The Oxford Handbook of International Refugee Law 9780198848639, 0198848633

Table of contents :
Cover
The Oxford Handbook of International Refugee Law
Copyright
Foreword
Acknowledgements
Contents
List of Abbreviations
Treaties and Other Instruments
Abbreviations
Table of Cases
International Bodies
International Court of Justice
International Criminal Court
International Criminal Tribunals for the Former Yugoslavia and for Rwanda
International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea
Permanent Court of Arbitration
United Nations Committee against Torture
United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women
United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child
United Nations Human Rights Committee
United Nations War Crimes Commission
Regional Bodies
African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights
African Committee of Experts on the Rights and Welfare of the Child
African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights
Court of Justice of the European Union
European Committee of Social Rights
European Court of Human Rights
Inter-AmericanCourt and Commission of Human Rights
National Decisions
Australia
Austria
Bangladesh
Belgium
Bulgaria
Canada
Colombia
Denmark
Ecuador
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hong Kong
India
Ireland
Italy
Kazakhstan
Kenya
Korea
Kyrgyzstan
Malaysia
Mexico
Nauru
The Netherlands
New Zealand
Norway
Papua New Guinea
Philippines
Sierra Leone
South Africa
Switzerland
United Kingdom
United States of America
Venezuela
Table of Instruments
International and Regional Instruments
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)
Executive Committee (ExCom)
National Legislation
Albania
Angola
Argentina
Australia
Bolivia
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Brazil
Brunei
Burundi
Cambodia
Canada
Central African Republic
Chile
China
Colombia
Costa Rica
Ecuador
Egypt
Ethiopia
France
Germany
Greece
Hong Kong
Hungary
Indonesia
Iran
Israel
Japan
Kazakhstan
Kenya
Korea
Kyrgyzstan
Laos
Lebanon
Macau
Macedonia
Malaysia
Mexico
Montenegro
Myanmar
Nairob
The Netherlands
New Zealand
Nicaragu
Norway
Pakistan
Papua New Guinea
Peru
Poland
Portugal
Serbi
Sierra Leone
South Africa
South Korea
Switzerland
Syria
Taiwan
Tajikistan
Tanzania
Turkey
Turkmenistan
Uganda
Ukraine
United Kingdom
United States
Uruguay
Vanuatu
Vietnam
Contributors
Introducing International Refugee Law as a Scholarly Field
1. Introduction
2. History and Praxis of International Refugee Law Scholarship
a. The Emergence of the Scholarly Field
b. International Refugee Law as a Field of Praxis
c. Methodology: Doctrine and Beyond
3. Structure and Content
Part I: International Refugee Law—Reflections on the Scholarly Field
Part II: Sources
Part III: Regional Regimes
Part IV: Access to Protection and International Responsibility-sharing
Part V: The Scope of Refugee Protection
Part VI: Refugee Rights and Realities
Part VII: The End of Refugeehood—Cessation and Durable Solutions
Part VIII: Accountability for Displacement and Refugee Rights Violations
4. The Future Research Agenda: Challenges and Possibilities
Part I: International Refugee Law— Reflections On The Scholarly Field
Chapter 1: International Refugee Law In The Early Years
1. Introduction
a. The League of Nations
b. Matters of International Concern
c. Refugees
2. The League of Nations High Commissioner for Russian Refugees
a. Certificates of Identity and Passports
b. Developing Standards: 1923 and Beyond
i. The Principle of No Compulsory Return
ii. ‘Defining’ Refugees
iii. ‘Protecting’ Refugees
3. The 1933 Convention Relating to the International Status of Refugees
a. Developments after 1933
i. The Institut de Droit International
ii. Political Developments
4. The End of the Early Years
Chapter 2: Race, Refugees, And International Law
1. Introduction
2. Race and Refugees: The Conceptual Terrain
a. Race as Structure
b. Racism, Xenophobia, and Xenophobic Discrimination
3. The Doctrine and Its Enforcement
a. Race and Ethnicity in the Refugee Convention
b. Racial and Xenophobic Discrimination under ICERD
4. Regime Analysis
5. Conclusions: Charting a Research Agenda
Chapter 3: A Feminist Appraisal Of International Refugee Law
1. Introduction
a. Gender Defined
2. Normative Movement(s)
a. Refugee Arrangements Pre-1951
b. Normative Progress
c. Progress Stalled
3. Physical Movement
a. Transit
b. Refugee Reception
c. Resettlement
