a s sage h a sb een a l te red .

A t p resen tt h e w a l l s t and s 1 7 f t .h i gh a l r ound a nd h a s a l e ve l led a nd t u rf ed t op ; a s n o ted i th a s b een i n t h i s c ond i t ion s i nce b ef o re 1 874 b u t w h en D ryden d i d h i s f i r s t s u rvey i tw a s v e ry u neven ( I l ls . 4 . 9 1 & 4 . 92 ) . F u r the r r e s to ra t ion a ppa ren t ly t o ok p l a ce a f t e r 1 888 w hen t h e s i te w a s t a k en i n to g ua rd ian sh ip b y H . M . O ff ice o f Wo rk s [ 4 , 6 6 ] , b u tt h en a tu re a nd e x ten to ft h is i sn o ts t a ted . T he b roch h a s t wo m u ra l c e l l s i ni t s s o l id b a sa l s t o rey , t h e i r d oo rway s b e ing a t 1 .30 a nd 4 . 30 o ' c lock . S i nce t h e w a l l a ppea r s s o l id u p t o ah e igh t o f 1 2 f t . 6i n s , i n p l ace s [ 4 , f i g . 59 ] ,t h ough t h eL eve l 2i n t ra -mu ra lg a l le ry i sn o t n ow h o r izon ta l , t h e c o rbe l led r oof d ome s o ft h e se c e l l sr i se a lmo s tt ot h a th e igh t( I l l .4 . 104 ) .

D ryden a l so s aw a d ra in r unn ing d own u nde r t h e f l oo r o f t h e e n t rance ; i tt ur ned h a lf r i gh t i mmed ia te ly o u t s ide a nd l e d d own t o t h e l o ch a l ong a p a s sage t h rough t h e o u tbu i ld ing s a nd t h rough a g ap i nt h e o u te r w a l l [ 3 , p l . XV I I I ] ( I l l . 4 . 90 ) . T h i s g ap i n t h e r i ng -wa l l h a s n ow d i sappea red .

T he d oo rway t ot h e mu ra l s t a i r i sa t 9o ' c lock a nd i t s s i l l i s n ow 8 f t .a bove t h e f l oo r o ft h e c en t ra l c ou r t . Ab road l e dge r un s r o und mo s t o ft h e i n t e r io r w a l l f a ce c l ockw ise , f r om a bou t6 . 30 t o 4o ' c lock a nd a t ah e igh to fa bou t 1 3 f t . b u t t h is t o o i sl i ke ly t ob e amode rn c on s t ruc t ion b ecau se , a sn o ted ,t h er e a l s ca r cemen t i sl owe rd own a t ah e igh to f6 f t .[ 1 1 , 1 1 ] .

T he b roch p a s sage i sl i n te l led f o r mo s t o fi t s l e ng th , a nd t h e l i n te l s i nf r on to ft h e d oo rf r ame a ppea rt os uppo r t s o l id w a l l c o re , w h ich i su nu sua l . T he p a r t o f t h e p a s sage t h rough t h e o lde rw a l l i nf r on t i sn o t r oof ed e xcep t f o rt wo s l ab s i mmed ia te ly a t t h e j unc t ion , a nd w h ich p a r t ly u nde r l ie t h e o u te r f a ce o ft h e b roch , a sn o ted . T he se a r e 5 f t . 9i n s , a bove t h e f l oo r , b u t t h e b roch l i n te l s a r e o n ly 4 f t . 6i n s , h igh w h ich s ugge s t st h a tt h e o r ig ina lp a s sage f l oo r i sa tl e a s t 1 2 i n s . l owe r .

T he h o l low o r g a l le ry -wa l led c on s t ruc t ion o f t h i s b roch w a s v e ry c l ea r w hen D ryden p l ann ed i ta nd e ven t h en i t i n c luded s ome u nu sua l f e a tu re s . F o r e xamp le a s e cond e n t rance n ow l e ad s t h rough t h e o u te rh a lf o ft h ew a l l a tt h e f oo t o ft h es t a i rway ( s ee b e low ) , a nd t h eu ppe rg a l le ry a l so e me rges t h rough t h e o u te r w a l l f a ce a s as ma l l r a i sed o pen ing o nt h e n or th -ea s t( I l l . 4 . 96 ) . B o th t h e se f e a tu r e s a r e u npa ra l le led i na ny o t he rb roch a nd m igh t b e e xpec ted

A bove t h e m a in e n t rance t h e re i s ac hambe r o pen ing o n ly t ot h e i n te r io r , t h i s g ap b e ing t h e l owe s t o f as e r ie s o ft h r ee

9 3

T he R oundhou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

l i n te l led v o id s w h ich e x tend u p t h e i n ne r f a ce t o t h e p re sen t w a l lhead . T he t op v o id c onnec t s w i th t h e u ppe r i n t ra -mu ra l g a l le ry , a nd t h e l owe r o ne s o n ly e x tend o u twa rd s a sf a ra sb e low t h e o u te rw a l l o ft h a t g a l le ry , t h a t i sn o t m uch b eyond t h e m idd le o ft h e w a l l c o r e ( I l l . 4 . 97 , s e c t ion AA ' ) . 3 . 5 .2 F ea ture s o ft h e b roch w a l lf ace s : t h e t o ta l w a l l h e igh t , a f te r c on se rva t ion , i sn ow 1 7 f t .b u t t h e b roch w a s u ndoub ted ly h i ghe rw hen D ryden p l anned i t . H i sd raw ing s s how m o re l e ve l s i nt h e i n te r io r v o id s t h an n ow e x i s t ; f o r e xamp le h e s how s f ou r l i n te l led o ne s a nd al a rge p a r t o fa f i f th a bove t h e e n t rance ( I l l . 4 . 9 1) w he rea s t h e r e a r e n ow o n ly t h ree v o id s , t h e u ppermo s tb e ing h a lf t h eh e igh to ft h e l owe r t wo ( I l l . 4 . 118 ) . I n t h e m id 1 9 th c en tu ry t h e w a l lhead h e re w a s 1 9 f t . 4i n s , a bove t h e f l oo ro ft h e c ou r t [ 3 , 2 03 ] w he rea st h eh e igh ti sn ow 2 . 25 i n s . l e s s . I ndeed D ryden 's e l eva t ion s o f t h e c r o s s s e c t ion s o f t h e b roch l o ok ing e a s t a nd w e s t m a rk s eve ra l p a r t s o f t h e w a l lhead a s ' n ew ' f o r t h e t o p 4 -5 f t . [ I l l . 4 . 93 ) . H oweve r , a s w i l l b ecome c l ea r , t h e r e con s t ruc t ion w o rk mu s t h ave b een e ven mo r e e x ten s ive t h an t h i s . A s e xp la ined i ti sc l ea r f r om t h e o l d p ho tog raph r ep roduced b y t h e R oya l C omm i ss ion t h a t t h e t op o f t h e w a l l w a s l e ve l led a nd t u rf ed b ef o re 1 874 , s o i ti sc e r ta in t h a t t h e ' c on se rva t ion ' c a r r ied o u t i n 1 86 1-62 i n vo lved t h e l e ve l l ing o ft h ew a l lhead a nd t h e d e s t ruc t ion o fs ome o ft h e f e a tu re s p l anned b y D ryden i n 1 855 . D oub t le s s m o re c hange s t ook p l a ce a f t e r t h e s i te w a s t a ken i n to g ua rd ian sh ip i n 1 888 [ 4 , 6 6 ] , t h ough p e rhap s n o t t o t h e w a l lhead . T he e x ten t o ft h e r e con s truc t ion - c a r r ied o u t b y p eop le w ho d i d n o tp rope r ly u nde r s tand b roch a r ch i tec tu re ( h a rd ly s u rp r is ing ly a tt h a t e a r ly d a te ) -i se a s i ly a pp r ec ia ted b y e xam in ing t h e i n ne rw a l l f a ce o ne i the rs i de o ft h ee n t rance p a s sage ( I l l .4 . 118 ) . T he re i s ab road l e dge r unn ing r ound t h e w a l l c l ockw i se f r om a bou t 6 . 30 t o 4o ' c lock , a nd a ta h e igh t o f c .3 . 6 m ( 12 f t . ) a bove t h e i n te rna l f l oo r ( I l l . 4 . 119 ) ; i tc omp le te ly d i sappea r s f o rt h e l a s t q ua r te ro ft h e c i r cumf e r ence [ I l l . 4 . 96 , p l an o fp r e sen t t o p ] . T h is l e dge v an ishe sj u s t b ef o re t h e s t a i rd oo r a t 9o ' c lock - t h e f a ce s a bove a nd b e low b l end ing t oge the r -a nd l i kew i se f a i l s t o r e appea r o n t h e w e s t s i de o ft h e r a ised v o id a t 4o ' c lock . T h is l e dge i sn o t a n o r ig ina l I r on A ge s c a r cemen t o ft h e t ype a lmo s t i n va r iab ly f ound i n b roch s ; a s n o ted t h e C l ickh im in s c a r cemen t i sm uch l owe r d own a nd i sm a in ly c oncea led b eh ind t h e s e conda ry w a l l . T he b road h i gh l e dge mu s t t h u s b e ar e su l t o f t h e 1 9 th c en tu ry r e con s t ruc t ion o ft h e w a l lhead , a nd c l ea r ly e ve ry th ing a bove i ti s n ew . B ecau se t h i s ' r econ s t ruc t ion l e dge ' i sn o t c on t i nuou s , b u t b l end s i n to a c on t inuou s f a ce w h ich r u n s r ound o ve rt h e e n t rance s e c to r , s ome o ft h ef a c ing b e low i t i sp robab ly a l so m oder n . T h is s u sp ic ion i sc onf i rmed b y a n a na ly s i s o fs ome o ft h e i n t ra -mu ra l f e a tu re s a t a l owe r l e ve l ( Sec t ion 3 . 5 .5 ) . D ryden 's s u rvey ( I l l . 4 . 92 ) s e em s t o s how t h e l e dge r unn ing a l t h e w ay r ound i n h i s ' p lan o n t o p ' b u t t h e e l eva t ion l o ok ing w e s t ( t owa rd s t h e m a in e n t rance ) f a i ls t o s how i t .

9 4

A no the r a r ch i te c tu ra l f e a tu r e u n ique t oC l ickh im in i st h e 4 f t .h i gh ' s pu r ' o fm a son ry p ro jec t ing f r om t h e o u te rw a l l o f t h e b roch o n t h e n o r th s i de ( a t 9 o ' c lock ) , a nd i mmed ia te ly u nde r t h e p r e sumed s e conda ry d oo rway o n t h a t s i de . I t s i n te rp re ta t ion b y H am i l ton i sc on s ide red l a te r , b u t h e r e i sp er t inen t t o n o te t h a t t h e ' s pu r ' w a s d rawn b yt h e C omm i s s ion 's i n ve s t iga to r s i nt h e 1 930 s b u t i nD ryden 's t im e w hen t h e l e ve l o fd eb r i so u t s ide t h eb r och w a sp r e sumab ly m uch t h e s ame - i tw a sn o ta ppa r en t . H i s p l an s c l ea r ly s how t h e o pen ing a ppea r ing i nt h e o u te rw a l l w e l l a bove t h e t h en o u t s ide g round s u rf a ce ( I l ls . 4 . 9 1 & 4 . 93 ) . T he s i l l o ft h is o pen ing i sn ow o n ly a bou t 3f t . a bove t h e t o p o ft h e ' s pu r ' ( I l l . 4 .96 , s e c t ion BB ' ) s o i t s e em s t h a t t h e l a t t e r s hou ld h ave b een s h own b y D ryden i f i te x is ted t h en . I ti st h e ref o re a tl e a s t p o ss ib le t h a t t h i s f e a tu re t o o i s ar e la t ive ly m odern c on s t ruc t ion . H oweve r t h e l i ne o ft h e c u rved o u te r f a ce o ft h e ' s pu r ' a ppea r st ob e c on t inued a l ong t h e p r e sen t g round l e ve l f o rs ome d i s tance b y ar ow o fs t one b l ock s , a ppa ren t ly t h e f o o t ing s o f aw a l l f a ce ( I l l . 4 . 113 & 4 . 114 ) ; t h is s ugge s t s t h a t i ti sa n o l d , p re -b roch f e a tu r e . 3 . 5 .3 U ppe r i n t ra -mura lg a l ler ie s : o n ly o ne r a i sed m u ra l g a l le ry n ow e x is t s i n s ide t h e b roch w a l l , a t am ax imum h e igh t o n t h e n or th , w e s t a nd s ou th o fa bou t 1 3 f t .a bove t h e g round . I t s l e ve l n ow v a r ie s s o t h a t , a s i tr un s r o und a n t i -c lockw i se f r om t h e r a i sed d oo r t o t h e s t a i r a t 9 o ' c lock , i ta s c end s as hor t f l igh t o f i n te rmed ia te s t ep s a t 4 . 30 o ' c lock , a nd b eyond t h a t i ts l ope s d own s t i l l f u r the r , t o b e low t h e l e ve l o ft h e m a in s t a irway , f i n ish ing a t1 2 o ' c lock . A tt h is p o in t i tc r o s se st h e l i n te l led t op o fo ne o f t h e mu ra l c e l ls a nd s udden ly t u rns a tr i gh t a ng le s t of o rm a s ub s id ia ry e n t r ance m ea su r ing 3 f t . b y 2f t .4 . 5 i n s , w ide , l e ad ing f r om t h e e nd o ft h i s g a l le ry t h rough t h e o u te r h a lf o ft h e w a l l . T he s i l l o ft h i s w indow l ik e o pen ing - i ti s t oo s ma l l t ob e c on s ide red ar e a l d oo r -i s 5f t .a bove t h e p r e sen tt u rf o u t s ide ( I l l . 4 . 96 , p l an s ) . T he r ow o fl i n te l s r oof ing t h e g a l le ry a l so t ur n s t h rough a r i gh t a ng le t o f o rm t h e l i n te l s o ft h e o pen ing - af e a tu re n o t s e en i n a ny o t he r b roch ( I l l . 4 . 96 , s e c t ion AA ' ) . N e i the r i nt h i s o pen ing n o r i nt h e o t he r a t 9o ' c lock a r e t h e re a ny s i gn s o fc heck s f o r ad oo r , a nd - t oge the rw i th t h e u n ique a r r ang emen t o ft h e l i n te l sj u s t r e f e r r ed t o , a nd i n deed o f t h e w ho le ' w indow ' , a nd t h e e qua l ly u nu sua l f o rm o ft h e s l op ing i n t ra -mu ra l g a l le ry l e ad ing t o o ne o f t h em - t h i s m u s t a l r a i se d oub t s a s t o w he the r t h e se f e a tu r e sw e re o r ig ina l ly p a r to ft h e b ro ch ( I l l . 4 . 125 ) . T he u ppe r g a l le ry p a s se s o ve r t h e m a in e n t rance a nd c ommun ica te s w i th t h e u ppe rmo s t o ft h e t h r ee v o id s s t i l l p r e se rved a bove i t ( I l l . 4 . 96 ) . C ompa r ing t h e C omm i s s ion 's c r o ss s e c t ion o f t h is p a r t o f t h e w a l l w i th t h a t p r epa r ed b y D ryden ( I l l . 4 .92 , e l eva t ion s ) o ne c an s e e t h a t i n1 855 t h e re w a sp a r to f as e cond u ppe rg a l le ry o nt o p o ft h e f i r s tw h ich r a n t h roughou t t h e s ou th -ea s t a r c ; i tw a s o n t op o ft h e l i n te ls o ft h e f i r s t o ne o ve r t h e e n t rance a nd a ppa r en t ly r a n r ound a n t i -c lockw ise t ot h e e a s t t oe me rge t h rough t h e o u te rw a l l f a ce s l igh t ly a bove a nd n o r th o ft h e r a i sed ' w indow ' a l r eady d e scr ibed , a nd w h ich n ow t e rm ina te s t h e f i r s t f l oo r g a l le ry ( I l l . 4 . 93 , s e c t ion ' l ook ing e a s t ' ) . N o t r a ce o ft h i s s e cond g a l le ry n ow r ema in s a nd i t

S ec t ion 4 : S he t land

mu s t h ave b een d e s t royed d u r ing t h e c on se rva t ion o ft h e w a l lhead .

o r al a dde r i t sh igh l e ve l a l so i mp l ie s t h a t m a s se s o fd eb r i s l a ya ga in s tt h eo u te rw a l lo ft h eb roch w hen i tw a s m ade .

T he t wo g a l le r ie s s e em t oh ave b een l e ve l i nD ryden 's t ime b u t u n sk i lf u l c on so l ida t ion a nd r e con s t ruc t ion o f t h e w a l lhead h a s e v iden t ly c onf la ted t h em a nd p roduced t he c u r iou s a nd u n ique s i tua t ion w he reby t h e s i ng le r ema in ing g a l le ry s l ope sd ownwa rd s a n t i -c lockw i se f r om s ou th t oe as t ( I l l . 4 . 96 ) .

I nf a c t ac a ref u l e xam ina t ion o ft h e s t a i r -f oo t e n t rance a t C l ickh im in c onf i rm s f a i r ly c onc lu s ive ly t h a t i t i s a s e conda ry o pen ing . A s a l ready n o ted t h e f l oo r l e ve l o ft h e d oo r t o t h e mu ra l s t a i r f r om t h e i n te r io r - w h ich i s c on t inuou s w i th t h a t o ft h e p a s sage t h rough t h e w a l l -i s2 f t .b e low t h e f l oo ro ft h e s t a i r -f oo tg ua rd c e l l , s ot h a tt h e r e i s as t ep o ft h i sh e igh tu p i n to t h e c e l l ; t h er i se ro ft h i s s t ep i sc on t inuou s w i th t h e l ef t w a l l o fb o th t h e s t a i r d oo r a nd t h e o u te r d oo r . T h is a l s ugge s t s t h a t t h e e n t rance i s s e conda ry a nd t h a t , w hen i tw a s p u shed t h rough t h e o u te r t h i rd o ft h e b roch w a l l , t h e p a s sage f l oo r w a s l owe r ed a t t h e s ame t ime , , t hu s d e s t roy ing t h e o r ig ina l l a nd ing a tt h e f o o to ft h e s t a i r .

A no the r c u r iou s f e a tu r e , w h ich m ay a l so b e t h e r e su l t o f 1 9 th c en tu ry a l te ra t ion st ot h e m a son ry , c an b e s e en a bove t h e c e l l a t 4o ' c lock . H e re t h e m u ra l g a l le ry , w h ich r uns o ve r t h e c e l l , h a s as ha rp k ink i ni tw he r e i tp a s se s a nd c ommun ica t e s w i th t h e v o id o ve rt h e c e l l d oo r( I l l . 4 . 96 & 4 . 120 ) . I tt u rn s b r ief ly o u twa rd s t h rough 9 0 d eg r ees b ef o re a b rup t ly r e sum ing i t s o r ig ina l c i rcumf e r en t ia l c ou r se . N o o t he r e xamp le o f s u ch a k ink i n ag a l le ry i s k nown i n ab roch a nd i t i s l i ke ly a l so b e a mode r n r e con s t ru c t ion .

T h is s e em s t ob e c onf i rmed b y t h e f a c tt h a tt h e l owe s t f i ve s t ep s o f t h e i n t ra -mu ra l s t a i r a r e d i f f e ren t f r om t h o se a bove , h av ing b roade r t r ead s ( I l l . 4 . 123 ) . T he 6 t h i st h e f i r s t r e a l ' b roch ' s t ep a nd i ti sa tt h e l e ve l o ft h e f l oo r o f t h e s t a i r -f oo t g ua rd c e l l ( a n o l de rp ho tog raph s ugge s t s t h a t t h e se l owe r s s t ep s w e re n o t u ncove red u n t i l H am i l ton 's w o rk - C ruden 1 951 , p l . 8 ) . A no the r p o in t i st h a t t h e w a l l s o f t h e s ho r t p a s sage l e ad ing t o t h e s t a i rway n ow w iden a st h ey r i se t os uch a n e x ten tt h a t i tw ou ld h ave b een v e ry d i ff icu l t t o b r idge t h e g ap w i th s t one l i n te l s ; o r ig ina l ly t h e s t ep s w ou ld h ave b een i n s ide a g a l le ry . T he w ho le p r e sen t a ppea rance o f t h e s t a i rway a r ea s ugge s t s t h a t a l te ra t ion s w e re m ade t o i t - m a in ly i n vo lv ing t h e m ak ing o f as e cond e n t rance a nd l owe r ing t h e f l oo r o f t h e p a s sage - a f t e r t h e b roch w a s p a r t ly i n r u in s a nd w hen t h e u ppe r p a r t o ft h e w a l l o ft h e t owe rh ad b een r emoved . T h is i sc onf i rmed b y t h e f a c t t h a t t h e s e conda ry e n t rance e me rge s t h rough t h e o u te r f a ce w i th i t s s i l l a bou t 6f t .a bove t h e g round o u t s ide ; a s n o ted w hen D ryden s u rveyed t h e s i te t h i s d i s tance w a s o n ly a bou t 2f t . ( I l l . 4 . 93 , s e c t ion ' l ook ing e a s t ' ) . Much o ft h e t op o ft h e w a l l h e re i sm a rked a s' n ew ' .

D ryden a l so n o t iced c l ea rs i gn s o fe x ten s ive a nd a nc ien tr e b u i ld ing i n t h e 4o ' c lock a r c o f t h e i n ne r w a l l f a ce [ 3 , 2 06 ] , p r e sumab ly j u s t a bove t h e s e conda ry w a l l ing t h e re ( wh ich s t and s a bou t 4f t . h igh ) . I ti sq u i te p o s s ib le t h a t e x ten s ive r e con s t ruc t ion s o f t h e w a l l t ook p l ace i n I r on A ge t ime s - a f t e r c on s ide rab le d i lap ida t ion , o r e ven d e l ibe ra te d emo l i t ion , h ad o ccu r r ed ( Sec t ion 9 ) - a sw e l l a s d u r ing t h e t wo 1 9 th c en tu ry e p i sode s o fa l t e ra t ion a nd r e bu i ld ing . I ti sc e r ta in ly n o t w i s e t or ega rd t h e p re sen t s t a te o ft h e w a l l o ft h e C l ickh im in b r och a bove a bou t 8t o 1 0 f t . a s r e p r e sen t ing a ny th ing l i ke i t s f o rm w hen i tw as o r ig ina l ly b u i l t . 3 . 5 .4 S ta i r a nd s econd e n t rance . T he r a i sed d oo r t ot h e i n t ra -mu ra l s t a i rway i sa t 9o ' c lock -j u s t w e s t o fn o r th a nd i t ss i l l i sa tp re sen ta bou t 7 . 5 f t .a bove t h e i n te r io rf l oor ( I l l . 4 . 97 , s e c t ion BB) . As t a i r -f oo t g ua rd c e l l o pen s t o t h e l e f t o ft h e d oo rb u t i t ss i l l i s 2f t .a bove t h e f l oo r o ft h e d oorway ( I l l . 4 . 124 ) - amos t u nu sua l f e a tu re u nknown i n a ny o t he r b r och [ I l l . 4 . 97 , s e c t ion B B ' ] . T h i s s t a i r -f oo t c e l l i sp a r t ly c o rbe l led b u t l i n te l s c omp le te i t s c ove r ing a s w e l l a sf o rm ing t h ef l oo ro ft h eg a l le ry a bove .

I ts e em s af a i ra s sump t ion t h a tt h is s e conda ry d oorway w a s p u shed t h rough t h e w a l l w hen d eb r i s h ad a l r eady a c cumu la ted a r ound t h a t p a r t o ft h e b a se o ft h e t owe r t oa d ep th o f 4f t . o r mo re ; p robab ly t h e p a s sage f l oo r w a s l owe red b y 2f t .t o l e s sen t h e d rop o u t s ide . T h i s i nt u rn s ugge s t s t h a t m uch o f t h e u ppe r p a r t o f t h e t owe r h ad a l r eady f a l len o rb een t a ken d own . A s w e s ha l l s e e i nt h e n ex t S ec t ion b u t o ne t h i s s e conda ry b u i ld ing a c t iv i ty a tt h e s t a i rway t ook p l ace a t t h e s ame t ime t h a t a l a rge w hee lhou se w a s i n se r ted i n to t h eb roch .

T he s t a i rd oo rc on t inue s r i gh tt h rough t ot h e o u t s ide w he re t h e o pen ing m ea su re s 3f t .6 . 5 i n s , i nh e igh t b y 2f t .5 . 25 i n s . w ide . A t t h e t ime o ft h e C omm is s ion 's v i s i t t h e s i l l w a s a bou t 3f t .a bove t h et u rf o u t s id e ; c l ea rance o fr ubb le l y ing a ga in s tt h e b a se o ft h e b roch h a s s i nce i n c r ea sed t h is d i s tance t oa bou t 6f t . . I tm ay b e d oub ted w he the rs uch a p o ten t ia l ly v u lne rab le b ack e n t ranc e -w i th n o a ppa ren t m ean s o fb e ing q u ick ly b l ocked - w ou ld h ave b een b u i l t i n to ad ef en s ive t owe r .

3 . 5 .5 . T he m u ra l c e l l s . T he r e a r e t wo c o rbe l led c e l l s o r c hambe r s i n s ide t h e s o l id b a se o ft h e b roch w a l l , t h e d oo r o fC e l l Ab e ing a t1 .30 a nd t h a to fC e l l Ba t 4o ' c lock ( I l l . 4 . 95 ) ; t h e l a t te r i sb locked u p a nd c omp le te ly h i dden b y t h e s e conda ry w a l l r unn ing r ound t h e c en t ra l c ou r t b u t a g ap h a sb een l ef ti nt h i sw a l l i nf r on to ft h e d oo ro fA .

T h i s r a i sed d oo r o ugh t t o b e s e conda ry a nd i n deed v e ry s im i la r s e cond e n t rance s a r e k nown i n s ome b roch s i n C a i thne s s( Ke i s s S ou th a nd K e i s s We s t f o re xamp le : ND36 6& 7 ) ; t h e se w e re e v iden t ly p u sh ed t h rough a tt h e f oo t o ft h e i n t ra -mu ra l s t a i r , t h e t h inne s t p o in t o ft h e w a l l a nd t h e mos t c onven ien t s po t f o r an ew o pen ing t ot h e i n s id e . S i nce t h e se c an b e s hown f a i r ly c onc lu s ive ly t o b e s e conda ry , t h i s s hou ld s uppo r t as im i la r s t a tu s f o r t h e o ne a tC l ickh im in . U n le s s w e a s sume af l i gh to fw ooden s t ep s

C e l l A i sr ough ly o va l i np l an . 1 3 f t .l o ng b y 5f t .w ide , w i th v e r t ica lw a l l s w h ich r i se 6f t . 6i n s , u p i n to a' b eeh ive ' c o rbe l led d ome . T h i s i sc l o sed a tt h et o pw i th s t one l i n te l s , b u tt h e re i s ag ap b e tween t h e se n ow t h rough w h ich l i n te l s o f t h e ' w indow ' w h ich t e rm ina te s t h e u ppe r g a l le ry h e r e

9 5

T he R oundhou se s , B rochs a nd W hee lhou se s o fA t l an t ic S co t land

c an b e s e en . i n s . w ide .

T he c e l l d oo r i s 2f t . 9i n s , h i gh a nd 2 f t .5

C e l l B , a t 4o ' c lock , i sv e ry s im i la r , b e ing 1 2 f t . 9i n s . l o ng , 5f t . 6i n s , h i gh a nd u p t o 9f t . 6i n s . w id e . I t s d oo rway , a s n o ted , i sc oncea led b y t h e s e conda ry w a l l f a ce i n s ide t h e b roch b u t t h e p a s sageway i t se lf h a s a l so b een c a r ef u l ly f i l led s o t h a t t h e i n s ide w a l l o f t h e c e l l a ppea r s a tf i r s t s i gh t t ob e c on t inuou s ; s t ra igh tj o in t s a r e a ppa ren t o n c l o se r e xam ina t ion ( I l l . 4 . 122 ) . H ow eve r D ryden 's s u rvey s how st h a tt h i s p r ima ry c e l l d oorway w a s e mp ty o fm a son ry 1 50 y ea r s a go ( I l l . 4 . 90 ) s o i tm ay h ave b een b l ocked u p i nt h e m id 1 9 th c en tu ry a s p a r t o ft h e w o rk o fr e s to ra t ion a nd s t ab i l i sa t ion . T he re i s av o id s ome d i s tance a bove t h e b l ocked d oo rway a nd t h e w a l l g a l le ry h e re , a sn o ted , c on ta in s t h e ' k ink ' i n i t sc ou r se . T he v o id i sa l so i n te r e s t ing i nt h a t , w he re a s i t s hou ld b e i mmed ia te ly a bove t h e c e l l d oo r ( s uch f e a t u re s n o rma l ly b e ing ad ev ice t or e l ieve t h e f l a t l i n te l f r om t h e w e igh t o ft h e w a l l f a ce a bove ) , i ti si nf a c t t ot h e r i gh t o f t h i s ; t h e l e f ts i de o ft h e v o id ( l ook ing o u t ) i so ve rt h e r i gh t j amb o ft h e b l ocked d oo r . T h i s s t rong ly s ugge s t s t h a tt h e v o id i sa l so a modem r e bu i ld , i n w h ich c a se t h e b road l e dge , b e ing h ighe ru p , mu s ta l so b e , a sa l ready s ugge s ted . A l i t t le d i s tance a n t i -c lockw ise f r om t h e ' k ink ' i n t h e g a l le ry i s as ho r t f l igh t o fs t ep s i nt h e s ame g a l le ry ; t h er e a r e n ow a bou t 5s t ep s b u t D ryden s how s 7 ,p e rhap s m or e ( I l l . 4 . 9 1) . S i nce t h i s s hor tf l igh ti ss on ea rt h ew a l lhe ad i t i sa l so p robab ly amodem i n ven t ion . E xam ina t ion o ft h e d ome o fc e l l Ba nd o ft h e r a i sed v o id n ex t t o i tg i ve s f u r the r c l ea r i n d ica t ion s t h a t m uch o ft h e u ppe r p a r t o f t h e w a l l h e re h a s b een r e s to red . T he c o rbe l led d ome i sa lmo s t c omp le te a tt h e n o r th e nd o ft h e c e l l ( n ea re s t t h e m a in e n t rance ) w he re t h e re i s ac ap s tone w h ich l o ok so r ig ina l ( I l l . 4 . 121) . H oweve r i mmed ia te ly t o t h e l ef t ( o r a n t i -c lockw ise ) h eavy s t one l i n te l s , o ne a d oub le o ne , b r idge t h e c e l l r oof a t al owe r l e ve l t h an t h e c ap s tone m en t ioned . A l l b roch c o rbe l led c e l l s t h a t Ih ave s e en h ave u n in te r rup ted d ome s , e ven w hen t h ey a r ec a pped w i th l i n te l s f o rm ing t h e f l oo ro ft h e g a l le ry a bove , a nd t h i s c hambe r l o ok s a s i fp a r t o ft h e t op o f i t s d ome h a s b een c r ude ly r e s to r ed . I nt h is c a se mo s t o ft h e w a l l f r om t h i s p o in t u pwa rd s -t h a t i sf r om a h e igh t o f a bou t 9f t . s hou ld b e r e s to red , a nd t h i s o fc ou r se w ou ld i n c lud e t h e v o id , t h e ' k ink ' i nt h eg a l le ry a nd t h eb road l e dge n ea rt h e t o p o ft h e i n ne rw a l l f a ce . 3 . 5 .6 . S econda ry c on s t ruc t ion s i n s id e t h e b roch . A s e conda ry b u i ld ing w a s e xpo sed i n s ide t h e b roch i n 1 86 1 a nd p l anned b y D ryden ( I l l . 4 . 90 ) . I tc on s is ted o fa n e x t ra t h ickne s s o f w a l l , o f v a ry ing w id th , w h ich h ad b een a dded a ga in s t t h e b roch w a l l , a nd o f an umbe r o f s ho r t r a d ia l p a r t i t ion s p ro jec t ing i nwa rd s f r om t h i s . T he p a r t i t ion s h ave g one b u tt h e a dded w a l l ing s t i l l e x i s ts , a nd - b e ing m uch t h icke r o n t h e n o r th s i de - i tf o rms a c on t rac ted c en t ra l c ou r t a pp rox ima te ly o va l i ns h ape a nd m ea su r ing 2 6 f t . 1 0 i n s , f r om n o r th -ea s t t os ou th -we s ta nd 2 0 f t . 9i n s , f r om n o r th b y n or th -we s t t o s ou th -ea s t b y s ou th .

9 6

T he s e conda ry w a l l s t ood a bou t 7f t . 8i n s , h i gh i n D ryden 's t ime , a nd i tr e su l ted i n ac on t inua t ion i nwa rd s o f t h e m a in e n t ran ce a nd o ft h e d oorway t oC e l l Aa t 1 .30 o ' c lock . H oweve r t h e d oo rt ot h e C e l l Ba t 4o ' c lock w a s b l ocked b y t h e a dd i t ion ( t hough a s w e h ave s e en t h e d oo rway i t se lf m igh t n o t h ave b een ) . D ryden a l so s u rm ised t h a tt h e r e m igh t b e a no the r c e l l i nt h e 9o ' c lock a r c t h e d oo rw h ich i ss im i la r ly b locked . H oweve ri ts e em s r a the r u n l ike ly t h a t t h e t o p o fs uch ac e l l w ou ld n o t h ave b een f ound d u r ing t h e e x ten s ive r e -bu i ld ing o ft h e t o p o f t h e b roch w a l l . I na dd i t ion t h i s w he r e t h ep r ima ry s t a i r ca se i ss o at a l l c e l l h e r es e em s i mp robab le . T he s i x r ad ia l s t one s l ab s o rb u i l tp i e r sp ro jec t ing f r om t h e s e conda ry w a l lt of o rm p e r iphe ra l c ompa r tmen t s s how t h a t t h e s e conda ry s t ru c tu re w a s af o rm o fw hee lhou se , i n se r ted i n s ide t h eb roch a sa tJ a r l shof . Ac en t ra lh ea r th a nd as t one c he s t o r b ed o n t h e f l oo r h ave a l so d i sappea r ed . A c ompa r tmen t b u i l t i n to t h e t h icke s t p a r t o ft h i s a dded w a l l ( a nd w h ich n o d oub t p rov ide s t h e r e a son f o r t h e e x t ra t h ickne s s ) r e vea ls as egmen t o ft h e b r och 's s c a r cemen t o ft h e c o rbe l led o r ' s he lf t y pe a nd 6f t .a bove t h e p r e sen t i n te r io rf l oo r [ 1 1 , 1 1] . 3 . 5 .7 . O u tbu i ld ing s . V e ry l i t t le s en se c ou ld b e m ade o f t h e v a r iou s s t ru c tu re s s u r round ing t h e b r och a tt h e t i me o f t h e C omm i ss ion 's v i s i t . H oweve r i ti sw or th n o t ing t h a t t h e p rom inen t p a thway t h a tr u n s n or th -we s t f r om t h eb roch e n t rance b e twe en s t one ' o u tbu i ld ing s ' l e d i nD ryden 's t i me d own t o t h e s ho re o f t h e l o ch c l o se b y t h rough a c on s ide rab le g ap i n t h e o u te r w a l l . T h i s w a s a l so t h e c ou r se o f ad r a in t h a t r a n o u t t h rough t h e b roch e n t rance f r om i t s i n te r io r . B y t h e 1 930 s t h is n o r th -we s t o pen ing i n t h e o u te rw a l l h ad d i sappea r ed , f u r the re v idence o fd r a s t ic r e bu i ld ing , p re sumab ly b yt h eO ff ice o f Wo rk s . 3 . 5 .8 S i te s equence . T h ree p ha se s o f b u i ld ing w e r e i n f e r red b y t h e C omm i s s ion 's i n ve s t iga to r s ( I l l . 4 . 95 ) . A cco rd ing t o t h e s had ing o n t h is p l an t h ey p u t t h e b roch a nd t h e ` f o rewo rk ' i n to p ha se 2 o n t h e b a s is o ft h e c l o se s im i la r i ty o ft h e i ra r ch i tec tu r e a nd t op ha se 3w a s a s s igned t h e s uppo sed ly o l de s t s e conda ry b u i ld ing o n t h e s i t e , t h e w hee lhou se i n s ide t h e b roch . I nP ha se 1w e r e p u t t h e r e s t o ft h e o u tbu i ld ing s b e tween t h e b roch a nd t h e o u te r w a l l , t h e o u te rw a l l i t s e lf a nd t h e ' p la tf o rm ' b u i l ta ga in s tt h ef o o t o ft h eb roch . 4 . N ew i n terpre ta t ions B ef o r e t h e M in is t ry o f Wo rk s e xcava t ion s b egan i n1 953 a n ew v i ew o ft h e s i gn if icance a nd d eve lopmen t o ft h e s i te w a s p r e sen ted a t t h e V ik ing C ong r e s s i n L e rw ick , S he t land , i n 1 9 50 [ 7 ] . F o r t h e f i r s t t i me a n e xp lana t ion w a s e vo lved f o r t h e u n ique a r range -men t a nd t y pe s o f b u i ld ing s a tt h e s i t e , p rev iou s w r i te r s h av ing b een m a in ly c on ten tw i th s imp le d esc r ip t ions . W . D oug la s S imp son f i r s t o b se rved t h a tm any c hange s h ad t a ken p l ace i n t h e s t ruc tu ra l f e a tu r e s o n t h e s i t e s i nce D ryden 's s u rv ey a nd p o in ted o u t t h e r e su l t ing n eed f o r c au t ion i n i n te rp r e t ing w ha t w a s v i s ib le i n 1 950 . N eve r the le s s h ef e l tt h a t i tw a s p o s s ib le t oi s o la te t h em a jo r p ha se st h roug hw h ich t h e s i t eh ad d eve loped .

S ec t ion 4 : S he t land

PART 3 : THE RECENT EXCAVAT IONS

H e s uppo sed t ha t t h e k ey t o t h e s i t e w a s t h e s o -ca l led " f o r ewo rk " , t h en s t and ing f r ee i nt h e s pace b e tween t h e b roch a nd t h e o u te r w a l l , r ega rd ing i ta s a b su rd t o d oub t t h a t s uch as t ruc tu re - w i th i t s c omp lex e n t rance e qu ipped w i th d oo r -check s a nd ab a r -ho le a nd s ocke t -m u s t o nce h ave b een c onnec ted w i th am a s s iv e c u r ta in w a l l r unn ing f r om b o th i t s e nd s . I no t he r w o rd s t h e f o rewo rk m u s t b e t h e r ema in s o f al a rge r s t ruc tu re b a r r ing e n t ry t ot h e s i te , a nd c ompa r i son w i th t h e t wo w e l l k nown S he t land g a tehou se f o r t s o fN e s s o f B u rg i a nd L och o f H ux te r i n S he t land ( HU30 2& HU56 4 ) l e d S imp son t os uppo se t h a t t h e C l ickh im in f o r ewo rk w a s p a r t o f as im i la rb u i ld ing - a h eav i ly d ef ended g a teway b u i l t m o r e m a s s ive t h an t h e r e s t o ft h ew a l lo fw h ich i tw a so nce ap a r t .

I n 1 953 t h e t h en M in i s t ry o f Wo rk s b egan e xcava t ion s a t t h e s i te , u nde r t h e d i r ec t ion o fJ .R . C . H am i l ton . T h i s w a s o n ly t h e s e cond c a ref u l , s t ra t ig raph ica l e xcava t ion o fa b roch s i te e ve rc a r r ied o u t( t he f i r s tb e ing J a r lshof HU30 1 )a nd d u r ing t h ree s e a son s o fw o rk av a s t a moun t o fn ew i n f o rma t ion w a s r e cove red w h ich s h ed a n e n t i re ly n ew l i gh t o n t h e d eve lopmen t o ft h e s i te a nd r e vea led i tt ob e o ne o ft h e mo s t i mpor tan t I r on A ge c omp lexes i nn o r the rn B r i ta in . S even m a jo r p ha se s i nt h e h i s to ry o f t h e s i te w e re i d en t if ied , n ame ly ( 1 ) al a te B ronze A ge c ou r tya rd h ou se , ( 2 ) a n e a r ly I r on A ge r oundhou se , ( 3 ) al a te r I r on A ge f o r t c on s i s t ing o f ar i ng w a l l a nd a g a tehou se , ( 4 ) a c on t rac ted r i ng -f or t ( unf in i shed ) , ( 5 ) as o l id -ba sed b roch , ( 6 ) aw hee lhou se i n s ide t h e p a r t ly d emo l i shed b roch , a nd ( 7 ) l a te s t ruc tu re s a r ound t h e b roch [ 8 , 9 , 1 0 , 1 & H am i l ton 1 965 ] . T h i s s e c t ion c on s i s t s o f as umma ry o f H am i l ton 's r e su l t s t oge the r w i th s ome a na ly se s a nd a l te rna t ive e xp lana t ion sp r epa red b yt h ew r i te r .

S imp son t h en p o s tu la ted t h a t t h e f o r ewo rk w a s i nf a c t t h e o r ig ina lg a teway t h rough t h eo u te rw a l l a nd t h a tt h ep l an o f t h e l a t te rh ad b een c hanged ; a ts ome s t age t h i s w a l l w a s e x tended t or un i nf r on t o ft h e g a te w h ich h ad a l ready b een b u i l ta nd w a st hu s l e f ti s o la ted . H et h ough tt h a tt h e p l an o f t h e o u te rw a l l s howed e v idence t h a t i t s d i rec t ion h ad b een a l te red a tt wo p o in t s t or un f u r the r f o rwa rd t h an o r ig ina l ly p l anned [ 7 ,f i g . o np . 2 2 ] ( I l l . 4 . 87 ) .

5 .P ha se 1 :t he L a te B ronze A ge h ouse

T he f ou r m a in p ha se s i nt h e h i s to ry o fC l ickh im in w h ich S imp son t h u s d educe s a r e a s f o l low s . F i r s t w a s b u i l t a s imp le e nc i r c l ing w a l lw i th am a s s ive g a tehou se , a na logou s t o L och o fH ux te r a nd N e s s o f B u rg i . S econd c ame t h e i n se r t ion o ft h eb roch t owe rw h ich w a ss uppo sed t ob e l a te r t h an t h e f o r ewo rk b ecau se o f t h e h i ghe r q ua l i ty o f i t s m a son ry . T h i rd , a nd p e rhap s d ue t o af a l l i nt h e l e ve l o f t h e l o ch , t h e a r ea e nc lo sed b y t h e o u te r w a l l w a s e n la rged a nd an ew e n t rance w a s b u i l t i nf r on t o ft h e o r ig ina l o ne , w h ich t h u s b ecame t h e ' f o rewo rk ' ( t hough w hy i tw a s l ef t s t and ing w a s n o t e xp la ined ) . F our th , a f t e rt h e b roch w a s p a r t ly r u inou s , t h e w a r ren o f s u r round ing ' o u t -bu i ld ing s ' w a s p u tu p ;t h es econda ry b u i ld ing i n s ide t h et owe r , t h ough o fb e t te rm a son ry t han t h e o u tbu i ld ing s , s hou ld a l so b e long t ot h i sp ha se . S imp son 's a na ly s is w a st h e f i r s ta t temp tt or e duce t h em a s s o f s t ruc tu r e s a tC l ickh im in t o s ome s o r t o fl o g ica l o rde r . H e d id n o t d r aw a ny c onc lu s ion s a bou t h ow h i s s uppo sed s t ruc tu ra l d eve lopmen t m igh t a f f ec t o u r u nde r s tand ing o f t h eo r ig in a nd d eve lopmen to fb roch a r ch i tec tu re . I n 1 951 S .H . C ruden w ro te ab r ief d e sc r ip t ion o ft h e s i te f o rt h e M in i s t ry o f Wo rk s g u ide [ 6 ] . Wh i le m o s to ft h i s i s p u re ly d e sc r ip t ive , t h e s ugge s t ion i s of e r ed t h a t t h e " f o rewo rk " m ay i nf a c t b e e a r l ie rt h an t h e b roch . R ea son s g i ven f o r t h i s v i ew a r e t h e i n f e r io r q ua l i ty o ft h e m a son ry w hen c ompa red w i th t h a t o ft h e b ro ch , a nd t h e v e ry b ad p l a c ing a nd d e s ign o ft h e s t ruc tu r e i fi ti sc on s ide r ed t ob e p a r t o f t h e o u te r d ef ence s o f t h e t owe r . T he v a r iou s s t ruc tu ra l f e a tu res o ft h e " f o rewo rk" w h ich d e t rac t f r om i t s e f f ec t ivene s sa s af r ee s tand ing d ef en ce w o rk a r e l i s ted ( t he e x te r io r s t a i rway , t h e e n t rance p a s sag e a nd s oo n ) a nd i ti s a ga in c ompa r ed w i th t h e a na logou s f o r t s o fN e s s o fB u rg i a nd L och o fH ux te r w i th t h e s u rm i s e t h a t i tm ay a n teda te t h e b roch . S imp son 's v i ew t h a t m o s to ft h e f e a tu r e s o ft h e " f o rewo rk " a r e e xp l icab le i fi ti sr e ga rded a st h e g a teway o f a much l o nge r d ef en s ive w a l l , n ow d emo l i shed i sn o t m en t ioned .

5 . 1 T he S t ruc ture T he n ew w o rk r e vea led t h a t o ne o f t h e ' o u tbu i ld ing s ' n or th -we s t b y n o r th o ft h e b roch - w h ich h ad a ppa r en t ly b een c l ea red o u t i n 1 908 10 [ 1 1 , 2 8 ] -w a s i n f a c t t h e o l de s t s t ruc tu re o nt h e s i te . T h i s i s as t one h ou se w h ich j udg ing f r om a na log ie s w i th s im i la r h ou se s a t J a r l shof ( HU30 1 ) -w a s p robab ly o ccup ied t owa rd s t h e e nd o ft h e B ronze A ge , p e rhap s i nt h e 8 t h o r 7 t h c en tu r ie s B .C . ( I l l . 4 . 89 ) . I tw a s e r ec ted o n as a ndy h umu s 9 12 i n s , t h ick w h ich l a y o n t op o f n a tu ra l g r ave l o n r o ck [ 1 1 , f i g . 1 0 , s e c t ion J ' J ] . T he h ou se i sa pp rox ima te ly o va l o rw edge s haped , m ea su r ing 2 7 f t . b y 2 6 f t . , w i th i t s l o ng a x i s r unn ing f r om n o r th b y n o r th -we s t t o s ou th -ea s t b y s ou th ; t h e e n t rance i si nt h en a r rowe r , s ou the r ly e nd a nd i sa l igned w i th t h is a x i s ( I l l . 4 . 98 ) . T he i n te r io r c on s i s t s o f a n a pp rox ima te ly o va l c en t ra l s pace 8 x 9 f t . w h ich s e em s o r ig ina l ly t o h ave h ad a s t one l ined h ea r th ( p robab ly r emoved d u r ing t h e e a r l ie r e xcava t ion s ) ; r ound t h i s a r e s eve ra l c e l l s o rr e ce s se s i nt h e t h ickne s s o ft h e s t one w a l l , s epa ra ted f r om e ach o t he r b y p ro jec t ing m a son ry p i e r s . T he t wo c e l ls c l o se s t t ot h e e n t rance h ad b een b l ocked u p i ne a r ly I r on A ge t ime s ( s ee n ex t s e c t ion ) ; t h e l a rge s t c e l l r ema in ing o pen m ea su r ed 5f t . 0i n s . b y 3f t . 6i n s . , h ad a p aved f l oo r a nd as i l l o rk e rb o fs t one s l ab s o n e dge w h ich s epa ra ted i tf r om t h ec en t ra l a r ea . T he e xcava to r f ound t r a ce s o ft wo s ma l l o u thou se s , o ne o n t h e e a s t a nd t h e o t he r o n t h e w e s t ; t h e f o rme r h ad b een c on s t ruc ted a ga in s t t h e o u te r w a l l o ft h e m a in h ou se i n to w h ich ac r ude ly l i ned , s ha l low r e ce s s h ad b een e xcava ted . B o th t h e se f r agmen ta ry b u i ld ing s a ppea red t o h ave b een s e t u p o n t h e s ame e a r ly g round s u rf ace a st h e m a in h ou se . Al e ng th o fd ry s tone w a l l o r d yke r a n s ou th -ea s t f r om t h e w e s t w a l l o ft h e h ou se f o r a bou t 1 5 .9 m ( 52 f t . ) a tw h ich p o in t t h e re w a s a n u p r igh t s l ab m a rk ing i t s e nd , e v iden t ly t h e s i de o f ag a te ; t h is i si n te rp r e ted a sp a r t o f aw a l l t h a t o nce d e f ined a n e nc lo su re o r y a rd a t tached t o t h is e a r ly

9 7

T he R oundhou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

f a rmhou se . t h eh ou se .

5 . 2

I tt oo w a s f ounded o nt h e s ame e a r ly l e ve l a s

F ind so fP ha se 1

B roken p o t te ry , a r tef ac t s a nd o t he r r ubb ish e v iden t ly d i sca rded b y t h e e a r l ie s t o ccupan t s o f t h i s h ou se w e r e f o und , m a in ly i mmed ia te ly n o r th -we s t o f i ti nt h e l owe s t o ccupa t ion l a ye ro u t s ide t h e r i ng w a l l a nd w h ich r a n u nde r t h a t w a l l . T he f i nd s t h e r e i n c luded a bou t 3 0 s he rd s o f s imp le , b a r re l shaped p o t s w i th p l a in r im s m ade o f a c oa r se , s t ea t i t ic w a r e , s im i la r i nt y pe t ot h e p o t te ry f r om t h e e qu iva len t v i l lage a tJ a r l shof ( HU30 1 ) . T he s t ea t i te i n c lu s ion s a r e l a rge , " speck l ing t h e c l ay l i ke o a tmea l" . O the rs t one f i nd s f r om s im i la r ly e a r ly c on tex t s i n c luded a f r agmen t o f at r ough q ue rn , 2f r agmen t s o f S he t land p o l i shed k n ive s o f U yea p orphy ry , s eve ra l h amme r s tone s a nd s ome c h ipped s l a te t oo l s -o ne ab roken a xe a nd t h e o t he r p o s s ib ly ap e rf o ra ted s hove l b l ade [ 1 1 , f i g . 1 3 ] . N o w he t s tone s w e re f ound s o n o m e ta l s e em s t o h ave b een u sed .

6 . P ha se 2 : e ar ly I r on A ge T he l owe s to ccupa t ion l e ve l l o ca ted u nde rt h e c en t ra l c our t o ft h e b roch w a s l a ye r 3 , as t ra tum o fw e t , c l ayey s o i l w i th as p read o ft u rf , t w ig s a nd b ranche s o fs p ruce o n t o p o fi t [ 11 , f i g . 8 , s e c t ion AA ' ] ( I lu s . 4 . 10 1) . T h i s l a ye r c on ta ined an ew f o rm o ft h e s t ea t i te -g r i t ted p o t te ry f ound i nt h e o lde s tl e ve l s -s im i la r ly b a r re l -o rb ucke t shaped b u t w i th t h e v e r t ica l r im s s l igh t ly e xpanded a tt h e t op [ 11 ,f i g . 1 9 , n o s . 1 A -3 A ] ( I l l . 4 . 128 ) . T he e xcava to rt h ough tt h a t t h e se e xpanded r im s b e t rayed t h e i n f luence o f t h e e a r ly I r on A ge c a r ina ted p o t te ry f ound i nt h e s e cond p r e -b roch v i l lage a t J a r l shof t wen ty m i le s t o t h e s ou th ( Ham i l ton 1 956 , f i g s . 1 8 & 1 9 ) . T he I l t ra ted s he rd s s how n o c a r ina ted s hou lde r - t h e m o s t c ha ra c te r i s t ic f e a tu re o f t h e se e a r ly I r on A ge w a r e s - b u t a t l e a s t o ne o f t h e p ho tog raphed s he rd s s e em s t oh ave s ome th ing o ft h e s o r t [ 1 1 ,p l . XX I , a ,t op l ef t ] . Mo re I r on A ge p o t te ry w a s f ound i n ap ea t a sh l a ye ru nde r t h e s t one b l ock ing f i l l ing t wo o ft h e c e l l so ft h e l a te B ronze A ge h ou se , a nd i ns eve ra l o t he re a r ly s t ra ta ; t h is w a s af i ne g r ey w a re , w i thou t s t ea t i te g r i t s , a nd t h e v e s se l s h ad a m a rked ly c a r ina ted s hou lde r [ 1 1 , f i g . 1 9 , 1 13 ] ( I l l . 4 . 128 ) . S ome o f t h is f i ne r p o t te ry i s b a r re l shaped a nd a lmo s t i d en t ica l t o t h e l a te B ronze A ge m a te r ia l e xcep t f o r t h e a b sence o fs t ea t i te [ 1 1 , f i g . 1 9 , n o s . 6 12 ] . Af ew o ft h e s hou lde red p o t s w e re d eco ra ted w i th i n c i sed p a t ter n s [ 11 , f i g . 2 0 ,n o s . 1& 2 ]( I l l . 4 . 128 ) . T he c a r ina ted p o t te ry w a s a l so f ound i nt h e l owe s t l e ve l i n t h e s t ra tum o fr e f u se o u t s ide t h a tp a r to ft h e s t one r i ng -wa l l ( o ft h e f i r s t f o r t o n t h e s i te ) i mmed ia te ly n ex t t ot h e l a te B ronze A ge h ou se [ 1 1 , 1 6 & f i g . 6 , P ane l s X I , X I I & X I I I ; f i g . 9 , s e c t ion G 'G , l a ye r 3 ] . T he t wo k i nd s o f p o t te ry w e re a l so f ound t o ge the r i nt h e m a r ine s a nd l a ye r i mmed ia te ly i nf r on t o ft h e l a nd ing s t age ( b e low ) [ 1 1 : f i g . 9 ,s e c t ion D2D3] .

T h i s b r ing s u p t h e q ue s t ion , d i scu s sed i nt h e n ex t s e c t ion , o f w he the r t h e r i ng -wa l l i t s e lf b e long s t ot h e e a r ly I r on A ge . T he e xcava to r d educed t h a t an ew s t one r oundhou se w a s b u i l t o nt h es i t e i nP ha se 2 ,a nd t h a ti tw a st h eb u i lde r s a nd o ccupan t s o f t h is w ho i n t roduced t h e n ew p o t te ry . T he c l ay l a ye ru nde r t h e b roch f l oo r w a s t h ough t t ob e t h e f l oo r o ft h i s h ou se , a nd t h e w e t d eb r i s o ft u rf a nd t w ig s o n t o p o f i tt o b e t h e r ema in s o f i t s c o l lap sed t h a tched r o of . Mo s t o f t h e h ou se w a s t h ough t t o h ave b een d e s t royed , p r e sumab ly w hen t h e b roch w a s b u i l t , b u t as egmen to fi t s s t one w a l l i sh e ld t ob e p re se rved a st h e ' s pu r ' o fm a son ry p ro jec t ing f r om t h e b a se o f t h e b roch w a l l o n t h e n o r th s i de ; H am i l ton s t a te s t h a t t h e h o r izon ta lj unc t ion b e tween t h e t wo s t r uc t u re s c an b e s e en , j u s t a n t i -c lockw i se f r om t h e ' s pu r ' [ 1 1 ,p l . V I I ] . T he e x te rna l d i ame te r o ft h is r ound h ou se w a s o b ta ined b y p ro jec t ing t h e c u rva tu re o f t h e ' s pu r ' , a nd f ound t o b e a bou t 1 0 .68 m ( 3 5 f t . ) ; t h e t h ickne s s o f t h e w a l l w a s e s t ima ted a t4 6 f t .a nd t h e i n terna l d i ame t e r t hu s a bou t 2 5 f t . . T he p o s i t ion o ft h e h ou se i s ma rked o n t h e m a in p l an o ft h e s i te , a nd t h e v an ished p a r t o ft h e w a l l i ss hown a s c u rv ing a c ro s st h e n o r ther nh a lf o ft h e b r och c ou r t [ 1 1 , f i g . 1 ] ( I l l . 4 . 98 ) . T he p r e -ex i s t ing l a te B ronze A ge h ou se w a st h ough tt oh ave b een u sed a sa n o u thou se a tt h i st i me . H oweve r t h e e v idence f o r t h e e x i s tence o f t h i s s t one r oundhou se i sn o t a s c l ea r a s t h e r e por t i mp l ie s . T he j unc t ion b e tw een t h e m a son ry o ft h e h ou se a nd t h e b roch , e xpo sed i n at r ench j u s t w e s t o ft h e ' s pu r ' [ 1 1 , p l . V I I ] , i s r e a sonab ly c l ea rb u tt h em a son ry a bove a nd b e low t h e l i ne s l o ok s r ema rkab le s im i la r ; o ne w ou ld p e rhap s e xpec t a r e la t ive ly l ow r oundhou se t ob e b u i l t w i th s ma l le r s t one s . A l so a tl e a s t as ma l l d oub t c an b e r a i sed a bou tw he the rt h e ' s pu r ' i t s e lf i so l de rt h an a bou t 1 861 , a l though H am i l ton 's p ho tog raph d oe s s e em t o s how t h e m a son ry o ft h e ' s pu r ' b onded t ot h a to ft h eb roch n ea rt h et o p , a l though as t ra igh t j o in t c an b e s e en l owe r d own [ 11 ,p l . V I ] . A n a l ter na t ive e xp lana t ion f o rt h e ' s pu r ' a nd t h e h o r izon ta l s t ra igh t j o in t i so f f e red l a te r . H oweve r ag r ea te ro b s tac le t ot h e r oundhou se h ypo the s i s i s s e en i nt h e r e co rded s e c t ion o ft h e d epo s i t su nde rt h eb r och f l oo r[ 11 ,f i g . 8 ,s e c t ion AA ' ] ( I l l . 4 . 10 1) . T h is s how st h a t l a ye r 3 , t h e s uppo sed f l oo r o ft h e r oundhou se , c on t inue s w i thou t ab r eak a l ong ac ho rd c u t t ing a c ro s s t h e n or th -ea s t p a r to ft h e o va l c ou r t f o rmed b yt h e p o s t -b roch w hee lhou se w a l l ; h owev e rt h e p l an ( I l l . 4 . 98 ) s how st h e s uppo sed l i ne o ft h e w a l l o ft h e r oundhou se p a s s ing a c ro ss t h i s c ho rd a t r i gh t a ng le s a nd a lmo s t a ti t s c en t re . I ft h e h ou se w a l l w a s t h e re t h e a s soc ia ted f l oo r s hou ld h ave a ccumu la ted a ga in s t i ta nd s hou ld s how ab reak e qua l i nl e ng th t ot h e t h ickne s s o f t h e w a l l ; i n deed e ven i ft h e re w a s s u ch a b r eak i tm igh t b e t h ough t r a the r o dd t h a t t h e s uppo sed f l oo r l a ye r o ccu r red b o th i n s ide a nd o u t s ide t h e h ou se . H oweve r n o b r eak a ta l l i ss hown i nt h e s e c t ion d r aw ing a nd t h is m u s t r a ise g rave d oub t s a bou t t h e r oundhou se h ypo the s i s a ss t a ted . I ts t i l l s e em s l i ke ly t h a t l a ye r 3w a s t h e f l oo ro f ap r e -b roch s t ruc tu re , a nd t h a tt h e d eb r i s o fi t s r oof w a s f ound l y ing o n t o p o fi t , b u t o ft h e d e s ign o ft h a t d w e l l ing , a nd w he the r i t w a s o fs t one o rw ood , v e ry l i t t le d ef in i te c an b e s a id o n

9 8

S ec t ion 4 : S he t land

t h e b a s i s o ft h e e v idence p re sen ted ( i t i ss ugge s ted l a te r t h a t t h e d epo s i t m igh t b e r e la ted t ot h e o ccupa t ion o ft h e e a r l ie s t r i ng -f o r t ) . C er ta in ly i ft h e ' s pu r ' w a s p a r t o f a s t one r oundhou se , a sH am i l ton s ugg e s t s ,t h i sw ou ld h ave t o h ave e nc lo sed t h e e n t i r e a r ea o ft h e c ou r t o ft h e l a te rb roch i n o rde rt oi n c lude a l l i t so wn a leged f l oo rd epo s i t s . T h i s w ou ld g i ve t h e r oundhou se a n e x te r na l d i ame te ro fa tl e a s t a bou t 1 6m ( 5 2 f t . ) w i th a n i n te rna l o ne o f1 3 .4 m ( 44 f t . ) w h ich , t h ough n o t i mpo s s ib le , s e em s r a the r l a rge . H oweve ra sn o ted t h e ' s pu r ' s e em st ob ep a r to f aw a l lw i th amuch s h a l lowe rc u rve t h an t h a t .

a nd r e s t ing o n n a tu ra l g rave l s [ 1 1 , f i g . 9 ,s e c t ion E 'E ; f i g . 1 0 , s e c t ion sH 'H a nd K 'K ] .

6 . 1 F ind so fP ha se 2 T he se i n c luded t h et wo t y pe so fp o t t ery a l ready d e sc r ibed -n ame ly t h e s t ea t i te -g r i t ted , b a r r e l - a nd b ucke t shaped v e s se ls w i th e xpanded r im s a nd t h o se p o t s o f af i ne r g r ey w a re ; t h e l a s t w e re i nt wo f o rm s , s imp le b a r re l shaped v e sse ls a nd j a r s w i th a s ha rp ly c a r ina ted s hou lde r . I n c on t ra s t w i th t h e e qu iva len t p ha se a tJ a r lshof n o t r a ce o f i r on s l ag w a s f ound a nd t h i s ,t o ge the rw i th t h ea b sence o f w he t s tone s ( c ommon i nt h e f o l low ing p ha se s ) , i mp l ie s t h a tm e ta le dge t oo ls w e re u nknown .

H oweve r i ns eve ra l p l ace s i ti sc l ea r ly s t a ted t h a t t h e e a r ly I r on A ge c a r ina ted p o t te ry w a s a l so f ound i n t h e se d epo s i t s , a nd t h i s s ugge s t s t h a t t h e t wo o ccupa t ion s w e re c on t inuou s . A l though H am i l ton d e sc r ibe s t h e f i r s t I r on A ge f o r t i n as epa ra te c hap te rh e s t a te st h a to ccupa t ion w a s c on t inuou s [ 1 1 : 4 8 ] , t h i s o p in ion b e ing p r e sumab ly b a sed o n t h e p o t te ry a s soc ia t ion s j u s t m en t ioned . T h i s i s d oub t le s s a l so w hy t h e f i r s t r i ng -f or t i sg i ven a n a ge o f a bou t 4 00 BC . O n t h e o t he r h and t h e n ew f o r t p o t te ry i s n o t r epo r ted t o h ave b een f ound i n t h e e a r ly I r on A ge d epo s i t s u nde r t h e b roch s o a ny o ve r lap b e tween t h e t wo o ccupa t ion s p r e sumab ly t o ok p l ace n ea r t h e e nd o f t h e c a r ina ted p o t te ry p ha se . A l so , i ft h e re w a s am ix tu re o f p o t te ry s t y le s i nt h e e a r l ie s t m idden s o ft h e r i ng -f o r t i ti s h a rd t os e e h ow t h e r e s t o ft h e m a te r ia l c u l tu re c an b e s o c l ea r ly d i v ided i n to I r on A ge f a rm s tead a nd I r on A ge f o r t [ 1 1 : f i g s . 1 8 -20 & 3-44 r e spec t ive ly ] .

T he d a t e o ft h e r oundhou se f a rm s tead i se s t ima ted b y t h e e xcava to rt ob e i na bou t t h e 6 t h c en tu ry B .C . o n t h e b a s i s o f t h e p o t te ry [ 1 1 , 3 4 ] , t h ough t h i s w a re w ou ld n ow a s s igned t ot h e 7 t h /6 th c en tu r ies o nt h eb a s i so f C 14 d a te s f o rc ompa rab le e a r ly I r on A ge s i t e s i nO rkney .

T he re a ppea r s t oh ave b een a n e x ten s ive e a r ly c o l lap se o f r ubb le f r om t h e i n ne rf a ce o ft h er i ng w a l l ; i ns e c t ion G 'G , s ou th b y s ou th -we s t o f t h e b roch , am a s s o fr ubb le l i e s d i r ec t ly o n t h e n a tu ra l g rave l t o ad ep th o fu p t o 3f t . , a nd n o m idden m a te r ia l a ppea r s t oh ave a ccumu la ted b ef o re i t f e l l . A n e x ter na l m idden a c cumu la ted h e r e t o ad ep th o f a bou t 4i n s . . Y e t i n s e c t ion F J , 2 8 f t . t o t h e w e s t , a m idden l a ye r a bou t 1 4 i n s , t h ick a ccumu la ted a ga in s t t h e f oo t o ft h e i n ne r f a ce o fa n u ndamaged r i ng w a l l [ 1 1 , f i g . 1 0 ] . I n s e c t ion K 'K , a bou t 1 0 m ( 30 f t . ) f u r the r t ot h e n o r th -we s t , s ome th ing s im i la r c an b e s e en b u t i n s e c t ion E 'E , a bou t 2 5 f t .f u r the r e a s t , t h e f a l len r ubb le i sr e s t ing o nt h et h in p r ima ry m idden l a ye r [ 1 1 , f i g . 9 ] .

7 .P hase s 3& 4 : p re -broch f o r t if i ca t ions

7 . 2 T he i n te rna lb u i ld ing s

7 . 1

T he e xcava to r i n f e r r ed t h a t i n t h e n ex t p ha se , d a ted t o a bou t 4 00 B .C . f r om t h e a s soc ia t ed c e ram ic s [ 1 1 , f i g s . 4 2 4 4 ] , t h e s i t e w a s f o r t if ied , a nd b y n ew a r r iva l s j udg ing f r om t h e a s soc ia ted n ew p o t te ry s t y le . Am a s s ive w a l l t h e p re sen t o u te r o ne - w a s e r ec ted r ound e nd o f t h e p romon to ry . I t s p re sen t w id th a ve rage s a bou t 1 2 f t .a nd i t i ss u rm i sed t h a t o r ig ina l ly i t mu s t h ave s t ood s ome 4 . 6 m ( 1 5 f t . )h i gh ; p a r to fi t so u te rf a ce s t i l l s t and st o 8f t . 6i n s . . B a sa l ' r ung s t eps ' l ef t o n t h e i n ne r f a ce i n d ica te , w i th t h e w id th , t h a t t h e re w a s p robab ly a p a rape t w a lk a nd a b r ea s two rk o n t op o ft h e w a l l , b u t n o f u r the r d e ta i ls a bou t t h e se ' s t ep s ' a r e g iven ( p re sumab ly t h ey f o rmed a s o r t o f s t one l a dde rf o rc l imb ing u pt ot h ew a l lhead ) .

I ti sc l a imed t h a t t h e p o s t -ho le s f ound i n d ica te t h a t t wo r a nge s o fh a lf t imbe red l e an to b u i ld ing s w e r e c on s truc ted , a l ong t h e i n ne rf a ce o ft h er i ng w a l l , o ne a l ong t h ea r c f r om n o r th t o e a s t a nd a no the r a l ong t h a t f r om s ou th b y s ou th w e s t r ound t o w e s t [ 1 1 , f i g . 1 ] . T he se b u i ld ing s a r e i n te rp re ted a s b y r e s w i th r ough ly c obb led f l oo r s w h ich b ecame c ove red b y at h ick d epo s i t o fb l ack p ea t mou ld o f t h e k i nd w h ich i ss t i l l s p read a sw in te rb edd ing f o r a n ima l s i nS he t land . Many f r agmen t s o fw ood w e re f ound i nt h is mou ld , i n c lud ing b roken s t ave s a nd b i nd ing s t r ip s s ugge s t ing t h e u se o f b a r re l s a nd b ucke t s . P o t te ry a nd s t one a nd b one t oo ls f r om t h e e a r l ie s t f o r t w e re r e cove r ed f r om t h e se d epo s i t s a nd a l so f r om am idden l a ye r o n t h e b each o u t s ide t h ew a l l a nd r e s t ing a ga in s t i t[ 1 1 , l a ye r I I i n S ec t ion G 'G , f i g . 9 ] .

T he n ew w a l l e nc lo sed a n a r ea m ea su r ing 1 38 f t .e a s t -we s t a nd 1 35 f t .n o r th sou th . O n t h e e a s t s i de o ft h e s i te t h e r i ng w a l l i sf o unded d i rec t ly o n n a tu ra l g rave l o r o n r o ck , b u t o n t h e s ou th a nd w e s t i tr e s t s o n d eepe r d epo s i t s -e . g . t h e s and l a ye r Ia nd t h e g rave l l a ye r 1i ns e c t ion ‚G 'G [ 1 1 , f i g . 9 ] a nd t h e ma r ine s a nd l a ye r 2i ns e c t ion CC [ 1 1 , f i g . 8 ] . T he o l de s tw ide sp read o ccupa t ion l a ye r , r unn ing a l ong t h e i n ne rf a ce o ft h e r i ng w a l l , i sa s s igned t ot h i se a r ly f o r t p e r iod a l so ; f o r e xamp le s eve ra l s e c t ion s s how am idden d epo s i t r unn ing u p a ga in s t t h e i n ne r f a ce o ft h e r i ng w a l l

T he n umbe r o f p o s t -ho le s a c tua l ly f ound i sd i ff icu l t t o a s se s s b ecau se o f t h e s ma l l s c a le ( 3 30 :1) o f t h e o n ly g ene ra l p l an [ 1 1 , f i g . 1 ] , b u t i ts e em s r a the r s ma l l t o j u s t if y t h e e l abo ra te b u i ld ing s o n s t one b a se s s hown i nt h e r e con s t ruc t ion d raw ing [ 1 1 , p l . I X ] . T he re i sa l so t h e p rob lem o ft h e m a s s o fr ubb le f a l len f r om t h e i n ne r f a ce o f t h e w a l l , r e f er r ed t o a bove w h ich i sp i led r i gh t i n t h e m idd le o fo ne o ft h e se s uppo sed r a nge s o fb y re s ; a sn o ted p a r t o ft h i s f e l l b ef o r e a ny b y re d epo s i t s h ad a ccumu la ted . H oweve r o n t h e w e s t a r c an umbe r o f s t i l l u p r igh t p i l la r

S tone f i nd s i n c luded ab ead l i ke t h a t f ound w i th t h e e a r ly I r on A g e v i l lage a tJ a r lshof [ 1 1 , f i g . 1 8 , n o . 2 ] , p ounde r s , p o t l i d s o r d i scs , a nd s t ea t i te b ow l l amp s , o ne w i th al u g h and le . B one f i nd s i n c luded af ew a w ls o rp i n s .

T he o u te rw a l l

9 9

T he R ound hou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

s t one s w e r e l o ca ted , w i th s ome v e s t ig ia l w a l l ing a t al ow l e ve l [ 1 1 , p l . I Ic ] , a nd t h e se m igh t b e p a r t o f i n t e rna l b u i ld ing s . T he d e sc r ip t ion o fc obb led f l oo r ing a l ong t h e w a l l , a nd o ft h em idden l y ing o n i t ,a nd o ft h er ow o fp o s t h o le s o nt h ew e s ts i de [ 1 1 , f i g . 2 9 ] , s e em s c l ea re nough t o j u s t if ya tl e a s ts ome w ooden l e an to b u i ld ing sa tl e a s t .

w a s t ob u i ld t h e f o r t w a l l o n ac ou r se w h i ch w ou ld l i nk i t w i th t h e g a t ehou se a nd w o rk o n b o th s t ruc tu r e s w a s i n i t ia ted . T h e g a t ehou se w a s d e s ign ed t o p r ov id e a c commoda t ion a nd a ppea r s t oh ave b een c omp le t ed f i r s t . F o rr e a son st h a tc an o n ly b ea s sumed , s u ch a st h en eed f o r a dd i t iona l s pa c e a nd g r ea t e r s e cu r i ty , t h e r i ng w a l l w a s e x tended i ni t s s ou the rn a r c t o e nc lo s e , a nd n o t t oj o in , t h e g a tehou se t h u s g i v ing t h e e l ip t ica l p l an i tp r e se rv e st o t h e p r e sen t d ay . E v idence o f t h e c hang e o f p l an i s a ppa r en t i nt h ec ou r se o ft h ew a l l a nd i n ab a sa lp ro jec t ion o fm a son ry o n t h e i n ne r f a ce o ft h e w a l l i nt h e s ou th -ea s t q uad ran t ." [ 1 1 , 5 ] .

T he v an i shed g a t eway t h rough t h e r i ng w a l l o n t h e n o r th w e s ta r c , p l anned b yD ryden , h a s a l r eady b een m en t ioned , a nd t h e g a teway o n t h e s ou th h a s a l r eady b een d e sc r ibed ( I l l . 4 . 90 ) . 7 . 3

T he g a t ehou se

T he o t he r m a jo r s t ru c tu r e t h ough t b y t h e e x cava to r t o b e long t ot h i s i n i t ia l p ha se o ff o r t if i ca t ion ( Pha se 3 )i st h e " f o rewo rk " , n ow h e r e c a l led a " ga t ehou se" . T he a r ch i t ec tu ra l d e ta i l s o f t h i s b u i ld ing h av e a l r eady b een d e sc r ibed . A s e cond o va l c hambe r w a s f o und i n s ide i t d u r ing t h e e xcava t ion s , o n t h e w e s t s i de o ft h e e n t rance p a s sag e , a nd a ga in t h i s h ad n o e n t ry e x cep t f r om a bove i nt h i s c a se t h rough t h e f l oo r o ft h e s ho r t l e ng th o f mu ra l g a l le ry w h ich r a n o ve r i tf r om t h e v o id o ve r t h e e n t r an ce . I ti sn o t c l ea rw he the r ag ap w a s l e f tt h e r e i nt h e I r on A ge o r w he the r t h e c e l l w a s s e a led . T he f l a t t o p o f t h e s t ruc tu re p r e sumab ly h ad ap a rape t s im i la rt ot h a t i n f e r r ed f o r t h e o u t e r w a l l , a nd t h i s w ou ld h ave a lowed t h e d ef end e r s t o d om ina t e t h e o u te r e n t rance i mmed ia te ly i n f r on t . S imp son 's i d ea t h a tt h e" ga tehou se" w a st h eo r ig ina l g a teway t ot h ef o r ti sc i ted a sa ne xp lana t ion f o ri t sc u r iou s p l a c ing , t h e i n f e r ence n ow p r e sumab ly b e ing t h a tt h e p l an o ft h e f o r tw a sc hanged a c tua l ly d u r ing b u i ld ing - a nd n o t , a sS imp son s ugg e s ted , a t am u ch l a t e rs t ag ea f t e rt h eb roch h ad b een i n t roduced - a nd t h a t t h e g a t eway w a s t h u s i s o la t ed n o t l o ng a f t e r i th ad b een p u t u p . I ti st h e r ef o r e n o t q u i te c l ea r w hy t h e e xcava to r c a l l s t h e s t ruc tu r e a g a tehou se s i nce t h e n ame s ugge s t s t h a t t h e b u i ld ing w a s o r ig ina l ly d e s igned a s af o rm o f p i l lbox f r om w h ich a t ta ck e r s c om ing t h rough t h e o u te r g a t e c ou ld b e a s sa i led w i th m i s s i le s . P r e sumab ly h e m ean s t h a t t h e " ga t ehou se" , w h i le o r ig ina l ly d e s ign ed a st h e e l abo ra t e e n t rance o ft h e r i ng -wa l l , w a s c onv e r t ed t o ap i l lbox w hen t h e p l an o ft h e f o r tw a sc hang ed s ot h a tt h ew a l lr a nr ound i nf r on to fi t . T he q ue s t ion o ft h e a g e o ft h e " ga t ehou se" i sd i scu s sed i n m o r e d e ta i l i ns e c t ion ( 1 1 .4 )b e low . I tm ay b en o t ed h e r e t h a t , l i k e t h e r i ng w a l l , a tl e a s tp a r t o ft h eb u i ld ing r e s t s d i r ec t ly o n t h e n a tu ra l g r ave l , a s d oe s t h e f i r s t l a y e r o f p av ing r unn ing b a ck f r om i t sr e a r f a ce [ 1 1 , f i g . 8 ,s e c t ion D 'D ] . H ow eve r t h e s e c t ion r unn ing u p t o i t s f r on t f a ce [ 1 1 , f i g . 9 ,s e c t ion E 'E ] s how s as h e l l m idden p ro t rud ing f r om u nde rt h eb a sa l c ou r se o ft h e g a tehou se ; t h e r e i sa l so as ugg e s t ion t h a t t h e p r ima ry m idd en b e tw een i ta nd t h e r i ng w a l l m ay p a r t ly u nde r l ie i t s l ow e s t c ou r se , b u tt h i s i s n o tc l ea ri nt h ed r aw ing . T he r ei sn od oub th ow eve rf r om t h e s t ra t if i ca t ion t h a t t h e g a tehou se b e long s t o a n e a r ly s t age i nt h eh i s to ry o ft h es i te 's f o r t if ica t ion s -i fn o tt ot h e f i r s tp e r iod ( t he s t a r to fP ha se 3 )t h en t os oon a f t e rwa rd s . T he r e la t ion sh ip b e tw een t h eg a t ehou se a nd t h er i ng w a l li s c l a imed t ob e c l ea r . " Excava t ion p roved t h a tt h e p r e sen t c ou r se o ft h e w a l l w a s n o t t h a t o r ig ina l ly p l ann ed , b u t a m od if ied a nd e x tended v e r s ion . T he p r ima ry i n ten t ion 1 00

I n s p i te o f t h e se c l ea r s t a t emen t s t h e a c t ua l e v id ence p r e sen t ed f o rt h e s e a s sump t ion s i sn owh e r e n ea r a ss t rong a si si mp l ied i nt h eq uo ta t ion a bove . T h ee v idence f o rt h e c hange i n t h e c ou r se o f t h e w a l l i sv e ry s l im a nd i s d i scu s sed i n S e c t ion 1 .3 b e low . T h e r e a r e a l so s ome a mb igu i t ie s i n t h e r e po r t a bou t b o th t h e s t ra t ig raph ica l r e la t ion sh ip b e tw een t h e g a t ehou se a nd t h e b roch , a nd b e tween i ta nd t h e r i ng w a l l ; t h e se t o o a r e d i scu s sed i n s e c t ion 1 . T he f u nc t ion o ft h e g a t ehou se i ss t a t ed b yt h e e x cava to rt o b e p a r t ly d om e s t ic e ven t h ough i tw a s p l anned a s t h e o r ig ina l g a t e . T h i s d ome s t ic f unc t ion h a s a lway s s e emed s t ra ined [ 1 2 ] a nd i ta ppea r st or e s to nt h ea s se r t ion t h a tt h e t wo mu ra l c e l l s , a c ce s s ib le o n ly f r om a bove , m u s t b e d ome s t ic i n f u nc t ion b ecau se , l a ck ing d oo r s , t h ey c an h a rd ly b ed ef en s iv e ! T h i sr e a son ing s e em sd ub iou st os a y t h e l e a s t , w h i le i nt h e a b sen ce o fd oo rway s t h e d om e s t ic f u nc t ion s e em se v en m o r ei n c r ed ib le . T he r e i s at h i rd o bv iou s p o s s ib i l i ty - w h ich i s , i nt h e w r i te r 's v i ew t h e l i k e l ie s t o ne - w h ich i st h a t t h ey w e r e a p u r e ly s t ru c tu r a l d ev ice t o l i gh ten t h e b u i ld ing a nd s a v e s t one - b u t t h i s i s n o t m en t ioned . T he e xcava to r 's a s sump t ion a bou t t h e d om e s t ic n a tu r e o ft h e mu r a l c e l l s p r e sumab ly u nd e r l ie st h e s t a t emen t [ 1 1 , 5 7 ]t h a tt h ed e s ign o ft h e e n t ran ce p a s sage ' h in t s a t ad ome s t ic r a the r t h an a m i l i ta ry u s e ' . T h i s w ho le t r a in o fr e a son ing i sc onf u s ing , p ar t icu la r ly i n v i ew o ft h e f a c tt h a tt h e e n t rance i t se lf i sat y p ica lA t lan t ic I r on A ge d r y s tone d ef ended d oo rway , a nd c an o n ly p a r t ly b e e xp la ined b y s u ppo s ing t h a t t h e e x cava to r i n c lud ed t h e t wo mu ra l c e l l s a s p a r t o f t h e d e s ign o f t h e e n t rance p a s sage e ven t h ough t h e r e i sn o p hy s ica l l i nk b e tw een t h em . I ts e em si nf a c tt ob ea ni n te r e s t ing e xamp le o fh ow a n ap r io r i i d ea ( t ha t o f t h e g a tehou se b e ing a ' c h ief 's h ou se ' - b e low ) c an p rof ound ly i n f luen ce t h e i n te rp r e ta t ion o f f a c t s w h ich , w h en e xam ined d i spa s s iona te ly , d on o ts uppo r tt h e i d ea a ta l . T he d ome s t ic n a t u r e o ft h e g a tehou se i sa l so a r gued f o rb y " D i sm i s s ing t h e s t a i r ca se i n se r ted a t al a t e rd a te i nt h ew e s t g ab le . . " [ 1 1 , 5 6 ] ; s u ch a n i n t r a -mu ra l s t a i r i nt h e o r ig ina l b u i ld ing w ou ld l i nk i tc l o se ly t ot h e l a te r b r och s a nd a l ied g a l l e ry -wa l led f o r t s i nt h e H eb r ide s i nw h ich t h e i n t r a -mu ra l s t a i r i sc l ea r ly i n tended t oa low a c ce s s t ot h e w a l lhead f o rd e f en ce . T he r e a son g i v en f o r a s sum ing t h a t t h e g a tehou se s t a i r i s

S ec t ion 4 : S he t land

i n ser ted i st h a ti t s b a se ( f lu sh w i th t h e f a ce o ft h e e nd w a l l ) i s 1m ( 3f t . )a bove t h e p r ima ry g round s u rf ace ; t hu s i ti s a s sumed t o h ave b een b u i l t o n ly a f t e r t h a t t h ickne s s o f d eb r i s h ad a c cumu la ted a ga in s tt h eg a tehou se w a l l . T h i s i s s hown c l ea r ly i nt h ep ho tog raph i nt h e r e por tw h ich s how s t h e w e s te nd u nde re xcava t ion [ 1 1 , p l . XV ] . T he s i tua t ion a tt h e s i te n ow i sd i f f e r en t ; s t ep s c on t inue t h e f l igh td own b eyond t h e e nd o ft h e g a tehou se ( I l l . 4 . 117 ) . T h i s i sv e ry s t range a st h ey n ow g i ve q u i te ad i f f e ren t i mp re s s ion f r om t h a t d e sc r ibed i nt h er e po r t -i . e .t h a t t h e s t ep s o n ly b egan a t ah i gh l e v e l i nt h e d eb r i s . I f e v idence w a s f ound t h a t t h e s t ep s w en t l owe r( e xp la in ing t h e r e s to ra t ion ) t h en t h ey s hou ld b e ap r ima ry f e a tu re o f t h e g a tehou se . T he se f e a tu re s a r e a l so d i scu s sed i n S ec t ion 1 .0 w he re a l terna t ive e xp lana t ion sa r es ugge s t ed . Mos t o ft h e ' d omes t ic ' a spec t s o ft h e g a tehou se c ou ld b e e xp la ined a s ap rodu c to fc i rcu la rr e a son ing - b a sed o nt h e b e l ief t h a t t h e s ca rcemen t o n t h e r e a r f a ce w a s o r ig ina l ly o ne o f t wo w h ich s uppo r ted a f a i r ly e l abo ra te s t one a nd t imbe r ' c h iefs h ou se ' a ga in s t i t s b ack w a l l [ 1 1 , f i g . 2 4 ] . Y e t a s n o ted n o p o s t -ho le s w e r e f ound b eh ind t h e g a tehou se [ 1 1 , 5 7 ] a nd t h eu ppe rs c a rcemen th a st ob ep u re a s sump t ion ; t h e re c an b e n o d i r ec t e v idence t os uppor t i t . S ome k i nd o ft imbe r s t ruc tu re m u s t s u r e ly h ave b een b u i l t a ga in s t t h e b a ck o ft h e g a tehou se , b u t i t s n a tu re d epend s p r ima r i ly o n t h e n a tu re o f t h e s t one b u i ld ing i t s e lf w he the r i tw a s a n i s o la ted s t ruc tu r e o r c h iefs h ome , a s H am i l ton b e l ieves , o r w he the r i tw a s o r ig ina l ly p a r t o fa l o nge rd ef en s ive w a l l . 7 . 4

T he f i nd sf rom P ha se 3

T hese c ame f r om t h e e a r l ie s t m idden o n t h e b each o u t s ide t h e r i ng w a l l [ s ec t ion G 'G , l a ye r I I ] , a nd a l so f r om t h e f l oo r s o ft h er a nge s o fb u i ld ing s a l ong t h e i n ne rf a ce .S tone i mp lemen t s i n c lude p ebb le p ound er s ( hamme r s tone s ) a nd r ubbe r s , d i sc s , p o t l id s , h and led d i sc s a nd a s ha l low s a dd le q ue rn i n s tead o f t h e t r ough q ue rn f ound i n t h e e a r l ie rp ha se s . T her ew e re a l so s t on e ( a nd p o t te ry ) s p ind le w ho r l s , av a r ie ty o fb ead s , p a in ted p ebb le s , t h in p l aque s o fg a rne t if e rou s s ch i s t , a nd l ump s o fp um ice f o r a b rad ing : w he t s tone s a ppea r f o r t h e f i r s t t i m e a nd s how t h a t i r on e dge t oo l s w e re i n u se - a n i mpo r tan t d eve lopmen t . B ow l -shaped l amp s w e re f ound , o f b o th s t ea t i te a nd s a nd s tone , a nd a n umbe r o f s p he r ica l p ebb le s w e re i n terp re ted a ss l ing s t one s .

i nf i g . 1 3 , n o . 3 8 i nf a c tb e long s t ot h e w h ee lhou se p e r iod ( b e low ) . W ood u sed i n c luded p i ne , w i l low a nd s p ru ce , a nd a r tef a c t s i n c luded p i n s , ap eg a nd ah and le . Me ta l w a s s c a rce , o n ly af ew b ronze o b jec t s b e ing f ound ; t h ough t h e re w e re n o d i r ec t t r ace s o fi r on t h e w he t s tone s mu s t m ean t h a t i tw a s e x ten s ive ly u sed . B ronze o b jec t s i n c luded a f r agmen t o f ad oub le l inked c ha in w h ich , a f t e r t h e d i scove ry a t L eck ie b roch , S t i r l ing sh i re ( NS69 3 ) , c an p robab ly b e d i agno sed a sp a r t o f ac ha in b rooch ; t h e d oub le c ha in i sn o t m en t ioned i n t h e f i nd s l i s t [ 1 1 , 9 0 ] , b u t o n ly i nt h e g ene ra l d e sc r ip t ion [ 1 1 , 8 0 ] . T he re w a s a l so af i nge r r ing [ 1 1 , p l . XXX Ia , 1] f r om t h e b each m idden , p r e sumab ly , i n p ane l V I I a nd a n a i l o rr i ve t . B ronze r i ng -headed p i n s o ft h e S co t t ish t y pe w e r e k nown ; t h e i mp re s s ion o f o ne o ccu r s o n as he rd f ound i nt h e e x te rna l m idden [ 1 1 , f i g . 4 4 , n o . 9 ] . T he re w a s a l so af r agmen to f as ma l l c r uc ib le f o rc a s t ing b ronze . T he f i nge r r ing i sd e sc r ibed a s as p i ra l r i ng i nt h e s umma ry a ccoun t o ft h e f i nd s [ 1 1 , 8 0 ] b u t i nt h e d e ta i led l i s t i ti s r e f e r red t o a s " b ronze f i nge r r ing" , w h i le r e f e r r ing t o p l . XXX I a . 1 , t h e s p i ra lr i ng [ 1 1 , 9 0 ] . Y e tt h ep ho tog raph i s c l ea r ly o f f i g . 5 0 .2 w h ich i sf r om t h e b roch l e ve l . T he o t he rr i ng s hown [ p l . XXX l .a .2 ] i sp robab ly t h e p l a in p r e b roch f i nge r r ing . G la s s o b jec t s f ound c omp r ised 2 s ma l l y e l low r i ng b ead s f r om t h e b each m idden , o ne i nP ane l Xa nd a no the r f r om P ane l XV [ 1 1 , f i g . 4 1 , 1 ] . I n t h e a b sence o f a ny C 14 m ea su remen t s t h e d a t ing o f t h e e a r l ie s t f o r t o n t h e s i te r e l ie s o n a r tef ac t s ; t h e y e l low g l a ss b ead i n t h e l owe s t b each m idden i si mpo r tan th e re . S uch b ead s a r e t y p ica l o f t h e m idd le I r on A ge o f t h e A t lan t ic m a te r ia l c u l tu ra l s equence a nd a r e n o t n orma l ly d a ted e a r l ie r t h an t h e 2 nd c en tu ry BC ( MacK ie 2 002 : 3 64 f . ) ; u sua l ly t h ey o ccu r i n l a te r d epo s i t s . T h i s a ppa r en t c onf l ic t i n c h rono logy i s d i scu s sed l a te r . P o t te ry w a s f ound i ng r ea t q uan t i ty - o ve r 3 000 s he rd s i nt h e l owe s t b each m idden o u t s ide t h e r i ng w a l l a nd t h e r e w a s mo re o n t h e l owe s t f l oo r s a l ong t h e i n s ide f a ce . I ti s o f g r ea t i n te re s t , h av ing c l o se l i nk s b o th w i th t h e l a te r b roch w a re s a tt h e s i te a nd w i th t h e p o s t -b roch S he t land w hee lhou se w a re s . A l l t h e v e s se l s w e re f l a t -ba sed , a nd a pp rox ima te ly b a r r e l - o r b ucke t shaped a nd m a in ly w i th s ha rp ly e ve r ted r im s .

B one i mp l emen t s w e re r e la t ive ly s c a rce , s ugge s t ing t ot h e e xcava to rt h a tt h is w a sb ecau se b o th w ood a nd i r on w e r e i n u s e . T he r ew e re s l ive rp o in t s , c h ise l s , p e rf o ra ted t ogg le s , p i n s , a nd s p ind le w ho r ls . T he re w e r e a l so l ump s o f w ha lebone , p e rhap s u sed a s c hopp ing b lock s , a nd t h e s ame m a te r ia l w a s u s ed f o r s om e th ing l i ke a l a rge , p e rf o ra ted p eg [ 1 1 , f i g . 3 8 , n o . 2 1 ] ; t h e s epa ra ted d i sc s f r om w ha le v e r teb rae w e re a l so u s ed . S ome s ma l l b one c y l inde r s w i th l a te ra l p e rf o ra t ion s a r e i n te rp re ted a s s ma l l t o gg le s o r c o l la r s b u t c ou ld b e t h e h ead s o f as pec ia l i sed t y pe o fl o ng i r on p in w i th ab one h ead [ 1 1 , f i g . 3 8 , n o s . 1 6 & 1 7 ] . O fp a r t icu la r i n te re s t a r e t wo i t em s w h ich a ppea r t ob e t h ep omme ls o fi r on d agge r so rs ma l l s wo rd s( 1 1 , f i g . 3 8 , n o s . 1 9 &2 0 ) . T he l a te b one d i sc -headed p i n s hown

Two f a i r ly d i s t inc t w a re s c ou ld b e s e en ; o ne w a s m ade o f w e l l -f i r ed , r ed -b rown w a re a nd h ad e ver t ed r im s w h ich w e r e b o th p l a in a nd w i th h o r izon ta l f l u t ing o n t h e i n s ide s u rf ace [ 1 1 , f i g s . 4 2 & 4 3 ] . S ome o ft h e e ver ted r im s h ave a pp l ied n eck -band s u nde rt h em [ 1 1 , f i g . 4 4 ] a nd t h e r e w e re s eve ra l e xamp le s o f b a se s w i th i n te r na l d eco ra t ion [ 1 1 , f i g . 4 3 ] . As e cond t y pe o fv e s se l o ft h i sw a r e w a sv e ry c ommon a nd i s as ma l le r b a r re l shaped p o t w i th as imp le r o l led o ve rr im ( I l l . 4 . 129 ) . T he s e cond w a re a tC l ickh im in c on s is t s o f f r agmen t s o f s i tu la te p o t s w i th s t ea t i te t empe r ing [ 1 1 , f i g . 4 2 , 1 2 ] . T he se a r e h eav ie r , t h icke r , r i ng -bu i l t p o t s m ade i n t h e 1 0 1

T he R ound hou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se so fA t l an t ic S co t land

i n d igenou s t r ad i t ion ; t h ey h ave o n ly s l igh t ly e ve r ted r i m s . Many o ft h e se v e s se l s s how t h e i n f luen ce o ft h e n ew f o r t p o t t e ry , s u ch a st h ee ve r t ed r im [ 1 1 ,f i g .4 2 ,1 ] . A s n o t ed e a r l ie r i ts e em s f a i r ly c l ea r f r om t h e r e po r t t h a t s ome e a r ly I r on A ge c a r ina ted p o t t e ry w a s a l so f o und i n t h e e x t er na l m idden o f t h e r i ng -f o r t , y e t t h i s i mpo r tan t d i scove ry i sn eve rs p ec if i ca l ly s t r e s sed a si ts hou ld b e . 7 . 5 P ha se 4 : t h e ' i nne rr i ng -wa l l ' T he e x cava to r 's i n te rp r e ta t ion o ft h e f o l low ing p ha se o n t h e s i t e i s t h a t ar i se i n t h e w a t e r l e ve l o f t h e l o ch , d ocum en ted b y a n a na ly s i s o f t h e b ea ch s t ra ta , t h en o ccu r r ed a nd s t a r t ed t ou nde rm ine t h e o u t e rw a l l [ 1 1 : 7 5 ] . E v iden c e f o r t h i s r i se i n w a t e r l e ve l w a s s e en i n a s e cond a ry ' p lugg ing ' i nt h e o u t e r e n t rance [ 1 1 ; p l . X Ia ] ( I l l . 4 . 103) ; w he the r t h e d oo rway t h rough t h e g a t ehou se w a s a l so p l ugg ed i sn o t c l ea r ; t h e r e i s as h a l low p r ima ry s t ep a tt h e o u te r e nd a nd ar a i sed , s e cond l a y e r o fp av ing b eh ind t h e d oo r c heck s . T he r e i sa l so as e conda ry p aved f l oo rb eh ind t h eg a t ehou se [ 1 1 ,f i g . 8 ,s e c t ion D2D ] . Al a nd ing s t age w a s b u i l t o u t s ide t h e g a teway i nt h e o u te r r i ng w a l l [ 1 1 : p l . I c ] -u nequ ivoca l e v id ence , i tw ou ld s e em , o ft h en ew n eed t ot r ave lt ot h ef o r t if i ed s i t eb yb oa t a nd t h e r ef o r e o f ah i ghe r w a t e r l e v e l . F ina l ly t h e o u t e r f a ce o f al a rge s e c t ion o ft h e w e s t er n a r c o ft h e r i ng w a l l a ppa r en t ly n eed ed t ob e s ho r ed u p a f t e rb e ing u nde rm ined , a nd a ' b reakwa te r ' o f l a rge s t one s l ab s o n e nd w a s b u i l t t h e r e [ 1 1 : p l . I c ] , r e s t ing d i r ec t ly o nt h eo l db ea ch m idd en [ 1 1 : f i g .9 ,s e c t ion GIG ] . Wha t i sn o t e xp la ined i nt h i s s c ena r io i st h e e x i s t ence o f t h e c au seway . P r e sumab ly , a s w i th s e ve ra l O u te r H eb r id ean b roch s , ac au seway j u s ta bove o rj u s tb e low t h e s u rf a ce o f t h e w a t e r w ou ld h ave g i v en r e la t ive ly e a sy a c ce s s t o a n i s land b r och w i thou t t h e n eed f o r b oa t s a nd p e rhap s al a nd ing s t ag e . S i nce t h e c au seway r un s u p a ga in s t t h e ' l and ing s t ag e ' i ti sp r e sumab ly c on t empo ra ry w i th o rl a t e r t h an t h i s f e a tu r e . T h e p rob lem i sd i scu s sed a ga in i ns e c t ion 1 b e low .

P a r t s o ft h e i n n e r f a ce o ft h e r i ng w a l l a r e s t a ted t oh ave c o l lap sed a tt h e t i me o ft h e f l ood ing , a nd p r e sumab ly t h i s r ubb le c ou ld r e p r e sen t t h i s c o l lap se i na na r ea w he r et h e r e w e r e n o i n te rn a l b u i ld ing s ; h owev e r s u ch b u i ld ing s a r e m a rk ed t h e re o n t h e m a in p l an [ 1 1 , f i g . 1 ] a nd i ti so dd t h a t n o m idd en i s s hown b enea th t h i s c o l lap se i ft h e s equence o fe v en t sw a sa st h ee xcava to rd educed . A l so n o t e xp la ined , o r e v en d e sc r ib ed , i s as ub s tan t ia l s e conda ry w a l lb u i l t a ga in s tt h e i n ne rf a ce o ft h e r i ng w a l l a nd o nt o p o ft h et u r fl a ye rm en t ioned [ 1 1 : f i g . 1 0 , s e c t ion K 'K ] ; ap ea t a s h o ccupa t ion l a y e r t h en a c cumu la ted a ga in s tt h i s . T he e xcava to r i n f e r r ed t h a t t h e se r e pa i r s p r oved i n suf f i c ien t t o c oun t e ra c t t h e i n c r ea s ing w e tn e s s a nd i n s tab i l i ty o ft h ew a te r logg ed o u te rw a l lf o unda t ion s ,s ot h e i n hab i tan t s d e c id ed t o e r ec t an ew r i ng -wa l l o n h i ghe r g round b eh ind t h e f i r s t , a nd t h u s t or e du ce d ra s t ica l ly t h e h ab i tab le g round i n s ide t h ef o r t . T he w a l l o ft h i s n ew , c on t rac ted f o r t -c on s i s t ing o fa r ubb le c o r ew i th r e v e t ted f a ce s -w a sb u i l ti na na r cb eh ind t h e " b lockhou s e" ( wh ich w a su sed a s ar e ta in ing w a l l )a nd r ound t ot h e n o r th -we s tw h e r et h e o l dc ou r tya rd h ou se a l so s e rv ed t or e ta in t h e c o r e . T h en ew r i ng f o r tw a st wo th i rd s c omp le ted w h en t h e w o rk , i ti sa l leg ed , w a s h a l t ed b yt h e a r r iva l o ft h e b r och b u i lde r s . T h i s n ew w a l l i sh e ld t ob e t h e o ne r unn ing f r om , a nd p a r t ly u nd e r ly ing , t h e b r och d oo rway a nd r o und t o t h e s ou th ea s t t o b eh ind t h e g a tehou se . T h e e v iden ce f o r t h e l a t t e r b u i ld ing b e ing u sed a s a' r e t a in ing w a l l ' f o r t h e n ew w a l l i sp r e sumab ly t h e f a c t t h a t t h e l a t te r c onnec t s w i th i t s w e s t e nd ( I l l . 4 . 106 ) . 7 . 6 E v id ence a ga in s tt h eo r thod ox i n ne rr i ng w a l l I ti su nf o r tuna t e ly t r ue t h a tt h i sp a r to ft h er e por t -d ea l ing w i th p ha se 4 ,t h e s e cond p r e -b roch r i ng f o r t -i so n eo f t h e mo s t c onf u sed i n t h e b ook ; v e ry l i t t le o f t h e of i c ia l s c ena r io o f af l ood ing a nd a c on t r a c t ed r i ng -f o r t m ak e s s e n se w hen t h e e v id ence i se xam ined c l o se ly . T h e n ew w a l l d oe s n o t r u n o n t h e t r a ck d e sc r ib ed , p a s s ing b eh ind t h eg a tehou se w h e r eo fc ou r se i tw ou ld m ak e l i t t le s e n se i n a ny c a se . T h eo r ig ina lg a teway , o r' c h iefs h ou se ' , w ou ld h a rd ly h ave b een l e f t p ro jec t ing i nf r on t o f ad ef en s ive w a l l , p e rhap s t o o ve r look i ta nd p r ov id e as h ie ld f o r a t ta ck e r s .

T he e x cava to r i n f e r r ed t h a t t h e r a ng e s o fb u i ld ing s a l ong t h e i n s ide f a ce o ft h e r i ng w a l l w e r e d amaged b yt h e f l ood a nd h ad t ob ep u l led d own ; an ew l a ye rr e s t ing d i r ec t ly o n t h e i n t e rna l m idden d epo s i t s w a s i n t e rp r e ted a st h e s t one a nd t u r fd eb r i s o ft h e se b u i ld ing s w h ich h ad b een l e v e l led t o f o rm a n ew f l oo r . T h i s l a y e r c on ta ined m any w ood c h ip s , p r e sumab ly t h e d eb r i s f r om t h e d emo l i t ion o ft h e w ooden p a r t so fw a l l sa nd r oof .

T he p ub l i shed e v idence m o r eove r d oe s n o t s uppo r t t h i s v e r s ion o ft h e i n n e rr i ng -wa l l . S ec t ion DID - t h rough t h e g a tehou se e n t r anc ep a s sag eu pt ot h eb r och w a l l -s h ow sa m a s so fs t one d eb r i sl y ing a ga in s tt h ew a l lo ft h et ow e r( t he s e c t ion i sp r e sumab ly s omewha t t o t h e w e s t o f t h e l i ne s hown s i n ce t h e r e w a s s ome k i nd o fh u t i mmed ia t e ly i n f r om t h e p a s s age ) [ 1 1 , f i g . 8 ]( I l l s . 4 . 10 1 &4 . 111 ) . T h i s r ubb le i se xa c t ly w he r e , o n t h e ma in p l an ( I l l . 4 . 98 ) , t h e s e cond r i ng -w a l l i ss uppo sed t o r u n . O n t h e s e c t ion d r aw ing H am i l ton a ppea r st ob e s ugg e s t ing ad if e r en ti d ea -t h a t t h e b r o ch i sf ound ed o n t o p o fa n o l de r w a l l ( t he l ow e s t 1 . 4 mb e ing s hown b l ack ) ; t h ough i tc l ea r ly d oe s s oa tt h ee n t r an ce t h eb roch m a son ry b eh ind t h eg a t ehou se d oe sn o ts how ac onv inc ing s t ra igh tj o in t( I l l .4 . 111) .

S eve r a l s e c t ion s d o s how t h i s ' t u rf l a ye r w i th w ood ' , f o r e xamp l e i nt h e s ou th -w e s t w he r e i ti so n ly a bou t 1 0c m ( 4 i n s . )t h ick [ 1 1 : f i g . 1 0 , s e c t ion H 'H ] a nd a l so al i t t le f u r the r n o r th w he r e i ti s al i t t le t h ick e r [ 1 1 ; f i g . 1 0 , s e c t ion s J ' J a nd K 'K ] . H ow eve r o t he r s e c t ion s a ga in s t t h e r i ng w a l l d o n o ts how i t ; al i t t le t ot h e s ou th o ft h e a r ea m en t ioned , a sa l r eady n o ted , a n e x ten s ive r ubb le l a ye ra ppa r en t ly f e l l d i r ec t ly o nt ot h eg r ave l ly s ub so i la ta ne a r ly s t ag e , b u tt h i s i sn o t f u l ly e xp la ined i nt h e r e po r t [ 1 1 : f i g . 1 0 , s e c t ion G 'G ] .

1 02

S ec t ion 4 : S he t land

I n f a c t t h e c l a imed s e cond r i ng -f o r t w a l l f u r the r w e s t c an b e s e en c l ea r ly t oj o in t h e i n ne r h a lf o ft h e e a s t e nd o ft h e g a tehou se . T he i n ne r w a l l f a ce o ft h e g a l le ry c on ta in ing t h e s t a i r b l end s s moo th ly w i th w ha t n ow l o ok s l i ke t h e o u te r f a ce o ft h e s ub -b roch w a l l ( I l l . 4 . 106 ) . T he m a in p l an s how s ag ap i nt h e w a l l h e re [ 1 1 , f i g . 1 ] b u t t h i s c ou ld b e a ne xamp le o f ap r io r i r e a son ing w h ich a s sume s t h a t , b e cau se t he s t a i rway i sa s sumed t ob e s e conda ry , a nd b ecau se t h es e cond r i ng w a l l i sa s sumed t oh ave r un b eh ind t h e g a t ehou se , t h i s j unc t ion mu s t b e a moder n r e con s t ru c t ion . T h i s i sq u i te m i s lead ing c ompa r ed w i th w ha t c an b e s een o n t h e g round , a nd t h i s c on t rad ic t ion i s n owhe r e e xp la ined . I ft h i s c onn ec t ion i s a moder n r e b u i ld i ts h ou ld h ave b een e xp la ined .

Y e t t h e s c ena r io p r e sen ted i n t h e r e po r t i sc on t rad ic ted e ven b yt h e e v idence f r om P ane l I I i t se lf w he re af r agmen t o f2 nd o r 3 rd c en tu ry R oman g l a s s w a s f ound i nl a ye r I V [ 1 1 : 1 33 ] , i mp ly ing ( e ven w i thou t t h e s t ra t ig raph ica l e v idence j u s t m en t ioned f r om i nf r on t o ft h e l a nd ing s t age ) t h a t t h e f l ood ing e p i sode t o ok p l a ce v e ry much l a te r t h an t h e re m a in ta ined . T he r e a r e t hu s n o g round s a ta l l f o r i n f e r r ing a ny e p i sode o ff l ood ing a tt h e e nd o ft h e p r ima ry f o r t p e r iod , w h ich , i ti sc l a imed , i n augu ra ted t h e s e cond , c on t rac ted r i ng -f or t . T he w ho le e nv i ronmen ta l a nd s oc ia l c on tex t p u t f o rwa rd f o r t h e c on s t ruc t ion o ft h a t f o r t t hu s c o l lap se s . H oweve r t h e re i sn o d oub t t h a t t h e re w a s a n i n ne r w a l l o f s ome k i nd , a nd t h e q ue s t ion o f i t s n a tu re i s c on s ide red i ns e c t ion 1 .

Mor eov e r t h e e p isode o f f l ood ing a ppea r s t o h ave b een p l aced f a r t o o e a r ly i nt h e s i te s e quence a cco rd ing t ot h e i n f o rma t ion p rov ided i n t h e r e po r t i t se lf . W i thou t t h i s f l ood ing , c r uc ia l t o t h e o r thodox t h eo ry , t h e re i s n o e me rgency a tt h e e nd o fP ha se 3 , n ou nde rm in ing b yw a te r a nd c o l lap se o f t h e o u ter w a l l , a nd n o n eed f o r s u ch a d ra s t ica l ly c on t rac ted s i te .

8 . P ha se 5 : c ons truc t ion o ft he b roch

T he a na ly s i s o ft h e l a cu s t r ine d epo s i t s w a s c a r r ied o u t b y D r W . T .H .W i l l iam son o fA be rde en U n ive r s i ty [ 1 1 : 1 68 9 ] a nd w a s b a sed o n s amp le s t a k en f r om t wo s e c t ion s o u t s ide t h e r i ng w a l l , o ne i np ane l I I [ 1 1 : f i g . 9 ,s e c t ion G 'G ] a nd o ne f r om at r ench i mmed ia te ly i n f r on t o f t h e l a nd ing s t age , i n f r on t o f t h e o u te r e n t rance [ 1 1 : f i g . 8 , s e c t ion D 2D3 ] . W i l l iam son w a sa b le t oe qua te t wo o ft h e l a ye r s i ne a ch o ft h et wo s e c t ion s , a nd t h u s t oc o r re la te t h e e n t ire s e quences .

T he e xcava to r b e l ieve s t h a t t h e s e cond r i ng -f or t w a s n eve r c omp le ted b ecau se o f t h e a r r iva l o f b roch m en f r om O rkney w ho b egan t ob u i ld at owe ro nt h e s i te . Wh i le t h is h uge t a sk w a s i np roce s s t empo ra ry h u t s w e re b u i l t o ve r t h e f a l len r ubb le a nd p ea t a sh i n s ide t h e r i ng -wa l l a nd a bove t h e f l oo r s o ft h e a bandoned r a nge o fb y re s . Ma s se s o f f r e sh s and s tone m u s t h ave b een f e r r ied a c ro s s t o t h e i s land , i fi tw a s a n i s land ( a sw eh ave s e en i tw a sp robab ly s t i l l ap romon to ry a tt h is s t age ) . O n t h e e a s t a r c t h e b roch w a s f ounded o n n a tu ra l r o ck a nd o n t h e n o r th o n w ha t t h e e xcava to r b e l ieved t ob e t h e o l d r oundhou se ; o nt h ew e s ta nd s ou th h oweve ri t sw a l l r e s ted o n t op o ft h e p r e -ex i s t ing b u t a l leged ly i n comp le te s e cond r i ng -wa l l . T he b roch d oorway w a s a l igned w i th a n e n t rance t h rough t h is . I t w a s s u rm i sed t h a t t h e t wo s ub s id ia ry e n t rance st h rough t h eb roch w a l l o nt h ee a s ts i de w e re m ade t o a low b u i ld ing s t one t o b e c a r r ied t h rough i n to t h e g a l le r ie s a nd u p t o t h e w a l l -head , much o f t h e b u i ld ing s t one h av ing b een s t acked o nt h eb a re r o ck o nt h is s i de o ft h e s i t e . H oweve r , w e h ave s e en t h a t t h e d oo r a t t h e f oo t o ft h e s t a i r i sc e r ta in ly s e conda ry , a nd t h a t t h e o t he r o ne m ay b e a moder n i n ven t ion , s o t h e se s uppo s i t ion st o o a r eb a sed o nu n r e l iab le e v idence .

F rom c on s ide r ing t h i s d a ta i ti sq u i t e c l ea rt h a t -a l though t h e c oa r se , w a te r -depo s i ted s t o rm g rave l l a ye r I V , a s s igned t ot h e e p i sode o f f l ood ing , r e s t s d i r ec t ly o n t h e o ld b ea ch m idden ( l aye r I I ) i n p ane l I I - i t w a s e qu iva len tt o amuch h i ghe r d epo s i t i nt h e s equence f ound a tt h e l a nd ing s t age , s ome 9 0 f t . a way t o t h e s ou th -ea s t . H e re , a so ne m igh t e xpec t , t h e l a nd ing s t age w a s b u i l t o n t op o f t h e s t ra tum o f s t o rm -dump ed g rave l . H oweve r t h is i sl a ye r 5( con ta in ing w hee lhou se p o t te ry )a nd i tr e s ted o n t h e h umu s l a ye r 4 , i t se lf o n t o p o f al a ye r o fg rave l s r e su l t ing f r om ' g en t le s ho re l ine s o r t ing ' ( a l so c on ta in ing s ome w hee lhou se p o t te ry ) . T h i s i nt ur n r e s ted o n al a ye r o f ma r ine s a nd ( no . 2 )w h ich c on ta ined e a r ly I r on A ge a nd e a r ly f o r t p o t te ry , a nd i ti st h i s w h ich i se qu iva len t t ot h e f o r tb ea ch m idden [ I l l .4 . 10 1 , s e c t ion D2D3]

8 . 1 S t ra t ig raphy

T hus t h e r e w e re t wo e x t ra l a ye r s i n t h e l a nd ing s t age s equence w h ich w e r e n o t r e p re sen t ed i n p ane l I I , a nd b o th t h e s t ra t ig raphy a nd t h e a s so c ia ted p o t te ry m ake i t q u i te c l ea r t h a t t h e d r a s t ic r i se i n w a te r l e ve l , a nd t h e b u i ld ing o ft h e l a nd ing s t age , o ccu r r ed a t av e ry l a te s t age i nt h e h i s to ry o ft h e s i te , a ppa r en t ly al o ng t ime a f t e r t h e s e conda ry o ccupa t ion o ft h e b roch h ad b egun . T he o n ly w ay t h e s e quence a c tua l ly d e sc r ibed i nt h e r e po r t c ou ld b e i n f er r ed i sb y t ak ing a ccoun t o n ly o f t h e s t ra t ig raphy o f p ane l I I a nd f o rge t t ing t h a t i nf r on t o ft h e l a nd ing s t age . O n ly t h en c ou ld i tb e a s sumed t h a tt h e s t o rm g rave l l a ye r I V , i n d ica t ing f l ood ing , f o l lowed i mmed ia te ly o n t h e m idden o f F o r t 1( Pha se 3 ) a nd t h u s i n augu ra ted F o r t 2 ( Pha se 4 ) .

1 03

N o d i rec t s t ra t ig raph ica l l i nk w a s f ound b e tween t h e s t ump o ft h e b roch a nd t h e e a r l ie r s t ruc tu r e s a nd l a ye r s a l ready d e sc r ibed , e xcep t f o rt h e o ve r lap w i th t h e o l de rw a l l a tt h e e n t rance . H oweve r , s ome i n f o rma t ive s t ra ta w e r e f ound i n t h e i n te r io r . A l though t h e i n ne r c ou r t o ft h e b roch h ad b een c l ea r ed o u t i n 1 860 -6 1 , i ts e em s t h a t o n ly ar a i sed , s e conda ry f l oo r ( b e long ing t o t h e w hee lhou se ) w a s t h en r e ached . T he n ew e xcava t ion s p ene t ra ted t h is a nd f ound t r ace s o f as t r ip o fp e r iphe ra l p av ing w h ich w a s s epa ra ted f r om t h e c en t ra l h ea r th a r ea b y ak e rb o f u p r igh t s t one s a mong w h ich w a s s e t ar i ng o f l a rge , s t one l ined p o s t h o le s . U nf or tuna te ly n o p l an o ft h e se i sg i ven b u tt h ey a r e a s sumed , a s w i th s eve ra l s im i la r e xcava ted b roch s , t o h ave h e ld t h e h eavy p o s t s o f at imbe r -f ramed g a l le ry o r b a lcony , t h e f l oo r o f w h ich r e s ted o n t h e s c a rcemen t l e dge . S uch a f l oo r w ou ld h ave b een l e ve l w i th t h e s i l l o ft h e d oo rt ot h e mu ra l s t a i rs o p r e sumab ly aw ooden l a dde r l e d

T he R oundhou se s , B roch s a nd W hee lhou se s o fA t lan t ic S co t land

u p t ot h e b a lcony f r om t h e i n te r io r . T he i n t ra -mu ra l s t a i r c ou ld n o t h ave g i ven a c ce s s t oi ta s i tt oo w a s f ounded a t s c a r cemen t l e ve l ( t h i s r a i se s t h ep o s s ib i l i ty t h a tt h e re w a s a l a nd ing o n t h e s t a i ra tL eve l 3w h ich g ave a cce s st o ad oo r l e ad ing o u t t o af l oo r r e s t ing o n ah i ghe r s c a r cemen t , n ow v an ished ) . A l a ye r o fc l ayey p ea t a sh w a s f ound s p read o ve r m o s t o f t h e c en t ra l a r ea [ 1 1 , p l . X IVa ] a nd w a s a ppa ren t ly t h ep r ima ry b roch f l oo rd epo s i t ; t h ee ven o l de r o ccupa t ion l a ye r f ound u nde r p a r t o f i th a s a l r eady b een d e sc r ibed . O u t s ide a nd t o t h e w e s t o ft h e b roch t wo s t one , f l agged h ea r th s a nd a n a s soc ia ted s p read o f p ea t a sh w e r e f ound c l o se t ot h er i ng -wa l l ; t h e se a r ed i agno sed b yt h ee xcava to r a s t h e r ema in s o f t empo ra ry d we l l ing s i n u se w h i le t h e b roch w a sb e ing b u i l t , ap l au s ib le h ypo the s i s b u to ne b a sed o n a s sump t ion s r a the r t h an s t a t ig raph ica l p roof . Many a r tef ac t s w e re i n t h i s l a ye r i n c lud ing d eco ra ted b roch p o t te ry , a nd w ha lebone o b jec t s l i ke ac up a nd ac omb a s w e l l a sa n t le r h and le p l a te s [ 1 1 , p l s . XX IXb & XXXa , b ] . T h i s e n t i r e d epo s i tr e s ted o nt o p o f am a s s o fr ubb le w h ich h ad e v iden t ly f a l len f r om t h e r i ng w a l l a nd r e s t ing d i rec t ly o n n a tu ra l g r ave l [ 1 1 , f i g . 1 0 , s e c t ion J ' ] . A l i t t le d i s tance t ot h e s ou th mo re s u ch h i gh o ccupa t ion l e ve l s , i n t h e f o rm o f s p read s o fp ea t a sh , w e re e ncoun te r ed [ 1 1 , f i g . 9 ,s e c t ion F 'F , l a ye r s 3a nd 4 ] , o ne o ft h em i nf r on t o f w e s t e nd o ft h e g a tehou se [ 1 1 , f i g . 9 ,s e c t ion E 'E , l a ye r4 ] ; t h e se t oo r e s ted o n at h ick l a ye r o ff a l len w a l l s t one s -o n a n o lde r m idden i nf r on t o ft h e g a tehou se b u t o n g rave l i n t h e o t he r s e c t ion . T he se d epo s i t s c on ta ined b o th d eco ra ted b roch p o t te ry a nd a l so q uan t i t ie s o f p l a in s t ea t i te w a re . T he se d we l l ing a r ea s d o s e em t ob e c on tempo ra ry w i th t h e b roch , b u tt h e s t ra t ig raphy c ou ld a se a s i ly b e i n te rp re ted a s m ean ing t h a t t h e b roch -bu i ld ing a c t iv i ty t ook p l ace o n a r u ined a nd a bandoned s i te . 8 . 2 T he r ound h u t I nf r on t o ft h e b roch e n t rance w a s f ound t h e r ema in s o fa r ound s t one h u t( no ts hown o nt h e s e c t ion d raw ing s ) w h ich i sa s s igned t o t h e b roch p e r iod ( I l l . 4 . 98 , H 1) . T o t h e n o r th -we s t o ft h i s w a s a n e x ten s ive p ea t a sh l a ye r 3 0 c m ( 12 i n s . ) t h ick w h ich p r e sumab ly r e p re sen t s t h e m a te r ia l t h rown o u t b y t h e o ccupan t s o f t h e b roch [ 1 1 , f i g . 1 0 , s e c t ion H 'H a nd J ' J , l a ye r 5 ) ; t h e d i su sed o u te rw a l l w a s p r e sumab ly n ow t o o f a ra way f o rr ubb i sh t ob et i pped o ve r i tt oa dd t ot h e b each m idden . I ti si mpo r tan t t on o te t h a t t h is e x ten s ive a sh a nd m idden t i p w a s c ove r ed b y at h ick l a ye r o fb u i lde r s ' r ubb le , s i gn if y ing s ome l a te r b u i ld ing o r d emo l i t ion a c t iv i ty [ 1 1 , f i g . 1 0 , s e c t ion J ' J , l a ye r6 ] . 8 . 3 A l te ra t ion st ot h eg a tehou se T he e xcava to r a s sumed t h a t v a r iou s c hange s w e r e m ade t o t h e o l d , d amaged g a tehou se a tt h et ime t h eb roch w a s b u i l t . T he w e s t o r l ef t c e l l w a s f ound f u l l o f r ubb le a nd h e a s sumed t h a t i tw a s b l ocked u p a t t h is t ime a nd t h e s t a i rca se i n se r ted i nt h e w e s t e nd w i th i t sb a se 9 0c m ( 3f t . ) a bove t h e b a se o ft h e g a tehou se a nd t h e o r ig ina l g round s u rf a ce [ 1 1 , p l . XV ] . S ome d oub t s a bou t t h e n on -p r ima ry n a tu re o f t h e s t a i r h ave a l ready b een e xp re s sed , i n p a r t icu la r t h e f a c t t h a t t h e i n ne r f a ce o ft h e s t a i r p a s sage c l ea r ly c on t inue s w e s t -a ppa ren t ly w i thou t ab r eak o r a

1 04

s t ra igh t j o in t - t o b ecome t h e o u te r f a ce o f t h e w a l l c onnec t ing w i th t h e b roch e n t rance [ 1 1 , p l . XV ] T h i s s t rong ly s ugge s t s t h a t t h e s t a i r c ou ld o r ig ina l ly h ave c on t inued o n d own n ex tt ot h i s , a nd t h a tt h e l owe s t s t ep s l a ck ing t h e p ro t ec t ion o ft h e o r ig ina l g a l le r ied w a l l -h ad b een r emoved l o ng b ef o re t h e e xcava t ion t o ok p lace ( t hey h ave n ow b een r e p laced : I l . 4 . 106 ) . T he l e ve l a tw h ich t h e c onnec t ing w a l l w a s f ounded w ou ld n eed t ob e k nown b ef o re c e r ta in ty o n t h i s p o in t c ou ld b e a ch ieved ; i fi t s b a se i s a t t h e l e ve l o f t h e b a se o f t h e g a tehou se t h e s t a i r mu s t s u r e ly b e p r ima ry , b u t i fi ti s h i ghe rt h e s t a i rc ou ld h ave b een i n ser ted . T he w e s te nd o f t h e b u i ld ing a ppea r s t o h ave b een e xcava ted b u t n o i n f o rma t ion i sg i ven o nt h i s i mpor tan tp o in t . T he e xcava to r a l so b e l ieve s t h a t t h e n ew s t a i r l e d u p t oa n ew , l owe r w a l lhead " i n te rmed ia te b e tw een t h e o r ig ina l f i r s t a nd s e cond f l oo r s" o f w h ich t wo l i n te l s r ema in . T he re s e em s n ow ay t ob e s u r e a bou tt h i s , a nd i tm ay b ea n a s sump t ion d e r iv ing f r om t h a t o ft h e s t a i rb e ing s e conda ry . T he p r e sen t h e igh t o ft h e r a i sed g a l le ry i s 4f t . 0i n s . ( 1 .22 m ) w he r ea s n o rma l ly o ne w ou ld e xpec t ah e igh t o f 5f t .— 5 f t 6i n s . ( 1 .5 — 1 . 68 m ) . T he p resen t e v en a nd l e ve l t o p o ft h e g a tehou se , w i th t h e l i n te ls , i ss u r e ly a 1 9t h c en tu ry r e s to ra t ion a s i t i s s hown u neven a nd d i lap ida ted i n D ryden 's d raw ing ( I l l . 4 . 94 ) .

8 . 4 T he b u i ld ing o ft h eb roch A l a ye r o f ' b u i lde r s ' r ubb le ' l y ing o n n a tu ra l g rave l a nd c l o se t ot h e e a s t s i de o ft h e b roch [ 1 1 , f i g . 8 ,s ec t ion C C ' , l a ye r 3 ]( I l l . 4 . 10 1) i si n te rp r e ted a s t h e r ema in s o fs t one s s t acked d u r ing t h e b u i ld ing o ft h e b ro ch , t h ough i tc ou ld p r e sumab ly b e e qua l ly i fn o t mo re p l au s ib ly e xp la ined a s r ubb le f a l len f r om t h e d i lap ida ted o r d i sman t led t owe r . I t s e em s u n l ike ly f o r e xamp le t h a t b ro ch b u i lde r s ' r u bb le w ou ld h ave b e en l e f t u n t id i ly a ga in s t t h e b a se o ft h e n ew t owe r . T he b r och i t se lf i s as o l id -ba sed t owe r a nd i t s a r ch i tec tu ra l d e ta i ls h ave a l ready b een d e sc r ibed ( s ee s e c t ion 3 . 5 a bove ) . 8 . 5 F ind sf rom t h eb roch l e ve l s Mo s t o ft h e f i nd s a s s igned t ot h e b roch o fP ha se 5 c ame f r om t h e e x ten s ive p ea t a sh a nd m idden l a ye r o u t s ide t h e t owe rt ot h ew e s ta nd n o r th -we s t . T hu st h e i rs t ra t ig raph ica l c onnec t ion w i th t h e b roch , t hough h i gh ly p robab le , c anno t b e p rov ed . I fs ome m a jo r e p i sod e o fc on s t ruc t ion a nd o ccupa t ion i n te rvened b e tween t h e d i lap ida t ion o ft h e f i r s t r i ng w a l l a nd t h e b u i ld ing o ft h e b r o ch - s uch a st h e b u i ld ing o f t h e s o r t o f g a l le ry -wa l led s e cond r i ng -f o r t s ugge s ted h e r e ( s ec t ion 1 b e low ) -a l t h ese f i nd s m igh t i nt h eo ry b e long t h e re . A l though t h e e x ten s ive p ea t a s h f u r the r n o r th -we s t i sr e f e r red t o a s a no the r b roch p e r iod d epo s i t [ 1 1 , f i g . 1 0 , s e c t ion J ' J , l a ye r 5 ]n o f i nd s f r om i t a r e l i s ted . S tone a r tef ac t s f r om t h i s c on tex t [ 1 1 , f i g . 9 ,s ec t ion G 'G , l a ye r 3 ]i n c lud ed w he t s tone s , p o t l id s o rd i sc s , ah and led s l a te d i sc , s and s tone c oun te r s , p l aque so ff i ne g a rne t if e rou s s c h is ta nd al amp w i th at h umb g r ip [ 1 1 , f i g . 4 7 .1] .

S ec t ion 4 : S he t land

B one a nd a n t ler o b jec t s i n c lud ed a w l s o r p o in t s , a p e rf o ra t ed b obb in , ac h ise l [ 1 1 , f i g . 4 9 .1 ] , ad i e w i th d o t a nd r ing s po t s [ 1 1 , f i g . 4 9 .5 ] , ' t en s ion p eg s ' , p l a in p i n s , a l o ng -hand led c omb [ 1 1 , f i g . 4 8 .6 ] , b one a nd a n t le rp l a te s f o ra t ta chmen tt ou n spec if ied o b jec t s [ 1 1 ,f i g .4 8 .1-4 ] a nd a w ha lebone c up , f ound i n ac av i ty b enea th t h e p av ing o f o ne o ft h et empo ra ry h u t s [ 1 1 , f i g . 4 8 .5 ] . Me ta l : n ot r a ce o fi r on f r om t h i s p e r iod i sm en t ioned b u t a ga in t h e m any whe t s tone s mu s t s u r e ly m ean t h a t i tw a s i n u s e . S eve ra l b ron ze o b jec t s w e re r e cov e red , i n c lud ing as p i ra l f i nge rr i ng [ 1 1 , f i g . 5 0 .3 ] , ap i ece o f ab ra ce le tw i th r i bbed d eco ra t ion , t h e h ead o f ar i ng -head ed p i n [ 1 1 , f i g . 5 0 .2 ] , a d oub le -po in ted f i sh g o rge [ 1 1 , f i g . 5 0 .5 ] . Ap i ece o fa s ma l l c r uc ib le i nd ica te sb ronze -wo rk ing . S t one : f r om t he f l oo r d epo s i t i n s ide t h e b roch c ame o b jec t s l i k e p ounde r s , w he t s tones , s and s tone p o t l i d s , a s phe r ica l b ead o r w ho r l [ 1 1 , f i g . 4 7 .10 ] , ac i rcu la r s a nd s tone b ow l l amp w i th a s t ubby h and le [ 1 1 , f i g . 4 7 .2 ] a nd ap e rf o ra ted p ea r shaped l o om w e igh t [ 1 1 , f i g . 4 7 .4 ] . T he r e w a s a l so h a lf a p o t te ry s p ind le w ho r l a nd b one o b jec t s i n c luded a s ma l l p l a in d i e [ 1 1 , f i g . 4 9 .12 ] a nd a p e rf o ra t ed t o gg le [ 1 1 ,f i g .4 9 .2 ] . A t h i rd d epo s i t i sa s s igned t o t h e b roch p e r iod , n ame ly l a ye r I V i nt h e b each m idden i np a ne l s I X IV . H oweve r f o r r e a son s a l ready e xp la ined i ts e em s t h a t t h is l a ye r i si n f a c t mu ch l a te r a nd b e long s t ot h e l a te w hee lhou se p e r iod ; t h e f i nd sa r et h e ref o r e i n c luded i ns e c t ion 9 . 4b e low . O ne o f t h em w a s af r agmen t o f aR oman g l a s s b ow l m ade d u r ing t h ep e r iod AD 1 60 -250 a nd i tc onf i rm st h e l a te d a te o ft h e d epo s i t [ 11 , 1 33 ] w h ich i su n l ike ly t o a n teda te t h e m idd le o ft h e2 nd c en tu ry AD a nd c ou ld b ew e l la f t e rt h a t .

t h ough s omewha t p l a ine r , s t i l l h ad t h e e ve r ted a nd f l u ted r im s c ha ra c te r i s t ic o ft h e e a r l ie r p e r iod . T he f a l se d oub le r im a l so o ccu r r ed . T he f l u ted r im d eco ra t ion l a s ted av e ry l o ng t ime , o ccu r r ing t h roughou t s e ve ra l f e e t o f m idden d epo s i t s . T h i s w hee lhou se r ema ined t h e p r inc ipa l d we l l ing t h roughou t t h e w ho le o f t h e p o s t -b roch p e r iod a nd h uge m idden s g radua l ly b u i l t u p o ve rt h ep r e -b roch b y re a nd h u t f ounda t ion s . I mmed ia te ly a bove al a ye ro fb u i lde r s ' r ubb le a s soc ia ted w i th t h e c on s t ruc t ion o f t h e w hee lhou se t h e re w a s f ound af r agmen t o fR oman g l a s s d a t ing f r om t h e l a te i s to re a r ly 2 nd c en tu ry . A no the r e xo t ic s he rd , o fR hen i sh p o lych rome d a teab le t ot h em id 3 rd c en tu ry , o ccu r red i na n " e s tab l i shed w hee lhou se c on tex t" . T he re w a s l i t t le e v idence t o s how h ow l a te t h e s i te w a s o ccup ied b u t , o nt h e a na logy o ft h e e v idence o b ta ined f r om t h e J a r l shof w hee lhou se s , H am i l ton s uppo se s t h a t i tm ay h ave b een u n t i l t h e 7 t h o r 8 t h c en tu r ie s . N o V ik ing r e l ic s w e re f ound t hough t h e p a i r o ff oo tp r in t s c u t i n to s t one o n t h e c au seway i s ad ev ice f ound i no t he r S co t t i sh D a rk A ge r oya l s i te s . T h roughou t t h e p o s t -b roch p e r iod t h e s t one a nd b one t o o l sr ema ined e s sen t ia l ly t h e s ame . 9 . 1 D emo l i t ion o ft h eb roch I n t h e r e po r t s ome o f t h e e v idence f o r t h e se d r ama t ic s t a temen t s i sp r e sen ted . T he s t ra t ig raphy o ft h e w e s t p a r t o ft h e o u te rc ou r t i st h e mo s t c omp le te a nd i ts how s ac l ea r l a ye r o f" bu i lde r 's r ubb le" , u p t o3 0 c m ( 12 i n s . ) t h ick , o n t o p o f t h e b roch p e r iod h ea r th s a nd a s soc ia ted a sh l a ye r [ 1 1 , f i g . 1 0 , s e c t ion F J , l a ye r 6 ] . L ikew i se i n s ide t h e b roch i t s e lf a d epo s i t o f r ubb le w a s f ound i mmed ia te ly b e low t h e l a ye r o f p av ing a s soc ia ted w i th t h e i n se r ted w hee lhou se ( a nd r e ached i nt h e 1 860 -6 1 e xcava t ion s ) [ 1 1 , f i g . 8 ,s e c t ion AA ' , l a ye r 5 ] ; t h i s r ubb le w a s l y ing o n t h e b roch f l oo r .

8 . 6 B roch p o t tery T he mo s tp r om inen ts t y le o fp o t te ry f r om p ha se 4c on s i s ted o fe ver t ed r im v esse l sv e ry s im i la rt ot h ee a r ly f o r tw a r e sw e l l f i r ed , s moo th su rf aced a nd r e dd i sh b rown i nc o lou r a nd h av ing s ha rp ly e ver ted r im s . S ome o ft h e se r im s h ad p a ra l le l l i ne s o ff l u t ing a l ong t h e i n ne r s u rf ace , a ga in l i ke t h e f o r t p o t te ry , b u t t h e o ccu r rence o f n eck -band d eco ra t ion - t ha t i s ar ope o f c l ay , p r e s sed o r c u t i n to v a r iou s p a t ter n s , a pp l ied i n to t h e s h a rp a ng le b e tween t h e e ver ted r im a nd t h e b ody [ 1 1 , f i g s . 5 3 &5 4 ] -w a s m uch m o re f r equen tt han i nt h ef o r td epos i t s .

C lea r ly t h e se r ubb le l a ye r s mu s t m ean t h a t s ome k i nd o f a c t iv i ty i n vo lv ing t h e m ov ing o f l a rge q uan t i t ie s o f s t one t o ok p l ace a tt h e e nd o ft h e b roch p e r iod , b u ti ti sn o tc l ea r w he the r t h i s i n vo lved t h e d emo l i t ion o ft h e b roch b ef o r e t h e i n se r t ion o f t h e w hee lhou se d we l l ing , o r t h e c l ea r ing o u t o fr ubb le f r om ar u ined a nd a bandoned b roch . T he r ubb le c ou ld e i the rb em a te r ia l c o l lap sed f r om t h e b roch o r t h e r ema in s o ft h eb u i ld ing m a te r ia l b rough t i nt oc on s t ruc t t h e w hee lhou se . I ti sa l so n o t c l ea r f r om t h e r e po r t o n w ha t e v idence t h e e xcava to r b a se s h i s c onc lu s ion t h a t t h e b roch h ad b ecome d i lap ida ted b ef o r e d emo l i t ion ( t hough t h e re i si nf a c t g ood e v idence f o r t h i s , a sw e h ave s e en , i n t h e r eg ion o ft h e s t a i r d oo r -s e c t ion 3 . 5 .4 a bove ) , o rt h a t t h e b roch s t one h ea r th w a s r emoved a t t h a t t ime . P re sumab ly i tw a s D ryden 's c l ea r d e sc r ip t ion o f s i gn s o f s u ch r e -bu i ld ing i n s ide t h e b roch , a l r eady r e f er r ed t o ( s ec t ion 3 . 5 ) . I tm igh t s e em l i ke ly t h a t t h e b roch w a s p a r t ly p u l led d own b ef o re t h e s e conda ry d we l l ing w a s i n ser ted , b o th b ecau se o fD ryden 's e v idence a nd b ecau se s u ch d emo l i t ion a c t iv i t ie s h ave b een d e tec ted a to t he rs i te s . I t p robab ly o ccu r r ed b ecau se t h e u ppe r w o rk s o f t h e d ry s tone t owe r s b ecame u n s tab le a nd d ange rou s w i th t ime , a nd a l so p e rhap s b ecau se t h e r e w a s ag ene ra l d ec l ine i n t h en eed f o rt h eb roch s a sd ef en s ive s t ruc tu re s .

