International Criminal Law 9781509955626, 9781849460453

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Preface This book is significantly different from the three previous editions published with Routledge under the same title. For one thing, I am now the sole author. Secondly and most importantly more than half of the material contained in it is new. Moreover, some chapters have been removed altogether and new ones have taken their place. Those readers who have followed the past editions will not fail to notice that this is in fact a new and indeed very different book and not simply a revision of previous editions. When I started back in 1999 to author a treatise on international criminal law the legal landscape was not what it is today. The discipline was largely dominated by public international lawyers and the jurisprudence of the ad hoc tribunals for Yugoslavia and Rwanda was not totally averse to this approach. During that time, however, the discipline has largely been taken over by criminal lawyers, which in my opinion represents the final step in the culmination of an international criminal process akin to that encountered in domestic criminal justice systems. This is a natural and welcome progression because it means that international criminal law has become less esoteric, having evolved in specificity and elaboration, thus satisfying the demands of justice and legitimacy. In respect of legal scholarship this development necessarily means that international criminal law has become a complex enterprise requiring knowledge of at least international law and criminal law – or criminal laws to be exact – in addition to human rights and EU law, the latter for those working within this jurisdictional remit. Despite professing to belong to the camp of public international lawyers I purposely set out to balance the content and focus of this book to reflect current scholarship and direction. I have tried to strike a fair balance between international law and criminal law in the belief that international criminal law does not start or end with the core international crimes or the work and jurisprudence of international criminal courts and tribunals. I have attempted for example to show that the various maritime belts encompass an abundance of criminal activity, as is true with transnational crime, which generally goes unnoticed and which I believe the new blood of our discipline should be familiar with. Equally, because the vast majority of offences are prosecuted by national courts, an exploration of their jurisdictional powers is warranted. I am also cognisant of the growing role of victims in domestic and international criminal trials, apart from their status as such and the protection due to them under international law and this reality is duly reflected in a specifically devoted chapter. One of the dangers when writing a treatise that is undergoing a global process of formation and transformation is achieving an equilibrium between a sufficiently high level of scholarship and a textual accessibility that would not only satisfy the demands of a largely postgraduate student audience, but would moreover entice it into our discipline. I have made strenuous efforts to explain every concept more elaborately and avoid unnecessarily complex assertions that are not conducive to lunch time reading. My hope therefore is that the book is not only authoritative and scholarly, but also accessible and enjoyable.

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I have been very fortunate to share the views and acumen of a few trusted colleagues during the final stages of this project and would like to thank them individually for their patience and time, namely Olympia Bekou (Nottingham), Efthimios Papastavridis (Thrace) and Ricardo Abello (Rosario). Foremost, I would like to thank Caroline Buisman, a Ph.D. candidate and practitioner with extensive experience before the ICTY, ICTR, SLSC and ICC, currently working on the Katanga case at the ICC, who has in addition to other friendly advice authored the chapter on evidence before international criminal tribunals. This is a very significant contribution to this book, which practitioners in particular should find appealing. I would also like to express my gratitude to Professor Susan Nash for her contribution to the previous manifestations of this work. Finally, I would like to thank my wife Dimitra for putting up with me in the course of last year when the work seemed endless and my colleagues at Mourgelas & Associates Law Firm in Athens for giving me time to pursue my research in the midst of a very busy schedule. The law stated in this book is accurate as of 1 April (no, really!!) 2010. I would like to take this opportunity to invite readers to send me any comments or suggestions through which future editions of this book can be improved. Ilias Bantekas Lefkas and London April 2010

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Table of Cases NATIONAL CASES AUSTRALIA Levinge v Director of Custodia Services et al (1987) 9 NSWLR 546 ............................... Nulyarima v Thomson (2000) 39 ILM 20 ......................................................................... Qenos Pty Ltd v Ship APL Sydney [2009] FCA 1090 ....................................................... R v Donyadideh and Others 101 ILR 259 ........................................................................ R v Nekuda (1989) 39A Crim R 5 ....................................................................................

381 378 310 271 334

AUSTRIA Austrian Universal Jurisdiction case 28 ILR 341 ......................................................... 347–48 BELGIUM Ministére Public et al v C and B (17 Dec 1997) ................................................................ 180 Re Pinochet (1999) 93 AJIL 700 ....................................................................................... 345 CANADA Amnesty Int’l Canada et al v Civil Chief of Defence Staff for Canadian Armed Forces (12 Mar 2008) ............................................................................................................... 336 Bouzari v Iran (2004) 124 ILR 427 ................................................................................... 130 Libman v R (1986) 21 DLR 174 ...................................................................................... 334 Mugesera v Canada (2005) SCC 40 .................................................................................. 188 North, The (1905) 11 Ex Rep 141 ..................................................................................... 322 R v Cloutier [1979] 2 SCR 709 ......................................................................................... 483 R v Finta (1994) 104 ILR 284 .................................................................................. 107, 188 R v Harrer [1995] 3 SCR 562 ............................................................................................ 525 R v Sunila and Soleyman (1986) 28 DLR 450 .................................................................. 324 R v Wray [1971] SCR 272 ................................................................................................. 525 Suresh v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration) (2003) 1 SCR 3 ................ 377 CHILE Sepulveda and Others [Sandoval case] (17 Nov 2004) ....................................................... 470 CYPRUS General Attorney of the Republic of Cyprus v Konstantinou (7 Nov 2005) .................... 340 COLOMBIA Ruling on Compatibility of ICC Statute with Constitution, C-578/2002 .................... 22, 134 Constitutional Court Judicial Decree 251 (2008) .............................................................. 158 DENMARK Prosecutor v Saric (1995) .................................................................................................. 408

