Etymological Dictionary of Egyptian: A Phonological Introduction (Handbook of Oriental Studies/Handbuch Der Orientalistik) [1] 9004115382, 9789004115385

Citation preview

ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY OF EGYPTIAN

HANDBUCH DER ORIENTALISTIK HANDBOOK OF ORIENTAL STUDIES ERSTE ABTEILUNG

DER NAHE UND MITTLERE OSTEN THE NEAR AND MIDDLE EAST HERAUSGEGEBEN VON

H. ALTENMULLER . B. HROUDA . B.A. LEVINE· R.S. O'FAHEY K.R. VEENHOF . C.H.M. VERSTEEGH

ACHTUNDVIERZIGSTER BAND

ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY OF EGYPTIAN

ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY OF EGYPTIAN Volume One: A Phonological Introduction BY

GABOR TAKACS

BRILL LEIDEN· BOSTON· KOLN 1999

This book is printed on

acid-fr~~

papn

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Takacs, Gabor. Etymological dictionary of Egyptian / by Gabor Takacs. p. rm. - (Handbuch d~r Ori~ntalistik. Erstr Abteilung, ISSN 0169-9423 ; 48. Bd., I.) ISBN 9004115382 I. Egyptian languagr Etymology-.. Dirtionaries. I. Title. PJ 1351.135 1999 493'.12'0321 ... dc21 99-046288

CIP

Die Deutsche Bibliothek - CIP-Einheitsaufnalune Takacs, Gabor Etymological dictionary of Egyptian / by Gabor Takacs. -- Leidrn ; Boston; Ktjln : Brill (Handbook of Oriental studies: Ab!. I. The Near and Middle East; Bd.48) ISBN 90-04-11539-0 VoL I. A phonological introduction." 1999 ISB;'II 90 04115382

Handbuch der Orientalistik.

Lriden; Boston ; Koln

Brill.

Teilw. hrsg. von H. A1tenmOllcr. Tcilw. hrsg. von B. Spulcr. Litcraturangaben Tcilw. mit Parallel!.: Handbook of oriental studies

ISSN 0169-9423 ISBN 90 04115382

© Copyright 1999 by Itiminklijke Brill, Leiden, TIe Netherlands All rZ[1,hts men'ed. No part if this publication mqv be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieml s}'Stem, or tranfmitteri in any form or ~}' ar~v means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or othero.'i.re, without prior written permission jrom the publisher. Authorization to photocopy itemsjor internal or personal use is granted bJl Brill provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to TIe COPYrZ[1,hl Clearance Center, 222 ROJewood Dril1e, Suite 910 Danz'eTS MA 01923, {,'.~:.J.. Fees are subject to change. PRINTED IN THE NETHERL\;\1()S

In memoriam I. M. D'jakonov (1915-1999)

CONTENTS

Foreword .................................................................................... Acknowledgements .. ...... ..... ................................ ...... ................... Abbreviations, sigla and transcription .. .................................... Abbreviations of languages, language periods ... ...... ............. Other frequently abbreviated terms and expressions .......... Abbreviations of names of frequently quoted authors .... .... Signs used specially in the etymological entries .................. Transcription ............................. ................ ............... ..............

IX Xl XIV XIV

xv XVI XVII XVll

1. Periods of studying lexical affinities among Egyptian, Semitic, and other Afro-Asiatic languages ....................... .

1.

II. Classification of Egyptian and the Afro-Asiatic language family ....................................................................................

9

III. Some problems of Egyptian's position within Afro-Asiatic and among African languages ............................................ Egyptian and Chadic .................. ............................. .... ....... Egyptian and Semitic .......................................................... Egyptian and the African language families ....................

35 35 36 38

Homeland question

. ............... ...... ......... ............... ... ...... .....

46

IV. The Old Egyptian consonant system and Afro-Asiatic .... Regular consonant correspondences between Egyptian and Afro-Asiatic .................. ....... ............... ...... ...... .............. Eg. 3 .................................................................................... Eg. j ...................................................................................... Eg. c •..•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••.• Eg. w .................................................................................... Eg. b .................................................................................... Eg. p .................................................................................... Eg.f .................................................................................... Eg.m .................................................................................. Eg. n .................................................................................... Eg. r ....................................................................................

49 49 50 78

92 99 103 109 114 119 124 136

CONTENTS

Vlll

Eg. h Eg.1). Eg. b Eg. h Eg. z Eg. s Eg. S Eg. q Eg. k Eg. g Eg. t Eg. ! Eg. d Eg. Q Regular consonant correspondences between Egyptian, Semitic and other Afro-Asiatic branches ..... ....... ............ The Old Egyptian consonant system ............................ The problem of Egyptian 3 ............................................ The problem of Old Egyptian nand *1 ...................... Further questions ..............................................................

143 148 157 171 176 187 202 210 216 221 227 234 240 249 263 271 273 275 277

V. Occasional, seemingly irregular consonant correspondences ................................................................

279

VI. Incompatibility, assimilation and dissimilation ..............

323

VII. The Egypto-Semitic consonant correspondences as set up by Rossler and his followers ....................................

333

VIII. The law of Bclova

394

Bibliography .. ..... ...... ............. ...... ............ ............................ .... ....

40 I

FOREWORD

I think it is not necessary to emphasize the urgent need for an etymological dictionary of Egyptian. The compilation of the present work was provoked by the painful lack of an etymological .rynthesis comprising the entire Ancient Egyptian root material since F. von Calice's "Grundlagen" (1936). The start of my systematic work on the project for the present dictionary in 1994 was greatly motivated also by the unfortunate circumstance that-with the exception of three outstanding philologists and linguists (W. Vycichl, W. A. Ward, C. T. Hodge)-Egyptian philology and linguistics showed less interest than ever towards the problems of a linguistic comparison between Egyptian and its Afro-Asiatic relatives in the second half of the 20th century until the 1990s (the renaissance of the Rosslerian school in Egyptian linguistics). This lack of interest is doubly unfortunate because the last four or five decades of the 20th century witnessed extraordinary progress in Afro-Asiatic comparative and descriptive linguistics. It is high time that Egyptian linguistics takes again its worthy role in the work of Afro-Asiatic linguistics (which has not hitherto been carried out by specialists in Egyptian linguistics). Nowadays we know much more about the phonological system and lexicon of the related modern African (Berber, Cushitic, Omotic, and Chadic) branches of Afro-Asiatic and their connection to the branches of ancient docu-

mentation: Semitic and Egyptian. These new results will also have a great impact on Egyptian etymological research. The most fundamental aim pursued throughout my work was to present and analyze the external parallels of the Egyptian lexical material, using all the new results in Afro-Asiatic comparative studies. It is probable that my work will somewhat disappoint those philologically oriented scholars who might expect me to lay emphasis on the philological and textual background of the discussed Egyptian roots. I must stress right at the start that my work does not and was not intended to serve such purposes. A comprehensive survey of the AfroAsiatic background of the well-described Egyptian roots is a huge task in itself. A synthesis of the internal Egyptian lexicographical literature is desirable but it can be accomplished only in the framework of another great project. I firmly believe that Egyptian philology

x

FOREWORD

will be able to undertake this serious challangc in the next few decades. I hope that the present dictionary will contribute to the MroAsiatic comparative lexicon and increase our knowledge about the Afro-Asiatic character of Egyptian. Throughout my work (esp. in the dictionary part beginning with vol. 2) I placed great emphasis on presenting all alternative views about Egyptian historical phonology and all alternative etymologies (both possible and unacceptable ones) of the discussed Egyptian roots, so that the interested reader may form his/her own opinion and decide which solution to accept-independently from my own suggestions and orientation. I believe this method is the correct approach which may lead us to finding definite solutions to the obscure and undecided questions of Egyptian historical phonology and etymology. I would like the "Etymological Dictionary of Egyptian" (EDE) to serve as a thesaurus, a standard collection of Egypto-Afro-Asiatic etymologies. I dedicate my work to the memory of Igor' M. D'jakonov.

G.T. Szekesfehervar, May 1999

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Acknowledgements are due to the following linguists for sending me several inaccessible works, for their valuable suggestions and personal communications: Dr. D. Appleyard (SOAS, London, UK), Prof. M. Bechhaus-Gerst (Institut fur Afrikanistik, Universitat zu Kaln, Germany), Prof. A. G. Belova (Institute of Oriental Studies, Moscow, Russia), Prof. M. L. Bender (Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois, USA), Dr. V. BlaZek (Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia), Dr. A. R. Bomhard (Charleston, South Carolina, USA), Prof. S. Chaker (INALCO, Paris, France), Dr. R. Cosper (St. Mary's University, Halifax, Canada), Dr. L. Depuydt (Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA), tAcad. Prof. I. M. D'jakonov (Institute of Oriental Studies, St. Petersburg, Russia), Prof. A. Dolgopolsky (University of Haifa, Israel), Prof. Ch. Ehret (University of California, Los Angeles, California), Prof. Z. Frajzyngier (University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA), Mr. P. Gaboda (Museum of Fine Arts, Budapest, Hungary), Dr. A. Haruna (University of Bayreuth, Germany), Prof. R. Hayward (SOAS, London, UK), Dr. I. Hegedus (JPTE, Pees, Hungary), tprof. C. T. Hodge (Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA), Prof. G. Hudson (University of Michigan, East Lansing, Michigan, USA), Dr. D. Ibriszimow (Johann Wolfgang GoetheUnivcrsitat, Frankfurt am Main, Germany), Prof. H. Jungraithmayr

(Johann Wolfgang Gocthe-Universitat, Frankfurt am Main, Germany), Dr. F. Kammerzell (University of Gattingen, Germany), Prof. A. S. Kaye (California State University, Fullerton, USA), Prof. M. Lamberti (University of Trieste, Italy), Prof. W. Leslau (University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA), Dr. H. Meyer-Bahlburg (University of Hamburg, Germany), Dr. K. Nait-Zerrad (Institut fur Afrikanistik, Kaln, Germany), Prof. P. Newman (Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA), Prof. K.-G. Prasse (Vcerlose, Denmark), Prof. E. Reiner (Oriental Institute, Chicago, Illinois, USA), Prof. H..j. Sasse (Institut fur Mrikanistik, Kaln, Germany), Prof. H. Satzinger (Kunsthistorisches Museum, Wien, Austria), Dr. Th. Schneider (University of Basel, Switzerland), Prof. R. G. Schuh (University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA), Prof. N. Skinner (Madison, Wisconsin, USA), Dr. O. V. Stolbova (Oriental Institute, Moscow, Russia), Dr. D. Testen

XlI

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

(University of Chicago, Illinois, USA), Prof. M. Tosco (Istituto Universitario Orientale di Napoli, Italy), Prof. H. Tourneux (CNRS LLAC AN , Meudon, France), Prof. W. Vycichl (Geneve, Switzerland), Dr. R. Wente-Lukas (German Leather and Shoe Museum, Offenbach, Germany), Prof. E. Wolff (University of Leipzig, Germany), Prof. A. Zaborski (jagello University, Krakow, Poland & Universitat zu Wien, Austria). I wish to thank especially the outstanding and enthusiastic support yielded for my work (in alphabetical order) by Dr. Appleyard, Prof. Bender, Dr. Blazek, tProf. D'jakonov, Prof. Dolgopolsky, Prof. Hodge, Prof. Jungraithmayr, Prof. Skinner, Dr. Testen, and Prof. Zaborski. I am indebted to Prof. M. L. Bender for correcting the English of my manuscript. It is my pleasure to express my thanks to Patricia Radder (Brill, Leiden) for her patient and careful work on the publication of this dictionary. I have to mention my teachers who introduced me the study of ancient and modern oriental languages at the Eotvos Lonlnd University (Hungary): Dr. M. Biro, Dr. E. GaM, Acad.]. Harmatta, Acad. L. Kakosy, Prof. U. Luft, Dr. M. Negyesi, Prof. Cs. Tottossy, Prof. A. Wajahat, tProf. v. Wessetzky. I have to mention the occasional help of some other colleagues (in alphabetical order): Editors of Anthropos (Sankt Gallen, Germany), Prof.]. S. Cooper (johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA), Mr. S. Lehmann (University of Leipzig, Germany), Miss K. Maciuszak (jagello University, Krakow, Poland), Drs. A. Mengozzi (Leiden University, The Netherlands), Dr. V. V. Shishkin (Russian National Library, St. Petersburg, Russia), Prof. M. Stachowski (jagello University, Krakow, Poland), Prof. S. A. Starostin (Moscow, Russia), Dr. T. Szucs (jPTE, Pecs, Hungary), Prof. V. A. Vinogradov (Institute of Linguistics, Moscow, Russia), Miss]. Wagstaffe and Dr. L. HolfordStrevens (Oxford, UK). During my work I received much unselfish help with various technical problems etc. from (in alphabetical order) Mr.]. Bornemissza (Szekesfehervar, Hungary), Mrs. A. Huber (ARf~V Printing Works, Szekesfehervar, Hungary), Department of Periodicals and Copy Service of the Library of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (Budapest, Hungary), Mr. L. K6rosi (Szekesfehervar, Hungary), Lanczos-Szekfu Foundation (City Hall of Szekesfehervar, Hungary), Mrs. I. M. Kugaenko (Moscow, Russia), Mrs. L. A. Mocavova (Institute of Oriental Studies,

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Xlll

St. Petersburg, Russia), Dr. I. Nagy and Dr. T. Warwasovsky (Mayors of Szekesfehervar, Hungary), Dr. M. Negyesi (Institute of IndoEuropean Studies, ELTE, Budapest, Hungary), Dr. E. A. Rezvin (Institute of Oriental Studies, St. Petersburg, Russia), Soros Foundation (Budapest, Hungary and Prague, Czechia), Prof Cs. T6tt6ssy (Institute of Indo-European Studies, ELTE, Budapest, Hungary). May this dictionary stand as a proof of my gratitude to my parents for their support.

ABBREVIATIONS, SIGLA AND TRAKSCRIPTION

ABBREVIATIONS OF LANGUAGES, LANGUAGE PERIODS (A): Ahmimic, AA: Afro-Asiatic (Afrasian, Hamito-Semitic), AKK.: Akkadian, ALB.: Albanian, ALG.: Alagwa, AMH.: Amhara, AMOR.: Amorite, ANAT.: Anatolian, AR.: Arabic, hAM.: Aramaic (SYR.: Syrian, JUD.: Judeo-, BIBL.: Biblical), ARM.: Armenian, Av.: Avestan, (B) Bohairic, BALT.: Baltic, BED.: Bedawye, BRB.: Berber (Libyo-Guanche), BRG.: Burunge, C: Central, CAUC.: Caucasian, CELT.: Celtic, CH.: Chadic, CLASS.: classical, CPT.: Coptic, CT: Coffin Texts, Cu.: Cushitic, DGQ.: Tadghaq, DHL.: Dahalo, E: East, EBL.: Eblaite, EG.: Egyptian, ENG.: English, ESA: Epigraphic South Arabian, ETH.: Ethiopian, (F): Fayyumic, FR.: French, FU: Fenno-Ugric, GDM.: Ghadames, GEORG.: Georgian, GERM.: German, GK.: Greek, GMC.: Germanic, GR: Greek and Roman Period, GRW.: Gorowa, GUR.: Gurage, H: High(land), HATT.: Hattie ("Proto-Hittite"), HBR.: Hebrew, HGR.: Ahaggar (Tahaggart), HITT.: Hittite, HRS.: Harsusi, HU: Hurro-Urartean, HUNG.: Hungarian, HURR.: Hurrian, IE: Indo-European, INDO-IR.: IndoIranian, IR.: Iranian, IRQ.: Iraqw, JEW.: Jewish, JBL./JIB.: Jibbali, JUD.: Judeo-, KART.: Kartvelian (South Caucasian), KORD.: Kordofan, L: Late or Low(land), LAT.: Latin, LIB.: Libyan, LIHY.: Lihyanic, LIN. B: Linear B, LITH.: Lithuanian, LP: Late Period, LYc.: Lycian, LYD.: Lydian, M: Middle, MAG.: magical texts, MND.: Mandaean, MATH.: mathematical papyri, MED.: medical texts, MER.: Meroitic, MHR.: Mehri, MK: Middle Kingdom, MSA: Modern South Arabian, MTL.: Motylinski, N: North, NC: Niger-Congo, NE: New Egyptian, NIL.: Nilotic, NK: New Kingdom, NSTR.: Nostratic, NS: Nilo-Saharan, NSL.: Taneslemt, NUM.: Numidian, 0: Old, OIND.: Old Indic = Sanskrit, OIR.: Old Irish, OK: Old Kingdom, OM.: Omotic, OSA: Old South Arabian, OT: Old Testament, P: Proto, PAL.: Palestinian, PB: Post-Biblical, PEHL.: Pehlevi, PERS.: Persian, PT ~ }>YR.: Pyramid Texts, !'TOL.: Ptolemaid period, QBL.: Qabyle, QTB.: Qatabanian, QWD.: Qwadza, REG.: regular, Russ.: Russian, SAMAR.: Samaritanean, S: South, (S): Sahidic, SA: Saho-Afar, SAB.: Sabaean, SEM.: Semitic, SHR.: Shahri (Shawri), SID.: Sidamo, SL.: Slavic, SOM.: Somali, SQT. ~

ABBREVIATIONS, SIGLA AND TRANSCRIPTION

XV

SOQ.: Soqotri, SPAN.: Spanish, ST: Sino-Tibetan, SUD.: Sudanic, SUM.:

Sumerian, SYR.: Syriac, TALM.: Talmudic, TARG.: Targum, TRG.: Tuareg, UG.: Ugaritic, UR.: Uralic, URART.: Urartean, \V: West, WLM.: Tawllemmet.

