International Law [1 ed.] 9780199251148, 0199251142

Citation preview

OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS

Great Clarendon Street, Oxford oX2 6DP Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide in Oxford New York Auckland Bangkok Buenos Aires Cape Town Chennai Dar es Salaam Delhi Hong Kqng Istanbul Karachi Kolkata Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Mumbai Nairobi Sao Paulo Shanghai Taipei Tokyo Toronto Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries Published in the United States by Oxford University Press Inc., New York © Editorial material and arrangement Malcolm D. Evans 2003 © Individual chapters-the several contributors 2003

The moral rights of the author have been asserted Database right Oxford University Press (maker) First published2003 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics-rights organizations. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above You must not circulate this book in any other binding or cover and you must impose this same condition on anyacquirer British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available ISBN 0-19-925114-2 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 2

Typeset in Adobe Minion by RefineCatch Limited, Bungay, Suffolk Printed in Great Britain by TJ International Ltd, Padstow, Cornwall

OUTLINE CONTENTS INTRODUCTION: INTERNATIONAL LAW IN PRACTICE REFLECTIONS FROM THE INTERNATIONAL COURT

3

HE Judge Rosalyn Higgins, DBE, QC THE PINOCHET CASE-SOME PERSONAL REFLECTIONS

7

The Rt Han The Lord Millett THE PERSPECTIVE OF INTERNATIONAL LAW -FROM THE BAR

11

Ian Brownlie, CBE, QC REFLECTIONS FROM THE PRACTICE OF INTERNATIONAL LITIGATION

15

Campbell McLachlan A PERSONAL PERSPECTIVE ON INTERNATIONAL LAW

21

Ralph Zacklin, Assistant Secretary-General, United Nations THE PERSPECTIVE OF A FOREIGN MINISTRY LEGAL ADVISER

25

Michael Wood

PART I THE HISTORY AND THEORY OF INTERNATIONAL LAW A SHORT HISTORY OF INTERNATIONAL LAW

31

Stephen C Neff 2 SOME COMMON HERESIES ABOUT INTERNATIONAL LAW: SUNDRY THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES

59

lain Scobbie 3 WHAT IS INTERNATIONAL LAW FOR?

89

Martti Koskenniemi

PART II THE STRUCTURE OF INTERNATIONAL OBLIGATION 4 THE SOVRCES OF INTERNATIONAL LAW

Hugh Thirlway

117

vi, .

OUTLINE CONTENTS

5 INTERNATIONAL LAW AND 'RELATIVE NORMATIVITY'

145

Dinah Shelton 6 THE PRACTICAL WORKING OF THE LAW OF TREATIES

173

Malgosia Fitzmaurice

PART III THE SUBJECTS OF THE INTERNATIONAL LEGAL ORDER 7 STATES AND RECOGNITION IN INTERNATIONAL LAW

205

Colin Warbrick 8 INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

269

DapoAkande 9 THE INDIVIDUAL AND THE INTERNATIONAL LEGAL SYSTEM

299

Robert McCorquodale

PART IV 'THE SCOPE OF SOVEREIGNTY 10 JURISDICTION

329

Vaughan Lowe 11 INTERNATIONAL LAW AND RESTRAINTS ON THE EXERCISE OF JURISDICTION BY NATIONAL COURTS OF STATES

357

Hazel Fox 12 IMMUNITIES ENJOYED BY OFFICIALS OF STATES AND INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

387

. Chanaka Wickremasinghe 13 THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INTERNATIONAL AND NATIONAL LAW

415

Eileen Denza

PART V RESPONSIBILITY 14 THE NATURE AND FORMS OF INTERNATIONAL RESPONSIBILITY

James Crawford and Simon Olleson

445

OUTLINE CONTENTS

15 ISSUES OF ADMISSIBILITY AND THE LAW ON INTERNATIONAL RESPONSIBILITY

vii

473

Phoebe Okowa

PART VI RESPONDING TO BREACHES OF INTERNATIONAL OBLIGATIONS 16 COUNTERMEASURES AND SANCTIONS

505

ND White and A Abass 17 THE MEANING OF DISPUTE SETTLEMENT

529

John Merrills 18 THE INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE

559

Hugh Thirlway 19 THE USE OF FORCE AND THE INTERNATIONAL LEGAL ORDER

589

Christine Gray

PART VII THE APPLICATION OF INTERNATIONAL LAW 20 THE LAW OF THE SEA

623

Malcolm D Evans 21 INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAW

657

Catherine Redgwell 22 INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC LAW

689

Gerhard Loibl 23 INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL LAW

721

Antonio Cassese 24 INTERNATIONAL PROTECTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS

Henry J Steiner 25 THE LAW OF WAR (INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW)

Christopher Greenwood

757

789

CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 'BY THE EDITOR NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS ABBREVIATIONS TABLE OF INTERNATIONAL INSTRUMENTS TABLE OF INTERNATIONAL CASES TABLE OF STATUTES BY COUNTRY TABLE OF DOMESTIC CASE LAW BY COUNTRY

xxvi xxviii xxxiii xxxix xlvi xlix 1

INTRODUCTION: INTERNATIONAL LAW IN PRACTICE REFLECTIONS FROM THE INTERNATIONAL COURT

3

HE Judge Rosalyn Higgins, DBE, QC THE PINOCHET CASE-SOME PERSONAL REFLECTIONS

7

The Rt Hon The Lord Millett THE PERSPECTIVE OF INTERNATIONAL LAW FROM THE BAR

11

Ian Brownlie, CBE, QC REFLECTIONS FROM THE PRACTICE OF INTERNATIONAL LITIGATION

15

Campbell McLachlan A PERSONAL PERSPECTIVE ON INTERNATIONAL LAW

21

Ralph Zacklin, Assistant Secretary-General United Nations THE PERSPECTIVE OF A FOREIGN MINISTRY LEGAL ADVISER

25

Michael Wood

PART I

THE HISTORY AND THEORY OF INTERNATIONAL LAW

A SHORT HISTORY OF INTERNATIONAL LAW

31

Stephen C Neff Summary

31

Introduction

31

II

Ancient Worlds

32

III

The Middle Ages: The Natural Law Era

34

IV

The Classical Age (1600-1815)

37

I

CONTENTS

v

VI

ix

The Nineteenth Century (1815-1919)

41

A B 'C

41 46 47

The Positivist Tradition Natural-law Remnants The Historicist (or