The Oxford Handbook of International Criminal Law 9780198825203, 019882520X

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Table of contents :
Cover
The Oxford Handbook of INTERNATIONALCRIMINAL LAW
Copyright
Acknowledgements
Table of Contents
Table of Cases
Table of Primary Legislation
Table of International Treaties and Conventions
List of Contributors
Introduction
Actors
Spaces
Rationales
Crimes
Modalities
Narratives
Anxieties
Boundaries
Future(s)
Section I: ACTORS
Chapter 1: An Empirical Analysis of International Criminal Law: The Perception and Experience
I. Introduction
II. Listening to the Accused as a Vector of Knowledge
A. Epistemological Approach
B. Methodology
III. Positioning of Those Tried: A Structural Interrelation
A. A Gap Between Expectations and Reality
B. Violence and Unfairness of the Procedure
C. A Politicized and ‘Outgroup’ Justice
D. The Role Assigned to the Defendant
IV. Conclusion
Chapter 2: Defence Perspectives on Fairness and Efficiency at the International Criminal Court
I. Introduction
II. The Rise of Managerial Judging at International Criminal Courts
III. Defence Views on Fairness and Efficiency at the ICC
A. Survey Method
B. Survey Findings
1. Judicial Managerialism
2. Defence Investigative Resources
3. Prosecutorial Disclosure
4. Confirmation of Charges
IV. The Future of Managerial Judging and Procedural Fairness in International Criminal Procedure
Chapter 3: Neither Here nor There: The Position of the Defence in International Criminal Tribunals
I. Introduction: The Symbolic Inclusion of the Defence
II. The Foundational Balancing Away of the Defence
A. Customary Law as a Vehicle for Moral Condemnation
B. Interpreting International Criminal Law and the Fight against Impunity
C. The Ultimate Balancing Away on the Basis of Moral Condemnation
III. The Procedural Balancing Away of the Defence
A. The Participation of Victims
B. Evidentiary Standards
C. Expeditiousness
IV. The Institutional Balancing Away of the Defence
V. The Systemic Balancing Away of the Defence
VI. Concluding Thoughts: Working on the Periphery as Defence Counsel
Chapter 4: The Creation of an Ad Hoc Elite: And the Value of International Criminal Law Expertise on a Global Market
I. Introduction
II. Theory, Method, and Data
III. The Advent of the ICL Elite
IV. The Creation of a Group and its Symbolic Capital
V. The Value of the ICL Elite on a Broader Market
VI. Conclusion
Chapter 5: Teachings of Publicists and the Reinvention of the Sources Doctrine in International Criminal Law
I. Introduction
II. Publicists in Public International Law
A. Publicists and Gap-Filling in International Law
B. Publicists as a Subsidiary Source of Law
III. Publicists at the International Criminal Court
A. Application and Hierarchy of Sources in ICL
B. The Role of Scholarship in the Jurisprudence on Modes of Liability
IV. The Reliance on Doctrine
A. Scholars and the Dogmatik
B. Scholars and their relationship to international criminal law
V. Conclusion
Section II: SPACES
Chapter 6: Legitimacy in War and Punishment The Security Council and the ICC
I. Introduction
II. Moral Expressivism, Standing to Blame, and Institutional Legitimacy
III. The Legitimacy Problem in International Criminal Justice
IV. Legitimate Illegality and Legal Illegitimacy
V. The Path Forward
Chapter 7: Africa and International Criminal Law
I. Introduction
II. Versailles, 1919: ‘resist[ing] with impunity’
A. Re-telling Versailles, 1919
B. Presence, Absence, and ‘Re-presentation’ at Versailles
III. Nuremberg, 1945: Colonialism, Genocide, and European Crimes
A. ‘Nurnberg was colonial’
B. A ‘dark, abiding, signing . . . presence’
C. Threads: Race, Empire, and Affective Regimes
IV. The Cold War era: Late colonial violence, Biafra, and apartheid
A. Re-telling ‘The Cold War Era’
B. Late Colonial Violence
C. The Biafran war, the Postcolonial World Order and the ‘Image[s] of Africa’
D. African States, Apartheid, and the (almost) International Criminal Court
V. The 1990s: The Era of (Anti-)Impunity
A. April 1994
B. A Present Absence, Almost: Apartheid (and Rwanda) at Rome, 1998
VI. Concluding Remarks
Chapter 8: On Regional Criminal Courts as Representatives of Political Communities: The Special Case of the African Criminal Court
I. Introduction
II. The Social Function of Criminal Law
III. From International to Regional Criminal Law Enforcement: A Step Forward?
IV. The Prospects of an African Criminal Court
V. Some Final Reflections
Section III: RATIONALES
Chapter 9: Taking Internationalism Seriously: Why International Criminal Law Matters
I. Introduction
II. Evaluating the Traditional Rationales of International Criminal Law
III. Robust Internationalism as a Constitutive Component of International Criminal Law
A. The ICC
B. The Ad Hoc Tribunals
C. Universal Jurisdiction
D. Hybrid Tribunals
IV. Taking Internationalism Seriously: The Case for Robust Internationalism
V. Conclusion
Chapter 10: Impunities
I. Introduction
II. Impunity in Text and Discourse
A. Enabling Instruments
B. A Sampling of Press Releases and Public Statements
C. Punishment, Peace, and Transition
III. Impunity and Selectivity
IV. Reimaging Punishment
V. Conclusion
Chapter 11: Courting Failure: When Are International Criminal Courts Likely to be Believed by Local Audiences?
I. Introduction
