English-Tibetan Dictionary of Modern Tibetan [Reprint 2019 ed.] 9780520907485

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English-Tibetan Dictionary of Modern Tibetan

English-Tibetan Dictionaryof Modern Tibetan COMPILED BY

Melvyn C. Goldstein

WITH

Ngawangthondup Narkyid UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS Berkeley • Los Angeles • London

University of California Press Berkeley and Los Angeles, California

University of California Press, Ltd. London, England

© 1984 by The Regents of the University of California

Printed in the United States of America

123456789

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data

Goldstein, Melvyn C. English-Tibetan dictionary of modern Tibetan.

1. English language—Dictionaries—Tibetan. I. Narkyid, Nganwangthondup. II. Title. PL3637.T52C65 1984 423'.9541 83-18119 ISBN 0-520-05157-2

Contents Acknowledgments

vii

Introduction

ix

Grammatical Introduction

xi

Tibetan Alphabet

xxv

List of Abbreviations

xxvi

English-Tibetan Dictionary

1

Acknowledgments The f o l l o w i n g d i c t i o n a r i e s and g l o s s a r i e s were c o n s u l t e d i n the preparation of t h i s

dictionary:

A. I N ENGLISH

C. A. B e l l . S . C. Das.

English-Tibetan Colloquial Dictionary. Tibetan-English Dictionary.

T . G. Dhongthog.

West Bengal,

1905.

1902.

The New L i g h t E n g l i s h - T i b e t a n D i c t i o n a r y .

M. C. G o l d s t e i n and N. Nornang. Seattle,

Calcutta,

Dharamsala,

Modern Spoken T i b e t a n : Lhasa D i a l e c t ,

1973. U n i v e r s i t y o f Washington P r e s s ,

1970.

B . I N T I B E T A N AND T I B E T A N CHINESE

Anon.

Rgya bod s h i n sbyar g y i t s h i g mdzod.

Anon.

Rgya bod ming mdzod.

Bsam gtan e t a l .

preparation

Tools ities, of

and and

of

Reference the

196*t.

Ch'inghai,

1979.

T s h i g mdzod brda dag kun g s a l me l o n g .

Bod b r d a ' i t s h i g mdzod.

Dge bshes chos k y i g r a g s .

The

Peking,

1979.

Dag y i g gsar b s g r l g s .

Bsod nams r g y a l mtshan. L . S . Dagyab.

Peking,

Dharamsala,

Brda dag ming t s h i g g s a l ba bzhugs.

this

volume

Works

was

Program

International

made p o s s i b l e of

Research

the

Peking,

1980.

1966.

National

and S t u d i e s

Peking,

by

1957.

grants

from

the

Research

for

the

Human-

Endowment Program

of

the

Department

Education.

vii

Introduction This dictionary was compiled during a thirty-month period beginning in the Summer of 1980 under the sponsorship of the National Endowment for the Humanities

(RT-*137^-80) and the Institute

for

International Studies, U.S. Department of Education (G008001738). My aim in compiling this English-to-Tibetan dictionary was to produce for the first time a Tibetan dictionary that was semantically sensitive, that is, able to bridge the semantic gap between English and Tibetan so that English speakers could express themselves effectively in Tibetan. Let me illustrate the type of semantic incongruity

this dictionary tries to overcome. Where English uses one term,

"blow," for three types of action—(1) the blowing out of a flame (e.g., a candle), (2) the blowing of the wind, and (3) blowing air (e.g., into a balloon)—Tibetan utilizes three different terms. Earlier dictionaries and glossaries at best simply listed various Tibetan terms that represented submeanings in English without indicating which of the English submeanings they conveyed. The user had no way knowing whether he was selecting the term for "the blowing of the wind" when he was trying to "the

blowing

up

of

a

balloon."

