English etymology: A select glossary serving as an introduction to the history of the English language 9783111607368, 9783111232195

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ENGLISH ETYMOLOGY.

A SELECT GLOSSARY SERVING AS AN INTRODUCTION TO THE HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE

BY

F. KLUGE AND F. L U T Z

STRASSBURG KARL

J.

TRÜBNER I8g8

ENGLISH ETYMOLOGY.

ENGLISH ETYMOLOGY.

A SELECT GLOSSARY SERVING AS AN INTRODUCTION TO THE HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE

BY

F. KLUGE AND F. L U T Z

STRASSBURG KARL

J.

TRÜBNER 1898.

Printed by G. O t t o , Darmstadt.

PREFACE. Our primer of English Etymology is meant to serve as an introduction to the study of the historical grammar of English. However manifold the advantages which the student may derive from Professor Skeat's Etymological Dictionary, it cannot be denied that it does not commend itself as a book for beginners. Though it is a work of deep research, brilliant sagacity, and admirable completeness, the linguistic laws underlying the various changes of form and meaning are not brought out clearly enough to be easily grasped by the uninitiated. We therefore propose to furnish the student with a small and concise book enabling him to get an insight into the main linguistic phenomena. We are greatly indebted to Professor Skeat, of whose excellent work we have made ample use, drawing from it a great deal of material, which we hereby thankfully acknowledge. As our aim has of course not been to produce a book in any way comparable to our predecessor's work in fulness of detail and general completeness, we have confined ourselves to merely selecting all words the history of which bears on the development of the language at large. We have therefore, in the first place, traced back to the older periods loanwords of Scandinavian, French and Latin origin and such genuine English words as may afford matter for linguistic investigation. In this way we hope to have provided a basis for every historical grammar of English, e.g. for Sweet's History of English Sounds.

VI

Preface.

If we may be allowed to give a hint as to the use of our little book, we should advise the teacher to make it a point to always deal with a whole group of words at a time. Special interest attaches for instance to words of early Christian origin, to the names of festivals and the days of the week; besides these the names of the various parts of the house and of the materials used in building, the words for cattle and the various kinds of meat, for eating and drinking, etc. might be made the subject of a suggestive discussion. On treating etymology in this way, the teacher will have the advantage of converting a lesson on the growth of the English language into an inquiry into the history of the Anglo-Saxon race, thus lending to a naturally dry subject a fresh charm and a deeper meaning. In conclusion, our best thanks are due to Professor W. Franz of Tübingen University, who has placed many words and etymologies at our disposal and assisted us in various other ways. F r e i b u r g i. B.

F. KLUGE — F. LUTZ.

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS. acc. =

accusative case

adj. =

adjective

lit. = literally LLTH = Lithuanian

adv. =

adverb

m. =

masculine

BRKT. =

Breton

ME. =

CELT. =

Celtic

NHG. =R Middle High German

conj. =

conjunction

CORN. = cp. =

Cornish

compare

Cymr. =

Cymric

Dan. =

Danish

dat. =

dative ease

der(iv). =

derived, d e r i v a t i v e

diniin. = DU. = E. =

(Welsh)

diminutive

M i d d l e English

n. (neutr.) =

nominative

obi. =

o b l i q u e case

ODU. =

Old

OFR. =

Old F r e n c h

OHG. =

modern

English

Old H i g h German Old Irish

ON. =

Old N o r s e

orig. =

Old N o r t h F r e n c h original, originally

f. (fem.) =

feminine

OSAX. =

frequent. =

frequentative

OSLOV. =

FR. =

FRIES. = G. =

pi. =

French Friesic

nodern

Gael. =

Gaelic

gen. =

genitive case

GOTH. = GR. =

German

Gothic

lcel. =

Icelandic

O l d Saxon Old Slovenian

plural

p. p . =

past participle

prob. r r

probably

pron. =

pronoun

prop. — properly PROV. = prt. =

Greek

Dutch

OIR. = ONKR. =

Dutch

neuter

nom." =

Provençal

preterite, past tense

RUSS. =

Russian

inf. =

infinitive m o o d

sb. =

substantive

infl. =

inflected

SKR. -

Sanskrit

interj. = 1R. = ITAL. = LAT. =

interjection

Irish

Spanish

superl. =

Italian Latin

LG. =R L o w

SPAN. =

Geiman

superlative

SWED. =

Swedish

TEUT. =

Teutonic

vb. =

verb

VIII

List o f Symbols in Teut. Words.

LIST OF SYMBOLS IN TEUT. WORDS. e (not umlautedi =

European and Aryan e.

e in OE. ME. long closed e. ( in OE. ME. long open e. e in OH(j. MHG. OSAX. closed e (umlatited). 3 a reduced Aryan und pre-Teut.

vowel.

o in Oe. Me. long closed o. plicare 'apply'); M E . art OF., eart. An A R V A X . ar cp. ply vb. 'be' is prob. in I . I T H . yra 'is'. apprentice ME. apretitice ap>renark ME* arke OE. rare (infl. /is: loanword fr. OFR. dprentis and earce) — OHG. arahha archa 'chest' aprentif FR. appretiti ( s o u r c e LAT. MHG. arche 'chest, money-chest' appremlere 'learn'). G. arche Noah's ark', DU. ark approach vb. ME. aproehe: 'Noah's ark', ON. ork chest, coadapt, from FR. app>rocher\ LAT. venant, ark, box', G O T H , aria f. type adpropiare 'draw near'. 'money-box, Noah's ark': a T e u t . apricot borrowed from FR. loanword from LAT. (also ROM.) abricot; corresp. to DU. abrikoos, area. o. aprikose; akin to S P A N , albari- a r m 1 ME. arm OE. earm = coque, IT. albercocco (mod. GR. O S A X . D U . arm, ox. armr, G O T H . gaixur.y.trt) from LAT. praccocium arms, OHG. ar(a)m G. arm. Akin

1» —

to ï.AT. annus 'the topmost part of the upper arm, fore-quarter, OSLOV. rame 'shoulder, arm', L'KLSS. irmo 'arm', SKR. îrmd-s 'fore-quarter, arm', AVEST. arcma 'arm', ARMEX. armukn 'elbow'. arm 2 'a weapon' ME. armes plur. from OFR. armes — I.AT.

arma 'weapons'. armor MK. armour(e) artniire: borrowed from ot"R. armure

ar-

me-tire (I.AT. armatùrà) 'armor', army MK. armie armé', adoption of fr. armée (— ir. artnala; base LAT. armare). arrange borrowed from FK. arranger (deriv. of FR. rang 'rank, lite' from OHG. hrinc G. ring a ring or circlc of people' ; cp.

rani). arrant ident. with errant. arras MF.. arras; orig. »cloth of Arras« : Arras is the name of a town in Artois (France) famous for its manufacture. See cambric and lawn*. array ME. araie: adapt, of OFR. arraier areier 'arrange' ( = IT. arredare): of Teut. origin; cp. C.OTH. garaitfs under ready. arrest ME. a(r)reste: adapt, of OKR. arester FR. arrêter ( = IT. arrtstare, LAT. restart 'stay back'), arrival ME. arh'aile prop, 'landing'; adapt, of OFR. arrwaille 'landing'. — arrive MK. artve prop, 'bring to shore, come to shore': adapt, of FR. arriver = rr. arr'ware ; I.AT. type adripare (rtpa 'shore').

arrow ME. arive late OE. aru. = o s . baka, OHG. bahhan 'bake'. Tlie O. forms partly show TEUT. kk for TEUT. k: G. backen, L)U. bakken (OSAX. bakkcri 'baker'); the kk is also shown in batch. T h e TKUT. V " f

R

" N I

p r e - T E U I'.

bhóg is pcrli. connected with GR. qwyttv 'roast'. bald ME. balled (OE. *beallede?)] source and history unknown. baldrick ME. baudrik baudcrik; akin to ox. baldrekr, MHO. balderich, FR. baudroy (OKR. baldrei, whence ME. luiudry), MED.-I.A I'. ha hiring us: related to I.AT. balteus under belt. bale sb. 'a large bundle of merchandise ready for transportation': loanword from OFR. ba(l)le ( = SPAN, bala, IT. baila) ; of Teut. origin, ident. with ball. bale vl). 'empty water out of a ship', also spelled bail: borrowed from nú. batien 'bale out'; NU. balie ( = MI.O. ballige bulge, I.G. balje, IT. bag lia) 'tub' fr. FR. bailie represents a I.at. type ban/la (cofín, w. basin). bale ME. bale OE. bealu; cp. OSAX. balu, OHG. bulu, ox. bol evil, calamity'; GOTH. *bahvs evil* in comp. and deriv. as bahveins balwjan 'torment'. ball 1 a spherical body' ME. ball(e): borrowed from OFR. baile — OHG. baila bailo 'a ball, sphere', ON. bgllr 'ball'.

ball® a dance' ( = nu. G. ball): borrowed from FR. bal 'a dance' ( = SPAN, baite, IT. ballo) 'a dance', FR. bailer (IT. ballare) is traced to GR. ¡)aX\t%fiv 'dance'. ballast: loanword from s\v. DAN. ballast orig. ballast for barlass prop, 'bare last' i. e. 'mere load' — nu. I.G. G. ballast. balm ME. baum (l>anme bame basme): adapt, of FR. baun/e. Source I.AT. balsamum, whence G. balsam, nu. balsetn. bane 'harm' ME. bane; OK. ban a means 'murderer'; cp. ox. bane, OHG. bano 'death'. Akin to GR. (fovo,' 'murder'. bank ME. banke OE. banca = ox. bakki (orig. *banke): akin to bench. — bank (for money) adapt, of FR. banque = IT. banca". ult. source TEUT. bank(i) in bench. bar ME. bar re", adapt, of OFR. barre. bare ME. bare OE. bter — OHG. G.

bar,

ox.

bar:

TF.UT.-GOTH.

base baza- = pre-TEUT. bhasoin OSLOV. basii 'bare-foot', LLL'H. basas. bargain sb. ME. bargain: adapt, of OFR. bargainc 'traffic'. barge ME. barge: adapt, of OFR. barge. Source a MF.D.LAT. barica, whence also bark2. bark 1 'the rind of a tree* ME. barke: possibly a loanword from the equiv. ON. borkr; cp. ci. LG. borke, NORTHFRIS. buark, GOTH. *barkus: prob. akin to birch on account of SKR. bhiirja m. 'birch'

12

b a r k ' — basket

— n. 'birchbark*. Bark orig. 'mercenary', which oftentimes is found in the Teut. Leges Bar'birchbark'? cp. birch. b a r k 2 adapt, of FR. barque; barorum for 'baron*. ident. with barge. barrel ME. bdrel prop, baril: bark vb. ME. berke OE. beorcan; borrowed fr. FR. baril. cp. OE. borcian 'bark' and ox. barren ME. barrein: a FR. loanberkja 'bark': T E U T . \ r berk, not word, cp. OFR. brahain barhain recorded elsewhere. (FR. brihaigne 'sterile'). Source barley ME. bar// older, barlich unknown. late OE. b£rli{\ how the word b a r r o w 'a wheel-barrow' ME. is connected with the synon. bärwe (OE. *bearwe)\ derived ber in bear; OE. hire (cp. barn), is uncertain. from the T E U T . Source a T E U T . base baraz (bariz as for the w-suffix cp. also OF.. W E S T P H A L . bierwe — ON. burr, cp. GOTH. barizeim mcox-byrwe, 'made of barley'), akin to LAT. 'a bier, stretcher'. far 'corn' ( A R Y A N base bharos-). barter Engl, deriv. of OFR. b a r m 'yeast' ME. berme OE. beorma barate 'deceit, fraud' (OFR. ba-- nu. berm, MLG. berme: Teut. rater 'beguile'), whence ME. bardt base berman- from an Aryan base bare/, ODU. barac/ fraud', MHG. bärät. bhermen- in LAT. fermentum. barn ME. heme OE. bern short b a s e 1 Mow' from FR. basse f. for orig. bere-ern 'barley-house'; (pas m.). Source VULG. - I . A T . cp. barley, OE. -ern (for am bassus ? *mnn) 'house' corresponds to b a s e 2 sb. 'foundation' ME. base GOTH. razn house', ox. rann. (bas): loanword from FR. base barnacle 1 'a fish' ME. bernake\ (LAT. basis'). transformed by suffix-exchange b a s h f u l see abash. basin ME. basin: loanword from from OE. byrne/e 'lolligo'. b a r n a c l e 2 'a kind of goose FR. bassin. Source LAT. bacdnum ME. bernake; an A X G L O - L A T . ber- (akin w. LAT. bacar and bicarium ?) naca of the 1 2 l h cent, is the first whence DU. bekken, OHG. ( O S A X . ) bfkkin G. becken 'basin'; cp. DU. record of the obscure word. b a r n a c l e s 3 'spectacles' orig. LG. bak 'bowl, tub, trough', FR. 'irons put on the noses of horses ¿«¿•'trough, basin' = LAT. baccii). to keep them quiet' dimin. to bask vb. MK. baste: a Scand. ME. bernac from OFR. bernac loanword, from ON. badask 'bathe camus, a barnacle', oneself'. Source see under balh. baron ME. baroun: loanword basket ME. bastef, commonly from FR. baron, whence also ODU. considered ident. with B R I T A N N . baroen, MHG. bar/in G. DU. baron. LAT. bascauda 'dish-pan' OFR. Source a military word LAT. baro base/toe 'bucket'); an OE.*bascod

bass — bay*

»3

*baxod was supplanted by *bascot, batch ME. bacche OE. *bct(cc\ -ot being an £. dimin. suffix. deriv. from the TEUT. \f bakk A primit. LAT.-GALL. basca appears (:bak); see bake. bath ME. bath OE. beed = OSAX. in FR. bâche tilt, vat'. bath, DU. G. OHG. bad, ON. bad. bass 'a fish' ME. base barse OE. bœrs = DU. baars, G. barsch; cp. T h e dental being suffix, the word s WED. abborre, DAN. oborre (rr from rs). bastard ME. bastard ( = G. bastard., DU. bastaard) : borrowed from OFK. bastard (FR. bâtard = SPAN, IT. hastardo). Source OFR. bast = SPAN. IT. basto 'packsaddle'; cp. OFR. fils de bast a bastard', lit. 'a son of a packsaddle' (not of a bed, cp. G. bunkert prop, 'son of a bench ).