II. Factors Predictive of Failure
A. Objective and Subjective Limitations on the Processing of Information About Atrocities
B. Towards Generalization
C. A Predictive Hypothesis
III. Nuremberg and Tokyo
IV. Rwanda
V. Sierra Leone and Cambodia
VI. Conclusion
Section IV: CRIMES
Chapter 12: ‘What is An International Crime?’
The nature of international crimes
The obligation to criminalize
Specificity and uniformity
Direct Prohibition
The uses of ICL
Conclusion
Chapter 13: A Theory of International Crimes: Conceptual and Normative Issues
I. Introduction
II. What Is an International Crime?
III. What Makes a Given Conduct an International Crime?
IV. Conclusion
Chapter 14: From Aggression to Atrocity Rethinking the History of International Criminal Law
I. Introduction
II. War Prevention as International Law’s Fondest Hope
III. Nuremberg as an Aggression Trial
IV. The Cold War: Definition, Critique, and Decline
V. Conclusions
Chapter 15: Enslavement as a Crime against Humanity: Some Doctrinal, Historical, and Theoretical Considerations
I. Introduction and Background
II. Doctrinal Underpinnings, ‘Humans’ and ‘Persons’
III. Historical Sources: Roman Law’s Enduring Influence
IV. Theoretical Framework: Natural Life and Political Life
V. Conclusion
Section V: MODALITIES
Chapter 16: A Criminological Approach to the ICC’s Control Theory
I. Introduction
II. International Crimes: A Different Type of Criminality?
A. The Political and Ideological Context
B. The Organizational and Social Context
C. The (Social-)Psychological Context
D. Conclusion
III. Perpetrators of International Crimes
IV. The ICC and the Concept of Individual Criminal Responsibility
A. The Difference between Principals and Accessories
B. Commission via Organizational Control?
C. Shortcomings of the Control Theory and How to Repair Them
V. Conclusion
Chapter 17: The Two Cultures of International Criminal Law
I. Introduction
II. Expansionism in International Criminal Law
III. The ‘Franconian’ Culture of International Criminal Law: Sources-Based Expansionism
IV. The Roman culture of international criminal law: hermeneutic expansionism
V. Concluding Remarks: Cultural Transformation and the Contradictory Beliefs of International Criminal Lawyers
Chapter 18: Immunity and Impunity
I. Introduction
II. Immunity and Responsibility
III. Combatant Immunity and Official Immunity
IV. Conclusion
Chapter 19: Epistemological Controversies and Evaluation of Evidence in International Criminal Trials
I. Introduction
II. Intuitive Holistic Approach v. Deconstruction
III. Is the Standard of Proof for Conviction Subjective or Objective?
IV. Mathematical Methods in Evaluating Evidence
V. Criticism Against the Beyond Reasonable Doubt Standard
VI. Is Fact-Finding at the International Level Possible? The Turn to Empirical Legal Scholarship
VII. Conclusions
Chapter 20: The Right to Truth in International Criminal Law
I. Introduction
II. Background: The Right to Truth at the Crossroads between International Human Rights Law and International Criminal Law
III. The Right to Truth at the ICC
A. Truth and the International Criminal Trial
B. Victims’ ‘Personal Interests’ and the Determination of Guilt or Innocence
C. New Charges Against the Accused
D. Right of Victims to Introduce Evidence
E. Victims’ Obligation to Disclose Exonerating Evidence
IV. Reflection
Chapter 21: From Machinery to Motivation: The Lost Legacy of Criminal Organizations Liability
I. Introduction
II. The Origin of Criminal Organizations Liability
III. The Practice of Criminal Organizations Liability
IV. Criminal Organizations in Contemporary International Criminal Law
V. Organization as Machinery, Organization as Motivator
VI. Conclusion: An Alternate Reality for Criminal Organizations
Section VI: NARRATIVES
Chapter 22: Historical Reasoning and Judicial Historiography in International Criminal Trials
I. The Flesh of History: Jurisprudence and Historiography
II. Legal Infrastructures: Storytelling after the Second World War
III. Judicial Historiography: The Nuremberg Paradigm
IV. The Twisted Road to The Hague
V. Conclusion: The Interdisciplinary Pitfalls of Transitional Trials
Chapter 23: Criminal/Enemy
I. Introduction
II. Enemies but not Criminals
III. Criminals but not Enemies
IV. Enemies into Criminals: Criminalizing Aggression
V. Deconstructing the Criminal/Enemy Dyad
Chapter 24: The Enemy of All Humanity
I. Introduction
II. The Strange Career of the Hostis Generis Humani
A. Pirates
B. Privateers
C. Terror tactics and unbridled aggression
D. Slave trading
E. The Eichmann trial
F. Torture and other core crimes
III. An Alternative Genealogy
IV. Analyzing the Hostis Generis Humani
Chapter 25: Moving Images: Modes of Representation and Images of Victimhood in Audio-Visual Productions
I. Introduction
II. Representation in Documentary Film
A. Attracting Audiences and Representing Reality
B. Combining Presentation and Representation
III. The Representation of Victims in Documentary Film
A. Ideal Victims
B. Alternative Messages
C. The Bureaucratic Victim
IV. Conclusion
Section VII: ANXIETIES
Chapter 26: International Criminal Tribunal Backlash
I. Introduction
II. International Criminal Tribunals: Opposition (and Backlash)
III. Defining Backlash
IV. A Theory-Informed Approach to International Criminal Tribunal Backlash