4. Directions for Future Normative Movement
Chapter 4: Queering International Refugee Law
1. Setting the Scene
2. Integrating SOGI into Refugee Law
3. Ensuring Protection
4. Shaping a Queer International Refugee Law
5. Addressing Specific Needs
6. Looking to the Future
Chapter 5: The Politics Of International Refugee Law And Protection
1. Introduction
2. The Politics of Refugee Construction
3. The Geopolitics of Responses to Displacement
4. The Politics of Compliance and Implementation
5. The Politics of Reputation
6. The Politics of Categorization
7. The Politics of Public Opinion and Domestic Electoral Politics
8. The Politics of Data and Statistics
9. Conclusion
Chapter 6: The Ethics Of International Refugee Protection
1. Introduction
2. Statist Ethics of Refugee Protection
a. Liberal Nationalism
b. Liberal Internationalism
3. Cosmopolitan Ethics of Refugee Protection
a. Agency-centric Views
b. Power-centric Views
c. Postcolonial Views
4. Towards an Ethical Reorientation
Chapter 7: Refugees As Migrants
1. The Problematic Refugee/ Migrant Binary
2. The Voluntary/Forced Migration Binary and the Mounting Barriers Refugees Face to Reach Safety
3. The Limits of Durable Solutions for Refugees and their Consequences
4. International Human Rights Law and the Protection of all Migrants (including Refugees)
5. Freedom of Movement as a Fundamental Right
6. Conclusion
Chapter 8: The Intersection Of International Refugee Law And International Statelessness Law
1. Introduction
2. The Interaction between Statelessness and Forced Displacement
3. International Statelessness Law
4. When a Refugee is also Stateless, or a Stateless Person is also a Refugee
5. Final Observations: The Need for Stronger Dialogue between Two (Sub-)Fields
Part II: Sources
Chapter 9: The Architecture Of The Un Refugee Convention And Protocol
1. The Refugee Convention and Protocol as Interlocking Sources of Obligation
2. Refugee Status as a Non-reservable International Norm
3. Refugee Status as Declaratory
4. Non-exclusive Catalogue of Rights
5. Exceptions and Derogation
6. Rights Acquisition by Attachment
7. Rights Defined by a Mix of Absolute and Contingent Standards
8. State-by State Implementation
Chapter 10: The Office Of The United Nations High Commissioner For Refugees
1. Introduction
2. UNHCR’s Mandate Responsibilities
3. UNHCR’s Operational Functions
4. UNHCR and the Making and Implementation of International Refugee Law
a. International Contexts
b. Regional Contexts
c. National Contexts
5. Conclusion
Chapter 11: Moving Towards an Integrated Approach of Refugee Law and Human Rights Law
1. Introduction
2. The Changing Pattern of Refugee Protection under Public International Law
a. The Original Design of Refugee Protection
b. The Evolution of Refugee Protection
3. A Human Rights-based Approach to Refugee Protection
a. The Conceptual Foundation of the Human Rights-based Approach to Refugee Protection: The Complementarity Model
b. The Normative Content of the Human Rights-based Approach to Refugee Protection: The Acid Test of the Cumulative Application o
4. Conclusion
Chapter 12: International Humanitarian Law And Refugee Protection
1. IHL and Displacement—An (Un)Easy Relationship?
2. Effects of IHL on Global and Regional Refugee Protection Regimes
a. Regime Interaction
b. The Refugee Convention
c. Regional Refugee Definitions: OAU and Cartagena
d. Subsidiary Protection in EU Law
3. The Scope of Application of IHL
a. International Armed Conflicts and Non-international Armed Conflicts
b. Who Classifies Conflicts, and does Classification Matter?
4. Displacement in IHL
a. Context
b. Adherence to IHL, the Principle of Distinction, and Prevention of Displacement
c. Individual Status in Conflict
d. Prevention of Displacement from Conflict
e. Displaced Persons in Conflict
i. ‘Refugees’
ii. Persons in Refugee-like Situations in Occupied Territory
iii. Pre-conflict Refugees
f. (Non-)Refoulement and Repatriation During and Post Conflict
i. Obligations of Parties to the Conflict
ii. Obligations of all High Contracting Parties
5. Concluding Thoughts
Chapter 13: Customary Refugee Law
1. Introduction
a. Customary International Law: A Disputed but Powerful Rule of Law
b. The Restricted Role of International Custom in Refugee Law
2. Non-refoulement
a. Non-refoulement in Article 33(1) of the Refugee Convention
b. An International Custom of Non-refoulement
c. Non-refoulement as Jus Cogens?