The present dictionary

was

compiled

precisely

to

of

express

overcome

such

discontinuities between Tibetan and English. Thus, it is concerned primarily with spoken communication and is meant to provide English speakers with the spoken Tibetan equivalents of English terms in a semantically sensitive framework. To produce a dictionary of this type, previous works could not be used as prime building blocks, and Mr. Ngawangthondup Narkyid, a noted Tibetan scholar, and I accordingly started from scratch. began with the unabridged Random House Dictionary of the English Language (1967) and went through

We the

entries from A to Z, debating and arguing, not only on spoken usage in Tibetan, but often on current usage

in American

English. My colleagues at Case Western Reserve University

and

Tibetan

friends

throughout the U.S.A. and abroad were often drawn into these discussions, and their patience and advice were greatly appreciated. Since I assume that this dictionary will be used primarily

by

teachers,

students, and scholars, we have included not only "basic" English lexical items such as "house" and "blow" but also terms that might be useful in research or scholarly communication. On the other hand, it seemed pointless to include obscure words such as "prolegomenon," "proleg," or "proline," since these either have more standard English equivalents or fall within the realm of highly

technical

subspecialties such as organic chemistry and would be meaningless to all but a handful of Tibetans who would probably already know the English term. It is important to note that in no instances did we simply translate definitions of English terms into Tibetan. While such translation-definitions might be useful for Tibetans learning English, they do not assist native English speakers studying Tibetan. Instead, we tried to select Tibetan terms

and

phrases that could be used equivalently in spoken Tibetan. For example, we did not define "ketchup" as "a type of sauce for food," since this would be of no help to English speakers communicating

in

Tibetan. Finally, although we consulted older Tibetan dictionaries, including a realphabetized version ix

x

•

Introduction

of my own, large Tibetan-English Dictionary of Modern Tibetan (Blbllotheco Himalayica, Series II,

Vol.

7., Ratna Pustak Bhandar, Kathmandu, 1975), in the end our decisions regarding equivalent terms

were

based on our own knowledge of modern Tibetan. It is worth reiterating that our guiding principle simple: what would the user have t o know to convey English terms in Tibetan.

was

Thus, whenever there w a s

a n option between a spoken and a more literary term, t h e spoken term was always selected. This

spoken

orientation

modern

of

the dictionary, however, does not preclude i t s usefulness in communicating in

written Tibetan, since t h e written language is based t o a large extent on the spoken. In fact, we

see

assisting Westerners to write and spell correctly in Tibetan a s one of the important functions of

the

dictionary.

Two techniques have been employed t o convey the relationship between the Tibetan and

English

semantic universes. The first consists of indicating which submeaning of English terms is intended by means of very brief paraphrases introduced usually by iso. (in the sense of). The second technique

is

to provide a sentence or clause t o illustrate the usage of that submeaning. For example, for t h e term "blunt" we

distinguish

two submeanings:

(1) iso. not sharp a n d

(2) iso. frank.

With

each

of

these

submeanings we provide a n illustrative sentence. For (1) the example is "This knife is blunt," a n d for (2)

it is "He is very blunt." There are, of course, other submeanings of "blunt," but we felt

these

were

attempt

the

to

t w o most useful and common meanings. Clearly, then, the present dictionary

list

comprehensively all submeanings of English terms, but rather presents only

consider the more important submeanings.

that

does

not

what

Illustrative examples a r e a l s o often used to demonstrate

we the

most common form of syntactic construction used for that entry.

In many cases common English terms simply could not be meaningfully translated into Tibetan a n d were omitted. We have also tried t o avoid including newly invented Tibetan terms that a r e used only a small group of intellectuals. In general, we preferred t o take less precise, "common"

phraseologies

that would b e universally understood in context rather t h a n arcane, newly invented terms. When w e included

more

specialized

new

terms,

we assume

either

that

they

are

widely

used,

by

that

have

they

are

self-explanatory from the constituent morphemes, or that they will be used only by specialists in that field (e.g., physicians for medical terms).

Finally, it is important t o note that there a r e really t w o speech communities of Lhasa One consists other,

of

of t h e Tibetans now residing in exile in such countries a s India, Nepal,

the

Tibetans

residing

in Tibet. While these t w o groups have

absolutely

Tibetan.

England;

no difficulty

communicating, divergences with regard t o new vocabulary have occurred since their initial

ahead—with

phonological

the

"exile"

Tibetans continuing

t o use substantial

numbers

of

English

borrowings a s well a s newly coined terms, a n d Lhasa Tibetans using Chinese

in

separation

in 1959. Although it is not unlikely that the t w o speech communities will continue t o diverge in years

the

and

the

Hindi

phonological

borrowings and other newly coined terms (which are indicated in the dictionary by " c " ) — w i t h only a few exceptions the terms used in the present dictionary will be understood by Tibetans both in Tibet and in exile.