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ETHIOPIA Special Prosecutor v Mengistu Hailemariam and Others (12 Dec 2006) ........................... 205 FRANCE Barbie case, 78 ILR 132 ....................................................................................... 29, 188, 345 Conseil d’Etat Judgment 368–282 (26 Sep 2002) ............................................................... 340 Croissant, re, 75 ILR 505 .................................................................................................. 273 Erika, The (16 Jan 2008) ................................................................................................... 313 Gaddafi case, 125 ILR 490 ................................................................................................ 130 MRAP v Aussaresses (2003) Bull Crim Cour Cass 122 .................................................... 470 Re Munyeshyaka (1998) Bull Crim 3 ................................................................................ 347 Re Urios (1920) 1 AD 107 ........................................................................................... 342–43 Re van den Plas 22 ILR 205 .............................................................................................. 343 Supreme Court of Appeal Judgment 4540 (5 Aug 2004) .................................................. 340 Touvier case, 100 ILR 337 ................................................................................................. 188 GERMANY Bundesgerichtshof-BGH), BGHSt 21, 283 .......................................................................... 41 Border Guards Prosecution case, 100 ILR 364 ................................................................. 125 Distomo Massacre, BGH – III ZR 245/98 (26 Jun 2003) .................................................. 548 Former Syrian Ambassador to the GDR case, 115 ILR 597 ..................................... 132, 338 Honecker Prosecution case, 100 ILR 393 .......................................................................... 130 Jorgic case, Dusseldorf Sup Ct (30 Apr 1999) ................................................................... 207 Jorgic case, Federal Constitutional Court (23 May 1997) .................................... 207, 214–15 Public Prosecutor v Djajic (1998) 92 AJIL 528 ......................................................... 347, 408 Universal Jurisdiction over Drug Offences case, 28 ILR 166 ........................................... 348 GREECE Grand Europa, The (28 Jan 2008) ..................................................................................... 313 Prefecture of Voiotia v Germany (1998) 92 AJIL 765 ...................................................... 123 Prefecture of Voiotia v Germany (2001) 95 AJIL 198 ............................................... 340, 548 INDIA Chaudhary v State of Madhya Pradesh (1948) 3 SCC 243 ............................................... 225 INDONESIA Damiri case, Judgment (5 Aug 2003) ................................................................................. 453 ISRAEL Adalah et al v Commander of Central Region [Early Warning] (23 Jun 2005) ................ 155 AG of the Government of Israel v Eichmann, 36 ILR 5 .... 106, 148, 216, 320, 343, 347, 381 Eichmann v Israel, 36 ILR 277 ......................................................................................... 343 Public Committee against Torture v Israel (13 Dec 2006) ......................................... 167, 233 ITALY Ferrini v Germany (2004) 128 ILR 658 ............................................................................. 123 Germany v Mantelli and Others (29 May 2008) ............................................................... 123

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Haas and Priebke case (7 Mar 1998) ................................................................................. 183 Public Prosecutor v Ashby (1999) 93 AJIL 219 ................................................................ 351 LESOTHO Acres International Ltd v The Crown (15 Aug 2003) .................................................. 78, 255 MAURITIUS Ilois Trust Fund v Permal, 91 ILR 333 ............................................................................. 555 NETHERLANDS Castle John & Nederlandse Stichting Sirtus v Nv Marjlo & Nv Parfin, 77 ILR 537 ........ 300 H v Public Prosecutor [Afghan Asylum Seekers] (29 Jan 2007) ........................................ 348 Public Prosecutor v Kouwenhoven (7 Jun 2006) ................................................................. 69 Public Prosecutor v SHT, 74 ILR 162 ....................................................................... 265, 350 Public Prosecutor v von Anraat (23 Dec 2005) ................................................................... 69 Re Rohrig, 17 ILR 393 .............................................................................................. 345, 394 NEW ZEALAND R v Mafart and Prieur, 74 ILR 241 .................................................................................. 445 POLAND Constitutional Court Judgment P1/05 (27 Apr 2005) ........................................................ 340 RUSSIA Yukos case ................................................................................................................... 246–47 SOUTH AFRICA Azanian Peoples Organsation v President of South Africa (1996) 4 SA 672 .................... 470 R v Neumann (1949) 3 SA 1238 ....................................................................................... 343 SOUTH KOREA Hebet Spirit II, The (2009) ................................................................................................ 313 SPAIN Guatemalan Generals case (26 Sep 2005) .......................................................................... 348 Re Castro (4 Mar 1999) ..................................................................................................... 130 Re Pinochet (1999) 93 AJIL 690 ....................................................................................... 347 Re Scilingo (19 Apr 2005) ......................................................................................... 214, 331 SWEDEN Public Prosecutor v Antoni, 32 ILR 140 ........................................................................... 339 SWITZERLAND Abacha v Office Fédéral de la Justice (7 Feb 2005) ................................................... 249, 361 Public Prosecutor v Grabec (1998) 92 AJIL 78 ......................................................... 347, 408