3. Temporary Refuge
a. ‘Non-refoulement through Time’
b. An International Custom of Temporary Refuge
4. Asylum
a. The Right to Grant Asylum as a Fettered Right of States
b. Asylum and Non-refoulement
c. The Right to Seek, Enjoy, and Receive Asylum
5. Conclusion
Chapter 14: National Constitutions And Refugee Protection
1. Introduction
2. A Complex Relationship
a. The Text and Context of a National Constitution
b. State Perspectives on International Law
i. The Nature of Legal Systems
ii. Bills of Rights
iii. Supranational Frameworks
c. Constitutional Law and International Refugee Law
i. Foundational Influence of National Constitutions
ii. The Enduring Influence of Constitutional Law
iii. Constitutional Exceptionalism
3. A Taxonomy
a. Symbiosis
b. Ambivalence
c. Antagonism
4. Applying the Taxonomy
a. Symbiosis: Kenya and the Right to Freedom of Movement
i. Constitutional Rights and Freedom of Movement
b. Ambivalence: The Venezuelan Crisis and the Right Work
i. The Venezuelan Refugee Crisis
c. Antagonism: Australia and the Rights to Liberty and Due Process
i. Manus Island: A Tale of Two Constitutions
5. Conclusion
Part III: Regional Regimes
Chapter 15: Regional Refugee Regimes: Africa
1. Introduction
2. Africa as a Region
3. The Treaty Framework
a. The History of the OAU Convention
b. The OAU Convention
c. Human Rights Law
4. The Institutional Framework
5. Contemporary Achievements and Challenges
6. Conclusion
Chapter 16: Regional Refugee Regimes: North America
1. Introduction
2. The North American Refugee Regime: Legal Framework
3. Canada
a. Birth of the Canadian Refugee System
b. Canada Forges Its Own Path: Central America and the
Decision
c. A Retreat to Protectionism
4. United States
a. 1965 Amendments and Ratification of the Protocol
b. Refugee Act of 1980 and Subsequent Legislation
c. IIRAIRA: The Immigration Enforcement Model
5. Mexico
a. The Guatemalan Refugee Migration: Mexico Ratifies the Convention and Protocol
b. Mexico’s Asylum System: Weak Processes, Lack of Resources, and Escalating Violence
6. Contemporary Challenges in the Region
a. Externalization of Borders and Containment Practices
b. Procedural Erosions
7. Conclusion
Chapter 17: Regional Refugee Regimes: Latin America
1. Introduction
2. The Asylum Regime and Sub-regimes in Latin America
3. The Legal Framework for the Protection of Political Asylees and Refugees in Latin America
a. Differences and Similarities between Political Asylees and Refugees
b. Political Asylees
c. Refugees
d. Human Rights
e. National Legislation
4. Institutional Framework
a. Political Asylee Sub-regime
b. Refugee Sub-regime
c. Human Rights Sub-regime
5. Selected Contemporary Challenges
a. National Commissions and Committees on Refugees
b. Venezuela
6. Conclusion
Chapter 18: Regional Refugee Regimes: Middle East
1. Introduction
2. Legal Framework
a. International Refugee Law
b. International Human Rights Law
c. Regional Law
i. Regional Refugee and Asylum Law
ii. Regional Human Rights Law
d. Domestic Law
3. Institutional Framework
a. UNHCR
i. Memoranda of Understanding
ii. Registration, RSD, and Resettlement
b. Courts and Civil Society
4. Contemporary Challenges and Conclusions
Chapter 19: Regional Refugee Regimes: Europe
1. Introduction
2. Asylum in the European Union: Torn between Protection and Deflection
a. Origins and Development of EU Asylum Cooperation
b. A Common European Asylum System: What’s in a Name?
c. EU Asylum Law and the Refugee Convention: Convergence and Divergence
d. Intra-EU Responsibility-sharing In Search of Solidarity
e. Practical Cooperation: From Information Exchange to the Joint Processing of Applications