V. South Africa and the International Criminal Court: Archetypal Backlash
A. Background
B. Choosing Africa: A Pluralist Approach
VI. Serbia and the ICTY: Persistent Backlash
A. Background
B. ‘It is an incredible situation. We always have a problem with Serbia. Always’
VII. Lebanon and the Special Tribunal: Absent Backlash
A. Background
B. Lebanon and the STL: reassuringly undemanding
VIII. Conclusion
Chapter 27: The Crises and Critiques of International Criminal Justice
I. ‘You and Whose Army?’: International Criminal Law’s Curse
II. Of Crises and Critiques
A. Crisis, Again?
B. Critical Turn
C. What Crisis Does
III. Legitimacy Skirmishes and Mediatory Spaces
A. What Critics Want
B. The Mainstream Strikes Back
C. Diagnosis
IV. Legitimacy as Crisis Management
Chapter 28: Hangman’s Perspective: Three Genres of Critique following Eichmann
I. Introduction
II. Hannah Arendt: The Rule of Law
III. Shoshana Felman: Catharsis
IV. Netalie Braun: Sacrifice
V. Outer Circles of Harm
VI. Conclusion
Chapter 29: Inequality of Arms Reversed?: Defendants in the Battle for Political Legitimacy
I. Courts as Communicative Institutions
II. Equality of Arms Reversed
A. Defiant Defendants
B. Prosecutors
C. Political Contexts of Courts
III. Legitimacy is Multi-Faceted, Contingent, and Fluid
IV. Resonant Prosecution Discourses
V. Defendant Tamed by the Process
VI. Conclusion
Section VIII: BOUNDARIES
Chapter 30: International Criminal Law and the Subordination of Emancipation: The Question of Legal Hierarchy in Transitional Justice
I. Introduction
II. Transitional Justice Hierarchy in Action: Sudan Referral
III. Conceptual Background and Legal Origins: Legal Accountability and Social Emancipation
A. The Rise of Transitional Justice
B. Rights-based Transitional Justice: Accountability vs Emancipation?
IV. Legal Hegemony of International Criminal Law in International Transitional Justice
A. Darfur Referral Revisited
B. Accountability as an Unassailable Norm
C. Victims’ Rights Subordinated
V. Abandon Rights? The Power of Human Rights in Transitional Justice
VI. What Does This Critique Tell Us?
Chapter 31: International Criminal Justice and Humanitarianism
I. Introduction
II. International Criminal Justice Against Humanitarianism
III. International Criminal Justice And Humanitarianism
A. Politics and Power
B. Accountability to Constituencies
IV. International Criminal Justice as a Form of Humanitarianism
A. Humanitarianism at the ICC
B. Legal Humanitarians
V. Conclusion
Chapter 32: International Criminal Law and Culture
I. Introduction
II. International Criminal Law’s Encounter of Cultural Difference
III. ICL Courts and other Culturally-Informed Post-Conflict Justice Processes: Competing Conceptions of Justice
A. Culturally-Informed Justice Processes as Alternatives or Supplements to ICL Trials
B. The Risk of Marginalizing Alternative Justice Conceptions and Processes
IV. Norm Construction and Trial Participation: Domestic Legal Cultures as ICL Resource
A. Hybridization of the ICL Legal System and Domestic Legal Cultures
B. Culture Clashes and Adaptation Obstacles among ICL Legal Actors
V. The Multicultural ICL Trial: Cross-Cultural Communication Challenges and Culture-specific Evidence
A. The Difficulties of Ensuring Accurate Linguistic Translation
B. ICL Courts’ Treatment of Culture-specific Arguments
VI. Conclusion: Operational, Legitimacy, and Representational Challenges
Chapter 33: The Core Crimes of International Criminal Law
I. Introduction
II. Defining Core Crimes
A. Ambiguities in Distinguishing Core Crimes and Treaty Crimes
B. Ambiguities in Defining Core Crimes as International Crimes
III. Continuities ‘from Nuremberg to Rome’
IV. Discontinuities ‘from Nuremberg to Rome’
V. Biases of the Core Crimes
A. Civilization Bias
B. Political-Economic Bias
C. Aesthetical Bias
VI. Conclusion
Chapter 34: Transnational Crimes
I. Introduction: What Are Transnational Crimes?
II. A Conjoined History
III. The Problem of Definition
A. Defining International Crimes
B. Transnational Crime
1. The Sources Thesis
2. The Private Actor Thesis
IV. Crimes at the Boundary: Piracy and Torture
A. Piracy
B. Torture
V. Conclusions
A. Crimes in Search of an International Tribunal?
B. The Public/Private Divide
C. Contextual Elements and Seriousness
D. Final Thoughts
Chapter 35: The Unity of International Criminal Law: A Socio-Legal View
I. Introduction
II. International Criminal Law and the Politics of Fragmentation
A. Between Inflation and Rarefication
B. Ideational Approaches and the Quest to Define ‘Truly’ International Crimes
C. Critical Approaches: Rarefication as Reorganization of the Field
III. The Problem with Fragmentation
A. Doctrinally Weak
B. Jurisprudentially Suspicious
C. Criminologically Dubious
IV. Towards A Unified Research Agenda
A. Refocusing on the Internationalization of Crime Control Instead of the Criminalization of International Law
B. Thinking Globally and Transversally
C. Reconfiguring Theory
V. Conclusion
Section IX: FUTURE(S)
Chapter 36: International Criminal Law: The Next Hundred Years
Anniversary Waltz
Reformist Hope
Critical Affinity
Unfriendly Scepticism
Perimeter Defence
Index
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OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 02/07/2020, SPi