Melvyn C. Goldstein Case Western Reserve University Cleveland, Ohio March 1983

Grammatical Introduction I n contrast t o E n g l i s h , meaning i n Tibetan i s b a s i c a l l y s y l l a b i c i n that most Tibetan syllables

have

meaning independent of

the compound word

example, j u s t as the E n g l i s h word " s o l d i e r " i s (dnag m i ) .

disyllabic,

(morpheme)

in

which they are

found.

so too i s the Tibetan word f o r

For

"soldier"

However, while neither of the two E n g l i s h s y l l a b l e s has a separate meaning, both of

Tibetan s y l l a b l e s have: dmag, war; mi, person. This s y l l a b i c structure a f f o r d s tremendous with respect t o both the expression of new ideas

the

flexibility

and concepts and the expression of old ones i n new

and o r i g i n a l ways. Because of t h i s , an understanding of patterns of word formation i n Tibetan w i l l

aid

the reader i n using t h i s dictionary e f f e c t i v e l y . A. Word Formation 1, Nominal compounds Nominal compounds consist of two or four s y l l a b l e s each of which i s a nonderived noun. 1.1 Synonymic compounds Synonymic compounds c o n s i s t of two s y l l a b l e s that are synonyms. The o v e r a l l compound word i s

i d e n t i c a l t o the meaning of the component p a r t s . For example,

("power, s t r e n g t h " )

meaning of

the

X ^ ^ ^a-^zH'

i s composed of two s y l l a b l e s : sTz^^a' ("power, strength") and

("power,

strength"). -j -

I i

-v-

la)

-wzy^'TgaA¿lizv^r-zjac^sA' ^

(b)

[They] seized many areas by force. aazt' Same a s

\ ^S2^

(a).

Other common synonymic compounds are: q u a l i t y , number, amountj

difficulty;

time, period.

1.2 Premodifying compounds In "hospital"

(

these

constructions

the f i r s t

) , the f i r s t s y l l a b l e

syllable

modifies

the second. Thus,

("medicine") describes what kind of

in

the

word ( "z-T ) xi

xii

Grammatical Introduction

("house, dwelling")

•^o^oH' .ary

it

sky-boats

1.3 C o n j u n c t i v e

meanings,

modification. ("workers")

airplane;

For

premodifying but

here

example,

and t h e f i r s t

(a)

war-person:

are:

soldier.

compounds

Like different

i s . Some o t h e r common e x o m p l e s o f t h i s

compounds,

the

conjunctive

relationship

between

them

" w o r k e r s and f a r m e r s " c o n s i s t s

s y l l a b l e o f t h e word

C^Ek-

compounds

z^a-V

S

S

^

of

is

have one

the f i r s t

component

of

syllables

conjunction

syllable

with

rather

than

o f t h e word ¡rjif -zj •

("farmers").

Y

^

•>0 Many w o r k e r s and f a r m e r s h e l d a m e e t i n g .

(b) z

^

T

Same a s

1

Polar

^

A

(-isj-^ry^-

(a).

compounds

In of

^ r y ^ '

polar

compounds

t h e t w o components h a v e o p p o s i t e m e a n i n g s ,

meaning

t h e compound i s e i t h e r c o n j u n c t i v e o r a n a b s t r a c t n o t i o n d e r i v i n g f r o m b o t h . F o r e x a m p l e , a j ' S j '

literally mother")

composed o f or

("father")

("mother")

a n d a s a compound c a n mean e i t h e r

("father

is and

compounds

Adjectival a d j e c t i v e and n e i t h e r i s a

2.1 P o l a r

and

("parents").