rests o n a TKUT. \

r

ba (bt)

in

OHG. bäcn — G. biihen. — bathe vl>. ME. bathe OE. badian — OHG. badSn G. baden, ON. bada: deriv. from the TEUT. sb. bapa- 'bath. batten vh.'grow fat' ME. *batnc: a Scand. loanword from ON.batna 'grow better ( — GOTH. gabatnan 'profit'). Akin to better and boot*. batter vb. 'beat' ME. bat re: from FR. battre. Source LAT. battucre. baste 1 vb. 'beat with a stick, Hcnce batter 'a compound of strike': a Scand. loanword from eggs, flour and milk' ME. batiirc: ON. beysta 'beat' = s w . bösta from OFR. bate-ure 'a beating'. 'thump', DAN. hoste strike'. battle ME. bdtaile'. loanword baste 8 vb.'pour fat over meat'; from FR. bataillc, whence ODR. origin unknown. bataelghe, MHG. bateile 'battle'. baste 3 vb. 'sew slightly' ME. Source LAT. battuere 'beat'. bitsie: borrowed from OFR. bastir bay adj. 'reddish' ME. bay: from (FR. bâtir — SPAN, bastear, IT. FR. bat. Source LAT. badius 'bayimbastare) 'baste'. Source a colored'. TKUT. bastjan = OHG. bfstatt 'patch' bay 1 'inlet of the sea' ME. bene: MHG. besten 'bind'. borrowed from FR. bate (— SPAN. bat 1 'a short cudgel' ME. late OE. bahia, IT. baja). hat(ti) : loanword from IR. GAEL. bay 2 sb. a kind of laurel-tree, !>at 'staff, cudgel' or more prob, sweet-bay ME. bay bate 'a berry': fr. FR. batte 'a rammer, wand'. borrowed from OFR. bate bayc bat2 a winged mammal'; the FR. bate 'a berry". Source LAT. Scotch by-form ba(c)k points to bacca baca 'berry*. ME. btikke = DAN. bakke (only in bay vb. 'bark as a dog* ME. comp, aftenbakke 'evening-bat'). baye shortened from abaye: loanPerh. connected with back and word from OFR. abater FR. aboyer. bacon, made prob, by G. (dial.) bay 8 'berry* (in bay-rum) ME. i/«7&iw««i'bat'prop.'flitch-mouse'. bat bet OE. be&i = NORTHFRIS. bei,

14

1 be — I>eaver

DITMARSCH beie, DU. bei 'berry': boon, ON. baun : TEUT. base baunóT e u t . base buijiz bajjiz', not ident. 'bean*. T h e early existence of the word ( G O T H . *baund) is atwith OFR. bate = LAT. bacca. b e 'exist* ME. be OE. b(on fr. a tested by the name of the T e u t . base *bije\ deriv. from ME. blçwe OE. blemvan i-deriv. of blithe. blister ME. blister OE. *blystre — OHG. bliujvan MHG. blimuen — ODU. bluyster. Root unknown. G. bläuen, DU. blouwen, G O T H . blithe ME. blithe OE. blide 'joy- bliggwan 'strike': TEUT. s^ bleu ful, glad' (cp. bliss) = OSAX. blew. blithi, LG. blide, DU. blij(de), b l o w 1 vb. 'bloom' ME. blojve OHG. blitli, ON. blLtr, s\v. DAN. OE. blöiuan 'blossom* = OSAX. Mid, GOTH. bleips. The dental blôjan, DU. bloeijen, OHG. bluojan is formative, but the TEUT. y n bli G. blühen 'blow, bloom', GOTH. unknown elsewhere. *blojan. The TEUT. sf bio appears block ME. block 'a block' (of also in bloom and blossom. wood). Cp. the synon. DU. blok, b l o w 2 vb. 'puff' ME. biçive OE. MLG. block, OHG. bloh MHG. block bliiwan str. vb. = OHG. blâian 'blow'

22

blue — bolster

MHG. blamen blccjen G. blähen 'blow, swell". T h e TEUT. \f ble bla agrees partly with LAT. flare (Aryan bhla in blade and bladder). blue ME. bliiv : not deriv. from OE. blmveti (deriv. of OE. blàw), whence ME. *bl(we ought to be derived, ME. bl(w blfu is loanword from the synon. FR. bleu {— IT. biava); ME- bio 'blue' is adapt, of ON. bhir. T h e source of the whole group is a TEUT. base blàwa~ b/èwa- 'blue' = OE. blàw, ON. bldr, DU. blaauw, OHG. bhw G. blau ; ident. w. LAT.flavus 'yellow'.

boar ME. bór OE. bdr = OHG.

ber 'a young boar', OSAX. ber(sioìn), LG. ber, DU. beer : TEUT. base baizu- or bairu-, board 'a plank' ME. OK. bord 'board, plank, shield, table' = OSAX. DU. SW. DAN. bord, LG. boord, G. bort, ON. bord, GOTH. ( f ò t u ) battrd 'foot-stool': TEUT. base borda- with the by-form bredain OE. bred — G. brett (DU. herd ODU. bred). boast vb. ME. baste', perh. traceablc to an OE. *bòsettùin : deriv. from TEUT. bans bus in G. böse OHG. bosii MHG.

boat ME. bpt OE. bat =

ON.

beit 'boat'. T h e E. word is the source of on. bàtr, DU. G. boot and FR. bateau. bodice 'stays for women' formerly bodies, being plur. of body. Cp. pence for pennies.

bodkin ME. boulekin 'a small dagger'; of uncertain origin, related to w. bidog, LR. bideog 'a dagger'? T h e diphthong oi in ME. shows foreign origin of ME. boidekin; but the suffix seems to be Anglisized. b o d y ME. body bodi OE. /W/J 'body'; akin to OHG. botah MHG. botech 'trunk, corpse'. Relation to OHG. botahha G. bottich 'a large vessel, tub' is uncertain. boil 'a small tumor' ME. bile OE. byl(e): ident. with bile. boil vb. 'bubble up' ME. boile boyle: loanword from OFR. boillir FR. bouillir = SPAN, bullir, IT. bollire 'boil'. Source LAT. hullit e 'bubble'. boisterous ME. boistrous 'rough, coarse': an extended form of ME. boistous 'rough, clumsy'. T h e ^/'-diphthong points to foreign origin; no source yet found. bold ME. bgld OE. bdld (bcald older bcaip) = GOTH. *balpa(in balpaba adv.), ON. ballr (orig. *balpr), OSAX. OHG. bald 'bold' (hence G. bald 'soon, quickly'). bole ME. bole = MHG. bole u. bohle 'a thick plank'; akin to ON. bolr 'trunk of a tree' a n d perh. related to G R . t, O S A X . ben, DU. been, ON. bein, OFR. bote (boute) — FR. botte sw. DAN. ben, GOTH. *bain (DU. G. (IT. bota); akin to G. bossen os. sw. also leg'). Perh. cogn. 'shoes'. Source unknown. with ON. beinn 'straight'. boot 2 'advantage' ME. bote OE. bonnet ME. bonet: loanword from hot — O S A X . GOTH. bota, OHG. OFR. bonet orig. FR. cImpel de buoyi buo5 G. basse, ON. hot. For bonet', M E D . - L A T . bonneta a stuff the T E U T . yf bat cp. batten, of which caps were made'. better and best. bonny ME. bony: an ENGL. booth ME. bothe: loanword derivative of FR. bon 'good'. from ODAN. both (DAN. bod) = booby not found in ME. OE., MHG. buode G . bude. The OICEL. with E N G L , ending derived from bud differs from DAN. bid in the r o o t - v o w e l s (TEUT. 0 : u). The SPAN, bobo 'fool'? book ME. bok OE. boc = G. dental is suffix. For the T E U T . bft ( I N D O - T E U T . bhu) 'dwell' buck OHG. buoh, O S A X . bok, DU. bock, GOTH. boka f. — bok n. 'a cp. LITH. butas 'house', OIR. both letter of the alphabet* shows in (bothan) 'hut' (base bhu-to). See the plur. the meaning 'writing, build and be. document, book', and the OHG. booty in the 15 , h cent, spelled O S A X . OE. corresponding buoh biitye and butin; akin to the bok occurs in pluralform with the equiv. FR. butin, DU. butt, a. meaning 'a single book'. There- beute, ON. byte 'booty ; the FR. fore it is evident, that the sing, word represents an O S A X . *butin meant orig. (as in GOTH.) 'a *bitli, which is cogn. w. OIR. single letter of the alphabet'. buaid victory' and CYMR. ^/¿/'adThe TEUT. base boka- (cp. vantage, profit'. Aryan \rbhud beech) was orig. 'beech-bark, : bhaud.

24

border —

border ME. border bord(e)ure\ a d a p t , o f FR. bordure. Ultimate s o u r c e OHG. borto ' e d g e ' , bore vb. ME. bgre OE. borian — OHG. boron G. bohren, DU. boren, ON. bora. T h e TEUT. b a s e bot on a g r e e s with LAT. for are b o r e ' ; c p . GR. enant\ pole': borrowed fr. OFR. cuvel loanword fr. FR. convenant cove- = FR. cuveau, prop, 'a little nant pres. part, of convenir 'agree*, tub' (source LAT. cupa 'a vat, cover vb. ME. covere: borrowed butt'). fr. OFR. covrir cueuvrir FR. couvrir. cowslip OE. cuslyppe ctisloppe. Source LAT. cooperire 'cover. coxcomb corrupted fr. cock's covet vb. ME. cuveite: adapt, comb 'cock's crest'. Cp. cock fr. OFR. cuveiter covoiter = FR. and comb. convoiter (Lat. type *cupiditare coxswain, cocksivain 'steersman 'desire'). of a boat' from cock 'a boat' covey borrowed fr. OFR. corèe and swain 'the person in com— FR. couvée a covey of par- mand of the boat*, tridges', prop. part, of FR. couver coy: adapted fr. OFR. coi (coif). 'hatch' (source LAT. cubare lie Source LAT. quietus 'quiet, still'. down"). cozen vb. 'flatter, beguile': c o w sb. ME. cu (plur. kle kyè) adapt, fr. FR. cousiner 'call cousin, OE. cii (plur. c f ) — ON. kyr, sponge'fr. FR.cousin. Cp. cousin. 1 ME. crabbe OE. crabbn DU. koe, MLG. ko, OHG. MHG. kuo crab C;. kuh : TEUT. b a s e ko- 'cow' = ON. krabbi, sw. krabba, DAN. ENGLISH

ETYMOLOGY.

4

50

cracK — cream

krabbe, DU. krab, MLG. krabbe cornuc, OHG. chranuh chranih(h) G. (whence G. krabbe)'. akin to kranich', cp. the cogn. GR. y&navac, OHG. kr'eba5= G. krebs FR. crabe CYTM.. garan\ OSLOV. seravi,\VTK. fr. TEUT. — Ident. w. crab2 'a gerwe. LAT. grus (gen. gru-is) kind of apple' ME. crabbe; a agrees with OHG. chreta 'crane', Scand. loanword; cp. sw. krabb- crank sb. ME. cranke. TEUT. iiple. — crabbed 'peevish, cramp- base krank 'twist' allied to cramp. ed'; perh. fr. crabK cranny ME. crany; formed by crack vb. ME. crake krake OE. adding E. -y to FR .cran 'a notch', cracian — DU. kraken, OHG. kra- crape borrowed fr. FR. crepe chSn chrahhon G. krachen: TEUT. (OFR. crespe — LAT. crispus). \f krak fr. pre-TEUT. grg; cp. crash vb. a var. of craze and SKR. grg 'rustle, crackle', crack', a Scand. loanword; cp. cracknel formerly crakeml corrupted fr. FR. craqttelin a crack- sw. krasa, DAN. krase crackle'. Cp. crack. nel'. cratch ME. cracche crecche: borcradle ME. crddel OE. cradol'. rowed fr. OFR. creche (FR. creche) a Celt, loanword, cp. IR. craidhal, which is of Teut. origin; cp. GAEL. creathalts. cradle, a grate'; OSAX. kribbia 'crib' under crib. cp. crate. craft ME. craft OE. craft=OSAX.. crate borrowed fr. LAT. crates craft, DU. kracht, G. kraft, ON. 'a hurdle'. kraptr. — crafty ME. craftl OE. cravat ( = u. kravatte) borcrafty — OHG. chrtftig G. kräftig. rowed fr. FR. cravate (from Cracrag ME. crag', borrowed fr. w. vates 'a Croation'). crave vb. ME. crave OE. crafian craig, GAEL. creag. crake a bird' so named fr. its = ON. krefja 'crave, demand', cry; cp. ME. crake 'cry out'under sw. krafva 'demand', DAN. krave 'crave, exact'. Perh. the E. word crack. cram vb. ME. cramme OE. cram- is borrowed from Scand. man — ox. kremja, sw. krama, craven ME. cravant 'beaten, DU. kramtne 'squeeze'. overcome' shortened fr. OFR. cramp ME. crampt OE. *crpmp crapanti 'oppressed', partic. of (inferred fr. crgmpeht 'full of cravanter (source a LAT. type wrinkles') = DU. LG. kramp, G. *crepantare 'crack, break), krampf: a common WEST-TEUT. craw (by-form crag 'neck, crop') ME. crawe OE. *craga; term for 'spasm, cramp*, crane ME. crane OE. cran — GOTH. *kraga is wanting, OLG. krano, DU. kraan, MHG. cream ME. crfme from FR. crime krane', with formative guttural OE. (OFR. cresme, LAT. cremor).