t h e ox f o r d h a n d b o o k o f

I N T E R NAT IONA L CR I M I NA L L AW

OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 02/07/2020, SPi

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The Oxford Handbook of

INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL LAW Edited by

Kevin Jon Heller, Frédéric Mégret, Sarah MH Nouwen, Jens David Ohlin, and

Darryl Robinson

1

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1 Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, ox2 6dp, United Kingdom Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries © the several contributors 2020 The moral rights of the authors have been asserted First Edition published in 2020 Impression: 1 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, by licence or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above You must not circulate this work in any other form and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press 198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States of America British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available Library of Congress Control Number: 2020932403 ISBN 978–0–19–882520–3 Printed and bound by CPI Group (UK) Ltd, Croydon, cr0 4yy Links to third party websites are provided by Oxford in good faith and for information only. Oxford disclaims any responsibility for the materials contained in any third party website referenced in this work.

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Acknowledgements

When it comes to acknowledging key people in the creation of the book, we should start at the beginning. Merel Alstein, OUP’s law editor, came up with the idea for this Handbook, persuaded us that we could make it interesting, and then handed it over to us. From beginning to end, she struck the perfect balance between encouragement and laissez faire. Thanks to Frédéric Mégret’s Canada Research Chair, we were all able to convene in Montreal in May 2014 to develop the core ideas around which to organize the book and together dream up our ideal list of contributors. The contributors then produced inspiring first drafts and tolerated line-by-line comments from five editors who did not always (or even usually) speak with the same voice. We thank them for their ideas, for their constructive engagement with all our suggestions—often not just once, but also on second and third drafts—and for the beautiful chapters that together make this book. And we thank them most of all for their patience: it has taken several years to get all of the chapters together and, as always with edited collections, the first contributors (led by Harmen van der Wilt) had to wait for the last. The fact that the chapters eventually ended up in a Handbook with a (we hope) somewhat consistent style is largely thanks to Frédéric Bertrand, who has patiently and rigorously copyedited all the chapters, generously funded by Frédéric Mégret’s Canadian Partnership for International Justice (SSHRC) grant. February 2020

Kevin Jon Heller Frédéric Mégret Sarah MH Nouwen Jens David Ohlin Darryl Robinson

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Table of Contents

Table of Casesxi Table of Primary Legislationxxi Table of International Treaties and Conventionsxxv List of Contributorsxxix

Introduction1

SE C T ION I   AC TOR S 1. An Empirical Analysis of International Criminal Law: The Perception and Experience of the Accused

21

Marie-Sophie Devresse and Damien Scalia

2. Defence Perspectives on Fairness and Efficiency at the International Criminal Court

39

Jenia Iontcheva Turner

3. Neither Here Nor There: The Position of the Defence in International Criminal Tribunals

67

Dov Jacobs

4. The Creation of an Ad Hoc Elite and the Value of International Criminal Law Expertise on a Global Market

89

Mikkel Jarle Christensen

5. Teachings of Publicists and the Reinvention of the Sources Doctrine in International Criminal Law

106

Neha Jain

SE C T ION I I   SPAC E S 6. Legitimacy in War and Punishment: The Security Council and the ICC Tom Dannenbaum

129

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viii   table of contents

7. Africa and International Criminal Law

154

Christopher Gevers

8. On Regional Criminal Courts as Representatives of Political Communities: The Special Case of the African Criminal Court

194

Harmen van der Wilt

SE C T ION I I I   R AT IONA L E S 9. Taking Internationalism Seriously: Why International Criminal Law Matters215 Miriam Gur-Arye and Alon Harel

1 0. Impunities

238

Mark A. Drumbl

11. Courting Failure: When Are International Criminal Courts Likely to be Believed by Local Audiences?

261

Marko Milanović

SE C T ION I V   C R I M E S 12. ‘What is an International Crime?’

293

Alexander K.A. Greenawalt

13. A Theory of International Crimes: Conceptual and Normative Issues

317

Alejandro Chehtman

14. From Aggression to Atrocity: Rethinking the History of International Criminal Law

341

Samuel Moyn

15. Enslavement as a Crime against Humanity: Some Doctrinal, Historical, and Theoretical Considerations

361

Edwin Bikundo

SE C T ION V   M ODA L I T I E S 16. A Criminological Approach to the ICC’s Control Theory Alette Smeulers

379

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table of contents   ix

17. The Two Cultures of International Criminal Law

400

Jean d’Aspremont

18. Immunity and Impunity

423

Adil Ahmad Haque

19. Epistemological Controversies and Evaluation of Evidence in International Criminal Trials

450

Mark Klamberg

20. The Right to Truth in International Criminal Law

473

Leora Bilsky

21. From Machinery to Motivation: The Lost Legacy of Criminal Organizations Liability

494

Saira Mohamed

SE C T ION V I   NA R R AT I V E S 22. Historical Reasoning and Judicial Historiography in International Criminal Trials

519

Kim Christian Priemel

2 3. Criminal/Enemy

540

Lawrence Douglas

24. The Enemy of All Humanity

558

David Luban

25. Moving Images: Modes of Representation and Images of Victimhood in Audio-Visual Productions

583

Sofia Stolk and Wouter Werner

SE C T ION V I I   A N X I E T I E S 26. International Criminal Tribunal Backlash

601

Henry Lovat

27. The Crises and Critiques of International Criminal Justice

626

Sergey Vasiliev

28. Hangman’s Perspective: Three Genres of Critique following Eichmann652 Itamar Mann

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x   table of contents

29. Inequality of Arms Reversed? Defendants in the Battle for Political Legitimacy678 Marlies Glasius and Tim Meijers

SE C T ION V I I I   B OU N DA R I E S 30. International Criminal Law and the Subordination of Emancipation: The Question of Legal Hierarchy in Transitional Justice

699

Laurel E. Fletcher

31. International Criminal Justice and Humanitarianism

719

Sara Kendall and Sarah MH Nouwen

32. International Criminal Law and Culture

748

Cheah W.L.