3. European Refugee Protection and the Council of Europe: Of Human Rights Law and Soft Law
a. The ECtHR and Asylum: An Appraisal
b. Refugee Protection beyond the ECHR
4. The Regional Reach of European Refugee Law: Turkey and Ukraine
a. Turkey: From a Hesitant Participant to a Strategic Protection Actor
b. Ukraine: A Nascent Refugee Protection Regime
5. Conclusion
Chapter 20: Regional Refugee Regimes: Central Asia
1. Introduction
2. Central Asia: What is the ‘Region’ and Who are Its ‘Refugees’?
a. The ‘Region’
b. ‘Refugees’ in the Region
3. The Legal Framework of Central Asian States
4. Institutional Framework and the Effectiveness of International Refugee Law
a. State Asylum Institutions
b. UNHCR
c. Civil Society and Courts
5. Regional Practices in Refugee Protection
a. Kyrgyzstan: The Case of Andijan Refugees
b. Kazakhstan: Extradition of Uzbek and Chinese Mandate Refugees
6. Conclusion
Chapter 21: Regional Refugee Regimes: East Asia
1. Introduction
2. China
a. A Brief History of Refugee Law
b. Law and Practice
i. Domestic Law
ii. Compliance and Gaps with International Refugee Law
c. Institutions
i. Judiciary
ii. Civil Society and UNHCR
3. Japan
a. A Brief History of Refugee Law
b. Law and Practice
i. Domestic Law
ii. Compliance and Gaps with International Refugee Law
c. Institutions
i. Judiciary
ii. Civil Society and UNHCR
4. Korea
a. A Brief History of Refugee Law
b. Law and Practice
i. Domestic Law
ii. Compliance and Gaps with International Refugee Law
c. Institutions
i. Judiciary
ii. Civil Society and UNHCR
5. Conclusion: Comparative Summary
Chapter 22: Regional Refugee Regimes: South Asia
1. Introduction
2. Background
a. The Partition of India, Cartographic Divisions, and the Refugee Regime
b. From the League of Nations to the United Nations
c. A Myth of Difference
3. Examination of Refugeehood in the Subcontinent and Post-Partition Evolution of the ‘Refugee’ Concept
a. Relationship with UNHCR
b. Regional Initiatives
i. Asian-African Legal Consultative Organization (AALCO)
ii. Informal Consultations on Refugee and Migratory Movements
iii. Asia Pacific Consultation on Refugee Rights and the Asia Pacific Refugee Rights Network
iv. Summary
c. State Practice: India
i. Tibetan Refugees in India
ii. Bangladeshi Refugees in India
iii. Sri Lankan Refugees in India
iv. Constitutional Provisions and Case Law
d. State Practice: Pakistan
e. State Practice: Bangladesh
f. State Practice: Nepal
4. Conclusion
Chapter 23: Regional Refugee Regimes: Southeast Asia
1. Introduction
2. Legal Perspectives
a. International
b. Regional
c. National
3. Institutional Framework
4. Challenges
a. The Relationship with the International Refugee Instruments and the Principle of Non-refoulement
b. Detention
c. Inhumane Treatment
d. Birth Registration/Nationality/Statelessness
e. Other Rights
f. Accountability
g. Temporary or Longer Stay
5. Directions
Chapter 24: Regional Refugee Regimes: Oceania
1. Introduction
2. International Refugee Law in Oceania
a. Oceanic States and the International Refugee Law Regime
b. Civil Society in Oceania and the International Refugee Law Regime
c. Reflections on the Extent to which States and Civil Society Engage with the International Refugee Law Regime
3. The Refugee Laws and Policies of Oceania’s Regional Hegemon: Australia
a. Australian Influence in Oceania
4. Pacific Approaches to Displacement
a. Climate-related Displacement in the Pacific
b. Climate-related Movement and Traditional Refugee Frameworks
c. New Perspectives on Displacement in the Pacific
d. Reflections on Climate Change and Regionalism
5. Conclusion
Part IV: Access To Protection And International Responsibilitysharing
Chapter 25: The Sharing Of Responsibilities For The International Protection Of Refugees