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UNITED KINGDOM A and Others v Secretary of State for Home Dept [2005] 3 WLR 1249 ........................... 360 Abbasi and Another v FCO Secretary of State [2002] EWCA Civ 1598 .......................... 124 Abbott v R [1977] AC 755 ................................................................................................. 109 AG Northern Ireland v Gallagher [1963] AC 349 ............................................................. 114 Al-Haq v Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs ................................................................. 33 Al-Megrahy v HM Advocate (14 Mar 2002) ..................................................................... 464 Al-Skeini v Secretary of State for Defence [2007] UKHL 26 ............................................ 551 Anderson [1986] AC 27 ....................................................................................................... 63 Athens Maritime Enterprises v Hellenic Mutual War Risks Association Ltd [1983] 1 All ER 590 ............................................................................................................... 301 Bank of Credit and Commerce International (BCCI) S.A v Aboody [1990] 1 QB 923 ... 248 Beckford v R [1988] AC 130 .............................................................................................. 116 Bennett v Horseferry Road Magistrates Court [1993] 3 All ER 138 ......................... 320, 381 Beximco Pharmaceuticals v Shamil Bank of Bahrain [2004] 1 WLR 1784 .......................... 7 Bilbie v Lumley (1802) 2 East 469 .................................................................................... 116 Bolivia v Indemnity Mutual Marine Assurance Co Ltd [1909] 1 KB 785 ......................... 299 Briggs [2004] Crim LR 495 ................................................................................................ 149 Buck v AG [1965] Ch 745 ................................................................................................ 123 Caldwell [1982] AC 341 ....................................................................................................... 56 Chagos Islanders v AG & HM BIOT Commissioner [2003] EWHC QB 2222 ................. 554 Chalkley [1998] 2 Cr App R 79 ......................................................................................... 525 Chow Hung Ching v R (1948) 77 CLR 449 ...................................................................... 350 Compania Naviera Vascongando v SS Cristina [1938] AC 485 ......................................... 332 Culbreath v Culbreath (1849) 7 Ga 64 .............................................................................. 116 Dickinson v Del Solar [1930] 1 KB 376 ..................................................................... 127, 131 Dole v New England Mutual Marine Insurance Co (1864) 7 F Cas 838 .......................... 299 DPP v Doot [1973] 1 All ER 940 ..................................................................................... 336 DPP v P [1991] 2 AC 447 .................................................................................................. 522 Dudley and Stephens (1884) QBD 273 ............................................................................. 111 EM (Lebanon) v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2008] UKHL 64 ............... 7 Empson v Smith [1966] 1 QB 376 ..................................................................................... 131 Engelke v Musmann [1928] AC 433 .................................................................................. 131 Gammon v AG Hong Kong [1985] AC 1 ............................................................................ 35 Gorvernor of Pentonville Prison, ex parte Chinoy [1992] 1 All ER 317 ........................... 360 Huntington v Attrill [1893] AC 150 .................................................................................. 362 I Congresso del Partido [1981] 2 All ER 1064 .................................................................. 124 Jones and Others v United Kingdom of Saudi Arabia [2006] UKHL 26 ................ 129, 349 Joyce v DPP [1946] AC 347 .............................................................................. 175, 339, 343 Kahan v Pakistan Federation [1951] 2 KB 1003 ............................................................... 125 Knuppler v DPP [1973] AC 435 .......................................................................................... 23 Kuwait Airways Corp v Iraqi Airways Co [1995] 1 WLR 1147 ........................................ 123 Lansdown v Lansdown (1730) Mosely 364 ....................................................................... 116 Lobban v R [1995] 2 All ER 602 ....................................................................................... 502 Magellan Pirates (1853) 1 A&E 81 .................................................................................... 299 Makin v AG New South Wales [1894] AC 57 ................................................................... 522 McLeod v AG for New South Wales [1891] AC 455 ......................................................... 332 Molvan v AG for Palestine [1948] AC 351 ........................................................................ 317 Molyneaux, ex parte [1986] 1 WLR 331 ............................................................................ 123 Oppenheim v Cattermole [1976] AC 249 .......................................................................... 124

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Petters and Parfitt [1995] Crim LR 501 ............................................................................... 62 Pitham and Hehl (1976) 65 Cr App R 45 ......................................................................... 149 Propend Finance Pty v Sing and Others (1998) 111 ILR 611 ........................................... 127 Queen v Mayor of Tewksbury (1868) LR 3 QB 629 ......................................................... 116 R v Adomako [1995] 1 AC 171 ........................................................................................... 45 R v Anderson [1868] 11 Cox Crim Cases 198 ................................................................... 337 R v Byrne [1960] 3 All ER 1 ............................................................................................. 120 R v C (1992) AC 642 ......................................................................................................... 114 R v Casement [1917] 1 KB 98 ........................................................................................... 339 R v G [2004] 1 AC 1034 ................................................................................................ 44, 56 R v Hardie [1984] 3 All ER 848 ........................................................................................ 115 R v Howe [1987] AC 417 ..................................................................................... 23, 104, 109 R v Jones (Margaret) [2007] 1 AC 136 .............................................................. 5, 22, 25, 287 R v Kelly [1981] 2 All ER 1098 ......................................................................................... 339 R v Kingsston [1995] 2 AC 355 ......................................................................................... 114 R v Madan [1961] 2 QB 1 ................................................................................................. 131 R v Mills (1995) ............................................................................................................ 323–5 R v Moloney (1985) 1 All ER 1025 .................................................................................. 144 R v Nedrick (1996) 83 Cr App R 267 ................................................................................. 41 R v Quinn [1990] Crim LR 581 ......................................................................................... 360 R v R [1992] 1 AC 599 ........................................................................................................ 24 R v Rahman and Others [2007] 3 All ER 396 ..................................................................... 61 R v Robb (1991) 93 Cr App R 161 ................................................................................... 514 R v Sawoniuk (2000) 2 CAR 220 ...................................................................................... 338 R v Silver Lock (1894) 2 QB 766 ...................................................................................... 514 R v Stockwell (1993) 97 Cr App R 260 ............................................................................. 514 R v Turner [1975] QB 834 ................................................................................................. 514 R v Williams (1984) 78 Cr App R 276 .............................................................................. 116 R v Woolin [1999] AC 82 ............................................................................................ 41, 144 Rahimtoola v Nizam of Hyderabad [1958] 3 All ER 961 ................................................. 123 Re A (Conjoined Twins) [2004] All ER 961 ...................................................................... 111 Re Binyam Mohamed [2008] EWHC 2048 ........................................................................ 382 Re Binyam Mohamed [2009] EWHC 152 ......................................................................... 382 Re Matter of Sankoh, 119 ILR 386 .................................................................................. 445 Re Mullen [1999] Cr App R 149 ....................................................................................... 320 Re Pinochet (No 3) (1999) 17 ILR 393 ...................................................... 123, 129–130, 345 Re Piracy Jure Gentium [1934] AC 856 ................................................................. 5, 299, 345 Re Urios (1920) 1 AD 107 .......................................................................................... 342–43 Rees v Secretary of State for the Home Dept [1986] 2 All ER 321 ................................... 341 Rex v Dawson (1696) 13 St Tr 451 .................................................................................... 299 Rwanda v Bajinya and Others (6 Jun 2008) ...................................................................... 374 Saleh Hasan v Secretary of State and Industry [2007] EWHC 2630 .................................. 32 Sang [1980] AC 402 ........................................................................................................... 525 Secretary of State for Defence v Al-Skeini [2007] UKHL 26 ............................................ 336 Shaw v DPP [1962] AC 220 ................................................................................................. 23 Springsteen v Flute International [2001] EMLR 654 ........................................................ 487 Sweet v Parsley [1970] AC 132 ........................................................................................... 35 T v Secretary of State for Home Dept, 107 ILR 552 ........................................................ 378 Teper v R [1952] AC 480 ................................................................................................... 509 Treacy v DPP [1971] AC 537 ............................................................................................. 332 Trendtex Trading Corp v Central Bank of Nigeria [1977] 1 All ER 881 ..................... 124–35