creed —

crown

51

creed sb. AIE. crede OE. erf da : 'croaking): TEUT. base krekon loanword fr. LAT. credo 'I believe' kräk&n', akin to crack} (»credo in deum patrem« etc.) ; crock ME. crocke OE. crocca; cp. the origin of dirge. borrowed fr. OIR. croccan; perh. creek ME. crekc crike (oE.*creoca cogn. with G. krug OHG. kruog, *cricti) ; perh. a Scand. loanword LG. krüke, OE. croh crag. from as. krike 'crack, nook', croft ME. OE. croft small field' creep vb. ME. crçpe OE. crêopan = ODU. krochte 'high and dry str. vb. ; cp. DU. kruipen, LG. land" DU. kroß 'hillock', krtipen, ox. krjtipa. Akin to G. crook sb. ME. crök OE. *cröc kriechen OHG. kriohhan : TEUT. — ON. krökr krdkr 'hook', ODU. krup kriiq. Cp. cripple. croec, DAN. krog 'hook'. Akin to cress ME. eresse earlier kerse OHG. krako 'hook' (as E. hook OE. cerse ccerse; ident. with G. is to G. hakenj. /¿resse OHG. kressa, nr. kers and crop ME. cropp OE. cropp. VK. cresson, IT. crescione. Phono- crosier ME. croser croiser. logy, history and origin quite cross ME. cross (whence SCAND. obscure; common base'a LAT. kross, SW.-DAN. kors): borrowed type *crexo(ttetn)i from OIR. cross (CYMR. croes). crest ME. creste from OFR. cresteSource LAT. crux whence also L'R. crête (LAT. crista). FR. croix (ME. crois from OFR. crois); crib ME. cribbe OE. cribb crybb OIR. crock and OHG. OSAX. krusi — OSAX. kribbia, DU. krib, G. G. kreuz point to the infl. LAT. krippe. OHG. krippa: TEUT. base criicem. kribjo (krubjò) akin to OHG. kr'èba. crow vb. ME. cröwe OE. crdivan Cp. cratch. — DU. kraaien, G. krähen OHG. crimson ME. crimosln from OFR. knien: TEUT. base a str. vb. cramoisiii — FR. cramoisi. cringe vb. ME. cringe OE. ereti- hrijan, but orig. not restricted cati: TEUT. base krangjan, deriv. to the cock's crowing as shown from OE. cringati sink, fall in by the sb. crow ME. crgwe OE. battle', cogn. w. G. kratik sick*, crdwe = G. krähe OHG. kraia. cripple ME. cripel OE. crypel — crowd vb. ME. croude OE. DU. kreupel 'cripple'; prop, 'a man erüdan str. vb. 'crowd, press' — who creeps'; TEUT. base krupila-, ODU. crttden 'push, thrust' (DU. kruicti), MLG. kriiden kroden vb. deriv. fr. \rkrâp in creep. crisp ME. OE. crisp — OHG. 'molest': TEUT. y"krad. krisp : an early loanword fr. LAT. crown ME. crütie (whence ON. crispus curled', krtina, cp. ODU. criinc DU. kruiti) croak vb. ME. crpke OE. *crdcian earlier by-form coroune cortine: (inferred from OE. crdcetung borrowed during the reign of 4*

52

cruel — curb

William the Conqueror fr. OFR. cuff sb. ME. cuffe coffe 'sleeve'; corone — FR. couronne 'crown'. perh. ident. w. late OE. cuffie Source LAT. coróna 'crown', 'coif under coif. whence also OE. corenbfag crown' cull vb. ME. culle {cole coille) vb. 'gather, select' fr. OFR. coillir and OHG. koròna G. krone. cruel ME. cril{l (crfiori) fr. FR. — FR. cueillir 'collect' (source cruel — LAT. crudèlis 'severe' in LAT. colligere). a vulgar form crùdàlis. culver ME. culver {colver) OE. crumb = ME. crombe short for culfre culufre dove"; not found croume OE. crtima (cp. thumb in the other TEUT. languages, OE. piinui) = DU. kruitn ODU. prob. of LAT. origin: LAT. columba crùme, LG. G. krume (OSA X. *krùmd).'dove' in a vulgar form *colubra ? The tn is derivative; cp. the cumber vb. ME. cumbre vb. TEUT. krù in G. krauen OHG. 'annoy' fr. OFR. combrer, whence also G. kummer MHG. kumber; the krouwòn vb. 'scratch'. cruse ME' crome OE. cruse (cp. base MED.-LAT. combrus 'rubbish, E. room OE. rum) — ODU. kruis, bank of earth, ruins' rests on a MHG. krùse G. krause\ akin to GALL.-LAT. combero- 'that which is carried together'. ODU. DU. kroes, ME. eros. crust ME. cruste fr. OFR. cruste cummin ME. comin late OE. FR. croute — LAT. crusta 'crust cumin ( = DU. komijn) fr. OFR. comin — FR. cumin. Source of bread', crutch ME. crucche OE. cryéà — LAT. cuminum, whence also a DU. kruk, OHG. cruccha G. krttcke TEUT. kumtn in OE. cymen, OHG. 'crutch': TEUT. base krukjo-\ kumin kumil G. kummel. ident. w. ir. croccia 'crutch*, FR. cunning ME. cunninge: deriv. crosse, which rest on a LAT. of OE. cunnan — know. crìicta, deriv. of crux crucis CUp ME. 0E. CUppC 'cup' = MHG. 'cross'. Therefore crutch krukja kopf, ODU. kop 'beaker, cup': crucca meant originally 'stick loanword fr. LAT. cuppa (ctipa), having a cross', whence also OE. ME. cop (copp) cry vb. ME. erte-, adapted fr. 'summit, head', G. kopf 'head'. FR. crier 'cry', cur ME. curre corre = ODU. cuckold ME. cukewoM: trans- korre 'watch-dog', SWED. (dial.) formation of FR. coucou 'cuckoo', kurra 'a dog'; cp. LG. G. (dial.) whence also E. cuckoo ME. kurren vb. growl'. Therefore cur cuckou. prop, 'a growler'? cudgel OE. cyigel: dimin. of curate see cure. a lost primitive OE. *cy$: base curb vb. ME. curbe 'to bend' kugja- ? fr. FR. courber 'bend'.

curd — dngger curd vb. w. metathesis fr. ME. crmitk vb.: a CELT, loanword, deriv. fr. JR. gruth 'curds'? or cogn. with crated? cp. LAT. coa^ilium fr. cogere ? cure ME. cure fr. FR. cure — LAT. cura. — curate ME. ciirdl — MED.-LAT. curatus (in FR. pronunciation; cp. curious ME. curious fr. LAT. curiosus?). curfew ME. curfiu (cur/fit>) fr. OKR. covrefeu (cp. poor fr. OFR. povre): prop, the sign for putting out fires, curious see cure. curl vb. deriv. fr. ME. crul (//) adj. 'curly' = DU. krul; WF.STTEUT. krull- for kruzl- krusl- is cogn. with onu. kruis, G. kraus MHO. krus 'curly' (aso ME. crotis 'curly'). curlew ME. curltw (corlfw) fr. OFR. corlieu = FR. courlieu 'a bird's name' ('scolopax arquata'), composed of OFR. corre 'to leap' and lieu 'lightly'. curry vb. ME. currie curraie vb. fr. OFR. conreier; LAT. type con-redare ? curse vb. ME. curse OE. cursiatt 'to curse'; cogn. with OIR. ctirsachaim 'I curse'. Source and history unknown.

53

curtain sb. ME. curtin cortbi fr. OFR. cortine = LAT. (also IT. SPAN.) coriina 'curtain', curve adj. fr. LAT. cutvus 'crooked'. cushion ME. cusshin (cusshen — cusshon) cussin quissln (,quisshen) fr. OFR. coissin = FR. coussin 'cushion'; cp. SPAN, coxirt, IT. cuscino and ident. w. DU. kusstn ODU. cussin, G. kiissen kissen OHG. kusstn 'cushion'. Source a MED.LAT. coxinum prop, deriv. of LAT. coxa hip, haunch' — FR. cuissc 'thigh', whence E. (Shakesp.) cuissc 'piece of armor for the thighs'. custom ME. custome earlier form (c. 1100) custilme fr. OFR. cusiume (KR. coutume) — IT. PRO V. costuma: source a LAT. type *consuetumcn instead of LAT. cmsuctiido. cut vb. ME. cutte (by-form with umlaut kitte): a ME. vb. of CELT. origin; cp. CYMR. cwtan vb. 'shorten' — ciuta adj. 'short'. cutlas fr. FR. CQjutelas — IT. coltellaccio prop, 'a large knife': ROM. deriv. of LAT. culler 'knife'. Cp. FR. couteau — OFR. coutcl 'knife' fr. LAT. cultellus. Hence FR. coutelier = ME. cutetyr E. cutler 'maker of knives'.

D dace from ME. darce darse: called from its swiftness). See from OFR. dars, nom. also spelled dart. dart 'a dart', also 'a fish' (so dagger ME. dagger — ON. dag-

54

dainty

— dandelion

gar dr, DU. daggeri: o f Celt, origin, b o r r o w e d from w . dagr = IR. daigear; BRET. dag = GAEL, daga: all synon. dainty ME. deinte: b o r r o w e d from OFR. dtinle 'dignity, imp o r t a n c e , value* (the ME. byform daintith is an ANGLO-NORMAN Ileintfd 'pleasure'). S o u r c e LAT. dignitatem (dainty and dignity are doublets). dairy ME. deierie 'room for a milk-woman; ME.rfWV milk-woman' ( h e n c e d a y - w o r n a n 'dairy-woman' S h a k e s p . ) is b o r r o w e d from ON. deigja 'milk-woman' ( s w . deja), which is s u p p o s e d to b e a deriv. of TEUT. tlaiga- (under dough) a n d to mean prop, 'the b r e a d maker, k n e a d e r o f dough'. Cp. dough a n d lady. dais ME. deis: b o r r o w e d from OFR. deis later dais 'a high table in a hall' = FR. dais 'a canopy' (base MED.-LAT. discus 'a table' — LAT. discus 'plate, platter' see under dish):

southern continuation of the OE. infinit. in -ian ( = OHG. *talon ?). dam ME. dam(me) OE. *dam(mtn) = G. damm, DU. dam, o x . dammr (GOTH. fatirdammjan ~ OE. fordemman 'dam up'). damage HE. damage: b o r r o w e d from OFR. damage domage FR. dvmtnage 'harm'(IT. dannajo), LAT. type damnaticum harm' (LAT. damnum 'loss, injury' under damn). dame uv..dame: borrowed from FR. dame, w h e n c e also G. DU. dame. S o u r c e LAT. domina 'lady' ( = IT. donna)', cp. damsel. damn vb. ME. dam(p)ne: borrowe d from OFR. damner dampner FR. damner ( = SPAN, daiiar, IT. dannare) = LAT. damnare 'condemn, fine' (LAT. damnum 'injury, loss). damp ME. *damp = DU. I.G. damp 'vapor', G. damp/ 'vapor, steam'.

damsel ME. damesele damisde: borrowed from OFR. damisele dameisele = FR. demoiselle. T h e daisy ME. daies-le daies-eic OE. source is MED.-LAT. domicella 'a deeges-('age\ prop, 'the eye o f the y o u n g lady', LAT. type dom(i)nicella, dimin. o f domina 'a lady'. d a y ' ; c p . day and eye. dale ME. dcile OE. dcel plur. dalu dance vb. ME daunce daunse: (ME. E. e in dale is d e r i v e d from b o r r o w e d from FR. danser, w h e n c e the OE. plur. dalu or from the sing, also DU. dansen, G. tamen, DAN. infl. defies, dale). T h e TEUT. base dandse, s w . dansa. T h e OFR. danser dala- cp. also in the synon. GOTH. is t r a c e d to an OHG. danson dais, ON. dalr, OSAX. dal, OHG. 'draw, trail'. MHG. tal (mod. that). dandelion: b o r r o w e d from FR. dally vb. ME. dalye points to dent de lion ( = SPAN, diente de leon, *daldn OE. *dalian ( = G. IT. dente di leone): prop, 'lion's dahlen). T h e ending y is a tooth', so c a l l e d from the j a g g e d GOTH.

danger —

day

55

leaves of the plant (G. I'&iuen-cian *daxian) is improbable, E. sh pointing to a hereditary zahti). danger ME: (hunger: borrowed word. from FR. danger 'danger*. Source date 1 'an epoch, given point a LAT. type *dotmniarium 'power' of time' ME. date from the synon. from i,AT. dominium 'sovereignty'. FR. date (MED.-LAT. datum, whence dank 'clamp' SOL. dank: borrow-G. datutn). ed from the Scand.? cp. sw. date 2 'fruit of the palm* ME. dial, dank 'a marshy piece of date: borrowed from OFR. date ground' — ICEL. dokk for *danku = FR. datte: source L A T . - G R . 'pit, pool', dactylus, whence also G. datte/, dapper ME. daper 'pretty, neat'; DU. dadel. cp. ON. dapr 'sad, dreary', DU. daub vb. ME. daube: borrowed dapper 'brave', OHG. tapfar G. from OFR. dauber 'whiten' from tapper 'valiant, brave'. *da/ber = LAT. dealbare 'whiten, dapple 'a spot, dot' 'a dap- plaster' (LAT. a/bus 'white'). pled horse' ME. in dappel-gray. daughter ME. doughter ov.dohtor perh. Scand. loanword from = DU. dochter, OSAX. dohtar, OHG. ox. depill 'a spot, dot' (ciapi 'a MHG. tohter G. tochter, ox. dottir, GOTH. dauhtar'. ident. with the pool'). dare ME. dar OE. dear I dare' synon. U T H . duktl, OSLOV. duSti: = GOTH, dars, OHG. tar. The Aryan base dhuktcr] an Aryan base na'T. \f dars darz is akin to GR. dhugater appears in GR. &vyattoaOtiv 'be bold' — frgaovg TTJP, SKR. duhitdr, AVEST. duydar 'bold' and SKR. d/irs 'dare': 'daughter', SKR. du/utar'daughter is traced to the SKR. duh Aryan V~dhers. dark ME. derk OE. dcorc; perh. 'milk' and is interpreted as 'the akin to OIR. derg 'red': common milk maid'. base dhergo- (cp. also OIR. dorche daunt vb. ME. daunte: borrow'dark'?). ed from OFR. dontcr FR. dompter darling ME. derling shortened — IT. domitare'subdue, tame': the from OE. dforling 'a favorite': source is LAT. domitare (frequent, deriv. of dear = OE. deore. of domare). dart ME. dart from OFR. dart day ME. day dai OE. da-i — FR. dard ( = SPAN. IT. dardo); GOTH. dags, OHG. MHG. tae(g) G. of TEUT. origin: OE. darod, ON. tag, DU. OSAX. dag, ox. dagr; by-forms OE. digor, ox. dd.gr (fr. darradr also shorter darr. dash vb. ME. dasshe; corre- dogaz dogiz): all connected with sponding to DAN. daske (== sw. the SKR. V"dah (for Aryan dhegh: daska) 'slap, strike'. Scand. dhSgH) 'burn'. This root appears origin of the E. word (OE. *das- also in LITH. degti 'burn' —

dawn — dear*

56

dagas daga 'harvest*, PRUSS. dagas is sure; prob. akin to GR. rt yAo'i 'summer*, SKR. nidagha- 'heat, 'blind'. Cp. dumb. summer (also SKR. dhar 'day'?). deal vb. 'divide, distribute, T h e base dhdgho-s common tonegotiate in ME. d{le OE. dcelan our day and to LITH. ddgas signi- = OSAX. diilian, DU. deelen, LG. fied 'the time of the burning of deltn, G. teilen, GOTH. dailjan: d e the sun, the hot part of the nominatives o f daili- ( c p . deal) like OSLOV. diliti 'divide'. day or year*. dawn vb. late ME. daune earlier deal1 sb.'part, portion, indefinite dawe OE. dagian —

ON. dag a, quantity, degree or extent, barOHG. tag en G. tagen become day';gain etc.' ME. d(l OE. ddl (daI) cp. E. dawning ME. dawinge:= OSAX. del, DU. deel, LG. dee/, deriv. of TEUT. daga- under day. OHG. MHG. G. ted, GOTH. datls daze vb. ME. dase 'stupefy' m. daila f. TEUT. dai-li(la-) seems from ox. *dasa, refl. dasask (skto point to an ARYAN d/iai, represents the refl. 'oneself') proved by OSLOV. delii part'. 'daze oneself = DAN. dase, s w . deal2 sb. 'a b o a r d , plank' tiasa 'lie idle'. From daze is borrowed from DU. deel'a. board, deriv. the dimin. dazzle vb. threshing floor' — MLG. dele 'overpower with light'. 'board' LG. dele 'a board, floor, deacon ME. deken from OE. a room'. T h e corresponding

*d(acon for diacon (== DU. deken, G. OHG. dtli G. diele 'boarded floor' diakoti, ON. djakn, OFR. diacnt corresponds to ON. fiilja, OK. FR. diacre, SPAN. IT. diacono): pel 'board', LITH. tili 'plank in source I.AT. diaconus (GR. Jiaxo-the boat', OSLOV. tilo 'bottom',

vo$) a servant, a deacon', SKR. tala-m 'surface' are dead adj. ME. d{d OE. dead = nate.