9 . P ha se 6 : d emo l i t ion o f b roch a nd c ons truc t ion o f w hee lhou se A cco rd ing t o av iv id e a r ly a ccoun t o ft h e e xcava to r 's t h e b roch w a s a lowed t of a l l i n to d ecay , a nd w a s t h en p a r t ly d emo l ished , b ef o re al a rge w hee lhou se w a s e r ec ted i nt h e i n te r io r . T he p re sence o f s eve r a l l a rge h ea r th s n ea r t h e r i ng -wa l l a nd c l o se t o t h e o u te r e n t rance , a bove e a r l ie r d epo s i t s , s ugge s ted t oh im t h e p r e sence o f al a rge rn umbe r o f ' n a t ive s ' s i nce much s t ea t i te t empe r ed p o t te ry o ccu r red w i th t h em . T he i n hab i tan t s o ft h e l a rge w hee lhou se i n s ide t h e t ow e r , o n t h e o t he r h and , s e em t o h ave b een d e scendan t s o f t h e b roch b u i lde r s s i nce t h e i r p o t te ry ,

1 05

T he R ound hou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

9 . 2 T he w hee lhou se

9 . 3 D a t ing

A sn o t ed ( s ec t ion 3 . 5 ) aw a l lo fu nev en t h ickne s sw a sb u i l t i n s ide t h e b roch t o f o rm a m u ch c on t ra c ted , e l ip t ica l c en t ra l c ou r t m ea su r ing 7 . 63 m ( 2 5 f t . ) f r om n o r th -ea s t b y e a s t t o w e s t b y s ou th -w e s t a nd 5 . 80 m ( 1 9 f t . ) a tr i gh t a ng le s [ 1 1 , f i g . 1 ] ( I l l .4 . 109 ) ; t h u st h ew a l lo nt h en o r th w e s tw a s u p t o2 . 29 m ( 7 .5 f t . ) t h ick . T he o r ig ina lb roch e n t ran ce c on t inued i nu s e , a sd i dt h e d oo rway t ot h em u ra l c e l l a t 1 2 o ' c lock ; h ow eve r t h e d oo r t ot h e c e l l a t4 . 30 o ' c lock w a s b l ocked ( o r t h e w ho le c e l l m igh t h av e b een f i l led ) . Ac e l l , o r' r ece s sed s pa ce ' , w a s b u i l t w i th in t h e w hee lhou se w a l l i t s e lf o n t h e n o r th s i d e , t h e b a ck o f i t b e ing f o rmed b yt h eb roch w a l l ; o nt h e l a t t e rc an b e s e en t h e s c a rcemen t 1 . 83 m ( 6 f t . ) a bove t h e f l oo r . T he d oo rway t ot h e s t a i r l o bby w a s e x t ended f o rwa rd s t h rough t h en ew w a l la s ar a i sed p a s sag eway a tf i r s tf l oo rl e ve l , 7 5 c m( 2f t .5 . 5 i n s . )w ide ; t h i sp a s sag ea l so l e ad st o an a r row c ompa r tmen ta tt h es ame h e igh ti nt h ew hee lhou se w a l l .

T he p ha se 5 l e v e l s p rodu ced t h e f i r s t r e l iab ly d a t ed a r tef ac t s i nt h e f o rm o f f r agmen t s o fR oman p o t t e ry a nd g l a s s ( t he e x cava t ion w a s c omp le t ed t e n y ea r s b ef o r e r a d ioca rbon d a t ing w a s f i r s t a pp l ied t o a S co t t i sh p r eh i s to r ic s i te ) . T he se R oman f r agm en t s p rov id e af i rm c h rono log ica l h o r izon b u t u nf o r tuna t e ly m o s t o ft h e s i t e 's s t r a t if i ed l a ye r sa r eo l de rt h an t h i s ; t h u sn ol i gh ti ss h ed i n t h i sw ay o nt h ed a t ing o ft h eb u i ld ing o ft h eb roch o ro ft h e e a r l ie rs t on er i ng -f o r t s .

B ecau se o ft h e d i scov e ry o ft h r ee p o s t -ho le s i nt h e u ppe r p av ed f l oo r -s unk d own i n to t h eg r ave l l a ye ri mmed ia t e ly b e low t h a t p av ing [ 1 1 , f i g . 8 ,s e c t ion A 'A , l a ye r 6 ] ) a nd s ma l le r t h an t h o se i n t h e b ro ch f l oo r -t h e e xcava to r c on s id e r ed t h a t i ni t s o r ig ina l f o rm t h e i n se r t ed d w e l l ing w a s at r u e ( t hough o va l ) r oundhou se w i th ar oof s uppo r ted b y i n t e rna l w ooden p o s t s . A t al a t e rd a t e t h e r a d ia l s t one p i e r sw e r es ub s t i tu ted f o rt h ep o s t s , a n as im i la rm anne rt o t h e c hang e s m ade i n t h e e a r l ie s t p o s t -b roch d w e l l ing a t J a r l shof ( HU30 1 ) ; t h e p i e r s w e r e o fs t on e s l ab s a bou t 6 9 c m( 2f t . 3i n s . )h i gh a nd t h ey p ro jec t ed a bou t 7 6c m ( 2f t . 6i n s . )i nf r om t h ew a l l . A cco rd ing t o I r v ine [ 2 ] t h e r e w a s t h en a r e c tangu la r , p av ed s t one h ea r th i nt h e m idd le o ft h e f l oo r , s l igh t ly s unk b e low t h e s u r round ing f l oo r a nd k e rbed w i th s t one s o n e dg e ; i tm ea su r ed 1 . 07 m ( 3f t . 6i n s . ) b y9 0 c m( 2f t .1 i n s . ) a nd s t i l l h ad a s h i ni t s c r ev ice s . As t one b en ch o r ' b ink ' w a s o nt h e s ou th s i de o ft h e h ea r th . T he m id 1 9 th c en tu ry e xcava to r s f o und av a r ie ty o fa r tef a c t s i nt h e b ay s f o rmed b yt h ep i e r s ; i nt h eo ne t ot h er i gh to ft h ee n t rance w e r em any p ebb le h amme rs t on e so rp ound e r s . I nt h eb ay t oi t s l e f tw a s ah ea r th , a nd i nt h e w hee lhou se c e l lb eyond t h a t ap ea t w a s f o und o n as h e lf i n t h e w a l l . I r v ine s u rm i sed t h a t t h e b roch c e l l o ppo s i te t h e m a in e n t rance , w h ich r ema ined o pen i nP ha se 5 ,s e rv ed a st h eb ed chambe r o ft h e ' Ce l t ic s qu i r eo ft h eb rough ' [ 2 , 3 72 ] ; t h i ss e em sa r e a sonab le s uppo s i t ion ( w i th s ome r e se rva t ion s a bou t t h e a d je c t ive ' Ce l t ic ' ) . I th a sa l r eady b een o b se rv ed t h a tt h e s e conda ry e n t ran ce t o t h e b roch - p u shed t h rough t h e w a l l a tt h e b a se o ft h e i n t ra -mu r a ls t a i rway - s e em sl i k e ly t od a te t o ap e r iod a f t e r m u ch r ubb le h ad f a l len f r om t h e t ow e r . T h i s d oo r w a s c e r ta in ly i nu s ew i th t h ew hee lhou se ( s ince t h ep a s sag eway t oi tr un s t h rough t h e w a l l o ft h e l a t t e r a tt h e s ame l e ve l ) a nd m ay w e l l h av e b een c on s t ruc t ed w i th i t . I fs o t h i s w ou ld s imp ly c onf i rm t h a t t h e w hee lhou se i t s e lf w a s b u i l t a f t e r t h e b r och w a s p a r t ly r u ined , p r e sumab ly a f t e r t h e i n te r io r( i fn o tt h eb a se o ft h ee x te r io rw a l l f a ce s )h ad b een c l ea r ed o fm o s to ft h ef a l len r u bb le .

Ap i ece o fR oman g l a s s d a t eab le t ot h e l a te i s t o re a r ly 2 nd c en tu ry AD w a s r e po r t ed t o h av e b e en f o und " i n a n e a r ly w hee lhou se d epo s i t a bove t h e b u i ld e r 's r u bb le" w h ich e v id en t ly m a rked t h e t r an s i t ion b e tween p ha se s 4 a nd 5 [ 1 1 , 1 33 ] . H owev e rt h e d e ta i l s g i ven i nt h e f i nd s c a ta logue m e r e ly s t a t et h a ti tw a s f ound i np ane l 1 8 , s o u th w e s t o f t h e b r och , a nd i n l a ye r 1 0 [ 1 1 , f i g . 1 0 , s e c t ion H 'H ] ; t h i s d oe s n o t s how t h e r ubb le l a ye r m en t ioned . T he s e cond p i e ce , o f ap a in t ed b ow l f r om t h e R h in e land , i sd a teab le t ot h e p e r iod AD 1 60 -250 a nd w a s f o und a ta h i gh l e ve l i nt h eb ea ch m idd en - i nl a y e rI V i n p an e lV I I I [ 1 1 , 1 33 ] . A s sum ing t h a t t h e se f r agm en t s r e a ch ed t h e i r f i na l r e s t ing p l a ce s f a i r ly q u ick ly ( a n a s sump t ion t h a t m ay b e w rong ) , t h e se v a r iou s d a t ed i mpo r t s s ugge s t t h a t t h e P ha se 5s e conda ry o ccupa t ion w a s i np r og r es s b yt h et h i rd c en tu ry AD . 9 . 4 F ind sf rom P ha se 5 T he m o s t n um e rou s f i nd s c ame f r om t h e u ppe r c ou r tya rd m idden s t ot h e w e s t o ft h e b roch a nd f r om t h e u pp e rmo s t d epo s i t so ft h eb ea ch m idd en so u t s id et h eo u te rw a l l . S t one i mp l emen t s [ f ig s . 5 8 &5 9 ] i n c lud ed p ound e r s a nd r ubbe r s , p o t l i d s a nd s t ea t i t e d i sc s , w h e t s tone s , d i sco id ' l oom w e igh t s ' c en t ra l ly p e rf o ra ted [ 1 1 , f i g . 5 8 .3 ] , b ead s a nd w ho r l s , c oun t e r s a nd p l ay ing m en , s p he r ica ll ump so f p um ice , af i n e s e t o f h and led b ow l lamp s ( mo s t o f s a nd s tone b u t o n e o f s t ea t i t e ) [ 1 1 , f i g . 5 9 ] a nd d i sco id p l aque s o f g a rne t if e rou s s c h i s t . A r o ta ry q u e rn o f u n spec if i ed t y p e -t h e f i r s t m en t ioned - w a s f ound i nt h e r o adway s i l tb e tw e en t h e g a tehou se a nd t h eb roch e n t rance [ 1 1 ,14 1 ] . A r tef ac t s o ffi r ed c l ay i n c luded s p ind le w ho r l s c u t f r om s h e rd s , p o t te ry b ow l lamp s a nd a l so as ma l l c r u c ib le f o r b ronz e -ca s t ing . B one a nd a n t l e r t o o l s i n c lud ed ap i nw i th a no b l iqu e ly c u t h ead [ 1 1 , f i g . 6 0 .4 ] , c u t s e c t ion s f r om l o ng b on e s , a t o gg le [ 1 1 , f i g .6 0 .7 ] , a n o va lb one w i th ar e c tangu la rs l o t t h rough i t[ 1 1 , f i g . 6 0 .6 ] , p o in t s o r a w l s , ap e r f o r a ted b obb in [ 1 1 , f i g . 6 0 .1 ] a nd ap o s s ib le w eav ing t a b le t [ 1 1 , f i g . 6 0 .5 ] . T h e r e i sa l so a b one p i n w i th a d i sc shaped h ead - I l t ra ted w i th t h er i ng -f o r tm a te r ia l [ 1 1 , f i g . 3 8 ,n o . 1 3 ] -w h ich s e em st ob e c ha r a c te r is t ic o ft h e l a te I r on A ge a s semb lag eo fc ompo s i te b one c omb sa nd o r namen t a lb one p i n s . S i nce t h e r e a r e n o o t he r c l ea r f i nd s o ft h i s p e r iod t h i sp i nm ay b e long t ot h ev e ry e nd o ft h em idd le I r on A g e p e r iod .

1 06

S ec t ion 4 : S he t land

p e r iod s a l so , a nd i n ter na l ly d eco ra ted b a se s -a l so f ound i n t h e e a r l ie r l e ve l s m en t ioned - a ga in o ccu r [ 1 1 , f i g . 6 8 ] . T he re a r e a l so s imp le r , b a r r e l shaped p o t s w i th p l a in i n tum ing r im s a sw e l l a s an umbe r o fs he rd s w i th i n c i sed d eco ra t ion w h ich s e em t ob e f r agmen t s o ft h e se [ 1 1 , F ig s . 6 6 &6 7 ] . T he r e semb lance t ot h e l a te B ronze A ge ur n s a t J a r l shof , a sw e l l a st oH eb r idean V au l w a re u rn s , m ay n o t b ec o inc iden ta l .

B ron ze o b jec t s i n c luded a p i n w i th a t w i s ted , s qua r e s e c t ioned s h af t [ 1 1 , f i g . 6 1 .1] ; t h i s r e ca l ls t h e b ronze o b jec t f r om t h e Dun Mo rV au lb roch , T i ree , i n te rp re ted a s p a r t o f ac r uc ib le t ong s , w h ich h ad as im i la r ly d eco ra ted s haf t ( Ma cK ie 1 974 , f i g . 1 , n o . 4 08 & 1 3 1) . A l terna t iv e ly i t may b et h e k i nd o fp i n f ound a tT he H owe i nO rkney [ 1 3 , I l . 1 33 , n o 4 314 ] a nd p robab ly a tD un A rd t r eck i nS kye [ Ma cK ie 2 001 , I l . 2 5 , n o . 4 4 ) . T he re w a s a l so a no the r p in w i th ad eco ra t ed s haf tf o rmed o ft wo r od s t w i s ted t oge the r [ 1 1 , I l . 6 1 .2 ] . O the r b ronze s i n c luded a no the r p in a nd af i nge r r ing o fu n spec if ied t y pe , w ha t m ay b e p a r t o f ap enannu la r b rooch w i th l o zenge d eco ra t ion [ 1 1 , f i g . 6 1 .4 ] , t h e h ead o f an a i l -headed p in w i th c r i s s -c ro s s o rnamen t o n t o p [ 1 1 , f i g . 5 0 .6 ] ( w rong ly I l t ra ted w i th t h e b roch m a te r ia l ) , a nd a no the r p i n w i th a n e xpanded ,p e rf o ra ted h ead [ 1 1 , f i g . 4 0 .5 ] ( w rong ly I l t ra ted w i th t h ef o r tm a te r ia l ) .

1 0 . P ha se 6 :l a te w hee lhouse o ccupa t ion

O ne s i lve r i t em w a s f ound - a s p i ra l f i nge r r ing w i th c o r ruga ted or namen t o n t h e t h ick e r c en t ra l t w i s t , a nd w i th much t h inne r e nd t w i s t s w h ich e ach e nd i n af i ne , r i bbed t e rm ina l [ 1 1 , f i g . 6 1 .3 ] ; t h i s i sc l o se ly m a tched b y a s im i la r ly d eco ra ted s i lve r r i ng f r om t h e l a te s t p o s t -b roch l e ve l a tD un Mor V au l , t h ough t h e t e rm ina l s o ft h i s o ne a r e o n ly s l igh t ly t h inne r t h an t h e c en t ra l t w i s t ( MacK ie 1 974 , f i g . 1 7 ,n o . 3 27 & 1 32 ) .

T he e xcava to r a s s ign s t h e c on s t ruc t ion o f t h e n a r row c au seway t o t h i s l a s t p e r iod o fo ccupa t ion , b e l iev ing t h a t t h e l o ch w a s s i l t ing u p b y t h i s t ime a nd t h a t t h e g round b e tween t h e s i te a nd t h e f i e ld s a r ound , w h i le n o t o pen w a te r , w a s muddy a nd d i f f icu l t . H oweve r , a s d e sc r ibed e a r l ie r , t h e e v idence f r om t h e l a ye r s i nt h e s e c t ion i nf r on t o ft h e l a nd ing s t age a nd f u r the re a s t( ? ) i n d ica te c l ea r ly t h a t t h e f l ood ing a nd t h eb u i ld ing o ft h e l a nd ing s t age o ccu r r ed a t al a te s t age e ven i n t h e s e conda ry o ccupa t ion o f t h e b roch . T h i s d oe s n o t o fc ou r se c on t rad ic t t h e p l a c ing o f t h e c au seway a tt h i s l a te p e r iod , b u t t h e r e a son b ecome s t h e p r e sence o f ad eep l o ch r a the rt h an j u s tm uddy g round . 1 0 .1 L a te p i t s a nd h u t s

R oman g l a s s i n c luded o ne s ma l l f r agmen t o ft h e b a se o fa c o lou r le s sb ow l , p robab ly o fA lexand r ian f a b r ic a nd m ade i nt h e l a te I s t c en tu ry o rt h e e a r ly 2 nd [ 1 1 , f i g . 6 2 .2 ] . I t c ame f r om l a ye r 1 0 i np ane l 1 8 [ 1 1 , f i g . 1 0 , s e c t ion H 'H ] , s ome d i s tance a bove l a ye r 5w h ich i sp r e sumab ly t h eb roch m idden . T he o the r p i ece i st h e f r agmen t o ft h e r im o fa p a in ted d i sh , p robab ly m ade i n n or th -ea s t G au l o r t h e R h ine land ( i n t h e C o logne a r ea ) b e tween a bou t AD 1 60 a nd 2 50 [ 1 1 , f i g . 6 2 .1 ] . I tw a s f o und i nt h e u ppe r p a r t ( l aye rI V )o ft h eb each m idden i np ane l V I I I .

V a r iou s r ound h u t s a nd s t o rage p i t s w e re e xcava ted i n to t h e u ppe rmo s t l e ve l s o ft h e m idden d epo s i t s , p a r t icu la r ly w e s t o ft h e r oadway l e ad ing t ot h e o l d b roch e n t rance . A l a rge c i r cu la r h u t h e re w a s e xp lo red i n 1 860 -6 1 a nd r e co rded o n D ryden 's p l an [ f ig . 4 ] . H am i l ton a s sume st h a t t h e w hee lhou se c on t inued t o b e o ccup ied i n to t h i s l a te r p e r iod , b u t d i rec t e v idence i sl a ck ing a nd t h e p o t te ry i s q u i te d if e r en t .

N a t ive g l a s s i n c lude ad umb -be l l s haped b ead o r p endan t [ 1 1 , f i g . 6 4 . 1] o fc l ea r g l a s s w i th y e l low s t r ipe s , f ound i n a n u n spec if ied l a ye r i n t h e l a nd ing s t age t r ench ; p r e sumab ly i tw a s e i the r o n o r w i th in t h e s t age a nd t h e ref o r e d a te s t o al a te p ha se i nt h e h i s to ry o ft h e s i te . T he re w a s a l so a f r agmen t o f ab r a ce le t o fo paque g l a s s ( c o lou r u n spec if ied ) w i th l o ng i tud ina l s t r ipe s o f b l ue , y e l low , w h i te , b lue , w h i te a nd y e l low ; i tw a s f ound i n p ane l X IV , i nl a ye r V o ft h e b ea ch m idden . F rom t h e d r aw ing i ta ppea r s t o h ave h ad a g roove c u t i n i t , p r e sumab ly c onver t ing i tt o ap endan t [ 1 1 , f i g . 6 4 .2 ] . A n umber o fs ma l l r i ng -bead s o fo paque y e l low g l a s s w e re f o und i nt h e se l a te ro ccupa t ion l e ve l s .

T he se w e r e f ew a nd i n c luded o n ly p o t te ry a nd s ome s t one a r tef ac t s l i ke p ounde r s , w he t s tone s , b ead s a nd p o t l i d s o r d i sc s . t h e p o t te ry w a s q u i te d i f f e ren t t o t h a t f r om t h e e a r l ie r l e ve l s , b e ing s imp le a nd p oo r a nd l a rge ly u ndeco ra ted [ 1 1 , f i g . 7 1 ] . T he e ve r ted r im s a nd t h e a s soc ia ted d eco ra t ion h ad d i sappea red a nd t h e v e s se ls a r e p l a in , f l a t -ba sed , b ucke t shaped p o t s mo s t ly w i th s t ra igh t s i de s t a pe r ing t o af l a t r im w h ich c an b e s l igh t ly i n tur ned o r e ve r ted . T he w a re i sw e l l f i r ed a nd h a rd a nd o f a l i gh te r b i scu i t c o lou r t h an i n t h e o l de r l e ve l s , a nd t h e p o t te ry a s aw ho le c o r r e spond s w e l l w i th t h a t f r om t h e i mmed ia te ly p r e -V ik ing s e t t lemen ta tJ a r lshof .

W hee lhou se p o t tery : t h e a bundan t p o t te ry o f P ha se 5 a ppea r s t ob e e s sen t ia l ly s im i la rt ot h a t o ft h er i ng -f o r t a nd b roch p e r iod s , a l though - a s a tJ a r l shof - i tt e nd s t o b e m ade o fh a rde r , mo re r e dd i sh w a r e [ 1 1 , 1 44 & F ig s . 6 5 6 8 ] . C ommon i st h e l a rge E ve r ted R im j a r , w i th f l u t ing a l ong t h e i n s ide s u rf a ce o f t h e r im - i nw ha t s hou ld b e k nown a s t h e ' C l ickh im in s t y le ' i n v i ew o f i t s e a r ly a ppea rance a tt h is s i te . Many o ft h e se j a r s h ave n eck b and d eco ra t ion , af e a tu r e o f b o th t h e f o r t a nd b roch

PART 4 : GENERAL D ISCUSS ION

1 07

1 0 .2

T he l a te s tf i nd s

S ome s pec if ic p rob lem s o ft h e e xcava to r 's i n te rp re ta t ion s o ft h e p r e -b roch f o r t s a r e d i scu s sed f i r s t ( s ec t ion 1 ) , a nd t h en c ome s as umma ry o ft h e s equence o fm a te r ia l c u l tu re s r evea led o n t h e s i te u s ing t h e c l ea r ly d e sc r ibed s t ra t ig raph ica l e v idence ( s ec t ion 1 2 ) . T he l a s t s e c t ion of e r s an ew s i te s equence w h ich t a ke s i n to a ccoun t a s much o ft h e e v idence a sp o s s ib le .

T he R ound hou se s , B roch s a nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

d ev ice o f w id en ing t h e w a l l a tt h e e n t r an ce ( t hough t h i s e xpan s ion m ay b e al a t e r a l te ra t ion ) . T h i s w ou ld s imu l taneou s ly m ak e t h e p a s sage l o ng e r a nd a low m o r e r oom f o rm ano euv r eo nt h ew a l lhead .

1 . T he n a ture o ft he p re -broch f o r t s T he w r i te r 's o r ig ina l v i s i t s t ot h e s i t e i n1 963 s ugge s ted t o h im t h a t a l t e rna t iv e e xp lana t ion s c ou ld b e e vo lv ed f o r s ome o f t h e s t ru c tu ra l f e a tu r e s n ow v i s ib le . T he a ppea ran ce o ft h ee x cava t ion r e po r ti n1 968 [ 1 1 ]r e -opened s om e o ft h e se q ue s t ion s [ 1 2 ] . I ti sc l ea rt h a tt h en a tu r eo f t h e " ga tehou se" o r" f o r ewo rk " i so ne i mpo r tan tk ey t ot h e u nd e r s tand ing o ft h e a l i mpo r tan t p r e -b roch f o r t -bu i ld ing p ha se a tt h i s s i t e , m a in ly b ecau se i tp o s se s se s s e ve ra l a r ch i tec tu ra l f e a tu r e s w h ich a r e t y p ica l o f t h e b roch s t h em se lve s . T he se i n c lude ( 1 )t h e s moo th c u rve a nd b a t t e r o ft h ew a l lf a ce s ,( 2 )t h en a r row a nd c ompa c te n t rance w i th i t s l ow l i n t e l s , d oo r -check s a nd b a r -ho le , ( 3 ) t h e v o id o r c hambe ra bove t h ee n t rance l i n t e l s , ( 4 )t h es c a r cemen t o n t h e r e a rw a l l f a ce a nd ( 5 ) t h e s ho r t l e ng th o fr a i sed m u ra l g a l le ry a nd ( 6 )p e rhap sa l so t h ei n t ra -mu ra ls t a i r .

I ts e em sp l a in t o ot h a t ac on s ide rab le a dvan ce i nd ef en s iv e a r ch i tec tu r e h ad t a k en p l a ce b e tween t h e c on s t ru c t ion o f t h e o u t e rg a t e a nd t h a t o ft h e ' g a tehou se ' e n t rance a nd t h a t t h e r ef o r e e i the r t h e ' g a t ehou se ' g a teway i s much l a t e r o r t h a t n ew , m o r e d eve loped b u i ld ing t e chn iqu e s w e r e s udd en ly i n t roduced f r om o u t s ide w h i le t h e p r ima ry r i ng f o r tw a sb e ing b u i l t . 1 .2

H am i l ton 's e xcava t ion s p rov ed s t ra t ig raph ica l ly t h a t t h e " ga t ehou se" i s o l de r t h an t h e b roch , p robab ly b y a c on s id e rab le t im e ; u n t i l t h e d i scove r ie s a t T he H owe ( HY21 1 ) C l ickh im in w a st h e o n ly k nown s i t ep o s se s s ing ad ef en s ive s t ru c tu r e w h ich c ou ld b e a n ce s t ra l t o t h e b roch s a nd a l so i na n u nequ ivoca l ly e a r ly p o s i t ion . I ti s i mpo r tan t t h e r ef o r e t h a t t h e p r ec i se n a tu r e , f u nc t ion a nd o r ig in o ft h e " ga t ehou se" s hou ld b e a sc l ea r ly u nde r s tood a sp o s s ib le w i th t h ei n f o rma t ion n ow a va i lab le . 1 .1

D e s ign o ft h eg a t ehou se

Wh en t h e s t ru c tu r e i t s e lf i se xam ined i tq u ick ly b ecome s c l ea r t h a t t h e m o s t r e cen t c ommen t s o n i tl e ave m any q ue s t ion s u nan sw e r ed . T h e f i r s t p o in t i st h a t H am i l ton e v iden t ly r e ga rd s t h e g a t ehou se a st h e o r ig ina l e n t rance t o t h e f i r s t f o r t o n t h e i s l e t , h av ing a ppa r en t ly t a k en t h i s v i ew f r om S imp son [ 7 ] ; t h e i n ev i tab le i n f e r en ce t h en m u s t b e t h a t i ti se a r l ie r t h an t h e p r e sen t g a t eway i nt h e o u te r w a l l . Y e t t h e f a c t i st h a t t h e p r e sen t o u t e r g a te i sf a r i n f e r io r t ot h e g a t ehou se b o th i nd e s ign a nd c on s t ruc t ion ; a sf a r a so ne c an t e l l f r om i t sp r e sen t f o rm - a bou t 1 . 3 m ( 4 i n s . ) h i gh - i tl a ck s a l l t h e s oph i s t ica ted s t ru c tu ra l f e a tu r e so ft h eg a tehou se s u ch a st h ew e l ld e s igned ,n a r row e n t rance , t h e m u ra l c e l l s , t h e c ompa c t c u rved p l an , t h e b a t t e r ed w a l l f a ce s a nd s o o n . I ft h e g a t ehou se w a s t h e o r ig ina l e n t ran ce o ft h e f i r s t f o r t o n t h e s i t e t h e p r e sen t , a leged ly l a t e r , o u te r g a te s hou ld s u r e ly h ave a l t h e se s p ec ia l i sed f e a tu r e s a nd p e rhap s o t he r s a sw e l l . I ts e em s h i gh ly i mp robab le t h a t , i ft h ep l an o ft h es i t ew a sa l t e r ed a s h a s b een s ugg e s t ed , t h e n ew g a teway i nf r on t s hou ld b e i n t h e s l igh t e s t d eg r ee i n f e r io r i n d e s ign t o t h e f i r s t o ne , e s pec ia l ly i f- a sH am i l ton s e em st oi mp ly - t h ea l t e ra t ion a c tua l ly t o ok p l a ce d u r ing t h ec on s t ruc t ion o ft h ef o r t .

T he f unc t ion o ft h eg a t ehou se

H am i l ton s e em s t o a c cep t S imp son ' s i d ea t h a t t h e g a t ehou se i s a n a bandoned o r ig ina l g a teway b u t h e e v iden t ly b e l iev e st h a ti tw a st h en u t i l i sed a s ac omb ina t ion o f p i l lbox t o c ov e r t h e o u te rmo s t e n t ran ce a s w e l l a s a c h iefs h ou se . Wh en t h e s t ruc tu r e i se xam ined c l o s e ly i ti s s e en t ob en o tw e l l s u i ted t ot h i s s e conda ry f u nc t ion w h ich h a sb een a s s ign ed t oi t- t h a to f as t rong -po in td e s ign ed t o s h a t t e r a ny a t ta ck w h ich m igh t s ucceed i np ene t ra t ing t h e o u t e r g a t e . F o r s u ch ap i l lbox t o o pe r a t e s u cce s sf u l ly i t m u s t o bv iou s ly b e s i t ed i ns u ch aw ay t h a tp eop le i nf r on t o fi th ave n o c ov e r f r om m i s s i le s f l ung a nd s ho t f r om i t s s umm i t a nd i tm u s t b e b u i l t s o t h a t a ny a ta ck e r s w ou ld f i nd g r ea t d if i cu l ty i ng e t t ing t og r ip s w i th t h e d ef end e r s o n i t s w a l lhead ( l oop -ho le s b e ing t h en u nknown ) . T he C l ickh im in g a t ehou se f a i l so nb o th c oun t s . T he e n t rance p a s sage t h rough t h e ' g a tehou se ' i s a s upe r f luou s f e a tu r e i ft h e s t ru c tu re w a s u s ed a s ap i l lbox ; i nf a c tt h et u nn e l l e ad ing t ot h e d oo rw ou ld p rov id es h e l t e r f r om t h ed ef end e r s ' m i s s i le sf o r mo r et h an o ne a t ta ck e ra nd a n o ppo r tun i ty f o r t h em t ob r eak t h rough a nd g e t b eh ind t h e o b s ta c le w h i le c oncea led f r om a t ta ck f r om a bov e . A s t ru c tu r e w h ich p r e sen ted a s h ee r a nd s o l id f a ce t ot h e a t ta ck e r sw ou ld b em i l i ta r i ly much m o r ee f ec t ive .

T he p r e sen to u te rg a te i su ndoub t ed ly i n f e r io ri nd e s ign ; i t r u n st h rough as imp le , s o l id d r y s tone w a l l o fu neven w id th a nd w i thou t a ny s i gn s o ft h e l a rg e mu ra l c e l l s n ex t t ot h e p a s sag e s e en i nt h e l a t e r g a tehou se . T he e n t rance i t s e lf i s u neven i nw id th a nd l a ck s t h e n ea t s y s t em o fd oo r -check s s e en a l so i nt h e ' g a t ehou se ' . I ts e em sj u s ta sl i ke ly , i fn o t m o re s o , t h a t t h i s g a t e i st h e o r ig ina l o ne o ft h e p r ima ry r i ng -f o r t a nd w a s b u i l t a t at i me w hen l i t t le e xpe r ience i n d r y s tone c on s t r uc t ion w a s a va i lab le l o ca l ly a nd w hen t h e m o s t a dvanced i d ea f o r e f ec t ive d ef ence w a s t h e s imp le 1 08

T he l a te ra l s t a i r r unn ing u p t o t h e s umm i t o f t h e ' g a tehou se ' f r om i t sw e s ter ne nd c an h a rd ly h ave b e en p a r t o ft h e o r ig ina l c on s t ruc t ion i fi tw a s d e s ign ed a s ap i l lbox . A ny a ta cke r s w ou ld o n ly h ave t o r u sh r o und t ot h e e nd a nd f i gh tt h e i rw ay u pt h e se s t ep st od om ina te t h e s c en eo f c omba t , p r o jec t ing m i s s i le s d own o nt ot h ed ef end e r sf r om ag r ea t e r h e igh t . A s d e sc r ibed t h e e x cava to r i n f e r r ed t h a t t h e se l a te ra l s t ep s a r e as e conda ry f e a tu r e . E ven i fo ne a low s t h i s i ti ss t i l l d if i cu l t t ob e l iev e t h a t t h e g a t ehou se w a s a ss ho r t a si ti sn ow w h en i tw a s p a r t o ft h e d e f en ce w o rk so ft h e s i t e . I tc an b eo u t f lank ed t o oe a s i ly a tp r e sen t a nd S imp son ' s o r ig ina l v i ew - t h a t t o b e e f ec t iv e t h e b u i ld ing w ou ld h ave t o b e p ro long ed o n e i the r s i d e f o r m any y a rd s -s t i l ls t and s . T he g a tehou se o n ly m ak e ss e n se a st h ee n t r ance s e c t ion o f al o ng w a l l . 1 .3 T he o r ig ina ln a tu re o ft h eo u te rw a l l I th a s a l r eady b een m en t ioned t h a t S imp son s ugg e s t ed t h a t t h e ' b lockhou s e ' , o r f o rewo rk a s i tw a s t h en k nown , w a s o r ig ina l ly p a r to ft h e o u te rd ef en s ive w a l lb u tt h a tt h ep l an w a sc hang ed t oe nc lo se m o r eg round i nf r on to fi t . Among o t he rt h ing st h i sh ypo the s i s d epended o nt h e b e l ief t h a tt h e

S ec t ion 4 : S he t land

o u te r w a l l s howed t r aces o f t h i s c hange i n p l an a nd S imp son 's v i ew s a bou t t h i s a r e e ndo r sed b y H am i l ton . H oweve r a n e xam ina t ion o ft h e o u t e r w a l l f a ce a tt h e t wo r e levan t p o in t s f a i led t o c onv ince m e t h a t t h e r e i sa ny e v idence a ta l f o r t h e d i sman t l ing a nd r e bu i ld ing w h ich m u s t h ave o ccu r red i ft h e l i ne o ft h e w a l l w a s c hanged i n t h e w ay s ugge s ted . N o t o n ly a r e t h e re n o s i gn s o fs t ra igh t j o in t s i n t h e ma son ry , o r i n deed o f a ny c hange i n t h e m a son ry a ta l , b u t t h e s i gn if icance o f t h e a l l i mpo r tan t ' k ink ' o n t h e e a s t s i de h a s b een g r ea t ly e xagge ra ted ( I l l . 4 . 87 ) . T he p l an p r epa red b y t h e R oya l C omm i s s ion ( I l l . 4 . 95 ) s how s t h a t t h e o u te r f a ce o ft h e o u t e r w a l l t u rn s i nwa rd a t t h i s ' k ink ' f o ra bou t 6 0c m( 2f t . ) -a si ft oa l ign i t s e lf w i th t h e f r on t f a ce o f t h e g a tehou se - a nd t h en r e sume s i t s o r ig ina l d i r ec t ion . I n f a c t t h i s k i nk i s c au sed b y t h e i n co rpo ra t ion i nt h e w a l l f a ce o fa n e a r th -f a s t b ou lde r ( I l l . 4 . 87 ) . T he f r on t f a ce o ft h i s b ou lde r i ss ha rp ly a ng led s o , i ft h e p l an o ft h e o u te r w a l l i sd r awn a tg round l e ve l , t h e k i nk w i l l a ppea r ( t hough i tp ro jec t s am a t te r o f i n che s r a the r t h an 6 0 c m ) , w he rea s t h e w a l l f a ce a bove t h e b ou lder r u n sr ound i n am o re o rl e s s s moo th c u rve w i th t h e g ene ra l a l ignmen t a l te r ing n o t a ta l . T he o n ly m en t ion o f a ny e xcava t ed e v idence f o r ac hang e i nt h e a l ignmen t o f t h e w a l l m ade b y H am i l ton i st h e ' b a sa l p ro jec t ion o f m a son ry ' i nt h e i n ne r f a ce i nt h e s ou th -ea s tq uad ran t a bou t w h ich n o f u r the r i n f o rma t ion i sg i ven . T h i s e p i sode o ft h e ' k ink ' i nt h e r i ng w a l l a nd i t s c l a imed s i gn if icance i sa c l a s s ic e xamp le o f h ow e l abo ra t e h ypo the se s c an b e e r ec ted o n t op o f d ub iou s a nd e v iden t ly u nchecked e v idence . 1 .4 T he a g eo ft he s econd r i ng -f or t H av ing m ad e t h ese v a r iou s o b se rva t ion s , a nd c onc luded t h a t t h e g a tehou se i sm o r e l i ke ly t oh ave b een t h e g a teway o f as e cond m o re s oph i s t ica ted r i ng -f o r t b u i l t i n s ide t h e f i r s t , o ne m igh t r ea sonab ly c onc lud e t h a t t h i s s e cond f o r t w a s t h e o ne d esc r ibed b y H am i l ton a s h av ing b een c on s t ruc ted a f t e r t h e p a r t ia l f l ood ing o ft h e s i te c l a imed t o h ave o ccu r r ed a tt h ee nd o fP ha se 3 .

s pec if ica l ly s a id t ob e b u i l t o n m ade -up g round b u t o ft h e t h ree d rawn s e c t ion s w h ich m igh t r e vea l t h i s c r uc ia l f a c t n one i nf a c t d oe s [ 1 1 , f i g s . 8 10 ] . S ec t ion G 'G s t op s s ho r t o ft h e w a l l f a ce c oncer n ed a nd i sn o t i n f o rma t ive i n t h i s c on tex t ; F 'F r e ache s t h e w a l l b u t t h e t r ench w a s n o t d ug d own t o i t s b a se e ven t h ough i tr e a che s t h e s ub so i l f u r the r b ack ; D 'D w a s at r ench d ug b eh ind t h e g a tehou se b u t t h e e v idence i s o b scu re b ecau se a l a te h u t w a s e v iden t ly d ug i n to t h e m a son ry u nde r ly ing t h e b roch w a l l a tt h is p o in t , a nd t h e t r ench a tt h e w a l l f a ce w a s n o tt a ken b e low t h e u ppe rmo s t l e ve l o fp av ing . N o e xcava t ion i s r e co rded a sh av ing b een d one i nt h e o u te rp a r t o ft h eb roch e n t rance p a s sage s o t h e r eg re t tab le s i tua t ion e x i s t s i n w h ich t h e r e a r e n o m ean s o fc heck ing t h e r e la t ive a ge o fa w a l l o n w h ich s o much o ft h e e xcava to r 's i n te rp re ta t ion s h i nge . 1 .5 T he s t ruc tura lf ea tu re so ft h eg a tehou se A t ten t ion h a s a l ready b een d r awn t o t h e r e semb lance s b e tween t h e g a tehou se a tC l ickh im in a nd t wo o t he rf o r t s i n S he t land , L och o f H ux te r ( HU56 3 ) a nd N e s s o f B u rg i ( HU30 2 ) , a nd a l so t o t h e f a c t t h a t s t r ik ing ly b roch l ike s t ruc tu ra l f e a tu re s a r e e v iden t o n t h e b u i ld ing . O ne c an s how g raph ica l ly w i th a t a b le [ MacK ie 1 965 , 1 40 ] h ow t r a i t s f r om t h e se t wo d i s t inc t a r ch i tec tu ra l t r ad i t ion s c an b e i s o la ted . O n t h e o ne h and t h e g a tehou se i ss im i la r i ni t s o ve ra l l d e s ign t o t h e t wo S he t land g a tehou se f o r t s m en t ioned - b e ing a s epa ra te ly c on s t ruc ted , r e c tangu la r b l ock o fm a son ry w i th ah i gh ly d ef en s ib le e n t rance p a s sage t h rough i ta nd w i th al a rge mu ra l c e l l o n e i the r s i de o ft h i s ; s i nce t h e se a r e n o t g ua rd -ce l ls o pen ing f r om t h e p a s sage t h ey m ay w e l l b e al o ca l ly i n ven ted d ev ice o fh o l low -wa l l c on s t ruc t ion d e s igned t o s ave a c on s ide rab le a moun t o f b u i ld ing m a te r ia l . O n t h e o t he r h and f e a tu r e s l i ke t h e s c a r cemen t l e dge , t h e b a t te r ed w a l l f a ce , t h e s moo th ly c u rved p l an , t h e c ompac t e n t rance p a s sage w i th v o id a bove , t h e u ppe r mu ra l g a l le ry a nd p e rhap st h e i n t ra -mu ra l s t a i ra l lp o in tu nequ ivoca l ly t ot h eb roch t r ad i t ion . H oweve r t h e ' g a tehou se ' i sc l ea r ly n o t t h e r ema in s o f a c i r cu la r t owe r s t ruc tu re a nd t h i s , w i th t h e f a c t t h a t s uch a t owe r d id n o t a ppea r o n t h e s i t e u n t i l much l a te r , s t rong ly s ugge s t s t h a tt h e se a r ch i tec tu ra l f e a tu re s w e r e d e r ived f r om t h e h o l low -bu i l t w a l l ( w i th t i e r s o f s upe r impo sed i n t ra mu ra l g a l le r ie s ) a t at ime b ef o r e t h e f r ee s tand ing r ound t owe r f o rm h ad b een e vo lved . T hu s t h e C l ickh im in ' g a tehou se ' c ou ld b e ap ro to type b roch . O n t h e o t he r h and , t h e re a r e s eve ra ln on -c i r cu la r , o pen s ided s ma l l s t one f o r t le t s i n t h e H eb r ide s w h ich a l so p o s se ss t h e s ame s pec ia l i sed g a l le r ied w a l l , a nd s ome f e a tu re s o f t h e ' g a tehou se ' m ay b e d e r ived f r om t h e se . T h i s p henomenon h a sb een d i scu s sed b ym e a l ready [ 1 4 ] .

H oweve r t h e s t ra t ig raphy o f t h e g a tehou se i s h e ld t o p r ec lude t h i s : i ta nd t h e p r e sen t o u t e rg a teway a r e s a id t o b eb u i l to nt h es ame o r ig ina lg round l e ve lw he rea st h er i ng w a l l o ft h e s e cond f o r t b eh ind i t( a nd t h e b a se o ft h e e nd s t a i r o ft h e g a tehou se i t s e l f ) a r e s a id t o r e s t o n ah i ghe r l e ve l , o n s e ve ra l f e e t o fm ade -up g round . A l so , a sa l ready e xp la ined , t h e e p isode o ff l ood ing i nf a c t o ccu r r ed much l a te r . H ence w ha teve r i t sp r ima ry f u nc t ion t h i s e n igma t ic b u i ld ing m u s t b e p a r t o ft h e e a r l ie s t f o r t if ica t ion s o n t h e s i te a nd b e e i the r ap i l lbox i n s ide t h e o r ig ina l e n t rance t o t h e f o r t , a st h ee xcava to rb e l ieve s , o rt h eg a teway t o aq u i te d i f f e ren t s e cond p re -b roch f o r t b u i l t o n t h e s ame e a r ly g round s u rf a ce a nd t h e p o s s ib i l i ty o fw ho se e x i s tence h a s n o tb een r e cogn ised u n t i ln ow . U nf or tuna te ly i ti sn o t p o s s ib le t oc h eck i nt h e e xcava t ion r e por t t h e s t ra t ig raph ica l p o s i t ion o f t h e m a son ry w a l l d i agnosed b y H am i l ton a st h e i n comp le te s e cond r i ng -f o r t , b u i l t j u s t b ef o re t h e a r r iva l o f t h e b roch [ 1 2 ] . I ti s

1 09

C e r ta in ly t h e mo s t i mpo r tan t a ch ievemen t o f H am i l ton 's e xam ina t ion o f t h i s s t ruc tu r e i s t o h ave d emon s t ra ted b eyond a ny d oub t t h a t af r agmen t o f af o r t b ea r ing s eve ra l b roch l ike a r ch i tec tu ra l f e a tu r e s i sc l ea r ly much e a r l ie r t h an t h e b roch o n t h e s ame s i t e . O bv iou s ly t h i s c ou ld h ave s i gn if icance f o r t h e p rob lem o f t h e o r ig in o f t h e b roch s t h em se lve s .

T he R oundhou se s , B roch s a nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

1 .6 A na l terna t ive s econd r i ng -f or t

1 2 . Ma ter ia l c u l ture

T he o b jec t ion s t o t h e s t ruc tu r e b e ing u sed a s af r ee s t and ing p i l lbox - s pec i f ied e a r l ie r -s t i l l s e em s o s t rong t h a t If a vou r t h e v i ew t h a t i t mu s t b e t h e e n t rance o f a s e cond r i ng -f o r t b u i l t b ef o re t h e b roch . I n t h i s c a se i t w ou ld o f c ou r se b e l a te r , n o t e a r l ie r , t h an t h e o u te r w a l l a nd i t s m o re s oph i s t ica ted a r ch i tec tu re w ou ld p r e sen t n o p rob lem . I tw ou ld b e t h e s epa ra te ly b u i l t e n t rance s e c t ion o ft h is f o r t -a n a r ch i tec tu ra l ly mo r e e l abo ra te v e r s ion o f t h e S he t land ' g a tehou se f o r t s ' o fL och o fH ux te r a nd N e s s o f B u rg i . Mo reove r t h e s e cond , i n ne r r i ng -wa l l w ou ld h ave b een h o l low - ag a l le r ied w a l l b u i l to nt h e H eb r idean mode l -a nd t h e e x i s t ing w a l l c onnec t ing t h e g a tehou se w i th t h e b roch e n t rance w ou ld b e af r agmen t o ft h e i n ne r h a lf o ft h i s ( I l l . 4 . 131) . T he o pen ing a tt h eb roch e n t rance w ou ld b e ad oo r f r om t h e i n te r io r o f t h i s f o r t i n to t h e g round l e ve l g a l le ry w h ich w ou ld h ave b een a n o r ig ina l f e a tu re a nd l e dd i r ec t ly t ot h e i n t ra -mu ra l s t a i r ; t h is i nt u rn w ou ld h ave l e d t ot h e L eve l 3w a l l h ead o ve rt h e e n t rance p a s sage - a s en s ib le a r rangemen t f o r d ef ence . A s i s e xp la ined b e low t h e ' s pu r ' o fm a son ry o nt h e n o r th s i de o f t h e b roch c an b e p l au s ib ly e xp la ined a s ac on t inua t ion o f t h i s g a l le r ied w a l l w h ich w a s i n co rpo ra ted i n to t h e b roch w a l l .

T he C l ickh im in s i te i so ne o fo n ly s i x i nA t lan t ic S co t land w he re ac omb ina t ion o fc a ref u l s t ra t ig raph ica l e xcava t ion s a nd g ood l u ck h a s m ade i tp o s s ib le t o r e con s t ruc t a n e l abo ra te s equ ence o fh ab i ta t ion s i te s s p ann ing t h e w ho le o ft h e p e r iod f r om t h e e nd o ft h e B ronze A ge d own t oa t p e rhap s a s l a t e a s AD 5 00 . A s d e sc r ibed a bove t h e s e quence o f s t ruc tu re s o n t h i s s i te , a l though u nce r ta in i n p l ace s , i sh i gh ly i n f orma t ive , b u t t h e s e quence o fp o t te ry a nd a r tef a c t s i se qua l ly v a luab le i nm ak ing i tp o s s ib le t o l i nk t h e t e chno logy a nd e conomy o ft h e i n hab i tan t s o ft h e s i t e i ne ach p ha se t ot h e i r a r ch i tec tu ra l s k i l ls ( t hough v e ry l i t t le e conom ic d a ta f r om C l ickh im in h a sb een p ub l i shed ) .

T hu s t h i s h ypo the t ica l s e cond r i ng -f o r t c ou ld h ave b een a h yb r id , am ix tu r e o ft h e a r ch i tec tu r e o ft h e e a r ly g a l le ry w a l led f o r t s o f t h e We s te rn I s le s a nd t h e l o ca l S he t land g a tehou se f o r t s . A s n o ted n o c heck s o n t h i s h ypo the s i s c an b e c a r r ied o u tw i th t h e a va i lab le s t ra t ig raph ica l d a ta i n t h e e xcava t ion r e por t a nd i ts e em st h a t n ew t r enche sw ou ld h ave t ob e d ug a tt h e s i te t os o r t o u t t h e p r ec i se n a tu r e o f t h e s e cond r i ng -f o r t . T h ree f e a tu r e s s hou ld b e s ough t . I n t h e f i r s t p l ace t h e b a se o ft h e s u rv iv ing w a l l o ft h e s e cond f o r t n eed s t ob e e xpo sed a nd i t s d ep th a s cer ta ined . I nt h e s e cond p l a ce , i ft h eh ypo the s is of e red h e re i sc o r rec t , t h i s w a l l i st h e i n ne r h a lf o f ad oub le o r h o l low w a l l ; t h e r e s hou ld h ave b een a n o u te rh a lf r unn ing a l ong p a ra l le l w i th i ta nd a bou t 9 2 c m ( 3f t . ) f r om i t . B i t s o ft h e b a se o ft h i s m igh t s t i l l b e i np o s i t ion , t h ough n o th ing l i ke t h a t a ppea r s i n t h e o n ly s e c t ion w h ich m igh t h ave e xpo sed i t[ f ig . 9 , s e c t ion F 'F ] . T he t h i rd f e a tu re n eed ing t o b e c l a r if ied i s t h e s t ra t ig raph ica l p o s i t ion o ft h e b a se o ft h e s t a i r i nt h e w e s t e nd o ft h e g a tehou se . A t p r e sen t t h e f e a tu re s v i s ib le a t t h e s i te s ugge s t t h a t t h e s t a i r c on t inue s b eyond t h e e nd o f t h e b u i ld ing a nd r u n s d own n ex t t ot h e s uppo sed i n ne r h a lf o ft h e g a l le r ied w a l l ( I l l . 4 . 106 ) , w h ich w ou ld f i tt h e n ew h ypo the s i s . H oweve r a s n o ted e a r l ie r o ne o f t h e e xcava to r 's p ho tog raph s s how s i te nd ing a s hor t d i s tance a bove t h e b a se o f t h e g a tehou se [ 1 1 , p l . XVa ] , w h ich w ou ld a ppea r t o f a vou r h i s i n terp r e ta t ion . Y e t e ven t h is f e a tu r e c ou ld b e e xp la ined i ft h e p a r to ft h e s t a i rp ro jec t ing b eyond t h e s epa ra te ly b u i l t g a tehou se ( a s i tw ou ld h ave d one i n ac on t inuou s w a l l ) h ad b een l a rge ly d e s t royed w hen t h e c onnec ted g a l le r ied w a l l w a s h a lf d i sman t led . A ga in a s imp le t r ench a tt h e w e s t e nd o f t h e g a tehou se m igh t s o lve t h i s p rob lem a nd m igh t a l so d i scove r w he the r t h e re a r e a ny t r a ce s o f t h e o u te r h a lf o f t h e w a l l w h ich s hou ld , i nt h i s v i ew , h ave b een a t tached t ot h e o u te r h a lf o ft h ee nd o ft h eg a tehou se .

I np a r t icu la r l i gh t i ss hed o n t h e l o ng s tand ing q ue s t ion o f t o w ha t e x ten t b u i ld ing t y pe s r ep r e sen t a r chaeo log ica l c u l tu r e s . I n o t he r w o rd s , d oes t h e a r r iva l i nA t lan t ic S co t land o f an ew t y pe o f d ry s tone b u i ld ing n ece s sa r i ly s i gn if y t h e a ppea rance o f an ew g roup o fp eop le , o rw e re s u ch b u i ld ing s mo re p robab ly b u i l t f o r p r e -ex i s t ing c ommun i t ie s? T he p o t te ry a tC l ickh im in p e rhaps g i ve s t h e c l ea r e s t s i gn s o f h ow t h e p o r tab le m a te r ia l c u l tu r e c hanged d u r ing t h e v a r iou s p ha se s o f t h e s i te 's h i s to ry . I n t e rm s o f t h e c e ram ics t h e r e a r e r e a l ly o n ly f ou r p ha se s , n ame ly 1( l a te B ronze A ge ) , 2( e a r ly I r on A ge ) , 3t o 6( f or t s , b roch a nd w hee lhou se ) a nd 7 ( l a te ' whee lhou se ' ) . T he r e s t o ft h e m a te r ia l c u l tu r et e nd st os uppor tt h is v i ew . 1 3 . R ev i sed s i te s equence 1 3 .1 P ha se 1 : l a te B ronze A ge f arm T he e xcava to r 's i n te rp re ta t ion o ft h e i n i t ia l o ccupa t ion o n t h e s i te s e em s s t ra igh tf o rwa rd a nd c l ea r I ti n vo lved t h e c on s t ruc t ion o f af a rm s tead c en t red o n as t one c e l led h u t ( o r ' c ou r tya rd h ou se ' ) , p robab ly s u r rounded b y ay a rd w a l l . N one o ft h e e a r l ie s t p o t te ry i d en t if ied a c tua l ly c ame f r om t h i s h ou se b u t m o s t o fi t s i n te r io r h ad b een c l ea red o u t i n 1 908 10 . H oweve r " t he l owes t l e ve l s r e ached i nP ane ls X I -X I I I a l ong t h e n o r th -we s t s e c to r o ft h e s ho r e p roduced s h e rd s o f c oa r se b a r re l shaped p o t s w i th p l a in , o vo id r im s . . ." [ 1 1 , 3 1 &f i g . 1 4 ] T he re w a s a l so at r ough q ue rn i nP ane l2 . C ompa rab le b u i ld ing s , w i th s im i la r p o t te ry , a nd t r ough q ue rn s , a r e k nown f r om J a r l shof t wen ty m i le s t ot h e s ou th ( HU30 1 ) ; t h e re f r agmen t s o fp o t te ry m ou ld s f o r b ronze i mp lemen t s i n d ica ted a L a te B ronze A g e d a te , p robab ly b e tween t h e 8 t h a nd t h e 6 t h c en tu r ie s B .C . , f o r a n i mmed ia te ly p o s t v i l lage p ha se . N o s u ch i n dependen t d a t ing e v idence c ome s f r om t h is h o r izon a tC l ickh im in b u t t h e re i sn o r e a son t o d oub t t h a t i td a te s t o t h e 8t h o r 7t h c en tu r ie s BC a tt h e l a te s t . T he s i te a tt h i s t i me s e em s t o h ave b een a tt h e e nd o f a p romon to ry i nt h e L och o fC l ickh im in , c onnec ted t ot h e s ho re b y as ho r t n a tu ra l l a nd b r idg e r a the r a s i ti sa t p r e sen t .

10

S ec t ion 4 : S he t land

-b ead s a nd s p ind le w ho r l s ( a f ew d eco ra ted ) , p o l i shed s ch i s t p l aque s , s l ing s t one s , s t one g r inde r s a nd p ounde r s , w he t s tone s a nd s and s tone l amp s . B one t oo l s i n c lude p o in t s a nd a w l s , c h i se l s ,p omme l s f o r i r on d agge r s o rs ma l l s wo rd s , a nd s ome p l a in p i n s . B ronze i t em s i n c lude ' f i sh g o rge s ' ( wh ich m igh t b e d oub le -po in ted n eed le s ) , a nd a f r agmen t o f ab ronze c ha in w i th d oub le l i nk s . T he l a t te r h a s p a ra l le l s i n t h e 2nd c en tu ry AD a t L eck ie i n S t i r l ing sh i r e ( NS69 3 ) a nd , p e rhap s l a te r , i n P ha se 3 d epo s i t s a t D un A rd t reck o n S kye ( NG33 2 - MacK ie 2 002 , I l . 2 5 , n o . 3 5 ) . T he re w e re a l so s eve ra l s ma l l y e l low g l a s s r i ng -bead s w h ich a r e u sua l ly t a ken t o b e a ' t ype f o s s i l ' o ft h em idd le I r on A ge .

1 3 .2 P ha se s 2& 3 : e a r ly I r on A g ef a rm a nd n ew r i ng f or t P ha se 2 i sm a rked b y t h e a ppea rance o f an ew m a te r ia l c u l tu re o nt h e s i te , i n c lud ing t wo v a r ie t ie s o ft h e c a r ina ted e a r ly I r on A ge p o t te ry d e sc r ibed e a r l ie r -f i ne a nd c oa r se ( t he l a t t e rb e ing s t ea t i te -ba cked ) . T he c e l led h u tc on t inued i n u se , p r e sumab ly u nde r n ew o wne r sh ip i ft h e p o t te ry i n d ica te s n ew a r r iva l s , a nd w a s e v en tua l ly mod if i ed , o ne o ft h e b ay s b e ing b l ocked u p ; t h e c a r ina ted p o t te ry w a s f ound o n t h e f l oo r u nde r t h i s b l ock ing [ 1 1 , 4 1 ] . A n o ccupa t ion l a ye r c on ta in ing t h e n ew p o t te ry e x tended a c ro s s t h e s i te o f t h e l a te r b roch , e a s t o f t h e c ou r tya rd h ou se , b u t - a s a r gued e a r l ie r -t h e r e s e em s n o g ood e v idence a ta l l f o r t h e e x i s tence o ft h e s t one r oundhou se a rgued f o r b y H am i l ton , p a r t icu la r ly a s t h e m a son ry c l a imed a st h e o n ly s u rv iv ing p a r to ft h e s t ruc tu re i sa sw e l l i fn o tb e t te re xp la ined a sp a r to fF o r t 2( b e low ) .

O n t h e o t he r h and t h e f i r s t a ppea rance o f s add le q ue rn s , t h e c omp le te a b sence o f r o ta ry q ue rn s f r om t h e r i ch d epo s i t s e xp lo red a nd t h e p r e sence o f af ew e a r ly I r on A ge s he rd s a tt h e b a se o ft h e e x te rna l m idden m igh t m ean t h a t P ha se 3 b egan i n t h e 5 t h c en tu ry B .C . o r e ven e a r l ie r . T h i s u ncer ta in ty a bou t d a t ing w ha t i sc l ea r ly t h e b eg inn ing t h e m idd le I r on A ge t e chno logy i s p robab ly t h e m o s t i mpor tan t o f t h e v a r iou s u n so lved p rob lem s l ef t b y t h e r e po r to nt h e mo s tr e cen te xcava t ion sa tC l ickh im in .

T he a bo l i t ion o f t h i s r oundhou se f r om t h e h i s to ry o ft h e s i te b r ing s u p i na cu te f o rm t h e q ue s t ion o ft h e r e a l n a tu r e o f t h e e a r ly I r on A g e o ccupa t ion . Wa s i t ,a s H am i l ton b e l ieve s , a l a te r v e r s ion o f t h e l a te B ronz e A ge u ndef ended f a rm s tead , w i th a n ew m a te r ia l c u l tu r e a nd p e rhaps n ew owne r s? O r d oe s t h e n ew m a te r ia l c u l tu re s i gn if yt h ea r r iva lo ft h e f i r s tf o r t -bu i lde r so nt h e s i te , i nt h e 7 t h o r 6t h c en tu r ie s BC? A t f i r s t s i gh t t h i s s e em s i mpo s s ib le ; t h e e xcava t ion r e po r t c l ea r ly s t a te s t h a t t h e re w e re t wo s u ccess ive e a r ly I r on A g e p ha se s -t h e o ne j u s t m en t ion ed a nd t h en ( a bou t4 00 BC )a no the ro ne w h ich s aw t h e c on s t ruc t ion o fr i ng f o r t 1a nd t h e i n t roduc t ion o fa n e n t ir e ly n ew p o t te ry ( Ever ted R im j a r s ) a nd m a te r ia l c u l tu re . B u t a r e t h e se h o r izon s r e a l ly s t ra t ig raph ica l ly d i s t inc t o ri st h is d i s t inc t ion m e r e ly t h e r e su l t o ft h e ' s to ry t e l l ing ' s t y le o ft h e e xcava t ion r e po r t? U nf o r tuna te ly t h e e v idence p r e sen ted t h e re d oe s n o t a l low a c omp le te ly u nequ ivoca l a nswe rt ot h i s q ue s t ion b u tt h e re i se nough t o s ugge s t t h a t t h e f i r s t r i ng -f o r t a nd t h e e a r ly I r on A ge h o r izon o f m a te r ia l c u l tu r e , i ft h ey w e re n o t q u i te o ne p e r iod , a tl e a s to ve r lapped s l igh t ly .

Wh i le w r i t ing t h i s e n t ry I l o oked a t t h e a va i lab le s t ra t ig raph ica l e v idence i n mo re d e ta i l t h an p r ev iou s ly . C on s ide rab le q uan t i t ie s ( a bou t 2 00 s h e rd s ) o f t h e f i ne v e r s ion o ft h en ew ( Pha se 2 )c a r ina ted p o t te ry [ 1 1 , f i g . 1 9 , 1 5 ] w e r e f ound i nt h e e x ter na l m idden d epo s i t i nP ane l s V I I I -X IV , t h a t i sa ga in s t t h e w e s ter n s i de o ft h e w a l l o f t h e p r e sumab ly l a te r f i r s t r i ng -f o r t " whe re t h e f a rme r s h ad o bv iou s ly d epo s i ted a g ood d ea l o f t h e i r r ubb i sh a tt h e w a te r 's e dge ( P l . XX Ib ) ." [ 1 1 , 4 1] S he rd s w e r e a l so f ound i n P ane l If u r the r e a s t , i mmed ia te ly w e s t o f t h e l a nd ing s t age [ I b id . ] . U nf o r tuna te ly t h e r e i sn o p ub l i shed s e c t ion o ft h e d epo s i t s h e re b u t i ts ound s a si ft h e se s h e rd s w e re f ound i n as im i la r m idden d epo s i t o u t s ide t h e f o r t w a l l t ot h a t f u r the r s ou th -ea s t w h ich p roduced s o m uch o f t h e n ew f o r t p o t te ry ( b e low ) . T h i s a ppa ren t s t ra t ig raph ica l l i nk ing o ft h e p o t te ry o fP ha ses 2 a nd 3 i s d i scu s sed f u r the rb e low .

H am i l ton h im se lf a r gued , p u r e ly o n t h e s t ra t ig raph ic e v idence ( t hough n o tv e ry e xp l ic i t ly ) t h a tt h e f i r s tr i ng -f o r t ( Pha se 3 ) f o l lowed i mmed ia te ly o n t h e e a r ly I r on A ge o ccupa t ion ( Pha se 2 ) . , a nd h e a s s ign ed ad a te o fa bou t4 00 BC t oi t . T ha td a te h a s u n t i lr e cen t ly a lway ss e emed t om e t o b e m u ch t oo e a r ly s imp ly b ecau se o f t h e P ha se 3 m a te r ia l c u l tu re . F o r e xamp le t h e s ma l l y e l low g l a s s r i ng b ead i n t h e e x terna l m idden , a nd t h e t ime o f t h e a ppea rance o f c ompa rab le E ver t ed R im p o t te ry a tD un Mo r V au l i nT i ree , c ou ld b o th b e i n te rp re ted a s a r gu ing s t rong ly t h a tP ha se 3d i dn o tb eg in u n t i l t h e 2n d o re ven t h e I s t c en t u ry BC . C e r ta in ly t h e g r ea t m a jo r i ty o f r ad ioca rbon d a tes n ow a va i lab le f o rt h e o n se to ft h em idd le I r on A ge m a te r ia l c u l tu re a g r ee t h a tt h i s i sm o s tu n l ike ly t o h ave h appened b ef o r e t h e 2nd c en tu ry BC a tt h e e a r l ie s t ( a l though , a sn o ted , t h e c omp lex d a t ing e v idence e me rg ing a t O ld S ca tne ss may n o t f i t w i th t h i s i d ea - HU31 4 ) ( MacK ie 2 002 ) . T he re a r e o t her n ove l e l emen t s i nt h e P ha se 3 m a te r ia l c u l tu r e w h ich l ook a s i ft h ey s hou ld b e a s s igned t o t h e m idd le I r on A ge [ 1 1 , f i g s . 3 3 -41) . E xamp le s o fs t one a r e 11

F o rr e a son s s umma r i sed a ga in i nt h e f o l low ing s e c t ion i ti s s ugge s ted h e re t h a t -i nc on t ra s t w i th t h e s cheme of e r ed b y t h e e xcava to r - t h e P ha se 3 r i ng -f o r t ( wheneve r i t a ppea red ) a tf i r s t s t ood a l one , t hough t h e re w e re c e r ta in ly s ome w ooden b u i ld ing s a l ong p a r t o f i t s i n ne r f a ce , p o s s ib ly o f mo re t h an o ne s t o rey t h ough t h e e v idence f o r t h i s o bv iou s ly h a s t o b e i n conc lu s ive . T he d a te o ft h e i n cep t ion o ft h i s P ha se , a nd i t sl e ng th , a r e a l so o bv iou s ly a m a t te r o fd eba te , a nd d epend s , a sw e h ave s e en , e n t i r e ly o n t h e c h rono log ica l s i gn if icance a t t r ibu ted t os ome o ft h e a s soc ia ted p o t te ry a nd a r tef ac t s . A s n o ted a p rob lem e x i s t s w i th a mb igu i t ie s i n t h e d e sc r ip t ion s o f t h e p o t te ry f ound i n t h e d epo s i t s a t t r ibu tab le t oP ha se s 2a nd 3- t h a ti s( f o r' Pha se 2 ' )t h o se u nder nea th t h e b roch a nd u nde r t h e b l ock ing s i nt h e c e l led h u t -a nd , f o r ' Pha se 3 ' , t ho se l y ing o n t h e b each , a tt h e f oo to ft h e o u t s ide f a ce o ft h ew a l l o fR ing -f o r t 1a nd t ot h e w e s t o ft h e l a nd ing s t age [ 1 1 , f i g . 6 ] . Whe r ea s i nt h et wo f o rme r c a se s t h e c a r ina ted p o t te ry w a s f ound a l one w i th a r e s t r ic ted m a te r ia l c u l tu r e [ 1 1 , f i g s , 1 8 -20 ] , i n t h e t wo

T he R ound hou se s , B roch s a nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t i cS co t land

l a t t e rc a se s i ts e em sn o th av eb een . T he se a r ep a r t so ft h e m idden l a y e r I I m en t ioned , l y ing d i r ec t ly o n l am ina ted s a nd s a nd a ppa r en t ly a ga in s t t h e f o o t o ft h e o u t e r f a ce o f R ing f o r t 1 . I ti st h e f i r s t o ccupa t ion l a ye r i nt h a tp a r to f t h e s i te a nd m u s t , a s t h e e xcava to r a r gue s , b e f o rmed o f r e f u se m a t e r ia l t h rown o v e r t h e r i ng w a l l o ft h e e a r l ie s t f o r t .

p r even t s u sf r om u nd e r s tand ing t h e f u l l s i g n if icance o ft h i s i mpo r tan ts i t e .

C hap te r Vd e sc r ibe s t h i s p ha se i nt h e s i t e 's h i s to ry a nd , i n t h e s e c t ion o np o t t e ry , e mpha s i se st h a t an ew w a r e a ppea r s a tC l ickh im in a tt h i st ime - af o rm o ft a l lj a rw i th as ha rp ly e ver ted r im [ 1 1 , f i g s . 4 2 -4 & 9 1 -6 ] . L a rge a moun t s o f p o t te ry - o ve r 3 000 s h e rd s -w e r e f ound i nt h e m idden l a ye r I I a nd m o s t o ft h e se w e r e o ft h e n ew f o rm s w h ich a l so i n c lud ed ab a r r e l shap ed j a rw i th as imp le r o l led -ove r r im [ 1 1 ,p l s . XXV I I & XXV I I I ] . T he s e cond c l a s so fp o t te ry f r om l a y e rI I ' wa sr e p r e sen ted b y n ume rou s f r agmen t s o f l a rg e , s i tu la l ik e p o t s w i th s t ea t i t ic b a ck ing i n t h e c l ay - a n i n d igenou s p r ac t ice . T he se p o t s w e r e o f ah eav ie r ,t h ick e rf a b r ic b u i l tu po nt h e r i ng p r inc ip le a nd v e ry m uch l e s s e xpe r t ly t h an t h e f o r t w a r e s . . . . . Many s how ed i n f luence f r om t h ef o r tw a r e sf l u t ing o ft h e r im a nd d eco ra t ion o ft h e b a se ." T he s ugge s t ion w a s m ade t h a t t h i s p o t t e ry w a s m ade b y d e scendan t so ft h ee a r ly I r on A g ei n hab i tan t so ft h es i te .

I f as o lu t ion h a s t ot o of e r ed Iw ou ld s u gg e s t t h a t t h e c on t en t s o ft h e ' p u r e ' e a r ly I r on A ge d epo s i t s i n d ica t et h a t t h e r ew a s a nu nd ef ended s e t t lemen t o ft h a tp e r iod , p e rhap s w i th a n u nde t e c t ed w ooden m a in b u i ld ing , w he r ea s t h e c on t en t s o f t h e e x t er na l m idd en f o r ce u s t o a ccep t t h a t t h e r e w a s l i t t le o r n o t ime l a g b e tween t h e e nd o f t h a t s e t t lemen t a nd t h e b u i ld ing o fR ing -f o r t 1 . T hu s , a f t e r m any t r ibu la t ion s , Iw ou ld b e i n c l ined t o g o b a ck t o H am i l ton 's o r ig ina l s c en a r io , w i th a l l i t si mp l ica t ion s , a nd a c cep t t h a t a tt h i s u n ique s i te a n e a r ly f o rm o ft h e m idd le I r on A g em a te r ia l c u l tu r e a r r iv ed o nt h e s i t e , w i th t h ef i r s t f o r t if i ca t ion , p r obab ly a s e a r ly a s t h e 5t h o r e ven t h e 6t h c en tu ry BC - f a re a r l ie rt h an a nywhe r ee l s e . F o r t s 1a nd 2( b e low ) w ou ld t h u sh ave b een i n hab i t ed f o rp e rhap sf o u r o rf i ve c en tu r ie sb ef o r et h eb roch w a sb u i l t ,a nd F o r t 1w a s s t i l l i n u s e w h en y e l low r i ng -bead s a r r iv ed o n t h e s i t e , p robab ly i n t h e 2 nd c en tu ry BC a t t h e e a r l ie s t . T he a b sence o fr o ta ry q u er n s f r om t h e e xcava t ed p a r t s o ft h e f o r t d epo s i t s s e em s s t rong ly t os uppo r tt h i sv i ew ( a l though t h ey w e r ea l so a b s en tf r om t h eb roch d epo s i t s ) . 1 3 .3 P ha se 4 :R ing f or t 2( m idd le I r on A g e? ) .

Mo s t o f t h i s n ew p o t t e ry c ame f r om t h e P ane l s i mmed ia t e ly w e s to ft h e l a nd ing s t age ( I -V I I )b u te xamp le s o ff o r tp o t te ry ( w i th f l u t ed e ve r t ed r im )f r om P ane lX I I I o n t h e n o r th -w e s t s i d e a r e m en t ioned [ 1 1 , 9 2 , f i g . 4 2 , n o . 1 ] , w h ich i sw h e r e t h e e a r ly I r on A ge ' f a rmhou se ' c a r ina ted p o t te ry w a s d om inan t ; t h e se a r e s p ec if ica l ly a s s igned t o l a ye r I I , t h e ' f o r t m idd en ' , w h ich t h u s s e em s t o h ave e x t end ed a l t h e w ay r ound t ot h e n o r th -w e s t er n s i de ( I l l . 4 . 99 ) . O the r s im i la r r im s w e r e f o und i nP ane l s XX IV [ 1 1 ,9 4 ] .

A cco rd ing t o t h e r e in te rp r e ta t ion s o f e r ed h e r e , a nd d i scu s sed i nd e ta i li ne a r l ie rs e c t ion s , t h e r ew a sn oe p i sod e o ff l ood ing a tt h i s t i me a nd t h e s e cond , c on t ra c ted s t on e r i ng -f o r t -t h ough i tc l ea r ly e x i s t s -w a s o f ar a d i ca l ly d if e r en t d e s ign t ot h a t s ugg e s ted b y t h e e x cava to r . T h e ' g a t ehou se ' o r ` f o r ewo rk ' i st a ken h e r e t ob e t h e e n t r ance s e c t ion o ft h i s n ew , a r ch i t ec tu ra l ly mu ch m o r e d ev e loped s e cond r i ng -f o r t ( I l l . 4 . 131) . T h i s w a s , i ti ss ugg e s t ed , a h yb r id s t ru c tu r e , h av ing t h e s e pa ra te e n t r ance s e c t ion w i th m u ra l c e l l s s e en i nt h et wo S h e t land g a t ehou se f o r t s( Loch o fH ux t e ra nd N e s so fB u rg i )a nd t h eh o l low , g a l le r i ed w a l l o ft h eH eb r idean s em ib roch t r ad i t ion .

T hu s , t h ough i ti sn o t s p ec if ica l ly s t r e s sed i nt h e r e po r t , i t i se v id en t t h a t t h e r e w a s am ix tu r e o ft h e c a r ina t ed e a r ly I r on A g e f i ne w a r e s o f ' P ha se 2 'w i th t h e f o r t p o t te ry o f ' P ha se 3 'i np a r t so ft h e s uppo sed ly c l o sed m idden d epo s i t o u t s id e t h e f o r t r i ng -wa l l . T h i s i st h e s ame d epo s i t t h a t y i e lded t wo s ma l l g l a s s r i ng b ead s , i nP ane l s Xa nd XV [ 1 1 , 9 0 ] . T h i s i sp r e sumab ly w ha t t h e e xcava to r m ean t w hen h e s t a t ed t h a t o ccupa t ion b e tween P ha se s 2a nd 3 w a sc on t inuou s . O nt h eo t he rh and t h ef o r tw a l lc ou ld h ave b een b u i l t t h e o n t o p o f t h e e a r ly I r on A ge m idd en s w e s t a nd s ou th -we s t o ft h e f a rm s tead ( i tw a s n o t s e c t ioned ) a nd t h e f o r t p o t t e ry c ou ld h av e b een t h rown d own d i r ec t ly o n t o p o f am uch e a r l ie rm idden ; t h e s ma l l y e l low g l a s s r i ng b ead s i n t h i s m idden c ou ld s t rong ly s uppo r t t h i s h ypo the s i s . T he t h i rd a l t er na t ive i st h a t t h e P ha se 3 m idd en a c cumu la t ed d i r e c t ly o n t h a t o fP ha se 2b u t t h a t t h i sP ha se l a s t ed f o rs e ve ra lc en tu r ie s .

T he r ema in s o ft h e g a l le r ied w a l l , a s e xp la ined e a r l ie r , m ay s t i l l b e s e en r unn ing f r om t h e w e s t e nd o f t h e g a tehou se t ot h eb r och e n t ran ce . No c l ea r ly s t ra t if i ed f l oo r l e ve l s o r m idd en d epo s i t s w e re r e la ted s p ec if ica l ly t ot h e n ew r i ng -f o r t ( e x cep t o f c ou r se t h e f l oo r s d i rec t ly l i nked w i th t h e e n t r ance p a s sag e ) - as u rp r i s ing f a c t w h en a n e x t en s ive e p i sode o ff l ood ing ,d amage a nd r e pa i rw o rk w a s p o s tu la ted f o rt h i s t i me b y t h e e xcava to r . T h i s , a nd t h e f a c tt h a tt h e ' g a t ehou se ' i sf o unded o nt h e s ame s ub so i l a s t h e f i r s tr i ng -f o r t , s ugg e s t st h a tt h e c on s t r u c t ion o ft h en ew s t rongho ld w a s u nde r taken b y t h e o r ig ina l i n hab i tan t s o f t h e s i t e , p r e sumab ly b ecau se i tw a s am o r e moder nf o rm , a nd t h a t t h ey c on t inued t o u se t h e e x i s t ing f l oo r s a nd m idden s . I ta l so o f c ou r se s uppo r t s t h e v i ew t h a t t h e f l ood ing o ccu r r ed m u ch l a te r . T h i s v i ew a l so s e em s s uppo r t ed b y t h e s t r a t if ica t ion o ft h e d epo s i t s b e tw e en t h e o u te rw a l l a nd t h e b r och o n t h ew e s t a nd s ou th -we s t s i de s . H e r e t h e re w a s am a s s ive c o l lap se o ft h e o u t e rw a l l d own o nt ot h e e a r l ie s tf l oo r l e ve l , a nd a t o ne p o in t u p a g a in s t t h e f r on t f a ce o ft h e g a tehou se ; t h e m idd en s w h ich a c cumu la ted d i r ec t ly o n t o p o ft h i s w e r e a s s igned t ot h eb r och p e r iod [ 1 1 , f i g . 9 ,G 'G ] . T h i s a l so f i t s w e l l w i t h t h e h ypo the s i s t h a t t h e o r ig ina l l i v ing

I t i s r e g r e t tab le t h a t t h i s p o t en t ia l ly i mpo r tan t s t ra t ig raph ica l l i nk b e tween e a r ly I r on A g ea nd f o r tp o t te ry w a s n o t p r ope r ly a na ly sed i nt h e r e po r t s ot h a t w e c anno t t e l l f r om t h e e v id ence p r e sen ted ( n o C 14 d a te s a r e o f c ou r se a va i lab le ) w h e the r t h e c on s t ruc t ion o f F o r t Ia t C l ickh im in i sm o s t p l au s ib le a s s igned t o t h e 6t h o r 5t h c en tu r ie s BC o rt ot h e 2 "o r 1 st.T h i s a mb igu i ty o fd a t ing 12

S ec t ion 4 : S he t land

e xcep t t h e e n t rance s e c t ion a nd s ome f r agmen t s o f t h e i n ne r h a lf o f t h e w a l l t o t h e w e s t o f t h i s - w a s l a te r q ua r r ied t o p rov ide m a te r ia l f o r t h e b roch . T he f a c t t h a t t h e e n t rance s e c t ion w a s l ef t mo re o r l e s s i n ta c t m ay w e l l g i ve s ome s uppo r t t o H am i l ton 's i d ea t h a t t h e g a tehou se w a s u sed a st h e f r on t w a l l o fs ome k i nd o fh ou se , t h ough i nt h e i n te rp re ta t ion of e red h e r e t h i s w ou ld h ave b een a s t h e r e su l t o f as e conda ry a dap ta t ion . I ni t s o r ig ina l f o rm o ne s hou ld p robab ly a s sume t h a tt h e s c a r cemen to nt h er e a r f a ce w a s c a r r ied f o r s ome d i s tance a l ong t h e w a l l a t ta ched t o e ach e nd a nd s uppo r ted t h e r a i sed w ooden f l oo r o f a r a nge o ft imbe rb u i ld ing s , much l i ke t h a tp o s tu la ted i nt h e r e po r tf o rt h e e a r l ie s tf o r t .

s u rf ace sw e r e i nu se u n t i lt h e P ha se 4 f o r tw en to u to fu se . H ow eve r o ne p rob lem w h ich b o th o ft h e se i n te rp re ta t ion s l e ave s u n so lved i sw hy t h e f i r s tr i ng -f or tw a sn o tt o rn d own t op rov ide m a te r ia l f o rt h e s e cond , i n deed w hy i tw a s n o t c omp le t e ly r emoved a s a n o b s ta c le t o t h e d ef en s ive e ff ica cy o ft h es e cond . T he f e a tu r e s c l a imed i nt h e r e po r t a s p a r t o f H am i l ton 's s e cond r i ng f o r t - n ame ly t h e s p u r o f m a son ry n ow p ro jec t ing f r om t h e b roch o n t h e n o r th -we s t s i de a nd t h e r ubb le p l a tf o rm b eh ind a nd w e s t o ft h e g a tehou se - a r e h e re a s sumed t ob e , r e spec t ive ly , p a r t o ft h e s e cond r i ng f o r t ( b e low ) a nd amuch l a te rp i le o fr ubb le f a l len f r om t h e b roch a nd l y ing a ga in s t i t s b a se ( I l l . 4 . 111) . T he h uge s l ab s d umped a ga in s t t h e o u t s ide o fp a r t o ft h e f i r s t r i ng f o r t -a nd a s sumed i nt h e r e por tt ob e e v idence o fs ho r ing u p b ecau se o f t h e f l ood ing - a r e h e re t h ough t t o b e i n capab le o fe f f ec t ive ly h o ld ing u p am a s s ive d ry s tone w a l l a nd t o h ave b een d umped t h e r e a t s ome l a te r t ime , p robab ly w hen t h e b roch w a s d emo l i shed o rc l ea r ed o u tt o m ake w ay f o rt h ew hee lhou se .

A no the r m ino r p rob lem i st h a t i ft h e s e cond r i ng -f o r t w a s a s s ugge s ted h e re ( I l l . 4 . 131) t h en t h e e a r l ie s t o ccupa t ion u nde r t h e b roch s hou ld b e long t o i t a nd n o t t o t h e h ypo the t ica l r oundhou se ; t h e g a l le r ied w a l l o fw h ich t h e ' s pu r ' i sh e re h e ld t ob e ar emnan t p a s sed v e ry c l o se t o t h i s d epo s i t . Y e t t h e f i nd s f r om t h i s l a ye r a l though n o t s pec if ica l ly l i s ted - s e em t o i n c lude o n ly t h e p o t te ry a nd a r tef a c t s o f H am i l ton 's P ha se 2 a nd n one o f t h e mo r e v a r ied a s semb lage o fh i s P ha se 3[ 1 1 , 4 0 f ] s ot h e s t ra tum m ay , d e sp i te i t s l o ca t ion , i n deed b e long t h e u ndef ended s e t t lemen to fP ha se 2 .

T he ' s pu r ' o f ma son ry p ro jec t ing f r om t h e b a se o f t h e b roch o ni t sw e s te rn s i de i sh i gh ly u n l ike ly t ob ep a r to fa n e a r ly I r on A ge r oundhou se f o r r e a son s a l ready e xp la ined ( no t l e a s t b ecau se n o f ounda t ion t r ench f o r i t s w a l l w a s v i s ib le i nt h ef l oo r s t ra ta i n s ide t h eb r och ) . L ook ing a tt h e p ho tog raph s o ft h e f e a tu re s i ti sr a the r o bv iou s t h a t -f a r f r om c u rv ing q u ick ly b ack u nde r t h e b roch w a l l - t h e ' s pu r ' a ppea r s t ob e c on t inued a l ong j u s t o u t s ide t h e l i ne o ft h e b roch b y t h e f ounda t ion s o fa n a lmo s t c omp le te ly d emo l ished w a l l e nc lo s ing amuch l a rge ra r ea ( I l l . 4 . 113 & 4 . 114 ) w h ich f i t sw e l lw i th t h ep ropo sed l i ne o ft h eg a l le ry w a l led f o r t 2s ugge s ted h e re ( I l l . 4 . 131) . T he se w a l l f oo t ing s a r e n o t m en t ioned i nt h e r e por t . T hu s t h e ' s pu r ' , l i ke t h e f r agmen t o ft h e o l d w a l l i n co rpo ra ted i nt h e b roch e n t rance p a s sage , s e em s t o b e a no the r e xamp le o f h ow o l de r s t ruc tu re s w e re n o t e n t i r e ly d emo l i shed w hen t h i s b roch w a s b u i l t b u t f i t ted i n to i t . T he mo s t s pec ta cu la r e xamp le s o f t h i s h ab i t a r e t o b e s e en a t T he H owe i n O rkney ( HY2 1 6 ) . T he r e i s n o i n dependen t e v idence f o r t h e d a te o f t h e s e cond r i ng -f or t a s i d en t if ied h e r e ( o r o ft h e o ne d e sc r ibed i nt h e r epo r t ) e xcep t t h a t i ti ss t r a t ig raph ica l ly e a r l ie r t h an t h eb roch . H eb r idean h o l low -wa l led s em ib roch s o ft h e D o rC shaped t y pe w e r e b e ing b u i l t f r om a tl e a s t a se a r ly a s t h e 2 nd c en tu ry B .C . ( MacK ie 2 002 , I l . 3 6 ) , a nd s u ch a d a te s e em s r e a sonab le i ft h e f i r s t f o r t w a s o ccup ied f o r s eve ra l c en tu r ie s . H oweve rt h e r e i s ap o s s ib i l i ty t h a t t h e s imp le p romon to ry s em ib roch s w e r e m uch e a r l ie r a nd b e long t ot h e e a r ly I r on A ge , a l though n one h ave y e tb een e xcava ted ( Ma cK ie 2 002 , 3 64 ) . I ft h i s p rove s t ob e t h e c a se a n e a r l ie rd a te f o rt h e s e cond , g a l le ry -wa l led r i ng -f or t a tC l ickh im in i sp o s s ib le , p e rhap s a se a r ly a st h e 5t h o r 6t h c en tu ry . I fo ne c on s id e r s o n ly t h e l o ca l e v idence t h e s c an ty r ema in s o ft h i s g a l le ry -wa l led f o r t m ay m ean t h a t i tw a s u nf in i shed w hen t h e b roch w a s b u i l t ; i nt h a tc a se ad a te i mmed ia te ly b ef o r e t h e b roch may b e i mp l ied - p robab ly i n t h e 1 s t c en tu ry B .C . o r AD . H oweve r i ts e em s mo re l i ke ly t om e t h a t t h e P ha se 4 f o r t w a s c omp le ted a nd t h a t mo s t o fi t-

13

H oweve r i tm u s t b e a dm i t ted t h a t t h is p a r t o f t h e s i te 's h i s to ry i ss t i l l n o t u nde r s tood p rope r ly , a nd t h a t f u r the r e xcava t ion s m ay r e qu i r e s ub s tan t ia l m od if ica t ion o f t h e s c heme p r e sen ted h e re , a s w e l l a s o ft h a t o f f e r ed b y t h e e xcava to r . A s n o ted a bove i fan ew , h o l low -wa l led h yb r id g a tehou se f o r tw a sb u i l tt or e p la ce t h e P ha se 3r i ng f o r to ne w ou ld e xpec tt h e l a t te rt oh ave b een e n t i r e ly r emoved s i nce i n as em i ru ined s t a te i tw ou ld p rov ide e xce l len t c ove r f o r a t ta cke r s . Y e t i t i s t h e s e cond r i ng -f or t ( i n b o th i n te rp re ta t ion s ) w h ich h a s a lmo s t c omp le te ly d i sappea red , l e ad ing t o t h e s pecu la t ion o f f e r ed b y H am i l ton f o r h i s s e cond f o r t -t h a t i tw a s o n ly p a r t ly b u i l t w hen t h e b roch w a s b egun a nd r e p la ced i t . T he b e t te r s t a te o ft h e o u te r w a l l i s i n f a c t f a i r ly e a s i ly e xp la ined ; i tw a s s u re ly r e f u rb i shed b y t h e b roch b u i lde r s t o p rov ide a n o u te r d ef ence f o r t h e t owe r , a nd t h e r e a r e c l ea r t r ace s o ft h i s r e bu i ld ing i nt h e t h inne r u ppe r p a r t w h ich e x is t s i np l ace s [ 1 1 , f i g . 9 ,s e c t ion E 'E ] . 1 3 .4 P ha se 5 , t h eb roch ( m idd le I r on A g e ) T he c on s t ruc t ion o f C l ickh im in b roch , a nd t h e a ccumu la t ion o fe x ten s ive m idden s o n t o p o fe a r l ie r l e ve ls , m a rk s am a jo r n ew p ha se o fo ccupa t ion o n t h e s i t e . T he f a c t t h a t t h e se m idden s d o o ve r l ie q uan t i t ie s o f r ubb ish f r om e a r l ie r p e r iod s - i n c lud ing , a s n o ted , am a s s o f r ubb le t umb led i nwa rd s f r om t h e o u te rw a l l o n to t h e l owe s t f l oo r -c ou ld m ean t h a t t h e P ha se 4 r i ng -f o r t h ad b een a bandoned f o r s ome t ime , a nd h ad f a l len i n to r u in , w hen t h et owe rw a sb u i l t . A l terna t ive ly t h e r ubb le c ou ld b et h e r e su l t o ft h e d emo l i t ion o fp a r t s o fr i ng -f or t 2w h ich h ad b een i nu se u n t i l w o rk o n t h e b roch b egan . T h i s l a t te r v i ew i sp e rh sp s s uppor ted b y t h e f a c t t h a t as ub s tan t ia l f r agmen t o f r i ng -f or t w a l l w a s i n c luded i n t h e b roch e n t rance p a s sage . A s n o ted e a r l ie r i ti sa l so p o s s ib le t h a t t h e m a s s o fm idden

T he R ound hou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t i cS co t land

m a t e r ia lo v e r ly ing r u bb le , a nd a s s igned i nt h er e po r tt ot h e b roch o ccupa t ion , d oe s i nf a c t b e long t ot h e l a t e r i ng -f o r t p e r iod ; t h e r e i sn o c l ea rs t ra t ig raph ica l l i nk b e tw een t h e se d epo s i t sa nd a ny o ft h em a jo rb u i ld ing sc on ce rned . T he b roch i s ah o l low -wa l led o ne w i th as o l id w a l l b a se a nd p r e sumab ly h ad a w ooden r oundhou se i n s ide i t o r ig ina l ly ( p o s t -ho le s h av ing b een f o und i nt h e p r ima ry f l oo r ) . I t i s at y po log ica l ly d ev e loped f o rm a nd r a d ioca rbon d a t e sf r om c ompa rab le s i t e s( l ik eT h eH ow ei n O rkney a nd , m o r e a pp rop r ia t e ly , L eck ie i n S t i r l ing sh i r e ) s ugge s tt om et h a ti tw a sb u i l ti nt h e i s tc en tu ry AD . T he E ve r ted R im p o t t e ry i sv e ry s im i la r t o t h a t o f P ha se 3 , t h ough w i th ah i ghe r p ropo r t ion o ft h e n eck -band v a r ie ty , a nd r o ta ry q ue rn sa r es t i l la b sen t ,o ra tl e a s tw e r eu n loca ted d u r ing t h e e x cava t ion s . Mo s t o f t h e a r t ef a c t s c ha ra c t e r i s t ic o f t h e m idd le I r on A g e w e r e f o und i nt h e b roch l e v e l s . H owev e r b ecau se o ft h e u n ique s i tua t ion a tC l ickh im in w he re a m a t e r ia l c u l tu r e w i th m any m idd le I r on A g e f e a tu r e sm ay g ob a ck t ot h e 6t ho r 5t hc en tu ry BC - i th a st o b e a dm i t t ed t h a t ,f rom t h e e v id ence f rom t h i ss i te b y i t s e lf t h e r ei sn or e a son w hy t h eb roch s hou ld n o th ave b een b u i l t s omewha t e a r l ie r -i nt h e 1 Sto re v en t h e 2 nd c en tu ry BC . Whe th e rt h i s i sl i k e ly i nt h e c on t ex to ft h ea va i lab le d a t ing e v iden ce f r om a l b roch s i sc on s ide r ed i n P a r t 2o ft h i s w o rk .

( t hough l e av ing at h in l a ye r o fd eb r i s o n i t )b ef o r e b e ing p av ed . O ne m u r a l c e l l w a s b l ocked o f -p r e sumab ly i t w a s w r eck ed a nd h a lf f u l l o fr ubb i sh ( a no the rs i gn p e rhap s o ft h e s t a t e o fd i s in t eg ra t ion o ft h e t ow e r ) -b u tt h e o t he r o ne c on t inu ed i nu s e , t o g e the r w i th an ew c e l l b u i l t i n to t h et h ick e s tp a r to ft h ew hee lhou se w a l l . T he w h ee lhou s e p e r iod m idd en s a r e e x t en s ive , a nd t h e R oman m a te r ia l f o und i nt h em i n d ica t e s t h a t i tw a s b e ing o ccup ied d u r ing t h e 2 nd a nd 3 rd c e n tu r ie s AD , a nd p o s s ib ly a l o t l a t e r t h an t h a t . E v en t h ough t h e r e a r e i n d ica t ion s t h a t t h e b r och w a s ar u in w hen t h e s e conda ry d we l l ing w a s i n s e r ted , t h e m a te r ia l c u l tu re o f P ha se 6 i n d ica t e s ac on t inu i ty w i th t h e b roch p e r iod . W i th t h e p o s s ib le e xcep t ion o ft h e d i sc -head ed b one p i n [ 1 1 , f i g . 3 8 , 1 3 ] t h e r e a r e n ot r a ce s o ft h e a r t ef a c t s c ha ra c t e r i s t i c o f t h e l a te I r on A g e p e r iod o f t h e 7t h/ 8t h c en tu r ie s s u ch a s c ompo s i te b on ec omb sa nd or namen ta lh eaded b one p i n s . I ti sa s sumed h e r et h a t s om e t ime d u r ing P ha se 6t h e r ew a s ap e rmanen tr i s e i nt h e l e v e lo ft h e l o ch w h ich c hang ed t h e s i te i n to t h e i s l and a nd i tr ema ined a ss u ch u n t i l t h e m id 1 9 th c en tu ry . T h i sp e r iod o ff l ood ing - p e rhap s i nt h e 4t h o r 5t h c en tu r ie s -w ou ld b ew hen t h ec au seway a nd l a nd ing s t age w e r eb u i l t . 1 3 .6 P ha se 7 ,l a t el e ve l s . A s d e sc r ibed t h e p o t t e ry o ft h e l a s tp ha se o fo ccupa t ion i s q u i te d if e r en t f r om t h e I r on A g e E v e r ted R im w a r e a l though t h e f ew s t one f i nd s m ade r e semb le t h o se o ft h e e a r l ie r l e ve l s . D i r ec t e v id ence f o r d a t ing i s l a ck ing , t h ough a n i mm ed ia t e ly p r e -V ik ing d a t e s e em s p l au s ib l e , d e sp i te t h e a b s en ce o ft h e c l a s s ic l a t e I r on A ge m a t e r ia l ( wh ich i sf o und n o tf a ra way i nO rkn ey ) .

A rgum en t s w e r e a dvanced e a r l ie r f o r r e ga rd ing m uch o f t h eu ppe rp a r t o ft h e b roch - a nd i np a r t icu la rm o s t o ft h e a r ch i tec tu ra l f e a tu r e s w h ich a r e u n ique t oC l ickh im in - a s t h e p rodu c t o fm od er nr e s to ra t ion . T h i s r emove s m o s to f t h e ' p rob lem s ' r a i sed b yt h e se o dd f e a tu r e sa nd w h ich h av e b een c ommen t ed o n b y e a r l ie r w r i te r s . P r e sumab ly t h e b roch w a s at ow e r l ik e s t ru c tu r e w i th a n i n t er na l r a i sed w ooden f l oo r o r f l oo r s a nd w h ich w a s u s ed f o r s om e c on s id e rab le t i me , j udg ing f r om t h e t h ickne s s o f t h e m idden s w h ich a c cumu la ted o u t s id e . H ow eve r t h e r e a r e n o m ean s o fe s t ima t ing p r ec i se ly h ow l o ng i tw a s i nu s e e xcep tt h e2 nd c en tu ry R oman m a te r ia l a s soc ia t ed w i th t h e f o l low ing p ha se , a nd t h i s o fc ou r se m ay h ave b een o n t h e s i t ef o r al o ng t i me b ef o r eb e ing d r opped i n ad epo s i t .

1 4 . F ina l C ommen t s

1 3 .5 P ha se 6 ,w hee lhou se ( m idd l eI r on A g e )

Wha th a s t ob er e a l i sed a bou tt h e a r cha eo log ica l e v id en ce a tC l ickh im in r e cove r ed f r om t h e e x cava t ion s o ft h e 1 9 50 s i s t h a t m o s t o f i t c on s i s t s o f t wo q u i te d i s t in c t s t ra t ig raph ica l s e quence s , w i th h a rd ly a ny c onn ec t ion b e tween t h em . T h i sm ak e s l i nk ing t h em , a nd p rodu c ing a p l au s ib le s i t eh i s to ry , at r i cky t a sk w h i ch c an p r oduce m o r e t h an o n er e su l t( F o ju t 1 998 ) .

T he i n se r t ion o f al a rge w hee lhou se i n s id et h eb roch m a rk s t h ef i na lm a jo rp ha se o ft h em idd le I r on A g eo ccupa t ion o n t h e s i t e , a nd t h e i n te rp r e ta t ion o f e r ed h e r e f o l low s t h a t o f D ryden a nd H am i l ton w i th af ew a dd i t iona l d e ta i l s . T he r e i s s ome c i r cum s tan t ia l b u t c onv inc ing e v idence w h ich i mp l ie s t h a t t h e b roch w a s a l r eady i n r u in s a nd m u ch r e duced i n h e igh t w hen t h i s h appened ; p e rhap s t h e d i lap ida ted a nd a bandoned t ow e r w a s r e duced t o as a f e h e igh t w hen t h e w hee lhou se w a s b u i l t . T he s t ronge s t e v idence f o rt h i s i st h eb r eak ing t h rough o f an ew d oo rway a tt h e f o o to ft h eb ro ch s t a i r , a nd a t ah e igh tw h ich i mp l ie s t h a t av e ry l a rg e a moun to fd eb r i sh ad a l r eady a c cumu la ted o u t s id e . T he f l oo r f o r t h i s n ew d oo r s e em s t oh ave b een d ug d own f o ra bou t 6 0 c m i n to t h eb u i ld ing 's c o r e a nd t h e s ame f l oo r l e v e l r u n s i nwa rd s t h rough t h e w hee lhou se w a l l . A tt h e s ame t i me t h e i n te r io r o ft h e b roch s e em s t o h ave b een c l ea r ed o u t a lmo s t t o t h e p r ima ry f l oo r l e ve l

T he f i r s t s equ en ce c on s i s t s o f t h e m a jo r b u i ld ing s ; t h e r i ng -wa l l , t h e g a t ehou se a nd i t s a s soc ia t ed w a l l f r agm en t s , t h e b roch a nd t h e w hee lhou se a r e r e l iab ly t i ed a nd w e r e b u i l t i nt h a t o r de r( e xcep tt h a tt h e r e i sn o d i rec tp roof t h a t t h e g a t ehou se i sl a t e r t h an t h e r i ng -wa l l ) . T he s e cond c on s i s t s o f t h e o ccupa t ion s t ra ta o u t s ide t h e r i ngwa l l , b e tween i ta nd t h e b r och a nd i n s ide t h e b r och . Wh i le t h e l owe s t l e ve l s e v e rywhe r e r e s t o n s t e r i le d epo s i t s a nd c on ta in e a r ly I r on A ge m a t e r ia l ( Pha se 2u nd e rt h e b r och a nd u nde rt h eb l o ck ing s i nt h e c e l led h u t ,a nd P ha se s 2a nd 3e l sewhe r e ) , t h ee x ten s ive a sh m idd en s a nd r u bb le l a y e r s b e tween t h e r i ng -wa l l a nd t h e b roch ( a nd a bove t h e se p r ima ry l a y e r s ) a r e n o t a c tua l ly c onne c t ed w i th t h e b r o ch o rt h ew hee lhou se a ta l ; a l o ne c an s a yf i rm ly i st h a tt h ey p o s t -da te t h e r i ng -wa l l . T h i s o fc ou r se i sm a in ly b ecau se o ft h e 1 9t hc en tu ry c l ea rance sa r ound t h eb r och ( t hough i ti s n o t i mpo s s ib l e t h a t s ome l ow s t ra ta s t i l l r ema in w h ich 14

S ec t ion 4 : S he t land

i n d ica t ing a c i rcu la r b u i ld ing s ome 1 6 .78 m ( 55 f t . ) i n d i ame te r . T he re may b e an a r row o pen ing t owa rd s t h e n or th -ea s t . S ource s : 1 . OS c a rd HU 4 4 NE 3 : 2 . RCAH MS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,n o . 1 500 , 1 20 .

m igh tp rov ide al i nk ) . F or tuna te ly s ome e a r ly b roch l a ye r s w e re f ound i n s ide t h e t owe r b u t t h ey c anno t b e d i rec t ly l i nked w i th t hose o u t s ide . B ea r ing t h a t i n m ind t h e ma in i mpo r tance o f t h e r e su l t s f r om t h e C l ickh im in e xcava t ion s , a s r e -a sses sed h e re , wou ld s e em t o b e ( 1 ) t h a t t h e b roch l ike g a tehou se ( o r ` f orewo rk ' ) o n t he s i te i ss t ra t ig raph ica l ly e a r l ie r t h a t t h e b roch t owe r i t se lf , ( 2 ) t h a t t h e b u i lde r s o ft h e e a r l ie s t f o r t o n t h e s i te p osses sed a r tef ac t s a nd p o t te ry w h ich a r e e l sewhe r e a s s ignab le t ot h e s t a r t o ft h e m idd le I r on A ge i n t h e 2n d o r i s t c en tu r ies B .C . b u t w h ich h e re may s t a r t a s e a r ly a st h e 6t h o r 5d t c en tu ry BC a nd ( 3 ) t ha t t h e v a r iou s s oph is t ica ted s t one s t ruc tu res b u i l t i nP ha se s 3 -6 a ppea r t oh ave b een a dop ted b y d i f f e ren t g ene ra t ion s o ft h e s ame c ommun i ty . T he re i sl i t t le i nt h e m a te r ia l c u l tu re o ft ho se p ha se s t o j u s t if y t h e a s sump t ion t ha t n ew i mm ig ran t s b rough tt h e b roch a nd t h e w hee lhou se t ot h e s i te , a l though t h e s ha rp c hange b e tween P ha se s 2a nd 3 s u re ly s ugges t s n ew p eop le i n t h e c ommun i ty . O n t h e o t he r h and t h e a ppea rance o f t ho se s oph is t ica ted b u i ld ing s a t d i f f e ren t t imes m ay w e l l b e t e l l ing u s s ome th ing a bou t b o th t h e s t a tu s o ft h e C l ickh im in c ommun i ty i nt h e I r on A ge a nd a bou t t h e m anne r i n w h ich b roch a r ch i tec tu re w a s t a ken f r om p l a ce t op lace i nA t lan t ic S co t land .

HU44 3 HEOGAN HU /475435 S i te o f ap o ss ib le b roch w h ich w a sc omp le te ly d emo l ished many y ea r s b ef o re t h e C omm is s ion 's v i s i t , l e av ing n o th ing t ob e s e en . Ah eap o fs t one sw a sn o ted i n1 878 [ 1 ] . S ource s : 1 . OS c a rd HU 4 4 S E 7 : 2 . RCAH MS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,n o . 105 , 7 .

S quare HU45 HU45 1 BURR IAN 2( `Ho lm o fB en s ton ') HU /467540 T races o f ac i rcu la r b u i ld ing , ap robab le b roch , c an b e s e en o n ar ocky k no l l i n N e s t ing . I t i s c . 1 6 .5m i n d i ame te ra nd 0 . 6m h igh , a nd as t re tch o ft h e o u te rw a l l f a ce i sv i s ib le o n t h e e a s t [ 1 ] . A f ew f i nd s h ave b een m ade r ound a bou t , i n c lud ing ab roken c u sh ion type s t one mace h ead a nd as t ea t i te w ho r l( i nt h e L erw ick mu seum ) . S ource s : OS c a rd HU 4 5 S E 1 4 : 2 . RCAH MS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,n o . 1 310 , 8 3 .

1 5 . D imens ions T he o u t e r w a l l ( t he e a r l ies t f o r t ) e nc lo se s a n a r ea o fs ome 1 240 s qua r e me t res ( wh ich c ompa re s w i th t h e 6 5 .8 s qua re m e t res c on ta ined b y t h e b roch . T he a ve rage e x terna l d i ame te ro ft h e b roch i s1 9 .8 m ( 6 5 f t . )a nd t h e i n ter na l o ne i s9 . 1 m( 30 f t . ) ; t h e w a l l b a ses t h u s o ccupy s ome 5 3 .8% o ft h e o ve ra l l d iame te r a nd a r e 5 . 3 m( 17 .5 f t . ) t h ick . T he e n t rance i s 1 . 75 m ( 5 f t . 9 . 5 i n s . ) h igh u nde r t h e t wo o u termo s t l i n te ls a nd t h e reaf t e r 1 . 39 m ( 4f t .6 . 5 i n s . ) . I t s w id th i s0 . 86 m ( 2 f t . 1 0 i n s . ) i nf r on t o ft h e d oo r -check s w h ich a r e a bou t 2 . 7 m ( 9 f t . ) f r om t h e s t ra igh t j o in t b e tween t h eb roch w a l l a nd t h e e a r l ie r ma son ry o nw h ich i t i sp a r t ly f o unded b u t a bou t 4 . 6 m ( 1 5 f t . ) f r om t h e a c tua l f r on to ft h ee n t rance p a s sage . I n 1 987 ac a ref u l s u rvey o fw ha tc an b e s e en o ft h ep r ima ry i n ner w a l l f a ce o ft h e b roch s howed t h a t t h e c en t ra l c our t a bove t h e s c a rcemen t i sc l ose t o a n e xac t c i rc le w i th a r ad iu s o f4 . 6 1 +0 .09 m , a nd t hu sh a s ad i ame ter o f9 . 22 m o r3 0 .23 f t . .

HU45 2 CORN HOL M HU /481549 S i te o f ap o ss ib le b roch o n as ma l l i s land o ft h a t n ame i n t h e E a s t V oe o fS ke l l is te r , i nN e s t ing . T he s i te i s ar ocky k no l lb u tn o s i gns o f ab u i ld ing a r en ow v i s ib le . S ource s : 1 . OS c a rd HU 4 5 S E 7 : 2 . RCAH MS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,n o . 1 309 , 8 3 . HU45 3 BURR IAN 1( ` The B u r r ian ,"Brough ') HU /478545 P robab le b roch i nN e s t ing , s i tua ted o n t h e f l a t s umm i t o f ah igh , r o cky k no l l c l ose t ot h e s ho re . T he b u i ld ing i sc . 1 6 .0m i nd i ame te r a nd 1 m h i gh w i th ac en t ra l d ep res s ion [ 1 ] . A p o ss ib le o u te r c u r ta in w a l l , c .0 . 5m h igh a nd o f t u rf , c an b e s e en t o t h e s ou th a nd e a s t , a nd t r aces o f o u tbu i ld ing sa r ev i s ib le o nt h e s ou th -wes t . S ou rces : 1 . OS c a rd HU 4 5 S E 1 3 ( w i th s k e tch p l an ) : 2 . RCAH MS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,n o . 1 308 , 8 2 -3 . HU45 4 GLETNESS ( ' Longa S ker r ies ') HU /470512 P os s ib le s i te o f ab roch i n N es t ing , o n a n i s le t c a l led L onga S ke r r ie s 1 00 m f r om t h e s ho re . No t r ace s o f a b u i ld ing c an b e s e en , a nd t h e i s le t h a s b een c l a imed t ob e t oo s ma l l f o rs uch ab u i ld ing [ 1 ] . S ource s : 1 . OS c a rd HU 4 5 S E 1 5 : 2 . RCAH MS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,n o . 1 311 , 8 3 .

1 6 . S ource s 1 . OS c a rd HU 4 4 S E2 : 2 .I r v ine 1 866 : 3 .D ryden 1 890 , 2 02 -07 : 4 . RCAH MS 1 946 , v o l . 3 , 6 4 -70 & f i g s . 5 57 5 73 : 5 .G raham 1 947 : 6 . Cn iden 1 951 : 7 . S impson 1 954 : 8 .H am i l ton 1 957 : 9 . H am i l ton 1 962 , 7 2 -74 & 8 18 2 : 1 0 . H am i l ton 1 966 , 15 f . : 1 . H am i l ton 1 968 : 1 2 . MacK ie 1 969 : 1 3 . B a l l in Sm i th , e d . , 1 994 : 1 4 . MacK ie 1 992 : 1 5 . F o ju t 1 998 .

HU45 5 HOUSAB ISTER HU /487578 T h is p robab le b roch s i te i sa lmo s t c omp le te ly d e s t royed . I ti ss i tua ted n ea r t h e t op o ft h e c l if f s i n aw i ld p a r t o ft h e c oa s t o fN e s t ing . S pence d e sc r ibed i ta s ac en t ra l t owe r s u r rounded b yt wo c oncen t r ic w a l ls . T he p a r ish c hu rch h a s b een b u i l t n ex t t ot h e s i te o u t o ft h e s t one s f r om t h e b roch

HU44 2 HA WK 'S NESS HU /461490 Ap os s ib le b roch i nT ingwa l l , as t eep c on ica l mound s ome 5 . 49m ( 18 f t . ) h igh s i tua ted o n ar o cky k no l l c l o se t o t h e e dge o ft h e c l if s . As i ng le c ou r se o f ma son ry c an b e s e en ,

15

T he R oundhou se s , B rochs a nd W hee lhouse so fA t lan t ic S co t land

b u tt h e mound o fr ubb le i ss t i l l 2 1 .35 m ( 70 f t . ) i nd i ame te r a nd 4 . 58 m ( 1 5 f t . )h i gh i nt h e c en t re . S ource s : 1 . OS c a rd HU 4 5 NE 1 6 : 2 .S pence 1 899 , 4 5 6 : 3 . RCAHMS 1 946 , v o l . 3 , n o . 1 282 , 7 8 : 4 . A nde r son 1 890 , 1 8 1 .

HU46 2CHAPEL KNO WE + HU /48556910 P os s ib le b roch i nN e s t ing ; n o f u r ther i n f o rma t ion .

HU45 6 HOL M OF BENSTON HU /463537 P robab le b roch o n a n i s le t o ft h a t n ame i nN es t ing . T he C omm iss ion d i d n o t v i s i t t h e s i te b u t t h e r ema in s o f a c i rcu la rb u i ld ing a r ev i s ib le , c .1 7 .5m i nd i ame te ra nd 1 . 3m h igh ; t h e f oo t ing s o f t h e s u rveyed o u te r w a l l f a ce a r e o cca s iona l ly v i s ib le [ 1 ] . T he re i s as e conda ry s t ruc tu re i n s ide t h e b roch a bou t 4 . 8m i n d i ame te r , a nd t r aces o f o u tbu i ld ing s a r e v i s ib le . Ac au seway j o in s t h e i s land t o t h e s ho re . S ource s : 1 . OS c a rd HU 4 5 S E 1 8 : 2 . RCAH MS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,n o . 1 283 , 7 8 . HU45 7 LOCH OF S TAVANESS HU /490590 S i te o fp o ss ib le b roch i nN es t ing ; n ot r ace o fa ny b u i ld ing r ema in s . S ource s : 1 . OS c a rd HU 4 5 NE 1 5 : 2 . RCAH MS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,n o . 1 307 , 8 2 : 3 . A nde r son 1 890 , 1 8 1 . HU45 8 RA ILSBURGH ( `Broch o fR a i l sbu rgh ') HU /456523 P os s ib le b roch i nN e s t ing , o n as ma l l i s land 6 0m f r om t h e s ho re o n t h e e a s t s i de o fC a t F i r th . No c l ea r s i gns o fa b roch h ave b een d e tec ted a l though t h e re a r e r u ined b u i ld ing s o nt h e i s land . S ource s : 1 . OS c a rd n o HU 5 4 S E 1 6 : 2 . RCAHMS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,n o . 1 285 , 7 9 : 3 .S pence 1 899 , 4 4 -5 : 4 . A nder son 1 890 , 1 8 1 . HU45 9 WADB ISTER NESS HU /447504 P o s s ib le b roch i n T ingwa l l c ons is t ing o f s c a t te red a nd b roken r ema ins o f at u rf -cove red b u i ld ing o nt op o f as ma l l r ocky s pu r o n t h e s ho re w h ich i sf r equen t ly c u t o f fb y h igh t i des ; much o ft h e b u i ld ing s e em s t oh ave b een e r oded b y t h e s ea . As hor t s t re tch o fo u te r w a l l f a ce c an b e s e en o n t h e s ou th -we s ts i de [ 1 ] . S ource s : 1 . OS c a rd HU 4 5 SW 5 : 2 . RCAH MS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,n o . 1 499 , 1 20 & f i g . 5 87 ( p la te ) .

S quare HU46 HU46 1 BURGA WATER 1 HU /480641 P robab le b roch i nN e s t ing , ag ra s s -cove red mound 2 . 44 2 . 71 m ( 8 -9 f t . ) h igh s i tua ted o n t h e l a rge r o ft wo i s le t s i n t h e l o ch o ft h a t n ame ; i ti sa bou t 1 00m f r om t h e s ou th a nd s ou th -we s t s ho res . I tw a s n o t v i s i ted b y t h e C omm iss ion 's i n ves t iga to r s , b u t al a te r r e po r t [ 1 ] d esc r ibes a mound a bou t 1 5m i nd i ame te r c on ta in ing ac i rcu la r b u i ld ing w i th a n a ppa ren t e n t rance o n t h e e a s t . No c au seway h a s b een s e en . S ource s : I . OS c a rd HU 4 6SE 1 : 2 . RCAH MS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,n o . 1 284 , 7 9 .

16

HU46 3 V IDL IN HU /479655 S i te o f ap o ss ib le b roch i nN e s t ing . T he f ew r ema in ing s t one sw e re r emoved i n1 829 t ob u i ld ac hape l [ 2 ] . S ou rce : 1 . OS c a rd HU 4 6 NE 3 : 2 . RCAH MS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,n o . 1 306 8 2 .

S quare HU47 HU47 1 FUGLA NESS HU /438777 ( v i s i ted 4 / 6 /63) T h is p robab le b roch i nD e l t ing , n ow v e ry r u inou s , s t and s a tt h e f oo t o f g en t ly s l op ing , f e r t i le l a nd a nd n ex t t o t h e r ocky s ho re . I ti sp a r t ly s u r rounded b yt wo e ar th r ampa r t s w i th a w ide d i tch b e tween t h em , t he s t eep s l ope t o t h e b each a ppa ren t ly h av ing f o rmed t he d ef ences o n t h e e a s t h a lf . Two mu ra l c e l ls a r e v i s ib le o n t h e e a s t , o n t h e s i de n ea res t t h e s ea , a nd o ne s e em s t o h ave ad oo r l i n te l i ni t s w es ter n s i de , f a c ing a l ong t h e w a l l . T he s i de o f ap a s sage s e em s t o p ro t rude o ve r t h e b each b e tween t h e se t wo c hambe r s w h ich a r e t h e ref o re l i ke ly t o b e ap a i r o fg ua rd c e l ls f l ank ing t h e ma in e n t rance , a s t h e C omm i s s ion 's i n ve s t iga to r s s u rm i sed . A ny a t tacker s w ou ld h ave h ad t o h ave c l imbed u p t ot h e e n t rance f r om t h e b each b e low a nd ad i rec tr u sh w ou ld h ave b een i mposs ib le . S ource s : 1 .O S c a rd HU 4 7 NW 6 : 2 . RCAH MS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,n o . 115 , 9& f i g . 4 65 ( p lan ) . HU47 2 I NF IELD HU /454747 ( v i s i ted 4 /6 /63) A p robab le b roch i n D e l t ing , s t and ing o n al ow r o cky p romon to ry j u t t ing i n to t h e F i r th o r V oe o n ly a f ew f e e t a bove w a te r l e ve l a nd a tt h e f oo t o f al o ng s l ope d own t o t h e s e a f r om t h e h i l ls b eh ind . As ma l l l i gh thouse s t and so n t h e s t ruc tu re w h ich i sn ow n o th ing b u t amound o fd eb r i s ; o n ly o n t h e n o r th s i de i sa n a r c o ft he o u te r f a ce v i s ib le , t o ah e igh t o ft wo o rt h ree c ou r ses . Al i n te l led d oo rway o n t h e s ou th s i de , 5 1 c m ( 1 f t . 8i n s .) w ide a nd 7 1 c m ( 2f t .4 i n s . ) h igh , l e ad s f r om t h e i n te r ior o u t t o aw recked m u ra l c e l l ; t h e C omm is s ion n o ted t h a t t h e re w a s as t ep d own i n to t h e c hambe r a ti t s i n ner e nd . T he o u te r d i ame te r o f t h eb roch i sa bou t 1 8 .30 m ( 60 f t . ) . S ource s : 1 . O S c a rd HU 4 7 S E 1 : 2 . RCAH MS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,n o . 116 , 9 10 . Y e l l HU47 3 HOL M OF COP ISTER HU /472779 T h i s b roch a nd i t s o u two rk s o ccupy a lmos t t h e w ho le o f t h e s ma l l i s le t o ft h a t n ame o n Y e l l i s land , 1 50 y d s . f r om t h e t i p o f ap en in su la . T he s i te i s ag r a s sy mound a bou t 6 . 10 m ( 20 f t . ) h i gh a nd t h e b a se o ft h e w a l l i sv i s ib le o n t h e e a s tw i th , o nt h ew es t s i de , p a r to f am u ra l g a l le ry a bou t 9 0cm ( 3f t . ) w ide ; t h is mu s tb e a n u ppe ro ne s i nce i ti so n t h e w a l lhead . T he w a l lhead h ere i s3 . 81 m ( 12 .5 f t . )t h ick . P a r t o f a mu ra l s t a ir w a s t r aceab le i n 1 890 [ 3 ] . T he m a son ry i sb u i l t i n u nusua l ly t h in c ou r ses a nd i so f t h e

S ec t ion 4 : S he t land

l o ca l l ime s tone .

v o l . 3 ,n o . 1 723 ,

T he b roch i ss u r rounded b y ar ampa r t 1 . 37 -1 . 83 m ( 4 .5 6f t . ) h igh f a ced w i th s t one o n i t s i n ne r f a ce w h ich i s a lmo s t v e r t ica l whe re e xposed ( o n t h e n o r th -we s t a nd s ou th -ea s t ) ; t h e o u te r f a ce n ow s l opes d own t o g i ve a max imum b r ead th o f4 . 68 m ( 1 5 f t . ) a tt h e b a se . O n t h e n or th -we s t s i de , t h e l owes t p a r t o f t h e i s le t a nd f a c ing Y e l l , a ne x t ra d i tch a nd b ank l i e so u t s ide t h er ampa r t . D imens ion s . E x terna l d i ame te r 1 8 .15 m ( 59 .5 f t . ) . S ources : 1 . OS c a rd HU 4 7 NE 1 : 2 . RCAH MS 1 946 , v o l .3 , n o . 1 720 , 1 62 -3 & f i g s . 6 73 : 3 . A c land 1 890 .

HU49 2GRAVELAND + HU /463967 ( a pp rox . ) P os s ib le b roch i nY e l l ;n o f u r the ri n f o rma t ion .

S quare HU48 HU48 1 HEAD OF BROUGH HU /446850 T h is p robab le b roch o n Y e l l I . , s t and ing o n ap la teau o ver look ing t h e s ea , i sn ow r educed t oi t s f ounda t ion s . A f ew t r ace s o ft h e o u te r f a ce i n d ica te a n o ve ra l l d i ame te r o f 1 7 .38 m ( 57 f t . ) . On t h e n or th s i de t h e re a r e t h e r emnan t s o ft wo d ef en s ive b ank s o r r ampa r t s , 2 0m a nd 3 0m f r om t h e b roch , w i th ad i tch b e tween t h em ; t h is l a s t h a s b een a t l e a s t 1 . 22 m ( 4f t . ) d eep . S ources : 1 . OS c a rd HU 4 8 SW 2 : 2 . RCAH MS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,n o . 1 721 , 1 63 .

1 63 .

B re s say S quare HU54 HU54 1 A ITH ( `Brough ') HU /515435 S i te o f p o s s ib le b roch o n B ressay I . , o n ar ound topped h i l lock a t t h e n eck o f t h e p en insu la A i th N es s . I ti s ma rked a s a' b rough ' o n t h e o ld OS map b u t A l l t r ace s o f t h e s t ruc tu re h ave b een d e s t royed . S ource s : 1 . OS c a rd HU 5 4 SW 4 : 2 . RCAH MS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,n o . 106 , 7 . HU54 2 BROUGH 1 HU /519412 P o ss ib le b roch o n B re s say , c on s is t ing o f al a rge , f l a t t opped , t u rf -cove red mound , p robab ly S ibba ld 's ' P ic t 's h ou se ' [ 2 ] . I tr i ses t o ah e igh t o f 1 . 83 m ( 6f t . ) a bove t h e b o t tom o f ad i tch w h ich s e ems t o h ave s u r rounded t h e b u i ld ing a nd w h ich i s6 . 1 m( 20 f t . ) w ide a nd 6 1-76 c m ( 2 -2 f t . 6i n s . ) i nd ep th . Aw e l l i so n t h e s ou th -ea s t . T he n e ighbou r ing v i l lage o fB rough s uppor t s t h e i d en t if ica t ion o ft h e s i te . S ource s : 1 . OS c a rd HU 5 4 SW 2 : 2 . S ibba ld 1 829 , 2 9 : RCAH MS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,n o . 107 , 1 87 .

HU48 2 WEST SAND W ICK ( ` The B rough ') HU /440887 P robab le b roch o n Y e l l I . ,o n as ma l l t i da l i s le t . T he s i te i s at u rf -cove red mound t h rough w h ich t h e o u te r w a l l f a ce c an b e s e en , i nd ica t ing a n o ve ra l l d i ame te r o f a lmo s t 1 7 .5m [ 1 ] . T he u ppe r c ou r ses o f ac o rbe l led mu ra l c e l l c an b e s e en i nt h e s ou th -wes t a r c a nd t h e e n t rance , n ow g r ea t ly o b scu red , i sa ppa ren t ly o nt h ee a s ts i de . T he o u te r d ef ences a r e much e r oded b u t t wo l ow , t u rf -cove red r ampa r t sc an b e s een o nt h en or th s i de w i th ar ock -cu td i tch b e tween t h em , 2 . 5m d eep . E ro s ion h a s p roduced a c l if f f a ce w i th a c r oss s e c t ion a t t h e w e s t e nd o f t h e i n ne r r ampa r tw he re i tc an b e s e en t ob e2 . 0m t h ick w i th ar ubb le c o re f a ced w i th r eve t ted s l ab s s e to ne dge . S ources : I . OS c a rd HU 4 8 NW 1( w i th s ke tch p l an ) : 2 . RCAH MS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,n o . 1 722 , 1 6 3 .

HU54 3 CULL INGSBURGH HU /521423 P o ss ib le b roch o n B re s say I . , c on s i s t ing o f ar ough , s t ony k no l l 3 . 66 m ( 12 f t . ) h igh a tt h e n or th -we s t c orne r o ft h e g raveya rd . No t r aces o fw a l l ing a r e n ow v i s ib le . P os s ib ly I r on Age a r tef ac t s , l i ke h amme r s t ones a nd a w he t s tone s , w e re r e cove red f r om t h e s i te [ 2 ] . S ource s : 1 . OS c a rd HU 5 4 SW 6 : 2 RCAH MS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,n o . 1 086 , 4 .

S quare HU49 HU49 1 WINDHOUSE HU /48809 19 1 P robab le b roch o n Y e l l I . , o n t h e s hou lde r o f t h e h i l l o ver look ing t h e s ou th e nd o f Wha le F i r th a nd l e s s t h an 3 0m a bove t h e s ea . T he s i te w a s e xcava ted many y ea r s b ef o re t h e C omm iss ion 's v i s i t i n1 931 w hen s ome ' t yp ica l ' a r tef ac ts w e re f ound , b u t w h ich a r e n ow l o s t . T here a r e o n ly t wo o r t h ree c ou r se s o fm a son ry l ef t b u t t h ey s how t h a t t h e b u i ld ing h a s a n o vera l l d i ame te ro f1 7 .5m ( 57 f t .4 i n s . ) a nd t h a t t h e w a l l i s3 . 89 m ( 1 2 f t . 9i n s . ) t h ick o n t h e n or th a nd n o r th -wes t . O n t h e w e s t h oweve r i te xpand s t o 4 . 68 m ( 1 5 f t . 4i n s .) a nd s how s t r a ce s o f a n i n t ra -mu ra l c e l l . I nt h ew a l l o fa n o u tbu i ld ing i mmed ia te ly t ot h ew es ta s he l l m idden i se xpo sed [ 1 ] . S ources : 1 . OS c a rd HU 4 9 S E 4 : 2 . RCAH MS 1 946 ,

17

HU54 4 NOSS SOUND HU /528410 T h is p robab le b roch o nB res say I .s t and sn ea rt h ee nd o fa r ocky h ead land w i th c on s ide rab le o u te rd ef ences . A n e a r th a nd s t one b ank c rosses t h e n eck o ft h e p romon to ry 7 . 78 m ( 25 .5 f t . ) f r om t h e b roch w i th as e cond , mo re ma s s ive o ne 4 . 58 m ( 1 5 f t . ) b eyond i t : t h ey may h ave o r ig ina l ly b een b u i l t s t one w a l ls u p t o 3 . 20 m ( 10 .5 f t . ) t h ick . T he re a r e s ome b ou lde r s o n e dge a tt h e e a s t e nd o ft h e o u te r f a ce o f t h e o u te r b ank , w h ich m ay b e p a r t o fi t . T he b roch i t se lf s how s f ew o f i t s s t ruc tu ra l f e a tu re s t hough t h e mound i s s t i l l 4 . 12 m ( 1 3 .5 f t . ) h igh , a nd o n t h e n or th -we s t s eve ra l c ou r se o ft h e i n ne rf a ce c an b e s e en . H ibber tn o ted s eve ra l " cav i t ie s" i nt h e w a l l w h ich mu s t h ave b een mu ra l c e l ls ; e ach w a sa bou t3 . 66 m ( 12 f t . ) l o ng b y 1 . 83 m ( 6f t . )b road . T races o fo ne c an b e s e en o n t h e s ou th -we s t . T he w a l l o f t h eb roch s e em st ob e a bou t4 . 58 -5 .19 m ( 1 5 -17 f t . )t h ick . S ource s : 1 . OS c a rd HU 5 4 SW 8 : 2 . RCAH MS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,n o . 1 085 , 3 -4 & f i g . 4 80 ( p la te ) : 3 .H ibber t 1 822 , 2 84 .

T he R oundhou se s , B roch s a nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

i n c rea se s f r om 7 6 c m ( 2f t 6i n ) a tt h e f r on tt o 1 . 07 m ( 3f t 6i n ) a tt h e i n ne r e nd . B eh ind t h e l e f t c heck i s al a rge r e c tangu la r h o le w h ich l e ad t o t h e l e f t c e l l ; i t i s p r e sumab ly f o rt h ed r aw b a rb eh ind t h ed oo r .

Wha l say S quare HU56 HU56 1 BROUGH 3 HU /554651 P o s s ib le b roch o n Wha l say I . , c on s is t ing o f af e a tu re le s s h eap o fr ubb i sh o n as ma l lk no l l . No t r a ce o fm a son ry c an n ow b es e en [ 1 ] a l though t h e re w e re s ome i n1 931 [ 2 ] . S ource s : 1 .O S c a rd HU 5 6 NE 1 2 : 2 . RCAHMS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,n o . 1 343 , 8 8 .

T he p a s sage i sn ow u n roof ed a nd o pen b u t i n 1 863 t h e g a tehou se s e c t ion w a s s omewha t h i ghe r ( c . 2 . 4 m ) , t h e p a s sage w a s l i n te l led o ve ra nd t h e re w e r e a ppa ren t ly t r a ce s o f as e cond t i e r o fc e l l s a bove t ho se m en t ioned . T h i s i s p e rhap s mo r e l i k e ly t o h ave b een a r a i sed g a l le ry b u t M i tche l l i sn o t v e ry s pec if ic a bou t w ha t h e s aw . N o t r a ce o f aa n i n t ra -mu ra l s t a i rw a s s e en .

HU56 2 S TAVANESS + HU /508602 P o s s ib le b roch o n Wha l say ; n o f u r the ri n f o rma t ion . HU56 3 S Y MB ISTER HU /540626 S i te o fp o s s ib le b roch o n Wha l say I . , ag ra s s g rown h eap o n t op o f ak no l l . A t t h e e nd o ft h e 1 8 th c en tu ry ag r ea t q uan t i ty o fs t one w a s t a ken f r om i tf o r b u i ld ing p u rpo se s [ 1 ] F ind : al a rge r im s he rd i n t h e N a t iona l Mu seum s i s p robab ly f r om t h i s b roch ( GA 1 271) ; i ti so fa n E ver ted r im j a rw i th al a rge ' n eck b and ' c o rdon i nt h e a ng le o ft h e r im w h ich h a s b een r e pea ted ly i mp re s sed w i th t h e e nd o fa b one ( d iam . c .2 3 c m ) . S ource s : 1 .O S c a rd HU 5 6 SW 5 : 2 . RCAHMS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,n o . 1 342 , 8 8 .

D i scu s s ion : L och o fH ux te r i so fi n te re s t b ecau se i ti sn o t as imp le p romon to ry f o r t l i ke t h e t wo c l o ses tp a ra l le l s f o r t h e g a tehou se s e c t ion - S ca tne s s ( HU30 3 ) a nd N e s s o f B u rg i ( HU30 2 ) . T he c l o se s t p a ra l le l f o rt h e g ene ra lp l an i sw i th t h e s e cond r i ng -f o r t a t C l ickh im in a s t h e w r i te r i n te rp re t s i tb u t a tt h e l a t te r s i te t h e g a tehou se s e c t ion i s s l igh t ly c u rved a nd c on ta in s s eve ra l c l ea r b ro ch l ike f e a tu re s w h ich a r e a ppa r en t ly a bsen t a tL och o f H ux te r . T he re s e em s n o r e a son t o d oub t t h a t t h e t h ree c l a s s ic g a tehou se f o r t sa r e a n i n d igenou s S he t land d eve lopmen t . S ource s : 1 .O S c a rd HU56 S E 1 : 2 .R CAH MS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,n o . 1 3 16 , 8 3 & f i g s . 5 99 & 6 0 1 : 3 .M i tche l l 1 881 , 3 03 -05 : 4 . C a r t e r , McCu l lagh & Ma cSween 1 996 : L ow 1 879 , 1 77 & f i g . .

Y e l l HU56 4 LOCH OF HUXTER 2 HU /559620 U nexcava ted g a tehouse r i ng -f or t o n Wha l say w h ich s t and s o n a n i s le t i nt h e l o ch o ft h a t n ame ; ac au seway a bou t 1 9 .5 m (64 f t ) l o ng a nd f r om 1 . 8 -3 . 6 m ( 6 12 f t . ) w ide c onnec t s t h e s i te d i r ec t ly w i th t h e s ho r e [ 2 , f i g . 6 0 1] ; M i tche l l s aw t h e s i te i n1 863 a nd g i ve st h e l e ng th a sa bou t 3 0 .2 m ( 99 f t )a nd h ea l so m en t ion st h a ti tr un s o b l ique ly t o t h e s ho re [ 3 , f i g . 1 ] . A t t h a t t ime s t one w a s b e ing t a ken f r om t h es i te t ob u i ld as c hoo l ( I l l . 4 . 44 ) .

S quare HU57

T he i s le t i sa lmo s t c omp le te ly o ccup ied b y t h e f o r t w h ich c on s i s t s o f ad ry s tone w a l l 1 . 2 -1 . 5 m( 4 -5 f t . ) e nc lo s ing a r ough ly c i r cu la r a r ea s ome 2 1 .4 m ( 7 0 f t . ) i nd i ame te r . T h i s s u rv ived i n 1 935 u p t o a bou t t h r ee c ou r se o n t h e n o r th -we s t b u t h ad a lmo s t c omp le te ly v an i shed o n t h e n or th -ea s ts i de . T he p a r t f a c ing t h e c au seway c on s is t s o f as e pa ra te ly b u i l t r e c tangu la rg a tehou se s e c t ion 1 2 .5 m ( 4 1 f t ) l o ng b y 3 . 4 m ( 1 1 f t ) t h ick ; t h e r i ng -wa l l a bu t s a ga in s t t h e n o r the rn e nd o ft h i s b u t a tt h e o t he r e nd i ta bu t s a ga in s t t h e e nd o ft h e i n s ide f a ce , s ot h a tt h e re i s as ha rp c o rne rt h e r e , f o rmed b y t h e f r on te nd o ft h eg a tehou se . A n e n t rance p a s sage r un st h rough t h e c en t r e o ft h i s s e c t ion w i th al a rge i n t ra -mu ra l c e l l o n e i the rs i de o ft h i s . Al ow d oo rway o pen s f r om e a ch c e l l t o t h e f o r t i n te r io r . T he c hambe r s - w h ich M i tche l l d e sc r ibe s a s o f ' b eeh ive c on s t ruc t ion ' -m ea su re ( p re sumab ly a tg round l e ve l ) 4 . 27 m( 14 f t ) b y 1 . 22 m ( 4f t )o n t h e s ou the rn s i de a nd 3 . 20 m ( 10 f t 6i n ) b y 1 . 07 m ( 3f t 6i n ) o n t h e s ou th s i de . T he e n t rance i t s e lf i se qu ipped w i th a d oo r f r ame a bou t h a lf w ay d own i t s l e ng th a nd a t t h e d oo r -check s t h e w id th 18

HU57 1 BURRAVOE 2 ( ` Bu r ra V oe ' ) HU /519793 S i te o fp robab le b roch i ns ou th Y e l l I . ,n o ted b y T homa s [ 2 ] b u t o f w h ich f ew t r a ce s n ow s u rv ive [ 3 ] . Mo re r e cen t ly p a r t o ft h e o u te r w a l l f a ce o f ac i rcu la r b u i ld ing w a s o b se rved , w i th ad i ame te r o fc .1 9 .0m [ 1 ] . T he r e a r e f a in t t r ace s o fa n o u te r r ampa r t o n t h e s ou th , p a r t ly e r oded b yt h e c l if fa nd d e s t royed b yt h e q ua r ry ing o ft h e s i t ew hen ac hape l ( now a l so v an i shed )w a s b u i l to nt h e s i te . S ou rce s : 1 .O S c a rd HU 5 7 NW2 : 2 .T homa s 1 890 , 1 80 : 3 . RCAHMS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,n o . 1 745 , 1 66 -7 .

S quare HU58 HU58 1 GOSSABROUGH ( 'Ne s so fG o s sab rough ' ) HU /534833 ( v i s i ted 6 / 6 /63 ) P robab le b ro ch o n t h e s ou th -ea s t s ho r e o fY e l l 1 . , o n a r o cky k no l l n ea r t h e b a se o f ap romon to ry ( ove r look ing a b ay w i th s a ndy b ea che s ) b u t i n e f f ec t i n t h e m idd le o f f a rm land w i th m oder nh ou se s n ea r ; i ti sa lmo s t c omp le te ly d e s t royed , t h e r e b e ing o n ly a t a l l , g r a s sy mound w i th s t one s p ro jec t ing f r om t h e s i de s ( I l l . 4 . 138 ) . T he b u i ld ing i sp robab ly o n t o p o f ar o cky k no l l a nd t h e C omm i s s ion w a s a b le t ot r a ce ad i ame te r o fa bou t 1 7 .39m ( 57 f t . ) : t h e i n ve s t iga to r s a l so d e tec ted p robab le o u tbu i ld ing s o n t h e n or th -ea s t s i de . A n a ccu ra te m ea su r emen t o ft h e s t ruc tu re i sn ow i mpo s s ib le [ 1 ] . I r v ine r e co rd s t h a t c hambe r s w e re s t i l l v i s ib le i nt h em idd le o ft h e 1 9 th c en tu ry [ 2 ] .

S ec t ion 4 : S he t land

S ource s : 1 . OS c a rd HU 5 8 SW 1 : 2 . I r v ine 1 866 : RCAHMS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,n o . 1 718 , 1 62 .

3

HU58 2 LOCH OF KETTLESTER HU /511806 T he s c a t te red r ema in s o f ap os s ib le b roch o n Y e l l I . , s i tua ted o n a n i s le t i nt h e l o ch , a nd l i nked t ot h e s ho re b ya c au seway r unn ing n or th -wes t sou th -ea s t . T he C omm i s s ion d id n o t s e e i tb u t al a te r r epo r t [ 1 ] d e sc r ibe s t h e r ema in s o ccupy ing t h e w ho le i s le tb u t s how ing n o th ing o fi n te re s t . S ource s : 1 . OS c a rd HU 5 8 SW 2 : 2 . RCAH MS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,n o . 1 719 , 1 62 . HUSS 3 S TOAL ( `Ayw ick ') HU /546873 P oss ib le b roch o n Y e l l I . , s i tua ted o n t h e e dge o fs hee r c l if f s a tt h e e nd o f ah ead land ; o n ly f r agmen t s r ema in a f t e r e x ten s ive e r o s ion b y t h e s ea . T h ree v e ry s t rong d ef en s ive e a r then r ampa r t s , s epa ra ted b y d eep d i tche s , r un a c ro s st h en eck o ft h ep romon to ry , a t ap o in tw he re i ti s o n ly 1 9 .83 m ( 65 f t . )w ide . S ource s : 1 . OS c a rd HU 5 8 n o r th -we s t 1 : 2 . RCAH MS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,n o . 1 717 , 1 6 1-2 .4 .

3 . RCAHMS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,n o . 1 238 ,

6 2 .