OTHER FREQUENTLY ABBREVIATED TERMS AND EXPRESSIONS abl.: ablative, abbr.: abbreviation or abbreviated, ace.: accusative, acc. to: according to, act.: actually, adj.: adjective, adv.: adverb, Afr.: African, ahnl.: ahnliches, ahnlich (Wb), aor.: aorist, AP: areal parallels in extra-Afro-Asiatic African or other language families; assim.: assimilation, assimilated, aux.: auxiliary, bes.: besonders (Wb), Bez.: Bezeiehnung (\Vb) , bicons.: biconsonantal, eaus.: causative, colI.: collective, dat.: dative, dem.: demonstrative, denom.: denominal or denominative, dep.: dependent, det.: determinative, deverb.: deverbal, deverbative, dgl.: desgleichen, dergleichen (\Vb), dial.: dialect, dials.: dialects, dissim.: dissimilation, dissimilated, DN: divine name, name of god, eigtl.: eigentlich (Wb), esp.: especially, excI.: exclusive, f: feminine, fern.: feminine, fn.: footnote, fut.: future, gen.: genitive or general(ly), GW Igr.-wr.: group-writing, hab.: habitual, habitative, hier.lhrgI.: hieroglyph(ic sign), hrt.: hieratic, ideogr.: idegram, ideoph.: ideophonic, imp(e)r.: imperative, impf.: imperfect, incl.: inclusive, indep.: independent, inf.: infinitive or infirmae, instr.: instrumenti or instrumental, int.: intentional, intens.: intensive, interj.: inte~jection, interrog.: interrogative, intr.: intransitive, irreg.: irregular, iter.: iterative, juss.: jussive, 19.: language, 19s.: languages, lit.: literature or literally, loe.: locative, m: masculine, mase.: masculine, med.: medium, medial, n: neutrum, n.: noun, NB: nota bene, neg.: negative, negation, nom.: nominative, o.a.: oder ahnlichl -es (\Vb), obI.: oblique case (casus obliquus), onom.: onomatopoetic, orig.: originally, Ostr.: Ostracon, Pap.: Papyrus, par.: parallel, part.: participle, pass.: passive, p.e. ~ pers. comm.: personal communication, pers.: person(al), pf.: perfect, phon.: phonetic, pI.: plural, PN: personal name, poss.: POSsessive, postp.: postposition, prep.: preposition, pres.: present, pret.: preterite, prob.: probably, pron.: pronoun, prop.: properly, qual.: qualitativus, redupl.: reduplication, recip.: reciprocal or reciprocity, refl.: reflexive, reg.: regular, reI.: relative, see.: secondary, secondarily, sg.: singular or singulative, sim.: similar, sp.: specimen, s.p.:

XVI

ABBREVIATIONS, SIGLA AND TRANSCRIPTION

without period mentioned, st.abs.: status absolutus, stat.: stative, st.cstr.: status constructus, st.nom.: status nominalis, st.pron.: status pronominalis, suppL: suppletive, TN: toponym, tr.: transitive, transcr.: transcription, tricons.: triconsonantal, urspr.: urspriinglich (Wb), utt.: utterance, var.: variant, vars.: variants, viell.: vielleicht (Wb), v.n.: verbal noun, vulg.: vulgar(ism), z.B.: zum Beispiel (Wb).

ABBREVIATIONS OF NAMES OF FREQUENTLY QUOTED AUTHORS

Ajh.: Ajhenval'd, Alb.: Albright, Alj.: Alojaly, AMS: Amborn & Minker & Sasse, ApI.: Appleyard, Ast.: Aistleitner, BG: BechhausGerst, Bgn.: Beguinot, Bhr.: Behrens, Blv.: Belova, Blz.: Blazek, Bmh.: Bomhard, Bnd.: Bender, Brk.: Brockelmann, Brt.: Barreteau, Bst.: Basset, Cle.: Calice, Clm.: Colombel, Chn.: Cohen, Cpr.: Caprile, CR: Conti Rossini, CrL: Cerulli, Ctc.: Caltucoli, Djk.: D'jakonov = Diakonoff, DIg.: Dolgopol'skij = Dolgopolsky, Dlt.: Dallet, Dst.: Destaing, EEN: Ehret & Elderkin & Nurse; Ehr.: Ehret, Emb.: Ember, Fcd.: Foucauld, Flk.: Foulkes, Flm.: Fleming, Frj.: Frajzyngier, Frz.: Fronzaroli, GI: Gamkrelidze & Ivanov, Grb.: Greenberg, Grd.: Gardiner, GT: Takacs, Gtr.: Guthrie, Hds.: Hudson, Hfm.: Hoffinann, Hhn.: Hohenberger, Hmb.: Homburger, HRV: Heine, Rottland, and Vossen, Ibr.: Ihriszimow, IS: Illic-Svityc, JI: Jungraithmayr & Ibriszimow, Jng.: Jungraithmayr, Jns.: Johnstone, JS: Jungraithmayr & Shimizu, Krnr.: Kammerzell, KvL: Kovalev, Lbf.: Leheuf, Lks.: Lukas, Lmh.: Lamberti, Lpr.: Loprieno, LsI.: Leslau, MM: Majzel' and Militarev, Mch.: Mouchet, Mgw.: Maghaway, Mkr.: Mukarovsky, Mit.: Militarev, Mnh.: Meinhof, Msc.: Moscati, Msq.: Masqueray, Mts.: Matsushita, NcL: Nicolas, Nhl.: NeWil, Nwm.: Newman, NM: Newman and Ma, Old.: Ol'derogge = Olderogge, OS: Orel & Stolbova, PAM: Prasse & Alojaly & Mohamed, PB: Plazikowsky Brauner, PDP: Panova & Dolgopol'skij & Porhomovskij, PIs.: Pilszczikowa, Plz.: Plazikowsky, Pnv.: Panova, Prd.: Paradisi, Prh.: Porhomovskij, Prs.: Prasse, Ptr.: Petracek, PW: Plazikowsky & Wagner; RK: Reutt & Kogan, Rn.: Reinisch, Rns.: Renisio, Rpr.: Roper, RsL: Rossler, Scn.: Sachnine, Smz.: Shimizu, Skn.: Skinner, Snd.: Schneider, Snk.: Schenkel, Snr.: Snirel'man, Ss.: Sasse, Stl.: Stolbova, Str.: Striimpell, Sts.: Starostin, Trb.: Trombetti, Trn.: Tourneux, TSL: Tourneux & Seignobos & Lafarge, Vrg.: Vergote, Vel.: Vycichl, WL: Wente-Lukas, Wlf.: Wolfel, WP: Weibegue & Palayer, Wtl.: Whiteley, Zbr.: Zaborski, Zhl.: Zyhlarz.

ABBREVIATIONS, SIGLA AND TRANSCRIPTION

XVll

SIGNS USED SPECIALLY IN THE ETYMOLOGICAL ENTRIES

The following signs carry special additional information in order to promote the checking of the quoted lexical data or the literature: The vertical lines refer to degree of closeness of the quoted MroAsiatic languages: One vertical line I separates data from different language groups, e.g.: Bole-Tangale group I NBauchi group (of West Chadic). Two vertical lines II separate data from different sub-branches, e.g. West Chadic II Central Chadic. Three vertical lines III separate data from different branches, e.g. Semitic III Chadic. (...) parentheses include information on Egyptian words. When used for all other Mro-Asiatic lexical data, parentheses include the source(s) for the data of several languages representing a unit (e.g., language group, sub-branch, or branch). [...J brackets, in tum, include the source of only one lexical datum which directly precedes them. In the description of the lexical data, the square brackets may include some additional information concerning just one one datum, right after the relevant form. At the same time, (...) and [...J are used in the linguistic reconstructions with the following meaning: (...) include a proto-phoneme whose presence is uncertain in the reconstructed word. [...J include a proto-phoneme whose exact definition (mood or place of articulation) in the reconstructed word is uncertain.

TRANSCRIPTION

I preserved the conventional transcription of the Semitic and the Egyptian phonemes (Msc. et al. 1964, Edel 1955), except for Sem. *8 (which I transcribe as *§). Note that OEg. g (voiced palatal affricate: 3) has nothing to do with Sem. *g (voiced interdental fricative). Similarly, OEg. 1 (voiceless palatal affricate: c < *k) has nothing to do with Sem. *1 (voiceless interdental fricative). The Hebrew and Aramaic "begadkefats" (positional spirant variants of b,g,d,k,p,t) are not marked in the EDE. For the rest of the Afro-Asiatic linguistic data, I followed the method applied, e.g., by Jungraithmayr and Ibriszimow in their "Chadic Lexical Roots II" (1994). That is, I did my best to preserve

ABBREVIATIONS, SIGLA AND TRANSCRIPTION

XVlll

and adhere to the original transcription of the quoted source. Similarly to the Russian works, I used to change only a few transcription symbols: "\Vestern" works

r

(sometimes i)

ts c ~,

d C

C

hI

tl ~,

"Russian" works, EDE

dl

x

h, I:J , (glottalization)

c c ~

b \.l

dot under or above the consonant

The most important symbols used for tranSCrIptIOn in comparative Afro-Asiatic studies are the following (for more details on the conventional signs see Tucker & Bryan 1966, 3-9; Jungraithmayr & Mohling 1983, 14-16; Dolgopol'skij 1973,31-34; Stolbova 1996, 10; Lipinski 1997, 96-98): Vowels: ~ above a letter marks short vowels or low-high rising tone (Chadic) -- above a letter marks long vowels . above a letter: high tone I above a vowel: mid level tone , above a letter: low tone 1\ above a letter: contour or high-low falling tone in Chadic and South Cushitic 1\ above a letter: (contracted) vowel length in Semitic and Berber _ vowels with open articulation are underlined (e = E; Q = J; \J = v) a front low unrounded vowel (DIg.: "front or closed a") A back half-open vowel with labialization E unknown front vowel (in reconstructions) e high centralized vowel d reduced vowel, "schwa" (DIg.: middle mid-low closed unrounded, d = i) i high-central unrounded vowel between i and u 1 open 1 o front mid-low rounded vowel (rarely in Chadic) tI the same as t, but rounded (with labialization)

ABBREVIATIONS, SIGLA AND TRANSCRIPTION

XIX

ii front high rounded vowel (rarely in Chadic)

U unknown back vowel (in reconstructions) V unknown vowel (A in some Russian works) (after the vowel) or - (above the vowel) mark nasalized pronunciation i very close i ("heavy" i in Bantu) . dot beneath: very closed vowel (sometimes also open vowel) aa = a, aa = a, etc. 11

Consonants: or . (dot beneath/above) marks emphatic and implosive stops, affricates _ beneath a letter marks fricatives, spirantized stops (except Eg.) \\ (after a consonant) labialization P = b; cp = p; () = d; e = t (in Semitic, Berber) b, g, etc. stops with prenasalization (Chadic) S unspecified sibilant or affricate (in reconstructions) sibilants and affricates: c, POm. *ge/o[pJr- "frog": NOm.: Bash,to go/ra "toad", KaHa gepp-ei'C'o IFlm.: from *gepr-] "frog" II SOm.: Dime gofir "frog" (Om.: Flm. 1976, 318) III WCh.: Sura-Angas *gVrVp "chamaeleon": Angas ngarap, Sura I)gaI)riyip lepenthetic -y-, ct: Dig. 1982], Chip g.l-k.'Jr.)p [prefix gV-] (WCh.: Kraft 1981 I).

jn.w [*yn-w] "etwas Siisses als Honig" (NE, Wb I 94, 2; GHWb 75) = "sugar?" (DLE I 37), cf. also bj.t n jn "als Art Honig" (NE, Wb I 94, 1) ~ PKoman *yin V "honey" [Bnd. 1983, 277].

46

CHAPTER THREE

jtn [*jtl < *tyl] "sun" (MK, Wb I 145) III WCh.: SBauchi *tal"sun" (WCh. data: Stl. 1987, 167; Mkr. 1987, 359; JI 1994 II, 312) ~ PMande *tile "sun" [Vydrin-Pozdnjakov 1987, 328]. For WCh.-Mande see Mkr. 1987, 359; 1995, 72. 1.Iw.t "rain" (PT, Wb III 49) III WCh.: Siri hwii "rain" [but Skn. 1977,48: Siri ibi "rain"] II ECh.: Somray (Sibine) >wa "to rain" ~ PKoman *ho "rain" [Bnd. 1983, 272]. For Ch.-Eg.: HSED # 1303; Stolbova 1997, 83. Note that Sem.: Ar. Daya-t- "rain" is isolated within Sem. and it seems rather to be a sewlldary innovation of Arabic (colltra Ember 1930, # 14.a.15; Mit. 1987,105).

NB:

No doubt, certain non-Afro-Asiatic elements were present in the oldest Egyptian vocabulary, though their number should not be overestimated in comparison with the Afro-Asiatic stock. It is noteworthy and very suspicious that wherever the above Egyptian ~ African (Nilo-Saharan, Bantu, Khoisan) parallels seem to have an acceptable equivalent within Afro-Asiatic, it always comes either from Chadic or from Cushito-Omotic but never from Semitic or Berber. Whether these non-AA elements in Old Egyptian originate from a substratal heritage or from an ancient coexistince of Proto-Egypto-Chadic (and Cushtic?) for a longer period with the bearers of these non-AfroAsiatic families-is to be a subject of further study.

HOMELAND QUESTION

The homelands of the Proto-Egyptian, Proto-Semitic, and the ProtoAfro-Asiatic populations are debated. I do not wish to discuss the problem of the Proto-Semitic homeland here (for which see e.g. Goldziher 1876; Fronzaroli 1960; 1975; Fronzaroli & Garbini 1977). For the Proto-Afro-Asiatic homeland, as is well known, there exist two opposite theories. The traditional North African (Saharan) homeland has been supported recently by Diakonoff (Djk. 1975; 1981; 1995, 37-39; 1996, 81-88), Behrens (1984-1985), and Bender (1996 MS, 5; 1997, 29, 31). On the other hand, A. Ju. Militarev tries to identify the reconstructed Proto-Afro-Asiatic cultural lexicon with the archaeological evidence of the Natufian culture in Palestine (see Mlt. 1983; 1989; Mlt.-Snr. 1984; Mlt.-Pejros-Snr. 1988; for the archaeological evidence see also Snr. 1973; for the linguistic evidence see also Takacs 1998, 141-172).