GOTH, daupS, OHG.

MHG.

tdt

cog-

G.

dean ME. dm (contr. of *dei{n) dood. T h e common base dau-da isborrowed from OFR. deien = prop, partic. {dhau-td-) belongingFR. doyen', s o u r c e LAT. decanus 'the chief of ten soldiers or to the TEUT. v e r b a l \f datt discussed under die. Cp. death. monks' ( = IT. decano, OHG. to(d)t, ON. daudr, OSAX. dod, DU.

deaf ME. d(f OE. d(af = OSAX. tecMn G. dechani). 1 ddf, DU. doof, OHG. MHG. tOUp(b) dear ME. d(re OE. dfore'beloved, = 'hearing or feeling nothing, dull, precious, of great value' foolish' G. taub, GOTH. daufs{b) OSAX. diuri, DU. (tier, OHG. tiuri ' d e a f , om.daufr. T h e meanings "dear, beloved, esteemed, costly' of OHG. MHG. toup(b) bordering G. teucr. on those of OHG. MHG. tump G. dear2 (in Shakesp.) 'fierce, dumtn, connection of both groups ferocious' ME. dfr OE. deor 'wild':

dearth — deep

57

different from dearIdent. with cever deceveir FR. décevoir = LAT. lì. deer, G. tier; cp. deer. decipere 'entrap'. Cp. deceit. dearth ME. dérthe 'scarcity, deck vb. borrowed fr. nv.dekken clearness* ( = OSAX. diurida, OHG. 'cover'; cp. OE. peicean under tiurida, ON. dyrd, OLG. diurtha) : thatch. declension from OFR. déclideriv. of dear1 + -¿4 formative naison (FR. déclinaison) beside of abstract nouns. death ME. dcth OE. d{ap — FR. déclination, E. declination from GOI'H. daupus, OSAX. doth, OHG. LAT. declinationem. tód MHG. tòt(d) G. tod, DU. dood, decrease vb. ME. deer(se borON. diiudr : a verbal abstr. noun rowed from OFR. decresser decrestre of a \fdau (cp. die) with the decreistre decroistre FR. décroître abstract suffix TEUT. pu — LAI", (LAT. discrescere) ~ LAT. decresSKR. tu- (Aryan base dhau-tu-s). cere 'decrease'. debate vb. ME. debate : borrow- decree sb. ME. decre borrowed ed from OFR. debatrc 'fight, from OFR. decre decret FR. décret c o n t e n d , debate FR. débattre (SPAN. IT. decreto) = LAT. decre'contend, debate' ( = SPAN. turn 'a decree". debatir, rr. dibattere). deed ME. déd dçde OE. déd dâd — debt sb. earlier det ME. dette \ OSAX. dâd, DU. daad, OHG. MHG. from OFR. debte dette FR. dette tât G. t(h)at, ON', dâd, GOTH. in (rr. detta) = I.AT. debita f. sing., ga-deds 'deed', TEUT. base dè-diorig neut. plur. of I.AT. debitum. from dhê-tt- from the TEUT. de : debtor ME. dettur from OFR. dô from A R Y A N dhi : dhâ; cp. do. deem vb. ME. dénie OE. dfman dctor deteur FR. detteur (IT. OSAX. dômian in â-, DU. debitore) = I.AT. debitorem acc. ( = doemen, MLG. dôtnen, OHG. tuomen of debitor 'debtor*. MHG. tiiemen, ON. dœma, GOTH. decay vb. from OFR. decaer ga-dômjan 'judge, deem') : deriv. (SPAN, decaer, rr. decailere) = of TEUT. dôma- see doom. LAT. type *decadere (instead of deep adj. ME. iUp OE. d(op = decidere) fall away, perish', OSAX. diop, DU. diep, OHG. tiof decease sb. ME. dec(s borrowed tiuf MHG. G. tief, ON. djupr, from OFR. deces FR. dicìs = LAT. GOTH. diups. T h e common TEUT. decessiti prop, 'departure'. adj. dcupa- belongs to a TEUT. deceit ME. deceit-, borrowed \f diip whose by-form dub from OFR. deceit — I.AT. deceptus appears in OF., dy/an E. dive 'deceit' (decipere 'deceive' under and in E. dub. Cp. cymr. dtvfn, deceive). OIR. domun fu-domain, LITH. dubits deceive vb. earlier deceave ME. 'deep, hollow', OSLOV. dupli'holdubh : dhltp. deceive : borrowed from OFR. de- low' from an A R Y A N

58

deer — derrick

deer ME. d(r OE. dfor 'wild delve vb. ME. delve OE. delfan animal' = ON. dyr 'wild animal', str. vb. = DU. delvert, OSAX. biOSAX. dior, OHG. tior MHG. G. dèlban, OHG. bi-telban 'bur}-'. The tier 'animal* ('stag, roe in the TEUT. y"dèlb (Aryandhelbh dhelpT) language of hunters), TEUT. is unknown elsewhere, dttiza- is prob. an adj. used as demijohn from the synon. FR. sb. signifying 'wild animal'; cp. danu-jeanne — Arab, damagan OE. dior 'bold, wild' (cp. dear). (orig. the town Datnghan in defeat vb. ME. deftte : from northern Persia, once famous OFR. defeter 'annul (OFR. défait for its glass-works). desfeit part, of de/aire FR. dé- den short for ME. d(ne OE. denu faire ; MED.-LAT. defacere 'annul, dene 'valley'; akin to M»I\ dan undo 1 ). See feat. 'woods, wilderness' and G. tann defile vb. 'make unclean, sully' 'woods' ? a fusion of ME. file OE. dfylan denizen ME. detteseyn denesein : 'defile' and ME. defoule 'defile': source ANGLO-FR. OFR. densein ME. foule (OE. ftilian) wk. vb. deinsein : deriv. of OFR. dcinz (— 'make foul' with parallel form FR. dans) 'within' and suffix -ein citizen. file (OE. fylati) has taken the (— LAT. -anus) ; cp. The FR. word means 'a trader LAT.-FR. prefix de-. defy vb. ME. defie: from FR. within the privilege of the citydéfier (= MED.-LAT. IT. disfidare franchise as opposed to foreign. diffidare 'renounce faith, repu- deny vb. ME. denie : from FR. diate). Cp. faith. dénier (SPAN, denegar, IT. denedelay vb. ME. delaie ilelaye: gare = LAT. denegare 'deny"). from FR. délayer (= MED.-LAT. depaint vb. ME. dépeinte : from IT. dilatoré). FR. défeindre. Cp. paint. delight sb. (orig. delite) ME. depict vb. ME. only in part. dcllte délit : from OFR. délit. With depict = LAT. depictus, whence the vb. delight ME. delite from also OFR. depicter 'depict', OFR. deliter (IT. delettare dilettarè) deploy vb. from FR. déployer = LAT. delectare 'please', (OFR. despleyer despleier, whence dell ME. delle OE. dell a dimin. E. display). Source LAT. disderivative of TEUT. dala- (under plicare. dale), pointing toaGOTH. *dalja depth ME. dëpthe : an abstract f. and corresponding to OHG. sb. from the ME. adj. dçp\ DU. tellia MHG. telle 'ravine' o. (dial.) diepte, ON. dypt, GOTH. diupifa delle. point to an OE. *dypf ; cp. deluge sb. ME. deluge: from deep. FR. déluge (= SPAN. IT. diluvio, derrick 'a kind of crane' from LAT. diluvium 'a flood"). DU. Dierryk, short Dirk, also

descry

Diederik corresp. to G. Dietrich, OE. péodrlc 'chief of the people'. Orig. derrick signified gallows' n a m e d from a Dutch hangman. d e s c r y vb. WE. descrie diserte 'discern' from OFR. deserter (jiescrive descrivre FR. décrire) 'describe'. d e s i r e vb. ME. desire from FK. désirer (IT. desirare = LAT. desiderare 'long for'). d e s k from FK. disque (IT. desco 'a table' = MED.-LAT. discus 'a table' see under disK). d e s p a i r vb. ME. despeire from OFR. desperer FR. désespérer (= LAT. IT. desperare) 'lose hope'. d e s p a t c h , dispatch vb. from OFR. despecher (FR. dépêcher) 'discharge, expedite'. d e s p i s e vb. ME. despise from OFR. despiser despicer 'despise' (LAT. despicere 'look down upon, despise). d e s p i t e sb. by apheresis spite ME. despit from OFR. despit despeit FR. dépit (IT. dispetto — LAT. despectus 'contempt' see despise). Despite prep, abbrev. for in despite of. despoil vb. .ME. despoile from OFR. despoiller (FR. dépouiller, IT. despogliare, SPAN, despojar 'despoil') : source LAT. despoliare 'plunder, rob'. See spoil. d e s t i n y destenye destinée", borrowed from FR. destinée (IT. LAT. destina ta). d e u c e 'a two at cards or dice' early m o d . also dçwce déus = FR. deux.

— dike

59

devil ME. dfvel OE. déofol = diufial, DU. duivel, OHG. tiuval tioval MHG. tiuvel (tiei'el) G. teufel\ GOTH. diabatilus points to LAT. (GR.) diabolus. d e w ME. d{w OE. ttiaie = OSAX.

OSAX. dau,

OHG. MHG. tou

(gen.

touives) G. tan, nu. dauw, ox. dggg (GOTH. *dagg7ca- is wanting). Perh. cogn. with the SK.R. \rd/urr 'to flow'. die sb. (plur. dice)', the sing, is developed from the plur. dice. ME. dls usually de's 'dice' which is borrowed from OFR. dez plur. of det

'die'

FR.

dé

(=

si'AN.

IT.

dado 'a die') from LAI-, datum 'that which is given and 'that which is cast'. See date. die vb. ME. dé'^e die dye\ generally considered as a SCAND. loanword from ON. deyja ( = OSAX. dòian, OHG. MHG. touwen 'die'). An OE. dyym déyin (from daujan) is not r e c o r d e d before i o o o a f t e r Chr., hence SCAND. origin is prob. F o r the dau cp. dead, death. In other Aryan languages, OSLOx. doviti 'strangle' and LITH. dovyti 'torment* are compared as related (INDO-EUR. y/~ dhew dhdici). diet ME. diete diète: from FR. diète (SPAN. IT. dieta = LAT. dicctd). dig vb. ME. digge earlier dikie OE. dtiian 'dig': derivative of OE. dli'a ditch'. See dike and ditch. dike MK. dik(e) OE. die 'a ditch, channel, d i k e , wall' = MHG. tick G. teich 'fishpond, pond'.

6o

dill —

E. dike and ditch are doublets. dill 'the two-seeded tare' ME. dille OE. dile = DU. dille, OHG. tilli MHG. tille G. dill. Of obscure origin. dim

ME. OE. dim

(mm)

=

OFRIS.

dim, ON. dimmr: perh. by-form of the synon. OSAX. thim (mm). A T E U T . Y^pern (whence G. diimmcrn) corresponds to SKR. tamas 'gloom', LAT. tenebrae (for temesra) 'darkness'. F o r the initial gram, change from th — dsee doughty. A P R E - T E U T . V " dhern may be found in OIR. dctne 'darkness'. d i m e ME. dime 'tithe from FR. dime ( = LAT. decirna 'tenth'). dimple ME. ttimpel — G. tiimpel OHG. tumfilo m. 'whirlpool': deriv. with nasalization from the T E U T . duf> 'be depressed' in deep and dip; cp. LITH. dumbu 'become hollow'. din sb. ME. dine OE. dyne ( = ON. dynr) 'a din'. Cp. OE. dynnan — DU. deunen, OSAX. dunnian, ON. dynja and the SKR. \f dhvan dhun 'rush'. dine vb. ME. dine: from FR. diner (— IT. disinare) 'dine'. See dinner. d i n n e r ME. diner: from FR. diner; ident. with dine', the infinitive is used as sb. See dine. dint ME. dint OE. dynt 'a blow' ON. dyntr dyttr 'a dint, stroke'. dip vb. ME. dippe OE. dyppan', cp. G. taufen OHG. touffan (from *toufja>i) 'baptize' and deep. =

dissever

dirge ME. dirige OE. (I I ,H cent.) dirige 'watches' (cp. »dirige for ford-farenum« = vigilia pro defunctis). »dirige, Dorainus meus, in conspectu tuo vitam mean« Psalm 5 8 was used in the office for the dead in medieval service. dirt ME. drit excrement' fr. OE. ledrltan str. vb. — ON. drlta, DU. drijten 'to void excrement : T E U T . V " drit. dish ME. dish disch OE. disi a dish, plate' = O S A X . disk 'table', DU. disch, OHG. tisc G. tisch 'table'. LAT. discus, the source of TEUT. diskuz, has the meaning 'dish only post-class, (prop, 'disk') ; cp. also rr. de:co, OFR. dois 'table' (FR. dais 'a canopy, dais' see under dais and desk). d i s m a y vb. ME. dismaie desmaie (demaie esmaie 'dishearten, lose courage') : from OFR. desmayer esmayer (IT. smagare from dismagare points to GOTH. magan; see may). dispense vb. ME. dispense', from OFR. despenser FR. dispenser (— IT. spensare = LAT. dispensare 'weigh out, distribute'). display vb. ME. itispleie-. from AFR. despleier = FR. déployer 'deploy' ( = n.spiegare, M E D . - L A T . displicare 'unfold', whence also FR. déployer = E. deploy). dispute vb. ME. dispute', froiu FR. disputer (— LAT. IT. disputarc). dissever vb. ME. dissevere descvere : from OFR. desserrer (IT. discei'crare fr. a LAT.type disseparare 'sever').