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Trial of Earl Russell [1901] AC 446 ................................................................................... 339 USA v Inkley [1988] 3 WLR 302 ...................................................................................... 362 Wright v Cantrell, 12 AD 37 ............................................................................................. 350 Yip Chiu-Cheung [1995] 1 AC 111 ...................................................................................... 63 Youssef v Home Office [2004] EWHC 1884 ...................................................................... 376 Zambia v Meer Car and Desai and Others [2007] EWHC 952 ......................................... 257 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Alejandre v Cuba (1997) 996 F Supp 1239 ................................................................ 281, 551 Alfred Dunhill v Cuba (1976) 425 US 682 ........................................................................ 126 Ambrose Light, The (1885) 25 Fed 408 ............................................................................ 300 Antelope, The (1825) 23 US ................................................................................................ 66 Arar v Ashcroft (2 Nov 2009) ........................................................................................... 383 Araunah (1888) Moore, Int Arb 824 .......................................................................... 324–25 Argentina v de Blake (1993) 507 US 1017 ......................................................................... 230 Banco Nacional de Cuba v Sabbatino (1964) 376 US 398 ............................................... 126 Belhas v Ya’alon 466 F Supp 2d 127 (DDC, 2006) ............................................................. 32 Bivens v Six Unknown Named Agents of the Federal Bureaux of Narcotics (1971) 403 US 388 ................................................................................................................... 383 Blackmer v USA (1932) 284 US 421 ................................................................................. 338 Brandenburg v Ohio (1969) 395 US 444 ........................................................................... 220 Cicippio v Iran (1998) 18 F Supp 2d 62 ............................................................................ 281 Cook v USA (1933) 288 US 102 ....................................................................................... 320 Corrie v Caterpillar 403 F Supp 2d 1019 (WD Wash, 2005) .............................................. 32 Crawford v Washington (2004) 124 S Ct 1354 .................................................................. 487 Creole, The (1841–1853) ............................................................................................ 223, 302 Cruz v New York (1987) 481 US 186 ................................................................................ 502 Cuellar v USA (2008) 128 S Ct 1994 ................................................................................. 247 Doe v UNOCAL (1997) 963 F Supp 880 ............................................................ 126–27, 229 El-Masri v Tenet (2007) 479 F 3d 296 ............................................................................... 382 Gherebi v Rumsfeld 2003) 352 F 3d 1278 ......................................................................... 284 Giles v Tumminello, 38 ILR 120 ....................................................................................... 343 Flatow v Iran (1998) 999 F Supp 1 ........................................................................... 281, 551 Folley Bros Inc v Filardo (1949) 336 US 281 .................................................................... 333 Forti v Suarez-Mason (1987) 672 F Supp 1531 ........................................................ 131, 238 Grace and Ruby, The (1922) 283 F 475 ............................................................................. 324 Hamdan v Rumsfeld (2006) 126 S Ct 2749 ......................................................... 64, 167, 284 Hamdi v Rumsfeld (2004) 542 US 507 ..................................................................... 167, 284 Hartford Fire Insurance Co v California (1993) 113 S Ct 2891 ........................................ 335 Hatch v Baez (1876) 7 Hun 596 ........................................................................................ 126 Hirota v McArthur (1948) 338 US 197 ............................................................................. 399 Hirsch v Israel and Germany (1997) 113 ILR 543 ............................................................ 125 Honourary Consul of X v Austria, 86 ILR 553 ................................................................ 132 Hoffman-La Roche v Empragan SA and Others (2003) 124 S Ct 2359 ............................ 329 In re Iraq and Afghanistan Detainees Litigation (2007) 479 F Supp 2d 85 ...................... 234 In re Surrender of Ntakirutimana (SD Texas, 1997) 988 F Supp 1038 ............................ 368 In the matter of Extradition of Atta, 104 ILR 52 ............................................................ 341 Jimenez v Aristeguieta (1962) 311 F 2d 547 ..................................................................... 126 Johnson v Eisentrager (1950) 339 US 763 ......................................................................... 339 Kirkpatrick v Environmental Tectonics (1990) 493 US 403 .............................................. 125