HU59 3 SNA BROCH 2 ( ' Sna B rough ') HU /578933 P o ss ib le b roch o nt h e w es tc oa s to fF e t la r I . , c on s i s t ing o f as egmen t o f as e r ies o f r ampa r t s a nd d i tche s mos t o f w h ich h a s b een s wep t a way b y t h e s ea . T he r ema in s s ugges tt h a tt h e d ef ence sp ro tec ted ab roch b u tt h a tt h is h a s c omp le te ly v an ished . T he r ampa r t f r agmen t s -a ppa ren t ly p a r t ly f a ced w i th s t one - a r e s t i l l o n a ve rage 1 . 83 -2 . 14 m ( 6 -7 f t . ) h igh a nd 3 . 66 -3 . 97 m ( 12 -13 f t . ) w ide a tb a se . T he i n nermos t d ef ence - a f r agmen t o fw h ich r ema in s a t t h e e dge o ft h e c l if f -s e em s l i ke ly t ob e ap i ece o fa no u te r d ef en s ive w a l l r a the r t h an o ft h e b roch i t se lf [ 4 ] . Aw e l l u sed t ob e v i s ib le i nt h e o u te rd i tch [ 2 , 3 ] . S ource s : 1 . OS c a rd HU 5 9 S E 1 : 2 .L ow 1 774 , 1 66 : 3 . H ibbe r t 1 822 , 3 87 : 4 . RCAH MS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,n o . 1 210 , 5 5 -6 & f i g . 5 42 .

Ma inland S quare HU67 HU67 1 HEAD OF GRUNAY + HU /69477168 P o ss ib le b roch o nO u te rS ke r r ies , Ma in land ; n oo t he r i n f o rma t ion .

S quare HU59 HU59 1 BURRA NESS HU /557957 ( v is i ted 6 / 6 /63) We l l p r e se rved b roch o n t h e c oa s t o fY e l l I . , s i tua ted o n f l a tg round n ea rt h et i p o f ap romon to ry w i th r o cky , t h ough n o t s hee r e dges , a nd w h ich s how s s i gn s o f r e cen t c u l t iva t ion ( I l ls . 4 . 139 -4 .141) . Ar u ined f a rm s t and s c l o se t ot h e s i te a nd af i e ld o fc o rn g r ew u pt ot h e s i te i nt h e 1 8 th c en tu ry [ 2 ] . T he w a l l s t i l l s t and s 4 . 27 m ( 14 f t . ) h igh o n t h e e a s t , b u t w a s 6 . 10 m ( 20 f t . ) h i gh t h e re t wo c en tu r ies a go w hen t h e b eg inn ing o f ab e l l shaped p rof i le w a s c l ea r ly v i s ib le [ 2 , 1 49 ] ( I l l . 4 . 143 ) . T he i n ne rw a l l f a ce i s e xpo sed a nd s how s ac l ea r l e dge type s ca rcemen t a bou t 3 8 c m ( 15 i n s . ) w ide a s w e l l a s am u ra l g a l le ry o n t h e w a l lhead ; H ibber tr e f e r s t ot wo c oncen t r ic w a l ls [ 3 ] . T he g a l le ry h e re i sa tl e a s t3 . 66 m ( 12 f t . )a bove t h e g round a nd mu s t b e a n u ppe r o ne . T he re a r e s i gns o f amu ra l c e l l o n t h e s ou th -ea s t b u t n o t r ace o f t h e e n t rance c an b e s e en . T he re a r e t r ace s o fo u tbu i ld ing s t owa rd s t h e n or th , s ou th a nd s ou th -ea s t , a nd s l igh t i n d ica t ion s o f s u r round ing r ampa r t s . D imen s ion s : e x ter na l d i ame te r c .1 8 .3 m ( 60 f t . ) , w a l l c . 4 . 6 m( 1 5 f t . )t h ick ; w a l lp ropo r t ion t h u sa tl e a s t5 0% . S ource s : 1 . OS c a rd HU 5 9 NE 3 : 2 .L ow 1 774 , 1 48 : 3 . H ibbe r t 1 822 , 4 19 : 4 .D ryden 1 890 , 2 12 : 4 . RCAH MS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,n o . 1 7 16 , 1 6 1 .

Fe t lar S quare 1 IU68 HU68 1 RU IR TAING HU /616873 P o ss ib le ' brough ' o n F e t la rI . , ma rked o nt h e o ld OS map , b u t t h e re a r e n o s i gns o fi tn ow a pa r t f r om s ome d i s tu rbed g round e r oded b y t h e s e a ; p o ss ib le t r ace s o f r ampa r t s d ef end ing t h eh ead land a r en ea rby [ 1 ] . S ource s : 1 . OS c a rd HU 6 8 NW 2 : 2 . RCAH MS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,n o . 1 243 , 6 3 .

S quare HU69 HU69 1 F EAL ( ` S t . R ognva ld 's ' , Tea lb roch ') HU /629902 A much d i lap ida ted p robab le b roch o n F e t la r I . , o n f l a t g round n ea r t h e c hu rch a t F ea l . Many s t ones f r om t h e b roch mound a nd t h e s u r round ing " ou tbu i ld ing s" w e re r emoved t o b u i ld t h e c hu rch b u t t h e e x ter na l d i ame te r o f 1 9 .83 m ( 65 f t . ) i ss t i l l m ea su rab le , a s i st h e 5 . 03 m ( 16 .5 f t . ) t h ick w a l l o nt h e w e s t ; t h e w a l l p ropo r t ion w ou ld t hu s b e a bou t 5 0 .5 % . T he w a l l t h ickens s l igh t ly t owa rd s t h e e n t rance o n t h e e a s t , a nd a l i n te l s t one s t i l l r e s t s o n i t s b locked u p p a ssage . T he re a r e s i gn s o f amu ra l ( gua rd? ) c e l l o n i t s l ef ta nd L ow r e f er st o" apa r tmen t s" h o l lowed o u t i nt h ew a l l . S ource s : 1 . OS c a rd HU 6 9 SW 2 0 : 2 .L ow 1 774 , 1 70 : 3 . RCAH MS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ,n o . 1 211 , 5 6 .

Fe t lar HU59 2 BROUGH LODGE HU /581927 S i te o fp o s s ib le b roch o n F e t la r I . ,o ccup ied b y amoder n t ower ; t h e re a r en or ema ins t ob e s e en . S ou rces : 1 . OS c a rd HU 5 9 S E 4 : 2 . L ow 1 879 , 1 66 : 19

T he R oundhouse s , B ruch s a nd W hee lhou se s o fA t lan t ic S co t land

HU69 2 HOUB IE HU /620904 B roch o n F e t la r I . ,n ow mo s t ly d e s t royed , s t and ing o n a k no l l c l ose t ot h e e dge o f ac l if fa nd w i th o u two rk s ; af ew f e a tu re s a r e s t i l l t r aceab le . T he d i ame te r i sa bou t 1 7 .39 m ( 57 f t . ) a nd t h e w a l l s e em s a bou t 4 . 12 ( 1 3 .5 f t . ) t h ick , s o t h e w a l l p ropo r t ion i sa bou t 4 7 .5 % . T he re a r e t r ace s o fa mu ra l g a l le ry o n t h e w es t s i de w h ich i ss hown g o ing a l lt h e w ay r ound i nL ow 's p lan [ 2 ] . T he o u te r d ef ence s c on s i s t o ft h ree c oncen t r ic r ampar t s o n t h e l a ndwa rd s i de a nd t h e o u te r o ne o ft h ese i sc onnec ted t o t h e b roch b y as t ra igh t w a l l . S ource s : 1 . OS c a rd HU 6 9 SW 2 2 : 2 .L ow 1 774 , 1 70 : 3 . RCAHMS 1 946 , v o l . 3 , n o . 1 212 , 5 6 -7 & f i g . 5 43 .

S ec t ion 4 : S he t land

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4 . 1 T op , p l an o fH oga N e ss ( Be lmon t : • HP50 6 ) : b o t tom , p l an o fU nde rhou l l ( HP50 1 0 ) . B o th a t s ca le 1 : 6 00 ( RCAH MS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ) : C rown c opy r igh tr e served .

T he Roundhouse s , B rochs a nd Whee lhouses o fA t lan t ic S co t land

4 . 2 H oga N e s s( Be lmon t : HP50 6 )i n1 963.

G ene ra lv i ew o fb roch mound w i th t h em ound so ft h eo u te rd ef ence si nt h ef o reg round . [ 1 963 / 10 /31] .

4 . 3 U nde rhou l l i n1 963 ( HP50 1 0 ) . T he o u te rd ef ence s [ 1 963 / 10 /36 ] .

1 22

4 . 4 L och o fllux te r i n1 963 ( HUI5 I) . D is tan t v i ew w i th t r ace s o fo u two rk s i np rof i le [ 1963 /9 /9 ] .

4 . 5 L och o fH ux te ri n1 963 ( HU15 1 ) . P a r to ft h e mu ra l c e l l w i th p o le a te nd o fb roch ma son ry [ 1963 /9 /7 ] .

T he R oundhou se s , B roch s a nd Whee lhouse so fA t lan t ic S co t land

4 . 6 C u lsw ick i n1 987 ( HU24 3 ) . D i s tan tv i ew [ 1 987 /4 /6 o r7 ] .

1 24

S ec t ion 4 : S he t land

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4 . 7 T op , p l an o fC u lsw ick ( HU24 3 ) .

B o t tom , p l an o f We s tB u r ra F i r th ( HU25 9 ) . B o th a ts c a le 1 :3 00 ( RCAH MS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ) : C rown c opy r igh tr e se rved .

1 25

T he R oundhou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

4 . 8 C u l sw ick i n1 963 ( HU24 3 ) .

4 . 9 C u l sw ick i n1 987 ( HU24 3 ) .

C lo se -up o fo u te rw a l lw i th e n t rance a nd t r iangu la rl i n te l [ 1 963 /9 /2 ] .

I n s ide t h el i n te l led e n t rance p a s sage l o ok ing i n ,t wo th i rd sf u l lo fr ubb ish ; t h ed oo r -check s a r ea t t h ei n ne re nd o ft h ew e l l l i tp a r t so ft h es i de s . [ 1 987 /4 / 1 ] .

1 26

S ec t ion 4 : S he t land

4 . 10 C u l sw ick i n1 987 ( HU24 3 ) .

I n s ide t h ev o id o ve rt h ee n t rance p a s sage , l o ok ing t owa rd st h ei n te r io r ; l i n te l sb e low . [ 1987 /4 /2 ] .

r ubb le c ove r st h ee n t rance

4 . 11 C u lsw ick i n1 963 ( HU24 3 ) . T he c hambe ro ve rt h el i n te l led e n t rance p a s sage s e en f r om t h ei n te r io r [ 1 963 /9 /4 ] .

1 27

T he R oundhou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

4 . 12 C u lsw ick i n1 987 ( HU24 3 ) .

V iew d own i n to mu ra lc e l l [ 1987 /4 /5 ] .

4 . 13 C u lsw ick i n1 987 ( HU24 3 ) . V iew a c r s st h ei n te r io rl o ok ing t owa rd st h ev o id o ve rt h ee n t rance p a s sage [ 1987 /4 /4 ] .

1 28

S ec t ion 4 : S he t land

4 . 14 C u l sw ick i n1 987 ( HU24 3 ) .

4 . 15 We s tB ur ra F i r th i n1 987 ( HU25 9 ) .

V iew f r om t h eb roch t oo u te rw a l l o nt h e SW s i de . [ 1 987 /4 /3 ] .

G ene ra lv i ew f r om s eawa rd s i de w i th p o le i nf r on to fl ef tg ua rd c e l l [ 1987 /4 /9 ] .

1 29

T he R oundhou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

4 . 16 We s t B ur ra F i r th i n1 987 ( HU25 9 ) .

V iew f r om t h e i n te r io rt owa rds t h e e n t rance ; t h ep o le i sr e s t ing o n t h e s c a rcemen t w h ich r uns a c ros st h ei n ne rmos t l i n te l . [ 1987 /4 /8 ] .

4 .1 7 We s t B u r ra F i r th i n1 987 ( 1 1U25 9 ) . T he s ca rcemen tl e dge i nt h e i n ne rw a l lf a ce ( po le l y ing o n i t )w i th an a r row d oo r i nt h e i n ne rw a l lf ace i mmed ia te ly b e low i t . [ 1987 /4 / 12 ] .

1 30

S ec t ion 4 : S he t land

4 . 18 We s tB ur ra F i r th i n1 987 ( HU25 9 ) .

4 . 19 We s tB u r ra F i r th i n1 987 ( HU25 9 ) .

U p r igh ts l ab i ni n ne rw a l lf a ce a t 9o ' c lock , f o rm ing t h es i de o fv o id o rd oo rway a bove t h e s ca rcemen t( wh ich i si n v is ib le ) . [ 1987 /4 / 13 ] .

T he l ef tg ua rd c e l lw i th d oo rl i n te lt ot h ee n t rance p a s sage v i s ib le a tb o t tom ( b e low t h e p o le ) . [ 1987 /4 / 10 ] .

1 31

T he R oundhou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

4 . 20 We s tB u r ra F i r th i n1 987 ( HU25 9 ) . I n s ide t h er a i sed i n t ra -mu ra l g a l le ry l e ad ing t o t h ec e l l a t1 0 .30 o ' c lock . [ 1987 /4 / 11 ] .

4 . 2 1 L och o fH ou l land i n1 987 ( HU27 2 ) .

G ene ra lv i ew o ft h e s i te o n i t sl o ch p romon to ry . [ 1 987 /4 / 16 ] .

1 32

S ec t ion 4 : S he t land

4 . 22 L och o fH ou l la nd i n1 987 ( HU27 2 ) .

T he o u te rw a l lf a ce o nt h ee a s to r NE . [ 1 987 /4 / 17 ] .

4 . 23 L och o fH ou l land i n1 987 ( HU27 2 ) . T he r ound , c o rbe l led g ua rd c e l l s how ing l i n te l( a tp o le )o ft h ed oo rway t ot h ee n t rance p a s sage b eyond . [ 1987 /4 / 18 ] .

1 33

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1 34

4 . 25 P l an o fp r e -b roch s e t t lemen t a tJ a r lshof ( HU30 1 ) , a f te rH am i l ton 1 956 , f i g . 1 0 . S ca le 1 : 150 : C rown c opy r igh tr e se rved .

S ec t ion 4 : S he t land

1 35

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4 . 26 J a r lshof i n 1 987 ( HU30 1 ) . ' Cour tya rd h ouse i nt h e L a te B ronze A ge v i l lage .

1 36

[ 1987 /2 /32 ] :

S ec t ion 4 : S he t land

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4 . 27 L a te B ronze A ge p o t te ry f r om t h ef i r s tp re -b roch v i l lage o f' c ou r tya rd h ou se s a tJ a r lshof ( HU30 1 ) : d rawn b yt h ea u tho r . No . 1 4s hou ld b ei nI l .4 . 4 1 .

1 37

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1 38

S ec t ion 4 : S he t land

4 . 29 P l an o ft h e b roch a nd i t sc ou r tya rd a tJ a r lshof a f t e re xcava t ion ( HU30 1 ) ,a f t e rH am i l ton 1 956 , f i g . 2 2 .

c opy r igh tr e se rved .

1 39

S ca le 1 : 150 : C rown

T he R oundhou se s , B roch s a nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

4 . 30 J a r lshof i n1 963 ( HU30 1 ) . T he o u te rw a l l o fb roch c omp lex f r om e x te r io r , l o ok ing t owa rd ss i te o fg a teway . T he mode rn s e a w a l l i st ot h er i gh t . [ 1963 / 10 / 17 ] .

4 . 31 J a r l shof i n1 987 ( HU30 1 ) . V iew o ft h ee a s te nd o ft h eb roch w a l l w he re e r o s ion h a sc u tt h rough i t . T he p o le i sn o ts t and ing i n ag a l le ry b u ti nt h eg ap b e tween t h ew hee lhou se w a l l ( e x t reme l e f t )a nd t h ei n ne rf a ce o ft h eb roch w a l l o nw h ich t h es ca rcemen ti s v i s ib le ,n ex tt ot h et op o ft h ep o le . O nt h er i gh t i sh a lf o ft h ei n t ra -mu ra l c e l lo nt h ee a s ts i de , a nd t h eo ld h ou se o f` J a r lshof i sa bove . [ 1987 /2 /28 ] .

1 40

S ec t ion 4 : S he t land

4 . 32 J a r l shof i n1 963 ( HU30 1 ) . T he o u te rd ef en s ive w a l l o ft h eb roch c omp lex a tt h ep o in tw he r es e ae r o s ion h a sd e s t royed i t . H a lf t h el e f t mu ra lc e l lr ema in s ,p re sumab ly p a r to ft h eg a teway c omp lex . [ 1963 / 10 / 16 ] .

4 . 33 J a r l shof i n1 963 ( HU30 1 ) . T he o u te rf a ce o ft h eb roch o nt h ew e s ts i de s how ing i t sf ounda t ion p l in th a nd t h ew a l l o f Whee lhou se 1t ot h el ef t . [ 1963 /2 /5 ] .

1 41

T he R oundhou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

4 . 34 J a r lshof : i n1 987 ( 1 1U30 1 ) .

T he a i s led w hee lhou se s e en f r om o nt op o ft h eb roch w a l l ,w i th t h et wo w hee lhou se sb eyond , p a r t ly e nc roa ch ing o ni t . [ 1987 /2 /27 ] .

4 . 35 J a r lshof i n1 963 ( I 1U30 1 ) . T he i n te r io ro fa i s led w hee lhouse s how ing o ne o ft h ef r ee s tand ing r a d ia lp i e r si nf o reg round ; p a r to f t h es c a r cemen ti sj u s tv i s ib le a tt o pr i gh t , u nde rt h eb r idg ing l i n te l . T he w a l l o f Wh ee lhou se 2i sa tt h ee x t reme l ef t . [ 1 963 /2 /7 ] .

1 42

S ec t ion 4 : S he t land

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1 43

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4 . 37 A l te rna t ive s i te s equence , s ugge s ted h e r e , o f t h em a in s t ruc tu ra l c hange sw h ich t o ok p l ace d u r ing t h em idd le I r on Age p e r iod a t J a r lshof ( HU30 1 ) . T he p r ima ry a s sump t ion m ade i st h a tP ha se 1- t h ep r ima ry o ccupa t ion o ft h ed ef en s ive s i te ( t he b roch s t and ing a s a s at a l l t owe r s u r rounded b y am a s s ive c ou r tya rd w a l l ) -c on t inued u n t i l m o s t o ft h e w hee lhouse s h ad b een b u i l t i nt h e o u te rc ou r t . T he c r uc ia l e v idence f o r t h is v i ew i st a ken t ob e t h e e x is tence o ft h e l o ng p a s sage e n t rance t o Whee lhou se 1 ,w h ich i mp l ie s t h a t t h e ma s s ive c ou r tya rd w a l l w a s c omp le te ly i n ta c t( a nd t h e b roch t owe rs t and ing t oi t s f u l l h e igh t ) u n t i l w e l l a f t e rt h is h ou se h ad b een b u i l t a nd p robab ly u n t i lt h ec on s t ruc t ion o f Whee lhou se 2 . T he n o t ion t h a tt h ee a r l ie s tr oundhou se w a sb u i l tf o rt h e ' r e ta ine r s ' o ft h eb roch l o rd i st hu s s e en t ob e h igh ly i mp robab le u n le s s a l t h e w hee lhou se s i nt h e c ou r tya rd w e re ; t h e re i sn o th ing t od i s t ingu ish a ny o ft h e a dded w hee lhou se s f r om t h er oundhou se , a nd f r om e ach o t he r , i nt h is r e spec te xcep tf o rt h e l a s t , w h ich w a sb u i l ta f t e rt he s i te c ea sed t ob e ah eav i ly d ef ended o ne .

1 44

S ec t ion 4 : S he t land

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1 45

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1 46

S ec t ion 4 : S he t land

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1 47

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1 48

S ec t ion 4 : S he t land

4 . 42 J a r lshof i n1 963 ( HU30 1 ) . T he e r o s ion c u tc r o s ss e c t ion t h rough t h eb roch w a l l o nt h e w e s ts how ing h ow t h e ma son ry o ft h ei n se r ted w hee lhouse m ake s as t ra igh tj o in tw i th i tf o rp a r t o ft h ew ay u p ; r e s to red ma son ry h ighe ru ph a s b l ended t h et wo w a l ls t oge the r . [ 1963 /2 /6 ] .

4 . 43 J a r l shof i n1 987 ( HU30 1 ) . T he i n te r io ro f Whee lhou se 1s how ing t h ec en t ra lh ea r th , t a l lk e rb s tone f l ag sa tt h ei n ne re dge o f e ach b a ya nd t h ew ay t h er a d ia lp i e r st h icken v e r t ica l ly [ 1987 /2 /31 ] .

1 49

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4 . 44 T op : p l an o fN e s so fB u rg i ' b lockhou se ' f o r t( HU30 2 ) : s ca le 1 : 1200 ,w i th ( i n se t )L och o fH ux te r' b lockhou se ' f o r t ( HU56 4 ) : s ca le 1 : 2500 ( CHECK )( af t e r RCAH MS ) . B o t tom l ef t , L evenw ick ( HU4 1 5 ) , r i gh t , C lum l ie ( HU4 1 2 ) , b o th a ts c a le 1 : 300 ( RCAHMS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ) . B o th C rown c opy r igh tr e se rved .

1 50

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4 . 45 R econ s t ruc ted p l an so fL evenw ick b roch ( HU4 1 5 ) , a tg round l e ve la nd f i r s tf l oo rl e ve l( s ca le 1 : 150 ) .

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S ec t ion 4 : S he t land

T he R oundhou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

4 . 46 N e s so fB u rg i c oa s ta lp romon to ry f o r ti n1 963 ( HU30 2 ) : d i s tan tv i ew [ 1 963 / 10 /20 ] .

4 . 47 N e s so fB u rg ip romon to ry f o r ti n1 963 ( HU30 2 ) . t h ee n t rance p a s sage l o ok ing o u twa rd sw i th t wo f a l len l i n te l sa nd d oo r -check s b eyond ; l i n te ls c an b es e en i ns i tu a tt h eo u te re nd [ 1 963 / 10 /21 ] .

1 52

S ec t ion 4 : S he t land

4 . 48 B roch o fC lum l ie i n1 987 ( HU4 1 2 ) . Av i ew t owa rd st h ee n t rance ( po le )f r om t h ei n te r io r , s how ing t h es e conda ry w a l l i nt h e m idd le g round ,w i th t h ep r ima ry b roch w a l lb eh ind i t . Al a rge s ub t r iangu la rl i n te l l i e so nt h eb g round a nd h a sp robab ly f a l len ( o r b een t a ken )f r om t h ef r on te nd o ft h ep a s sage r oof . [ 1987 /3 /34 ]

4 . 49 B roch o fC lum l ie i n1 987 ( HU4 1 2 ) , s how ing t h eg ua rd c e l l i nt h ef o reg round w i th t h ee n t rance p a s sage a nd d oo r -check ( t he u p r igh ts l ab )b eyond , a nd moder nw a l ls b eh ind . [ 1987 /3 /36 ]

1 53

T he R oundhou se s , B roch sa nd Whee lhouse so fA t lan t ic S co t land

4 . 50 B roch o fC lum l ie i n1 963 ( HU41 2 ) . T he e n t rance p a s sag ei nt h ef o reg round w i th t h eo t he rd oo r -check ( a tt h ep o le ) ; t h el ow d oo rt ot h eg ua rd c e l l i sa l so v i s ib le ( 1963 / 10 / 10 ) .

4 . 51 C lum l ie i n1 987 ( HU41 2 ) . V iew a c ro ss i n te r io rt owa rd s e n t rance w i th t h ew ide s e conda ry w a l lv i s ib le [ 1987 /3 /35 ] .

1 54

S ec t ion 4 : S he t land

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4 . 52 N os . 1 13 , p o t te ry a nd a r tef a c t sf r om C lum l ie b roch ( HU41 2 ) ; n o . 1 4 e ve r ted r im s he rd f r om Mou sa b roch ( HU42 6 ) ; n o s . 1 5 2 0 ,p o t she rd sf r om We s tB u r ra F i r th b roch .( HU2S 9 )

1 55

T he R oundhou se s , B roch s a nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

4 . 53 E a s t sho r eb roch i n1 987 ,b ef o r et h er e cen te xcava t ion s( HU4 1 4 ) . V iew a c ro s si n te r io r ,w i th t h ep o le r e s t ing o ns ca rcemen tl e dge a nd t wo r a d ia lp i e r sv i s ib le [ 1987 /3 /37 ] .

4 . 54 L evenw ick i n1 987 ( HU4 1 5 ) .

D i s tan tv i ew w i th o u te rd ef ence si np rof i le [ 1987 /3 / 33 ] .

1 56

S ec t ion 4 : S he t land

4 . 55 L evenw ick b roch i n1 987 ( HU4 1 5 ) . L ook ing a c ro s si n te r io rt ot h es ou th , t owa rd st h ep robab le ma in e n t rance a tc en t re , u ppe r r i gh t( t ot h er i gh to ft h ep o le ) . T he w ide w hee lhou se w a l lc an b es e en i nf r on to ft h eb roch w a l l . [ 1987 /3 /32 ] .

4 . 56 L evenw ick i n1 963 ( HU4 1 5 ) . Ac l o se r v i ew o f t h e i n ne rw a l lf a ce s how ing t h e s e conda ry w hee lhou se w a l l( r igh t )a nd t h er i gh t s i de o ft h ev o id i nt h ep r ima ry w a l l( n ex tt h e p o le )a bove al i n te l , a s sumed t ob ea tt h ei n ne r e nd o ft h eu nexp lo red m a in e n t rance . T he s c a r cemen to nt h eb roch w a l l i sc l ea r ly v i s ib le 3 . 5 f t .f r om t h et op o ft h ep o le , a nd as e cond l i n te l a bove t h ef i r s te v iden t ly c on t inue st h e l e dge a c ros st h eg ap [ 1963 / 10 /5 ] .

1 57

T he R oundhou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se s o fA t lan t ic S co t land

4 . 57 L evenw ick i n1 963 ( HU41 5 ) . R ema in so fo u tbu i ld ing si n c lud ing ap o s s ib le ' c ou r tya rd h ouse ' . [ 1 963 / 10 /6 ] .

4 . 58 B u r ra land b roch o n i t sc l if top s i te i n1 987 ( HU42 1 ) . Ad i s tan tv i ew s how ing t h ep rof i le o ft he w a l l [ 1 987 /2 /23 ] .

1 58

S ec t ion 4 : S he t land

4 . 59 B u r ra land i n1 987 ( HU42 1 ) . V iew a c ro s st h ei n te r io rw i th t h ep o le a tt h er a i sed v o id i nt h ei n ne rw a l lf a ce [ 1 987 /2 /26 ] .

4 . 60 B ur ra land i n1 987 ( HU43 2 ) . E x te r io rw a l la nd t h eo u te re nd o ft h ee n t rance p a s sage ( by t h ep o le ) [ 1 987 /2 /25 ] .

1 59

T he R oundhou se s , B roch s a nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

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4 . 6 1 B u r ra land i n1 987 ( HU42 1 ) . I n s ide t h es t i l l l i n te l led e n t rance p a s sage , l a rge ly f i l led w i th d eb r is , l ook ing i nwa rd s . T he d oo r c heck ss e em t ob ei mmed ia te ly b eh ind t h ef a l len b l ock o nt h er i gh ta nd t h el i n te l ss e em t ob ea t al owe rl e ve l b eyond [ 1987 /2 /24 ] .

1 60

S ec t ion 4 : S he t land

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4 . 62 T op l ef t : p l an o fC lev iga r th b roch ( HU4 1 1 ) , s ca le 1 :3 00 . T op r i gh t : p l an o ft h eu ppe rp a r to ft h ew a l l o fB u r ra land b roch ( HU42 1 ) , s c a le 1 : 300 . B o t tom : p l an o f Mou sa ( HU42 6 ) ; s c a le 1 : 150 ( a l l f r om RCAHMS 1 946 , v o l . 3 ) . C rown c opy r igh tr e se rved .

1 61

T he R oundhou se s , B roch s a nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

4 . 63

Mou sa i n1 987 ( HU42 6 ) . G ene ra lv i ew o ft h eb roch [ 1987 /2 /9 ] .

4 . 64 Mou sa i n1 963 ( HU42 6 ) . C lo se -up v i ew o ft h et owe r[ 1963 / 10 /2 ] .

1 62

S ec t ion 4 : S he t land

4 . 65 Mou sa i n1 987 ( HU42 6 ) . D e ta i lo ft h ee x te rna lw a l lf a ce s how ing t h ep l in th a tt h eb a se ( sma l ls ca le ) a nd m any e xamp le so f s k i lf u l lu nd e rp inn ing o fl a rge b lock sw i th s ma l lp i ece so fs t one [ 1987 /2 / 11] .

1 63

T he R oundhouse s , B rochs a nd Whee lhouse s o fA t lan t ic S co t land

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1 64

S ec t ion 4 : S he t land

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1 65

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1 66

S ec t ion 4 : S he t land

4 . 69 Mou sa i n1 987 ( HU42 6 ) . I n s ide t h e l owe s t i n t ra -mu ra l g a l le ry ( Leve l 3 )b eyond t h e o b s t ruc t ion c au sed b y t h e r a ised l i n te l led r oof o ft h e s t a i r -f oo t g ua rd c e l l b e low . I nc on t ra s tw i th o t he rk nown r a ised g a l le r ie st h e w a l lf a ce h a sb een b u i l t s moo th . T he f l oo r i s t h et op o ft h e r ubb le w a l l c o re b e low b u tc en tu r ie s o fa ccumu la ted d i r to b scu r et h is ( un le s st h e e a r th f l oo rw a s l a id i nI r on A ge t ime s ) [ 1 987 /2 / 15 ] .

4 . 70 Mou sa i n1 987 ( HU42 6 ) : t h ei n ne re nd o ft h e e n t rance p a s sage l o ok ing i n . T he mode rn w ooden s t eps a r ea tt h ed oo r -check s( t he s l ab o fo ne c an b es e en o n t h el e f t )a nd c ove rt h e w a l lf a ce w h ich f i l ls t h ei n ne r p a r to ft h ep a s sage a nd w h ich i st h ee nd o ft h e s e conda ry , r i ng shaped s t one b ench i nt h ec en t ra lc our t . T he w oodwo rk a l so o b scu r e st h ep i vo ts t one w h ich i s p r e sumab ly b eh ind t h el ef tc heck . T he s e conda ry f a c ing a ga in s tt h ep a s sage w a l lo nt h er i gh ti sp a r to ft h e a dded f l oo rr e f e r red t o[ 1987 /2 / 19 ] .

1 67

T he R oundhou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

4 . 7 1 Mou sa i n1 987 ( HU42 6 ) . V iew o ft h ee n t rance p a s sage l o ok ing o u t . T he s ma l l s ca le r e s t so nt h e s t ump so ft h eo r ig ina l l i n te l so ft he p a s sag e , t h eo the r e nd so fw h ich a r ev i s ib le i nt h eo ppos i te w a l l . T he s e conda ry f a c ing i so nt h el ef t , t he s l ab d oo r -check i s v i s ib le o nt h er i gh ta nd t h et op o ft he r a i sed f l oo rl e ve l i nt h ef o r eg round ( pa r to ft h es e conda ry b ench i n s ide ) l o ok sl i ke mode rn r e s to ra t ion . No te t h em ode rn m ason ry a bove t h el i n te l a tt h eo u te re nd o ft h ep a s sage ( wh ich a ppea r st oh ave b een s e tt oo l ow ) ,w i th c onc r e te a bove ; t h er e s to ft h es t one l i n te ls s epa ra t ing t h e c hambe ra bov et h ee n t rance ( Leve l 2 )f r om t h ev o id h ighe ru p( Leve l 3 )a r es t i l l i np os i t ion i nf r on to ft h e c onc r e te [ 1 987 /2 / 18 ] .

4 . 72 Mou sa i n 1 987 ( HU42 6 ) . V iew d own i n to t h e c en t ra l c ou r t , s how ing t h er e c t angu la rp r ima ry h ea r th w i th i t sr a ised k e rb ( w i th t h e r o ck -cu t w a te r t a nk n ex t t o a nd b e low i t ) i nt h e m idd le a tt h e l owe s t l e ve l , t h e w ide c i r cu la r r a ised b ench a r ound t h is a nd t h e r ema in so ft h e s e conda ry w hee lhou se w a l l o nt op o ft h eb ench a nd a ga in s tt h eb a se o ft h eb roch w a l l . T he e n t rance p a s sage i sa tt h et op a nd t h el owe rs ca r cemen tl e dge c an b es e en a tt h el e ve l o ft h ed oo rl i n te ls . P a r to ft h eu ppe rs c a rcemen ti sa tl ow e rl e f t . [ 1987 /2 /2 1] .

1 68

S ec t ion 4 : S he t land

4 . 73 Mou sa i n1 987 ( HU42 6 ) . A no the rv i ew o f t h e i n te rna l f l oo r sw i th t h eh ea r th , t h ew a te rt a nk t oi t s l ef ta nd t h eo t he rf e a tu re s a s d e sc r ibed i nI l . 4 . 73 . T he e n t rance p a s sage i sa tt op r i gh ta nd t h er ema in so fo ne o ft h ew hee lhou se p i e r s i sa tt h e l owe rl ef t , r e s t ing o n t h eb ench [ 1 987 /2 /22 ] .

4 . 74 Mou sa i n1 963 ( HU42 6 ) . V iew o ft h er a ised d oo rt ot h e mu ra l s t a i r( r is ing t ot h er i gh t )a t1 o ' c lock , i t ss i l la tt h el e ve l o ft h el owe rs ca r cemen t( s ee I l . 4 . 67 , l owe re l eva t ion , C -D ) . I mmed ia te ly a bove t h is d oo ri s a no the rd oo r -s ized o pen ing w i th i t ss i l la tt h e l e ve l o f t h eu ppe rs c a rcemen tb u tt h is l e ad so n ly t ot h e i n a cce s s ib le p a r to ft h ef i r s tg a l le ry ( Leve l 3 )t ot h el ef t o ft h es t a i r . H oweve r an a r row w ooden p l ank m igh t h ave g i ven a cce s sf r om t h es t a i rb a ck t ot h is g a l le ry a nd s oo u tt h rough t h ed oo ro nt o aw ooden f l oo rr e s t ing o n t h eu ppe rs c a rcemen t . [ 1 963 /9 /28 ] .

1 69

T he R oundhou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

4 . 75 Mou sa i n 1 987 ( HU42 6 ) . I n s ide mu ra l c e l l Ba t 1 2 .30 o ' c lock , r a ised p aved f l oo r i n t h e f o r eg round , w i th t h e d oo r t ot h e c en t ra l c ou r t o n t h e l ef t , w i th v o id a bove i t( s ee I l . 4 . 66 , e l eva t ion C -D ) ( t he s c a le i s3 0 c m ) . [ 1987 /2 / 12 ] .

4 . 76 Mou sa i n1 987 ( HU42 6 ) . T he s t a i rf o o t g ua rd c e l l a t 1 0 o ' c lock , a tL eve l 2w i th in t h e s o l id b a sa l s t o rey ; t h e p av ing r e s t s o nt h er ubb le c o r e o f L eve l 1 . E a r ly e xp lo r e r s t h ough t t h a t t h is w a s t h e b eg inn ing o f t h e l owes t g a l le ry . [ 1987 /2 / 13 ] .

4 . 77 Mou sa i n 1 987 ( HU42 6 ) . V iew o ft h e i nne r e nd o ft h e e n t rance p a s sage a nd t h e v o id s a bove i t ; t h e u ppe r s c a r cemen t i sa t t h e l e ve l o f t h e f i r s t s u rv iv ing l i n te l , t h e l owe r ( whe re t h e i n ne rmos t l i n t e l o ft h e m a in e n t rance o nce wa s ) i sa tt h e l e ve l o ft h e l i n te l o ft h e d oo r t o C e l l A a tb o t tom r i gh t ( w i th ac l o th o ni t ) . [ 1 987 /2 / 16 ] .

1 70

S ec t ion 4 : S he t land

4 . 78 B u r land b roch i n1 987 ( HU43 2 ) .

4 . 79 B u r land b roch i n1 963 ( HU43 2 ) .

V iew o ft h es i te o ni t sc l if p romon to ry w i th t h eo u te rd ef ence st ot h el ef ts e en i np rof i le [ 1 987 /3 /24 ] .

T he o u te rf a ce o ft h eb roch s t and ing 1 0f th igh ( po le ) , s how ing t h es t eep ly b a t te red p rof i le . [ 1963 /9 /25 ] .

1 71

T he R oundhou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

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1 72

1 0 1 5F EET 011111 c5 Tc

S ec t ion 4 : S he t land

4 . 82 B u r land b roch i n 1 987 ( HU43 2 ) . T he i n te r io r o f t h e g ua rd c e l l , i t s c o rbe l led r oof p a r t ly i n ta c t , w i th t h e d oo r t o t h e e n t rance p a s sage a lmo s t b u r ied u nde r r ubb le [ 1987 /3 /29 ] .

4 . 81 B u r land b roch i n 1 987 ( HU43 2 ) . V iew o f t h e f r ag i le look ing c hambe r o ve r t h e m a in e n t rance ( Leve l 2 ) , w h ich h ad b een c l ea r ed o u t s i nce 1 963 ; m o s t o ft h e f l oo r l i n te ls ( f o rm ing t h e r oof o ft h e p a s sag e b e low ) h ave b een p u l led o u t o rh ad a l ready g one . T he i n ne r e nd o ft h e b roch p a s sage i s a t t h e p o le a nd b eyond i s t h e s e conda ry ' whee lhou se ' e n t rance , s t i l l l i n te l led o ve r [ 1 987 /3 /27 ] .

4 . 83 B u r land b roch i n 1 987 ( HU43 2 ) . T he j unc t ion b e tween t h e s e conda ry a nd t e r t ia ry i nwa rd e x tens ion s t o t h ee n t rance p a s sage , l o ok ing o u twa rd s . T he l owe rl i n te l sa r e o ve rt h es e conda ry , w hee lhou se , p a r t o f t h ep a s sage a nd t h e c heck f o rmed b yt h e s t ra igh tj o in tc an b e s e en o nt h er i gh t . T he b l ocked b roch e n t rance i sd im ly s e en b eyond . [ 1 987 /3 /28 ] .

1 73

T he R oundhou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

4 . 84 B u r land b r och i n1 987 ( HU43 2 ) . T he i n ne r e nd o ft h et e r t ia ry e n t rance p a s sage , f i l led w i th r ubb le b u tw i th l i n te ls i n ta c t . T he d ay l igh tc ome s f r om t h ec en t ra lc ou r ta nd i tl o ok sa si ft h ef i na l c o l lap se o ft h eb roch w a l l h a sp a r t ly f i l led t h i s p a s sage w i th h eavy r ubb le . [ 1 987 /3 /26 ] .

4 . 85 C l ickh im in b roch i n1 987 ( HU44 1 ) . G ene ra lv i ew o fs i te t a ken f r om t h ea pp roa ch c au seway , n ow o n ap romon to ry . T he o u te r r i ng w a l l i si nt h ef o reg round , w i th t h e ' l and ing s t age i nf r on to fi t ; t h e ' b lockhou se ' c an j u s tb es e en b eh ind t h is w a l l , a tt h er i gh te nd o ft h eb roch . T he l e ve l s umm i to ft h eb roch i sd ue t o1 9 th c en tu ry r e s to ra t ion . [ 1 987 /3 /20 ] .

1 74

S ec t ion 4 : S he t land

4 . 86 C l ickh im in i n 1 987 ( HU44 1 ) . V iew o ft h e o u te r f a ce o ft h e o u te r w a l l j u s tt ot h e l e f t ( we s t ) o ft h e l a nd ing s t age ( s een i nt h e b ackg round ) , s how ing t h e ' b reakwa te r ' o fs t a cked s l ab s . T h is m ay b e p a r t o ft he d eb r is r emoved f r om t h e u ppe rp a r t s o ft h e b roch i n t h em idd le I r on Age . [ 1987 /2 /33 ] .

4 . 87 C l ickh im in i n 1 963 ( HU44 1 ) . T he o u te rf a ce o ft h eo u te rw a l l o nt he e a s t s i de , s how ing t h e ' b end ' a bove a ne a r thf a s tb ou lde r . T h is ' k ink ' w a s o nce t a ken t ob e p roof t h a t t h e w a l l h ad b een t a ken d own b ef o re c omp le t ion , a nd r e -a l igned f r om t h i s p o in t f o rwa rd s ( t owa rds t h e c ame ra ) t o e nc lose a l a rge r a r ea , b u t t h e r e i sn o e v idence f o r t h is v i ew a ta l l ; t h e c ou r se s o f ma son ry d o n o t c hange d i rec t ion a bove t he ' k ink ' ,w h ich i sn o th ing b u tt h eb ou lde r . [ 1 963 /2 /9 ] .

1 75

T he R oundhou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

4 . 88 C l ickh im in i n1 987 ( HU44 1 ) . V iew l o ok ing d own o nt h ee n t rance p a s sage t h rough t h eo u te rw a l l ; d oo r -check a nd t h e r e i s as ugge s t ion o f ac on t rac ted d oo rway i nt h ep a s sage s i de f u r th e ri n . [ 1987 /2 /34 ] .

t h ep o le i sn ex tt ot h eo u te r

4 . 89 C l ickh im in i n 1 963 ( HU44 1 ) . T he c e l led h u t ( ' cou r tya rd h ou se ' ) s e en f r om t o p o fb roch w a l l , a s i ti sn ow a f t e r H am i l ton 's e xcava t ion s( c ompa r e I l . 4 . 95 ) . [ 1963 /9 /36 ] .

1 76

S ec t ion 4 : S he t land

1 77

T he R oundhouse s , B rochs a nd Whee lhouses o fA t lan t ic S co t land

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1 78

S ec t ion 4 : S he t land

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1 79

T he R oundhouse s , B roch sa nd Whee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

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1 81

T he R oundhouse s , B rochs a nd Whee lhouse s o fA t lan t ic S co t land

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1 82

S ec t ion 4 : S he t land

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1 83

T he R oundhouses , B ruchs a nd Whee lhouse s o fA t lan t ic S co t land

4 . 97 C l ickh im in b roch ( HU44 1 ) . T he R oya l C omm i s s ion 's 1 926 ( ? )s e c t ion s . T op ,a l ong a nd a c ro s st h e ` f o rewo rk ' , a l ong l i ne s DD a nd E E : n ex t , a c ro s st h ef o rewo rk ( a long i t se n t rance p a s sage )a nd t h ea d ja cen tb roch w a l l , a l ong l i ne BB ; t h i rd , t wo s e c t ion sa c ro s s t h e b roch w a l l -l e f t o n l i ne CC t h ough C e l l Ba nd , r i gh t , a l ong l i ne BB a tt h e f o o to ft h e i n t ra -mu ra l s t a i r , s how ing t h e s e conda ry e n t rance : b o t tom , s e c t ion o n AA t h ough C e l l Aa nd r a ised e n t rance a bove i t( l e f t ) , a nd a l ong AA t h rough ma in e n t rance ( r igh t ) . A l l s c a le sa t 1 :1 50 ( RCAHMS 1 946 ,v o l . 3 ) :C rown c opy r igh tr e se rved .

1 84

S ec t ion 4 : S he t land

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1 85

T he R oundhou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

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1 86

S ec t ion 4 : S he t land

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1 87

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S ec t ion 4 : S he t land

1 89

T he R oundhou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se s o fA t lan t ic S co t land

4 . 103 C l ickh im in i n1 987 ( HU44 1 ) . T he i n ne re nd o ft h e e n t rance t h rough t h e o u te rw a l l ( on l ef t )a nd i t sr e la t ionsh ip w i th t h e o u te re nd o ft h e ' b lockhou se ' e n t rance p a s sage ( r igh t ) . I ti sc l ea rt h a tt h ef o rme rp a ssage h a sb een r a i sed a ts ome s t ag e( p resumab ly t o k eep o u tf l ood w a te r )s ot h a tt h es t ep sh ad t ob ea dd ed . [ 1 987 /3 / 1 ] .

4 . 104 C l ickh im in i n1 963 ( HU44 1 ) . T he r e a rw a l lf a ce o ft h e ' b lockhou se ' s how ing t h e s c a rcemen ta tt he t op o fp o le . T h is l e dg e w ou ld h ave b een i nl i ne w i th t h ei n ne rmo s tl i n te lo ft h ep a s sage , n ow v an ished t oge th e rw i th s eve ra lo fi t sn e ighbou r s . T he c hambe r o ve rt h ee n t rance i sc l ea r a nd t h eo pen t o po ft h ec e l l i nt h el ef th a lf o ft h ew a l lc an b es e en . [ 1963 /9 / 37 ] .

1 90

S ec t ion 4 : S he t land

4 . 105 C l ickh im in i n1 987 ( HU44 1 ) . I n s ide t h el i n te l led e n t rance p a s sage o ft h e ' b lockhou se ' l o ok ing o u t ; t h ed oo r -check sc an b e c l ea r ly s e en , made o fa nu p r igh ts l ab o nt h el ef ta nd o fb u i l tb l ock so nt h er i gh t . T he o pen ing o ft h eb a r -ho le i so nt h el ef th a lf w ay u p ( beh ind t h ep o le ) . T he p i vo ts t one s hou ld b ei mmed ia te ly b eh ind t h er i gh tc heck b u th a sp robab ly b een b u r ied ; t h es t ep a tt h eo u te r e nd o ft h ep a s sage s ugge s t st h a tt h ev i s ib le p aved f l oo ri sa na dded o ne ( I l l . 4 . 109 ) . T he o u te rw a l le n t r ance i sv i s ib le b eyond . [ 1 987 /2 /36 ] .

4 . 106 C l ickh im in i n1 963 ( HU44 1 ) . T he w e s te nd o ft h eb l ockhou se s how ing t h ef l igh to fs t ep si ni t . I ts e em sc l ea rt h a tt h el ef ts i de o ft he p a s sage c on ta in ing t h is s t a i ri sc on t inuou sw i th t h el ow w a l lf a ce r unn ing of t ot h el e f t . T he re a r es t ep sc on t inu ing d own i nf r on t o ft he ' b lockhou se ' , a d ja cen tt ot h i sw a l la nd r e s t ing a ga in s tt h ee nd w a l lt h ough t h e se a r ep robab ly 1 950 sr e p la cemen t . [ 1 963 /2 / 11 ]

1 9 1

T he R ound hou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se s o fA t lan t ic S co t land

4 . 107 C l ickh im in i n1 987 ( HU44 1 ) .

V iew o ft h ee a s te nd o ft h e ' b lockhou se ' w i th t h eu n imp r e s s ive w a l lf ace o fH am i l ton 's ' Fo r t2 ' t ot h er i gh t a nd t h eb roch w a l lb eyond t h i s . [ 1987 /2 /35 ]

4 . 108 C l ickh im in i n1 987 ( HU44 1 ) . T he t o po f t h el ef to rw e s th a lf o ft h e ' b lockhou se ' , l o ok ing a l ong t h el ow l i n te l led u ppe rg a l le ry a nd i n to t h e l a rge mu ra l c e l lb e low ; t h er e a re dge so ft h es t eps o ft h es t a i ro u t s ide c an b es e en . T he g a l le ry i sv e ry l ow a nd o ugh tt ob ea tl e a s t 2f th ighe r ; n od oub t i t w a sr e con s t ruc t ed a nd r e roof ed a f te rt h e 1 9 th c en tu ry e xcava t ion s . [ 1987 /3 /0 ] .

1 92

S ec t ion 4 : S he t land

4 . 109 C l ickh im in i n1 987 ( HU44 1 ) . V iew f r om t h ee a s tl o ok ing d own i n to t h er i gh th and ( e a s t ) mu ra lc e l lo ft h e ' b lockhou se ' w i th t h e u ppe rg a l le ry b eyond r unn ing t owa rd st h e c hambe ra bove t h ee n t rance . T he l i n te l l o ok s l i ke a nu n sk i l led r e p la cemen t ,a tm uch t o ol ow a l e ve l , a nd t h eu ppe rp a r to ft h ed omed c e l l s hou ld p robab ly b ec u rv ing i n mo re s ha rp ly . [ 1987 /2 /37 ]

4 . 110 C l ickh im in i n1 963 ( HU44 1 ) . L ook ing f r om t h ee a s te nd o ft h eg a tehou se ( r igh tf o reg round )t owa rd st h eb roch e n t rance . T he w a l l f a ce n ex tt ot he p o le i st h es ame a st h eo ne i n 4 . 112 ( ? )w h ich j o in st h ee nd o ft h eg a tehou se a ti t ss t a i r . H e re i tr un sr ound t oa n o pen ing w h ich f o rm st h eo u te re nd o ft h eb roch e n t rance p a s sage a nd a tt h is p o in ti tc an b es e en t h a tt h eb roch i sb u i l tp a r t ly o nt op o f t h is wa l l . T h is c ou ld t h e ref o r eb et h ei n ne rf a ce o ft h eg a l le ry o f ap re -b roch , h o l low -wa l led f o r t . [ 1 963 /2 / 12 ]

1 93

T he R oundhou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

4 . 111 C l ickh im in i n1 987 ( HU44 1 ) . T he b roch w a l lb eh ind t h e ' b lockhou se ' s how ing t h ew a l lo ft h ea l leged s e cond r i ng -f o r t i mmed ia te ly i nf r on to fi t . S ome o ft h is s t onewo rk c l ea r ly r e s t sa ga in s tt h eb roch w a l lw h ich i ts hou ld n o ti fi tp r e -da te s i t . [ 1987 / 3 /4 ]

4 . 112 C l ickh im in i n1 987 ( HU44 1 ) . T he o u te rf a ce o ft h eb roch o nt h ee a s ts i de w i th t h ew a l lf oo t ing so ft he a leged s e cond r i ng -f o r t i nf r on to fi t . T h i ss t onewo rk d oe sn o tr e semb le aw a l lf a ce . [ 1 987 /3 /5 ]

1 94

S ec t ion 4 : S he t land

4 . 113 C l ickh im in i n1 963 ( HU44 1 ) . T he ' s pu r ' i nt h eo u te rw a l lf a ce o ft h eb roch s l igh t ly w e s to fn o r th ( r igh tf o r eg round ) . T he f ounda t ion s o f wha tl o ok l i ke ac l ea rp r e -b roch w a l l a ppa ren t ly c on t inue i t sl i ne b eyond . T he o pen ing a bove t h e ' s pu r ' c on t inue st h e d oo rway t ot h es t a i rr i gh tt h rough t h eb r och w a l l a nd i sp robab ly a nI r on A ge f e a tu r e ,p u shed t h rough t h ew a l lw hen mo s to ft h eu ppe r p a r t so ft h et owe rh ad b een t a ken d own . [ 1 963 /2 / 13 ]

4 . 114 C l ickh im in i n1 987 ( HU44 1 ) . V iew o ft h e ' s pu r ' f r om t h eo t he rd i rec t ion s how ing t h eo u te rf a ce o ft h eb roch o nt h en o r th s i de w i th t h ew a l l f o o t ing so f ap r e -b roch w a l l i nf r on to fi t( a tt h ep o le ) . [ 1987 /3 /3 ]

1 95

T he R oundhou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

4 . 115 C l ickh im in i n1 987 ( HU44 1 ) . I n s ide t h eb roch e n t rance p a s sage l o ok ing o u t , s how ing t h es l ab -bu i l t d oo r -che ck o nt h e l e f t( t o t h er i gh to ft h ep o le ) , a nd a l so ( t o i t sl ef t )t h ep o s s ib le b l ocked -up g ua rd c e l l d oo r ; as t ra igh tj o in tt h e r ei sc l ea r ly v i s ib le . [ 1987 /3 /6 ]

4 . 116 C l ickh im in i n1 987 ( HU44 1 ) . T he s ame p a r to f t h er i gh tw a l lo ft h eb roch e n t rance p a s sag e , l o ok ing i nwa rd s ; t h ep os s ib le b l ocked d oo rway o ft h eg ua rd c e l l i sc l ea re r b u tt h ew a l l f u r the ri nl ook sa si fi tm igh th ave b een a dded a ga in s tt h eo r ig ina lp a s sage w a l l ,p e rhaps a sa s uppor t [ 1 987 /3 /7 ]

1 96

S ec t ion 4 : S he t land

4 . 117 C l ickh im in i n1 987 ( HU44 1 ) . I n s ide t h e o u te re nd o ft h eb roch e n t rance p a s sage l o ok ing i n . T he s t ra igh tj o in ti sc l ea rb e tween t h eb roch w a l l a nd t h ei n s ide f a ce o ft h eo l de rw a l la ga in s tw h ich , a nd p a r t ly o nt op o fw h ich , i tw a sb u i l ta tt h is p o in t ; b o th w a l l ss e em t ob ef ounded a tt h es ame l e ve l . T he t wo t i l ted l i n te l sa tt h i sj unc t ion c an b es e en . [ 1987 /3 /8 ]

4 . 118 C l ickh im in i n 1 987 ( HU44 1 ) . A w ide a ng le v i ew o ft h e i n te r io rl o ok ing t owa rd st h e m a in e n t rance w i th t h e v o id sa bove i t ; t h e r a i sed d oo rt ot h es t a i r i so nt h er i gh ta nd n ow r e a ched b yt h e w ooden s t ep s . H e re t h ep a s sage t ot h es t a i r -l e ad ing t ot h e s e conda ry r a ised e n t rance , h a sb een c u t t h rough ,o rl ef ti n , t h e u ppe rp a r to ft h e w hee lhou se w a l l . T he p r ima ry b roch w a l l , w i th i t sd oo ra nd r a ised v o id a bove t h i s , i st ot h er i gh to ft h i s , a nd a no the rp r ima ry b roch v o id i so nt h e l ef t , a t 4o 'c lock . T he s l op ing g ra s s -cove red l e dge a tt op l ef tm ake s n os en se a nd i s o bv iou s ly a1 9 th c en tu ry r e con s t ruc t ion . [ 1 987 /3 / 12 ]

1 97

T he R ound hou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

4 . 119 C l ickh im in i n1 987 ( HU44 1 ) . A no the rw ide a ng le v i ew o fi n te r io rl o ok ing t owa rd st h eb roch c e l la t1 2o ' c lock , r ea ched b ya d oo rway t h rough t h es e conda ry w hee lhou se sw a l l ( a tt h ep o le ) . . T he h i gh l e dge f o rmed b yt h e 1 9 th c en tu ry r e s to r e r si sc l ea r ly v i s ib le a nd t h ef l a tw a l lhead d oub t le s sa l so o r ig ina ted a tt h es ame t ime . [ 1 987 / 3 / 13 ]

4 . 120 C l ickh im in i n1 987 ( HU44 1 ) . V iew o ft h eu ppe ri n t ra -mu ra l g a l le ry a t 9o ' c lo ck s how ing t h er a ised v o id t ot h e i n te r io ro nt h e l ef ta nd t h ek i nk i nt h el i ne o ft h eg a l le ry o ppo s i te t h is . Mo s to ft h is i sp robab ly 1 9 th c en tu ry r e -bu i ld a nd r e s to ra t ion . [ 1987 / 3 / 14 ]

1 98

S ec t ion 4 : S he t land

4 . 12 1 C l ickh im in i n1 987 ( HU44 1 ) . I n s ide t h eb roch mu ra lc e l l Ba t 4o ' c lo ck . [ 1 987 /3 /9 ]

4 . 122 C l ickh im in i n1 987 ( HU44 1 ) . I n s ide b roch c e l l Ba t4 o ' c lock s how ing n ea tb l ock ing i nt h ed oo rway w i th al a rge l i n te l a bove . T h i sb l ock ing s e em st ob eo f1 9 c en tu ry d a te . [ 1 987 /3 / 15 ]

4 . 123 C l ickh im in i n1 987 ( HU44 1 ) . T he b roch s t a i rway a t 9o ' c lock ; t h eb o t tom f ou ro rf i ve s t ep s s e em t ob es e conda ry a dd i t ion sw hen ap a s sage w a s d r iven t h rough t h ew a l lt ot h ee x te r io ra t al owe rl e ve l t h an t h ef l oo ro f t h eo r ig ina l s t a i rl o bby o rg ua rd c e l l . [ 1 987 /3 / 19 ]

1 99

T he R oundhou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

4 . 124 C l ickh im in i n1 987 ( HU44 1 ) . T he s e conda ry e n t rance a tt h ef oo to ft h ei n t ra -mu ra ls t a i r a t 9o ' c lo ck , l o ok ing o u t ; t he f l oo rh a sb een c u t d own a bou t 2 f tb e low t ha to ft h eo r ig ina l s t a i rg ua rd c e l l ;n o t et h er a ised f l oo ro ft he l a t t e ro nt h e l ef t . T he u pp e rl i n te l s e em sl i ke ly t ob e a1 9 th c en tu ry f e a tu re [ 1 987 /3 / 18 ]

4 . 125 C l ickh im in i n 1 987 ( HU44 1 ) . T he l i n te ls o ft h em u ra l g a l le ry a t1 2o ' c lock , a bove c e l lA , s how ing t h er i gh t a ng led t u rn o u twa rds t ot h er a ised d oo rway o rw indow ( a tl owe r l ef t ) i nt he o u te rf a ce o ft h ew a l l -a lmos t c e r ta in ly a no the r 1 9 th c en tu ry r e cons truc t ion . [ 1 987 /3 / 10 ]

2 00

S ec t ion 4 : S he t land

4 . 126 C l ickh im in i n1 987 ( HU44 1 ) . T he s ame r a ised g a l le ry b u tl o ok ing a n t i -c lockw ise b a ckwa rd st owa rd st h e m a in e n t rance . [ 1987 / 3 / 11 ]

4 . 127 C l ickh im in i n1 963 ( HU44 1 ) .. T he u ppe ri n t ra -mu ra lg a l le ry o nt h es ou th s i de , o nt h ew a l lhead a bove C e l l Ba t 4o ' c lock ; t h er a i s ed v o id ( p e rhap sp a r t ly r e s to red )i si nt h ef o r eg round . [ 1 963 /9 /39 ]

2 01

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2 02

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2 05

T he R oundhou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

4 . 133 F ug la N e s si n1 987 ( HU47 1 ) .

4 . 134 F ug la N e s si n1 987 ( HU47 1 ) .

T he b roch m ound j u s ta bove t h es ho r ea nd t h eo u te rd ef ence s . [ 1 987 /4 /23 ]

T he t wo s i de so ft h ee n t rance p a s sage p ro jec t ing o ve rt h em ode rn b each , w i th af a l len l i n te li n f r on t . [ 1 987 /4 /25 ]

2 06

S ec t ion 4 : S he t land

4 . 135 F ug la N es si n1 987 ( HU47 1 ) . T he l ef tg ua rd c e l lw i th t h el i n te lt ot h ee n t rance p a s sage v i s ib le a tt h eb a se o ft h ep o le . [ 1 987 /4 /24 ]

4 . 136 F ug la N e ss i n1 987 ( HU47 1 ) . T he b a sa lc ou r se o ft h eo u te rw a l lf a ce n or th o ft h ee n t rance p a s sage w i th t h er a d ia ld ef en s ive w a l l p ro jec t ing , i mmed ia te ly t or i gh to fp o le . [ 1 987 /4 /26 ]

2 07

T he R oundhou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

4 . 137 B roch o fI nf ie ld i n1 963 ( HU47 2 ) .

T he e n t rance p a s sage ( a tp o le )e me rg ing o ve rt h em ode rn b ea ch . [ 1 963 /9 / 17 ]

4 . 138 G os sab rough i n1 963 ( HU58 1 ) . G ene ra l v i ew o ft h eb ro ch m ound . [ 1 963 / 10 /25 ]

2 08

S ec t ion 4 : S he t land

4 . 139 B u r ra N e s si n1 963 ( HU59 1 ) .

G ene ra lv i ew o ft h eb roch mound . [ 1 963 / 10 /26 ]

4 . 140 B u r ra N e s si n1 963 ( HU59 1 ) . T he i n te r io rw a l lf a ce s how ing t h ep robab le s c a rcemen t( p ro jec t ing s l ab st or i gh to fp o le )a nd a l a te rw a l lr unn ing a c ro s si t .[ 1 963 / 10 /27 ]

2 09

T he R oundhou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t i cS co t land

4 . 14 1 B u r ra N e s si n1 963 ( HU59 1 ) . P o s s ib le o u two rk ss e en f r om t h e b roch mound . [ 1 963 / 10 /28 ]

2 10

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2 11

T he R oundhou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

BRO T ZGH OF BURRANESS .

' B URGH O F C UL SW ICK . —EXPLANAT ION . P La lt —A . T he a r ea; b .The i nne rw a l l; c .The p as sag eb e tween t he w a l ls; d . T he e n trance a nd o u te r ;e .T he d i t ch; f . T he r ampar t . S ze r tos t . — xT he g a l ler ies , w i th t he ir l i n te ls , o ne a bove a no ther; *A s or t o fa ca r cemen t , a si fd e s igned f o r af l oo r ing .

F LAN A ND S ECTION OF THE BURGH OF IOGSETTER , I N WHALSEY .

S NABURGH , f l UNST —PLAN .

EX PLANAT ION . —A.T he a r ea; B . T he p l an o ft he f ounda t ion; C . T he d ry d i t ch; I ) . T he r ampa r t; E . T he w e t d i tch , c u ti nm any p la ce s t h ro ' t h e r o ck s , much f i l ed u p , a nd n ow d ry; F . T he l i ve e a r th a r ound h i ghe r t han t h e d i t ch; G . T he l o ch; a .A p a rt o ft he d oub le w a l l , o r af r agmen t h ighe r t han t he l ow er s t o ry; b .T he e n t ranc et ot h ep a s sag eb e twe en t h ew a l ls; c .T h e m a in e n t ranc e; d . T he a pa r tmen t si nt h el owe rs t o ry; e .T he e n t rance si n to t h e s e ,m o s t . o fw h i ch a r ec hoked u p w i th r ubb i sh .

4 . 143

BROUGH OF i l ounnl .

A . T he a r ea; B . T he d oub le w a l l; C . As p a ce b e tween t h e w a l l a nd r ampa r t; I ) . T he f i r s t r ampa r t , o f mud; E . A s or t o f c h eck w a l l ;F . T h e s pa ce t o t h e s e cond w a l l ;G . T he o u te rmo s t r ampa r t , o r s e cond w a l l ;H . A . s o r t o f f l ank ing w a l l , j o in ing t o t h e m a in

P lan so ff ou rS he t land b roch sa nd o ne g a tehou se f o r t , w i th e l eva t ion sf o ra l le xcep tt wo o ft h eb r ochs ,

p r epa red f o rG eo rge L ow i n1 777 .

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S ec t ion 5 : A r ea 2 T he O rkney I s land s I n troduc t ion T he i n f o rma t ion o n t h e b roch s o ft h e O rkney I s land s w a s i mmen se ly i n c rea sed a nd s y s tema t i sed b yt h ew o rk o fJ ohn H edge s a nd t h e o rgan i sa t ion h e f ounded ( NOSAS , o r No r th o f S co t land A r chaeo log ica l S e rv ice s ) a nd w h ich o pe ra ted i nO rkney d u r ing t h e l a te 1 970 s a nd e a r ly 1 980 s . D e scr ip t ion s o f a l l t h e k nown s i t e s w e re p ub l i shed a s a t h i rd v o lume i n t h e s e r ie s d ea l ing w i th t h e NOSAS e xcava t ion sa tB u ( HY20 4 )a nd w i th an ew a na ly s i s o ft h e o ld e xcava t ion s a tG u rne s s ( HY32 2 )( Hedge s e ta l . 1 987 ) . O fp a r t icu la rv a lue a r e t h e a na ly se s o ft h e m ean ing s o ft h e p l ace n am e s a nd t h e e x ten s ive l i s t o fs ou rce s f o r e ach s i te , i n c lud ing m anu sc r ip tm a te r ia l( no ti n c luded h e re ) .

c oa s ta l e r o s ion [ 5 ] . I ts e em s f i r s t t oh ave b een d i s tu rbed i n1 8 12 w hen s t one w a sr emoved t ob u i ld t h en ea rby h ou se a nd h uman b one s w e re f ound . When i tw a s d ug i n to a ga in i na bou t 1 887 b yJ ame s C u r s i te r [ 4 ] b u r ia lc i s t sw e re f ound o n t op o f t h e mound w h ich r e vea led t h e r ema in s o f a b roch a tl e a s t 6 . 1 m( 20 f t . ) h igh , mo re t h an h a lf o fw h ich h ad b een e r oded b y t h e s ea e ven a tt h a t t ime . H uman b one s , e xpo sed b y e ro s ion , w e re n o ted a tt h e No r th -we s t c o rne ro ft h e mound i n1 979 [ 5 ] . S ou rce s : 1 . OS c a rd HY 2 0 SW 7 : 2 .C u r s i te r 1 923 , 4 9 5 2 : 3 . RCAHMS 1 946 , 2 ,n o . 3 79 , 1 08 -9 . 4 . H edge s e t a l . 1 987 , 1 01-2 . 5 .L amb 1 989 , 1 2 .

Ma inland T he o n ly m a jo r om i s s ion w a st h a tn o d r aw ing s o ft h e f i nd s f r om t h e o l de xcava t ion s w e r e m ade a pa r t f r om t ho se f r om G u rne s s ) , al a ck p a r t ly r emed ied h e r e . T he g r id r e f e rence s o ft he s i t e s a r e wo rked o u t t o e i gh t f i gu re s a nd t h e se a r e a dop ted h e r e , i n c on t ra s t t o t h e o t he r r eg ion s w he r e o n ly s i x f i gu re r e f e rence sa r eu sed .

HY20 3 BRECKNESS ( 'Broch o fB recknes s ' ) HY /22470928 Ap robab le b roch i nS t romne s s , s i ted o nt h ee dge o f al ow c l if f o n ly a f ew f e e t a bove h igh w a te r m a rk ; i ti sn ow a lmo s t c omp le te ly d e s t royed b y t h e s e a , o n ly as ho r t a r c o f t h e w a l l r ema in ing . T he i n te r io r t h u s f a ce s o ve r t h e S ound t owa rd st h e H ead o fH oy ( I l l . 5 . 9 ) .

D imen s ion s : u n les s o t herw i se i n d ica ted t ho se g i ven f o rt h e p robab le a nd d ef in i te b roch s w e re t a ken w i th a s t ee l t a pe b yt he a u tho ra nd a r et h ough tt ob em o re r e l iab le t h an o t he r p ub l ished f i gu res . B e tween 1 971 a nd 1 987 h e m ea su red t h e s hape o ft h e c en t ra l c ou r t so f5 2o ft h e b e t te rp r e served s i te s ( a l l o ve r S co t land ) s y s tema t ica l ly a nd i n t h is w ay o b ta ined s ome p rec ise d i ame te r s ( w i th s t anda rd d ev ia t ion s f r om t h eb e s t -f i t t ing t r ue c i rc le s ) .

T he w a l l s e em s t oh ave b een j u s t o ve r 3 . 0 mt h ick [ 1 ] . A 1 9 th c en tu ry d e sc r ip t ion g i ve s t h e e s t ima ted e x ter na l d i ame te ra s2 0 .7 m ( 68 f t . ) , i n ter na l a t1 3 .4 m ( 44 f t . )a nd a m ea su red w a l l t h ickne ss o f 3 . 6 m ( 12 f t . ) [ 3 ] . H oweve r b ecau se o n ly as ho r t c ho rd o ft h e w a l l i sp r e se rved t h e r e i s s ome d i sc repancy b e tween t h ev a r iou se s t ima te s [ 5 , 9 1 ] . T he b roch w a s e nc i rc led b y as t rong o u te rw a l l , t h e e nd so f w h ich s t i l l a ppea r a tt h e e dge o ft h e b ank o n e i the r s i te o f t h e b roch . T he s i te f e a tu red i n ab i za r r e 1 9 th c en tu ry s ugge s t ion b y L a ing t h a t t h e b roch s w e r e o f S tone A ge d a te , t h e e r o s ion o ft h e c l if fu nde r i tb e ing h e ld t oi n d ica te g r ea ta n t iqu i ty [ 2 ] .

Hoy i s land S quare HY 2 0

HY20 1BRAEB ISTER HY /213052 P os s ib le b roch o n H oy I . , o n as ma l l r o cky h ead land b e tween t wo d eep g eo s o r g u l l ie s . O n ly s ome s c a t te red s t ones a nd a f ew l a rge b l ock s r ema in , a nd t h e s i te h a s e v iden t ly b een q ua r r ied . As add le q uer nw a s f ound a tt h e s i te n o t l o ng b ef o re 1 929 , a nd f r agmen t s o fa l leged b roch p o t te ry w e r e r e cove r ed f r om am idden d epo s i t i nt h e e dge o ft h e c l if ft ot h ew e s t [ 2 ] . S ou rce s : 1 .O S c a rd HY 2 0 NW 2 0 : 2 . RCAH MS 1 946 , 2 ,n o . 3 80 , 1 09 & f i g . 3 35 ( p la t e ) .

I n 1 995 t r a ce s o f al a rge e x ter na l s e t t lemen tw e re n o ted o n b o th s i de s o ft h e b roch , e xpo sed i nt h e e r od ing s e c t ion [ 6 ] . T he c on s ide rab le p o ten t ia l f o r r e sea r ch o f t h is s i te w a s r e vea led w hen b o th a w e l l a nd t h e c r o s s s e c t ion o f t h e b roch d i tch w e re l o ca ted a nd e xcava ted [ 7 ] . S ou rce s : 1 . OS c a rd HY 2 0 NW 9 : 2 .L a ing 1 868 , 6 3 -5 &f i g . : 3 .D ryden 1 890 , 9 4 : 4 . RCAHMS 1 946 , 2 ,n o . 9 20 , 3 24 : 5 .H edges e ta l . 1 987 , 8 9 -9 1 ; 6 . D i scove ry & E xcava t ion i n S co t land 1 993 , 1 05 ; 1 996 , 1 04 . 7 .B a l l in S m i th 2 002 , 1 6 6 -74 :B a l l in S m i th 2 002 , 1 6 6 -74 .

HY20 2 GREEN H ILL 2( 'G r een H i l l o fQ uoyne s s ' ) HY /25000284 P robab le b roch o n t h e s ho re i n H oy I . , n ex t t o B u r ra S ound , t h en ame o fw h ich i mp l ie st h ep r e sence n ea rby o fa r e cogn i sab le s t rongho ld i nN o r se t i me s [ 4 , 1 0 1 ] . I ti sn ow a g r een mound o fe a r th a nd s t one sw h ich i sn ow 3 . 7 -4 . 0 m ( 12 13 f t . ) h i gh ; h a lf o f i th a s n ow b een d e s t royed b y

2 13

HY20 4 BU ( `Nave r shaw ' o r` Nave r shough ' ) HY /270093 T he s i t e , s t and ing o n f l a t f a rm land , w a s d i agno sed a s a c a i rn b y t h e C omm is s ion [ 2 ] b u t i n 1 978 r e scue e xcava t ion s a ts ho r t n o t ice , a nd w i th l i m i ted t ime , p roved i tt ob e ar oundhouse t h e w a l l o fw h ich w a s s ub sequen t ly

T he R oundhou se s , B roch s a nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

t h ickened t o g i ve i t t h e a ppea rance o f a b roch l ike b u i ld ing [ 3 ,4 ] . T he m a in b u i ld ing i sc a tego r i sed a s" b roch l ike" h e r e , l i ke D un C u ie ro nB a r ra ( NF60 3 ) , b ecau se - w h i le h av ing t h e s i ze a nd p ropo r t ion so fo ne o ft ho se b u i ld ing s -t h e re i sn o e v idence t h a t i te ve rh ad a ny o ft h e f e a tu r e s o ft h e h o l low w a l led c on s t ruc t ion t e chn ique s o c ha rac te r i s t ic o ft h e d ry s t one t owe r s . T h is i si mpo r tan tb ecau se o ft h e f a r reach ing c l a im st h a tw e re m ade , s oon a f te rt h e e xcava t ion , a bou tt h e s i te b e ing a n e a r ly I r on A ge b roch , much o l de r t h an a ny o t he r k nown [ 4 ] . A d e ta i led r epor t o n t h e d i scove r ie s i s a va i lab le s o o n ly as umma ry i sg iven h e re [ 5 ] . I ti sw o r th n o t ing t h a to n ly t h e i n te r io r o ft h eb u i ld ing w a sc omp le te ly e xcava ted ; f ou rr ad ia lt r enche s a c ro s st h er oundhou se w a l l e xpo sed t h e o u te r f a ce o f t h e w a l l , t h e e n t rance p a s sage a nd s ome e x te rna l b u i ld ing s b eyond t h e e n t rance [ 5 , f i g . 1 . 2 ] . 1 .T he e xcava t ion 1 . 1 T he s t ruc ture o ft h er oundhou se . S eve ra l p ha se s i nt h e h i s to ry o ft h e s i te w e r e d e tec ted , t h e m a in b u i ld ing b e ing p u t u p i n P ha se 2 , a f t e r ap e r iod o f u nknown l e ng th ( Pha se 1 ) w hen t h e g round h ad b een p loughed . A t f i r s t t h is w a s ac i rcu la r , s o l id -wa l led d ry s t one b u i ld ing p re se rved o n ly u pt o 1 . 5 ma nd e nc lo s ing a n a pp rox ima te ly c i rcu la r a r ea m ea su r ing 1 0 .1 m e a s t -we s t a nd 9 . 0 m n o r th sou th a t g round l e ve l . U nf o r tuna te ly a s omewha t m i s lead ing i mp re s s ion i sg i ven , a tt h e s t a r t o f t h e a ccoun t ,t h a tt h eb u i ld ing w a s as i ng le -pe r iod s t ruc tu r e ; t h e o ve ra l l d i ame te r s c o r re spond ing t o t h e i n ter na l o ne s m en t ioned a r eg i ven a s2 0 .5 a nd 1 9 .5 m a nd i ti ss t a ted t h a t t h e w a l l " i s o ne o f t h e t h icke s t o n r e co rd" f o r O rkney b roch s [ 5 , 1 0 ] . H oweve r t h e re a r e i n f a c t t h ree ' c omponen t p a r t s ' o ft h e w a l l t h e t h ickne s se s o f w h ich a r e g i ven [ 5 , T ab le 1 . 1 ] w i thou t m uch f u r the r c ommen t . We h ave t o t ur n t o t h e f o ld -ou t c r o ss s e c t ion s [ 5 , f i g s . 1 . 3 & 1 . 4 ] t os e e i nd e ta i l h ow t h er oundhou se w a l lw a s c on s t ruc ted .

s e c t ion s a l so s how t h a tt h ep aved a r ea so ft h e i n te rna l f l oo r r un u p t ot h e i n ne ra dded m a son ry a nd n o tu nde r i t ,s ot h a t t h e a dd i t ion s m ay w e l l h ave b e en made d u r ing c on s t ruc t ion , o ri mmed ia te ly a f t erwa rd s . T he s ou th w a l l o n t h i s s e c t ion h a s h a rd ly c o l lap sed a ta l b u t i t s t h ree c omponen t s a r e c l ea r ly v i s ib le . T he E -W s e c t ion i sn o t s o i n f o rma t ive i nt h is c on t ex t , t h e m a in w a l l n o th av ing b een c u tt h rough . 1 . 2 T he e n t rance p a s sage T h i s w a s o n t h e e a s t -we s t s i de a nd h ad b een m uch mod if ied i nP ha se I Ia , m a in ly t h rough ac on t rac t ion o ft h e i n ne r e nd ; t h e o r ig ina l d e s ign i sn o t e n t i r e ly c l ea rb ecau se o f i n comp le te e xcava t ion . O ne mu s t p r e sume t h a t t h i s i n ne r e nd w a s a tt h e i n s ide e dge o ft h e i n t e rna l a dd i t ion o f m a son ry [ 5 , f i g . 1 . 5 ] a nd t h i s i s w ha t t h e e xcava to r d educed ( b e low ) . T he i n ne r p ar t o ft h e p a s sage w a s c . 1 . 74 m w ide a nd f l agged w i th l a rge p av ing s t one s ( wh ich s e em f r om t h ep l an t od i sappea ru nde rt h ec on t rac ted s ou th s i de o ft h ep a s sage a tt h e i n ne re nd ) . A t 2 . 55 m f r om t h a t e nd w a s ad oo r f r ame f o rmed o f o ppo sed u p r igh t s l ab s s e t a t r i gh t a ng le s t o t h e w a l l s ; f u r the r o u tt h ep a s sage w a s 1 . 06 m w id e . T he re w a sw ha t l o oked l i ke a b l ocked d oo r t o ag ua rd c e l l i mmed ia te ly i n s ide t h e d oo rf r ame o nt h e r i gh t ( l ook ing i n ) ; a t temp t st o t r a ce t h e p l an o ft h e s uppo sed c e l l t ow h ich t h i s l e d w e re u n succe s sf u l . T he n or th f a ce o ft h e p a s sage w a s t h e b e t ter p re se rved o f t h e t wo a nd n o d i s t inc t ion ( s uch a s as t ra igh t j o in t ) w a s v i s ib le i n i tb e tween t h e i n ne r f a c ing a nd t he m a in w a l l , s ugge s t ing t h a t b o th b e long t o t h e b eg inn ing o f t h e b u i ld ing 's h i s to ry . O n t h e o t he rh and t h ej unc t ion w i th t h e o u te r c l add ing c ou ld b e s e en s o t h e l a t te r c l ea r ly w a s a l a te r a dd i t ion ( a s s ugge s ted b y t h e p a r t ia l ly c o l lap sed p a r t o ft h e m a in w a l l d e sc r ibed e a r l ie r ) . T he o r ig ina l l e ng th o f t h ep a s sage w ou ld t h u sh ave b een a bou t 4m . 1 . 3 T he c en t ra lc our t

T he n o r th w a l l o nt h e n or th sou th s e c t ion i sv e ry r e vea l ing i nt h a t i ts how s r a the rc l ea r ly h ow t h e mo s tm a s s ive p a r to f t h e r ubb le -co red w a l l , w i th t h e h eav ie s t f a c ing s t one s , i s t h e c en t ra l s e c t ion w i th a t h ickne s s a tt h i s p o in t o fj u s t a bou t 3 . 0 ma ti t s b a se . T he o u te r f a ce o ft h i s h a s t i pped o u twa rd s m a rked ly h e re a nd t h e v e ry m uch l o o se r w a l l f a c ing o u t s ide t h i s -w i th ac o r e o fs ma l l s t one s i n s tead o f m a s s ive b l ock sa nd a no u te rf a ce o fq u i te m ode s ts l ab s( 1 .9 mt h ick a tb a se )- l o ok s a si fi th a sb een a dded t os t ab i l i se t h e m a in w a l l . T h i s s e em st ob e c onf i rmed b yt h e f a c tt h a t t h e o u te rf a ce o ft h i s i ss t i l l u p r igh tw he rea s , a sn o ted , t h a t o ft h e c en t ra l s e c t ion t i l t s s ha rp ly o u twa rd s . B y c on t ra s tt h e r e la t ive ly t h in i n ne ra dd i t ion o fm a son ry s ome 8 0 c m t h ick - r e s t s a ga in s t a n u p r igh t w a l l f a ce a nd s e em s s t ab le ( i t s p r ima ry n a tu re i sc onf i rmed b y e v idence f r om t h e e n t rance p a s sage , b e low ) . A cco rd ing t o t h e s e c t ion a l l t h ree w a l l s r e s t o n t h e o ld g round s u rf ace , n o t o n a ny m idden m a te r ia l , s o t h e o u te r t wo w e re p robab ly a dded e a r ly i n t h e h i s to ry o f t h e b u i ld ing . I ndeed t h e

2 14

T he i n te r io r f l oo r w a s w e l l p re se rved a nd t h o rough ly e xp lo red ; t h e b u i ld ing h ad a ppa ren t ly b een a bandoned s udden ly a s" k i tchen u t en s i l s" w ere f o und i ns i tu . Two C 1 4 d a te s w e r e o b ta ined f o r a n ima l b one s f o r t h e " b roch p ha se" o fo ccupa t ion ; t h ey a r e 4 90 +6 5 a nd 5 10 + 8 0b . c . ( GU 152 & 154 ) a nd s ugges t t h a t B u w a s b u i l t a nd o ccup ied i nt h e l a te B ronz e A ge o r i nt h e e a r ly p a r t o ft h e e a r ly I r on A ge . A s imp l if ied p l an o f t h e i n te r io r h e lp s t o u nde r s tand t h e v a r iou s f e a tu r e s [ 6 , f i g . 1 . 10 ] . A l a rg e , D -shaped h ea r th o ccup ied t h e c en t r e w i th ac ook ing t a nk s unk i n to t h e f l oo r a d jo in ing i t ; p r e sumab ly t h i s l a s t w a sf o rb o i l ing m ea t l i ke t h e l a rge r o ne s , i ns pec ia l b u i ld ing s , i d en t if ied b y H edge s o n O rkney a nd d a t ing t ot h e l a t te r p a r t o ft h e B ronze A ge ( Hedge s 1 975 ) ; h oweve r n o h ea t c ra cked s t one a r e m en t ioned h e r e . N ex tt ot h e c u rved o rw e s t s i de o ft h eh ea r th w a sw ha tw a s d i agno sed a s ac u rved o rc r e scen t shaped s e rv ice a r ea w i th

S ec t ion 5 : O rkney

u t en s i l s s t i l l l y ing a bou t o n t h e f l oo r . T h i s a nd t h e h ea r th t oge the rf o rmed a n a pp rox ima te ly c i r cu la ra r ea al i t t le of c en t re , a nd b e tween t h i s a nd t h e w a l l w a s ab road , r i ng s haped p aved b and d iv ided i n to i regu la r r ad ia l c ompa r tmen t s b y s t one f l ag s s e t o ne dge ; t h e re w e re g ap s f o r d oo rway s b e tween t h e se a r ea s a nd t h e o ne o nt h e n o r th w a s mu ch l a rge r a nd o ccup ied a bou t at h i rd o ft h e w ho le p er ime t e r . T h is a r ea w a sp aved a nd m ay w e l lh ave b een a c ommuna lh a l l . T he c en t ra la r ea w a ss epa ra ted f r om t h eo u te r" r oom s" b ya s im i la rr ow o fl ow f l ag s o n e dge . T he p a r t o ft h i s o u te r a r ea i mmed ia te ly i nf r on to ft h ee n t rance w a s i n te rp re ted a s as o r t o fv e s t ibu le f r om w h ich o ne c ou ld g o e i the ri n to t h e m idd le a r ea , o r i n to t h e " ben th a l l" o nt h e r i gh t , o ri n to t h e f ou r s ma l le r r ad ia l c ompa r tmen t s o n t h e l e f t . T he f i r s t t h ree o ft h e se w e re m ud -f loo red ( i ns ha rp c on t ra s tw i th t h e r e s to ft h ei n te r io r )a nd m ay h ave b een u sed f o ra n ima l s . A n umbe r o fp o s t -ho le s w e re f ound i nt h o se p a r t s o ft h e i n te r io rc l ea red d own t os ub so i l ; t h ey w e re e n t i r e ly i nt h e c en t ra l a r ea a nd w e re c ove red b y t h e h ea r th a nd b y t h e p av ing o ft h e " se rv ice a r ea " . T h e i r a ge w a s n o t e n t i re ly c l ea r b u tt h e e xcava to r s h ad t h e i mp r e s s ion t h a t f ew i fa ny w ere i nu s e a f te r t h e s t one b u i ld ing h ad b een c omp le ted . T he re i st h e ref o re al a ck o fc l ea r e v idence a tB u f o r ar oof a nd u ppe r s t o rey s s uppo r ted b y t i mbe r p o s t s , a nd t h i s i n crea se st h ec on t ra s tw i th t h eh o l low -wa l led b roch s . Many m o r e d e ta i l s o ft h e i n te r io r a r rangemen t s a r e i nt h e r epor t [ 5 ] .

2 . 2F ind sf rom t h er oundhou se ( Pha se H a ) B one o b jec t s i n c luded 2p o in ted i mp lemen t s , 1m ade f r om as heep u l na , aw ha le v er teb ra v e s se l , ap e rf o ra ted b ov ine p ha lanx ( s ome t ime s i n te rp r e ted a s ab obb in f o r w ind ing w oo l ) , 2p i ece s o fp e rf o ra ted w ha lebone [ 5 , f i g . 1 . 18 ] , a c e tacean r ad iu s w i th m any c u t -ma rk s a nd t h e e nd o f a p o l i shed a nd p e rf o ra ted d ee rm e taca rpa l . S tone o b jec t s i n c luded t h e d eb r i s f r om a m anuf ac tu r ing a r ea i n s ide t h e h ou se w he r e t h e r e w e re a l so t h e t i p o fa w o rn a rd p o in t , 6p o s s ib le m a t tock f r agmen t s , ap i ece o f f l ag s tone p ecked t o aw a is t , a nd s eve ra l o t he r p i ece s o f c h ipped f l ag s tone . E l sewhe re i n s ide t h e h ou se t h e re w e r e 3p i ece s o f s add le q ue rn s a nd 2 r ubbe r s , ab roken p ivo t s t one , am a t tock b l ade , ap o s s ib le r ough -ou t f o r a n a rd p o in t , ap o s s ib le w he t s tone , 6p ebb le p ounde r s o rg r inde r s , 9p i ece s o fp um ice ( s ome u sed a sa b rade r s ) , a nd ap i ece o f h aema t i te . Much p o t te ry c ame f r om t h e r oundhou se f l oo r a nd t h e e x ter na l m idden [ 5 , f i g s . 1 . 49 -1 .51 ] . T he v e s se l s a r e e n t i re ly p l a in , c o i l - o r r i ng -bu i l t a nd w i th n o b ur n i sh ing . T he p o t s hape s a r e m a in ly b ucke t shaped v e s se l s w i th n ea r u p r igh t r im s b u t m any h ave t h e s hou lde red p rof i le as ho r t d i s tance b e low t h e r im w h ich i sc ha rac te r i s t ic o fe a r ly I r on A ge p o t te ry a tJ a r l shof i nS he t land ( HU30 1 )a nd a to t he r s im i la re a r ly s i te s i nO rkney . As l ive ro fi r on c o r ro s ion w a sa l so f ound . 2 . 3F ind sf rom p o s t -roundhou se s i l t( 1 1b )

1 . 4L a t e ro ccupa t ion T he r oundhou se s eem st oh ave s t ood f o rs ome t ime a f t e r i t w a s a bandoned ; al a ye r o fg r ey s i l t c on ta in ing r ubb le , u p t o 3 0 c m t h ick , w a s s p r ead a c ro s s t h e i n te r io r . R ubb le f r om t h e d i s in teg ra t ing w a l l f e l l o n t h a t a nd t h en , i nt h e f o l low ing P ha se I I , a no the r o ccupa t ion l a ye ra ccumu la ted o n t op . A l so a t t ha t t ime a s ou t e r ra in , o r u nde rg round c hambe r , w a s b u i l t i n to t h e o u t s ide o ft h e w a l l o n t h e e a s t s i de , n ex t t ot h e e n t rance p a s sage w h ich w a s r e s to red a nd b locked o f[ 1 , 3 ] ; as ho r tp a s sage f r om t h e e n t rance l e dt o t h e c hambe r [ 5 , f i g . 1 . 11] . S even s t one p i l la r s s uppor ted t h e s t one r oof o ft h e o va l c hambe r . N o C 14 d a te s w e r e o b ta ined f o ro b jec t sf r om P ha se I I . 2 .T he f i nd s T he f i nd s a r e d esc r ibed h e re i ns ome d e ta i l b ecau se t h ey a r e mu ch m o re n ume rou s t h an i na ny o t he r e a r ly I r on A ge s e t t lem en t s o f a r d i scove red i n O rkney a nd , t h ough o f l im i ted v a r ie ty , g ive q u i te a d e ta i led p i c tu r e o f t h e e conomy a nd t e chno logy o fO rkney f o rt h e p e r iod o fa bou t 7 00 -500 B C . 2 . 1 F ind sf r om t he p re -roundhou se p ha se s ( l a &l b ) T he se w e r e a l l o fs t one a nd i n c lud ed 5m a t tock s , 3r ough o u t s o fa r d p o in t s , ap i ece o f as a dd le q ue rn , 2p i ece s o f u nwork ed p um ice 4 m i sce l laneou s i mp lemen t s a nd t h e d eb r is o fs t one -wo rk ing .

2 15

T he s i l tw a sp robab ly s t e r i le s ot h e se f i nd sp robab ly b e long t o P ha se I i a o r I l ia . T he re w a s n o th ing w h ich d oe s n o t a ppea r i nt h e o t he r l a ye r s a pa r t f r om t wo i t em s . O ne i sa c u r iou s s t one c on ica l o b jec t 2 5 c m i nd i ame te rt h e c on ica l s ocke t i nw h ich a ppea r st oh ave b een m ade b yg r ind ing [ 5 , f i g . 1 . 35 ] . T he s e cond i s ac r uc ib le b ea r ing t r ace s o f c oppe r . 2 . 4F ind sf rom P ha se I la & I l lb [ 5 , f i g . 1 . 14 ] O fb one t h e re w a s as o cke ted h and le m ade f r om a n a n t le r t i ne , af i sh ta i led l o ng -hand led c omb ( wha lebone ) a nd t h e p o s s ib le b u t to f as e cond o ne , o fa n t le r ; as imp le p i nw i th a s qua red -of f t e rm ina l ; 4p o in ted i mp lemen t s o r a w l s ; a r ubb ing o r p o l i sh ing i mp lemen t , a nd af emu r -head b u t ton o rw ho r l . O f s t one t h e r e w a s b roken p ivo t s t one , p a r t o f as add le q uer n , a nd p o s s ib le g am ing c oun te r o rb l ank f o r as p ind le w ho r l , 2p ounde r s , 1c h ipped s t one i mp lemen t a nd t h e b u t t e nd o f ab roken m a t tock . O fp o t te ry t h e re w a s ab roken p ea r shaped c r uc ib le w h ich h ad c on ta ined mo l ten m e ta l i n c lud ing c oppe r [ 5 , f i g . 1 . 47 ] . T he re w e r e a l so a f ew s h e rd s o f p o t te ry w h ich w e r e n o t d i s s im i la r t ot h o se o fP ha se I ; o ne h ad as l igh t s hou lde r b e low t h er im [ 5 , f i g . 1 . 55 ] . Me ta l i n c luded 2 l e ng th s o fi r on c o r ro s ion w h ich m igh tb e n a tu ra l .

T he R oundhou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

2 . 5A n ima lb one s &p lan te v id ence T he l a rge s tc o l lec t ion o fb one s f r om e a r ly I r on A ge O rkney h a s c ome f r om B u b u t " I t i su nf or tuna te a nd i redeemab le t h a t t h a t t h e b one s w e r e i d en t if i ed ( by t h e l a te B a rba ra N odd le ) w i thou t r e f e r ence t o ac on t ex t a nd w e r e t h en d e s t royed" [ 5 , 8 9 ] ; h oweve r mo s t e v iden t ly b e longed t o t h e p r ima ry p ha se o f t h e r oundhou se a nd i td i d p rove p o s s ib le f o r t h e e xcava to r s t o p a r t ia l ly r e con s t ruc t t h e p ropo r t ion o fa n ima l sf ound i ne ach p ha se [ 5 , 1 23 -5 ] . S heep , g oa t s a nd c a t t le w e r e i d en t if ied , t h e l a t te rb e ing i n t h e m a jo r i ty ; t h e r e w e re af ew f i sh . I tw a s o b se rved t h a t t h e re w a s ah igh i n c idence o fd ea th a mong t h e n ew b o rn d ome s t ic s t ock w h ich c ou ld b e e xp la ined i n t wo w ay s . T he re m ay h ave ab een ah i gh n a tu ra l m o r ta l i ty r a te o rt h e y oung m ay h ave b een k i l led ( a nd e a ten ) s o t h a t t h e mo the r s ' m i lk w ou ld h ave b een a va i lab le f o r h uman c on sump t ion . A l te rna t ive ly f odd e rf o rt h e a du l t s m ay h ave b een s c a rce s o t h a t t h e m o the r s c ou ld n o t s uppor t t h e y oung . E v idence f r om S ou th U i s t c ou ld n ow m ean t h a t t h em i lk h ypo the s i si sm o s tp l au s ib le ( C ra ig e ta l . 2 000 ) . T ra ce s o fc u l t iva ted c e r ea l s s u ch a sb a r ley a nd w hea tw e re i d en t if ied . 3 .R ad iocarbon d a te s F ou r d a te s w e r e o b ta ined , t wo f o r P ha se H a , o ne f o r I b a nd o ne f o r I Ia . B ecau se o ft h e t ime s pan i n to w h ich t h e s i te f a l l s t h e d a te s c anno tb e c a l ib ra ted s op rec i se ly a s , f o r e xamp le ,t h o se f r om t h e l a te rb roch p e r iod . T he f i r s tt wo w e re 2 470 + 9 5 b p ( GU 1 228 , c ha rcoa l ) a nd 2 460 + 8 0 b p ( GU 154 , b one ) ; w hen c a l ib ra ted t h ey s ugge s t at ime s pan o fa bou t 8 00 -450 BC a t a6 8% d eg ree o fc onf idence ( t he f i r s td a te i ss l igh t ly m o re u nce r ta in ) . P ha se I b i sd a ted t o 2 440 + 6 5 b p ( GU 152 , b one ) , o r a bou t7 70 +4 50 a t6 8% c onf idence . P ha se I Ia i sd a ted t o2 545 + 6 5 b p ( GU 153 , b one ) , o r a bou t 8 60 -620 BC a t6 8% . S ou rce s : 1 .O S c a rd HY 2 0 NE 1 : 2 . RCAHMS 1 946 , 2 ,n o . 9 27 , 3 25 -6 : 3 .J .H edge s &B . Sm i th i nD i scovery a nd E xcava t ion S co t land , 1 979 , 2 5 -6 : 4 .H edge s &B e l l 1 980 : 4 .H edge s 1 983 : 5 .H edge se ta l . 1 987 , 1 . HY20 5 WAREBETH CE METERY ( 'Monke rhou se ' , ` Monke r s G r een ' , Wa rebe th ' , ` S t romne s s ' , ` S t romne s s C hu rchya rd ' ) HY /23780818 T h i s p robab le b roch i so n t h e s ho re i nS t romne s s a nd h a s b een p a r t ly d e s t royed b y t h e s e a . T ra ce s o f ab roch w e re s e en i n s e c t ion b y L a ing a nd P e t r ie i n 1 866 [ 5 ] b u t t h e R oya l C omm i s s ion s aw n o th ing [ 2 ] . I n1 979 t h e b roch w a s s e en a ga in , w i th a s soc ia ted o u tbu i ld ing s , i nt h e l ow c l if f i mmed ia te ly s ou th o f Wa rebe th C eme te ry [ 4 ] a nd i n 1 980 t h e w e l l w a s e xp lo red [ 6 ] ; i tw a s c u t i n to t h e b ed rock a nd e n te red b ya na lmo s tv e r t ica l s t a i r ca se c . 3m h i gh [ 7 ] .

2 16

V a r iou sf i nd s h ave b een a tv a r iou s t ime s , i n c lud ing p l a in a nd d eco ra ted p o t te ry , h amme r s tone s , as t one l amp , c ha r red g ra in , ab ronze p i n a nd ma s se s o f a n ima l b one s a nd s he l l s . P r e sumab ly t h e se a r e f r om t h e b roch r umou r s o ft h e p r e sence o fw h ich , b enea th t he c hape l a nd c eme t e ry , w e re r e f e r r ed t oi nt h e e a r l ie r r e co rd s . More f ind s m ay h ave b een r e cove r ed f r om t h e s i te i nt h e 1 9 th c en tu ry [ 3 ] i n c lud ing t h e l owe r s t one o f ar o ta ry q ue rn , as t one d i sc a nd af r agmen to f al a rge s and s tone v e s se l . A l o ng -hand led b one c omb , t wo w ha lebone ma t tock s o r h oe s a nd a s t one w ho r l a r e f r om " S t romne ss c hu r chya rd " a nd i n t h e H un te r ian Mu seum ( B .19 14 .727 , 7 30 , 7 31 & 7 34 : C u r s i t e r c o l lec t ion ) . F rom " S t romne s s" , a nd d oub t le s s f r om t h e s ame s i te , a r e s e v e ra l p o t sh e rd s , a b oa r 's t u sk , aw ha le v e r teb ra v e s se l , ac u ta n t le rt ime a nd 2 d i sc o rp o t l i d s o fs l a ty s t one ( B .1914 .246 , 2 95 , 7 26 , 7 28 , 7 29 & 7 32 ) . L a te rm a te r ia l a lmo s t c e r ta in ly f r om t h e s ame s i te i n c lude s ac i rcu la r b ronz e b rooch o rm oun t ing w i th t h e p in m i s s ing a nd d eco ra ted w i th g o ld p l a t ing o n t o p [ 83 39 , f i g . 6 : 9 , 2 00 ] ( B .1914 .863 ) . O bv iou s ly g rav e d i gg ing i n t h e c eme te ry c ou ld h ave t u rned u p s ome o ft h e i t ems . I n 1 988 aC 14 d a te o f 1 740 1530 c a l B P ( AD 2 10 -420 ) ( GU 2 385 )w a so b ta ined f o rb ones f r om t h eb roch w e l la nd a ppa ren t ly " ac co rd s w e l l w i th t h e t ypo logy o f p o t s h e rd s a l so p re sen ti nt h em idden" [ 7 ] . S ou rce s : 1 .O Sc a rd s HY 2 0 NW 1 2 &1 7 : 2 . RCAHMS 1 946 , 2 ,n o . 9 40 , 3 27 : 3 .P roc S oc A n t iq S co t 3 2( 1 897 9 8 ) , 2 36 : 4 . C . Mo r r i s i n D i scove ry a nd E xca va t ion S co t land , 1 979 , 2 4 : 5 . L a ing 1 868 , 6 0 1 . 6 .H edg e se t a l . 1 987 , 9 1-2 : 7 .BB e l l & SP C a r t e r i nD i scove ry a nd E xca va t ion S co t land , 1 980 , 2 2 : 8 .C u r s i t e r 1 887 , 3 46 : 9 . S he te l ig 1 940 .

Ma in land S quare HY21 HY21 1 BOR W ICK ( ` B roch o fB or thw ick ' , ` Bu rw ick ' ) HY /22411678 ( v i s i ted 1 963 & 1 / 9 / 1985 ) S o l id -ba sed b roch i n S andw ick , o n ac l if f p romon to ry n ex t t of l a t f a rm land ( 1 1 . 5 . 2 ) . T he s i te , o r ig ina l ly ag r een mound , w a s e xp lo red b y W .G .T . Wa t t i n 1 881 , b u t h i s d e sc r ip t ion o ft h e b roch h e d i scove red i sn o t a s c l ea r a si t m igh t h ave b e en , m a in ly b ecau se h e p ub l i shed n o p l an o f t h e s i te ( I l l s . 5 . 1-58 ) . T he b roch s t and s o n t op o f ac l if fp romon to ry w h i ch f a l l s 1 8 .3 -24 .4 m ( 6 0 -8 0 f t . ) s hee r t o t h e s e a a nd r o l l ing , c u l t iva ted l a nd r un s r i gh t u p t o i t . As ma l l s t ream r u n s p a s tt h e s i te i mmed ia te ly t ot h e e a s t . T he p romon to ry w a s c u t o f f f r om t h e f l a t l a nd b eyond b y a n o u te r w a l l ; a s ha l low d ep r e s s ion i mmed ia te ly b eyond i tm ay b e ad i t ch . O u tbu i ld ing sw e r e f ound b e tween t h ew a l la nd t h eb roch . I n 1 881 t h e w a l l o ft h e r u ined t owe r s t ood t o ah e igh t o f 3 . 4 m ( 1 1 f t . ) a nd i np l ace s r e ached 4 . 9 m ( 16 f t . ) . T he C omm i s s ion m ea su r ed t h e w a l l h e igh t a s2 . 6 m ( 8 .5 f t . ) i n 1 935 [ 3 ] , s o c on s ide rab le d i lap ida t ion o ccu r red d u r ing t h e

S ec t ion 5 : O rkney

h a lf c en t u ry a f te rt h e e xcava t ion ; t h e b u i ld ing n ow s e em s t o b e f a i r ly s t ab le ( I l l . 5 . 4 ) . T he e n t rance p a s sage , s t i l l l i n te l led o ve r , w a s 5 . 57 m ( 18 f t . 3i n . ) l o ng w i th d oo r c heck s e a ch f o rmed o f as l ab s e t o n e dge 2 . 97 m ( 9 f t .9 i n . ) f r om t h eo u t s ide ; t h e a c tua lb roch e n t rance i so n ly 4 . 3 4 .6 m ( 1 4 15 f t . ) l o ng a s as e conda ry w a l l h ad b een a dded t o t h e i n ne r f a ce a t s ome s t age ( b e low ) . A g ua rd c e l l o pened o ft h e r i gh to ft h ep a s sage ;t h e d oo rw a s 1 . 57 m ( 5 f t . 2i n . )h i gh b u t r ubb le n ow c hok e s t h e p a s sage t ow i th in 4 5 c m ( 1 8 i n . ) o fi t s l i n te l s . T he r e a r e n o c l ea r s i gn s o f b a r -ho le s b eh ind t h e d oo r . T he p a s sage i sl i n te l led o n ly d own a s f a r a s t h e d oo r f r ame a nd t h e r e i s av o id o r c hamb e r a bove t h e se ; t h i s v o id i s t a ken h e re a s a n i nd ica t ion t h a t t h e s t ruc tu re i s ah o l low -wa l led b roch . I f t h e b u i ld ing s t ood t o4 . 9 m ( 1 6 f t . ) i n 1 881 Wa t t s hou ld h ave u ncove red t r a ce s o ft h e u ppe r g a l le ry a nd t h e i n t ra mu ra l s t a i r o n t h e w a l l h ead b u t h e m ake s n o m en t ion o f a ny s u ch f e a tu re s ; p r e sumab ly t h es t a i rs t a r ted a tf i r s tf l oo r l e ve lb u tw a sn o to b se rved .

p ropo r t ion m ay t hu s b e a bou t 4 7 .3% . T he e n t rance p a s sage w a s 1 . 58 m ( 5 f t . 2i n . ) h i gh , 1 . 05 m ( 3 f t . 5i n . ) w ide a tt h e b a se a tt h e e x te r io r , n a r row ing t o9 0 c m ( 2f t . 1 i n . ) a tt h e c heck s ; i tt h en w idened a ga in t o 1 . 53 m ( 5 f t . ) . F ind s [ 2 ] : t h ea r tef ac t s f ound a r eg i ven n op rovenance b u t i tm ay b e s uppo sed t h a t m any o f t h em c ame f r om t h e " unc tuou s" e a r th - t h e d ebr i s o ft h e s e conda ry o ccupa t ion o ft h et owe r . T he mo r e i mpor tan ti n c lude , o fb one , 2l o ng h and led b one c omb s ( one f i sh ta i led ) , 1c ompo s i t e , s i ng le e dged r ound -backed c omb , 1s i ng le -edged n on -compo s i te c omb , 1b roken d oub le -edged c ompo s i te c omb , 1s ma l l w ha le v er teb ra c up , 1s ocke ted h and le , 3n eed le s o r b odk in s ( 1 d eco ra ted ) , as p ind le w ho r l , a n t le r t i ne s , a c e tacean i v o ry t ogg le a nd a p o s s ib le a n t le r b r id le c heek p i ece .

Wa t t c l ea r ed t he d eb r i s f r om t h e i n te r io r a nd f ound u nde r t h e r ubb le " unc tuou s m a t te r " c on ta in ing a she s , b one s a nd s he l l s m ixed w i th c l ay t o ad ep th o f6 0 c m ( 2f t . ) o r mo r e . Under n ea th t h is l a ye rw a s al a ye r o fs ma l l f l a t s t one s f r om 6 0 -90 c m ( 2 -3 f t . ) t h ick a nd u nd e r t h is t h e b roch f l oo r . S ome f l ag s tone s o n e dge w e r e j u s t s how ing a bove t h e " unc tuou s m a t te r" a nd " c rude i n ne r c i r cu la r w a l l s" r e s ted o n t h e 9 0 cm ( 3 f t . ) t h ick b a sa l s t one l a ye r . T h i s p resumab ly r ef e r s t ot h e s e conda ry w a l l r ound t h e i n te r io r s hown o n t h e C omm i s s ion 's p l an ; t h i s i s2 . 58 m ( 8 .5 f t . ) t h ick a tt h ee n t rance ( I l l . 5 . 1) . T he re s e em t o h ave b een s e conda ry o b long c hambe r s i n t h e i n te r io r , p re sumab ly f o rmed o ft h e f l ag s o n e dge ; a s econda ry s t a irway o n t h e e a s t s i de i s a l so d e sc r ibed , f ounded o n t h e b a sa l s t ony l a ye r . No s i gn s o f mu ra l g a l le r ie s , s t a i r s o r c hambe r s w e re a ppa ren t t h en a nd n one a r e n ow . T he b a sa l c ou r se o ft h e o u te rw a l l f a ce p ro jec t s f o rwa rd s l igh t ly f r om t h o se a bove . F rom t h ev e rba l d e sc r ip t ion i ts ound s a st h ough t h e i n te r io r s t ra t ig r aphy o ft h e b roch s howed am a s s o fs ma l l m a son ry d eb r i s o n t h e o r ig ina l f l oo r l e ve l -p e rhap s d e r ived f r om t h e p a r t ia l d emo l i t ion o f t h e u ppe r w a l l s - w i th a s econda ry w a l l ( pe rhap s b u i l t o ft h e l a rge rs t one s f r om t h e d emo l i shed w a l l ) b u i l t r ound t h e i n t e r io ro nt op o fi t . T he " unc tuou sm a t te r "t h en a ccumu la ted d u r ing t h es ub sequen t , s econda ry h ab i ta t ion o f t h e b roch . T he c ompo s i te b one c omb f o und wou ld f i t i n to t h e l a te I r on A ge p ha se o ft h i s s econda ry o ccupa t ion , p e rhap s i nt h e 6 t h o r 7t h c en tu r ie s AD , a sa tB u r r ian b roch o nN or th R ona ld say ( HY75 1 )a nd i nt h e l a t e l e ve ls i nD un C u ie r o n B a r ra ( NF 6 0 3 ) . T he l ong -hand led c omb s a r e c ha ra c te r i s t ic m idd le I r on A ge b roch p e r iod a r tef ac t s . I n 1 983 am idden l y ing o n b ed rock w a s f ound i nt h e c l if f f a ce 9 m n or th -ea s t o ft h e b roch ; i tc on ta ined I r on A ge p o t te ry ,a s ha nd a n ima l b one s [ 5 ] . D imen s ion s . E x ter na l d i ame te r 1 6 .8 m ( 55 f t . ) : i n te rna l 8 . 2 m( 27 f t . ) . T he w a l lt h ickne s s v a r ie s f r om 3 . 49 m ( 1 1 f t .5 i n . ) o n t h e w es t t h rough 4 . 3-4 .6 m ( 1 4 -15 f t . ) o n t h e s ou th a nd e a s t t o 4 .9 m ( 16 f t . ) o n t h e n or th . T he w a l l s 2 17

S tone o b jec t s i n c luded s ome t h in , r ound s t one d i sc s , p robab ly p o t l i d s , ap o l ished g am ing p i ece , ap o s s ib le s t one l amp , ap e rf o ra ted w he t s tone , h amme r s tone s , s ome S ka i l l k n ive s a nd c hoppe r s , a nd s ome q uer n s ( t ype n o t s t a ted ) . I r on : 1r od . P o t te ry : 1n a t ive s h e rd . Af u l l l i s t o ft h e f i nd sh a sb een c omp i led [ 6 ] . S ou rce s : 1 .O S c a rd HY 2 1 NW 1 : 2 . Wa t t 1 882 , 4 42 -50 : 3 . RCAH MS 1 946 , 2 ,n o . 6 79 , 2 52 -3 & f i g s . 3 44 , 3 45 ( p la te s ) a nd 3 47 ( p lan ) : 4 .A nde r son 1 883 ,2 , 2 38 -9 : 5 .D . L ynn & B . B e l l i n D i scovery & E xcava t ion S co t land 1 983 , 1 9 : 6 .H edge s e ta L 1 987 , 8 3 -5 : F ra se r 1 924 , 2 6 . HY21 2 BURR IAN 2 ( RUSSLAND ) ( ` Bu r r ian B roch , R u s s land ' : ' B roch o fH a r ray ' , ` Ha r ray ' ) HY /296 11834 A p robab le s o l id -ba sed b roch i nH a r ray , o n t h e b road o u te r e nd o f al o ng , f l a t p romon to ry p ro jec t ing i n to t h e L och o fH a r ray ( I l l . 5 . 9 & 5 . 1112 ) . O n ly al i t t le o ft h i s s t ruc tu re i sl ef t . T he s i te i sc a l led H a r ray b y P e t r ie a nd i s n o tt ob e c onf u sed w i th h i s " b roch a tt h e Man se" o fH a r ray ( Ne t la te r : HY31 1 4 b e low ) . T he i n ne r f a ce o f aw a l l c oncen t r ic t ot h a to ft h eb roch b u to n ly 2 . 4 m( 8f t . )f r om i t i sa ppa ren to nt h e s ou th a nd m ay b e p a r to fo u te rd ef ence s , a s m ay a l so a r ow o f b ou lde r s a c ro s s t h e n eck o f t h e p romon to ry . T he b roch w a s e xcava ted b y F a r r e r i n 1 866 [ 2 ] a nd , a s u sua l , G eo rge P e t r ie m ade s ome n o te s o n w ha t w a s d i scove r ed . T he e n t rance p a s sage w a s f ound o n t h e e a s t w i th s l ab -bu i l t d oo r -check s a bou t 2 . 1 m ( 7 f t . ) d own t h e p a s sage a s m ea su red f r om t h e p l an [ 4 . f i g . 7 9 ] . T he re s e em s t oh ave b een ag ua rd c e l l o nt h e r i gh to ft h ep a s sage w i th t r ace s o fa no the ro nt h e l ef t( t he l a t te ri sn o ts hown o n P e t r ie 's p l an ) . I n 1 929 t h e o n ly p a r t o ft h e i n ne rw a l l f a ce s t i l l v i s ib le w a s o n t h e n or th -ea s t a r c - f r om a bou t 3 o ' c lock t ot h e e n t rance - a nd t h e re w e r e s i gn s o f ad oo r i n t h i sw a l l a bou t 1 . 8 m( 6f t . ) a bove t h e f l oo r [ 4 ] . I n s ide t h i s w e re p o s s ib le t r ace s o f as t a i ra s cend ing r ad ia l ly , n o ta l ong t h e w a l l . F a r r e r n o ted " c i s t s" o r t a nk s s e t i n to t h e b roch f l oo r a nd t h e p l an s how s v a r iou s s t ruc tu re s i nt h e i n te r io r w h ich a r ep r e sumab ly s e conda ry . T he c u rved w a l l f a ce o u t s ide t h e b roch i s s hown o n P e t r ie 's p l an a s r unn ing r ound t h e w ho le o f t h e s ou th e a s ter na r c , f r om a bou t 1 0 o ' c lock a n t i -c lockw i se a nd p a s t

T he R oundhou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se s o fA t lan t ic S co t land

t h e e n t rance . H e s how s i st ob e 2 3 f t .f r om t h e b roch w a l l b u t t h e C omm i s s ion 's m ea su r emen t o f a bou t 8 f t . i s u ndoub ted ly m o re r e l iab le . I tm ay b e s u rm i sed t h a t a s t ruc tu r e s oc l o se t ot h eb roch w a l l i sm o re l i ke ly t ob ep a r t o fs ome o u tbu i ld ing st h an ad ef ence w o rk . D imen s ion s ( t aken f r om P e t r ie 's p l an ) . E x te rna l d i ame te r c .1 8 .6 m ( 6 1 f t . ) : i n te rna l d i ame te rc .9 . 8 m( 32 f t . ) : w a l l s p ropor t ion a pp rox ima te ly 4 7 .5% . F ind s [ 7 ] : t h e se i n c luded " many w o rked s t one s , s t one l amp s , f r agmen t s o fc oa r se p o t te ry , p e rf o ra ted s t one s , a nd s ome o ft h o se c u r iou s s t one d i sc s , h i ther to f ound o n ly a t S ka i l l" ( Ska ra B rae ) . O f p a r t icu la r i n te re s t i s a n o rnamen ted b ronze s pea r -bu t t w h ich c an n ow b e d a ted t o a bou t t h e 3 "15t h c en tu r ie s AD , t h e l a t te r p a r to ft h e m idd le I r on A ge [ 8 ] [ 2 ,103 ] . N eed le s s t os ay n o c on tex t s f o r t h e f i nd sa r eg i ven . S ou rce s : 1 .O Sc a rd HY 2 1 NE 2 9 : 2 .F a r re r 1 868 , 1 03 4 : 3 .P e t r ie 1 890 , 7 2 : 4 . F ra se r 1 923 : 5 . RCAH MS 1 946 , 2 ,n o . 1 4 , 1 5 &f i g s . 7 8 , 7 9 &6 2 ( p l . ) : 6 .H edge s e ta l . 1 987 , 6 8 -70 & p l s . 3 . 2 &3 . 3 ( m s p l an a nd s k e tch o f i n te r io r b y P e t r ie ) : 7 . P roc S oc A n t iq S co t 7( 1 866 -68 ) , 1 03 -4 ( f ind s ) : 8 .H ea ld 2 00 1 . HY21 3 BURR IAN 5 ( HARRAY ) ( `Bu r r ian , L och o f H a r ray ' ) HY /28881538 V e ry r u inou s , p robab le b roch i nS andw ick , s i tua ted o n a l ow p romon to ry o nt h e w e s t s i de o ft h e L och o fH a r ray ; i t w a s a ppa ren t ly p a r t ly e xcava ted b ef o re 1 880 b u tn of u r the r i n f o rma t ion i sa va i lab le [ 4 , 8 6 ] . Mo s t o ft h e e a s t h a lf h a s a ppa ren t ly b een r emoved b u t as ma l l s egmen to ft h ec u rved o u te r w a l l f a ce , w i th t h e " u sua l b a t te r" , w a s n o ted o n t h e s ou th i n1 928 [ 3 ] . D imen s ion s : t h e d i ame te r w a s f r om 1 8 .3 - 1 9 .8 m ( 60 -65 f t . ) a nd t h e w a l l 4 . 0 -4 . 3 m( 1 3 14 f t . ) t h ick . T he r e a r e f a in t s ugge s t ion s o fa n o u te r w a l l o r o fo u tbu i ld ing s . A q uer n" of P i c t i sh t y pe" w a sr e cove r ed f r om t h el o ch n ea rby [ 2 ] . S ou rce s : 1 .O S c a rd HY 2 1 NE 1 7 : 2 . F ra se r 1 924 , 2 5 : 3 . RCAH MS 1 946 , 2 ,n o . 6 80 , 2 53 -4 : 4 .H edges e ta l . 1 987 , 8 6 : 5 .C lou s ton 1 84 1 , 5 4 -5 : 6 .F ra se r 1 924 ,2 5 . . HY21 4 CASTLE BLOODY HY /251129 P o s s ib le b roch i n S t romne s s t h e r ema in s o fw h ich w e r e r emoved b y c u l t iva t ion af ew y ea r s b ef o r e 1 880 [ 1 ] ; n o t r a ce s a r ev i s ib le n ow e xcep t al a rge k no l l . S ou rce s : 1 .O Sc a rd HY 2 1 S E3 1 : 2 . RCAHMS 1 946 , 2 , n o . 9 4 1 , 3 27 . HY21 5 CU M M I HO WE HY /2824 1039 P o s s ib le b roch c l o se t ot h e s ho re i nS t enne s s ; t h e s i te i sa m ound s how ing m any t r ace s o fs t onewo rk a nd t h ew ho le o f t h ew e s ts i de h a sb een e r oded b yt h es e a . P a r to f ac i r cu la r w a l l -e i the r t h e o u te r w a l l f a ce o r t h e i n ne r f a ce o f a m u ra l g a l le ry - i sv i s ib le o nt h e s ou th s i de a nd s how se i gh t c ou r se s o fs t onewo rk [ 1 ] . T he re w a s a l so as ma l l s t ruc tu r e n ex t t o t h e m a in w a l l w i th a p a s sage i n i t[ 2 ] , n ow i n v i s ib le . S ou rce s : 1 .O S c a rd HY 2 1 S E 1 7 : 2 . RCAHMS 1 946 , 2 , n o . 8 72 ,2 98 . 2 18

HY21 6 THE HO WE ( `H i l lock o f H owe ' , ' Howe o f H owe ' , ` Ca i r s ton ') HY /2759 1092 R oundhouse , d un , s o l id -ba sed p robab le ' broch ' a nd l a ter P ic t i sh v i l lage o n f a rm land i nS t romne s s . T h i s w a s o r ig ina l ly a c on sp icuou s g r een mound w h ich w a s c l a s sed a s ap robab le b r och b y t h e C omm is s ion [ 4 ] h av ing b een p a r t ia l ly e xcava ted i nt h e 1 9 th c en tu ry w h en i tp roduced m any f i nd s s ome o fw h ich w e re p re sen t ed t ot h e N a t iona l Mu seum [ 3 , 8 ] . N o c ohe ren t e v idence f o r s t one b u i ld ing s s e em s t o h ave b een r e cove r ed a t t ha t t i m e . S y s tema t ic e xcava t ion s ( unde rt h e l e ad e r sh ip o fJ ohn H edges t ob eg in w i th )t ook p l ace b e tween 1 978 a nd 1 982 [ 7 ] a nd r evea led a c omp lex s equen ce o f d ry s t one s t ruc tu r e s -d a t ing f r om N eo l i th ic t o P i c t i sh t ime s -a nd i n c lud ing t wo s ucce s s ive b roch l ike b u i ld ing s ( I l l s . 5 . 13 -22 ) ( e xcava t ion v i s i ted i n J u ly 1 980 ) . I n t e rm s o f s c a le a nd t ho roughness t h i s w a s o ne o f t h e l a rge s t a nd mo s t e xpen s ive e xcava t ion s e v e ru nde r taken i n S co t land , a nd i th a s p rov ided as equence o fs t ruc tu r e s a nd a r tef ac t s w h ich i so n ly m a tched i n I r on A ge S co t land b y t h a t a tJ a r l shof ( HU30 1 ) . T he i n f o rma t ion g a ined s e em s l i ke ly t o r e vo lu t ion i se o u r u nde r s tand ing o f t h e n o r th A t lan t ic I r on A ge [ 1 4 ] . Ap o in t o f m a jo r i mpo r tance i s t h a t , s i nce t h e s i t e w a s t o b e d e s t royed , a c omp le t e e xcava t ion c ou ld b e c a r r ied o u t ; t h e r e w a s n o p rob lem a bou t r emov ing t h e l a te r s t ruc tu re s t o e xam ine t h e e a r l ie r o ne sf u l ly . T he w o rk h a s b een r e po r ted o n i ng rea t d e t a i l [ 1 3 ] a nd t h e a u tho r h a s r e v iewed t h i s w o rk e x ten s ive ly [ 1 4 ] . A s umma ry i st h e ref o re s e em s s uf f ic ien t h e r e , t oge the r w i th a n i n d ica t ion o fw he r et h e a u tho r ' u nde r s tand ing o ft h e s i t e d i f f e r s t e n ta t iv e ly f r om t h a t p r e sen ted i nt h e r epor t . T he m a in p ha se s o f t h e s i te 's d eve lopmen t a r e s hown i n I l . 5 . 13 . 1 . T he e xcava t ion s 1 . 1 C on t inu i ty w i th t h ep a s t? T he I r on A ge b u i ld ing s w e r e p l an ted o n t h e r u in s o ft wo s upe r impo sed N eo l i th ic c hambe red t omb mo s t o f t h e d e ta i l s o f w h i ch m ay b e i g no red h e r e . H oweve r t h r ee a r ch i tec tu ra l f e a tu re s o f t h e N eo l i th ic s t r uc tu re s s e em t o h ave i nf luenced t h e d e s ign o ft h e l a te rb u i ld ing s , t os u ch a n e x ten tt h a t i tm ay b e a r gued t h a tt h e re w a s , i fn o t c omp le te c u l tu ra l c on t inu i ty b e tween t h e t wo p e r iod s ( a n i d ea r e nde red d ub iou s b y t h e c omp le te ly d if e r en t m a te r ia l c u l tu r e o ft h e l a te r p e r iod s ) , t h en a tl e a s t am a jo r a t temp t b y t h e I r on A g e s e t t le r s t o r e f e r b ack t ot h e much o l de r r e l ig iou s s i te i ns eve ra l i mpo r tan t w ay s . I tm ay b e f u r the r a r gued t h a t t h e I r on A ge s i te i t s e lf may h ave b een - b o th b ecau se o f i t s s i t ing a nd b ecau se o f t h e d e l ibe ra te l i nk s w i th t h e N eo l i th ic a r ch i tec tu re - mo r e c e r emon ia l t h an d ef en s ive [ 1 4 ] . T he re a r e m o r e c ommen t s o n t h is t h eme i n t h e D i scu s s ion s e c t ion . T he f i r s t l i nk w i th t h e d e s ign o ft h e N eo l i th ic s i te i sb a s ic . T he s t one p a s sage g r ave ( t he s e cond t omb ) w a s c on ta ined w i th in a mound o f c l ay l ike s o i l w h ich w a s i t s e lf s u r rounded b y ad i tch c u t i n to t ha t s ame s ub so i l . I ti s

S ec t ion 5 : O rkney

p oss ib le t h a t t h e p a s sage g r ave s u rv ived i n ta c t u n t i l t h e f i r s t I r on A ge o ccupa t ion ( Pha se 4 ) , o ri tm ay h ave b een i n r u in s l o ng b ef o re ; h oweve r t h e b u i lde r s o f t h e P ha se 5 r oundhou se ( b e low ) s i ted t h e s t ruc tu r e o n t h e r ema in s o f t h e c l ay m ound ( af t e r t h e p a s sage g r ave h ad b een l a rg e ly r emoved ) a nd c l ea r ed o u t t h e d i t ch . T he u n s tab le c l ay f ounda t ion r e su l ted i nc o l lap se so ft h er oundhou se w a l lb u t t h is d id n o t d e te r s ub sequen t b u i lde r s f r om u s ing e xa c t ly t h e s ame u n su i tab le s i te f o rt h e i rm u ch h eav ie rb u i ld ing s . I nt h e s e cond p l ace t h el o ng , a lmo s ts t ra igh te n t rance o ft h e p a ssage g r ave s eem s t o h ave d e t e rm ined t h e p o s i t ion ing a nd a l ignmen t o f t h e e n t rance s o f t h e t h ree s ucce s s ive r ound I r on A ge b u i ld ing s w h ich u s ed t h e s ame p a s sage p av ing f o r t h e i r e n t rance s . T hu s t h e c i r cu la r b u i ld ing s t h em se lve sw e re l a id o u ta r ound v e ry s im i la rc en t re s . T he t h i rd l i nk w i th t h e p a s t i st h e c hambe r b e low g round l e ve l w h ich f o rmed p a r t o ft h e p a s sage g r ave , t h ough h ow i tw a s r oof ed t h en i sn o tk nown . T h i s r ema ined o pen a sa s or t o fc e l la r , a nd q u i te f r ee o fo ccupa t ion d eb r i s o r o t he r c l u t ter , i n s ide t h e r ound b u i ld ing s t h roughou t mo s t o ft h e I r on A ge o ccupa t ion o ft h e s i te e xcep t P ha se 8 . A t o ne p o in t i tw a s e x tended a nd t ur n ed i n to s ome th ing mo re l i ke a n I r on A g e s ou te r ra in , w i th u p r igh ts t one s l ab s s uppo r t ing t h e r oof s l ab s . T he p henomenon o fe l abo ra te u nde rg round c hambe r s i nI r on A ge O rkney - m o s t ly ' we l l s ' i n s ide o r n ex t t o b r och s b u t i n c lud ing t h e e x t rao rd ina ry M inehowe s i te o n al ow h i l l top - s e em st ob eu n ique a nd m ay r e qu i re ac e remon ia lr a the rt h an ap r ac t ica le xp lana t ion . 1 . 2P ha se 5 :t h ee a r ly I r on A ge r oundhou se Af te r s ome i l -unde r s tood e a r ly I r on A ge a c t iv i ty t h e f i r s t r e a sonab ly w e l l d ef ined b u i ld ing d e tec ted w a s ad ef ended s t one r oundhou se w i th a m a s s ive s t one w a l l w h ich h ad b een a lmo s t c omp le te ly d e s t roy ed b y l a te r a c t iv i ty ; t h i s w a s a ppa r en t ly p ro tec ted b y , a nd t h e r ef o r e c on tempo ra ry w i th , a n o u te r d ef ence w o rk c on s i s t ing o f ac l ay -co red r ampa r t w i th a r ock -cu t d i tch o u t s ide i t( wh ich , a s n o ted , a r e t he r ema in s o ft h e c l ay m ound a nd s u r round ing d i tch o f t h e N eo l i th ic p a ssage g rave ) . T he se o u two rk s a r e r e f e r red t o a s t h e " r ing -f o r t" i ns ome o ft h e i n te r im r e po r t s . T he r oundhou se - w i th a n i n ter na l d i ame te ro fc . 7m - h ad a n u nde rg round c e l la r , o r e a r th h ou se , a t tached w h ich w a s r e ached b y av er t ica l s haf t i ni tf l oo r . Two r ad ioca rbon d a te s i n t h e 5 th c en tu ry b . c . w e r e o b ta ined f o r t h i s o ccupa t ion ; t h ey w e re 4 30 + 5 0b . c . ( GU 1 799 ) a nd 4 55 + 7 0 b . c . ( GU 1 789 ) . 1 . 3 P ha se 6 :t h ed un A ppa ren t ly t h e r oundhou se o f P ha se 5 e ven tua l ly c o l lap sed , t h e o u te r f a ce s l id ing d own t h e s l ope o f t h e mound a nd t h e i n ne rf a ce s h if t ing a st h ec l ay b e low s e t t led . I tw a s d i sman t led a nd r e p la ced b y a no the r" r oundhou se o r b roch" ; t h i s b u i ld ing h ad a w a l l 3 . 5 m t h ick w h ich s u rv ived t o ah e igh t o fu p t o 2m . I tc on ta ined t wo i n t ra mu ra l s t a i r s , e ach as ho r t c l ockw i s e f l igh t . T he e n t rance w a s 2 . 1 ml o ng a nd h ad s ome k i nd o f" open -backed" c e l l o n e i the rs i de o fi t( I l l . 5 . 14 ) . T he i n te r io rw a sd i v ided b y s t one p a r t i t ion s i n to ( 1 ) a n o u te r z one o f p aved r a d ia l r oom s o rb ay s a nd ( 2 ) ac en t ra l a r ea w i th t h e h ea r th . T he

e a r th h ou se o f P ha se 5 r ema ined i nu se . P o s t -ho le s i n a r ough c i r c le w e r e d i scove r ed b e long ing t o p ha se w h ich c ou ld h ave s uppo r ted a r oof , w i th p e rhap s a l so a t imbe r g a l le ry ( I l l . 5 . 14 ) . AC 14 d a te o f3 05 + 95 b . c . ( GU 1 758 ) w a so b ta ined f o rt h i sp ha se [ 7 ] . 1 . 4 P ha se 7 :T he ` b roch ' T he i n te r io r o f t h e r oundhou se w a s c l ea r ed a nd t h e a r ea b e tween i ta nd t h e o u te r r ampa r t w a s l e ve l led . A' b roch ' w i th aw a l l 5 . 5 mt h ick w a s b u i l t o ve r t h e r ema in s o ft h e r oundhou se , t h e o l d e n t rance b e ing r e -u sed ; t h e c e l l a nd i n t ra -mu ra l s t a i r i nt h e w e s t w e r e r e bu i l t . H oweve r e a r ly i ni t sc on s t ruc t ion t h en ew b u i ld ing c o l lap sed i nt h e w e s tp r e sumab ly b ecau se o ft h e u n s tab le c l ay f ounda t ion s -a nd t h i s c au sed t h e c e l l a nd t h e s t a i r ca se t h e re t o l o se t h e i r r oof s , t h ough mu ch o ft h e i n ne rf a ce o ft h eb roch r ema ined i n tac t . T he o u te r f a ce w a s r e bu i l t a nd t h e c e l l w a s r e f l oo red a nd b u t t r e s sed . T he n ew c en t ra l c ou r t c on s i s ted o f ac en t ra l a r ea 4 m i n d i ame te r c on ta in ing t r a ce s o f ah ea r th i nt h e m idd le ; t h e o u te r a r ea c omp r i sed , i nt h e n o r th a nd e a s t , t h e c u rved p a s sage h ou s ing t h e e a r th h ou se s haf t a nd , o n t h e s ou th a nd w e s t , t h ree b ay s -t wo " l idded" ( p re sumab ly r oof ed w i th s t one s l abs ) a nd o ne o pen . T he w e s t c e l l a nd mu ra l s t a i r w e re b l ocked u p b ecau se o f i n s tab i l i ty a nd w e r e r e p la ced b y a n i n ter na l s t a i r b u i l t a tt h e e nd o ft h e c u rv ing p a s sage . S i x s t one h ou se s w e r e b u i l t n ex tt ot h e b roch o n t h e e a s t , s ou th a nd w e s t s i de s ( on e i the r s i de o ft h e b roch e n t rance ) a nd w i th in t h e o u te r r ampa r t ; t h ey w e r e a ppa r en t ly c on tempo ra ry w i th t h e f i r s tp ha se o ft h eb roch 's o ccupa t ion r a the r t h an b e ing s e conda ry o u tbu i ld ing s . T he re w a s a l so a p aved c ou r tya rd i n f r on t o f t h e b roch e n t rance a nd a n e x ter na l c e l led d oo rway w a s a dded t ot h e e n t rance . S eve ra l C 14 d a te s w e r e o b ta ined f o r m a te r ia l o fP ha se 7 : 1 20 + 5 0 b . c . ( GU 1 750 ) f o r t h e e nd o ft h e m a in b roch v i l lage , AD 1 5 +5 5 ( GU 1 788 ) f o r a n e a r ly e p i sode o f b u rn ing i n s ide t h e b roch , 2 5 +5 5 b . c . ( GU 1 786 ) f o r al a te b u rn ing i n s ide t h e b roch a nd a . d . 2 80 + 6 5 ( GU 1 787 ) f o r aw o rk shop f l oo ri nt h e NE o u tbu i ld ing . 1 . 5 : l a te rP ha se 7a nd P ha se 8 : T he o u tbu i ld ing s w e re mod if ied i nv a r iou s w ay s a s t ime w en t o n a nd t h e o u te r f a ce o ft h e b roch t owe r c o l lap sed a ga in s eve re ly i n t h e w e s t a nd v a r iou s s ho r ing u p o pe ra t ion s t ook p l a ce . T he i n te r io r w a s r e la t ive ly u ndamaged a nd w a s r e -occup ied a s aw o rk shop e qu ipped w i th k i ln s o ro ven s a nd a l so u sed f o rp o t te ry a nd s t one t oo l m anuf ac tu re . T he f i na l c o l lap se o ft h e b roch w a l l b l ocked i t s e n t rance a nd a cce s s t h e reaf t e rw a s o ve rt h e w a l l h ead a nd d own t h e i n te rna l s t a i r ca se o f P ha se 7 . S ome f u r the r w o rk shop a c t iv i ty t ook p l a ce b u t mo re r ubb le f a l l s c au sed t h e r u ined b u i ld ing t ob e a bandoned . F u r the r a c t iv i ty t o ok p l a ce i n t h e o u tbu i ld ing s a nd c on t inued o n i n to P i c t i sh t ime s w hen n ew d we l l ing s w e re b u i l t o n t o p o f t h e o r ig ina l o u tbu i ld ing s . Two C 14 d a te s w e r e o b ta ined f o r t h i s l a te s t p e r iod - AD 3 85 + 4 5 ( GU 1 749 ) a nd AD 5 00 + 5 0 ( GU 1 757 ) .