SOME PROBLEMS OF EGYPTIAN'S POSITION

47

Not being eompetent in prehistoric archaeology, I do not wish to discuss all the problems of these theories in detail (summarized recendy by Petracek 1989, 204-213; see also Petracek 1986, 284-286). What I can offer here is just a call for joint investigation by linguists and archaeologists about these questions. My archaeological data are probably also not up-to-date and therefore should be commented on by specialists of neolithic Egypt. Certainly some of the chronological data are outdated by now, so they should be understood only as orientation. As a "conclusion", I put several questions to be answered by the linguoarchaeological research in the future. The neolithic cultures appeared at a relatively late date in Egypt (around the 6th mill. B.C.). The usage of copper (aeneolithic)-as far as I know--was spreading apparendy from Upper Egypt. From the viewpoint of an eventual Upper Egyptian cradle of Egyptian neolithic, the mesolithic (epipaleolithic) findings of EI-Qab (Upper Egypt) are highly important. Furthermore, we should not forget the common elements shared by the earliest Egyptian iconography and the ancient Saharan rock paintings (perhaps from the 7th to 5th mill. B.C.): e.g. tail of an animal (fox, wolf or jackal) as the ornament of the king of Upper Egypt and the Saharan hunter (this animal tail was named in Egyptian mnkr.t, which has cognates in Chadic and Lowland East Cushitic); jackal mask on the predynastic Egyptian hero and the animal mask of the Saharan hunter. Just as noteworthy are the traces of a supposed cannibalism found on human corpses in Nagada I--II, which also seem to point in the direction of inner African cultures similarly to the designation of Egyptian "right hand" = "eating hand" (see above). On the basis of all these hypotheses and facts, I have to raise the following questions in lieu of a conclusion. Can we suppose that, after the split-up of the Afro-Asiatic unity, the Proto-Egyptian tribes had a long coexistence with the ancestors of Chadic as well as of Nilo-Saharan somewhere in the Saharan macroarea? Can we identify the bearers of the paleolithic-neolithic Saharan culture with a wide conglomeration in which Proto-Egypto-Chadie and other ancient African (Nilo-Saharan, Bantu etc.?) populations could also have taken part? Can we suppose that the Proto-Egyptian tribes migrated from thc south or south-west to Upper Egypt to gradually occupy the entire Nile Valley? Can we suppose a later (secondary) Egypto-Semitic coexistence already in the neolithic Nile Valley and place it after

48

CHAPTER THREE

the split-up of the Chado-Egyptian union (which may have motivated Proto-Egyptians to migrate toward the Nile Valley from the Sahara)? On the other hand, how to explain the numerous parallels (borrowings?) in the cultural lexicon of Proto-Afro-Asiatic, Proto-IndoEuropean, Proto-North-Caucasian (Takacs 1998, 141-172)?

CHAPTER FOUR

THE OLD EGYPTIAN CONSONANT SYSTEM AND AFRO-ASIATIC

An etymological dictionary of Egyptian cannot lack a detailed and thorough discussion of what the whole work must rely upon: the consonant correspondences between Egyptian, Semitic, and other branches of Afro-Asiatic. This detailed analysis is unavoidable and necessary these days, when the origins of a few Old Egyptian consonants are still debated by various streams ("old school" and Russian school ~ "neuere Komparatistik" , i.e. Rossler and his followers). First, I present the linguistic material for the regular and the irregular correspondences. In the third part of the EDE I I compare the results of the Rosslerian theory with the etymological material provided by the "old" and Russian schools.

REGULAR CONSONANT CORRESPONDENCES BETWEEN EGYPTIAN AND AFRO-ASIATIC

Below I present the detailed comparative linguistic evidence of the consonant correspondences which may be considered as regular

between Egyptian and Semitic and other Afro-Asiatic branches, on the basis of the most reliable and convincing Egypto-Semitic and Egypto-Mro-Asiatic lexical parallels. There is a special emphasis on Egyptian and Semitic in these comparisons, which is to be explained. There is no doubt about that the lexical material coming from Semitic and Egyptian, in its ancient form, is the most valuable for the work of reconstructing the consonant correspondences in Afro-Asiatic (far from being completed). In this part of EDE, the Egyptian words are quoted~if possible~preferably from the OK, PT, CT, that is, primarily from periods before the NK especially when they contain 3~, Z-, S-, t-, 1-, d-, d-. In the Semitic branch, most informative are usually the data from Akkadian, Ugaritic, Hebrew, and Arabic. Wherever possible, I quote only the Proto-Semitic forms of the well known roots (these reconstructions arc either mine or were proposed by

50

CHAPTER FOUR

P. Fronzaroli, by A. B. Dolgopolsky, or by A. Ju. Militarev, etc.). A careful comparison of the Egyptian and Semitic lexical data may lead undoubtedly to establishing the most stable part of comparative Afro-Asiatic phonology. The basic purpose of presenting the etymological material below is to resolve doubts (which are still present in some cases) about the origin and character of the Old Egyptian consonants. It is the basic condition of any further progress in comparative-historical study of Egyptian and Afro-Asiatic. If \ve move beyond Egypto-Semitic in the Afro-Asiatic lexical comparisons, we find that there are already several promising (more-orless solid) results in reconstructing the lexicon and the rules of the comparative-historical phonology of the related African branches: Tuareg (Prasse 1969), common Berber (Mlt. 1991), common Cushitic (DIg. 1973; Ehret 1987), Agaw (ApI. 1984; 1991), East Cushitic (Sasse 1979; 1982; Ehret 1991), South Cushitic (Ehret 1980), Omotic (Bnd. 1988), West Chadic (Stl. 1987), common Chadic US 1981; JI 1994 I-II; Sti. 1996), and so forth. Many of these recent results are rather preliminary and tentative, and may be modified in the light of further internal and external lexical data.

EG. EG.

3

= SEM.

3 *r

= AA *r

3 [*r < *'r?] "vulture, das weisskbpfige Geier (falschlich Adler genannt), Neophron percnopterus" (PT 1303, FD 1; Wb I 1, 1) III Sem.: Akk. aru [< *'arw(iy?)-uJ "eagle, Adler".

Eg.-Akk.: Rsl. 1971, 316; Knauf 1982, 37. In. 20. :-.ill 1: Akk. aru is usually deriwd from PSem. *'arw-iy- "wild beast" (Sem.: Cohen 1970, 32\. :-.ill2: Eg. 3 has alternatively been equated with Scm.: Hbr. 'ayya "Habicht, hawk, kite" [GB 28], Ar. yu'yu'- "vulture" (Sem.: DRS 17). Cf. also Eb!. a-a-tum, defined by Sum. bUfUl "a bird" [Eb!.-Hbr.: Gordon 1988, 2621. Lit.: Ember 1930, #3.aA; Clc. 1936, #460; Littmann 1931, 66; Vd. 1934, 46, 83; 1938, 133; 19:)8.371; 1990,39; Chll. 1947, #10. Cf. Satzinger 1994, 191.

3js [*rjs] "brain, Gehirn" (Med., \Vb I 2, 10-11) = "viscera" (FD 1), cf. 3js n Qnn.t "the viscera of the skull, i.e.: brain" III Sem. *ra's"head" [Frz. 1964,268, #2.42; cf. LsI. 1945,236] = *ra'is- [DIg. 1986, 78] III CCh.: Matakam *-ras - *-rsa "brains": Glavda rursa - yursa, :\'akatsa Drsa, Matakam mal)g;:>-His I cf. Zeghwana yunza "brains" (eCh.: Kraft 1981, #37). Rs!. It)(j(i, 227; Hodge 197G. 12. #3~: St!. 1991, 7: Skn. 1992, :O;ll: Secondary laterals in C:C:h .. i.e. *-s > *-s.

LIT.:

3~0.

THE OLD EGYPTIAN CONSONANT SYSTEM

51

3wj [*rwy] "to be long" (OK, Wb I 3-4), 3wj "to stretch out" (OK, Wb I 5, 4-11) III PBrb. *ryw "to be large", cf. NBrb.: Rif: Uriaghel ti-riu~-! "largeness" [Rns.] I Shilh: Sus tu-rru-t "largeness" [Dst. 1938, 167] I Iznasen mi-riu "to be large" [Rns.], Shawya i-rao "large" [Msq. 1879,517] (NBrb.: Rns. 1932,328-329) II SBrb.: Ghat i-Iua "large", ta-Iui-t "largeness", cf. Hgr. (?) riu "to be large" [Chn.] III WCh.: ?Dwot lo(yi) [unless < *s-y-r] "long" [Kraft 1981, #291] I Ngizim rawau "to grow up" [Schuh 1981, 138].

Eg.-Tuareg: Cohen 1947, #513. The alternative etymology for Eg. 3wj was Sem. *'wy: Hbr. 'iwwa, "to long for" ('iwweta napso "his soul desired" that is "his soul stretched"), Ar. 'awa, "tendere, intendere". For the semantic shili: cf e.g. Engi. to long for - Germ. verlangen; Hebr. J:!ape~ "to desire" and "to stretch out". Lit.: Ember 1917, 38-39; 1930, #3.a.5; Alb. 1918, 232; 1927, 209; Brk. 1932, 101, #7. NB:

3b.w [*rb-w] "elephant" (OK, Wb I 7, 15) III ECu. *'arb- "elephant" [Sasse 1979, 14; 1982, 27-28] III CCh.: cf. PKotoko *ar[p]I*'ar[b]- (?) "elephant": Kuseri arwi, Affade erp\ Makari arfu, Gulfei arfu, Shoe arfu (Prh. 1972, 34, #16.4) II ECh.: Mokilko '(%i [< *'arb-?] "elephant" [Lks. 1977, 219; Jng. 1990, 96].

Chn. 1947, #372; Hintze 1951,83, #372; IS 1966,20; Ivanov 1975, 160; 1981, 176; 1984, 71; Behrens 19841985, 196; Djk. 1985, 168, fn. 24; Hodge 1992, 215, #1; as 1992, 182; Biz. 1994, 197 198.

LIT.:

3b [*rb] "to cease, tarry, stay, aufhi:iren, eine Pause machen" (CT, FD 2; Wb I 6, 2) III Sem.: cf. Akk. rabu ~ raba'u "untergehen (Gestirn)" [AHW 940] III LECu.: Boni rcb- "to stop" [Sasse 1980, 100] I Saho-Afar rab-, rab- "to die" I cf. Oromo raw-at- [*-b-?] "to end" [Dig.] = raw-aa, Miya z;)l.lw-, Mburku 3al.l-, Kariya pi),), Tsag-u z;}I)- (NBauchi: Skn. 1977, lfi) II eCho *c:lVp- [from *c:lVh-?I: Tera-Pidlimdi i, Warji, Miya 1:;>iy-, Kariya 1:;>iya, Siri 1:;>iyu (WCh.: Skn. 1977,34; StL 1987, 159). rnjz.t "Leber" (PT, Wb II 44, 11) III NOm. *mayz- "liver" [data: e.g. Mkr. 1981, 203, #20]. Eg.-NOm.: Biz. 1939 MS, 21, #72; Dig. 1994, 3.

nj3.w [*nyl-w] "Steinbock, ibex" (OK, Wb II 202; FD 125) III Sem.: Akk. nayya1u "roe, Reh" [AHW 725], cf. Tigre na1-at [root *nyl] "she-antelope" (Sem.: LsL 1944, 57; 1969, 21).

Eg.-Sem.: Ember 1912, 87; 1930, #ll.a.18: Cle. 1936, #54; Vrg. 1945, 131, #2.a.4; Vel. 1953, 376; 1990, 56.

*njk [written nk] "den Beischlaf vollziehen" (PT, Wb II 345; CED 107) ~ Dem. njk "fornicator" (CED, Ankhsheshonqi 13: 12, 19: 1) ~ Cpt. (S) noeik "adulterer, Ehebrechet" (CED 107) ~ OEg. nkjkj [< *njk-jk?] "den Leib der Frau befruchten" (PT, Wb II 346, I) III Scm. *nyk: Akk. njk: niiiku "to sleep with (a woman), beischlafen", nlku "begattet" [AH\V 784, 790], Ar. nyk "coire, huren", Harsusi neyok "to sleep (with a woman)" [Jns. 1977, 100], Jibbali nyk: nck "to sleep with (a woman)" [Jns. 1981, 199], Mehri ndyuk "to have sexual intercourse with, sleep with (a woman)" [Jns. 1987, 309] III SBrb. *nky: Tamasheq, Ahaggar e-nki "caire, begatten, faire les mouvements de l'acte sexucl" III Bcd. nek"i "to con-

81

THE OLD EGYPTIAN CONSONANT SYSTEM

ceive, become pregnant" [Rn. 1895, 183] III WCh.: Bokkos nyok "to copulate with (koitieren), beget" [Jng. 1970, 145]. l\fiiller 1909, 200, In. I; Ember 1916, 73; Trb. 1923, 138, #248; 1932 1933, 95; 1934, 119; Cle. 1936, #62; Chn. 1947, #464; Vel. 1958, 1959, 39; Djk. 1965, 44; 1967, 188; Rabin 1982, 25; Sasse 1982, 153; 1986,71, #3.3; Pjk. etc. 19B6, 44; Behrl'lls 19B7, 240, #3; Biz. 19B9, 216; 1993, 42, #195.

LIT.:

hj [OK h, MK hj] "husband" (PT, Wb II 475, 10) hai III Bcd. hiyo "husband, wife" [Rn. 1895, 133].

~

Zhl. 376; MIt. Blv.

Cpt.: (SB)

Eg.-Bed.: Rn. 1895, 133; Ember 1917, 21; Chn. 1947, #92; IS 1971, 241, # 100; OS 1992, 169; HSED # 117+.

bj "(to be) high" (NE, Wb III 237; DLE II 163) ~ bj "height" (NE, DLE II 163) III NAgaw *qay- [ApI.] = *[x]ay- [GT] "big": Hamir xay-aw, Hamta xay-aw, Qemant xay-ay, Falasha xay-a!;;l, Qwara hdy-aw (Agaw: ApI. 1994, 2) III (?) ECu. *kuy- "anthill" [Sasse 1979, 43]. sjn "clay, Ton" (OK, FD 213; Wb IV 37-38) III Sem.: Aram. sdyan "mire, Lehm", Syr. s;)yana "mire" III cf. ECh.: Somray sina "loam, Lehm" [Lks. 1937, 81] = sinya "earth" [JI 1994 II, 117]. Eg.-Sem.: Ember 1912, 90; 1930, #ll.a.49; Chn. 1947, #297; Vel. 1958, 376; 1990,62; Castellino 1984, 17; OS 1992, IB7; HSED #2249. EG.

j

= SEM.

*'

= AA

*'

3js [*r's] "brain, Gehirn" (Med., Wb 12, 10-11) = "viscera" (FD 1), cf. 3js n Qnn.t "the viscera of the skull, i.e.: brain" III Sem. *ra's"head" [Frz. 1964, 268, #2.42; cf. LsI. 1945, 236] = *ra'is- [DIg. 1986, 78] III CCh.: Matakam *-ras ~ *-rsa "brains": Glavda rursa ~ yUrsa, Nakatsa rJrsa, Matakam mal)gJ-ras I cf. (?) Zeghwana yunza [if < *yulSa] "brains" (CCh.: Kraft 1981, #37). LIT.:

Rsl. 1966, 227; Hodge 1976, 12, #35; Stl. 1991, 7; Skn. 1992, 350.

m: S('condary laterals in CCh., i.e. *-s > *-s.

*j3 [*'r]: j3.t.t "a milk product: milk or cream (Sahne)" (MK, FD 7; GHWb 22), j3.t "a milk-goddess" (PT, FD 7) III SCu.: Mbugu *ore- [Ehret], *'or-/*'er- [GT]: Ma'a mwerc "cream, butterfat" [Ehret 1980, 298] II HECu. *arera "milk less butter" [Hds. 1989, 405] III CCh.: cf. perhaps Afade erl, eri, eel [unless < *VnV] "milk" [Prh. 1972, 76]. NB: The prefixal element m- is not uncommon in Ma'a, c[ e.g. Irg.-Brg.-Alg. asa "/ire" = l\la'a mwasa "fire", Rill *iliba "milk" = Ma'a ma'iba "milk" etc.

j3j (OK) ~ j3wj age" (OK, FD pret. i-ru [Bst. 1650] III SCu.

(MK) [*'ry1 "to be (come) old, be aged, attain old 8; Wb I 28, 8) III SBrb.: ?Hgr. d-ru imper., aor1929, 31] = e-ru "to be old" [Fed. 1951-1952, *'ar- "old (of things)" [Ehret]: Irq. ar-'ad [Ehret:

82

CHAPTER FOUR

< *'ara'ara-at- with an adj. suffix *-at] I Ma'a -'eraru I Dhi. ~ar­ [< *yar-] "to grow old" [EEN 1989, 29] (SCu.: Ehret 1980, 287) III WCh.: Tsagu yer- [unless < *gcr], Miya EroM "old" (NBauchi: Skn. 1977, 34) II CCh. "old": Fali:Jilbu 'yeli-nug, Fali-Bwagira'inn I Gude 'n-i-ki, Bachama 'lyi'Ey, Mwulyen i'iri (Ch.: Kraft 1981, #296).

ii

Eg.-Hgr.: Vel. 1934, 69; Chn. 1947, #490; Hodge 1965, 23; 1971, 311319. Eg.-CCh.: HSED #S4.