33. The Core Crimes of International Criminal Law

768

Christine Schwöbel-Patel

3 4. Transnational Crimes

791

Douglas Guilfoyle

35. The Unity of International Criminal Law: A Socio-Legal View

811

Frédéric Mégret

SE C T ION I X   F U T U R E ( S ) 36. International Criminal Law: The Next Hundred Years

841

Gerry Simpson

Index

851

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Table of Cases

I N TER NAT IONA L CR I M I NA L COU RTS A N D T R I BU NA L S International Court of Justice (ICJ) Ahmadou Sadio Diallo (Republic of Guinea v Democratic Republic of the Congo), Preliminary Objections, [2007] ICJ Rep 582 ��������������������������������������������������������������������������� 113 Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v Serbia and Montenegro), Judgment, [2007] ICJ Rep 43������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 113 Arrest Warrant of 11 April 2000 (Democratic Republic of the Congo v Belgium), Judgment, [2002] ICJ Rep 3, 26 (Arrest Warrant Case)��������������������������������������������431, 434–6 Democratic Republic of Congo v Belgium, Judgment of 14 February 2002, [2002] ICJ Rep 3������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������325 Fisheries (United Kingdom v Norway), Merits, Judgment, [1951] ICJ Rep 145�����������������������123 Gabčíkovo-Nagymaros Project (Hungary v Slovakia), Judgment, [1997] ICJ Rep 7��������������� 113 Germany v Italy: (Greece Intervening), Judgment, [2012] ICJ Rep 99������������������������������������438 Lotus Case (France v Turkey) (1927), PCIJ (Ser A) No 10 ��������������������������������������������������������803 Pulp Mills on the River Uruguay (Argentina v Uruguay), Judgment, [2010] ICJ Rep 14������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 113 South west Africa Cases, Second Phase, Judgment, [1966] ICJ Rep 6 ������������������������������������ 169 Temple of Preah Vihear (Cambodia v Thailand), Provisional Measures Order of 18 July 2011, Separate Opinion of Judge Trindade, [2011] ICJ Rep 566, Sections II–X �����������123 International Criminal Court (ICC) Prosecutor v Abu Garda (Corrigendum of the Decision on the Confirmation of Charges) ICC-02/05–02/09, (8 February 2010) (Pre-Trial Chamber I)�������������������������������116 Prosecutor v Ahmad al Faqi Al Mahdi (Judgment and Sentence) ICC-01/12–01/15, (27 September 2016) (Trial Chamber VIII) ����������������������������������������������������������������������������789 Prosecutor v Al Bashir (Judgment in the Jordan Referral re Al-Bashir Appeal), ICC-02/05–01/09, (6 May 2019) (Appeals Chamber)����������������������������������������������������130, 420 Prosecutor v Al Mahdi (Judgment and Sentence) ICC-01/12–01/15–171 (27 September 2016) (Trial Chamber VIII) ���������������������������������������������������������������������� 48, 335 Prosecutor v Banda and Jerbo (Corrigendum of the Decision on the Confirmation of Charges) ICC-02/05–03/09, (7 March 2011) �����������������������������������������������������������������������116 Prosecutor v Bemba Gombo – see below in chronological order Prosecutor v Bemba (Decision on the Evidence Disclosure System and Setting a Timetable for Disclosure Between the Parties) ICC-01/05–01/08–55 (31 July 2008) (Pre-Trial Chamber III)���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 58, 61, 65 Prosecutor v Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo (Decision on the Disclosure of Evidence by the Defence) ICC-01/05–01/08–31 (5 December 2008) (Pre-Trial Chamber III) ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 40

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xii   table of cases Prosecutor v Bemba Gombo (Decision Pursuant to Article 61(7)(a) and (b) of the Rome Statute on the Charges of the Prosecutor Against Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo) ICC-01/05–01/08–424 (15 June 2009)( Pre-Trial Chamber II) ���������������������� 57, 420 Prosecutor v Bemba Gombo (Decision on Directions on the Conduct of Proceedings) ICC-01/05–01/08–1023, (19 November 2010) (Trial Chamber III)����������������79 Prosecutor v Bemba Gombo (Decision Pursuant to Article 61(7)(a) and (b) of the Rome Statute on the Charges of the Prosecutor Against Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo) ICC-01/05-01/08-424, (15 June 2009)�����������������������������������������������������������������������335 Prosecutor v Bemba (Judgment), ICC-01/05–01/08, (21 March 2016) (ICC, Trials Chamber) �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 244, 335, 462 Prosecutor v Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo (Observations Relevant to Reparations) ICC-01/05-01/08-3457, (13 October 2016) (Trial Chamber III)��������������������������������������������746 Prosecutor v Bemba Gombo (Judgment on the Appeal of Mr Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo Against Trial Chamber III’s ‘Judgment Pursuant to Article 74 of the Statute’) ICC-01/05-01/08-3636-Red, (8 June 2018) (Appeals Chamber)���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 335, 462, 487 Prosecutor v Bemba Gombo (Judgment on theAappeal of Mr Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo Against Trial Chamber III’s ‘Judgment Pursuant to Article 74 of the Statute’), Concurring Separate Opinion of Judge Eboe-Osuji, ICC-01/05–01/083636-Anx3, (14 June 2018)������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������77 Prosecutor v Chui [2012] ICC 18 December 2012 ����������������������������������������������380, 392, 394, 398 Prosecutor v Francis Kirimi Muthaura, Uhuru Muigai Kenyatta and Mohammed Hussein Ali (Decision on the Confirmation of Charges Pursuant to Article 61(7) (a) and (b) of the Rome Statute, Dissenting Opinion by Judge Hans-Peter Kaul) ICC–01/09–02/11, (23 January 2012) (Pre-Trial Chamber II)���������������������������������������� 313, 420 Prosecutor v Gbagbo and Blé Goudé, (Version publique expurgée des ‘observations de la Défense présentées à la suite de l’ordonnance de la Chambre’ on the further conduct of the proceedings » du 9 février 2018 (ICC-02/11–01/15–1124) » (ICC-02/11–01/15-1157-Conf)), ICC-02/11–01/15, (2 May 2018) (Trial Chamber I)�������������� 81 Katanga – see below in chronological order Prosecutor v Katanga and Ngudjolo (Decision on Evidentiary Scope of the Confirmation Hearing, Preventive Relocation and Disclosure under Article 67(2) of the Statute and Rule 77 of the Rules), ICC-01/04–01/07, (25 April 2008) ���������������������� 451 Prosecutor v Katanga & Chui (Decision on the Set of Procedural Rights Attached to Procedural Status of Victim at the Pre-Trial Stage of the Case) ICC-01/04– 01/07–474 (13 May 2008) (Pre-Trial Chamber I)�������������������������������������������������������������������� 481 Prosecutor v Katanga and Ngudjolo Chui (Decision on the Confirmation of Charges) ICC-01/04–01/07, (30 September 2008)�����������������������115, 117, 118, 120, 395, 417, 506 Prosecutor v Katanga (Defence for Germain Katanga’s Additional Observations on Victims’ Participation and scope thereof) Defence, ICC-01/04–01/07–1618 (10 November 2009) ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������489 Prosecutor v Katanga & Ngudjolo, (Decision on the Modalities of Victim Participation at Trial) ICC-01/04–01/07-1788-tENG (22 January 2010) (Trial Chamber II) ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 483, 490 Prosecutor v Katanga & Chui (Transcript of Oral Order) ICC-01/04–01/07-T-341ENG (18 June 2012) (Trial Chamber II) ������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 51, 80