2 19

T he R oundhou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

1 . 6F ind s : ( 1 )p o t te ry O n ly ab r ief s umma ry o ft h es u cce s s ion o fm a te r ia l c u l tu r e s c an b e g i ven h e re [ 1 3 ] . T he a ppend ice s i nt h e r e por t w h ich s hou ld b e s t ud ied c a r ef u l ly b y t h o se i n te r e s ted p rov ide n ume rou s p a ra l le l s f o r t h e p o t te ry a nd t h e o t he r a r tef ac t s . S t r ik ing i st h e n umbe r o fe xo t ic look ing b ronze p in sa nd b rooche s . L a te B ron ze A ge /e a r ly I r on A g ep o t tery . I ti sd i ff icu l tt o g e t ac l ea r i d ea o ft h e w a r e s p r e sen t a tH owe ( e xcep t f r om t h e d raw ing s ) b ecau se o ft h e h ab i t o fd e sc r ib ing t h e s he rd s b y t h e i r s epa ra te c ha rac te r i s t ic s , s uch a s f o rm , f a b r ic a nd d eco ra t ion . R e la t ive ly f ew f i nd s w e r e r e cove r ed f r om P ha se s 4a nd 5 a nd i n p a r t icu la r n o c l ea r ly c a r ina ted p o t te ry , l i ke t h a t f ound i n t h e e a r l ie s t r oundhou se s i n O rkney ( HY20 4 , HY44 8& HY41 5 ) , w a s i d en t if ied . O ne s u ch s h e rd i sc l a imed : [ 1 3 , I l . 1 39 , n o . 6 956 ] b u t t h e ` c a r ina t ion ' i sb a re ly p e rcep t ib le . H oweve rt h e r e i sa no the r c ha rac te r i s t ic L BA /E IA p o t te ry f r om m a in land S co t land , t h e d i s t r ibu t ion o fw h ich e x tend s i n to C a i thne s s , o fw h ich af ew s h e rd s t ur ned u p i nP ha se 5 d epo s i t s a tH owe [ 1 3 , I l . 1 4 1 , n o s . 6 410 a nd 4 400 ) . T h i s i s as ma l le r a nd mo re d e l ica te v e s se l , o rj a r , o ft h e p l a in , g r i t ty D unago i l w a r e mo s t o ft h e r e s idue s w h ich a r e i nt h e f o rm o fb a r r e l shaped u rn s . O the r p a ra l le l s a r e l i s ted [ 1 3 , 2 4 1 ] . T he re i sa l so s ome th ing l i ke ar ough ly m ade a nd c r ude f o rm o f as ma l l E ve r ted R im j a r [ 1 3 , I l . 1 41 , n o . 7 083 ] . M idd le I r on A ge p o t te ry . Mo s to ft h e s he rd s f r om t h el a te r s t ra ta c ame f r om P ha se 7 ,t h e o ccupa t ion o f' B roch 2 ' [ 1 3 , T ab le 7 0 ] . V e ry r a r e a r e t h e s t anda rd E ver ted R im j a r s o f t en f ound o n S he t land a nd H eb r idean s i te s ; t h e t op t wo p o t s i n I l . 1 52 [ 1 3 ] m igh t b e e xamp le s . Many o f t h e d i agno s t ic s h e rd sa ppea rt oc ome f r om v e s se l sw i th i n c i sed d eco ra t ion [ 1 3 , I l . 1 46 & 1 48 -49 ) q u i te s im i la r t o V au l w a re v a se s f r om t h e We s ter n I s le s . T he se a r e r a re i n O rkney ; s i te s l i ke G ur n e s s a nd M idhowe y i e lded m a in ly p l a in w a r e a nd u n t i l n ow t h e o n ly t wo s i te s w h ich h ave g i ven i n c i sed w a re i na ny q uan t i ty h ave b een A y re ( HY40 1 )a nd L ing row ( HY40 2 ) . A no the r q u i te c ommon s t y le i s av e r s ion o ft h e E ve r ted R im j a r w i th n eck -band d eco ra t ion , c ommon i nS he t land , a l though a tH owe t h e s ha rp ly e ve r ted r im i sh a rd ly p r e sen t [ 1 3 , I l . 1 44 ] . A ga in a v a r ie ty o f p o s s ib le p a ra l le l s i s of e r ed [ 1 3 ,2 50 ] .

p a t ter n s [ i b id . , I l . 1 30 , n o . 4 822 & I l . 1 31] . S im i la r i mp lemen t s w e re f ound a t L eck ie b r och , S t i r l ing sh i re ( NS69 3 ) . T he r e i sa l so al a te d i sc -head ed p in c ompa rab le t ot h e o ne f ound a tB u r ray E a s t( I l l . 5 . 148 ) . P o ten t ia l ly i mpo r tan tt o o a r et h e t wo e xamp le s o fl o ng i r on p in s w i th b a l l shaped h ead s -u sua l ly o fb one - o f ar a re t y pe . I nt h e f i r s tc a se o n ly t h eh ead r ema in s ,t h e i r on s h ank h av ing b ecome d e tached o r r o t ted a way ; t h e h ead i so f p o l i shed j e t [ 1 3 , I l . 1 07 , n o . 2 94 ] . T he o t he r ( f rom P ha se 7 ) i sc omp le te a nd t h e h ead i sa n o va l p a le g la ss b a l l [ 1 3 , I l . 9 0 , e ] . A b ronze r i ng -headed p i n o f n or th B r i t i sh t ype ( w i th a p ro jec t ing h ead ) c ome s f r om d epo s i t s o fP ha se 5 / 6 a nd i s t h ough t i n d i rec t ly t od a te t h e b u i ld ing ' B roch l 't op e rhap s t h e 1 s t o r 2n d c en tu r ie s BC , h e ld t ob e t h e e a r ly I r on A ge ; h oweve r t h e t y pe h a s av e ry l o ng l i f e s p an [ 14 , 2 4 -5 ] a nd o t he r s c ame f r om l a te r d epo s i t s [ 1 3 , I l . 1 33 & 1 34 ] , s o r e ly ing o ns uch p i n s f o r ad a te i su nw i se . T he l a te r s u ch p i n s i n c lude o ne w h ich s t rong ly r e semb le s t h e ' e lbow s t udded ' L a T ene f o rm ( w i thou t t h e p ro jec t ing h ead ) w h ich c an b e a se a r ly a s t h e 3 rd/ 4t h c en tu r ie s B C i n t h es ou th . O the r b ronze p i n s ( Pha se 7 ) i n c lude a l o ng o ne w i th a z oomo rph ic h ead t h e s haf t o f w h ich h a s b een t w i s ted l o ng i tud ina l ly [ 1 3 , I l . 1 33 , n o . 4 314 ] ; ag ood p a ra l le l ( b roken a nd w i thou t ah ead ) c ome s f r om Dun A rd t r eck , S kye ( MacK ie 2 002 , I l . 2 5 , n o . 4 4 ] . T he 4t h/ 5t h c en tu ry AD d a te f o r t h e t y pe ( Fow le r 1 963 , 1 0 3 ) s uppo r t s al a te d a te f o rt h em idd le I r on A ge o ccupa t ion a tt h e S kye s i t e . T he re t wo c omp le te p enannu la r f i bu lae a r e o f t h e z oomo rph ic t y pe w h ich a r e t h ough t t oh ave d eve loped i n t h e n o r th i nt h e 4t h a nd 5t h c en tu r ie s AD , p e rhap s b ecau se o f t h e i n f luence o f z oomo rph ic p in s l i ke t h e o ne j u s t m en t ioned . T he t e rm ina l s a r e a lmo s t i d en t ica l t ot h a t o f t h e p i n a nd i ti se x t r eme ly r a re t o f i nd b o th t y pe s o f or namen tt o ge the r . Two h igh ly u nu sua l b rooche s a r e t h e o ne f o rmed l i ke a n i n sec t w i th t i nned w ing s s p read o u t [ 1 3 , I l . 1 35 ] a nd aL a T ene 1f i bu la o ft h en a t ive B r i t i sh ` Swa l lowc l if f e ' s ub type f ound i n l a te P ha se 8 d epo s i t s . T he l a t te r mu s t b e a n h e i r loom a st h e t y pe , o fs ou the rn manuf a c tu re , c an h a rd ly b e l a te rt h an t h e3 rd c en tu ry BC . T he i n sec tb rooch s e em st ob eo fR oman m ake a nd i sl i ke ly t oh ave b een m ade i nt h e 2n d c en tu ry AD .

1 . 7 F ind s : ( 2 ) o t he ra r tef ac t s A s w i th t h e p o t te ry f i nd s o f o t he r t y pe s a r e r a re b ef o r e P ha se 7[ 1 3 , T ab le 5 7 ] .

Wha t i sp robab ly af r agmen t o f ab ronz e s p i ra l f i ng e rr i ng w a s a l so f ound [ 1 3 , I l . 1 32 , n o . 2 05 ] . I n s p i te o f t h e a ccompany ing c ommen t ( wh ich r e l ie s o n C la rke 1 97 1) t h e w r i te rk now s o fn o s u ch r i ng s i nt h en o r th w h ich a r ee a r l ie r t h an t h e m idd le I r on A ge ( t ha t i s , e a r l ie r t han a bou t t h e d, + is t 2n / c en tu r ie s BC ) . Whe the r t h e o ne s f o und a tG u rne s s a r e o fN o r se d a te ( a s i sa l so s ugge s ted , f o l low ing H edge s e ta l . 1 987 , 8 7 ) i sh i gh ly d eba tab le , a l though o fc ou r se i ti s p o s s ib le t h a tI r on A ge f i nge rr i ng sw e r ei nu se a sh e i r loom s f o r al o ng t ime .

Me ta l : an umbe r o fu nu sua l i r on o b jec t s w e re f ound [ 1 3 , I l . 1 30 ] , i n c lud ing a s ma l l p a i r o ft weeze r s , 2d eco ra ted p i n s , a n a lmo s t i n tac t r a zo r b l ade s e t i n ap o l i shed b one h and le [ i b id . n o . 5 319 ] , s ome k n if e b l ade s ( i nc lud ing o ne w i th a n a lmo s t c omp le te t a ng w i th a s ma l l b one p omme l [ i b id . I l . 1 30 , n o . 5 165 ] ) a nd t wo s ma l l c h i se l s , o ne o f w h ich m ay h ave b een a c ha se r f o r c u t t ing o rnamen ta l

2 20

S ec t ion 5 : O rkney

A p a i r o fs ma l l b ronze t weeze r s w a s f ound t oge the r w i th t wo b ronz e n eed le s [ 1 3 , I l . 1 36 , n o s . 1 68 & 4 414 ] . T he t weeze r s a r e s im i la r t o t h e i r on o ne s ( a bove ) a nd , b e ing r a re i nt h en or th , c ou ld b e c op ie s o fR oman o ne s . O ne o f t he n e ed le s r e semb le s t h a t f ound a tD un A rd t r eck , S kye , wh ich i st h ough t t ob e R oman o n t h e b a s i s o ft h e g roove b e low t h e e ye (Ma cK ie 2 002 , I l s . 2 8 &2 5 , n o . 4 1 ] . T he Howe e xamp le b yc on t ra s td oe sn o ts how a ny g roove i nt h e d raw ing . G la s s o b jec t s i n c luded p i ece so fR oman v e s se l s [ 1 3 ,2 34 & I l . 1 38 ] , a nd a R oman i n tag l io f r om a l a te ( Pha se 9 ) h or izon ;t h e l a t te ri sc a rved w i th a ne ag le a nd w a sp robab ly made i nt h e m idd le o ft h e 2I' d c en tu ry . L ike m any o t he r R oman o b jec t s i td oub t le ss b ecame a n h e i r loom . N a t ive g la s s i n c luded s eve ra l b ead s , t wo b e ing l a rge f r agmen t s o f t h ick r i ng b ead sw i th c o lou red i n lay [ 1 3 , 2 34 -5 & I l . 1 38 ] ; av e ry s im i la re xamp le w a sf ound a tD un Mo rV au l [ NM04 4 ] . T he r e w e re a l so t wo s ma l l , o paque , y e l low a nnu la r b ead s o ft h e s t anda rd m idd le I r on A ge t y pe , f ound i nm any b roch s , a nd a n u npe rf o ra ted d umb b e l l o b jec t , p r e sumab ly ab ead . T he l a s t i sv e ry l a te , f r om P ha se 9 ,b u t as im i la r o b jec tw a s f ound a tL eck ie b roch i nS t i r l ing sh i re w he r e i t w a s w e l l d a ted t o t h e l a te 1s t o r t h e 2 nd c en tu ry AD (MacK ie 1 985 ) . O ft h e s t one i mp lemen t s t h e m o s t i n te r e s t ing a r e p e rhap s t he r o ta ry q ue rn s o fw h ich t h e n ew d raw ing s m ade b y t h e w r i te r a r e g i ven a ga in h e re ( I l l . 5 . 15 ) ( MacK ie 1 998 , 2 6 3 1) . O fp a r t icu la r i n te re s t a r e t h e t wo w i th r a d ia l h and le s l o t s - as ou thern E ng l i sh a nd n o r th -we s t F rench t y pe . S add le q ue rn s w e r e a l so f ound w h ich a ga in s ugge s t s t h a t b o th k i nd s o fg r ind ing m i l l w e r e i nu se s imu l taneou s ly a t s ome s i t e i nt h e m idd le I r on A ge ; i n deed t h er o ta r ie s w e r e o u t -numbe red b y t h e s add le s t on e s i n l a te P ha se 8 [ 1 3 , 2 07 ] . T he re i s ap o s s ib i l i ty t h a t o ne f r agmen t o f ar o ta ry q ue rn d a t e s b ack t ot h e e a r ly I r on A ge b u t i ti sn o t I l t ra ted [ 13 , T ab le 5 3 ] .

T he q ue s t ion o ft h e n a tu re o f' B roch 1 'a nd ' Broch 2 'h a s b een d i scu s sed a t s ome l e ng th t h e r e ; n e i the r b u i ld ing m a s s ive , r ound a nd b roch l ike i np ropo r t ion s t h ough t h ey a r e - p roduced a ny e v idence f o r t h e h o l low -wa l led a r ch i tec tu re o ft h e t owe r b roch s . N e i the r w a s t h e r e c l ea r d a t ing e v idence t h a t ' B roch 1 'b e longed t ot h e e a r ly I r on A ge a nd t hu sp rov ided e v idence t os uppor tt h ee vo lu t ion o f t h e b roch s i nO rkney f r om t h e r oundhou se s o ft h a t p e r iod . ' B roch 1 ' c anno t r e a l ly b e p u shed b ack b ef o re t h e 1s t c en tu ry BC o rt h e i s t AD . I ndeed t h e u n s tab le c l ay u nde r ly ing t h e c en t ra l b u i ld ing s r e su l ted i nt h e p a r t ia l c o l lap se o fa l t h ree r ound b u i ld ing s e r ec ted o n i t ; mo r eove rt h e c o re o ft h ew a l l o ft h e m a s s ive ' B roch 2 ' w a s a l so p a r t ly o f c l ay r e nde r ing i tq u i te u n su i tab le t ob e t u rned i n to ah i gh t owe r . T he re c an r e a l ly b e l i t t le d oub tt h a t H owe b roch 2w a s a n ' im i ta t ion b roch ' - ar e la t ive ly l ow -wa l led s t ruc tu r e t h e d e s igne r s o fw h ich c op ied s ome a spec t s o f b roch a r ch i tec tu r e b u t c ou ld n o t b u i ld - o rd i dn o tw i sh t ob u i ld - ah i gh t owe r . T he s e cond p o in t h a s a l so b een d ea l t w i th a ts ome l e ng th [ 1 4 , 3 i f . ] . I ti sp o s s ib le t om ake o u t as t rong c a se t h a t H owe t h roughou t t h e I r on A ge w a s a sm uch ac e remon ia l a s ad ef en s ive s i te , a nd t h a t i t s s i tua t ion o n t op o f a w recked N eo l i th ic p a s sage g rave ( r e su l t ing i n v e ry u n s tab le f ounda t ion s ) s how s t h a t i t w a s much mo r e i mpo r tan t t o h ave p hy s ica l c on t inu i ty w i th a n i mpo r tan t monumen t o f w ha t w a s e ven t h en a v e ry r emo te p e r iod t h an t oc on s t ruc ta ne f f ec t ive s t rongho ld . As t udy o ft h e f i nd s d oe s s e em t oc onf i rm t h i s c onc lu s ion . A l though t h e p o t te ry o n t h e w ho le s e em s t o h ave i n d igenou s O rkney o r ig in s t h e re a r e e nough r a re a nd u nu sua lm e ta l or namen t st os ugge s tt h a tt h e s i te h ad r egu la r l o ng d i s tan t c on tac t s w i th much mo re s ou the r ly r eg ion s o f t h e B r i t i sh I s le s . T ak ing a l l t h e se p o in t s t oge the r i tm ay n o t b e t oo f a nc if u l t os ugge s tt h a t H owe w a s av e ry a nc ien th o ly s i te w i th h i gh p r e s t ige a nd t h a t h igh s t a tu s p i lg r im s -p e rhap s p r ie s t s o r c h ief s o r b o th - c ame t o i tr egu la r ly f r om f a r a way f o r i mpo r tan tr e l ig iou sa nd p o l i t ica lr e a son s .

T he re a r e a l so f ou r f r agmen t s o fb r ace le t s , t wo o fj e t a nd t wo o fs t one , o f at y pe c ommon ly f ound o n S co t t i sh I r on Age s i t e s[ 1 3 , I l . 1 07 ] ; B one a r t ef ac t s w e re v e ry v a r ied b u t t h e s t anda rd t y pe s i n c lud e b o th l ong -hand led ' weav ing ' c omb s a nd l a te I r on Age c ompo s i te c omb s [ 1 3 , I l . 1 0 1 &1 00 ] . T he r ew a sa l so a n u nu sua l , s i ng le p i ece , s i ng le s ided r e c tangu la r h a i r c omb [ 1 3 , I l 1 00 ,n o .4 907 & I l , . 9 0 , a ] . Two c en t ra l ly p e rf o ra ted ' n e t t ing n eed le s ' w i th ap o in t a t e ach e nd a r e mo re l i ke ly t ob e f i sh g o rge s ( no t ' g ouge s ' ) [ 13 , I l . 9 5 , n os . 3 580 & 2 139 ] . A ny k i nd o fn eed le b y d ef in i t ion i sl ong , f a i r ly s l ende r a nd h a s t h e h o le f o r t h e t h read n ea ro ne e nd .

S ou rce s : 1 .O S c a rd HY 2 1 S E4 1 : 2 . P .S .A .S 2 3( 1 888 8 9 ) , 2 38 ( f ind s ) : 3 . Ma rw ick 1 928 : 4 . RCAHMS 1 946 , 2 , 3 24 , n o . 9 2 1 : 5 . JH edge s e t a l . i n D i scove ry & E xcava t ion 1 979 , 2 4 : 6 . H edge s & B e l l 1 980 : 7 . S .Ca r te r e ta l . i nD i scovery & E xcava t ion 1 980 , 2 4 : 8 . B e l l , B& H a igh , Di nD i scove ry & E xca va t ion 1 981 , 2 5 : 9 . H a igh & Sm i th 1 982 : 1 0 . S . C a r te r e t a l . 1 984 : 1 . C u r is te r 1 923 , 5 0 : 1 2 . H edge s e ta l . 1 987 , 9 2 -3 : 1 3 . B a l l in Sm i th ( e d . ) 1 994 : 1 4 . Ma cK ie 1 998 . HY21 7 HO WANS HY /252176 P o s s ib le b roch , r e f e r r ed t oa s a" b rough" [ 1 ] , i nS andw ick b u t n o c l ea r i n d ica t ion s o ft h e n a tu r e o ft h e s t ruc tu re h ave b een s e en . S ou rce s : 1 .O S c a rd HY 2 1 NE 4 4 : 2 . RCAH MS 1 946 , 2 ,n o . 7 46 , 2 7 1 .

2 .D i scu s s ion On ly a f ew a spec t s o f t h i s i mmen se ly c omp lex a nd i mpo r tan t s i te c an b e c ommen t ed o n h e re ; t h e w r i te r h a s a l ready o f f e red a n o verv iew o fi t s s i gn if icance e l sewhe r e [ 14 ] .

2 21

T he R oundhou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

HY21 8 KNO WE OF REDLAND ( 'A non ' , ' B roch o f A n ion ' ) HY 2 659 1385 S i te o fp robab le b roch i nS t romne s s , e xcava ted b y F a r r e r a nd P e t r ie i n1 866 [ 1 ] . T he re i sn o th ing l ef tt os e e n ow [ 3 , 1 ] Ac i rcu la rw a l lw a s f ound " bu i l to fl a rge s qua re s t one s a nd o fg r ea tt h ickne s s a nd s t reng th , a nd a bou t 5 0 f t .( 1 5 .25 m ) i nd i ame te r ." A n e n t rance w a s f ound o nt h e e a s t . N ea rt h e c en t re o ft h e c ou r t w a s f ound ar o ck -cu t w e l l , c on ta in ing w a te r a nd e n te r ed b y as p i ra l s t one s t a i r w h ich d e scended 2 0 f t . ( 6 .1 m ) . Many a she s a nd b one s w e re f ound i nt h e b u i ld ing .

F ind s : w hen t h e b roch w a s d amaged a r une in scr ib ed s a nd s tone d i sc o ft h e V ik ing p e r iod w a s r e cove red [ 4 , f i g . 6 1 ] ; as t one w ho r l i sa l so r e po r ted [ 5 , 8 ] . S ou rce s : 1 .O S c a rd HY 2 1 NE 9 :2 . F r a se r 1 924 , 2 5 : 3 . RCAH MS 1 946 , 2 ,n o . 6 77 , 2 52 : 4 .O l sen 1 954 , 1 66 9 : 5 .H edge s e ta L 1 987 , 8 7 -8 : 6 .C u r s i t e r 1 923 , 5 0n o . 3 2 , 5 2 . HY21 1 2 VERRON 2( `Knowe o fV e r ron ' ) HY /231198 P o s s ib le b roch o n t h e s ho re i n S andw ick , o n t h e s ou th p o in t o f V e r ron G eo . T he re i sn o th ing n ow b u t m u ch q ua r r ied mound w h ich l o ok s a st hough i tc ove r s t h e r u in s o f as t one b u i ld ing . Am idden i sc l o se t ot h e s ou th s i de a nd h a sp roduced p o t she rd sa nd f ood r e f u se .

S tone f i nd s i n c lude a p ecked ' h and le h amme r ' , a n o va l h o led s t one a nd ap o s s ib le m a cehead . S ou rce s : 1 .O S c a rd HY 2 1 S E 3 2 : 2 . A nde r son 1 890 , 9 4 : 3 . RCAHMS 1 946 , 2 ,n o s . 9 39 & 9 42 , 3 27 : 5 . H edge se ta l . 1 987 , 9 3 -4 ) . HY21 9 LOCH OF CLU MLY ( ` B rough o fC lum l ie ' , ' C lum l ie ' ,C lum ly ' o rC lum ley ' ) HY /2517 1649 P robab le b roch i nS andw ick , s i ted a tt h e n or th -we s t e dge o ft h e l o ch o n al ow m a r shy p romon to ry w h ich m ay o nce h ave b een a n i s land . As t ony mound c on ta in s t h e r ema in s o ft h e b u i ld ing , w i th a n a ppa ren t o ve ra l l d i ame te r o f 1 9 .8 m ( 65 f t . ) , w h ich a r e much d e s t royed a nd t u rf -g rown . T race s o ft h e o u te rf a ce c ou ld b e s e en o nt h e n o r th -we s t i n 1 928 [ 2 ] ; t h i s i sn o l o nge rv i s ib le [ 1 ] . T race so f ap o s s ib le i n t ra -mu ra l c e l l a r e v i s ib le o n t h e w e s t . T he r e s e em t o h ave b een e xcava t ion s o n t h e s i te s ome t ime b ef o re 1 924 b u tn om o r ei n f o rma t ion i sa va i lab le [ 3 ,2 6 ] . S ou rce s : 1 .O S c a rd HY 2 1 NE 1( w i th s ke tch p l an ) : 2 . RCAHMS 1 946 , 2 ,n o . 6 78 , 2 52 : 3 . F ra se r 1 924 ,2 5 : 4 . H edge s e ta l . 1 987 , 8 7 . HY21 1 0 S CARRATA ING HY /276 176 P robab le b roch i n S andw ick , o n t h e w e s t s ho re o f t h e L och o fH an-a y i nw h ich a l i t t le o ft h e i n ne r f a ce o ft h e c u rved w a l l c an b e s e en ; t h e w a l l t h ickne s s w a s e s t ima ted a t 4 . 0 m ( 1 3 f t . ) a nd t h e o ve ra l l d i ame te r , f r om t h e se i n d ica t ion s , w a s t h ough t t ob e " unu sua l ly l a rge" . T ra ce s o fp robab le o u tbu i ld ing s a r e o n t h e s ou th s i de a nd o n t h e l a ndwa rd s i de t h e re i s ac u rved o u te rr ampa r t . S ource s : 1 .O S c a rd HY 2 1 NE 4 0 : 2 . RCAHMS 1 946 , 2 ,n o . 6 81 , 2 54 . HY21 1 S TACKRUE ( ` S take r row ' , ` Lyk ing ' ) HY /27051512 P robab le b roch i nS andw ick , t h e s ou th h a lf o fw h ich w a s c u t a way w hen t h e r oad w a s m ade , s ome t ime b ef o r e 1 881 [ 4 , 1 66 ] ; t wo s e c t ion s o ft h e w a l l w e re v i s ib le i n 1 928 a nd i n d ica ted a n i n te rna l d i ame te r o f 9 . 2 m ( 30 f t . ) a nd w a l l t h ickne s so fa tl e a s t4 . 0m( 1 3 f t . ) ; t h ew a l lp ropo r t ion w ou ld t h u sb ea tl e a s t4 7% . T he o u te rw a l l f a ce s how st h e u sua l b a t te r . Ac o rbe l led c e l l a bou t 1 . 7 m( 5f t . 6i n . )h i gh i ss unk i n to t h e i n te r io r f l oo r o f t h e b roch w i th a s ho r t f l igh t o f s t ep s l e ad ing d own i n to i t ; i tm ay h ave b een a w e l l .

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I n 2 00 1 as ma l l r e scue e xcava t ion w a s c a r r ied o u t a tt h e e r od ing s i te a nd f ound m e ta lwo rk ing d eb r i s a nd t r a ce s o f s t ruc tu re s [ 3 ] . S ource s : 1 . HY 2 1 NW 2 2 : 2 . RCAHMS 1 946 , 2 ,n o . 6 82 , 2 54 . 3 .D i scovery & E xcava t ion 2 00 1 , 7 1-2 . HY 2 1 1 3 BROUGH OF B IGG ING HY /218157 U n l ike ly p o s s ib le b roch n ea rY e snaby , S andw ick , D e sp i te t h en ame o ft h i s s ho r ts ea p romon to ry n ot r a ce s o f ab roch l i ke s t ruc tu re h ave e ve r b een i d en t if ied , t h ough t h e n eck m ay o nce h ave b een d ef ended . S ou rce s : 1 .R CAH MS 1 946 1 ,2 69 , n o . 7 30 : 2 . C u r s i te r 1 923 , 5 2 . S quare HY22 HY22 1 KNO WE OF SKOGAR HY /26392340 P o s s ib le b roch i n B i r say a nd H a r ray , am ere h eap o f s t one s i nt h em idd le o f ac u l t iva ted f i e ld ; t h e o u ter f a ce o f t h e w a l l i se xpo sed o n t h e s ou th a nd s ou th -we s t t o ah e igh t o f 3o r 4c ou r se s a nd f o r a bou t4 -5 m ( 1 2 15 f t . ) [ 2 ] . T he w a l l f a ce s h ave n ow d i sappea r ed [ 1 ] . A r t ef ac t s l i ke s ome h amme r s tone s , ap e rf o ra ted s t one l oom -w e igh t , ap o s s ib le s t one v e s se l a nd a s add le q ue rn , w h ich c ou ld i nd ica te a b roch ,w e re n o t iced i n1 928 [ 2 ,4 ] . S ou rce s : 1 .O S c a rd HY 2 2 S E 3 9 : 2 . P e t r ie 1 890 , 9 3 , n o . 2 8 : 3 . RCAHMS 1 946 , 2 ,1 6 , n o . 1 6 : 4 .H edge s e ta l 1 987 , 5 3 -4 . HY 2 22 LOCH OF HUNDLAND HY /297264 P o s s ib le b roch i n B i r say a nd H anmy , c l o se t o t h e e a s t s ho re o ft h e l o ch ; i tc on s i s t s o f a n a ppa ren t ly a r t if i c ia l m ound s ome 3m ( 9 f t . ) h i gh a nd 3 6 b y 2 4 m ( 1 18 b y 8 0 f t . ) . I ti sr e po r ted t o b e f u l l o f s t one s b u t n o s t ruc tu ra l d e ta i l sa r er e co rded . S ou rce s : 1 . O S c a rd HY 2 2 NE 2 6 : 2 . R CAH MS 1 946 , 2 ,n o . 1 8 , 1 6 . HY22 3 LOCH OF I SB ISTER HY /257233 S i te o f ap o s s ib le b roch o n as ma l l i s land i nt h e l o ch f r om w h ich ac au seway o fl a rge s t one s 6 5 ml o ng a nd 4 .6 m ( 1 5 f t . ) w ide , l e ad s t o t h e s ho r e . T he r e i sn o t r ace o f a s t ruc tu re o nt h ei s land [ 2 , 3 ] .

S ec t ion 5 : O rkney

S ource s : 1 . OS c a rd HY 2 2 S E 3 5 : 2 . RCAHMS 1 946 , 2 ,n o . 1 7 , 1 6 : [ 3 ] i nF ra se r 1 924 , 2 3 .

A ge t ime s .

HY22 4 OXTRO W ( 'Ox t ro ' , ` Haugh s te r H owe ' o r ` Ok s t row ' ) HY /25372678 ( v i s i ted 1 9 /7 /63 & i n1 985 ) A p robab le s o l id -ba sed b roch i n H a r ray w i th e xcep t iona l ly t h in w a l l s a nd s t and ing o n f l a t g round n ea ra l o ch ( I l l s . 5 . 23 , 5 . 24 & 5 . 26 -29 ) . Mr . L ea sk o fB oa rdhou se ( B i r say ) e mp loyed m en t o move ap i le o fs t ones i n 1 847 : h e f i r s t f o und m any c i s t g rave s a nd f o r tuna te ly G eo rge P e t r ie w a s a b le t o e xam ine t h em b ef o re t h ey w e re d e s t royed [ 2 ] . T hey w e re m ade o f f l ag s tone s a nd f r om 7 5 -9 0 c m( 2 .5 -3f t . ) l o ng a nd a bou t 4 5 cm ( 1 8 i n . ) w ide a nd d eep , a nd c on ta ined b u rn t b one s a nd a she s . A n " eag le" w a s s uppo sed t o h ave b een c u t b o ld ly i n to o ne o ft h e c ap s tone s b u t t h i s w a s b u i l t i n to a w a l l b ef o r e M r L ea sk c ou ld r e cove r i tf o r P e t r ie . O ne o f t h e c i s t s h ad a b ow l shaped s t one v e s se l w i th a she s a nd f r agmen t so fb one . P e t r ie c on t inued t h e e xcava t ion s b e low t h e se c i s t s a nd f ound t h er u in so f ac i r cu la rb u i ld ing , p robab ly ab roch ,t h e w a l ls o fw h ich w e re a tt h a t s t ag e s t i l l s t and ing u pt o 1 . 8 m ( 6 f t . ) h i gh ; t h e r u in s n ow s t and s c a r ce ly 6 0 c m ( 2 f t . ) a bove t h e s u r round ing f i e ld ( I l l . 5 . 28 ) . P e t r ie [ 2 ] a nd L a ing [ 3 ] s uppo sed t h a tt h e b roch b e long t ot h e S t one A ge a tt he l a t e s tb ecau se t h ey t hough tt h e c i s t s t ob e o fB ronze A ge d a te ; t h eb roch w a so fc ou r se i nr u in sa nd c ove red b y e a r th b ef o r et h e c i s t sw e r e i n ser ted i n to t h e " howe" . T h i s d i agno s i s w a s made i n s p i te o f t h e f a c t t h a t as he rd o f R oman S am ian w a re h ad b een f o und i n t h e b roch ( I l l s . 5 . 23 & 5 . 24 ) .

D imen s ion s . A cco rd ing t o P e t r ie t h e o ve ra l l d i ame te r i s a bou t 2 1 .0 m ( 69 f t . ) , t h e i n te rna l d i ame te r e xcep t iona l ly l a rge a t 1 3 .7 m ( 45 f t . ) ; t hu s t h e w a l l s p ropor t ion i s u nu sua l ly l ow a t 3 4 .8% . Mea su remen t s f r om s ou th s ou th -we s t t o n o r th -no r th -ea s t i n 1 963 g ave a n o ve ra l l d i ame te ro f2 1 .8 m ( 7 1 f t . 7i n . ) a nd aw a l lt h ickne s s a tt h e l a t te r e nd o f3 . 8 m ( 12 .5 f t . ) ; t h e w a l l p ropo r t ion w ou ld t hu s b e 3 4 .9% . A ccu ra te m ea su remen t s o f t h e s u rv iv ing i n ne r w a l l f a ce i n 1 985 r e vea led t h a t t h e c en t ra l c ou r t i s c on s t ruc ted v e ry p rec i se ly a r ound at r ue c i rc le w i th m ean r ad iu s o f6 . 83 + 0 . 12 m , o r ad i ame te r o f 1 3 .66 m ( 44 .79 f t . ) F ind s ( I l l . 5 . 26 & 5 . 27 ) [ 5 ] : a l l a r eu n s t ra t if ied , s ome h ave n o tb een t r a ced [ 8 , 5 7 ] a nd t h e m o re i mpor tan t i n c lude t h e f o l low ing . B ron ze , 1 z oomo rph ic p ena rmu la r b rooch ( [ 3 f i g . 2 ] ; [ 4 f i g . 2 18 ] : GD 5 2 ) , 1d eco ra ted p i nw i th l o o se r i ng -head o f V ik ing a ge ( [ 9 , 1 48 -9 ] ) : [ 5f i g . o n 8 5 ] : [ 3 f i g . 2 : GD ] , 1 I r on A ge t a nka rd h and le [ 3f i g . 2 19 ; 1 0 p l . I X .2 : 1 2 2 , n o . 2 9 1 : GD ] a nd 1r i ng . S i lver : a f t e r t h e e xcava t ion a c y l ind r ica l p i ece o f s i lve r s ome 6 . 3 c m ( 2 .5 i n . ) l o ng a nd 1 . 9 c m ( 0 .75 i n . ) i n d i ame te rw a s f ound i nt h e w e l l b u tm e l ted d own ( [ 2 8 7 ] ) . B one o b jec t s i n c luded a tl e a s t 3l o ng -hand led c omb s ( GD 2 6 & 2 7 ) , 1f emu r -head w ho r l o r b u t ton ( GD 2 3 ) , a g l obu la r h ead o fa n i r on p i n ( GD 2 2 ) , 1r i ng ( GD 2 3 ) , a p i n w i th ad eco ra t ive t e rm ina l a nd ah i pped s hank , a nd a p o s s ib le s l o t ted h and le . S tone o b jec t s i n c lude l amp s , o ne o fw h ich s e em s t ob e a n i m i ta t ion o f aR oman l amp ( GD 9 ,1 0& 1 ) , s eve ra l " ve ry r ude" v e s se l s o f v a r iou s s i ze s , s eve ra l b ead s o r w ho r l s , i n c lud ing o ne d eco ra ted ( GD 1 9 ) ,5 h amme r s tone s , 1 p o l i shed d i sc 9 . 5 c m ( 3 .75 i n . ) i nd i ame te r , 1c h ipped d i sc 6 . 3 c m ( 2 .5 i n . ) i nd i ame te r , a nd 3w ho r l s . T he r e w a s a l so aP i c t i sh s ymbo l s t one .

P a r t o ft h e w a l l i nt h e w e s t a r c h ad b een d e s t royed b ef o re P e t r ie a r r iv ed a nd t h i s d oub t le s s c on ta ined t h e m a in e n t rance . A mu ra l s t a i r w a s u ncov e red a ta bou t 3o ' c lock , w i th as t a i r -f oo t c e l lt ot h e l ef ta nd s t ep sr i s ing t ot h e r i gh t . A l ong m u ra l c e l l w a s a t a bou t 1 o ' c lock w i th t h e d oorway t ot h e c en t ra l c ou r t a to ne e nd o fi ti n s tead o f , a s i s more u sua l , a t t h e c en t r e . A w e l l w a s f ound i n t h e c en t ra la r ea w i th ad ra in l e ad ing f r om i tt owa rd st h eb roken a r ea whe r et h ee n t rance p robab ly w a s( I l l . 5 . 25 ) . T he re w a s s upposed t oh ave b een a s t ra igh t w a l l r unn ing a c ro s s t h e i n ne r c ou r ta nd o ve r r id ing t h ew e l l : i tw ou ld t h e ref o re h ave b een as e conda ry i n ser t ion . A l so p robab ly s e conda ry w e r e s eve ra l r a d ia l s l ab s o n e dge a ga in s t t h e i n ne r w a l l f a ce . D oub t sa bou tt h er e l iab i l i ty o ft h ed r aw ing so ft h e se f e a tu re o n t he s i t e p l an ( I l l . 5 . 23 ) h ave b een e xp r e s sed [ 8 , 5 6 ] . P a r to ft h ew a l lo ft h ec e l l i ss t i l lv i s ib le ( I l l . 5 . 29 ) .

P o t tery : a mong t h e s h e rd s f ound i sp r e se rved a n e ver ted r im ( GD 4 7 ) a nd t h e r im o f ac oa r se , g r i t ty u rn ( GD 5 0 ) . Ac omp le te l i s to ft h e f md sh a sb een c omp i led [ 8 : 9 ,5 7 ] . R oman f i nd s i n c luded h a lf t h e b a se o f aS am ian v e s se l o f t h e l a te 2 nd o r3 rd c en tu ry AD [ 63 95 ] . I n t h e H un te r ian Mu seum t h e re a r e a l so a s t one s p ind le w ho r l a nd ab one a w l f r om t h e s i te , p robab ly f r om t h e JW C u r s i te rc o l lec t ion ( B .19 14 .551 & 52 ) . S ou rce s : 1 .O S c a rd HY 2 2 NE 4 : 2 .P e t r ie 1 890 , 7 6 -8 & 8 6 -7 : 3 .L a ing 1 867 , 6 4 : 4 .A nde r son 1 883 , 2 ,2 40 1 : 5 . P roc S oc A n t iq S co t 1 ( 1876 -77 ) , 8 6 -7 ( dona t ion s ) : 6 .J . C u r le , J .1 932 , 3 94 -5 : 7 . RCAHMS 1 946 , 2 ,n o . 1 , 1 1 3 &f i g . 6 7 : 8 .H edge s e ta l . 1 987 , 5-8 ( i nc lud ing o t he r s ou r ce s n o t m en t ioned h e re ) a nd p l . 3 . 1 ( m s e l eva t ion s b y D ryden ) : 9 .G r ieg 1 940 : 1 0 . C o r co ran 1 952 : 1 . F ra se r 1 925 : 1 2 . MacG rego r 1 974 .

T he d a t e o ft h e b roch c an b e a s s igned t ow i th in t h e l i on A ge b ecau se o ft h e f r agmen t o fR oman p o t te ry i ff o r n o o the r r e a son . T he c i s t g rave s i n ser ted i n to i t s r u in s a r e t h erefo r e n o t B ronze A ge i nd a te b u t e ven l a te r t h an t h e b roch . T he " eag le" s uppo sed t oh ave b een s e en o n o ne o f t h e c ap s ton e s s ugge s t s t h a t t h e c eme te ry m ay h ave b een P i c t i sh , i np a r t a tl e a s t , b u t e ven s ot h e c r ema t ion s i n s ide t h e c i s t s , s ome t ime s i n p o t s , s ugg e s t t h a t av e ry a nc ien t f une ra ry t r ad i t ion h ad s u rv ived o n O rkney f r om p r e I ron

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T he R oundhou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se s o fA t lan t ic S co t land

HY22 5 SKEABRAE HY /275202 P o s s ib le b roch i n S andw ick ; t h e f ounda t ions o f s ome i n de term ina te s t ruc tu re w e re o b se rved w hen t h e g round w a s c l ea red f o ra n a e rod rome i na bou t 1 940 [ 2 ] . . S ource s : 1 . OS c a rd HY 2 2 S E 4 : 2 . H . Ma rw ick 1 951 , 2 36 .

S ource s : I . RCAH MS 1 946 2 ,3 20 n o . 9 11 : 1 923 , 5 2 .

2 . C u r s i te r

HY31 2 BURR IAN 5( ` Loch o f B o squoy ') HY /309184 T he re i sn o a n t iqu i ty a tt h is p o in t wh ich w a s t hough tt ob e t h e s i te o f ab roch e xcava ted b y F a r re r i na bou t 1 868 [ 2 ] ; h oweve rt h a tb roch i s HY21 2 ( Bu r r ian 1 )o nt he e a s ts i de o ft h e l o ch . S ource s : 1 .O S c a rd HY 3 1 NW 4 6 : 2 . J .W .Cu r s i te r 1 887 , 3 45 -6 .

HY22 6 TAFT ( `Knowe o fT af t ') HY /28362226 P robab le g round -ga l ler ied b roch i n B i r say a nd H a r ray w h ich w a s p a r t ly e xpo sed b y Mr D . S t ephen s ho r t ly b ef o re 1 882 [ 2 ] . T he r u in s w e re i n s ide amound 3 . 1 m ( 10 f t . ) h igh a nd t h e re w e re s ma l l s qua re s t one c i s t s i nt h e e a r th a r ound i t sb a se . P a r to ft h ew a l l o ft h e s uppo sed b roch w a s f ound , w i th al i n te l led p a ssage r unn ing a l ong i t ; t h i s w a s t r aced f o ra bou t 1 0 m( 30 f t . ) , a f t e rw h ich t h e s t ruc tu re w a s i n r u in s , p robab ly b ecau se o f s t one r obb ing . T he d esc r ip t ion o ft h e " pa s sage" s ugge s t s t h a t t h e b roch m ay h ave b een a ne xamp le o ft h eg round -ga l le r ied t ype .

HY31 3 BURNESS ( `Chape l Knowe ' ) HY /38811556 T h is p robab le b roch i n F i r th s t and s n ea r t he P o in t o f B ackaquoy . I th ad b een q ua r r ied r e cen t ly when v i s i ted b y t h e C omm is s ion a nd v a r iou s s t ruc tu ra l f e a tu res h ad t h e r eby b een r evea led ( I l l . 5 . 30 ) .

F ind s r e cove red d u r ing t h ese o pe ra t ion s i n c luded a f r agmen t o f ap robab le a rm le t o f b lue g l a s s w i th w h i te s t r ipes . T he re w e re a l so 2 s ma l l p i eces o f r ed R oman S am ian p o t te ry , s ome s he rd s o fn a t ive w a re , as ma l l c l ay c r uc ib le , s eve ra l f r agmen t s o fh aema t i te , p i eces o fq ue rn s ( p resumab ly r o ta ry b u t t ype n o t s pec if i ed ) . T hese f i nd s s e ems t o h ave c ome f r om t h e b roch r u in s r a the r t h an t h e c i s t s . S ource s : 1 . OS c a rd HY 2 2 S E 8 : 2 . Wa t t 1 882 , 4 49 5 0 : 3 . RCAH MS 1 946 , 2 ,n o . 1 5 , 1 6 ; 4H edges e ta l . 1 987 , 5 4 -5 .

S quare HY30 HY30 1 H ILLOCK OF BRECKNA HY /353051 P o s s ib le b roch i nO rph i r , c on s is t ing ah i l lock s ome 1 . 8 m ( 6 f t . ) h i gh o n t h e s ho re o f Swanb is te r B ay , o n as ma l l p en in su la . S can ty t r ace s o f ar u ined b u i ld ing c an b e s e en b e low t h et u rf , i n c lud ing al e ng th o fc u rved i n ne rw a l l f a ce a nd ap o s s ib le f r agmen to f ac o r respond ing o u te ro ne . S ource s : 1 . OS c a rd HY 3 0 NE 1 3 : 2 . RCAH MS 1 946 , 2 ,n o . 4 86 , 1 75 -6 : 3 . O ld S ta t i s t ica lA ccoun t , x i x ,4 17 .

S quare HY31 HY31 1 B IG HO WE HY /308125 S i te o f p o ss ib le b roch i n S t ennes s , b e tween t h e S t enne ss s t one c i rc le a nd t h e p a r i sh c hu rch . T he re u sed t o b e a mound a tt h i s s i te b u t i tw a s l e ve l led n ea rt h e b eg inn ing o f t h e 2 0t h c en tu ry a nd a ppa ren t ly w a s t h en f ound t o b e a b roch [ 1 ,2 ] . No f u r the r i n f orma t ion i sa va i lab le . T he re a r et h ree f r agmen t so fp o s s ib le w he t s tones i nt h e H un te r ian Mu seum , f r om ' B ighowe , S t ennes s ' , w h ich s e em t ob e f r om t h e s i te ; t h ey a r e p robab ly p a r t o f t h e JW C u r s i te r c o l lec t ion ( B .1914 .707 ) .

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S ign s o f as ca rcemen t l e dge w e re v i s ib le o n as t r e tch o f i n ne r w a l l f a ce o n t h e e a s t w h ich e x tended f o r 4 . 3 m( 14 f t . ) a nd r o se u p t o 2 . 7 m ( 9 f t . ) a bove t h e d eb r i s i nt h e i n te r io r [ 4 ] . As e conda ry w a l l a bou t0 . 6 m( 2 f t . )t h ick w a s b u i l t a ga in s t t h i s f a ce . T he re i sa l so a s ma l l mu ra l c e l l w i th al i n te l led d oo rt ot h e i n ter ior w h ich h as av o id a bove i t0 . 84 m ( 2f t . 9i n . )h igh a nd 0 .6 m ( 2f t . )w ide . I n 1 922 a n i n c i sed s cu lp tu red s t one w a s f ound i nt h e r u ins o ft h is s i te d u r ing q ua r ry ing f o r s t one [ 2 : 4 , f i g . 7 2 , p l a te v i i : n o . 3 47 ] . Mo s t o f t h e i n c i sed d e s igns a r e o f a n u nce r ta in c ha rac te r b u t t h e re i s o ne h uman f i gu re a ppa ren t ly w ea r ing a g own d own t o t he k nee s [ 2 ] . V a r iou s f i nd s , i n c lud ing p o t sherd s a nd b oa r 's t u sk s , a r e r e co rded . S ource s : 1 .O S c a rd HY 3 1 NE1 : 2 . Ma rw ick 1 924 : 3 . F ra se r 1 927 , 5 2 : 4 . RCAH MS 1 946 , 2 ,n o . 3 21 , 9 1-2 : 5 . H edges e ta l . 1 987 , 6 5 . HY31 4 BURR IAN 3 ( `Bu r r ian , C o r r iga l l ' , ` Bu r r ian b roch , H a r ray ' ) HY /32351937 A p robab le b roch i n s ide a l a rge m ound w h ich h a s s uf f e red f r om e x ten s ive q ua r ry ing ; as hor t s ec t ion o ft h e o u te rw a l l f a ce c an b e s e en o nt he n o r th -we s t , a bou t2 . 4 m ( 8 f t . ) l o ng a nd 1 . 4 m( 4 .5 f t . ) h igh i ns i x b a t tered c ou r ses o fd ry s t one m a son ry . O ne o rt wo o t he rb l ock s s ugge s ta n o ve ra l l d i ame te r o f 1 6 .2 m ( 53 f t . ) . T he re i s ad eep o u te r d i tch 1 0 .1 m ( 3 3 f t . ) a c ros s s uround ing t h e mound a bou t 1 2 .2 m ( 40 f t . ) o u t f r om i t s b a se , w i th p a r t o f ap o s s ib le o u te r e mbankmen t o n t h e w es t . T he re a re t r a ce s o f o u tbu i ld ing sb e tween b roch mound a nd d i tch . S ource s : 1 .O S c a rd HY 3 1 NW 3 3 : 2 . RCAH MS 1 946 , 2 ,1 3 , n o . 1 2 : H edge s e ta l . 1 987 , 7 0 . HY31 5 BURR IAN 4 ( `Knowe o f B ur r ian ' , G a r th ' , ` Ne the rb rough ' ) HY /308168 Ap o s s ib le b roch i nB i r say a nd Ha r ray , n ea r G a r th f a rm , s t and s o n al a rge , n a tu ra l h i l lock o n m a r shy g round w h ich m ay h ave b een al o ch [ 1 ] ; i tc an s t i l l f l ood i nw in te r[ 2 ] . At r ench w a s c u t i n to t h e r u ined b u i ld ing o n t he m ound i n 1 936 [ 2 , 4 ] a nd r e vea led " b roch l ike" c u rved w a l l ing o n

S ec t ion 5 : O rkney

t h e e a s t s i de , a n i n t e r io r f l oo r l e ve l ( ad epo s i t o fp ea t a sh a nd b u rn tc l ay )a sw e l l a sa nu nde rg round c hambe rc u t i n to t h e r ock . T h is i s4 . 0 m( 13 f t . ) d eep a nd r oof ed w i th f l a t s t one l i n te l s [ 2 , f i g . 8 0 : 4 , 7 1 , f i g . 3 . 14 ] , a nd h a s s t one s t ep s l e ad ing d own i n to i t . I tm ay h ave b een t h e w e l l o fa b roch a l though t h i s d i agno s i s i s p e rhap s m ade l e s s p robab le b y t h e f a c t t h a t v e ry f ew e xcava ted b roch s h ave t h is f e a tu r e wh ich , i fc onnec ted w i th t h e w a te r s upp ly , s hou ld s u r e ly b yw ide sp read ; n e i the rn eed t h e se " we l l s" b e s o e l abo ra t e i fo n ly f o rw a te r( s ee D un Mo rV au l —NM04 4 ) . D imen s ion s : b ecau se o ft h e c ond i t ion s u nde r w h ich t h e ama teu r e xp lo ra t ion s t o ok p l a ce t h e s i ze o f t h e b roch i s o n ly k nown a pp rox ima te ly ; t h e o ve ra l l d i ame te r i s a pp rox ima te ly 1 8 .3 m a nd t h e i n te rna l 8 . 5 m[ 4 , 7 2 ] . S ou rce s : 1 . OS c a rd n o . HY 3 1 NW 2 : 2 . RCAHMS 1 946 , 2 ,n o . 2 1 , 1 7 18 & f i g . 8 0 : 3 . C u r ie 1 940 , 6 6 : 4 . H edge se ta l . 1 987 , 7 1 -2 . HY31 6 F INSTO WN ( ` The H i l lo ck ' o r` Oyce ' ) HY /36 1142 Ap o ss ib le b roch i nF i r th , c on s i s t ing o fa ne x ten s ive g r a s s g rown m ound c on ta in ing s t ruc tu re s o fs ome k i nd . P a r t o f ac i r cu la rw a l l 4 .9 m ( 16 f t . ) w a s e xpo sed m any y ea r s a go [ 3 ] d u r ing r oad c on s t ruc t ion . Two f r agmen t s o fp o t te ry a nd ab oa r 's t u sk w e r ep i cked u pi n1 928 [ 4 ] . S ou rce s : 1 . OS c a rd HY 3 1 S E4 : 2 . G . P e t r ie 1 890 , 9 2 : 3 . G . P e t r ie 1 927 , 5 2 : 4 . RCAH MS 1 946 , 2 ,n o . 3 23 , 9 2 . HY31 7 HARRAY CHURCH HY /314 17a P os s ib le b roch s i te i nB i r say a nd H a r ray ; t h e r e i so n ly a n " i l l d ef ined r i se i nt h e g round" w h ich m ay b e t h e s i te o fa b roch [ 2 ] . S ou rce s : 1 . OS c a rd HY 3 1 NW 4 9 : 2 . G . P e t r ie 1 890 , 9 3 : 3 .R CAH MS 1 946 , 2 ,n o . 1 38 , 3 7 . HY31 8 HO WEN BROCH HY /318 19 1 P os s ib le b roch i nB i r say a nd H a r r ay , c on s i s t ing o f al a rge t u rf -cov e r ed mound w i th n o c l ea r t r ace s o f ab u i ld ing v i s ib le . S ou rce s : 1 . OS c a rd HY 3 1 NW 3 2 : 2 . G .Pe t r ie 1 890 , 9 3 : 3 .R CAH MS 1 946 , 2 ,n o . 2 0 , 1 7 .

s c a t te red m idden d epo s i t [ 5 ] a nd h uman b one s w e r e f ound i nt h er ubb i sh i n s ide t h eb roch [ 3 ] . P e t r ie m ade as ke tch o ft h e e xpo sed r ema in s , w h ich w e re t h en a bou t 3m h igh , i n c lud ing t h e e n t rance p a s sage ( w i th d oo r -check s f o rmed o f s l ab s s e t o n e dge , ag ua rd c e l l o pen ing of i t( w i th a l ow d oo r , s hown w i th d o t ted l i ne s ) a nd t h e p r e sumab ly L eve l 2i n t ra -mu ra l g a l le ry [ 6 , 6 6 , f i g . 3 . 12 ] . R eco rd ed d imen s ion s [ 2 ] , d i ame te r 1 8 .3 m ( 60 f t . ) , i n te rna l d i ame te r 1 0 .1 m ( 3 3 f t . ) a nd w a l l t h ickne s s 4 . 1 m ( 1 3 .5 f t . ) ; t h ew a l lp ropo r t ion i st h e r ef o re c .4 5% . F ind s [ 6 , 6 7 ] : as t one w ho r la nd i r on s l ag . S ou rce s : 1 .O S c a rd HY 3 1 S E 5 :2 .A nde r son 1 878 , 3 18 ( l i s to fs i t e s o n ly ) ; 3 .P e t r ie 1 927 , 2 5 : 4 . F ra se r 1 927 , 5 2 : 5 . RCAHMS 1 946 , 2 ,n o . 3 22 , 9 2 : 6 .H edge s e ta l . 1 987 , 6 6 -8 . HY31 / 10 K IRK OF CLEATON HY /3019 1565 P o s s ib le b roch i nB i r say a nd H a r ray c on s i s t ing o f al a rge mound 2 . 4 m ( 8 f t . ) h igh a t t h e e nd o f ap en in su la p ro jec t ing i n to t h e L och o f H a r ray . T he r e a r e n o c l ea r i n d ica t ion so ft h en a tu re o ft h eb u i ld ing i n s ide i t . S ou rce s : 1 .O S c a rd HY 3 1 NW 1 5 : 2 . RCAH MS 1 946 , 2 ,n o . 2 3 , 1 8 . HY31 1 KNO WE OF BOSQUOY HY / 309186 P o s s ib le b roch i nB i r say a nd H a r ray c on s i s t ing o f at u rf c ove red mound . P o t te ry : p robab ly b e long ing t ot h e JW C u r s i te r c o l lec t ion t h e r e i si nt h e H un te r ian Mu seum ac o l lec t ion o fs h e rd s o f I r on A ge t y pe f r om t h e s i te . T hey c on s is t o ff l a tr im s a nd b a se s o f b ucke t shaped v e s se l s o f h a rd , c oa r se g r ey -buf f w a r e( B .1914 .586 ) S ou rce s : 1 .O S c a rd HY 3 1 NW 3 0 : 2 . RCAH MS 1 946 , 2 ,n o . 7 1 , 2 9 . HY31 1 2 KNO WE OF GULLO W ( ` The C a s t le ' ) HY /307163 P o s s ib le b roch i nB i r say a nd H a r ray c on s i s t ing o f al a rge mound o nt h ee dge o fc u l t iva ted l a nd , e v iden t ly c ove r ing a s ub s tan t ia l s t one s t ruc tu re . S ou rce s : 1 .O S c a rd HY 3 1 NW 1 : 2 . RCAHMS 1 946 , 2 ,n o . 2 2 , 1 8 .

HY31 9 I NGSHO WE HY / 39031277 B roch i nF i r th , c l o se t o t h e s ho r e a tt h e p o in t o f al ow p en in su la . T he s i te w a se xp lo red b yF a r re rb ef o re 1 866 [ 3 ] a nd t h i s a nd t h e e nc roa ch ing s e a h ave s o m uch d e s t royed t h e s t ruc tu r e t ha t n o p rope r m ea su remen t s a r e o b ta inab le n ow ( I l l s . 5 . 31 &5 .32 ) .

HY31 1 3 NETHER HOUSE HY /336 179 P o s s ib le b roch : n of u r the ri n f o rma t ion .

T he m a in e n t rance w a s f ound i nt h e s ou th -we s t w i th a g ua rd c e l l o n t h e e a s t ( r igh t ) s i de o ft h e p a s sage . I n ap a r t o ft h e w a l lw h ich s t ood a bou t3 . 7 m( 12 f t . )h igh t r ace so fa mu ra l g a l le ry s u rv ived : t h i s mu s t h ave b een a n u ppe rt i e r . T he re w a s a l so s uppo sed t oh ave b een a n a per tu re o r s l i t o pen ing f r om t h e g ua rd c e l l t o t h e e n t rance p a s sage b u t f r om P e t r ie 's s ke tch ( b e low ) t h i s i s p robab ly t h e l ow d oorway . I n ab ank n ex t t o t h e b each a r e t r ace s o f a 2 25

HY31 1 4 NETLATER ( `Man se o fH a r ray ' ) HY /32321741 ( v i s i ted 1 9 /7 / 1963 ) T h i s p robab le s o l id -ba sed b roch i nH an-a y s t and s o n f l a t g round a nd w a s d ug i n to b yt h e R ev . Wm . T ra i l l o fH a r ray i na bou t 1 860 ; t h e r e su l t s w e re d e sc r ibed b y P e t r ie [ 3 ] . T he f e a tu re s P e t r ie d e sc r ibe s w e r e n o t a l s e en b y h im [ 6 , 7 2 ] ( I l l s . 5 . 23 -25 , 5 . 33 & 5 . 34 ) . T he b u i ld ing i sn ow b ad ly r u ined a nd , t h ough t h e c i r cu i t w a s c omp le te w hen P e t r ie p l anned i t , o n ly h a lf n ow

T he R oundhou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

r ema in s ; i th a s b een u t i l i sed a sp a r t o f af i e ld w a l l . O n f i r s t e xpo su re t h e c i rcu la r w a l l w a s f ound t ob e 3 . 7 m( 12 f t . ) t h ick a nd t h e e n t rance - n ow d e s t royed - w a s o n t h e e a s t . T he l a t te r w a s 0 . 84 m ( 2 .75 f t . ) w ide a tt h e e x t e r io r a nd r e ta ined t h i s w id th f o rt h e f i r s t 1 . 8 m( 6f t . ) , a sf a r a s t h e d oo r -f rame ; t h e se w e r e f o rmed o fs l ab s o ns e to n e dge a nd p ro jec t ing f r om t h e w a l l s a tr i gh t a ng le s . T he reaf t e r t h e p a s sage w a s 1 . 2 m ( 4 f t . ) w ide . T he re w e re n o g ua rd c e l l s . T he d oo rway t ot h e m u ra l s t a i r w a s a t8 . 30 o ' c lock w i th al a rge c e l l l e ad ing of t oi t s l ef ta nd t h e r e w e re t h en 1 9 s t ep s r i s ing i n s ide t h e w a l l o n t h e r i gh t ( I l l . 5 . 34 ) . A l i t t le o f t h e s t a i r -f oo t g ua rd c e l l c an s t i l l b e s e en a tt h e s ou th -ea s te nd o ft h es u rv iv ing w a l l . T he r ew e r et wo m o re o va l mu ra l c e l l s , o ne a t 1 o ' c lock a nd t h e o t he r a t 3 o ' c lock . When t h eC omm i s s ion v i s i ted t h e s i te i n1 929 t h e w a l lw a s 1 . 98 m ( 6 .5 f t . )h i gh o nt h eW . I nt h e i n te r io rt h e re w e re v a r iou s s l ab s o fs t one s e to ne dge i n to t h e f l oo r i n c lud ing t wo i n l i ne w i th t h e s i de s o ft h e e n t rance p a s sage w h ich i ne f f ec t p ro jec ted t h e se i n to t h e c en t ra l c ou r t ; p r e sumab ly t h e se f e a tu re s a r e s e conda ry . O ne o ft h e s l ab s h ad ah o le i ni t ,p e rhap s f o r t e the r ing a n a n ima l [ 3 . f i g . 7 ] . Ad eep w e l l h ad b een c u t i n to t h e r o ck i n s ide t h eb roch a nd h ad s t ep s l e ad ing d own i n to i t[ 3 , f i g s . 8& 9 ] ; i tw a s 2 . 7m( 9f t . ) d eep a nd h ad w a te r i ni tw hen f ound ( Do np l an ; I l . 5 . 25 ) . T race s o f o u tbu i ld ing s w e r e f ound a r ound t h e b roch a nd t h e re w a s as e cond w e l l o u t s ide t h e e n t rance ( p robab ly i n s ide C hambe r Io n P e t r ie 's p l an - I l . 5 . 23 ) ; t h i s w a s s uppo sed t o h ave b een c onnec ted t o an ea rby b u rn b y a d r a in . A round t h e b roch w a s as u r round ing w a l l a bou t 9 0 c m ( 3f t . ) t h ick a nd t h e s ame d i s tance f r om i t ; P e t r ie w a s i n f o rmed t h a t i tw a s " on ly f a ced o n t h e s i de n ex t t o t h e b roch" . O ne m igh th aza rd ag ue s s t h a tt h i s c oncen t r ic a nd i l -made " wa l l" w a s t h e d eb r i s o f t h e u ppe r w a l l s o ft h e b roch w h ich h ad b een p i led a r ound t h e b a se i n am anne r e ncoun te r ed e l sewhe re . O the rf e a tu re s h ad b een d e s t royed b ef o re P e t r ie c ou ld s e et h em . D imen s ion s . E x ter na l d i ame te r 1 7 .4 m ( 57 f t . ) , i n ter na l d i ame te r 1 0 .1 -1 0 .2 m ( 3 3 -3 3 .5 f t . ) : w a l l s p ropo r t ion 4 2 .1 % . P e t r ie g ave t h e i n te r io r d i ame te ra s 1 0 .1 m ( 3 3 f t . ) a nd t h ew a l lt h ickne s sa s3 . 6 m( 12 f t . ) . F ind s . N one a r e m en t ioned i nP e t r ie 's p ub l i shed a ccoun t e xcep t f o rt wo l a rge p o t te ry u rn s f ound s e t i nt h e g round o u t s ide t h e b roch a nd w i th c a ref u l ly c u t t r iangu la r s t one c ove r s . T hey c on ta ined c a lc ined b one s . L a ing I l t ra te s a d eco ra ted b ronze p enannu la r f i bu la o f Med ieva l d a te w h ich w a st h en i nt h e p o s se s s ion o fD r . T ra i l l w ho s a id h e h ad f ound i ti nt h eN e t la te rb roch ( [ 2 , 7 0 , f i g .4 ] ) . Mo r e f i nd s a r e r e co rded i n P e t r ie 's n o tebook a nd h ave b een l i s ted [ 6 , 7 5 ] . T hey i n c lude a b one l o ng -hand led c omb , ad eco ra ted b one s ocke ted h and le , a nd o b jec t s o f w ha lebone . Me ta l o b jec t s i n c luded a s e cond Med ieva l p enannu la rb rooch a nd ap robab le b ronze b race le t . S tone i t em s i n c luded a p o s s ib le p e rf o ra ted l o om -we igh t , " ve s se l s" , ah and led l amp a nd " quer n s" . S ou rce s : 1 .O S c a rd HY 3 1 NW 3 8 : 2 .L a ing 1 868 : 3 . P e t r ie 1 890 , 7 8 -81 : 4 .F ra se r 1 923 , 3 1-8 : 5 . RCAH MS

2 26

1 946 , 2 ,n o . 1 3 , 1 3 15 & f i g . 7 7 ; 6 .H edge se ta l . 1 987 , 7 3 -5 & p l s . 3 . 4 &3 . 5 ( m sp l an & e l eva t ion sb yD ryden ) . HY31 1 5 OVERBROUGH ( `Ha r ray C hu r chya rd ' ) HY /314179 P o s s ib le b roch i nB i r say a nd H a r ray ; t h e r e i sn ow n ot r a ce o f a b u i ld ing b u t t h e f ounda t ions o f a b roch w e re a ppa ren t ly d i scove r ed w hen t h e w a r m emo r ia l w a s e r ec ted o n at u rf -cove r ed mound i n t h e g raveya rd o f H a r ray C hu rch [ 2 ] . S ou rce s : 1 .O S c a rd HY 3 1 NW 3 6 : 2 .F r a se r 1 923 , 3 2 : 3 . RCAHMS 1 946 , 2 ,n o . 1 39 , 3 7 . HY31 1 6 REDLAND ( `B roch o fR ed land ' , ` S t i r l ingo ' ) HY /377171 T h i s i st h e s i te o f as o l id -ba sed b roch n ea rS t i r l ingo , F i r th , w h ich w a s e xcava t ed b yF a r r e ri n1 856 o r1 858 [ 5 , 6 2 ] a nd w a s a lmo s t c omp le te ly d e s t royed a bou t 1 874 . T he g round h a s s i nce b een u nde r c u l t iva t ion b u t i sw a s ap ea t mo s s a t t h e t ime o ft h e e xcava t ion , a nd may h ave b een a s ha l low l o ch i nI r on A g e t ime s [ 3 ] . P e t r ie mad e s ome s ke tche s o f t h e b u i ld ing a tt h et ime o fe xcava t ion [ 5 , 6 3 , f i g . 3 . 11 ] b u t t h eb roch p l an s how sa lmo s tn o th ing . O n e xcava t ion t h e b roch w a s f ound t o b e s ma l le r t h an u sua l , 1 3 .7 m ( 4 5 f t . ) i no ve ra l l d iame te r w i th a n i n ter na l d i ame te ro f8 . 2 m( 27 f t . ) a nd aw a l l 2 . 7 m( 9f t . ) t h ick :t h e w a l l p ropo r t ion i st h u s 4 0 .0% . T he w a l lw a s 9f t .t h ick . A p a r t ly r o ck -cu t w e l l w i th s t ep s l e ad ing d own t o i tw a s f ound i n t h e c en t ra l a r ea a nd P e t r ie s k e tched a c r o s s s e c t ion o ft h i s [ 5 , 6 3 , f i g . 3 . 11 ] . T he b roch i ss a id t oh ave b een s u r rounded b y amoa t . A mu ra l g a l le ry 2 f t . 6i n . w ide ( no t s hown i n P e t r ie 's s ke tch ) w a s o b se rved r unn ing r ound t h ew a l l a tt h e t ime o f t h e e xcava t ion . G raham ( 1947 ; 6 1) s ugg e s ted t ha t i tm ay h ave b een ab a sa l g a l le ry , av i ew s uppo r ted b y H edge s [ 5 , 6 4 ] . H oweve rP e t r ie s ay st h a t" when e xpo sed ,t h ew a l l so f t h i s b roch w e r e o fs uff ic ien t r ema in ing h e igh t t o s how t h e e nc i rc l ing g a l le ry , w h ich w a s 2 . 5 f t . i nb r ead th , t h e w a l l o u t s ide t h e g a l le ry b e ing 3 . 5 f t .t h ick , a nd t h e i nne r o ne 3 f t . i n ." [ 3 ] ; t h i s m ay m ean t h a t t h e g a l le ry w a s a n u ppe r o ne a nd t h a t t h e s t ruc tu re w a s as o l id b a sed b roch . T he w a l l h ad b egun t o b u lge o u twa rd s i n a n c ien t t ime s a nd a ppea r ed t oh av e b een s ho r ed u p b y a" r ude ly b u i l t f a c ing " [ 2 ] . F ind s : p a r t s o f as t one q ue rn a nd a s t one v e sse l w e r e f ound , a sw e l l ap i ece o fr e d p igmen t ( p e rhap s h aema t i te ) [ 3 ] a nd as t one " c lub" [ 4 ] . As t one i n c i sed w i th as p i ra l w a s f ound i nt h e s e conda ry c ons t ruc t ion b u i l t a ga in s t t h e o u te rw a l l f a ce . S ou rce s : 1 .O S c a rd HY 3 1 NE 1 2 : 2 .P e t r ie 1 890 , 8 4 -5 & 8 7 : 3 .P e t r ie 1 927 , 5 3 : 4 . RCAH MS 1 946 , 2 ,n o . 3 20 , 9 1 : 5 .H edge se ta l . 1 987 , 6 2 -4 . HY31 1 7 S T . MARY 'S K IRK 1 HY /34018 P o s s ib le b roch i nE v ie a nd R enda l l c on s i s t ing o f ag r a s s c ove red m ound r e por ted t oc on ta in t h e r u in s o f ab roch o r ac i rcu la rc hape l ,b u i l to ft wo c oncen t r ic w a l ls [ 1 ] . S ou rce : 1 .O Sc a rd HY 3 1 NE 2 .

S ec t ion 5 : O rkney

HY31 1 8 S T . MARY 'S K IRK 2 HY / 311143 P os s ib le b roch i nB i r say a nd H a r ray , al ow g ra s s -cove red mound s t and ing o n as ma l l p romon to ry j u t t ing i n to t h e L och o fH a r ray . S ou rce s : 1 . OS c a rd HY 3 1 SW 6 : 2 . RCAHMS 1 946 , 2 , n o . 2 4 , 1 8 .

S ou rce s : 1 .O S c a rd HY 3 2 NE 2 7 : 2 .T homa s 1 852 . 1 22 3 :3 .W i l son 1 863 , 2 , 1 07 : 4 .P e t r ie 1 890 , 8 5 &8 9 : 5 . P e t r ie 1 927 , 2 3 : 6 . RCAHMS 1 946 , 2 ,7 4 , n o . 2 6 1 : 7 . B . B e l l i nD i sc . &E xca y . S co t . 1 980 , 2 4 : 8 . H edge s e ta l . 1 987 , 5 9 -60 : HY32 2 GURNESS ( 'A ike rne s s ' ) HY /382269 (v i s i ted 8 / 7 /63 & 1 5 /7 / 1985 ) T h i s g round -ga l ler ied b roch w i th m a s s ive o u te rd ef ence s s t and s o n f l a t g round n ex t t o t h e r o cky n or th s ho re o f Ma in land ( I l l s . 5 . 35 -76 ) .

S quare HY32 HY32 1 BURGAR ( 'B roch o fB u rga r ' , ' Bu rghe r ' ) HY /352277 T he o n ly i n f o rma t ion a bou t t h e s i z e a nd s t ruc tu r e o ft h i s p robab le b roch o n t h e c oa s t i nE v ie & R enda l l i sf r om T homa s [ 2 ] . H e g ive s t h e e x ter na l d i ame te ra s 1 8 .3 m ( 60 f t . ) a nd i t s i n te rna l d i ame te r a s 1 0 .4 m ( 34 f t . ) : t h e w a l l p ropor t ion w ou ld t h e r ef o re b e a bou t 4 3 .3 % . A tt h a t t ime , h e s ay s , " upon o ne s i de t h e w a l l i ss t i l l f ou r teen f e e th i gh , a nd i sa bou t f i ve f e e tt h ick ; t h e i n ne r c oncen t r ic w a l l i so f t h e s ame t h ickne ss , a nd s epa ra ted f r om t h e o u te r o ne b y a d i s tance o f s even f e e t , t h e s pa ce b e tween b e ing f o rmed i n to n ume rou s c hambe r s ." [ 8 , 6 0 , f i g . 3 . 10 ] T he b roch h ad a l r eady b een e xp lo red . I n 1 825 o ne P e te rk in d ug i n to t h e mound a nd f ound a f ew r e l ic s , i n c lud ing a h uman s ke le ton w i th a l ong -hand led b one c omb b e s ide i t[ 3 , f i g . 19 ] ) , o f w h ich h e s e n tt h e l a t t e rt ot h eN a t iona l Mu seum . A bou t 1 5y ea r s l a te rt h e s i te w a sr e -open b yt h e p rop r ie to r M r G o rdon w ho i sa l leged t oh ave f o und i t em so fg o ld a nd s i lve r . U nf or tuna te ly t h e d e sc r ip t ion o ft h e se f i nd s [ 4 ] i s s e cond h and , b e ing d e r ived f r om t wo " i n te l l igen t g en t lemen" w ho h ad s e en t h em . G o rdon i sr e pu ted t o h ave t h rown t h e w ho le c o l lec t ion i n to t h e s e a r a the r t h an s u r r ende r t h em t o t h e C rown , f o r w hom t h ey h ad b een c l a imed [ 6 ] . R ecen t ly f u r the r e ro s ion o ft h e b r och e xpo sed ap o l i shed b one p in a nd a bou t3 0s he rd so fu ndeco ra ted p o t te ry [ 7 ] . T he " t rea sure" : t h e m e ta l a nd o t he r o b jec t s w e r e i n a v e s se l f o und " i n o ne o f t h e c e l l s i nt h e t h ickne s s o f t h e w a l l" [ 5 ] , " a h igh ly o rna te s i lve r v a se o r B eake r w h ich w ou ld c on ta in a bou t h a lf a g a l lon o f l i qu id " a nd w h ich " bu lged o u ta bou tt h e m idd le , t h e m ou th a nd b o t tom b e ing c on s ide rab ly n a r rowe r . R ound t h e m idd le w e r e p ro jec t ing k nob s a nd v a r iou s o rnamen ta l f i gu r e s o r d e s ign s w e re s t amped o ri n c ised u pon i t ss u rf a ce [ 4 , 8 9 ] ." T he s i lve ra r t ic le s f ound w i th i tp robab ly i mp ly ap o s t I ron A ge d epo s i t . T he p o t" wa sn ea r ly f i l led w i th t h e f o l low ing a r t ic les , v i z , ag rea t n umbe r o fa mbe r b ead s , f r om 3 t o4 i n che s i nd i ame te r d own t o t h e s i z e o f ap ea , i n c lud ing m any o ft h e s i ze o fh a lf -c rown s ; s e ve ra l s i lve r c omb s o f v a r iou s s i z e s , s ome 6 i n che s l o ng , w i th l o ng t e e th , t h e b ack o r u pper p ar t b e ing r ounded a nd p e rf o ra ted w i th n ume rou s h o les ; f i ve o r s i x s i lve r p in s , s ome s i lve r b uck le s o r f i bu lae , a nd s eve ra l p i ece s o f s i lve r c ha in s , c on s i s t ing o f t h ree l i nk s i n te rwoven , a nd r e semb l ing moder nw a tch c ha in s" [ 4 , 8 9 ] . F rom t h ep o s i t ion o ft h i s h oa rd P e t r ie i n f e r red t h a t i th ad b een d epo s i ted , t og e the r w i th a h uman s ke le ton , a f t e r t h e b u i ld ing h ad f a l len i n to r u in .

2 27

T he s i te w a s e x ten s ive ly e xcava ted o ve r s eve ra l y ea r s i n t h e 1 930 s , m a in ly u nde r t h e d i rec t ion o f J . S . R icha rd son , H .M . I n spec to r o f A nc ien t Monumen t s i n S co t land . E xp lo ra t ion sh ad b eg in i n1 929 w hen aR ober tR enda l ld ug a n i n spec t ion p i t i n to t h e g r ea t mound a nd e s tab l i shed t h a t i tw a s ab roch . I n 1 930 t h e S oc ie ty o f A n t iqua r ie s o f S co t land b egan e xcava t ion s a nd i nN ovembe r 1 931 t h e s i te w a s t a ken u nde r G ua rd ian sh ip b y t h e t h en M in i s t ry o f Wo rk s w ho t h e reaf t e r c a r r ied o n t h e w o rk o f e xcava t ion a nd c on se rva t ion . U nf o r tuna te ly , a nd i ns p i te o ft h e l a rge q uan t i t ie s o f f i nd s a nd t h e c omp lex i ty a nd u ndoub ted i mpo r tance o ft h e s i t e , n o d e ta i led r e po r t o n t h e w o rk w a s e ve r p roduced b y t h e e xcava to r . N ea r ly a l l t h e m ea su remen t s g i ven b e low w e re o b ta ined d u r ing p e r sona l v i s i t st ot h e s i te , a nd t h e d a ta o nt h e f i nd s c ome s f r om my e xam ina t ion o f t h em i n E d inbu rgh i n 1 963 , a tt h e t h en N a t iona l Mu seum o fA n t iqu i t ie s a nd t h e t h en M in i s t ry o f Wo rk s . Mo re r e cen t ly t h e s t af f o f N o r th o f S co t land A r chaeo log ica l S e rv ice s h ave p r epa r ed an ew a nd d e ta i led d e sc r ip t ion o f t h e s i te , o f t h e e xcava t ion a nd t h e f i nd s t h e ref rom [ 4 ] . T h i s b roch i si mpo r tan t i nt h a t -u n l ike B u r r ian 1f o r e xamp le ( HY75 1 )-v e ry l i t t le l a te o rp o s t I r on A ge m a te r ia l w a s r e cove red ; a l though a tl e a s t t wo d i s t inc t p ha se s w e r e d i s t ingu i shed i nt h e m a in o ccupa t ion o ft h e s i te , b o th t h e se f e l l i n to t h e m idd le I r on A ge p e r iod . T he s i te i sa l so i mpor tan t i nt h a t t wo c omp le te ly d if e ren t i n te rp r e ta t ion s o f t h e n a tu r e o f t h e p r ima ry b roch s e t t lemen t h ave b een d eve loped , e ach o fw h ich h a s w ide r i mp l ica t ion s f o rt h e s t udy o fb roch s i ng ene ra l . T h i s h a s b een d i scu s sed i n d e ta i l [ 6 ] a nd i s r e v iewed a ga in i n S ec t ion 3 . 1 .D e scr ip t ion 1 . 1 T he h i s tory o ft h es i te a se s tab l i shed b ye xca va t ion : R icha rd son 's s umma ry o f t h e r e su l t s [ 2 ] s how s t h a t h e d i s t ingu i shed t h ree m a jo r p ha se s i nt h e h i s to ry o ft h e s i te . I nP ha se I w e re b u i l tt h eb roch a nd i t ss t one o u te rw a l l( o f w h ich n o c l ea r e v idence i si nf a c t v i s ib le ) , a nd t h ree d eep d i tche s s epa ra ted b y t wo r ampa r t s w e re c on s t ruc ted i n f r on t o f t h i s . T he b roch h a s ac on t inuou s i n t ra -mu ra l g a l le ry a tg round l e ve l ( of H eb r idean t y pe )w h ich p robab ly r un s a l t h e w ay r ound t h ough i tw a s n o t c omp le te ly e xpo sed . I nP ha se 2 t h e b roch u nderwen t s ome c o l lap se , t h e b a sa l g a l le ry b e ing p a r t ly c r u shed i nwa rd s b y t h e w e igh t o f t h e w a l l a bove . A t t h i s t ime ( bu t p r e sumab ly a f t e rt h e c o l lap se a nd a f t e ra ny c on sequen td emo l i t ion a nd c l ea rance ) m any s t one b u i ld ing s w e r e c on s t ru c ted o n t h e

T he R oundhou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

p l a tf o rm b e tween t h e b roch a nd t h e o u te r w a l l a nd t h e l a t te r w a s p a r t ly d emo l i shed a nd r e con s t ruc ted , b e ing c onve r ted t o aw a l l w i th b a s t ion s f ounded f u r the r o u t , i n t h e m idd le o f t h e f i r s t d i tch . S econda ry s l ab -bu i l t p a r t i t ion s i nt h e b roch i t s e lf w e r e a l so a dded , w i th h ea r th s a nd t a nk s o n an ew f l oo r l e ve l w h ich h ad b een l a id i n s ide . I n P ha se 3 a l l t h e e a r l ie r s t ruc tu re s w e r e i nr u in s a nd a n ew s u rf a ce h ad b een e s tab l i shed o n t h e d eb r i s ; l a te b u i ld ing sw e re e r ec t ed o nt op o ft h i s . O ne o ft h e se l a s tw a s as t ruc tu re r ema rkab ly l i ke t h e L a te B ronze A ge ' c ou r tya rd h ou se s ' a tJ a r l shof ( HU 3 0 1 ) ; t h e o t he r , p r e sumab ly l a te r , w a s aV ik ing l o nghou se . I n t h e a b sence o f d e ta i led e v idence f o r t h e s i te s t ra t if ica t ion o ne c an o n ly p rov i s iona l ly a ccep t t h i s s equence - c heck ing i tw he r ep o s s ib le a ga in s tt h ee v idence s t i l l v i s ib le o n t h e s i te - b u t t h e l a ck o f p ub l i shed p rovenance s f o r t h e a r tef ac t s i s as e r iou s h and icap t o i n te rp r e ta t ion . T he e xcava t ion n o tebook sa r ea va i lab le a nd s ome s en se c ou ld u ndoub ted ly b e m ade o ft h e e xcava t ion g iven t ime a nd p a t ience . Id i d n o t h ave s uff ic ien t t ime i n 1 963 t oe x t rac tt h em ax imum i n f o rma t ion f r om t h er e co rd s ; t h i s t a sk h a s n ow b een c omp le ted b y o t he r s [ 4 ] . B y c on t ra s t t h e r e i sp l en ty o f i n f o rma t ion t o b e g a ined b y e xam in ing t h e s t ruc tu re s t h em se lve s , p a r t icu la r ly a bou t h ow t h e s i te w a sm od if ied o ve rt ime . T h i si n f o rma t ion h a s n eve r b een f u l ly u n rave l led b ef o r e -t h e NOSAS a ccoun t [ 4 ] , f o r e xamp le , d i s r ega rd s s ome c r uc ia l e v idence v i s ib le o n t h e r u in s o ft h e t owe r -a nd s ome o ft h e c onc lu s ion s d rawn h e re ( i n S ec t ion 3 ) a r e t h e ref o r e a tv a r iance w i th t ho se o fH edge sa nd B e l l [ 6 , 4 ] . T h i s mo s tr e cen ts t udy h a s d educed ad i f f e ren ts equence o f e ven t s a tt h e s i te [ 4 ] . H e re P ha se 1 i s ad i agno sed a sa d ef ended s i te o fp r e -b roch d a te , t h e s e to fc oncen t r ic o u te r b ank s a nd d i tche s b e ing t h ough t t o a n teda te t h e t owe r e n t i re ly . P ha se 2 s aw t h e b u i ld ing o ft h e c on s t ruc t ion o f t h e b roch v i l lage - c on s i s t ing o f t h e t owe r i t s e lf , t h e i n te r io rs t one c ub ic le sa s sumed t ob ep r ima ry f e a tu re s ) , t h e o u tbu i ld ing s a nd t h eb a s t ioned w a l l -a l l b e ing a s sumed t o h ave b een c on s t ruc ted t oge the r a s au n i t . P ha se 3 i sa p o s t I r on A ge , P i c t i sh p ha se w hen v a r iou s d ome s t ic s t ruc tu re s w e re b u i l to n t op o ft h e r u in s o ft h e b roch w h i le P ha se 4 i s al a te r V ik ing s e t t lemen t . C lea r ly t h i s i n te rp r e ta t ion i sn o tj u s t d i f f e ren t i nt e rm s o ft h e s equence o f s t ruc tu re s o n t h e s i te - b u t i t a l so i mp l ie s a nd c omp le te ly d i f f e ren t i n te rp re ta t ion o ft h e p r ima ry f u nc t ion o ft h i s i mpor tan tO rkney b roch ( s ee s e c t ion 3b e low ) . 1 . 2 T he b roch T he b roch s t and s o n af l a tp l a tf o rm o fr o ck b ounded b yt h e i n ne rd i tch . I t se x ter na l d i ame te ri s1 9 .2 m ( 6 3 f t . ) a nd t h e d i ame te r o ft h e c en t ra l c ou r t i s1 0 .07 m ( 3 3 f t . ) ; t hu s t h e p ropor t ion o ft h e t o ta l d i ame te r o ccup ied b y t wo o ppo s i te w a l l b a se s i s4 6 .0% . T he m a in e n t rance , 4 . 47 m ( 14 f t .8 i n . ) i nl e ng th , i so n t h e e a s t s i de a nd i s1 . 14 m ( 3f t . 9i n . ) i nw id th a tt h e o u te r e nd . Two w e l l b u i l t r e ba te s f o r t h e m a in d oo ra r e 2 . 42 m ( 7f t . 1 i n . ) f r om t h e o u te re nd ( I l l . 5 . 50 ) a nd t h e r e i s ah o le a nd o ppo sed s ocke t f o r t h e w ooden d r aw -ba r i nt h e w a l l s b eh ind t h e se ; ap i vo t s t one w a s f ound i n p l ace b eh ind t h e l e f t h and c heck . T he p a s sag e a tt h e c heck s i s1 . 20 m ( 3f t .1 i n . ) a nd j u s t i n s ide

2 28

t h em i tw iden s t o 1 . 73 m ( 5 f t . 8i n . ) , n a r row ing a ga in t o 1 . 42 m ( 4f t . 8i n . )a tt h e i n ne re nd . Two l i n te l led , n o tc o rbe l led , g ua rd c e l l s f l ank t h ee n t rance b eh ind t h e d oo ra nd t h e d oo ro ft h e o ne o nt h e l ef t( l ook ing i n ) h a s as i l l p ro jec t ing a bove t h e p a s sage f l oo r ( I l l . 5 . 51) . F rom t h e r e a r e nd o fe ach g ua rd c e l l am u ra l g a l le ry r un s b ack a nd r ound t h e w a l l ( I l l . 5 . 54 ) : i tw a s p robab ly c on t inuou s a r ound t h e b roch a t g round l e ve l b u t i th ad b een b l ocked w i th s t one i n t h e s ame m anne r a s t h a t a t M idhowe , t h e e xcava t ion o fw h ich w a s d e sc r ibed i nm o re d e ta i l ( HY33 1 ) . T he b l ock ing u nde r t h e r oof ing l i n te l s o ft h e g round g a l le ry i sc l ea r ly v i s ib le o n t h e n o r th a r c , a nd i ti n c lude s s ome l a rge s l ab s t i pped i n( I l l . 5 . 62 ) . T he n ow o pen p a r t s w e re e v iden t ly c l ea red o fs t one d u r ing t h e e xcava t ion s b u t t h e s i de w a l l s c an b e s e en c on t inu ing b eyond t h e p r e sen t e nd s . T he re i sn o e v idence o f a ny d oo rway s f r om t h e i n te r io r t o t h is b a sa l g a l le ry , w h ich s e em s t oh ave b een i n acce s s ib le e xcep t t h rough t h e g ua rd c e l l s . T he f a c t t h a t t h e i n t ra -mu ra l s t a i r s t a r t s a bove i ta t f i r s tf l oo rl e ve lp robab ly e xp la in st h i s( b e low ) ; t h eg round l e ve l g a l le ry w a s a n i s o la ted f e a tu re , p robab ly p u r e ly s t ruc tu ra l i np u rpo se . T he m a in e n t rance h a s t h e t wo f r on t l i n te l s s t i l l i np o s i t ion ( b eh ind t h em i so ne o fr e con s t ruc ted c onc r e te ) a nd t h e re i s ag ap b e tween t h em t h rough w h ich as p ea r c ou ld b e t h ru s t d own i n to t h e p a s sage b e low . T he s i de s o f av o id o r c hambe r a bove t h e e n t rance p a s sage a r e p a r t ly p r e served ( I l l . 5 . 56 ) . T he o n ly w ay i nt ot h is c hambe r s e em s t oh ave b een f r om t h e i n te r io r , p r e sumab ly b y aw ooden l a dde r , a nd t h e r e a r e i nf a c tp ro jec t ing s t one s i nt h e i n ne rw a l l f a ce o ne i the rs i de o ft h ep a s sage a nd a tt h e l e ve lo ft h e e n t rance l i n te l s w h ich d oub t le s s s uppo r ted s ome th ing o f t h e s o r t . T he s c a rcemen tl e dge o nt h e i n ne rw a l l f a ce i s much h i ghe r ( I l l . 5 . 57 ) . T he i n te r io ro ft h eb roch h ad b een p a r t ly f i l led w i th am a s s o fc ub ic le s a nd c on s t ruc t ion s b u i l t o fs a nd s tone f l ag s , a nd o cca s iona l ly o fm a son ry ; t h e se a r e q u i te c l ea r ly o nt o po fa s e conda ry l a ye r o fp av ing , 4 6 -53 c m ( 1 8 -2 1 i n . ) a bove t h e l owe r f l oo r , w h ich i sp re sumab ly t h e o r ig ina l o ne . A n u ppe r h ea r th ( I l l . 5 . 59 ) a s w e l l a s al owe r o ne c ou ld b e s e en i n 1 963 b u t t h e l a t te r - a n a ppa r en t ly r e c tangu la r , p ebb le -edged s t ruc tu re o n t h e p r ima ry f l oo ri nt h e c en t r e i sn ow h i dden . I ti so ne o ft h e mo re u nf o r tuna te a spec t s o f b o th t h e G u rn e s s a nd t h e M idhowe e xcava t ion s t h a t t h e m a s s o f s e conda ry c on s t ruc t ions i n b o th w e re l ef t i n tac t a nd , a s ar e su l t , t h e p r ima ry l e ve ls o ft h e b roch i n te r io r s w e re h a rd ly e xp lo r ed a ta l l . T hu s i nn e i ther i si tp o s s ib le t o c heck w ha t t h e d e s ign o ft h e o r ig ina l i n te r io r w a s a nd w he the r , f o r e xamp le , w i the rb roch h ad ar i ng o fw ooden p o s t s i ni t se a r l ie s tf l oo r . T he m u ra l s t a i ri sa t9 . 30 o ' c lock ( I l l . 5 . 63 & 5 . 64 ) a nd t h e d oo rway t o i ti sa bou t 1 . 83 m ( 6 f t . ) a bove t h e s e conda ry f l oo r : ap ro jec t ing s t one a t t h e b a se o f t h e r i gh t j amb p robab ly s uppo r ted a w ooden c on s t ruc t ion , i n c lud ing a l a dde r , f o r a cce s s t ot h i s d oo r ( I l l . 5 . 63 ) . A s ma l l c e l l , w h ich m igh t b e d e sc r ibed a s as t a i r -f oo tg ua rd c e l l , o pen s t o t h e l ef t o f t h e d oo r , a nd o n ly 9 s t ep s o f t h e s t a irway r ema in ( I l l . 5 . 64 ) . A c o rbe l led s c a r cemen t l e dg e r u n s r ound t h e i n te r io rw a l l f a ce a t ah e igh to fa bou t 3 . 67 m ( 1 2

S ec t ion 5 : O rkney

f t . ) a bove t h e p r ima ry f l oo r . I nt h e p r ima ry f l oo r i s aw e l l c on s i s t ing o f ar ock -cu t w a te r t a nk a pp roached b y s t eep s t ep s a nd s t i l lc on ta in ing s ome w a te r( I l l . 5 . 60 & 5 . 6 1) .

1 . 4 T he o u tbu i ld ing s

T he re a r et h er ema in so fa nu ppe rm u ra lg a l le ry o nt h ew a l l h ead , w h ich e xh ib i t c l ea r s i gn s o fa l te ra t ion , p r e sumab ly a f t e rt h e b roch h ad b een p a r t ly d emo l i shed . A t 1o ' c lock f r om t h e m a in e n t rance t h e re i sa n i n f o rma t ive s e r ie s o f f e a tu re s . As t eep a nd n a r row s e conda ry f l igh to fs t ep sh a s b een b u i l t a ga in s t t h e o r ig ina l i n ne r w a l l f a ce ( I l l . 5 . 67 ) a nd i tr u n s u p p a s t ar a i sed o pen ing o rv o id i nt h e p r ima ry w a l l t h e s i l l o f w h ich i ss ome 2 . 14 m ( 7 f t . ) a bove t h e s e conda ry f l oo r( i n 1 963 t h ep av ing o ft h i sf l oo r ,a nd o ft h e o r ig ina l o ne b e low i t ,c ou ld b e s e en b u t e ve ry th ing i sn ow g rave l led o ve r ) . T he o u te r e nd o ft h is v o id - w he r e i t m ee t s t h e u ppe r i n t ra -mu ra l g a l le ry - h a s b een b l ocked w i th al a rge s l ab o n e dge ( I l l . 5 . 68 ) a nd , b eyond t h i s , t h e s i de o ft h e i nne r f a ce o ft h e g a l le ry i sv i s ib le . Y e t n ea rby t h e s t one s l abs n ow f o rm a c on t inuum t h e w ho le w ay a c ro s s t h e w a l l h ead a nd a c ro s s w he re t h e g a l le ry mu s t h ave b een ; t h is i sd oub t le s s t h e r e su l t o fw e l l i n ten t ioned b u t m i sgu ided c on serva t ion w h ich h a s u nw i t t ing ly o b scu r ed i mpor tan ts t ruc tu ra l f e a tu r e s . A no the r c u r iou s f e a tu re - t h e f o unda t ion s o f as ma l l , c i rcu la r c hambe r -c an b e s e en b e s ide t h e m a in e n t rance , a bove t h e l ef th and g ua rd c e l l ( I l l . 5 . 52 ) . T h i s g ua rd c e l l h ad e v iden t ly b een b l ocked w i th s t one w hen t h e s i te w a s e xcava t ed , a nd t h e c hambe r i n se r t ed o n t op o f i ta f t e r a s ub s tan t ia l d emo l i t ion o ft h e b roch ( s ince i tc ou ld h a rd ly h ave b een i n ser ted i n to a n i n ta c t o ne a tt h a t p o in t ) . T he r emova l o ft h e b lock ing h a s l e f t o n ly p a r t o ft h e c hambe r i n tac t ; t h e f e a tu re m u s t h ave b een b u i l t o n a n a l ready r u ined a nd e xposed w a l l h ead . T he p robab le s i gn if i cance o f t h e se w a l l h ead f e a tu re s i sd i scu s sed b e low ( s ec t ion 3 . 2 ) .

A l a rge n umbe r o f c l o se ly p acked c on s t ruc t ion s , p r e sumab ly d we l l ing s a nd a l so b u i l t o f l a rge f l ag s o f s and s tone , s u r round st h eb roch o nt h e o u t s ide a nd t h e se a r e b ounded b y , a nd a r e c l ea r ly c on tempo ra ry w i th , t h e " ba s t ion w a l l" w h ich i ss uppo sed t o h ave r ep laced t h e o r ig ina l o u te r w a l l a r ound t h e b roch [ 2 ] . I ng ene ra l t e rm s t h e se o u tbu i ld ing s a r e s im i la r i nd e s ign t o t h e s e conda ry c ub ic le s i n s ide t h e b roch . T hey c on s i s t o f s eve ra l l a rge u n i t s b ounded b y d ry s t one w a l l ing , a pp rox ima te ly r ad ia l i np l an i nr e la t ion t ot h e b roch a nd b ounded o nt h e o u t s ide b y t h e b a s t ioned w a l l ( wh ich i sf ounded i nt h e m idd le o f t h e i n ne r d i tch ) a nd o nt h e o t he r s i de sb yt h e n a r row r ad ia l e n t rance s t ree t a nd b y t h e s t r ee t n ex t t o t h e b roch a nd r unn ing r ound i t( I l l . 5 . 35 ) . E ach o ft h e se b a s ic u n i t s i s s ubd iv ided i n ter na l ly b y r ow s o f s and s tone s l ab s s e t o n e dge t of o rm m any p o lygona lc ub ic le s . T he se o u tbu i ld ing s a ppea rt oh ave e x tended a l t h ew ay r ound t h et owe re xcep t t h a t o nt h e w e s t ( oppo s i te t h e m a in e n t rance )t h e r e i s ag ap a s i ft h e s y s tem h ad n o t b een c omp le ted b y t h e t ime t h e s e t t lemen tw a s f i na l ly a bandoned [ 2 , 7 8 ] . T he se " ou tbu i ld ing s" a r e a l o bv iou s ly s e conda ry i nt h a t t h ey w e re b u i l t r ound a n a l r eady s t and ing b roch , b u t i ti s n o t i mmed ia te ly c l ea r h ow m uch l a t e r t h ey a r e . I ft h e b ank s a nd d i tche s a r e a l toge the r e a r l ie r t h an t h e b roch t owe r [ 4 ] t h en t h e b a s t ion w a l l a nd a s soc ia ted o u tbu i ld ing s c ou ld b e t h e s ame a ge a st h e b roch , a nd t h e w ho le s y s tem w ou ld f o rm a b roch a nd i t s a s soc ia ted v i l lage . O n t h e o t he r h and i f , a s R icha rd son t h ough t , t h e o r ig ina l o u te r d ef ence s w e r e b u i l t w i th t h e b roch , t h e o u tbu i ld ing s a nd t h e b a s t ioned w a l l s hou ld b e o fp o s t -b roch d a te ; i nt h a t c a se t h e b roch w ou ld o r ig ina l ly h ave s t ood a l one o n ac l ea r p l a tf o rm w i th in t h eo r ig ina lm u l t ip le d ef ence w o rk s . 1 . 5 T he m a in e n t rance

1 . 3 F ea tu re s i n s id et h eb roch T he s e conda ry b u i ld ing s i n s ide t h eb roch a r e m ade o fh uge s and s tone f l ag s , w i th o ne o r t wo b l ock s o fb u i l t m a son ry . T he r e i s ,a sa l ready n o ted , as e conda ry s t a i rway r un ing u p a ga in s t t h e i nne r w a l l f a ce o f t h e b roch o ppo s i te t h e e n t rance . U n l ike t h e c a se w i th in m any o t he r b roch s t h e re i sn o s e conda ry w a l l a r ound t h e c en t ra l c ou r t b u t a to ne p o in t t h e a dded c on s t ruc t ion s d o o ve r lap t h e h igh s ca r cemen tl e dge , s how ing c l ea r ly t h a tt h ey a r en o tp a r to f t h e o r ig ina l d e s ign ( I l l . 5 . 66 ) . Two h ea r th s a r em a rked o n t h e l a te r f l oo r i nt h e p l an ( I l l . 5 . 35 ) , a nd o ne h a s s ocke t h o le s o n o ppo s i te s i de s a s i ft o s uppor t s ome k i nd o f r oa s t ing s p i t . T he c ub ic le s r e s t ing o n t h e s e cond f l oo r i n s ide t h e b roch c ons i s t o f aj umb le o fp o lygona l c e l l s d ef ined m a in ly b y s and s tone s l ab s s e to n e dge , a nd w i thou t as en s ib le p a t ter n t ot h em . Mos to ft h es ou the rn h a lf i sc l ea r . T he re a r et wo b lock s o fb u i l t ma son ry , o ne j u s ti n s ide t h ee n t rance a nd t o i t s r i gh t a nd t he o the r al i t t le f u r the r o n , i nt h e f o rm o fa p i e rp ro jec t ing r ad ia l ly f r om t h ew a l l( I l l . 5 . 56 ) .

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T he m a in e n t rance o ft h e b roch i sa l igned n o t o n ly w i th a s t ra igh t , r ad ia l p a thway t h rough t h e o u tbu i ld ing s b u t a l so w i th i t s c on t inua t ion a c ro s s t h e c au seway o ve r t h e o u te r d ef ence s ; mo reove r t h e se b ank s a nd d i tche s c u rve i n t owa rd s i to n b o th s i de s t og i ve t h e o ve ra l l p l an ak i dney s haped a ppea rance ( I l l . 5 . 35 ) . T h i s c ou ld m ean e i the rt h a t b roch a nd o u te rd ef ence s a r e c on tempo ra ry o r , o nt h eo t he r h and , i tm igh t b e a r gued t h a t t h e b roch e n t rance w a s a l igned t owa rd s ap r e -ex i s t ing c au seway a c ro s s o l de r d ef ence w o rk s . H oweve r t h e re i sa l so t h e p o in t t h a t t h e b roch e n t rance h a s b een e x tended o u twa rd s w i th a s ho r t s e conda ry p a s sageway c on ta in ing a d oo r a nd h av ing a t l e a s t o ne g ua rd c e l l ( I l l . 5 . 47 & 5 . 48 ) , a nd t h a t t h e r a d ia l " s t ree t" t h rough t h e o u tbu i ld ing s l e ad ing t owa rd s i t b i f u r ca te s i mmed ia te ly i nf r on tt oa vo id t h i s p ro jec t ion ( I l l . 5 . 35 ) . T h i s l a s t p o in t i np a r t icu la r s t rong ly i mp l ie s t h a t t h e o u tbu i ld ing s a r e s e conda ry a nd c on tempo ra ry w i th t h e u ndoub ted ly s e conda ry c ub ic le s a dded i n s ide t h e b roch . T he d e s ign o f t h e o u tbu i ld ing s i s c l ea r ly i n t ima te ly c onnec ted w i th t h eb a s t ioned w a l l ( I l l . 5 . 35 )a nd t h e re i sn o d oub t t h a t t h i s w a s b u i l t a f t e r t h e p r ima ry o u te r d ef ence s ( s ec t ion 1 . 6 b e low ) . E ve ry th ing d epend s , t h e ref o r e , o n w he the r i tc an b e s hown t h a t t h e se d ef ence s h ave t o b e e a r l ie r t h an t h e b roch . T he se p rob lem s a r e d i scu s sed a ga in b e low ( s ec t ion 2 ) .

T he R ound hou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

1 . 6 T he o u te rd ef ence s T he n or th h a lf o ft h e o u te rd ef ence s h a sb een d e s t royed b y s e a e ro s ion b u t e nough r ema in s t o s how t h a t t h e se o r ig ina l ly c on s i s ted o f t h r ee d i tche s s epa ra ted b y t wo r ampa r t s ( whe the r t h e r e w a s a l so a n i n ne r w a l l w i th in t h e i n ne rmo s t d i t ch i sn o t c l ea r ) . T he d i tche s a r e l i ned w i th m a son ry a nd t h e i n ne rmo s t o ne a tl e a s t i sp a r t ly r o ck -cu t . T he t wo o u te r r ampa r t s a r e r e ve ted w i th s t one . A s n o ted a l l t h e l i ne s o f t h e se f o r t if ica t ion s c u rve i nwa rd s a tt h e o u te r e n t rance c au seway o n t h e e a s t - i n l i ne w i th t h e b roch d oo rway - s o t h a t t h e p l an o ft h e w ho le i ss l igh t ly k idney shaped . T h i s r a d ia l e n t rance s t ree t i s2 6 m l o ng o ve ra l l , t h e o u te r p a r t c on s i s t ing o f ac au seway w h ich c r o s se s t h e o u te r d ef ence s . T he c au seway i sk e rbed o r w a l led a nd p roceed sw e s ta c ro s st h e l i ne o ft h e i n ne rd i tch , t h e t wo r ampa r t s a nd t h e t wo o u te r d i tche s h av ing c u rved i n t o b l end a nd v an i sh a t t h i s p o in t . T he g a te i n t h e b a s t ioned w a l l m a rk s t h e e n t rance t ot h e s e t t lemen tp rope r a nd i nf r on to ft h is , a nd o nt h e l i ne o ft h ei n ne rd i tch , t h e r e i s as o r t o ft r apeze shaped w a l led s pace w h ich i se n te red b y a n o u te rg a te . T hu s t h e re w e re a tl e a s t t h ree d oo r s o r g a te s a l ong t h e r ad ia l s t r ee t l e ad ing t ot h e o r ig ina l b roch e n t rance p a s sage , o ne a tt h eo u te re nd , o ne a tt h eb a s t ioned w a l l a nd at h i rd j u s ti nf r on to ft h eb roch i t se lf . 2 .T he F inds ( I l l s . 5 . 73 —5 . 77 ) T he se w e r e v e ry n ume rou s , a l though u nf or tuna te ly t h ey h ave t ob e r e ga rded n ow a sl a rge ly u n s t ra t if ied . T he mo r e i mpo r tan ts e en b yt h ea u tho ra r e l i s ted h e re i nc a tego r ie s o f m a te r ia l a nd i n c lude t h e f o l low ing . I t em s c l ea r ly b e long ing t o t h e p o s t I ron A ge o ccupa t ion s a r e n o t i n c luded . 2 . 1 B ronze Two c omp le te s p i ra l f mge r r ing s a nd ap a r t o fo ne o ft h ick w i re ( at o ta l o f 5i sm en t ioned [ 2 ] , s ome o fw h ich w e r e f ound o n t h e b one s o ft wo h and s ) , 3o rd ina ry f i nge r r ing s , o ne d eco ra ted , a nd ap l a in r i ng , 2p ro jec t ing r i ng -headed p in s , af i ne d eco ra ted , z oo -mo rph ic p enannu la r f i bu la , 2 n eed le s ( 1 w i th t h e h ead m i s s ing ) , ab en t s t r ip a nd f r agmen t so f ac ha in w i th d oub le l i nk s . I ts hou ld b e n o ted t h a t H edge s b e l ieve s t h a t t h e s p i ra l f i nge rr i ng sf ound o nt h eh and sc ome f r om d i s tu rbed N o r se b u r ia ls ; i fs o t h i s w ou ld p l a ce w ha t h a s h i ther to b een r ega rded a s as t anda rd m idd le I r on A ge a r tef ac t i n ap e r iod a f t e r a bou t AD 8 00 . T he r e i so fc ou r se n o d i rec te v idence t h a t t h e h and s w e re N o r se , t h ough N o r se b u r ia l s w e re f ound o nt h e s i te [ 5 , 8 7 ] . T he s ugge s t ion i mp l ie s t h a t t h e h and sw e r ec u to f ft h ep e r son sc once rned e i the rb ef o re t h ey w e re d ead o r s ho r t ly a f t e rwa rd s , b u t s uch ap un i shmen t c ou ld h ave b een i n f l ic ted o n I r on A ge m en a s w e l l . I t s e em s p e rve r se t o a l loca te t h e s p i ra l f i nge r r i ng s t o t h e N o r se p e r iod o n s u ch s l ende r e v idence , p a r t icu la r ly w hen t h ey a r ef ound s of r equen t ly i nb roch sa nd w hee lhou se s . 2 . 2 F i red c l ay

f r agmen t s o f m ou ld s f o r c a s t ing s ma l l b ronze o b jec t s , i n c lud ing t wo f o r w ha t l o ok l i ke v e ry s ma l l r i ng -headed p in s a nd o ne f o r ab ronze r od . Add i t iona l i t em s n o ted [ 4 ] i n c lude m ou ld sf o rb ronze s pea r -bu t t s 2 . 3 G la s s Ag r een d umb -be l l s haped " bead" ( unpe rf o r a ted ) , 1s ma l l b l ue /g reen g l obu la r b ead a nd a s ma l l b a l l o f t h e s ame c o lou r , 2r ed d i sco id b ead s ( p e rhap s m ade o f a mbe r ) . A dd i t iona l i t em sn o ted [ 4 ] i n c lude ap i ece o fg r een w indow g l a s s . 2 . 4S tone A tl e a s t 1r o ta ry q ue rn , 3s p ind le who r l s( 1o fs and s tone , 1 o fs t ea t i te a nd 1o fj e t ) , s eve ra l h amme r s tone s i n c lud ing a d i sco id e xamp le , 2s ma l lw he t s tones a nd a no the rl a rge ro ne w i th a n o vo id s hape , 3c h ipped f l a t d i sc s c . 1 0 c m i n d i ame te r , u sua l ly t e rmed p o t l i d s , ap e rf o ra ted d i sc o f a s im i la r d i ame t e r , ap o s s ib le w e igh t f o r ad i gg ing s t ick , a s ma l l t h ick d i sc a nd a s ma l l s t one b a l l ( a s l ing s ho t? ) . A dd i t iona l i t em s n o ted [ 4 ] i n c lude , p robab le g am ing c oun te r s ( f o rmed o f p o l i shed n a tu ra l p ebb les , s eve ra l l amp s o fu sua l I r on A ge f o rm , s ocke t s t one s , s t one s w i th p ecked h o l low s , s eve ra l r o ta ry q ue rn s tone s , b o th u ppe r a nd l owe r , s ev e ra l s add le q ue rn s , amor ta r , s eve ra l t r ough q uer n s , p e s t le s , s t r ike -a l igh t s , an umbe r o f f l ake s a nd s c rape r s o f f l i n t a nd c her t , p i ece s o fw o rk ed p um ice a nd f r agmen t so fh a ema t i te . 2 . 5B one A t l e a s t 1 l o ng -hand led c omb s ( 2 b e ing f r agmen t s o n ly ) o f w h ich s eve ra l a r e d eco ra ted , af emu r -head b u t ton o r w ho r l , 2p a ra l le lop iped d i ce w i th d o t s o n t h e l o ng s i de s i n d ica t ing 3 -4 -5 -6 , 2l a rge a w ls , 2l a rge n eed le s , 1 d oub le -po in ted f i sh g o rge , 2p e rf o ra ted a n t le r t i ne s , 1 d eco ra ted , w h ich a r ep robab ly b r id le c heek -p iece s , s e ve ra l r e c tangu la r p l a te s w i th h o le s i nt he c o rne r s , o ne w i th a b one p i n s t i l l i n o ne h o le , 1d oub le -ended l o ng , f i ne ly s moo thed s pa tu la , 1c u t l o ng b one made i n to as pa tu la , 1 p robab le r o ta ry q uer n h and le , 1b a l l -headed i r on p i n , 1 p l a in p i n , 1h i pped p in , p robab ly w i th ab a l l shaped h ead , 2l a rge p i n s , o ne p e rf o ra ted , 1p e rf o ra ted d i sc o r w ho r l , o ne s ma l lp eg f i t ted i n to ah o l low h ead , f r agmen t s o fs awn w ha lebone , 1s ma l l b one p omme l w i th t h e r ema in s o fa s ma l l i r on b l ade s e t i n i t , 1b one s l eev e w i th e l abo ra te g eome t r ica l i n c i sed d eco ra t ion , 1b roken k n if e o rd agge r p omme l a nd o ne l o ng p o l i shed t ube , r e c tangu la r i nc r o s s s e c t ion a nd d eco ra ted w i th i n c i sed g eome t r ica l p a t ter n s . A dd i t iona l i t em s n o ted [ 4 ] i n c lude - s o cke ted h and le s m ade f r om a n t le r t i ne s , ap i n w i th a c a rved r i ng -head ( No r se? ) , o ne w i th a s qua t g lobu la r h ead w i th d o t s , w ha lebone ( wha le v e r teb ra ) c up s a nd c a ske t s , s ome w i th l i d s , b obb in s , at o gg le a nd ac heek p i ece . 2 .6 P o t te ry O ft h i s t h e re w e r e l a rge q uan t i t ies i n c lud ing c oa r se g r i t ty w a re , m a in ly b a r re l -and b u cke t shaped , f i ne r , s moo the r j a r sw i th s l igh t ly o u t tur n ed l i p s ( s im i la rt oJ a r lshof C la s s 1 w a r e ) , s om e o f i tb l ack -bu rn i shed , af ew p i ece s o f

F ragmen t s o f c r uc ib le s ( s ome w i th s h iny , b l ack , g l a s sy d epo s i t s o nt h em ) o ne o fw h ich i se gg -cup shaped , s eve ra l

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S ec t ion 5 : O rkney

e ver ted r immed v e s se l s , 1w a l l s h e rd w i th az i g -zag a pp l ied c o rdon a nd af ew s h e rd sw i th i n c i sed d eco ra t ion . S ign if i can t ly a b sen tw e re - e xcep tf o rt h eh i pped p in - a l l t h e v a r ie t ie s o fb one p i n s w i th or namen ta l h ead s a nd t h e c ompo s i te b one c omb sw h ich s e em t ob e long t o al a te rI r on Age p e r iod ,p robab ly i nt h e 7 t ho r8 t hc en tu ry . Two f r agmen t s o f aR oman a mpho ra o f u nu sua l ly e a r ly t ype w e r ef ound [ 5 ] ; t h e i rs i gn if i cance i sd e sc r ibed b e low . 3 .D i scu s s ion 3 . 1 . G ene ra l T he r e su l t s o f t h e e xcava t ion o f t h e b roch o f G ur ne s s , t hough i n adequa te ly p ub l ished , m ak e i tc l ea rt h a tt h e s i te i s a n i mpo r tan t o ne w h ich m e r i t s c a r ef u l s t udy . A l though i t s eem s u n l ike ly t h a t m uch i fa ny p r ima ry b roch m a te r ia l w a s r e cove red - s i nce t h e s e conda ry s t ruc tu re s i n t h e t owe r w e r e mo s t ly l ef t i n tac t - t h e a b sence o f l a t e r ma te r ia l ( d eco ra ted b one p in s a nd c ompo s i te c omb s ) p robab ly m ean s t h a t t h e s i te w a s o ccup ied a lmo s t e n t i re ly w i th in t h e m idd le I r on A ge . T he f a c t t h a t t h e e n t i r e s i te w a s i nr u in s a nd l e ve l led w hen a n a n t ique c ou r tya rd h ou se w a s e r ec ted o n t op o f i ts uppo r t s t h i s . I fa nd w hen t h e a r tef ac t s c an b e a s s igned t o t h e v a r iou s p ha se s o f t h e e vo lu t ion o ft h e s i te i n te re s t ing r e su l t sm ay b ee xpec ted . A ma jo r p o in t r equ i r ing c l a r if i ca t ion i st h e n a tu re o f t h e b u i ld ing s t h a t w e re f i r s t e r ec ted o n t h e s i te . A s n o ted t h ere a r e t wo v i ew s o n t h i s , t h e f i r s t b e ing t h e s equence a dvanced b yt h e e xcava to r [ 2 , 3 ]a nd t h e s e cond b e ing t h a t a dvanced b y t h e NOSAS r epo r t [ 4 ] . T he f o l low ing d i scu ss ion s a bou t v a r iou s a spec t s o f t h e s i t e h ave b een c ompo sed w i th t h i s c on t rove r sy i n m ind , a nd t h e a l terna t ive s a r e r ev iewed a ga in a tt h e e nd . T he a r gumen t s a r e s e to u ti ng rea te rd e ta i l e l sewhe r e [ 6 ] . 3 .2 T he s t ruc ture o ft h eb roch A c ruc ia l p o in t c once rn s t h e o r ig ina l n a tu r e o ft h e b roch . Wa s i t ah i gh , h o l low -wa l led t owe r l i ke Mou sa ( HU42 5 ) , c on ta in ing ac l ea r c en t ra l c ou r t w i th aw ooden r oundhou se r e s t ing o n ar i ng o fp o s t s a nd o n t h e s c a r cemen t l e dge , o r w a s i t ,a sS co t t ( 1948 ) s u rm ised , n eve r much h i ghe rt h an i ti sn ow a nd e qu ipped f r om t h e b eg inn ing w i th i n te rna l s t one c ub ic le s q u i te d i f f e ren t t o t h e n o rma l b roch r oundhou se t r ad i t ion? I nf a c ti ti sd if i cu l tt oc on s ide rt h e v a r iou s s t ruc tu ra l f e a tu re s o ft h e b roch m en t ioned e a r l ie r w i thou t a g r eei ng w i th R icha rd son t h a t G ur n e s s w a s o r ig ina l ly at a l l , h o l low -wa l led t ow e r w h ich u nde rwen t a p a r t ia l c o l lap se q u i te e a r ly i n i t s h i s to ry a nd w h ich w a s t h en p u l led d own t o as a f e h e igh t ( no t much a bove i t s max imum p r e sen to ne ) , m ade s a f e i nv a r iou sw ay s a nd t h e i n ter io ro fw h ich w a st h en c omp le te ly r e -mode l led . T he b roch c l ea r ly s t i l l p o s se s se s t wo s t o rey s o fi n t ra -mu ra l g a l le r ies , o ne a tg round l e ve l a nd a no the r o n t op o ft h i s . T he g round l e ve l g a l le ry s e em s t o h ave r un a l l t h e w ay r ound t h eb roch a nd t oh ave h ad n o e n t rance si n to i te xcep t f r om t h eb a ck o ft h et wo g ua rd c e l l s ; t h e r e w e re n o d oo r s f r om i t t o t h e c en t ra l c ou r t a s t h e re u sua l ly a r e i n

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H eb r idean g round -ga l le r ied b roch s ( e g . NM 0 4 4 ) . T he f i r s t f l oo r g a l le ry a l so l a ck s a ny r a ised d oorway s o rv o id s c onnec t ing i tw i th t h e i n te r io r ; i tm ay a l so h ave b een a cce s s ib le f r om t h e b ack o fe ach g ua rd c e l l b u t mu s t h ave b een d i v ided i n to t wo p a r t s b y t h e i n t ra -mu ra l s t a i rway , w h ich h a s i t s l owe s t s t ep a tt h eh e igh to ft h er oof ing l i n te l s o ft h e g round l e ve l g a l le ry . T he c hambe r o ve rt h e m a in e n t rance a l so s e em s t oh ave b een a cce s s ib le o n ly f r om t h e i n te r io r , s o i t s s i de w a l l s w ou ld a l so h ave b locked t h e f i r s t f l oo rg a l le ry a nd s p l i t i ti n to t wo f u r the rp a r t s . S i nce t h e 9 s t ep s o ft h e s t a irway mu s th ave r i sen u pt o a bou tt h e l e ve l o ft h e l i n te l s o ft h i s u ppe rg a l le ry , t h e se w e r e e i the rg i v ing a cce s s t o ap a rape ted w a l l h ead a ta bou t ah e igh t o f 3 . 5 m e t re s o rt o al o ng l a nd ing l e ad ing r ound t ot h e v o id a t1 2 o ' c lock , w h ich i t s e lf l e d o u t t ot h e r a i sed w ooden f l oo r a s t h e s c a scemen t . O n t h e w ho le i ts e em s f a r mo r e l i ke ly t h a t G u rne s s w a s a t a l l t owe r , n o t l e a s t b ecau se o ft h e e v idence f o r c o l lap se t h rough t h e g r ea t w e igh t o ft h e o r ig ina l w a l l ; t h e b a sa l g a l le ry w ou ld h a rd ly h ave b een c r u shed i nwa rd s b y aw a l l o n ly 4 m h i gh . T he r e i sa l so p l en ty o f e v idence , b o th d i rec t a nd i n d i r ec t , t h a t e x ten s ive d emo l i t ion o ft h e u ppe r w a l l s o f at owe r t o ok p l ace b ef o r e t h e c ub ic le s w e re i n ser ted i n to t h e c en t ra l c ou r t , a nd t h a t t h e se i n ser ted b u i ld ing s w e re i n s ide w ha t h ad b ecome a l ow -wa l led b roch . Mo s t v i v id p e rhap s a r e t h e t wo f l igh t s o f s t ep s w h ich h ave b een b u i l t u p a ga in s t t h e i n ne r b roch w a l l ; t h e se mu s th ave b een b u i l tt og i ve a cce s st o ar e duced w a l l h ead , i tb e ing i n conce ivab le t h a t t h ey c ou ld r e ach u p t oa w a l l h ead 1 2 mh i gh . I na ny c a se t h e o r ig ina l i n t ra -mu ra l s t a i r w ou ld h ave d one t h a t , s o t h e o n ly r e a son f o r t h e p r e sence o f t h e i n te r io r f l igh t s o f s t ep s i st h a t t h e o l d s t a irway w a s i n conven ien t ly h i gh a bove t h e f l oo r , a nd m ay w e l l h ave b een b l ocked b y f a l len r ubb le . I ti sq u i te c l ea r t h a t t h e se i n te r io r s t ep s a r e , l i ke a l t h e c ub ic le s i n s ide t h e b roch , s e conda ry i nt h e s en se t h a tt h ey w e r eb u i l to nt op o f an ew p aved f l oo r l e ve l a bou t 3 0 c m a bove t h e o r ig ina l o ne . I ti so ne o f l e s s e a s i ly u nde r s tood a spec t s o f t h e NOSAS r e po r t t h a t i tc on s i s ten t ly i g no r e s t h e f a c t t h a t t h e r e a r e t wo f l oo r s i n s ide G ur n e s s b roch , a nd t h a t t h e i n ter na ls t ruc tu r e sa l lr e s to nt h e l a te rf l oo r . Wh i le i ti sp o s s ib le t oa rgue o ve r w he the r t h e s c a r cemen t l e dge o n t h e i n ne rw a l l f a ce s uppor ted ar a i sed f l oo ro rt h e r oof o ft h e s t ruc tu re - b o th a s sumed t or e s t o n ar i ng o f p o s t s -t h e re i sn o d oub t a ta l lt h a tt h e w ooden f ur n i sh ing s o nce a s soc ia ted w i th t h e l e dge i n s ide G ur ne s s m u s t h ave b een d i sman t led b ef o r e t h e i n ser ted s t one c ub ic le s , s t ep s a nd s o o n w e re c on s t ruc ted . A t o ne p o in t t h i s a dded m a son ry c an b e c l ea r ly s e en t o o ve r lap t h e s c a rcemen t l e dge ( I l l . 5 . 66 ) , a nd t h i s mu s t m ean t h a t ad ra s t ic c hange t ot h e i n ter na l f u rn i sh ing s h ad t a ken p l ace . I fa nd w hen i t p rove s p o s s ib le t or emove t h e u ppe r f l oo r i n s ide G ur n e s s ( a nd i tc ou ld b e d one o n t h e w e s t s i de w i thou t d amag ing t h e s e conda ry c on s t ruc t ion s ) ar i ng o fm a s s iv e p o s t -ho le s s hou ld b e f ound a bou t 2m o u t f r om t h e w a l l a nd a bou t c oncen t r ic w i th i t . I ts e em s mo s t l i ke ly t h a t G u rne s s w a s o r ig ina l ly a t a l l , h o l low -wa l led b roch t owe r a nd t h a t i t s i n te r io rw a s o r ig ina l ly c l ea r e xcep t f o r ac en t ra l h ea r th a nd ar i ng o fs t ou tp o s t s w h ich h e ld u p e i the r ap i tch ed r oof o r , mo re p robab ly , aw ooden r i ng shaped b a lcony s ome 3 . 2 m a bove t h e f l oo r . I nt h e l a t te r c a se t h e m a in r oof w ou ld

T he R oundhou se s , B roch s a nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

h ave b een e ven h ighe r u p a sa t Mou sa ( HU 4 2 5 )a nd D un T e lv e ( NG 8 1 2 ) . T he t wo a l te rna t ive i n te rp re ta t ion s a r e s hown i nI l . 5 . 27 . F u r the r e v idence f o r t h e d emo l i t ion a nd r e -adap ta t ion t o n ew p u rpo se s o ft h e b roch c an b e s e en o n t h e w a l l h ead . T he r a i sed v o id a t 1o ' c lock s how s t h i s e xcep t iona l ly c l ea r ly ; a se xp la ined i ns e c t ion 1i tw en to u to fu se a ts ome s t ag e , i t s a cce s s p o in t i n to t h e f i r s t f l oo r g a l le ry b e ing b l ocked w i th a l a rge s t one s l ab . P re sumab ly t h i s h appened w hen t h e f l igh t o fs t ep s w a s b u i l t u p t ot h e w a l l h ead i mmed ia te ly i nf r on t o ft h e v o id ; p o s s ib ly t h e f i r s t f l oo rg a l le ry w a s s t i l lp a r t ly r oof ed t h en b u tu n saf e , s ot h a t e n t ry i n to i th ad t o b e p r even ted . A t a ny r a te t h e s e conda ry f l igh t o fs t ep s c l ea r ly s how s t h a t t h e w a l l h ead w a s n o t f a r a bove t h e p r e sen t o ne w hen t h e i n ter na l s t one s t ruc tu r e s w e re i n se r ted . T he r ema in s o ft h e c i rcu la r c e l l o n t o p o ft h e l ef tg ua rd c e l l a l so s how c l ea r ly t h a t t h e h i gh b roch w a l lh ad b een p u l led d own b yt h et ime i tw a sb u i l t . T he e x t en s ive b lock ing o f t h e g round l e ve l g a l le ry a l so s how s t h a t s ome th ing d ra s t ic h ad h appened t o t h e b roch a nd t h e l i ke l ie s t e xp lana t ion s i ss u re ly R icha rd son 's , t h a t t h e h i gh t owe r h ad b egun t o s ag d ange rou s ly a st h e b a sa l g a l le ry s l ow ly g ave w ay . T he m a s s o f s t one s a nd l a rge l i n t e l s l ab s s ub sequen t ly r emoved f r om t h e u ppe r w a l l s w ou ld o f c ou r se h ave p rov ided m a te r ia l t o b u i ld t h e i n ter na l c ub ic le s a s w e l l a s t h e o u tbu i ld ing s . T he o n ly r e a son f o r t h e p r e sence o ft h e s e conda ry e x ten s ion t ot h e o u t e re nd o ft h eb roch e n t rance p a ssage , w i th i t st wo g ua rd c e l l s , i ss u r e ly t h a t t h e o r ig ina l g ua rd c hambe r s h ad b een b l ocked b y p ack ing , o r b y f a l len d eb r i s , a s R icha rd son i mp l ie s [ 3 , 7 7 ] . S ince t h i s e x ten s ion s e em st oh ave b een p a r t o ft h e p l an o ft h e v i l lage o fo u tbu i ld ing s -t h e r ad ia l e n t rance s t r ee t d i v id ing i n to t wo j u s t i nf r on t o fi t- t h e re s e em s l i t t le d oub t t h a t t h e o u tbu i ld ing s w e re a l l b u i l t ( a s p a r t o f a s i ng le p l an ) a f t e r t h e p a r t ia l c o l lap se a nd d emo l i t ion o ft h e b roch t owe r . T he s im i la r i ty i nd e s ign b e tween t h e s t one c ub ic le s i n s ide a nd o u t s ide t h e t owe r s uppo r t st h i s i d ea .

t h a t t h e b a s t ioned w a l l w h ich w a s b u i l t w i th t h e se o u tbu i ld ing s , a nd w h ich f o rmed t h e i r o u t e r d ef ence , w a s i t s e lf l a te r t h an t h e s y s tem o fa n i n ne r w a l l w i th mu l t ip le d i tche s a nd r ampa r t s b eyond i t , w h ich s u r round s t h eb roch s t rong ly s ugge s t s t h a t t h i s s y s tem w a s c on t empo ra ry w i th t h e t owe r . T hu s t h e t owe r w ou ld o r ig ina l ly h ave s t ood a l one o n i t s p l a tf o rm , u n le s s t h e re w e r e s ome wooden o r s t one s t ruc tu r e st h e re w h ich w e r e s wep ta way w hen t h e s i t e w a s r e -mode l led . T he re s e em s n o th ing i nt h e e v idence r e v iewed t o s uppo r t t h e a s sump t ion , e xp r e s sed i n t h e NOSAS r e por t , t h a t t h e m u l t ip le d i tche s a nd r ampa r t s a r e o fp r e -b roch a g e . O n t h e c on t ra ry t h i s i sn ow s een t ob e a n u n -nece s sa ry c omp l ica t ion t o t h e s t udy o f t h e s i t e , b e ing a n a s sump t ion w h ich d epend s o n o ve r look ing v i ta l e v idence f o rt h et wo p ha se h i s to ry o ft h eb r och . 3 . 4

C on t inu i ty b e tween t h et wo p ha se s :

T he p a r t ia l c o l lap se o f t h e b roch a t as upposed ly e a r ly s t age i n i t s h i s to ry -o w ing t o t h e w eakne ss o f t h e b a sa l g a l le ry - p o se s t h e i n te re s t ing p rob lem o fw he the r t h e s i t e w a s t h en a bandoned a s ad ef ended r oundhou se o r w he the r i tw a s p o ss ib le t os ho re u p t h e t owe r a nd u se i tf o r s ome t ime l o nge r . A s e xp la ined o ne m ay a s sume t h a t t h e b roch w a s e ven tua l ly s ub s tan t ia l ly d emo l i shed a nd t ha t t h e l a rge f l ag s f r om i t s g a l le r ie s a nd o t he r w a l l d eb r is w e re u s ed t o c on s t ruc tt h e s e conda ry d we l l ing s i na nd a r ound t h e t owe r . T he se t h em se lve s a r e as u r e s i gn t ha t t h e f unc t ion o ft h e s i te h ad c hanged d ra s t ica l ly . H oweve r , t h ough t he e r ec t ion o fo u tbu i ld ing s i s ap henomenon f ound f r equen t ly o nb r och s i t e s , t h e o ne s a tG ur ne s s s e em t oh ave b een b ounded b y a n ew o u te r d ef ence w o rk - t h e b a s t ioned w a l l f ounded i n t h e i n ne r d i tch . T h is s ugge s t s t ha t t h e s i te s t i l l h ad a d ef en s ive c ha ra c t e ra f t e rt h eo u tbu i ld ing sw e r e c ons t ruc ted . T he w eakne s s o ft h e b roch t owe rm igh th ave p romp ted t h i s u nu sua l m e thod o fp ro long ing t h e p ro t ec t ive v a lue o ft h e s i te , b u tt h e s h a rp c on t ra s tw h ich c an n ow b e s een b e tween t h e o rgan i sa t ion o ft h e s i te i nP ha se s 1a nd 2 s ugge s t s t h a t t h ec hange w a so f amo re p rof ound n a tu r e . 3 . 5 D a t ing

I ns um t h e v i s ib le f e a tu re s o ft h e b roch s how q u i te c l ea r ly t h a t i t s h i s to ry c an b e d i v ided i n to t wo d i s t inc t s t age s . I n s t age 1i tw a s mo s t p robab ly at a l l , h o l low -wa l led t owe r w i th a l t h e u sua l b roch a r ch i tec tu ra l f e a tu re s i n c lud ing s ev e ra l t i e r s o fs upe r impo sed i n t ra -mu ra l g a l le r ie s , r a i sed v o id s i nt h e i n ne r w a l l f a ce , a n i n t ra -mu ra l s t a i r r e ach ing t o t h e w a l l h ead a nd a h i gh s c a r cemen t l e dge w h ich s uppo r ted a n e l abo ra te w ooden r oundhou se . Whe the r t h e s agg ing o ft h et owe ra nd t h e s ho r ing u p o ft h e b a sa l g a l le ry o ccu r r ed d u r ing i t s u se a s at owe ro rw he the r i tm a rked t h e e nd o ft h a t u se a nd t h e b eg inn ing o f i t s d emo l i t ion i sn o t c l ea r . A t s ome s t age a f t e r t h e s agg ing a nd s ho r ing t h e u ppe r w a l l w a s p u l led d own , i n augu ra t ing S t age 2 ; t h e i n t e r io r o ft h e r e duced b roch w a s g i ven an ew f l oo r l e ve l a nd r e -mode l led w i th i n se r ted s t one c ub ic le s a nd , e v iden t ly a tt h e s ame t ime , t h e e x te rna l b roch v i l lage w a s c on s t ruc ted .

T he re i sl i t t le e v idence f o r a ny a b so lu te d a t ing f r om t h i s s i te a nd n o r c an t h e re b e b ecau se o ft h e a b sence o fc l ea r c on tex t s f o r m o s t o f t h e f i nd s . I ti sw or th m en t ion ing h oweve r t h a t a n u nu sua l ly e a r ly R oman f i nd - i nt h e f o rm o ft wo f r agmen t s o fa n a mpho ra o fH a l ter n 7 0 t ype , w e r e f ound [ 5 ] . T he se s t o rage j a r s s e em s t oh ave g one o u t o f u se b y t h e m idd le o ft h e 1 'c en tu ry w he r ea s mo s t R oman o b jec t s o n S co t t i sh I r on A ge s i tes b e long t o t h e l a te 1 s t c en tu ry o rt h e m id 2 "1c en tu ry , t h e t ime o ft h e o ccupa t ion s o fs ou ther nS co t land . F i tzpa t r ick s ugg e s t s t h a t t h i s e a r ly a mphora may i n f a c t r e la te t ot h e d i spu ted s ubm i s s ion o ft h e O rkney I s land s t o t h e Empe ro r C laud iu s a f t e r h i s c onque s t o f s ou the rn E ng land i n AD 4 3 . T he a l ter na t ive - t h a t a n o ld j a r w a s b rough t t ot h e i s land s b y G ove rno r A g r ico la 's f l ee t i nt h e l a te AD 7 0 s -i sn o tr ega rded a sp lau s ib le [ 5 ] .

3 . 3 T he o u tbu i ld ing sa nd o u ter d ef ence s : S ou rce s : 1 .O S c a rd HY 3 2 NE 5 : 2 .R icha rd son 1 948 : 3 . RCAH MS 1 946 , 2 ,n o . 2 63 , 7 5 -9 & f i g s . 1 27 -32 : 4 .

T he c l ea r e v idence f r om t h e b roch j u s t r e v iewed s ugge s t s t h a t t h e o u tbu i ld ing s w e re s e conda ry . T he c l ea r e v idence

2 32

S ec t ion 5 : O rkney

S ou rce s : 1 .O S c a rd HY 3 2 NE 1 9 : 2 . RCAH MS 1 946 , 2 , n o . 5 79 , 2 20 : 3 . " No te s o n r e l ic s o f t h e V ik ing p e r iod" , P roc S oc A n t iq S co t 8( 1972 -74 ) : 4 . B rogge r 1 929 , 1 3 1-2 : 5 .L amb 1 982 ,2 2 .

H edge s e ta l . 1 987 , 2 : 5 . F i tzpa t r ick 1 989 : 6 . MacK ie 1 995a . HY32 3 KNO WE OF RYO ( 'Knowe o fG ruga r ' ) HY /356273 P os s ib le b roch i n E v ie a nd R enda l l , ag ra s s -cove red mound o n t h e s ho re ; n o l a id m a son ry i sv i s ib le b u t t h e mound i se v iden t ly f u l l o f s t one s a nd s e em s l i ke ly t o c oncea lt h er u ins o f al a rge b roch . S ou rce s : 1 . OS c a rd HY 3 2 NE 1 0 : 2 . RCAHMS 1 946 , 2 ,n o . 2 67 ,7 9 -80 . HY32 4 KNO WE OF S TENSO HY /36382675 P robab le b roch i nE v ie a nd R enda l l , o n t h e e dge o ft h e r ocky c oa s t ; t h e s i te h a s b een m uch d i s tu rbed b u t al e ng th o f6 . 1 m( 2 0 f t . ) o ft h e f ounda t ion c ou r se o ft h e i n ne r a nd o u te r w a l l f a ces a r e t r aceab le o n t h e n o r th , i n d ica t ing a w a l lt h ickne s so fc .3 . 6m( 12 f t . ) . T he r ea r et r a ce so fw ha t may b e am u ra lg a l le ry c .3 0 c m( 1f t . )w ide a to ne p o in to n t h e w a l lh ead , a nd t h e re a r e s ugge s t ion so fo u tbu i ld ing s o n t h esou th s ide . Ab one b o re rw a sf o und a tt h es i te [ 3 ] . S ource s : 1 . OS c a rd HY 3 2 NE 1 :2 . RCAHMS 1 946 , 2 , n o . 2 63 , 7 4 -5 : 3 .P roc S oc A n t iq S co t5 5 ( 1920 -21) , 2 75 : H edge s e ta l . 1 987 , 6 1 . HY32 5 MITHOUSE HY /308200 P os s ib le b roch i nB i r say a nd H a r r ay , av e ry l a rge , g ra s s c ove red m ound o n c u l t iva ted l a nd w h ich a ppa r en t ly c on ta in ss t one . S ource s : 1 . OS c a rd HY 3 2 SW 1 7 : 2 . RCAHMS 1 946 , 2 ,n o . 1 9 , 1 6 17 .

HY32 9 V IERA LODGE HY /392281 P o s s ib le b roch c l o se t ot h e s ho r e o n R ou say I . , c on s i s t ing o f af ew s c a t te red g ra s s -g rown r ema in s much e r oded b yt h e s e a . O ne e s t ima te p u t st h e w a l l t h ickne s s a t3 . 7 m( 12 f t . ) . B y 1 979 t h e s ea w a l l w h ich w a s p ro tec t ing t h e s i te w a s f a l l ing a way ,r e vea l ing s ome s t onewo rk [ 3 ] . S ou rce s : 1 .O S c a rd HY 3 2 NE 1 2 : 2 . RCAH MS 1 946 , 2 ,n o . 5 56 , 2 01-2 : 3 .L amb 1 982 ,2 2 .

S quare HY33 HY33 1 MIDHO WE HY /3716306 1 d i tch ( v i s i ted 1 8 /7 /63 a nd i n1 985 ) T h i s g round -ga l ler ied b roch i so n t h e s ou th c oa s t o f R ou say I . , s t and ing o n al ow r ocky p romon to ry a nd d ef ended i nf r on t b y am a s s ive f o rewo rk a nd ( I l l s . 5 . 10 , 5 . 77 107 & 5 . 111) . L ike G ume s s ( HY32 2 )t h i s s i te w a s e xcava ted d u r ing t h e 1 930s , b u tb y Wa l te rG . G ran ta nd h e a l so a r ranged f o rt h e e xp lo ra t ion s t o c ea se w hen t h e f i r s t m a jo r f l agged s t one f l oo rw a s e ncoun te red a nd c l ea red . T he e xcava ted b roch w a s h anded o ve r t o t h e G ove rnmen t a nd t a ken i n to G ua rd ian sh ip . J ohn H edge s ' s umma ry o ft h e r e su l t s [ 4 ] a ccep t s w i thou t m uch c ommen tt h e s i te s e quence d educed b yt h e e xcava to r a nd b y J .G .Ca l lenda r o f t h e N a t iona l Mu seum ( who c o l labo ra ted w i th G ran t i n w r i t ing t h e r e por t ) ; t h i s s uppo sed ap r ima ry b roch t owe r a nd s e conda ry s l ab -bu i l t d we l l ing s i n se r ted l a te r ( b e low ) . T h i s c on t ra s t s w i th h i s r e jec t ion o f t h e v e ry s im i la r s equence p ropo sed f o r t h e a lmo s ti d en t ica lb roch o fG ume s s .

HY32 6 VERRON 1 HY /319299 P os s ib le b roch o n t h e s ho r e o f E v ie a nd R enda l l , c on s i s t ing o f much e r oded f r agmen t s o fm a son ry . T he re a r e t r ace s o fo u tbu i ld ing s t ot h e n o r th -we s t a nd o fm idden m a te r ia li nt h ec l if ff a ce t ot h e S E . S ource s : 1 . OS c a rd HY 3 2 NW 7 : 2 . RCAHMS 1 946 , 2 ,n o . 2 60 , 7 4 .

1 .D e scr ip t ion

HY32 7 V INQU IN HY /327283 P os s ib le b roch i n E v ie a nd R enda l l , o n t h e c r e s t o f V inqu in H i l l . T he s i t e h a s b een b r oken u p b y q ua r ry ing a nd o n ly s c a t te red s t one sa r et ob es e en . S ource s : 1 . OS c a rd HY 3 2 NW 1 3 : 2 . RCAH MS 1 946 , 2 ,n o . 2 66 , 7 9 .