"zustimmen" (CT, Wb I 36, 15) III Scm.: Ug. 'i "wahrlich!" [WUS #2] III HECu.: Burji ii "yes" I LECu.: Oromo i "yes" (ECu.: Sasse 1982, 104) III Sura ii "ja" [Jng. 1963, 67], Mupun yii ~ i "yes (particle)" [Frj. 1991, 68, 22). jb "Bockchen" (MK, Wb I 61, 7) = "kid" (FD 15) III Bcd. aba "kid, Zicklein, Junges der Ziege" [Rn. 1895, 3] III WCh.: cf. Diri aba "goat" [Skn. 1977, 23). LIT.:

Rn. 1895, 3; Chn. 1947, #1B; Vel. 1960, 254; Djk. 1965, 50.

jnj "to delay, hold oneself aloof from (r), verwei1en, langsam gehen,

zogern etwas zu tun" (CT, FD 23; Wb I 92, 18-19) III Scm.: Ar. 'aniya "to hesitate (zogern), come late" [Brk.], II "to procrastinate, delay", III "to hinder" [Ember). Eg.-Ar.: Ember 1913, 117, #66; Alb. 1915, 226; Brk. 1932, 10 I, #9; Vrg. 1945, 131, #2.a.4.

jn [unless sdm-n-fof*j] "to say" (PT, Wb I 89,7-11; Chetverukhin 1988) III Brb. *'ny "to say": NBrb.: Shi1h, Tamazight ini II EBrb.:

II \VBrh.: Zenaga inni II SBrh.: Ghat ani, Ahaggar en III Bed. an "to say" [Rn. 1895, 20] III WCh.: Ngamo ana "to speak" II ECh.: Kwang ane "to say" I Dang1a ane "to say". Ghadames an

Trb. 1923, 131. # IS6; l\lkr. 1966, 19, #71; IS 1971, # 146; Bynon 19S4, 2Bl, #50; as 1992, 177; 1992, 197; HSED #40.

I.IT.:

jnk "I" (OK, \Vb I 101) III Sem. *'an- "I": Akk. anaku, Ug. ,ank,

Hbr. 'anI, Ar. 'ana (Scm.: WUS #305; Rabin 1975, 88, #42) III PBrb. *;makk" "[" [Prs. 1972, 179] III Bcd.: Bisharin ane, Beni Amer ani, an! "I" [Rn. 1895, 20] II PAgaw *an "I" [Api.] II ECu. *'an-i ~ *'an-u "I (subject)" [Sasse 1982, 26; Api. 1986, 224-233] III SCu. *'ani "[" [Ehret 1980, 283] III NOm.: Dizi inuu "I" [Bnd. 1975, 103] = yinu (subject), yin (object) "I" [Allan 1976, 383] II SOm. *in-ta "I" [Flm. 1976, 315). Hommel ISH3. 95. #2: Alb. 1927, 203: Zhl. 1932 1933, B7: Left'bvre 1936, 27B; ~Ikr. 1969. 33: Djk. 1974. 742; Bnd. 1975, 170; Conti 19B4, 161; ApI. 19B6. 202 233: Lmb. 19B7. :")3B. #40; Dig. 19BB, 21 +. #9; 19BB, 629, # I: Hodge 19B7. ~H; 1990, 6H. #2; Biz. 199+. 102; 1995.W 53.

LIT.:

III Agaw *'il- [Api. 1991 l\IS, [Api. 1989 MS, 3] = *[']i1- [Api. 1991, 20-21] "eye" II ECu. *'i1- "eye" [Sasse 1979, 5, 22; 1982, 104] II SCu. *'i1a

jr.t [*'l-t] "eye" (OK, \Vb I 106-lO7)

5]

= *';)1-

THE OLD EGYPTIAN CONSONANT SYSTEM

83

"eye" [Ehret 1980, 291] III CCh.: Hitkala ili, Vizik iii, iri "eye" I Alataghwa il-yia "eye" I Buduma yil, yel, Gulfei el "eye" (CCh.: Wolff 1971, 65) II ECh.: Mokilko ele "eye" (Ch.: Jl 1994 II, 126-127). Muller 1896, 2 \0; Mnh. 1912, 232; Grh. 1963, 56, #29; pjk. 1965, 41; 1974,742; Dig. 1964,59; 1987, 199, #32; Mkr. 1966, 17; 1989,2; Flm. 1969, 24; Skn. 1987, 75 76; 1995, 31; Lmh. 1987, 534, #13; Zhr. 1989, 581, #24; Blv. 1991, 89; 1993, 54; MIt. 1991, 258, #25.2; OS 1992, 170; Biz. 1994, 102.

LIT.:

jss

"to cough up, spit out, aushusten, ausspeien" (PT, GHWb 106; Wb 1 134, lO) III Bed. si'is- "to cough" [Rn. 1895, 209] III PCh. *'VcV "to cough" [Sti. 1991, 5; 1995, 60; Ch. data: Nwm. 1977, 24, #29; JI 1994 II, 88; WCh. data: Skn. 1977, 16; Sti. 1986, 107; 1987, 231]. LIT.:

jss

Skn. 1995, 30.

"tragen, herbeitragen" (BD, Wb I 136, 1) III HECu.: Burji ases"to lift, wake up" [Sasse 1982, 29; Zbr. 1985, 86] III WCh.: Karekare 'as "aufheben, aufnehmen, wegnehmen" [Lks. 1966, 198] II ECh.: Migama 'isso "to carry child, porter sur Ie dos (bebe)" [Jng.-Adams 1992, 93; JI 1994 II, 63]. jk "alt, bejahrt" (BD, Wb 1 34, 4) III ECu. *'akak- ~ *'akk- "old man, grandfather" [Sasse 1982,21,24] II SCu.: WRift *'ako "old man" [Ehret]: Iraqw, Gorowa aako "old man" I c£ Asa akuya "grandparent (in address)" (SCu.: Ehret 1980, 377; Cu.: F1m. 1969, 11; ApI. 1994 MS, 3). NB I: The reading of the Eg. root is not j3k (BD -3- heing purely orthographical), cf. the "old man" dets. of MEg. jk "quarryman" and jk.w "Steinbruch" (Wb I 39). NB2: W. W. Muller (1961, 200) compa~ed Eg. jk to Sem. *Ihq: Hhr. lahaqat hann;)hl'lm l hapax] "seniors, elders, die Altesten", Ar. lahaqa, lahiqa "to hecome snow-white", Geez bhdqa [Muller] = Idhqa ~ Id\:lqa [LsI.] "to grow (up), reach manhood, grow old" (Scm.: LsI. 1987, 309). Phonologically unacceptable (Eg. *-3 Scm. *-h-, and Eg. -k Scm. *-q).

*

*

jd.t "womb, vulva" (MK, FD 35; AEO II, 259*) ~ Cpt.: (S) ote, oote "vulva" (KHW 142) III Bed. 'ad, 'a.9; Chn. 1947, #16; Vel. 1953, 43; 195B, 391; 19B5, 172, #1;

LIT.:

84

CHAPTER FOUR

1990,45; Dig. 1973, 187 188,301; 1994,5 6; ~1i.iller 1975,64, #5; Djk. 1981, 27, In. 9; 1984, 7; Djk. etc. 1986, 42; Hodge 1977, 933; 1983, 36; 1990, 647, #23.c; l\llt.-Stl. 1990, 66; OS 1992, 170: 1992, 185; HSED # 126. :-.Ill: According to 1\1. Gilula (1975, 251), Eg. jdn "car" occurs in CT VII 30k: (.ink) ... sdm brw mj jdn gg\-.:j "\ am he who hears a sound (or voice) like an attentive ear".

bj3 [< *b'r] "mine, mining-region, Bergwerk" (OK, FD 80; \Vb I 438, 12) III Scm. *bi'r- - *bu'r- "pit, cistern". LIT.: Ember 1913, 112, #23; 1930, #3.b.32; Cle. 1936, # 178; Vrg. 1945, #l.a.5, #2.b.ll; Chn. 1947, #384; Hodge 1976, 13. #78; 1977,933; 1981,406.

rwj [*rv.;'] "to go away, depart, pass away" (OK, Wb II 406-407)

III ECu.: Yaaku -rE'E- "to run away" [Heine 1975, 132] II SCu. *ro'- "to leave, pass by" [Ehret 1980, 220] III WCh.: Sura ru "untertauchen" [Jng. 1963, 81], Mupun ru "to disappear suddenly" [Frj. 1991, 52]. EG.

j

= SEM.

*w

= AA *w

j3.t [*yr-t < *wr-t] "back(bone), spine" (OK, Wb I 26, 3-6) III Sem.: Ar. wara'a "behind", Mehri swura "return", hdwrc "to turn, bring back, keep back, away" [Jns. 1987, 429], Harsusi sewra "to back off, be brought back" [Jns. 1977, 136] III LECu.: Oromo wirtu, \VIrtu "backbone, mid-back" [Gragg 1982, 428] I Hadiyya woro i.a. "hinder". Cf also LECu.: Saho-Afar iro "back, Riicken" III NOm.: Kaffa ilo "back, Riicken". LIT.:

Behnk 1927,80, #2; Ember 1930, #4.c.6; Cle. 1936, #3; Vrg. 1945, 128.

#1.c.1; Chn. 1947, #509: BIz. I 989l\IS, 23, #81: Bly. 1993, 54.

j3q.t [*yrq-t] "leeks, vegetables (in general), Lauch, auch allgemein: Griinzeug, Gemuse" (MK, FD 9; \Vb I 34, 1-2) III Scm. *wrq "to be green, yellow": cf esp. Akk. urqHu "green, grass, Pflanzenwuchs" [AH\v 1432], Hbr. yaraq "green, vegetable", Ar. waraq- "leaf, foliage" (Scm.: e.g. WUS # 1247) III Brb. *wry "to be green" III WCh.: cf (?) Sura mbJrak [b- < *w-?] "green" [Jng. 1963, 59]. Ember 1911.88; Lefebvre 1955, 275; Vrg. 194.'">. 128. #I.c.3; 132, #2.d.3; Chn. 1947, #511; Vcl. 1955, 308; 1957, 72; 1958, 371; 1975, 209; 1990, 39; Rsl. 19.12, 132, #16; Djk. 1965, 47; 19G7, IB8; 1970, 472, lil. 85; 1981, 51; Djk. etc. 1986, 47; Hodge 1976, 15, #15:); l\1lt. 1991, 73; 1991, 263, #37.3; Blv. 1991, 88, #3; 1993, 53. :-.Ill: There is no etymological connection between Eg. j3q.t and Eg. w3d [*wrd < *rw~1 (as mistakenly maintained by several scholars: Hommel 1915, 16, fn. 3; Vcl. 1957, 72; 1975, 209; 1990, 39; Knudsen 1962. 34; Rsl. 1983, 333; Orel 1994, 9; Loprieno 1995, 31 321. I.IT.:

fb

"vereinigen" (OK, Wh I 40--41) III Sem.: Ar. web I "ganz nehmen; to take the whole", IV "ganz versammcln; to assemble, gather,

THE OLD EGYPTIAN CONSONANT SYSTEM

85

put one thing into another" III NOm.: Kaffa, Wolamo ubb-a "whole, entire, all" (NOm.: Crl. 1951, 391). Eg.-Ar.: Ember 1930, #4.c.5; Cle. 1936, # 116; Vrg. 1945, 132, #2.d.5.

fn

"baboon" (PT 1462, FD 11; Wb I 41, 6) III HECu. *we'ne [< PECu. *we'n-?] "Colobus (black and white) monkey" [Hds. 1989, 43,424]. AP: PBantu *-yani "kind of ape" [Ctr. 1971, 141, #1927].

NBI: Eg. lOKI 'nr seems secondary from *j'n' (cC the interchange of ' - r in Eg.). , Nll2: V. E. Orel and O. V. Stolbova (OS 1990, 89, #42; 1992, 183; Orel 1993, 44; HSED #1092) proposed comparing MEg. 'n'n [< *j'n(j)'n or sim.] "baboon" (MK, Wb I 191, 10) to WCh.: PRon *rVmVn "monkey": Fyer yameen [y- < *r-[, Kulere rimen, Sba 'amen ISba ' < *r, cC.Jng. 1966], which is hardly acceptable. OS's \VCh. protolilrm *Hyam-yan is baseless and is a grave error, since the initial *r- is well reflected by Kulere r- and Sha '-. If there was a connection between the Ron and Eg. forms, one should postulate PRon *rVmVn < *rVn Vn vs. Eg. j'n < *r'n, but this is a very weak possibility with respect to HECu. *we'ne. Besides,.JI (1994 I, 1180) traced back PRon *rVm Vn to PCh. *m-r-n!

jsj "to be light (i.a. of weight)" (MK, FD 30; Wb I 128, 4) III Sem. *Wll: Hbr. yss "to be light, weak, impotent" [Yeivin contra C B], Ar. wila!-, wa!wa!- "weakness, impotence".

Eg.-Scm.: Yeivin 1936,66, #7. Eg. jsj [if < *lsyJ may be compared alternatively to Sem.: Ar. 1111 "to be weak, feeble, irresolute" III NBrb.: Menaser i-llisu "faded, lime" [Bst. 1885, 164] III Agaw: Bilin las "soft, line, tender", Hamir lis "tender, soft" (Rn. 1887, 259; 1890, 14) II ECu.: Saho lislis "soft" [Sasse 1975,246], Oromo laf- [*-s-] "to be soft, weary, weak" II SCu.: cC Ma'a -Iasu "to be old" [Ma'a-Oromo: Ehret 1980, 327J. For Sem.-Cu. see DIg. 1983, 136; 1987, 196, #7; HSED #1669. NB:

jsq "z6gern, verweilcn; zuriickhalten, warten lassen" (XVIII., Wb I 133, 6-12) = "to hinder, linger, wait (for)" (FD 31) III Sem.: Ar. wa!uqa "to be firm", cf Geez wasaqa "to draw the bow". Eg.-Sem.: Alb. 1918, 221; Ember 1930, # I B.b.l.

js.t "possessions, Habe, Besitz" (PT, Wb I 134, 13-16) III Sem.: Ar. wasa'- "wealth" III SCu.: PRift *was- "to get, take" [Ehret 1980, 183]. DIg. 1987, 204, #72; 1989, 100, #24. There is hardly any connection between Eg. jiLt and Scm.: Ar. '11 "to be abundant" > 'alal- "furnishings" (contra Lipinski 1997, 467, #48.18).

LIT.:

NB:

jqr "excellent, superior, treffiich, vorziiglich" (OK, FD 31; Wb I 137) III Scm. *wqr "to be precious, costly" [Aro 1964, 174]: Akk. wqr "wertvoll, teuer, kostbar sein" [AHW 1460-1461], Hbr. yqr "treffiich, teuer sein", Ar. waqura "wiirdevoll, ernst sein".

Eg.-Scm.: Ember 1926,303, In. 13; 1930, #20.a.IO; Ina 1938,217; Chn. 1947, #503; Vel. 195B, 378; Hodge 1976, 15, # ISO.a; Elv. 1991, 88, #4; 1993, 53, #4. NB: The meaning "skilful" of MEg. jqr (FD 31) may be secondary, probably unrelated to HECu. *~ar-() "clever" [Hds. 1989.415] II SCu. *~t'r-/*~ar- "intelligence, ability, skill" [Ehret 19BO, 252].

86

CHAPTER FOUR

tj.t "image, form, shape, figure, sign" (OK, FD 294; Wb V 239-240) III Sem.: Hbr. taw "sign", cf. Ar. tiwa' - "brand, eingebranntes Zeichen" (Sem.: GB 871). Eg.-Scm.: SISAJa II, 27, #.')3; OS 1990, 88, #25.

nj "to drive away, rebuff, turn back, avoid" (MK, FD 125; Wb II 201,4-5) III Sem. *nw': Akk. na'u "zuruck-/aufstossen (?)" [AHW 768], Hbr. nw' hifi1 "to refuse, keep back, hinder, sich weigern, abhalten, zuruckhalten, verhindern", Ar. nw' "to rise against, oppose, gegen jem. Sich erheben, ihm Opposition machen" (Sem.: GB 490). LIT.:

Embcr 1913,116, #54; 1930, #ll.a.17.

btj.w "Terrasse mit Treppe" (PT, Wb III 348-349) III Sem.: Ar. btw "schreiten", batw-at- "step, pace, Schritt".

Eg.-Ar.: Alb. 1918, 95; 1918, 241, #80; Ember 1930, #15.a.20, #25.b.9; Vrg. 1945, 143, #2I.b.7. EG.

j =

SEM.