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table of cases   xiii Prosecutor v Katanga & Chui (Decision on the Implementation of Regulation 55 of the Regulations of the Court and Severing the Charges against the Accused Persons) ICC-01/04–01/07-3319-tENG/FRA (21 November 2012) Dissenting Opinion of Judge van den Wyngaert (Trial Chamber II)����������������������������������������������������� 486 Prosecutor v Katanga (Judgment Pursuant to article 74 of the Statute) ICC-01/04– 01/07, (7 March 2014)���������������������������������������������������������������������73, 380, 393, 418, 451, 453, 466 Prosecutor v Kenyatta (Notice of Withdrawal of the Charges Against Uhuru Muigai Kenyatta) Office of the Prosecutor, ICC-01/09–02/11–983 (5 December 2014)��������������������59 Lubanga – see below in chronological order Prosecutor v Lubanga (Decision on the Final System of Disclosure and the Establishment of a Time-Table) ICC-01/04–01/06–102 (15 May 2006) (Pre-Trial Chamber I)����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������54, 60, 61, 392 Prosecutor v Lubanga (Judgment on the Appeal of Mr Thomas Lubanga Dyilo Against the Decision on the Defence Challenge to the Jurisdiction of the Court Pursuant to Article 19 (2) (a) of the Statute of 3 October 2006) ICC-01/04–01/06 (OA4), (14 December 2006) (Appeals Chamber)������������������������������������������������������������������ 417 Prosecutor v Lubanga (Decision on the Confirmation of Charges) ICC-01/04– 01/06, (26 January 2007) (Pre-Trial Chamber I)������������������������������������������������������������� 115–120 Prosecutor v Thomas Lubanga Dyilo (Decision on the Confirmation of Charges) ICC-01/04–01/06, (29 January 2007) (ICC, Pre-Trial Chamber I)�������������������������������������� 763 Prosecutor v Lubanga (Decision of the Appeals Chamber on the Joint Application of Victims a/0001/06 to a/0003/06 and a/105/06 Concerning the ‘Directions and Decision of the Appeals Chamber’ of 2 February 2007)) ICC-01/04–01/06–925 (13 June 2007) (Appeals Chamber)��������������������������������������������������������������������������482, 486, 505 Prosecutor v Lubanga (Decision Regarding the Practices Used to Prepare and Familiarise Witnesses for Giving Testimony at Trial) ICC-01/04–01/06, (30 November 2007)�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 417 Prosecutor v Lubanga (Decision on Victims’ Participation) Trial Chamber I, ICC-01/04-01/06-1119 (18 January 2008) ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������487 Prosecutor v Thomas Lubanga Dyilo (Decision on the Consequences of Nondisclosure of Exculpatory Materials Covered by Article 54(3)(e) Agreements) ICC-01/04–01/06 (13 June 2008) (Trial Chamber I)����������������������������������������������������������������49 Prosecutor v Lubanga Dyilo (Judgment on the appeals of the Prosecutor and the Defence against Trial Chamber I’s Decision on Victims’ Participation of 18 January 2008) ICC-01/04-01/06-1432 (11 July 2008) Partly Dissenting opinion of Judge GM Pikis (Appeals Chamber)����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������483 Prosecutor v Lubanga (Transcript) ICC-01/04–01/06-T-107 (26 January 2009) 34–35 (Trial Chamber I) ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������584 Prosecutor v Lubanga Dyilo (Joint Application of the Legal Representatives of the Victims for the Implementation of the Procedure under Regulation 55 of the Regulations of the Court), ICC-01/04-01/06-1891-tENG (22 May 2009) (Trial Chamber I)����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������484 Prosecutor v Thomas Lubanga Dyilo (Judgment on the appeals of Mr Lubanga Dyilo and the Prosecutor against the Decision of Trial Chamber I of 14 July 2009���������������������74, 484 Prosecutor v Lubanga (Decision Reviewing the Registry’s Decision on Legal Assistance for Mr Lubanga), ICC-01/04–01/06–2800 (30 August 2011) (Trial Chamber I)�������������������51