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Lafontant v Aristide (1994) 103 ILR 581 .......................................................................... 128 Lambert v California (1957) 355 US 225 .......................................................................... 117 Lee v Illinois (1986) 476 US 530 .................................................................................. 501–02 Le Louis (1817) 2 Dods 213 .............................................................................................. 223 Lilly v Virginia (1999) 527 US 116 .................................................................................... 502 Mannington Mills Inc v Congoleum Corp (1979) 595 F 2d 1287 ..................................... 335 Maryland v Craig (1990) 497 US 836 ............................................................................... 421 Matar v Dichter 500 F Supp 2d 284 (SDNY, 2007) ............................................................ 32 Maverick Recording Co et al v Harper (7 Aug 2008) ........................................................ 117 Mohamed v Jeppesen Dataplan (2008) 539 F Supp 2d 1128 ............................................ 382 Mohamed v Jeppesen Dataplan (2009) 563 F 3d 992 ........................................................ 382 Menzel v List (Sup Ct 1966) 267 NYS 2d 809 .................................................................. 150 Newton Bay, The (1929) 36 F 2d 729 ................................................................................ 324 Ntakuritimana v Reno (1999) 184 F 3d 419 ..................................................................... 368 People v Cooper (1975) 332 N E 2d 453 ............................................................................. 67 Presbyterian Church of Sudan v Talisman Energy Inc (2003) 244 F Supp 2d 289 ........... 215 Quirin, ex parte (1942) 317 US 27 ............................................................................. 394, 399 Rasul v Bush (2004) 542 US 466 ............................................................................... 284, 339 Rasul v Myers (2008) 512 F 3d 644 .................................................................................. 234 Ratlaf v USA (1994) 510 US 135 ...................................................................................... 117 Re Estate of Marcos (1994) 25 F 3d 1467 ......................................................................... 238 Re Gutierez, 24 ILR 265 ................................................................................................... 339 Rivard v USA (1967) 375 F 2d 882 ................................................................................... 344 Rocha v USA (1961) 288 F 2d 545 ................................................................................... 343 Schooner Exchange v McFaddon (1812) 7 Cranch 116 ............................................ 122, 350 Sharon v Time Inc (1984) 599 F Supp 538 ........................................................................ 126 Siderman de Blake v Argentina (1992) 965 F 2d 699 ........................................................ 230 Smith v Libya (1997) 113 ILR 534 ............................................................................ 125, 337 Arizona v Willoughby, 114 ILR 586 ................................................................................. 334 Talbot v Jansen (1795) 3 US 153 ............................................................................... 298, 300 Tel-Oren v Libya (1984) 726 F 2d 795 .............................................................................. 262 Timberlane Lumber Co v Bank of America, 66 ILR 270 ................................................. 336 Turner v Louisiana (1965) 379 US 466 ............................................................................. 487 Underhill v Hernandez (1897) 168 US 250 ...................................................................... 126 USA v Aluminium Co of America (1945) 128 F 2d 416 ........................................... 333, 335 USA v Alvarez-Machain (1992) 112 S Ct 2188 .................................................. 320–21, 381 USA v Arjona (1887) 20 US479 ........................................................................................... 5 USA v Arnold Bengts et al ................................................................................................ 16 USA v Barona (1995) 56 F 3d 1087 .................................................................................. 360 USA v Behety (1994) 32 F 3d 503 ..................................................................................... 360 USA v Bin Laden [2000] 92 F Supp 2d 189 ...................................................................... 344 USA v Bright-Barker (1986) 784 F 2d 161 ........................................................................ 344 USA v Calley (1973) 46 CMR 1131 ................................................................................. 106 USA v Cargo of the Brig Malek Adhel (1844) 43 US 210 .............................................. 299 USA v Columba-Colella (1979) 604 F 2d 356 .................................................................. 338 USA v Fernandez-Caro (1987) 667 F Supp 893 ................................................................ 360 USA v Janis (1976) 428 US 433 ........................................................................................ 360 USA v Jho (2008) 534 F 3d 398 ........................................................................................ 313 USA v Ionia Management SA (2009) 555 F 3d 303 ......................................................... 313 USA v Keller (1978) 451 F Supp 631 ................................................................................ 343 USA v Kindler (1954) 15 CMR 742 ................................................................................. 106

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USA v Marino-Garcia (1982) 679 F 2d 1373 ............................................................ 317, 348 USA v McNab et al (2003) 324 F 3d 1266 .......................................................................... 22 USA v Mitro (1989) 880 F 2d 1480 .................................................................................. 360 USA v Noriega, 99 ILR 143 .................................................................................... 126, 130 USA v Palmer (1818) 16 US 610 ....................................................................................... 302 USA v Peterson (1987) 812 F 2d 486 ................................................................................ 360 USA v Pizzarusso (1968) 388 F 2d 8 ................................................................................. 343 USA v Postal (1979) 589 F 2d 862 ................................................................................... 324 USA v Public Alliance of Canada (1993) 32 ILM 1 ......................................................... 125 USA v Smith (1820) 18 US 153 ........................................................................................ 298 USA v Verdugo-Urquidez (1990) 494 US 259 ................................................................... 360 USA v Yunis (1991) 88 ILR 176 .............................................................................. 341, 346 Vallandigham, ex parte (1864) 68 US 243 ......................................................................... 399 Victory Transport Inc v Comisaria General de Abastecimientos y Transpertos, 35 ILR 110 .............................................................................................................. 124–25 Waltier v Thomson (1960) 189 F Supp 319 ....................................................................... 132 Wildenhus’ case (1887) 120 US 1 ...................................................................................... 337 Xuncax and Others v Gramajo (1995) 886 F Supp 162 .................................................... 230 INTERNATIONAL COURTS AND TRIBUNALS AFRICAN COURT AND COMMISSION OF HUMAN RIGHTS DRCongo v Burundi, Rwand and Uganda [DRC War case], Comm No 227/98 .............. 551 CAMBODIAN EXTRAORDINARY CHAMBERS (ECCC) ECCC Prosecutor v Kaing, Trial Decision on Standing of Civil Party Lawyers (9 Oct 2009) .................................................................................................................. 562 ECCC Prosecutor v Sari, Decision on Civil Parties’ Address of the Court (3 Jul 2008) ... 563 Pre-Trial Decision on Civil Party Participation (20 Mar 2008) ......................................... 562 COMMITTEE AGAINST TORTURE Agiza v Sweden (20 May 2005) ......................................................................................... 376 Hajriji and Others v Serbia and Montenegro (21 Nov 2002) ............................................ 235 EAST TIMOR SPECIAL PANELS Prosecutor v Ferreira (5 Apr 2002) ..................................................................................... 86 Prosecutor v Leki (11 Jun 2001) ....................................................................................... 453 Prosecutor v Marques and Others [Los Palos case] (11 Dec 2001) .................................. 452 EUROPEAN COURT AND COMMISSION OF HUMAN RIGHTS A v UK (1998) 27 EHRR 611 ........................................................................................... 235 Al-Adsani v UK, (2002) 34 EHRR ........................................................................... 129, 551 AM v Italy, App No 37019/97 ........................................................................................... 534 Assanidze v Georgia (2004) 39 EHRR 653 ....................................................................... 556 Aydin v Turkey (1998) 25 EHRR 251 ............................................................................... 232 Bankovic v Belgium et al (2001) 11 BHRC 435 ......................................................... 336, 551 Brennan v UK (2002) 34 EHRR 507 ................................................................................ 530 Chahal v UK (1996) 23 EHRR 413 .................................................................................. 230