1. Introduction
2. Legal Foundations and Conceptual Basis
a. International Legal Sources
b. Approaches to Responsibility-sharing
c. Rationales and Disincentives to Engage in Responsibility-sharing
3. The Global Compact on Refugees
4. The Comprehensive Refugee Response Framework in Africa
5. North and Central America: MIRPS
6. A Basis for Progress?
7. Conclusion
Chapter 26: Protection at Sea and the Denial of Asylum
1. Introduction
2. State Interdiction Powers at Sea
a. Territorial Waters: Quasi-plenary Police Powers
b. Contiguous Zone: Limited Constabulary Functions
c. High Seas: Near-absent Interdiction Prerogatives
3. Search and Rescue Obligations (and Their Intersection with Human Rights and Refugee Law)
a. Search and Rescue Duties of Flag States
b. Search and Rescue Duties of Coastal States
4. Creating Spaces of Non-protection through Interdiction
a. Direct Interdiction: Co-opting Rescue within the US Caribbean Programme
b. Indirect Interdiction: Deflecting Rescue within the Australian ‘Pacific Strategy’
c. Interdiction by Omission: Negating Rescue in the Mediterranean
5. Conclusion
Chapter 27: Extraterritorial Migration Control And Deterrence
1. Introduction
2. The Evolution of Extraterritorial Migration Control
3. The State of International Refugee Law
4. Legal Responses to Extraterritorial Controls
5. Towards a Topographical Approach to Accountability for Extraterritorial Migration Control
6. Conclusions
Chapter 28: The Evolution Of Safe Third Country Law And Practice
1. Introduction
2. Protection and Cooperation as Foundational Principles of Refugee Law
3. European STC Law and Practice
a. Dublin Regulation Transfers
b. Transfer of Responsibility to Non-EU Countries
4. Australian STC Law and Practice
a. The Right to Enter and Reside in a Third Country
b. Offshore Processing
5. STC Law and Practice in the Americas
a. STCA between the US and Canada
b. Asylum Cooperation Agreements between the US and Central American Countries
c. South America: STC Practice in Peru
6. Conclusion
Chapter 29: Smuggling of Migrants and Refugees
1. Introduction
2. Concepts and Terminology
3. The Smuggling of Migrants Protocol
a. Outline and Purpose
b. Saving Clause
c. Criminalization and Offences
d. Carrier Liability
e. Exemptions and Limitations
f. Non-criminalization of Smuggled Migrants
g. Protection of Smuggled Migrants
h. Border Measures
4. Binding Regional Law
5. Observations
Chapter 30: Human Trafficking And Refugees
1. Introduction
2. The Trafficking Regime
3. Victims of Trafficking as Refugees
4. Human Rights Law for Victims of Trafficking
5. Conclusion
Chapter 31: Refugee Status Determination
1. Introduction
2. The Origin and Development of RSD
3. Systemization of RSD
a. Administrative Systemization
b. Mandate RSD
c. Juridification
4. Challenges
a. Limits of Access
b. ‘Refugee Roulette/Lottery’
c. First amongst Equals? RSD as but one Protection Tool
5. Reform
6. Conclusion
Chapter 32: Asylum Procedure
1. Introduction
2. The Refugee Convention and Asylum Procedures
3. Standards for the Determination of Refugee Status
a. Individual versus Prima Facie Recognition of Refugee Status
b. Status Determination by States, by UNHCR, and Jointly by States and UNHCR
c. Soft Law Standards relating to the Refugee Convention
d. Specific Procedural Issues
4. Procedural Standards under Human Rights Treaties
a. The Human Rights Systems: The UN, African, Inter-American, and European Systems
b. Developing a Right to an Asylum Procedure
c. Standards on Asylum Procedures
i. Access to the Asylum Procedure
ii. Screening and Identification of International Protection Needs and Special Needs
iii. Access to Legal Assistance and Representation
iv. Access to Translator or Interpreter
v. Confidentiality of the Procedure
vi. Individualized and Personal Interviews
vii. Information and Length of Proceedings
viii. Burden of Proof
ix. Psychological Assistance during the Procedures
x. Decisions and Appeals Proceedings
xi. Specific Provisions for Children and Adolescents
5. Concluding Remarks on Procedural Safeguards and the Influence of International Human Rights Bodies
Chapter 33: Credibility, Reliability, and Evidential Assessment
1. Introduction
2. Legal Constraints on Evidential Assessment
3. Do We Have Criteria for Credibility?
4. Divergences in Recognition and Empirical Studies of Refugee Adjudication
5. Which Strategy for Credibility Assessment?
Part V: The Scope Of Refugee Protection
Chapter 34: The International And Regional Refugee Definitions Compared
1. Introduction
2. Defining Refugees
a. Universal Refugee Definition
b. African Refugee Definition
c. Latin American Refugee Definition
3. The Definitions Compared and Contrasted
a. ‘Subjective’ versus ‘Objective’ Refugee Definitions
b. Generalized and Indiscriminate Harms
c. Large-scale Movement, Mass Influx and Prima Facie Refugee Status Determination
4. Conclusion
Chapter 35: Unrwa And Palestine Refugees
1. Introduction and Background to Palestinian Displacement and the UN Response
2. UNRWA and Ongoing UN Engagement with Palestine Refugees
3. UNRWA, UNCCP, and UNHCR: The Debate over Protection
4. Palestinian Refugees and the Politics of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) and the Arab Host States
i. Jordan
ii. Lebanon
iii. Syria
iv. West Bank
v. Gaza
5. UNRWA’s Current Challenges and Prospects for the Future
Chapter 36: Complementary Protection
1. Introduction
2. Scope and Content
3. Particular Issues
a. The Impact of Subsidiary Protection on Refugee Law and Protection
b. Risk of Generalized Violence or Armed Conflict
c. Children’s Protection Needs
d. Domestic Carve-outs
4. Threshold or ‘Standard of Proof’
5. Exclusion from Complementary Protection
6. Conclusion
Chapter 37: Temporary Protection And Temporary Refuge
1. Introduction
a. Qualification
b. Standards of Treatment
c. Termination and Solutions
2. Temporary Refuge: Concept, Practice, Principle?
3. Temporary Protection: From Flexibility to Predictability?
4. Temporary Refuge/Protection Today and Directions for Further Research
Chapter 38: The Internal Protection Alternative
1. Introduction
2. Conceptualizing the Internal Protection Alternative
3. History and Development of the Internal Protection Alternative
4. Applicable Criteria
a. Conditions within the Putative IPA
b. Can an IPA Exist when the State is the Agent of Persecution?