*1 =

AA

*1

.ij [< *ly] "verletzen (des Auges)" (PT, GHWb 27; cf. Wb I 36, 16) III WCh.: Sura liia "wound" [Jng. 1963,72], Mupun laa "wound" [Frj. 1991, 32]. jw3 [< *lw'] "to take away, fortnehmen" (MK, Wb I 49, 16; GHWb 33) III Sem.: Sqt. Ie [*lwy] "to seize" [LsI. 1938, 230 and 1969, 19 with different Sem. etymologies] III WCh.: Angas-Sura *la [< *law?]: Angas 1a "to take" [Flk. 1915], cf. Mupun la "to obtain, receive" [Frj. 1991, 31] I Pero lawv-.·o "to seize, get by force" [Frj. 1985, 40] II CCh.: Tera 1awa "to seize" [Nwm. 1964, 48] III SCu. *law- "to pick, pluck": Dahalo 1aw- "to pick, pluck" I Iraqw 10-t- [Ehret] = 16:t- [Maghaway 1989, 117] "to milk" (SCu.: Ehret 1980, 204). Pcro-SCu.: Hodge 1992, 217, #3.

jw3 [< *lw'] "ox, Rind" (OK, Wb I 49, 9-lO; FD 12), jw3.t "cow" (OK, Wb I 49, 13) III Sem. *lay'- "bull", *lay'-at- "cow" [Frz.]: Akk. 16 [< *11' -u or *liw' -u?] "bull", fern. littu [< *li' -t-?] "cow" [AHW 560], ?Hbr. 1c'a [< *li'-at-] "Lea (PN)" [GB 374], Ar. 1a'an [< *la'ay-un] "buffalo, wild bull", Sqt. 'elheh "cow", Shahri le, Ie' "cow" (Sem.: LsI. 1938,61; Frz. 1969,314, #6.60) III SBrb.: cf. Tamasheq d-lu "bull" III ?Bed. yo [*l-?] "bull, Stier" [Rn. 1895, 240] II Agaw *bw- "cow" [ApI.]: Bi1in bwi [ApI.] , luwl [Chn.]' Hamir bwa [ApI.], 1uwa [DIg.] I Awngi dllwa (Agaw: ApI. 1984,50; 1989 MSA, 15; 1991, 24) II ECu. *10'- "cows (coll.)" [Sasse 1979, 52] III WCh.: Bole-Tanga1e *la "cow" [Schuh 1984, 210]. LIT.:

Zhl. 19321933, 166; LsI. 1938.61; Chn. 1947, #432; Grb. 1963,54, #16;

THE OLD EGYPTIAN CONSONANT SYSTEM

87

Djk. 1965, 42; 1970, 476, In. 109; 1975, 126; 1981, 32; 1988, 46; Dig. 1973, 169; ApI. 1989 MSA, 15 -16; as 1992, 167. NBI: O. Ri)ssler (1971, 316) suggested equating Eg. jw3 - LECu.: Saho-Alar awr, awur "bull", but this term derives from ECu. *'awr- "large male animal" [Sasse 1979, 45-46]. Cf., however, WCh.: Sha 'arwa [prefix 'a-?I "ox" [Jng. 1970, 282]. NB2: The alternative comparison of Eg. jw3 with SBrb.: Hgr. i-wa-n pI. "bull", Wlm. i-wa-n "cattle" (suggested in Zhl. 1932 1933, 87, 164; 1934, 114; Wlf. 1955, 58, #20; Biz. 1992, 136) seems phonologically even less convincing. C[ also SCu.: WRift *aw "bull" [cf. Ehret 1980, 3171.

jwj.t [< *lwy-t] "house (OK)" -

"quarter (of town) (MK)" (OK, Wb I 49, 5-8; FD 12) III WCh.: Angas-Sura *lu "house": Angas 1u "single hut, home" [Flk. 1915], Sura 16 "Hotte, Raum" [Jng. 1963, 73], Mupun 16 "hut, house, room" [Frj. 1991, 34], Monto1 16 "Haus, Gehoft" [Jng. 1965, 171], Chip I;') "Haus, Heim" [Jng. 1965, 166], Gerka b-16-k "Haus" [Jng. 1965, 174] (Angas-Sura: St1. 1977, 155; 1987, 243) III EBrb.: cf. Ghadames ta-1i, pI. ta-1Iw-in "room". LIT.:

MIL-OS 1989, 152.

jwn [< *lwn] "colour - nature, complexion" (MK, FD 13; Wb I 52)

III Sem. *lawn-: Akk. 1anu "Gestalt" [Torczyner 1912, 768; AHW 534], Ar. 1awn- "Farbe, Gestalt" - "Aussehen, Befinden" [Vel.].

Eg.-Sem.: Cle. 1901, 146; Ember 1911,88; 1926,308, fn. 2; 1930, #4.[1; Farina 1924, 324; Behnk 1927, 81, #4; Lcxa 1938, 218; Vrg. 1945, 132, #2.e.l; Vel. 1953, 374; 1958, 392; Hodge 1991, 103; Loprieno 1995, 31.

jwh [< *lwh] "to load, beladen mit etwas" (Westcar, FD 14; Wb I

56, 17-19) III SCu. *loh-: Irq. 10h-a "to move house", -loh-fs- "to carry load" [Wtl.1953], Alg. 10h-is- "to carry load" I Qwd. 10his- "to move house" (SCu.: Ehret 1980, 206) III WCh.: AngasSura *lc "load": Sura 1££ "load" [Jng. 1963, 72], Mupun lee "load" [Frj. 1991, 33], Ankwe lee, Kofyar (Mernyang) lee "load" (Angas-Sura: Hfm. 1975, 21, #130). jwJ:t [< *lw}:l] "benetzen, befeuchten" (MK, Wb I 57) III Sem. *1}:l}:l ~ *1}:l1}:l: Hbr. 1a}:l "moist (feucht), fresh", PB Hbr. 1c}:la "moisture", Aram. (Jewish) 1}:l1}:l "to moisten (befeuchten)", Ar. 1}:l}:l "to give a continuous rain", Geez 1a}:la}:la ~ 1a}:l}:la "to be humid", 1a}:ll;:l}:la "to be humid, damp, feucht werden" (Sem.: LsI. 1987, 310). Eg.-Sem.: Muller 1961, 200, #3.

jb [< *lb] "heart" (OK, Wb I 59-60) III Scm. *Iibb- -

*Iubb[influenced by *-bb-] "heart" [Sem.: Frz. 1964, 272, #2.73; LsI. 1945, 235] III Brb. *ulh "heart" [< *ul12]: SBrb. *ulh: Hgr. ul, Ns1. u1h, WIm. ul, Ayr ul ~ ;:J-w;:JI, Ghat ul ~ yul (SBrb.: Prs. 1969, 76-77, #482) II NBrb.: Qb1. ul [Dlt. 1982, 440], Sus ul [Dst. 1938, 68], Nefusa iii [Bgn. 1942, 317] II EBrb.: Siwa uli

88

CHAPTER FOUR

[Laoust 1931, 216] etc. II WBrb.: Zenaga u3 [Nci. 1953, 427] III Bcd. lcb "belly, stomach, heart" [Rn. 1895, 155] II NAgaw *bbdk-/*labak- [suffix *-k] "heart" [ApI.): Bilin labaka, bbbJka, Qwara labaka, Qemant bbaka, libdka (NAgaw: ApI. 1989 MSA, 15; 1991 MS, 7) I SAgaw: cf Awngi yclib "woman's breast" [Flm.] II ECu. *lubb- "heart, soul" [Sasse 1982, 135-136] ~ LECu. *lab'-/*la'b-: Oromo lape "breastbone", Oromo-Borana lape "heart", Somali lab "breast, heart" (ECu.: Sasse 1979, 52; 1982, 133) II SCu.: Asa liba "breast, chest" (Cu.: cf. Ehret 1987, #114) III NOm.: Kaffa nibbo [*1-] "heart", Basketo lippe "belly", Shinasha libbo "heart" (NOm.: Bnd.-Flm. 1976, 52) II SOm.: Ari (Ubamer) hpa, hl;la "heart", Galila lil;la "belly" III CCh.: Dghwede (Zeghwana) ruve [< *lub-] "heart" I Musgoy lib "belly", Daba lil;li "stomach" II ECh.: Mokilko 'lilbe "heart" [Jng. 1990, 189] = 'lilbo "my heart" [Lks. 1977, 221]. Erman 1892, !O7; Halma 1911, X; Ember 1918, 31; Vel. 1934,42; 1938, 131132; 1955, 320; 1958, 372, 390; 1972, 175 176; Cle. 1936, #6; Vrg. 1945, 132, #2.e.3; Chn. 1947, 184, #443; Rsl. 1952, 134; 1964,213; Grb. 1963,58; Dig. 1964,60; 1973,229; 1983, 125; 1987, 195, #1; 1994, 14, #19; Djk. 1965, 41; 1970, 457, rn. 14; IS 1966, 20; Mkr. 1966, 18, #53; Flm. 1969, 8; 1974, 89; 1976, 318; Prasse 1969, 27; Ward 1972, 22, ##238 240; Prh. 1972, 40, #21.2; Bnd. 1975, 169; Hodge 1976, 12, #56; 1981,410; 1990,646, #9B; Mkr. 1989, I, #3; BIz. 1989 ,\{S, 7, # 11; 1992, 136 137; Zbr. 1989, 583, #39; OS 1992, 186; 1992, 170; HSED # 1668. LIT.:

*jp [< *lp] "to send (or sim.)", henee jp.wt ~ wp.wt "message, mission, task" (PT, FD 60; Wb I 303~304) III WCh.: Angas-Sura *IVp "to send": Angas lap ~ lep "to send" [Flk. 1915], Sura bp "senden, ausschicken" [Jng. 1963, 73], Mupun lcp "to send", lep "message" [Frj. 1991, 33). jp [< *lp] "to examine, untersuchen, durch-/ erforschen" (OK, Wb I 66; GHWb 45) III WCh.: Angas lap "to look for, investigate, search, scan" [Flk. 1915], Mupun yap [*1-] "to look for something that is missing, search", yap "to check" [Frj. 1991,67]. Etymologically distinct from OEg. jp "to count, reckon up"? jp [< *lp] "to count, reckon up" (OK, FDI6; Wb I 66) III CCh. *l-[P] "to count": Mofu -saf-, Gisiga sof I Daba nif[< *lif], Kola ... nJf. . . (CCh.: JI 1994 II, 91). jp [< *lp] "Schlag", in: rdj jp \.Ir "einen Schlag geben auf (die Hand, die Stirn)" (MK, Wb I 67, 4) III Sem. *lp': U g. Ip'u inf pass. "das Erschlagenwerden", Ar. lafa'a "schlagen", also: "entrinden" (Scm.: WUS #1474) III WCh.: Angas lap ~ lcp "to push in" [Flk. 1915] I Pero lopo "to beat (with a stick)" [Frj. 1985, 40].

THE OLD EGYPTIAN CONSONANT SYSTEM

89

NB: There is no connection hetween Eg. jp - \VCh.: Montol wup "to strike" II ECh.: Migama 'uppo "to strike" (as suggested in OS 1992, 198; HSED #135).

jpp.t [< *Ipp-t] "earth, clay (for brick)" (GHWb 45), cf. jp [GW] "ein roter Farbstoff: Krapp (aus Farberrote)?" (NE, Wb I 68, 14; GHWb 44) III WCh.: Sura lip "red earth, rote Erde" [Jng. 1963, 73], Mupun IIp [15p] "clay, ochre-colored; red paint (type of ochrecolored clay scooped out of water; water evaporates and what is left used for decorations, also as medicine)" [Frj. 1991, 34]. jpl). [< *lp}:l] "pig, Schwein" (XX., Wb I 69, 14), cf. 3p}:l "etwas Geopfertes: ob identisch mit jp}:l?" (MK, Wb I 9, 4) III Sem.: Ar. vu1g. }:lallUf- "pig, pore" III Brb. *I-1df [< *i-}:lldf] ~ *i-1df "pig, boar, pore, sang1ier": NBrb.: Shi1h: Sus i-1ef [Dst. 1938, 255], Tazerwalt i-1ef I Figig I-1ef, Menaser I-1ef [Dst.] = i-1ef [W1f.], Ha1ima I-1ef, Shawya i-Ief, Rif i-ref [Laoust], Uriaghel i-ref [Dst.], Iznasen I-Ief, Senhazha i-Ief, Snus I-Ief I Qabyle i-Ief [Dlt. 1982, 446], Zwawa i-lef etc. (NBrb.: Bst. 1885, 193; Dst. 1925, 249; Rns. 1931, 336) II Guanche: Gran Canaria i-1fe, Lanzarote y-1fe [Zhl. 1950, 411, #15: *i-1fa]. Eg.-Brh.: WIt: 1955, 62.

jf.t [< *If-t] "bone-marrow, Knochenmark" (Med., Wb I 70, 12; Deines-Grapow 1959, 29) III ECu. *Iaf- "bone" [Sasse 1979, 21; cf. Dig. 1973, 167; Heine 1976,212; 1978,67] II SCu. *fara [met. < *rafa ~ *lafa?] "bone": Irq.-Brg.-Alg. fara I Qwd. fala'-ato, Asa farit I Ma'a ifwara (SCu.: Ehret 1980, 150) III SOm. *Iafi "bone": Ari (Ubamer) Irffi [Dig.]' lefi [Bnd.], Hamer lcpi, IFfi [Bnd.], Banna Iefa, Karo Iefi (SOm.: DIg. 1973, 167; Bnd. 1994, 146).

NH I: SOm. horrowed < ECu. (ef. Ehret 1976, 93)? NB2: SCu. *fara "hone" can hardly correspond to ECu. *far- "finger" [Dig. 1973, 41421 as maintained e.g. hy H. C. Fleming (quoted hy Ehret 1980, 18). NB3: The correspondence of SCu. *-r- - ECu. *1- is irregular.

mjb.t [*mlb-t] "axe, Beil als Handwerkszeug" (OK, Wb II 42, 14; 104) ~ MEG. mjnb "axe, Beil (als Handwerks und als Waffe)" (MK, Wb II 44, 7-8; FD 105; Hodge 1992, 211: already III-IV.) III Bed. malaw ~ malaD. [< *malab] "(small) axe, Axt, kleines Beil" [Rn. 1895, 170] = m'alau "adze" [Rp. 1928, 217]. Bed. malaw might have derived from *malah via *malav - *malab. The correspondence of Eg. h = Bed. w is attested. Eg.-Bed.: Biz. 1990 MS, 56, #9; Blz.-Boisson 1992, 20.

NB:

nj.w [< *nl-w] "ostrich" (PT, Wb II 202, 8; FD 125) III SBrb. *a-nhil "ostrich, autruche": Hgr. a-nhcI [Prs.] = a-nhil [Bst.] = a-nhfl [Zhl.] = a-nhcl [MIt.] , Wlm. a-nhil ~ a-nil, Ayr a-nhil ~ a-nil ~ i-nil ~ e-nil, Kcl Ui a-nhal, Ghat a-nhi1 II NBrb.: Beni

90

CHAPTER FOUR

Snus a-nhII [Prs.: < Tuareg?] (Brb.: Prs. 1969, 82, #544; 1999 p.c., #9.7.; also Bst. 1887, 334; ZhI. 1931-1932, 5; Mlt. 1988, 199). Eg.-SBrb.: Vel. 1933, 176; Zhl. 1934, 109. SBrb. *-h- is additional (seemingly, not part of the original root).

!\IB:

nbj [< *nbl] "to burn (brennen, in Brand sein), flame" (PT, Wb II 244, 3; FD 130), nbj "flame" (PT, Wb II 244, 7-8), nbjbj [< *nblbl] "to be hot" (Med., FD 130) III Scm. *nabl- "flame" ~ Eth.-Sem. *(n)blbl "to flame" (Scm.: WUS #1739; AHW 698; Frz. 1971, 636, #7.60; LsI. 1987, 95) III NBrb.: Shenwa a-bel "to be boiling" III Bed. balol ~ billol ~ balol "brand, flame, heat" [Rn. 1895, 48] = balol "flame" [Rpr. 1928, 161] II Agaw: Qwara embelaw-, Qemant ambalau- "to be hot" II LECu.: Afar bola "flame" [Rn.] (Cu.: Dig. 1966,51; 1973, 198; Rn. 1885,42; 1895, 48) III WCh.: Sura mMIEm "Funke" [Jng. 1963, 74], Mupun bil "to light a fire, ignite" [Frj. 1991, 5] I Hausa bal "to burn up (fire, intr.)" [Abr. 1962, 67] (WCh.: StI. 1987, 156). Alb. 1927,202; Behnk 1927,82, #17; ehn. 1947, #460; Hintze 1951, 1l5; PIs. 1960, 122, # 119; Conti 1980, 50 51; SISl\Ja I, 9.1, # 117; MIt. 198.1 MS, 9, #42; HCVA 2, #132; MIt. 1995, 122, #24; Skn. 1996, 14.

LIT.:

nbj.t [< *nbl-t] "reed, Rohrpflanze" (Med., \Vb II 243, 15) III Eth.Sem. "flute": Tigrinya 'dmbdlta, Tigre 'dmbdlta, 'dnbilta, Amh. dmbilta, Gurage-Selti dmbilt (Eth.-Sem.: LsI. 1979, 44). kj [< *kl] "other" (PT, Wb V 110-114) III Scm. *kil'- "both", in Eth.-Sem. "2" (Scm.: Rabin 1975, 89, #92; LsI. 1987, 282) III SCu.: Burunge kalel- "to be similar" [Ehret 1980, 366] III CCh.: PMafa-Mada *kal "to be equal" [Rossing 1978, 245, #240].