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xiv   table of cases Prosecutor v Lubanga (Judgment Pursuant to Article 74 of the Statute, Separate Opinion of Judge Fulford) ICC-01/04–01/06, (14 March 2012) ����������������������������������������������������������������������������120, 243, 331, 398, 419, 452, 759 Prosecutor v Lubanga [2014] ICC 14 March 2014����������������������������������������������������������������������380 Prosecutor v Ngudjolo Chui (Judgment Pursuant to Article 74 of the Statute, Concurring Opinion of Judge Christine Van den Wyngaert) ICC-01/04–02/12, (8 December 2012) (Trial Chamber II)�������������������������������������������������������������119, 120, 419, 420 Prosecutor v Ntaganda (Reasons for Review of Registrar’s Decision on Defence Resources) ICC-01/04–02/06–389 (29 October 2014) (Trial Chamber VI)���������������������������51 Prosecutor v Omar Hassan Ahmad Al Bashir (Judgment on the Appeal of the Prosecutor Against the ‘Decision on the Prosecution’s Application for a Warrant of Arrest against Omar Hassan Ahmad Al Bashir’) ICC-02/05–01/09, (3 February 2010) (ICC-02/05–01/09, (3 February 2010) (Appeals Chamber)������������������������������������������������� 466 Prosecutor v Ongwen (Judgment on the appeal of the Prosecutor Against the decision of Pre-Trial Chamber II entitled ‘Decision Setting the Regime for Evidence Disclosure and Other Related Matters’) ICC-02/04–01/15–251 (17 June 2015) (Appeals Chamber)������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������54 Ruto - see below in chronological order Prosecutor v Ruto et al (Decision Setting the Regime for Evidence Disclosure and Other Related Matters) ICC-01/09–01/11–44 (06 April 2011) (Pre-Trial Chamber II) ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������54 Prosecutor v Ruto, Kosgey and Sang (Decision of the Confirmation of Charges Pursuant to Article 61(7)(a) and (b) of the Rome Statute) ICC-01/09–01/11, (23 January 2012) (Pre-Trial Chamber II)���������������������������������������������������������������� 116, 124, 331, 418 Prosecutor v Ruto and Sang (Transcript of Opening Statement) ICC-01/09– 01/11-T-27 (10 September 2013) (Trial Chamber V)����������������������������������������������������������������������������������584 Prosecutor v Ruto (Appeals Judgment on Prosecutor’s Application for Witness Summonses and Request for State Party Cooperation) ICC-01/09–01/11–1598, (2014)���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������152 Prosecutor v Ruto & Sang (Public Redacted Version of: Decision on Defence Applications for Judgments of Acquittal) ICC-01/09–01/11 (5 April 2016) (Trial Chamber V) ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������59, 488 Prosecutor v William Samoei Ruto and Joshua Arap Sang (Decision on the Requests Regarding Reparations) ICC-01/09–01/11–2038 (1 July 2016) (Trial Chamber V) ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������488 Prosecutor v Saif Al-Islam Gadaffi & Abdullah Al-Senussi (Decision on the Admissibility of the Case Against Abdullah Al-Senussi) ICC-01/11–01/11, (11 October 2013) (Pre-Trial Chamber I)������������������������������������������������������������������������60, 146, 305 East Timorese Special Panel for Serious Crimes (SPSC) Prosecutor v Carlos Soares Carmona (Judgment) Case No.03 C.G.2000, (8 March 2001–25 April 2001) (UN-ETTA Dist. Ct. Dili, SPSC, Trial Chamber) ������������������������������765

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table of cases   xv International Military Tribunal (Nuremberg) Trial of the Major War Criminals Before the International Military Tribunal, Nuremberg 14 November 1945–1 October 1948, vol II (International Military Tribunal 1947)����������������������136, 142, 143, 401, 410, 494–515, 578, 779 Special Tribunal for Lebanon (STL) Prosecutor v Ayyash and others (Interlocutory Decision on the Applicable Law: Terrorism, Conspiracy, Homicide, Perpetration, Cumulative Charging) STL-11–01/I, (16 February 2011)��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������69, 73 International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) Prosecutor v Akayesu (Judgment) ICTR- 96-4-T, (2 September 1998) (Trial Chamber I)�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 413, 484 Prosecutor v Akayesu (Judgment) ICTR-96-4-A, (1 June 2001)�����������������������������������������������331 Prosecutor v Gacumbitsi (Judgment) ICTR-2001-64-A, (7 July 2006) (Separate Opinion of Judge Schomburg) (Appeals Chamber)���������������������������������������������������������������118 Prosecutor v Bagaragaza (Decision on Rule 11bis Appeal) ICTR-05-86-AR11bis, (30 August 2006) (Appeals Chamber))������������������������������������������������������������������������������������229 Prosecutor v Gacumbitsi (Judgment) ICTR-2001-64-A, (7 July 2006) (Separate Opinion of Judge Schomburg) (Appeals Chamber) ���������������������������������������������118 Prosecutor v Nchamihigo (Judgment), ICTR-2001-63-A, (18 March 2010)���������������������������� 452 Prosecutor v Ngirabatware (Judgement), ICTR-99–54, (20 December 2012)������������������������ 452 Prosecutor v Nsengimana (Judgment), ICTR-01-69-T, (17 November 2009) (Trial Chamber)������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 466 Prosecutor v Nyiramasuhuko and others (Decision in the Matter of Proceedings under Rule 15bis(D)) ICTR-98-42-T, (15 July 2003) (Trial Chamber II)������������������������������� 80 Prosecutor v Rutaganda (Judgment and Sentence), ICTR-96–3, (6 December 1999) (Trial Chamber I)�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������132 Special Court for Sierra Leone (SCSL) Prosecutor v Charles Ghankay Taylor (Trial Transcript) SCSL-2003-01-PT, (13 July 2009) 24294 (Trial Chamber II ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������682, 691 Prosecutor v Issa Hassan Sesay, Morris Kallon, Augustine Gbao (Judgment) SCSL-04-15-T, (2 March 2009) (Trial Chamber)���������������������������������������������������������������������119 Prosecutor v Kallon and Kamara (Decision on Challenge to Jurisdiction: Lomé Accord Amnesty) SCSL-2004-15-AR72(E) and SCSL-2004-16-AR72(E), (13 March 2004)���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������321 Prosecutor v Kondewa (Allieu) (Judgment) SCSL-04-14-T, (2 August 2007) (Trial Chamber I)������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������764 Prosecutor v Monina Fofana and Allieu Kondewa (Judgment) SCSL-04-14-T, (2 August 2007) (Trial Chamber I)������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������764 Prosecutor v Norman and others (Decision on Presentation of Witness Testimony on Moyamba Crime Base) SCSL-04-14-T, (1 March 2005) (Trial Chamber)��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 80 Prosecutor v Sam Hinga Norman (Decision on Preliminary Motion Based on Lack of Jurisdiction (Child Recruitment)) SCSL-2004-14-AR72(E), (31 May 2004) (Appeals Chamber)�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 763