T he s i te w a s e xcava ted b y t h e p rop r ie to r o ve r f i ve c on secu t ive s umme r s f r om 1 930 -34 ( t he a c tua l d i gg ing b e ing d one b y o ne m an ) a nd t h en h anded o ve rt ow ha tw a s t h en H .M . O ff i ce o f Wo rk s . B y t h e s t anda rd o fp r ev iou s b roch e xcava t ion s t h e r e por t i sq u i te g ood , p a r t icu la r ly i n t h a t s eve ra l g roup s o fa r tef ac t s a r e d e sc r ibed f r om s p ec if ic a nd u sef u l c on tex t s . H oweve r v e ry l i t t le s t ra t ig raphy w a s d e sc r ibed a nd m any o f t h e a r tef ac t s h ave n o a ccu ra te p rovenance . 1 . 1 S i te s equence d educed b yt h ee xca va to r

Rousay HY32 8 KNO WE OF SWANDRO HY /375297 P o ss ib le b roch o n R ou say I . am uch d i s tu rbed s t ony mound w h ich s eem s t oc on ta in t h e r ema in s o f ad ry s t one b u i ld ing , p e rhaps t h e n or th -ea s t h a lf o f ab roch [ 1 ] . A V ik ing h a l l i sn ea rby [ 1 ] a nd aV ik ing s wo rd a nd s h ie ld b o ss w e r ep l oughed u ps epa ra te ly c l o se t ot h e s i te [ 1 , 3 ,4 ] . N o d oub t a ny n ea rby b roch w ou ld h ave b een r obbed o f s t one f o rt h i sh a l l . 2 33

T he e xcava to r d educed t h a t t h e M idhowe s i te h ad p a s sed t h rough t h r ee m a in c on s t ruc t iona l p ha se s [ 3 , f i g . 2 73 ] . P ha se I w a s t h e p e r iod o ft h e b roch a nd i t so u te rd ef ence , o r f o rewo rk : t h e l a t te r w a s a s sumed t o b e c on tempo rar y w i th t h e t owe r b u t n o d i rec t e v idence f o r o r a ga in s t t h i s c onc lu s ion w a s n o ted . P ha se 2 s aw t h e c on s t ruc t ion o f s ome o f t h e o u tbu i ld ing s r ound t h e t owe r a nd t h i s m u s t h ave b een p r eceded b y t h e f i l l ing i n o f t h e i n ne r d i tch ( b ecau se o ne o ft h e e x te rna l d we l l ing s o ve r l ie s i t ) . P ha se

T he R oundhou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

3s aw t h e p a r t ia l c o l lap se o ft h e b roch , d ue t ot h e i n he r en t w eakne s s o ft h e b a sa l m u ra l g a l le ry , a nd t h e f i l l ing o ft h i s w i th s t one . A t t h e s ame t ime , t h e e xcava to r s uppo sed , t h e " bu t t re s s ing" o fu p r igh t s l ab s w a s a dded t ot h e e x te r io r t o s uppor t i ta nd , f o rt h e s ame r e a son , as e conda ry f a c ing w a s a dded t op a r to ft h e i n te r io rw a l l f a ce . T he e x t ra d oo rway o u t s ide t h e e n t rance p a s sage w a s a dded , a nd s ubd iv i s ion s p u t i n to t h e o u tbu i ld ing s . T he C omm i s s ion s ugge s ted t h a t t h e s e conda ry s t ruc tu re s i n t h e i n te r io r w e re t h en b u i l t . T he v a l id i ty o ft h is s cheme i sd i scu s sed i ns e c t ion 3 . 1 . 2 T he g ene ra ls i tua t ion o ft h es i te T he s i te s t and s o n al ow b u t s t eep s ided r o ck p romon to ry o n t h e s ou th c oa s t o fR ou say i s land , l o ok ing a c ro s s t ot h e m a in land o fO rkney o ve r E ynha l low S ound ; t h e f l oo r o f t h e b roch i so n ly 2 . 54 m ( 28 f t . ) a bove p r e sen t l ow w a te r m a rk . T he b roch i so ne o ft h ree w h ich s t and o n a5 00 m e t re s t re tch o ft h e c oa s t( t he o t he rt wo b e ing HY32 3a nd 4 ) a nd t h e re i s aw e l l p r e served N eo l i th ic c hambe r ed c a irn c l o se b y w i th al a rge a bandoned f a rm , o rc l achan , a bou t 4 00 m a way . T he c oncen t ra t ion o fb roch s w i th in as ma l l a r ea i sr ema rkab le a nd i ss u rpa s sed i nd en s i ty o n ly b ys ome g roup s i n C a i thne s s ; t h e re a r e t h r ee e v iden t r e a son s f o r t h i s . I nt h e f i r s tp l ace t h e re i sa na bundan ts ou rce o ff l a ts l ab so f b u i ld ing s t one i nt h e f l a t w ave -cu t p l a tf o rm o f s a nd s tone a l ong t h e s ho re , t hough f ew l o o se f l ag s a r e a ppa ren tn ow . I n t h e e a r ly 1 930 s t h e re w e re l o ca l p eop le w ho s t i l l r emembe red h ow l a rge f l ag s w e re s p l i t f r om t h e b ed rock b y i n se r t ing d ry w ooden w edge s i n to c r a ck s a nd s oak ing t h em w i th s e awa te r[ 2 ,4 44 ] . S econd ly al o ca l i n f o rman tt o ld m et h a tt h i s p a r to fR ou say w a s w e l lk nown t ob et h e mo s tf e r t i le p a r to ft h e i s land a nd t h a tt h e re u sed t ob e mo re f a rm st h an e x i s tn ow . A t h i rd r e a son f o r t h e c oncen t ra t ion o f b roch s m ay b e s upp l ied b y ar ema rkab le p henomenon w h ich Iw i tne s sed i nt h e s e ao na r r iva la tt h es i te a tn oon i nJ u ly 1 983 . A tt h i s t ime c r o s s c u r ren t s - t h e e a s twa rd mov ing t i de a nd a w e s twa rd c u r ren t a l ong t h e s ho re - w e re c l a sh ing i n E ynha l low S ound a nd c r ea t ing a v e r i tab le m ae l s t rom o f r ough b r eake r s a nd w h i r lpoo l s . T he f e r ryman t o ld t h e m e i tw a s ad ea th t r ap f o rs ma l lb oa t s . T he se c ond i t ion sd on o t o ccu r a l l t h e t ime - t h ree h ou r s l a te r t h e w a te r i n t h e S ound w a s r e la t ive ly c a lm - b u t t h e c u r ren t s m ay w e l l h ave p rov ided a n o cca s iona l u sef u le x t ra p ro tec t ion a ga in s t a s sau l tf r om t h es e ai nI r on A ge t ime s . 1 . 3 T he a rch i tec tu re o ft h eb roch M idhowe s t and s o n t h e o ppo s i te s ho r e o ft h e S ound f r om t h e G ur n e s s b roch ( HY32 2 ) a nd i s v e ry s im i la r i n s t ruc tu re . T he i n ne rw a l l f a ce s t i l l s t and s f r om 3 . 7 -4 .3 m ( 1 2 14 f t . )h i gh b u tt h e o u te ro ne i sl owe r , b e ing u pt o 3m ( 10 f t . ) h i gh o n t h e n o r th -ea s t a nd e a s t b u t a l toge the r a b sen t o n t h e s ou th sou th -we s t . A s i su sua l i nb roch s t h e o u te r f a ce s how s am a rked b a t te r ( o f a bou t 1i n 4o r 5 ) w h i le t h e i n ne r i s mo re v er t ica l e xcep t i nt h e s ou th -ea s t w he re i ts e em s t oh ave s agged o u twa rd s ( I l l . 5 . 88 & 5 . 89 ) . T he s t ruc tu re i sc l ea r ly t h e s t ump o f ah o l low -wa l led b roch

2 34

t owe r ; t h e re a r e t h e r ema in s o f t h r ee s upe r impo sed g a l le r ie s a nd as t a i rway i n s ide t h e w a l l , a nd t h e i n ne r f a ce s how s r a i sed o pen ing s , o r v o id s , a s w e l l a s t h e u sua l h o r izon ta l l e dg e o rs c a rcemen t . T he m a in e n t rance f a ce sw e s ta nd t h e l i n t e l s i nf r on to ft h e d oo r -check s a r e s t i l l i n p o s i t ion . T he o u te rmo s t t h r ee s uppo r t t h e m a son ry a bove a nd a r e ma s s iv e , t h e i n ne rt wo b e ing s e t o n e dge ; t ho se f u r the r b ack a r e t h inne r -w i th c l ea r g ap s , o r m eu r t r i&e s , b e tween t h o se i nf r on t o ft h e d oo r -check s ( I I . 5 . 90 & 5 . 9 1) - a nd t h ey f o rm t h e f l oo ro f ac hambe r a bove t h e e n t rance p a s sage . T he p a s sage v a r ie s i nw id th f r om 1 . 08 m ( 3f t . 7i n . ) a tt h e o u te re nd t o 9 1 c m ( 3 f t . ) i mmed ia te ly i n f r on t o f t h e d oo r -check s , w iden ing a ga in t o 1 . 29 m ( 4f t . 3i n . ) b eh ind t h em ; a ti t s i n ne r e nd t h e p a s sage i so n ly 1 . 11 m ( 3f t . 7i n . ) w id e . A t i t s o u te r e nd t h e p a s sage i s1 . 9 m ( 6 f t . 3i n . ) h igh . T he c heck s o ft h e d oo rf r ame a r e f o rmed o fb u i l t r eba te s i nt h e p a s sage w a l l s a td i s tance s o f2 . 27 m ( 7f t . 5i n . )a nd 2 . 59 m ( 8f t . 6i n . ) f r om t h e e x te r io r -a n a ve rage d i s tance o f2 . 40 m ( 8 f t . ) . T he r e i sn o p ivo t s t one f o r t h e d oo r b eh ind t h e l e f t c heck - t h e u sua l p l ace f o r t h i s f e a tu re - t h ough i t p robab ly l i e s c oncea led b e low as econda ry l a ye r o fp av ing ( I l l . 5 . 92 ) . T he f l oo r o f t h e p a ssage i so f s t one f l ag s t h roughou t . T he g ua rd c e l l s : t wo o ppo s ing g ua rd c e l l s o pen f r om t h e p a s sage b eh ind t h e d oo r f r ame , t h e i r d oo r s b e ing r a i sed a bove t h e p r e s en t p a s sage f l oo r ( I l l . 5 . 92 ) . A h o le r u n s t h rough t h e w a l l f r om t h e r i gh th and c e l lt ot h e p a s sag eb u t i nf ron to ft h ed oo r -check s ; t h u s i tc anno th ave b een f o ra b a rt os e cu re t h e d oo r a tt h e c heck s . Mo r eove rt h e o u t s ide e dge o f t h e d oo r t o t h e l ef t c e l l i sf l u sh w i th t h e d oo r c heck , l e av ing n or oom f o rt h eu sua lb a rs o cke t . T he r i gh t c e l l i sas imp le , f o u r s ided c hambe r2 . 36 m ( 7f t . 9i n . ) h i gh a nd w i th ac o rbe l led r oof ; i ti ss l igh t ly t r apeze s haped , b e ing a bou t 1 . 96 m ( 6 .5 f t . ) l o ng o n a ve rage a nd f r om 1 . 14 m ( 3f t . 9i n . ) t o 1 . 83 m ( 6f t . ) w ide . Al a y e ro f d eb r i s a bou t 3 0 c m t h ick w a s f ound o n i t s f l oo r a nd t h i s c on ta ined a f r agmen t o f aj e t a rm le t a s w e l l a s s e ve ra l p i ece s o f r ed d ee r a n t le r . Mo re a n t le r f r agmen t s w e re s t uck i n to c r ev ice s i nt h ew a l l s . T he d oo rt ot h e l ef tc e l l i s 0 . 71 c m ( 2 f t . 4i n . ) h igh a nd t h e s i l l i s6 3 c m ( 2 5 i n . ) a bove t h e f l oo ra nd i t s l i n te l led r oof r i se st o2 . 67 m ( 8f t .9 i n . ) ; t h e c hambe r i s1 . 68 m ( 5 f t . 6i n . ) w ide a nd a bou t ( 3 .51 m 1 f t . 6i n . ) l o ng . T he re w e r en or epor t s o fd eb r i s o n t h e f l oo r , a nd t h e g round l e ve l mu ra l g a l le ry r un s b ack f r om i t sr e a rw a l l ( I l l . 5 . 93 ) . As t one s i l l , m ade f r om as a nd s tone f l ag s e t o n e dge , i ss e t a c ro s s t h e p a s sage i mmed ia te ly b eh ind t h e d oo r -check s , a nd p ro jec t s af ew c m a bove t h e f l agged f l oo r . T h i s i sa m o s tu nu sua l f e a tu re i n ab roch a nd i nf a c tt h i s o ne f o rm s a s t ep u p o n t ot h e i n ne r h a lf o ft h e p a s sage f l oo r w h ich i s s l igh t ly h i ghe rt h an t h e o u te r( I l l . 5 . 92 ) . T h i s i n ne rp a r t i s e v iden t ly a s e conda ry p av ing , l a id o n t o p o f t h e o r ig ina l p a s sage f l oo r , a nd i td oub t le s s c ove r s u p t h e p ivo t s t one b eh ind t h e l e f t c heck . A no the r s i l l s t one , f o rm ing a s e cond s t ep u p t ot h e p r e sen t f l oo r o ft h e c our t , i sa tt h e i n ne re nd o ft h e p a s sage , s e tb e tween t h et a l l r ad ia l s l ab o n t h e r i gh t( l ook ing i n )a nd t h ee nd o ft h et h in s e conda ry w a l l o nt h e l ef t[ 6 ,1 1 1 . 2 8 ] .

S ec t ion 5 : O rkney

C hambe r s o ver t h e e n t rance : o n t op o f t h e e n t rance p a s sag e i s ac hambe ro ft h e s ame w id th a nd 2 . 82 m ( 9f t .3 i n . ) l o ng c ommun ica t ing w i th t h e c en t ra l c ou r t b y a n o pen ing w e l lb e low t h e l e ve lo ft h es ca r cemen t( I l l . 5 . 9 1 & 5 . 94 ) . I ne f ec tt h ew a l l so ft h ee n t rance p a s sage c on t inue u p a bove t h ep a ssage l i n te l s t of o rm t h e s i de s o ft h i s u ppe r c hambe r ; e ven t h e d oo r -check s c on t inue i n to t h i s u ppe r l e ve l , a na r rangemen th a rd t ou nd e r s tand ( un le s s i tw a s t h e s imp le s t w ay o f b u i ld ing t h e w a l l s ) s i nce t h e u ppe r c hamb e r w a s b locked a ti t s f r on t e nd b y t h e o u te r f a ce o f t h e b roch w a l l . I n f a c t t h e p a s sage s i de s c on t inue e ven f u r the r u p t o f o rm a s e cond u ppe r c hambe r t h e l i n te l led f l oo r o fw h ich i sa ts ca rcemen t l e v e l , 3 . 4 m( 1 1 f t . ) a bove t h e p re sen t f l oo r o ft h e c en t ra l c ou r t ( I l l . 5 . 94 ) . D oub t le s s t h e o pen ing s o r ig ina l ly c on t inued u p t ot h e w a l l h ead a sa s e r ie s o fv o id s , a s i nD un T e lve f o r e xamp le ( NG8 1 2 ) . No t e nough o f t h e f l oo r a nd w a l l s o ft h i s s e cond u ppe r c hambe r a r e p reserved t o s e e w ha t h appen s i nt h e m idd le o f t h e w a l l , b eyond a bou t 1m ( 3 f t . ) i n f r om t h e s ca r cemen t , b u t i ts e em s v e ry p robab le t h a t -u n l ike t h e c hambe r b e low - t h e t h i rd l e ve l o fg a l le ry c ommun ica ted w i th t h i sc hambe ro nb o th s i des . I t may b e s upposed t h a t t h e f i r s t f l i gh t o ft h e i n t ra -mu ra l s t a i r ( wh ich s t a r t s a t L eve l 2 , b e low ) l e d u p t o al o ng l a nd ing i nL eve l 3f o rmed b yt h e l i n te l sr oof ing t h e s e cond ( o r f i r s t f l oo r ) g a l le ry , r e ach ing t h i s p o in t a t a bou t 1 o ' c lock ; i fo ne c ou ld h ave w a lk ed c l ockw i se r ound t h i s s t one f l oo r f o r mo re t h an h a lf o ft h e c i r cumf e rence o ft h e b roch o ne w ou ld t h en h ave r e a ched t h e s e cond u ppe r c hambe ro ve rt he e n t rance a nd c ou ld t h en h ave e me rged o n t o t h e r a i sed f l oo r o r b a lcony w h ich , i ti sa s sumed h e re , r e s ted o n t h e s ca rcemen t a nd o n ar i ng o fp o s t s s e t i nt h e p r ima ry f l oo r . A l te rna t ive ly , s i nce t h e re i sa no the r v o id a tt h i s l e ve l a t1 o ' c lock , t h i s may h ave b een t h ew ay o u to nt ot h ew ooden f l oo r a nd t h e s econd f l igh t o f t h e s t a i r c ou ld t h en h ave b egun a ta bou t 3o ' c lock ( t he s i de s o ft h e t o pmo s t g a l le ry a r e p re serv ed t o a lmo s t t h a t p o in t -I l . 5 . 97 ) . T he s t a i r w ou ld o fc ou r se h ave e f f ec t ive ly b l ocked e ach g a l le ry i t p a ssed t h rough a nd , i ft h i s w a s t h e c a se , t h e o n ly w ay t o g e t i n to t h e s e cond c hambe r o ve rt h e e n t rance w ou ld h ave b een b y w a lk ing a l ong t h e r a i sed w ooden f l oo r t o i t ; i t c ou ld t h en h ave b een a p r iva te r oom , o r a n e n t ry i n to o t herw i se i n acces s ib le p a r t so ft h et h i rd g a l le ry . T he b a sa li n t ra -mura lg a l le ry r un sr i gh tr ound t h e w a l l t o w i th in a bou t 1 . 5 m( 5f t . ) o ft h e o t h e rg ua rd c e l l a nd h a s a r a i sed d oo r a t 2 . 30 o ' c lock c onnec t ing i tt o t h e i n te r io r . T he g a l le ry i sf r om 1 . 5 m( 5f t . )t o2 . 06m ( 6f t . 9i n . ) h igh i n mo s t p l a ce s b u t o n ly 1 . 07 m ( 3 .5 f t . ) h i gh u nde r t h e l o bby ( o r s t a i r -f oo t g ua rd c e l l ) a tt h e f oo t o f t h e r a i sed mu ra l s t a i r ; i t s f l oo ri sn o tt h e o l dg r ound s u rf ace o nw h ich t h e b roch i sb u i l t b u t i sa bou t 6 0 c m( 2f t . ) h i ghe rt h an t h e p r esen t f l oo r i nt h e c ou r t a nd p e rhap s 9 0 c m -1m ( 3 f t . ) a bove t h e p r ima ry f l oo r [ 3 , f i g . 2 74 ] . P r e sumab ly t h e ref or et h e b a sa l g a l le ry a c tua l ly r e s t s o n al a ye r o fw a l l c o re . When f i r s t e xpo sed i tw a s f ound t o h ave b een p acked f u l l o f s t one s l ab s s e t o n e dge t o w i th in a f ew c en t ime t r e s o ft h e r oof , a nd p a r t o fi ti ss t i l l s o b locked

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( I l l . 5 . 89 ) . T h i s s t r e tch c an c l ea r ly b e s e en t oh ave b u lged o u twa rd s , p r e sumab ly b ef o r e i tw a s p acked w i th s t one . I ndeed t h e b u lg ing o u twa rd s o f t h e w a l l b a se w a s p r e sumab ly t h er e a son f o rt h eb l ock ing . T he g a l le ry v a r ie s i nw id th f r om a bou t4 5 c m( 18 i n . )t o7 5 c m( 2f t . 6i n . ) . T he i n t ra -mura ls t a i r : t h e d oo rt ot h e s t a i r i n s ide t h e w a l l i sa t 9o ' c lock a nd 8 4 c m ( 2f t . 9i n . ) w ide , a nd i t s s i l l i s s e t 1 . 75 m ( 5 f t . 9i n . ) a bove t h e s e conda ry f l oo r o ft h e c ou r t . T he s t a i r r un s u p t o t h e p r e sen t w a l l h ead i n a s i ng le f l igh t o fw h ich 1 5 s t ep s r ema in ( I l l . 5 . 103 ) , r i s ing 1 . 53 m ( 5 f t . ) o ve r ad i s tance o f a bou t 2 . 44 m ( 8 f t . ) . T he r e i sa no va l mu ra lc hambe r , o rs t a i r -f oo tg ua rd c e l l , t o t h e l ef t o ft h e s t a i r d oo r w h ich i s3 . 96m ( 1 3 f t . ) l o ng a nd t h e f l oo r o fw h ich i sc ompo sed o ft h e l i n te l s o ft h e b a sa l g a l le ry u nder n ea th ; i tl e ad s b a ck i n to t h e n a r row f i r s t f l oo r g a l le ry w h ich r un s a n t i -c lockw i se o ve rt h e l ef tg ua rd c e l l a nd a lmo s t t o t h e c hambe r o ve r t h e m a in e n t rance ( b e ing b l ocked t h i s w a s n o t n o t iced b y t h e o r ig ina l e xcava to r [ 2 , 4 52 ] ) . T he s t a i r -f oo t c e l l a nd t h e s e cond g a l le ry w e re f ound t o b e b l ocked w i th s t one s w hen e xcava ted [ 2 , 4 52 ] a nd t h e c e l lh ad s agged al i t t le o u twa rd s w i th t h i s p a r t o ft h e w a l l . As t one s l ab p ro jec t s f r om t h e i n ne r w a l l f a ce a tt h e b a se o ft h e r i gh t j amb o ft h e s t a i r d oo rw i th a no the ra ta bou tt h e s ame h e igh t3 . 05 -3 .36 m ( 10 o r 1 f t . ) c l ockw i se f r om t h e f i r s t . T he se m ay w e l l h ave s uppo r ted s ome s o r t o fw ooden p l a tf o rm a nd l a dde rt ot h e s t a i rd oo r . U ppe r g a l le r ie s a nd s ca rcemen t : t h e s c a rcemen t , p a r t c o rbe l led a nd p a r t l e dge , i sm uch h i ghe r -3 . 36 m ( 1 1 f t . ) a bove t h e s e conda ry f l oo r ; i ti su p t o5 3 c m ( 2 1 i n . ) w ide i np l ace s . T he r e i s av o id a bove i ta t 1o ' c lock - w i th i t s s i l l a t t h e l e ve l o f t h e l e dge - w h ich p robab ly l e ad o r ig ina l ly i n to t h em u ra l g a l le ry a tt h a tl e ve lb u tw h ich n ow g i ve s a cce s s t o ac e l l i n se r ted i n to t h e w a l l h ead ( I l l . 5 . 105 & 5 . 106 ) . T he i n comp le te a nd u n roof ed g a l le ry r unn ing r ound t h e p r e sen t w a l l h ead ( a nd n ow b locked b y t h e i n se r ted c e l l m en t ioned ) , p a s se s o ve rt h e c e l l a tt h e f oo t o f t h e s t a i ra nd h a s i t sf l oo ra ta bou ts c a rcemen t l e ve l ; i ti si n f a c t t h e L eve l 3 g a l le ry . T he r e a r e t r a ce s o f a n i n te rmed ia te g a l le ry i nt h e s egmen t a t2 3 o ' c lock ; t h e d oo r t ot h e b a sa l g a l le ry a l so o pen s i n to t h e s e cond l e ve l h e re b u t l e ave s v e ry l i t t le r oom t og e t i n . T he s e cond t i e r i sa l so v i s ib le a tt h e s t a i rd oo rway w he re i tr un sb ackwa rd s f r om t h e b ack o f t h e s t a i r -f oo t g ua rd c e l l t o n ea r t h e c hambe r o ve r t h e e n t rance ; h e re i tr i se s u p s l igh t ly o ve r t h eg ua rd c e l l( I l l . 5 . 93 ) . A t M idhowe t h e a r rangemen t o f L eve l s i sl e s s c l ea r -cu t t h an i n mo s to t he re xpo sed b roch s . W e l l o r c e l la r : ar o ck -cu t u nde rg round w e l l o rc e l la r w a s f ound i nt h en o r th h a lf o ft h e c en t ra lc ou r t ; i tw a sc ove red w i th f l ag s tone s a nd t h e c hambe ri s2 . 59 m ( 8f t . 6i n . )d eep w i th t h e t op 7 6 c m ( 2 f t . 6i n . ) o ft h e s i de s b e ing o fd ry w a l l ing . I nc on t ra s t t ot h e w e l l a tG ur n e s s o n ly a bou t 3 0 c m ( 1 f t . ) o f d ra inage w a te r w a s f ound i n t h e b o t tom , l e ad ing t h e e xcava to r t o s u rm i se t h a t t h e u nde rg round c hambe r m ay h ave b een a d ry c e l la r , a s a ppea r s t oh ave b een t h e c a se a tH owe ( HY21 1 ) .

T he R oundhou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se s o fA t lan t ic S co t land

1 . 4 S econda ry a l te ra t ion st ot h eb roch T he i n ne rc ou r to ft h eb roch i sf u l lo fc on s t ruc t ion sb u i l to f e no rmou s s l ab s o f s a nd s tone ; t h ey a ppea r n o t t o b e o r ig ina lb ecau se t h ey a r e e v iden t ly b u i l to nt h e s u rf a ce o fa f l agg ed f l oo rw h ich h a sb een l a id o ve rt h e o r ig ina l o ne . A n a r row a r ea o fp av ing , n ex t t ot h e w a l l a nd a t as l igh t ly l owe r l e ve l t h an t h e r e s t o ft h e f l oo r , c an b e s e en i nt h e s egmen t f r om 3 6 o ' c lock ( I l l . 5 . 10 1) a nd c ou ld w e l l b e p a r t o f t h e b and o f p e r iphe ra l p av ing o f t en f ound o n p r ima ry b roch f l oo r s . A s w i th G ur n e s s ( HY32 2 ) , t h e r emova l o ft h e a dded f l oo r s hou ld r evea l ac i r c le o fp o s t h o le s a r ound t h e i n ne r e dge o ft h i s p av ing , a ta bou t 2m f r om t h e w a l l . T h i s p av ing i sm a rked a s ' d ra in ' o n t h e o r ig ina l p l an ( I l l . 5 . 78 ) a nd m igh t h ave b een u sed a ss u ch i nt h e s e conda ry o ccupa t ion , t h ough n o o u t le tw a s f ound . T he e xcava to r r e a l i sed t h a t t h e f i r s t f l oo r h e r e a ched w a s a na dded o ne b u ts t i l le xp la ined t h en a r row s t r ip o fs l igh t ly l owe rp av ing n ea rt h ew a l la s ad r a in . L im i ted b yt h e d ec i s ion t op r e se rve f o rd i sp lay t h e i n se r ted s t one c on s t ruc t ion sh ep robed u nde rt h e t o p f l oo r f o r s i gn s o f ac en t ra l h ea r th o n t h e p r ima ry f l oo r . P l en ty o fb ur n t m a te r ia l w a s f ound n ea r t h e c en t re , a nd i tw a s n o ted t h a t t h e re w e re 4 5 c m ( 18 i n . ) o f d epo s i t s b e low t h e u ppe r s u rf a ce [ 2 , 4 55 ] . T he i n te r io r i sd i v ided i n to t wo a lmo s t e qua l , D shaped h a lve sb y aw a l lo fh i gh s t one s l ab s -6 . 4 -76 c m ( 2 .5 -3 i n . ) t h ick a nd u pt o2 . 44 m ( 8f t . ) h i gh - s e t o n e dge d own t h e m idd le a nd i nl i ne w i th t h e e n t rance . T he re i s ap i l la r o f b u i l t m a son ry n ea rt h e e a s t e nd o ft h i s " wa l l" , a nd s ho r te r s l ab s h ave b een i n ser ted a tr i gh ta ng le sb e tween s eve ra l o f t h ep a i r s , p r e sumab ly t oj am t h em i np o s i t ion . T he l i ne o f s l ab s e nd s i n aT shape a bou t 1 . 53 m ( 5f t . ) f r om t h e m a in e n t rance , s ot h a tt h e r e i s as o r t o fv e s t ibu le i mmed ia te ly i n f r om t h e b roch d oo r f r om w h ich o ne c an t u rn e i the r h a lf r i gh to rh a lf l ef tt oe n te ro ne o ft h et wo h a lve so ft h ec ou r t . T he re a r e v a r iou s s ma l le r p o lygona l c ub ic le s i n s ide e ach h a lf , s ome s o s ma l lt h a tt h ey m igh tb e c upboa rd s , o re ven e a r th c l o se t s . T he r e a r e t wo m a s s ive , r e c tangu la rk e rbed a nd p aved h ea r th s , o ne i ne a ch h a lf , s ugge s t ing t h a t e ach h a lf o ft h ec ou r tw a s af am i ly d we l l ing u n i t( I l l . 5 . 95 ) . T he o ne i nt h e s ou th h a lf h ad t wo s qua re s ocke t s a ga in s t t h e o u t s ide e dge o fi t s l o ng s i de s , n ea rt h e m idd le , w h ich w e r e p r e sumab ly f o rh o ld ing t h e f r ame f o r ar oa s t ing s p i t ; t h i s h ea r th o ve r lay a no the r , a l so p r e sumab ly s e conda ry , w i th a s im i la rs ocke ta to ne s i de . T race so f as im i la ra r rangemen t o f s ocke t s w e r e n o ted a tt h e f i r ep lace i n t h e n o r th h a lf w h ich p a r t ly o ve r lapped t h e s t one f l ag s c ove r ing t h e e n t rance t ot h e c e l la r . P r e sumab ly , a s a tG ur n e s s , t h e r e w a s as i ng le c en t ra l h ea r th o n t h e p r ima ry f l oo r , a nd t h i s m ay s t i l lb ei np l a ce ,c ove r ed b yt h ef l ag s tone " wa l l" . T he re a r e s eve ra l o dd c on s t ruc t ion s i n s ide t h eb roch w h ich a r e n o t a lway s e a s i ly i n te rp r e ted . N ex t t ot h e w a l l a t 1 o ' c lock - a tt h e f a r e nd o ft h e s ou th h a lf o ft h e i n te r io r a r e t h e r ema in s o f af l igh t o fs t one s t ep s b u i l t u p a ga in s t t h e w a l l f a ce ; o n ly t h e f i ve s t ep s a tt h ep r e sen tt op s u rv ive ( I l l . 5 . 97 ) . P r e sumab ly t h i s f l igh t l e d u p t ot h e r educed w a l l h ead a sa tG ur n e s s . T hey p a s s b e low t h eh igh v o id a t 1 0 o ' c lock ( d e sc r ibed b e low ) a nd c ou ld n o t h ave g i ven

2 36

a cce s s t o t h a t . T he re i s at a nk s e t i n to t h e f l oo r i nt h e n o r th h a lf w h ich w a s c on t inuou s ly p a r t f u l l o fc l ea r w a te r d u r ing t h e e xcava t ion , a nd w a s e v iden t ly f i l led b y as p r ing [ 2 ,4 65 ] . Al a ye ro fp ea ty m a t te ru p t o1 3c m ( 5i n . )t h ick , w h ich t h e e xcava to r t h ough t w a s c ompo sed o f h ea the r a nd g ra s se s , l a y o n much o ft h e f l oo r a r ea o ft h e n o r th h a lf ; i tw a s a s sumed t o b e ad e l ibe ra te f l oo r c ove r ing , a dded t o r egu la r ly . I tc on ta ined m any f i nd s , i n c lud ing t wo s h e rd s o fR oman S am ian w a r e ( s ec t ion 2b e low ) . T he re i so ne r ema rkab le p i ece o fs econda ry w a l l ing w h ich s t and s a ga in s t t h e b roch w a l l i n t h e n o r th -wes t a r c ( I l l . 5 . 98 ) . A n e x t ra l i n ing o fm a son ry w a s l a id a ga in s t t h e b roch w a l l f r om t h e m a in e n t rance r ound t ot h e s t a i r d oo r a t 9o ' c lock ; a to ne p o in t i tc u rve s o u t t o f o rm ah uge p i l la r o n t h e f l oo r o ft h e c ou r t -f o rmed o f as i ng le s l ab a t t h e b a se s u rmoun t ed b y d ry w a l l ing - a nd t h e w ho le f o rm s a n a l cove w i th a c o rbe l led , s l ab -capped r oof a lmo s t l i ke t h e s i ng le p i e ro f av e ry t a l l w hee lhou se . S e tu p r igh ti n to t h e t h in w a l l o ft h i s c on s t ruc t ion , b e tw een p i e r a nd s t a i r d oo r , i s ah uge s t one s l ab f l u sh w i th t h e f a ce ; i tl o ok s l i ke ac anva s f o r ap i c tu re o r d eco ra t ion o fs ome k ind . T h i s s t ruc tu re i sp a r t icu la r ly i mpo r tan t i n t h a t i t s o u te r s i de ( r e s t ing f l u sh a ga in s tt h e b roch w a l l ) r i se s u p t ob l end w i th i t s l i n te l led r oof , a nd t h en b o th o ve r lap a nd c ove r t h e o r ig ina l b roch s c a rcemen t ( I l l . 5 . 98 ) ; t h i s s upe rpo s i t ion g oe s c l ockw i se r i gh t r ound t ot h e s t a i r d oo r a t 9o ' c lock . T h i s i st h e c l ea r e s tp o s s ib le e v idence - s im i la rt o ,b u te ven m o re e xp l ic i t t h an , t h a t a tG ur ne ss - t h a t t h e re w e r e t wo d i s t inc t p ha se s i nt h e a r ch i tec tu ra l e vo lu t ion o ft h e b r och , a nd t h a t t h e p r e sen t i n te r io r a r rangemen t s b e long t o t h e s e cond p ha se . S eve ra l s ma l l c ub ic le s o fs t one f l ag s h ave b een b u i l t i n s ide t h eb roch , mo s t ly o pen a tt h e t o p ; t h e r ea r et wo n ex tt ot h e w a l lb e s ide t h e" a lcove" . O ne j u s t i n s ide t h e n or th h a lf i s t a l l , b u t n a r row a nd c r amped w i th a f l a t s t one l i d ( I l l . 5 . 95 ) ; t h i s c ou ld b e ac upboa rd o r " p r e s s" . T he l i d o ft h i s w a s f i re -c rack ed a nd , w hen f i r s t e xpo sed , w a s c ove r ed w i th at h ick l a ye r o fb ur n t m a te r ia l , s ugg e s t ing t h a t t h e r e h ad b een a no c cupa t ion i n s ide t h eb roch w hen i tw a sf u l lo f a bou t 2m o fd eb r i s . S ome o ft h e s ma l lc ub ic le sm igh tb e e a r th c l o se t s . A no the r p i ece o f s econda ry ma son ry w a s n ex tt ot h e w a l l a nd w e l l a bove t h e f l oo ro n t h e s ou th -we s t s i de [ 2 , 4 66 & I l . 1 3 ] , a nd i td oub t le s sb e long s t o ap e r iod w hen t h eb roch w a sh a lf f u l l o fd eb r is . A no the r f e a tu r e o n t h e w a l l h ead I l t ra te s t h e t wo p ha se h i s to ry o f t h e s i t e . A t 1o 'c lock a r e c tangu la r c e l l i n te r rup t s t h e t h i rd l e ve l o f mu ra l g a l le ry o f w h ich f ounda t ion sc an s t i l l b e s e en ; t h e v o id i nt h e o r ig ina lb r och w a l l , a t s c a r cemen t l e ve l , l e ad s i n to i t ( I l l . 5 . 105 ) . C lockw i se f r om t h is c e l l t h e s i de s o ft h e t h i rd g a l le ry c an b e s e en c l ea r ly , w i th t h e m a son ry o ft h e c e l l i n te r rup t ing t h em ( I l l . 5 . 106 ) . I no t he r w o rd s t h e c e l l h a s b een b u i l t i n to t h e w a l l h ead o ft h e r u ined a nd r e du ced b roch ( s ince i tc ou ld h a rd ly h ave b een f o rced i n to a n i n te rmed ia te g a l le ry o f as t and ing t owe r ) , mak ing u s e o f a n o r ig ina l v o id a s ad oo r a nd d e s t roy ing as hor t s e c t ion o ft h e r a i sed g a l le ry t ow h ich t h i s l e d . T he s im i la r i ty w i th G ur n e s s i s a ga in c l ea r ; M idhowe a l so s e em s t oh ave b een aw r ecked

S ec t ion 5 : O rkney

a nd p a r t ly d emo l ished t owe r b roch w h ich w a s mod if ied w i th c on s t ruc t ion so nt op o fa na l r eady l owe r ed w a l lh ead . T he b locked u p b a sa l g a l le ry o f c ou r se c onf i rm s t h a t d ra s t ic c hange s t o t h e s t ruc tu re o ft h e b roch , d oub t le s s a t l e a s t i n p a r t d ue t o i n c ip ien t c o l lap se , o ccu r red a t s ome s t age . 1 . 5 T he o u tbu i ld ing s I ft h em a s s ive o u te rw a l la nd i t st wo d i tche sw e r eb u i l tw i th t h e b roch , t h e o u tbu i ld ing s s u r round ing t h e t owe r a r e c er ta in ly s e conda ry ; t h i s i sb ecau se t h e f ou r c ompa r tmen t s o fc hambe r Hw e re b u i l t o nt op o ft h e f i l led in i n ne rd i tch . I ft h e o u te r d ef ence s a r e e a r l ie rt h an t h e b roch i tc ou ld b e a rgued t h a t t h e o u tbu i ld ing s w e re p u t u p w i th t h e t owe r . T he o u tbu i ld ing s t h em se lve s c on s i s t o f a n umbe r o f a pp rox ima t e ly c i rcu la ro rp o lygona lc ub ic le sm ade o fg ood q ua l i ty d ry s t one w a l l ing , s ome e qu ipped w i th f l oo r t a nk s a nd h ea r th s . T he c hambe r s t ot h ew e s t o ft h e t owe rh ave b een l a rg e ly s wep t a way b y t h e s e a e xcep t f o r s ome f r agmen ta ry r ema in s c l o se t ot h e b roch ; t h e se l a s t i n c lude as hor te x ten s ion o u twa rd so ft h ee n t rance p a s sage w h ich i s e qu ipped w i th a c hambe r -p r e sumab ly ag ua rd c e l l -o n e i the r s i de ( I l l s . 5 . 87 & 5 . 88 ) . T he v a r iou s b u i ld ing s t o t h e W , n o r th a nd e a s t o ft h e b roch a r e s o a r ranged t h a t t h e re i s ac u rved p a th r unn ing r ound t h e f oo t o ft h e o u te r w a l l ( I l l . 5 . 78 ) . C hambe r Hi st h e l a rge s to ft h es u rv iv ing e nc lo su re s , a nd i t w a s l a t e r s ubd iv ided i n to t h r ee p a r t s w i th c r o s s -wa l l s o f i n f e r io r q ua l i ty ma son ry . I t s n o r th w a l l w a s b u i l t o ve r p a r t o ft h e f i l led in i n ne r d i tch a nd a ga in s t t h e f o r ewo rk w a l l , t h ef a c ing o fw h ich w a sr emoved f o r ad ep th o fu pt o 1 . 53 m ( 5f t . )t oa ccommoda te i t . N o c l ue t ot h e n a tu re o f t h e r oof w a s f ound t h ough t h e w a l l s w e r e i n p l ace s s t and ing 1 . 2 -1 . 5 m( 4 -5 f t . ) h i gh . C hambe r s E , F ,G a nd H h ave c ommon p a r t i t ion w a l l s , a nd t h eo r ig ina ld oo r s o f t h ese r oom s o pened o n t o t h e a ley a tt h e f oo t o ft h e b roch w a l l . S eve ra l o f t h e c hamb e r s h ave r e ce s se s o r a umb r ie s i n t h e i r i n ne r w a l l f a ce s , a nd t r ace s o f i r on s me l t ing w e r ef ound i nc hambe rG . A n i n te r e s t ing p henomenon w a s n o t ed a l ong t h e n or th -ea s t a r c o ft h e b roch w he r e am a s s ive h eap o fl a rge s and s tone f l ag s s t and ing o n e nd h ad b een p i led u pr a d ia l ly a ga in s tt h e w a l l o ft h e t owe r f o r a bou t aq ua r t e r o fi t s c i rcumf e r ence ( I l l . 5 . 108 ) . T hey h ad e v iden t ly b een p l a ced i np o s i t ion a f t e r t h e c on s t ruc t ion o fo u tbu i ld ing s E , F ,Ga nd H s i nce t h ey b lock t h e p a th b e tween t h e se s t ruc tu r e s a nd t h e b roch w a l l ; t h e d oorway s l e ad ing t ot h i s h ave b een p a r t ly f i l led i n . One p ho tog raph i nt h e r e po r t s how s t h i s " bu t t re s s ing " i mmed ia te ly b eh ind t h e b l ocked -up d oo r o fC ompa r tmen t F( wh ich h ad as e conda ry e n t rance m ade i n to i t ) . Whe the r s uch a n a r rangemen t o f f l ag s w ou ld h ave s ho red u p t h e w a l l i sa no the r ma t te r( s ec t ion 3b e low ) .

o u t s ide a nd i t sw a l l h ead w id th i s4 . 4 m -5 . 8 m( 14 .5 f t .1 9 f t . ) . T he w ho le w a l l c u rve s s ha rp ly r ound t ot h e w e s t ( t owa rd s t h e s e a ) a ti t s s ou th e nd b u tt h e s ou th f a ce o ft h i s e x ten s ion i sn o t a tt h e e dge o ft h e s e a -f i l led g eo b u t r un s a l ong t h e e dge o f av e r t ica lr ock f a ce s ome d i s tance f u r the r b a ck ( I l l . 5 . 84 ) . An a r row d oorway l e ad st h rough t h e c r o s s w a l l n ea r t h e s ou th e nd b u t t h e p a s sage o f t h i s q u ick ly b roaden so u tt oa bou t4 . 0 m( 1 3 f t . ) . I nf r on to ft h ew a l l i s ab road , s ha l low d i tch w i th r eve t ted s i des a nd a p a r t ly p aved f l oo r ; i t s o r ig ina l w id th w a s 2 . 7 m ( 9 f t . ) a nd i t r e ache s 1 . 8 m( 6 f t . ) i nd ep th i np l ace s . T he d i tch i n s ide t h e f o rewo rk i sd eepe r , u p t o3 . 05 m ( 10 f t . ) i np l ace s , a nd 3 . 36 m ( 1 1 f t . ) w ide ; b o th f a ce s a r e s t eep a nd l i ned w i th d ry s t one w a l l ing ( I l l . 5 . 86 ) , a nd t h e i n ne re dge i so n ly 1 . 2 m( 4 f t . ) f r om t h e f oo t o ft h e b roch w a l l a to ne p o in t . T he f o r ewo rk w a l l e nd s i n ab u i l t f a ce a tt h e e dge o f av er t ica l r o ck f a ce o n t h e s ou th , s ome d i s tance f r om t h e e dge o ft h e g eo ( s ea i n le t ) . 2 . T he f i nds T he e xcava t ion r e po r t o fM idhowe i sc e r ta in ly i n adequa te b y mode rn s t anda rd s , i nt h a tt h e re i sn o d e ta i led a ccoun to f t h e s i te s t ra t ig raphy a nd m any o ft h e a r tef ac t s l a ck c l ea r a nd c omp rehen s ib le c on tex t s . N ever the le s s s eve ra l u sef u l o ccupa t ion d epo s i t s a r e d e sc r ibed w h ich c on ta ined g roup s o f a r tef a c t s w h ich m ay b e r ega rded a s mo re o r l e s s c on tempo ra ry . T he f i gu re n umbe r s i nb ra cke t s r e f e rt ot h e I l t ra t ion s i nt h e o r ig ina l e xcava t ion r e po r t . As e lec t ion o f t h e f i nd s i ss hown h e re i nI l . 5 . 80 -82 . No f i nd s c an b e s how t ob e long t ot h e t ime o ft h e u se o f t h e b roch f o r i t s o r ig ina l p u rpo se a nd i ti su n l ike ly t h a t t h e se l e ve l s , i f a ny e x is t , w e re r e ached d u r ing t h e e xcava t ion s . V a r iou s d epo s i t s i n s ide t h e b roch p roduced a r tef a c t s w h ich m ay b e a s sumed t o d a te f r om t h e f i r s t s e conda ry u se o f t h e t owe r a s ad we l l ing . T he P ha se n umbe r ing s y s tem u sed i st h a tg i ven i ns e c t ion 3 . ( a ) T he r oof ed s ou the rn g ua rd c e l l h ad a bou t af oo t o f d eb r is o n t h e f l oo r f r om w h ich w a s r e cove red ap i ece o fa s ha le a rm le t a nd s eve ra l f r agmen t s o fr ed d ee r a n t le r ( on t h e c e l l f l oo r ) . T he se p robab ly b e long s t o t h e f i r s t s e conda ry o ccupa t ion , p ha se 2 , t h ough t h ey c ou ld b e o f P ha se 1 . ( b ) I n t h e p ea ty f l oor d epo s i t o fC hamber C v a r iou s a r tef ac t s w e r e f ound i nt h e n o r th h a lf o ft h e i n te r io r , a nd t h ey o bv iou s ly b e long t o p ha se 2 . T he se i n c lude ( on t h e f l oo r a tt h e e n t rance t ot h e c hambe r ) 1b one l o ng c omb 1 b one a w l o rb o r e r , 1c h i se l -ended b one t oo l , 1s l o t ted d ee r t i ne ( p e rhap s ab r id le c heek -p iece ) , 1p e rf o ra ted h a lf -p la te o fw ha lebone , h a lf ar o ta ry q ue rn , 5p o t l i d s ( p re sumab ly s t one ) , 2m oved s o cke ts t one s . ( c ) I n o ne o ft h e c ub ic le s i nC hambe r C : 1c h i se l -ended ( s pa tu la te ) b one t oo l , p a r t o ft h e s ku l l a nd h or n c o re s o f B o sf ron to su s , 2l o ng w eav ing c omb s a tf l oo r l e ve l , n o . 9 h ighe ru p ) , 1w ho r l , 1s add le q ue rn a nd 1p o tl i d .

1 . 6 T he o u te rd ef ence s T he o u te rf o r t if ica t ion s b a r r ing t h e n eck o ft h e p romon to ry c on s i s t o f t wo s t ra igh t d i tche s w i th , b e tween t h em , a m a ss ive a nd b road f o rewo rk w a l l . T he p r e sen th e igh t o f t h ew a l la bove g round l e ve l i s1 . 5 m -2 . 1 m( 5 -7 f t . )o nt h e

2 37

( d ) O n t h ef l oor o fC hambe r C : 1s pa tu la te t oo l , 3 b one p in s o rb o r e r s , 2d ee r -hor np i ck s , 2s he rd s o fS am ian w a re , 1l o ng w eav ing c omb , 1s pa tu la te t o o l , 1b ronze r i ng -

T he R ound hou se s , B roch s a nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

h eaded p i n n ex t t o t h e f l oo r t a nk , 1w he t s tone , 1b one b o r e r , h a lf a n i v o ry h ead f o ra n i r on p in , 1p e rf o ra ted h af t p l a te o fd ee r -ho rn , 1p o t l i d , 3r o ta ry q ue rn s tone s ( on t h e f l oo r ) , 1s add le q ue rn ( h ighe r u p ) , 2m o r e r o ta ry q ue rn s ( a l so a t ah i ghe rl e ve l ) .

3 . D i scu s s ion 3 . 1 S i te s equence

( e ) I nt h e l o bby o ft h ee n t rance t oC hamber D ( s ou th h a lf o ft h eb roch i n te r io r ) : 1s add le q uer na nd 2s ocke ts t one s . ( I ) O n t h ef l oor l e ve l o fc ompa r tmen t D : 3l o ng w eav ing c omb s , 1w he t s tone , 1b one p i n , 1b one r i ng , 7s t one p o t l i d s , 1r o ta ry q uern , 4s t one w ho r l s , 1w ha lebone w ho r l a nd 1b ronze r i ng -headed p in . I n t h e d eb r i s 4 5 c m ( 18 i n . ) a bove t h e f l oo r w a s ab ronze p a te ra ( h and led c up ) , a ppa ren t ly R oman . As ma shed v e s se l o fp o t te ry w a sa bou t 6 0 c m( 2f t . )a bove t h e f l oo r . ( g ) I n t h e d ebr i s i n t h e o u te r d i tch , i n f r on t o f t h e f o rewo rk , w e re f ound : 2p enannu la r b ronze f i bu lae , h a lf a s t one w ho r l ( on t h e d i tch b o t tom ) , 5p o t l i d s , 1w he t s tone ( on t h e b o t tom ) , p a r t o f ah uman s ku l l , 2s add le q ue rn s , 4 h amme r s tone s , 2s ocke ts t one s( d e tached ) . ( h ) I n t h e i n ne r d i tch ( e a r l ie r t h an t h e o u tbu i ld ing s a nd p robab ly n ea rt h e s t a r to fP ha se 3 ) : 2p o in ted b one t oo l s , 1 b one p in , 2s add le q uern s , 2b oa r 's t u sk s , h a lf a p o t te ry w ho r l , 1s pa tu la te b one t oo l , 1s ma l l b one p o l i sh ing t oo l , 1 s ma l l w o rked s c apu la , 1p i ece o f aw ha le v er teb ra c up , 1 p o tl i da nd b one so fB o sf ron to su s . ( i ) O n t h e " pa th" ( p re sumab ly t h e o ne a r ound t h e f oo t o f t h e b roch n ex t t ot h e i n ne r d i tch ) a nd " a t ah ighe r l e ve l" ( t he m ean ing o ft h i s i sn o tc l ea r )w e r e : ab roken c ompo s i te b one c omb , 1b one p i n , 2p o in ted b one t o o l s , 1f r agmen to f as add le q ue rn a nd 3 h amme r s tone s . T he p h ra se " a t a h ighe r l e ve l" m ay m ean t h a t t h e se o b jec t s w e re a bove g round l e ve l i nd eb r i s : t h i s w ou ld e xp la in t h e c ompo s i te c omb , at y pe o fa r tef ac t o t herw i se a b sen t f r om t h e s i te a nd u sua l ly d a ted t o av e ry l a te p o s t -b roch p e r iod . 0 ) O n t h e p a th f ur the r w e s t , n ow b l ocked b y t h e " bu t t re s s ing" ( p re sumab ly b e low t h e s t acked s l ab s a nd a n teda t ing t h em : p robab ly a s s ignab le t oP ha se 3 ) : 1b ronze p enannu la r f i bu la , 1l o ng w eav ing c omb a nd 1h o l lowed s t one . ( k ) C hambe r E ( i n t h e o u tbu i ld ing s ) g ave a tf l oo r l e ve l a s pa tu la te b one t oo l , as add le q ue rn a nd 1h o l lowed s t one .

( i )

C hambe r G h ad ah ea r th i nt h e c en t re w i th ma s se s o f i r on s l ag a nd af l agged " d ra in" , p o s s ib ly af l ue f o r ab l a s t f u rnace . O b jec t s r e cove r ed i n c luded ac omp le te p o t s unk i nt h e f l oo r , 1p o tl i da nd 2b oa r s ' t u sk s . ( m ) T he f ou r c ompa r tmen t s o fC hambe r H -o ve r ly ing t h e f i l led in i n ne r d i tch - g ave m any a r tef ac t s i n c lud ing 1 b roken s add le q ue rn , as t one b a s in o r l amp [ 5 , f i g . 4 2 ] , 1 b one h af tp l a te ( on t o p o ft h e w a l l ) , 1l o ng w eav ing c omb a nd 1b ronze r i ng -headed p in .

2 38

T he e xcava to r s ugge s t s as equence o fe ven t s a tM idhow e w h ich s e em s q u i te p l au s ib le ( s ec t ion 1 . 1 a bove ) , b u t i si t t h e mo s t l i ke ly o ne? I t mu s t b e b or ne i nm ind t h a t , s i nce n ew a r gumen t s h ave b een a dvanced i n f a vou r o f ap r e b roch p ha se a tG u rne s s [ HY31 0 ) , t h e s ame m igh tb e s a id a bou t M idhow e . I ndeed t h e ma s s ive s t ra igh t w a l l w i th f l ank ing d i tche sw h ich c u t s of t h e p romon to ry s e em st ob e a n e ven mo r e p l au s ib le c and ida te f o r a p r e -b roch p romon to ry f o r t t h an t h e s y s tem o fc oncen t r ic b ank s a nd d i tche s r ound G ur n e s s . U nf o r tuna te ly n o c l ea r e v idence w a s n o t iced d u r ing t h e e xcava t ion s r e levan t t o t h e s t ra t ig raph ica l r e la t ion sh ip o f t h e b roch a nd t h e o u te r d ef ence s . O ne c ou ld a r gue t h a tt h ef i l l ing i no ft h ei n ne rd i tch a nd t h e c on s t ruc t ion o fo u tbu i ld ing s o ve rt ha tf i l l i sa n e ven tw h ich w ou ld o n ly h ave t a ken p l ace a f t e rt h e s i t eh ad c ea sed t ob e p r ima r i ly d ef en s ive ; i ft h a t w a s t h e c a se i ti sh a rd t os e e w hy s u ch e l abo ra te p r ecau t ion s w e r e s uppo sed ly t a ken l a te r o n t o b o l s te r u p t h e s agg ing b roch ( Ca l lenda r & G ran t 's P ha se 3 ) . Ac r uc ia l p i ece o fe v idence , o fw h ich t h e e xcava to r w a s n o t a wa r e , m ay g i ve ac l ue t ow ha t a c tua l ly h appened . I t i n vo lve s t h e i n te rp r e ta t ion o ft h e " bu t t r e s s ing" - t h e s t ack o f l a rge s t one s l ab s w h ich a r e s e t o n e nd a nd r a d ia l ly a ga in s t t h e f o o t o ft h e b roch w a l l i nt h e a r c f r om w e s t t o n o r th ( I l l . 5 . 108 ) . T he c u r iou sc on s t ruc t ion o ft h i s f e a tu re -t h e s l ab s s imp ly l e an a ga in s t t h e b roch w a l l -m ake s i t mo s t u n l ike ly t h a t i t c ou ld h ave h ad a ny u s ef u l s t reng then ing e f f ec t o n t h e m a s s ive w a l l b eh ind , e spec ia l ly i ft h i s w a s o nce m o re t h an 1 4mh igh . I ts e em s much m o r e p robab le t h a t t h e s l ab s a r e l i n te ls t a ken f r om t h e u ppe r g a l le r ie s o f ad e l ibe ra te ly d emo l i shed b roch a nd w h ich w e re t h en s t a cked a ga in s t t h e b a se o f t h e t owe r a s a t J a r l shof ( HU30 1 ) . V e ry c l ea r e v idence o fs uch d e l ibe ra te d emo l i t ion w a s f ound a tD un Mo r V au l o n T i ree ( NM04 4 ) . L ikew i se t h e s e conda ry f a c ing o n t h e i n ne r w a l l i nt h e n o r th -we s t a r c w a s i n te rp re ted a s t h e s t reng then ing o ft h e s agg ing b roch , b u t a ga in s u ch at h in , v e r t ica l l i n ing s e em s q u i te i n adequa te f o r s u ch ap u rpo se . Many b roch s h ave s e conda ry w a l l s a r ound t h e i r c en t ra l c ou r t s , a nd t h a t a t D un Mo rV au l w a s c l ea r ly b u i l t a f te rt h e d emo l i t ion o ft h e u ppe rp a r t s o ft h eb u i ld ing . T he p u rpo se o ft h e a dd ed w a l l a t M idhowe i s m o re l i ke ly t o h ave b een t o s uppo r t s e conda ry s t ruc tu re s . T h i s d emo l i t ion c l ea r ly o ccu r red s ome t ime a f t e r t h e o u tbu i ld ing s h ad b egun t oc l u s te r r ound t h e t owe r a nd t wo d if e ren t c onc lu s ion s c ou ld b e d rawn f r om t h is . T he f i r s t i n vo lve s t h e a s sump t ion t h e p romon to ry d ef ence s a r e o f p r e -b roch a g e a nd t h e o u tbu i ld ing s a r e p a r t o f ap r ima ry b roch v i l lag e ; t h en t h e d emo l i t ion o ft h e u ppe r w o rk s o f t h eb roch w ou ld s imp ly h ave m a rked t h em ak ing s a f eo fa n i n c rea s ing ly d i lap ida ted a nd d ange rou s d ry s t one t ow e r p r e sumab ly s ome t ime a f t e r t h e n eed f o r d ef ence h ad p a s sed . H oweve r i td oe s s e em r a the r u n l ike ly t h a t a n

S ec t ion 5 : O rkney

w he the rt h ey w e r e o rn o t , t h e o u tbu i ld ing s w e r e e v iden t ly p u t u p b ef o re t h e b roch w a s c omp le te ly p u l led d own a nd r e -mode l led a s ad we l l ing . Ap l au s ib le s equence o fe ven t s a tM idhowe i st h e ref o r ea sf o l low s .

i ndef en s ib le s e t t lemen t o f s t one d we l l ing s w ou ld b e a l lowed t oc l u s te rr ound an ew t ow e r a nd t h e r eby p a r t ly t o n u l l if y t h e a dvan tage s o f a n e x t r eme ly s t rong s y s tem o f f o rewo rk d ef ence s . I ti sp r e sumab ly p o s s ib le t h a t t h e f o rewo rk w a l la nd o u te rd i tch c on t inued i nu se e ven t h ough t h e i n ne rd i tch w a sp a r t ly f i l led .

P ha se 1 : t h ef o r t if ied f a rmhou se . I n P ha se l a t h e b roch t owe r w a s c on s t ruc ted a s ar e s iden t ia l s t rongho ld p e rhap s 1 2 .2 m ( 40 f t . ) h igh a nd b eh ind am a ss ive f o rewo rk w a l l a nd d i tch . T he r e i s ap o s s ib i l i ty t h a tt h e l a t te rf e a tu re sm ay b e long t oa n e a r l ie r p romon to ry f o r t b u t t h e r e i sn o d i r ec t e v idence o ne w ay o rt h e o t he r . I na ny c a se t h e f o rewo rk d ef ence s w e re s u r e ly i nu se w hen t h e b roch w a s b u i l t , a nd f o rs ome t ime a f t e r , a nd t h er o ck p l a tf o rm a round t h et owe r w ou ld d oub t le s sh ave b een b a re o fs t ruc tu re s a tt h i ss t age .

T he s e cond v i ew i n vo lve s t h e a s sump t ion t h a t t h e p romon to ry d ef ence s w e re b u i l t w i th t h e b roch , o r a tl e a s t w e re u sed i n tac ta se x t ra d ef ence sb yt h eb roch -bu i lde r s f o r ap e r iod o ft ime ; i nt h i sc a se t h ef i l l ing o fp a r to ft h e i n ne r d i tch a nd t h e c on s t ruc t ion o fo u tbu i ld ing s m a rked as ha rp c hange i n t h e w ay t h e s i te w a s u s ed - f r om a h eav i ly d ef ended s t rongho ld t oa n much l e s s w e l l d ef ended b roch v i l lage . T he s ub sequen t d emo l i t ion o ft h e b roch w ou ld t h en b e al o g ica l e x ten s ion o ft h i sp roce s s . I ndeed , i nt h i s c a se t h e d emo l i t ion m ay h ave s t a r ted w hen t h e f i r s t o u tbu i ld ing s w e re p u t u p , t o p rov ide m a te r ia l f o r t h e i r c on s t ru c t ion . A s a t G u rne s s ar e a sonab le r e so lu t ion o f t h i s p rob lem c ou ld c ome w i th ap rope r u nd e r s t and ing o ft h e n a tu r e o f t h e s t one c on s t ruc t ion s i n s ide t h e b roch . T he se s t one s t ruc tu r e s - w h ich c onver t t h e c en t ra l c ou r t i n to t wo d i s t inc t a r ea s o fl i v ing s pace - s e em q u i te c l ea r ly t oh ave b een b u i l ta f t e r t h et owe rb roch h ad b een p u l led d own t oa h e igh tn o tm uch a bove i t s p r e sen t o ne . T he o r ig ina l m a in d oo r i n t h e e n t rance p a s sage s e em s t o h ave b een t a k en a way a nd p a r t o ft h e p a s sage r e -f loo red w i th as t ep u p t o t h e n ew f l oo r l e ve l l a id i n t h e i n ter io r . D oub t le s s t h e e x ten s ion o u twa rd s o f t h e e n t rance p a s sage - f o rm ing a n ew d ef en s ib le d oo r w i th t wo g ua rd c e l l sj u s t i n s ide i tw a s s e tu p a tt h is t ime . I ts e em s s imp le s tt os uppo se t h a t t h e b a sa l m u ra l g a l le ry a nd t h e s t a i r -f oo t g ua rd c e l l w e r e b locked u p a tt h e t ime o f d emo l i t ion ; i ft h e b roch w a s p e rcep t ib ly b eg inn ing t o s ag , a nd i ft h e n eed f o r t h e s t rongho ld w a s n o t s o a cu te , t h i s w ou ld h ave s t imu la ted t h e d i sman t l ing . Wha t i sq u i te c l ea r i st h a t t h e e l abo ra te s e conda ry w a l l b u i l t o n t h e n or th -we s t a r c w a s p u t u p a f t e r t h e o r ig ina l i n ter na l t i mbe r -wo rk i nt h e i n t e r io r h ad b een r emoved s i nce i to ve r lap st h e s c a r cemen tl e dg e -a nd mo s tp robab ly a f t e rt h et owe rh ad b een d emo l i shed . T he e x i s tence o ft h e r ema in s o fa n i n te rna l f l igh t o fs t ep s a l so c l ea r ly i mp l ie s a r educed w a l l h ead , a nd t h e c e l l i n ser ted i n to t h e t h i rd g a l le ry o n t h e e a s t s i de d emon s t ra t e s t h e s ame . A l l t h e i n te r ior s t one c on s t ruc t ion s a r e o n t o p o fw ha t i sa lmo s t c e r ta in ly a r a ised , s e conda ry p aved f l oo r , a nd t h i s i t se lf c ou ld o n ly h ave b een l a id a f t e r t h e o r ig ina l w ooden r oundhou se h ad b een d i sman t led ; t h e r i ng o fp o s t -ho le s w h ich a r et h er ema in s o ft h i s , a nd w h ich a r e u sua l ly f ound i nt h e p r ima ry f l oo r s o fe xcava ted b r och s , a r e d oub t le s s s t i l l i np o s i t ion u nde rt h e l a te rf l oo ra nd t h ep r ima ry c en t ra l h ea r th s hou ld a l so b e t h e re . T he h ea r th i nt h e n or th h a lf o f t h e i n te r io r p a r t ly o ve r lap s t h e s t one c ove r o f t h e p resumab ly p r ima ry c e l la ro rw e l l . T he o n ly r e a l u ncer ta in ty i sw he the r t h e e r ec t ion o f t h e o u tbu i ld ing s w a s p a r t o ft h e s ame c hange o fb a s ic f unc t ion f o rt h e b roch a st h e d emo l i t ion o ft h e t owe ra nd t h e d ra s t ic r e -a r rang emen t o f t h e i n te r io r . O n t h e w ho le i ts e em s l i ke ly t h a tt h e t wo e ven t s a r e c onne c ted , b u t i na ny c a se ,

P ha se l b . S ome t ime a f t e r t h e b roch w a s b u i l t s i gn s o f i n s tab i l i ty w e re n o t iced i n i t s s agg ing w a l l ; t h e b a sa l g a l le ry b egan t o b end o u twa rd s u nde r t h e w e igh t o f t h e w a l l s a bove . T h i s g a l le ry w a s t h en b l ocked w i th s t one t o s t reng then i t ,a nd t h e s t a i r -f oo t g ua rd c e l l w a s a l so p acked w i th s l ab s . B ecau se o f t h e l a te r a l te ra t ion s t o t h e s i te i s u n l ike ly t h a t a ny e v idence i sp r e se rved a st ot h e e x ten t o f t h i s i n i t ia l d amage t h a tt h e b roch s uf e red b u t i ti su n l ike ly t o h ave b een v e ry s eve re s i nce t h e b a sa l g a l le ry w a s e n t i re ly f i l led w i th s t one a nd b u lged o u twa rd s o n ly al i t t le w ay ( I l l . 5 . 89 ) . I tm ay b e s uppo sed t h a tt h e p rob lem w a s c u r ed , f o r aw h i le a tl e a s t , a nd t h a t t h e b roch c on t inued i n u se f o rs ome t ime a f t e rwa rd s . I tw i l l b e n o ted t h a tt h i s i n te rp r e ta t ion d i f f e r s s ha rp ly f r om t h a t o ft h e e xcava to r b y a s sum ing t h a t t h e b lock ing o ft h e b a sa l g a l le ry t ook p l ace a c on s ide rab le t ime b ef o re t h e f i na l d emo l i t ion o f t h e t owe r a nd t h e s ub sequen t c on s t ruc t ion o fs e conda ry b u i ld ing s i n s ide i t . P ha se 2 : t h e u nd ef end ed s e t t lemen t . P ha se 2 a s e em s t o h ave b egun w h i le t h e t owe r w a s s t i l l i n tac t , b u t a f t e r t h e b l ock ing o f t h e b a sa l g a l le ry , a nd i sa s sumed h e re t o b e d ef ined b y ad r ama t ic l e s sen ing o ft h e n eed f o r d ef ence . T he c au se o ft h i s w a s e i the r t h e r e duc t ion o fa n e x ter na l t h rea t o r , mo r e l i ke ly p e rhap s , b ecau se o fc hange s i nt h e n a tu r e o ft h e d om inan t l o ca l s oc ia l g roup . A n umbe r o f s t one d we l l ing s w e re b u i l t a r ound i t s b a se . I ti st r ue t h a t t h e se b u i ld ing s c ou ld b e long t o t h e p r ima ry d ef en s ive p ha se s i nce , w h i le t h e i n ne rd i tch w a s o u t o fu se , t h e m a in w a l l a nd o u te r d i tch c ou ld s t i l l h ave b een f unc t ion ing . H oweve r i ts e em s mo s t l i ke ly t o m e t h a t t h e p r e sence o f o u tbu i ld ing s , m a rked b y t h e o b so le scence o f p a r t o f t h e o u te rd ef ence s , m a rk s a ne n t i re ly n ew s i tua t ion . E s sen t ia l ly i ts e em s i mp robab le t h a tt h e o wne r so f at owe rr equ i red f o r d ef ence - o r a t l e a s t w h ich r equ i re s t o l ook e m inen t ly d ef en s ib le ( t hough o ne d oub t s w he the r t h e re w ou ld h ave b een much p ra c t ica l d if e rence ) -w ou ld a l low ac l u t te ro f b u i ld ing s t oa ccumu la te r ound i t sb a se . T h is s e em st ob e t h e mo s t e conom ica l h ypo the s i s t o e xp la in t h e o b served f a c t s . I ti sp o s s ib le t h a ts ome o ft h eb roch w a st a ken d own a t t h i s t ime a nd t h a t t h e s t one w a s u sed f o r t h e n ew s t ruc tu re s . P ha se 2 b : s ome t ime a f t e rt h e s e t t lemen th ad c ea sed t ob e p r ima r i ly d ef en s ive , t h e d ec i s ion w a s m ade t o d emo l i sh t h eb roch ( p e rhap s f o rt h e s e cond t ime )t o as af eh e igh ta nd t o r e -a r range t h e i n te r io r c omp le te ly . F u r the r s i gn s o f

2 39

T he R oundhou se s , B roch s a nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

c o l lap se m ay h ave b een n o ted a nd t h e t owe r w a s s y s tema t ica l ly p u l led d own t o a bou t i t s p re sen t h e igh t o f a bou t 4 . 27 m ( 14 f t . ) . S ome o f t h e l i n te l s f r om t h e g a l le r ied w a l l s w e re p i led i n t h e p a s sage b e tween t h e o u tbu i ld ing s a nd t h e b roch a nd m ade n ece s sa ry s t ruc tu ra l a l te ra t ion s -s u ch a s n ew d oorway s -i n s ome o f t h e se s e conda ry c hambe r s . O ccupa t ion c on t inued i na nd a r ound t h eb roch f o rs ome t ime a f t e rt h i s . P ha se 3 : m ino r l a te r s t ruc tu ra l a l te ra t ion s w e re m ade t o t h e o u tbu i ld ing s . 3 . 2 Ad i f f eren tv i ew I n 1 947 S i r L ind say S co t t a dvanced av i ew o ft h e o r ig in a nd p u rpo se o ft h e b roch s w h ich w a s e n t i r e ly d i f f e r en t t o t h e o ne w h ich h ad c ommanded s uppor t u n t i l t h en E s sen t ia l ly h e a r gued t h a t t h e i rt o pog raph ica l s i tua t ion l e f t l i t t le r oom f o rd oub tt h a tt h ey w e re f a rmhou se sa nd t h a tt h e g r ea t m a jor i ty w e r e r e la t ive ly l ow -wa l led , t h e s ca r cemen t l e dge b e ing a n i n te rna l r oof s uppo r t . M idhowe w a s c i ted i ns uppo r t o ft h i s h ypo the s i s a nd i n c luded i nS co t t 's C la s s Ib roch s , w h ich o r ig ina l ly r e a ched p e rhap s 4 . 9 m( 16 f t . ) i nh e igh t [ 5 , 1 0 15 ] . A l though t h e e v idence v i s ib le n ow a t M idhowe c anno tb y i t se lf r e f u te t h i s h ypo the s i s d ec i s ive ly , i tc an n ow b e s e en t ob e s t rong ly a ga in s t i t ;t h e a r gumen t s f o r t h e i d ea s uppo r ted h e re - t h a t t h e s t ruc tu re w a s o r ig ina l ly a t a l l , h o l low -wa l led t owe r w i th a n i n ter na l w ooden r oundhou se w i th a r a i sed , r i ng shaped f l oo r h ave b een s e to u ti nd e ta i l e l sewhe re [ 6 ] . Wha t mu s t b e r emembe r ed o fc ou r se i st h a t t h e r e f u ta t ion o fS co t t 's ' l ow b roch ' h ypo the s i s d oe sn o tn ece s sa r i ly l e ad t ot h er e f u ta t ion o fh i s ' b roch e qua l sf a rmhou se ' h ypo the s i s ( Ba r re t t 1 98 1) ; t h e e qua t ion o fb roch t owe r w i th c a s t le l i ke s t rongho ld w a s m ade a u toma t ica l ly f o r f a r t oo l o ng , n o t l e a s t b y t h e a u tho r ( Ma cK ie 1 965 ) , b u t i s ap u re a s sump t ion w h ich d oe s n o t h ave t ob e v a l id . I ndeed t h e e v idence f o r t h e f a rmhou se h ypo the s i s i s much s t ronge r n ow t h an i tw a s i n S co t t 's t ime ( Fo ju t 1 982a : MacK ie 1 995 , 2 000 ) . 3 . 3 Ma ter ia lc u l tu re T he g roup so ff i nd sl i s ted i ns e c t ion 2p rov ide s eve ra lq u i te v a luab le a s semb lage s o f a r tef a c t s f r om t h e s e conda ry o ccupa t ion o f ab roch w h ich d oe s n o t s e em t oh ave b een u sed f o r a s l o ng a s s ome o t he r O rkney s i te s . T he c ompo s i te c omb s a nd or namen ta l -headed b one p i n s w h ich a ppea r ed i nt h eu ppe rl e ve l s a tB u r r ian ( HY75 1 ) , L ing row ( HY40 2 ) a nd A y re ( HY40 1 ) -a nd w h ich u ndoub ted ly b e long t o al a te p o s t -b roch h o r izon ( t he l a te I r on A ge ) a r e c omp le te ly a b sen t f r om t h e s e conda ry o ccupa t ion s a t M idhowe . T he s i ng le c ompo s i te c omb r e cove r ed s e em s l i ke ly t oh ave c ome f r om al a te r c on tex t . T he a b sence o f c l ea r ly s t ra t if ied p r ima ry b roch m a te r ia l i s ad r awback t o u nde r s tand ing t h e c u l tu re o ft h e t owe r b u i lde r s , b u t t h e e x ten s ive c o l lec t ion s f r om t h e s e conda ry o ccupa t ion s g i ve m any v a luab le c l ue s a s t o t h e c u l tu r e o ft h e m idd le I r on A ge p opu la t ion o f O rkney f r om a bou t t h e 2 nd t o t h e 5t h c en tu r ie s AD .

2 40

Ad i scu s s ion o ft h e s i gn if icance o ft h e a r tef a c t s i si nP a r t2 b u t i tm ay b e n o ted h e re t h a t t h e s eve ra l s add le q uer n s f ound w i th e xo t ic o b jec t s l i ke b ronze p enannu la r f i bu la e , r i ng -headed p i n s a nd r o ta ry q ue rn s s ugge s t t h a t am uch e a r l ie r , l o ca l I r on A ge c u l tu re c on t r ibu ted t o t h e e v id en t m ix tu re o ft r ad i t ion s s e en i nt h er e -occupa t ion l e ve l s . D imen s ion s : t h e o ve ra l l d i ame te rf r om n o r th -ea s tt os ou th w e s t i s1 8 .13 m ( 5 9 .5 f t . ) , a nd f r om n o r th -we s t t o s ou th e a s t 1 7 .69 m ( 5 8 f t . ) ; t h e c o r r e spond ing i n t er na l d i ame t e r s a r e 9 . 81 m ( 32 f t . 2i n . )a nd 9 . 50 m(31 f t . 2i n . ) . C a ref u l m ea su r emen t o f t h e i n te r io r i n 1 971 a nd 1 985 s howed t h a t t h e c en t ra l c ou r t h ad p robab ly b een l a id o u t v e ry a ccu ra te ly a s at r ue c i rc le t h e b e s t -f i t t ing r ad iu s o f w h ich i s4 . 82 m + 0 . 05m ; t h i s g ive s ad i ame te r o f9 . 64 m( 3 1 .6 1 f t . ) . T he w a l lv a r ie s i nt h ickne s s f r om 4 . 65 m ( 1 5 f t . 3i n . ) o n t h e s ou th , 4 . 35 m ( 14 f t . 3i n . ) a tt h e e n t rance a nd 3 . 66 m ( 1 2 f t . ) o n t h e n o r th - n o r th -ea s t . U s ing t h e a ve rage o ft h e f i r s t f ou rd imen s ion s c i ted M idhowe r e vea l s aw a l lp ropo r t ion o fc .5 3 .9% . S ou rce s : 1 .0 5 c a rd HY 3 3 S E 2 : 2 .C a l landa r &G ran t 1 934 : 3 . RCAHMS 1 946 , 2 ,n o . 5 53 , 1 93 -200 & f i g s . 2 73 -8 : 4 . H edge se ta l . 1 987 , 10 16 : 5 .S co t t 1 947 . 6 : MacK ie 1 995a : 7 .L amb 1 982 ,2 2 .

HY33 2 NORTH HO WE HY /37043074 Ap o s s ib le b roch o n R ou say , t h e much p i l laged r ema in s o f as t one b u i ld ing w h ich s t and a bou t 3 00 m n or th -we s t o f M idhowe a nd a bou t 1 00 m f r om t h er o cky c oa s t . T ra ce so f a n o u te rw a l l f a ce a r e v i s ib le f o r al e ng th o fc .1 2 ma l ong t h e n o r th -we s t a r c [ 1 ] . T he re a r e s ugg es t ion s o f o u t b u i ld ing s . T h ree p o t she rd s f r om t h e s i te a r e i n t h e N a t iona l Mu seum [ 3 ] . S ou rce s : 1 .O S c a rd HY 3 3 S E 1 : 2 . RCAH MS 1 946 , 2 ,n o . 57 , 2 02 : 3 .H edge s e ta l . 1 987 , 16 -17 : 4 .L amb 1 982 , 2 2 . HY33 3 SOUTH HO WE ( `We s t s ide ' , ' Broch ' o r ' B rough ' ) HY /37273036 P robab le b roch i nR ou say . A bou t 5 00 m s ou th -ea s t o f M idhowe , a nd a l so o nt h ec oa s t , a r et h es c an ty r ema in so fa s t one b u i ld ing i nw h ich t r ace so ft h e i n ne ra nd o u te rf a ce o f ac u rved w a l l , e xpo sed b y t h e s ea , a r e v i s ib le o n t h e w e s t a r c [ 1 ] ; t h e s e i n d ica te w a l l t h ickne s se s i nt wo p l ace s o f 3 . 9 a nd 4 . 2 m . A n i n t ra -mu ra l g a l le ry 1 . 2 mw ide i sa l so v i s ib le f o r al e ng th o f 2m ; t h e n or th s i de o fa ne n t rance t o i tf r om t h e i n t e r io r c an b e s e en , s t and ing t o ah e igh t o f1 . 7 m . [ 1 , 3 ] . T he r e a r e t r a ce s o f o u tbu i ld ing s t o t h e N . H edge s p o in t s o u t t h a t n o d imen s ion s w e re o b ta ined b y p r ev iou sv i s i to r s f r om t h ee xpo sed s e c t ion . Al o ng -hand led b one c omb o fI r on A ge t y pe i sr epo r t ed t o h ave b een f o und o n t h e s i te ( and t o b e i np r iva te h and s ) [ 2 ] , a sh a s ap o t she rd , p o s s ib ly a l so o ft h es ame p e r iod [ 3 ] . S ource s : 1 .O S c a rd HY 3 S E 1 0 : 2 . RCAH MS 1 946 , 2 ,n o . 52 , 1 9 3 : 3 .H edge s e ta l . 1 987 , 17 -18 : 4 .L amb 1 982 , 2 2 .

S ec t ion 5 : O rkney

i n to t h e i n te r io r i nl i ne w i th t h e r i gh t w a l l o ft h e e n t rance , a nd t h i s mu s ts u r e ly b e as e conda ry a r rangemen t .

HY33 4 THE BURR IAN HY /395334 P o s s ib le b roch o nR ou say : n of u r the ri n f o rma t ion . S ou rce : O Sc a rd HY 3 S E 1 3 .

T he d e sc r ip t ion o ft h e mu ra l s t a i r -t h e d oo rt ow h ich i sa t 9o ' c lock a nd e v iden t ly a tf l oo r l e ve l -s t a te s t h a t " t he se s e emed t o l e ad d own b e low t h e f l oo r l e ve l o ft h e b roch , t e rm ina t ing i n ac av i ty r oof ed b y o ve r lapp ing s l ab s" ; t h e s t a i rway w a s 7 5 c m ( 2 f t . 6i n . ) w ide . O n ly t h ree s t ep s w e re f ound , 2 3 c m ( 9 i n . ) d eep ( t he s t ep s a r e a c tua l ly d e sc r ibed a s 3 0 c m ( 12 i n . ) w ide w h ich s e em s h i gh ly u n l ike ly ) . T h i s c anno t b e t h e n o rma l b roch i n t ra -mu ra l s t a i r a nd t h e d e sc r ip t ion a ppea r s t om ean t h a t af ew s t ep s l e ad t ot h e l e f t d own i n to t h e s t a i r -f oo t c e l l s hown o n t h e p l an w h ich m ay h ave b een s ome k i nd o fs unk en c hambe r . I n t ra -mu ra l s t a i rway s a lway s r i se t o t h e r i gh t o f t h e i r a cce s sd oorway s i nb roch s .

S quare HY40 HY40 1 AYRE ( ` Loch o fA y re ' , ' S t . Ma ry 's H o lm ' ) HY /47020 136 ( v i s i ted 1 6 /7 / 1963 ) T h i s p robab le s o l id -ba sed b roch i nH o lm s t and s n ex t t o t h e L och o fA y re c l o se t ot h e s ho r e i n ag en t ly r o l l ing f i e ld a mong m oder nf a rm s . T he r e i sl i t t le t os e en ow a tt h e s i te a nd , i ns p i te o ft h e e xpo sed s i tua t ion , t h e re a r e n o v i s ib le t r ace s o f o u te r d ef ence s . T he s i t e w a s e xcava t ed f r om D ecembe r 1 901 u n t i l t h e f o l low ing y ea r a nd i n f o rma t ion a bou t t h e s t ruc tu ra l d e ta i l s c ome f r om t h e e xcava to r 's d e sc r ip t ion [ 2 ] ( I l l s . 5 . 108 110 ) .

2 .T he o u tbu i ld ing s

1 . T he b roch T he m a in w a l l w a s f ound t ob e 1 . 07 m ( 3 .5 f t . ) h i gh w hen i tw a s f i r s t e xposed , b u t n o c ohe r en t d e sc r ip t ion i sg i ven o ft h e e xcava t ion o ft h e b roch i t s e lf ; t h e w o rk e v iden t ly p roceeded b y f o l low ing e xpo sed w a l l s a nd i n c omp le te i g no rance o ft h ep o ss ib i l i t ie so fs t ra t ig raph ica l o b se rva t ion . S ign so fs ome th ing d e sc r ibed a s a" ca s ing o fm a son ry" 2 43 0 c m ( 9 -1 2 i n . ) t h ick w a s f ound b u i l t a ga in s t t h e o u te r f a ce o ft h eb roch o nt h es ou th -we s ts i de . T he e n t rance p a s sage , f a ced s ou th -ea s t a nd c on ta ined a l a rge b roken l i n te l ; t h e f i r s t s e t o fd oo r -check s w e r e 6 1 c m ( 2 f t . ) d own t h e p a s sage a nd 1 . 07 m ( 3 .5 f t . ) a pa r t . T he re w a s ap ivo t s t one s e t i nt h e f l oo r b eh ind t h e o ne o n t h e l ef ts i de ( l ook ing i n ) , a nd ab a r -ho le w a s f ound b eh ind t h e o ne o nt h e l ef tw i th as ocke t f o r i ti nt h e o ppo s i te w a l l o n t h e r i gh t . T he p a s sage w idened t o 1 . 37 m ( 4 .5 f t . ) b eh ind t h e c heck s . A n i n ne rs e t o fd oo r -check s w a s f ound l a te r , b u tt h e se a r en o tm a rked o nt h ep l an . T he g ua rd c e l l i so n t h e r i gh t s i de , i ss l igh t ly d i amond s haped a nd h a s af l oo r3 0c m( 1 2 i n . )a bove t h el e ve l o ft h e e n t rance ; t h e d oo r t o i tp re sumab ly h ad a s i l l t h e s ame h e igh t a bove t h e p a s sage . T he p a s sage f l oo r w a s p aved a nd h ad as t one d ra in u nde r i tw h ich w a s s t i l l " convey ing w a te r" w hen d i scove r ed . I td r a ined i n to t h e l o o se e a r th o u t s ide . T he i n te r io r w a s p a r t i t ioned b y " s tand ing s t one s" i n s t ra igh t r ow s i n to s eve ra l d i s t inc t a r ea s [ 2 , f i g . 1 ] . T h ree o rf ou r s o cke t s t one s w e re f ound n ea r t h e se u p r igh t s l ab s , w h ich a r e p r e sumab ly s e conda ry , i nt h e i n te r io r a nd t h ey p robab ly m a rked t h e d oorway s t os e ve ra l l i v ing c ub ic le s t h e re . Aw e l l 6 0 c m ( 2 f t . ) s qua re w i th t wo s t ep s l e ad ing d own i n to i tw a s f ound n ea rt h ew a l lo ppo s i te t h e e n t rance , a nd t h e r e w a s w a te r i ni tw hen i tw a s u ncove r ed ; i tw a s p a r t ly r oof ed w i th af l a t s t one s l ab . T he re s e em s t oh ave b een a s e conda ry w a l l a r ound a tl e a s t p a r t o ft h e i n te r io r f a ce , t hough t h e d e sc r ip t ion i sn o t a l toge the r c l ea r ; t h e f a ce " cu rved r ound o n t h e r i gh t h and s i de o ft h e e n t rance a nd w a s b u i l t o u t al i t t le w ay o n t o p o ft h e s t and ing s t one . . " T he o r igi na l p l an s how s h ow t h e m a in w a l l a tt h i s p o in t t u rn s i nwa rd s t oj o in t h e r ow o fs l ab s w h ich p ro jec t 2 41

T he n ex t p ha se o fw o rk a tt h e s i te t o ok p l ace i nJ une 1 909 w hen s ome o f t h e o u tbu i ld ing s w e r e e xp lo red f o r f i nd s . T he d e sc r ip t ion o ft h e e xcava t ion i sb r ief a nd i n adequa te e ven b yt h e s t anda rd s o ft h et ime , a nd t h e m o r e s u rp r i s ing t h e ref o r e i s ar ema rkab le a ppend ix a tt h e e nd o ft h e r e po r t ( p e rhap sb ya no the rh and )w h ich d e sc r ibe sw i th c a re a nd i n d e ta i l t h e s t ra t if ied l a ye r s i np a s sage Ii nt h e o u tbu i ld ing s ( I l l . 5 . 116a ) a nd t h e f i nd s f r om i t[ 2 , 5 0f f . ] . J udg ing f r om t h e p l an t h e p a s sage s e em s t o h ave b een a n e n t rance , h av ing d oo r -check s a nd a p i vo t s t one n ea r i t s i n ne r e nd n ex tt o ap a thway r ound t h e b roch , t h e d oo rw a s e v iden t ly i n tended t o c l o se a p a s sage l e ad ing o u twa rd s f r om t h is p a thway , p re sumab ly t o s ome c hambe r w h ich w a s n o t e xp lo red . B e tween t h e t wo w a l l s o ft h i s p a s sage - w h ich o n ly s t ood a bou t 6 0 c m ( 2 f t . ) h i gh - w a s af l oo r l a ye r o fl am ina ted o ccupa t ion d eb r i s c ove r ed b yf a l len m a son ry r ubb le [ 2 , f i g . 1 6 ] ( I l l . 5 . 111) ; t h i s b a sa l l a ye r a l so c on ta ined c ha r coa l . A t i n te rva l s w i th in t h e r ubb le f a l len f r om t h e w a l l s w e re c l ay l a ye r s c on ta in ing p ea t a sh . T he c on t ra s t w a s n o ted b e tween t h e c ha r coa l i nt h e l owe s t l e ve l a nd t h ep ea ta sh i n t h e p o s t -co l lap se d epo s i t s a nd i tw a s s ugge s ted t h a t t h i s i n d ica ted a c hange o f f u e l . T he a r tef ac t s f ound i nt h e b o t tom l a ye r -w h ich p r e sumab ly d a te f r om t h e e a r l ie s t o ccupa t ion o ft h e o u tbu i ld ing s , e i the r d u r ing t h e p r ima ry o ccupa t ion o ft h e b roch o r( p e rhap s m o re p robab ly ) d u r ing as e conda ry p ha se - w e re c a r ef u l ly l i s ted a nd d e sc r ibed . 3 .D i scu s s ion L i t t le i nt h e w ay o fu sef u l c onc lu s ion s c an b e d r awn a bou t t h i s s i te , t h e e xcava t ion o fw h ich s e em s -w i th t h e s t r ik ing e xcep t ion o fo ne t r ench i nt h e o u tbu i ld ing s -t oh ave b een i l -p lanned a nd i l reco rded . O ne c anno t e ven b e s u r e f r om t h e e v idence p r e sen ted t h a t t h e s t ruc tu re i sn o t t h e r ema in s o f ag round -ga l le r ied r a the r t h an a s o l id -ba sed b roch ; t h e w a l l h ead d oe s n o t a ppea r t o h ave b een e xp lo red , a nd t h e n ea rne s s o ft h e d oo rf rame t ot h e o u te r e nd o f t h e m a in e n t rance i s c ha rac te r i s t ic o f g round g a l le r ied H eb r idean . O n t h e o t he r h and - a nd d e sp i te i t s s hape , s i ze a nd p ropo r t ion s -t h e s t ruc tu re m ay n o t h ave b een ah o l low -wa l led b roch a ta l ( t hough s u ch s e em t ob e r a re i nO rkney ) .

T he R oundhou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

D imen s ion s : e x te rna l d i ame te r c .1 7 .69 m ( 58 f t . ) [ 3 ] , o r 1 8 .0 m & 1 7 .8 m ( 59 f t .&5 8 .5 f t . ) i nl i ne w i th a nd a tr i gh t a ng le s t o t h e e n t rance r e spec t ive ly ( my m ea su remen t s ) : t h e w a l l i sc .4 . 27 m ( 14 f t . )t h ick [ 3 ] o rn ea re r4 . 88 m ( 16 f t . ) a l ong t h e e n t rance d i ame te r : w a l l s p ropo r t ion ( by my m ea su r emen t s )5 4 .2% . 4 . T he f i nds Mo s to ft h e f i nd sh ave n o e xac tp rovenance : t h o se m a rked w i th @ @ a r et h e o ne sf r om t h ep a s sage i nt h eo u tbu i ld ing s l i s t ed a bove [ 2 , 3 8 f ] . D e ta i led d esc r ip t ion s h ave b een p r epa r ed [ 4 ] . P o t te ry : [ 2 , f i g s . 1 3 15 ] : T he re w a s " much p o t te ry" , u nf or tuna te ly u n iden t if ied b u t w h ich d oub t le s s i n c luded s ome o ft h e d eco ra ted s he rd s I l t ra ted h e r e ( I l l . 5 . 110 ) . ] Mo s t o fi ts e em s t oh ave b een f ound i nt h e b a se l a ye r i n P a s sage Ii nt h e o u tbu i ld ing s [ 2 , 5 1 ] . A t ten t ion h a s b een d rawn t o t h e s im i la r i ty b e tween s ome o f t h e se i n c i sed s he rd sa nd s ome H eb r idean p o t te ry [ 4 , 7 ] . I r on : 1l ump o f c ong lome ra te ( bur n t c l ay , p o t te ry a nd i r on ) o nt h e f l oo r l e ve l , i n s ide a nd u nde rt h en o r th w a l l o f t h e b roch : 2i r on s p ea rhead s ( one i nt h e g ua rd c e l l ) : 1a xe h ead ( u nde r t u rf o u t s ide t h e b roch ) : 1" shank" i n a ' s phe r ica l b one h and le ' —a lmo s t c er ta in ly a b a l l -headed i r on p i n . B ron ze : 2p i n s , o ne w i th a n " expand ing , f l a t topped h ead ( n a i l -headed? ) : 1s ma l lr i ng ,n ow l o s t . B one : Many f r agmen t s o fc u t r ed d ee r a n t le rw e r e f ound , t oge the rw i th a na w lo f as h eep 's l e g -bone : 1p o l i shed b one c y l inde r [ 2 ,f i g . 6 ]a nd h a lf o fa no the r ; 1a n t le rh and le p l a te [ 2 , f i g . 7 ] ; 1l o ng -hand led c omb @ @ w i th t e e th m i s s ing , a no the r o ff i sh ta i l t y pe w i th t h e t e e th m i s s ing [ 2 , f i g . 8 ] , a nd p o s s ib le f r agmen to f at h i rd ; 2p i ece s o fr i ve ted a n t le r p l a te s @@ w i th s ome o f t h e b one r i ve t s o r p eg s i n p o s i t ion , t oge the rw i th p i ece s o fs im i la ro ne s [ 2 , f i g . 7 ]s ome o ft h e l o ng , r e c tangu la r p l a te s w i th o ne h o le a te ach e nd m ay b e k n if eh af tp l a te s : 1s heep s hank w i th ac en t ra l p e rf o ra t ion ,p robab ly ab obb in : 2p o l i shed b l ade l ike t oo l s ; s ome p i n s , i n c lud ing 1n a i l -headed a nd 3 s pa tu la -headed e xamp le s [ 2 , f i g . 1 0 ] : 3a w l s ( 1 @@ ) ; ag rooved t ogg le ; 1n eed le w i th p o in ted b u t t [ 2 , f i g . 1 0 ] ; av e s se l o rc up @ @ m ade f r om aw ha le v er teb ra [ 2 , f i g . 9 ] ; 2d i ce m a rked 3 -4 5 6 , o ne h o l low @ @ w i th s l igh t ly c onvex l o ng s i de s a nd w i th i n c i sed d o t s a nd t h e o t he r s o l id w i th s l igh t ly c oncave l o ng s i de s a nd d o t -and -c i rc le s [ 2 , f i g . 1 0 ] . T h i s a s semb lage o fc on tempo ra ry a r tef ac t s i s av a luab le o ne a nd h a sn o th i ther to b een g i ven t h ea t ten t ion i td e se rve s . S t one : 1t r iangu la r v e s se l , p robab ly a l amp [ 2 , f i g . 4 ] : s e ve ra l mo r ta r s [ 2 , f i g . 4 ] : 2u ppe r s t one s a nd 1u ppe r o r l owe r s t one o f r o ta ry q uer n s : as add le q ue rn a nd i t s r ubbe r : 2s ocke t s t one s [ 2 , f i g . 4 ] : 1f l a t d i sco id s i nke r w i th ad eep n o tch i no ne s i de f r om w h ich ag roove o ft h e s ame w id th r un s b a ck a c ro s s e ach f a ce [ 2 , f i g . 5 ] , a no the r , 5c m i nd i ame te ra nd p e rf o ra ted ; 3w he t s tone s : 2w ho r l s : ag rooved f r agmen t o f p um ice ; s ome p ebb le h amme r s t one so rp ounde r sa nd p o l i shed o va l s t one .

F ood d ebr i s : b one s o f o x , p i g a nd s h eep , m any o ft h em s p l in te r ed , t og e the r w i th c r ab s ' c l aw s a nd s he l l s a nd s ome w a te r -wor n ,w h i te q ua r tz p ebb le s . S ou rce s : 1 .O S c a rd HY 4 0 S E 6 : 2 . G ra eme 1 9 14 : 3 . RCAHMS 1 946 , 2 ,n o . 3 60 , 1 02 -3 & f i g . 1 53 : 4 . Ma cK ie 1 983 , 1 21 & f i g . 2 :5 . H edges e ta l . 1 987 , 7 6 -7 & p l . 3 . 6 ( p lan f r om G ra eme 1 914 ) : 6 .C u r s i te r 1 923 , 5 0 . 7 .Y oung 1 953 , 9 4 &p l . 9 . 3 : .

HY40 2 L INGRO ( ' L ing row ' ) HY /43450878 ( v i s i ted 1 6 /7 /63 & i n1 985 ) T h i s i st h e s i t e o f ap robab le b roch , o ft h e s o l id -ba sed t y pe a t f i r s t g l ance b u t w h ich may i n f a c t h ave b een a g round -ga l le r ied e xamp le . I t s t ood o n f l a t g round i n K i rkwa l l a nd S t . 0 1 1a , n ea r t h e s ea s ho re ( I l l s . 5 . 27 & 5 . 112 -116 ) . T he s i te , w h ich i n c luded ac omp lex o fo u tbu i ld ing s , w a s b e ing e x ten s iv e ly e xcava ted i n1 870 a nd p robab ly i n1 87 1 b y G eo rge P e t r ie w ho , a f t e r o b serv ing F a r re r 's m any c l um sy b roch e xp lo ra t ion s , d ec ided t h a t i tw a s t ime t h a t o ne i nO rkney w a s s y s tema t ica l ly e xp lo r ed . S eve ra lr e po r t s o ft h e w o rk a ppea red i nt h e p r e ss . T he g round p l an w a s m ade a t t h e t i me i n c o l labo ra t ion w i th S i r H . D ryden ; h oweve r P e t r ie 's d ea th p r even ted d e ta i led p ub l ica t ion , a l though af u l lr e po r ti sa ppa ren t ly p end ing [ 6 ] . L i t t le o ft h e w a l l w a s s t and ing a tt h e t ime o f e xcava t ion a nd n o th ing w a s v i s ib le i n1 963 e xcep t ag ra s s -g rown r i ng w i th h ummock s r ound a bou t ; t h e p o s i t ion o ft h e e n t rance a nd t h e t wo g ua rd c hambe r s c ou ld j u s t b e m ade o u t [ 1 ] . T he s i te w a s b u l ldozed b y t h e f a rme r i n 1 981 [ 1 ] a nd n o th ing c an n ow b e s e en . J udg ing f r om D ryden 's p l an t h e b u i ld ing s e em s t o h ave b een t h e s t ump o f as o l id -ba sed b roch , t h ough ac u r iou s a nd u nexp la in ed d o t ted l i ne r unn ing r ound i n s ide t h e w a l l i n t h e C omm i s s ion 's p l an [ 4 , f i g . 2 30 ] s ugge s t s t h e p r e sence o f s ome i n t ra -mu ra l f e a tu r e l i ke a b a sa l g a l le ry ( a s a tM idhow e a nd G u rne s s ) . I ti sp o s s ib le t h a t s u ch a t h ing w ou ld n o t h ave b een r e cogn i sed a tt h e t ime . I ti s i n te re s t ing t h e v e r s ion o f t h e s ame p l an r ep roduced b y A nde r son s how s n o d o t ted l i ne b u t av e ry d i s t inc t i n t ra mu ra lw a l l f a ce a t2 3 o ' c lock , v e ry l i ke t h e i n s ide e dge o f s u ch ab a sa lg a l le ry [ 3 ] . T he m a in e n t r ance w a s o nt h e s ou th -ea s tw i th ad oo r -check a bou t 2 . 9 m ( 7 .5 f t . ) d own o n t h e r i gh t s i de ; i tw a s a ppa r en t ly m ade o fb u i l tm a son ry , a nd t h e l ef tc heck s e em s t oh ave b een f o rmed b y t h e o u te r f a ce o ft h e d oo rway t o t h e o va lg ua rd c e l l o nt h a ts i de . T he d oo rt ot h er i gh th and c e l l , al i t t le m o re e l onga ted t h an t h eo t he r , i s al i t t le f u r the r b ack . F u r the r d imen s ion s o f p a s sage a nd c e l l s a r e a va i lab le [ 6 , 8 1 ] . T he r e w e r e s e ve ra l r ad ia l r ow s o fa ppa r en t ly u p r igh t s t one s l ab s i n t h e i n te r io r , a s w e l l a s ac l ea r s ugge s t ion o f a w edge shaped b l ock o fs e conda ry m a son ry a t7 . 30 o ' c lock , b e tween o ne o ft h e r ow s a nd t h e p r ima ry b roch w a l l . T he a r rangemen t o ft h e se i n te r io rf e a tu r e s d if e r s s l igh t ly a to ne p o in t i nt h e t wo p l an s r e f e r r ed t o . P r e sumab ly a ny u ppe r

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S ec t ion 5 : O rkney

b roch s , b e ing mo r e o r l e s s c onf ined t oL ing row a nd A y re , a nd a l so t oT he H owe ( HY21 6 ) .

i n t ra -mu ra lg a l le ry a nd s t a irway w e re a t ah ighe rl e ve lt h an t h e w a l l h ead a s f ound i n 1 870 a nd h ad b een d e s t royed l o ng b ef o r e . Ac ook ing t r ough o rh ea r th i nt h e l ef th and a pa r tmen t w a s r e co rded b y P e t r ie b u t n o t b y D ryden [ 6 , 8 2 ] .

O fp a r t icu la r i n te re s t i st h e l a rge p o t o n I l . 5 . 113 ( GE 5 6 ) w h ich a ppea r s t o c omb ine s eve ra l c e ram ic t r ad i t ion s . I t s e em s t o b e a n E ve r ted R im j a r w i th t h e c ha rac te r i s t ic f l u t ing o nt h e i n s ide o ft h e r im ; h oweve rt h e v a s tm a jo r i ty o f s uch j a r s a r e o t herw i se p l a in o r , i n t h e H eb r ide s , o rnamen ted w i th aw a i s t c o rdon a nd a l so s ome t ime s w i th c oncen t r ic , c u rv i l inea r c hanne l led a r che s a bove t h e se ( t he C le t t rava l s ub s ty le ) . I n t h e a r ea o f i t s g r ea te s t c oncen t ra t ion , i nt h ew e s t , i n c i sed d eco ra t ion i sh a rd ly e ve r f ound o n E ver ted R im j a r s . H e r e h oweve r i ti sa nd t h e s e r ie s o f r unn ing t r iang le s i st y p ica l o f H eb r idean V au l w a re . H oweve r t h e r ow o fk nob s b e low t h e se r e ca l l s t h e w a i s tc o rdon s o ft h eC le t t rava lj a r s . A no the rt r a i tf r om t h e j a r s i st h e c o rdon t u cked u nde r t h e E ver ted R im o n t h e o u t s ide ; t hough t h i s i s mo re c ommon i n S he t land i ti s f ound i nt h e w e s t . L a s t ly t h e i mp r e s s ion s o ft h e h ead o fa b ronze r i ng -headed p i n o ft w i s ted w a re a r e a l so f ound i n t h ew e s t ,b u tu sua l ly o nV au lw a re u rn sa nd v a se s .

Aw a r r en o fs t one c hambe r sp a r t ly s u r round st h eb roch ,b u t t h e a r ea o ft h e se o n t h e n or th w a s e i the r l ef to pen o rn o t e xcava ted . A t o ne p o in t o nt h e p l an [ 4 , f i g . 2 30 ] t h ey a r e s hown a s o ver r id ing s ome e a r l ie r m a son ry l a be l led " f ounda t ion s" a nd w h ich l o ok s l i k e af r agmen t o fa n o u te r w a l l f o r t h e b roch . T he c hambe r s a r e c i r cu la r , o va l a nd p o lygona lr o om s , r a r e ly m ea su r ing m o re t h an 6 . 1 m( 20 f t . ) i n terna l ly a nd a ppa ren t ly b u i l ts imu l taneou s ly w i th a no u te r r e ta in ing w a l l ; t h ey a r e a l so a r rang ed s oa st ol e ave ap a th r ound t h e f o o t o f t h e b roch w a l l i n to w h ich s eve ra l d oo rway so pen . I mmed ia te ly o u t s ide t h e e n t rance p a s sage t wo s ma l l c hambe r s l i ke e x t ra g ua rd c e l l s h ave b een a dded a ga in s t t h e o u te r w a l l , ap henomenon n o t ed a to t he r s i te s ; t h e se a ppea rt ob ec on tempo ra ry w i th t h eo t he ro u tbu i ld ing s . T he s equence o f e ven t s a tL ing row m ay w e l l h ave b een s im i la r t ot h a t i n f e r r ed a tG u rne s s a nd M idhowe ; i fs o t h e o r ig ina l s t ruc tu re w ou ld h ave b een ab roch , p robab ly w i th a n o u te r d ef en s ive w a l l w h ich a t s ome s t age w a s p a r t ly p u l led d own ( p robab ly b ecau se o fd i lap ida t ion o rp e rhap s b ecau se o f as y s tema t ic c hang e i n t h e l i f e s t y le o f t h e o ccupan t s ) . T he d emo l i t ion e v iden t ly m ean t t h a t t h e o r ig ina l d oo rway c ou ld n o l o nge rb eu sed e f f ec t ive ly s oa n e x terna l d ef ended d oo rway w a s a dded ; p r e sumab ly t h i s h appened w hen t h e s u r round ing v i l lage w a s p u tu p a nd t h e m od if ica t ion s w e re c a r r ied o u tt ot h e c en t ra l c ou r t . A s i s t h e c a se w i th t h e A y r e b roch ( I l l . 5 . 110 ) t h e p o t te ry ( I l l . 5 . 113 ) s how sr ema rkab ly c l o se l i nk s w i th H eb r idean V au l w a re . D imens ion s ( t aken f r om D ryden 's p l an ) . E x te rna l d i ame te r 1 8 .0 m -1 8 .3 m ( 59 -60 f t . ) : i n ter na l d i ame te r c . 9 . 2 m ( 30 f t . ) : w a l l p ropor t ion c .4 9 .5 % . H edge s g i ve s f i gu re s o fc .1 8 .11 m a nd c .8 . 97 m r e spec t ive ly [ 6 ] . F ind s : m any i n te re s t ing a r tef ac t s w e re r e cove r ed t h ough f ew o ft h em c an b eg i ven e xa c tp rov enance s . Ac o l lec t ion w a s g iven t ot h e t h en N a t iona l Mu seum o fA n t iqu i t ie s i n E d inbu rgh i n1 885 [ 2 ] , a nd a s ma l l n umbe r o ft h e f i nd s c ame i n to t h e p o s se s s ion o f A .H . B i shop ( who o b ta ined t h em f r om J .W . C u r s i te r a f t e r t h e G la sgow e xh ib i t ion o f 1 9 11) a nd w e r eu l t ima te ly g i ven t ot h eH un ter ian Mu seum , U n ive r s i ty o f G la sgow ( B .19 14 .667 -685 ) . T h i s s ugge s t s t h a t P e t r ie g ave o n ly p a r t o ft h e c o l lec t ion o ff i nd s t ot h e R h ind C omm i t tee o f t h e S oc ie ty o f A n t iqua r ie s , w h ich s pon so red t h ee xcava t ion s . P o t tery : 4 6 s h e rd s o fp o t te ry w e re f o und i n c lud ing s ome w i th f i ne i n c i sed d eco ra t ion o n t h em ( I l l . 5 . 113 ) ; t h ey a r e s im i la r i ns ome w ay s t ot h a t f r om t h e A y re b roch a bove a nd t h e c ommen t s o n t h o se s he rd s s hou ld b e r e f e r red t o . T he s ame c l o se r e semb lance s t o H eb r idean i n c i sed V au l w a re c an b es e en f o re xamp le a tD un Mo rV au l , NM04 3 ) , a l though t h ev e sse l s hape s a r em o re l o ca l . I ti sn o ta lway s r e a l ised h ow r a re t h i s i n c i sed w a re i sa mong s t t h e O rkney

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B ronze a nd b ron ze -ca s t ing : T he mo r e i mpo r tan t o ft h e o t he r r e l ic s i n c luded a c l ay m ou ld f o r c a s t ing a n o rnamen ted , s i ng le p i ece , b ronze r i ng -headed p i n ( l ike t h a t f ound a t B owe r rnadden i n C a i thne s s - ND26 4 ) , a nd s eve ra l o t he r f r agmen t s , p o s s ib le t h e p a r t s o f " r ing s o r p in s" ( p re sumab ly r i ng -headed p i n s ) . B one : 2l o ng -hand led c omb s , 1o f w ha le -bone w i th 8 t e e th ( a l l b roken o f f ) a nd 1w i th 9 t e e th a nd a d i agona l c r o s s i n c i sed o n i t( f ound i nt h e o u tbu i ld ing s ) , b one d i ce ( one f ound w i th 2R oman c o in s , b e low ) , ah and le m ade o f d ee ra n t le ra nd w i th ap eg o rh ad b one i n se r ted i no ne s awn e nd [ 2 , f i g . o n 3 58 : 3 , f i g . 2 22 ] , 1h o l lowed a n t le r f r agmen t , p robab le ah and le , s eve ra l a w l s o rb o r e r s ( 17 .8 c mo r 7i n . l o ng )a nd s eve ra lp i ece so fc u ta nd s awn a n t le r . S tone : m any q ue rn s ( p r esumab ly r o ta ry ) , 1s t one l amp , 1 s t r ike -a l igh t p ebb le w i th g roove s o n i t s f l a t f a ce s [ 2 , f i g . o n 3 58 : 3 ,f i g . 2 21] a nd 4s t one w ho r l s ( 1o fs t ea t i te a nd 3o fs and s tone ) . O rgan ic ma te r ia l s : s ome c ha r red b a r ley w a sf ound . R oman c o in s : s eve ra l w e re f ound i nt h e o u tbu i ld ing s [ 3 , 2 44 -5 : 8 ]t h e i d en t if ica t ion s o fw h ich w e re o r ig ina l ly g i ven i nT he O rcad ian i nN ovembe r a nd D ecembe r 1 870 . T hey w e re a d ena r iu s o f A n ton inu s P iu s ( AD 1 38 16 1) , a d ena r iu s o fV e spa s ian ( AD 6 9 -79 ) , a no the r o fA n ton inu s , a nd o ne o fH ad r ian ( AD 17 138 ) w i th C lemen t ina o n t h e r e ve r se . I na dd i t ion aj o t t ing b yP e t r ie o nt h er ough p l an o f t h e s i te i n d ica ted t h a t " two c o in s o fC r i sp ina a nd ab one d i ce f ound h e re" [ 3 , 2 44 , f oo tno te ] . C r i sp ina 's c o in sw e re m in ted f r om AD 1 80 183 . T he c o in s h ave b een r e f e r red t oa nd d i scu s sed an umbe r o ft ime s [ 8 , 2 35 : 9 ,1 34 : 1 0 , 3 87 , T ab le 3& 4 09 : 1 ,2 04 : 1 2 , T ab le 3 :1 3&1 4 ] . S ou rce s : 1 . OS c a rd HY 4 0 NW 1( w i th i l s . ) : 2 . P roc S oc A n t iq S co t 9( 1870 -72 ) , 3 57 -60 ( fmd s ) &P roc S oc A n t iq S co t 1 9 ( 1884 1985 ) , 1 39 ( c omb ) : 3 .A nde r son 1 883 , 2 43 : 4 . RCAHMS 1 946 , 2 ,n o . 4 06 , 1 52 -3 & f i g . 2 30 : 5 . MacK ie 1 983 : 6 . H edge s e ta l . 1 987 , 8 1 -3 & p l s . 3 . 9 &3 . 10 ( m s g ene ra l p l an o fb roch a nd o u tbu i ld ing s a nd

T he R oundhou se s , B rochs a nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

e l eva t ion s a c ro s s t h e s i te , b y D ryden & P e t r ie ) : 7 .C la rke 1 970 , 2 31 : 8 . MacDona ld 1 9 18 : 9 .R obe r t son 1 97 1 : 1 0 . R obe r t son 1 975 : 1 . R ober t son 1 978 : 1 2 . R ob er t son 1 983 ; 1 3 . T he O rcad ian 2 6t h F eb . 1 981 : 1 4 . R escue N ew sn o . 2 5( Ma r ch 1 981) , 5 .

w a s f ound a tt h e s i t e [ 4 ] d u r ing s ome d i gg ing w h ich t o ok p l ace p r io rt o1 927 [ 3 ] . S ou rce s : 1 .O S c a rd HY 4 1 NW 6 : 2 . RCAH MS 1 946 , 2 ,n o . 2 65 , 7 9 : 3 .H edges e ta l . 1 987 , 7 -8 : 4 .P roc S oc A n t iq S co t 6 1 ( 1 926 -27 ) , 2 62 ( dona t ion ) .

HY40 3 TOFTS ( `B rough o f Wa rbu s te r ') HY /436094 S i te o f p o s s ib le b roch i n K i rkwa l l & S t . O la , a t t h e f a rmhou se o fl of t s . No t r a ce o fi tc an n ow b e s e en [ 1 ] b u t t h e r e a r e o ld r e po r t s , r e co rded i n1 880 , o ft h e f ounda t ion s o f ac i r cu la rb u i ld ing b e ing e xpo sed i nt h e f i e ld [ 1 ] . Two q ue rn s tone s o f u n spec if ied t y pe a nd m any b one s w e re f ound h e re w hen t h e g round w a s c l ea r ed [ 2 ] . F ou rb oa r 's t u sk s i nt h e H un te r ian Mu seum p robab ly c ome f r om t h i s s i te ( Cu r s i te r c o l lec t ion : B .1914 .653 ) . T he re a r e a l so s eve ra l m o r e i t em s s pec if i ca l ly l i s ted a s f r om t h i s b roch , i n c lud ing a n ima l b one s , aw ha lebone s hove l o rm a t tock , a p o s s ib le s l a te i mp lemen t , as phe r ica lh amme r s tone u sed a l l o ve ra nd ap o l i sh ing p ebb le ( B .1914 .658 -663 ) . S ou rce s : 1 .O S c a rd HY 4 0 NW 2 : 2 . RCAHMS 1 946 , 2 ,n o . 4 30 , 1 63 .

HY41 4 NORTH ETT IT HY /421200 P o s s ib le b roch i n E v ie & R enda l l , u ndernea th t h e f a rmhou se o ft h a t n ame . A n " unde rg round h ou se" w i th w a l l s 1 . 53 m ( 5f t . )t h ick i sr e por ted t ob e o n t h e s i t e f r om w h ich as ma l lq uer nw a so nce r e cove r ed [ 2 , 3 ] . S ou rce s : 1 .O S c a rd HY 4 1 NW 4 : 3 . RCAH MS 1 946 , 2 ,n o . 2 97 , 8 5 :

S quare HY41 HY41 1 BERSTANE ( `B r i s ton ' ) HY /47521002 P robab le b roch c l o se t ot h e s ho re i nK i rkwa l l &S t . O la , s i tua ted o n t h e T a ing ( l ow p o in t ) o f B e r s tane , t h e s ou th h or n o ft h e B ay o ft h a t n ame . Af ew f r agmen t s o fd ry s t one m a son ry w e re s e en i n1 928 [ 4 ] , b u tt h e s i te h a s b een a lmo s t c omp le te ly d e s t roy ed b y t h e s e a . I n t h e l a te 1 9 th c en tu ry t h e s i te w a s a ppa r en t ly s t i l l i d en t if iab le a s ab roch w i th a n e x te rna l d i ame te ro f1 8 .3 m ( 60 f t . )a nd a n i n ter na l o f 1 0 .07 m ( 3 3 f t . ) [ 2 ] ; i tw a s " excava ted b yt h e t e nan t o f B e r s tane" a nd p l anned b y G .Pe t r ie [ 4 ] b u t n o r e po r t w a s p ub l i shed . A n i n t ra -mu ra l f e a tu re w h ich c ou ld b e ag round l e v e l g a l le ry o r t h e a pp roach t o as t a i r w a s s e en i n 1 973 [ 5 ] . A p o s s ib le t e the rs t one w a sr e cove r ed a tt h es i t e [ 5 ] . A p o t she rd a nd a h amme r s tone f r om t h e s i te a r e i n t h e H un te r ian Mu seum ( Cu r s i te r c o l lec t ion : B .1914 .631 & 6 32 ) . S ou rce s : 1 .O S c a rd HY 4 1 S E 6 : 2 .T udo r 1 883 , 1 , 1 0 : 3 .P e t r ie 1 890 , 9 3 : 4 . RCAHMS 1 946 , 2 , n o . 4 05 , 1 52 : 5 .H edge se ta l . 1 987 , HY41 2HATSTON HY 4 26 120 P o s s ib le b roch i n S t . A nd r ew s a nd D eeme s s : n o f u r the r i n f o rma t ion . HY41 3 KNO WE OF D ISHERO ( `D i sc row ' ) HY /42561998 P robab le b roch i n E v ie & R enda l l , i n t h e f o rm o f a m ound c l o se t ot h e s ho re . F ew f e a tu re sa r e v i s ib le b u tt h e i n t e rna l d i ame te rh a s b een e s t ima ted a t9 . 15 m ( 30 f t . ) [ 2 ] . P a r t o ft h e i n ne rf a ce 5 . 95 m ( 19 f t . 6i n . ) l o ng i sv i s ib le o n t h e w e s t i nw h ich t h e re i s ar e cen t ly b u i l t -up o pen ing 7 6 c m ( 2f t . 6i n . )w ide w h ich p robab ly l e dt o amu ra l g a l le ry o rc e l l . O nt h e e a s tt h e re a r e s l igh tt r ace s o fa n e nc lo s ing w a l l w i th ad i t ch b eyond [ 2 ] . Ap i ece o f as ha le a rm le t

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HY41 5 QUANTERNESS HY /418130 E ar ly I ron A ge r oundhou se i n F i r th , d i scove red w i th in t h e d eb r i s o ft h e c a ir n o ft h e N eo l i th ic t omb o ft h e s ame n ame [ 2 , 1 80 -98 ] . T he w o rk b yR enf r ew o nt h e c hambe r ed t omb w a s c a r r ied o u t b e tween 1 972 a nd 1 974 a nd t h e d i scove ry o ft h e r oundhou se w a s n o t a n t ic ipa ted . I tw a s t h e f i r s t i nO rkney t ob e a s s igned t ot h e l a te B ronze A g e o r e a r ly I r on A ge p e r iod s a nd t h e d i scov e ry s hed a n e n t i r e ly n ew l i gh t o n t h e b roch p e r iod i n t h o se i s land s , h i the r to h a rd ly u nde r s tood a nd r e ly ing e n t i r e ly o n t h e e v id ence f r om o l d e xcava t ion s ( no n ew b roch h a s b een e xp lo r ed b y t h e s p r ing o f2 002 ) . T he e a r ly d a te o ft h e f ounda t ion o f t h e h ou se , p robab ly i n t h e 6t h o r 7t h c en tu r ie s BC ( t he e xcava to r s ugg e s t s c .7 00 BC ) , i ss uppo r ted b o th b y C 14 d a te sa nd b yt h es ma l la moun to fa s soc ia ted p o t te ry . T he h ou se w a sb u i l tb yr emov ing p a r t o ft h e c a i rn m a t e r ia l a r ound i t s e n t rance p a s sage a nd b u i ld ing t h e c i r cu la r w a l l p a r t ly o n t h e o l d g round s u rf ace o fc l ay a nd p a r t ly o n t h e b a se o ft h e c a ir nm a te r ia l . T he w a l l w a s o r ig ina l ly a bou t 8 0 c m t h ick , w iden ing t o 1 . 0 ma tt h e s ho r t e n t rance i nt h e s ou th -ea s t ; i te nc lo sed a n a r ea s ome 7 . 0 m i n d i ame te r . T he n o r th -we s t p a r t o f t h e w a l l o v e r rode t h e e n t rance p a s sage o ft h eN eo l i th ic t omb b u t i tw a s n o t c l ea rw he the r t h i sw a s e xpo sed d u r ing I r on A ge t ime s , a si tw a s a tH owe ; a t al a te d a te i ts e em s t oh ave b een e n te r ed . T he r ema in s o f ah ea r th w e r ef ound o nt h en o r th -w e s ts i de . T he r e w e r e a l te ra t ion s t o t h e i n t e r io r s ub sequen t ly , i n vo lv ing t h e c on s t ruc t ion o f v a r iou s p a r t i t ion w a l l s a nd , l a te r ,t h et h ick en ing o ft h er oundhou se w a l l i t se lf . F ind s : mo s t o ft h e p o t te ry a nd o t he r f i nd s w e re r e cov e red i nt h e e n t rance p a s sage . T he p o t te ry i n c lude s ao ne p i ece w i th as ha rp ly a ng led s hou lde r , a na logou st ot h e e a r ly I r on A ge m a te r ia l f r om J a r l shof a nd C l ickh im in [ 2 , f i g . 5 3 ] . T he r e w e r e a l so s ome s and s tone c obb les , p r e sumab ly h amme r s tone s , a nd o ne i v o ry moun t . A n umbe ro fa n ima l b one sw e re r e cov e r ed a nd ar e po r to n t h em i sa va i lab le [ 2 , 1 92 -04 ] . S ou rce s : R enf rew 1 979 , 1 8 1f . HY41 6 WIDEFORD H ILL HY /421120 P o s s ib le b roch i nF i r th : n o f u r the ri n f o rma t ion .

S ec t ion 5 : O rkney

HY41 7 WORK HY /475135 S i te o fp o s s ib le b roch i nK i rkwa l l &S t . 0 1 1a , o fw h ich a l l s u rf ace f e a tu res w e re d e s t royed i n 1 963 [ 1 ] . L oca l i n f o rman t s s t a ted t h a t t h e re p robab ly w a s ab roch t h e r e , a nd q ue rn sa nd I r on A ge p o t te ry h ave b een f ound t h e re [ 1 ] . S ource s : 1 .O S c a rd HY 4 1 S E 2 :2 . RCAHMS 1 946 , 2 , n o . 4 35 , 1 6 5 .

HY42 3 NESS OF W OOD W ICK HY /40072486 P o s s ib le b roch i nE v ie & R enda l l , b u r ied i n s ide a l a rge mound c l o se t o t h e s ho re . T he c u rved " ou te r w a l l" ( p re sumab ly t h e o u te r w a l l f a ce ) c ou ld b e t r aced o n n o r th e a s t s i de f o r a bou t 6 . 6 m ( 20 f t . ) [ 2 ] b u t i sn ow n ea r ly o ve rg rown [ 1 ] . S ou rce s : 1 .O S c a rd HY 4 2 SW 9 : 2 . RCAHMS 1 946 , 2 , n o .2 64 , 7 9 : 3 .H edge s e ta l . 1 987 , 6 2 .

S hap insay

HY42 4 T ING WALL ( ' Th ing V o l l ' ) HY /401229 P o s s ib le b roch i n E v ie & R enda l l c on s i s t ing o f al a rge mound j u s t w e s t o f t h e f a rmhou se . T race s o f m a son ry w e re s e en [ 2 ] a nd af r agmen t o f as ub s tan t ia l r ampa r t i so n t h e w e s t s i de [ 1 ] . T he n ame c ome s f r om t h e No r se t h ing y o l l r , m ean ing " f ie ld o f t h e c ou r t " o r " a s semb ly" a nd s ugge s tt h a tt h e V ik ing a s semb ly t ook p l a ce h e re i na nc ien t t ime s( s ee a l so NDO6 1 ) . S ou rce s : 1 .O S c a rd HY 4 2 SW 3 : 2 . RCAH MS 1 946 , 2 , n o . 2 68 , 8 0 .

HY41 8 HELL IAR HOL M HY /4859 1579 P o ss ib le b roch o n S hap in say , o n t op o f as ma l l r o cky h ead land . As ma l l f r agmen to fw a l l s t and s 7 0 c m ( 2f t .6 i n . ) h igh o nt h en o r th -we s ta r cb u te ve ry th ing e l se h a sb een w a shed a way b yt h e s e a[ 2 ] ; t r a ce so ft h e i n ne rf a ce g i ve a w a l l t h ickne s s o f3 . 8 m [ 1 ] . A' s tab i l i s ing ' w a l l f a ce w a s s e en a ga in s tt h e i nne rf a ce o ft h ew a l l h e re w i th t r ace s o fa c e l l i n i t[ 1 ] . T ra ce s o f am idden w e re n o ted a nd a p o t she rd o fI r on Age t y pe w a sr e cov e r ed [ 3 ] . S ource s : 1 .O S c a rd HY 4 1 NE 1 : 2 . RCAH MS 1 946 , 2 , 2 80 , n o . 8 06 : 3 .H edge s e ta l . 1 987 , 1 20 -21 . HY41 9 LOCH OF WESTH ILL HY /480 183 N o th ing i sn ow v i s ib le o ft h i sp o s s ib le b roch o n S hap in say b u t t he r ema in s o f as t ruc tu re w h ich a r e s a id t oh ave b een r emoved a r ound 1 860 o r 1 870 [ 2 ] . A t t h a t t ime t h e l o ch w a s d ra ined a nd m o s t o f t h e l a nd b rough t u nde r c u l t iva t ion . S ource s : 1 .O S c a rd HY 4 1 NE 8 :2 . RCAHMS 1 946 , 2 , n o . 8 01 , 2 50 .

HY42 5 WASS WICK HY /401220 P o s s ib le b roch i nE v ie & R enda l l , o nm a r shy g round c l o se t ot h e s ho re . N oc l ea rt r ace sw e re s e en i n1 928 ,b u t al o ca l i n f o rman t s a id t h e re w e re t r ace s o fb u i ld ing s a l l o ve r t h e a r ea [ 2 ] . S ou rce s : 1 .O S c a rd HY 4 2 SW 1 0 : 2 . RCAHMS 1 946 , 2 ,n o . 2 69 , 8 0 .

Rousay HY42 6 KNO WE OF BURR IAN HY /401275 P o s s ib le b roch o n R ou say I . , i nt h e f o rm o f ak no l l c l o se t ot h e s ho re a nd m uch o fw h ich h a s b een d e s t royed b y t h e s e a . T race so fd ry s t one m a son ry h ave b een n o t iced . S ou rce s : 1 .O S c a rd HY 4 2 NW 1 3 : 2 . RCAHMS 1 946 , 2 ,n o . 5 51 , 1 93 : 3 .L amb 1 982 , 2 2 .

Ma in land S quare HY42 HY42 1 HALL OF RENDALL HY /4252 10 P o ss ib le b roch n ea r t h e s ho re i nE v ie & R enda l l , n ow h i dden u nd e rt u rf . Many I r on A g e p o t she rd s w e re f ound i n1 928 [ 2 ] . S ource s : 1 . OS c a rd HY 4 2 SW 1 2 : 2 . RCAHMS 1 946 , 2 ,n o . 2 70 , 8 0 : HY42 2 NESS OF BORAY HY /443212 P o ss ib le b roch i nE v ie & R enda l l , s i tua ted o n t h e s t eep r o cky c oa s t . T race s o f ad ry s t one b u i ld ing w e r e e xpo sed s hor t ly b ef o r e 1 928 [ 2 ] b u t much o fi th ad b een e r oded b y t h e s ea . " B roch" p o t te ry w a sf ound n ea rby [ 2 ] a nd t h e re i s ad enuded r ampa r t c r o s s ing t h e h ead land o nw h ich t h e s i te s t and s [ 1 ] . S ource s : 1 .O S c a rd HY 4 2 SW 4 :2 . RCAHMS 1 946 , 2 , n o . 3 13 , 8 9 .

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HY42 7 KNO WE OF HUNCLETT HY /41442722 P robab le b roch o n R ou say c on s i s t ing o f at u rf -cove r ed m ound a bou t 3m h igh a nd 3 0 mf r om t h e s ho re . A t o ne p o in t as ho r t s egmen t o f t h e i n ne r f a ce o f ac u rved d ry s t one w a l l i sv i s ib le , a nd i ts ugge s t s ab u i ld ing w h ich m igh t h ave a n i n te rna l d i ame te r o f9 . 15 -1 0 .07 m ( 30 -33 f t . ) [ 2 ] , w h ich m ay s t and o n ap l a tf o rm [ 1 ] . T he r e a r e m any t r a ce so fo u tbu i ld ing s . S ou rce s : 1 . O S c a rd HY 4 2 NW 1 5 : 2 . RCAHMS 1 946 , 2 ,n o . 5 55 , 2 01 : 3 .L amb 1 982 , 2 2 : 4 .H edge s e ta l . 1 987 , 10 .

S quare HY43 HY43 1 S COCKNESS 1( ` Taf to 'F a rac le t t ' , ' Loch o f S cockne s s ' ) HY /450331 T h i s p robab le b roch i n R ou say i sn ow a much r obbed , i regu la r s t ony mound c .2 . 7 m ( 9 f t . ) h i gh w h ich s t and s

T he R oundhou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

n ea r t h e n o r th -we s t s ho re o f t h e L och o f S cockne s s , a f r e shwa te r l o ch s epa ra ted f r om t h e s e a b y as t o rm b each . As ho r tp i ece o fw a l l f a ce w a sn o ted i n1 928 o nt h e s i de o f t h e mound n ex tt h e l o ch [ 2 ] . I n 1 857 a n e xcava t ion r e vea led ac o rbe l led c hambe r 3 . 05 m ( 10 f t . ) h i gh a nd w i th a c o rbe l led r oof , w h ich i s a c ce s s ib le o n ly t h rough i t s c ap s tone , n ow r emoved ; t h e o va l c hambe ri s2 . 29 m ( 7f t . 6i n . ) b y 1 . 46 m ( 4f t .1 0 i n . ) . Ad oo rf r om t h i s , 1 . 2 m( 4f t . )h igh , l e ad st h rough 1 . 5 m( 5 f t . ) o fw a l lt o ap a ssage a tr i gh ta ng le s , c omp le te ly l i n te l led o ve r . T hough t h e re a r en od oo r -check so rb a r -ho le sv i s ib le i nt h i s , w h ich i sb locked a tb o th e nd s , i ts e em s p robab le t h a t t h e f e a tu re s c omp r i se t h e g ua rd c e l l a nd e n t rance p a s sage o f ab roch . I nt h e o u te rp a r t o ft h e p a s sage t h e r e a r e g ap sb e tween s ome o ft h e l i n te l s , a nd s ome o ft h em a r e s e to ne dge a sa tM idhowe ( HY33 1 ) . A s t one l amp w a s f ound o n t h e f l oo r ( p r e sumab ly o ft h e c e l l ) [ 2 ] . S ource s : 1 .O S c a rd HY 4 3 SW 6 : 2 . RCAHMS 1 946 , 2 , n o . 5 54 , 2 00 1 : 3 .L amb 1 982 , 2 2 .4 . HY43 2 S COCKNESS 2 c .HY /454323 S i te o f ap o s s ib le b roch o n R ou say I . , b u t n o s t ruc tu re i s n ow v i s ib le . S ou rce s : 1 .O S c a rd HY 4 3 SW 6 : 2 . RCAHMS 1 946 , 2 ,n o . 6 06 . :

Wes tray S quare HY44

HY44 1 BROUGH HY /448479 P o s s ib le b roch o n We s t ray , n ow a l a rge h i l lock o n c u l t iva ted l a nd . Af r agmen to f ab u i ld ing w a se ncoun te r ed m any y ea r s b ef o re 1 928 w h i le p l ough ing w a s i np rog re s s b u t n o f u r the r d e ta i l s a r e a va i lab le [ 2 ] . Ag rooved s t one s i nke r , f ound o nt h es i te , u sed t ob ea tt h e f a rm [ 1 ] . S ource s : 1 .O S c a rd HY 4 4 NW 2 4 : 2 . RCAHMS 1 946 , 2 ,n o . 1 074 , 3 60 -6 1 . HY44 2 CASTLE OF BOTH ICAN ( ' Ca s t le o f B o th ikan ' , ' Ca s t le o ' M i l lyemay ' , ' L ink s o f Moc le t t ' , ' Ca s t le o fM i l leymay ' , ` M i l lymay ' , ` M i l leyemay ' ) HY /49264972 T h i s p robab le b roch o n P apa We s t ray i s n ow a f l a t t o pped h i l lock i ns and d une s , b u t i tw a s p a r t ia l ly e xp lo r ed b y P e t r ie i n1 874 a f t e re xpo su re b yt h e s e a . T he r e su l t ing s ke tch p l an ( of a n u n -named s i te i nt h e i s land ) i si nt h e l i b ra ry o ft h e S oc ie ty o fA n t iqua r ie s [ 2 , f i g . 2 66 : 3 ] ( I l l . 5 . 117 ) . T h i s p l an - i fi tr e a l ly d oe s r e f e rt ot h i s s i te [ 4 ] -s how s a l a rge s egmen t o f ab roch , i n c lud ing t h e e n t rance p a s sage , mo r e t h an h a lf o fw h ich s e em s t o h ave d i sappea r ed o ve r " c l if f s" w h ich a r en o tn ow v i s ib le . T he w a l l s e em st oh ave b een 4 . 58 m ( 1 5 f t . ) t h ick a nd ag ua rd c e l l o pen s o f ft h e r i gh t o f e n t rance i n f r on t o f t h e d oo r -check s w h ich a r e 2 46

a bou t 3 . 36 m ( 1 1 f t . ) d own t h e p a s sag e ; t h i s i s ah i gh ly u nu sua l a r rang emen t a nd s ugge s t s t h a t t h e re w a s a no the r d oo r -f rame i nf r on t o ft h e c e l l ( s ee ND49 1 ) . T he p a s sage h a s b een s e conda r i ly e x tended o u twa rd s i n to o u tbu i ld ing s a nd a ppea r s , f r om t h e s e c t ion d raw ing w i th t h e p l an , t o h ave h ad l i n t e l s i np o s i t ion o ve r t h e o u t e r h a lf A l ow l i n te l led d oo rway l e ad ing i n to t h e se o u tbu i ld ing s w a s f ound o nt h e l e f ts i de o ft h i se x ten s ion ( l ook ing i n ) . D imen s ion s : H edge s g i ve s t h e o ve r a l l d i ame te r 1 6 .57m , t h e i n te rna l d i ame te ra sc .8 . 33m , a nd t h e w a l l t h ickne s s a s 4 . 1m [ 3 ] . S ou rce s : 1 .O S c a rd HY 4 4 NE 2 : 2 . RCAHMS 1 946 , 2 ,n o . 5 22 , 1 80 -81 & f i g . 2 66 : 3 .H edge se ta l . 1 987 , 1 09 &p l . 3 . 15 ( m sp l an b yP e t r ie ) : 4 .L amb 1 983 , 1 4 . HY44 3 HODGALEE HY /464447 P robab le b roch o n We s t ray , n ow a p rom inen t m ound o ve r look ing t h e b each . As ho r t l e ng th o fc u rved w a l l i s e xpo sed n ea r t h e s umm i t . T he r e a r e t h e r ema in s o f i n de te rm ina te s t ruc tu re s a l ong t h e s ho r e t ot h e e a s t o ft h e mound w h ich m ay b eo u tbu i ld ing s . S ou rce s : 1 .O S c a rd HY 4 4 S E 3 : 2 . R CAH MS 1 946 , 2 , n o . 1 035 , 3 50 : 3 . D i scove ry & E xcava t ion i nS co t land 1 990 , 4 5 . HY44 4 HOOR NESS ( `Ou rN e s s ' , ` Howa r -ne s s ' ) HY /4 1 4492 P robab le b roch n ea r t h e s ho re o n Wes t ray . P e t r ie d e sc r ibe s t h e s ma l l s egmen t o f ab roch w a l l v i s ib le i nt h e f a ce o f ac l if fn ea r " Hoo r N e s s" , w h ich i sp robab ly O u r N e s s n ea r N oup , a nd as k e tch o ft h e r ema in s s u rv ive s [ 2 , 3 ] S ou rce s : 1 .O S c a rd HY 4 4 NW 2 2 : 2 . RCAHMS 1 946 , 2 ,n o . 1 07 1 , 3 61 : 3 .H edge s e ta / . 1 987 , 1 28 . HY44 1 KNO WE OF BURR ISTAE HY /43174293 B roch o n f l a t g r ound o n t h e s ou th -w e s t s hore o f We s t ray , a ppea r ing n ow a s at u rf ed m ound o n i t s l a ndwa rd s i de . A s t r e tch o fc oncave i n ne r w a l l f a ce i se xpo sed a to ne p o in t o n t h e s e awa rd s i de , w i th am a s s o fr u bb le i nf r on t o fi t ; t h e t op s o fs ev e ra l s l ab s o n e dge c ou ld b e s een a mong t h i s i n 1 928 , p r e sumab ly f r agmen t s o f s t ruc tu res i n s ide t h e c en t ra l c ou r t . T he re i s al i n te l led v o id o r d oo rway i nt h e c u rved f a ce [ 2 , f i g . 7 4 ] , 5 7 c m ( 1f t . 1 0 .5 i n . ) w id e a nd 8 4 c m ( 2f t . 9i n . ) h i gh f r om s i l l t o l i n te l , a nd wh ich i sc .2 5 c m ( 10 i n . ) a bove as ca rcemen t l e dge . T h is o pen ing l e ad s t o a mu ra l g a l le ry b eh ind , w h ich mu s t b e a n u ppe r o ne . T he s ca rcemen t i s2 0 .0 -21 .6 c m ( 8 -8 . 5 i n . ) w ide a nd i s d e sc r ibed a s " p ro jec t ing" ; i ti s p robab ly a t l e a s t p a r t ly c o rbe l led . T h e c u rva tu re o ft h e w a l l s ugges t s a n i n t e r io r d i ame te r f o r t h e s t ruc tu re o f 7 . 9 m ( 2 6 f t . ) , a nd o ne m ay a s sume t h e r e s t o fi th a s b een d es t roy ed b y t h e s e a . T he b u i ld ing s hou ld b e ah o l low -wa l led b roch b u tt h e d e s ign o f i t sg round l e v e l s t o r ey i su nknown ( I l l . 5 . 117 ) . B y 1 990 t h e s c a r cemen t a nd l i n t e l led o pen ing h ad e v iden t ly c o l lap sed [ 5 ] . S ou rce s : 1 .O S c a rd HY44 : 2 . RCAHMS 1 946 , 2 ,n o . 1 034 , 3 50 & f i g s . 7 3 -4 ( p la te s )a nd 4 54 ( p lan ) : 3 .H edge s e ta l . 1 987 , 1 28 -29 : 4 .L amb 1 983 , 2 9 : 5 . D i scove ry &

S ec t ion 5 : O rkney

E xca va t ion i nS co t land 1 990 ,4 5 .

S ou rce : 1 .D i scove ry & E xcava t ion i nS co t land 1 990 ,4 5 .