2. A d j e c t i v a l

compounds

are

compounds

in

which

at

least

one

of

the

syllables

is

an

verb.

compounds

Adjectival

polar

compounds f u n c t i o n t h e same a s n o m i n a l p o l a r compounds.

o f t w o c o m p a r a t i v e a d j e c t i v e stems h a v i n g o p p o s i t e

For

but t h e o v e r a l l

meanings.

example:

3>' i & S V

big-small} size

aT

h o t - c

°ldS

dry-wet;

long-short;

temperature

dampness

^

^SiVZ'

length,

distance

good-bad;

quality

high-low;

height

They

consist

Grammatical Introduction

xiii

2.2 P o s t m o d l f y l n g compounds

Postmodifying

compounds

consist

of

a

noun i n

the

first

syllable

slot,

and

the

first

s y l l a b l e of t h e b a s i c a d j e c t i v e form i n t h e second. The a d j e c t i v e d e s c r i b e s t h e noun, and t h e r e s u l t i n g compound

is

a

new noun. The main d i f f e r e n c e between t h i s

modification i s meeting,

general

that only the f i r s t assembly,

plenary s e s s i o n " )

s y l l a b l e of the a d j e c t i v e

c o n s t r u c t i o n and t h a t o f

normal

adjectival

s y l l a b l e o f t h e a d j e c t i v e i s used. For example, consists

of

t h e noun a i a ^ v

("big

("meeting")

and

the

first

("big").

3 . V e r b a l compounds

V e r b a l compounds c o n s i s t

of noun-verb and v e r b - v e r b c o m b i n a t i o n s .

nominals t h a t then c a n be used w i t h v e r b a l i z e r s s u c h a s

or

f o r f i r s t - p e r s o n c o n s t r u c t i o n s a s w e l l a s dependent c l a u s e s ;

Previously

(M.

C.

Goldstein

and N.

Nornang,

U n i v e r s i t y o f Washington P r e s s , 1970) I wrote t h a t s/— — =

the

Sr\

oversimplification. when t h e r e conveys

is

this;

Specificity

form The

impeccable but,

refers

is

-N5

used f o r

is

t o the f a c t that

For t h e s e t h e i i T z ^ ^ ' ^V^ f ° r m

three s o l d i e r s .

it

is

^ y y

states.

there,"

and

is

certain,

information

situation

soldiers

state

less

important,

specific

three

location

>

("there

it

Modern Spoken

secondhand

means r o u g h l y

used.

•

The l a s t

Tibetan:

knowledge. knowledge

from someone h a v i n g

is

general,

When fi-^a-y

used

third-person.

Lhasa

Dialect.

such

This (or

knowledge)

shall

now

on r a r e

call

and

seems

usual, is

or

commonly

an

occasions, certainly

"specificity."

a l w a y s used w i t h r e s p e c t t o knowledge d e r i v i n g

never used f o r i s

*

"there somewhat

used f o r f i r s t h a n d v i s u a l knowledge w h i l e

a l s o conveys a dimension I i s

an
/

mb"d toqpa churjru taSnparee)

bcug

2.

1 . i s o . a d o u b t , w o r r y , f e a r , v a . ifoc."^'

khos m o ' i

spoke

dus

1, n .

has spread a l l

i j ^ c . ' /chuQru t S S n /

A.

had t o go on a l l 'gro

a l l o t m e n t , i s o . share - j ^ o i - e v

kun nas]

allergy,

polit.

officials

change

I

la

make a n a l l i a n c e , v a .

allot,

ga nas 'gyur ba ' g r o g i yod pa r e d , la

alliance,

red.

(from) ^ ^ ^ • ^ • • « V A r v ' a ^ V

qhane/

nang

puun/

around

(lSp^ec neqoola qhSopo sflSpa kspshaa)

mdong

tuij qSrjlaa s h i tsuune to^ochuo)

(khSraan mSflpo yimpe r}e£ rjSsane shlnchu) all

into the pipe,

btsugs nas ' g r o dgos byung.

" /qeen sh'dBn phar sum/ all

went lcags

17

allowance

fipr^v-^ii/

/ph33nbon/ 11 She got a n

lowance from t h e government. phogs snon

rag

pa

red.

mo l a

al-

gzhung nas

(moo shufyie

ph33no"dn

raaparee)

/lemcuun/

alloyed, /q3olaa s h i /

1 When

I

1.

/namsee/

iso.

a metal

H alloyed

sw^sw.e^^-

steel

mnyam

bsres

ngar

18

all ready

lcags

(nflmsee Q a r c a a )

/lhCe/

2. i s o .

adulterated

iso.

f T h i s s i l v e r has been a l l o y e d .

• d i r l h a d yod pa r e d . a l l ready, see:

(r)00 t e e l h C i

dngul

yooree)

ready

about

(ti

saat-30 chefcso)

here.

kho

tsho

(qhontso

i f we do t h i s work?

nga t s h o s l a s

ka

a time

' d i b y a s na ' g r i g g i r e d pas?