distaff —

dole

61

distaff ME. distaf orig. dis-staf; do vb. ME. OE. don = DU. doen, OE. *dis-staf 'staff b e d i z e n e d with OSAX. duati, OHG. MHG. tuott flax' points to a T E U T . disc- in G. thun. F o r the TEUT. do : de MLG. ilise f. 'distaff, the bunch cp. also deed and the suffix of flax on the distaff'. Cp. LAT. -dotn. T h e PRE-TEUT. \f dho'.dhi fusus 'spindle' for an Aryan has a wide ramification within the \fdhis dhois pointing to a PRE- other Aryan languages; cp.theGR. I.AT. d/wiso-. \ &s in Tidfjiu 'place, put', distinguish vb. ME. distingwe SKR. \f~dha (dadhami and dhamt) distinge: borrowed from FR. 'place, put, d o ' (dhatr 'creator'), distinguer (LAT. distingucre). OSLOV. dija (and dezda) ' d o , distrain vb. ME. distrein¿'compel, make', LAT. facio. T h e meaning constrain': borrowed from OFR. 'place, put' seems to be the oridcslraindre (LAT. distringere 'pull ginal one and the TEUT. meaningasunder"). secondary. distress ME. distresse destresse: dock sb. origin uncertain; from from OFR. destrece 'distress' = the E. word are borrowed G. FR. ditresse. dock, DU. dok, s\v. docka, DAN. disturb vb. ME. disturbe desturbe: dok(ke), FR. dock. from OFR. destourber (SPAN. doe ME. dg OE. dti\ cp. DAN. disturbar, IT. disturbare — LAT. daa. T h e OE. word — generally disturbare 'disturb'). considered a loanword from LAT. ditch 'a dike' ME. diche OE. dtf: damn — points to a weak stem equiv. to OSAX. dik 'dam', whence dan noni. sing, dii from a TEUT. (i. dcich: related to GR. TU/O^ base dain, which is evidently wall' ? c o n n e c t e d with OFR. dain m. FR. ditty ME. diU\ borrowed from daine f. Perh. a LAT. base *danus OFR. diit' 'a s t o r y , poem' (LAT. (assimilated for *damus) may b e assumed. T h e phonology of dicta turn). dive vb. ME. dive OE. dyfan = the Engl, word may have b e e n ON. dyfa, IJU. beduiven, LG. bediwen: affected by roe OE. rd. TEUT. \fdab doff vb. ME. doffe, orig. imper. (a by-form of the dof contr. of do of 'put o f f ; c p . TEUT. \rdup) under deep. dizzy adj. ME. disy OE. dysi'% don contr. of do on 'put on'. dog ME. dogge OE. dogga, whence 'foolish, stupid' = OHG. iusig, MIJU. duysigh: d&s (dhas). DU. dog, s w . dogg, G. dogge, FR. Another form of the dus dogue. OE. dogga ( r e c o r d e d about appears in OE. divas (=R MUU. 1 0 5 0 ) is a WEST-TEUT. duggati-. dole 'portion, share, lot, fortune' dwaes DU. dwaas) 'foolish' and in G. tor OHG. toro (TEUT. base ME. diil(e) OE. ddl: equiv. w . dea (OE. dxl~). dauza-).

62

dollar —

dollar sb. a m o d e m l o a n w o r d from the continent: DU. daalder; the source is G. thaler which is short for Joachimsthaler ' g u l d e n from Joachitnsthal' (Bohemia) w h e r e the coin was first struck in 1 5 1 9 . -dom ME. •iiotn OE. -dom = OSAX. -dom,

DU. -dom,

OHG. MHG.

-tuom G. -¿urn: an abstract n o u n suffix, orig. a sb. meaning 'jurisdiction' p r e s e r v e d in doom ( a n d its deriv. deem). domain ( p o e t , by-form demai/i) from FR. dotnaine (LAT. dominium), whence also DU. domeitt. don see d o f f . donkey not f o u n d in ME. OE., appar. a deriv. o f dun. Suffix key o f donkey is dimin. as in monkey. T h e orig. meaning 'of donkey is 'the little gray one' (Shakesp. uses dun 'a gray horse'). doom sb. 'judgment, sentence, d e c r e e , law' ME. OE. dom — OSAX. dom, OHG. tuom, o x . liomr, GOTH. doms 'judgment'; d e r i v e d from the TEUT. \f do in do] for the /«-suffix c p . SKR. dhatnan 'sacred custom' a n d GR. 3-FFIIG. door ME. dpre OE. dor = OSAX. dor, G. tor, GOTH. daur 'gate'; ident. with OE. ditru = OSAX. dura; o x . dyrr plur. corresponds to OSAX. duri plur., OHG. turi plur. 'door' G.tiir.

dur-

T h e TEUT. b a s e s dora- a n d

(cons, stem) cp. also in GOTH. daurons 'door'. T o the Aryan base d/iur b e l o n g also LAT. fores, GR. dvga, LITH. ditrys a n d SKR. dur (for dhur) 'door, gate'.

dove

dot OE. dott 'speck' = DU. FRIS. dot', cp. LG. dott dótte 'the yellow o f t h e e g g ' a n d OSAX. dôdro, DU.

dooier, OE. dydring, OHG. totoro tutar-ei G. dotter : prim, term for 'the yellow o f the e g g ' ; the orig. meaning o f dydring is prob. 'spot, point in the egg'. dote vb. ME. dpte ddtie = onu. doten ' m o p e ' ; perh. akin to MHG. tùz(e) 'quiet' — (then 'be quiet' from a TEUT. y " dût. double a d j . ME. duble\ borrowed from FR. double (IT. doppio = LAT. duplus) ; from the FR. source also G. doppelt, DU. dubbel. doubt ME. doute : borrowed from FR. doute (IT. dotta = LAT. dubitimi) . dough sb. ME. dough OE. ddh(g) = DU. LG. deeg, OHG. MHG. teic(g) G. teig, o x . deig, GOTH. daigs ' d o u g h ' : deriv. from a TEUT. dig 'knead' in GOTH. deigan 'mould, form'; an Aryan v"d/iigh cp. in SKR. dih 'stroke, smear', LAT. fingere 'shape, form' {figura form')

and

GR.

T(Ï%NS' TOT/OÇ

'wall'. C p . lady. doughty a d j . ME. dou(g)hty dohti OE. dohtii ; the by-form OE. dyhti^ corresponds to MHG. G. tiichtig deriv. from OHG. MHG. tuht an abstract noun of the verb represented by OHG. tugan = OE. dugan. T h e OE. by-formpyhtii ( c p . dim = OSAX. thimm) points to a primitive TEUT. \fj>ug. dove short for ME. douve OE. diife', c o r r e s p o n d i n g to GOTH. dubô, OSAX. dùba, OHG. tuba G. taubc.

d o w n — dream

i>3

'dove* is based strainer' and druugin vb. 'strain, U from TEUT. au) and in DITMARSH dorehdroven in OIR. dub 'black'. down sb. 'soft plumage': a 'drain, HESS. drauen 'drain'. 1 Scand. loanword of the ME. period drake in drakefly OE. draca (ME. douti), borrowed from ON. 'dragon'; cp. synon. OHG. trahho dunn — s\v. dun, DAN. dunn, G. drache = OE. draca borrowed whence also G. daune, DU. dons. fr. LAT. draco. Cp. dragon. down prep, and adv., orig. drake- 'male of the duck' ME. adawn (cy.back for aback): short- drdke OE. *draca — LG. (dial.) ened for ME. adoune adoun OE. drake MLG. ant-drake, which points of dune: OE. dun is hill' and of- to identity with ICEL. atuiriki, dune 'off the hill, downwards'. GERM, enterich OHG. antr'ehho anA TKUT. diina- 'hill' (in mod. I,G. trahho (orig. *anut + trahho). da I is 'dale' and 'down'), OE. dun The TEUT. drakon- occurs only survives in the Kentish downs; in this compound and in the subcp. DU. duin. Peril, the word is stituted simple form (the Teut. a Celt, loanword, cp. 1R. dun 'a word for 'duck' was OE. icned, fortified hill', GAEL. dun, w. din OHG. anut. G. ente). and the Celt, place-names such draw vb. ME. drawe OE. dragan as Tarodunum, for which cp. also — ON. dragiV, perh. ident. with GOTH. dragan 'bear, carry', OSAX. town. d o z e vb. p r o b . b o r r o w e d f r o m dragan, DU. drageti, OHG. tragan G. tragen 'carry, bear'. The TEUT. ON. diisa 'doze'. dozen ME. dozcinc dusain = FR. \f drag 'bear' (ARVAN dhragH) has liouzaine (OFR. dosaine), whence been compared with OSLOV. driialso G. dutzend, DU. dozijn. The iati 'hold'. Fr. word is deriv. from douse d r e a m 'vision' ME. dr(tn; an equiv. OE. dr{am is not recorded (OFR. doze = LAT. duodecini). draff ME. draf OE. draf', cp. (the synonym is sivefri), but is OHG. *trab in the plur. trebir G. to be inferred from OSAX. drSrn, triiber 'grains, husks' and DU. DU. droom, ON. draumr, OHG. ON. sw. draf. Cogn. w. LA t.fraces: MHG. troum G. traum 'dream'. ARYAN\fdhrak; cp. also dregs. The meaning 'dream, vision' dragon ME. dragon drago(u)n: attaching to these forms may from FR. dragon 'dragon, stand- be deduced from 'deception, ard' - - IT. dragone, LAT. draco(n-) vision' so that TEUT. draurna- (for *draugma- or *dhroughwmo- ?) 'dragon. See drake. drain vb. ME. dreine OE. dr(ag- would belong to the TEUT. nian; a TEUT. \f dram; appears yf drug, seen in OSAX. bidriogan in NORTH-FRIS. druughe 'sieve, = OHG.triogan G. //-«^«'deceive'.

The

TEUT. dubon-

o n a pre-TEUT. a d j . dhubho- 'black* sieve' (NFRIS.

dreary — drop

64

d r e a r y a d j . ME. drirl OE. drfori5 MHG. G. triefen, ON. drjüpa ' d r o p ,

'sad':

corresponding

trurec

c.

traurig;

to MHG. drip'.

OHG.

trurin

G. trauern 'mourn' belongs perh. t o OE. drusian E. drowse

=

d r i v e ME. drive OE. drifan str. v b . OSAX. driban 'drive, banish,

drowze perform', DU. drijven 'drive,

do,

'be sluggish'. fly, swim', ON. drlfa 'hasten', dregs" 'lees' a Scand. loanword GOTH. dreiban 'drive', OHG. triban

of the ME. period (ME. dregges) HHG.tr/ben G.treiben. F o r t h e TEUT.

borrowed with the plur. form fr. \f drib (ARYAN dhribh ? dhrip ?) the equiv. ON. dregg. T h e TEUT. cp. also drift. droll adj. peril, borrowed fr. b a s e dragjo- m a y b e a pre-TEUT. dhrakl- which is also possible FR. drolc 'odd, queer, funny'. Cp. o f LAT. /races ' d r e g s ' (LAT. f = G. drollig from LG. drullig, DU. u rider distaff); ep. drollig; not found in the older also PRUSS. dragios 'dregs' (perh. languages. d r o n e s b . ME.drönOE. drän (plur. Teut. loanword?). drdti). T h e s y n o n . OHG. tr'cno dress vb. ME. dresse borrowed MHG. trine G. dröhne, OSAX. drän f r o m FR. dresser (OFR. drescer p l u r . dram (DAN. drone is a c o n drcrier; LAT. t y p e direetiare). A R Y A N d/tas

drift sb. 'driving, impulse' ME. drift 'act o f driving, drove, im-

pulse': deriv. from drive with t-

tinental loanword) are evidently related, but not phonetically

•identical;

OE. drän points

to

*dtainus, while OHG. tri no suffix; cp. DU. drift 'drove, flock, points to GOTH. *drina. An GOI'H.

course, current, ardor", G. trifl Aryan 'pasture', ON. drift dript 'snow-

dhren cp. in GR. rti-

'a species of wasp' — drift'. S e e drive, drove. .also «vtfpjji'jy 'woodbee' — Lacodrink v b . ME. drinke OE. drincan nian dpähtul- 'drone'.

= OSAX. drinkan, NU. LG. drinken, d r o p v b . ME. droppe OE. droppian OHG. trinchan MHG. G. trinken, a l s o dropian a n d droppetian (= ON. drekka, GOTH. drigkari: a DU.droppen, G. tropf tri): a f r e q u e n t .

common TEUT. str. vb. From deriv. of the orig. str. vb. OE. comes the Roman group dreofan ME. drepe = OSAX. drio-

TEUT.

IT. trincare, FR. trinquer ' h o b n o b ' . pan, DU. druipen, OHG. triufan T h e TEUT. \f drink (hxyaxidkreng) MHG. G. triefen, ON. drjüpa ' d r o p ' . does not appear outside of S e e drip a n d drop.