HY44 6 KNO WE OF QUEEN o ' HO WE ( `Queena H owe ') HY /42504948 P os s ib le b roch o n We s t ray I . ,i nt h ef o rm o f ac on sp icuou s t u rf ed m ound q u i te n ea r t h e s e a i nw h ich m any s t one s a r e v i s ib le . I np a r t icu la r al o ng , s e a -e roded s e c t ion w a sv i s ib le i n1 983 i nw h ich as e r ie s o fm a s s iv e s t one s t ruc tu r e s w e r e s e en [ 3 ] . T he re s e emed t o b e s e ve ra l c oncen t r ic w a l l s e me rg ing f r om t h e s e c t ion i ni t se a s th a lf a nd r e -en ter ing i t o nt h e w e s t . S ource s : 1 .O S c a rd HY 4 4 NW 1 : 2 . RCAHMS 1 946 , 2 ,n o . 1 043 , 3 52 : 3 .L amb 1 983 ,2 9 .

HY44 1 0 TAFTS HY /49634171 P o s s ib le b roch o n We s t ray i n s ide a s eve r e ly e r oded mound . S he rd s o fI r on A ge t y pe f ound i n 1 990 s uppo r t t h e i d en t if i ca t ion [ 1 ] . S ou rce : 1 .D i scove ry & E xcava t ion i nS co t land 1 990 , 4 5 .

HY44 7 KNOLL OF SKULZ IE HY /447490 Ap o ss ib le b roch o n We s t ray I . , m en t ioned i nG . P e t r ie 's n o tebook [ 2 ] ; i tc on s i s t s o f ak no l l w i th n o t r ace s o f b u i ld ing s . S ource s : 1 .O S c a rd BY 4 4 NW 2 3 : 2 . RCAHMS 1 946 , 2 ,n o . 1 072 , 3 60 . HY44 8 P IERO WALL QUARRY HY /438490 E ar ly I r on A ge r oundhou se o n We s t ray w h ich w a s d i scove r ed d u r ing r e scue e xcava t ion s i n 1 981 ; t h e se t ook p l ace a f t e rt h e d i scove ry i nt h e q ua r ry o f ad eco ra ted s t one f r om aN eo l i th ic t omb . T he e xcav a t ion h a s b een r epo r ted i nd e ta i l [ 1 ] . T he r ema in s o ft h e r oundhou se w e re f ound o n t op o ft h e a bandoned N eo l i th ic c a i rn , w h ich h ad p robab ly b ecome a t u rf ed m ound b y t h a t t ime . O n ly s egmen t s o f t h e r oundhou se w a l l r ema ined a nd t h is h ad a n i regu la r c u rva tu r e , s o t ha t i t s o ve ra l l d imen s ion s c anno t b e e s t ima ted ; i t mu s t h oweve r h ave b een a t l e a s t 1 6 m i n o ve ra l l w id th a to ne p o in t . At h ick ne s s o f3 . 1 mc ou ld b e m ea su r ed a to ne p o in t .

S quare HY45 HY45 1 S T . TRED WELL 'S CHAPEL HY /49645088 P robab le b roch o n P apa We s t ray i n s ide a mound o n w h ich s t and s t h e 1 2 th c en tu ry c hape l o f S t T r edwe l l ( I l l . 5 . 1) . I tw a s d ug i n to i n 1 883 b y T ra i l l [ 2 ] w ho f ound a c u rved u nde rg round p a s sage w h ich a ppa ren t ly w a s t r aced t o t h e p o in t w he r e i te n te red a c i rcu la r b u i ld ing . T he re w a s ad oo r t o ac o rbe l led c e l l i n t h e r i gh t w a l l o f t h i s p a s sage j u s t b ef o re t h a tp o in t ( I l l . 5 . 1) w i th ap a i r o fd oo r c heck s i mmed ia te ly b ef o re t h i s c e l l . A h eap o f c ha r red g ra in w a s f ound i n t h e p a s sage , t o ge the r w i th a n i r on s pea r -head a nd ab a l l o fs e rpen t ine [ 4 ] . Ab one d i e f r om t h e s i te i si nt h e c o l lec t ion s o ft h e N a t iona l Mu seum s o f S co t land [ 5 ] , a si s ab one p l ay ing d i sc a nd ab one r i ng [ 1 ] . O n t h e s ou th -we s t s i de o f t h e m ound a 1 .6 m ( 38 f t . ) l e ng th o fc u rved a nd b a t te red d ry s t one w a l l i se xpo sed ; i t h a s am ax imum h e igh t o f 1 . 80 m ( 6f t . ) b u t i t s c u rva tu re i s i regu la ra nd i tc ou ld b ep a r to ft h e o u te rw a l lo f ab roch . I n 1 992 f u r the r s u rvey w o rk w a s c a r r ied o u t a nd t h e r ema in so ft h eb roch w e r er e co rded a ga in [ 8 ] . S ou rce s : I .O S c a rd HY 4 5 S E 4 : 2 . W . T ra i l l i nP roc S oc A n t iq S co t 1 7 ( 1882 -83 ) , 1 37 -38 : 3 . POAS . 3 , 3 4 : 4 . RCAHMS 1 946 , 2 ,n o . 5 23 , 1 8 1-82 & f i g s . 7 5 &2 67 : 5 . C la rke 1 970 , 2 31 : 6 .A SMS , 1 9 , n o . 3 0 : 7 .L amb 1 983 , 1 9 : 8 .D i scove ry & E xcava t ion i nS co t land 1 922 , 8 2 . HY45 2 K IRK OF HO WE HY /493531 P o s s ib le b roch o n P apa We s t ray I .c on s i s t ing o f amound w h ich m ay c oncea l ab roch . T he re i sn o th ing t os e en ow . S ou rce s : 1O S c a rd HY 4 5 S E 1 5 : 2 . RCAHMS 1 946 , 2 , n o . 5 30 , 1 85 : 3 .P roc O rkney A n t iq S oc 3 , 3 2 : 4 . P roc O rkney A n t iq S oc 5 , 2 8 .

T he o ld g r ound s u rf a ce o n w h ich t h e w a l l s t ood g ave aC 1 4 d a te o f5 60 + 8 0 b c ( GU 1580 ) . A n o ccupa t ion d epo s i t w a s f ound o u t s ide t h e w a l l a nd m o re d a te s w e r e o b ta ined f r om b one s f r om t h i s , t hough m o s tw e re o fN eo l i th ic a ge . I r on Age b one s g ave a d a te o f4 75 + 6 0 b c ( GU 158 1) . B road ly s p eak ing t h e se t wo , w hen c a l ib ra ted , c onf i rm t h a t t h eh ou se b e long st ot h e 7f i a nd 6f ic en tu r ie s BC .

HY45 3 S T . BON IFACE CHURCH ( `Munke rhoo se ' ) HY /49634 171 P robab le s o l id -ba sed b roch o n P apa We s t ray e xpo sed i n ac l if fs e c t ion ,p a r to f a ne x ten s ive I r on A ge s i t ew h ich l i e s u nde r a nd t ot h e w e s t o ft h e c hu rch . [ 1 ] . O n ly p a r t o ft h e s t ruc tu r e i sp r e se rved a nd t h e e n t rance w a s o b se rved o nt h e s ou th -ea s t ; h e re t h e o u te r w a l l f a ce s t ood c .2 . 8 m h igh . T he e s t ima ted o ve ra l l d i ame te r i s1 7 .6 m , t h e i n ter na l 1 0 .6 m ; t h e w a l l s p ropo r t ion w ou ld t h u s b e 3 9 .8% w h ich i s r a the rs l im . Mo re w a l l f a ce sw e r e a dded a r ound t h e b roch i n te r io r , p r e sumab ly w hen ar oundhou se w a s i n ser ted ; t h e f i na l i n ter na l d i ame te rw a s c .7 . 5 m . Ap l an o ft h er ema in s h a sb een p ub l i shed [ 1 , f i g . 2 1 ] . S ource : 1 .D i scove ry & E xca va t ion i nS co t land 1 990 , 4 6 &f i g s . 2 0 &2 1 .

T he p o t te ry f r om t h em idden i n c lud ed f r agmen t so fv e s se l s w i th v e r t ica l r im s a nd s ha rp s hou ld e r s , c l o se ly p a ra l le l t o t h e ma te r ia l f r om t h e s e cond p r e -b roch v i l lage a tJ a r l shof ( HU30 1 ) . T hu s a s w i th Q uan te rn e s s ( HY41 5 ) a nd B u ( HY20 4 )t h e r ad ioca rbon d a te s a nd t h e d i s t inc t ive p o t te ry c omb ined t o g ive a c l ea r p i c tu r e o ft h e a ge a nd c u l tu ra l a ff in i t ie so ft h eh ou se . S ource : 1 .S ha rp le s 1 984 . HY44 9 KNO WE OF SKEA HY /49634 17 1 P o ss ib le b roch o n We s t ray . I n 1 990 s he rd s o fI r on A ge t y pe w e r ed i scove red [ 1] .

2 47

T he R oundhou se s , B roch s a nd W hee lhou se s o fA t lan t ic S co t land

t h ick , t h e i n te r na l d i ame te r w a s 1 0 .1 m ( 3 3 f t . ) a nd t h e o ve ra l l d i ame t e r 1 7 .4 m ( 57 f t . ) . T he w a l l s p ropo r t ion i s t h u sa bou t4 2% .

Ma in land S quare HY50

S eve ra l f r agmen t so fh a rd p o t te ry w e r e f o und a tt h et i me o f t h e e xcava t ion s , o f v e s se l s w h ich " had b u lg ed o u t c on s ide rab ly i nt h e m idd le a nd h ad al i p o rr im r ound t h e m ou th" . P e t r i e a l so n o ted t h a t t h e re w a s e v idence o ff i re o n t h e s andy k no l l o n w h ich t h e b roch w a s b u i l t , a nd t h a t m any b ur n t b one s o fl a rge a n ima ls w e r e f o und [ 4 ] . T ra ce s o f ad ry s t one w a l lw e re n o ted o nt h em ound i n1 964 [ 1 ] .

HY50 1 BRAEBUSTER ( ' Eve 's H owe ' , ` Ev ie H owe ' ) HY /549006 11 T he t u rf -cove r ed r ema in s o f ap robab le b roch i n S t . A nd rew 's a nd D ee rne s s a r e o n l ow g round j u s ta bove h i gh w a t e r m a rk , b e tween t h e b ea ch a nd as ma l l , s ha l low l o ch ; t h e re i s am oder n c au seway 1 . 5 m( 5f t . ) w ide t h rough t h e l o ch [ 1 ] . T he mound i sa bou t 2 4 m i nd i ame te r a nd 3 m h igh a nd t h e re i s as ma l l e xpo su re o fo u te r w a l l f a ce o n t h en or th s i de [ 5 ] . T he s i te w a sa ppa ren t ly e xcava ted f o r ad ay i n1 884 [ 4 , 5 8 ] a nd p a r t o ft h e o u te r f a ce o f ac i r cu la r b u i ld ing i sv i s ib le f o r al e ng th o f c .3 . 5 m ( 10 12 f t . ) ; o n ly t wo o r t h ree c ou r se s c an b e s e en . As ma l l s t one c up ( p e rhap s al amp ) , as add le q uer n , ah amme r s tone a nd s ocke t s t one w e re f ound a tt h es i te [ 2 ,4 ] . S ou rce s : 1 .O S c a rd HY 5 0 NW 1 4 : 2 .C u r s i te r 1 923 , 2 42 : 3 . RCAHMS 1 946 , 2 ,n o . 6 24 , 2 42 : 4 .H edge s e t a l . 1 987 , 5 8 -9 : 5 .L amb 1 987 ,2 3 . HY50 2 CA MPSTON ( 'Ven ike lday ' ) HY /528804 11 P o s s ib le b roch i n s ide a g r a s s -cove r ed mound o n l ow g round , n ea r t h e h ead o ft h e B ay o f S uckquoy i nH o lm . T he C omm i s s ion s aw n o th ing [ 3 ] b u t i n 1 859 P e t r ie d e sc r ibed ar a i sed c i r cu la rp l a tf o rm s u r rounded b y at r ench [ 2 ] . A1 964 r e po r td e sc r ibe st h eg r ea t ly mu t i la ted r ema in s o f ab roch o n as ma l l k no l l , w i th a n o u te r g ra s s -cove red w a l l o nt h e s ou th s i de [ 1 ] w h i le i n1 979 a n o u te rb ank w a s n o ted [ 3 ] . S ource s : 1 .O S c a rd HY 5 0 SW 1 : 2 .P e t r ie 1 927 , 2 8 : 3 . RCAHMS 1 946 , 2 ,n o . 6 48 ,2 47 : 3 .L amb 1 987 ,2 4 . HY50 3 DEERNESS CHURCH HY /589063 P o s s ib le b roch i nD ee rne s s , c l o se t ot h e s e a s ho r es ou th o f t h e c hu rchya rd a tS ka i l l , a nd a ppea r ing a s ag r a s s -g rown h i l lock . S ome p o t she rd s o fI r on A ge t y pe w e r e f ound i n 1 928 , i n at h in d a rk l a y e re xpo sed n ea rby a tt h e s ho re [ 2 ] , a nd t wo b l ock s o fs a nd s tone ( one w i th ac up -ma rk a nd o ne w i th a n i n c i sed d e s ign ) m ay h ave c ome f r om t h i s s i te [ 2 ] . I n 1 943 s i x s h e rd s o fr e dd i sh I r on A ge p o t te ry " w i th l i nea r p a t te rn s" w e r e f ound p robab ly a tt h i s s i t e ( " a t ab roch a t D ee rne s s" ) [ 4 ] . S ou rce s : 1 .O S c a rd HY 5 0 NE 2 1 : 2 . P roc S oc A n t iq S co t 8( 1 864 -66 ) , 4 2 ( f ind s ) : 3 . RCAH MS 1 946 , 2 ,n o . 6 29 , 2 43 -44 : 4 .P roc S oc A n t iq S co t 8 0( 1945 -46 ) , 1 52 ( po t te ry ) : 5 .O Sc a rd HY 5 0 NE 2 4( po t te ry ) . HY50 4 D ING IESHO WE ( 'D ing i showe ' o r ` D ingy 's H owe ' ) HY /54760330 T h i s p robab le b roch i n S t . A nd r ew s a nd D ee rne s s i sa l a rge , t u rf -g rown m ound w h ich s t and s a tt h e w e s t e nd o f t h e i s thmu s j o in ing D ee rne s s t o t h e m a in land ; i tw a s e xcava ted i n1 860 b y F a r ra r a nd p l anned b y P e t r ie [ 5 ] b u t n o e xpo sed f e a tu re s a r e v i s ib le n ow . T he d e sc r ip t ion o f t h e e xcava t ion r e co rd s t h a t t h e w a l l s w e r e 3 . 6 m ( 1 2 f t . )

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F ind s : t h ey i n c lude h amme r s tone s , a w he t s tone , a f r agmen t o fp o l i shed a n t le r a nd an umbe r o f ma in ly p l a in b ody s he rd s . T he re w a s a l so a f r agmen t o f N eo l i th ic G rooved w a re w h ich b e long s t o amuch e a r l ie r p e r iod [ 5 ] . A r e c tangu la r p ebb le w he t s tone i s i n t h e H un te r ian Mu seum ( B .19 14 .557 ) . S ou rce s : 1 . HY 5 0 SW 7 : 2 .A nde r son 1 878 , 3 18 ( s i te l i s t o n ly ) : 3 .P e t r ie 1 890 , 8 8 : 4 . RCAHMS 1 946 , 2 ,n o . 6 25 , 2 42 -3 : 5 .H edge s e ta l . 1 987 , 7 8 -9 : 6 .L amb 1 987 , 2 3 . HY50 5 HO WE OF LANGSKA ILL ( 'Round H owe ' ) HY /50780593 P robab le b roch i nS t . A nd r ew s a nd D ee rness , o n ah i l lock 2 00 m n or th -w e s t o ft h e f a rm o ft h a t n ame ; t h e r ema in s h ave b een c u t i nt wo b y t h e r oad a nd t h e re i sl i t t le t ob e s e en n ow . I tw a s d ug i n to i na bou t 1 860 b y F a r r e r a nd p l anned b yG . P e t r ie [ 3 ] . T he b u i ld ing i sr e co rded a sh av ing b een r a the r s ma l l , 1 2 .2 -1 3 .7 m ( 40 -45 f t . ) i no ve ra l ld i ame te ra nd 6 . 1 -8 . 5 m( 2 0 2 8 f t . ) i n te rna l ly ( Pe t r ie 's p l an i n d ica te s 1 2 .09 m w i th t h e w a l l 3 . 05 m t h ick [ 5 ] ) . T he w a l l w a s f r om 2 0 .0 -2 5 .0 m ( 8 10 f t . ) t h ick [ 4 ] , a nd a n e n t rance 6 0 c m ( 2f t . ) w ide w a s f ound o n t h e e a s t -no r th -ea s t . A t f i r s t s i gh t t h e w ho le b u i ld ing s e em s t o h ave b een v e ry r u inou s b u t H edge s s ugge s t s t h a t t h e d i ff icu l ty P e t r ie h ad i n u nde r s tand ing w ha t F an-e r h ad p a r t ly e xpo sed may b e b ecause o n ly t h e t o p f ew c m o f as t ruc tu re s t i l l s t and ing a bou t 4 . 27m h i gh w a s u ncove red [ 5 ] . A n o u te r e mbankmen t o r w a l l s u r rounded t h eb roch a t ad i s tance o f2 0 .0 -2 4 .0 m ( 6 6 -78 f t . ) . S ou rce s : 1 .O S c a rd HY 5 0 NW 8 : 2 . P roc S oc A n t iq S co t 1 2 ( 1877 -78 ) , 3 18 : 3 .P e t r ie 1 890 , 9 3 , n o . 1 3 : 4 . RCAHMS 1 946 , 2 ,2 43 , n o . 6 27 : 5 .H edge s e ta l . 1 987 , 7 9 -80 & p l s . 3 . 7 & 3 . 8 ( m s s ke tch p l an o f b ro ch a nd g ene ra lp l an , b yP e t r ie ) : 6 .L amb 1 987 ,2 3 . HY50 6 R IGGAN OF KA M I HY /593074 ( v i s i ted i n1 987 ) T h i s p robab le g round -ga l ler ied b roch w i th whee lhouse i nS t . A nd rew s &D ee rne s s , c on s i s ted o f as t ony m ound a t t h e h ead o ft h e g eo ( i n le t ) 4 00 m n o r th o fS and s ide F a rm ; t h e s i te i s o n t h e l a ndwa rd e nd o f at r iangu la r c l if f p romon to ry [ 2 ] . E xcava t ion s b egan i n 1 981-82 b u t w e re c u t s ho r t b y t h e d ea th o ft h e d i rec to r , P e ter G e l l ing ; t h e e xpo sed p a r t s o f t h e b u i ld ing r ema in o pen a nd d i s in teg ra t ing ( I l l s . 5 . 118 121) . V i s ib le i s al o ng s egmen t o fc u rv ing w a l l w h ich c on ta in s a g round l e ve l g a l le ry ( w i th af ew l i n te l s i np o s i t ion o ve r i t )

S ec t ion 5 : O rkney

a nd a n e n t rance p a s sage . T he r e a l so i sw ha t l o ok s l i ke a r a i sed v o id i nt h e i n ne r w a l l f a ce ( I l l . 5 . 119 ) a nd a tl e a s t t wo r ad ia l p i e r s i nt h e i n te r io r s ugg e s t t h a t aw hee lhou se h ad b een i n ser ted i n to t h eb u i ld ing a ts ome s t age . T he p l an o f t h e r ema in s w a s m ade i n 1 984 , n o t l o ng a f t e r w o rk c ea sed , a nd s ugge s t s t h a t t h e s i t e i s ag round -ga l le r ied b roch . T he e xcava to ra ppa ren t ly t h ough tt h a t i t sd e s ign , a s w e l l a s i t sp o s i t ion o nt h e e dge o f al ow c l if f , i n d ica ted t h a t i tw a s D shaped s em ib roch o f t h e t y pe o t he rw i se f ound o n ly o n t h e w e s t c oa s t a nd i nt h e We s te rn I s le s ( Ma cK ie 1 992 : 2 002 ) . T he s i te i sp a r t icu la r ly i n te re s t ing f o r t h i s r e a son , b u t a l so b ecau se i tc on ta in sw ha t i ss o f a rt h e o n ly k nown e xamp le o f ap rope r w hee lhou se o fS he t land t y pe ( w i th b u i l t r a d ia l p i e r s ) i nO rkney . No i n f o rma t ion a bou t a ny f i nd sm ade i sa va i lab le t om e . S ource s : 1 . OS c a rd HY50 NE 2 0 :2 .L amb 1 987 ,2 4 .

HY50 7TANKERNESS 1( 'How ie o ft h e Man se ' ) HY /514090 P o s s ib le b roch i nS tA nd rew s &D e er ne s s , ag ra s sy mound s i tua ted o n as hor t p romon to ry n ea r t h e s ou th e nd o ft h e L och o f T anker ne s s . T race s o fm any s t one s h ave b een s e en , a nd am idden o n t h e n or th -w e s t a r c [ 2 ] . T he re a r e s ugges t ion s o f o u tbu i ld ing s c l o se b y o n t h e l a ndwa rd s i de , t r a ce s o fw ha t l o ok s l i ke d oub le d ef en s ive w a l l o r r ampar ta c ro s st h en eck o ft h ep romon to ry . S ource s : 1 . OS c a rd HY 5 0 NW 3 ( w i th p ho to . ) ; 2 . RCAHMS 1 946 , 2 ,n o . 6 26 , 2 43 .

HY51 2 S TE IRO ( `B roch o fS t e i ro ' ) HY /50191635 P robab le b roch o n S hap in say I . , c on s i s t ing o f s c an ty r ema in s o n t h e r o cky b ank o ve rhang ing t h e b ea ch b e low ; t h e b u i ld ing h a s a lmo s t b een c omp le te ly d e s t royed b y t h e s e a , b u t a n a r c o fm a son ry o ft h e i n ne rw a l l f a ce s u rv ive s o nt h e n o r th -ea s t , s ugge s t ing a n o ve ra l l d i ame te ro fc .1 8 .3 m . As c a rcemen t i sr epo r ted o n t h i s [ 4 ] w h ich i sw hy t h e s i te i sc l a s sed a s ' p robab le ' . O n t h e e a s t s i de t h e re i sa s e cond w a l lf ace a ga in s t t h e i n te r io r o f t h e b u i ld ing a nd a ppa r en t ly c u t t ing i t ; t h e b roch w ou ld h ave t oh ave b een s ub s tan t ia l ly d emo l i shed b ef o r e t h i s w a s d one [ 4 ] . Af ew s t one s o ft h e o u te r f a ce s ugge s t aw a l l t h ickne s s o f3 . 6 m [ 1 ] . T he re a r et r ace so fo u tbu i ld ing so nt h ew e s t . S ou rce s : 1 .O S c a rd HY 5 1 NW 1 0 : 2 . RCAHMS 1 946 , 2 76 , 2 , n o . 7 79 : 3 . H edge s e ta l . 1 987 , 1 20 : 4 . L amb 1 987 , 1 .

S quare HY52 1

HY50 8 TANKERNESS 2 HY53209 1 P o s s ib le b roch i nS t . A nd rew s &D eer ne s s , amound o n a g r icu l tu ra l l a nd . T he i n te r io r h a s b een d ug o u t d own t o g round l e ve l a ts ome s t age , s o i tn ow a ppea r s a s ac i rcu la r b ank . S ou rce s : 1 . OS c a rd HY 5 0 NW 1 ( w i th p ho to s . ) : 2 . RCAHMS 1 946 , 2 ,n o . 6 35 , 2 45 . HY50 9 BACKLAND ( `Quoybu r ing ' , H ow ie o ' B ack land ' ) HY /58040402 P o ss ib le b roch i nS t . A nd rew s a nd D eer ne s s c on s i s t ing o f a n i r regu la rm ound u p t o 3m h i gh . At r ia l t r ench d ug i n to i tb yD r DB ro thwe l l i ss a id t oh ave r e vea led ac u rved w a l l s ome 3 m h i gh b u tt h e l o ca t ion o ft h i s t r ench i su nce r ta in . T he re a r et r a ce so fa no u te rd i tch o nt h en or th -we s t . S ou rce : 1 .O S c a rd HY50 S E8 : 2 .L amb 1 987 , 2 3 .

S hap in say S quare HY5 1 HY51 1 HO WE H ILL ( 'H i l lock o fH owe ' ) HY /512 160 P os s ib le b roch o n S hap in say , at u rf -cove red s hape le s s k no l l 3 . 5 m( 1 1 f t . 6i n . ) h igh w h ich h a s b een d ug i n to i n t h e p a s t a nd w h ich i ss a id t o c on t a in a s t ruc tu r e o fs ome s o r t , i n c lud ing p a s sage s [ 2 ] . S ource s : 1 . OS c a rd HY 5 1 NW 5 : 2 . RCAHMS 1 946 , 2 ,n o . 7 80 , 2 76 : 3 .L amb 1 987 , 1 .

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HY52 1 BURROUGHSTON ( `H i l lock o f B u r rough s tone ' , ` Bo r row s tone ' ) HY /54042100 ( v i s i ted 1 5 /7 / 1985 ) As o l id -ba sed b roch o n S hap in say s t and ing a tt h ef oo to fa g en t ly s l op ing f i e ld j u s t a bove t h e l ow r o cky b ea ch ; t h e g ra s s -g rown s t ruc tu re m ay b e o n a p l a tf o rm a nd i s s u r rounded b y ah uge d i tch . I na bou t 1 862 aM r . B a lf ou r o f B a lf ou r a nd T r enab ie g o t s ome m en t o o pen u p t h e mound " sho r t ly a f t e r t h e d i scove ry o f Mac s H owe" a nd G eo rge P e t r ie m ade n o te s o n t h e s t ruc tu re s e xpo sed w h i le S i r H . D ryden m ade ap l an o ft h em . V e ry l i t t le c an n ow b e s e en o fb roch i ng ene ra l f r om t h e o u t s ide s i nce l i t t le o ft h e o u te r w a l l w a s e xpo sed d u r ing t h e e xcava t ion s ; t h e b u i ld ing a ppea r s n ow a s ag ra s sy m ound ( I l ls . 5 . 122 5 . 1298 ) . T he e n t rance p a s sage i ss t i l l v i s ib le ( I l l . 5 . 127 ) w i th al i t t le o ft h e o u te rw a l l f a ce o n e i the r s i de o fi t ; i tf a ce s e a s t a nd i sa bou t 3 . 7 -4 . 0 m( 12 13 f t . ) l o ng , 1 . 2 m( 4f t . ) w ide a nd 1 . 8 m ( 6 f t . ) h i gh . I tn ow h a s o ne m a s s ive l i n te l a tt h e o u te r e nd ( t he o t he r s h av ing b een s napped o f f ) , a nd i n 1 862 t h i s w a s d e sc r ibed a s t h ree c l o se se t t oge the r o n e dge ; t h ey mu s t h ave s uppo r ted t h e h i gh o u te r w a l l f a ce . T he d oo rway b e low t h e l i n te l i sn ow b l ocked u p . T he u nde r s ide o f t h e s u rv iv ing l i n te l p r e sumab ly g i ve s t h e h e igh t o ft h e r ema inde r , a nd i tc an t h u s b e s e en t h a t t h e s ou th s i de o ft h e p a s sage e x tend s f o r a tl e a s t 1 . 5 ma bove t h i s l e ve l ; i t mu s t t h e r ef o re b e t h e s i de o ft h e c hambe r a bove t h ee n t rance . Two d oo r -f rame s a r e s t i l l a ppa ren t , s ome 2 . 5 m( 8f t . 1i n . ) a nd 2 . 2 m ( 7 f t . 2i n . ) f r om t h e o u te r e nd o ft h e p a s sage a cco rd ing t o D ryden 's p l an ; t h u s t h ey a r e n o t q u i te o ppo s i te o ne a no the r . T he o ne o n t h e l ef t ( l ook ing i n ) i s m ade f r om ap ro jec t ing s l ab , a nd t h e o t he ri s ab u i l tc heck . B eh ind t h e l ef t( s ou th ) c heck i st h e b a r socke ta nd t h e b a r h o le c an b e s e en o ppo s i te i t . T he re i sa n e l onga ted g ua rd c hambe ro pen ing f r om t h e l ef ts i de o ft h e p a s sage ( l ook ing i n ) , t h e d oo rb e ing o n ly 4 1 c m ( 1f t . 8i n . ) w ide . T h i s c e l l i s4 . 4 m( 14 .5 f t . ) l o ng a nd a bou t 2 . 4 m( 8f t . ) h igh a ti t s o u te r e nd ; i td im in i she s g r adua l ly i nh e igh t( t o 1 . 14 m o r3 f t . 9i n . ) a nd i nw id th t owa rd s i t s i n ne r e nd ( I l l . 5 . 128 ) .

T he R oundhou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

T he c hambe r i sr oof ed w i th f l a t l i n te l s w h ich p robab ly m ean s t h a t t h e re i sa n u ppe r g a l le ry i mmed ia te ly a bove i t . T he re i sa n i n gen iou s s l o t l e ad ing f r om t h i s c hambe rt ot h e e n t rance p a s sage i nf ron t o ft h e d oo r -check s ; ar ang ing p o le c an b e p oked t h rough t h i s , s o p r e sumab ly a s pea r c ou ld i nI r on A ge t ime s . A cco rd ing t o P e t r ie t h e a ve rage i n ter na l d i ame te r o f t h e b roch i s1 0 .2 m ( 3 3 .5 f t . ) a nd t h ew a l l a ppa ren t ly v a r ies i n t h ickne s s f r om 4 . 3 m ( 14 f t . ) d own t o 3 . 05 m ( 10 f t . ) o r l e s s [ 2 ] . P e t r ie a c tua l ly d e sc r ibe s i ta st h ick a tt h ee n t rance a nd o n t h e o ppo s i te s i de , b e ing t h inne r e l sewhe r e , s o h e m ay h ave b een m i s lead b y at h inne rw a l l h ead t h ickne ss i n p l a ce s . T he w a l l w a s l a te rm ea su red a s3 . 7 -4 . 0 mt h ick ( 12 13 f t . )n ea rt h e e n t rance [ 3 ] . T he i n ne rf a ce s t ood t oa m ax imum h e igh t o f3 . 7 m( 12 f t . ) o n t h e e a s t a nd w e s t i n 1 928 [ 3 ] b u tP e t r ie r e co rded i ta s4 . 0 -4 . 3 m( 1 3 14 f t . ) [ 2 , 8 1 ] . O n t h i s f a ce i s as c a r cemen t l e dge w h ich w a s a bove 2 . 7 m ( 9 f t . ) t h e f l oo r i n 1 928 [ 3 ] a nd 3 . 1 -3 . 4 m( 10 11 f t . ) i n P e t r ie 's d ay [ 2 ] : i ti sn o t much mo r e t h an 2 . 5 m a bove t h e i n te r io r g round l e ve l n ow ( I l l . 5 . 125 ) . T he s c a rcemen ti so ft h e" she lf 't y pe a nd P e t r ie r e co rd si ta s4 5 c m( 18 i n . )w ide . P e t r ie r e co rd s t wo o pen ing s 1 . 1 c m ( 3 .5 f t . ) w ide i nt h e i n ne r w a l l f a ce n ea r ly l e ve l w i th t h e s c a rcemen t , o ne a t1 2 o ' c lock a nd t h e o t he r a t 9o ' c lock [ 2 , 8 2 ] . D ryden 's d raw ing s how s o ne o f t h e se r a i sed v o id s w i th i t s s i l l a t s c a rcemen tl e ve l [ 2 , f i g . 1 2 : 3 ,f i g . 3 63 ] ( I l l . 5 . 129 ) , a nd h e a l so s how s as e c t ion t h rough t h e r a i sed mu ra l g a l le ry ( wh ich l o ok s r a the r l ow ) o n t h e s ame l e ve l , r e s t ing o n a w a l l b a se w h ich s e em s t o b e s o l id u p t o t h a t p o in t . H oweve rh e a l so s how s as e c t ion o fw ha t l o ok s l i ke av e ry l ow g a l le ry a tg round l e ve l , a l so a t 9o ' c lock , b u tn o th ing i si n d ica ted h e re o n t h e p l an ; i ti si nf a c t t h e m i sp laced c r o s s sec t ion o ft h e i n ne r e nd o ft h e g ua rd c hambe r , w h ich e nd s a ta bou t7 . 30 o ' c lock . T he u ppe rg a l le ry i sr e co rded a s 8 4 c m ( 2f t . 8 9 i n . ) w ide . T he r e w e re a l so t r a ce s o f " two a s cend ing s t ep s" i n t h e g a l le ry a t o ne p o in t , a nd " t h ree a t a no the r " [ 2 , 8 2 ] . N o p rope r mu ra l s t a i r i s d e sc r ibed , a nd n o d oo r t o i tf r om g round l e ve l i ss hown . I tm ay w e l ln o th ave b een d i scove r ed b eh ind t h e s e conda ry c on s t ruc t ion s( b e low ) . A t p r e sen t t h e o u te r f a ce o f t h e u ppe r g a l le ry i sc l ea r ly v i s ib le f r om a bou t9 . 30 -1 o ' c lock , w i th o ne l i n te l s t i l l i n p o s i t ion ( I l l . 5 . 124 ) . T race s o ft h e o pen ing t ot h e u ppe r g a l le ry f r om t h e i n te r io ra r e s t i l l a ppa r en ta t 9o ' c lock , b u t t h e o ne a t 1 2 o ' c lock i sh i dden o r d e s t royed . T he i n ne r f a ce o ft h e u ppe r g a l le ry r un s a n t i -c lockw ise t owa rd s t h e e n t rance f r om t h ef i r s tv o id . S econda ry c on s t ruc t ion s w i th r a d ia l p a r t i t ion s w e re f ound i nt h e b roch i n te r io r . T hough D ryden 's p l an a nd e l eva t ion a r e n o t a l toge the r c l ea r , t h e s e c t ion s e em s t o s how s ome f o rm o f i n comp le te a i s led w hee lhou se l ike s t ruc tu re w i th r a d ia l p i e r s j o ined b y l i n te l s t o a s e conda ry w a l l c on s t ruc ted a ga in s t t h e i n ne r f a ce o ft h e b roch w a l l o n t h e a r c f r om 6 -9 o ' c lock . A t o ne p o in t as o l id b l ock o f

2 50

m a son ry a ppea r st op ro jec ta nd l i e a ga in s to ne o ft h er a d ia l s t one s l ab s ; o n i t s o t he r s i de i ti ss haped l i ke a n a l cove , r a the r s im i la rt ot h e s t ruc tu r e a tM idhowe ( HY /33 1 ) ; t h is w a s r oof ed w i th l i n te l s w hen f ound , a nd t h e e l eva t ion s how st h is [ 2 , f i g . 1 2 ] ( I l l . 5 . 129 ) . A d eep w e l l w a s i n t h e b roch f l oo r , a ppea r ing l i ke a v e r t ica l s haf t i nD ryden 's s e c t ion : t h e u ppe r p a r t w a s o f d ry s t one m a son ry , t h e l owe r c u t i n to t h e r o ck . A n e x ten s ion o u twa rd s t ot h e m a in e n t rance - e v iden t ly w i th d oo r -check s o fi t s o wn - w a s b u i l t a to ne p o in t f o r a bou t 3 . 66 m ( 12 f t . )a nd l e dt oa n" ob long b u i ld ing" [ 2 ] . A no u t e rw a l lw a sf ound t ob e c oncen t r ic w i th t h eb ro ch o n t h e w e s t , a nd a bou t 2 . 74 m ( 9 f t . ) f r om i t . B eyond t h i s w a s ab road d i t ch f r om 4 . 9 -5 . 5 m ( 1 6 18 f t . ) w ide a tt h e b a se w i th a n e a r th b ank o rp a rape tb eyond t h i s , 7 6 -9 2 c m ( 2 .5 -3 f t . ) h i gh i np l ace s . O n ly o n t h e s eawa rd s i de a r e d ef ence s l a ck ing , a nd h e r e t r ace s o f o u tbu i ld ing s w e re f ound . T he i n ne rw a l l s t ood 1 . 8 o r2 . 1 m( 6o r 7f t . ) a bove t h eb o t tom o ft h e d i tch o u t s ide i t . D imen s ion s . T he e x ter na l d i ame te r h a s t ob e e s t ima t ed a s t h ew a l lt h ickn e s so f3 . 7 -4 . 0 m( 12 13 f t . ) i sa ppa r en tn ow o n ly a tt h e e n t ran ce . T ak ing t h e i n te rna l d i ame te ra s1 0 .21 m ( 3 3 .5 f t . ) , t h e e x ter na l d i ame te r s hou ld b e a bou t 1 7 .7 1 8 .0 m ( 58 -59 f t . ) a nd t h e w a l l p ropo r t ion 4 2 .5% . N ew m ea su r emen t s o f t h e i n te r io r w a l lf a ce i n 1 985 b y m e s howed t h a t t h e b roch w a s p robab ly i n tended t o b e b u i l t r ound a t r ue c i r c le w i th a r ad iu s o f 4 . 82 + 0 . 12 m , e qu iva len tt o ad i ame te ro f9 . 64 m ( 3 1 .6 1 f t . ) . F ind s . L i t t le i n f o rma t ion w a s a va i lab le a bou t t h e se b u t a l i s t i sn ow a va i lab le [ 4 ] . A cco rd ing t oP e t r ie t h ey w e re m o s t ly d ee r -hor nf r agmen t s , m any o x a nd s heep b on e s a nd " s eve ra l r ude s t one v e s se ls o fd i f f e r en t s i zes" , i n c lud ing a p o s s ib le t r iangu la r l amp O n ly ab one o ra n t le r ' p e rf o ra ted m oun t ' n ow s u rv ive s [ 4 , 1 22 ] . A s t one l amp f r om ` S hap in say ' i nt h e H un te r ian Mu seum c ou ld b e f r om t h i s b roch ( B .19 14 .829 ) . S ou rce s : 1 .O S c a rd HY 5 2 SW 4 : 2 .P e t r ie 1 890 , 8 1 -4 &8 7 : 3 . RCAHMS 1 946 , 3 ,2 75 -76 , n o . 7 78 & f i g s . 3 62 &3 63 : 4 .H edge se ta l . 1 987 , 1 22 -24 & p l s . 3 . 16 -3 .20 ( m s p l an s ( two ) , p ano rama s ( two ) o fi n te r io r , a nd g ene ra l p l an o fb roch a nd o u te rw a l l , b yD ryden ) : 5 .L amb 1 987 , 1 . HY52 2 NESS OF ORK ( ` The H i l lock ' ) HY /53562238 P o s s ib le b roch o n S hap in say c on s i s t ing o f at u rf -cove red m ound o f s and a ppa ren t ly c ove r ing ab u i ld ing at h i rd o f w h ich h a s b een s wep t a way b y t h e s e a . As ho r t a r c o ft h e i n ne rw a l l f a ce m ay b e v i s ib le [ 4 ] a nd t h e r ea r e s ugge s t ion s t h a t t h e w a l l w a s a bou t 3 . 66 m ( 12 f t . ) t h ick ; t h e o ve ra l l d i ame te r w a s e s t ima ted a tc . 1 7 .7 m . T races o f e a r l ie r e xp lo ra t ion s w e re n o ted , o ne o fw h ich h ad u ncove r ed c i s t s a nd g rave st ot h en o r th o ft h e b roch [ 3 ] . S ou rce s : 1 .O Sc a rd HY 5 2 SW 2 : 2 . R CAH MS 1 946 , 2 , 2 75 , n o . 7 77 : 3 .H edges e ta l . 1 987 , 1 2 1-22 : 4 .L amb 1 987 , 1 .

S ec t ion 5 : O rkney

Eday S quare HY53

HY53 1 CALF OF EDAY HY /578385 S e t t lemen t , p robab ly o ft h ee a r ly I r on A ge , c on s i s t ing o fa r oundhou se r e -used a s ap o t ter 's w ork shop a nd r e -u sed c hamber s o f aN eo l i th ic c a irn w h ich l i e s o n t h e s ma l l i s land o ft h a t n ame of t h e e a s t s ho re o f E day i t s e lf ( I l l . 5 . 129 & 5 . 130 ) . I n a bou t 1 936 C S T C a lde r i n ve s t iga ted t h e g roup o f a nc ien ts i t e s wh ich l i e sa tt h e s ou th s i de o ft h ei s l e t . T he se i n c luded t h ree Neo l i th ic b u r ia l c a ir n s ( one b e ing amu l t i p e r iod s t a l led c a irn ) a nd t wo o t he rs t ruc tu re sw h ich p roved t o b e long t o t he I r on A ge . I r on A ge r ema in s w e re a l so f ound i n s ide o ne o ft h e c a ir n s . Ar e a s se s smen to ft h e l a te r p o t te ry s how st ha ta tl e a s to ne o ft h eC a lf o fE day I r on A ge s i te s v e ry p robab ly c omp r i se a no the r o f t h o se r a re s e t t lemen t s i nt h e n o r ther n i s land s w h ich c an b e a s s igned t ot h e e a r ly I r on Age , p robab ly i nt h e 7t h/ 6t h c en tu r ie s BC a nd w e l lb ef o re t h eb roch p e r iod .

r ounded w edge s hape a nd f i t ted i n to ag roove f o rmed i n t h e l owe r e dge o f t h e o ne a bove , t h e j o in t t h en b e ing s moo thed d own [ 2 , f i g s . 2 2 & 2 3 ] . V e s se l s m ade i nt h i s w ay o f t en b r eak a l ong t h ej o in s o ft h en r i ng s , a sw a sn o ted i nt h e E ver ted R im j a r s f ound a tD un Mo r V au l o n T i ree ( N M04 4 ) . C hamber s A & Bo ft he s t a l led c a irn " Af t e r t h e r oof o f t h e b u r ia l c hambe r ( A ) o f t h e s t a l led c a ir n h ad d i sappea red a nd t h e i n ter io r h ad b een p a r t ia l ly f i l led u p ,j udg ing f r om t h ep o t te ry f ound a tt h eh ighe rl e ve l t h e c hambe r h ad b een o ccup ied b y p eop le o f t h e I r on A ge ." [ 2 , 1 43 ] . T he d eco ra ted s he rd s f i t ted t oge the ri nI l . 5 . 131 ( t op l ef t )c ame f r om t h i sc hambe r [ 2 , f i g . 1 9 ] Mo re p l a in I r on A ge p o t te ry w a s f ound i nC hambe r Ba nd t h i s i n c luded a l lt h er im sa nd b a se sd r awn b yC a lde r [ 2 , f i g . 2 0 ] e xcep t f o r n o . 1w h ich i st h e d eco ra ted s he rd f r om C hambe rA . T hey i n c luded s e ve ra l r im s a nd w a l l s he rd so f ah igh q ua l i ty , h a rd , b l a ck , t h in w a r e ( I l l . 5 . 131 , b o t tom c en t re : EO 6 51A : i th a s as l ipped g r ey s u rf ace ) a sw e l l a s s ome c oa r se r s h e rd s( no td r awn ) . D i scus s ion

S truc ture 3

T he o n ly c l ea r e v idence f o r t h e d a te o f t h i s I r on A ge s e t t lemen t c ome s f r om t h e s hou lde r ed r im s he rd HD 6 98 ( I l l . 5 . 131) w h ich i sn o t s p ec if i ca l ly m en t ioned i nC a lde r 's r epor t . I ti so f ah a rd ,b uf f -g rey w a r ew i th ac oncave n eck a bove t h e s hou lde r a nd m u s t s u re ly b e av e r s ion o f t h e s t anda rd c a r ina ted e a r ly I r on A ge p o t te ry w h ich i sf ound i n s ma l l q uan t i t ie s i n A t lan t ic S co t land . S ince i t i s c a ta logued ' HD ' i tp r e sumab ly b e long s w i th t h e s h e rd c o l lec t ion f r om t h eN eo l i th ic c a ir n . S ou rce s : 1 .O S c a rd HY53 : 2 .C a lde r 1 9 39 .

T he mound c on ta in ing S t ruc tu r e 3 w a s o n ly p a r t ly e xp lo red ( t he w e s th a l f ) b ecau se o fl a ck o ft ime a nd t ur n ed o u tt oc on ta in a no va l s t one b u i ld ing w h ich m ea su red s ome 1 2 .5 x 1 .6 m ( 4 1 x3 8 f t . ) o ve ra l l . T he w a l l t h ickne s s w a s m ea su rab le a to ne p o in ta t4 . 42 m ( 14 f t . 6i n . ) . T race s o fa tl e a s t t wo c hambe r s w i th in t h e t h ickne s s o ft h is w a l l w e re f ound a nd t h e t h ickne s s b eh ind t h e se v a r ied f r om 2 . 13 -2 . 52 m ( 7 f t .t o 8f t . 3i n . ) ; t h e s t ump s o ft wo t h in s t one s s l ab sw e re f ound i nt h e w e s t er no ne . As i ng le s t one s l ab w a s p ro jec t ing a bove t h e g round b ef o re w o rk s t a r ted a nd p roved t o b e s t and ing 1 . 60 m ( 5 f t . 3i n . ) a bove t h e i n ter na l f l oo r ; i tw a s f i t ted a tr i gh t a ng le s t o t h e i n ne r w a l lf ace i s i f t o f o rm t h e s i d e o f as ma l le r c hambe r b e tw een t h e o the r t wo m en t ioned . T he n or th r e ce s s a l so h ad s l ab s i ni t ,s ome o fw h ich l i ned i t ss i de s . As l ab h ea r th w a s f ound i nt h ec en t ra la r ea .

S tronsay S quare HY62

L a rge a moun t s o fp o t te ry w e re r e cove red f r om t h e n o r th r e ce s s . Ap i le o fc l ay w a s f ound i mmed ia te ly t ot h e n or th o ft h e h ea r th . T he re w a s a l so as t one s l ab l ined p i t w i th a c l ay b a se s unk i n to t h e f l oo r a nd a s t one m o r ta r p r e sumab ly f o r g r ind ing t h e c l ay - n ex t t o i t . T he e xcava to r t h ough t t h a t a l l t h e se f e a tu re s s howed t h a t t h e b u i ld ing h ad b een t ur n ed i n to ap o t t e r 's w o rk shop a t al a te r s t age ; p r e sumab ly i th ad b een ad w e l l ing b ef o r et h a t . T he p o t te ry w a s d i f f e r en t t o t h a t f o und i nt h e c hambe r ed c a ir n( b e low ) . "Mo s t o ft h e s he rd s f r om C hambe r B " ( o f t h e s t a l led c a i rn , b e low ) " we r e t h in a nd o f g ood h a rd t e x tu re w h i le t ho se f r om Mound n o . 3 " ( t he h ou se ) " a r e c oa r se a nd t h ick , a nd m any c on ta in amuch g r ea te ra moun t o f c r u shed s t one a mong t h e c l ay ." [ 2 , 1 47 & f i g s . 2 1 & 2 2 ] . Mo s t o ft he r im s a r e o fs imp le b a r re l - a nd b ucke t s haped ur n s a nd o f s ome i n te re s t i st h e e v idence f o r t h e c on s t ruc t ion o ft h ree o ft h em . T he s e v e s se l sw e re b u i l t i n r i ng s , t h e u ppe re dge o ft h e r i ng b e low b e ing m ade i n to a 2 51

HY62 1 H ILLOCK OF BAY WEST HY6 1 902425 P robab le b roch o n S t ron say , ar ugged a nd b roken mound 2 2 .5 m i nd i ame te r a nd 3 . 2 m h i gh ; i ti ss i tua ted o n a n " i s land " i n l ow ly ing , b oggy g round , p robab ly a d ra ined l o ch . T he s ou th a r c o ft h e o u te r f a ce i sv i s ib le f o r 3 . 5 m a nd t o ah e igh to ff i ve c ou r se s [ 1 ] . S ou rce s : 1 .O Sc a rd HY 6 2 SW 1 :2 . RCAH MS 1 946 , 2 , n o . 9 49 , 3 29 : 3 .H edge s e ta l . 1 987 , 1 24 : 4 .L amb 1 984 , 2 4 . HY62 2 HUNTON HY65342754 T he s i te o f ap robab le b roch o n S t ron say s i tua ted o n r i s ing g round ; o n ly a s l igh t r i se i nt h e f i e ld b e t ray s i t s p o s i t ion [ 5 ] . I n 1 863 , a f t e r ap l ough h ad e xpo sed a n u nde rg round c hambe r , as ma l l e xcava t ion w a s c a r r ied o u t b y F a ir e r a nd P e t r ie a nd t h e e n t rance p a s sage o f ab roch r e vea led [ 2 , f i g . 4 25 ] . T he t r enche s w e re f i l led i na nd t h e re w e re n o f md s a pa r t f r om as p ind le w ho r l . As k e tch

T he R ound hou se s , B roch s a nd W hee lhou se s o fA t lan t ic S co t land

o f t h e e n t rance a r ea s u rv ive s [ 4 , f i g . 3 . 30 ] . M idden m a te r ia l i sf r equen t ly e xpo sed o nt h e s i te [ 1 ] . S ource s : 1 .O S c a rd HY 6 2 NE 6 : 2 . P e t r ie 1 890 , 9 2 : 3 . RCAH MS 1 946 , 2 , 33 -34 , n o . 9 80 & f i g . 4 25 : 4 .H edge s e ta l . 1 987 , 1 24 -26 : 5 .L amb 1 984 ,2 4 .

HY63 2 BRAEHO WAR HY620374 S i te o fp o s s ib le b roch i nC ro s s&B ume s so n S anday I . ; i t i ss uppo sed t oh ave b een d ug t h rough d u r ing r oad b u i ld ing . S ou rce s : O S c a rd HY 6 3 NW 3 0 : 2 .L amb 1 980 , 1 5 .

HY62 3 LA MB HEAD HY69042146 T h is p robab le b roch o n S t ron say s t and s o n h igh c l if f s i n t h e s ou th -ea s t c o rne ro ft h e i s land . L i t t le r ema in s n ow b u t w hen i tw a s c omp le te t h e s t ruc tu re h ad a n o ve ra l l d i ame te r o fc .2 0 .7 m ( 6 8 f t . )w i th aw a l ln ea r ly 4 . 88 m ( 16 f t . )t h ick o nt h ew e s ts i de ( I l l . 5 . 108 ) .

HY63 3 LA MANESS ( `B roch o fL am (b )ane s s ') HY6 1 .37 . ( a pp rox ) S i te o f p o s s ib le b roch i nC ro s s & B ume s s o n S anday I . T he re i sn o i n f o rma t ion e xcep t f o r ac o l lec t ion o f f i nd s ( s ome o ft h em V ik ing ) p r e sen ted t ot h e N a t iona l Mu seum i n 1 878 [ 2 ] ; t h e re i sn o e v idence a s t ot h e n a tu r e o fa ny s t ruc tu re f ound . T he re a r e t wo p e rf o ra t ed s t one ' l oom w e igh t s a nd a n a du l t h uman s ku l l f r om ` Lam ine s s ' i nt h e C u r s i te r c o l lec t ion i n t h e H un te r ian Mu seum w h ich a r e p robab ly f r om t h i sb roch ( B .19 14 .803 & 8 04 : B .1922 .8 ) . S ou rce s : 1 .O S c a rd HY 6 3 NW 1 8 : 2 .P roc S oc A n t iq S co t 1 2( 1876 -78 ) , 5 99 : 3 .L amb 1 980 , 1 6 .

T he ma in e n t rance i so nt h en o r th -we s t , a bou t 1 . 2 m( 4f t . ) w ide , a nd h a s t wo g ua rd c e l l s , o ne o n e i the r s i de . N o d oo r -check s w e re r e co rded i nt h e m a in p a s sage b u t a bou t h a lf w ay d own a r e t h e t wo o ppo sed e n t rance s t o g ua rd c e l l s o n t h e l ef t a nd r i gh t ; c once ivab ly t h e o u te r e dge o f e ach o ft h e se m igh t h ave s e rved a s ad oo r f r ame , b u t a h i nge s ocke tw ou ld n eed t ob e f ound n ex tt oo ne t ob es u r e . E ach o ft h e se c e l l d oo rway s i t s e lf h ad ad oo r -f rame w i th in i t ( a h igh ly u nu sua l a r rangemen t ) m ade o f o ppo sed p ro jec t ing s l ab s ; b o th c e l l s w e re b eeh ive c o rbe l led c hambe r s c on ta in ing a n a umb ry ( c upboa rd ) a t t h e i n ne r e nd . T he r ea r eo ve rg rown t r a ce s o fs e conda ry s t ruc tu re s i n t h e i n te r io r , a nd s l igh t d ep r e s s ion s o n t h e w a l l h ead m ay i n d ica te a n u ppe r g a l le ry . T he e n t rance p a s sage c an n ow o n ly b e s e en f r om w i th in t h e g ua rd c hambe r s [ 1 ] . T he r e m igh t b e t r ace s o f a n o u te r d i tch o n t h e n o r th -we s t a nd s ou th -ea s t [ 1 ] . S ou rce s : 1 .O Sc a rd HY 6 2 S E 1 :2 .T homa s 1 851 , 1 23 : 3 . RCAH MS 1 946 , 2 , 3 28 ,n o . 9 47 & f i g . 4 23 : 4 .H edge s e t a l . 1 987 , 1 26 -27 : 5 . P e t r ie 1 890 , 9 2 . HY62 4 B ENN I CU ML HY /67152142 Ap robab le b roch o n S t ron say . Al a rge n umbe r o ff i nd s o fI r on A ge t y pe w e re m ade i n am idden n ex tt ot h e mound i n1 989 . A tt h e b a se o ft h em ound o nt h e w e s t i s as e c t ion o f m a s s ive w a l l ing o n ap l in th w h ich m ay b e p a r t o ft h e e n t rance p a s sage . S ou rce : D i scove ry & E xcava t ion i nS co t land 1 989 , 6 5 .

HY63 4 NEB ISTER ( `C roo s o fN eb i s t e r ') HY /6316370 1 P robab le b roch i nC ro s s & B umes s o n S anday , o n t h e e dge o f al ow c l if a tt h e s ho re . I n 1 928 t h e f a ce o f a c u rved w a l l w a s s e en e xpo sed b y e ro s ion i nt h e v e ry e dge o ft h e c l if f , a bou t2 . 75 m ( 9f t . ) l ong a nd 8 4 c m( 2f t . 9i n . ) h i gh a nd s how ing s i xo rs even c ou r se so fd ry -bu i l tm a son ry [ 2 ] . T he c on cav i ty o ft h e c u rve w a s t owa rd s t h e s e a , s o t h e s i te a ppea r ed t ob e ab roch mos t o fw h ich h ad a l r eady b een d e s t royed . Mo s t o ft h e r ema in ing m a son ry w a s s a id t o h ave b een w a shed a way b y 1 969 [ I ] b u t i n t h e l a te 1 970 s t h e re w a s as t i l l am ound 2 5 m i nd i ame te r a tt h e c l if e dge a nd ad epo s i t 2 . 5 mt h ick c on s i s t ing o fm idden m a te r ia l s a nd s t one w a l l s [ 3 ] . T he l a t te ri n c lude ap robab le b roch w a l l . Aq ue rn f r agmen t a nd p o t te ry f r om t h e s i t e a r e i nT ankem e s sm u seum [ 3 ] . S ou rce s : 1 .O S c a rd HY 6 3 NW 2 : 2 . RCAHMS 1 946 , 2 ,n o . 1 60 , 4 1 : 3 .L amb 1 980 , 1 6 . HY63 5 ELSNESS ( 'Sma l l B rough ' o r' E i sN e s s ' ) HY /672390 P o s s ib le b roch i nL ady o n S anday I . T he s i te i sl i s ted b y P e t r ie [ 2 ] b u t n o f u r the r i n f orma t ion w a s d i scove r ed i n 1 928 [ 3 ] . Af l i n t a r rowhead a nd ap o l i sh ing p ebb le i nt h e H un te r ian Mu seum m ay b e f r om t h i s s i t e ( Cu r s i te r c o l ln . : B . 19 14 .768 & 7 69 ) . S ou rce s : 1 .O S c a rd HY 6 3 NE 7 : 2 . P e t r ie 1 890 , 9 4 : 3 . RCAHMS 1 946 , 2 ,n o . 4 79 , 1 73 : 4 .L amb 1 980 , 1 6 .

S anday S quare HY63 HY63 1 BACKASKA ILL HY64 1739 19 P robab le b roch i n C ro s s & B ume s s o n S anday I . , s i tua ted o n ar o cky o u tc rop c l o se t ot h e s ho re ( I l l . 5 . 129 ) . P a r t o ft h e o u te r w a l l f a ce w a s s e en b y P e t r ie w ho n o ted t h a t i th ad ac on s ide rab le b a t te r [ 3 ] . Ad ra in a ppa r en t ly l e d d own f r om t h e b u i ld ing o nt h e o u tc rop i n to ac o rbe l led c hambe r a ti t s b a se , n ow d e s t royed . T he s i te i sd ef ended b y af l a t -bo t tomed d i t ch a nd i nt h e l a te 1 970s as e a -e roded l o ng s e c t ion i n t h e c l if f f a ce s howed w a l ls a nd f l oo r s c omp r i s ing ad epo s i tu pt o 3m t h ick [ 3 ] . S ou rce s : 1 .O Sc a rd HY 6 3 NW 1 :2 .P roc O rk A n t iq S oc 1 , 5 2 : 3 . RCAHMS 1 946 , 2 ,n o . 1 59 , 4 0 &f i g . 8 7 : 3 . L amb 1 980 , 1 5 . 2 52

HY63 6 HO W FAR M HY /660392 P o s s ib le b ro ch i n S anday . A b u i ld ing o f d ry s t one m a son ry w a s f o und h e re i n1 887 a nd e xp lora t ion s r e vea led c e l l s o r c hambe r s i nt h e w a l l . T he re i sn o r e a l s t ru c tu ra l e v idence t h a t t h i s i s ab roch [ 2 ] a nd , t h ough h e s aw s ome m a son ry , av i s i to r i n 1 970 d i d n o t t h ink i tt y p ica l o ft h e se s i t e s [ 1 ] . F ind s : t h e o r ig ina l e xp lo ra t ion s p roduced d ef in i te I r on A ge f i nd s w h ich w e r e g i ven t ot h e Na t iona l Mu seum s i n 1 937 b y Wa l te r GG ran t [ 3 ] a nd w h ich e a s i ly b e f r om ab roch . T he se i n c lud ed 5 l o ng -hand led a n t le r c omb s , a n a n t le r p l a te w i th 5 h o le s i ni t , af emu r -head w ho r l o r b u t ton , a

S ec t ion 5 : O rkney

b one p i n h ead ' o f f l a t tened s phe ro id s hape , w i th a p e rf o ra t ion b e low . . f o rmed f r om ah o r se 's t oo th , as t one w ho r l , 3p o t she rd s , a nd ab one r i ng o rt ogg le . T he re w a s a l so ac omp le te s i lve r s p i ra l f i nge r r ing ( GA 174 ) w h ich , w i th t h e ' t ogg le ' w a s f ound i n a n a umb rey i n t h e w a l l . T he r i ng i sa n a lmo s t p l a in p i ece o fw i re o r f l a t tened r od w i th a lmo s t t h ree c omp le te t u rn s ; o n t h e c en t ra l s e c t ion t h e re a r em any g roup so ft h ree t i ny n i ck so nt h ee dge o ft h e r od . T he t wo o the rs i lve rs p i ra lr i ng s k nown f r om A t lan t ic S co t land b o th a r eo rnamen ted a nd b o th c ome f r om b roch s-f r om C l ickh im in ( whee lhou se p e r iod ) [ 5 , f i g . 6 1 n o . 3 ] a nd f r om D un Mo rV au l [ 4 , f i g . 1 7 ,n o . 3 27 ] . S ource s : O S c a rd HY 6 3 NE 9 : 2 . RCAHMS 1 946 , 2 , n o . 1 58 : 3 .P roc S oc A n t iq S co t 7 2 ( 1937 -38 ) , 9( f ind s ) : 4 . MacK ie 1 974 : 5 .H am i l ton 1 968 . HY63 7 THE KNO WES HY /635390 P o s s ib le b roch i nS anday : n of u r the ri n f o rma t ion . S tronsay HY63 8 GREEN H ILL 1 HY /63223008 P os s ib le b roch o n S t ron say , c on s i s t ing o fa ne x ten s ive b u t s hape le s s m ound o fs t one s a tt h e e dge o ft h e a i rf ie ld a nd c l o se t ot h e s ho re . Q ua r ry h o le sh ave e xpo sed s ome e a r th f a s t s l ab s . I n 1 996 at o pog raph ic s u rvey r e co rded ab ank s u r round ing t h e p re sumed b roch w i th a n e n t rance i n i t ; h ea r ths a nd f r agmen t s o fw a l l ing n ea rby p robab ly r e la te t o o u tbu i ld ing s [ 4 ] . F u r the r e r o s ion h a s r emoved s ome o f t h ese r ema in s . S ou rce s : I .O S c a rd HY 6 3 NW 1 :2 . RCAH MS 1 946 , 2 , n o . 9 48 , 3 28 : 3 . L amb 1 984 , 2 4 : 4 . D i scove ry & E xca va t ion 1 996 , 8 0 .

S anday S quare HY64 HY64 1 COLL I NESS HY /68542 1 S i te o f ap o s s ib le b roch i nL ady o n S anday , d e s t royed b y m i l i ta ry u se s hor t ly b ef o re 1 928 [ 1 ] . T he re w a s al a rge a r t if ic ia l m ound o n t h e s po t f r om w h ich a n i r on s pea rhead w a s o b ta ined a nd w he r et h e re w a sa l so ac hape l ,a ppa ren t ly o nt op o fa no l de rb u i ld ing . S ource s : 1 .O S c a rd HY 6 4 S E2 1 : 2 . RCAH MS 1 946 , 2 , 1 72 , n o .4 73 . HY64 2 I CEGARTH ( ' Icega r th C a s t le ' , ` I c iega r th ' , ' E s s iga r th ' ) HY /6714 16 P o s s ib le b roch i n C ro s s & B u rne s s o n S anday I . , a cco rd ing t o P e t r ie [ 2 ] . T he r e i sn o t r a ce o f as t ruc tu r e n ow . T ra ce so fa n a nc ien tb u i ld ing w e r e e xpo sed i n1 867 a nd s ome s t one i mp lemen t s r e cov e red [ 1 , 2 ] . A s t h e

2 53

f o l low ing l i s to ff i nd s s how st h i s i sa lmo s tc e r ta in ly a nI r on A ge s i te . F ind s : i n t h e H un te r ian Mu seum t h e re a r e an umbe r o f o b jec t s f r om I c iega r th ( i n t h e C u r s i te r c o l lec t ion ) s ome o f w h ich a r e s pec if ica l ly l a be l led a sc om ing f r om t h e ` m idden o fI c iega r th b roch ' . T hey i n c lude af r agmen t o f as i ng le s i ded c ompo s i te b one c omb , 5b oa r 's t u sk s , 3p i ece s o f w o rked b one , p o s s ib ly h and le s , ap o s s ib le w ha lebone m a t tock , ac y l ind r ica l , t a pe r ing b one h and le w i th a h o le t h rough t h e w ide r e nd , 3w ho r l s o r b u t ton s m ade f r om h uman f emu rh ead s , a no the rt u bu la rb one h and le , c a rved t o ah exagona l s e c t ion , ab one g ouge o r c h i se l , aw ha le v e r teb ra b ow l o r l amp , af l a t b a se s he rd o fc oa r se r ed -buf f w a re w i th a g r ey c o re , a nd 6 s t one w ho r l s ( B .1914 .787 8 00 ) . S ou rce s : I .O S c a rd HY 6 4 S E 1 6 : 2 . P e t r ie 1 890 , 9 4 : 3 . RCAH MS 1 946 ,2 ,4 4 , n o . 1 85 : L amb 1 980 , 1 6 . HY64 3 MARYGARTH MANSE HY /6544 12 P o s s ib le b roch i nC ro s s a nd B u rne s s o n S anday . D u r ing t h e r ebu i ld ing o f t h e m an se a t a bou t 1 886 , t r ace s o f a n a nc ien t c i r cu la r b u i ld ing w e r e u ncove red , i n c lud ing s t one s o fc on s ide rab le s i ze . T he re w a s a l so m idden m a te r ia l a nd p a r t o f ar o ta ry q ue rn s tone . T he re i sn o t r ace o fa ny th ing n ow [ 1 ] . F ind s : i nt h e H un te r ian Mu seum ( Cu r s i te rc o l ln . )a r et h ree f i nd s f r om Ma ryga r th ( a l l B .1914 . ) , n ame ly t h e b a se o fa p o t o f I r on A ge t y pe w i th i n te rna l d eco ra t ion o f f ou r c i rcu la r i mp re s s ion s ( 8 50 ) , ab oa r 's t u sk ( 849 ) a nd as ma l l w he t s tone ( 848 ) . S ou rce s : 1 .O S c a rd HY 6 4 S E2 2 : 2 .L amb 1 980 , 1 6 . HY64 4 S CAR ( `Runna C lef t ' ) HY /666454 S i te o f p o s s ib le b roch i nC ro s s a nd B u rne s s o n S anday , n ow o n ly as l igh t r i se i n af i e ld . Many c a r t load s o fs t one a r e s a id t oh ave b een t a ken f r om t h e s i t e , w h ich h a s n ow b een e n t i r e ly r emoved . S ou rce s : 1OS c a rd HY 6 4 NE 3 : 2 . P e t r ie 1 890 , 9 4 : 3 . RCAH MS 1 946 ,2 , 4 4 , n o . 1 82 . HY64 5 WESTBROUGH HY /663424 P o s s ib le b roch i nC ro s s a nd B ur n e s s o n S anday , n ow a l a rge f e a tu re le s s mound a tt h e f a rm . O ne s i de w a s b roken i n to i n 1 928 , e xpo s ing am idden d epo s i t . No t r a ce s o fa b u i ld ing h ave b een d e sc r ibed . F ind s : f r om ` He rm ie sga r th ' c l o se b y c ome ap o l i shed a nd w o rn b one d i e , as t one ' p e s t le ' a nd ap robab le m a t tock o f s t one w h ich ( j udg ing f r om t h e d i e ) c ou ld c ome f r om t h i s s i te . T hey a r e i nt h e C u r s i te r c o l lec t ion i nt h e H un te r ian Mu seum ( B .1914 .770 -772 ) S ou rce s : O S c a rd HY 6 4 S E 1 4 : 2 . RCAHMS 1 946 , 2 , 4 4 ,n o . 1 83 .

T he R oundhou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

S anday S quare HY73 HY73 1 HANGIE HEAD HY /712380 P o s s ib le b roch i nL ady p a r i sh o n S anday c on s i s t ing o fa l ow mound e r oded b y t h e s e a . P rev iou s ly r e ga rded a s n a tu ra l , t h e mound n ow a ppea r st oc on ta in s t onewo rk [ 3 ] . S ou rce s : 1 .O S c a rd HY 7 3 NW 3 : 2 . RCAHMS 1 946 , 2 , 1 68 , n o .4 46 : 3 .L amb 1 980 , 2 4 , n o . 1 56 . HY73 2 WASSO ( `Wa s show ' , ` Wa s sa ') HY /70923794 P robab le b roch i nL ady p a r i sh o nS anday , s t and ing o nt h e l o ng p romon to ry o f T re sne s s ( I l l . 5 . 140 ) . N ow a g ra s s g rown mound a bou t 4 . 58 m ( 15 f t . ) h igh i tw a s J ame s F a r re r [ 2 ] , n o t S i r HD ryden [ 4 ] , w ho e xp lo red t h e mound i n 1 868 ; D ryden 's s ke tch p l an , m ade f r om P e t r ie s ' n o te s , s u rv ive s a st h e o n ly r e co rd [ 2 , f i g . 2 56 ] . T h i s s how s t h e n or th -ea s t q ua r te r o f t h e i n ne r f a ce o f w ha t l o ok s l i ke a b roch , w i th a n umbe r o f s t one s l ab s s e t u p r igh t i n t h e e nc lo sed f l oo rc l o se t oi t ; s ome o ft h e se a r e s hown w i th a h e igh t o f4 . 12 m ( 1 3 f t . 6i n . ) . T he i n f o rma t ion a bou tt h e s i ze o ft h e s t ruc tu re sd oe sn o ts e em r e l iab le [ 4 ] . O ne p o in ted b one i mp lemen t , as t one w ho r l a nd s ome p o t she rd s f r om t h e s i te a r e i n t h e N a t iona l Mu seum i n E d inbu rgh . S ou rce s : 1 .O S c a rd HY 7 3 NW 2 : 2 . P e t r ie 1 890 , 9 4 : 3 . RCAH MS 1 946 , 2 , 1 66 , n o . 4 38 & f i g . 2 56 : 4 .H edges e t a l . 1 987 , 18 19 : L amb 1 980 , 1 6 .

S quare HY74 HY74 1 BRACE GARTH HY /749465 P o s s ib le b roch i nL ady p a r i sh o n S anday , at u rf -cove r ed s ma l l mound l y ing c l o se t ot h e s ho re . ; i tm ay b e ad une [ 1 ] . S ou rce s : 1 .O S c a rd HY 7 4 NW 1 : 2 . RCAHMS 1 946 , 2 , 1 68 ,n o .4 44 . HY74 2 NE WARK HY /722422 T h is b roch , i n L ady p a r i sh o n S anday a nd a bou t h a lf a m i le f r om t h e s e a , w a sd esc r ibed b yD r . Wood f r om w hom t h e o n ly e x tan t i n f o rma t ion c ome s [ 2 ] ; a n a l te rna t ive p o s i t ion i s HY717426 [ 1 ,3 ] . " A t N ewa rk . t h e re w e r e l a te ly d i scove red u nde r l a nd , w h ich h ad b een c u l t iva ted f o r g ene ra t ion s , t h e r u in s o fa l a rge c i r cu la r b u i ld ing . I tw a s b u i l t o f l a rge f l a t s t one s , a dm i rab ly f i t ted t oge the r , b u tw i thou tc emen to fa ny k i nd . T he w a l l c u rved s l igh t ly i nwa rd s , f r om t h e f ounda t ion t o t h e h e igh t o f 8o r 9f e e t , a nd t h en o u twa rd , a s i tr o se i n h e igh t , f o r a bou t 4f e e t , w he re i th ad t h e a ppea rance o f h av ing b een t h rown d own . I tw a s a bou t 1 2 f e e t w ide a t t h e b o t tom i n s ide . T he w a l l w a s f u l ly 6f e e t i nt h ickne s s , a nd , i ns ome p a r t s , ad oub le w a l l w a sp e r cep t ib le , w i th a n i n te rmed ia te s pace o fa bou t 3f e e t . T h i s d oub le w a l l w en t a l l r ound ; . . . . T he re w a s n o a ppea rance o f d oo r n o r 2 54

w indow , u n le s s i nt h e s ou th a nd e a s t s i de s , w he r e t wo s ma l l o pen ing c ommun ica ted w i th t h e s pa ce b e tween t h e w a l l s . I n o ne o ft h e se o pen ing s w a s f ound a b one p i n ; t h ree i n che s l o ng , s moo th ly p o l i shed ; i nt h eo the ro pen ing , p a r t o f av e ry c oa r se ly f o rmed c omb , m ade o ft h e b one o f aw ha le ." T he i n te r io rw a s d e sc r ibed a sb e ing f i l led w i th ad eep l a ye r o f r ed a she s , f u l l o f a n ima l b one s a nd s he l l s . T he d e sc r ip t ion r a the r c l ea r ly r e f e r s t o a n u ppe r i n t ra -mu ra l g a l le ry o n t h e 3 . 66 m ( 12 f t . ) h igh w a l l h ead , a nd a l so t o r a i sed v o id sb e tween t h i s a nd t h e i n te r io r . F ind s : ah uman c r an ium a nd r i gh t h ume ru s f r om N ewa rk a r e i nt h e H un te r ian Mu seum , C u r s i te r c o l ln . : B .19 14 .805 &B .1922 .9 ) S ou rce s : 1 .O S c a rd HY 7 4 SW! : 2 . Wood NS A cc t , 1 38 -9 : 3 . RCAHMS 1 946 , 2 , n o . 4 39 , 1 67 : 3 .L amb 1 980 , 1 6 . HY74 3 P ETERK IRK HY /714436 P o s s ib le b roch i nL ady p a r i sh o n S anday . T he c hape l i s r e pu ted t oh av eb een b u i l t o n ap reh i s to r ic s i te a nd m idden m a te r ia l h a s b een e xpo sed a l ong t h e b ea ch n ea rby . T he r e i sa l so ad ry s t one w e l l c l o se b y , w i th as t a i rl e ad ing i n to i t , w h ich w a sc l ea r ed o u ti nt h e l a te 1 960 's [ 1 ] . F ind s : i nt h e C u r s i te r c o l lec t ion i nt h e H un te r ian Mu seum a r e s eve ra l f i nd s f r om ' P e te r K i rk ' w h ich s hou ld b e f r om t h i s b roch ( a l l B . 19 14 . ) . T hey i n c lude ab one d i e ( w i th s po t s o f s imp le d o t s i n s tead o f d o t -and -c i r c le m o t if s 8 07 /2 ) , ap o s s ib le u nf in i shed a nd p l a in l a rge b one d i e ( 807 / 1) a nd ab one d oub le s ided c ompo s i te c omb ( 806 ) . S ou rce s : 1 .O S c a rd HY 7 4 SW 7 : 2 . RCAH MS 1 946 , 2 , 1 7 1 , n o .4 60 : 3 .L amb 1 980 ,n o . 1 81 . HY74 4 PO INT OF BURYAN ( ` Bu r r ian , L opne s s ' , ` Bu ryan ' ) HY /77244340 P robab le b roch i nL ady p a r i sh o n S anday , s t and ing o n a p romon to ry a nd c l o se t ot h er o cky s ho r e . I tw a s a ppa r en t ly e xp lo red i n1 880 b y JW C u r s i te r a nd M r B a rne t tb u t e ven t h en mo s to ft h eb u i ld ing h ad b een w a shed a way b yt h es e a [ 4 ] . S ome f o unda t ion s r ema in o n t h e n or th s i de w h ich s ugge s t t h a tt h e o ve ra l l d i ame te rw a s 1 5 .3 -1 8 .3 m ( 50 -60 f t . ) a nd t h a tt h e w a l l w a s 3 . 97 m ( 13 f t . )t h ick ; t h e c u rved i n ne r f a ce o ft h e d ry s t one w a l l r ema in s t o ah e igh t o f9 1 c m( 3f t . )a to ne p o in t . S ou rce s : 1 .O S c a rd HY 7 4 S E 2 :2 .R CAH MS 1 946 , 2 , 1 66 , n o . 4 37 . 3 .H edge s e ta l . 1 987 , 18 : 4 .C u r s i t e r 1 923 , 5 2 : L amb 1 980 , 1 5 . HY74 5 TOFTS NESS ( ` Tof t sne s s ' , ' Taf t 's N e s s ' ) HY /757464 E ar ly I r on A ge r oundhouse i n L ady p a r i sh o n S anday . T he s i te w a s e xcava ted i na dvance o f l a nd i mp rovemen t f r om 1 985 t o 1 988 a nd w o rk w a s f o cu s sed o n t h e r oundhou se a nd o n s y s tema t ica l ly e xam in ing t h e s u r round ing p r eh i s to r ic s o i l s . I n te r im a c coun t s o ft h e l a t te r h ave b een p ub l i shed a nd s ome s i gn if i can t i n f e rence s m ade [ 2 , 3 ] . F ragmen t s o f a no the r , e a r l ie r r oundhou se w e re f ound .

S ec t ion 5 : O rkney

T he r e a r e av a r ie ty o fo the r a nc ien t s t ruc tu re s i nt h i s a r ea , i n c lud ing " ea r th -hou se s" [ 5 ] a nd g rave s . I n 1 885 J .W .Cu r s i te r s howed s ome f i nd s o fI r on A ge t y pe " f rom a b roch o n T of t snes s , S anday" a tt h e S oc ie ty o fA n t iqua r ie s o f S co t land [ 4 ] . T hey i n c luded s e ve ra l a w l s ( " bo r e r s" ) , p re sumab ly o fb one , a nd s ome g rooved p um ice s ha rpene r s . A r ough s t one w ho r l i si nh i s c o l lec t ion a tt h e H un te r ian Mu seum ( B .1914 .810 ) . I tm ay b e t h a t t h e se f i nd s c ame f r om t h er e cen t ly d i scove r ed r oundhou se. S ou rce s : 1 . OS c a rd HY74 NE 1 : 2 . D i scove ry a nd E xca va t ion i nS co t land 1 985 , 3 2 : 1 986 , 2 20 -3 : 1 987 , 3 6 : 1 988 , 2 9 : 3 . Dock r i l l2 002 , 1 56 -58 a nd r e f s . . 4 .P roc S oc A n t iq S co t 1 9 ( 1884 1985 ) , 1 39 : 5 . RCAHMS 1 946 , 2 , 1 72 -3 , n o .4 74 . HY74 6 CHAPEL OF ANSTON HY /7 17426 P o s s ib le b roch i nS anday : n of u r th e ri n f o rma t ion .

Nor th Rona ld say S quare HY75 HY75 1 BURR IAN 5 HY /76275138 ( v i s i ted 1 7 /7 / 1985 ) Ap robab le s o l id -ba sed b roch o nN o r th R ona ld say ( C ro s s a nd B u rne s s p a r ish ) w h ich s t and s n ex t t ot h e r o cky s ho re ( I l ls . 5 . 132 140 ) . T he n ame e v iden t ly c ome s f r om t h e No r se B o rg in , " t he f o r t r e s s" . I tw a s t h o rough ly e xcava ted ( by d i gg ing d own i n to t h et o po ft he mound )b yD r . W i l l iam T ra i l l ,p rop r ie to r o ft h e i s land , i n 1 870 a nd 1 87 1 a f t e r t h e s e a h ad e xpo sed p a r t o f ac i r cu la r w a l l i nt h e l a rge , t u rf -cove r ed m ound . T he w a l l f o o t ing i ss t i l l v i s ib le a bove t h e b ea ch a nd h a s s u s ta ined l i t t le d amage s i nce . T he s i t e w a s l ef t o pen b u t , s i nce t h e r e i sh a rd ly a ny r ubb le i n s ide i tn ow ( i n s ha rp c on t ra s t , f o r e xamp le , w i th B u r ray E a s t — ND49 1 ) , t h e w a l lh ead sw e re e v iden t ly p a r t ly r e -bu i l ta nd t u rf ed o ve r . T he o u te r d ef ence s c on s i s t o f t h e r ema in s o f f ou r c oncen t r ic r ampa r t s o n t h e l a ndwa rd s i de , t h e s e cond i nne rmo s t n ow b e ing v e ry s ho r t . S ome e a r l ie r w o rk w a s e v iden t ly d one b u t t h e o n ly e v idence f o r t h i s c on s i s t s o fa f ew a r tef a c t s f r om t h e s i te w h ich w e re i n t h e O rkney Mu seum w hen i tw a ss o ld o f fi n1 862 [ 7 , 1 06 ] . T he s i te i sp a r t icu la r ly i mpo r tan t b ecau se i tw a s t h e f i r s t b roch i nw h ich c l ea r p r ima ry a nd s e conda ry o ccupa t ion s w e re o b se rved a nd d e sc r ibed , a nd i n w h ich f i nd s w e r e s pec if ica l ly a l loca ted t o t h e se p ha se s . T hu s t h e f undamen ta l d i s t inc t ion b e tween t h e m idd le a nd l a te s t age s o f t h e A t lan t ic I r on A ge ma ter ia l c u l tu ra l s equence w a s f i r s t r e cogn i sed w i th t h e a i do fi n f o rma t ion f r om B u r r ian 5 [ 9] . 1 . D e scr ip t ion S ince n o d oo r w a s a ppa ren t . D r . T ra i l l 's m e thod o f e xcava t ion w a s t o d i g d ownwa rd s i n to t h e c en t r e o f t h e mound a nd i nt h is w ay t wo s epa ra te o ccupa t ion l e ve l sw e r e f ound i n s ide t h e b roch . T he b o t tom l e ve l w a s ap aved 2 55

f l oo r -p r e sumab ly t h e o r ig ina l o ne - w i th " va r iou s r ude i mp lemen t s" o n i ta nd c ove red b y 3 0 -60 c m ( 1 -2 f t . ) o f r ubb i sh . T he s e cond w a s a n u ppe r l a ye r o fp av ing o n t op o ft h i s r ubb i sh , c ove r ing o n ly p a r t o ft h e i n te r io r , a nd w i th p a r t i t ion w a l l s , m ade o f s t one s l ab s o n e dge , r e s t ing o n t h i s . F rom ad i s tance t h e s i t e s t i l l h a s t h e a ppea rance o f ag r een mound , b e ing s i tua ted a tt h e e dge o f af i e ld a nd j u s ta bove t h e s ho re ( I l l . 5 . 136 ) . T he g ra s sy f l oo r o f t h e c l ea r ed i n te r io r i ss t i l l a lmo s t c omp le te ly f r ee o fd eb r i s . B ecau se t h e s ou th p a r t o ft h e w a l l i so cca s iona l ly r e a ched b y h igh t i de s , s ome o ft h e u nde r ly ing s o i l h a s b een w a shed a way , a nd i tc an b e s e en t h a t t h e o u te r f a ce o ft h e b roch i sb u i l t o n t op o f as l igh t ly p ro jec t ing p l in th o fh eavy s t one s l ab s l a id f l a t ( I l l . 5 . 137 ) ; t h e se i nt u rn r e s t o n at h in s ub so i l o f r edd i sh e a r th c l o se t ot h er o ck . When e xcava ted t h e w a l l w a s s t and ing a bou t 3 . 66 m ( 12 f t . ) h igh a nd t h e re w e r e n o i n t ra -mu ra l f e a tu re s a ppa ren t i n i te xcep tf o r ac e l l a t 3o ' c lock . No g ua rd c e l lw a s f ound i n t h e e n t rance p a s sage w h ich w a s 4 . 58 m ( 1 5 f t . ) l o ng , 0 . 99 m( 3f t . 3i n . ) w ide a tt h e o u te re nd a nd 1 . 42 m ( 4f t . 8i n . ) a tt h e i n ne r e nd . R ece s sed c heck s f o r ad oo r , f a ced w i th s l ab s o n e dge , w e r e a bou t2 . 44 m ( 8f t . ) f r om t h e o u te re nd ( mea su red f r om t h e p l an [ 4 , p l . x l v ] ) . T he o u te r e nd o f t h i s p a s sage i s n ow i mmed ia te ly a bove t h e b each a nd b l ocked b y moder nm a son ry . As l ab o fm a son ry h a sb een a dded a ga in s t t h e p a s sage w a l l b eh ind t h e l ef t c heck , m ak ing t h e l ef ts i de i n to ac on t inuou s s t ra igh t f a ce ; t h i s i s s hown o n D ryden 's p l an ( I l l . 5 . 140 ) b u t n o t i nt h e o t he r s . T h i s w a l l c on t inue s i n to t h e i n te r io r f o r as ho r t d i s tance , w he re i tr e s t s a ga in s tt h e f i r s t o ft h e t wo r ad ia l s l ab s w h ich c on t inue t h e l ef t s i de i n to t h e i n te r io r . Two s im i la r s l ab s f o rm a ne x ten s ion o ft h er i gh ts i de . Ad eep w e l l o rc e l la r w a s f o und i nt h e l owe r f l oo r . I tw a s c ove r ed w i th f l ag s tone s w hen d i scove r ed , w a s a bou t 1 . 8 m ( 6 f t . ) d eep w i th r o ck -cu t s t ep s d own i n to i tb u t c on ta ined n o w a te r . T he o pen ing t ot h i s u nde rg round c hambe r w a s o ve r run b y am a s s ive s e conda ry w a l l , p r e sumab ly o nt o po f t h e u ppe r p av ing , s o t h e l a te r o ccupan t s s e em e i the r t o h ave b een u nawa re o fi t se x i s tence o rn o tt oh ave n eeded i t . A no the r s e conda ry w a l l , s t i l l v i s ib le , r un s a l ong a nd a ga in s t t h e b roch w a l l f r om a bou t 2 -5 o ' c lock [ 5 , f i g . 8 9 ] a nd c oncea l st h e e n t rance t ot h e mu ra l c e l l . T h i s c e l lh ad a c o rbe l led r oof w hen f ound , t hough t h i s c o l lap sed b ef o re t h e e nd o ft h e o pe ra t ion . I ti sp robab le t h a t t h e re w a s a v o id a bove t h ed oo rt ot h i sc e l l [ 6 , 6 5 ] . I ti sd if i cu l tn ow t ob e s u r ea bou tw h ich s t ruc tu ra l f e a tu re s b e longed t ot h e u ppe r a nd w h ich t ot h e l owe r f l oo r l e ve l s . H edge s ' r e cen t d i scu s s ion r e v iew s t h e e v idence f r om t h e v a r iou s p ub l i shed p l an s a nd m anu sc r ip t s ke tche s a nd c onc lude s t h a tt h e r ad ia l s t one s l ab s w e re p robab ly s e t i n to t h e l owe r f l oo rw h i le t h eb u i l tw a l l s r e s ted o nt h e u ppe r [ 7 , 1 07 ] ; h oweve r n o s p ec if i c e v idence i s c i ted f o r t h i s i n te rp r e ta t ion o f t h e s l ab s ( s ee ' D i scu s s ion ' b e low ) . L ikew i se , a s n o ted a l r eady , t h e d eep w e l l b e long s t ot h e f i r s t o ccupa t ion . Mo reove r t h e r e c tangu la r c i s t , c ove red w i th a s t one s l ab , w a s c l ea r ly d e sc r ibed a s b e ing i nt h e u ppe r f l oo r a nd t h i s c on ta ined r ed a sh a nd a p ebb le e ng raved w i th aP i c t i sh s ymbo l [ I b id . ] .

T he R oundhou se s , B roch s a nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

As c a rcemen tp ro jec t s f r om t h e i n ne rw a l l f a ce , a t ah e igh t o f 9 0 c m ( 3 f t . ) a bove t h e f l oo r a cco rd ing t o t h e C omm i s s ion b u ta bou t 1 . 5 m( 5f t . )a bove t h ep r ima ry f l oo r m ea su r ing f r om D ryden 's s e c t ion [ 4 , p l . XLV ] . A t 1 . 28 m ( 4 f t . 2i n . ) a bove t h i s l e dge t h e w a l l f a ce p ro jec t s f o rwa rd s udden ly f o r 1 0 c m ( 4 i n . ) , i n t h e f o rm o f a n u p s ide d own l e dge s c a r cemen t ; t h e r eaf t e r i tr i se s v e r t ica l ly a ga in ( I l l . 5 . 138 ) . As t one t a nk h a lf f u l l o fr ed a she s w a s s unk i n to t h eu ppe rf l oo r . A n e x te rna l" bu t t r e s s" w a s f ound o nt h en or th —n o r th -we s t c on s is t ing o f m a son ry l a id a ga in s t t h e o u te r f a ce o f t h e b roch . T he C omm i s s ion n o ted t h a tt h i s s t ruc tu r e a ppea red t ob e u n in te l l ig ib le w i thou t e xcava t ion b u to b se rved " some o f t h e s t one s b e ing s e t o n e nd a nd s ome e dgeway s F rom t h ep l an o fT ra i l l a nd D ryden t h i s" bu t t r e s s" s e em st o b e a lmo s ta sh igh a st h eb roch w a l lh ead [ 4 , p l .XLV : 6 ,f i g . 2 ] . T he f l oo r o ft h ep a s sage i nt h e o u tbu i ld ing s w h ich r un s p a s t t h e " bu t t re s s" i so n ly af ew f e e t b e low i ta nd i ss t i l l a bou t 2 . 44 m ( 8f t . ) a bove t h e p r ima ry b roch f l oo r( t hough i ti sn o tc l ea ri ft h i sp a s sage w a sf u l ly e xcava ted ) . O u tbu i ld ing s e x i s t o n t h e l a ndwa rd s i de n ex t t ot h e b roch a nd t h e se w e re p a r t ly e xcava ted b y T ra i l l . B one p i n s a nd c omb s ( p re sumab ly c ompo s i te ) w e r e f ound i nt h em , a nd T ra i l l t hough t t h em c oeva l w i th t h e s e cond o ccupa t ion o f t h eb roch .

2 .D i scus s ion 2 . 1 T he " r eve r se s ca rcemen t" T he o ne r e a l ly u nu sua l s t ruc tu ra l f e a tu re w h ich c an b e s e en a tB u r r ian i st h e " r eve r se s c a r cemen t" a bou t 1 . 30 m a bove t h e s c a r cemen t p rope r , a nd w h ich r un s a l ong t he s e c to r o ppo s i te t h e e n t rance f o r as ho r t d i s tance [ 5 , f i g . 2 7 ] ( 1 1 . 5 . 137 ) . T h is i sn o t m en t ioned i nt h e o r ig ina l r epo r t , a nd Ma cg rego r s ugge s t s t h a t i th ad s ome th ing t o d o w i th t h e i n t er na lt imbe rs t ruc tu re o ft h eb roch [ 6 , 6 5 ] . H oweve rt h e e x t r eme r a r i ty o ft h i s f e a tu re m akes i tm o r e l i ke ly t ha tt h i s i s am ode rn r e con s t ruc t ion c a r r ied o u t b y t h e e xcava to r s . T he f a c t t h a t h a rd ly a ny r ubb le h a s f a l len f r om t h e w a l l i n to t h e i n te r io r -i n s ha rp c on t ra s t f o r e xamp le t o t h e s i tua t ion a tB u r ray E a s t ( ND49 1 )- s t rong ly i mp l ie s t h a t D r T ra i l l ( mo r e c on sc ien t iou s t h an J ame s F ai r e r MP ) h ad t h e n ew ly e xpo sed w a l l h ead s t u rf ed o ve r ; s i nce t h e w a l l h ead i sn ow l e ve l h e m igh t a l so h ave a dd ed f r e sh ma son ry i n p l ace s t o e ven i t of . A n e xac t ly s im i la r " r ev e r se s c a r cemen t" i st ob e s e en a tt h e H owe o fH oxa ( ND49 4 ) , e xp lo r ed mo r et h an t wen ty y ea r s e a r l ie r . T he u ppe rp a r t so f t h e w a l l t h e r e w e r e r ebu i l t a nd p o in ted w i th l ime m o r ta r a nd p a r t o f t h e a dded w a l l f a ce o ve rhang s t he l ow e r c ou r se s i nt h e s ame w ay ( I l l . 5 . 160 ) . 2 . 2 T he i n t ra -mu ra lg a l le ry

F ind s : af a i r ly c omp le te l i s t o ff i nd s i sg i ven b y T ra i l l [ 4 ] w ho d e sc r ibe s v a r iou s o b jec t s a s c om ing f r om t h e l owe r f l oo rl e ve l -t h e" f i r s to ccupa t ion" . T he se i n c lude t h el o ng h and led c omb s ( one o fw h ich w a s f ound o nt h e f l oo ro ft h e mu ra l c e l l , b locked b y t h e s e cond ry w a l l ) , 2 b one h amme rhead s , 3b one a w l s , 2 0 s t one w ho r l s , 2s t one mor ta r s , m any s t one p o t l id s , a nd p i ece s o f 3q ue rn s ( r o ta ry? ) . I ti sn o t c l ea r h ow m any o ft h e se o b jec t s w e r e a c tua l ly s t ra t if ied o n t h e l owe r f l oo r ; w i th t h e e xcep t ion o f t h e l o ng c omb st h e i rp rovenance s a r er a re ly g i ven .

T he e xcava to r s d i d n o t s pec if ica l ly r e po r t a ny s i gn o fa n i n t ra -mu ra l g a l le ry o n t h e w a l l h ead b u t t h i s c ou ld w e l l b e t h e r e su l t o fi n expe r ience ( t he re i sa ppa r en t ly as ugg e s t ion o fo ne o n a n u npub l ished p l an [ 7 , 1 07 ] ) . T he o ne a tB u r ray E a s t , e xp lo red a f ew y ea r s e a r l ie r , w a s o n ly f ound b y a c c iden t a f t e rt h e s t a i r h ad b een c l ea r ed ( ND49 1 ) . N e i the r w a s a n i n t ra -mu ra l s t a i rway d i scove r ed , t h ough t h i s i s h a rde r t o e xp la in s i nce t h e w a l l w a s 3 . 6 m h igh w hen e xpo sed , a nd t h e re i sn o k nown r a i sed s t a i r d oo r i na ny o t he rb roch w i th as i l la sh i gh a st ha t .

R epor ted ly b e long ing t o t h e s e cond o ccupa t ion w e re , a mong o t he r t h ing s , s i ng le a nd d oub le -edged c ompo s i te b one c omb s , 3b one d i ce , 2 6 b one p i n s w i th o rnamen ta l h ead s , as t one w i th a n8 t h c en tu ry O gham i n sc r ip t ion , ( n ea r t h e s u rf ace ) , a nd a no xp ha lange w i th i n c i sed " m i r ro rc a se" s ymbo l o ft h eP i c t i sh a r t i s t ic t r ad i t ion s .

I ti sp o s s ib le t h a tt h e c e l l a t 3o ' c lock - b l ocked o f fb yt h e s e conda ry w a l l -w a s i nf a c t t h e s t a i r -f oo tg ua rd c e l l , a nd t h a t t h e s t a i rway r o se t o t h e r i gh t f r om i ta nd w a s n o t u ncove red . I nt h e a b sence o fa ny p r ec i se k now ledg e o f w ha t t h e e xcava to r d id a nd w ha t h e s aw t h is c e r ta in ly c anno tb e r u led o u t ; i ti se a sy t om i s s s t ru c tu ra l f ea tu r e s i n t h e r u in s o f t h e b roch s o f O rkney a nd C a i thne s s , t h e s a nd s tone m a te r ia l o fw h ich w ea the r s t os o i l a nd b ecome s t u rf ed o ve r . F o re xamp le o ne l o ng a go e x cava ted b ro ch i n t h e n o r th m a in land ( NC96 3 )h a s i t s s t a i rway b lock ed o f f w i th aw a l l a ti t sf o o t , w h ich l e aves t h e s t a i rd oo r e n t e r ing w ha tn ow l o ok s l i ke as imp le c e l l .

T he e xcava t ion o ft h e b roch o f B u r r ian i sn o tewo r thy a s t h e f i r s t i nw h ich s ome s o r t o fs t ra t ig raph ica l o b se rva t ion s w e r e m ade a nd i n w h ich a r tef a c t s o f w e l l k nown t y pe s w e re a s s igned t os epa ra te p ha se s ( S teven son 1 955 ) . A c omp le te l i s t o f t h e f i nd s , b a sed o n t h e c o l lec t ion d ona ted b y D rT ra i l lt ot h eN a t iona l Mu seum [ 2 ] , h a s b een c omp i led b y Macg r ego r [ 6 ] , w ho p rov ide s t h e f i r s t s y s tema t ic a na ly s is o fw ha t i sk nown a bou t t h e i r c on tex t s , r i gh t ly p o in t ing o u tt h a t an umbe ro fa s sump t ion s a bou tt h e m a te r ia l c u l tu re o ft h e t wo s epa ra te o ccupa t ion s h ave b een m ade i nt h e p a s t . H oweve r h e o m i t s t o m en t ion t h a t a s im i la r s t ra t ig raph ica l s e pa ra t ion o f w ha t w e w ou ld n ow c a l l m idd le a nd l a te I r on A ge m a te r ia l w a s o b se rved i nt h e O u te rH eb r ide s i nt h e 1 950 s( NF74 3 )[ 8 ] .

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O n t h e o t he rh and i ti sn o t i mpo s s ib le t h a tB uf f ian 1w a s a r e la t ive ly l ow -wa l led d un , w i thou t a n i n t ra -mu ra l s t a i r , l i ke o t he r sw h ich h ave b een i d en t if ied ; y e t ac l a s s ic e xamp le o f s u ch ' i m i ta t ion s b roch s ' i sa tH owe a nd t h e re i sa n i n t ra m u ra l s t a i r t h e re ( HY21 6 ) . U nf o r tuna te ly w i thou t f u r the r e xcava t ion w e c anno t k now f o r s u re . T ha t t h e r u in s w e r e s t i l l i mp re s s ive , a nd n o t j u s t amound , i nt h e 9 th c en tu ry w hen t h e N o r semen a r r ived i ss ugge s ted b y t h e ir m ode rn n ame , a n a ng l ic i sed v e r s ion o f t h e N o r se b orgi n , " t he f o r t re s s" .

S ec t ion 5 : O rkney

2 . 3 S t ra t ig raphy

2 . 4F ind s [ 6 : 7 ,1 08 : 9 ]( I l l s . 5 . 134 & 5 . 135 )

C once rn ing t h e s t ra t ig raphy o ft h e i n te r io r , t h ed e sc r ip t ion d oe s n o t m ake i tc l ea r w he the rt h e " r ubb i sh" o n t h e l owe r f l oo r i so ccupa t ion d eb r is o rm a te r ia l f a l len f r om t h eb roch w a l l s : i fi tw a st he l a t te ri tw ou ld i mp ly t h a tt h et owe r ( i fi t w a s s uch ) w a s f a l l ing i n to r u in b ef o re t h e s e cond o ccupa t ion t ook p la ce . T ra i l l " came u pon v e ry d i s t inc t e v idence o f a t l e a s t t wo s epa ra te o ccupa t ion s o f t h e b u i ld ing s w i th a ppa ren t ly a l o ng i n te rva l o ft ime b e tween t h em" [ 4 , 3 41] a nd t h i s w o rd ing s ugge s t s t h a t d eb r i s f r om t h e d i lap ida t ion o f t h e b roch h ad a ccumu la t ed i n s ide i t b ef o re t h e s e cond f l oo r w a s l a id . T he c on s t ruc t ion o ft h e e x te rna l " bu t t res s ing " a ppea r s t o h ave b een c a sua l i n n a tu re [ 5 ] , s ugge s t ing t h a t i tw a s i nf a c t d eb r i s f r om t h e d emo l i t ion o ft he u ppe r w a l l s o f at owe r w h ich h ad b een s t acked a ga in s ti t sb a se i nt h i sm anne r .

T he m a jo r i ty o ft h e f i nd s a r en o ta t t r ibu tab le t o ap a r t icu la r p ha se o f o ccupa t ion . H edge s ' s y s t em ( ba sed o n Ma cG rego r 's a na ly s i s — [ 6 ] ) i s f o l lowed h e re w he reby t h o se w h ich c an b e a l loca ted t o t h e f i r s t o ccupa t ion a r e l a be l led ' B ' a nd t h o se t ot h e s e cond a r e l a be l led ` PB ' . I t i s i mpor tan t t o n o te t h a t t h e l a be l TB ' d oe s n o t n ece s sa r i ly m ean t h a t t h e t y pe o f a r tef a c t c oncer ned i s f ound o n ly i nl a te I r on A ge c on tex t s ; s ome e xamp le s o f t h e l a t te r , w h ich h ave b een f ound i ns t ra ta o ft h e p r eced ing p e r iod a r e i n d ica ted w i th a na s ter isk [ 8 , f i g . 6 ] .

T h i s p henomenon h a sb een n o ted a tJ a r l shof a nd a ts eve ra l s i tes i nO rkney (M idhowe a nd G ur n e s s ) , a nd s ugge s t s t h a t t h e s t a r t o ft h e s econda ry o ccupa t ion w a s o f t en m a rked b y t h e s ub s tan t ia ld emo l i t ion o f at owe r l ike s t ruc tu re . T he r ad ia l s l abs w h ich w e r e s t i l l s t and ing w hen t h e i n te r io r w a s c l ea r ed w ou ld b ee xp la ined b e s ta sf e a tu re ss e ti n to t h e s e cond f l oo r( pe rhap sa f t e ra n i n te rva lo fa bandonmen ta nd d i lap ida t ion , wh ich l e d t o t h e d emo l i t ion ) , a nd w h ich d i v ided t h e o u te r p a r t o f t h e c en t ra l c ou r t i n to c ompa r tmen t s ( I l l . 5 . 140 ) . T hey s hou ld b e a pp rox ima te ly a na logou s t ot h e w hee lhou se s w i th b u i l t r ad ia l p i e r s w h ich w e re e r ec ted i n s ide s ome S he t land b roch s ( e .g . HU4 1 2 ) . T he m a in r e a son f o rm yt h ink ing t h i s i st h ea s sump t ion t h a t t h e p r ima ry f l oo r o f m o s t i fn o t a l b roch s s uppo r ted a w ooden r oundhou se w i th a r a i sed f l oo r r e s t ing o n t h e s c a rcemen t , a nd t h a t t h e d emo l i t ion o f t h is w ooden s t ruc tu re o f t en ma rked t h e b eg inn ing o f as e conda ry p ha se o f o ccupa t ion , t hough s t i l l w i th in t h e m idd le I r on A ge p e r iod . T he p robab i l i ty o ft h i s h appen ing i nt h e G u rne s s a nd M idhowe b roch sh a s b een d i scu s sed i nd e ta i l ( MacK ie 1 995a ) . H oweve r t h i s s econda ry o ccupa t ion w en t o n f o r al o ng t ime . T he r e w e re c l ea r P i c t i sh e l emen t s a mong t h e f i nd s , w h ich s hou ld b e long t o ap e r iod s e ve ra lc en tu r ie s l a te r , a nd t h e l a te I r on A ge a r tef ac t s l i ke t h eb one p i n sa nd c ompo s i te c omb s b e long t o as im i la r p e r iod - f r om a bou t t h e 7 t h t o t h e 9 th c en tu r ies AD , t h a ti su n t i lt h eN o r se o ccupa t ion o f t h e O rkney i s land s s t a r ted [ 4 , 1 0 1 f ] . A s n o ted as t one w i th a P i c t i sh s ymbo l w a s i n as t one c he s t s e t i n to t h e u ppe r f l oo r , s o t h is s e conda ry f l oo r w a s e v iden t ly i nu se f o r s eve ra l c en tu r ies ( un le s s t h e r e w a s al o ng p e r iod o f a bandonmen t b e tween t h e f i r s t a nd s e cond o ccupa t ion s ) . F u r the r e xcava t ion s a mong t h e o u tbu i ld ing s m igh t c l a r if y t h i sp o in t . T he E a r ly C h r is t ian i t em s ( t he i r on b e l l a nd t h e c r o s s s lab ) w e re n o t r e la ted t o a ny s pec if ic s t ru c tu r e s , a nd t h e re i sn o o t he r e v idence y e t t h a t t h e re w a s am ona s t ic s e t t lemen t o n t h e s i te . H e re a ga in t h e e xcava t ion o ft h e o u tbu i ld ing s m igh tp rove i n f orma t ive .

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O f t h e s t one f i nd s a t ten t ion s hou ld b e d rawn t o t h e f r agmen t o f t h e p o in ted e nd ( w i th c ha rac te r is t ic w ea r s t r ia t ion s ) o f ab a r shaped a r d s ha re [ 6 , f i g . 1 9 , 2 67 ] . S uch i mp lemen t s a r e u sua l ly a t t r ibu ted t o N eo l i th ic a nd B ronze A ge t ime s a nd , i ft h i s i sn o t a n a nc ien t c u r io c o l lec ted b y t h e i n hab i tan t s o ft h e b roch , i tc l ea r ly i mp l ie s t h a t e ven i n t h e m idd le I r on A ge s ome f i e ld s o n b roch e s ta te s w e re s t i l l b e ing p l oughed w i th a r d s w i th s t one s ha r e s . T h i s i d ea i ss uppo r ted b yt h e e x t r eme r a r i ty o fi r on a r d s ha re s ( known o n ly f r om A C hea rdach B eag w hee lhou se i n S ou th U i s t [ NF74 4 ] a nd L eck ie b roch i n S t i r l ing sh i re [ NS69 3 ] ) a nd b y t h e o cca s iona l c l ea r e v idence t h a t t h e i n hab i tan t s o f s ome b roch s w e r e s t i l l m ak ing u se o f s t one t oo l s , f o r e xamp le a t J a r lsbe rg i n S he t land ( HU30 1 ) . T h i s s uppo r t s t h e v i ew t h a t t h e c ommun i t ie s t h roughou t A t lan t ic S co t land w ho a dop ted b roch s w e re v e ry v a r iab le i n t h e i r t e chno logy a nd t h e i r e conom ic p r ac t ice s . I r on : a n e c c le s ia s t ica l b e l l o fC e l t ic C hu r ch t y pe , k n if e b l ade s ( PB ) , a r row h ead ( PB ) , s pea r o r d a r t h ead ( PB ) , f e r ru le s ( PB ) , h a tche t( PB ) , r i ng s ( PB ) , s h ee t i r on , r i ve t s o r n a i lh ead s , b l ade f r agmen t sa nd i n de te rm ina te f r agmen t s . B ron ze : b ronze p i n s , t wo w i th d eco ra t ive t e rm ina l s ( PB ) , p o s s ib le b rooch f r agmen t s , B one : p e rf o ra ted m oun t s , s ome w i th p eg s : l o ng -hand led c omb s ( B ) ( i nc lud ing s ome r a r e e xamp le s w i th s hor t t e e th w h ich l o ok m uch m o re s u i tab le f o r b ea t ing d own t h e w ef t [ 6 , f i g . 1 3 , n o s . 1 76 -83 ] ) ; 1s i ng le e dged , n on -compo s i te c omb ; s i ng le -edged c ompo s i te c omb s ( PB ) ; d oub le -edged c ompo s i te c omb s ( PB ) ; s ocke ted a n t le r h and le ; s ocke ted c y l ind r ica l h and le s ; b odk in s ( PB ) ; n eed le s *w i th ac i r cu la r s e c t ion a nd ap e rf o ra t ion a to ne e nd ( PB ) : p i n sw i th h a rd ly m od if ied h ead s ( PB ) ; p i n s w i th s qua r ed -of f t e rm ina l s ; p i n s w i th d eco ra t ive h ead s a nd o cca s iona l h i pped s hank s ( PB ) ; g l obu la r p i n h ead s ( t he se a r e f o r i r on p i n s a nd a r e n ow w e l l k nown f r om m idd le I r on A ge c on tex t s { Leck ie b roch } a l though 4 7 y ea r s a go t h ed a t ing e v idence a va i lab le t oS t even son m ade i ts e em t h a t t h ey w e r e mo re t y p ica l o f t h e l a te I r on A ge , t h ough h e d i d m en t ion t wo e a r l ie r o ne s [ 9 , 2 92 -3 & f i g . A , n o . 2 7 ] ) ; ap o in t m ade f r om a n u l na r b one ; t h e e nd o fa n a n t le rt i ne ; as im i la rt i ne , n o t s i ng led o u t b y H edge s , w h ich i sa lmo s t c e r ta in ly a b r id le c heek p i ece [ 6 , f i g . 1 0 , n o . 1 44 ) ; r ubb ing a nd p o l i sh ing i mp lemen t sm ade f r om o v icap r id m e tapod ia l s ; c a lende r ing i mp lemen t s ; q ue rn h and le s ( p r e sumab ly t h e se a r e t wo p i ece s I l t ra ted b y Ma cG rego r , t h ough t h ey a r e r a the r t h in [ 6 , f i g . 9 ,n o s . 1 25 & 1 26 ] ) —s e et h e c ompa rab le e xamp le s

T he R ound hou se s , B roch s a nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

f r om G u rne s s [ 7 , f i g . 2 . 34 ] ; s p ind le w ho r l s , p a ra l le lop iped d i ce ( PB )( t he se a r ea l so n ow k nown f r om m idd le I r on A ge c on tex t s , a s a tD un Mo r V au l ; p l ay ing p i ece s ; p omme l s f o r i r on s wo rd s a nd d agge r s ; o x p ha lange s w i th i n c i sed P i c t i sh s ymbo l s ; as ocke ted o x p ha lanx ; w eav ing t a b le t s ; ' b lubbe r ' m a t tock s ; as uppo sed l i nch p i n , a n i mp lemen t g rooved a to ne e nd a nd v a r iou sp i ece s o fw o rked b one a nd a n t le r . S tone : s p ind le w ho r l s , c r o s s s l ab c a rved w i th a n O gham i n sc r ip t ion a nd ap o s s ib le P i c t i sh f i sh s ymbo l [ 6 , f i g . 2 1 ] , p ebb le w i th aP i c t i sh p a t te rn i n c i sed o n i t[ 6 , f i g . 2 0 , 2 78 ] ( PB ) , p a in ted p ebb le s , f r agmen t o f as t ea t i te v e s se l ( PB ) , w he t s tone s m ade o fu n shaped f r agmen t s , q uer n s , mo r ta r s , g r inde r s a nd p ounde r s , p o t l i d s , a r d s ha re , p a r t p e rf o ra ted b a l l , p ebb le s t r ike -a l igh t s , p um ice f r agmen t s ( s ome p e rf o ra ted ) , as t ea t i te o b jec t a nd a p e rf o ra ted s i nke r . A s t one w ho r l f r om t h e s i t e w a s o b ta ined b y JW C u r s i te r ( Hun te r ian Mu seum : B .19 14 .742 ) . P o t te ry : s eve ra l n a t ive p o t she rd s w e re f ound , s ome d eco ra ted [ 6 , f i g . 2 2 ] . T hey a r e a l lo fg l obu la ra nd b ucke t s haped v e s se l s w i th e i the r v e ry s l igh t ly o u t tur ned r im s o r p l a in u rn r im s . T he E v er ted R im s t y le a ppea r st ob ea b sen t a nd o n ly o ne p i ece s how s i n c i sed d eco ra t ion , b e low ar ow o fb o s se si mmed ia te ly u nde rt h e s ho r tr im ( I l l . 5 . 135 ) . D imen s ion s . E x ter na l d i ame te r c .6 0 f t .( 18 .3 m ) , i n te rna l d i ame te r3 0 f t . 9i n s( 9 .40 m ) : w a l l sp ropo r t ion c .5 1% . I n 1 985 I p l anned t h e s hape o f t h e c en t ra l c ou r t w i th a t h eodo l i te a nd f ound t h a t i ti sl a id o u t c l o se t o n at r ue c i rc le w i th ar ad iu so f4 . 69 + 0 . 07 m ; t h ec ou r td i ame te ri s t hu s9 . 38 m ( 30 .75 f t . ) . S ou rce s : 1 .O S c a rd HY 7 5 S E 3 : 2 .P roc S oc A n t iq S co t 8( 1872 -74 ) 5 23 ( f ind s ) : 3 .A nde r son 1 883 , 2 45 -57 ( w i th m any f i nd s d r aw ing s ) ; 4 .T ra i l l 1 890 : 5 . RCAH MS 1 946 , 2 , 4 5 -7 , n o . 1 93 , f i g s . 8-9 ( s t ruc tu re ) a nd 9 0 1 ( f ind s ) : 6 . MacG r ego r 1 974 : 7 .H edge s e ta l . 1 987 , 1 05 -08 &p l s . 3 . 13 & 3 . 14 ( m s d e ta i led p l an o fb roch a nd a d jacen t b u i ld ing s , a nd o ve ra l l p l an w i th e l eva t ion , b y D ryden ) : 8 . Ma cK ie 1 965 : 9 . S t even son 1 955 : 1 0 . A nde r son 1 872 , 5 60 ; 1 . NMAS 1 892 ,2 31-3 ; 1 2 . A l len 1 903 , 2 4 -6 : L amb 1 980 , 1 6 . O the r p a s s ing r e f e rence s t ot h e s i t e , w i th m s s ou rce s , a r e l i s ted [ 7 , 1 08 ] . HY75 2 DENN IS NESS HY /784560 S i te o f ad oub tf u l p o s s ib le b roch i n N or th R ona ld say ( C ro s s a nd B u rne s s p a r i sh ) . T he C omm i s s ion r e por ted i n 1 928 t h a t t h e mound h ad d i sappea r ed [ 2 ] b u t t h e r ema in s o f as ub rec tangu la r s t ruc tu re , u n l ike ab roch , w e re n o ted m o re r e cen t ly [ 1 ] . S ou rce s : 1 .O S c a rd HY 7 5 NE 5 : 2 . RCAHMS 1 946 , 2 , 5 2 , n o . 2 05 . HY75 3 HO W MAE ( `Howmae B rae ' ) HY /758523 A 3 . 0 m ( 10 f t . ) h i gh mound c on ta in ing a c l u s te r o f r oundhouse s a nd h u t s ( i nc lud ing a t l e a s t o ne w hee lhouse ) i n N o r th R ona ld say ( C ro s s a nd B ur ne s s p a r i sh ) w a s e xcava ted i n 1 884 a nd 1 889 b y D r W . T ra i l l , 2 58

p rop r ie to r o f t h e i s land . F o r i t s p e r iod t h e e xp lo ra t ion s e em s t o h ave b een c a ref u l a nd s y s tema t ic , a nd a l a rge n umbe r o f f i nd s w e re r e cove red , a nd t h e i r l o ca t ion s r e co rded ( I l l s . 5 . 14 1-143 ) . Af t e r t h e e xcava t ion s t h e e xpo sed b u i ld ing s s uf e red f r om d amage a nd e r o s ion s ot h a t , w hen t he R oya l C omm i s s ion 's i n ve s t iga to r 's v i s i t ed t h e s i te i n 1 928 t h e r e w a s n o th ing c omp r ehen s ib le t o s e e , a nd t h e o r ig ina l e xcava t ion r e po r t h ad t ob e u sed . N ow t h e re a r e o n ly af ew s t and ing s t one s l ab s a mong g r a s sy h o l low s( I l l . 5 . 141) , a l though t h ea r co f aw hee lhou se w a l lw a s s e en i n1 970 [ 1 ] . I ti s ap i ty t h a ts o l i t t le r e l iab le i n f o rma t ion i sa va i lab le f r om t h e s i t e ; t h e s e t t lemen t i so n ly a bou t at h ou sand y a rd s f r om B u r r ian b roch a nd m u s t s u re ly h ave b een c on t empo ra ry w i th a nd l i nk ed w i th i t( b e low ) . 1 .T he s i te T he s e t t lemen t c on s i s ted o f ac l u s te r o fd we l l ing s f o rmed o fp i t s d ug o u to ft h e s and a nd w i th r eve t ted w a l ls . A l lt h e c hambe r s a ppea r ed t o h ave b een b u i l t a s au n i t w i th c ommun ica t ing e n t rance s a nd p a ssage s , r a the r l i ke t h e much o l de r S ka ra B rae . T he re w a s a n a ppa ren t ly o pen c ou r tya rd a r ea a mong t h e se b u i ld ing s w h ich w a s n eve r c omp le te ly c l ea r ed a nd ap aved f l oo r w i th a d ra in b e low l e da way f r om i tt ot h en o r th -ea s t . R oom iw a st h eo va l c hambe r( 7 .32 x4 . 58 m , o r2 4 x1 5f t ) w i th r ad ia l s t one s l ab s i n s ide s o t h a t i t r e semb led a w hee lhou se ; i t s i n ter na l w a l lf ace ( wh ich s t i l l s t ood t o6 . 5 f t . ) s l oped i nwa rd s a t ar a te o f 1 8 i n . i n 6f t .a s i ft h e r oof h ad b een ab eeh ive d ome , w h ich s eem s r a the r i mp robab le . I tw a s n o ted t h a tt h e r ad ia l s l abs w e re a l w or n , a si fc a t t le h ad b een r ubb ing a ga in s t t h em ; t wo h ad h o le s b o red t h rough t h em a bou t 4 5 c m ( 18 i n . ) a bove t h e f l oo r . N o h ea r th w a s r e co rded i nt h i s c hambe r b u t i n kt h e r e w a s a n a r rangemen t o f s l ab s o n e nd t o f o rm t h e b ack s o f t h ree f i r ep la ce s . Many m o re d e ta i l s w e re o b se rved a nd d e sc r ibed [ 4 ] . D r T ra i l l a l so r e co rded t h e d e ta i l s o fw h ich f i nd s w e re f o und o nw ha tp a r to ft h e s i te [ 2 ,3 ] . 2 . D i scus s ion I nt h e a b sence o f moder n s t ra t ig raph ica l d a ta a nd o fC -14 d a te s i ti sd i ff icu l t t o p i n d own t h e a ge o f t h e H owmae s e t t lemen t s a t i sf a c to r i ly b eyond s ay ing t h a t i so fI r on A ge d a te . N o t m uch m o r e t h an t wen ty y ea r s a go t h e p r e sence o ft h e l o ng -hand led b one c omb s wou ld h ave b een t a ken a s as u r e s i gn t h a tt h es e t t lemen tb e longed t ot h em idd le p ha se o ft h e I r on A ge , s pann ing ap e r iod s e ve ra l h und r ed y ea r s l o ng s t a r t ing i nt h e 1 ' c en tu ry BC ( o r p os s ib ly t h e 2n d) . N ow h oweve r af o rm o fl o ng c omb - n o t q u i te t y p ica l o f t h e b roch /wh ee lhou se e xamp le s -h a s b een f ound i nw ha t m ay b e e a r ly I r on A ge c on tex t i n O rkney , i n s ide t h e u nde rg round c hambe r w h ich w a s b u i l t a f te r t h e B u r oundhou se h ad b een a bandoned . U nf or tuna te ly , a l though t h e r oundhou se i t s e lf i sw e l l d a ted t ot h e e a r ly I r on A ge , i t i sn o tc l ea rh ow m uch l a te rt h e s ou te r ra in w a s .

S ec t ion 5 : O rkney

A no the ro b jec tw h ich m igh ti n d ica t e ar e a l ly e a r ly d a te - i f c o r rec t ly d i agnosed - i st h eb one h and le ( I l l 5 . 143 , n o . GO 1 88 ) . T h i sp i ece o fr i bh a s b een c u tt or e semb le ac opy o f t h e h i l t o f al a te B ronze A ge b ronze k n if e a nd c ou ld b e p o in t ing a ta n a ge o f t h e 76 1 /6 t h c en tu r ie s BC f o r t h e s e t t lemen t . Ano the r r i b k n if e r e semb le s t o s ome e x ten t o ne f ound i nt h e P ha se l a l e ve l s ( l a te B ronze A ge o re a r ly I r on Age ) l e ve ls a tD un Mo rV au l o nT i r ee ( Ma cK ie 1 974 , f i g . 1 , n o . 4 5 ) . L ikew i se t h e s u rv iv ing p o t te ry i s r ema rkab ly s im i la r t o t h e e a r ly D unago i l w a re f r om t h e s ame e a r ly l e ve l s a tD un Mo rV au la nd o n ly s imp le , p l a in , g r i t ty , b a r r e l shaped ur n s s e em t ob e p r e sen t . T he r e s e em t ob e n o s h e rd s o ft h e s moo the rO rkney b roch p o t te ry . I n a dd i t ion n or o ta ry q uer n sw e re r e po r ted f r om t h es i te w h ich d id h oweve r y i e ld o ne s add le q ue rn ; t h i s m igh t b e v e ry s t rong e v idence i nf a vou ro fa ne a r ly d a te . A ga in s t t h i s e a r ly I r on A ge d a te a nd i n f a vou r o f c on tempo rane i ty w i th f i r s t o ccupa t ion o ft h e n ea rby b roch a r e p e rhap s t h e l ong -hand led c omb s f r om H owmae w h ich a r e q u i te s im i la r t o t h o se f r om B u r r ian ( I l l . 5 . 134 ) . I n p a r t icu la r m ay b e n o ted GO 4 o n I l . 5 . 143 w h ich h a s i n c i sed d eco ra t ion o n i tl i ke p a r t o f aS t . A nd r ew 's c r o s s ; t h e f u l l c r o s s i so n GB 8 7 f r om B un ian . I tm igh t a l so b e a r gued t h a t t h e e x is tence o fo ne n ea r -c i rcu la r s t one h u t a t H owma e w i th r ad ia l p a r t i t ion s o f s t one s l ab s m ean s t h a t t h e s e t t lemen t w a s c on tempo ra ry w i th t h e b roch s ; s eve ra l O rkney b roch s h ave r e vea led s im i la r a r rangemen t s i n s ide , i n c lud ing B u r r ian . H oweve r t h e e a r ly I r on A ge r ound h ou se a tB u h ad s ome r ad ia l s l ab s a nd a tl e a s t o ne o ft h e s t one h u t s o f t h e c on tempo ra ry v i l lage a t J a r lshof , S he t land ,h ad r ad ia l s t one p i e r s . C oncern ing q ue rn s , a l though n o r o ta r ie s w e r e r e por ted b y D r T ra i l l t oh ave b een f ound a tH owmae , i ti sc u r iou s t h a t t h e re a r e s e ve ra l a nc ien t look ing q u e rn s a t ah ou se n o t f a r f r om H owmae , a tK i rb i s t . H owev e rt h e se s t one s c ou ld o f c ou r se h ave c ome f r om B u r r ian b roch . I n c onc lu s ion o ne h a s t o a dm i t t h a t t h e e v idence f o r t h e d a t ing o fH owmae i ss omewha t c on t rad ic to ry . Wh i le t h e s e t t lemen t c ou ld b e s eve ra l c en tu r ie s o l de rt h an t h e b roch s t h e a u tho r i sa tp re sen t i n c l ined , p rov i s iona l ly , t os e t i ti n t h e m idd le I r on Age a nd t o s uppo se t h a t i t s i n hab i tan t s r e ta ined am o re p r im i t ive m a te r ia l c u l tu re , w i th s ome o l d l o ca l r oo t s , t h an t h e i n hab i tan t s o fB u r r ian b roch n o t f a r a way . T h i s p a r t icu la r ly a pp l ie s t o t h e H owmae p o t te ry w h ich i so f ak ind w h ich w e n ow k now p robab ly t oh ave b een u b iqu i tou s i nt h e l a te B ronz eA ge i nt h e We s ter nI s le s ( a s s hown a t t h e s i te o f C ladh H a l lam i n S ou th U i s t : MacK ie 2 002 , 3 61) . H oweve r t h e f a c t t h a t n one o ft h e f ew w e l ld a ted e a r ly I r on A ge s i t e si nA t lan t ic S co t land h a s p roduced c l a s s ic l o ng -hand led c omb s , w he r ea s t h o se f r om B un ian m a tch t hose f r om H owma e q u i te w e l l , s e em s r e a sonab ly c onc lu s ive .

m ade f r om t h e l e g b one s o f a n ima l s ( GO 3 7 & 1 70 ) , w ha lebone s p ind le w ho r l ( GO 5) , a nd a c u rved , f l a t , s pa tu la te t oo l w i th a p er f o ra t ion a tt h e n a r row e nd ( GO 1 87 ) . Among t h e l o ng l i s t o f o t he r o b jec t s , n o t e a s i ly r e cogn i sab le f r om v e rba l d e sc r ip t ion s , a r e ar i b c u t i n to w ha t l o ok s l i ke t h e h af to f al a te B ronze A ge b ronze k n if e , as ma l l , r ounded h ook ( numbe rn o tn o ted ) , al o ng r i bk n if e ( GO 1 88 ) , ap o s s ib le h af t o f ak n if e o f w h i te , p o l i shed b one ( GO 1 85 ) , as t ra igh t s l ive r o fb one w i th a f i ne z i g z ag p a t te rn i n c i sed a l ong i t( GO 2 30 ) a nd a c u r iou s e l onga ted o b jec t w i th r ounded e nd s a nd c oncave s i de , w i th t wo l a rge p e rf o ra t ion s -p e rhap s at ogg le o f s ome k i nd ( GO 1 84 ) . I na dd i t ion t h e re a r e q uan t i t ie s o fl a rge p i ece s o fw o rked b one . S tone i mp lemen t s i n c luded 1 6 h amme r s t one s , ad i sc o f s l a ty s t one , 2m a s s ive a nd t h ick d i sc s ( 5 -6 i n . i nd i ame te r a nd 1 2 i n . t h ick ) , as and s tone s add le q ue rn , 7p i ece s o f w o rked p um ice a nd a n umbe r o f o t he r w o rk ed s t one i mp lemen t s . T he re w e r ea l so a tl e a s t 3s t ruck s t one f l ake s . P o t te ry : T ra i l l r epo r t s " s eve ra l f r agmen t s o fr im s a nd s i de o f v e s se l s o f c oa r se , r e dd i sh w a re" a nd t h e se i n c lude a s imp le r im s he rd o f ab af f e l shaped ur n o f h a rd , g r i t ty D unago i lw a r e ( GO 9 6 , 9 7 ) a nd s l igh t ly f oo ted b a se s he rd s o ft h e s ame p o t te ry . T he w a l l s he rd s a r e r i ng -bu i l ta nd a r e m a in ly d a rk g r ey o rb l a ck i no ne h a lf a nd b r ick r e d i nt h e o t he r . S ou rce s : 1 .O S c a rd HY 7 5 : 2 .T ra i l l 1 885 , 2 3 -32 : 3 . T ra i l l 1 890a : 4 . RCAHMS 1 946 , 2 , 4 8 ,n o . 1 95 .

Hoy S quare ND28 ND28 1 THE SKEO ND /286880 P robab le b roch i n Wa l l s &F lo t ta o n H oy , amound s ome 2 . 29 m ( 7 f t . 6i n . ) h i gh s t and ing i na n e xpo sed p o s i t ion n ea r t h e c oa s t . P a r t s o f as i ng le c ou r se o fm a son ry o ft h e o u te rf a ce a r ev i s ib le o nt h ew e s t [ 1 ] . T he r e a r et r a ce so fa s u r round ing w a l l f r om 5 . 49 -6 . 10 m ( 18 -20 f t . ) o u t a nd s i gn so fn ume rou s o u tbu i ld ing s [ 3 ] . S ou rce s : 1 .O S c a rd ND 2 8 NE 3 ( w i th s ke tch p l an ) : 2 . RCAHMS 1 946 ,2 ,3 40 ,n o . 1 009 : 3 .L amb 1 989 , 1 2 .

S quare ND38 ND38 1 BURRO WSTONE ND /333898 P o s s ib le b roch i n Wa l l s & F lo t ta o n H oy , o n c u l t iva ted l a nd ; t h e r e i sa n a mo rphou s s t ony a r ea h e re w h ich m igh t b et h er ema in so f ab roch . S ou rce s : 1 .O S c a rd ND 3 8 NW 1 0 : 2 . RCAH MS 1 946 , 2 ,n o . 1 032 , 3 42 .

3 .F inds ( I l l . 5 . 143 ) T he f o l low ing l i s t ( m inu s a mo rphou sp i ece s ) i st a ken f r om D r T ra i l l 's s e cond a r t ic le [ 3 , 4 57 ] . B one i mp lemen t s : 4 l o ng -hand led c omb s ( GO 1 4 ) , af r agmen t o f aw ha le v e r teb ra c up , ap robab le p er f o ra t ed s t oo l s e a tm ade f r om a w ha le v e r teb ra , 1i n comp le te n eed le ( GO 2 03 ) ,4 9p i n sa nd b odk in s ,m o s t ly p o l ished b yu se ( GO 2 2 ) ,2 0s ha rp b odk in s

2 59

ND38 2 GREEN H ILL OF HEST I GEO ND /338890 P robab le b roch i n Wa l l s & Ho t ta o n H oy I . ,c on s i s t ing o f amound a bou t 3 . 21 m ( 10 .5 f t . ) h i gh . As i ng le c ou r se o f m a son ry o ft h e o u te r w a l l f a ce r ema in s o n t h e w e s t s i de , s ugge s t ing a n o ve ra l l d i ame te r o fa bou t 1 9 m . T ra ce s o f a n i n t ra -mu ra lg a l le ry , a nd o fa no u te rw a l l a bou t3 0 mo u t ,

T he R ound hou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se s o fA t lan t ic S co t land

w e r e o b se rved i n 1 929 [ 2 ] b u t n o t i n1 967 [ 1 ] . T he re a r e t r ace s o f o u tbu i ld ing s s ome 2 0 m t o t h e n o r th -ea s t a nd , b eyond t h em , o fa n o u te r b ank . A bou t aq ua r te r o ft h e b u i ld ing s e em st oh ave b een l o s tt ot h es e a[ 3 ] . S ou rce s : 1 .O S c a rd ND 3 8 NW 8 : 2 . RCAHMS 1 946 , 2 , 3 40 , n o . 1 008 : 3 .L amb 1 989 , 1 8 . ND38 3 OUTER GREEN H ILL ( ` Can t ick H ead ' ) ND /343896 P o s s ib le b roch i n Wa l l s &F lo t ta o n H oy , a n2 . 44 m ( 8f t . ) h i gh , t u rf -cove r ed h i l lock , 2 0 m i n d i ame te r a nd a f ew y a rd s f r om t h e s ho re . S tone s p ro jec t f r om t h e g r a s s a nd t h e r e i s aw e l ln ea rby . S ource s : 1 .O S c a rd ND 3 8 NW 9 : 2 . RCAH MS 1 946 , 2 , 39 , n o . 1 006 : 3 .L amb 1 989 , 1 8 .

S quare ND39 ND39 1 GREEN H ILL 3 ND /315910 P o s s ib le b roch i n Wa l l s & F lo t ta o n H oy , ap rom inen t t u rf -cove r ed m ound 9m h igh c l o se t ot h e b each ; m idden d epo s i t s a r e b e ing d e s t roy ed b y t h e s e a [ 3 ] . T he m ound i s n ow f e a tu re le s sb u tt h e r ew e re t r a ce so fo u tbu i ld ing so nt h e e a s t a nd s ou th -ea s t ( now o b scu r ed b yg r a s s [ 3 ] ) , a sw e l l a s a l ong t h eh i gh b ank a bove t h e s ho re . S ou rce s : O S c a rd ND 3 9 SW 1 : 2 . RCAH MS 1 946 , 2 , 39 , n o . 1 007 : 3 .L amb 1 989 , 1 8 . ND39 2GREEN H ILL OF S CARTON ND /33789005 P o s s ib le b roch i n Wa l l s a nd F lo t ta , H oy , c on s i s t ing o fa l a rge mound c . 2 . 5 m h i gh w h ich c ou ld b e ab roch s u r rounded b yo u tbu i ld ing s . S ou rce s : RCAHMS 1 946 , 2 , 39 , n o . 1 0 18 : 2 . L amb 1 989 , 1 8 .

Muck le S kerry S quare ND47 ND47 1 MUCKLE SKERRY ( ' Sa l twa te rG eo ' ) ND /468785 D oub tf u l p o s s ib le b roch o n Muck le S ke r ry , S ou th R ona ld say . S tone f ounda t ion s a nd t r ace s o f ak i tchen m idden w e r e s e en a ts eve ra lp l ace so nt h i s s ma l l i s land a nd t h e o ne s a t t h e s i te a r e s uppo sed t o h ave r e semb led a b roch , a l though t h e w a l l w a s r a the r t h in [ 3 ] . T he r e i s n o th ing t ob e s e en n ow [ 1 ] . S ome h and -made p o t she rd s , t oge the r w i th a s ma l l too thed , d oub le -edged c ompo s i te b one c omb , w e re r e cove red a nd s e n t t o t h e N a t iona l Mu seum [ 2 ] , b u t i ti sn o tc l ea rf r om w h ich s i te t h ey c ame . T he i s le t s e em t oo s ma l l t o h ave s uppo r ted a b roch c ommun i ty . S ou rce s : 1 .O S c a rd ND 4 7 NE 5 : 2 .P roc S oc A n t iq S co t 7 0( 1935 -36 ) , 3 93 & f i g . 1 :3 . RCAHMS 1 946 , 2 ,3 65 ,n o . 6 .

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S ou th Rona ld say S quare ND48 ND48 1 BROUGH FAR M ND /443833 A mound , w h ich m igh t b e t h e s i te o f ap o s s ib le b roch i s n ea r t h i s f a rm o n s ou th . R ona ld say a l though n o d ef in i te t r ace s w e re r e po r t ed i n 1 929 [ 2 ] . I n 1 973 t h e s i te w a s d i agno sed a s am ined b roch , t h e mound h av ing ac en t ra l d ep re s s ion , a nd i n 1 972 t wo r o ta ry q ue rn s ( now i n T ankeme s s Mu seum , K i rkwa l l )w e re r e cove red f r om i t . S ou rce s : 1 .O S c a rd ND 4 8 SW 1 : 2 . RCAH MS 1 946 , 2 , 2 91 , n o . 8 51 . ND48 2 WEE MS CASTLE ( ' Lady Weem s ' C a s t le ' ) ND /434889 P robab le b roch o n S ou th R ona ld say , s i tua ted o n as ma l l h ead land k nown a s C a s t le T a ing ( I l l . 5 . 144 ) . T he s i t e i s c l ea r ly ad ef en s ive o ne s i nce t h e re a r et wo c oncen t r ic w a l l s o r r ampa r t s o n t h e e a s t s i de o f al a rg e m ound , t h e n o r th e nd s f i n i sh ing a t ac l if f ; t h e re i s as t eep s l ope d own t ot h e b each t o t h e w e s t o f t h e mound [ 2 ] . A 1 973 r e po r t c onc lude s , i ns p i t e o ft h e a b sence o fv i s ib le ma son ry , t h a t t h e s i te i st h a to f ab roch [ 1 ] . S ou rce s : 1 .O S c a rd ND 4 8 NW 2 : 2 . RCAH MS 1 946 , 2 , 2 84 , n o . 8 16 & f i g . 3 64 .

Burray S quare ND49 ND49 1 BURRAY EAST ( ` Ea s tB roch o fB u r ray ' ) ND /48979881 ( v i s i ted 1 6 /7 /63 & 1 3 /7 / 1985) As o l id -ba sed b roch o n B u r ray a tt h e f o o t o f as l ope n ex t t ot h e s e as ho r e . T he n ame " Bu r ray c ome s f r om t h eN o r se B o rga r E y , o r " f o r t i s land" [ 9 ] , a nd i ne a r l ie r t ime s t h e a pp roach t o i ta c ro s s t h e w a te r f r om t h e n o r th mu s t h ave b een d om ina t ed b y t h e t wo r u ined b roch m ound s o ve r look ing t h e S ound . F o r c onven ience , a nd a s w i th ND29 2 b e low , t h e n ame o f t h e s i te h a s b een s ho r tened h e re t o` Bu r ray E a s t ' ( I l l s . 5 . 27 & 5 . 144 153) . T he s i t e w a s o r ig ina l ly ah uge mound s ome 6 . 10 m ( 20 f t . ) h i gh [ 6 ] a nd h a s s uf e red m o re t han m o s t a mong ac l a s s o f monumen t s n o to r iou s f o r h av ing u nde rgone i n compe ten t e xp lo ra t ion . I ts t and s o n w ha t s e em s t o b e a n a r t if i c ia l p l a tf o rm o fe a r th n ex tt ot h er o cky n o r th s ho re o ft h e i s land a nd a bou t 3 . 1 -6 . 1 m ( 10 -20 f t . ) a bove i t( I l l s . 5 . 145 5 . 154 ) . T he mound w a s o pened u p i n 1 852 a nd 1 853 b y J ame s F an-e r , M . P .f o r D u rham , o n av i s i t t oO rkney a nd " co s t m uch l a bou ra nd e xpen se" [ 2 ] ; t h ep roce s sw a s e xce s s ive ly d e s t ruc t ive e v en b y t h e s t anda rd s o ft h e t ime . T h i s w a s o n ly t h e s e cond b roch e ve r d ug i n to s y s tema t ica l ly w i th a r cha eo log ica l i n ten t - af ew y ea r s a f t e rH owe o fH oxa n o t f a r a way ( ND49 4 ) -a nd t h e s ad w r eckage t ow h ich t h is m agn if icen t s t ruc tu re ( c ompa rab le t o M idhowe a nd G u rne s s w hen i tw a s f i r s t e xpo sed ) h a s b een r educed c an b e j udged b y c ompa r ing t h e 1 985 p ho tog raph o f t h e

S ec t ion 5 : O rkney

i n te r io r ( I l l . 5 . 152 ) w i th t h e c r o s s s e c t ion s d rawn a f te r t h e e xcava t ion ( I l l . 5 . 146 ) . No c on so l ida t ion s e em s t o h ave b een u nde r taken s o t h a t , w he r ea s s i te s l i ke B u r r ian o n Nor th R ona ld say ( HY75 1 )a nd H oxa o n S ou th R ona ld say ( ND49 4 )s t i l l s t and f a i r ly c l ea ro fd eb r i s , B u r ray E a s th a s f i l led u p a ga in w i th i t s o wn r ubb le . I ti ss u re ly ap r ime c and ida te f o rb e ing r e -c lea red a nd c on so l ida ted .

c l ea r ly t h a t t h e c hambe r e x tended a s f a r f o rwa rd a sj u s t b ef o re t h e o u te rmo s t d oo r -check ( I l l . 5 . 146 , A -B ) ; i nf a c t t h i sc heck s e em t oe x tend u pwa rd st of o rm t h ef r on tw a l lo f t h e u ppe r c hambe r , a n u nu sua l a r rang emen t . T h i s o u te r w a l l i so n ly 9 0 c m ( 3 f t . ) t h ick a nd mu s t h ave r e s ted o n a m a s s ive l i n te l ( t hough P e t r ie 's c r o s s s e c t ion i sn o t c l ea r a bou tt h i s ) .