Ember 1926, 301l, fn. 2; 1930, #4.t:1 0; Alb. 1927, 202; Behnk 1927, 1l3, #34; Bnd. 197.1, 180; Hodge 1994,533; Ron'ati 1994, 183. !\In: For the semantic development cC e.g. Eg. sn-nw "second", hence also "the other one (of two)" (\Vb IV 149, A.I1I.c). LIT.:

EG.

j

= SEM.

*r

= AA

*r

ff [from *r'f]

"Feuchtes auspressen" (MK, \Vb I 41, 3-4) III Scm. *r'p "to drip, trickle" [Dig.]: Hbr. rep "to drip, trickle", Ar. ra'ifa i.a. "to flow (of blood), bleed (at the nose)" [Alb.-Dlg.]' IV "to press", ru'uf- "fine rains" (Sem.: DIg. 1983, 127). Eg.-Sem.: Alb. 1918,221, #18; Ember 1930, #5.1:4; Vrg. 1945, 132, #2.c; Hodge 1991, 104.

jwj [< *rwy] "to water (field), pour out (liquid), (das Feld) bewassern,

(Fhissigkeit) ausgiessen" (MK, Wb I 49, I) III Scm. *rwy: Hbr.Syr. f\vy "to quench thirst, drink saturation", ESA h-rwy "to provide a water supply", Ar. rawiya "to drink one's fill, water much

THE OLD EGYPTIAN CONSONANT SYSTEM

91

(cattle, soil)", Geez rawaya ~ rawya "to drink one's fill, be watered" III WCh.: Hausa ruwa, pI. ruwaye "water" [Abr. 1962, 746].

Sem.-WCh.: MM 1983,203; MIt. 1984, 159, #15; Djk. etc. 1986,67; OS 1988, 81, #91; BIz. 1991, 364; Stl. 1997,83, #2.3.

jwn [< *rwn] "wind, air" (PT, Wb I 53, 7~8) III WCh.: NBauchi *ruwun "wind": Kariya ruwun, Miya ruwun, Mburku ruw;m (NBauchi: Skn. 1977, 48) II CCh.: PTera *nn- "wind" [Skn.]: Ga'anda fina, Gabin nna, Boka rinmi'a (CCh.: Kraft 1981, #112). LIT.:

Skn. 1992, 351; 1995, 34; OS 1992, 188; HSED #2141; Orcl 1995, 147.

jn.wt [< *rn-wt] colI. "pain, Schmerz, Reissen (in den Gliedern)" (Med., Wb I 93, 16), cf jnj.t [nisba?] "ein Krankheitsdamon" (Med., Wb I 93, 17) III SBrb. *rhn "etre malade": Hgr. i-ran [*i-rhan], Nsl. i-rhan, Ayr i-ran, Ghat i-ran (SBrb.: Prs. 1969, 88, #616). NB:

SBrb. *-h- is additional (seemingly, not part of the original root).

jnJ:t [< *rn}:l, met. of *nr}:l] "to surround, enclose, umgeben" (XVIII., FD 24; Wb I 99) III WCh.: Sura nEEr "umgeben, umliegen, umzingeln" [Jng. 1963, 76], Mupun neer "to surround, gang up on someone" [Frj. 1991, 42]. NB:

The same metathesis in OEg. jn]:! "eyebrows" (OK).

jnJ:t [< *rn}:l, met. of *nr}:l] "eyebrows" (OK, Wb I 99, 1) III SBrb. *ali-nhVr "eyebrows, sourcil": Hgr. e-n;:lr ~ e-nar [Prs.] = e-ner [Ajh. 1986,9: < *a-ener], pI. a-nar-;:ln, Ghat a-nar [Nehlil 1909, 207], Nsl. i-nh;:lr ~ a-nhar, \-Vlm. i-n;:lr ~ a-nar ~ a-nir ~ a-nir;:lh, Ayr a-nar (SBrb.: Prs. 1969, 84, #560; 1999 p.c.). jk [< *rk] "herausforden (?), angreifen (?)" (PT, Wb I 139, 1; GHWb 108) III LECu.: cf. PSam *rlx- "schieben, vertreiben" [Lmb. 1986, 446] III WCh. *rVk- "to drive away": Angas rok "to throw/cast down" [Flk. 1915] I NBauchi *rak-/*r;:lk- "to drive away" [Skn.]: Warji r;:lkkw-, Pa'a raku, Siri fdb, Jimbin r;:lk-, Mburku, Miya rab, Kariya r;)ki (NBauchi: Skn. 1977, 19) I Bole rokk- "to drive away, vertreiben" [Lks. 1971, 137] I Ngizim niHu "to chase away, drive away" [Schuh 1981, 136]. jkm. [< *rkm] "shield" (MK, FD 32; Wb I 139, 13~15) III WCh.: Ron: Daffo-Butura rici!] [< *riki!]] "shield" [Jng. 1970, 220]. kj ~ kj.w [< *kr-w] "Art Affen" (MK, Wb V 110, 4) = "monkey" (FD 285), kj.t "Affin" (BD, Wb V 110, 5), kjkj pI. "monkeys (?), Affen (?)" (XIX., Wb V 116, 12) III ECu.: Yaaku bni "monkey (clobus)" [Heine 1975, 130] III NOm.: Manjo (argot of Kaffa) qeriyo "monkey (cercopithecus)" II SOm.: Bako qara, ~ara "monkey (cercopithecus)" (Om.: Crl. 1951 IV, 17; Flm. 1976, 320) III WCh.: Angas ker "smallish black and white monkey" [Flk. 1915],

92

CHAPTER FOUR

Sura kaar "roter Affe" [Jng. 1963, 68], Mupun kaar "monkey (generic term), any monkey of dark color, but excluding baboons" [Frj. 1991, 24] (Angas-Sura: Stl. 1977, 154, #81) I Bokkos kyera, Fyer kiir "monkey" (Ron: Jng. 1970, 87, 143) I Geruma gyara "monkey" I Polchi gari "monkey" (\vCh.: Mkr. 1987, 258).

For Yaaku-Om.-Angas-?Eg.: Biz. 1985 ~IS, 3, #5. The phonological correspondences hetween the Ist root consonants are sometimes unclear (e.g. Eg. k- "'s. am. *~-). \Ve may assume that either Eg. k- or am. *~- = Ron *k- l < *~-l are irregular here.

:-Ill:

EG. (

EG. (

=

SEM.

*' =

AA

*' and

EG. (

=

SEM.

*y =

AA

*y

"room, chamber (MK) -+ house, dwelling (NK)" (FD 37; Wb I 160; AEO II 206*), cf. ' "house" (LP, \Vb I 159, 15) -+ Cpt.: (S) ei "house" (CED 41) III ECu.: Yaaku ai, ai, pl. aiy6 "house" [Heine 1975, 127] II SCu.: Asa aiyo "house" [F1m. 1969, 14, #33] III CCh.: Logone ya'a, *aa, pl. *ai*a "house" [Lks. 1936, 94]. (3 [< *'r] "ass" (OK, \Vb I 165) III Sem. *'ayr- "ass": Hbr. 'ayir "Eselsfiillen", Ar. 'ayr- "(wild) ass" III \vCh.: Pero aura "donkey" [Frj. 1985, 21]. (.t

Ember 1911, 88; 1912, 89; 1930, #3.h.6; Farina 1924, 324; Vel. 1933, 175-176, #4:; 1934:,69: Vrg. 194:5, 128, #l.c.5; LsI. 1949,314:, #63; Djk. 1970, 462, en. 23: 1981. 33, rn. 27; Behrens 1984 1985, 174 175; HSED #1081.

LIT.:

(3b "pleasant, desireable" (PT, FD 38) III Sem. *yrb: Hbr. 'rb "to be sweet, pleasant", Ar. yarlb- i.a. "wonderful, unusual, extraordinary", cf. also Ar. 'rb "to be in order, fit (taugen, passen)" (Sem.: GB 615). LIT.:

Emher 1911, 88: 1917, 85, #111; 1930, 33.h.36.

(3d [*"d < *'d] "to be pale, pallid, bleich werden (vom Gesieht)" (MK, FD 38; \Vb I 168, 15) III LECu. *'ad- "white" [Black]: cf. Saho-Afar 'ad-a I Somali 'add- I Oromo ad(d)-, Konso-Gidole att- I Dasenech (Gcleba) 'ed, Arbore eziy-da (ECu.: CR 1913, 420; Dig. 1973, 144; Sasse 1973,268,275; 1976, 132-137; Black 1974, 203). (w3j [*'wry] "to steal, rob" (OK, FD 39; \Vb I 171) III Scm.: Ar. ywr III: yawara "to make a raid", yar-at- "raid, predatory incursion", Harsusi ywr: aywlr "to distract, keep someone's attention off", Sewyar "to raid" [Jns. 1977, 47], Shahri ywr: qbcr ~ ayber

THE OLD EGYPTIAN CONSONANT SYSTEM

93

"to raid" [Jns. 1981, 91], Mehri ywr: aywir "to distract, attract away someone's attention", yor;>t "raid" [Jns. 1987, 145].

LIT.: Ember 1917, 86, # 122; 1930, #5.b.3; Djk. etc. 19B6, 55; Mlt.-Stl. 1990, 63; Djk. 1992, 29; HSED #1024.

(pj "to fly" (LP, Wb I 179) III Scm. *'wp "to fly": Hbr. 'wp "to fly", Ar. 'wf "schweben, kreisen (von Vogeln)" III NBrb.: Snus, Iznasen, Menaser afiy [< *a-HfiyJ "to fly, flee (voler)".

Hommel 1883, 440, rn. 30; Erman I B92, 108; Ember 1930, #8.a.2; Cle. 1936, #132; Chn. 1947, #65; \VIr. 1955, 139; Vel. 1953,373; 1958,372; 1959, 39; Mit. 1991, 260, #30.2.

LIT.:

(pr "to provide, equip" (OK, FD 41; cf. Wb I 180) III Sem. *'pr: Akk. eperu "verkostigen, versorgen" [AHW 223], cf. Ar. 'fr i.a. "to water (grain), fecundate (palm)" III WCh.: SBauchi: cf. Zaar ip;>r "to sell" [Mkr. 1987, 116-117]. Eg.-Sem.: Hodge 1971, 43. (fn "to (be) cover(ed), umhiillen; verhiillt sein" (MK, FD 42; Wb I

183, 1-2) III Sem. *ypn: Jibbali oyof;;m "to cover (the face), keep a girl in seclusion for a week before marriage" [Jns. 1981, 84], Mehri yofen "to cover, bedecken" [LsI.-Jahn] = ayo[;;m "to keep (a daughter) in seclusion (a week before marriage)", also (diaL) "to cover one's face" [Jns. 1987, 134J, Sqt. *'fn "to cover", 'cfen-iten pI. "cloth" (Sem.: LsI. 1938, 319; 1945, 244). Eg.-Sem.: l\Jl\1 1983, 234.

"to swallow, verschlucken" (OK, FD 42; Wb I 183-184) III Bcd. 'am "to cat, consume, eat much and greedily, gobble (fressen)" [Rn. 1895, 16J II Agaw *';>1)- [*-1)- < *-m-] "to bite": Qemant (y);>I)- I Awngi JI)- (Agaw: ApI. 1989 MS, 6) II LECu.: PSam *'un- [Lmb.] = *'un- [Heine] "to cat" (-n# < *-m#): Somali 'un, 'un "to cat", Rendille }:lun "to drink milk, blood", Boni -hul)-I -hal)- "to cat" (Sam: Heine 1978, 78/100; Lmb. 1986, 439 etc.; Cu.: ApI. 1989 MS, 6) III WCh.: Pa'a 'mma "to cat" [Jng. 1967, 198] II ECh. *'-y-m "to cat": Somray':Sm I Sokoro :SymE I Dangla ~m(; [Skn. 1977, 19], Mokilko 'oami [Jng. 1990, 156], Migama 'aym6/ c [Jng.-Adams 1992, 67; Jng. 1977, 83] etc. (ECh.: JI 1994 II, 119, 121).

(In

Rn. I B95, 16; Mnh. 1912, 2:B; Bchnk 192B, 139, # 16; Zhl. 1932 1933, 166; Chn. 1947, #60; Djk. 1965,44; Dig. 1970,623, #74.

LIT.:

(nn "to turn back, umwenden" (MK, FD 43; Wb I 188-189)

III

Scm. *'ny: Akk. enii "to turn back, alter, umwcnden, andern" [AHW 220], Ug. 'ny "to answer, respond" [WUS #2060], Hbr. 'ny "to answer", act. *"to return (the question)" [GB 603J, cf. Ar. 'nn "begegnen, sich abwenden".

94

CHAPTER FOUR

Sem.-Eg.: Erman 1892, 108; GB 603; Alb. 1918,229; 1927, #61; Ember 1926, 302, rn. 10; Cle. 1936, # 135; Vel. 1958, 381; Ward 1961, 37, # 19.

(r

[*'1] ~ j'r [*y'l] "to mount up, ascend, aufsteigen" (OK, Wb I 41; FD 45) III Sem. *'ly "to mount up, ascend" III NBrb.: Snus ali "to mount (on a tree etc.)", Iznasen-Senhazha alc;y "to rise, mount" [Rns. 1932, 335], Nefusa ali "to mount" [Laoust 1931, 262] = ali "salire (su un albero, un monte ecc.)" [Bgn. 1942, 271] I Qabyle ali "to mount" [Dlt. 1982, 470], Zwawa ali "to ascend, mount" II WBrb.: Zenaga ellei h "montee, etre (partie)- en haut" [Ncl. 1953,430] II SBrb.: Hgr. ali "to suspend" [Fed. 1951-1952 III 1016], Ghat s-iIi "to suspend" [Nhl. 1909, 209], EWlm. aby "to hang on, etre suspendu a" [Alj. 1980, 120] (Brb.: Dig. 1987, 196) III ECu. *'al- "highland, mountain" [Sasse 1979, 35-36], cf. HECu. *ale "over, above" [Hds. 1989, 404] III WCh.: AngasSura *yaHal: Angas yal "to get up, rise" [Flk. 1915], Sura yayal "aufstehen, sich aufmachen, wehen (Wind)" [J ng. 1963, 88], Mupun yol [instead of *yaal or sim.] "to get up from sitting position, stand up" [Frj. 1991, 69] (Angas-Sura: Stl. 1977, 158, #248) I Tangale ile "to stand up, rise, fly, start, depart" [Jng. 1991, 90], Dera yil "to stand up" [Stl.] , Pero ilia "to quit, stand up, get up" [Frj. 1985, 32] I Geji hilya "to stand up" [Stl.] (WCh.: Stl. 1987, 228) II ECh.: Kwang ale-, Ngam ale, Mobu ale "to climb" I Somray (Sibine) 'ayl- "to climb" I Dangla ale "to step, jump over" etc. Hommel 1883, 440, In. 30; Moller 1921, 195; Ember 1930, # 12.b.3; Cle. 1931,28; Zhl. 1932-1933,87; 1934, 114; Chn. 1947, #58; wlr. 1955, 124-125; Vel. 1958, 378; 1992, 384; Djk. 1965, 45; Hodge 1976, 15, #105.b; 1993, 339-340; Dig. 1967, 188; 1982,34; 1987, 196, #Il.a; OS 1990,83; 1992, 172; HSED #1059, #1102; Hodge 1990,644, #3.a; Skn. 1995, 32.

LIT.:

(r

"goat" (Med., Wb I 208, 10) III Guanche: Tenerife ara "goat" [Mit. 1991, 168, fn. 4] III SCu. *Ha(a)ri "goat": Brg.-Alg.-Irq.Grw. ara pI. "goats" I Qwd. ali-to [*-r-] "goat" I Dhl. heeri ~ eeri "goat, sheep" (SCu.: Ehret 1980, 297; 1974, 73; Flm. 1969, 29) III WCh.: Montol, Gerka ur "he-goat" I Kulere war "he-goat, Ziegenbock" [Jng. 1970, 389] II ECh.: Lele ore pI. "goats" [WP 1982, 74; JI 1994 II, 167]. LIT.: NB:

(r

OS 1992, 182; HSED # 1112. Irreg. lack of *'- in PSCu.