(oSntsHo l c c q o

ti

noon.

all

right

cheena

J.iqirepc£)

a l l sides

^S^^V'ay.i-V'^V

the time,

yinn66/

iso.

/ch3o qhasa qha/

yinn4S ISpcon c h i q i l )

alms,

kho ga

1dug.

dus

(qh5 q h s t u U

[ S y n . t h o g mtha'

b a r gsum

d u ; s n g a p h y i b a r sum d u ]

11 A l l

1. i s o .

together,

lars).

phyin shag.

10,000

(dol-

( ^ o s o o n khBntom qoomo J h r c l q

time

2. i s o .

byad t s h a n g

allude,

chin-

11 I

one

red.

alone, h

refer,

Will

tsharjma

tep

cilia

(oei

va. ¿ f y ^ c ^ c . -

naan l a

/qhuku

taan/ khos

btang

s f l r c e e qhuku

pa

taanpa-

/namtee c h £ l /

nga g c i g

pu y o n g pa y i n .

[Syn.

byas

pa y i n .

tshaan c i cheipayin)

almost done, (pee

kher

rgya gar g i s

u

[Syn.

leeqo

rya c i q 6 6

rkyangj

byed

kyi

'dug.

those

books

worked

rogs

(i.e.

ree)

U

qaan-

gets

po]

came

i.e.

tintso

alone

used o n l y

11 My work

n g a ' i l a s ka p h a l c h e r t s h a r phCCcee t s h S a s o )

[Syn.

ha l a m ]

is

along

2. i s o .

f I came a l o n g

3.

(go)

this

'gro]

with

song, 2.

^Jf-J.'

rants alongside

( q h o mi America

long

through

road.

nga

lam

(r)a l a n q a a iso.

in

H I

ti

agree-

go

along

sgang

la

^uqiyob)

gets along

with, H He

khos

mi

tshang

'dug.

ma

(kho& mi

thCuqil)

If T h e r e a r e many

the road,

yong

/thQOnship chee/ everyone.

/t-hli/

jour-

la

'char g z h i ' i

iso.

^c.'

(without

from

cn or

along,

ngas k h o ' i

la

qhSptsaanla

(r)e£ qho8 c h 5 5 s h i i q a n l a la

mix

yonpayin)

/RV,q/laqpa

tap/

the people welcomed him with applause.

H mi

tshang mas lag pa brdabs nas khcrig la dga' bsu zhus song.

(mi tsh9r)mc£ laqpa tepncc qhoSn l a

qesu shtlUsu) apple

^WV

[Syn. t h a i mo brdabs]

5 h.

/qushu; h. shiishu/

appropriate

appliances, electrical applicable, see:

g^V^¡rsv

science,

/laqleen applied

I

trivial

neo.

studies,

1.

i s o . s p r e a d o n , v a . A . ^¿cy&v

pa

yin.

(rje£ m S l a mCEn

i s o . make a n a p p l i c a t i o n f a r , /nCCnshu phCO/ job.

H I

It

chuupeyin)

2.

v a . B. - ^ s ^ q ^ s i j a v

applied

for

a

government

n g a s g z h u n g g i l a s ka zhu yag g i s n y a n zhu

zhig

phul

pa y i n .

(oe£

PtCCnshuci

phDQpayin)

practice,

va.

shjjfyqi

3. i s o .

«^»«V'aia^jev

nyams l e n

namlccn

shuyaaqi

(theory)

va. h.

j h.

qoshaa

Minister.

bskos

pa r e d .

naSn/

kho t s h o s

srid

him blon

silloon

qoBpa-

iso.

make a t i m e f o r

an

ngas

khong

appointment

t o meet him a t

chu tshod

t s h o d bzod y o d .

3

gsum p a r m j a l

bsko

11 H i s

gzhag

I've

yag g i

2. i s o .

dus

appointment

or p o s i t i o n

chSyaa/

1

o'clock,

(rjcl qh5on c h u t s h b S sOmpaa c e e -

thUUtshcfd sociyob)

an o f f i c e shaa

meeting,

/thUUtshod s o S /

made

yaaqi

a

^¿ly appointment

byed

yag

bka'

was

to /q5-

approved,

'khrol

pa

red.

apportion, (They) ilies. brgyab

va.