T he mound w a s s oon f ound t oc on ta in t h e r u in s o f ab roch a nd t h i s w a s p a r t ly s u r rounded b y a ne a r th r ampa r t ( wh ich p re sumab ly may c on ta in a s t one w a l l ) o n t h e l a ndwa rd s i de . G eo rge P e t r ie t a c tf u l ly e xp la in s t h a t F a r re r " hav ing l i t t le t ime t os pa re , e ndeavou red ,b ym ak ing e xcava t ion s a t v a r iou s p o in t s , i n s tead o ft r ac ing t h e w a l l s t h roughou t , t o o b ta in a s much i n f o rma t ion i nr e ga rd t ot h eb u i ld ing a st h e c i rcum s tance s wou ld a low ." [ 2 ] H e a c tua l ly h ad as ho r t s egmen t o ft h e ma s s ive b roch w a l l p u l led d own a nd , o n d o ing t h i s" ac e l l w a sb roken i n to" .T h i sw a st h eg ua rd c e l l o n t h e r i gh to ft h e m a in e n t rance ( I l l . 5 . 145 ) . T he p re sen t g ap i nt h e w a l l f a c ing n o r th -ea s t , a nd w h ich l o ok s l i ke a r u ined e n t rance , i s i n f a c t t h e b r eak i n t h e b roch w a l l r e f e r red t o .

T he p r e sen tc ond i t ion o ft h i s e n t rance p a ssage i su nknown ; i tm ay w e l l s t i l lb ep a r t ly l i n te l led u nde rt h e d eb r i s , t h ough t h e c hambe r a bove s e em s l i ke ly t oh ave c o l lap sed f u r the r . A n u nde rg round p a s sage l e ad ing t o ad eep c ove red w e l l w a sf ound j u s to u t s ide t h em a in e n t rance ( I l l . 5 . 147 ) [ 7 , f i g . 3 72 ] .

F a r re r c ame b ack i n 1 854 w i th P e t r ie , w ho r e co rd s , w i th c ommendab le r e s t ra in t , t h a t " I. .s ugge s ted t h e p rop r ie ty o f l e av ing t h e b u i ld ing u nd is tu rb ed , a nd o f t h e c a ref u l r emova l o f r ubb i sh , b o th o u t s ide a nd i n s ide ." P e t r ie h im se lf r e tu rned i n 1 866 w i th s ome w o rkmen t o c l ea r u p s ome o u t s tand ing p rob lem s [ 9 , 9 6 ] .

Two o t he r mu ra l c e l l s w e re i n t h e w a l l , a t 1 a nd 3 o ' c lock . T he f o rme ri s as ho r tr e c tang le i np l an w i th af i ne , c o rbe l led b eeh ive r oof , t h e u ppe r p a r t o f w h ich i ss t i l l v i s ib le ( I l l . 5 . 153 ) . T he s t one l i n te l o ve r t h e d oo rway t o t h i s c e l l h ad c r a cked a ts ome e a r ly p e r iod o ft h e b roch 's u se a nd h ad b een p ropped u p w i th av er t ica l s t one s l ab ( I l l . 5 . 149 ) . T h i s i s af a i r ly c l ea ri n d ica t ion t h a tt h e w a l l o ft h e b u i ld ing w a so nce v e ry much h i ghe ra nd h eav ie rt h an n ow .

T he e n t rance p a s sage f a ce s e a s t , p a ra l le l t ot h e s ho r e a nd a bou t 5m t ot h e l ef t o ft h e b reak a nd w he re t h e w a l l s t i l l s t and s r e a sonab ly h i gh ; b e ing a tp r e sen t i n v i s ib le i ti s p resumab ly s t i l l p a r t ly i n tac t u nde r d eb r i s . J udg ing f r om t h e c r o s s s e c t ion ( I l l . 5 . 146 ) t h e p a s sage s t ood 4 . 27 m ( 14 f t . ) h igh w hen i tw a s f i r s t e xpo sed , b u t t h is i n c lude s t h e w e l l p r e se rved c hambe r o ve r t h e e n t rance w h ich r o se t o s c a r cemen tl e ve l ; t h e a c tua lp a s sag el i n te l sw e r ec .1 . 83 m a bove i t sf l oo r . I tw a s 4 . 58 m ( 1 5 f t . ) l o ng a nd f r om 1 . 37 1 . 53 m ( 4 .5 f t . -5 f t . ) w ide w i th t wo g ua rd c e l l s b e tween t h et wo s e t so fd oo r -check s . T he o u t e rmo s t d oo r i s1 . 68m ( 5f t . 6i n . ) f r om t h e o u t s ide a nd h ad o n ly o ne r e ce s sed c heck ; t h e i n ne rw a s3 . 20 m ( 10 f t . 6i n . ) f r om t he e x te r io r a nd w a s c ompo sed o ft wo h uge f l ag s tone s s e t o n e nd a nd p ro jec t ing f r om t h e w a l l w i th a b a r -ho le a nd s ocke t b eh ind t h e se . Two o ppo sed g ua rd c hambe r s o pened of t h e p a s sag eway w i th t h e i r d oorway s b e tween t h e t wo s e t s o fd oo r -check s . T he c r o s s s e c t ion ( I l l . 5 . 146 , t op l ef t ) s how s t h e se d oo r s c l ea r ly , a s w e l l a s t h e c hambe ra bove t h e p a s sage ( b e low ) . T he s i l l s o fb o th t h e c e l l d oo r s a ppea rt ob er a i sed a bou t6 0 c m( 2f t . ) a bove t h e f l oo r o ft h e e n t rance p a s sage . E ach g ua rd c e l l w a s a f me s qua r e , c o rbe l led c hambe rw i th ar oof a pex a bou t 3 . 20 m( 10 f t . 6i n . ) a bove i t sf l oo r( I l l . 5 . 146 ) . T he c e l lo nt h e l ef ts e em st oh ave ac upboa rd o ra umb ry i ni t si n ne rw a l l . A v o id o r c hambe r 3 . 66 m ( 1 2 f t . ) l o ng w a s a bove t h e e n t rance l i n te l s wh ich h ad g ap s , o r" meu r t r ie re s" , b e tween t h em [ 5 , 7 5 ] . No l i n te l s a r e s hown r oof ing t h i s u ppe r c hambe rb u tt h ey h ad p r e sumab ly o n ce b een a tt h e l e ve l o f t h e s ca r cemen t , i t se lf 1 2 f t . ( 3 .66 m ) a bove t h e f l oo r ( b e low ) . B o th P e t r ie 's a nd D ryden 's c r o s s s e c t ion s s how 2 6 1

T he i n te r io r w a s e v iden t ly c l ea red d own t o ar e cogn i sab le f l oo r l e ve l a l though n o d e ta i l s a r e g i ven a bou tt h i s . O nt h e i n te r io rw a l l f a ce w a s as c a r cemen tl e dg e ( o fw h ich t h e re i s n ow n o t r ace ) 3 0 c m ( 12 i n . ) w ide a nd 3 . 66 m ( 12 f t . ) a bove t h e f l oo r ; i tw a s f o rmed h a lf b y p ro jec t ing s l ab s a nd h a lf b y r e ce s s ing t h e w a l l a bove 1 5 c m ( 6 i n . ) b ack f r om t h a tb e low [ 5 , 7 4 ] .

T he c e l l a t 3o ' c lock w a sn o tc l ea red o u tb u tw a s e v iden t ly al o ng r e c tang le i np l an , c oncen t r ic w i th t h e c u rva tu re o f t h e b roch 's w a l l a nd u n roof ed ( I l l . 5 . 145) ; i t sd oo rway i s a bou t 1 . 22 m ( 4f t . )a bove t h ef l oo r( I l l . 5 . 146 , C -D ) . T he re i sa ppa ren t ly a n m anu sc r ip t s ou rce w h ich s a y s t h a t t h is c e l lw a sr oof ed w i th ac o rbe l led d ome [ 9 , 9 6 ] . T he d oo rway a t 9o ' c lock l e d t o a n i n t ra -mu ra l s t a i rway r i s ing t ot h e r i gh t , a nd t o al o ng s t a i r -f oo t g ua rd c e l l , o r l o bby , l e ad ing of t ot h e l e f t ; t h e s i l l o ft h i s d oo r i sa bou t 1 . 52 m ( 5f t . ) a bove t h e b roch f l oo r ( I l l . 5 . 146 , s e c t ion F E ) . T he s t a i rw a sn o td i scove red b yF a r r e r ,b u tb yP e t r ie i n 1 866 w hen h e d i scove red t wen ty s t ep s ; h e h ad s u spec ted i t s e x i s tence a f te rt h e i n i t ia l c l ea rance o ft h e s i te a nd c ame b ack s pec if i ca l ly t o l o ok f o r i t[ 5 , 7 4 , f oo tno te ] . I n 1 864 h e h ad g o t i n to t h e l o bby o r g ua rd c e l l a tt h e f oo t o ft h e s t a i r , w h ich h ad p r ev iou s ly b een i n a cce s s ib le , a nd f ound g r ea t n umbe r s o f a n ima l b one s s t uck i n to t h e c r ev ice s i n t h e w a l l . H e p u l led s ome o u t a nd f ound a l h ad b een b roken a nd s p l i ta si ft oe x t rac tt h em a r row . T he c l ea r ing o ft h e s t a i rway r e vea led ag a l le ry o n t h e w a l l h ead , a nd p a r t o ft h i s i ss t i l l v i s ib le a t1 0 o ' c lock a nd f r om 2 -4 o ' c lock , t h e o u te r f a ce b e ing e xpo sed ( I l l . 5 . 154 ) . F rom P e t r ie a nd D ryden 's c r o s ss e c t ion s ( I l l . 5 . 146 , s e c t ion CD ) t h e re a ppea r s t oh ave b een ad oo r o r v o id l e ad ing t o t h i s u ppe rg a l le ry w i th i t s s i l l a ts c a rcemen t l e ve l a nd mo r e o r l e s s a bove t h e d oo r t ot h e c e l l a t1 o ' c lock . T hu s t h e s t a i r p robab ly l e ad t o as hor t l a nd ing f r om w h ich t h e d oo rway l e ad o u t o n t ot h e r a i sed w ooden f l oo r r e s t ing o n t h e s c a r cemen t , ac ommon b roch a r rangemen t . T he re i sn o

T he R oundhou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

d oub t t h a t B u r ray E a s t w a s o nce a h igh , h o l low -wa l led t owe rb roch . T he f i nd s l i s ted b e low i n d ica te t h a t t h e re w a s al a te o ccupa t ion o n t h i s s i te , p robab ly i n t h e 7 t h c en tu ry a nd l a te r , w hen t h e b a l l -headed b one h i pped p i n s a nd t h e c ompo s i te b one c omb s w e re i nu se . N o s t ra t ig raph ica l e v idence f o rt h e se t wo p ha se so fu se w a sr e co rded . D imen s ion s . E x te rna l d i ame te r 1 9 .5 m ( 64 f t . ) ( Hedge s g ive s t h i s m ea su remen t a s 2 0 .07 m [ 8 ] ) , i n ter na l d i ame te r 1 .13 m ( 36 .5 f t . ) : t h e w a l l p ropo r t ion i st h e ref o r e a bou t 4 3% . T he w a l l c hambe ra t 3o ' c lock m ea su re s 6 . 4 x1 . 5 x 2 . 4 m( 2 1 x5x8f t . )h i gh ; t h a ta tt h e f oo t o ft h e s t a i rw a s 6 . 1 m( 20 f t . ) l o ng a nd f r om 1 . 07 m ( 3 .5 f t . )t o1 . 45 m ( 4f t . 9i n . )w ide . I n 1 985 c a ref u l m ea su remen t o ft h e b roch 's i n ter na l w a l l f a ce b yt h e a u tho rs ugge s ted t h a t i th ad b een l a id o u ta l ong a ne xac tc i rc le w i th ar ad iu so f5 . 50 +0 . 06 m ; t h ei n tended d i ame te rw ou ld t h u sb e 1 .00 ( 36 .07 f t . ) . F ind s . No c l ea rp rovenance s a r e g i ven f o rt h e se b u tP e t r ie b e l ieved t h a t s ome o ft h em , h av ing b een f ound a mong t h e r ubb le f a l len f r om t h e b roch w a l l , mu s t h ave b een o r ig ina l ly i n s ide c e l l s o rc hambe r s i nt h eu ppe rp a r t s o ft h e t ow e r . T h i s p henomenon d oe s n o t s e em t o h ave b een o b se rved i n mo r e r e cen t ly e xcava ted b roch s i nw h ich t h e s t ra t ig raphy h a sb een mo r e c a r ef u l ly o b se rved . Ac omp le te l i s to ft h e f i nd sh a sb een c omp i led b yH edge s e ta l . [ 8 ] a nd t h em o re i mpor tan ti n c luded t h e f o l low ing ( I l l . 5 . 148 ) . I r on o b jec t s : ak n if eb l ade a nd ap o s s ib le c h i se l . B ronze o b jec t s i n c luded

1d eco ra ted d i sc -headed p in .

B one & a n t le r : 4l o ng -hand led a n t le r c omb s , 2b roken c ompo s i te d oub le -edged , r i ve ted c omb s , 2b a l l -headed , h ipped p in s , 1h i pped p i n , p l a in p in s , 1w ha le v er teb ra c up , 2b a l l shaped h ead s f o r i r on p i n s , 1h o l low a nd 1 s o l id , f emu r -head w ho r l s , f r agmen t s o fh and le s , as pa tu la , t ube s , a n t le r p l a te s w i th h o le s , a nd m any c u t a nd s awn p i ece s i n c lud ing ap a r to f as uppo sed w hee l . S tone : w ho r l s , s eve ra l v e s se l s , a nd 1b roken p o l i shed d i sc o f m ica s ch i s t , u sab le a s am i r ro r w hen d i pped i nw a te r [ 1 0 ] , r o ta ry q uer n s tone s , al o om w e igh t a nd a l amp w i th w ick r e s t . T he r e i sa l so as t one w ho r l f r om ' Bu r ray ' f r om t h e JW C u r s i te r c o l lec t ion i n t h e H un te r ian Mu seum w h ich p robab ly c ome sf r om t h i sb roch ( B .1914 .736 ) .

ND49 2 BURRAY WEST ( 'We s t B roch o fB u r ray ' , ' Ay re sda le ' ) ND /48479871 ( v i s i ted 1 6 /7 / 1963) T h i s p robab le g round -ga l ler ied b roch s t and s a tt h e f o o t o fr o l l ing f i e ld s s l op ing d own t ot h e n o r th s ho re o fB u r ray I . ,a nd a bou t 4 50 m w e s t o ft h e E a s t B roch ( ND49 1 )( I l l . 5 . 154 ) . L i t t le o f t h e s t ruc tu re i s n ow v i s ib le s i nce a m a s s ive c onc re te g un e mp lacemen t ( d a t ing f r om t h e 1 939 -45 w a r , a nd c ove r ing t h e C hu rch i l l b a r r ie r w h ich n ow j o in s s ou th . R ona ld say a nd B u r ray t ot h em a in land ) , h a sb een b u i l tn ex t t oa nd p a r t ly o nt o po fi t( I l l . 5 . 155) . F o rc onven ien ce , a nd a s w i th ND29 1 a bove ( a nd t h e t h r ee K e i s s b roch s i n C a i thne s s ) , t h en ame o ft h e s i t e h a s b een s hor tened h e r et o ' Bu r ray We s t ' . T he b roch w a s p a r t ly e xp lo r ed i n a bou t 1 860 b y J ame s F a r re ra nd av e ry b r ief a ccoun tw a sp ub l i shed b yP e t r ie [ 2 ] , w i th ap l an a nd c r o s s s e c t ion p repa red b y S i r H . D ryden b a sed o n s k e tche sm ade 1 879 ( I l l . 5 . 149 ) . T he b roch h ad a n i n ter na l d i ame te r o f3 1 f t .( 9 .45 m ) a nd aw a l l 1 2 .5 f t . ( 3 .81 m ) t h ick . T he e n t rance w a s n o t l o ca ted - i tm u s t h ave b een i n t h e u nc lea r ed h a lf o f t h e w a l l - b u t a c o rbe l led mu r a l c e l l ( w i th an a r row d oo r t ot h e i n te r io r a t f l oo r l e ve l ) w a s f ound f r om w h ich a g a l le ry r a n a n t i c l ockw i se r ound a lmo s t h a lf t h e e xpo sed b roch w a l l . A w ide d oo r , l a ck ing i t s l i n te l s , l e d f r om i tt o t h e i n te r io r n ea r t h e o t he r e nd a nd t h e d oo r t o t h i s w a s a bou t 1 8 i n . A bove f l oo r l e ve l . , I ti sn o t c l ea r f r om t h e C omm i s s ion 's a ccoun t w he the r t h i s e nd i sr e a l o r s imp ly t h e l im i t o ft h e p a r t o f t h e g a l le ry c l ea r ed , b u t w e k now n ow t h a t t h e l a t te ri n te rp r e ta t ion i sc o r rec t [ 4 , 9 4 ] . T he 1 9t h c en tu ry c r o s s s e c t ion s how s t h a t t h e l i n t e l led g a l le ry i sa bou t 4 . 5 -5 . 0 f t .( 1 .37 -1 . 53 m ) h igh , a nd t h a t t h e w a l l i ss t and ing much h i ghe r ; t h e r e w ou ld h ave b een s pa ce f o r a n u ppe r mu ra l g a l le ry , b u t d oub t le s s t h is w a s n o t o b se rved b y F a r re r b ecau se o f i n expe r ience . T he re a ppea r t oh av e b een s ome t a l l s and s tone s l ab s s e t u p r igh t a nd r a d ia l ly i nt h e i n te r io r ( I l l . 5 . 149 ) . No r e l ic s a r e r e co rded w h ich s ugge s t s t h a t F a r re r d i d n o t c l ea r a l t h e i n ter na lr ubb le a way t or e a ch a ny o ccupa t ion l a ye ri n s ide . D imen s ion s : f r om t h e c r o s s s e c t ion t h ew a l l s e em st oh ave b een s t and ing a bou t 3 . 66 m ( 12 f t . ) h i gh ( I l l . 5 . 149 ) ; f r om t h e o t he r d im en s ion s g i ven t h e o ve ra l l d i ame te r i s5 6 f t . (c . 1 7m ) , s ot h ew a l lp ropo r t ion w o rk s o u ta ta bou t4 4 .6% . S ou rce s : 1 .O S c a rd ND 4 9 NE 2 : 2 .P e t r ie 1 890 , 7 6 , 9 2 , 9 3 n o . 5 : 3 .R CAHMS 1 946 , 2 ,n o . 8 6 1 , 2 93 & f i g . 3 68 : 4 . H edge se ta L 1 987 , 9 4 -5 .

P o t tery : 1s h e rd o f R oman S am ian w a re , 2 n a t ive p o t she rd s . A n ima l b one s i n c luded s heep , c a t t le , d ee r , p ig a nd h o r se [ 8] . S ou rce s : 1 .O S c a rd ND 4 9 NE 1 : 2 . F a r r e r 1 857 : 3 . F a r r e r 1 868 : 4 .P e t r ie 1 857 , 5 6 -8 ; 5 .P e t r ie 1 890 , 7 2 -6 & 8 5 -6 : 6 .P e t r ie 1 927 , 2 4 : 7 . RCAHMS 1 946 , 2 ,n o . 8 62 , 2 93 -5 & f i g s . 3 69 -372 : 8 .H edge s e ta l . 1 987 , 9 6 101 & p l s . 3 . 11 & 3 . 12 ( m s p l an o f b roch a nd s k e tches o f o pen ing s i n w a l l , w i th d imen s ion s , b y D ryden ) : 9 . ( Ande r son 1 874 , 7 17

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ND49 3 KYEL ITTLE ND /485953 P o s s ib le b roch o n B u r ray I . , s t and ing n ex tt ot h eb ea ch a t t h e e dge o f c u l t iva ted l a nd . On ly ab r oken a nd u neven mound w i th p r o t rud ing s t one s i sv i s ib le , a nd t h e r u in s m ay b et h o se o f ac hambe red c a ir n[ 1 , 2 ] . S ou rce s : O Sc a rd ND 4 9 NE 8 : 2 . RCAH MS 1 946 2 ,n o . 8 66 , 2 96 .

S ec t ion 5 : O rkney

S ou th Rona ld say ND49 4 HARRA BROCH M a r ra B rough ' ) ND /4 15903 Un l ik e ly p o s s ib le b roch i nS ou th R ona ld say . T he d if i cu l t a nd d ang e rou s a pp roach t o t h i s s i t e - o n H a r rab rough H ead w h ich i sj o ined t ot h e l a nd b y an a r row ,r o cky n eck mean t t h a tt h e r ema in s h e re w e r e n o t e xam ined c l o se ly b y t he C omm i s s ion 's i n ve s t iga to r s [ 2 ] . H oweve r l a te rv i s i to r s ugge s t ed t h a t t h e r e a r e t h e r ema in s o f as ub recangu la r b u i ld ing o nt h e s i te [ 1 ] . S ource s : 1 . OS c a rd ND 4 9 SW 3( w i th s ma l l s c a le p l an ) : 2 . RCAHMS 1 946 , 2 ,n o . 8 52 . ND49 5 HO WE OF HOXA (T rough o fH oxay ' ) ND /42529396 ( v i s i ted 1 6 /7 /63 & 1 3 /7 / 1985 ) T h is p robab le s o l id -ba sed b roch s t and s o n t h e n or th s ho re o f S ou th R ona ld say I . , o n t h e s umm i t o f ah og b acked r i dge ( t he " howe" i nt h e n ame ) a mong f l a t g round a nd o ve r look ing t h eb each ( I l l s . 5 . 156 16 1) . P r inc ipa l G o rdon v i s i ted t h e s i te t owa rd s t h e e nd o ft h en 1 8t hc en tu ry a nd r epor ted s e e ing ac u rved g a l le ry o nt o p o f t h e mound [ 3 ] . T h i s s i te s e em s t o h ave b een o n ly t h e s econd O rkney b roch t oh ave b een d ug i n to f o ra n t iqua r ian r ea son s -t h e f i r s tb e ing B u rga ri n1 825 ( HY32 1 ) , a nd t h e p ro jec tw a s c a r r ied o u t b y G eo rge P e t r ie i n1 848 [ 6 , 8 ,9 ] . Howev e r t h e s i te w a s a lmo s t i mmed ia te ly a f t erwa rd s mu t i la ted w i th mo r ta red m a son ry b y t h e w e l l i n ten t ioned e f f o r t s a tc on se rva t ion c a r r ied o u tb yt h ep rop r ie to r [ 6 , 1 08 f . ] . A l though s eve ra l f e a tu re s a r en ow h idden o rd e s t royed b ecau se o ft h is , t h e c emen t ing h a s n eve r the le s s e n su r ed t ha t -i nc on t ra s t t oB un-a y E a s t f o r e xamp le ( ND49 1 )much o f t h e s t ruc tu r e i ss t i l l v i s ib le a nd t h e i n te r io r i s r e la t ive ly f r ee o fd eb r i s . H owev e r t h e a lmo s t c omp le te l a ck o fu nde r s tand ing o fb roch a r ch i tec tu re a tt h e t ime t h e wo rk w a s d one m ean s t h a t t h e e x i s tence o f p o ten t ia l ly i mpo r tan t f e a tu re s l i ke t h e i n t ra -mu ra l s t a i r w e re u nsu spe c t ed a nd u n sough t w h i le o t he r s w e re c ove r ed u p . A p lan p r epa red a tt h e t ime h a s b een p ub l i shed [ 1 0 , f i g . 3 .23) . Apa r t f r om t h e a r ea a r ound t h e m a in e n t rance , o n ly t h e i n te r io r o ft h e t owe r w a s e xpo sed a nd t h e s i te n ow l o ok s l i ke a k no l l c on ta in ing a l a rge r ound h o le l i ned w i th ma son ry ; t h e o u te r f a ce s e em s t oh ave b een f u r the rb u r ied b y m a te r ia l t h rown o u t f r om t h e i n t e r io r . T he u ppe r p a r t o ft h e i n ne r f a ce o ft h e w a l l , t oa bou t h a lf w ay d own , w a s p o in t ed w i th c emen t ; i n deed much o ft h e t o p o ft h e w a l l s eem s t oh ave b een c omp le te ly r e con s t ruc ted , a s c an b e s een o n t h e n or th s i de w he re m a son ry h a s b een a dded d i rec t ly o nt op o ft h e o r ig ina l s h e lf s c a r cemen t , p roduc ing a" reve r se s c a rcemen t" e f ec t ( I l l . 5 . 156 ) . T h i s mode rn s upe r s t r u c tu re i sc l ea r ly i n d ica ted a bove a ' l edge ' o n t h e e l eva t ion a bove t h e p l an i n P e t r ie 's n o tebook [ 1 0 , f i g . 3 . 23 ] .

s t anda rd b roch d e s ign , w i th o ne s e t o f d oo r -check s a nd p robab ly ab a r -ho le l e ad ing i nt o amu ra l c e l l i mmed ia te ly t ot h e r i gh t ( bu t w i th i t s d oo r l e ad ing t ot h e i n te r io r o ft h e b roch ) [ 6 , 1 09 , f i g . 1 2 1] . T he p re sen t e n t rance i ss ho r t , c emen ted a nd l a ck s a ny d oo r -check s ; n o g ua rd c e l l c an n ow b e s e en . T he i n te r io r d i ame te r i s 9 . 05 m ( 29 f t . 8i n . ) a nd a s e conda ry w a l l l i n ing h a s b een b u i l t r ound a tl e a s t p a r t o f t h e i n ne r c ou r t , v a ry ing i nt h ickne s s f r om 3 0 -90 c m ( 1 -3 f t . ) ( I l l . 5 . 159 ) . T h i s r i se s o n ly 2 . 29 m ( 7 .5 f t . ) a bove t h e p r e sen tf l oo ra nd a ti t sh ighe s tp o in te nd sj u s tb e low as h e lf s c a rcemen t 1 3 c m ( 5 i n . ) w ide m ade o f p ro jec t ing s l ab s ( I l l . 5 . 158 ) . A t o ne p o in t o nt h e n o r th s i de t h i s s c a rcemen t c an b e s e en a bove t h e s e conda ry w a l l a nd e me rg ing f r om t h e c emen ted m a son ry ; t h e c on serve r s e v iden t ly h ad n o i d ea o f t h e s i gn if i cance o f t h e l e dge . O ppo s i te t h e d oorway t h e s e conda ry w a l l b l end s w i th t h e c emen ted p r ima ry f a ce , i n d ica t ing t h a t e x ten s ive r e con s t ruc t ion h a s t a ken p l ace ( I l l . 5 . 159 ) . R ad ia l s l ab s a r e s t i l l v i s ib le s e t i n to t h e s e conda ry w a l l , a nd s e em t oh ave b een s omewha t l a rge r w hen f i r s t e xpo sed [ 6 , f i g . 1 20 ] . T hey e v iden t ly d i v ided t h e f l oo r o ft h e i n te r io r u p i n to a tl e a s t s i x r ad ia l p a r t i t ion s , r a the r l i ke a w hee lhou se . T he d raw ing a l so s how sr o ta ry q ue rn so nt h ef l oo r [ 1 0 , f i g . 3 . 24 ] . T he b u i ld ing a lmo s t c e r ta in ly p o sse s se s a n i n t ra -mu ra l s t a i rway l e ad ing t o u ppe r g a l le r ie s i n ah o l low w a l l . A t a bou t 9o ' c lock t wo u p r igh ts l ab s a r e s e t i n to t h e i n ne rw a l l f a ce w h ich , e ven t h ough n o s i l l s t one s e em s t o b e p r e se rved , mu s t s u re ly b e t h ej amb s o f ar a i sed d oo r , n ow b l ocked u p ; t h i s , j udg ing f r om s im i la r d oorway s i no t he r O rkney b roch s , p robab ly l e ad s t ot h e s t a i r( I l l . 5 . 161) [ 1 0 , f i g . 3 . 23 ] . T he f e a tu r e i sr e co rded i n ad r aw ing m ade s oon a f t e r t h e e xcava t ion [ 6 , f i g . 1 20 ] , b u t t h a t s how s t h e m a son ry b e tween t h e j amb s a s n ea t ; i nf a c t i ti sn ow a v e ry c r ude r ubb le b l ock ing a nd m igh t h ave b een i n se r ted b y t h e p rop r ie to r s oon a f t e r t h e e xcava t ion . O the r s h e lf l i ke s t ruc tu re s i nt h e i n ne r w a l l f a ce s hown i n t h e s ame d raw ing a r en o l o nge rv i s ib le . I ts hou ld b e n o ted t h a t t h e o n ly a u then t ic a ccoun t o ft h e b roch a si tw a sf ound w hen e xcava ted i st h a tb yP e t r ie . T he o t he r d e sc r ip t ion s w e r e s e cond -hand a nd s ome o f t h e s t a temen t s i nt h em d e sc r ibe f e a tu re s s e en b y p eop le w ho h ad s e en t h e r u in s o n ly a f t e r t h ey h ad b een " con se rved" . E ven t h e mu ra l c e l l s e em s n o tt oh ave b een s e en b y P e t r ie s i nce h e s ay s" The re a ppea r st oh ave b een ac hambe ri nt h e t h ickne s s o f t h e w a l l . . "[ 8 , 2 3 ] a nd m a rk s t h i s a t9 o ' c lock o n h i s s k e tch p l an [ 1 0 , f i g . 3 . 23 ] . I ti sn o t c l ea r w he the r t h e d raw ing r ep roduced b y W i l son [ 6 , f i g . 1 20 ] w a sm ade b ef o re o ra f t e rc on se rva t ion . F ew f i nd s w e r e r e co rded [ 8 ] , mo s t ly o fs t one , a nd t h ey i n c lude s ome q ue rn s , e v iden t ly r o ta ry [ 6 , f i g . 1 20 ] , a mo r ta r a nd p e s t le a nd 2 s ma l l c up s o r l amp s ( one a ppa ren t ly as t ea t i te h and led l amp [ 1 0 ] ) , b o th 1 c m ( 4 .5 i n . ) d eep a nd 1 3 c m ( 5i n . ) a nd 1 8 c m ( 7i n . ) i nd i ame te r r e spec t ive ly . T he re w e r e a l so s add le q ue rn s a nd r ubbe r s [ 5 , 1 22 ] .

S ome m oder n f e a tu r e s h ave a l so b een a dded , l i ke as t one p la tf o rm o f f l ag s w h ich o nce h ad a f l agpo le o n i ta nd wh ich s t and sb es ide t h e mode rn e n t rance ( I l l . 5 . 157 ) . T h i s d oorway f a ce s e a s t a nd i s c omp le te ly mode rn , a nd o ne c anno tt e l ln ow whe the ra ny o ft h eo r ig ina lp a s sage r ema in . T h is w a s e xpo sed i n1 848 a nd a ppea r st oh ave b een o ft h e

D imen s ion s : e x ter na l d i am . c .1 7 .68 m , i n te rna l 9 . 14 m ; t h e w a l l t h ickne s s i s a bou t 4 . 27 m [ 1 0 ] s o t h e w a l l

2 63

T he R oundhou se s , B ruch sa nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

p ropor t ion w ou ld b e a bou t 4 8% . I n 1 985 t h e a u tho rm ade ap l an o f t h e i n te r io r w a l l f a ce , b e low t h e r e con s t ruc ted p a r t s , w i th as t ee l t a pe a nd t h eodo l i te ; t h e r e su l t s howed t h a t t h e s t ruc tu re h ad b een b u i l t v e ry e xac t ly a r ound at r ue c i rc le w i th ar ad iu s o f4 . 53 + 0 . 06 m , o r ad i ame te ro f9 . 06 m( 29 .70 f t . ) . S ource s : 1 . OS c a rd ND 4 9 SW 1 : 2 .L ow 1 879 , 2 2 : 3 . Go rdon 1 792 , 2 57 : 4 .P e t r ie 1 872 , 3 61-62 : 5 .T homa s 1 852 , 19 -22 : 6 . W i l son 1 863 , 2 , 1 07 10 : 7 . T udo r 1 883 , 3 35 : 8 .P e t r ie 1 927 , 2 3 : 9 . RCAH MS 1 946 , 2 , n o . 8 15 , 2 83 -4 : 1 0 . H edges e ta L 1 987 , 1 02 -04 . ND49 6 HUNDA ND /434962 P os s ib le b roch o n S ou th R ona ld say I . , i nt h e s hape o fa much d i s tu rbed mound o n t h e t i da l i s le t o ft h a t n ame . I t h a s b een d i agnosed a s ac hambe red c a i rn [ 1 ] b u t amo re r e cen t r e po r t s uppo r t s t h e i d ea [ 2 ] t h a t i t may b e at h e r ema in so f ab roch [ 1 , 3 ] . S ource s : 1 . OS c a rd ND 4 9 NW 1 ,i n c . f i g . : 2 . RCAH MS 1 946 2 ,n o . 8 63 , 2 95 : 3 . D . F ra se r & A . Mo r r ison i n D i sc . &E xc . S co t . 1 980 , 2 6 . ND49 7 SMIDDYBANKS ( `B rough o fO n tof t ') ND /442936 S i te o f ap o ss ib le b roch o n S .R ona ld say I . , n ow n o th ing b u ta na r ea o fd i s tu rbed g round . S ource s : 1 . OS c a rd ND 4 9 SW 6 : 2 . RCAH MS 1 946 2 , n o . 8 50 2 90 .

S ec t ion 5 : O rkney

7-7 C IA V eÄ

GA8L .E O A '

FS

CHAPEL

5 . 1 T op : p l an o f B o rw ick b roch ( HY21 1 ) : s ca le 1 : 300 RCAH MS 1 946 , 2 , n o . 6 79 ) . B o t tom , p l an o f r ema ins a t S t T redwe l l 's C hape l , P apa We s t ray ( HY45 1 ) : C rown c opy r igh tr e se rved . 7 3.

2 65

T he R ound hou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

5 . 2 B o rw ick i n1 985 ( HY2 1 1 : g ene ra lv i ew o fb roch o ni t sc l if top s i te . [ 1 985 /6 / 12 ]

5 . 3 B o rw ick i n1 963 ( HY21 1 ) : e n t rance p a s sage ,i n ne re nd . [ 1 963 / 10? /33 ]

2 66

S ec t ion 5 : Orkney

5 . 4 B orw ick i n 1 985 ( HY21 1 ) : b roch s e en f r om t h e o u t s ide . [ 1 985 /6 / 13 ]

5 . 5 B o rw ick i n 1 985 ( HY21 1 ) : v i ew o fi n te r io rl ook ing t owa rd st h ee n t rance ; t h e re i sn o s i gn o f as ca rcemen t . [ 1985 /6 / 15 ]

2 67

T he R oundhou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

5 . 6 B orw ick i n1 985 ( HY21 1 ) : i n s ide t h e l i n te l led o u te rp a r to ft h ee n t rance p a s sage l o ok ing i nwa rd s . [ 1 985 /6 / 14 ]

5 . 7 B orw ick i n1 985 ( HY21 1 ) : t h ee n t rance p a s sage l o ok ing o u tw i th t h es i de so ft h ec hambe ra bove t h ee n t rance v i s ib le . [ 1 985 /6 / 16 ]

2 68

S ec t ion 5 : O rkney

5 . 8 B o rw ick i n1 985 ( HY21 1 ) : i n s ide t h ec o l lap s ing mu ra lc e l l. [ 1 985 /6 / 17 ]

2 69

T he R oundhouses , B rochs a nd Whee lhouse s o fA t lan t ic S co t land

SOFT STONE

ROCK k CLAY BEACH

ROCK

S ECT ION

/ / , ,

_ _ . . . _ . . P LAN

1 0

5

0

1 0

20

30 FEET

5 . 9 T op : p l an o fB reckne s sb roch ( HY20 3 )w i th c r o s ss e c t ion o fr ema ins a bove b ea ch . B o t tom : p l an o fB ur r ian 2( Rus s land ) ( HY21 2 ) , a f t e rP e t r ie . B o th a ts c a le 1 : 300 .

2 70

S ec t ion 5 : O rkney

L OCH

•

•

•

• • • • \

1 \ \ \

) 1 ( 1-

E NTRANCE

1

I I ä

/

L OCH

1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

C .5 .T .C .

PLAN AT SCARCE MENT T 1 111 41111?

TH EKROCH

LEVEL I

OF

7

I 5

M IDF -. 1 0WE

I

I

5 0FEET

I M I ND ICATES P P ER IOD L EM • • 3 ‚. • • = I ND ICATES LATE UNDEF INED P ER IOD 4 o m or r . I I I I

2 R OUSAYi . ORKNEY.

,

5 . 10 T op : p l an o fB u r r ian 2( Ru s s land ) : HY21 2 )f r om RCAH MS : C rown c opy r igh tr e se rved . B o t tom : p l an o fM idhowe a tf i r s tf l oo r l e ve l . B o th a ts c a le 1 : 300 .

2 71

T he R oundhou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

5 . 11 B u r r ian 2 ,R u s s land i n1 985 ( HY21 2 ) : g ene ra lv i ew o fb roch mound o nl o ch p romon to ry . [ 1 985 /5 / 1]

5 . 12 B u r r ian 2 ,R u s s land , i n1 985 ( HY21 2 ) : as ma l la r co ft h ew a l l f a ce w i th ad oo rway i n to t h ew a l l ( r igh to fp o le ) . [ 1985 /5 /2 ]

2 72

S ec t ion 5 : O rkney

P hase 7 e a r ly

P hase 7 t a te r

P hase 8 e ar ly

5 . 13 P lans o f s i xo ft h em a in p ha se sa tT he H owe ( HY21 1 ) , s c a le 1 : 740 ;

2 73

t a ken f r om B a l l in Sm i th ( e d . ) 1 994 .

T he R oundhou se s , B rochs a nd W hee lhouse s o fA t lan t ic S co t land

0

274

S ec t ion 5 : O rkney

2

1

0 .5r n

0I

3 - --

-- - --

--

4

-

7

5

4 -

6

5 . 15 D raw ing s( by t h ea u tho r )o f s e ven o ft h eI r on A g er o ta ry q ue rn s tone sf ound a tT he H owe ( HY21 1 ) . S ca le 1 : 83 .

2 75

T he R oundhou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

5 . 16 V iew o f e xcava t ion s a t T he H owe ( HY21 1 ) i n1 980 : t h ee n t rance p a s sage o f` 1 3 roch 2 'l o ok ing o u t . [ 1 980 /7 /28 ]

5 . 17 V iew o f e xcava t ion s a t T he H owe ( HY21 1 )i n1 980 : t h e i n te r io ro f' B roch 2 's how ing ar a ised d oo ro rv o id i nt h ew a l l . [ 1 980 /7 /29 ]

2 76

S ec t ion 5 : O rkney

5 . 18 V iew o f e xcava t ion s a t T he H owe ( HY2 1 1 )i n1 980 : o u tbu i ld ing so fP ha se 8 .[ 1980 /7 /35 ]

5 . 19 V iew o f e xcava t ion s a t T he H owe ( HY21 1 ) i n1 980 : g ene ra l v i ew o f` 1 3 roch 2 '[ 1 980 /7 /34 ]

2 77

T he R oundhou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

5 . 20 V iew o f e xcava t ion sa t T he H owe ( HY21 1 ) i n1 980 : r a ised o pen ing o r v o id i n t h e i n ne r w a l lf a ce o f ' B roch 2 ' w i th t h e o pen ing t o t h e u nde rg round c hambe r i n t h e f o r eg round . [ 1980 /7 /32 ]

5 . 2 1 V iew o f e xcava t ion s a t T he H owe ( I 1Y2 1 1 ) i n1 980 : t h e i n t ra -mu ra l s t a i r i n ' B roch 2 ' s how ing c r a cked s t ep s . [ 1 985 /6 /30 ]

5 . 22 V iew o fe xcava t ion s a t T he H owe ( HY21 1 )i n1 980 : t h ef e a tu r ee xposed i nf l oo ro f' B roch 2 'w h ich t u rned o u tt ob et h e p a s sage o f aN eo l i th ic p a s sage g r ave . [ 1980 /7 / 33 ]

2 78

S ec t ion 5 : O rkney

Ok s t row B ro ch , S ec t ion o n t he l i ne e I ,e .

F ig . 5 .—Ground P lan o fO k s t row B ro ck [ Sea le o ne -s ix t eenth i n ch t oo ne f o ot .]

s K e

F ig . 6 . --G round P l an o fB r u ch a tM an s eo f Barmy . [ S ca l e , o ne -s ix t een th i n ch t oo ne f o o t . ]

5 . 23 T op : P e t r ies 's ( 1890 ) p l an o fO x t row ( HY22 4 ) .

B o t tom : P e t r ie 's ( 1890 ) p l an o fN e t la te rb roch ( HY31 1 4 ) . B o th s ca le 1 : 300 .

2 79

T he R oundhou se s , B rochs a nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

5 . 24 T op : p l an o fO x t row b roch ( HY22 4 )f r om RCAH MS . B o t tom : p l an o fN e t la te r( HY31 1 4 ) f r om RCAHMS . S ca le s 1 : 300 : C rown c opy r igh tr e served .

2 80

S ec t ion 5 : O rkney

5 . 25 N e t la te rb roch ( HY31 1 4 ) : c r o s ss e c t ion o ft h e ' we l l ' ( Pe t r ie 1 890 ) .

2 81

T he R oundhou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

1 G D1 2

3

GP 25

5

8

9 1 '1 0

:WH I M i ma m ,

Ca

6

5 . 26 F ind sf r om O x t row ( HY22 4 )i nt h eN a t iona l Mu seum so fS co t land ; s t one i mp lemen t s( 4l amp sa nd ap l aque ) , n a t ive p o t te ry , a S am ian b ow lb a se a nd ab ronze p enannu la rf i bu la . S ca le 1 : 4 .

2 82

S ec t ion 5 : O rkney

4 GD23

2 GD27 f

-z —r = 3 c

, —

---

3c x r .i c t

_

—

G I ) 24

1 0 GC

23

5

9

GCS

/

cc 4

1

d

C S C 30

1 2

4C 4 -4 .

1 3

8 C C L I -

9

CC 3 1

Gc

1 3

1 4

7

1 5

B . (q14 . G . g4 1

1 7

5 . 27 F ind sf r om 3s i te s , i nt h e NMS . T op —O x t row ( HY22 4 ) , i n c lud ing t wo l o ng -hand led b one c ombs , ab one b ead a nd ad eco ra ted s t one w ho r l . C en t re —B u r ray E a s t( ND49 1 )i n c lud ing 3l o ng -hand led b one c omb sw i th ap o s s ib le u nf in ished o ne , ab one p i nw i th a b a l l shaped h ead , t wo i r on p ins w i th l a rge b one h ead s( one s o l id a nd o ne h o l low ) , af r agmen to f ad oub le s ide c ompo s i te b one c omb , aw ho r l o r b u t ton made f r om t h e h ead o f af emu r ( p robab ly h uman ) a nd ac i rcu la r s t one d i sc o r p l aque ; t h e b ronze r i ng i sf r om O x t row . B o t tom — L ing row ( HY40 2 )i n c lud ing a f l aked s t one o b jec ta nd t h es o l id b one p omme lo f as wo rd o rd agge r . S ca le 1 : 4 .

2 83

T he R oundhou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

5 . 28 O x t row i n1 985 ( HY22 4 ) : g ene ra l v i ew o fb roch m ound . [ 1985 /6 /9 ]

5 . 29 O x t row i n1 985 ( HY22 4 ) : r ema in so fc e l l o nt h e Ss i de . [ 1985 /6 / 10 ]

2 84

S ec t ion 5 : O rkney

5 . 30 B u rn e ss i n1 987 ( HY31 3 ) : g ene ra l v i ew o fb roch mound . [ 1987 / 1/36 ]

1

2

3

4

5

6

5 . 31 I ng showe i n1 987 ( HY31 9 ) : v i ew o fb roch f r om b ea ch , t h er ema in sr e s t ing o n ah o r izon ta lp l a tf o rm ,v i s ib le o nt h er i gh t . o u t e rw a l l , 2= b roch w a l l( po le a ti nne rf a ce ) , 3=r ubb le mound , 4=r i gh tb roch w a l l , 5= d i p , 6= o u te rw a l l . [ 1 987 / 1/34 ]

2 85

1=

T he R oundhou se s , B roch s a nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

5 . 32 I ng showe i n1 987 ( HY31 9 ) : p ro jec t ing i n ne rf a ce o fb roch w a l l , a so n 5 . 31 . [ 1987 / 1/ 35 ]

5 . 33 N e t la te r i n1 985 ( HY31 1 4 ) : g ene ra l v i ew o fo u te rw a l l f a ce . [ 1985 /5 /3 ]

2 86

S ec t ion 5 : O rkney

5 . 34 N e t la te ri n1 985 ( HY31 1 4 ) : t h er u ined s t a i r . [ 1 985 /5 /4 ]

2 87

5 . 35 G u rne s s( HY32 2 ) p l an o fs i te ( RCAH MS ) : s ca le 1 : 300 : C rown c opy r igh tr e se rved . .

BU ILD ING

R E MOVED

T he R oundhou se s , B roch s a nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

I 10 10

2 88

S ec t ion 5 : O rkney

f

R O C

R O C K

R O C K SECT ION

A -B & E-F

SECT ION C-D & G -H 0

4

PLAN

—F

A B O V E= WELL

7

i 1

R OCK I

0I234567F E T 11111

II

I I

II

1

I

I

SECT I ON

1-J

AJ

5 . 36 G urness ( i n 1 963 HY32 2 ) : p l an a nd e l eva t ions o ft h e ' we l l ' ( RCAH MS ) : s ca le 1 : 60 : C rown c opy r igh tr e se rved .

2 89

T he R oundhou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

5 . 37 G u rne s si n1 963 ( HY32 2 ) : g ene ra lv i ew o fb roch o u te rd ef ence sw i th r e -po s i t ioned ' c ou r tya rd h ouse ' i nf o r eg round . I th a sb een s ugge s ted t h a tt h et h i rd , o u te rmos t , d i tch ( on t h er i gh t ) i sf o rmed o ft h eu nf i l led in r ema in so fe xcava t ions t of i nd i ti nt h e 1 930 s . [ 1 963 /5 / 18 ]

5 . 38 G u rne s si n1 987 ( HY32 2 ) :

g ene ra l v i ew l o ok ing n or th a l ong i n ne rd i tch o nw e s ts i de ; s t a cked s l abs c an b es e en a l ong t h e i n s ide f a ce ( f o r eg round ) . [ 1 987 / 1/ 19 ]

2 90

S ec t ion 5 : O rkney

5 . 39 G u rne s si n1 987 ( HY32 2 ) :

5 . 40 G u rnes si n1 987 ( HY32 2 ) :

a ppa r en t ly s t a cked s t one s l ab si nt h ei n ne rd i tch . [ 1987 / 1/ 17 ]

o u te rd ef ence sw i th b a s t ion w a l l s i t t ing i ni n ne rd i tch . A ts ome s t age t h eb a s t ion h a sb een c on t inued a c ro s st h ed i tch b y as hor tc au seway . [ 1987 / 1 / 18 ]

2 91

T he Roundhouses , B rochs a nd Whee lhouse s o fA t lan t ic S co t land

5 . 4 1 G u rne s si n1 985 ( HY32 2 ) :

5 . 42 G u rne s s i n1 963 ( HY32 2 ) :

g ene ra lv i ew o fb roch a nd o u te rd ef ence s f r om t h en o r th -we s t . [ 1 985 /5 /5 ]

i n ne rd i tch , l o ok ing t owa rd st h ee n t rance c au seway f r om e a s t ; t h e r ock -cu te nd o ft he d i tch i s v i s ib le ( po le )w i th t h eb a s t ion w a l lo ve r r id ing i t . [ 1 963 /5 / 13 ]

2 92

S ec t ion 5 : O rkney

5 . 43 Gu rne s si n1 985 ( HY32 2 ) : g ene ra lv i ew o f t h eo u tbu i ld ing sw i th t h eb roch i nb a ckg round . [ 1 985 /5 /6 ]

5 . 44 G u rnes s i n1 987 ( HY32 2 ) : l o ok ing n o r th t oR ou say a l ong t h ei n ne rd i tch o nt h ee a s ts i de ; t h ef a ce o ft h eb a s t ioned w a l l e nc lo s ing t h ev i l lage i so nt h el ef t . [ 1987 / 1/20 ]

2 93

T he R oundhou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

5 . 45 G u rne s si n1 963 ( HY32 2 ) :

l a te ' c ou r tya rd h ou se ' o nt o po fo u tbu i ld ing s , r e bu i l ti n an ew p os i t ion . [ 1 963 /5 / 17 ]

5 . 46 G u rne s si n1 987 ( HY32 2 ) : r ema in so fe a r th c l o se ta mong t h eo u tbu i ld ing s . [ 1987 / 1/22 ]

2 94

S ec t ion 5 : O rkney

5 . 47 G u rne s si n1 985 ( HY32 2 ) :

5 . 48 G ume s si n1 987 ( HY32 2 ) :

t h eo u te re nd o ft h e b roch e n t rance w i th p a s sage e x ten s ion h ou s ing t h es e conda ry d oo rf r ame i n f r on to fi t . [ 1 985 /5 /7 ]

s i de v i ew o fs e conda ry d oo rh ou s ing a nd g ua rd c e l l : t h es t ra igh tj o in tb e tween i ta nd t h eb roch w a l l i sv i s ib le . [ 1 987 / 1/24 ]

2 95

T he R oundhou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

5 . 49 G ume s si n1 987 ( HY32 2 ) :

v i ew f r om t h eb roch w a l lh ead o ft h ea pp roa ch r o ad t ot h ee n t rance a nd o ft h es e conda ry d oo r h ou s ing a nd g ua rd c e l l . [ 1 987 / 1/23 ]

5 . 50 G ume s s i n 1 985 ( HY32 2 ) : t h e i n s ide e nd o ft h e m a in e n t rance s how ing c onc r e te l i n te l a bove d oo r f r ame h o ld ing u p s t ruc tu r e s f ound d u r ing e xcava t ions , I9 85 /5 / 10 1

5 . 51 G ume s s i n 1 963 ( HY32 2 ) : ma in e n t ra nce w i th d oo r c heck a nd c onc r e te s uppo r t a bove ; t h e b a r s o ck e t i sv i s ib le t o t h el e f to ft h ep o le a nd as ocke ts t one n ea ri t sb a s e . [ 1963 /5 /7 ]

2 96

S ec t ion 5 : O rkney

5 . 52 G ur n e s si n 1 963 ( HY32 2 ) : t h er ema in ing h a lf o ft h es e conda ry r a i sed c hambe ra bove t h eg ua rd c e l lt ot h el ef to ft h ee n t rance ; t h i sw a sp r e sumab ly b u i l ta f t e rt h eg a l le ry b e low h ad b een f i l led i n . [ 1963 /5 / 19 ]

5 . 53 G u rness i n 1 963 ( HY32 2 ) : d i s to r ted d oo rway t o t h e r i gh t g ua rd c e l l s e en f r om i n s ide t h e d oo rway t o t h e l ef to ne . [ 1963 /5 / 12 ]

5 . 54 G u rne s s i n1 987 ( HY32 2 ) : g round l e ve l i n t ra -mu ra l g a l le ry l e ad ing b a ck f r om t h el ef tg ua rd c e l l . [ 1985 /5 /8 ]

2 97

T he R oundhou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

—

5 . 55 G ume s si n1 987 ( HY32 2 ) :

l o ok ing d own o nt ot h ei n ne re nd o ft h em a in e n t r ance ( po le ) , a nd t h ea d jacen tc en t ra lc ou r t , f r om t h ew a l lhead . [ 1 987 / 1/25 ]

5 . 56 G ume s s( HY32 2 ) : g ene ra l v i ew o ft h ei n te r io rl o ok ing t owa rd s t h ee n t rance . [ 1985 /5 / 13 ]

2 98

S ec t ion 5 : O rkney

5 . 57 G u rne s si n1 985 ( HY32 2 ) :

g ene ra lv i ew o ft h ei n te r io rf r om a bove t h ee n t rance p a s sage i n1 985 . [ 1 985 /5 / 12 ]

5 . 58 G ume s si n1 985 ( HY32 2 ) :

t h ei n te r io rs how ing t h es e conda ry h ea r th : c ompa r e I l . 5 . 59 . [ 1 985 /5 / 17 ]

2 99

T he R oundhou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

5 . 59 G u rne s si n1 963 ( HY32 2 ) :

t h es e conda ry h ea r th a si tw a si n1 963 w i th t h ep r ima ry c en t ra lh ea r th a cce s s ib le u nde rt h es l id ing c ove rb eyond . [ 1 963 /5 / 15 ]

5 . 60 G ume s si n1 985 ( HY32 2 ) : d own i n to t h ew e l l [ 1 985 /5 / 11 ]

3 00

t h e s t ep s

S ec t ion 5 : O rkney

5 . 61 G u rne s si n1 987 ( HY32 2 ) :

t h er o ck -cu tb a se o ft h ew e l lw i th al i t t le w a te ri ni t .[ 1 987 / 1 /29 ]

5 . 63 G u rne s s i n 1 963 ( HY32 2 ) : v i ew o ft h e r a i sed d oo rway t o t h e s t a i r w i th p a r t o ft h e s c a rcemen t v i s ib le t oi t sr i gh t , a tt h et o po ft h ew a l l . [ 1963 /5 / 16 ]

5 . 62 G u rnes s i n 1 963 ( HY32 2 ) : e xpo sed l i n te l s o ft h e g round g a l le ry i nt h e n o r th t on o r th -ea s t a r c ; t ho se i nt h e f o r eg round h ave b een w r enched p a r t ly o u t o fp o s i t ion a nd t h e p a cked r ubb le u nde rnea th c an b e c l ea r ly s e en . [ 1 963 /5 / 10 ] 3 01

T he R oundhou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

5 . 64 G u rne s si n1 963 ( HY32 2 ) : t h er ema in so ft h e p r ima ry i n t ra -mu ra l s t a i rway . [ 1 963 /5 /9 ]

5 . 65 G u rne s si n1 987 ( HY32 2 ) :

t h es t a i rf oo tg ua rd c e l l s how ing s e conda ry mod if i ca t ion s( t he e n t rance f r om t h ei n te r io ri so nt h e l ef t ) . [ 1 987 / 1/26 ]

3 02

S ec t ion 5 : O rkney

5 . 67 G u rne s s i n1 963 ( HY32 2 ) : s e conda ry f e a tu re s i nt h e i n te r io r o ppo s i te t h e e n t rance , i n c lud ing a s t eep f l igh t o f s t ep sa ga in s tt h ew a l lf a ce . [ 1 963 /5 /8 ]

5 .66 G u rne s si n 1 963 ( HY32 2 ) : t h ee dge o ft h er a ised d oo r t ot h e s t a i r i sv i s ib le i nt h e f o r eg round o n t h e l ef t( ma rked b y t h e p o le ) ; t h e h igh s ca r cemen t i s b eyond a nd v a r iou s s e conda ry f e a tu re s c an b e s e en e nc roa ch ing o n i t . F 1963 /5 / 14 1

5 . 68 G u rne s si n1 985 ( HY32 2 ) :

t h er a ised v o id a t1 2o ' c lock s how ing t h es e conda ry s t ep sa ga in s tt h e i n ne rf a ce o ft h ew a l la nd t h e c r os ss l ab b lock ing i t .[ 1 985 /5 / 16 ]

3 03

T he R oundhou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

5 . 70 G u rness i n1 987 ( HY32 2 ) : v i ew a l ong t he w a l l h ead t o t h e b locked v o id a t 1 2 o ' c lock ( s lab o n e dge i n c en t r e ) l e ad ing l ef tt ot h e i n te r io r : p a r t o ft he u ppe rg a l le ry i sv i s ib le i nt h e f o reg round a s i st h e t o p o ft h e s e conda ry s t a i r a tt o p l ef t . [ 1987 / 1/28 ]

5 . 69 G u rne s s i n1 987 ( HY32 2 ) : v i ew o ft h e s e conda ry s t a i r a ga in s t t h e i n ne r w a l l f a ce a t 1 2 o ' c lock w i th t h e b l ocked v o id a t l owe r r i gh t ; n o te h ow t h e s e conda ry a nd p r ima ry m a son ry b l end a tt h et op . [ 1 987 / 1/27 ]

3 04

S ec t ion 5 : O rkney

H ypo the s is A - P hase 2

H ypo the s i s B-P ha se 1 b

5 . 71 G ume s s ( HY32 2 ) : d iag ram s how ing t wo p os s ib le i n te rp re ta t ions o ft h e d e s ign o ft h e p r ima ry f l oo r i n s ide t h e b roch ; t h e t op p lan s how s t h e b roch a s ah o l low -wa l led t owe rc on ta in ing aw ooden r oundhou se w h i le t h e b o t tom p l an s how s i ta st h e l owe rs t ruc tu re s ugge s ted b yH edges c on ta in ing c ompa r tmen t s m ade f r om s and s tone s l abs ( MacK ie 1 995 , I l . 5 ) . S ca le 1 : 130 .

3 05

T he R oundhouses , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se so fA t l an t ic S co t land

l e ve l

0

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5 . 72 G u rne s s ( HY32 2 ) : c r o s s s e c t ion s s how ing i n te rna l f l oo r s a nd p o s s ib le r oof ing o f t h e b roch a cco rd ing t ot h e a l t e rna t ive s c ena r io s s hown i n 5 . 7 1 . T op , t h eh i gh b roch w i th t h ew ooden r oundhou se i n s ide s u gge s ted b yt h ea u tho r ; b o t tom , t h e l ow b r o ch w i th s t one i n ter na l c ompa r tmen t s a nd ap a r t ia l r a i sed w ooden f l oo r s ugge s ted b y J o hn H edge s ( Ma cK ie 1 995 , I l . 6 ) . S ca le 1 : 160 . T he p i t ch o fb o th r oof si st o of l a t .

3 06

S ec t ion 5 : O rkney

6

7

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9 1 4

1 3 1 0

1 8

1 9

2 2

2 3

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5 . 73 G u rne s s ( HY32 2 ) : f md s f r om t h e s i te n ow i nt h e N a t iona l Mu seum s o f S co t land . T he c oppe r a loy o rnamen t s i n c lude a z oomorph ic p enannu la rb rooch , r i ng -headed p i on s o fn o r th B r i t i sh t y pe , s p i ra l f i nge r r ing s a nd an eed le . F i red c l ay i n c lude sp o s s ib le c r uc ib le f r agmen t s a nd s ome p o t she rd s . Among t h el a t te ri s ap i e ce o f aR oman a mpho ra ( l owe rl ef t , d r awn u p s ide d own )t h ed a t eo f w h ich i ss i gn if i can t( s ee s i t ee n t ry ) . S ca le 1 : 4 .

3 07

T he R oundhouse s , B rochs a nd Whee lhouses o fA t lan t ic S co t land

4 5

3

9

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5 . 75 G u rne s s ( HY32 2 ) : f i nd s f r om t h e s i te n ow i nt h e N a t iona l Mu seum s o fS co t land — m o r e b one a r tef a c t s i n c lud ing a no the r f r agmen to f al o ng -hand led c omb , ad e co ra ted t u be o fu nknown f u nc t ion , ap robab le w ho r l , p l a in p i n s , t h e t i ne o fa n a n t le r ,t wo a w ls m ade f r om a n ima l a s t ragu l i , t h e t u rn ing e nd o f al o ng q ue rn h and le ( c en t re r i gh t ) , t h e p omme l o f as ma l l i r on k n if e o r d agge r , a d eco ra ted r e c tangu la r r od a nd s l igh t ly c u rved f l a tp l a te sw i th p e r f o ra t ion s( one w i th ab one p o in ti ni t ) . S ca le 1 : 4

3 08

S ec t ion 5 : O rkney

4

1 3

2 0 2 2

1 7 1 9 5 . 74 G u rne s s ( HY32 2 ) : f i nd s f r om t h e s i te n ow i nt h e N a t iona l Mu seum s o fS co t land — b one i mp lemen t s i n c lud ing l o ng -hand led c omb s , t h e b a l l -shaped h ead o fa n i r on p i n ( w i th p a r t o ft h e s hank r ema in ing ) , ad i e , n eed le s , ap robab le f i sh g o rge , ab r id le c heek p i ece , af emu r -head w ho r l o rb u t ton a nd ar e c tangu la r p l a te w i th ap e rf o ra t ion a te a ch c o rne r . I na dd i t ion t h e r e a r e t wo c l ay m ou ld f r agmen t sf o r s ma l lr i ng -headed p i n s . S ca le 1 : 4 .

3 09

T he R oundhouses , B roch sa nd W hee l hou se so fA t l an t ic S co t land

2 0

1

2 4

5 . 76 G u rne s s( HY32 2 ) : f i nd sf r om t h es i te n ow i nt h eN a t iona l Mu seum so fS co t land —p o t te ry r im f r agmen t si n c lud ingb p l a in ,g r i t ty b a r r e l shaped ur n s a tt o p l e f ta nd b o t tom l e f t , t wo E ve r ted R im s h e rd s ( one w i th p robab le f l u t ing o nt h e i n s ide f a c eo ft h e r im ) a nd a f r agmen to fw ha tl o ok sl i ke a ni n c i sed l i ne -de co ra ted f r agmen to f aH eb r idean V au lw a r ev a se . S ca le 1 : 4 .

3 10

S ec t ion 5 : O rk ney

4

3

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7

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1 2 5 . 77 Gu rne s s( HY32 2 ) : f i nd s f r om t h es i te n ow i nt h eN a t iona l Mu seum so fS co t land —s t one o b jec t s i n c lud ing t h e l owe rs t one o fa r o ta ry q ue rn ,p ounde r so rp ebb le g r inde r s ,w ho r l so rb ead s , as ma l l w he t s tone a nd al a rge p e rf o ra ted d i sc ,p e rhap s aw e igh t . S ca le 1 : 4 .

3 11

T he R oundhouse s , B rochs a nd W hee lhouse so fA t lan t ic S co t land

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M idhowe b roch ( HY33 1 ) : c r o s ss e c t ion so ft h eb roch a nd s u r round ing s t ruc tu re s ,a f te r RCAHMS ( s ca le 1 : 300 ) : C rown c opyr igh tr e se rved .

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S ec t ion 5 : O rkney

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5 . 80 M idhowe b roch ( HY33 1 ) : o b je c t so fs t one , f i red c l ay a nd m e ta l i nt h e N a t iona l Mu seum so fS co t land . T he s t one o b jec t s( u ppe r h a l f ) i n c lude t wo l amp s , ag rooved w e igh t o rs i nke r , ar ough d i sc a nd ap e rf o ra ted w ho r l ; t h o se o ff i red c l ay i n c lude ac oa r se r im s h e rd a nd f r agmen t s o fp robab le s ma l l c r uc ib le s w h i le t h e i t em s o fc oppe r a loy i n c lude t wo r i ng -headed p i n s o fn or th B r i t i sh t y pe , t h ree p enannu la rb rooche s w i th ah i gh c u rve i nt h eu ppe rp a r to ft h ep i n ( one f r agmen ta ry )a nd ab ra ce le t o f b ea ten m e ta l . S ca le 1 : 4 .

3 14

S ec t ion 5 : O rkney

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 P

5 . 81 M idhow e b roch ( HY33 1 ) : o b je c t s o fb one i nt h e N a t iona l Mu seum s o fS co t land i n c lud ing 9 l o ng -hand led b one c omb s , a n u nu sua l s i ng le s ided c omb a nd af r agmen t o f ad oub le s ided c ompo s i te c omb ; t h e r ea r ea l so ah eavy a w lo rp i e r ce r , ah af t ed a n t le ro r b one t oo l a nd ap o ss ib le p omme l f o r a ni r on d agge r . T he re a r e a l so t h r ee e l onga ted s t one p ebb le s w h ich m ay b e w he t s tone s . S ca le 1 : 4 .

3 15

T he R oundhouse s , B rochs a nd W hee lhouse so fA t lan t ic S co t land

1-

! ___1 _ ___

5 . 82 M idhowe b roch ( HY33 1 ) : p o t te ry i nt h e N a t iona l Mu seum s o fS co t land , i n c lud ing s t anda rd p la in , h a rd -f i r ed O rkney b roch v e s se l s ( p robab ly a l l e xcep t 7& 1 ) a nd t wo s he rd s o fE ve r ted R im j a r s ( no s . 7& 1 ) ; n o 1 i sb l a ck -bu rn i shed w i th f l u t ing o n t h e i n s ide f a ce o ft h er im ( s ome t ime sc a l led t h eC l ickh im in s t y le o ft h ew a re ) . S ca le 1 : 4 .

3 16

S ec t ion 5 : O rkney

5 . 83 M idhowe i n 1 985 ( HY33 1 ) :

g ene ra lv i ew f r om t h eh i l la bove o ft h eb roch m ound b e s ide t h es ea ,w i th i t sm a s s ive d i tch i nf r on t . [ 1 985 /5 / 19 ]

5 . 84 M idhowe i n 1 985 ( HY33 1 ) : t h eb roch w i th , i nt h ef o reg round , t h e ` g eo ' o rr o cky c l ef ti nt h el ow c l if t ot h ee a s to ft h es i te w h ich f o rm s p a r to ft h ep romon to ry o nw h ich t h es i te s t and s . [ 1 985 /5 /20 ]

3 17

T he R oundhou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

5 . 85 M idhowe i n1 963 ( HY33 1 ) : ag ene ra l v i ew o f t h eo u te rd i t ch w i th t h eb roch j u s tv i s ib le t ot he r i gh t( t he b u i ld ing i nt h e b a ckg round c ove r st h ea d ja cen tN eo l i th ic s t a l led c a i rn ) . [ 1 963 /5 /28 ]

5 . 86 M idhowe i n1 963 ( HY33 1 ) :

t h ei n ne rd i tch o ft h ep romon to ry d ef ence w i th i t sh i gh , r e ve t ted o u te rf a ce a nd f l a t , r ock -cu tb a se ( b roch t ot h el ef t ) . [ 1 963 /5 /30 ]

3 18

S ec t ion 5 : O rkney

5 . 87 M idhowe i n1 985 ( HY33 1 ) : r ema in so f t h es e conda ry d oo rway o u t s ide t h em a in e n t rance o ft h eb roch ( a tt h er i gh t ) ; i t sp i vo t s t one i ss e ti nt h es ame s e conda ry p aved f l oo rt h a tr un si n to t h eb roch p a s sage . [ 1 985 /5 /25 ]

5 . 88 M idhowe i n1 987 ( HY33 1 ) : a no the rv i ew o f t h ef r agmen ta ry r ema in so ft h es e conda ry g ua rd c e l ls o u t s ide t h em a in e n t rance ( s ee I lu s .5 .87 ) . [ 1987 /2 /5 ]

3 19

T he R oundhou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se s o fA t lan t ic S co t land

5 . 89 M idhowe i n1 963 ( HY33 1 ) : v i ew o ft h er u ined w a l l h ead o nt h e s e awa rd s i de s how ing t h e d i s to r ted a nd c o l lap s ing g round g a l le ry p acked w i th s t one b lock ing ; af r agmen to ft h eh igh s c a rc emen t i sv i s ib le i nc r o s ss e c t ion a tt op r i gh t . [ 1963 /5 /20 ]

5 . 90 M idhowe i n 1 963 ( HY33 1 ) : t h e e n t rance p a s sage f r om o u t s ide . T he p o le i s b e ing t h ru s t t h rough g ap s b e tween t h e p a s sage l i n te ls i nf r on t o f t h e d oo r f r ame s how ing t h a t t h ey c ou ld h ave s e rved a sm eur t r i& e s o rg ap st h rough w h ich p eop le i nf r on t o f t h e d oo r c ou ld h ave b een a t ta cked f r om t h e c hambe ro ve rt h ee n t rance . [ 1 963 /5 /2 1]

5 . 9 1 M idhowe i n1 985 ( HY33 1 ) : t h ee n t rance p a s sage l o ok ing o u t , s how ing h ow t h e d oo r -check s e x tend u pwa rd s i n to t h e c hambe r a bove i t ; t h e l a t te r w a s w he re t h e a u tho r w as s t and ing i n t h e p r ev ious p ho tog raph . [ 1985 /5 /24 ]

3 20

S ec t ion 5 : O rkney

5 . 92 M idhowe i n1 987 ( HY33 1 ) : t h eo u te re nd o ft h ee n t rance p a s sage s how ing t h es e conda ry p av ing b eh ind t h ed oo rf r ame a nd i t s s i l l s t one , a nd w h ich p re sumab ly c ove r st h ep r ima ry p i vo ts t one . [ 1987 /2 /6 ]

5 . 93 M idhowe i n1 985 ( HY33 1 ) : i n s ide t h e t h e l ef tg ua rd c e l l w i th , b eyond ,t h e g round l e ve lg a l le ry l e ad ing b a ck f r om i t . [ 1 985 /5 /33 ]

3 21

T he R oundhou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

5 . 94 M idhowe i n 1 963 ( HY33 1 ) : v i ew o ft h e c en t ra l c our t l o ok ing t owa rd s t h e m a in e n t r ance . T he r ema in ing f r on t l i n te l s o ft h e p a s sage c an b e s e en ( a bove t h ep o le ) a si n 1 1 .5 .9 1 a nd t h e se f o rm t h ef l oo ro ft h ec hambe ro ve rt h e e n t rance i nL eve l2 ; t h ei n ne rmo s t l i n te l o ft h e s l ab r oof o ft h is f o rm s p a r t o ft h e h igh s ca rcemen t w h ich , u nsua l ly , s t a r t s a tL eve l 3 . T he v o id o ve rt h e e n t rance e x tend s e ven h ighe ri n to L eve l 3t of o rm a no the rc hambe r, o f w h ich o n ly af ew c ou r se so ft h em a son ry o ft h es i de sr ema in . T h is w ou ld h ave b een a cce s s ib le f r om t h e r a i sed w ooden f l oo r r e s t ing o n t h e s c a r cemen t w he rea s al a dde r w ou ld p r e sumab ly h ave b een n eeded t og e t i n to t h el owe rc hambe r . [ 1963 /5 /22 ]

5 . 95 M idhowe i n 1 985 ( HY33 1 ) : g ene ra l v i ew o ft h e c en t ra l c ou r t l o ok ing t owa rd s t h e e n t rance ; t he s e conda ry s and s tone s l ab p a r t i t ion d i v ide s t h e c ou r t i n h a lf a nd t h e t wo v i s ib le h ea r th s a r e a l so o n t h e s e conda ry f l oo r , n ow n concea led u nde r g r ave l . [ 198 5/ 5/ 27 ]

3 22

S ec t ion 5 : O rkney

5 . 96 M idhow e i n 1 985 ( HY33 1 ) : a no the r v i ew o ft h e i n te r io r , s how ing h ow t h e w a l l o n t h e S E s i de s ag s o u twa rd s a bove t h e s c a rcemen t ( t he p o le i sv e r t ica l ) ; t h e r a i sed v o id a t1 . 30 o ' c lock a bove t h is l e dge i sv i s ib le . A lso v i s ib le i nt h eb a ckg round a r e t h e r ema in s o f as e conda ry s t a i rca se b u i l ta ga ins tt h eb roch w a l l ( p re sumab ly o nt op o ft h es e conda ry f l oo r )t og i ve a cce s st o ap o in tr a the r t ot he l e f to ft h is v o id ; t h es i tua t ion i sv e ry s im i la r i nG ume s sb roch ( I l l . 5 . 67 ) . [ 1 985 /5 /30 ]

5 . 97 M idhow ei n1 985 ( HY33 1 ) : v i ew o ft h ec en t ra lc ou r ta ta bou t 1 . 30 o ' c lock w i th o ne o ft h es e conda ry h ea r th sa nd t h er ema ins o f t he s e conda ry f l igh to fs t ep s ; t h eo r ig ina l p aved s e conda ry f l oo ri sh i dden u nde rg rave l . [ 1 985 /5 /28 ]

3 23

T he R ound hou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

5 . 98 M idhowe i n1 985 ( HY33 1 ) : v i ew o f t h eh igh s c a r cemen t s pann ing a nd j u s tb eyond t h ee n t rance s how ing h ow s e conda ry m a son ry , f o rm ing t h eh i gh a l cove , o ve r lap st h el e dg e . [ 1 985 /5 /29 ]

5 . 99 M idhowe i n1 987 ( HY33 1 ) : a no the rv i ew o ft h e s c a rcemen ta tt h ee n t rance , s e en f r om a bove , s how ing h ow t h es econda ry m a son ry o ve r lap si t .[ 1 987 /2 /4 ]

3 24

S ec t ion 5 : O rkney

5 . 100 M idhowe i n 1 987 ( HY33 1 ) : t h ei n ne re nd o ft h ee n t rance p a s sage s how ing h ow i t ss e conda ry p av ing e me rge s i n to t h ei n te r io r a bove t h ep r ima ry p av ing ( a tb o t tom )a nd h ow t h es e conda ry f a c ing o ft h ew a l l ( t he f oo to ft h ea l cove s hown i n 5 . 98 )a bu t st h is h ighe r p a s sage f l oo r . [ 1987 /2 /7 ]

5 . 10 1 M idhowe i n 1 985 ( HY33 1 ) : v i ew o ft h e i n te r io rf l oo r l o ok ing t owa rd s t h e e n t rance a nd s how ing t h a tt h ep r ima ry p e r iphe ra l p av ing a tt h e w a l l f oo t ( ' d ra in ' o n p l an ) i sa t al owe r l e ve l t h an t h e s e conda ry f l oo r ( now c ove r ed w i th g rave l ) w i th i t s h ea r th t ot h e r i gh t . [ 1985 /5 /26 ]

3 25

T he R oundhou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

5 . 102 M idhowe i n1 963 ( HY33 1 ) : v i ew t owa rd st h er a ised d oo rway t ot h e s t a i ra t 9o ' c lock , t h e s e conda ry a l cove t ot h e l ef ta nd o ve r r id ing t h es c a rcemen t . [ 1963 /5 /23 ]

5 . 103 M idhowe i n1 963 ( HY33 1 ) : t h ei n t ra -mu ra ls t a i ro n L eve l 2 , w i th t h e d oo rway t o t he i n t e r io r t o t h e r i gh t . [ 1 963 /5 /26 ]

5 . 104 M idhowe i n1 963 ( HY33 1 ) : v i ew b ack d own t h e s t a i rt ot h eL eve l 2g a l le ry r unn ing a n t i -c lockw ise f r om i t . T he s t ep sa bove t h eg a l le ry r oof a r ep r e sumab ly al a te a dd i ton u n le s st h eg a l le r ie st hem se lve sw e re n o tb u i l te n t i re ly l e ve l . [ 1 963 /5 /25 ]

3 26

S ec t ion 5 : O rkney

5 . 105 M idhowe i n1 987 ( HY33 1 ) : t h er a i sed v o id i n L eve l 3a t1 . 30 o ' c lock l e ad ing t ot h ei n te r io r( t ot h e l ef t ) ; i nt h ec en t re i s as hor tl e ng th o ft h eL eve l 3i n t ra -mu ra l g a l le ry ( connec ted t ot h ev o id )w h ich h a sb een c onve r ted t o ar e c tangu la rc e l l b yb lock ing ma son ry . [ 1 987 /2 /3 ]

5 . 106 M idhowe i n 1 985 ( HY33 1 ) :

t h es ame L eve l 3g a l le ry j u s tc l ockw ise f r om t h ev o id a t1 . 30 o ' c lock s how ing f r om t h er e a rt h e b l ock ing w h ich h a sf o rmed t h er e c tangu la rc e l l . [ 1 985 /5 /31]

3 27

T he R oundhou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

5 . 107 M idhowe i n1 985 ( HY33 1 ) : t h er a i sed v o id a t8 . 30 o ' c lock l e ad ing t ot h eb locked L eve l 3mu ra l g a l le ry . [ 1 985 /5 /34 ]

5 . 108 M idhowe i n1 985 ( HY33 1 ) : v i ew o ft h es t a cked s l ab sr e s t ing a ga in s tt h ef o o to ft h eb roch w a l l t ot h el e f to ft h ee n t rance ; t ho se f u r the ra way o nt h el e f ta r eo nt h eo ld g round s u rf ace b u tt ho se n ea re rt h ec ame ra r e s to nt h ew a l l o fo ne o ft h es ur round ing ' o u tbu i ld ing s ' . [ 1985 /5 /2 1 ]

3 28

S ec t ion 5 : O rkney

w i n 4 1 0

I I

0

1 0

2 0

30

40

30

60

70 F EET

1

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3?

40 F EET C .5 .T .e .

5 . 109 T op : p l an o fb roch o fA y re ( HY40 1 ) ; b o t tom ,p l an o fL amb H ead ( HY62 3 ) ;b o th a f t e r RCAHMS a nd a t s c a le 1 : 300 : C rown c opy r igh tr e se rved .

3 29

T he R oundhouses , B rochs a nd Whee lhouses o fA t lan t ic S co t land

5 . 1 1 0 B roch o fA y r e ( HY 40 1 ) : s ome o ft h ed eco ra ted p o t te ry i nt h eN a t iona l Mu seum so fS co t land ; H eb r idean V au lw a re ,p a r t icu la r ly n o s . 8& 1. S ca le 1 : 4 .

3 30

t h ei n c i sed l i ne p a t te rn sr e ca l l

S ec t ion 5 : O rkney

5 . 111a R ema in so fA y r eb roch ( HY40 1 ) a nd i t so u tbu i ld ing si n1 963 w i th t h et r a ce so fP e t r ie 's t r enche sc l ea r ly v i s ib le ; s t and sn ex tt o af r agmen to ft h eo u te rw a l lf ace o ft h et owe r . [ 1963 /5 /39 ]

t h ep o le

F ig . 1 6 . S ect ion o fS t rata i nt he D ebr is i nt he P assage I .

. 4

S cale .

.

5 . 111b : G raeme 's p l an o f t h e b roch a nd s e c t ion o fd epo s i t si nt h eo u tbu i ld ing s .

F ig . 1 . P lan o ft he B roch o f Ay r e , S t Mary 's Ho lm , O rkney .

3 31

T he R oundhouse s , B rochs a nd W hee lhouse so fA t lan t ic S co t land

F IRST

M I N

1 0 Q 1 1 1 1 1 1W

P ER IOD

S ECOND

D o .

T H IRD

D o .

1 0

20

30

40

50

60

7 0F EET

I NDEF IN ITE

f r ,

e

5 . 112 T op : M idhowe b roch ( HY33 1 ) , a no the rp l an w i th d if e ren t s had ing . B o t tom p l an o fL ing ro b roch ( HY40 2 )( af t e r RCAH MS , P e t r ie & D ryden ) . B o th a ts c a le 1 : 300 .

L INGRO

32

S ec t ion 5 : O rkney

(

e u me*

6

9

3r w i .689 -

1

1 0 3 33

7

5 . 113 S ome o ft h e p l a in a nd d eco ra ted p o t te ry f r om L ing ro ( HY40 2 ) i n t h e N a t iona l Mu seum s o f S co t land . T he v e s se l a tt h et op ( GE 5 6 ) i s ar ema rkab le c omb ina t ion o f v a r iou s c e ram ic t r ad i t ion s . I ti sa n E ve r ted R im j a rw i th f l u t ing o n t h e i n s ide s u rf a ce o ft h e r im , b u t t h i s f l u t ing ( un ique ly ) h a s i n c ised d eco ra t ion o n i t , a nd t h e r e i s a l so a n eck -band ( s im i la r ly i n c i sed ) u nde r t h e r im o n t h e o u t s ide w h ich r e ca l l s t h e S he t land f o rm s ; t h e i n c ised g eome t r ica l p a t te rn s o n t h e e x ter io r c an b e m a tched w e l l i nH eb r idean V au l w a re ,a sa l so c an t h e c i r cu la r i mp re s sed ma rk s m ade w i th t h er i ng o f ar i ng -headed p in ; l a s t ly t h e r ow o fk nob sr ound t h e w a i s tr e ca l ls t h e w a is t c o rdon o f t h e B a levu l l in v a se s s e en a t D un A rd t reck , S kye ( Ma cK ie 2 002 , I l . 2 1) . T he p o t b e low t h is ( GE 7 5 ) i s ac l a s s ic e xamp le o f aV au l w a re v a se b u t t h e v e s se l s b e low t h i s a r e s t anda rd O rkney b roch p o t s . S ca le 1 : 4 .

T he R oundhouse s , B rochs a nd W hee lhouse so fA t lan t ic S co t land

I

t

Lt i

J

4

( 1‘ 9

0 /

\ i/ 0

. .. "-

0 /

1.

-.

- -

-• • •

. .. ..

s

. ... ... .

. . .e a

/ f r _

-/

/

. =... .

0/ i . . . . - - / 0 f\ \7 7 ,7 . i ,

Gre

2

1

G rE 1 02

9

C . T G " ( s-2

5 . 114 Mo r eo ft h ei n c i sed l i ne -deco ra ted p o t te ry f r om L ing ro ( HY40 2 )i nt h eN a t iona l Mu seum so fS co t land .

34

S ca le 1 : 4 .

S ec t ion 5 : O rkney

5 . 115 S ome o ft h e s t one a nd b one f i nd s f r om L ing ro ( HY40 2 ) i nt h e H un te r ian Mu seum , U n ive r s i ty o fG la sgow . A t t h e t op i sa l a rge s t one l amp ( 673) , ap ebb le g r inde r( 6 68 ) a nd ar ough s t one d i sc ( 674 ) . T he b one o b jec t s i n c lude t h e h o l low b a l l h ead f o ra n i r on p i n ( 680 ) , ap robab le p omme l f o ra n i r on d agge r( 677 ) , ap robab le b r id le c heek p i ece ( 681) a nd ad eco ra ted a n t le rt i ne ( 68 1) . T he re i s a l so af r agmen to f af i red c l ay mou ld , p robab ly f o r ab ronze p i n ( 685 ) . S ca le 1 : 4 .

3 35

T he R oundhou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

5 . 116 S i te o ft h e b roch o fL ing ro ( HY40 2 )i n1 985 ; n ot r a ce o ft h eb u i ld ing r ema in si nt h ef i e ld a l though t h eh ump st ot h el ef to f t h ew a l l a nd n ex tt ot h es t ream m ay s i gn if ys ome th ing . [ 1 985 /5 /22 ]

3 36

S ec t ion 5 : O rkney

SECT ION

s

A-B

cARCEMEN r

I ‘•

5 1 0 1 5F EET II III II III1

C .S .T .C .

5 . 117 T op : p l an a nd o ne c r oss s e c t ion o fC a s t le o fB o th ican ( HY44 2 )a f t e r RCAH MS ( Sca le 1 : 150 ) . B o t tom : p lan o fB roch o f B ur r is tae ( HY44 5 ) : s c a le 1 : 75 . C rown c opy r igh tr e served .

37

T he R oundhou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

5 . 118 T he a bandoned e xcava t ion sa tR iggan o fK am i ( HY50 6 )i n1 987 ; t h ep a r t ly e xpo sed e n t rance p a s sage s e en f r om t h ei n te r io r w i th t h ep o le a to ne o ft h ed oo r -ckeck s . T he i n ne rw a l l f a ce i sa tt op r i gh t . [ 1 987 /4 /31]

5 . 119 R iggan o fK am i ( HY50 6 )i n1 987 ; t h ec en t ra lc ou r ts how ing o ne r a d ia lp i e r( c en t re )a nd ar a ised v o id i nt h ei n ne rw a l lf a ce o n t h er i gh t ; a no the rp ro jec t ing p i e ri si nt h ef o r eg round . [ 1987 /4 /28 ]

3 38

S ec t ion 5 : O rkney

5 . 120 R iggan o fK am i ( HY50 6 )i n1 987 ; t h eg round l e ve li n t ra -mu ra lg a l le ry w i th af ew l i n te l si np o s i t ion . [ 1 987 /4 /30 ]

I

39

e .

3 40

R iggan o fK am i ( HY50 6 ) ; p lan o ft he e xpo sed r ema ins , made i n Ap r i l 1 984 B y SC a r te ra nd D H a igh .

T he R oundhou se s , B rochs a nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

A k

t t

S ec t ion 5 : O rkney

\e\ 1e 1 1 1 1 19 , 1 1 1p l i i iV r f e

\ \

\

I

j ` .\ e

4 4 0 i

i l r f g • i l i 4I

Ski i , Kw

„ •

I t •

:

a we—

r5 -

ee li l l 1 1 1 11 1\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ ( // ‚ / '

1 0

0

.

5 0

1 00 F EET

5 . 122 P lan o f B o r row s tone ( Bu r rough s tone ) , S hap in say ( HY52 1 ) , a f t e r RCAHMS : s c a le 1 : 300 : C rown c opy r igh tr e se rved .

3 41

T he R oundhou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

5 . 123 B o r row s tone , S hap in say , i n1 985 ( HY52 1 ) ; g ene ra l v i ew o ft h e mound b yt h es ea . [ 1 985 /4 / 37 ]

5 . 124 B o r row s tone , S hap in say , i n1 985 ( HY52 1 ) ; t h eg ra s sed o ve rw a l lh ead s how ing t r a ce so ft h eu ppe rg a l le ry ( a bove t h el ef te nd o ft h ep o le )w i th t h ei n ne rw a l l f a ce t oi t sr i gh t ,a t 5o ' c lock . [ 1 985 /5 /36 ]

3 42

S ec t ion 5 : O rkney

5 . 125 B o r rows tone , S hap insay , i n1 985 ( HY52 1 ) ; t h e s ame p i ece o fi n ne rw a l lf ace s how ing t h e s ca rcemen tw i th t h ep o le r e s t ing o n i t .[ 1985 /4 /33 ]

5 . 126 B or row s tone , S hap in say , i n1 985 ( HY52 1 ) ; v i ew a c ross t h e c en t ra l c ou r tt owa rds t h e e n t rance ( po le ) . [ 1985 /4 /32 ]

3 43

T he R oundhou se s , B roch s a nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

5 . 127 B o r row s tone , S hap in say , i n1 985 , i n 1 985 ( HY52 1 ) ; t h e e n t rance p a s sage w i th t h et op o ft h ed oo rt ot h e l e f tg ua rd c e l l a nd am ode rn w a l l b l ock ing t h e o u te r e nd ( po le ) . T he s i de s o f t h e c hambe r o ve r t h e e n t rance a r e s t i l l v i s ib le ( un le s s r e -bu i l t ) b u t n o s i gn s o fa ny s t ump s o ft h e p a s sage l i n te ls c an b es e en . [ 1 985 /4 /34 ]

5 . 128 B o r row s tone , S hap in say , i n1 985 ( HY52 1 ) ; i n s ide t h e g ua rd c e l l . [ 1 985 /4 /35 ]

3 44

S ec t ion 5 : O rkne y

_

e

/ . M l)

S '

t e ee

' . . e 7 d. •c g 'S

4 1 % ;7 " :" .t i : )t

kQ -

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9-

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4

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5 . 129 T op : e l eva t ion t h rough t h eb roch o fB o r row s tone ( HY52 1 ) , a f t e rP e tr ie ; t h es e conda ry s t ruc tu r ei n s ide i sc l ea r ly s e en ,a sa r e t h es ca r cemen t ,t h eu ppe rg a l le ry a nd av o id l e ad ing t oi t . B o t tom : p l an o fB acka ska i l l ( HY63 1 )a f t e r RCAH MS : s c a le 1 . 330 : C rown c opy r igh tr e se rved .

3 45

T he R oundhouse s , B rochs a nd W hee lhouse so fA t lan t ic S co t land

3 46

S ec t ion 5 : O rkney

( I p 4 7 -r oo

MD 5 77

1 4

1 3

5 . 131 C a lf o fE day w hee lhou se ( HY53 1 ) : p o t te ry i nt h e N a t iona l Mu seum s o fS co t land . A tt o p l ef ti s ah igh ly u nu sua l , f l owe r -po t s haped v e s se l d eco ra ted w i th s t ra igh ti n c i sed l i ne s ( r em in iscen to fH eb r idean V au l w a re ) ; a tt h eb o t tom ( MD 6 98 ) i sw ha ts e em s t ob e ac rude v e r s ion o f t h e e a r ly I r on A g ec a r ina ted o rs hou lde red s t y le w h ich p re sumab ly d a te s t h e s u i te t ot h e rh/ 6 "1c en tu r ie s BC . S ca le 1 : 4 .

3 47

T he R oundhouse s , B rochs a nd W hee lhouse so fA t lan t ic S co t land

i ‘U I t t l iu“n i l tl i h t tL 1i t l 41 i 4t

1

, > , > ' ` \ \ \ 11 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 111 ,111 1 1 W ! ! ! ! ! f lu i t i l l* \ Z " s :

m

0\\ W

o ‘

\\\\\\\\

e i \ ae ze

5EA-5HORE

\

\ . `

Z. Z . ›

ay .

q lw a y,

L r 1 00 F EET I

I

C .S .T .C .

5 . 132 B u r r ian b roch ,N or th R ona ld say ( HY75 1 ) : p l an o fb roch a nd o u te rd ef ence sa f t e r RCAHMS : s c a le 1 : 300 : C rown c opy r igh t r e served .

3 48

S ec t ion 5 : O rk ney

BROCH

OF

BU R RI A N ,

GR O U N D

PLA N

&

N .

RO N ALDSAY .

SECTI O N.

5 . 133 B u r r ian b roch ,N o r th R ona ld say ( HY75 1 ) : p l an o ft h ei n te r io ra f t e rT ra i l l 1 890 : s c a le 1 : 300 .

3 49

T he R oundhouse s , B rochs a nd W hee lhouse so fA t lan t ic S co t land

f CG

t r Z ZZD

1 6 GB 5 9

4 -8 9 2 Ca 2P+

G ' 3

1 7

1 8

2 0

GB 3 3

G 1 1. 239

2 5

5 . 134 B ur r ian b roch , N o r th R ona ld say ( HY75 1 ) : as e lec t ion o ft h e b one a nd s t one f i nd s m ade b y W . T ra i l l , i nt h eN a t iona l Mu seum s o fS co t land . T he b one i mp lemen t s i n c lude l o ng -hand led c ombs , w ha t l o ok s l i ke ap omme l f o r as wo rd ( bo t tom c en t re ) a nd t h er ema ins o ft wo d oub le -s ided c ompo s i te c omb s . S tone o b jec t s i n c lude h amme r s tone s a nd s eve ra l s p ind le w ho r ls , o ne d eco ra ted . S ca le 1 : 4 .

3 50

S ec t ion 5 : O rkney

1

2 O F t en , 1 . 1 S OcKET

3

-M ACE S

• • •

Ge 0 34 -

25-0

8

C xB 2 15-

1

6 , 0 3 10

1 2

5 . 135 B u r r ian b roch , N o r th R ona ld say ( HY75 1 ) : as e lec t ion o ft h e b one f i nd s a nd p o t te ry m ade b y W . T ra i l l , i nt h e N a t iona l Mu seum so fS co t land . T he b one i mp lem en t s( t op ) i n c lude t wo a ppa r en tn eed le s ,p e rhap s f o rn e t t ing , ab r id le c heek p i e ce ( GB 2 20 ) , c l ea rs wo rd p omme l ( b e low GB 2 15 )a nd h ead o fa n i r on p in . S ca le 1 : 4 .

3 51

T he R oundhou se s , B roch s a nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

5 . 136 B u r r ian b roch , No r th R ona ld say , i n1 985 ( HY75 1 ) : g ene ra lv i ew o ft h eb roch m ound w i th t h es ea w a l lt ot h e l ef t . [ 1985 /6 / 5 ]

5 . 137 B u r r ian b roch , No r th R ona ld say , i n1 985 ( HY75 1 ) : v i ew o ft h es e aw a l l , o nt h el ef t , w h ich i n co rpo ra ted t h eb roch w a l l , h e r e b e ing u nde rm ined . [ 1 985 /6 /2 ]

3 52

S ec t ion 5 : O rkney

5 . 138 B u r r ian b roch ,N o r th R ona ldsay , i n1 985 ( 1 41/ 75 1 ) : v i ew o ft h ei n ne rw a l lf a ce w i th t h e p o le r e s t ing o nt h es ca r cemen t . T he ' r eve r sed s ca rcemen t ' a bove i sp robab ly al 9" c en tu ry r e s to ra t ion , a si n ND49 3 . [ 1 985 /5 /37 ]

5 . 139 B u r r ian b roch ,N o r th R ona ld say ,i n1 985 ( HY75 1 ) : t h ee n t rance ( l ead ing t ot h es ho re )s e en f r om t h ei n te r io r , w i th mode rn b l ock ing . [ 1 985 /6 / 1]

3 53

T he Roundhouses , B rochs a nd Whee lhouses o fA t lan t ic S co t land

C ROSS -S ECT ION DRAWN

( No . I

N OT

T O TW ICE

S HEWN )

O F C ELL

THE SCALE

L OOK ING

LOOK ING E AST

SOUTH -WEST

E LEVAT IONS O F S TONES

P OS IT ION

NOT

N os . 1 , 23 ,3

\

D EF IN ITELY v4 .

F IXED

WALL NOT FOLLOWED . 0 ' PARTNER .. ,"

• N . a .

P LAN 1 0

5

0

1 0

20 F EE T

5 . 140 T op : B un-i a nb roch ( HY75 1 ) , p l an o ft h e i n te r io r . B o t tom , p l an o f Wa s so ( HY73 2 ) . B o th a f te r RCAHMS a nd a ts c a le 1 : 300 : C rown c opy r igh tr e se rved .

S ec t ion 5 : O rkney

5 . 14 1 S i te o ft h eH owma ew hee lhou se s , No r th R ona ld say ( HY75 3 ) . [ 1 985 /6 /6 ]

3 55

T he R oundhouse s , B rochs a nd W hee lhouse so fA t lan t ic S co t land

CO VE RE D --- --- --- - - --- - -- - -- -D R AI N

RO C K

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

SE A-LF V EL

SE C TI O N G -H

SE C TI O N E -F

EX C A V A TE D 4 - R UBBIS H

SE A- W AL L BE A C H SE A-LE V EL

SE C TI O N C -D

_

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N

-- - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - -

ST O N ES ----- O N EN D

-- -- -- ---- ---

W ALL

SE C TI O N A-B

MI

PRI M A R Y

E IS2

SE C O N D A R Y

CO V E RE D D R AI N

ST O NES O N E N D

PL A N I ( )

10

20

30

40

50

6 o

7 oFEET

5 . 142 T he H owmae w hee lhou se s ( HY75 3 ) : p l an o ft h e b u i ld ing s a sr ep roduced b yH am i l ton ( 1968 , f i g . 1 7 ) ; s c a le 1 : 300 : C rown c opy r igh tr e se rved .

3 56

S ec t ion 5 : O rkney

r 1 7`

Y1

L V

2

1

4 3

GO 2 .

G ro c . , o 3 Go 3 7

1 3

2 30

oS G "

; ` . ,0 23 1 I I

1 2

1 8 9

1 0

1 4

G -o i 5

1 5

3

GO 203

1 6

Go 4 6,43

2 2 1 7 1 8

5 . 143 H owmae whee lhouse ( HY75 3 ) : s ome o ft h eb one f i nd s a nd p o t she rd s f r om t h e s i te a nd n ow i nt h eN a t iona l Mu seum s o f S co t land — s c a le 1 : 4 . T he b one o b jec t s i n c lude l o ng -hand led c omb s , w ha t l ook s l i ke ac opy o f al a te B ronze A ge s wo rd h and le ( GO 1 86 , n o t 1 88 ) a nd w ha t l o ok s l i ke a p o t te r 's t o o l ( GO 1 88 ) . T he s haded v e s se l p rof i le i s aw ha lebone c up . S ca le 1 : 4 .

3 57

T he R oundhouses , B rochs a nd W hee lhouse so fA t lan t ic S co t land

\ \ \

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,

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1 0 0 \ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

5 0F EET I

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5 . 144 Weem s C a s t le ( ND48 2 ) : p lan o fb roch mound a nd o u te rd ef ence s a f t e r RCAH MS : s c a le 1 : 300 : C rown c opy r igh tr e se rved .

3 58

S ec t ion 5 : O rkney

S ECT ION t o 0 l U H I H h l I

E -G 50

I

I

I

s „ 8 e

I

1 00 F EET

I

1

J i r L

A cH

J

ere \ 5 . 145 B u r ray E a s t( ND49 1 ) . T op : e l eva t ion o fb roch a tr i gh t a ng le s t oe n t rance p a s sage , t h rough C e l l H . B o t tom : p l an o fb roch a nd o u te rd ef ence s . B o th f r om RCAHMS a f te rP e t r ie a nd a ts c a le o fI : 300 : C rown c opy r igh tr e se rved .

3 59

T he R oundhouse s , B rochs a nd W hee lhouse so fA t lan t ic S co t land

A

S ECT ION A T E NTRANCE L OOK ING E AS T

1 0

5

0

E XTENDED

S ECT ION

F- E

S ECT ION

C-D

S ECT ION

A- B

1 0

20

S ECT ION O F S TA IR

30

L OOK ING S OUTH

40 F EET

5 . 146 B ur ray E a s t( ND49 1 ) ; v a r iou sc r o s s s e c t ions o ft h e b roch v i s ib le a f t e r F a r r e r 's e xp lo ra t ion s , f r om RCAHMS a f te r P e t r ie : s ca le 1 : 300 : C rown c opy r igh tr e se rved .

3 60

S ec t ion 5 : O rkney

L ONG ITUD INAL

B ROK EN

S ECT ION

T HROUGH

M g F ARR E R 'S I N

0

5

1 0

1 5

t

B Y

E XCAVA TORS 1 852

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5 . 147 B ur ray E a s t( ND49 1 ) . T op ; l ong i tud ina l s e c t ion o ft h e ' we l l ' . B o t tom ; d e ta i led p lan o f t h e e n t rance p a ssage , t he n e ighbou r ing w a l l a nd t h e e x terna l w e l l . A l l a f te rP e t r ie . S ca le 1 : 75 .

3 61

T he R oundhouse s , B rochs a nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

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3 62

S ec t ion 5 : O rkney

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5 . 149 B u r ray E a s t ( ND49 1 ) . T op : P e t r ie 's d r aw ing o fa ne l eva t ion o f t h ei n ne rw a l l f a ce a tt h ed oo rway t o t h e mu ra lc e l l ,s how ing h ow i t sl i n te lh ad b een p ropped u p . T he d oo r t o av o id a ts c a r cemen t l e ve l i sa l so v i s ib le . B o t tom ; p l an o fB u r ray We s t( ND49 2 )w i th t wo c r o s s s e c t ion s a tt w ice t h e s c a le ; f r om RCAHMS , a f t e r P e t r ie . S ca le o f p l an 1 : 300 : C rown c opy r igh t r e served .

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3 63

T he R oundhouse s , B rochs a nd Whee lhouse s o fA t lan t ic S co t land

5 . 150 B u r ray E a s t( ND49 1 )i n1 963 ; g ene ra l v i ew o ft h eb roch m ound o n i t sp l a tf o rm w i th t h es u r round ing r ampa r t . [ 1 963 /5 / 1]

5 . 151 B u r r ay E a s ti n1 963 ( ND49 1 ) ; o u te rw a l lf ace o fb roch o nt h ew e s t . [ 1963 /5 /4 1 ]

3 64

S ec t ion 5 : O rkney

5 . 152 B u r ray E a s t i n 1 987 ( ND49 1 ) ; v i ew a c ro s st h er ubb le -f i l led i n te r io r t owa rd st h eg ap t h a tF a r r e rb roke t h rough t h ew a l l w i th t h e i n ne re nd o ft h ee n t rance t ot h er i gh t( a tp o le ) . [ 1 987 / 1/ 13 ]

5 . 153 B ur ray E a s ti n1 985 ( ND49 1 ) ; ar ound m u ra l c e l l a t1 o ' c lock . [ 1 985 /4 /25 ]

3 65

T he R ound hou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

5 . 154 B u r ray E a s ti n1 987 ( ND49 1 ) ; t h eo u te rw a l lo ft h eu ppe rg a l le ry a bove t h e i n t ra -mu ra l s t a i r( now h i dden ) . [ 1987 / 1/ 15 ]

5 . 155

B u r ray We s ti n1 963 ( ND49 2 ) ; t h er ema in so ft h eb roch mound u nde r aW W2 g un e mp lacemen t . [ 1963 /5 /40 ]

3 66

S ec t ion 5 : O rkney

5 . 156 H owe o fH oxa ( ND49 5 )i n1 963 ; d i s tan tv i ew o fb roch m ound . [ 1 963 /5 /4 ]

5 . 157 H ow eo f Hoxa ( ND49 5 )i n1 963 ; 1 9t h c en tu ry r e s to ra t ion so fm or ta red m a son ry i n c lud ing a n a dded p l a tf orm w i th af l ag p o le , t h el a t te rn ow v an ished . [ 1 963 /5 /3 ]

3 67

T he R oundhou se s , B roch sa nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

5 . 158 H owe o fH oxa ( ND49 5 )i n1 985 ; g ene ra lv i ew a c ro s st h ec l ea red c en t ra lc ou r ts how ing r a d ia lu p r igh ts t one s l abs a nd t h er e a l s ca rcemen tj u s ta bove t h ep o le . [ 1 985 /4 /29 ]

5 . 159 H owe o fH oxa ( ND49 5 )i n1 985 ;

v i ew o ft h e i n s ide w a l lf ace w i th t wo r a d ia l s t one s l ab ss e ti n to as e conda ry f a c ing o f ma son ry . [ 1985 /4 /28 ]

3 68

S ec t ion 5 : O rkney

5 . 160 H ow eo f Hoxa ( ND49 5 )i n1 985 ; t h er e con s t ruc ted p a r to ft h eu ppe ri n ne rw a l lf a ce s how ing p o in t ing w i th l ime mo r ta r ; t h e ' r eve r sed s c a r cemen t ' ( a bove p o le ) i sp r e sumab ly w he re e x t ra w a l l ing w a sa dded o nt os e cu re t h ew a l lh ead ( a si n HY75 1 ) . A n u p r igh tr a d ia l s l ab c an b es e en a tl owe rr i gh t . [ 1 985 /4 /31]

5 . 16 1 H owe o fH oxa ( ND49 5 )i n1 985 ; v i ew o fb l ocked u p i n t ra -mu ra l d oo rway ,p robab ly l e ad ing t ot h es t a i r . [ 1 985 /4 /30 ]

3 69

S co t t i sh B roch B ib l iog raphy N o te : p er iod ica lv o lume n umber sa re i nb o ld a nd a l lt h eo ld f ash ioned k i nd g iven i nR oman l e t ter sh ave b een t r ans la ted i n to A rab ic n umera l s -e . g . I= 1 , V=5 ,X = 1 0 , L =5 0a nd C = 1 00 , w i th a l lt h ev ar ious c omb ina t ion so ft hese . A be rcromby , T he H on . J . 1 905 R epor t o n e xcava t ion s a t F e tha land a nd T row ie Knowe , S he t land : . . P roc S oc A n t iq S co t 3 9 ( 1904 -05 ) , 1 71-84 . A c land , CL1 890 No tes o n t h e b roch o f i nY e l l S ound , S he t land . P roc S oc A n t iq S co t 2 4 ( 1889 -90 ) , 4 73 -74 . A ikman ,J . 1 827 T he ' H i s tory o f S co t land ' , t r ans la ted f rom t h e L a t in , o fG eorge B uchanan , w i th n o te s .G la sgow . A nder son , J ames 1 779 A n a ccoun t o f a nc ien t monumen t s a nd f o r t if ica t ion s i nt h e h i gh land s o f S co t land . A rchaeo log ia 5 , 2 41-66 . Ande r son , J1 872 No tes o n t h e e v idence o fs p inn ing a nd w eav ing i nt h eb roch so rP i c t ish t owe r s . P roc S oc A n t iq S co t 9( 1870 -72 ) , 5 48 -61 . 1 878 No te s o n t h e s t ruc tu re , d i s t r ibu t ion , a nd c on ten t s o ft h e b roch s , w i th s pec ia l r e f e rence t o t h e q ues t ion o ft h e ir C e l t ic o r Norweg ian o r ig in . P roc S oc A n t iq S co t 1 2 ( 1876 -8 ) , 3 14 -55 . 1 883 S co t land i n P agan T imes : t h e I r on A ge . ( Ed inbu rgh ) . 1 890 No t ice o ft h e E xcava t ion o ft h e B roch s o f Y a rhou se , B ronnaben , B owe rmadden , O ld S t irkoke , a nd Dunbea th , i n C a i thnes s , w i th R ema rk s o n t h e p er iod o f t h e B rochs A rchaeo log ia S co t ica 5 , 1 31-198 . 1 90 1 No t ice o fn ine B roch s a l ong t h e C a i thnes s c oa s tf r om K e is sb ay t oS k i rza h ead , e xcava ted b y S i r F ranc is T res s B a r ry , B a r t . ,M .P . , o f K e iss C a s t le , C a i thnes s . P roc S oc A n t iq S co t 3 5 , 12 -48 . Ande r son , J . , ( ed . ) 1 873 T he O rkney inga S aga . E d in b u rgh A rm i t , I . 1 988 B roch l a nd scapes i nt h e Wes te rn I s les . S co t t A rchaeo log ica lR ev 5 , 7 8 -86 . 1 990a B roch s a nd b eyond i n t h e Wes tern I s le s , 4 1-70 i n B eyond t h e b rochs : c hang ing p er spec t ive s i n t h e S co t t i sh A t lan t ic I r on . Age . ( ed . ) I .A rm i t : E d inbu rgh . 1 990b E p i logue : t h e A t lan t ic S co t t ish I r on A ge , 1 94 -210 i n B eyond t h e b rochs . c hang ing p er spec t ive s i n t h e S co t t i sh A t lan t ic I r on A ge . ( ed . ) I .A rm i t : E d inbu rgh . 2 000 R ev iew o fP a rke r P ea r son , M , S ha rp les , N . e ta l . 2 000 . A n t iqu i ty 7 4 ( Ma rch ) , 2 44 -45 . A rm i t , I( e d . ) 1 990 B eyond t h e b rochs : c hang ing p er spec t ive s i n t h e S co t t i sh A t lan t ic I r on A ge . E d inbu rgh . B a l l in Sm i th , B eve r ley 1 991 N ew i n s igh t s i n to l a te r I r on A ge s e t t lemen t i nt h e n or th : H owe . 3 2 -40 i n I . A rm i t , ( ed . ) B eyond t h e b rochs : c hang ing p er spec t ive s i n t h e S co t t i sh A t lan t ic I r on A ge . E d inbu rgh . 2 002 T he r e len t les s p u r su i t o f t h e s e a : B recknes s , a n e r od ing O rcad ian b roch , 1 63 -76 i n B a l l in Sm i th , B ever ley a nd B ank s , I( ed s . ) I n t h e

3 70

s had ow o ft h e b rochs : t h e I r on Age i nS co t land . S t roud . B a l l in Sm i th , B eve r ley ( ed . ) 1 994 H owe . F our m i l lenn ia o fO rkney p reh i s tory . S oc ie ty o f An t iqua r ies o f S co t land monog raph s e r ies n o . 9 . E d inbu rgh . B a l l in Sm i th , B eve r ley a nd B ank s , I( e ds . ) 2 002 I n t h e s had ow o ft h e b rochs : t h e I r on Age i nS co t land . S t roud . B a r re t t , J .C . 1 981 A spec t s o f t he I r on Age i n A t lan t ic S co t land : a c a se s t udy i n t h e p rob lem s o f a r chaeo log ica l i n terpre ta t ion . P roc S oc A n t iq S co t 11 ( 1981) , 2 04 -19 . B ever idge ,E . 1 903 N or th U i s t . E d inbu rgh . 1 911 C o l la nd T i ree . E d inbu rgh . B oece , H . 1 520 S co torum R egn i Descr ip t io ( A d esc r ip t ion o ft h ek ingdom o fS co t land ) . P a r is . B rew s te r , T .C .M . 1 963 T he E xcava t ion o fS tap le H owe . S ca rbo rough . B rogge r , A .W . 1 929 A nc ien t Em ig ran t s . O s lo . 1 976 D en N or ske B ose tn ingen P a S he t land O rk noyene ( The Norweg ian c o lon isa t ion o f t h e S he t land a nd O rkney I s land s ) . O s lo . B ruce , J ohn 1 906 No t ice o ft he E xcava t ion o f aB roch a t J a r lshof , S umbu rgh , S he t land . P roc S oc A n t iq S co t 4 1 ( 1905 -06 ) , 1-33 . B uchanan , G . 1 582 R erum S co t icarum H is tor iae ( Ma t ter s a bou tt h e H is to ry o fS co t land ) . A n twerp . B u l le id , A . &G ray , H . S tG . 1 917 T he G las tonbury l a ke v i l lage T aun ton . C a lde r , C ST 1 939 E xcava t ions o fI r on Age dwe l l ing s o n t h e C a lf o f E day i n O rkney . P roc S oc A n t iq S co t 7 3 ( 1938 -39 ) , 1 67 -85 . 1 952 R epor t o nt h e p a r t ia l E xcava t ion o f aB roch a t S ae B reck , E sha N ess , S he t land . P roc S oc A n t iq S co t 8 6( 1951-52 ) , 1 78 -86 . C a l lenda r , JG & W . G . G ran t 1 934 T he B roch o f M idhowe , R ou say , O rkney . P roc S oc A n t iq S co t 6 8( 1933 -34 ) , 4 44 -516 . C ar te r , S .P . ,H a igh , D . ,N e i l , N .R .J . &S m i th , B eve r ley 1 984 I n ter im r epo r t o n t h e s t ruc tures a tH owe , S t romnes s , O rkney . G la sgow A rchaeo l J ourn 1 , 6 1-81 . C ar te r , SP , McCu l lagh , R P J & MacSween , A nne 1 995 T he I r on Age i n S he t land : e xcava t ion s a t f i ve s i te s t h rea tened b y c oas ta l e r os ion . P roc S oc A n t iq S co t 1 25 , 4 29 -82 . C hapman , R .W . ( ed . ) 1 979 J ohnson a nd B o swe l l . A j our ney t o t h e W e s tern I s le s o fS co t land . T he j ourna lo f at o ur t ot he Hebr ide s . Oxf o rd . C h i lde , VG 1 935 T he P reh i s tory o fS co t land . L ondon . 1 940 P reh is tor ic C ommun i t ie so ft he B r i t i sh I s le s . L ondon . 1 946 S co t land b ef ore t he S co t s . L ondon . C la rke , D .V . 1 970 B one d i ce a nd t h e S co t t ish I r on A ge . P roc P reh i s tS oc 3 6 , 2 14 -32 .

S ec t ion 5 : A rea 2

1 97 1 Sma l l f i nd s i n t h e A t lan t ic P rov ince ; p rob lem s o f a pproach . S co t t A rchaeo log ica l F orum 3 , 2 2 -54 C lous ton , C1 841 P ar ish o f S andw ick . T he N ew S t a t i s t ica l A ccoun t o f S co t land , 1 5 ( 1845) ( O rkney ) , 4 1-67 . C o rcoran , JW XP 1 954 T anka rd sa nd t anka rd h and les o f t h e B r i t ish e a r ly I r on A ge . P roc P reh i s tS oc 1 8 .1 , 8 5 102 . C o rd iner , C . 1 776 A n t iqu i t ie sa nd s cenery o ft h eN or th o f S co t land . L ondon . 1 780 A n t iqu i t ie s a nd s cene ry o f t h e N or th o f S co t land : i n a s er ie s o f l e t ter s t o T homas P ennan t . L ondon . 1 788 -95 R emarkab le R u ins a nd R oman t ic P rospec t s o f N or th B r i ta in : w i th A nc ien t Monumen t s a nd S ingu lar S ub jec t s o f N a tura l H i s tor y . 2v o ls . L ondon . C ough t rey , M . 1 871 No tes o n m a ter ia ls f ound i n a k i tchen m idden a t H i l lsw ick , S he t land , w i th s p ec ia l r e f erence t o l ong -hand led c ombs . . P roc S oc A n t iq S co t 9( 1870 -72 ) , 5 6 -7 & 18 -43 . C ra ig , 0 , Mu lv i l le , J , P a rke r -Pea r son , M , S oko l , R , G e l s thorpe , K , S tacey l l , R & C o l l in s , M 2 000 D e tec t ing m i lk p ro te in i n a nc ien t p o ts . N a ture 4 08 ( no . 6 810 ) , 3 12 . C ruden , S .M . 1 951 T he b rochs o fC l ickh im in a nd Mousa . E d inbu rgh . C un l if f e , B . 1 978 I ron A ge C ommun i t ie s o f t h e B r i t i sh I s le s . 2 nd . e d : L ondon . 2 00 1 F ac ing t h e o cean : t h e A t lan t ic a nd i t s p eop les . Un ive r s i ty P res s : O xf o rd . C unn ing ton , M .E . 1 923 T he e ar ly I r on A ge i n hab i ted s i te a tA l lC ann ing ' sC ross F arm . D ev izes . C u r le , A .O . 1 9 16 An a ccoun t o ft h e r u in s o ft h e B roch o f D un T e lve , n ea r G lene lg , e xcava ted b y H . M . O ff i ce o f Wo rk s i n 1 9 14 . P roc S oc A n t iq S co t 5 0( 1915 -16 ) , 2 41-54 . 1 92 1 T he B roch o fD un T roddan , G leann B eag , G lene lg , I nvernes s -sh i re . P roc S oc A n t iq S co t 5 5( 1920 -21) , 8 3 -94 . 1 927 T he d eve lopmen t a nd a n t iqu i ty o f t h e S co t t ish b roch s . A n t iqu i ty 1 , 2 90 -98 . 1 932 I n ter im R epor t o n t h e E xcava t ion o f a B ronze Age Dwe l l ing a t J a r lshof , S he t land , i n 1 931 . P roc S oc A n t iq S co t 6 6 ( 1931-32 ) , 13 -28 . 1 933 A ccoun t o f f u r the r e xcava t ion i n 1 932 o f t h e p r eh is tor ic t own sh ip a tJ a r lshof , S he t land , o n b eha lf o fH .M . O ff ice o f Wo rk s . P roc S oc A n t iq S co t 6 7( 1932 -33 ) , 8 2 136 . 1 934 An A ccoun t o f F u r the r E xcava t ions a t J a r l shof , S he t land , i n 1 932 a nd 1 933 , o nb eha lf o f H .M . O ff ice o f Wo rk s . P roc S oc A n t iq S co t 6 8 ( 1 933 -34 ) , 2 24 -319 . 1 935 An a ccoun t o ft h e E xcava t ion , o nb eha lf o f H .M . O ff ice o f Wo rk s , o f a no ther P reh is tor ic Dwe l l ing ( No . V ) a t J a r lshof , S umbu rgh , S he t land , i n t h e S umme r o f 1 934 . P roc S oc A n t iq S co t 6 9 ( 1934 -35 ) , 8 5 -107 . 1 936 A ccoun t o ft h e E xcava t ion o f aHu t C irc le w i th a n a s soc ia ted E a r th -hou se a t J a r lshof , S umbu rgh , S he t land , c onduc ted o nb eha lf o fH .M . 3 71

O ff ice o f Wo rks i n 1 935 . P roc S oc A n t iq S co t 7 0( 1935 -36 ) , 2 37 -70 . 1 936a A ccoun t o f t h e e xcava t ion o f a n I r on Sme l te ry , a nd o f a n a s soc ia ted d we l l ing a nd t umu l i a t W i l t row i n t h e p a r ish o f D un ros sness , S he t land . P roc S oc A n t iq S co t 7 0 ( 1935 -36 ) , 1 53 -69 . C u r ie , J . 1 892 No t ice o n t wo b roch s r e cen t ly d i scove r -ed a t B ow , M id lo th ian , a nd T orwood lee , S e l k i rk sh ire . P roc S oc A n t iq S co t 2 6 ( 1891-92 ) , 6 8 -84 . 1 932 A n I nven tory o f o b jec t s o f R oman a nd p rov inc ia l R oman o r ig in f ound o n s i te s i n S co t land , n o t d ef in i te ly a s soc ia ted w i th R oman c on s truc t ion s . P roc S oc A n t iq S co t 6 6 ( 19313 2 ) , 2 77 -397 . C u r s i te r , J .W . 1 887 No t ice o f t h e b ronze w eapon s o f O rkney a nd S he t land a nd o fa n I r on A ge d epos i t f ound i n ac i s t a t Moan , H a r ray . P roc S oc A n t iq S co t2 1 ( 1886 -87 ) , 3 39 -46 . 1 923 T he O rkney b roch s . P roc O rkney A n t iq S oc 1( 1922 -23 ) , 4 9 -52 . D an ie l , GE 1 950 A h und red y ear s o f a rchaeo logy . L ondon . 1 962 T he i d ea o fp r eh i s tory . L ondon . 1 967 T he o r ig ins a nd g row th o f a rchaeo logy . H a rmond swor th . D ock r i l l , S . J . 1 998 No r thern e xpo su re : p ha se 1o ft h e O ld S ca tness e xcava t ion s 1 995 -98 . 5 9 -80 i nR .A . N icho lson & S . J . D ock r i l l ( ed s .) O ld S ca tne ss b roch : r e t rospec ta nd p rospec t . B radf o rd . D ock r i l l , S2 002 B roch s , e conomy a nd p owe r , 1 53 -6 2 i n B a l l in Sm i th , B eve r ley a nd B ank s , I( e ds . ) I n t h e s hadow o ft h e b rochs : t h e I r on Age i nS co t land . S t roud . D ryden , S i r H . 1 890 No tes o f t h e B roch s o r ' P ic t ish T owe r s ' o f Mou sa , C l ickn im in , e t c . , i nS he t land , i lu s t ra t ive o f p ar t o f t h e S er ies o f P lan s a nd S ec t ion s d epos i ted i nt h e L ib ra ry o ft h e S oc ie ty . A rchaeo lS co t ica 5 , 1 99 -214 . F a r re r , J . 1 857 No t ice o f aB u rgh r e cen t ly o pened i nt h e i s land o fB u r ray , O rkney ....P roc S oc A n t iq S co t 2( 1854 -7 ) , 5 -6 . 1 868 No te r e spec t ing v ar iou s a r t ic les o fb ronze a nd s t one ; f ound i nO rkney , a nd n ow p resen ted t o t h e Mu seum . P roc S oc A n t iq S co t 7( 1866 -68 ) , 1 03 -5 . F eachem , R 1 970 Mon s G raup iu s = Duncrub? A n t iqu i ty 4 4( J une ) , 1 20 -24 1 976 A g u ide t op reh i s tor ic S co t land . L ondon . F e l l , C h r is t ine 1 975 E g i l sS aga . L ondon . F en ton , A . 1 963 E a r ly a nd t r ad i t iona l c u l t iva t ion i mp lemen t s i n S co t land . P roc S oc A n t iq S co t 9 6( 1962 -63 ) , 2 64 -317 . 1 978 T he N or thern I s land s . O rkney a nd S he t land . E d inbu rgh . F e rgu sson , J . 1 877 On t h e No rweg ian o r ig in o fS co t t ish b roch s . P roc S oc A n t iq S co t 1 2 ( 1876 -8 ) , 6 30 -69 . 1 877b S hor t e s say o n t h e a ge a nd u se s o f t h e b rochs a nd t h e r ude s t one m onumen t s o f t h e O rkney i s land s a nd t h e n or th o f S co t land . L ondon .

T he R oundhouse s , B rochs a nd W hee lhouse so fA t lan t ic S co t land

F i tzpa tr ick , A P 1 989 T he s ubm is s ion o f t h e O rkney i s land s t o C laud iu s : n ew e v idence? S co t t A rchaeo lR ev 6 , 2 4 -33 . F o ju t , N . 1 982a T owa rd s a g eog raphy o f S he t land b roch s . G lasgow A rchaeo log ica lJ ourn 9 , 3 8 -59 . 1 982b I s Mou sa ab roch? P roc S oc A n t iq S co t 11 ( 1981) , 2 20 -28 . 1 998 H ow d id w e e nd u p h e re? S he t land I r on A ge s t ud ies t o 1 995 . 1 -4 1 i nR .A . N icho lson & S . J . D ock r i l l ( ed s .) O ld S ca tne s s b roch : r e t rospec ta nd p rospec t . B radf o rd . F os te r , S a l ly 1 989 Ana ly s is o fs pa t ia l p a t tern s i nb u i ld ing s ( a ccess a na ly s is ) a s a n i n s igh t i n to s oc ia l s t ruc tu re : e xamp les f r om t h e S co t t ish A t lan t ic I r on A ge .A n t iqu i ty , 6 3 ,4 0 -50 . F os te r , S a l ly 1 990 P in s , c ombs a nd t h e c h rono logy o f l a te r A t lan t ic I r on A ge s e t t lemen t s . 1 43 -74 i n A rm i t , I( ed . ) B eyond t h e b rochs : c hang ing p er spec t ive s i n t h e S co t t i sh A t lan t ic I r on A ge . E d inbu rgh . F ow ler , E l izabe th 1 960 T he o r ig in s a nd d eve lopmen t o f t h e p enannu la r b rooch i n E u rope . P roc P reh i s t S oc, 2 6 , 1 49 -79 . F ox , A i leen 1 976 P reh is tor ic Maor i f o r t if i ca t ion s i n t h e No r th I s land o fN ew Z ea land . Auck land . F ra se r , J . 1 923 T he a n t iqu i t ies o fH a r ray p ar ish . P roc O rkney A n t iquar ian S oc 1( 1922 -23 ) , 3 1-7 . F ra se r , J .1 924 T he a n t iqu i t ies o fS andw ick p a r ish . P roc O rkney A n t iquar ian S oc 2( 1923 -24 ) , 2 2 -9 . F ra se r , J . 1 925 T he a n t iqu i t ies o fB ir say p ar ish . P roc O rkney A n t iquar ian S oc 3( 1924 -25 ) , 2 1-30 . F ra se r , J . 1 927 T he a n t iqu i t ies o f F i r th p ar ish . P roc O rkney A n t iquar ian S oc 5( 1926 -27 ) , 5 1-6 . G o rdon , A . 1 726 I t inerar ium S ep ten tr iona le : o r a j ourney t h rough m os to ft h e c oun t ie s o fS co t land . L ondon . G o rdon , P r inc ipa l 1 792 R ema rk s m ade i n aj our n ey t o t h e O rkney I s land s . A rchaeo log ia S co t ica , 1 , 2 56 -68 . . G oud ie , G . 1 871 No t ice o f E xcava t ion s i n aB roch a nd a d jacen t T umu l i n ea r L evenw ick , i nt h e p ar ish o f D un rossnes s , Z e t land . P roc S oc A n t iq S co t 9 ( 1870 -72 ) , 2 12 19 . 1 889 No t ice o fs ome r e cen t B rough e xcava t ion s i nS he t land . P roc S oc A n t iq S co t 2 3 ( 1888 -89 ) , 2 46 -53 . 1 904 T he C e l t ic a nd S cand inav ian A n t iqu i t ie s o f S he t land . B lackwood : E d inbu rgh & L ondon . G raeme , A . S . 1 914 A n a ccoun t o ft h e e xcava t ion o ft h e B roch o f Ay re , S t . Ma ry ' s H o lm , O rkney . .P roc S oc A n t iq S co t 4 8( 1913 -14 ) , 3 1-51 . G raham , A . 1 947a S ome O bserva t ion s o n t h e B roch s . P roc S oc A n t iq S co t 8 1 , 4 8 -99 . 1 947b D iscu s s ion . I nS co t t 1 947 , 3 5 -6 . 1 976 T he a r chaeo logy o fJ oseph A nder son . P roc S oc A n t iq S co t1 07 ( 1975 -6 ) , 2 79 -98 . G r ieg , S 1 940 V i k ing A n t iqu i t ie s i n G rea t B r i ta in a nd I r e land : p ar t 2 : V i k ing a n t iqu i t ie s i nS co t land ( ed . H . S he te l ig ) . O s lo . G u ido , Ma rga re t 1 978 T he g las s b ead s o f t h e p reh i s tor ic a nd R oman p er iod s i n B r i ta in a nd I r e land . L ondon .

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H a igh , D & Sm i th , B 1 982 E xcava t ions a t H owe , S t romne s s : a n i n ter im r epor t . K ir t I cwa l l . H am i l ton , JR C . 1 953 J ar l shot M in i s try o f W ork s Of f i c ia lG u ide B ook E d inbu rgh . 1 956 E xcava t ions a t J ar l shof S he t land . E d in b u rgh . 1 957 F rom t h e S tone Age t ot h e B roch b u i lder s i n S he t land . I l lus . L ondon N ews (May 2 5 th ) , 8 50 1 . 1 962 B roch s a nd B roch b u i lde r s . i n Wa inw r igh t , ( ed . ) 1 962 , 5 3 -90 . 1 965 T he my s te ry o f t h e b rochs s o lved a t C l ickh im in . I l lus . L ondon N ew s , 2 47 , n o . 6 580 , 3 3 -5 . 1 966 F or t s , b roch s a nd w hee lhou ses i nn o r thern S co t land . I nR ive t , ( ed . ) 1 966 , 11-130 . 1 968 E xcava t ions a t C l ickh im in , S he t land . H .M . S. 0 . ;E d inbu rgh . H a rd ing , D 1 984 T he f unc t ion a nd c l a ss if ica t ion o f b roch s a nd d un s , 2 06 -20 i nR oger M ike t &C o l in B u rges s ( ed s . ) , B e tween a nd b eyond t h e W a l l s : e s say s o n t h ep reh i s tory a nd h i s to ry o fN or thern B r i ta in i nh onour o fG eorge J obey . E d inbu rgh . 19 90 C hang ing p er spec t ive s i nt he A t lan t ic I r on A ge . I nA rm i t( ed . ) 1 990 , 5 16 . 2 000 T he H ebr idean I r on A ge : T wen ty Y ear s R e search . Un ive r s i ty o f E d inbu rgh : O cca s iona l P aper n o . 2 0 . E d inbu rgh . H ea ld , A 2 00 1 K nobbed s pea r -bu t t s o f t he B r i t ish a nd I r ish I r on A ge : n ew e xamp les a nd n ew t h ough ts . A n t iqu i ty 7 5 ( Dec . ) , 6 89 -95 . H edges , JW 1 975 E xcava t ion o f t wo O rcad ian b u rn t mound s a tL idd le a nd B eaquoy . P roc S oc A n t iq S co t1 06 ( 1974 -75 ) , 3 9 -98 . 1 983 T r ia l e xcava t ion s o n P i c t ish a nd V ik ing s e t t lemen t s a t S aeva r H owe , B irsay , O rkney . G lasgow A rchaeo lJ ourn 1 0 ,7 3 124 . 1 990a S urvey ing t h e f ounda t ion s : l i f e a f t er ' b roch s ' . 1 7 -31 i n I . A rm i t ( ed .) B eyond t h e b rochs : c hang ing p er spec t ive s i n t h e S co t t i sh A t lan t ic I r on Age . E d inbu rgh . 1 990b T he b roch p er iod . 1 50 -75 i n R enf r ew , C . , ( cd ) . T he p reh is to ry o fO rkney . E d inbu rgh . . H edges , J .W . & B . B e l l 1 980 T ha t t ower o f S co t t ish p reh is to ry : t h eb roch . A n t iqu i ty 5 4 , 8 7 -94 . H edges ,J .W . ,e ta L 1 987 B u , G urne s s a nd t he b rochs o f O rkney . 3v o ls . . B r i t ish A rchaeo log ica l R eps . , B r i t . s e r . 1 63 . O xf ord . H ende r son , JC 2 000 S ha red t r ad i t ion s? T he d ry -s tone s e t t lemen t r e co rd s o f A t lan t ic S co t land a nd I r e land 7 00 BC t o AD 2 00 . 17 -54 i nH ender son ( ed . ) T he p reh i s to ry a nd e ar ly h i s tory o fA t lan t ic E urope : p aper s f rom a s e s s ion h e ld a t t h e E uropean A s soc ia t ion o fA rchaeo log is t s F our th A nnua l Mee t ing i n G o teborg 1 998 . BAR I n te rna t iona l S er ies 8 61 : O xf o rd . H ende r son , J . & War ren , S E 1 982 : A na ly s is o f p reh is tor ic l e ad g l ass . 1 68 -80 i n A sp ina l l , A . & Wa r ren , S . E . ( e ds . ) P roceed ing s o f t h e 2 2nd S ympos ium o nA rchaeome tr y . B radfo rd . H en sha l l , A ud rey S . 1 950 T ex t i les a nd w eav ing a pp l iances i n p reh is tor ic B r i ta in . P roc P reh i s t S oc ,1 6 , 1 30 -62 .

S ec t ion 5 : A rea 2

H ibber t , S .1 822 A d e scr ip t ion o ft h e S he t land i s land s , c ompr i s ing a n a ccoun t o ft h e i rg eo logy , s cene ry , a n t iqu i t ie sa nd s uper s t i t ions . E d inbu rgh . H od son , F .R . 1 964 C u l tu ra l G roup ing w i th in t h e p r e R oman I r on A ge .P roc P reh i s tS oc, 3 0 , 9 9 110 . I r v ine , J .T . 1 866 On t h e b roch o fC l ickh im in i nt h el o ch o f C l ickh im in , n ea r L e rw ick , Ma in land o f S he t land . J ourn B r i tA rch A s soc 2 2 , 3 69 -75 . J akobsen , J 1 897 T he d ia lec t a nd p lace -name s o f S he t land : t wo p opu lar l e c tu re s . L erw ick . J ones , G . 1 960 E g i l ' sS aga . S y racu s e . J on s son , F . 1 924 E g i l sS aga S ka l lag r ims sonar . H a l le . K i lb r ide J one , H 1 994 R eco l lec t ion o fC h i lde t h e m an . 1 35 -39 i n H a r r is ( ed . ) T he a rchaeo logy o f V G ordon C h i lde . L ondon . K le jn , LS 1 994 C h i lde a nd S ov ie t a r chaeo logy : a r omance . 7 5 -89 i nH a r r i s ( e d . ) T he a rchaeo logy o f VG ordon C h i lde . L ondon . L a ing , S . 1 867 On t h e a ge o ft h e B u rg s o r ' B roch s ' a nd s ome o the r p reh is to r ic r ema in s o f O rkney a nd C a i thnes s . P roc S oc A n t iq S co t 7( 1866 -68 ) , 5 6 -69 . L amb , R .G . 1 980 T he A rchaeo log ica l S i te s a nd Monumen t s o f S co t land . S anday a nd N or th R ona ld say : a n a r chaeo log ica l s urvey o ft wo o f t h eN or th I s le s o fO rkney . R oya l C omm is s ion o n t h e A nc ien t a nd H i s tor ica l Monumen t s o f S co t land . E d inbu rgh . 1 982 T he A rchaeo log ica lS i t e sa nd Monumen t so f S co t land . P apa W e s t ray a nd W e s t ray . R oya l C omm is s ion o n t h e A nc ien t a nd H is tor ica l Monumen ts o fS co t land . E d inbu rgh . 1 983 T he A rchaeo log ica lS i t e sa nd Monumen t so f S co t land . R ousay , E g i l say a nd W y re . R oya l C omm is s ion o n t h e r A nc ien t a nd H i s to r ica l Monumen t so fS co t land . E d inbu rgh . 1 984a T he A rchaeo log ica l S i te s a nd Monumen t s o f S co t land . E day a nd S t ronsay . R oya l C omm is s ion o n t h e A nc ien t a nd H is tor ica l Monumen t so fS co t land . E d inbu rgh . 1 984b T he A rchaeo log ica l S i te s a nd Monumen t s o f S co t land . S hap insay , S t . A nd rew s a nd D ee rne ss . R oya l C omm i s s ion o n t h e A nc ien t a nd H i s to r ica l Monumen t so fS co t land . E d inbu rgh . 1 989 T he A rchaeo log ica l S i te s a nd Monumen t s o fS co t land . H oy a nd W aa s . R oya l C omm is s ion o n t h e Anc ien t a nd H i s to r ica l Monumen t s o f S co t land . E d inbu rgh . L ow , G . 1 879 T our t h rough t h e I s land s o f O rkney a nd S che t land i n1 774 . K i rkwa l l . McCu l loch , J . 1 824 T he H igh land sa nd W e s tern I s le so f S co t land . .4 v o ls . : L ondon . MacDona ld , G . 1 918 R oman c o in s f ound i n S co t land . P roc S oc A n t iq S co t 5 2 ( 19 17 18 ) , 2 03 -76 . MacG rego r , A . 1 974 T he B roch o f B u r r ian , N o r th R ona ld say , O rkney . P roc S oc A n t iq S co t 1 05 ( 1972 -74 ) , 6 3 118 . 1 985 B one , A n t ler , I vor y a nd H orn : t h e T echno log yo fS ke le ta l Ma te r ia l ss i nce t h eR oman P e r iod . L ondon . MacK ie , EW . 1 963 A d we l l ing s i t e o ft h e e a r l ie r I r on A ge a tB a levu l l in , T i r ee , e xcava ted i n1 9 12 b y A

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HB ishop . P roc S oc A n t iq S co t 9 6 ( 1962 -63 ) , 1 55 -83 . 1 965a B roch s a nd t h e H eb r idean I r on A ge . A n t iqu i ty 3 9 , 2 66 -78 . 1 965b T he o r ig in a nd d eve lopmen t o ft h e b roch a nd w hee lhou se b u i ld ing c u l tu r e s o ft h e S co t t ish I r on A ge .P roc P reh i s tS oc 3 1 , 9 3 143 . 1 969a R ad ioca rbon D a te s a nd t h e S co t t ish I r on A ge .A n t iqu i ty 4 3 , 1 5 -26 . 1 969b C on t inu i ty i n f o r t -bu i ld ing t r ad i t ion s i n C a i thne s s . 1 18 i n Me ld rum , E . ( ed . ) T he D ark A ge si nt h eH igh land s . I nve rne s s . 1 969c R ev iew o f E xcava t ions a t C l ickh im in , S he t land , b y JR C H am i l ton ( 1968 ) . P roc P reh i s tS oc 3 0 , 3 86 -88 . 1 969d T he h i s to r ica l c on tex t o ft h e o r ig in o ft h e b roch s . S co t tA rchaeo l F orum 1 , 5 3 -59 . 1 971 E ng l ish m ig ran t s a nd S co t t ish b roch s , G lasgow A r chaeo log ica lJ ourn 2 , 3 9 -71 . 1 974 D un Mor V au l : a n I r on A ge b roch o n T i ree . G la sgow . 1 975 S co t land : a n a rchaeo log ica l g u ide . L ondon . 1 976 I r on A ge p o t te ry f r om t h e S tones o f S t enne s s . 2 5 -27 i n JN G R i tch ie , T he S tone s o f S t enne s s , O rkney . P roc S oc A n t iq S co t 1 07 ( 1975 -76 ) , 1 60 . 1 980 D un a n R u igh R ua idh . G la sgow A rch J ourn 7 , 3 2 -79 . 1 983 T e s t ing h ypo the se s a bou t S co t t ish b roch s . S co t t A rchaeo log ica lR ev 2 . 2 , 17 -27 . 1 985 T he L eck ie b roch , S t i r l ing sh ire ; a n i n ter im r e po r t , G lasgow A r chaeo lJ ourn 9 , 6 0 -72 . 1 989a L eck ie b roch - i mpac t o nt h e S co t t ish I r on A ge . G lasgow A rchaeo lJ ourn 1 4 , 1 18 . 1 992 T he I r on A ge s em ib roch s o f A t lan t ic S co t land : ac a se s t udy i n t h e p rob lem s o f d educ t ive r e a son ing .A rchaeo lJ ourn 1 48 ( 199 1) , 1 49 -81 . 1 995a G ur n e s s a nd M idhowe b roch s i nO rkney : s ome p rob lem s o f m is in te rp r e ta t ion . A r chaeo l J ourn 1 51 ( 1994 ) , 9 8 157 . 1 995b T he E a r ly C e l t s i n S co t land . 6 54 -70 i n M i randa G r een , ( e d . ) , T he C e l t ic W or ld . L ondon . 1 998a D un Mo rV au l r e v is i ted : f a c ta nd t h eo ry i n t h er e -app ra isa l o f t h e S co t t ish A t lan t ic I r on A ge . 1 4 1-80 i n J .N .G . R i tch ie ( ed) T he A rchaeo log yo fA rgy l l . E d inbu rgh . 1 998b C on t inu i ty o ve r t h r ee t h ou sand y ea r s o f n o r ther n p r eh is to ry : t h e ` t er a tH ow e , O rkney . A n t iq J ourn 7 8 , 1 42 . 2 000 T he S co t t ish A t lan t ic I r on A ge ; i n d igenou s a nd i s o la ted o r p a r t o f aw id e r E u ropean w o r ld? 9 9 116 i nH ende r son , J( ed . ) . T he p reh i s to ry a nd e ar ly h i s to ry o fA t lan t ic E urope : p aper sf rom a s e s s ion h e ld a t t h e E uropean A s soc ia t ion o f A rchaeo log i s t s F our th A nnua l Mee t ing i n G o teborg 1 998 . BAR I n ter na t iona l S e r ie s 8 6 1 : O xf o rd .