[*'1] "Binse: als Pflanze, als Schreibfeder" (OK, Wb I 208, 4-7)

III Sem.: Hbr. 'ale(h) colI. "foliage, leaves, Laub, Blatter" [GB 591], Syr. 'elwa "leaf" [doubtful] (Scm.: Rabin 1975, 88, #46) III

WCh.: Pero alau "blade, leaf" [Frj. 1985, 18] = alaw "leaf" [Kraft], cf. Tangale ala "grass (for animals)" [Jng. 1991, 66],

THE OLD EGYPTIAN CONSONANT SYSTEM

95

Karekare 'ara kum;)w "leaf" I Jimbin alo-hu [< *-ku] "leaf" [Skn. 1977, 28J (WCh.: Kraft 1981, #131).

It is questionable whether LECu.: Somali 'ale('n [*-m J, pI. 'al"erno "leaf" belongs here (DIg.: Cu. *-m- derivational suflix), cC SCu.: iracj\1i halmi, Alagwa elcmi "branch, bough" (Sell.: Ehret 1980, 3:)(»). LIT.: Ember 1917,87, #126: DIg. 1973, 141; Djk. etc. 1986,59; DIg. 1987, 197, # 16; OS 1988, 74: 1990, 88, # 1:1; 1992, 168; BIz. 1989, 202; HSED #1059.

Nil:

'rf [*'If] "einhullen, einpacken, umschliessen" (MK, Wb J 210-211) = "to combine, enclose" (FD 45) III Scm. *ylp: Hbr. 'Ip: pual "bedeckt sein", hitpacl "sich verhullen", Ar. yalafa "bedecken", Harsllsi yelfet "foreskin, prepuce" [Jns. 1977,44] (Scm.: GB 594). Eg.-Scm.: Cle. 1931, 36; 1936, #139: Vrg. 191\ 133, #3.a.:1. "Illl: For the meaning of Harsusi yelit,t cL Eg. 13m "foreskin" ,:}'IK, \Vb V 354, 20) - Eg. 13m "to veil, sich \'erhiillcn" i}.IK, FD 303: \\'b V 35,1, 12). N1l2: For Eg. 'rf cp, alternatively Eth.-Scm.: Gcez 'rf: ta'arafJ. "to cover one another" [LsI. 1987, 70] III \\'Cb,: Angas girp "to cover, protect" [Flk. 19151,

'5 "to summon, rufcn" (MK, FD 48; Wb I 227, 4) III Agaw *;)Zz"to call" [Ehret] II ECu.: Yaaku -£s- tr. "to beg someone" [Heine 1975,121] (Cu.: Ehret 1987, 117, #491) III WCh.: Bole'ecS "rufen" [Lks. 1971, 133] I Boghom yi:s "rufen" (WCh.: JI 1993, 140; 1994 II, 58).

Eg.-WCb.: OS 1992, 193; Ore! 1995, 100, #8, Nil: Eg, s (AA *s - *c) vs. Agaw *z seems irreg. at the present. It should be confirmed by more examples,

'd "das Holz, worauf das Seil gewickclt wird" (BD, Wb I 237, 10) = "spool, rccl" (FD 51) III Scm. *'id- "tree" [Frz. 1968, 276J III Bcd. 'ac;la [' < *'] "polc, long stick (used by aged and halt)" [Rpr. 1928, 143] III WBrb.: cf Zenaga te-igug "big stick" [Hodge]. 1.11.:

Hodge 1'JG9, 110, #23; 1')7(;.

I:~,

#1\:); 1')79,497; I'ml, 407.

'd [< *'¢J '\mhlbehaltcn, unverschrt, intakt sein" (MK, \Vb I 237-238;

GHWb 165) III Scm. *ydd: Ar. yac.:lc;l- "fresh, lush" III Bed. yac;la' "feucht, nass, grun, unreif sein" [Rn. 1895, 241 J II LECu.: PSam *'ayc;li "unripe" [Heine 1978, 77]: Somali 'ayc;lln, 'cc;lin, Rendillc I;cc;li [lJ- < *'-J II seu. *'Ec:- [< *'-¢-] "unripe, raw": Iraqw-Alagwa 'cc I Ma'a isc (SCu.: Ehret 1980, 277) III WCh.: cf. Diri yac;la "unripe, \vct" [Skn. 1977,47]. The underlying AA root may havc originally meant *"to be flourishing, be fresh".

Hocif';e 1968, 27 (Ar.-Eg.i: Dlf';. 1987, 209, # I 04 (SCu.-LECu.). The traditional etymologies of Eg. \! [not *'nc!J seem less convincing: I. Sem.: Ar. 'Ig III: 'alaga "to Cllrt" treat "mcdil'ally\ restore" (suggested hv Alb. 1918,238; Ember 1930, #5.a.14; Cle. 1936, #137; Vrg, 194.1, 135, #9.h.2, 146, #24.a.I). 2. Sem. *'zz"to be strong, powerful" (SfT Ward 1962, 412, lil, 3; 1968, (9). 3. ECl!. *'i'g- "to watch, look out" [Sasse 1982, 67] III SBrb. (Tuareg) agg "bc\\a('hen". Sec Rsl. 1961. 207 iLECu.-SBrb.); OS 1992, 176 (Eg.-LECu.!.

LIT.:

NB:

96

CHAPTER FOUR

(d [< *'g] "to hack up" (OK, Wb I 238) III LECu.: Saho -u'ug[Wclmers], -'ag"- [CR] "to dig" (Saho: DIg. 1973, 268), cf. also Saho-lrob raga "to bury, begraben" [Rn. 1878, 137] III WCh.: Angas ok [*-g] "to dig" [Flk. 1915] II ECh. *yVgV "to hoc, plough": Lcle yagi, Kabalay yuwegc I Tumak y;)g, Somray yigJ, Ndam y;')g;'). AP in NS: PKu1iak *'ug "to dig" [Ehret 1981, 99]. Eg.-ECh. sec

as

1989, 13.1; 1992, 194, 196; Orel 199.1, 151, #5; HSED #1106.

w(rn.t [< *'wm] "Verhinderung, Einschrankung" (XVIII., GHWb 185; cf. Wb I 285, 15) III SCu. *'um- "to stop" [intr.]: Irq. 'om"to stop (intr.)" I Ma'a -'uma "to stand, come to stop", -'umati "to stop (tr.)" (SCu.: Ehret 1980, 278). Eg. *w'm < AA *'um (Belova's law). The meaning of NEg. w'm.t is strengthened by the regular SCu. reflex, which makes us postulate a PEg. *w'm "to hinder, keep up, stop".

:-.IB:

b'j "to consider, respect, beachten, berucksichtigen" (NE, Wb I 446,

6; DLE I 152; GHWb 248) III Sem. *byy: e.g. Ug. byy [b'2Y] "suchen, erforschen, anschauen", esp. Ar. byy "to demand, desire" and "to observe with attention, anschauen, betrachten" etc. (Sem.: Ast. 1948,214; WUS #560; Frz. 1971,629, #7.01; DRS 75-76; Zbr. 1971, 58, #28). b(n.t "neck, Ha1s" (PT, FD 81; Wb I 447, 7-8) III Sem. *b1' "to swallow" (Sem.: DRS 68; Frz. 1971,631, #7.21; Rabin 1975,87, 90, #23): hence Ar. mabla'- "throat, gullet", bul'-um-, bul'-um"gosier, oesophagc, Schlund, Speiserohre" [Eilers 1978, 128], Eth.Sem. *b1' "to eat" (Cri. 1936, 239; LsI. 1945, 148; 1956, 188; 1979, 138) III Bed. ba1a "Keh1e, Schlund" [Rn. 1895, 47] III NOm. *bV1- ~ *bVr- "neck": Gimirra bar, Benesho bar, Chara borka, Koyra (Badditu) ba1a, Nao feli III WCh.: Hausa bell ~ belii "uvula" [Abr. 1962, 95], Gwandara belibdi "uvular" [Mts. 1972, 25] I Sura hEbEl "Zapchen, uvula" [Jng. 1963, 59] I Bokkos bu1e' "Kropf" [Jng. 1970, 140] I Bade b;'tal-5n "uvula" [Lks. = WL 1968, 224] II CCh.: Ga'anda-Gabin 9irata [Kraft], Boka 9Ur;'Jt;) [Kraft] "throat" I Bura-Margi *ful-am [*b-] "throat": Heba fu1al), Margi f51al) , Bura fulam II ECh.: Bidiya bCle "gorge, voix" [Jng. 1989, 58]. Ember 1917,90, #150; 1926,302, fiL \0; 1930, #5.a.18, #7.a.23; Cle. 1936, #591; Chn. 1947, #406; Dig. 1966, 54; 1970, 3.17, #1; 1970,624, #99; 1973, 198; IS 1971, #4; SISi\Ja I, 100, # 122; Biz. 1989 :\IS, 24, #82; :\llt.-Stl. 1990, 51; as 1992, 170; 1992, 185; Djk. etc. 1986 . .19; HCY A 2, # 136; HSED #208, #333; Skn. 1996, 20.

LIT.:

rnn(.t [GW] "possession, Besitzung" (NE, Wb II 79, 2) = "property, possession, estate" (DLE I 219) < OEg. *mn' "to take into

THE OLD EGYPTIAN CONSONANT SYSTEM

97

possession" III Scm.: MSA *mn': Harsusi mona "to take, catch, hold", Jibbali mina' "to (take) hold (of)", Mehri muna "to catch, get, take" (MSA:Jns. 1977,89; 1981, 172; 1987,267) III WCh.: Angas-Sura *mal) "to take (up)": Sura mal) "to pick up, take over, take into possession, have, carry, aufnehmen, iibernehmen, in Besitz nehmen, haben, tragen" [Jng. 1963, 73], Mupun mal) "to pick up, carry" [Frj. 1991, 35], Montol mal) "to carry, lift, tragen, aufheben" [Jng. 1965, 178, 180]. Nn: Angas-Sura *-1] < *-nH

= Eg.-Sem.

*-n'.

III Sem.: Ar. n'y "den Tod bekanntgeben", II "zur Totenklage aufforden".

n( "Tod verkiinden?" (PT, Wb II 207, 4; GHWb 395) LIT.:

Cleo 1936, #209; Vel. 1958, 376.

n(w "to penetrate, copulate, durchdringen, sich paaren" (NE, GH\Vb 395) III SCu.: WRift *nV'- "to copulate with": Alagwa ni'- "to copulate with", Iraqw na'ani [Ehret] = na'ni [Mgw. 1989, 116] "penis" (SCu.: Ehret 1980, 186; 1987, #468). b'j "to rise (of sun), appear in glory, aufgehen, erscheinen" (PT, Wb III 239~241) III Agaw *g";)- [unexpected *g"-] "to get up, rise" [ApI. 1989 MSA, 12] II ECu. *ka'- "to get up" ~ "to wake up" [Sasse 1979, 11]: e.g. PSam *ka'- "to stand up" [Lmb. 1986, 443] II SCu. *ka'-: Ma'a -ka "to get up, stand up, awake", -ka'a "to raise, waken" [Ehret 1980, 331] III WCh.: Sura kaa "nach oben kommen, herauskommen, aufgehen (Sonne), wachsen, besteigen" [Jng. 1963, 68J, Mupun ka "to mount, climb, go up, come up" [Frj. 1991,24], Chip kaa "(be-/ein-)steigen" [Jng. 1965,166]. AP: PCKhoisan *!kx'ua "to rise (of the sun)" [Baucom 1972, 25]. The alternative comparison of Agaw *g"J- to ECu. *heg-I*hog- "to be erect, stand" [Sasse 1979, 39] seems to me less satisfactory.

NB:

zJ

[with z-!] "zittern; to tremble" (NK, Wb IV 3, 5~6), cf. s'3j [GW of z)] "to tremble" (XVII!., FD 213) III Sem. *z' "to tremble, shiver" [Zbr.J: Hbr. zw' "to tremble", Aram. (Bible) zw' "to tremble", zo'a "earthquake", Ar. z'z' "to shatter, agitate, shake, tickle" (Scm.: GB 196; Zbr. 1971, #281).

:-.In: Scm. *z' is not connected either to Eg. d' "wind" (contra "Vard 1962, 411 412) or Eg. d3 "to tremble" (contra Ember 1911, 94).

53( [*sr'] "to begin" (MK, Wb IV 406~407)

III Scm. *5r' "to begin":

Akk. D surn1 "to begin" [AHW 1285], Ar. sara'a "to begin, undertake" III cf. Brb. *zwr "to precede, be the first": NBrb.: Qabyle zwir [Dit. 1982, 962] II EBrb.: Ghadames ;)-zw;)r II SBrb.: AyrWlm. ;)-ZWdr, Tadghaq ;)-sw;)r, Hgr. a-hwar ~ ;)-hw;)r etc. (Brb.: Prs. 1969, 72, #437; 1999 p.c.; cf. Bst. 1885, 189; 1887,425).

98

CHAPTER FOUR

Ember 1912, 87; 1930, #3.b.30; Holma 1919, 4.1; Vel. 1934, 55; 1958, 399; 1990, 39; ~llt. 1984, 16; 1986, 75.

LIT.:

sn

"to turn back, repulse, repel" (MK, FD 269; Wb IV 505-506) III Scm.: Ar. sani'a ~ sana'a "to be averse to, have aversion for, despise, find anyone ugly or repulsive", san'- "abomination" III \vCh.: Angas lal) ~ leal) [1- < *5-] "to deny, refuse" [Flk. 1915J. C

Eg.-Ar.: Ember 1917,84, #107; 1930, #5.a.23, #ll.a.53; Alb. 1918, 242, #85; 1927, #82; Cle. 1931, 35. :"\[B: The final Angas-Sura *-1) goes back, in this case, to *-n-'.

d [< *¢'] "to lie waste, wust liegen" (XIX., \Vb V 534, 12) III Scm. C

*dy': Ar. Cpt. (S) ou "who? what?" (KHW 264) III Guanche *wa "which" [Mit. 1991, 176] III Agaw *wa-/*wd- "what?" [ApI. 1984, 50; 1989 MSA, 22] III PCh. *wa "who?" [Nwm. 1977, 34; c( Mkr. 1987, 408-409]. Cpo also Bed. aw "who?" [Rn. 1895, 35] II Agaw *'aw "who?" [ApI. 1984, 50; 1991, 23] III NOm. *0 "who?" [c( Lmb. 1994, 11-112].

for the AA comparison: Mkr. 1987,408; Zbr. 1989,590, #97; BIz. 1994, 43l. The Cpt. interrogative ou is a common AA morpheme, thus it cannot be derived from an Eg. ' "person" (Edel, d: KHW 264) or Eg. w' "I" (Sethe, cf: CED 208; Vel. 1983, 228). The Cpt.-Ch. etymology (above) was declined already in Vel. 1934, 88. LIT.

NB:

w3.t [*wr-t] "way" (OK, Wb I 246-248)

III SCu.: Gorowa uruwa

"road, way" [Dig. 1973, 242] III NOm.: Kaffa wore-to "way, street", Mocha wora-to "road" [LsI. 1959, 57], Shinasha-Dangur wcera "road" [Flm. 1990, 28] III WCh.: Angas-Sura *ar [< *war?] "road": Angas ar [Flk. 1915], Sura ar, Mupun ar ~ are [Frj. 1991, 4], Ankwe war [Grb.] (Angas-Sura: Stl. 1977, 152; 1987, 231) II CCh.: Gider ura "way" [Grb.]. Grb. 1963,61; Muller 1975,66, #37; Conti 1978,43, fn. 2; Behrens 1987, 243, #10.

LIT.:

100

CHAPTER FOUR

w3j [*wry] "darren (des Getreides) = to roast (grain)" (Med., Wb I 244, 9; FD 52), w3w3.t "Feuer, Glut" (XVIII., Wb I 250, 4) III Scm.: Ar. wry "to set fire, kindle" III SCu.: Asa wura-to "ashes" [Ehret 1980, 279] III WCh.: Mupun woor "to heat olives, cook eggs (with oil)" [Frj. 1991,66] II CCh.: Gisiga-Midjivin wur "verbrennen, rasten" [Lks. 1970, 138], Mofu -ur- [*-wur-] "verbrennen" (Matakam: .II 1994 II, 55) I Zime wor "griller (dans de 1a ftamme),' [Cooper 1984, 30]. The following \VCh. roots do not helong here: Galamhu wary- "to cook, prepare /()od" « *wa "to open" I Mandara uur, Glavda \Vur [-r < *-n] "to open" I Matakam wun, GisigaMidjivin won [Lks. 1970, 138] "to open" I Musgu wal) ~ wan [Lks. 1941,81] = wanl) [Jll "hole" (CCh.: Lks. 1970,34) II ECh.: Mubi wen [Lks. 1937, 186] = \Vin [JI] "to open" (Ch.:JI 1994 II, 264-265). Eg.-WCh.-l\luhi: OS 1992, 196; HSED #252·L Sura-l\lupun -I] < *-n'?