/chflqBo k e p /

apportioned sa

cha

song.

'di

this

land

mi t s h a n g

(saca

ti

among

approach,

1. iso.

bzhi

mitsao

la

shi

about

kho t s h o

to

with

a

lha sar

grabs

yod

(qhSntso

'char

zhu

bar

khos

bear

pa

lhCCsaa 2.

iso.

v a . B.

srid

red.

president

'dzin (c^iod

3. i s o .

samcaa s h u q a a c a f l p a r e e )

a

dus

la

bsam

sintsiinls

method/strategy

11 M a k i n g

relations

with

t h e poor i s a new a p p r o a c h o f our p r e s i d e n t , s k y o po t s h o l a srid

'brel

ba byed yag de nga

' d z i n g y i t h a b s b y u s g s a r pa z h i g r e d .

kSpotshoo

J.ewa

cheyaate

thSpcllU s a S p a c i r e e )

rjantshbo

qhfllam/

de

K The p l a n e ' s

dangerous, nyen

ga

h,

cha

bgos

proachable.

approach

/nSm^u p h a p t h a a n q i

approach

to

the

gnam g r u bab t h a n g g i

yod pa z h i g

jq^'s^z?"

khong

(nSm^ u

red.

nenqa ySpa c i

c3fl t e p o /

(mi

silntsinqi

iso. plane's

^¿Sipa-^'a^-Ja^^'aipcx-an«-

was

mi

tsho'i

airport

mkha'

lam

phspthaan

ree)

J h.

i^x'-i^ST

/thuu

11 He i s a p e r s o n who i s mi

bear

(qhoSn mi c30 t e p o c i t u u )

bde

po

gcig

[Syn. mjal

ap'dug.

'phrad

zhu

bde po] iso.

g i v e e x p e r t judgement on t h e

ity/value, va. Please

slebs

11 He a p p r o a c h e d t h e

suggestion.

tepoj

kepsu) appraise,

(qho

arrive

l e S ^ o o yootUl] qh5nts'dS l e e n c i t S O n s h a a )

fam-

chaqob"

qSJ-iin

H He i s an a p p r e n t i c e

kho t s h o s l a n z h i g b t a n g s h a g .

four

la

(phamaa

(One)

1T A s t h e y a p p r o a c h e d L h a s a t h e y s e n t

approachable

fl

parents,

tshlmpi&qi q i j u u ree)

q h i qh51am t i

(qho q o s h a a c h e y a a qa {.hSSparee)

11

(one's)

catch

/thSpcUU/ 1.

for ap-

kho tshem bu b a ' i dge phrug r e d .

/shuqaa c83/

appointed

khong l a

(qhSntsbb qhSonla

va. C.

kho

arrest;

/qijuu/

tailor.

^-j^a^ayff^sie.' H They

used show

/—cee/

dgos red.

apprentice

ree) appointment,

to

come t o a s u p e r i o r t o a s k / s a y ,

C.

Prime

'jal

worry

/156t.oo/

lta

drin

apprehensive, see:

message.

(qhoS maSpotf tflwa

—

2.

cecqoree)

H

k h o s chiar p o ' i

'dug.

B.

appreciation

apprehend, s e e :

into

chiqil)

appoint, /qoiSj

byed k y i

lceqa

put

/namleen c h e b /

He a p p l i e s communist t h e o r y , ba

/chuu/

n g a s rmo l a sman

/qS^In/

va.

show

pha mar b k a '

lopnee/

i s o . g r a t i t u d e , n. [not

things]

should

«vryai^vgJSL-irvc^i'C

appreciation

1.

preciation,

neo.

a p p l i e d m e d i c i n e on t h e c u t .

byugs

appreciation,

/nECnshoi/

tshCEnril/

/laqleen apply,

-J^S^aV

(qhSteen

kaarobnaan)

appreciate, see:

/nCCshu ptlUpeen/

a p p l i c a t i o n form

' d i r gong t s h a d r g y a g r o g s g n a n g .

tee qhoOtshee

proper/appropriate

applicant

applied

gdan

/13qce£/

25

appraise

affc'do^-c^p' (the value

qual-

/qhootshel kep/ of)

this

rug.