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Costello Roberts v UK (1993) 19 EHRR 112 ................................................................... 235 CR v UK (27 June 1994) .................................................................................................... 24 Delta v France (1990) 16 EHRR 574 ........................................................................ 487, 509 Denmark et al v Greece [Greek case] (1969) 12 Eur Ct HR Yearbook 134 ................ 15, 231 Dupuis v France [2008] 47 EHRR 52 ............................................................................... 417 Gaskin v UK (1989) 12 EHRR 36 .................................................................................... 219 Hachette Filippachi Associés v France (14 Jun 2007) ............................................... 219, 556 Hashman and Harrup v UK (2000) 30 EHRR 241 ............................................................ 22 HLR v France (1997) 26 EHRR 29 .................................................................................. 235 Ireland v UK (1978) 2 EHRR 25 ......................................................................... 231–32, 406 Ismoilov v Russia and Others, Judgment (24 Apr 2008) ................................................... 377 Jorgic v Germany, Judgment (12 Jul 2007) ............................ ............................ 25, 214–15 Kalashnikov v Russia (2003) 36 EHRR 34 ....................................................................... 376 Kokkinakis v Greece (1994) 17 EHRR 397 .................................................................. 22, 26 Kolk and Kislyiy v Estonia Admissibility Decision (17 Jan 2006) ..................................... 25 Kostovski v Netherlands (1989) 12 EHRR 434 ................................................. 487, 509, 511 Kurt v Turkey (1999) 27 EHRR 373 ................................................................................ 239 Lehideux and Isorni v France, 30 EHRR 665 ................................................................... 219 Loizidou v Turkey, Preliminary Objections (23 Mar 1995) ............................................... 399 Loizidou v Turkey (1996) 23 EHRR 153 .......................................................................... 153 Luca v Italy (2001) 36 EHRR 807 ............................................................................... 534–35 Ludi v Switzerland (1992) 15 EHRR 172 .................................................................. 487, 509 Magee v UK (2001) 31 EHRR 35 ..................................................................................... 530 Mamére v France (7 Nov 2006) ........................................................................................ 219 Mantovanelli v France (1997) 24 EHRR 32 ...................................................................... 515 McCann v UK (1996) 21 EHRR 97 ................................................................................. 273 Medvedyev v France (10 Jul 2008) .................................................................................... 320 Murray v UK (1995) 19 EHRR 193 ................................................................................. 530 Mustafa Kemal Mustafa [Abu Hamza] v UK, Rule 39 Order (4 Aug 2008) .................... 377 Ocalan v Turkey (2003) 37 EHRR 10 ............................................................................... 530 Ocalan v Turkey (2005) 41 EHRR 985 ............................................................................. 530 Rigopoulos v Spain, Admissibility Decision (12 Jan 1999) ............................................... 320 Ruiz Torija v Spain (1994) 19 EHRR 553 ......................................................................... 531 Saadi v Italy, Judgment (28 Feb 2008) .............................................................................. 377 Saidi v France (1994) 17 EHRR 251 ................................................................................. 534 Salduz v Turkey (2008) 49 EHRR 19 ................................................................................ 530 Sirbu and Others v Moldova [2004] EHRR 264 ............................................................... 219 Soering v UK (1989) 11 EHRR 439 .......................................................................... 230, 376 Sunday Times v UK (1979) 2 EHRR 245 ................................................................... 22, 417 Unterpentinger v Austria (1986) 13 EHRR 175 ................................................ 487, 509, 534 Van Droogenbroeck v Belgium (1982) 4 EHRR 443 ......................................................... 227 Van Mechelen and Others v The Netherlands (1997) 25 EHRR 647 ........................ 509, 512 Visser v The Netherlands (14 Feb 2002) ............................................................................ 512 Vogt v Germany (1996) 21 EHRR 05 ............................................................................... 515 Yalçin Küçük v Turkey (22 Apr 2008) ............................................................................... 219 Yurttas v Turkey (27 May 2004) ........................................................................................ 530 Xhavara v Italy and Albania, Admissibility Decision (11 Jan 2001) ................................. 320

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EUROPEAN COURT OF JUSTICE Advocaten voor de Wereld VZW v Leden van de Ministerraad (3 May 2007) ................. 379 Ahlstrom v Commission [Wood Pulp case] [1988] 4 CMLR 901 ...................................... 335 Apostolides v Orams (28 Apr 2009) .................................................................................. 153 Commission v Council, [2005] ECR I-7879 ............................................................... 247, 314 Commission v Council [2007] ECR I-9097 ....................................................................... 314 Hoogovens v High Authority [1962] ECR 253 ...................................................................... 6 ICI v Commission [Dyestaff case] [1972] ECR 619 .......................................................... 335 Intertanko and Others v Secretary of State for Transport (3 June 2008) .................... 46, 313 Limburgse Vinyl Maatschappij v Commission [2002] ECR I-8375 ................................... 375 Miraglia [2005] ECR I-2009 .............................................................................................. 375 Ordre des Barreaux Francophones et Germanophones v Conseil des Ministres [2007] ECR I-05305 ...................................................................................................... 248 Van Esbroeck [2006] ECR I-2333 ...................................................................................... 375 HUMAN RIGHTS COMMITTEE C v Australia (28 Oct 2002) ............................................................................................... 230 General Comment No 7/16 (27 Jul 1992) .......................................................................... 235 General Comment No 20/44 (3 Apr 1992) ......................................................... 235, 239, 470 General Comment No 24, 107 ILR 64 ...................................................................... 230, 440 General Comment No 29 (31 Aug 2001) ........................................................................... 548 General Comment No 31/80 (26 May 2004) ..................................................................... 549 Grille Motta v Uruguay (1980) ......................................................................................... 233 Kanana v Zaire ................................................................................................................. 233 Lovelace v Canada, 68 ILR 17 .......................................................................................... 213 Mutyo v Zaire ................................................................................................................... 233 Rubio v Colombia ............................................................................................................. 233 INTER-AMERICAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS Abella v Argentina [Tablada case] (30 Oct 1997) .............................................................. 167 Almohacid-Arellano v Chile (26 Sep 2006) ....................................................................... 559 Cantoral-Benavides v Peru (3 Dec 2001) ........................................................................... 556 Chumbipuma Aguirre and Others v Peru [Barrios Altos] (2002) 41 ILM 93 .............. 29, 556 Ignazio Ellacuria and Others v El Salvador (22 Dec 1999) ............................................... 468 Loayza Tamayo v Peru (27 Nov 1998) .............................................................................. 557 Lucio Parada Cea and Others (27 Jan 1999) ..................................................................... 469 Mejia v Peru (1 Mar 1996) ................................................................................................ 232 Samaraka People v Surinam (28 Nov 2007) ...................................................................... 553 Velásquez Rodríguez case, 95 ILR 232 ............................................................................. 238 INTERNATIONAL ARBITRAL AWARDS Creole, The (1835) ............................................................................................................. Cuba Submarine Co Ltd Claim (1923–24) 2 AD 419 ....................................................... Diana, The (1813) 165 ER 1245 ........................................................................................ Eastern Extension, Australasia & China Telegraph Co Claim (1923) 2 AD 415 .............. I’m Alone, The (Canada v USA) (1935) III UNRIAA 1609 ........................................... Fortuna, The (1811) 165 ER 1240 ..................................................................................... Rainbow Warrior case (1990) XX UNRIAA 215 .............................................................