NB:

wn.t [*w1-t?] "Art Schnur" (PT, Wb I 314, 18) III SCu.: WRift *we1- "rope": Irq. weli, Grw weli, Alg. weli, Brg. wcla (SCu.: Wtl. 1958, 25) III WCh.: cf. Calambu wu1a, Cera wula "rope". Eg.-WCh.: HSED #2.'i45. The Weh. data are quoted from HSED. The common Bole-Tangale word for "rope" is *z(lri (Schuh 1984, 212).

NB:

wnn "to be, exist" (OK, FD 62; \Vb I 308-309) III NAgaw *wanI*wan- "to be, remain" [ApI.]: Bilin wan- [Rn.], wan- [Apl.], Hamir w;m-, win-, Qemant wan- (Agaw: Rn. 1884, 425; ApI. 1984, 50, 1989 MSA, 22; 1994 MS, 1). AP: PCKhoisan *'an "to dwell, live" [Baucom 1972, 21]. Eg.-Agaw: ApI. 1989 l\ISA, 22; 1994 l\IS, I; BIz. 1992, HI.

THE OLD EGYPTIAN CONSONANT SYSTEM

101

wr "(to be) great" (OK, FD 63; Wb I 326-328) III SCu.: c[ Iraqw ur "big, large", ur-aw- "to grow" [Wtl. 1953] I c[ Qwadza ul-ungayo [*ur-?] "wide, broad" (SCu.: Ehret 1980, 295: < SCu. *'uc;l-) III WCh.: Angas-Sura *war- ~ *wVrVI): Angas warn "big, large" [Flk. 1915], Sura wlmll) "great (high)" [Jng. 1963, 87], Mupun waar "flatulance", wural) "to grow" [FIj. 1991,65, 67], Ankwe waIT [< *warn?] "strength" I Bole-Tangale *wara "to surpass" [Schuh 1984,219] II ECh.: Lele wcr "to enlarge (a hole)" [WP 1982,95]. Mkr. 1966, 14 (Sura-Eg.); IS 1976, 109 110 (Eg.-Angas-Sura); OS 1992, 199 (Ch.-Eg.); HSED #2529 (Eg.-Ch.-Iraqw). Nil I : The origin of *-1) in the Angas-Sura root is unclear. Is it perhaps from *-n, an ancient AA nominal suflix? N1l2: Any connection to Brb. *wVIl-Vn "much. very" leI: Prs. 1990, 168] III CCh.: Bura 'w.}la "large" I Krall 19111, #2811 = wala "old, great", wala-ka "great" IRK 1973, 91l], Margi 'witl "big" lIS] I ~Iusgu wei "great, old" IMuller I1l1l6, 407; Lks. 1941, Ill] II ECh.: Lele wcle "largeness" IWP 19112, 95]? LIT.:

whj "to miss (of arrow), fail, be lacking" (MK, FD 65) III LECu.

*way- [< *wahy-?]: Saho-Afar way- "to fail, be unable to be or find", Saho-Irob way "to be without, not to have, ohne sein, nicht haben" [Rn. 1878, 141] I PSam *way- "vermissen, versaumen" [Lmb. 1986,447] (LECu.: Sasse 1979,42). wgp "zerstossen (in einer Fliissigkeit)" (Med., Wb I 377, 5-8) III Scm. *wgp: Ar. wagafa "to beat (heart), throb". Eg.-Ar.: Ember 1930, #8.a.17, #23.a.4; Ward 1962,410, fn. 4.

wdj "to place, put, lay, throw" (OK, Wb I 384-387; FD 72) III Scm. *wdy: Hbr. ydy qal "shoot (arrows)", piel "to throw", Ar. wdy II "to send", Geez wadaya "to put (in, on, under), add, place, set, throw, cast" etc. (Scm.: LsI. 1987, 605; Zhr. 1971, 58, #31) III WCh.: cf. Kulere wot(6) "to give" II ECh.: cf. Ndam wud,,: "to give" (Ch.: JI 1994 II, 158-159). Sethe 1912, 94; Vrg. 1945, 144, #23.a.6; Vel. 1958, 373; 1985, 171, #9; Djk. 1967, 196 197, fn. 57; Zbr. 1971, .'iB, #31; Bmh. 1986,236.

LIT.:

wdd "to cook, sieden, kochen" (Med., Wb I 394, 6--7) III ECu. *wad- "to roast" [Sasse 1982, 186] III WCh.: Bole-Tangale *wac;lu "to cook" [Schuh 1984, 215; e[ Stl. 1987, 238]. LIT.:

Dig. 19B3, 129; OS 1992, 194.

nwr "cine Reiherart = kind of egret" (PT, BD, Wb II 223, 5; GHWb

399) III WCh.: Mupun nawu "white egret" [Frj. 1991, 41].

The semantical correspondence is perfi.'ct in spite of the final Mupun -0 vs. Eg. -r, which we may explain two ways: I. erosion in Mupun (i.e. nawu < *nawur) or 2. "pseudohistorical" (secondary) -r in OEg. (instead of OEg. *nwj), cr. Muller 1909, IB2201; Schenkel 1965. :'Ill:

1;tw "to proclaim, melden" (PT, FD 164; Wb III 44, 3) III Scm.: Hbr.

}:lwy piel "to let know, announce", Aram. }:lwy II, IV "verkiinden".

Eg.-Sem.: Ember 1913, 115, #40; 1914, 6 7; 1916. 74, fn. 3; 1930, #6.a.24,

102

CHAPTER FOUR

#14.aI3; Alb. 191B, 222; Vrg. 1945, 138, #12.a.9; Rsl. 1971, 29B, #23; Takacs 1996, 50, #22.

l).wj "to beat, strike, schlagen" (OK, FD 165; Wb III 46-48) III LECu.: Somali \:law "maltraiter, assomer" [Chn.] = "beating with sticks" [Dig.], caus. \:law-i- "to beat". Eg.-Somali: Chn. 1947, #132; Dig. 1973, 154; OS 1992, 175.

III Sem.: Ar. sw' "to be bad, schlecht sein", IV "to do evil to another one", saw'- "bad", su'- "evil".

sw "to be harmful, schadlich sein" (PT, Wb IV 59, 16-17)

Eg.-Sem.: Ember 1913, liB, #79; 1930, #IB.a.21; Cle. 1936, #299; Chn. 1947, #277; Yd. 19.'iB, 37B.

sW

"(to become) dry, trocken (werden)" (Med., FD 263; Wb IV 429)

III NBrb. *zw [Brb. *z < AA *c] "to (become) dry" III CCh.: Margi su "to dry up" [Skn. 1977, 19] II ECh.: Mobu s;)we "to dry up" III cf. Sem. *§""y "to roast, braten" [Frz. 1971, 636, #7.66]. Alb. 191B, 24B, In. I; Zhl. 1932 1933, 100; Vrg. 1945, 142, #17.5; Chn. 1947, #278; OS 1992, 200.

LIT.:

III Sem. *twl: Hbr. twl hop hal "hingestreckt werden", Ar. twl "to be long, stretch (sich strecken)" III ECu. *Q,al- [< *Q,aw1-?] "to exceed" [Sasse 1979, 27] -+ LECu, *Qe1- "to be long" III WCh.: Sura dul "to pull, ziehen" [Jng. 1963, 63], Mupun dul "to pull" [Frj. 1991, 12].

dwn [*dw1] "to stretch out" (PT, Wb V 431-432; FD 311)

Sem.-Eg.: Clc. 1931, 37; Vrg. 1945, 136, #9.b.36; Rsl. 1966, 228; Snk. 1993, 139; Lpr. 1994, 120. Sem.-LECu.: Chn. 1947, #345.

gw [< *gw] "mountain" (PT, Wb V 541-545) III SCu.: PRift *gawa

"above": cf. esp. Qwadza gawa-to "hill" (SCu.: Ehret 1974, 70) III CCh. *g[a]wa -+ *g"a'V "mountain": Lamang gwa [Mkr.], ghwa [Wolff], ghwa [Lks. 1964, 107], TUfU ghwa, Vemgo, Vizik (Woga) bwa (Lamang: Wolff 1971, 65) I G1avda ywa, Dghwede gwa'a I Sukur n-gwa I Mofu in-gwa I Lame ngwai ["stone"], Lame Peve gwoi', Zime goy, gwo' (CCh.: Kraft 1981, #140; Mkr. 1987, 263).

Eg.-CCh.: OS 1990, 89, #32; HSED #935. Noteworthy are Scm. *gaya'- "valley" IDig. 1986,81] III WCh.: ef. Ngizim gwaaya "deep canyon with steep sides" ISchuh 1981, 77]. :'>Ill:

EG. W

= SEM.

*y

= AA

*y

jw [*'w] "klagen" (CT, Wb I 48, 17), jw.w "Wehgeschrei" (PT, Wb I 48, 20) III ECu. *'6y- "to cry, weep" [Sasse 1979, 43; 1982, 156] -~ HECu. *0'- "to cry, mourn" [Hds. 1989, 419]. jw "Art Hund" (MK, Wb I 48, 3) = "dog" (FD 12), jwjw "Art Hund" (MK, \Vb I 50, 1) = "dog" (FD 12) III ECu. *yeyy-I*yoyy-

THE OLD EGYPTIAN CONSONANT SYSTEM

103

"wild/hunting dog, jackal" [Sasse 1979, 13; 1982, 193] ---+ HECu. *yayye "wolf, jackal" [Hds. 1989, 424] II SCu. *ye'-/*yo'- "wild dog": Alg. ye'-ira "bat-eared fox" I Dhl. ~e~o'o ~ ~6~o'o [~ < *y-] "wild dog" (SCu.: Ehret 1980, 318) III WCh.: NBauchi *iy"dog": Warji iye-na, Kariya ii, I, Miya i (NBauchi: Skn. 1977, 18) III Scm. *'iwy-/*'away- (?) ')ackal": Hbr. *'1, pl. 'iyyIm, Syr. b;mat 'awway, Ar. 'ibn 'awa (Scm.: GB 28; DRS 12). Erman 1892, 107; Behnk 1928, 138; Emher 1930, #4.a.7; Littmann 1931, 66; Chn. 1947, #23; Skn. 1977, 18, also In. 55; Blv. 1991, 89; 1993, 54; are! 1993, 43; HSED #119.

LIT.:

bw "place, Ort, Stelle" (OK, Wb I 450-452; FD 81) III ECu. *biy"place, earth, land" [Sasse 1979, 45; 1982, 37] ---+ HECu. *bay"place" [Hds. 1989,406] III WCh. *b[i]yi "place": Angas pI [Flk. 1915], Sura pEE [lng. 1963, 78], Mupun pee [Frj. 1991, 48], Ankwe pc (Angas-Sura: cf. Hfm. 1975 MS, 17, #4) I Bole-Tangale *b[i]y-: Bole beyi [Stl.], bey [Schuh], Karekare biyi, Gera bi (BoleTangale: Schuh 1984, 212).

Grb. 1958, 298; 1963, 60; Hodge 1983, 43; as 1992, 172; 1992, 187; HCVA 2, #137.

LIT.:

bw.t "Abscheu, das Widerliche" (PT, Wb I 453-454) = "abomination" (FD 82) III SBrb.: Hgr. buyy-et "verachtet sein, gemieden, verabscheut werden" [Zhl.] = "n'etre aime de personne (deplaire it tout Ie monde), etre dClaisse de tous", cf. a-nebbayyu "homme qui n'est aime de personne" (Nalt-Zerrad 1998, 144). Eg.-Hgr.: Zhl. 1932 ·1933, 90; 1934, 121.

EG. EG.

b

= SEM.

b

*b

= AA

*b

3b.w [*rb-w] "elephant" (OK, Wb I 7, 15) III ECu. *'arb- "elephant" [Sasse 1979, 14; 1982, 27-28] III CCh.: cf. PKotoko *ar[p]/*'ar[b]- (?) "elephant": Kuseri arwi, Made erp''i, Makari arfu, Gulfei arfu, Shoe arfu (Prh. 1972, 34, #16.4) II ECh.: Mokilko 'eIbi [< *'arb-?] "elephant" [Lks. 1977, 219; Jng. 1990, 96].

Chn. 1947, #372; Hintze 1951,83, #372; IS 1966,20; Ivanov 1975, 160; 19BI, 176; 19B4, 71; Behrens 1984 1985, 196; Djk. 19B5. 168, lil. 24; Hodge 1992, 215, #1; as 1992, 182; BIz. 1994, 197 198.

LIT.:

3b [*rb] "to cease, tarry, stay, aufhoren, cine Pause machen" (CT, FD 2; Wb I 6, 2) III Scm.: cf. Akk. rabil ~ raba'u "untergehcn (Gestirn)" [AHW 9401 III LECu.: Boni rcb- "to stop" [Sasse 1980, 100] I Saho-Afar rab-, rab- "to die" I cf. Oromo raw-at- [*-b-?]

104

CHAPTER FOUR

"to end" [Dlg.] = raw-a wpj "to open, separate, bffnen, trennen" (OK, FD 59; Wb I 298-301) "' WCh. *'ap- "to open": (?) Hausa afa "to throw into one's mouth" [Abr. 1962, 8] if its original sense referred to

110

CHAPTER FOUR

the way one opens one's mouth to cat in this way (as suggested in Schuh 1982, 9) I Mupun aap "to stretch, open wide" [Frj. 1991,3], Kofyar eep "to open", Montol-Chip 'Ep "to open" [Jng. 1965, 179], Ankwe ep [Stl.1, cap [JI] "to open", Kofyar ecp "to open" I Bole-Tangale *'ap- [Stl.] = *afa [Schuh] *afa "to open": Tangale apc, Bole ;)pa- [JI], 'aw- [Stl.], Dera ap, Karekare 'af[Stl.] , afaa- [Schuh], Bele, Kirfi appu, Geruma of [0- < *a- due to -f?], Pero app, Dwot wup [< *'up?], Ngamo 'afat (Bole-Tangalc: Schuh 1984, 217) I Boghom 'IP, Dwot wup (WCh.: Schuh 1982, 9; Stl. 1987, 230; JI 1994 II, 264) III (?) Brb. *f "to yawn, baillcr" [Brb.: Laoust 1931, 199; Rns. 1932,293]. P [*pj] "base, Untersatz" (XVIII., FD 86; \Vb I 489, 5-7) ---+ Cpt.: (S) poi ~ pai "base, scat, throne" (CED 124; KHW 145) III WCh.: Sura pEE "Grund --)- Ursache" [Jng. 1963, 78] I NBauchi *piy"to lie down" [Skn. 1977, 29] I Ngizim mpau "to put on, in, to", verbal noun mpayi "deposit, thing deposited or stored" [Schuh 1981, 116] II CCh.: Bura pwi "hinsetzen, -legen", pwa "sich setzen, niederlassen", Margi pia "to put down (many)", Chibak pui "setzen, legen", pi "sich hinlegen" (Bura-Margi: Hfm. 1955, 133; RK 1973, 95) I Mofu-Gudur -p-: info mepcy "to place, put, lay, placer, poser, mettre" [Brt. 1988, 216; 1995, 209]. p3 "to fiy" (OK, \Vb I 494, 112) III Scm. *prr "to fiy, fiee" [Scm.: Frz. 1968, 294, #5.66; \VUS 1963, #2259; LsI. 1945, 155; 1945, 2421 III Brb. *fr "to fly": e.g. NBrb.: Shilh firri, Semlal firri, Izdeg a-fru, Zayan a-QI} I Seghrushen a-fru, \Vargla a-f;)r, Nefusa fJr [Bynon], far [MIL], i-fru [Zhl.1 II EBrb.: Siwa ;)m-fJr "to fly" II SBrb.: Tamasheq a-frJw, Ahaggar f;)r;)r-t (Mit. 1991, 260, #30.1) III Bcd. fir, fir "to fly" [Rn. 1895, 81] III SCu.: Ma'a (Mbugu) puru "to fly" III NOm. *fr ~ *fl "to fly": Basketo f;)r, Oyda fir, Da\varo fal, \Volamo fal, Male fim;i, Kullo fal, Janjero ful II SOm.: Dime far [Mkr.], farlm [Flm.] "to fly" (Flm.: < NOm.?) III WCh.: Hausa fira "to whir into air (bird)" [Abr. 1962, 268] II CCh.: Hwona p;)ra "to leap, fly" I Bura, Kilba (Heba) fJla, Chibak f:'lla, fiE [Mkr.], Margi v;)1 [v- < *f- < *p-?] "to fly" (Bura-Margi: Hfm. 1955, 133) I Buduma fer "to jump, dance, fly" [Lks. 1939, 99] II ECh.: Tumak