Teut.

drop sb. 'a g l o b u l e ' ME. drope

drip v b . ME. drippc OE. dryppan: OE. dropa = OSAX. dropo, DU. associated with OE. *dr(opan drop, ON. drope, OHG. troffo\ t h e ME. drfpe 'drop, fall' = OSAX. OHG. b y - f o r m ti-opfo (G. tropfen) driopan, DU. druipen, OHG. triufan points to a TEUT. base druppon-.

dropsy — dung

65

derivatives of the TEUT. Vdhrt'tk is probable and OHG. truckan would point to a bydrtip. See drop1. dropsy ME. dropsy dropesie short form Aryan dhrhg. for idropsie hydropsie'. borrowed duck sb. ME. douke OE. dûce\ from FR. hydropisie (LAT. hydro- akin to OE. *dûcan under duck vb.; hence duck prop, 'the diving pisis). drought ME. drought older one, diver'; cp. DAN. dukand 'seadrougth drught OE. drtigod 'dry- duck', o. tauchente. ness': deriv. from OE. drtigian duck vb. ME. douke; an OE. 'become dry' and TEUT. adj. *dûcan may be inferred fr. DU. duiketi, OHG. tûhhan MHG. tûchen drugi in dry. drouse (drowse) vb. HE. *drouse G. tauchen. OE. drtis(i)an 'become slow or due adj. ME. dice from FR. dit sluggish' = MDU. droosen 'doze'; m. due f. OFR. deu m. deue f. ( = cp. LG,driinse(l)n 'slumber* drurisen IT. debuto) ; cp. ME».-LAT. *debu'low' (of cattle); akin to OE. tum débuta for debitum. dreosan — GOTH. driusan 'fall'. duke ME. diike from FR. due ; See dreary. with the deriv. d u c h e s s ME. drove sb. 'herd, road for duchesse short for diiehesse — FR. sheep or cattle in droves' ME. duchesse. — duchy (cp. ME. drive earlier drpf OE. dnrf'drove : ducherie instead of *duehie) from deriv. from the drib in drive. FR. duché. drown vb. .ME. droune; short d u m b adj. ME. domb dumb OE. for ME. drtmate (also dissimil. dumb; GOTH. dumbs, ox. dumbr drtinkle) OE. druncnian 'sink': a have essentially the same meaning passive formation of the TEUT. while the corresponding G. dumm verb drink. (OHG. MHG. tump) signifies 'stupid, Perh. deaf without dry ME. drlc drye OE. dry-ye foolish'. from TEUT. driigi-, as shown by nasal (— OE. deaf, GOTH. daufs) OE. drtigod — mod. E. drought. belongs to the same Aryan A TKUT. by-form draugi- (or \"dhtibh, which may be found dretugu-) is seen in OE. dri^e also in GR. xvtf.Xnq 'blind'. ME. dreic and in DU. droog, dun adj. 'dark, swarthy' ME. I,G. dnPgc (by the side of LG. don donne OE. dun (nn) : an early dryge, XORTH-FRIS. driiugh). All Celtic loanword (OIR. GAEL. with the same meaning, which donti, GALL, donnos); therefore appears also in the related G. not found in other TEUT. lantroeken (OHG. truckaii). Cp. ON. guages. draugr 'a dry log'; OHG. proper dung ME. dung dong; cp. OHG. nouns e. g. Druhi-klinga prove tunga 'dung' G. dung. OHG. a TEUT. drtthi 'diy'. An Aryan MHG. tunc 'subterranean weaving All

ENGLISH

ETYMOLOGY.

5

66

dungeon — ear

Dutch room'. If 'cave, underground a dialect of Germany. room' is the orig.' meaning, GR. corresponds to G. deutsch = MLG. rdifog from an Aryan dhnghtvos diidesch, MHG. diutsch tiutsch tiusch OHG. diutisk ( O S A X . ihiudiscc liudi may be allied. 'Germania'). dungeon sb. ME. dongeon donjoun; loanword from OFR. dori- dwarf ME. dwergh dwerugh geon dongon donjon FR. donjon OE. dweorh{g) — DU. dwerg, (MED.-LAT. domnionem 'a com- OHG. MHG. tli'irc(g) geiicérc G. manding tower' fr. a I.AT. type ziverg, ox. dive.rgr m., sw. »A.N. TEUT. base dw'èrgadominionem', cp. I.AT. dominium dverg. belongs prob. to the TEUT. drug under domain). 'deceive', hence dwarf prop, dusk ME. dosk OE. dose (of 'deception, vision'. rare occurrence, but also seen in the deriv. vb. dusciati). Akin to dwell vb. ME. dwelle late OE. the SAV. dial, duskug 'misty'. dwelian\ SCAND. loanword from A TEUT. base duska- admits of ON. dvelja 'delay, stay' = OHG. relation to I.AT. fuscus 'blackish, tivellan (and tivalëti) 'linger'. dark' (base dhusko-T). dye vb. ME. die deie de%e OE. Dutch orig. meant German deagian : derived from OE. deah(g) ; including Dutch; for down to a TEUT. dauga is not found 1600, Dutch was considered elsewhere.

E each ME. f'e/i earlier elch OE. âli orig. a-gilii — OHG. iogilîh MHG. iegeRch G. jcglich; cp. OHG. manno-gtlîh 'every man' — wibogiRh 'every woman' etc. eager ME. (grc : adapted from OFR. eigre 'keen, sharp'. Source LAT. acre (acer). eagle ME. ¡g/e: loanword from FR. aigle] source I.AT. aquila. eanling'lamb'(Shakesp.) points to an OE. (an 'lamb' ; cp. yean. e a r 1 s b . ME. ere

OE. (are

=

TEUT.

base auzpn- in GOTH, ausô, OSAX. OHG. ôra G. ohr, DU. oor. An Aryan base aus- cp. in I.AT. auris, GR. ovg, RUSS. SLOV. ticho 'ear' ; perh. cogn. with hear. — Hence earwig ME. er-wiggc OE. {ar-wigga. ear'2 sb. (of corn) ME. er OE. far contr. from *eahor (Northumbr. eh/ier) = TEUT. base ahasident. w. OHG. aMr G. àhre, GOTH. ahs, ox. ax. Perh. akin to aions. ear vb. ME. ('re OE. erian =_-

67

earl — eight

'plough'; eogn. with LAT. arare, GR. DPOFIR, ore. araim 'I plough': Aryan GOTH, arjan, OHG. erian

e a t v b . ME. rte OE. etan — eten, OSAX. etan, itan,

OHG.

ON.

eta,

DU.

GOTH.

èyzftn G. essett.

Cp.

ar in LAT. arvum 'field' and the Aryan y/~ed in LAT. edo, GR.

in

fâoftai, SKR. ad,

earth.

LITH. edrni ' e a t '

earl ME. erl OE. ¿orI — ON. (see also tooth). jar/, OSAX. erl. Perh. ident. eaves ME. eves OE. efes 'eaves' ; with the TEUT. tribe-name Heriili. the E. dial, form oaves (Essex) early ME. (rll OE.eerlice', cp. ere. points to an OE. *ofes = OHG. earn vl>. ME. (me OE. (arnian obasa 'porch, hall', GOTH, ubh-iva — OHG. artibn. Perh. traceablc 'porch', ON. ufs 'eaves'. to the Aryan \r ar in GR. uQWfim. e b b s b . ME. ebbeOE. ebba = OFRIS. e a r n e s t ME. ernest OE. eornust ebba, DU. eb ebbe, G. DAN. eh be, Source and history — OHG. ernust G. DU. ernst ' s e r i o u s - SWED. ebh.

ness'; perh. akin to arniba adv. 'surely'? earth

ME.

OSAX. crtlia,

erthe

GOTH.

OE. eorde

OHG. en/a

G.

— erde,

unknown. edge ME. egge OE. eig (infl. eégè)

—•

DU. egge,

OSAX.

t'gg'a,

ON. egg, OHG. ecka G. ecke. C o g n .

cognate with LAT. actes 'point', GR. àx/ç; — ON. c p . SKR. açri ' c o r n e r ' , GR. ay.çnç jorvi 'ground', LAT. cirinim 'field', 'pointed', LITH. aszru-s 'sharp': Aryan \fak. gr. fpaLf 'to the ground', earwig op. ear1. eel ME. OE. él OE. cil = OHG. ease ME. tie earlier eise from al, G. DU. DAN. aal, ON. all: TEUT. KR. aisc 'ease*, base êla- élu- ? east ME. est OE. ¡'ast; ident. egg sb. ME. egg from ON. egg. with D i r . oost, G. ostcn; the TEUT. OE. ¿1 (plur. âyù) — ME. ei (plur. base aus/- is traced to the eire) 'egg' were supplanted by the Aryan name of the aurora LAT. SCAND. loanword egg. OE. olk, ON. folk. The primit. meaning fop vb. borrowed fr. DU. foppeti is peril, 'a crowd of people', 'prate, cheat' ( f o p p e r 'a wag', whence I.ITH. pulkas 'a crowd', fopperij 'cheating') : orig. a word of G. slang. osi.ov. pliiku 'an army1. follow vb. ME. folwc folowe OE. f o r ME. OE .for p r e p . — GOTH. folgian (by-form fytyui) = ON. faura 'before, for', OHG. fora o. fylgja, DC. volgett, OHG. folgcn G. vor 'before', DU. 7>oor; cogn. w. folgetr. the common WEST-TEUT. LAT. pro 'before', GR. 7700 'beand Norse vb. for 'follow'; fore'. possibly a compound verbal forbear ME .for here ov..forbiran stem, the first member of which str. vb.; cp. bear vb. is full-, cp. OE. full-code 'he forbid ME. forbede OE. forbfodan followed', OE. OI.G. fulgangan, confounded with ME.forbidde OE. 011C. folti-gdn 'follow'. Go fr. forbiddan; cp. bid.

8o

force —

f o r c e s b . ME. force fors\ borr o w e d fr. FR. force (LAT. t y p e fortia ' s t r e n g t h ' d e r i v e d ix.fortis 'strong-'). f o r d ME. OE. ford (ME. also fortK) = DU. voert, OSAX. *ford in Hertford ( p r o p , ' f o r d o f a n a r m y " ) , OHG. vurt G. furt (Frank-, Er-, Schwein-) ; c p . OE. Oxenaford (lit. ' f o r d o f t h e o x e n ' ) = Oxford. TEUT. *fordu- forpufrom the TF.UT. \^far in fare; h e n c e ford pro]), ' p a s s a b l e , p r a c t i c a b l e p a s s a g e ' ; c p . AVEST. peretu ' b r i d g e ' , LAT. /tortus ' h a v e n ' , o x . fjordr ' b a y ' ; a l s o CELT.-I.AT. -ritum ( f o r *prtom) in Augustoritum, CYMR. rhyd ' f o r d ' . f o r e i g n MF.. for cine: a d a p t e d fr. OFR.forain : LAT. t y p e foraneus d e r i v e d fr. foras adv. 'out of door'.

foul

f o r k ME . forke on., fore a = DU. vork, OHG furcha furka G. fur Ac, ON. forka: borrowed f r . LAT. furca ' a f o r k ' , w h e n c e a l s o FK. fourche, SPAN, horca, IT. forca. f o r l o r n ' q u i t e l o s t ' ME. forlorn OE. foi lor en p a r t . o f O E . forleosan ' l o s e u t t e r l y ' ; c p . lose a n d G. DU. verloren, DAN. forloren. former f o r m e d by a d d i n g the c o m p a r . s u f f i x -er t o MF.. forme OF., forma — OSAX. for mo ' f i r s t ' ; cp. first. f o r s a k e v b . ME. forsake OF. forsacan str. v b . ' o p p o s e ' ; cp. sake. f o r t h ME. forth on.ford — OSAX. forth, OHG. *ford o. fort, corn, c o m p a r . faurfis adv. earlier'. OTEUT. forj> f r o m o l d e r frJ>o prto is a l l i e d t o before a n d further.

f o r t n i g h t me. fourtenight fourtcnnight f r o m MF..fourtene ' f o u r t e e n a n d night ( o l d p l u r . ) ' n i g h t s ' ; c p . OE. fecnvcrtyne niht a n d a l s o F.. sennight = seven night. It w a s u s u a l t o r e c k o n b y nights in f o r g e MF., forge b o r r o w e d fr. p r e - h i s t . p e r i o d s . — f o r t y ME. FR. forge f r o m T.vr. fabrica ' a fourty OF., feoivertii — DU. vcertig, G.vierzig, GOTH, fidioortigjus; cp. workshop'. a n d o n . tij, f o r g e t v b . ME. forgetc OE. for- OF,, feowcr — four gitan str. v b . -— os.w.fargctan, i>u. — ten. f o s t e r v b . ME. fostre s h o r t f o r î'ergeten, MLG. vorgeten, OHG. firg'e^-an c . vergessen. T h e c o m p . OE. fostrian f r o m fostor ' n o u r i s h v b . is t h e r e m n a n t o f a s t r . m e n t ' ; a k i n t o food', T E U T . \ ~ f o d . forfeit sb. ME.forfite : b o r r o w e d fr. OFR. forfait ' a fine' p a r t , o f forfaire fors faire ' t r e s p a s s ' (MF.D.LAT. forisfactum p a r t , o f forisfacere ' t r e s p a s s ' , lit. ' d o b e y o n d ' ) .

v e r b a l \ r g c t , w h e n c e F.. get ' o b t a i n , r e a c h ' ; c p . GOTH. Hgitan ' f i n d ' , ON. geta ' o b t a i n ' . C p . get a n d t h e ARYAN \f ghed : ghend i n LAT. prae-hendere, GR. xavdeira> seize'.