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Red Crusader, The, 35 ILR 485 ........................................................................................ 323 San Juan Nepomuceno (1824) 166 ER 94 ......................................................................... 223 INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE Aerial Incident of 3 July 1988 (Iran v USA) (1989) 28 ILM 843 ...................................... 268 Arrest Warrant of 11 April 2000 case (DRC v Belgium), (2002) ICJ Rep 3 ..... 122, 127–128, 349 Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia & Herzegovina v Serbia and Montenegro) (26 Feb 2007) ....... 205, 215 Barcelona Traction Light and Power House Co Ltd (Belgium v Spain) (1970) ICJ Rep 3 .............................................................................................................. 13, 204, 224 Case Concerning US Diplomatic and Consular Staff in Tehran (USA v Iran) (1980) ICJ Rep 1 ........................................................................................................ 86, 131, 271 Certain Questions of Mutual Assistance (Djibouti v France) (4 Jun 2008) ...................... 330 Effect of Awards of Compensation made by the UN Administrative Tribunal (1954) ICJ Rep 47 ................................................................................................................... 353 Immunity from Legal Process of a Special Rapporteur of the Commission on Human Rights (1999) ICJ Rep 62 ....................................................................................... 132–33 Judgments of the Administrative Tribunal of the ILO (1956) ICJ Rep 77 ....................... 405 Legal Consequences for States of the Continued Presence of South Africa in Namibia (1971) ICJ Rep 3 ........................................................................................... 406 Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in Occupied Palestinian Territory, (2004) ICJ Rep 136 ................................................................................ 32, 549 Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons (1996) ICJ Rep 226 ..... 17, 142, 166, 175 Legrand case (Germany v USA), (1999) ICJ Rep 9 ............................................................ 71 Lockerbie case (Libya v UK, Libya v USA) (1992) ICJ Rep 3 ......... 17, 268–69, 378–79, 462 Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v USA) Merits, (1986) ICJ Rep 14 ..................................................................... 140, 141, 179, 273 North Sea Continental Shelf cases (FDR v Denmark; FDR v The Netherlands), (1969) ICJ Rep 3 .............................................................................................................. 5 Nottebhom case (Liechtenstein v Guatemala) (1995) ICJ Rep 4 ............................... 212, 338 Reservations to the Genocide Convention (1951) ICJ Rep 15 ........................... 204, 406, 440 INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT ICC Prosecutor v Abu Garda, Pre-Trial Decision on Confirmation of Charges (8 Feb 2010) ................................................................................................................... 63 ICC Prosecutor v Al-Bashir, Decision on the Prosecution’s Application for a Warrant of Arrest against Omar Al-Bashir (4 Mar 2009) ............... 48, 197, 200, 210–12, 215, 431 ICC Prosecutor v Bemba, Pre-Trial Decision on Confirmation of Charges (15 Jun 2009) ........................................................................ 39, 44–45, 81, 84, 87, 90, 94 ICC Prosecutor v Bemba, Decision on Leave to Appeal (18 Sep 2009) ............................ 478 ICC Prosecutor v Harun and Kushayb, Decision on Application under Art 58(7) (27 Apr 2007) ........................................................................................................ 429, 431 ICC Prosecutor v Katanga et al, Decision on Admissibility of Confirmation Hearing (18 Apr 2008) ........................................................................................................ 498, 503 ICC Prosecutor v Katanga et al, Decision on Victims’ Procedural Rights (13 May 2008) ................................................................................................................ 477, 559–60 ICC Prosecutor v Katanga et al, Decision on Rights of Non-Anonymous Witnesses (30 May 2008) .............................................................................................................. 477