T he R oundhouse s , B rochs a nd W hee lhouse so fA t lan t ic S co t land

2 002 E xcava t ion s a t Dun A rd t reck , S kye , i n1 964 a nd 1 965 . P roc S oc A n t iq S co t 1 30 ( 2000 ) , 3 0 14 11 . Mage t t i i , M . &S chwab , H . 1 982 I r on A ge f i ne p o t te ry f r om C ha t i l lon s u r G lane a nd t h e H eunebu rg . A rchaeome t ry 2 4 .1 , 2 1-36 . Ma i t land , W . 1 757 T he H i s to ry a nd A n t iqu i t ie s o f S co t land L ondon . Ma r t in , M . 1 703 A D e scr ip t ion o ft h e W e s tern I s le s o f S co t land L ondon . Mar t lew , R . 1 982 T he t y po log ica l s t udy o ft h e s t ruc tu r es o f t h e S co t t ish b roch s . P roc S oc A n t iq S co t 12 ( 1981-82 ) , 2 54 -76 . Marw ick , JG 1 928 No tes o n s ome r e l ics f r om O rkney e xh ib i ted b ef o re t h e S oc ie ty . P roc S oc A n t iq S co t 6 2 ( 1927 -280 , 1 21-22 1 951 O rkney . L ondon . M idd le ton , A .P . 1 987 T echno log ica l i n ves t iga t ion o f t h e c oa t ing s o n s ome ' h aema t i te -coa ted ' p o t te ry f r om s ou thern E ng land . A rchaeome t ry 2 9 .2 , 2 50 -61 . M inn i t t , S & C o les , J . 1 996 T he l ake v i l lage s o f S omer ser t . T aun ton . M i tche l l , A . 1 880 T he p as t i n t h e p re sen t : w ha t i s c i v i l i sa t ion? E d inbu rgh . 1 881 No t ice o fb u i ld ing sd es igned f o rd ef ence o n a n i s land i n al o ch a t H ogse t te r , i n Wha lsay , S he t land . P roc S oc A n t iq S co t 1 5 ( 1880 -81) , 3 03 15 . Mowb ray , C ec i ly L . 1 936 E xcava t ion a t t h e N e ss o f B u rg i , S he t land . P roc S oc A n t iq S co t 7 0 ( 1935 -36 ) , 3 81-87 . N icho lson , R .A . & S . J . D ock r i l l ( e d s .) 1 998 O ld S ca tne s s b roch : r e t rospec ta nd p rospec t . B radf o rd . NMAS 1 892 C a ta logue o f t h e N a t iona l Museum o f A n t iqu i t ie so fS co t land . E d inbu rgh . No l l , W . , H ohn , R . & B orn , L1 975 P a in t ing o fa nc ien t c e ram ics .A ngewand te C hem ie 1 4 , 6 02 -13 . No rda l , S . 1 9 13 -16 O rkney inga S aga . C openhagen . O lsen , M 1 954 V i k ing A n t iqu i t ie s i n G rea t B r i ta in a nd I r e land : p ar t 6 : T he c i v i l i sa t ion o ft h e V ik ing s e t t ler s i nr e la t ion t ot h e ir o ld a nd n ew c oun t rue s ( ed . H . S he te l ig ) . O s lo . O 'Ne i l , B .H .S t J . 1 954 T he d a te a nd p u rpo se o f t h e b rochs . 4 6 -52 i n S impson , W . D , ( ed . ) T he V i k ing C ong re ss . A be rdeen . P a rker P ea r son , M , S ha rp les , Ne ta l . 1 999 B e tween l a nd a nd s ea : e xcava t ions a t Dun V u lan , S ou th U i s t . S heff ie ld . P a t te r son , J .W . 1 922 T he b roch o f Mou sa : as u rvey b y H .M . O ff ice o f Wo rk s . P roc S oc A n t iq S co t 5 6 ( 1921-22 ) , 1 72 -83 . P ennan t ,T . 1 769 A T our i n S co t land i n 1 769 . War r ing ton . 1 774 1976 A t o ur i nS co t land a nd v oyage t ot h e H ebr ide s 1 772 . 2v o ls . . C hes te r . P e t r ie , G . 1 857 D esc r ip t ion o f A n t iqu i t ie s i n O rkney r e cen t ly e xam ined , w i th i lu s t ra t ive d raw ing s . P roc S oc A n t iq S co t 2( 1854 -57 ) , 5 6 -62 . 1 890 No t ice o f t h e B rochs o r L a rge R ound T owe r s o f O rkney , w i th P lan s , S ec t ion s , a nd D raw ings , a nd T ab les o f Measu remen t so fO rkney a nd S he t land B rochs .A rchaeo lS co t 5 , 7 1-94 . 3 74

1 927 P r imeva l a n t iqu i t ie s o f O rkney . P roc O rkney A n t iq S oc , 6( 1926 -27 ) , 1 9 -29 . P iggo t t , S . 1 966 A s cheme f o rt he S co t t ish I r on A ge . 11 5 i n R ive t , A .L .F . ( ed . ) T he I r on A ge i n N or thern B r i ta in . E d inbu rgh . R enf rew , C 1 974 B ef ore c i v i l isa t ion . L ondon . 1 979 I nve s t iga t ions i n O rkney . ( = R epor t o ft h e R esea rch C omm i t tee o ft h e S oc ie ty o fA n t iquar ies o fL ondon , n o . 3 8 ) . L ondon . R enf rew , C . ,( e d . ) 1 990 T he p reh i s to ry o f O rkney . E d inbu rgh . R h ind , A . H . 1 854 An A ccoun t o fa n e x ten s ive c o l lec t ion o f a r chaeo log ica l r e l ics , a nd o s teo log ica l r ema in s , f r om a ' P ic t 's H ou se ' , K e t t lebu rn , C a i thnes s . P roc S oc A n t iq S co t 1( 1851-54 ) , 2 64 -69 . R icha rd son , J . S . 1 948 T he b roch o f G urne ss , A ike rne ss , W e s t Ma in land , O rkney . ( M in is t ry o f Wo rk sp amph le t ) . E d inbu rgh . R i tch ie , J .N .G . 1 988 T he B rochs o fS co t land . P r inces R isbo rough . R ive t , A .L .F . 1 962 T he I r on A ge i n Nor thern B r i ta in . A n t iqu i ty 3 6 , 2 4 -31 . 1 966 ( ed . ) T he I r on Age i n n or thern B r i ta in . E d inbu rgh . R ober t son , A nne S . 1 950 R oman C o in s f ound i n S co t land , 1 941-50 . P roc S oc A n t iq S co t 8 4 ( 1949 -50 ) , 1 37 -57 . 1 961 R oman c o in s f ound i nS co t land , 1 951-60 . P roc S oc A n t iq S co t 9 4( 1 960 -61) , 1 33 -83 . 1 971 R oman c o in s f ound i n S co t land 1 961-70 . P roc S oc A n t iq S co t 1 03 ( 1970 -71) , 13 -68 . 1 975 T he R oman s i n No r th B r i ta in : t h e c o in e v idence . 3 64 -462 i nT empo r in i , H( ed .) A uf s te ig u nd N iedergang d er r om i schen W e l t , I , 3 . B er l in . 1 978 T he c i rcu la t ion o f R oman c o in s i n n o r th B r i ta in : t h e e v idence o fh oa rd sa nd s i te f i nd sf r om S co t land . 1 86 -216 i nC a r son , RA G & K raay , C M ( e d s . )S cr ip ta N ummar ia R omana . L ondon . 1 983 R oman c o in s f ound i nS co t land . 1 971-82 . P roc S oc A n t iq S co t 13 ( 1983 ) , 4 05-48 . RCAHMS 1 9 11a S econd r epor t a nd i nven to ry o f m onumen t s a nd c ons truc t ion i n t h e C oun ty o f S u ther land . E d inbu rgh . 1 911b T h ird R epor ta nd I nven to ry o f Monumen t s a nd C ons truc t ions i n t h e C oun ty o f C a i thne ss . E d inbu rgh , H .M .S .0 . . 1 928 N in th R epor t w i th I nven tory o f Monumen t s a nd C ons t ruc t ions i n t h e O u ter Hebr ide s , S kye a nd t h eS ma l lI s le s . E d inbu rgh . 1 946 T we l f th R epor t w i th a n I nven to ry o ft h e A nc ien t Monumen t s o f O rkney a nd S he t land . T h r ee v o ls . E d inbu rgh . 1 980 A rgy l lv o l . 3 : Mu l l . T i ree , C o l l &N or thern A r gy l l . E d inbu rgh . 1 998 T he S i r F ranc is T r e s s B ar ry c o l lec t ion . C a ta logue o f m a ter ia l h e ld i n t h e N a t iona l Monumen t sR ecord o fS co t land . E d inbu rgh . S anda r s , N .K . 1 957 B ronze A ge c u l tures i n F rance . C ambr idge . S co t t , S i rL . 1 947 T he p rob lem o f t h e b roch s . P roc P reh i s tS oc 1 3 , 1 36 .

S ec t ion 5 : A rea 2

1 948 G a l lo -Br i t ish c o lon ie s ; t h e a i s led r ound H ou se c u l tu re i nt h e n or th . P roc P reh i s tS oc 1 4 , 4 6 125 . S ha rp les ,N .M . 1 984 E xcava t ion s a t P i erowa l l Q ua r ry , Wes t ray , O rkney . P roc S oc A n t iq S co t 14 , 7 5-125 . 1 998 S ca l loway : a b roch , l a te I r on Age s e t t lement a nd Med ieva l c eme te ry i n S he t land . O xbow Monog raph 8 2 . O xf o rd . 2 00 1 R ev iew a r t ic le : p r eh i s tory i n t h e Ou te r H eb r ides . A n t iqu i ty 7 5( Sep t . ) , 6 33 -35 . S ibba ld , R1 829 De scr ip t ion o ft h eI s land s o fO rkney a nd Z e t land , r epr in ted f rom t h e e d i t ion o f 1 711 . E d inbu rgh . S impson , W D 1 963 S i r D an ie l W i lson a nd t h e P re h i s tor ic A nna l s o fS co t land . P roc S oc A n t iq S co t 9 6( 1962 -63 ) , 1 8 . S impson , W .D . 1 954 T he b roch o fC l ickh im in . 1 9 -45 i n W .D .S impson ( ed . ) T he V ik ing C ong re ss . A be rdeen . S inc la ir , S i rJ . 1 791-99 S ta t i s t ica l A ccoun t o f S co t l a nd . 2 1 v o ls . E d inbu rgh . Sma l l , A . 1 966 E xcava t ion s a t Underhou l l , Un s t , S he t land . P roc S oc A n t iq S co t 9 8 ( 1964 -66 ) , 2 25 -48 . Sm i th , And r ea 2 002 A r tef ac ts o ft h e I r on Age o fA t lan t ic S co t land : p a s t , p resen t a nd f u tu re . A n t iqu i ty 7 6 .293 ( Sep t . ) , 8 08 -12 Sm i th , JA 1 893 No tes o n s ome s t one i mp lemen t s e t c . , f r om S he t land , n ow p r esen ted t o t h e mu seum . P roc S oc A n t iq S co t1 7( 1882 -83 ) , 2 91-99 . S pence , J . 1 899 S he t land f o lk l o re . L erw ick . S t ead , I .M . 1 979 T he A r ras C u l ture . Y o rk . S t eer , K .A . 1 960 A r thu r 's Oon : al o s t s hr ine o fR oman B r i ta in . A rchaeo lJ ourn 15 ,9 9 -110 . 1 976 More l i gh t o n A r thu r ' s O 'on . G lasgow A rchaeo lJ ourn 4( 1976 ) , 9 0 -2 . S t even son , R .B .K . 1 955 P ins a nd t h e C h rono logy o f B roch s . P roc P reh i s tS oc 2 1 , 2 82 -94 . 1 966 Me ta l w o rk a nd s ome o ther o b jec t s i n S co t land a nd t h e ir c u l tu ra l a ff in i t ies . 1 7 -44 i n R ive t , ( ed . ) , T he I r on A ge i nN or thern B r i ta in . 1 970 R ev iew o f E xcava t ions a t C l ickh im in , S he t land b y JR C H am i l ton i nA n t iq J ourn 5 0 , 1 23 -4 . S tuar t , J . 1 859 R ema rk s o n t h e A nc ien t S t ruc tu res c a l led P i c t s ' H ou ses a nd B u rgh s , w i th e spec ia l r e f erence t o t h e B u rgh o f Mou sa i n S he t land . P roc S oc A n t iq S co t 3( 1857 -60 ) , 1 87 -95 . 1 867Repor t o f t h e c omm i t t ee o f t h e S oc ie ty o f A n t iqua r ies o fS co t land . . . .a f und . . . .f or e xcava t ing e a r ly r ema ins . . P roc S oc A n t iq S co t 7( 1866 6 8 ) , 2 89 -307 . T ay lor , A .B . 1 938 T he O rkney inga S aga . E d inbu rgh . T homas , C . 1 963 T he a n ima l a r to ft h e S co t t ish I r on A ge a nd i t s o r ig in s . A rchaeo log ica lf ourn 18 , 1 4 6 4 . T homa s , F .W . L . 1 851 A ccoun t o f s ome o f t h e C e l t ic A n t iqu i t ies o f O rkney i n c lud ing t h e s t ones o f S t ennes s , T umu l i , P i c ts ' H ou ses , e t c . , w i th p l an s . A rchaeo log ia 3 4 , 8 8 136 .

1 867 On t h e P r im i t ive Dwe l l ings a nd Hypogea o f t h e Ou te r H ebr ides . P roc S oc A n t iq S co t 7 ( 1866 -68 ) , 1 53 -95 . 1 890 On t h e Dun s o f t h e Ou te r H ebr ides . A rchaeo l ica S co t ica 5 , 3 65 -415 . T ra i l l , W . 1 885 No t ice o fE xcava t ion s a tS tenab r eck a nd Howmae , i n No r th R ona ld say , O rkney . P roc S oc A n t iq S co t 1 9 ( 1884 -85 ) , 2 3 -32 . 1 890a No tes o n t h e f u r the r e xcava t ion s o f Howmae , 1 889 . P roc S oc A n t iq S co t 2 4( 1889 9 0 ) , 4 51-61 . 1 890b R esu l t s o f E xcava t ion s a t t h e B roch o f B u r r ian , N or th R ona ld say , O rkney , d u r ing t h e s umme r s o f 1 870 a nd 1 871 . A rchaeo log ia S co t ica 5 , 3 41-64 . T udo r , J .R . 1 883 T he O rkney sa nd S he t land s : t h e ir p as t a nd p re sen ts t a te . 2v o ls . . L ondon Wa inw r igh t , FT 1 962 T he N or thern I s le s . E d in -bu rgh . Wa inw r igh t , F .T . ( ed . )1955 T he p rob lem o f t h e P ic t s . E d inbu rgh . Wa t t , W .G .T . 1 882 No t ice o ft h eb roch k nown a sB u rw ick o r B o rw ick , i nt h e t own sh ip o fY escanabee a nd p ar ish o f S andw ick , O rkney . P roc S oc A n t iq S co t 1 6( 1881-82 ) , 4 42 -50 . W i lson , D . 1 851 T he A rchaeo logy a nd p reh is tor ic a nna l s o fS co t land . E d inbu rgh . 1 863 T he A rchaeo logy a nd p reh i s tor ic a nna l s o f S co t land . 2n d e dn . E d inbu rgh . W i ther s , C .W .J . ( ed . ) 1 998 A t o ur i n S co t land a nd v oyage t ot h eH ebr ide s 1 772 b y T homas P ennan t . E d inbu rgh . Y oung A l ison 1 953 A n A is led F a rmhou se a t t h e A l la sda le , I s le o fB ar ra . P roc S oc A n t iq S co t 8 7 ( 1952 -53 ) , 8 0 -105 . 1 956 E xcava t ion s a t D un C u ier , I s le o f B ar ra , Ou te r H eb r ides . P roc S oc A n t iq S co t 8 9 ( 1955 -56 ) , 2 90 -328 . 1 962 B roch s a nd d uns . P roc S oc A n t iq S co t 9 5 ( 1961-62 ) , 1 7 1-98 . Y oung , A l ison & K .M . R icha rd son 1 960 A C hea rdach Mho r , D r imo re , S ou th U is t . P roc S oc A n t iq S co t 9 3 ( 1959 -60 ) , 1 35 -73 .

3 75

A ppend ix D e sc r ip t ive l i s to f I r on A ge a r tef ac t s d r awn b yt h ea u tho r When n o t n umbe r ed t h e i t em s a r e d e scr ibed f r om l ef t t o r i gh t , s t ar t ing a tt h e t o p . T he g roups o f f i nd s a r e g i ven p r ima r i ly i nt h e o rde r o ft h e s i t e n umbe r s a nd s e conda r i ly , o no cca s ion s ,t e rm so ft h ei lu s t r a t ion n umbe r s .

6 . 7 .

A l l i t em ss hown a ts c a le 1 : 4u n le s so t herw ise i n d ica ted 8 . A . S he t land We s tB urra F ir th -HU25 9 C heck n umbe r sa ga ins ti l .

9 .

D eco ra ted w a l l s h e rd o f l i gh t b uf f w a r e w i th g eome t r ic or namen to fi n c ised l i ne s( HR 130 ) . R im s h e rd o fj a r w i th u pr igh t l i p , o f h a rd g r ey w a r e w i th ab l ack e x te r io r : d i am . n o t m ea su rab le ( HR 127 ) . R im s he rd o fj a r w i th u pr igh t l i p , o fs im i la r t h in h a rd b l ack w a re w i th s t ea t i te g r i t : d i am . c .1 3 c m ( HR 125 ) . R im s h e rd o f f i ne , b a r re l shaped u rn o fh a rd g r ey w a r e c on ta in ing much s t ea t i te a nd w i th s moo th , b l ack e x ter io r ; d i am . c .2 1 c m . ( HR 129 ) . B a se s h e rd o fl a rge , t h ick -wa l led v e s se l o fc oa r se g r i t ty w a re w i th d eep f i nge r i mp r e s s ion s i n i t s u ppe r( i n s ide ) s u rf ace ( HR 132 ) .

1 0 .

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J ar lshof -HU30 1 1 5 . ( a tt h et ime o fd r aw ing t h e s h e rd sh ad n o N a t iona l Mu seum n umbe r s ) . 1 6 . I l . 4 . 27. L a te B ronze A ge p o t t e ry f r om t h e o l de s t v i l lage o f ' c ou r tya rd h ou ses ' . T he r e a r e m a s se s o f f r agmen t s o f h a rd , p l a in , b a r r e l shaped ur n s , g r ey a nd b rown a nd g r i t ty b u t o f t en w i th s moo thed s u r f ace s ; s ome f l a t r im s a nd t h e b a ses a r e s l igh t ly f oo ted . 1 .

2 . 3 .

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1 7 .

T op r ow , l e f t : l a rge r im s h e rd o f ap l a in , b ucke t s haped u rn o f h a rd , l i gh t b rown w a r e w i th s ome d a rke rp a tche so nt h e e x ter io r : d i am . c .2 3 c m . R im s he rd p l a in b a r r e l shaped ur no fl i gh t c r eam -buf f w a re w i th b l ack e x ter io r : d i am . c .2 0c m . F oo ted b a se s h e rd o f h a rd , l i gh t b rown -g r ey w a r e w i th s t ea t i te g r i t s , t h e o u te r s u rf ace p i nk -b rown : d i am . 1 8c m . R igh t , r im o f ad eco ra ted b a r re l shaped u rn o fg r i t ty g r ey w a r e , t h e o u te r s u rf ace m o t t led w i th l i gh t b rown a nd d a rk g r ey , t h e g eome t r ica l d eco r a t ion u nde r t h e r im d one w i th l i gh t ly c hanne l led l i nes : d i am . c . 1 c m . . N ex t r ow , l ef t : a n t le r h and le s hown h a lf s i ze i n r e la t ion t ot h er e s t ; l e ng th 1 3c m .

1 8 .

1 9 .

R im o fb u cke t -shaped u rn o f b uf f -brown h a rd w a re w i th s h iny s p eck s : d i am . a pp rox . 2 0c m . . R im s h e rd o ff i ne b u cke t shaped ur nw i th t wo a pp l ied d eco r a t ive r i dges ( o rp l a in c o rdon s )b e low t h e r im ; o f ah a rd g r ey w a re , m o t t led w i th l i gh t b rown o n t h e o u te rs u r f ace : d i am . c . 9c m . . R im s h e rd o f d eco ra ted t h ick , p l a in b ucke t shaped ur n w i th s l igh t ly f o lded o ve r r im , o f h a rd , l i gh t b rown , g r i t ty w a re , t h e o u te r s u rf ace d a rk g r ey a nd s moo th ed ( p robab ly b u rn ished ) , or namen ted w i th a c hanne l led g roove u nde r t h e r im : d i am . c .2 2cm . : " Hou se I V?" . T h ick , f o o ted b a se s h e rd o f h a rd , l i gh t b rown g r i t ty w a re , s moo thed o nt h eo u te rs u rf a ce : d i am . 8c m . . T h ick r im s h e rd o fp l an , b a r r e l shaped u rn o fh a rd , l i gh t b rown a nd g r ey w a re w i th f a i r ly s moo th , l i gh t b rown s u rf ace s : d i am . c .2 3 c m . . F rom ' Hou se I V ' . T h ird r ow , l e f t : R im s he rd o ff i n e b ucke t -shaped u rn o fh a rd ,r e dd ish g r i t ty w a re ,t h eo u ter s u rf ace m o t t led b r ick r ed a nd g r ey a nd b u rn i shed s moo th ; t h e d eco ra t ive r i dge j u s t u nde r t h e r im h a s av e ry s l igh t g roove j u s ta bove i t : d i am . c .4 5cm . . " Hu t I V" . R im s h e rd o fp l a in , t h ick , b ucke t shaped u rn o fh a rd , l i gh tb rown -g rey w a r e ; d i am . 1 5c m . . R im s h e rd o fp l a in b ucke t -shaped ur n , w i th as l igh t ly r o l led -ove r r im , o f v e ry h a rd , l i gh t b rown w a re : d i am . c .1 5c m . F oo ted b a se s he rd w i th ` ompha lo s ' b ase o fh a rd , g r ey a nd l i gh t b uf fw a re ; d i am . c .1 3 c m . T h is i sl a be l led " Broch a nd w hee lhou se p o t te ry" s oi ts hou ld b e i nI l . 4 . 4 1 . B o t tom r ow , l e f t : r im s he rd o f p l a in b ar r e l shaped ur n w i th s l igh t ly r o l led -ove r r im , w a re u n -no ted : d i am . 2 0c m . B e low i t ,r im s he rd o f f i ne , d eco r a ted b a r r e l shaped ur n o fh a rd , s moo th g r ey w a r e w i th t r ace s o fb l ack b u rn ish ing o n t h e o u t e r s u rf ace , d eco ra ted w i th t wo h or izon ta l g roove s : d i am . 1 3 c m . . R im s h e rd o fp l a in b ucke t shaped ur n o fh a rd , b uf f b rown w a r e w i th as moo th o u te rs u rf ace mo t t led l i gh t b rown a nd b l ack : d i am . c .1 7 c m . R im s h e rd o fp l a in ,b u cke t s haped ur no f ah a rd ,g r i t ty g r ey a nd b rown -buf fw a re , t h e e x te r io r b l ack ( p a r t ly s oo ted ) a nd mo t t led b rown -buf f ; t h ere i s as l igh t c arna t ion : d i am . c .2 0 c m . R im s h e rd o fd eco ra ted , b ucke t shaped u rn o f ah a rd , d u l l , g r ey b rown . w a r e , t h e e x te r io rs moo th ( p robab ly b ur n ish ed ) a nd d a rk g r ey ; t h e r e i s ac hanne l led g roove u nde r t h e r im : d i am . 1 7 c m . . " F rom t h e m idden s" .

I l . 4 . 28 E a r l yI r on A ge p o t te ry f r om t h e s econd p r e -b roch v i l lage o f r o und s t one h u t s ( t he t wo d i agona l r ow s o f s h e rd s , a nd t h e b o t tom h or izon ta l o ne , a r e t h e p r ima ry d e scr ip t ive u n i t s ) .

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T op r i gh t : C a r ina ted r im s h e rd o fh a rd , l i gh t b rown w a r e ; d i am . 1 0c m . . " La te l e ve l ,H ou se I Vc" . D iagona l 1 : ( t op l ef t ) c a r in a ted r im s he rd o f a c o rdoned j a ro fh a rd , l i gh t -co lou r ed w a r e , t h e e x te r io r a bov e t h e c o rdon b e ing s moo th a nd b l ack ; t h e c o rdon i sa pp l ied , p r e sumab ly t oi m i ta te t h e c a r ina ted s hou lde ro nt h e m a jo r i ty o ft h e s h e rd s ; d i am . a pp rox . 3 6c m . . " Hou se I Vb , l owe rl e ve l" C ar ina ted r im s he rd o f h a rd , l i gh t g r ey w a re w i th a d a rk e r , s moo the r e x te r io r ; d i am . c . 3 0 c m . . " Dw e l l ing I Vc" . H eavy c a r ina ted p l a in r im s h e rd o ft h ick , c oa r se w a re ; d i am .c .3 6 cm . . " La te l e ve l ,H ou se I Vc" . R im s h e rd o f b ucke t -shaped u r n , o f t h ick , h a rd , g r i t ty , p a le b rown w a re , w i th f l a t tened r im f o rm ing a r i dg ea ti t si n s ide e dge ; d i am . c .3 0c m . . " La te l e ve l , H ou se I Vc" . C ar ina ted r im s he rd o f h a rd , l i gh t b rown -g rey w a r e w i th s t ea t i te g r i t s ; d i am . c .2 5 c m . . " Dwe l l ing I Vb" . T h ick , c o rdoned r im s he rd o fh a rd , l i gh tb rown w a re ; t h e c o rdon i sp r e sumab ly ar ough i m i ta t ion o f at r ue s hou lde r ; d i am . c .2 3 c m . . " Dw e l l ing I Vc" . F ine c a r ina ted r im s h e rd o fh a rd l i gh t g r ey w a r e w i th av e ry s moo th , b l ack b ur n ished e x ter io r : d i am . 1 5 cm . . " Hou se I Vb , l owe rl e ve l" . F la tc opper a l loy p l a te t h e n a r row e re nd o fw h ich h a s b een f o lded o ve r i n to a t u be ; m ax . l e ng th 3 . 9 c m , max .w id th 2 . 8c m . B e low t h e se a nd a tl ef t : s ma l l c a r ina ted r im s h e rd o f l i gh t b rown w a r e , w i th a s moo th , b ur n ished e x te r io r w i th t r aces o f ap a le b rown -p ink s l ip . : d i am . c . 1 c m . . " Hou se I Vb , l owe rl e ve l" . D iagona l2 : ( t op l ef t ) s l igh t ly c a r ina ted r im s he rd o f l i gh t b rown , h a rd g r i t ty w a r e w i th s moo th e x ter io r ; d i am .c .2 0 -23 c m . T h ick c a r ina ted d eco ra ted r im s h e rd o fh a rd , g r i t ty , l i gh tg r ey b rown w a r e w i th i mp r e s sed h o le s o nt o p o f r im s p aced c . 3c m a pa r t ; d i am . c .2 6 c m . " Dwe l l ing I Vc" . C ar ina ted r im s he rd o f l i gh t g r ey w a r e c on ta in ing much s t ea t i te g r i t , t h e o u te r s u r f ace g r ey b rown b u t d a rk g r ey a l ong t h e s hou lde r ; d i am . c . 1 6 c m . . " Dw e l l ing I V" . R im s h e rd o fl a rge c o rdoned j a r( t he a ng le o ft h e r im i su nce r ta in a nd i tc ou ld b e m o r e b ow l shaped ) o f l i gh t b rown , h a rd , g r i t ty a nd f r i ab le w a r e , r ough ly b l ack b u rn ished o n t h e e x te r io r ; t h e c o rdon s e em st o h ave b een a pp l ied a s i ft o i m i t a t e a pp rox ima te ly t h e c a r ina ted v es se l s ; d i am . a pp rox 2 4 c m . ( bu t n o t c er ta in ) . " La tes tp ha se s , H ou se s V& V I" . C ar ina ted r im s he rd o f h a rd , g r ey g r i t ty w a re w i th l i gh tb rown -g rey e x ter io r ; d i am c .3 0 c m . . " Dwe l l ing I Vc" . C a r ina ted r im s h e rd o f d u l l , g r ey -b rown h a rd a nd g r i t ty w a re w i th a p l a in , s l igh t ly r ough e x ter io r ; d i am .2 0c m . " Hou se I Vb , l ow e rl e ve l" . T h ick , c a r ina ted r im s he rd o fh a rd , g r i t ty g r ey w a r e w i th as moo th , b rown ish e x t er io r ; d i am . c .3 0 c m . . " Dw e l l ing I Vb" . B e low t h e se a nd a tl ef t : F in e c a r ina ted r im s he rd o f h a rd g r ey w a re w i th g l o s sy , b l ack -bur n ished e x ter io r ; d i am . 1 6c m . . " La te l e ve l , H ou s eI Vc" . S o l id c opper a l loy r i ng ; d i am . 3 . 6c m . 3 77

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B o t tom r ow : ( l ef t ) r im s he rd o fb uck e t shaped u rn o f h a rd , b r ick red w a r e ; d i am . a pp rox . 3 0 c m . " Dwe l l ing I Vb" . C a r ina ted r im s he rd o fh a rd , l i gh t b rown g r i t ty w a r e w i th t r ace s o f as moo th b l ack s u r f ace o nt h e e x ter io r ; d i am . a pp rox . 2 3 c m . ( bu t d if i cu l t t o e s t ima te ) . " La te l e ve l ,H ou se I Vc" . R im s h e rd o fd eco ra ted j a r , p r e sumab ly c a r ina ted j u s t b e low b r eak , o fh a rd , l i gh t b rown w a re w i th s moo th s u rf ace s ; r im i nu nu sua l i nt h a t i te x tend s i nwa rd s a s ar i dge ; d i am . 2 3 c m . ; d eco r a t ion o f ar ow o f i mp re s sed s ma l l p i t s a l ong t o p o fr im . " Hou se I Vb , l owe rl e ve l"

I l . 4 . 41 M idd le I r on A ge p o t te ry a nd o t he rf i nd sf r om t h e b roch a nd t h e a i s led r oundhou se a nd f r om w hee lhou se l e ve ls . [ Ba se s h e rd 1 4i n I l . 4 . 27 b e long sh e re ] 1

2 .

3 .

4 . 5 .

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7 . 8 .

9 .

1 0 .

1 .

1 2 .

1 3 . 1 4 .

T op r ow o f5 . L ef t , b a r r e l shaped ur n o fh a rd b uf f w a re w i th b uf f -g r ey e x te r io r ; d i am . c .2 5 c m . " F loo r o fw e s tw hee lhou se" . E ve r ted r im j a r o f h a rd g r ey w a r e w i th a s moo thed e x te r io r s u rf ace ; t h e e dge o ft h e s h e rd c l ea r ly s how s e v idence o fr i ng b u i ld ing ; d i am . c .1 5 c m . B roch a nd a i s led w hee lhou se . L a rge j a r w i th e ver ted r im o f h a rd , l i gh t r ed -b rown w a r e w i th s moo th , d a rk g r ey e x ter io r ; d i am . c .3 0 c m . " B roch a nd w hee lhou se p o t te ry" . F oo t le s sb a se s he rd F oo ted b a se s he rd o fh a rd l i gh tg r ey w a r e w i th b rown e x te r io r ; t h e s ugge s t ion o fa n o mpha los b a se i sn o t d ef in i te ; d i am . c .1 5c m . S econd r ow o f4 . L ef t , d eco ra ted r im s h e rd o f' C la s s I I ' w a r e f r om t h e N o r se s e t t lemen t -w a re u n -no ted ( 1960 .49 1) ; d i am . c .1 5c m . S im i la rr im s he rd t oa bove f r om t h eN o r se s e t t lemen t ; d i am . u n -no ted . D eco r a ted E ver ted r im s h e rd ( a bove ) , w a re u n -no ted ; d eco r a t ion o fd i agona l i n c ised l i ne s o n i n ne r s u rf ace o f r im ; d i am . c .2 8 c m . D eco r a ted E ve r ted r im s he rd o f h a rd , l i gh tg r ey w a r e w i th t h e o u te rt h i rd a nd t h e i n ne rs u r f ace l i gh tb rown ; d eco r a t ion o f d i agona l i n c ised l i ne s o n t h e i n s ide s u rf ace o ft h er im . " B roch a nd w hee lhou se p o t te ry" . T h ird r ow o f4 . L ef t , r im s h e rd o fj a r w i th u pr igh t r im , o fh a rd b l ack w a r e , o r ange -b rown n ea r t h e r im , w i th as moo th , s h iny b l ack s l ip o n t h e u ppe r p a r t o f t h e e x te r io r ; d i am . c . 1 5 c m . B roch a nd a i s led w hee lhou se . F oo ted b a se s he rd o f h a rd , c oa r se g r ey w a re w i th mo t t led b uf fs u r f ace s ; d i am . c .1 3 c m . " B roch a nd w hee lhou se p o t te ry" . D eco r a ted E ve r ted r im j a r o f h a rd , l i gh t g r ey w a r e w i th l i gh t b rown s u r f ace s a nd s moo th e x te r io r ; d eco ra t ion o fd i agona l i n c ised l i ne s o n i n s ide s u rf ace o fr im ; d i am . c .2 5 c m . E ver ted r im j a r o f h a rd , l i gh t g r ey w a r e w i th s moo thed e x te r io r ; d i am . c .1 0c m . F our th r ow o f4 . L ef t , r im s h e rd o fj a r w i th u p r igh t r im , o f h a rd g r ey , g r i t ty w a r e , t h e e x te r io r s u rf ace

T he R oundhou se s , B rochs a nd W hee lhouse so fA t lan t ic S co t land

1 5 . 1 6 . 1 7 .

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m o t t led d a rk g r ey a nd o r ange w i th t r aces o f as h iny b l ack s l ip : d i am . c . 1 8 c m . B roch a nd a i s led w hee lhou se . R im s h e rd o f p robab le E ve r ted r im j a r -w a r e u n n o ted ; d i am . c .1 8c m . R im s h e rd o fl a rge t h ick j a r w i th t u rned o u t r im , o f h a rd ,r e dd ish w a r e ; d i am . c .3 0c m . R im s h e rd p robab ly o fj a r w i th u pr igh t r im , o fh a rd g r ey w a re ; t h e a ng le o ft h e r im s hou ld p robab ly b e m o re u pr igh t ; d i am . c . 1 8 c m . " F loo r o f w e s t w hee lhou se" . B o t tom r ow o f5 . L ef t , f oo t le s s b a se s he rd o f h a rd , l i gh t b uf f -g r ey w a r e w i th s moo th , b l ack -bu rn ished e x ter io r ; d i am . c . 1 c m . " B roch a nd w hee lhou se p o t te ry" . F oo t les s b a se s h e rd o fh a rd g r ey w a r e w i th l i gh t b uf f s u rf ace s ; d i am . c .1 0 c m . " B roch a nd w hee lhou se p o t te ry" . T h ick r im s h e rd o fl a rge j a r h a rd , c oa r se , g r i t ty g r ey w a r e w i th t r ace s o fb l ack s l ip o n t h e e x ter io r ; d i am . a pp rox . 2 8 c m . B roch a nd a i s led w hee lhou se . R im s h e rd o f f i ne , b a r r e l - o r b ucke t shaped u rn o f h a rd , l i gh t g r ey w a re ; d i am . c .w 20 c m . " F loo r o f w e s tw hee lhou se" . F oo ted b a se s h e rd o f h a rd g r ey w a r e ; d i am . c . 1 0 c m . " F loo ro fw e s tw hee lhou se" .

Mousa -HU42 6 I l . 4 . 52 1 4 . R im s h e rd o ff i ne E ve r ted r im j a ro f h a rd d a rk w a re w i th b l ack -bu rn ished i n ne r a nd o u te r s u rf ace s ; t h e r im h a s h or izon ta l f l u t ing o n i t s i n s ide s u rf ace a nd s how s ac u r iou s s p l i t e f f ec t a s i fa no the r l a y e r o f c l ay h a s b een a pp l ied t o i t s o u t e r s i de a nd t h en c a r ef u l ly s moo thed d own ; d i am . 2 4 .8 c m ( GA 121) . B . O rkney T he H owe -HY21 6 I l . 5 . 15 T he f i nd s f r om t h is s i te a r e i lu s t ra ted a nd d e sc r ibed i ng r ea t d e ta i l i nt h e r epo r t . H oweve r t h e r e a r e n od r aw ing so ft h eq uern ss os i xa r e s upp l ied h e re ,t o ge the r w i th ad raw ing o f p a r t s o f ac omp le te h and m i l l o fn a t ive t y pe f r om E lg inhaugh R oman f o r t , M id lo th ian . I .

2 . C lum l ie -HU41 2 3 . I l .4 . 52 I . 2 . 3 . 4 . 5 . 6 .

7 . 8 . 9 .

1 0 . 1 . 1 2 . 1 3 .

F l a t d i sco id s t one w i th r ough e dge s b u t w i th a c a r ef u l ly p ecked , c i r cu la rh o le ( GA 3 11) . Smoo th f l a t s t one d i sc w i th p a ra l le l s u r f aces a nd r e gu la re dge ; d i am .4 . 8 c m( GA 3 13 ) . Sma l l r ough ly w o rked , t h ick s a nd s tone d i sc ; m ax . d i am . 5 . 7c m( GA 3 12 ) . A no the rv i ew o fn o . 1 . Smoo th r i ve r p ebb le u sed a s ah amme r o rg r inde r a t b o th e nd s( GA 3 18 ) . F ine , c a r ef u l ly s haped w he t s tone w i th r e c tangu la r c r o s s s e c t ion a nd e xpand ing a t e a ch e nd ( one o f w h ich h a sb roken o f f ) ; l e ng th 1 3 .5 c m( GA 3 04 ) . S l igh t ly f oo ted b a se s he rd o f h a rd , d a rk g r ey w a re w i th b uf fe x ter io r ; d i am . c . 9c m( GA 3 97 ) . A no the rd r aw ing o fn o . 7 . R im s h e rd o f p a in ted b ow l o f b r ick -co lou r ed w a re w i th a n e xpanded r im w h ich o ve r lap s t h e w a l l i n s ide a nd o u t ; t h e r im i s p a in ted w i th d i agona l s t r ipe s , a l te rna t ing w h i te a nd p a le g r een -g r ey , t h e i n ter io r h av ing s im i la r ly a l te rna t ing s im i la rh or izon ta l s t r ipes ; d i am . c .2 0 c m . T h is h a s b een d i agno sed b y Ms V a l D ean a s Wer ra s l ip -deco r a ted w a r e m ade i n t h e l a te 1 6 t h -ea r ly 1 7 th C a nd i mpo r ted f r om G ermany ( GA 3 97 ) . F oo t le s sb a se s h e rd o fs im i la rw a r et on o . 1 2 , d i am . c . 7 . 5 -9c m( GA 3 97 ) . D up l ica te d r aw ing o fn o . 1 0 . R im s h e rd b a r r e l shaped u rn o fh a rd b uf f -g r ey w a re w i th b u rn ished e x te r io r ; d i am . c .1 0c m( GA 3 97 ) . R im s h e rd o ff i ne , b a r re l shaped u rn o f h a rd b rown g r ey w a r e ,f a i r ly s moo th ; d i am . 1 5c m( GA397 ) .

3 78

4 . 5 .

6 .

7 .

( T op r ow ) h a lf o ft h e l owe r s t one o f ar o ta ry q u e rn o f P ha se 7 ; t h e c en t ra l h o le , p e r f o ra ted f r om b o th d i rec t ion s ( t he ' h ou r g l a ss ' m e thod ) , a ppea r s t o b e c ha rac t e r is t ic o ft h e l owe r s t one so fa d jus tab le q ue rn s ( 5 385 ) . T h r ee l a rge f r agmen t s o f t h e l owe r s t one o f a n a d ju s tab le r o ta ry q ue rn o f P ha s e 5 /6 , w i th t h e c ha rac t e r is t ic ' h ou rg l a s s ' p e rf o ra t ion ( 7302 ) . ( Second r ow ) o ne q ua r te r o f t h e u pper s t one o f a n u nda tab le r o ta ry q ue rn f ound i n' V ic to r ian r ubb le ' ; i t h a s aw ide f e ed p i pe , an ea r v e r t ica l a nd a lmo s t s t ra igh t s i de a nd a r a d ia l s l o t f o r t h e t u rn ing h and le ( 4319 ) . H a lf o ft h eu ppe rs t one o f ar o ta ry q uern o fP ha se 5 / 6 ; n oh and le h o le i sp r e se rved ( 7294 ) Aq ua r t e r o ft h e u ppe r s t one o f ar o ta ry q uer nf o und i n ' V ic to r ian r ubb le ' ; i t h a s ar ounded e dge , a c oncave g r ind ing s u rf ace a nd p a r to ft h e r ad ia l h and le s l o t( 2 197 ) . A bou t aq ua r te r o ft h e u ppe r s t one o f ar o ta ry q uer n w i th a d ome -shaped u ppe r s u rf ace a nd a n u p r i tgh t h and le h o le w h ich r e aches t h e g r ind ing s u rf ace ; P ha se n o tc e r ta in ( 7009 ) . A bou t h a lf o f t h e l owe r s t one a nd a q uar te r o f t h e u ppe r s t one o f ar o ta ry h and m i l l f r om E lg inhaugh R oman c amp , We s t L o th ian ; b o th s t one s a r e m ade o f v e ry s im i la r a r ko se , p robab ly d er iv ing f r om t h e n o r th -w e s t h i gh land s , a nd t h e u ppe r s t one h a s h a lf o f t h ew edge shaped h and le h o le p r e s e rved .

Ox trow -HY22 4 . 26 I l . 5 1 . 2 . 3 . 4 .

( T op l e f t )t h ick s t one b ow l o rl amp ( GD 1 2 ) . S tone l amp w i th w ick h o lder ( GD 9 ) . R ec tangu la r b one p l aque , c a r ef u l ly s moo thed ( GD 2 5 ) . S tone l amp o ff i ne -g ra ined s and s tone , c aref u l ly m ade , t h e f l a t f l oo r o ft h e o i l r e servo i r c on t inuou s w i th t h a t

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1 0 .

1 .

o ft h ew ick h o lde r ; t h e h and le i sn ea t ly p e rf o r a ted a s i ff o rs u spen s ion ; l e ng th 1 4 .0 c m( GD 1 ) . P la in b on ea w l o rp i n ( GD 1 2 ) . R im s h e rd o fE ve r ted r im j a r o fl i gh t o r ange w a r e ; d i am .c .2 8 cm ( GD 4 7 ) . P robab ly a no the rd r aw ing o fn o .6 . Sma l l s a nd s tone s t one l amp w i th s ha l low w ick h o lde r ( GD 1 0 ) . C oppe r a loy p l a in p enannu la r f i bu la w i th s l igh t ly f l a t tened t e rm ina l s , t h e r i ng h av ing a s l igh t ly o va l c ros ss e c t ion ; t h ep in l o op i sp a r t ly b roken a way ( GD 8 2 ) . R im s h e rd o fb ucke t -shaped ur n o fh a rd , g r i t ty p a le c r eam -g r ey w a r e ; e s t ima ted d i am . 1 5 c m b u t p robab ly much mo r e( GD 5 0 ) . B ase o f 2nd c en tu ry S am ian b ow l( GD 5 2 ) .

7 .

8 .

9 .

cm .

I l .5 . 27 S ee a l so I l . 5 . 27 ,n o . 1 0 . 1 . 2 . 3 .

4 .

5 .

( T op l e f t ) l ong -hand led b one c omb w i th mo s t o ft h e l ong t e e th m is s ing ; p re sen tl e ng th 1 4 .8 c m( GD 2 7 ) . B one r i ng o rb ead w i th s i gn so fp o l ish ing i nt h e h o le ; d i am .2 . 3 c m( GD 2 3 ) D eco ra ted d i sco id s t one w ho r l , n ea t ly m ade w i th p a ra l le l f a ces o rnamen ted w i th ap a t ter no fd r i l led p i t s o nb o th f a ces ; d i am . 3 . 4c m ( GD 1 9 ) . L ong h and led b one c omb , s ome o f t h e l o ng t e e th m is s ing , w i th t h e s aw m a rk s d ef in ing t h e t e e th e x tend ing al ong w ay d own t h e h and le ; s h iny w h i te b one ; p r e sen tl e ng th 1 .1 c m( GD 2 6 ) . R ing o fc opper a l loy f o rmed b yb end ing at u bu la rr od i n to ac i r c le ; d i am . c .2 . 4 c m( GD 5 3 ) .

Gurnes s

HY32 3

I l . 5 . 73 A m uch mo r e d e ta i led a nd c omp le te a ccoun t o f t h e f i nds f r om t h is s i te i sa va i lab le ( Hedge s e ta l . 1 987 , v o l . 2 ,C hap te r2 . 3 ) . A tt h e t ime t h e s e d r aw ing sw e r e d one t h e m a ter ia l w a s s t i l l i nt h e p o s se s s ion o ft h e t h en M in is t ry o f Wo rk s ( n ow H is to r ic S co t land ) a nd h ad n o t b ee t r an sf e r red t ot h e N a t iona l Mu seum o fA n t iqu i t ie s ; i tw a s t h en e n t i r e ly u npub l ished . I . 2 .

3 .

4 .

5 . 6 .

Two t h ick f i nge r r i ng s o f c oppe r a l loy c o r roded t oge the r ; o ne s e em s t o b e p a r t o f as p ira l r i ng ( one t u rn o n ly b u t s l igh t ly o ve r lapp ing a tt h e e nd s ) w h i le t h e o t he r i sp l a in ; t h is w a s a l so f ound w i th ah uman f i nge rb one s t a in ed g r een ; d i am . o fs p i ra l p a r t c .2 . 5 c m ,t h ec oppe ra loy r od sa bou t4 inm i nd i am . P l a in s p i ra l f i nge r r i ng o f c oppe r a loy , f o rmed o f a m e ta l w i re o r r od t w is ted r ound t h r ee t imes ; a s soc ia ted w i th t h is f i nd w a s ah uman f i nge r b one s t a ined g r een ; d i am . 2 . 2 c m . ( S econd r ow , l e f t ) S imp le f i nge r r i ng o fc oppe r a loy , m ade f r om am e ta l r od b en t i n to ac i rc le ; d i am . 1 . 6

( T op r ow ) S o l id b ead o fg r een -b lue g l a s s , i nt h e f o rm o f as l igh t ly f l a t tened s phe r e ; m ax . d i am . 1 . 05 c m . P la in s p i r a l f i nge r r i ng o fc opp e r a l loy , f o rmed o f a f l a t tened b and o f m e ta l t w is t ed r ound i n to t wo c omp le te c i rc les ; d i am . 2 . 3 c m . Z oomo rph ic p enannu la r f i bu la o f c oppe r a l loy , t h e t e rm ina ls f l a t tened a nd d eco r a ted a nd t h e t o p o f t h e p in i nt h ef o rm o f at u be o fu nev en d i ame te r ; d i am . o f r i ng 6 . 2c m . R ing -headed p in o fc oppe r a loy , f o rmed o fw i re b en t t h rough s l igh t ly mo r e t h an ar i gh t a ng le a tt h e t o p o f t h e s haf t ,a nd t h en i n to ac i rc le ; l e ng th 6 . 6c m . A no the r v e ry s im i la r , c a s t r i ng -headed p in w i th t i ny n o tche so nt h et op o ft h er i ng ; l e ng th 6 . 6 c m . T h is i sf r om a s ma l l s c a le s k e tch o f ac i r c le t o fi r on e nca sed i np l a s te r ; d i am s . 1 6 .5 a nd 1 6 .0 c m .

3 79

ragmen t o f c oppe r a loy c ha in , e ach l i nk c on s is t ing 1 0 . F o f t wo s ma l l r i ng s ( t he d r aw ing d oe s n o t s how t h is p rope r ly ) . ine c oppe r a l loy n eed le c om ing t o ap o in t a bove t h e 1 . F h o le ;l e ng th 6 . 0c m . 1 2 . F l a t d i sco id b ead o fr ed g l a s s , o r p o s s ib ly o fa mbe r ; d i am . 1 . 8 c m . 1 3 . L a rge r i ng o f c oppe r a l loy m ad e o f as hee t o fm e ta l f o rmed s ot h a t t h e c r o s s s e c t ion i sU shaped w i th t h e e dge s s l igh t ly o u t tur n ed ; t h ese e dge s a r e d eco ra ted w i th f i ne n o tch ing ; d i am . 3 . 0c m . 1 4 . C ruc ib le f r agmen t w i th n a r row r ounded b a se , p r e sumab ly d e s igned t os i ti n ah o lde r . 1 5 . P l a in c oppe ra loy f i nge rr i ng m ade i nt h e s ame w ay a s n o . 1 3 ; d i am . 2 . 8 c m . 1 6 . ( T h i rd r ow , l ef t ) r im s h e rd o f s ma l l E ve r ted r im j a r d eco ra ted w i th d eco r a t ion o fs ma l ln i ck so nt h en a r row o u te rb eve l o ft h el i p ; d i am . n o tg i ven . 1 7 . T op v i ew o f af r agmen t o f h a lf a f i r ed c l ay mou ld , l o ok ing d own o n t ot h ep ou r ing f unne l . 1 8 . C oppe ra loy d oub le h ook m ade f r om a b and o fm e ta l c .3 . 5 mm w ide a nd 1mm t h ick ; l e ng th 3 . 6c m . 1 9 . C oppe ra loy a w l o rn eed le , t h e h ead m is s ing ; p r esen t l e ng th 7 . 6 c m . 2 0 . C omp le te e gg c up shaped c r uc ib le w i th f oo ted b a se a nd ap ou r ing s pou t ; h e igh t 3 . 8 c m . 2 1 . ( Fou r th r ow , l ef t ) L a rge f r agmen t , i n c lud ing ap i ece o f t h e h and le , o f R oman a mpho ra o f H a l ter n 7 0 t y pe f r om s ou ther nS pa in ; t h e r e i sa l so ar im f r agmen t f r om t h e s ame v e s se l . T he p i ece i si mpo r tan t a s i td a te s f r om t h e l a te i s t c en tu ry BC t o a bou t AD 6 0 a tt h e l a tes t , a nd m ay t h e r ef o re h ave r e ached O rkney ( p robab ly c on ta in ing a l i queu r w ine o r o l ives p r e served i n i t ) b ef o r e t h e A g r ico lan c onque s t o f s ou ther nS co t land ( F i tzpa t r ick 1 989 ) . 2 2 . Wa l l s he rd o f h a rd g r ey w a re , t h e e x ter io r mo t t led d a rk g r ey a nd b rown -buf f ; d eco ra ted w i th a n a pp l ied z i g -zag c o rdon i nt h e c ha rac te r is t ic H ebr idean s t y le ; d i am . a tt h e c o rdon c .1 7c m . 2 3 . Wa l l s h e rd w i th i n c ised d eco ra t ion , o fv e ry h a rd , d a rk g r ey w a r e , w i th a s moo th s l ipped s u rf ace a mo t t led g r ey -b rown i nc o lou r ; d eco ra t ion o fi n c ised l i ne s . 2 4 . ( Bo t tom r ow , l ef t ) Wa l l s h e rd o f l i gh t b rown , g r i t ty w a r ew i th f a in tc hanne l l ing a nd s t r ia t ion s . 2 5 . Wa l l s h e rd s im i la rt oa bove . 2 6 . F ragmen t o f am ou ld o f f i r ed c l ay , ap i ece o f t h e p ou r ing o r if ice p r e served a tt o p r i gh t . 2 7 . P a r t o f a n e a r thenwa r e j ug h and le , p r e sumab ly Med ieva l o rl a te r .

T he R oundhou se s , B rochs a nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

I l . 5 . 74 S ome o ft h e a r tef ac t s f r om t h i ss i t e h ave an umbe r w r i t ten o nt h em a nd t h e se a r ei nb racke t sa tt h ee nd o f t h ee n t r ie sc oncer n ed .

1 6 .

1 .

1 7 .

2 .

3 . 4 .

5 .

6 . 7 .

8 .

9 .

1 0 .

1 . 1 2 .

1 3 .

1 4 .

1 5 .

( T op r ow , l ef t ) l o ng -hand led c omb , p robab ly o f a n t le r , w i th a bou t 1 t e e th o r ig ina l ly , w i th a c r ude f i sh t a i lb u t t ; p r e sen tl e ng th 1 .4 c m . L ong -hand led b one c omb w i th 9l o ng t e e th ( n ea r ly a l b roken o f f ) , as l igh t ly f i sh t a i l shaped b u t t a nd a n a r row s haf tw i th c oncave s i de s ; p r e sen t l e ng th 1 3 .3 c m . L ong -hand led b one o r a n t le r c omb w i th 1 0 l o ng t e e th ,a l lb roken ; p r e sen tl e ng th 8 . 0c m . A lmo s t c omp le te l o ng -hand led b one c omb , p robab ly w i th 1 4 l o ng t e e th o r ig ina l ly ( 1 1 p r ese rved ) , v e ry n ea t ly c a rved s haf tw i th c oncave s i de s a nd as t ra igh t b u t t ; t h e s haf t i s or n amen ted w i th a n i n c ised l i ne a c ros s i tj u s t b e low t h e t e e th a nd t wo p a i r s o fc u rved l i ne s -e ach l i ke al o ng c u rved h or nex tend ing f r om t h e e nd s o ft h is l i ne t ot h e c en t r e o ft h e b u t t ; l e ng th 1 0 .0 c m . ( S econd r ow , l ef t ) b a t te r ed a n t le r l o ng -hand led b one c omb p robab ly w i th 1 l o ng t e e th o r ig ina l ly , w i th a s t ra igh tb u t t a nd u na l te r ed s i de st ot h e s haf t ; p r esen t l e ng th 1 2 .8 c m . F ragmen t o f al o ng -hand led c omb , p robab ly a n t le r , w i th l o ng t e e th . ( ! 55 ) L ong -hand led b one c omb w i th 9 l o ng t e e th o r ig ina l ly , t h e b u t t b rok en o f f ; t h e re i s ad eco ra t ion o f as imp le S tA nd rew 's c r o s s o nt h e s haf tj u s tb e low t h e t e e th , w i th t h e l o ng d imen s ion c r o s sw ise ( no t s hown o nt h ed r aw ing ) ; p r e sen tl e ng th 7 . 9c m . ( 56 ) L ong -hand led p robab ly a n t le r c omb , c omp le te , w i th 9l o ng t e e th a nd a f i sh t a i l b u t t , t h e s i de s b e ing s l igh t ly c u rved c oncen t r ica l ly ; al a rge S t A nd r ew 's c r o ss i s i n c i sed o n t h e b u t t , t h e l a rge r d imen s ion l e ng thway s ; l e ng th 1 0 .0 c m . L ong -hand led w ha lebone c omb w i th 1 t e e th , a l b roken o f fb u t s e em ing ly l o ng ; , w i th a f i sh t a i l b u t t a nd c oncave s i de s t o t h e s haf t ; p r e sen t l e ng th 1 9 .5 c m . ( 273 ) . ( T h ird r ow , l ef t ) l a rge b one h o l low h ead f o r a n i r on p in , t h e t o p o ft h e s haf tr ema in ing i ni t ; t h e h ead h a s b een m ade f r om t h e c r o s s s e c t ion o f al o ng b one , t h e e nd s a nd t o p c a r ef u l ly s moo thed a nd r ounded , t h e b a se f l a t te r ; ah o le w a s d r i l led i n to t h e b a se f r om t h e s haf t w h ich , w hen i n se r ted , w a s j ammed a ga in s t t h e t o po ft h eh ead , s e cu r ing i ti np o s i t ion ; w id th 2 . 5 c m . F r agmen to f as ma l lw he t s tone , t h ee nd t a pe red . B roken l o ng -hand led c omb p robab ly o f w ha lebone , t h e t o o th e nd m o s t b roken o f fb u t t h e f i sh ta i led b u t t p r e served ; s i de s o f s h af t s l igh t ly c oncave ; p r esen t l e ng th 8 . 0c m . ( 4 55 ) H a lf o f af i r ed c l ay m ou ld f o r ap a i r o fr i ng -headed c oppe r a loy p i n s ( t hough t h e s haf t s l o ok r a the r b road ) . A m o r e c omp le te s im i la r m ou ld s how ing t h a t t h e p ou r ing o r if ice l e ad s t ot h e t wo p i n s s haf t s a nd t h a t t h er i ng -head sa r ea tt h eb a se . ( F our th r ow , l ef t ) l a rge , f l a t r e c tangu la r b one p l a te w i th a s l igh t ly c u rved c r o s s s e c t ion a nd w i th ah o le d r i l led i ne ach c or n e r ; l e ng th 1 3 .6 c m .

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1 8 .

1 9 .

2 0 .

2 1 . 2 2 . 2 3 .

R ec tangu la r ( t echn ica l ly ' pa r a l le lop iped ' ) b one d i e ( s ingu la r o f ' d ice ' ) m ade f r om t h e s haf t o f at h ick l o ng b one , t h e s i des s qua red of ; t h e l ong s i de s h ave p i t sd r i l led i n to t h em t os how 3 , 45a nd 6 . ( Bo t tom r ow , l ef t , i n c lud ing 5 i t ems a tb o t tom r i gh t ) c r os s s e c t ion o f s p ind le who r l o r b u t ton m ade f r om t h eh ead o f ah uman f emu r ; d i am . a tb a se 4 . 1 c m . L a rge a n t le rt i ne w o rked i n to ap robab le b r id le c heek p i ece , w i th a p e rf o ra t ion t ow a rd s t h e r i gh t , t h icke r , e nd a nd , b eyond t h a t , as e r ie s o f c u t g roove s o f u nce r ta in p u rpo se - p e rhap s d eco ra t ive b u t m o r e l i ke ly t oh e lp h o ld l e a the r s t rap s ; t h e p o in to ft h et i ne h a sb een n ea t ly c u to f f ; l e ng th 1 3 .0 c m . B one p i n w i th a s l igh t ly h ipped s haf t a nd ab a l l s haped h ead ( t he ' b a l l ' s l igh t ly f l a t tened ) w i th a s ma l lp e rf o r a t ion o rp i ti ni t ; l e ng th 4 .0 c m L ong b one s pa tu la te t oo l , e ach e nd r ounded a nd f l a t , t h e c en t r a l s h af t w i th ar ounded c r o ss s e c t ion ; l e ng th 1 4 .5 c m . F i sh g o rge f o rmed o f af l a t s t r ip o fb one a nd w i th a s qua r ep e rf o ra t ion : l e ng th 1 0 .0 c m . B one n eed le w i th p o in ted b u t t a bove e ye ; l e ng th 7 . 0 c m . S im i la rb on en eed le ; l e ng th 7 . 4c m .

I l . 5 . 75 1 .

2 .

3 .

4 .

5 .

6 .

7 .

8 . 9 . 1 0 .

( T op r ow , l ef t ) F ragmen t l ong -hand led b one c omb w i th l o ng t e e th a nd d eco ra ted w i th a n i n c ised g roove a l ong t h e b a se o ft h e t e e th a nd t h e b eg inn ing s o f a d i agona ll i n e -p robab le aS tA nd r ew 's c ro s sm o t if . H eavy b one a w l m ade f r om a l o ng b one , t h e p o in t f o rmed b y as ha l low d i agona l c u t a c ros s t h e s haf t ; l e ng th 8 . 5 c m . P e rf o ra t ed f l a t b one d i sc , p e rhap s c u t f r om a t h ick s c apu la ( s pongy m a te r ia l b e tw een t wo f l a t s u rf ace s ) , p e rhaps as p ind le w ho r l ; d i am . c .3 . 7c m . R ough -ou t o f ab one p in , p e rhap s t h e n a i l -headed k i nd , t h e r e b e ing t i ny t r imm ing c u t s a tt h e l ef t e nd ; l e ng th 4 . 4 c m . As hor tb on e h and le f o rs ome k i nd o fi r on b l ade ; t h e b one i s ar ounded D shape i n c r o s s s ec t ion w i th t h e r ema in s o f as ma l l b l ade s e t i n to as l i t a tt h e l owe r e nd ; t h e re m ay b e t r aces o fa n i r on r i ve t ; l e ng th 2 . 1 c m . ( 396 ) D eco ra t ed b one s l eeve o f u ncer ta in p u rpo se , p r e sumab ly a s e c t ion f r om a l a rge l ong b one ; t h e or n amen t c on s is t s o fm ir ro r i mage h or izon ta l p ane ls s e pa r a te b y i n c ised l i nes , o n e i the r s i de o f ar ow o f d o t -and c i r c le s i nt h e c en t re ; t h e c r iss -c ro s s p a t te rn s a nd t h e p a r a l le l l i ne s a r e a l l s imp le f i ne ly c u t l i nes t h e s had ing o n t h e d r aw ing d oe s n o t m ean a ny th ing ; l e ng th 5 . 2 c m . ( M idd le r ow , l ef t ) T h i s i s as k e tch a t ar edu ced s c a le o f ah eavy p er f o ra ted s t one d i sc , w i th a n h ou rg la s s s haped d r i l led h o le ; a ve rage t h icknes s c . 5c m , t h e c omp le t es i de 1 2c mi nl e ng th . L ong b one a w l o rp robe ; l e ng th 9 . 8 c m . S ocke ted s o l id b one h and le , t h e s o cke td r i l led i n to t h e w ide re nd t o ad ep th o f a bou t 2c m ; l e ng th 7 . 0c m . A n t le rt i ne ,p robab ly i n tended a s ab r id le c heek p i ece ; t h e w id ee nd h a s as ocke t i ni t( d o t ted l i ne ) a nd ah o le d r i l led f r om t h e s i de ( bu t q u i te c l o se t ot h e e nd ) l e ad s

A ppend ix

1 .

1 2 . 1 3 . 1 4 . 1 5 .

1 6 .

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2 1 .

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i n to t h i s( n o ts hown o nt h ed r aw ing ) ; l e ng th 1 0 .9 c m . ( 395 ) B one s p a tu la te t oo l m ade o f al o ng b one w i th t h e s haf t c u t a c ross a t as ha l low d i agona l a ng le , t h e e nd r ounded a nd t h en p o l ished w i th u s e ; l e ng th 1 0 .8 c m . ( 396 ) H eavy b one n eed le w i th al a rge e ye ,p e rhaps an e t t ing n eed le ; l e ng th 9 . 6c m . ( 397 ) B one a w lo rh eavy p in ; l e ng th 8 . 0c m( 399 ) . P robab ly ah eavy b one a w l w i th t h ep o in tb roken of ; p resen tl e ng th 9 . 5 c m . ( 220 ) . B one o r a n t le r o b jec t w h ich h a s t ur n ed i n s ocke t , l e av ing a b ra s ion s a l l r ound t h e s haf t , p o s s ib le a q uern h and le ; t h e d raw ing d oes n o t s how t h e a b ra s ion s c l ea r ly - t h ey a r e i nt h e n a r row e r , c en t ra l b and a si ft h e l owe rp a r to ft h eo b jec t( i nt h ed r aw ing ) h a s b een u ppermo s t i n as ock e t a nd t u rn ing ; t h e s imp le s t e xp lana t ion s e em s t h a t i ti se i the r as ho r t h and le r o ta t ing i nt h e u pr igh t h and le h o le o f ad i sc q uer n , o r - mo re l i ke ly - t h a t i t f o rmed t h e l owe r , h a rde re nd o f al o ng ( c . 1 . 20 m )w ooden p o le h and le p ivo ted a bove t h e h and m i l l . P a r t icu la r ly i n te r e s t ing i st h e f a c tt h a t t h i s b a r o fb one w a s u n if o rm ly t i l ted a s i tt ur n ed ; t h is i se xac t ly h ow al ong p o le h and le w ou ld r e la te t ot h e q ue rn s ocke t . O n t h e o t h e rh and t h e s o cke t w ou ld h ave t o h av e b een a n u nu sua l ly l a rge a nd d eep o ne , s ome th ing l i ke 4c m i nd i ame te r a nd a tl e a s t6 . 5 c md eep . P r e sen tl e ng th 1 2 .6 c m . ( T h i rd r ow , l e f t ) b one p l a te w i th ab one n a i l s t i l l i n t h e h o le a to ne e nd , p os s ib ly m ade f r om p a r t o f a l a rge l o ng b one ; l e ng th 9 . 6 c m . ( 3 50 ) B one a w l made f r om a l o ng b one c u t a c ro s s d i agona l ly ; l e ng th 1 9 .5 c m . ( 3 52 ) . B roken b one a r tef ac to fu nce r ta in u se . ( 378 ) S phe r eo fd u l l ,b lue -g r een g l a s s ;d i am . 1 . 2 c m ( Bo t tom r ow , l e f t ) l a rge b one p l a te w i th c onvex u ppe r a nd l ow e r s u rf ace s , w i th 8p e rf o r a t ion s , 4a l ong e ach s i de ; l e ng th 1 7 .8 c m . B one o b jec t o f u ncer ta in p u rpo se ; ab one p eg h a s b een f i t t ed i n to ad ome shaped b one h ead ( on ly p a r t o f w h ich n ow r ema in s ) a nd w h ich i s c omp le te ly p e rf o r a ted f o rt h ep eg . B roken , f i ne ly s moo thed i v o ry p omme l f o r as wo rd o r d agge r h i l t , w i th a l a rge , r e c tangu la r s haf t -ho le t h rough i t ; l e ng th 5 . 0c m . H o l low ,p o l ished b one t ube - p e rhaps ag am ing p i ece -w i th as qua re c r o s s s e c t ion ; t wo o ppo sed f a ce s a r e d eco ra t ed w i th r ow s o fs ma l l d o t s a nd t h e o t he r t wo w i th v a r iou s l i gh t s c ra tche s , i n c lud ing a f ew X 's ; l e ng th 7 . 1 c m .

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1 7 .

1 8 . 1 9 .

R im s he rd E ve r ted r im j a r ( a ng le b e tw een s l igh t ly c oncave i n ne r s u rf ace o f r im a nd i n ter io r ) o f g r i t ty b uf fw a r e w i th t r ace so f ad a rk e x te r io rs u rf ace ; d i am . a pp rox . 2 0 -23 c m . E ve r ted r im s he rd o fg l obu la rj a r o fh a rd , l i gh t b uf f w a r e w i th a s moo th , s h iny s l ipped e x te r io r , mo t t led l i gh tb rown a nd g r ey ; d i am . 1 8c m . ( a t t op r i gh t ) r im s he rd o fp l a in g l obu la r v es se l w i th f l a t , u pr igh t l i p , o fb l ack a nd l i gh t b rown w a re ; d i am . c .1 5c m . R im s he rd o fu nu sua l g l obu la r p o t w i th b ead r im , o f w a r e w i th l i gh t g r ey c o r e a nd l i gh t b uf f -b rown s u rf ace s , d a rk g rey o n p a r t o f e x te r io r ; d i am . n o t c e r ta in . ( S econd r ow ) r im s he rd o f b a r re l shaped o rg l obu la r p o t w i th s l igh t ly o u t tur n ed l i p a nd d en se h o r izon ta l c hanne l l ing o no u te rs u r f ace ; d i am . c .2 3cm . R im s he rd o f b ucke t shaped u rn w i th g roove o n f l a t tened l i p , a nd a r ow o f f a in t f i nge r i mp res s ion s u nde rt h er im ( no ts hown ) ; d i am . c .2 0c m . R im s he rd ( t ip o f r im b roken o f f ) o f d eco ra ted E ver ted r im p o t o fh a rd b uf fw a re w i th b l ack e x ter io r ( s oo t? ) ; t h e r e i s ad i s t inc t a ng le b e tween t h e i n ne r f a ce o ft h e r im a nd t h e i n te r io r ; d eco r a t ion o f i n c ised l i ne s ; d i am . c .1 0c m . ( T h ird r ow , l ef t ) E ve r ted r im s h e rd o fh a rd w a re w i th g r ey c o r e a nd l i gh t b rown s u r f ace s , e x ter io r mo t t led b uf fa nd d a rk g r ey ; d i am . c .1 5c m . R im s he rd o f E ver ted r im j a r ( a ng le b e tween i n ne r s u rf ace o f r im a nd i n te r io r ) o f t h in b uf f w a r e , d eco ra ted w i th d oub le c o rdon ( w i th g roove b e tween )n u nde rt h ea ng le o ft h er im ; d i am . a pp rox 1 15 c m? R im s he rd o f p l a in b u cke t shaped u rn o fl i gh t b rown w a re ; d i am . c1 9 c m . B a r re l r im s h e rd w i th g roove u nde r r im , o fw a r e w i th g r ey c o re a nd b rown o u te r p a r t s , b l ack a r ea o n e x ter io r ; d i am . c .1 5c m . . S l igh t ly f oo ted b a se s h e rd o fh a rd g r ey w a r e w i th l i gh t b rown e x te r io r ; d i am . c .1 c m . S l igh t ly f oo ted b a se s h e rd , w i th d omed u ppe r s u r f ace , o f h a rd l i gh t g r ey w a r e w i th r e dd i sh i n te r io r a nd p a tchy r edd ish a nd b l ack e x te r io r ; d i am . c .1 .5 c m . ( Four th r ow , l ef t ) r im s h e rd o fb ucke t -shaped u rn o f p l a in g r i t ty w a re w i th p ro t rud ing s ma l l s t one s ; d i am . c .3 0c m . R im s he rd o fb a r r e l shaped u rn , s l igh t ly t ur n ed -ou tl i p ; d i am . u nknown . R im s he rd o f t h ick , b a r r e l shaped u rn w i th b road g roove o n t op o f t h e r im , o f l i gh t b rown w a re w i th s moo th s u r f ace s ; d i am . c .1 7c m .

I l .5 . 76 I l . 5 . 77 I .

2 . 3 .

( T op r ow , l ef t ) l a rge r im s he rd o fp l a in , b a r r e l s h aped ur n o fg r i t ty w a re w i th p ro t rud ing s ma l l s t one s ; p a r t o f i t s s l igh t ly f oo ted b a se i sp r ese rved ; d i am . c . 1 9 c m . R im s h e rd o f l a rge b a r re l shaped u rn o fr ough p l a in w a re ; d i am . c .1 9c m . R im s h e rd o fb ar r e l s haped p o tw i th s l igh t ly o u t tur n ed l i p , o f h a rd , c oa r se g r i t ty w a re w i th l i gh t b rown e x ter io r ; d i am . c .1 7c m .

1 .

2 .

3 .

3 81

( T op r ow , l ef t ) b a se s h e rd o f h a rd , d a rk g r ey w a r e w i th b rown e x ter io r a nd d epo s i t s l i ke s oo t i n s ide ; d i am . c .1 0c m . ( 3 33 ) P a r t o f a n ea t ly m ade s ma l l w he t s tone w i th r e c tangu la r c r os s s e c t ion a nd s h aped , b lun t e nd ; p r esen tl e ng th 5 . 0c m . ( 3 35 ) B one p in o ri n comp le te a w l , f o rmed f r om as l ive ro fa l o ng b one ; l e ng th 5 . 8 c m( 3 34 )

T he R oundhou se s , B rochs a nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

4 . 5 .

6 .

7 . 8 . 9 .

1 0 . 1 . 1 2 .

P robab le w he t s tone f o rmed o f a l o ng , r ounded p ebb le ; l e ng th 2 2 .1 c m . ( 260 ) ( S econd r ow , l e f t ) . T h ick s and s tone w ho r l w i th f l a t u ppe ra nd l owe rs u r f aces a nd r ounded e dge ; d i am . 3 . 1 c m . R econ s t ru c t ion ( f rom a f r agmen t w h ich h a s l o s t i t s o u te re dge ) o ft h e l owe r s t one o fa n a d ju s tab le r o ta ry q uer n ; t h e g r ind ing s u r f ace , r i s ing s l igh t ly t owa rd s t h e c en t ra l h o le , i so n t o p a nd t h e h ou rg la s s s hape o f t h e c en t ra l h o le s e em s t ob e t h e s t anda rd p a t te rn f o r l owe r s t ones ( I l l . 5 . 15 ) ; e s t ima ted d i ame te r s hou ld p robab ly b e much l a rge r t h an t h a t s hown i n t h e d r aw ing ,p a r t icu la r ly i ft h e s t one i s much w or n . T h ick s p ind le w ho r l o fs h iny b l ack m a te r ia l ,p robab ly j e t ; d i am . 3 . 8c m T h ick s p ind le w ho r l ( c ro s ss e c t ion s hown o nt o po fi t ) o f s t one c on ta in ing s h iny f l eck s ;d i am .4 . 1 c m . G r ind ing s t one f o rmed f r om a n e l onga ted r i ve r p ebb le , w i th c ha rac te r is t ic f a ce t ted w o rk ing s u rf ace v i s ib le a tt h el owe re nd ; l e ng th 1 3 .5 c m . ( 406 ) R ough s t one d i sc ; d i am . 9 . 5 c m . ( 2 31) . H eavy c i r cu la rp e rf o ra ted s t one w e igh t ; v er t ica l d i am . 1 2 .5 c m ,h o r izon ta l 1 .0 c m , m ax .t h ickne s s4 . 7c m . A d i sco id s t one p ounde r o r h amme r , t h e t r ace s o f w o rk ing r unn ing a l r ound t h e e dge ; d i am . 9 . 5 c m . ( 405 )

9 .

1 0 . 1 . 1 2 .

1 3 .

1 4 . 1 5 .

1 6 .

M idhowe - HY33 1

C omp le t e c oppe r a loy r i ng -headed p in ( t h e p in e r roneou s ly n o t s hown c omp le te ) m ade i n t h e s ame w ay a st h e o ne a bove b u t w i th al a rge r r i ng ; t h e c ros s s e c t ion o f t h e w i r e f o rm ing t h e r i ng i s d i s t inc t ly d i amond shaped s o t h a t t h e re i s ar i dge a l l r o und i t ; l e ng th 6 . 2 c m . H em isph e r ica l c r uc ib le f r agmen t( GAM 1 60 ) . F ragmen t o f h em isphe r ica l c r uc ib le w i th p ou r ing l i p ( GAM 1 60 ) . B ronze a rm le tm ade f r om am e ta lb and b en ti n to ar i ng a nd s l igh t ly o ve r lapp ing ; t h e o u te r f a ce o ft h e b and i s s l igh t ly c onvex a nd t h e re i s ad eco ra t ive g roov e a l ong e ach e dge ; p r e sen t m ax . d i am . 5 . 1 c m . . ( t he b ronzes a r en umbe r ed f r om GAM 150 -160 ) . C oppe r a loy p enannu la r f i bu la w i th b roken r i ng w i th e xpanded t e rm ina ls , e ach o fw h ich h a s ah o l low i ni t s e nd ; t h e l o ng p in i sa r ched , i st h ickened a tt h e t ube t h rough w h ich t h e r i ng p a s ses a nd h as af l a t ten ed a nd e xpanded p o in t ; l e ng th o fp in 6 . 5 c m . ( t he b ronzes a r e n umbe r ed f r om GAM 150 -160 ) . T h ree s ma l l c oppe r a l loy r i ng s " l a te r t h an o t he r r e l ic s" . F ragmen t so f ap enannu la rf i bu la w i th a na r ched p in o f u nknown l e ng th ( t he b ronze s a r e n umbe r ed f r om GAM 150 -160 ) , . S egmen t o fj e t a rm le t ( a lso s p l i t i nh a lf l e ng thway s ) w i th c r o s s s e c t ion l i ke a f l a t tened ` 1 3 ' w i th as l igh t ly c onvex u p r igh t ; e s t ima ted d i am . 8 . 0 c m . , t h icknes s 1 2 .5 mm . ( GAM 9 5 ) .

I l . 5 . 80

I l . 5 . 81

1 .

I .

2 .

3 .

4 . 5 .

6 . 7 .

8 .

( T op r ow , l ef t ) s t one b ow l o r l amp w i th s l igh t p ro jec t ion f o r ah and le b u t n o s i gn o f aw ick h o l low ; i tm ay b e a n u nf in ished c up ; d i am . ( t hough ' h and le ' ) 1 3 .5 c m . ( GAM 1 27 ) . D amaged s t one b ow l o r l amp ; al a rge f l ake h a s b een r emoved f r om t h e l owe r s i de ( a s o n t h e d r aw ing , w h ich d oe s n o t s how t h e d amage ) a nd m ay h ave r emoved m os t o ft h e w ick h o l low ; m ax . l e ng th 1 4 .2 c m .( GAM 1 28 ) . ( S econd r ow , l ef t ) p ebb le w e igh t ( c ro s s s e c t ion b e low ) w i th as h a l low g roove p ecked a r ound i t s l o ng i tud ina l m id l ine , p e rhap s al o om w e igh t o rf o rf i sh ing ; l e ng th 1 8 .5 c m . ( GAM 1 20 ) . R ough ly c h ipped s t one d i sc ; d i am . 7 . 1 c m . ( GAM 1 25 ) . R im s h e rd o fp l a in , t h ick -wa l led v e s se l o fh a rd , g r i t ty , l i gh t g r ey w a r e w i th l i gh t b rown e x ter io r ; d i am . c .2 1 c m . ( t hough t h is s e em s v e ry l ow f o r s u ch am a s s ive p o t )( GAM 1 58 ) . H a lf at h ick s t one w ho r l o ff r iab le w h i t ish r o ck ; d i am . 3 . 9c m . ,t h ickne s s 1 . 3 c m . (GAM 1 00 ) . C oppe ra loy b roken p enannu la r f i bu la w i th p l a in r i ng a nd l o ng a r ched p i n ( b roken o f f ) ; d i am . o fr i ng c .2 . 2 c m . ( t he b ronze s a r e n umbe r ed f r om GAM 150 160 ) . C omp le te c oppe r a loy r i ng -headed p in f o rmed o f m e ta lw i re b en tt h rough ar i gh ta ng le a tt h eh ead o ft h e s haf t a nd t h en i n to a c i r c le i nt h e s ame p l ane a s t h e s haf t ; t h e r i ng i ss ma l le r t h an u sua l ; l e ng th 5 . 7 c m . ( t he b ronze sa r en umbe r ed f r om GAM 150 -160 ) .

3 82

2 .

3 .

4 .

5 .

6 . 7 .

8 .

9 .

( T op r ow , l ef t ) a lmo s t c omp le te l o ng -hand led b one c omb w i th 8 l o ng t e e th , s l igh t ly c oncave s i d e s a nd a s t ra igh tb u t t ; l e ng th 8 . 9 c m . ( GAM 9 ) . L ong -hand led b one c omb , p robab ly w i th 7 t e e th o r ig ina l ly , w i th c oncave s i des a nd as l igh t ly c oncave b u t t ; l e ng th 1 0 .2 c m . ( GAM 4 ) . I n tac t l o ng -hand led a n t le r c omb w i th 1 c l o se -se t l o ng t e e th ( wh ich a r e s l igh t ly m o r e p o in ted t h an a s s hown ) , s l igh t ly c oncave s i de s a nd a f i sh t a i l b u t t ; l e ng th 1 2 .6 c m( GAM 6 ) . L ong -hand led b one c omb w i th p robab ly 8 w ide se t l o ng t e e th o r ig ina l ly , s l igh t ly c oncave s i de s a nd af i sh t a i l b u t t w i th a l a rge h o le o r c i r cu la r n o tch i n t h e m idd le o fi t ; l e ng th 1 0 .3 c m . ( GAM 7 ) . L ong -hand led a n t le r c omb w i th 8l o ng t e e th , s l igh t ly c oncave s i des a nd ad amaged b u t to fu nce r ta in s h ape ; l e ng th 1 3 .6 c m( GAM 5 ) . L ong -hand led b one c omb w i th 1 3l o ng t e e th , c oncave s i de sa nd af i sh t a i lb u t t ; l e ng th 1 .2 c m . ( GAM 2 ) . H a lf a l o ng -hand led b one c omb w i th 9 l o ng t e e th , p robab ly u nf in ished ( b e ing b l un t -ended r a the r t h an p o in ted )t h ee nd so fw h ich s e em t oh ave b een a b raded i n to ac u rve ;p r esen tl e ng th 7 . 8c m . ( GAM 1 0 ) . L ong -hand led a n t le r c omb w i th 8 l o ng t e e th , m a rked ly c oncave s i de s t o s haf t a nd af i sh t a i l b u t t ; l e ng th 1 2 .2 c m . ( GAM 3 ) P ar t o f al o ng -hand led b one c omb p robab ly w i th 1 0 t e e th o r ig ina l ly , a nd s l igh t ly c oncave s i des ; d eco ra ted w i th a ni n c ised S t . A nd rew 's c r o s so nt h e s moo th f a ce ( t he u nd e r s ide b e ing r ough ) ; p r e sen t l e ng th 6 . 5 c m . ( GAM 8 )

A ppend ix

1 0 .

1 .

1 2 .

1 3 .

1 4 . 1 5 .

1 6 . 1 7 .

H eavy b one a w l , o ne o f m any s im i la r o nes , m ade f r om a l o ng b one c u t d i agona l ly a c ro s s t h e s haf t ; l e ng th 1 .6 cm . ( GAM 1 8 ) . S ing le p i ece , s i ng le s ided b one c omb w i th 9t e e th a nd w i th a c a ref u l ly c arved , h and le ; s ome h o r izon ta l i n c ise l i ne s a bove t h e t e e th ; o r ig ina l m ax . l e ng th 5 . 0 cm . ( GAM 1 63 ) . D ee r h or nt oo l , p e rhaps ah amm e rhead , c u t a c ro s s a t b o th e nd s a nd d r i l led w i th al a rg e c i r cu la rh o le i nt h e c en t r e , s ub rec tangu la r c r o s s s e c t ion w i th s l igh t ly c onvex s i des ; l e ng th 6 . 9 c m , m ax . t h ickne s s 1 . 9 c m . . ( GAM 6 5 ) . F ragmen to fc ompo s i te , d oub le s ided b one c omb w i th a l l t e e th b roken of , t h e t wo s t r eng then ing b a r s c l amped w i th i r on r i ve t s a nd d eco ra ted w i th d o t -and c i rc le m a rk s ; t h ickne s s a c ro s s b a r s c . 8 mm ( GAM 1 ? ) F ragmen t o f s ma l l w he t s tone w i th v e r t ica l s i de s ; p r esen tl e ng th 4 . 3 c m . ( GAM 18 ) . B one o r a n t le r o b jec t o f u nc e r ta in u se w i th t wo r e c tangu la r o ppo sed s l o t s j o ined b y ad r i l led h o le ; l e ng th 7 . 5 c m . ( GAM 9 4 ) . F la t w he t s tone w i th r e c tangu la r c r o s s s e c t ion ; l e ng th 1 .2 c m . ( GAM 15 ) . Whe t s tone o fl ong p ebb le o fg r ey ish s t one w i th n ea r r e c tangu la rc ro s ss e c t ion l e ng th 1 4 .0 c m ( GAM 11) .

I l . 5 . 82 1 .

( T op r ow , l ef t ) l a rge r im s h e rd o fb a r re l shaped v e s se l w i th s l igh t u pr igh t r im , o fh a rd , l i gh t g r ey w a re w i th s u rf ace s m o t t led w i th l i gh t b uf f ; r ough h or izon ta l s t r ia t ion s o n t h e e x ter io r ; o ne c l ea r j o in t h a lf w ay d own i n d ica t ing r i ng -bu i ld ing i n vo lv ing a s ub s tan t ia l o ve r lap o fe ach r i ng ;d i am . c .2 2c m( GAM 1 50 ) . 2 . R im s h e rd o fp o t w i th u pr igh t , s l igh t ly t ur n ed o u t l i p s how ing ar i ng -bu i ld ing j o in w i th s ub s tan t ia l o ve r lap ; b l ack a r ea o ne x ter io r ; d i am . c .1 9c m( GAM 1 83 ) . 3 . R im s h e rd o fj a r w i th o u t tur n ed r im , o f l i gh t g r ey w a re w i th d u l l b rown red e x te r io r ; f a in t h o r izon ta l c hanne l m a rk s a r e a l so o nt h e o u te r s u rf ace ; d i am . c . 2 0c m . ( GA M 1 66 ) . 4 . R im s h e rd o f s ma l l p o t o fr e dd i sh w a r e w i th s l igh t ly e ver ted u p r igh tr im ; d i am . c .1 3c m . ( GAM 1 65 ) . 5 . ( M idd l er ow , l ef t ) p robab ly f o o ted b a se s h e rd s how ing ac l ea r o ve r lapp ing j o in ; t h e b a se p l a te w a s m ade s epa ra te ly ; d i am . u nce r ta in . 6 . R im s h e rd o f l i gh tb rown , f r iab le w a re w i th w ha tl o ok l i ke t r ace s o f ad a rk s l ip o n t h e o u te r s u rf ace , w i th a l i dr i dge o nt h er im ; d i am . u ncer t a in ( GAM 1 68 ) . 7 . R im s h e rd o fg rey w a re w i th r e dd ish b rown e x te r io r a nd w i th s imp le f l u t ing o n t h e r im ; d i am . c .1 5 c m . ( GAM 1 84 ) . 8 . ( Bo t tom r ow , l ef t ) r im s he rd o f l i gh t g r ey w a re w i th l i gh t b rown o u te r p a r t a nd w i th as andy f e e l , p e rhap s p a r t o f as ma l l E ve r ted r im j a r ( t hough s u ch s hou ld n o tn o rma l ly h ave af oo ted b a se ) ; d i am . a tw a is tc .1 0 c m . ( GAM 1 85 ) . 9 . F oo ted b a se s he rd o f l i gh t g r ey w a re w i th l i gh t b uf f e x ter io r ; d i am . a pp rox . 1 3c m . ( GAM 1 75 ) . 1 0 . B a se s h e rd o f l i gh t g r ey w a r e w i th t r ace s o f r ed b rown o ne x ter io r ; d i am . c . 8 c m .( GAM 1 87 ) .

3 83

1 . R im s he rd o f ac l a s s ic E ve r ted r im , p robab ly g l obu la r j a r o f t h e C l ic ldüm in s ub s ty le ( GAM 1 48 ) w i th a b l ack -bu rn ished o u te r s u rf ace a nd f l u t ing ( t h ree f a ces ) a l ong t h ei n s ide f a ce o ft h er im ;d i am . 1 6c m .

B roch o fA yre - HY40 1 I l . 5 . 110 I n a dd i t ion t o t h e i lu s t ra ted s h e rd s t h e r e a r e t wo mo r e w h ich Id r ew w h ich a r e p o ten t ia l ly i mpo r tan t . T he f i r s t ( L .1948 .83 ) i s ac l a s s ic E ver ted r im j a rw i th t wo f a ce t s o f f l u t ing o nt h e r im b eve l a nd t r aces o f ab l ack s l ip o rb l ack b ur n ish ing o n t h e e x ter io r ( d iam . c . 1 9 c m T he s e cond ( L .1948 .83 ) i s as l imme r , p l a in E ve r ted r im j a r o fs moo th g r ey w a re ( d iam . 1 5 c m ) w h ich r e semb les H ebr idean f o rm s . 1 .

( T op r ow , l ef t ) l a rge r im s he rd o f ad eco ra ted p o tw i th s l igh t ly o u t tu rned l i p ; d eco ra t ion o f 3f i ne g rooves o n t h e f l a tp a r t o ft h e r im , a nd ap a t ter no fi n c ised l i nes i n c lud ing p a r t o fw ha t i s p robab ly a s e r ie s o f f i l led t r iang le s r unn ing r ound t h e u ppe r p a r t o ft h e v es se l ; d i am . c .2 0c m( L .1948 .65 ) . 2 . L a rge r im s he rd o f ad eco r a ted j a rw i th as l igh t ly o u t t ur n ed l i p a nd a b l ack -bu rn ished e x ter io r s u r f ace ; d eco ra t ion o f i n c ised l i ne s i n c lude s a s e r ies o f d i agona l n i ck s o n t h e b eve l o ft h e r im a nd a no the r s u ch s e r ie s o n w ha t l o ok s l i ke a s moo thed d own a pp l ied c o rdon , o r' n eck b and ' , i nt h e a ng le o ft h er im ; d i am . 1 9c m( L .1948 .6 1) . 3 . ( S econd r ow ) r im s he rd o f h eavy d eco ra ted w i th s l igh t ly o u t tu rned l i p , d eco ra ted w i th o ne r i dge o nt h e i n s ide b eve l o f t h e r im a nd w i th a n a pp l ied ' n eck b and ' c o rdon , w h ich h a s as e r ies o f s ho r t d i agona l l i ne si n c ised i n to i t ; d i am . c .2 0c m( L .1948 .6 1) . 4 . R im s h e rd o fh eavy j a rw i th ar ounded , e ve r ted l i p , o f t h ick , c oa r se g r i t ty w a re w i th a l i gh t b rown e x ter io r a nd c on ta in ing l a rge g r i t s ; t h e d eco ra t ion c on s is t s o f al a rge p ro jec t ing a pp l ied ' n eck b and ' c o rdon w i th S s haped s ymbo ls , m ade o f at u bu la r r o l l o fc l ay , s t uck o na bove t h is ; d i am . c .2 0c m( L .1948 .? ) . 5 . ( T h ird r ow , l ef t ) l a rge s h e rd o f d eco ra ted j a r w i th ( b roken o f f ) s l igh t ly o u t tur n ed l i pw i th t r aces o fb l ack b u rn i sh ing o n t h e e x te r io r ; o t he r d eco ra t ion o f a s ma l l ' n eck b and ' c o rdon b e low t h e r im a nd a no the r c o rdon l owe r d own ; b e tween t h e se ,a nd e x tend ing j u s t b e low t h e l owe rc o rdon , i s ap a t ter no fh o r izon ta l h e r r ingbone m o t if s m ade o f s ho r t d i agona l i n c ised l i ne s ; t h e l owe r c o rdon i s a l so d eco r a t ion w i th d i agona l n i ck s ; d i am . a t w a is t c . 3 0 c m , a t r im p robab ly 9c m( L .1948 .60 ) . 6 . R im s he rd o fs t anda rd O rkney b roch j a rb u t d eco ra ted w i th ap a t ter n o f i n c i sed l i ne s , ad oub le h e r r ingbone p a t te rn r unn ing r ound u nde rt h e r im ; d i am . c .1 5 c m ( L .1948 .66 ) . 7 . ( F our th r ow ,f rom l e f t ) r im s h e rd o f d eco ra ted O rkney b roch j a r , w i th f a in tp a r a l le l d i agona l c hanne l led l i ne s s t a r t ing 2 c m b e low t h e r im ( no t s hown o n d r aw ing ) ; d i am . c .1 5c m( L .1948 .75 ) . 8 . Wa l l s he rd o f al a rge v e s se l d eco ra ted w i th c oncen t r ic i n ve r ted V shapes o fi n c i sed l i ne s a nd , a tt h e t o p , p a r t

T he R oundhou se s , B rochs a nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

9 . 1 0 . 1 .

1 2 .

1 3 .

o ft h e i mp re s s ion o f ac oppe r a l loy r i ng -headed p i n ( L .1948 .69 ) . A no the rw a l l s he rd w i th af r agmen to f ac r ude a pp l ied c o rdon f o rmed i n to az i g -zag ( L .1948 .82 ) . Wa l l s h e rd w i th i n c ised h e r r ingbone p a t te rn ( no d e ta i ls a sn o tl o ca ted i np r ima ry d r aw ing f i l e ) . ( Bo t tom r ow ) Wa l l s h e rd w i th a n a pp l ied z i g -zag c o rdon ( v e ry l i ke t h e H eb r idean f o rm s ) w i th , a bove t h is , ah o r izon ta l p a t te rn o f i n c ised , f i l led t r iang le s a l ter n a te ly u pr igh ta nd i n ver ted ; d i am . a tc o rdon c .3 8 c m( L .1948 .67 ) . Sma l l E ve r ted r im s he rd w i th s ho r t r im b u t h av ing a d ef in i te a ng le , o r f l u t ing , b e tween t h e i nwa rd f a c ing b eve la nd t h ei n ter io r ; d i am . 1 3c m( L .1948 .83 ) . R im s he rd o fv e s se l w i th s l igh t ly o u t tu rned l i p , t h e o u te r s u r f ace b l ack b ur n i shed a nd d eco r a ted w i th a h o r izon ta l b and o f ad oub le h e r r ingbone p a t ter n o f i n c i sed l i ne s j u s t b e low t h e r im ; d i am 2 0 c m ( L .1948 .63 ) .

6 .

7 .

8 .

9 .

1 0 . 1 .

L ingrow -HY40 2 I l . 5 . 27 ( i n t h e H un te r ian Mu seum , U n ive r s i ty o f G la sgow )

I l . 5 . 114 1 .

1 6 . C h ipped s t one ' p ick ' b u t w i th n o t r ace o fa b ra s ion a t t h ee nd s ;l e ng th 2 1 .4 c m( B .19 14 .627 ) . 1 7 . Wha lebone s wo rd p omme l , l i ke a f l a t ` D ' i np rof i le a nd w i th ac i r cu la rh o le f o rt h eb l ade t a ng ; l e ng th 7 . 2 c m( B .19 14 .678 ) . I l . 5 . 113 1 .

2 .

3 .

4 . 5 .

( Be low t h e l a s t ) r im s he rd o f s ma l l b ow l shaped v e s se l o fh a rd , l i gh t g r ey w a r e w i th s moo th s u rf aces mo t t led w i th p a le b rown a nd p a le g r ey ; d i am . c .1 0 c m( GE 4 5 ) . Wa l l s h e rd , o fh a rd , l i gh t g r ey w a r e , d eco r a ted w i th g eome t r ic p a t te rn o fi n c ised l i n e s i nh er r ingbone a nd z i g -zag m o t if s( GE 6 7 ) . ( Bo t tom r ow , l e f t ) r im s he rd o fp l a in j a ro fh a rd , p a le g r ey -buf fw a r e w i th n o s i gn s o fp o l ish o r s l ip o n t h e e x te r io r ;d i am . c .2 0c m ( GE 5 1 ,n o t3 1) . R im s h e rd o fp l a in j a r w i th p robab ly a pp l ied c o rdon ( o r ' n eck b and ' ) i nt h ea ng le o ft h e s l igh t ly o u t tur n ed r im , a nd t h e e x te r io r s u rf ace b l a ck b ur n ished ; d i am . 1 6 .5 c m ( GE 6 3 ,n o t4 3 ) . F oo ted b a se s he rd , o fg r i t ty p a le b uf fa nd g r ey w a r e ; d i am . c .1 8c m ( GE 3 4 ) . F oo ted b a s e s h e rd o f v e ry h a rd , b uf f -g rey w a r e w i th t r ace s o fb l ack b ur n ish ing o n t h e o u te r s u rf ace , a nd b rown -buf f i n ter io r ; v e r t ica l s moo th ing m a rk s a r e v i s ib le o n t h e e x te r io r a nd h o r izon ta l o ne s o n t h e i n ter io r ; d i am . c .1 5c m( B .1914 .684 ) .

( T op ) l a rge f r agmen t o fd eco ra ted E ver ted r im j a r o f h a rd , mo t t led b rown a nd g r ey c l ay w i th a s moo th e x ter io r s u rf ace w i th n o t r ace o f b l ack -bur n i sh ing ; t h e i n te r io r f a ce o ft h e r im h a s ah o r izon ta l r i dge t o g i ve f l u t ing a sw e l l a s ah e r r ingbone p a t te rn o fs hor t i n c ised l i ne s ; o u t s ide , i nt h e a ng le o ft h e r im , i sa n a pp l ied c o rdon ( o r ' n eck b and ' ) a l so d eco ra ted w i th s ho r ti n c i sed l i ne s ; o nt h eo u te rs u rf ace i s ar e pea t ing p a t te rn o f f i l led t r iang le s o f i n c ised l i ne s w i th , b e tween e ach o f t h e se , a n i mp r e s s ion m ade f r om a r i ng -headed p i n ; b e low t h e t r iang le s i s ah or izon ta l r ow o fa pp l ied k nobs ; d i am . 2 4c m( GE 5 6 ) . S he rd o f t h e r im o f a v a se ( l ook ing v e ry l i ke H ebr idean V au l w a re ) o fh a rd , l i gh t g r ey w a re w i th t h e o u te r s u rf ace m o t t led d a rk e r g r ey a nd b uf f ; d eco ra t ion o f ar ow o f f i l led t r i ang les o f i n c i sed l i nes ; d i am c .2 4c m( GE 5 , n o t7 5 ) . ( M idd le r ow , l ef t ) L a rge r im s h e rd o f p l a in j a r w i th n ea r ly u pr igh t l i p , o f h a rd , p a le g r ey -buf fw a r e w i th b l ack b ur n ish ing o nt h e e x te r io r ; d i am . c .1 7c m( GE 4 7 : t h e d r aw ing i sl a be l led ` GD ' f o r O x t row i nm y p ad b u t t h is i s a s sumed t o b e a n e r ro r a s a l t h e a d jacen tf i nd sa r e ` GE ' ) . R im s h e rd o f s im i la r v e s se l o f d a rk g r ey r oughe r w a re ; d i am c .1 5c m( GE 4 9 ) . R im s h e rd o f d eco ra ted j a rw i th s l igh t ly e ve r ted r im -n o d a ta o n w a r e ; d eco ra t ion o fi n c ised l i nes , s ho r t d i agona l o ne s o n t o p o f t h e r im , ar ow o f c r ude d i amond sj u s t b e low i ta nd ah or izon ta l h e r r ingbone p a t te rn f u r the rd own ; d i am . 2 0c m ( GE 7 9 )

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2 . 3 .

4 .

5 .

6 .

( T op l e f t ) l a rge r im s h e rd f r om d eco ra ted v a se o f l i gh t , g r ey -b rown w a r e , d i agona l ly s moo thed o n t h e l owe rh a lf ; d eco ra t ion o fi n c i sed l i nes i n c lud ing s ho r t d i agona l l i ne so nt h ei n s ide s u rf ace o ft h e s l igh t ly o u t t ur n ed r im , a na pp l ied c o rdon ( o r ' n eck b and ' ) i nt h e a ng le o f t h e r im , i t s e lf m a rked w i th s ho r t v e r t ica l l i nes , a nd a w ide b and o f or n amen t b e low t h is , c on s i s t ing o f v e r t ica l p ane ls ( s epa ra ted b y v e r t ica l l i nes ) c on ta in ing v a r iou s h e r r ingbone s a nd z i g -zag d e s ign s , d ef ined a ti t s l ow e r e dge b y ah or izon ta l l i ne ; d i am . c .2 0c m( GE 1 06 ) . Wa l l s h e rd o fh a rd , l i gh t g rey c l ay o rnamen ted w i th g eome t r ica lp a t te rn i n c ised l i ne s( GE 7 6 ) . ( S econd r ow ) l a rge r im s herd o f ad ecora ted j a rw i th as l igh t ly o u t tu rned r im o fh a rd , l i gh t b rown w a re w i th s moo th s u rf ace s ; d eco r a t ion o f i n c ised l i nes f o rm ing as imp le z i g -zag p a t ter nr ound t h e p o t ( GE 1 02 ) . R im s h e rd o f d eco ra ted v e s se l w i th s l igh t ly o u t t ur n ing r im , w a re u n reco rded ; s imp le p a t tern o f ar ow o f p i t s o n t h e r im a nd l a rge r p i t s o n t h e o u t s ide s u rf ace u nde rt h er im ; d i am . 2 0c m( L .1948 .68 ) . ( M idd le r ow , l e f t ) L a rge r im s h e rd o f d eco ra ted p o t w i th s l igh t ly o u t tur n ed r im , s im i la r i nf a b r ic t ot h e o t he r s o fi t s t y pe , b u t w i th t r ace s o fb l ack b u rn i sh ing o n t h e o u te r s u rf ace ; d eco ra t ion o f ar ow o fs ho r t d i agona l i n c ised l i ne s o n t h e r im , a' n eck b and ' c o rdon u nd e r t h e r im o n t h e o u t s ide ( i t se lf d eco r a ted w i th ar ow o fs ho r t s t ab m a rk s ) , a nd ar unn ing z i g z ag ( o r as e r ie s o ft r i ang les ) g o ing r ound t h e v e s se l b e low t h is w i th a n i mp ress ion o ft h e h ead o f ar i ng h eaded p i n b e tween e a ch t r iang le ; d i am . c .2 5 -30 c m ( GE 1 04 ) . Sma l l d eco ra ted b ow l w i th a ' n eck b and ' c o rdon b e low t h e s l igh t ly o u t tur ned l i p , a nd ar ow o fs ho r t s t ab -ma rk so nt h is c o rdon , a nd ar ow o fd i agona l ' h a lf h e r r ingbone ' l i ne s b e low t h is ; b e low t h ese l i ne s a r e t r ace s o f ah o r izon ta l r ow o ft h e i mp res s ion s o ft h e

A ppend ix

7 .

8 .

9 .

h ead o f as ma l l r i ng -headed p in ; d i am . 9 . 5 c m ( GE 4 4 ) . ( Be low n o . 5 ) r im s h e rd o f ad eco r a ted v e s se l w i th a lmo s t u pr igh t r im , o f h a rd g r ey c l ay , u nbur n ished , w i th as imp le p a t ter no fv e r t ica l ' h e r r ingbone ' i n c ised l i nes ; d i am . 1 5 c m( GE 1 05 ) . ( Bo t tom r ow , l e f t ) r im s he rd o fd eco ra ted p o t w i th a v e ry s l igh t ly o u t tu rned l i p , o f h a rd w a r e w i th ag r ey c o re a nd b uf f s u rf aces , d eco ra t ed w i th b l ack b u rn ish ing o n t h e o u te r s u r f ace a s w e l l a s ad oub le ' n eck b and ' c o rdon u nde rt h e r im p a t ter n s o fi n c ised l i nes ; t h e l a t te r h a s ar ow o fs ho r t d i agona l i n c ised l i nes o n e ach r i dge o ft h e d oub le c o rdon a nd , b e low t h is , t h e r e a r e t r ace s o f d i agona l i n c ised l i nes p o ss ib ly f o rm ing ar ow o ft r iang le s ; d i am . c .2 4 c m . ( GE 5 7 ) . B a se s h e rd o fh a rd g r ey w a r e m o t t led p a le b rown o n t h e s u r f aces a nd or namen ted w i th a n umbe r o f c i rcu la r d ep res s ion s o n t h e u ppe r ( i n s ide ) s u r f ace ; d i am .c . 1 cm ( GE 1 52 ) .

1 9 .

C a lf o fE day whee lhouse - HY53 1 I l . 5 . 131 TO ' m ean s f r om t h e c hambe r ed t omb , ' HD ' f r om t h e s e t t lemen t . 1 .

2 . 3 . 4 .

I l .

5 . 115 ( i n t h e H un te r ian Mu s eum , Un ive r s i ty o f G la sgow : a l ln umbe r ss t a r tw i th ` B .19 14 ' )

1 .

( T op l e f t ) s t one l amp w i th w ick h o ld e r , r e s to r ed f r om t h ree p i eces ( 673 ) ; l e ng th 1 9 .6 c m . ( T op r i gh t ) h amme r s tone o f l o ng r i ve r p ebb le , u sed f o rp ound ing o ra b ra s ion a tb o th e nd s ; l e ng th 1 5 .7 c m ( 668 ) . ( R igh t ) c h ipped s l a te d i sc ; h or izon ta l d i am . 1 0 .0 c m ( 674 ) . ( M idd l er ow ,f rom l ef t )p o l ished s t on eb ead ; d i am . 2 . 5 c m ( 6 75 ) . F l a ts l a te w ho r l ;m ax . d i am . 4 . 0c m( 6 75 ) . H o l low b one h ead p re sumab ly f o r i r on p in a l though t h er e a r e n o t r ace s o fr u s t ; m ad e f r om as e c t ion o fa l ong b one , s moo thed d own ; w id th 2 . 5 c m( 6 80 ) . S tone w ho r l , p e rhaps o f p a le s t ea t i te , o ne s i de s moo th ; d i am . 3 . 4c m( 675 ) . ( Be low t h i s ) T h ick s t one w ho r l o rb ead o fp i t ted g r ey r ock ;d i am .3 .3 c m( 675 ) . ( Row b e low , l ef t )t h ick s p ind le w ho r l o f s andy , b uf f y e l low f i red c l ay ; d i am .4 . 6c m( 6 75 ) . B roken w ha lebone p omme l f o r s ma l l s wo rd o r d agge r , m ade f r om ac e tacean t o o th ; l e ng th 4 . 8 c m ( 677 ) . T he w edge -shaped w o rked e nd o ft h e a n t le r t i ne n o . 1 8( 68 1) . O ne o f 4f r agmen t s o ff i red c l ay m ou ld , p robab ly f o r t h e s h af t o f ac oppe r a l loy p in ; m ax . l e ng th 4 . 7 c m ( 685 ) . ( Bo t tom r ow , f rom l e f t ) t h in s l a te w ho r l o r b ead ; m ax .d i am . 2 .7 c m( 675 ) . S p ind le w ho r l m ade f r om a c u t -down p o t she rd o f h a rd w a r e w i th a d a rk b rown g l aze o r s l ip o n t h e c on cave f a ce ; d i am . 3 . 8c m( 675 ) . P o l i shed s t one b ead ;d i am . 2 . 7 c m( 6 75 ) . A n t le rt i ne , wo rked s moo th a nd w i th c u tm a rk s a tt h e t h ick e nd ; l e ng th 7 . 6 c m( 681 /4 ) . A n t le r t i ne , n o tched t w ice o n o ne s i de - p e rhap s a n u nf in ished b r id le c heek p i ece ; l e ng th 1 .6 c m( 6 81) . L ong a n t le r t i ne , s moo thed , w i th as ma l l c u rv i l inea r p a t t er ni n c ised o ni t ; t h ew edged shaped t h ick e nd i s

5 .

2 .

3 . 4 . 5 . 6 .

7 . 8 . 9 . 1 0 .

1 . 1 2 .

1 3 . 1 4 .

1 5 . 1 6 . 1 7 . 1 8 .

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s hown s e pa ra te ly u nde r n o . 1 ; l e ng th o fc ho rd 2 5 .2 c m( 681) . B one s pa tu la te t oo l c on s is t ing o f al o ng b one s p l i t l ong i tud ina l ly ; l e ng th 1 2 .8 c m( 677 ) .

6 . 7 .

8 . 9 .

1 0 .

1 .

1 2 .

1 3 .

1 4 .

( T op r ow , l e f t ) F rom t h e I r on A ge l e ve ls i n t h e c hambe r ed t omb , r e con s t ru c ted f r agmen t o f al a rge , b ucke t shaped d eco r a t ed v esse l o f g r i t ty , g r ey -buf f w a re w i th a f l a t r im , or n amen ted w i th g eome t r ic p a t ter n so fi n c ised l i ne s ; d i am . c .1 9c m( EO 6 49A ) . T h ick , f oo t le s s b a se s h e rd o f v e ry g r i t ty g r ey w a r e w i th ab uf fe x ter io r ; d i am . c .9 10 c m ( HD 6 92 ) . F oo t le s s b a se s he rd o fh a rd , l i gh t g r ey w a re ; d i am . c . 8c m( HD 6 02 ) . ( M idd le r ow , l ef t ) t h ick f oo t les s b a se s h e rd o fd en se ly g r i t ted d a rk g r ey w a r e w i th l i gh tb uf fs u rf ace s ; d i am . 1 3c m( HD 6 9 1) . S l igh t ly f oo ted b a se s h e rd o f s moo th h a rd w a re w i th s l ipped g r ey s u r f ace ; C hambe r Bo ft h e c a ir n ; d i am . c . 1 0c m ( EO 6 55c ) . L a rge f oo ted b a se s he rd o fg r i t ty g r ey w a re w i th b uf f b rown o u te rs u rf ace ; d i am . c .1 c m( HD 6 84 ) . F oo ted b a se s he rd o ft h in -wa l led v e s se l o f s moo th s u r f aced g r ey w a r e w i th p a tche s o f b uf f o n t h e e x ter io r ; d i am . c .1 3c m( HD 7 02 ) . R im s he rd o fb a r r e l shaped u rn o fg r ey , g r i t ty w a re ; d i am . 1 5c m . ( HD 6 88 ) . R im s he rd o fl a rge , b a r r e l s haped u rn o fr ough , b uf f g r ey w a r e , b l ackened a l ong t h e r im ; d i am e s t ima ted a t 1 c mb u tt h is mu s tb em uch t oo s ma l l( HD 6 90 ) . ( Bo t tom r ow , l e f t ) r im s h e rd o f h a rd , g r ey s moo th w a re w i th b uf f l igh t b rown a r ea s o n t h e e x te r io r ; d i am . c .1 8c m( EO 6 53 ) . R im s he rd o f h a rd , g r ey a nd b uf f -g r ey w a r e , t h e e x ter io r s u rf ace s moo the ri mmed ia te ly b e low t h e r im ; t h e l i p i ss l igh t ly o u t tur n ed a nd a n a ng le i nt h e w a l l b e low t h is h a s b een e mpha s ised w i th a p inched -up r i dge o nt h e o u t s ide ; t h i s l o ok s l i ke ac r ude i m i ta t ion o fc a r ina ted ( s hou lde r ed ) e a r ly I r on A ge p o t s ; d i am . c .2 3 c m( HD 6 98 ) . R im s he rd o f a n u nu sua l b ow l l ik e v e s se l w i th a s l igh t ly t h ickened , u p r igh t r im , o fh a rd , s moo th w a re w i th s l ipped g r ey s u r f ace s ; f r om C hambe r B ; d i am . c .1 3c m( EO 6 51A ) . R im f r agmen t o f an ea t ly m ade , b a r r e l shaped v e s se l o fs t ea t i te ( o rh eav i ly s t ea t i te -backed w a r e ) ; d i am . c . 1 5 -0 16 c m( HD 7 00 ) . Sma l l r im s h e rd o f ah eavy ,b a r re l shaped u rn o fh a rd , l i gh t g r ey w a re w i th a r edd ish e x ter io r ; d i am . e s t ima ted a t 1 0 c m b u t t h is mu s t b e much t oo s ma l l ( HD 5 77 ) . B urr ian b roch - HY75 1

I l . 5 . 134 F o r af u l l a ccoun to fa l t h e f i nd ss e e MacG rego r ( 1 974 ) .

T he R oundhouse s , B rochs a nd W hee lhou se so fA t lan t ic S co t land

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( T op r ow , l ef t ) i n tac t l ong -hand led b one c omb w i th 8 s hor t t e e th , s l igh t ly c oncave s i des a nd a s l igh t ly c oncave b u t t ;l e ng th 2 1 .1 c m . ( GB 9 5 ) . L ong -hand led c omb o f d en se b one , p e rhaps w ha lebone ; t h e r e a r e t h e r ema in s o f 1 0 s hor t t e e th ( t he o ne o n t h e r i gh t s e em st ob e c omp le te ) , t h e s haf t h a s s l igh t ly c oncave s i de s a nd t h e b u t t i ss t r a igh t ; l e ng th 1 3 .1 c m .( GB 8 9 ) . S t ubby l ong -hand led b one c omb w i th 1 6 c l o se se t l o ng t e e th a nd w i th a h and le t h a t w a s o r ig ina l ly a lmo s t s qua r e ; t h e r e i sa n i n c ised g roove a l ong t h e b a se o ft h et e e th ; l e ng th 8 . 0c m . (GB 8 6 ) . ( Be low n o . 3 ) l o ng -hand led a n t le r c omb w i th 1 2 m ed ium l e ng th t e e th , c oncen t r ic s l igh t c u rved s i des a nd ab u t t f o rmed f r om t h e b a se o ft h e a n t le r ; l e ng th 1 0 .7 c m . ( GB 1 00 ) . L ong -hand led b one c omb w i th t h e r ema in s o f 1 5 s ho r t t e e th , as h af tw i th s l igh t ly c oncave s i de s a nd a s w e l l ing b u t t w i th a c oncave e nd ; l e ng th 1 4 .1 c m . ( GB 9 1) . L ong -hand led a n t le r c omb w i th 1 0 s hor t t e e th , s l igh t ly c oncave s i de s a nd as t ra igh tb u t t ; l e ng th 1 2 .2 c m . ( GB 9 4 ) . ( S econd r ow , l ef t ) l ong -hand led c omb p robab ly w i th 1 0 m ed ium l e ng th t e e th o r ig ina l ly , a nd a c r ude ly r e c tangu la r s haf tf o rmed f r om t h e c u rved s e c t ion o fa l a rge a n t le r ; l e ng th 1 .3 c m . ( GB 9 8 ) . L ong -hand led a n t le r c omb w i th 8l ong t e e th , s l igh t ly c oncave s i de s a nd a c r ude ly f i sh t a i l shaped b u t t ; l e ng th 1 2 .4 c m( GB 8 5 ) . H eavy b one a w l m ade f r om o ne e nd o f al a rge l o ng b one w o rk a symme t r ica l ly t o ap o in t ( b ecau se t h e c en t r e o ft h e b one i sh o l low ) ; l e ng th 1 .5 c m . ( GB 2 23 ) . S t ubby l ong -hand led c omb m ade f r om p ar t o f a n a n t le r b eam , w i th 1 2 l o ng t e e th o r ig ina l ly , a nd a r ounded b u t w id e rt h an t h e s haf t ; l e ng th 9 . 7 c m ( GB 8 7 ) . L ong -hand led b one c omb p robab ly w i th 1 m ed ium l e ng th o r s ho r tt e e th o r ig ina l ly , t h e h and le w i th s l igh t c oncave s i de a nd t h e b u t t s t ra igh t ; l e ng th 1 .0 c m ( GB 8 8 ) . Af l a t r e c tangu la r b one b a r , t h e c r o s s s e c t ion f l a t o n o ne f a ce a nd s l igh t ly c onvex o n t h e o t he r , w i th a r ound h o le a to ne e nd a nd p robab ly a l so a tt h e o t he r , w h ich h a s b een b roken o f f ; p r esen t l e ng th 8 . 4 c m ( GB 2 48 ) . ( T h ird r ow , l ef t ) f r agmen t o fd oub le s ided , c ompo s i te b one c omb r i ve ted t oge the r w i th i r on , t h e b a r s how ing ap a t te rn o f r ow s o fi n c ised l i ne s ; w id th o f b a r 1 . 9c m( GB 8 1 ) . ( Be low i t ) o ne e nd o f ad oub le s ided c ompo s i te b one c omb , t h e b a r s ( now m is s ing ) h av ing b een i r on r i ve ted , d eco ra ted a tt h e e nd w i th t wo d o t -and -2 r i ng s m o t if s( GB 8 2 ) . ( R igh te nd b u to ne ) l a rge p e r f o ra ted b one p l a te d r awn a t aq ua r te r s c a le , p robab ly a h oe ; l e ng th c .2 6 c m ( GB 2 54 ) . B roken l ong f l a tb one s t r ip w i th ap e rf o ra t ion n ea rt h e i n tac t , s qua r e e nd a nd a l so a tt h e o t he r d amaged e nd , a nd ab one p eg n ea rt h e m idd le ; l e ng th ( GB 2 48? ) .

3 86

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2 2 . 2 3 . 2 4 . 2 5 .

( Bo t tom r ow ) p ounde r o r g r inde r m ade f r om aw h i te b each p ebb le , u sed a tb o th e nd s ; l e ng th 8 . 0 c m ( GB 1 ) . S o l id o va l p robab le s wo rd p omme l , p robab ly o f w ha lebone o r i v o ry , w i th a r e c tangu la r s h af t -ho le t h rough t h e m idd le o fi t ; l e ng th 7 . 7 c m , t h ickn e s s 2 . 5 c m( GB ? ) . H and le o f as ma l l l o ng c omb , t h e t oo th e nd b roken o f f , t h e s i des s l igh t ly c oncave , l i kew ise t h e b u t t ; p r e sen tl e ng th 6 . 0c m GB 9 2 ) . D eco ra ted w ho r l o f r ed s and s ton e , w i th a g r oove r ound t h e e dge ; t h e u ppe r s u rf ace i s or namen t ed w i th r a d ia l i n c i sed l i nes ; d i am . 3 . 4 c m( GB 5 5 ) . N a r row b one c y l ind r ica l o b jec tw h ich h a sb een t ur ned e x t en s ive ly i n s ide as ocke t ; i ft h is i sa no the r h and le f o r as ma l l r o ta ry q ue rn t h e s o cke t w as s ma l l , o n ly a bou t 1 mm i nd i ame te r ; l e ng th 5 . 3 c m( GB 2 14 ) . B one w ho r l ; d i am . 2 . 8 c m( GB 3) . S t one w ho r l ,p e rhap ss t ea t i te ; d i am . 2 . 3 c m( GB 5 9 ) . S and s tone w ho r l ; d i am . 3 . 0 c m( GB 5 6 ) . B a l l shaped b one h ead f o ri r on p i n( GB 2 39 ) .

I l .5 . 135 1 .

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( T op r ow , l ef t ) s o l id b one h and le f o r i r on b l ade , t h e r ema in s o f w h ich a r e i n t h e s o cke t a tt h e n a r rowe r e nd ; l e ng th7 .2 c m ( GB ? ) . L a rge b one n eed le w i th d eco ra t ion o f 3r ow s o fs ma l l p i t sb e low t h ee ye ; l e ng th 1 2 .3 c m( GB 1 87 ) . A no the rp l a in b one n eed le o fs im i la r t y pe ; l e ng th 9 . 2 c m( GB 1 84 ) . ( S econd r ow , l ef t ) b one s pa tu la te t o o l m ade f r om p a r t o f ac annon b one , t h e r ounded , s moo thed e nd b e ing f o rmed b y s hav ing a c ros s t h e s h af td i agona l ly ; l e ng th 1 2 .8 c m( GB 2 53 ) . B one h and le o f u nce r ta in f unc t ion ; t h e e nd h a s t wo p a r a l le l g roove s r unn ing r ound i t ; l e ng th 9 . 9 c m( GB 2 25 ) . ( T h i rd r ow , l ef t ) d amaged a n t ler t i ne w i th a p e rf o r a t ion n ea r t h e b lun t e nd - p robab ly ab r id le c heek p i ece ; l e ng th 1 2 .0 cm ( GB 2 20 ) . L a rge a w l m ade f r om al ong b one w i th t h e s h af tc u t d i agona l ly t o f o rm t h e p o in t ; l e ng th 1 8 .1 c m ( GB 2 22 ) . ( Be low i t ) s i de v i ew o f ab one p l a te w i th D shaped c r o s s s e c t ion a nd 3b one ' p eg s ' r ema in ing i np o s i t ion , 2c omp le te ; l e ng th 7 . 1 c m( GB 2 50 ) , ( F our th r ow , l ef t ) a n t le r t i ne w i th n ea t ly s awn w ide e nd , p r e sumab ly i n tended t ob e ab r id le c heek p i ece ; l e ng th 1 0 . 2c m( GB 2 21) . B roken h o l low b one h ead f o r a ni r on p in ; t h eh ead i s m ade f r om a s e c t ion o f al o ng b one , r ound ed a nd g i ven af l a t l owe r s u rf ace i nw h ich i st h e h o le f o rt h e p in ( s ome r u s t r ema in s ) ; t h e t o p p ar t o ft h e h ead i s n a r row e rt h an t h eb a se ; h e igh t2 . 2 c m( GB 2 4 1) . B one h and le l ike o b jec t wh ich h a se v iden t ly t u rned i n as ma l l s ocke t , t h e l owe r e nd b e ing a b rad ed a nd t h inne r ; t h e s l igh ta ng le b e tween t h em a in h and le a nd t h e a b r aded p a r t s ugge s t s t ha t t h is i st h e l owe re nd o f t h e l o ng , p i vo ted h and le f o r ad i sc q uern , t h ough t h e s ocke t s e em sr a the rs ma l l f o rs uch ; l e ng th 8 . 6c m( GB 2 15 ) .

A ppend ix

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S o l id s wo rd p omm e l o f i v o ry o r w ha lebone i n t h e c ha r a c te r is t ic k idney s hape a nd w i th a s qua r e s haf t h o le r unn ing t h rough t h e c en t r e ; t h e s t ra igh t e dge w ou ld b e t owa rd s t h e b l ade a nd t h e d i p f o rm ing t h e k idney s hape i n w h ich w a s t h e r i ve t o r s c r ew ( a t ta ch ing t he s wo rd t a ng t o t h e p omme l ) w ou ld p rev en t t h e p ro jec t ing o f t h e l a t te r i n conven ienc ing t h eu s e r ; l e ng th 5 . 9c m( GB ? ) . ( F if th r ow , l ef t ) r im s h e rd o f ab a r re l shaped ur n o f d a rk g r ey c l ay w i th t r ace s o f s oo ty m a te r ia l o n t h e e x te r io r ; d i am . c .1 9c m( GB 3 10 ) . D eco ra t ed g lobu la r v e s se l w i th ab ead r im , o fh a rd g rey w i th s moo th b l ack a nd l i gh tr ed -buf fe x ter io r ; a n a pp l ied c o rdon , n i cked w i th d i agona l i n c ised m a rk s , r un s r o und i mmed ia te ly b e low t h e r im ; i ts e em s l i ke ly t h a tt h ea ng le o ft h ew a l l o ft h ev e s se lw a s mo r e u pr igh t t h an s hown ( no . 1 6 b e low ) ; d i am . c . 1 7 c m ( GB 3 09 ) . ( Be low t h e l a s t ) r im s he rd o fl a rge p l a in v es se l w i th s l igh t ly o u t tur n ed l i p , h a rd , p a le b r ick r ed w a r e ; d i am .c .2 3 cm ( GB 3 10 ) . T h is a ppea r s t o b e a n a l ter n a t ive d r aw ing o fn o 1 4 a bov e w i th a mo r e r e a l i s t ic r im a ng le ( s ee n o . 1 7 ) ( GB 3 09 ) . R im s h e rd o f ap l a in , b ead -r immed , g l obu la rb ow l o f h a rd , s a ndy t e x tu red w a r e w i th al i gh t g r ey c o r e a nd mo t t led g r ey -buf f e x te r io r ; d i am . n o t m ea su r ed ( GB 3 13 ) , R im s h e rd o f v e s se l w i th s l igh t ly o u t tu rned l i p , o f h a rd w a r e w i th ag r ey c o r ew i th b r ick r ed o u te rp a r t s ; t h e a ng le o ft h e r im s hou ld p robab ly b em o r e l i ke t h a t o fn o . 1 5 ; d i am . c .2 0c m( GB 3 09 ) . F oo t le s s b ase s h e rd o f v e ry h a rd g r ey w a r e w i th s moo th , d a rk g r ey s l ip o n t h e e x te r io r ; d i am . c . 1 c m( GB 3 11) . H eavy f o o ted b a se s h e rd o fd a rk g r ey w a r e w i th l i gh t b uf fo u te rs u rf ace ; d i am . c . 7c m( GB 3 10 ) . ( Bo t tom r ow , l e f t ) r im s he rd a ppa ren t ly o fg l obu la rj a r w i th s ho r t E ver ted r im , o f h a rd w a r e w i th b l ack b ur n i shed o u te r s u r f ace , or namen ted w i th a ' n eck b and ' c o rdon i nt h e a ng le o ft h e r im ( bu t f o rmed o f w ha t l o ok s l i ke a n a pp l ied b and o f c l ay w h ich h a s b een p i nched i n to ar ow o fo va l b o s se s ) a nd as imp le i n c i s ed p a t tern b e low t h a t( ah o r izon ta l l i ne b e low t h e b os s e s a nd w ha t l o ok s l i ke a l a rge z i g -zag p a t ter n b e low t h a t ) ; d i am .n o tg i ven ( GB ? ) . R im s h e rd o f f i ne , h a rd E ver t ed r im j a r ( t he t o p o f t h e r im b roken o f ) w i th ' n eck b and ' c o rdon i n ar ope p a t t e rn ; d i am . n o tg i ven ( GB 3 09 ) . R im s h e rd o fv e s se l w i th s l igh t ly o u t tur n ed r im , o f h a rd ,b r ick -red w a r e ; d i am c .1 9c m( GB 3 09 ) .

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9 .

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1 4 .

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1 6 . 1 7 .

H owmae w hee lhouse

HY75 3 1 8 .

I l . 5 . 143 1 9 . 1 .

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( T op l e f t ) d eco ra ted l o ng -hand led b one o ra n t le rc omb w i th 1 3 l o ng t e e th ( Ib rok en o f ) , w i th c oncave s i de s a nd or n amen ted w i th as imp le p a t te rn o fi n c ised l i ne s o no ne s i de ; l e ng th 1 6 .4 c m( GO 4 ) . P la in , h eavy l o ng -hand led , s t r a igh t s ided b one o r a n t le r c omb w i th 6 m a s s ive l o ng t e e th a nd t h ick

2 0 .

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h and le ; a n i n c ised l i ne a l ong t h e b a se o ft h e t e e th m ay b eo rnamen t ; l e ng th 1 2 .0 c m( GO 3 ) . P l a in l o ng -hand led b one o r a n t le r c omb w i th 9 l o ng t e e th ( one b roken of ) a nd n ea r ly p a ra l le l s i des ; l e ng th 1 5 .7 c m ( GO 1 ) . D eco r a ted l o ng h and led , s t ra igh t -s ided b one o ra n t le r c omb w i th 1 0 l o ng t e e th ( 2b roken i nh a l f ) , d eco ra ted w i th i n c ised l i nes o n t h e b u t t ; l e ng th 1 3 .8 c m ( GO 4 ) . ( S econd r ow ) ah eavy e xamp le o f m any b one a w ls , f o rmed o f t h e t o p o f al o ng b one , t h e p o in t b e ing f o rmed b yd i agona l ly c u t t ing a c ro s st h e s haf t a nd t h en p o l ish ing ; l e ng th 1 0 .7 c m( GO 1 70 ) . F l a tb one i mp lemen t ,p robab ly ac u t -down r i b , l o ok ing l i ke t h e h and le o f ak n if e ; t h e r e i s as ugges t ion o fa p omme l a tt h e t o p a nd t h e ' b lade ' e xpand s s udden ly f r om t h e ' h and le ' ,t h e r eb e ing t wo p o s s ib ly or n amen ta l d r i l led p i t s j u s t b e low t h e b l ade s hou lde r s ; a tt h e b roken e nd o ft h e ' b lade ' a r e t wo s ma l l d r i l led h o le s ; p re sen tl e ng th 7 . 9 c m . T he o b jec tr e semb le st h eh i l to f as ma l l c oppe r a l loy l a te B ronze A ge l e af shaped s wo rd ( GO 1 86 ) . B one a w l m ad e f r om t h e t o p o f a n u lna b one , t h e p o in t f o rmed b y c u t t ing a c ro s s t h e s haf t d i agona l ly ; l e ng th 1 0 .1 c m( GO 3 7 ) . F l a t b one o b jec t w i th as ho r t h and le ( w i th p erf o ra t ion f o r s u spen s ion ) a nd a s hor t l e af shaped b l ade p e rhap s ap o t te r 's t o o l ; l e ng th 8 . 6c m( GO 1 87 ) . Sma l l s l ive ro fb one w i th r e c tangu la rc r o s s s e c t ion a nd m a rk ed w i th az i g -zag p a t ter n o fi n c ised l i ne s ; ( GO 2 30 ) . S im i la r b one s l ive r w i th c l ea re r z i g -zag p a t te rn ( GO 2 31) . B one a w l ; l e ng th 8 . 2 c m( GO 2 2 ) . S o l id b one k nob w i th f l a t s u rf ace s a nd a r ounded s i de , p e rf o r a ted w i th ad eep c y l ind r ica l s ocke t wh ich a lmo s t g oe s r i gh t t h rough ; p o s s ib le ap omme l f o r a k n if eo rd agge r ; d i am . 3 . 9c m( GO 5) . ( Above t h i s ) a b one h ook w i th a s u spen s ion p e rf o ra t ion a tt h e t o p o ft h e s haf t( i n t h e d raw ing t h e s i de v i ew o f t h e h ook i sa t t h e w rong e nd o f t h e o b jec t ) ; l e ng th 4 . 6c m( GO n umbe rn o tn o ted ) . ( T h ird r ow ) l a rge b one i mp lemen t m ade f r om ar i b , p e rhaps ap o t te r 's t oo l j udg ing f r om t h e s im i la r f i nd f r om D un Mo r V au l o n T i ree ( MacK ie 1 974 , f i g . 0 0 , n o . 0 0 ) ; l e ng th 1 9 .4 c m( GO 1 88 ) . A no the r k n if e l ike i mp lemen t i fp o l ished w h i te b one , t h e ' b lade ' b roken o f f ; p r esen t l e ng th 8 . 8 c m ( GO 1 85 ) . B one n eed le , p o in t b roken of ; l e ng th 3 . 7 c m ( GO 2 03 ) . ( Bo t tom r ow , l ef t ) b a se s h e rd o f h a rd , g r i t ty g r ey w a r e w i th a b r ick -co lou r ed t i nge u nder n ea th b a se ; d i am . c . 2 3 -26 c m( GO 9 6? ) . B a se s he rd o f h a rd , g r i t ty w a r e , t h e o u te r h a lf b r ick c o lou r ed ,t h ei n ne rb l ack ; d i am . c .1 5c m( GO 9 7? ) . B one i mp lemen t o fu nce r ta in p u rpo se ; t h eo n ly t h ing s im i la r ( bu t s ma l le r ) t h a t Ih ave s e en i s t h e b one t i gh ten ing f i x tu r e o n t h e d eck t h ong s o f a n I nu i t k ayak ; p r e sen tl e ng th 7 . 8 c m( GO 1 84 ) . F ragmen t o f al a rge c up o r p o t m ade f r om aw ha le v er teb ra ; d i am . c .1 5c m( GO 5 ) .

T he R oundhou se s , B rochs a nd W hee lhouse so fA t lan t ic S co t land

2 1 .

R im s he rd o f ap l a in b a r r e l shaped u rn o fh a rd , g r i t ty g r ey w a r e ; d i am . n o tm ea su rab le ( GO 9 6 , 9 7 ) .

B urray E a s t - ND49 1 I l .5 . 27 5 . 6 . 7 .

8 . 9 . 1 0 . 1 . 1 2 . 1 3 . 1 4 . 1 5 .

( T op l e f t ) l ong -hand led b one c omb w i th 7l o ng t e e th , 3b roken o f f ; p r e sen tl e ng th 1 2 .5 c m( GC 5 ) . ( Be low i t ) h eavy s o l id b one h ead f o r a n i r on p i n , t h e s haf tb roken o f f ;d i am . 2 . 1 c m( GC 3 0 ) . L ong -hand led b one c omb w i th v e ry s ho r t t e e th a nd a h eavy h and le w i th a n ea r c i r cu la r c r o s s s e c t ion ; l e ng th 1 4 .6 c m( GD 3 ) . O ne o f t h ree b a l l -headed b one p in s ; l e ng th 5 . 7 c m ( GC 7 ) . L ong -hand led b one c omb p robab ly w i th l o ng t e e th , n ow b roken of ;p r e sen tl e ng th 1 4 .7 c m( GC 4 ) . ( T op r i gh t ) b one s poon m ade f r om a c u t -down s c apu la ; l e ng th 1 2 .5 c m( GC 2 1) . ( Be low s poon ) Who r l o r b u t ton m ade f r om a ( p robab ly h uman )f emu rh ead ; d i am . 3 . 6 c m( GC 2 3 ) . F ragmen t o f ad oub le s ided c ompo s i te b one c omb w i th a ni r on r i ve t ;w id th 5 . 5 c m( GC 6 ) . F ine ly m ade a nd s moo thed c i r cu la rs t one d i sc o fm ica s ch is t ; d i am . 6 . 7c m ,t h ickne s s 3mm ( GC 4 6 ) . I sf r om Ox trow . H o l low b a l l h ead o fb one f o r a n i r on p in , af r agmen t o ft h e s ha f t r ema in ing ; t h e h ead i sp robab ly m ade f r om t h e t r immed a nd p o l ished s e c t ion o f al o ng b one ;d i am . 1 . 8c m ( GC 3 1 ) .

I l . 5 . 148 ( Bo t tom ; s ome o ft h e f i nd si lu s t r a ted b y P e t r ie , a nd a l so b yA nde r son ( 1 883 , 2 37 ) . I nb racke t sa tt h ee nd o f e ach e n t ry i s ,i fr e levan t , t h e c o r r e spond ing n umbe ro ft h e o b jec ti nI l . 5 . 27 . F ig . 1S o l id b one o ri v o ry h ead w i th af r agmen to ft h e i r on p i ns haf ta t tached ( 2 ) . F ig . 2F ragmen t o f ad oub le s ide c ompo s i te b one c omb ( 8 ) . F ig . 3 Ac up m ade f r om aw ha le v e r teb ra . F ig . 4 Ab a l l -headed b one p i nw i th ah i pped s hank ( o fl a te I r on A ge t y pe )( 4 ) . F ig . 5B one a w l . F ig . 6D eco ra ted c oppe r a loy p i n w i th a d i sco id h ead , d eco ra ted w i th n i ck s r ound i t s e dge a nd w i th af ew l i ne sa r ound t h e s haf t .