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xvi   table of cases International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTR) Prosecutor v Aleksovski (Judgment) IT-95–14/1 (24 March 2000) (Appeals Chamber) ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 222, 409 Prosecutor v Blaškić (Judgment), IT-95-14-A, (29 July 2004) (Appeals Chamber) �������������� 134 Prosecutor v Brđanin (Judgment) IT-99-36-T, (1 September 2004) (Trial Chamber II)���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 337 Prosecutor v Delalić et al (Judgment), IT-96-21-A, (20 February 2001) (Appeals Chamber) �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������132 Prosecutor v Erdemović (Judgment) IT-96-22-A (7 October 1997), Joint Separate Opinion of Judge McDonald and Judge Vohrah (ICTY, Appeals Chamber) �������������������������������������������������������� 223, 230, 303, 304, 309, 388, 413 Prosecutor v Furundžija (Judgment) IT-95–17/1-T, (10 December 1998) (Trial Chamber)�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������301, 303, 413 Prosecutor v Galić (Separate and Partially Dissenting Opinion of Judge Nieto Navia), IT-98-29-T, (5 December 2003) (Trial Chamber) ����������������������������������������������������463 Prosecutor v Gotovina et al (Judgment), IT-06–90, (15 April 2011) (Trial Chamber) ��������� 466 Prosecutor v Hadžihasanović et al. (Decision on Interlocutory Appeal Challenging Jurisdiction in Relation to Command Responsibility) IT-01-47-AR72, (16 July 2003) (Appeals Chamber)��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 409 Prosecutor v Hadžihasanović and Kubura (Judgment) IT-01-47-T, (15 March 2006) ���������� 412 Prosecutor v Haradinaj et al (Judgment) IT-04-84-T, (3 April 2008) (Trial Chamber I)�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 33 Prosecutor v Jelisić (Judgment) IT-95-10-T, (14 December 1999) (Trial Chamber)������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������416, 509 Prosecutor v Karadžić (Radovan) IT-95–5/18 (Trial Transcript) IT-95–5/18, (29 August 2008: 1 March 2010)��������������������������������������������������������������� 681, 683, 684, 693, 694 Prosecutor v Krajišnik (Judgment), IT-00-39-A, (17 March 2009) (Appeals Chamber.)������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 452 Prosecutor v Krnojelac (Judgment) IT-97–25, (15 March 2002) (Trial Chamber II) ������������369 Prosecutor v Kunarac et al. (Judgment) IT-96-23-T & IT-96–21/1-T, (22 February 2001) (Trial Chamber)����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������301, 369, 370, 806 Prosecutor v Kupreškić and others (Judgment) IT-95-16-T, (14 January 2000) (Trial Chamber)������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 71, 411, 416 Prosecutor v Kupreškić et al. (Judgment), IT-95-16-A, (23 October 2001) (Appeals Chamber)�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������451, 452, 455 Prosecutor v Martić (Judgment), IT-95-11-A, (8 October 2008) (Appeals Chamber)���������� 452 Prosecutor v Milosevic (Dissenting Opinion of Judge David Hunt) IT-0254-AR73.4 (21 October 2003) (Appeals Chamber) ����������������������������������������������������������� 40, 44 Prosecutor v Milošević (Reasons for Decision on Assignment of Defence Counsel) IT-02-54-T, (22 September 2004) (Trial Chamber)���������������������������������������������������������������� 759 Prosecutor v Milošević (Decision on the Interlocutory Appeal of the Trial Chamber’s Decision on the Assignment of Defense Counsel) IT-02-54-AR73.7, (1 November 2004) (Appeals Chamber)���������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 759 Prosecutor v Milutinović et al. (Decision on Dragoljub Ojdanić’s Motion Challenging Jurisdiction—Joint Criminal Enterprise) IT-99-37-AR72, (21 May 2003) (Appeals Chamber)������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 409, 505 Prosecutor v Mrkšić et al. (Judgment), IT-95–13/l-A, (5 May 2009) (Appeals Chamber.)����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 466

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table of cases   xvii Prosecutor v Mucić and others (Judgment) IT-96-21-T, (16 November 1998) (Trial Chamber)��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������75, 806 Prosecutor v Muthaura, Kenyatta and Ali (Decision of the Confirmation of Charges Pursuant to Article 61(7)(a) and (b) of the Rome Statute) ICC-01/09–02/11, (23 January 2012) (Pre-Trial Chamber II)�������������������������������������������������������������������������� 115, 117 Prosecutor v Naletilić and Martinović (Judgment) IT-98–34, (31 March 2003) (Trial Chamber)��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������370 Prosecutor v Simić et al. (Decision on the Prosecutor’s Motion under Rule 73 for a Ruling Concerning the Testimony of a Witness) IT-95-9-PT, (27 July 1999) (Trial Chamber)�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 412 Prosecutor v Simić et al. (Judgement) IT-95-9-T, (17 October 2003) (Trial Chamber II)���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 505 Prosec