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ICC Prosecutor v Katanga et al, Pre-Trial Decision on Confirmation of Charges (30 Sep 2008) .................................................................. 62–63, 479–80, 483-85, 508, 511, 530, 536, 538, 540 ICC Prosecutor v Katanga et al, Decision on Modalities of Victim Participation (22 Jan 2010) ................................................................................................................ 477 ICC Prosecutor v Lubanga, Decision on Incorporation of Documents into Record (24 Feb 2006) ................................................................................................................ 429 ICC Prosecutor v Lubanga, Appeal Judgment on Request for Redactions (14 Dec 2006) ........................................................................................................ 511, 540 ICC Prosecutor v Lubanga, Pre-Trial Decision on Confrirmation of Charges (29 Jan 2007) . 27, 36, 43–44, 46, 51, 57, 59, 61–62, 117–118, 480, 483, 486, 511, 530, 536, 540 ICC Prosecutor v Lubanga, Decision on Status of Evidence and its Submission (13 Dec 2007) ............................................................................................................... 482 ICC Prosecutor v Lubanga, Decision on Victims Participation (11 Jan 2008) .................. 477 ICC Prosecutor v Lubanga, Decision on Admissibility of Four Documents (13 Jun 2008) ................................................................................................. 482–856, 508 ICC Prosecutor v Lubanga, Judgment against Decision on Victims Participation (11 Jul 2008) .................................................................................................... 477, 559–61 ICC Prosecutor v Lubanga, Appeals Decision on Disclosure of Exculpatory Materials (21 Oct 2008) ................................................................................................................ 373 ICC Prosecutor v Lubanga, Decision on Victim Participation in Proceedings (15 Dec 2008) ............................................................................................................... 548 ICC Prosecutor v Lubanga, Decision on Admission of Prior Recorded Statements (15 Jan 2009) ................................................................................................................ 497 ICC Prosecutor v Lubanga, Decision on Admission of Material from Bar Table (14 Jun 2009) ........................................................................................................... 529–30 ICC Prosecutor v Lubanga, Decision on Disclosure of Tu Quoque Material (2Oct 2009) ................................................................................................................... 121 Re Situation in Darfur, Decision on Application under Rule 103 (4 Feb 2009) ................ 434 INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL TRIBUNAL FOR RWANDA ICTR Prosecutor v Akayesu, Decision on Appearance of Accused as Expert Witness (9 Mar 1998) ................................................................................................... 515 ICTR Prosecutor v Akayesu, Trial Judgment (2 Sep 1998) ................. 27, 47, 59, 73–75, 143, 148, 159, 161, 180, 196–98, 209–10, 213, 216–18, 220–21, 479, 481, 526, 532, 534, 542–43 ICTR Prosecutor v Akayesu, Appeals Judgment (1 Jun 2001) .......................... 531, 541, 543 ICTR Prosecutor v Bagilisema, Trial Judgment (7 June 2001) .......................... 207, 521, 544 ICTR Prosecutor v Bagilisema, Appeals Judgment (13 Dec 2002) ............................... 85, 87 ICTR Prosecutor v Bagosora [Military I], Decision on Protective Measures for Witnesses (5 Dec 2001) ................................................................................................. 479 ICTR Prosecutor v Bagosora, Oral Decision to Exclude Testimony (4 Sep 2002) ............ 517 ICTR Prosecutor v Bagosora, Decision on Admissibility of Testimony from Witness DBY (18 Sep 2003) ......................................................................................... 483, 523–24 ICTR Prosecutor v Bagosora, Oral Decision on Des Forges Testimony (4 Sep 2002) .................................................................................................. 516–517, 520 ICTR Prosecutor v Bagosora, Decision on Exclusion of Evidence (19 Dec 2003) .... 485, 523 ICTR Prosecutor v Bagosora, Decision to Admit Written Witness Statements (9 Mar 2004) ........................................................................................................... 491–93

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ICTR Prosecutor v Bagosora, Decision on Giving Testimony by Deposition (25 Aug 2004) ............................................................................................................... 489 ICTR Prosecutor v Bagosora, Decision on Admission of Tab (13 Sep 2004) ............. 505–06 ICTR Prosecutor v Bagosora, Decision on Admission of Reyntjens Statement (28 Sep 2004) ........................................................................................................ 516, 520 ICTR Prosecutor v Bagosora, Decision on Testimony of BT via Video Link (8 Oct 2004) ............................................................................................................ 490–91 ICTR Prosecutor v Bagosora, Decision on Admission of Certain Material (14 Oct 2004) ........................................................................................................ 505, 529 ICTR Prosecutor v Bagosora, Decision on Testimony by Video Conference (20 Dec 2004) .......................................................................................................... 490–91 ICTR Prosecutor v Bagosora, Decision on Admission of Deceased’s Statements (19 Jun 2005) ........................................................................................................ 481, 494 ICTR Prosecutor v Bagosora, Decision to Admit UN Documents (25 May 2006) .......... 505 ICTR Prosecutor v Bagosora, Decision to Harmonise Protection Orders (1 Jun 2005) ... 526 ICTR Prosecutor v Bagosora, Decision on Exclusion of Kambanda Testimony (6 Jul 2006) ................................................................................................................... 486 ICTR Prosecutor v Bagosora, Decision on Testimony of Amadou Deme (29 Aug 2006) ............................................................................................................... 491 ICTR Prosecutor v Bagosora, Decision on Video Conference of Kabiligi Witnesses (5 Oct 2006) ............................................................................................ 490–91 ICTR Prosecutor v Bagosora, Decision on Admission of Kabiligi Witness (14 Feb 2007) ............................................................................................................................. 494 ICTR Prosecutor v Bagosora, Decision to Admit Documents as Exhibits (26 Feb 2007) ............................................................................................................................. 499 ICTR Prosecutor v Bagosora, Decision to Deposit UN Documents (19 Mar 2007) ..................................................................................................................... 484, 505 ICTR Prosecutor v Bagosora, Appeals Judgment (18 Dec 2008) ....................................... 84 ICTR Prosecutor v Barayagwiza, Appeals Decision (3 Nov 1999) ........................... 100, 419 ICTR Prosecutor v Barayagwiza, Appeals Decision on Review or Reconsideration (31 March 2000) .............................................................................................. 27, 100, 420 ICTR Prosecutor v Bizimungu, Oral Decision (8 Oct 2004) ....................... 513–14, 532, 542 ICTR Prosecutor v Bizimungu, Decision on Admissibility of Testimony (17 Nov 2004) ....................................................................................................... 537, 545 ICTR Prosecutor v Bizimungu, Decision on Qualification of Rubaduka (24 Mar 2005) ............................................................................................................... 515 ICTR Prosecutor v Bizimungu, Oral Decision on Mbonyieke Qualification (2 May 2005) ................................................................................................................ 516 ICTR Prosecutor v Bizimungu, Decision on Admissibility of Norowjee Testimony (8 Jul 2005) ............................................................................................................. 516–17 ICTR Prosecutor v Bizimungu, Decision on Exclusion of Report (2 Sep 2005) ............................................................................................................. 515, 521, 544 ICTR Prosecutor v Bizimungu, Decision to Vary Witness List (1 May 2008) .................. 493 ICTR Prosecutor v Bucyibaruta, Referral of the Case to a State (11 Jul 2007) ................ 370 ICTR Prosecutor v Cyangugu, Trial Judgment (25 Feb 2004) .......................................... 535 ICTR Prosecutor v Gacumbitsi, Appeals Judgment (7 Jul 2006) .................. 59, 74, 163, 534 ICTR Prosecutor v Kajelijeli, Decision on Arbitrary Arrest and Detention (8 May 2000) ................................................................................................................ 419 ICTR Prosecutor v Kajelijeli, Decision to Limit Admissibility of Evidence (2 Jun 2001) ........................................................