c. Actors of Protection and the IPA
d. The Relevance of the IPA’s Durability59
5. A Treaty-based Approach
a. The IPA Must Be Accessible to the Applicant
b. There Must Be Effective Protection from the Original Risk of Persecution
c. There Must Be No New Risk of Being Persecuted or of
6. The Benefits of a Treaty-based Approach
7. Conclusion
Chapter 39: Exclusion
1. Introduction
2. Background to Article 1F
3. Content of Article 1F
a. Article 1F(a)
b. Article 1F(b)
c. Article 1F(c)
d. Burden and Standard of Proof
e. Participation
f. Proportionality
4. Regional Variations
a. Africa
b. Europe
5. Conclusion
Chapter 40: Women In Refugee Jurisprudence
1. Introduction
2. Well-founded Fear
3. Being Persecuted
a. Serious Harm
b. State Protection
4. Reasons for Persecution
5. Nexus
6. Exclusion
7. Conclusions
Chapter 41: Refugee Children
1. Introduction
2. The International Legal Framework
3. A Threshold Question: Who Is a ‘Child’?
4. The Application of the Refugee Definition to Children
5. The CRC as a Source of Protection Status
6. Appropriate Protection and Humanitarian Assistance
7. Durable Solutions
8. Family Reunification
9. Conclusions
Chapter 42: Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity in Refugee Claims
1. Introduction
2. Overview
3. The Yawning Divide: Law Says versus Admin Does
4. Sexuality and Gender Identity Claims as Paradigm
5. Conclusion
Chapter 43: Protecting Refugees With Disabilities
1. Refugees, Disabilities, and Displacement
2. Refugees with Disabilities as Rights Bearers
3. Disability and the Refugee Convention
a. Refugees with Disabilities and Non-refoulement
b. The Duty of ‘Reasonable Accommodation’
c. Well-founded Fear
d. ‘Persecution’
e. ‘For Reasons of ’ and the Convention Grounds
4. Refugee Status Determination Processes
a. Capacity and Credibility
b. ‘Reasonable Accommodation’ of Disability in Status Determination Processes
5. Durable Solutions for Refugees with Disabilities
Chapter 44: Stateless Refugees
1. Introduction
2. ‘Not Having A Nationality’ in the Refugee Definition
a. Statelessness in International Refugee Law: A Technical or Humanitarian Issue?
b. The Significance of Statelessness in the Refugee Definition
c. ‘Not Having A Nationality’ in International Refugee Law: In Search of a Principled Approach
3. The Sequel to ‘Not Having A Nationality’ in the Refugee Definition
a. A Single Test for Refugee Status: Well-founded Fear of Being Persecuted
b. Country of Reference: ‘Country of Former Habitual Residence’
c. Non-returnability to that Country as an Eligibility Requirement and/or an Act of Persecution
d. Well-founded Fear of Being Persecuted
i. Denial of Nationality
ii. Withdrawal of Nationality
iii. Denial of Civil and Political Rights and/or Socio-economic Rights
4. Having an ‘Ineffective’ Nationality: The Discredited Notion of De Facto Statelessness
5. Naturalization and Stateless Refugees
6. Conclusion
Chapter 45: Conflict Refugees
1. Introduction
2. Understanding Conflicts for the Purpose of Refugee Protection
3. Refugee Convention
a. Historical Context
b. Challenges
c. Individualization
d. Persecution
e. For Reasons of Race, Religion, Nationality, Membership of a Particular Group, or Political Opinion
f. Internal Flight Alternative
4. Regional Refugee Criteria
5. Conclusion
Chapter 46: Displacement In The Context Of Climate Change And Disasters
1. Introduction
2. Internally Displaced Persons
3. International Refugee Law
4. Human Rights Law
5. Issues of Timing
6. Statelessness
7. International Policymaking and Standard-setting
8. Conclusion
Chapter 47: Internal Displacement
1. Introduction
2. The Normative Framework
3. Notions: IDPs and Refugees Compared
4. IDP Protection as Human Rights Protection
5. The Subsidiary Role of the International Community
6. Ending Displacement: Towards Convergence?
7. Outlook
Part VI: Refugee Rights And Realities
Chapter 48: The Right To Asylum
1. Introduction
2. The Relationship between Asylum and Refugee Status
3. Asylum and International Protection
4. The Right to Seek Asylum in International Instruments
a. What is the Right to Seek Asylum?
b. The Right to Enjoy Asylum
c. Identifying the Scope of the Right
d. The Changing Nature of the UDHR?