f o u l ME. foul OE. ful — nr. vuil, o n o . ful G. faul, ON. full, GOTH. fills) la- is s u f f i x , a n d t h e TEUT. \ ~fu is i n f e r r e d fr. o x . fuenn ' r o t t e n ' a n d f r o m t h e f a c t i t i v e v b . ON. feyja ' c a u s e to

found —

freeze

8l

'perform'): derived fr. OE.FRAM rot'. An Aryan verbal V" appears in s ICR. pûy 'rot, stink'.; 'strong, good', ident. w. from. borcp. LAT. puteo 'stink' — puter 'de- franchise ME. fraunchlse: cayed', GR. nt-&U) 'cause to rowed from TS., franchise 'privirot', GR. nv'ov — LAT. pus 'puss'. leged liberty' from FR.franchiss-, found 1 vb. 'lay the foundation stem of some forms of franchir o f ME. founde : adapted fr. FR. 'free' from FR. franc "free". fonder from LAT. fundare 'found'. fraught part, of ME. fraughte v b . = DU. bevrachten, c. befrachten', found 2 vb. 'cast metals' borcp. G.fracht OHG. freht 'earnings, rowed fr. FR. fondre from LAT. gain'. Properly a compound; fundere 'cast metals'. cp. OE. dht, OHG. iht 'property' fount vus.'fount fr. OFR. font = under own. LAT. font-em. freak 'a whim, caprice' ME. frek four ME. four fower OE. feower 'quick, vigorous' OE. free 'bold, {/Ioiverf) = OSA x./rwar, DU. G. vter rash' = ON. frekr, OHG. freh OHG.fior, ON. fjorir. The OE. by- 'greedy' G. frech 'pert', GOTH. form fyder- (in comp. as fyder- falhu-friks 'avaricious': TEUT. f(te 'four-footed') and GOTH. fid- base fr'eka-. wor (/¿dur-) point to a pre-TEUT. freckle from ON. freknur plur. basepetworpetur for qetwor qetur ; 'freckles'; cp. sw. fräkne plur. ident. w. SKR. catur, LAT. quattuor, fräkhar, FRIS. (Am run) friakan GR. xéonuçtç (nt'oryeç), OSLOV. 'freckles'. Perh. cogn. w. GR. tetyri 'four'. ntpxvo'f 'spotted'. fowl ME. foul earlier fuwel OE. free ME. f r i OE.freo frl: TEUT. fugol — OSAX. fugal, DU. vogel, base frija- — GOTH. freis, OSAX. QHO.fogal MHG. G. vogel, ON. fugl, OHG. fri G. frei. The PRE-TEUT. GOTH. fugls: TEUT. base fugla-. priyo- is the base of CYMR. rhydd fox ME. OE. fox = OHG. fuhs 'free' and of SKR. priyd-s 'dear, G. fuchs, DU. vos, ON. fox ; the beloved'; cp. the SKR. verbal s of the TEUT. base fuh-s- is \Tpri 'rejoice, render favorable' suffix as is shown by Gorm.faûhô, with GOTH. frijon 'love' under and Friday. ON. fàa 'fox' = OHG. foha MHG. friend vohe 'she-fox' (and OE. focge 'she- freeze vb. ME. frise OE. freosan fox'?). Cp. vixen. str. vb.; cp. synon. ON. frjösa, frail (ME. frêle) borrowed fr. DU. vriezen, one. friosan c. frieren", OFR. fraile (FR. frêle) 'brittle' = cp. GOTH. frius 'frost, cold': TEUT. LAT. fragilis. /reus fruz from a PRE-TEUT. frame vb. ME. fretne OE. f rent- preuspräs, which seems to exist in man 'promote, do' ( = ON.fremja, LAT. prürio for *prusio 'itch', if OHG. fremman , OSAX. fremmian 'itch, frostbum' is the interENGLISH ETYMOLOGY. 6

82

freight —

frock

mediate meaning, and in SKR. friend ME. frend OE. freond = ypruS 'spurt out'; pruivâ 'drop, OSAX. friund 'friend, relative', DU. frozen drop, frost'. Cp. frost. vriend, OHG. friunt MHG. vriunt(d) freight ident. w. fraught. G. freund, GOTH. frijonds 'friend': fresh adj. ME. fresh fresch OE. TEUT. frijond(formed like férsi = OHG. frise G. frisch, DU. fiend) is pres. partic. of an old versch 'fresh'; cogn. w. OSLOV. TEUT. vb. frijon 'love = GOTH. prisînu 'fresh' from Aryan prais- frijon, Qv.. frioyin 'love'. Cp.free. kino-; cp. I.ITH. prëskas 'sweet, frieze (of a column) fr. FR. unsoured' with FINN. rieska 'fresh, frise (= vi.fregit) 'frieze'), whence unsoured*. The Rom. family of also G. DU. fries. IT. fresco, FR. frais comes from fright ME. fright OE. fyrhtu WEST-TEUT. freska-. fyrhto\ cp. the synon. GOTH. fret 1 vb. 'eat up, devour' short faurhtei 'fright' and OSAX. OHG. for ME. frète OE. fritan str. vb. for{a)hta MHG. vorht(e) G. furcht — DU. I.E. vreten, OHG. fre"san 'fright'. — frighten vb. ME.frighte O.fressen 'eat up, consume'. The OF. fyrhtan — GOTH. faurhtjan, corresp. GOTH. frailan (prêt.frêt) OSAX. forhton, OHG. furihten 'consume' shows that WEST-TEUT. forahtan G. fiirchten. fritan is a compound of itan = fringe ME. fringe', loanword eat) fra is a common prefix in from OFR. *fringe — FR. frange GOTH. (cp. fraught and fret). (source LAT. fimbria 'fringe'), fret 2 vb. 'ornament, variegate whence G. franse, DU. franje. ME. fretie OE. frœtwan 'adorn' : frisk vb. formed from the adj. SCAN», friskr from OE.frcetwe plur. 'ornament'= OFR. frisque = OSAX. frataha 'ornament': source 'frisky, brisk'. perh. a Teut. compound fra 4frith firth ME.Jirtfr. a Scand. loanword; cp. ON. fjordr (plur. G O T H , tcwa 'arrangement'. friar MK. frçrc \ adapted fr. FR. firdir) 'bay'; DAN .fiord, sw. fjard 'a firth': TEUT. base ferpu-, ARYAN frere 'a brother'. pertu- cp. LAT. porttis 'haven'. For Friday ME. frliiay OE. = DU. vrijdag, OHG. friatag MHG. the Aryan \rper cp. ford. vritac G. freitag, ON. Frjadagr". fritter late ME. fritourc. borreally 'day of the Teut. goddess rowed fr. FR. friture 'dish of Frîja Frijjô in imitation of I.AT. fried fish', also 'a fragment' from 'fried' (source LAT. dies Veneris (Fría and Venus OFR. frit correspond), ON. Frigg like OHG. frigere); cp .fry. Fría is prop, 'the goddess of fro ME. fro earlier frd: adapted love'; cp. SKR. priya 'wife, loved fr. ON .frd 'from', ident. w .frotn. one' (OSAX. frî, OE. frío 'wife). frock ME. frok: borrowed fr. Cp. free. OFR. froc = M E D . - L A T . frocus 'a

83

frog — furze

monk's frock'; source OSAX. hroc ARYAN base p»l-no in SKR. piirtia 'full'; cp. LAT. plenus, OIR. Ian 'coat'. frog ME. frogge OF., frogga] the (orig. *piónos) 'full'. Prop, partic. OE. parallel form frocca (mod. with suffix -no- fr. an ARYAN dial. frock) points to the synon. \f f i e pió 'to fill' in SKR. V pur ON. fraukr. Prob. OE. forsc, p>r, LAT. implere, GR. nif.inkr¡ui. OHG. frosk G. frosch, ON. froskr fuller sb. ME. fuller OE. fullére show the same root, if derived 'a cloth-bleacher': adaption of LAT.fullo 'a fuller, bleacher'. fr. TEUT. *fruhsqa-. frolic borrowed fr. DU. vrolijk funnel late ME. funel fr. FR. 'merry'; cp. MHG. vroloken 'rejoice', fond'tfle] source LAT.infundibulum. prob. after MHG. vro-sanc 'merry fur ME.furre forre fr. OFR.fuerre song' supplanting an older forre 'a sheath, a case'; source TEUT.-GOTJI. fodr 'a sheath'; cp. frolcichen. fodder. from ME. OE. from fram — G. futter ident. w. E. furbish vb. .ME. furbisshe fr. OSAX. OHG. fram MHG. vram prep, (foutbiss-) 'polish', 'forth, from' — adv. 'forth', ox. OFR. fourbir furb(j)an fram adv. 'forward' — frd prep, which rests on OHG. 'from' — adv. 'fro', GOTH. fram MHG. viirben 'purify, clean' ( T E U T . prep, 'from'adv.'further, forward'. \r furb — ARYAN \f prp in GR. frost ME. frost OE. forst = ON. •nginwY). furroiv. DAN', sw. G. frost, DU. vorst: furlong see furnace ME. furneis forneis fr. derived fr. frus = freeze. FR. fournaise = LAT. fornax (forfroth sb. ME. frol/te ir. os.froda. froward adj. MK.frt/ioardearlier nacem) 'an oven'. furnish fr. FR. fournir (stem friiward'. derived fr. f r o . Source a TEUT. wk. vb. frown vb. ME. froune shortened fourniss-). frumjan 'perform'; cp. perform fr. FR. refrogner. furrow ME. furwe forwe OE. fruit ME. frill {fruit) fr. FR. furh\ TEUT. base furhalso in fruit — LAT. fructus. OHG. fur ha G. furche 'furrow', fry vb. ME. f r i e fr. OFR. frire DU. voor, ON. for 'drain'. A pre— \.\~\:. frigere 'roast'; cp . f r i t t e TEUT. r. p>rk pork is evident in LAT. fry sb. ME. f r i fr. ON. f r j o ( f r d porca ) 'a ridge between two 'spawn, fry ; ident. w. GOTH. fraiw furrows', CYMR. rhych 'furrow', seed": pre-TEUT. pro-eiwo ARMEN, herk. — furlong ME. OE. fuel sb. late ME. fouaile fr. OFR. furlong lit. 'furrow-long'. *fouaillc\ LAT. type focalia fuel'. further ME. further OE. fur dor; f u l l ME. OE. f u l ( l l ) = GOTH.fulls,cogn. w. f o r and OHG. fur dir. ON. f u l l r , DU. vol, G. voll OHG. furze ME. firse OE. f y r s earlier fol(ll): TEUT. base fullafr. an f y r e s : Teut. base furisa- ? 6*

84

gab — g a l l 1

G gab ME. gabbe 'talk idly, jest, lie': borrowed fr. ON. gabba, whence also FR.gaber, IT. gabbare. Cp. gabble gibber. — gabber 'gabble', var. of gabble both of which are frequent, verbs of gab. Cp.jabber and gibber.— gabble var. of gabber. gabel 'a tax, impost, esp. the tax on salt': borrowed fr. FR. gabelle ( = SPAN, gabela, IT. gabella, MED.-LAT. gabella gab(u)lum). Source a TEUT. sb. gabulain OE. gafol 'tribute'. gable ME. gdble: borrowed fr. OFR. gable 'a gable', which is of LAT. origin; cp. LAT. gabalus, whence ON. gafl 'a gable' (but GOTH, gibla, G. giebel 'a gable' akin to GR. xttpahrj 'head*: Aryan base ghebhala- ghebhlo-). gad ME. gad: borrowed fr. ON. gaddr 'a goad, pike'; TEUT. base gazda- ident. w. LAT. hasta from an Aryan base ghazdha-', but gad in gadfly stands for goad. gag ME. gagge 'suffocate'; prob. imitation of the sound of choking. gage' ME. gdge: borrowed fr. FR. gage = SPAN, gage, IT. gaggio (LAT. type wadium). Source a TEUT. sb. cp. GOTH. wadi\ cp. wed and wage. gage 2 also gauge ME. gauge'.

adopted from OFR. gauger later jauger 'measure the contents'. Source uncertain. gain sb. ME. gain: borrowed fr. ON. SW. gagn = DAN. gavri 'gain'. gain vb. late ME. gaine: borrowed fr. FR. gagner OFR.gaagnier gaaigner 'cultivate, gain': source a TEUT. vb. (OHG. *weidanjan — weidenon 'pasture"). gain- pref. ME. gein OE. geyi gin gedn (= G.gegen, ON .gagn-). — gainsay ME. geinseie 'contradict'. Cp. against OE. ongeanes. gait ident. w. gate\ gaiter borrowed fr. KR. guêtre (OFR. guestre, perh. loanword tr. MHG. wester 'a child's chrisomcloth'; cp. GOTH. wasti, LAT. vestis 'clothing). gale sb. a Scand. loanword ; akin to DAN. gal, sw. galen 'furious, mad', NORW. galen 'furious, wild, mad' (of wind and storm). gall 1 ME. galle OE. gealla = OSAX. OHG galla G. galle, DU. gal, ON. gall. GOTH. *gallin- (hardly *galzin-) from PRE-TEUT. ghol- is cogn. w. GR. /okij ¿okoç, LAT. fel fellis 'gall' (whence IT. fiele, SPAN. Mel, FR. fiel). Many think it allied with yellow so that gall was named from its yellowish color.

g a l l ' — garden

85

gall 2 'a sore on the skin' ME. J 'play'; prob, ident. w. GOTH. gagalle OE. gealla 'a gall' (on a -man 'communion of men'. T h e horse) = DU. gal 'a windgall', pref. ga- is used collectively; MHG. G. galle 'a foot - disease for man cp. man. in horses'; perh. borrowed fr. gander ME. gander OE. gandra\ LAT-ROM. galla 'a gallnut, an oak- akin to OE. gets from a TEUT. apple' =• IT. galla, SPAN, agalla base gan-s in goose and cp. 'windgalls'. But a confusion of gannet. galla with a TEUT. word of similar gang ME. gang 'a going, course, phonology is possible, since in way, passage' OE. gang 'a going, sw. dialects too there exists a way, privy' = OSAX. DU. G. gang grdssgaller 'a swelling on a 'a going, walk, way, passage', horse's hoof'. ON. gangr 'a going, a crew'. gall 3 'a gall-nut': borrowed fr. gannet ME. *ganet OE. ganot FR. gale from LAT. galla 'a gall- 'swan'; akin to DU. gent 'gander', nut, an oak-apple ? OHG. gana\y> 'gander'; cp. a galley ME. galeie: a d a p t e d fr. primit. TEUT. base gan- also in FR. galie galèe (IT. galea = MED.- TEUT.-LAT. ganta 'goose'; see LAT. galea 'a galley'), gander and goose. gallon ME. galoun\ a FR. loan- gantlet prop, gantlope 'a miliword: FR. gallon = IT. gallone. tary punishment' corrupted fr. galloon borrowed fr. FR.galon. sw. gatlopp 'running down a gallop ME. galope: borrowed fr. lane' (sw. gala 'a lane' and lopp FR. galoper; cp. also wallop. 'a running' fr. löpa 'run' = E. gallows (the plur. used as leap). sing.) ME. galwes plur. OE. galga gaol see jail. gealga 'cross, gibbet' = OHG. OSAX. galgo, DU. galg, G. galgen, ON. gap ME. gap: borrowed fr. ON. galgi, GOTH. galga : a common gap 'opening, breach, chasm. — TEUT. word, TEUT. galgan- from gape vb. ME. gape a d a p t e d fr. Aryan ghalghan-) cp. UTH. zalga SCAND. gapa 'yawn' = DU. gapen, G. gaffen 'gape, yawn', 'pole'. and gore. gamble appar. a frequent, of gar see garlic an unrecorded ME. *gam(e)le, garb borrowed fr. OFR. garte commonly ME. gatnene OE. ga- 'good fashion' from OHG. garaitn menian 'play at g a m e s . Deriv. 'dress' = OE. gearwe preparation, of game. F o r the change of n dress'. Cp. gear. to / cp. MHG. gamel gamen 'pleas- garden ME. gardin fr. OFR. (Piure'. — game 'amusement' ME. card.) gar din — FR. jar din, which gifme OE. gamen gomen = ON. is of Teut. origin: OHG. garto OHG. gaman (MHG. gamen gamel) (gen. and dat. gar/in) G. garten,