11 kha

appropriate,

H They

sold

t h e l a n d t h a t was a p p r o p r i a t e f o r p l a n t i n g ,

kho

tshos

zhing

1. a d j .

ga

'debs

/wijSpa/

'os p a ' i

sa

cha btsong

pa

26

approval

red.

(qh5nts'/

c l a v i c l e , med. - j ^ S v i g i ' V

iso.

11

crtsftl)

classroom

C.

^•

bshad g s a l po b r g y a b ma s o n g ,

( m i m s ^ t s h o {.hfeSrim sOmle ySwa c h S p a r e e )

clean,

/—chci/

s r i d don g t s a n g

( s i r t S o n tsSrjshee cheqoree)

bzos s o n g .

g n a 1 b o ' i y i g r t s o m (nSwoo y i q t s o m )

classify,

clear,

C.

/ ^ h S 4 r i m qhooma/

/nawoo/

erature

clean,

^»v

make b i g p r o f i t , v a .

not

^hdArim/

red.

—

s a a n chSmpo c h u u n /

thddrim/ reactionary

va.

va.

politics.

dgos r e d .

rim/

gis

2.

cleanup

/con^iO

71

neo.

polit.

1. n.

/tsao-

climb,

v a . A.

cuifcrv^v

/tsah/

II Sonam c l i m b e d

72

climbing plant

the mountain,

b s o d nams kyis ri la 'dzegs song.

climbing plant clinch

(a deal), va. A .

.»TV

/thaa

hug

/ship

/mSncSJjqaan/ cut

/qhSpquu/

paper clip, va. clique -N^y^y 'khrid

2. i. n. iso. paper c l i p ii, iso. clip together with

/shSSqaa/

shog

khag

H ruling c l i q u e

(qir^hii

shSSqaa)

'go

[Syn.

c.

clock 'gul c h u tshod clockwise nang

bskor

la

/naoqoo/

rgyugs.

glog

(nar}qoola

clockwise,

kuu)

[Syn.

Al

the s t o r e a t 6 o'clock.

tshong

khang

chu

(sSnamqii

drug

window/door,

bsod nams

par

tshorjqaan chutshoo ^.huqpas

qo

va.

/ksp/

H He c l o s e d (qhoS q o

/tsum/

11 H e (qhoo

H The flower closes a t

'di dgong m o kha zum gyi 'dug.

night.

(metobti

\ \

qoon'do q h a sumqii) va. D.

6. iso. c l o s e a n

/tip/

"^•¿J^ /thSa Repo/ restaurant.

ta thaa nepo ree)

umbrella,

7. iso. close to

U The book store is c l o s e deb tshong

dang thag n y e po red.

po red.

the

kapsu)

k h o s mig btsums song.

/qha sum/

/nepo/

kha

3, iso. s h u t

5. iso. flowers closing, vi. C. (iy

\

the

pv^a^'

khos s g o m

(qh"

/tshôrjtoon

/captun m S S m i / ¿^•¿ryiv'

/tshSn^UU/

commerical port

/tshôotoon ^ h u q e /

c o m m i s e r a t e , va. s e e :

nal m e s s 4|\!îcr

/pharqhe/

/chSpsii

s u p p l y office

order

2. iso. f e e

3 . i s o . responsibility u Their

'jug byed

uyoon/

2. iso. c o m m u -

/clthep/

1. s e e :

g a t e the f a c t o r y , zhib

console

.JJÉVS^-^-ZÀ^-

c o m m i s s a r y , 1. s e e :

/leenqeen/

c o m m e m o r a t e , iso. honor a memory, 1. n.

commemora'du

/tSora t5r)

commission,

/cQp'don/

cvai^¿a.'xf'

^hccnsoo

tshSSntu)

commence, see:

commissar, neo. c.

e^cfi^-

c^jj-j^ifs^

commandism, neo. c.

ling]

—

tshogs

yiqca/

/m§qci/

commander of a thousand

coirmander of ten

gso'i

(qhonts'dS m 5 5 m i s h i p s

meeting

teenqi

dran

tshSiparee)

commercial

«^Jf^cs^ss-^'

1. n .

c o m m a n d e r in c h i e f , va.

commando, neo.

pa r e d .

pa

commercial i n t e r c o u r s e

in c h i e f ,

neo.

shi

/tsh5r)tb"on l e e t s h e p /