5. The Right to Asylum in Regional Instruments
6. Conclusion
Chapter 49: National Constitutions And The Right To Asylum
1. Introduction
2. The Evolution of a Constitutional Right to Asylum
3. The Potential and the Limitations of a Constitutional Right to Asylum
4. The Constitutional Right to Asylum in Latin America
a. Ecuador
b. Mexico
i. Challenge to the 30-day Deadline for Filing Asylum Claims
ii. Deportation of Guatemalan Asylum Seeker
iii. COMAR’s Delayed Processing of Asylum Claims
5. Conclusion
Chapter 50: Non-refoulement
1. Introduction
2. Sources of the Obligation of Non-refoulement: Treaty Law
3. Beneficiaries of the Obligation
4. Non-refoulement in Customary International Law
5. Content and Scope of the Obligation of Non-refoulement
6. Extraterritorial Scope of the Prohibition on Refoulement: Practice, Scholarship, and Case Law
7. Non-refoulement and Diplomatic Asylum
8. Constructive or Disguised
9. Conclusion
Chapter 51: Non-penalization AND NON-CRIMINALIZATION
1. Introduction
2. Article 31 of the Refugee Convention
a. An ‘Object and Purpose’ of the Refugee Convention
b. Elements of Article 31
c. Implementation of Article 31
3. The Criminalization of Irregular Migration under International Human Rights Law
4. A General Principle of Non-penalization
5. Conclusion
Chapter 52: The Right To Liberty
1. Introduction
2. Some History and Context
a. A Hallmark of the Rule of Law
b. The Foreigner, Sovereignty, and the Right to Liberty
c. Making International Human Rights and Refugee Law
d. The Cold War
e. A ‘New Wall Order’
3. International Standards
a. The International Legal Architecture
b. Jurisprudential Developments in Immigration Detention
c. Expanding International Refugee Law’s Contextual Vision
4. Rationalization
a. Criminalization
b. Securitization
5. Looking Ahead
a. (Mis)using Fragile Legal Identities
b. A Paucity of Data
c. A Possible Research Trajectory
6. Conclusion
Chapter 53: The Right To Work
1. Introduction
2. The Right to Work in International Human Rights Law
a. The Dual Value of the Right to Work
b. The Substantive Scope of the Right to Work in ICESCR
c. The Personal and Geographic Scope of the Right to Work in ICESCR
d. The Right to Work under the Refugee Convention
3. The Right to Work in Regional Human Rights Law
a. The African Charter of Human and Peoples’ Rights
b. The Inter-American System
c. The Council of Europe System
i. European Social Charter
ii. Systemic Integration of the Right to Work into the ECHR
4. Contesting Work Rights Restrictions
a. Litigating the Right to Work
b. Leveraging the Right to Work
i. Turkey
ii. Jordan
iii. Ethiopia
iv. Assessment
5. Conclusion
Chapter 54: The Right To Education
1. Refugee Education: Background and Context
2. Obligations for Refugee Education: A Multi-scalar View
a. Refugees’ Right to Education
i. Legal Obligations under International Human Rights Law
ii. Legal Obligations under the Refugee Convention
iii. Soft Law and Policy Commitments
b. National Implementation
c. Local Implementation
i. Uganda, 2003
ii. Kenya, 2013
iii. Lebanon, 2016
d. Monitoring and Enforcement
3. Future Directions
Chapter 55: The Right To Family Reunification
1. Introduction
2. The Rights to Family Life and Family Unity
a. International Human Rights Law
b. Regional Human Rights Protections
3. The Right to Family Reunification
a. International Human Rights
b. Regional Human Rights Protections
4. Refugee Family Reunification in Practice
a. Family Definition Applied
b. Documenting and Proving Family Membership
c. Income, Accommodation, and Other Requirements
d. Restrictions Based on Status and Other Legal Obstacles
e. Practical Obstacles
5. Children and Family Reunification
a. Child Members of a Refugee’s Family
b. Unaccompanied Child Refugees
6. Conclusion
Chapter 56: The Digital Transformation Of Refugee Governance
1. Introduction
2. UNHCR Data Governance: A Legalized Accountability Deficit for Digital Bodies?
3. Legal Identity
4. Databases and Knowledge Management
5. Digitizing Protection Procedures: Credibility Assessments and Due Process
6. Conclusion
Part VII: The End Of Refugeehood— Cessation And Durable Solutions
Chapter 57: Cessation
1. Introduction
2. Article 1C(1)–(4)
3. Article 1C(5)
a. UNHCR’s Role and Procedural Clarity
b. Assessing the Applicability of Article 1C(5)
c. Exemption
4. The ‘Ceased Circumstances’ Cessation Clauses in Relation to Stateless Persons
5. Future Applications
Chapter 58: Refugee Naturalization and Integration
1. Naturalization and Integration in Context
2. The Rights/Citizenship Conundrum: Does Naturalization Matter to Refugees?
3. Naturalization: Past and Contemporary Challenges
a. The Nature of the Article 34 Obligation
b. Forced/Semi-forced Naturalization?
c. Assimilation
d. Plural Citizenship
e. Intergenerational Refugeehood and Statelessness
4. Naturalization: Global North–Global South Divergences
a. Regional Instruments, Reservations to Article 34, and State Practice
b. Resistance to Naturalization
5. Challenges of (Local) Integration
a. The Tri-dimensional Conceptualization of (Local) Integration
b. Intra-State Freedom of Movement
c. ‘Self-reliance Meets Mixed Messaging in Protracted Refugee Situations
6. Conclusion
Chapter 59: Reimagining Voluntary Repatriation
1. Introduction
2. UNHCR’s Concept of ‘Voluntary Repatriation’
a. Voluntary Repatriation Is Part of International Protection
b. Overall Legal Framework
c. Timing
d. Limitations
3. Practice
a. Timing
4. Back to the Origins: Post Second World War
5. Reimagining Voluntary Repatriation
Chapter 60: Resettlement
1. Introduction
2. A Brief History of Resettlement: From the Pilgrims of Plymouth to Asylum ‘Trade-offs
a. Early Refugee Population Movements
b. Resettlement in the Inter-war Years
c. The War and Aftermath
d. Resettlement and the Cold War Era
e. Resettlement since the 1990s
3. Contemporary Resettlement Practices in Critical Perspective
a. Sovereignty, Resettlement, and Asylum
b. Resettlement Decision-making
c. National Integration Regimes
4. Conclusion
Chapter 61: Onward Migration
1. Introduction
2. Definitions
3. Seeking Asylum and Onward Migration
4. Dublin III and Onward Migration
5. Refugee Rights and Onward Migration
6. Using Migration as an Alternative Solution
7. Conclusion: Structural Asymmetry of Borders in a Mobile World
Chapter 62: Restitution and Other Remedies for Refugees and Internally Displaced Persons
1. Introduction
2. The Rise of Restitution as the Primary Remedy for Displacement: Context and Dynamics
3. Developing Norms on Redress for Refugees and IDPs: Focus on HLP Restitution
a. UN Resolutions and Peace Agreements
b. IDP Standards
c. The UN Principles on Housing and Property Restitution for Refugees and Displaced Persons (Pinheiro Principles)
4. Key Challenges
a. Data Collection and Evidentiary Standards
b. Balancing the Rights of ‘Secondary Occupants’ and People in Protracted Displacement
c. Mitigating Risks
d. The Influence of Gender, Class, and Other Power Structures on Redress
e. Remedies beyond HLP Restitution
5. Conclusion
Chapter 63: The Responsibility Of Armed Groups Concerning Displacement
1. Introduction
2. International Refugee Law
a. State Responsibility for Persecution by NSAGs
b. State Responsibility for Protection by NSAGs
3. Direct Obligations and Responsibility of NSAGs: Refugee Law and IHRL
4. NSAGs as Providers of Refugee Protection
5. International Humanitarian Law
a. Displacement in NIAC
i. Internal Displacement
ii. Cross-border (External or Internal) Displacement
b. Non-refoulement in NIAC
6. Internally Displaced Persons
7. Accountability
a. ‘Group’ Responsibility
b. International Criminal Law
8. Conclusion: Developing Norms and Enhancing Compliance
Chapter 64: The Accountability Of International Organizations In Refugee And Migration Law
1. Introduction
2. Responsibility and International Organizations: The Bird’s-Eye View
3. An Overview of the ARIO
4. Triggering Responsibility
5. Mechanisms
6. Concluding Remarks
Chapter 65: Border Crimes As Crimes Against Humanity
1. Introduction
2. Interpreting ‘Crimes against Humanity’
3. Against Weaponizing Humans
4. Against Structural Violence
5. ‘Cosmopolitics’
6. Conclusion
Index