86

gargle —

OSAX. gardo, GOTH, garda m. 'a fold'; akin to yard. gargle borrowed fr. OFR. gargouiller 'gargle' fr. gargouille windpipe'. garland ME. gerlaund: borrowed fr. OFR. garlande FR. guirlande, whence DU. G. DAN. guirlande. garlic ME. garlfk garliek OE. giir-lçac ; for lie — OE. l(ae cp. leek. The first element of the compound is OE. gdr 'a spear' ( c p . g o r e ) . Hence garlic prop, 'spear-leek'. garment short for ME. garnement". borrowed fr. FR. garnement , deriv. of FR. garnir 'garnish'. Cp. garnish. garner ME. gerntr : adapted fr. OFR. gernier FR. grenier (IT. granaro = LAT. type grantirium). garnet ME. gernft: borrowed fr. FR. grenat ( = • SPAN, granate, IT. granato) : source LAT. granatus 'having many grains or seeds'. garnish vb. ME. gamis she : borrowed fr. FR. garniss-. the stem of certain forms of garnir (= IT. guarnire) 'avert, warn, garnish', which is of Teut. origin: TEUT. base warnjan. — garrison ME. garnison : borrowed fr. FR. garnison ; deriv. of FR. garnir 'provide, fortify'. Cp. garnish. garret ME. garite: borrowed fr. OFR. garite FR. guérite 'a watchtower' : derived fr. OFR. g'arir warir save, keep' FR. guérir ( = IT. guarire). Source a TECT.

gaunt

warjan = GOTH. warjan 'hold, defend', garrison "see garnish. garter ME. gartere: borrowed fr. OFR. gartier jartier FR. jarretiire: deriv. of FR. jarret 'the small of the leg behind the knee'. g a s h ME. garse garfe: borrowed fr. OFR. garser 'scarify'. gasp vb. ME. gaspe OE.. *gdspiarr. TEUT. base gaispon = ON. geispa 'gasp'. T h e E. word is not borrowed fr. Scand. gate 1 (cp. gait) 'a way, road' ME. gate: borrowed fr. ON. gata (acc. gotu) 'way, path, road' —sw. gata 'a street, lane', DAN. gade 'a street'; ident. w. OHG. ga"ba G. gasse 'a street', GOTH. galwo 'a street'. gate 2 ' d o o r , g a t e , opening' ME. gate ydte OE. ¿eat (plur. gatu Jeatu) — OSAX. DU. gat 'a hole, opening, gap', ON. gat 'an opening'. gather ME. gadere OE. gaderian (— DU. gaderen, G. dial, gattern): deriv. of OE. geador (cp. together). Prob. akin to OE. geedeling 'cousin', G. gatte 'husband' from the same root as good. gaud 'a show, ornament' ME. gaude: borrowed fr. LAT. qaudi um. — gaudy 'merry, bright, showy' fr. gaud and the suffix -y. gauge see under gage2. gaunt prob. from Scand.; cp. NORW. gand 'a thin pointed stick; a tall and thin man'.

gauntlet

—

gibber

87

gauntlet borrowed fr. OFR. gestura 'a m o d e o f action' from gantelet, dimin. o f gant — FR. gerere 'carry, behave'. gant ( = IT. guanto) 'a g l o v e ' . get ME. gete b o r r o w e d fr. o x . S o u r c e a TEUT. ( M E D . - L A T . ) wantus geta; OE. ytan w o u l d b e ME. yite the l o n g s l e e v e o f a tunic, a ite; c p . GOTH, gitan f r o m a TEUT. g l o v e ' ; cp. DU. want, DAN. vante, \f get, pre-TF.UT. ghed ghendOK. vçttr 'a mitten', cogn. w. LAT. praehendere, GR. g a u z e b o r r o w e d fr. PR. gaze •/ttvduvuv. Cp. forget. 'cushion-canvas, tiffany' -— SPAN. gewgaw corrupted fr. ME. gasa 'gauze'. giuegoue prop, gouegoue (pron. g a w k ( c p . gowk) 'a c u c k o o , ¿ugu Y ) : a d a p t e d of FR. joujou. f o o l ' ME. gouke: l o a n w o r d from g h a s t l y MF. gastly OE. gikstlic ON. gaukr ( w h e n c e sc. gowk) — fr. OE. gdstan 'frighten' and lie OHG. gouhihh) MHG. gouch G.gauch, — E. -ly\ cp. aghast. OE. JJ'ac 'cuckoo'. g h e r k i n — DU. agurkje, DAN. g a y ME. gay : b o r r o w e d fr. FR. agurke, G. gurke: b o r r o w e d as gai ( = IT. gajo)^ 'gay, merry'. orig. *agurike fr. POL. ogurdk, Source OHG. gâ/ii 'quick, s u d d e n ' BOHEM. okurka fr. late GR. dyyotG. g (the—jäh. iitoi' a cucumber, gherkin', gaze vb. ME. gase, prob, o f g h o s t ME. gtisl OE. gdst (geest) Scand. o r i g i n : sw. dial, gasa — synon. OHG. G. DAN. geist, 'gaze, stare'. OSAX. gest: a c o m m o n Teut. g e a r ME. gère points to an OE. w o r d with the same meaning *g u re e L AT. gluttire ' s wa 11 o w'. g o a l b o r r o w e d fr. FR .gaule OFR. — g l u t t o n ME. glutoun glotourr. waule. S o u r c e TEUT. loalu = b o r r o w e d fr. FR. glouton OFR. ON. voir, GOTH. .7 valus 'a staff'.

goat —

goat ME. gote OE.gut = DU. ON. geit, OHG. gei- G. geiss, sw. get, DAN. ged, GOTH. gaits 'a goat': cogn. w. LAT. hcedus fr. ARYAN ghaido-s. g o b b l e a frequent, with suff. -le fr. FR. gober 'devour'. god

ME.

OE. god

=

OSAX.

DU.

god, OHG. got G. gOtt, ON. gud god. GOTH, guda- gupa- g o d ' is b a s e d on ARYAN ghu-to-, -to- being a ]>art. formative as in old, cold, loud-. INDO-TEUT. X^g/ltt — SKR. hu 'implore the g o d s (SKR. hitidpart.). Therefore god is 'the being implored'; in the VEDA puruhuta 'much implored' is an ordinary epithet of the g o d Indra. god in godfatfur godson goddaughter = ME. god 4- comp o u n d : used in reference to the spiritual relation between t h e m ; cp. gossip. g o g g l e - e y e d ME. gogel-cied\ the first element of the compound can scarcely be a native E. word and is traced to IR. GAEL, gogshuilcach 'goggle-eyed'. gold ME. OE. gold = OSAX. O H G . G. gold, DU. goud, ON. goII gull (for *golpa), GOTH, gulp: ARYAN ghlto- — OSLOV. slato — RUSS. zoloto from *zolto. T h e orig. meaning of the ghel, from which gold is derived (cp. LITH. gel-las 'yellow' and SKR. harila and hari yellow'), is 'yellow ; cp. SKR. hiratiya 'gold'. Cp. yellow. good ME. OE. god — GOTH, gods, OSAX. god, DU. goed, OHG. gUOt G. gut, ON. gddr. T h e orig.

gossamer

91

meaning of the adj. was prob. 'fit, suitable' from a root meaning 'fit, suit seen in gather, together. — g o o d b y e short for orig. »God b e by you« (Shakesp. »God buy you«), g o o s e ME. OE. gos (plur. gfs): Teut. base gans- = DU. guns, OHG. G. gans, ON. gds; akin to gander and ganne t. An ARYAN ghan-s- is represented also by SKR. hansd-s m. — hansl goose', N.PERS. yaz, LITH. zqsis, OSLOV. gas1, GR. y i j f , LAT. anser (for *hanser), OIR. gc'is swan' (fr. ghansi). gore 1 ME.gore 'a gore of cloth, a garment' OE. gdra 'a projecting point of l a n d ' ; cp. DU. geer 'a gusset, gorte', OHG. gero G. gehre 'a wedge, gusset, gore", ON. geiri, NORW. geire, ODAN. gere 'a gore of cloth or land': deriv. of TEUT. gaiza- 'spear = O E . ^ a r 'a spear', OHG. ger 'a s p e a r . Cp. goad. g o r e 2 'mud, blood' ME. gpre OE. gdr 'mud' = O H G . ON. gor 'mud', sw. gorr 'mud'. gorge ME. gorge borrowed fr. FR. gorge 'throat': source LAT. gurges. g o s l i n g dimin. of goose. g o s p e l ME. gospel OE. god-spell the word of God', as shown.by ON. gud-spjall, OHG. got-spel(ll). Cp. spell. g o s s a m e r ME. gossomer representing an OE. type *gos-sumor summer of the g e e s e ' ; cp. the G. names altweibersomnur, miiilchensommer.

92

gossip — grave

g o s s i p ME. gossip earlier gossib OE. god-sibb p r o p , 'relationship in G o d ' ; s e e the e n d o f the article on god. OE. sibb = OHG. sippa, GOTH. sibja means 'relationship'. g o u g e from FR. gouge. g o u r d ME. gourde', borrowed fr. FR. gourde (orig. OFR. gouhourde cougourde; s o u r c e LAT. cucurbita 'a gourd'. g o u t sb. ME. goute borrowed fr. FR. goutte 'dropsy': s o u r c e LAT. gutta. g o w k ident. w. gawk. g o w n ME. goutie goun fr. OFR. gone 'a gown', which is o f Celt, origin (GALL. - LAT. gunna 'furcoat 1 ).

g r a n g e ME. graunge: a d a p t , of FR. grange (LAT. type granea granary' deriv. of gränum corn'), g r a n t ME. graunle vb. adapt, fr. OFR. granter 'caution, secure' ( s o u r c e a LAT. type *credtntare vb. — *credentia s b . ) . g r a p e ME. grdpe: loanword fr. OFR. grape grappe 'cluster o f grapes'. T h e FR. word is cons i d e r e d to be of T e u t . origin (TEUT. *krappa ?). g r a s p ME. grapse perh. for *grapse OE. *grdpsian\ possibly an intensive deriv. of OE. grapian — grope. g r a s s ME. gras OE. gras gars — GOTH. ON. OSAX. UU. OHG. G . gras 'herb, growth'. T h e final s is grab vb. cp. sw. grabba, MLG. formative, the V is gra meaning grabben 'grasp'. ANARYANY "ghrbh 'sprout, grow"; cp. grow and 'to g r a s p ' is f o u n d in SKR. yf grbh green. 'grasp, seize' — grapsa 'bunch, grasshopper ME. grashopper tuft' a n d OHG. garba G. garbe orig. grashoppe OE. gtzrs-hoppa ( = 'sheaf'. DU. grashupper LG. grashiipper): g r a c e ME. grd(e fr. FR. grace 'an insect which h o p s about in the grass'. Cp. hop. — LAT. gratia 'favor'. g r a d e borrowed fr. FR. grade: g r a t e sb. ME. gräte: source s o u r c e LAT .gradus a step, station". LAT. crates 'a hurdle'. — g r a t e g r a f t ( S h a k e s p . g r a f f ) vb. ME. vb. ME. grdte vb. from OFR. grater graffe 'graft': deriv. of OFR. graffe 'scratch' (FR. gratter), which is 'a style for writing' (FR. greffe prob, of T e u t . origin (OHG. krazzon 'graft'?). S o u r c e LAT. grapfuum G. kratzen). 'a .style for writing. g r a v e vb. ME. grdve OE. grafan g r a i l 'fine s a n d ' fr. OFR. graile 'dig' = GOTH. OHG. graban G . gra'fine, small' = LAT. gracilis. ben, DU. graven d i g , ON. grafa: g r a i n ME. grain grein from FR. TEUT. \f~grab — ARYAN ghrabh, grain: s o u r c e LAT. granum 'a orig. related to OSLOV. greba grain, corn'. 'dig' and grobü grave'. g r a m m a r ME. grammdre gramg r a v e a d j . from FR. grave maire from FR. grammaire. 'stately'.

93

gravel — grizzly

gravel ME. gravil borrowed fr. ME. greihound formed after ON. dimin. o f OFR .grave greyhutidr 'greyhound'; cp. ON. "rough sand' re. greve 'strand'. grey 'dog'? gravy earlier orthography grea- griddle ME. grfdel 'griddle': a vy, akin to greaves? CELT, loanword; cp. IR. greideal gray grey ME. gray grey OE. 'griddle' (fr. a LAT. *cratella). OFR. graveie,

greeJ; akin to DU. grauw, OHG. g r i e f ME. gref (— ODU. grief) : grfto (infl. grower) G. grau, ON. adapted fr. OFR. gref 'heavy' —

grdr,

which represent a Teut. FR. grief

b a s e grawa-

grhua-

(OE. grce^ grevis

'injury' (source I.AT.

for gravis).

— g r i e v e vb.

pointing to a bas egraga-grega- ?).ME. grfve vb. 'burden, injure' fr. graze vb. 'feed cattle' ME. grdse OFR. grever. OE. grasian = G. grasen: deriv. grill vb. adapted fr. FR. griller of TEUT. grasa- = grass. broil on a gridiron', grease ME. gr{se grc(e: adapted grim ME. OE. grim (mm): TEUT. from OFR. gresse (FR. graisse) 'fat- base grimma- = OSAX. OHG. grim ness'. Source LAT. crassus 'fat . G. gritnm, ON. grimmr'. c o g n . w. great ME. gr(t OE. great; cp. OE. OHG. gram 'angry' G. gram.

OSAX. grot, DU. groot, OHG. groi, G. gross 'great': TEUT. grauta-.

g r i n vb. ME. grinne

grenne

OE.

grenniati 'show the teeth, snarl, greaves cogn. w. G. griebe OHG. grin'; cogn. w. grind. griubo 'greaves'? g r i n d vb. ME. grlnde OE. grlndan

g r e e d y ME. gridy OE. grfdi% s t r . v b . : TEUT. sf gr'end = ARYAN grd'iil — OSAX. gradag, OHG. gra- ghrendh in LAT. frendere 'gnash', ta g, ON. gradugr, GOTH. gredags g r i p e me. gri/>e OE.grlpan str. vb. 'hungry': derived from a TEUT. = osAX.gri/an, DU. grijpen, OHG. gredu- 'hunger = GOTH, gredus, grifan G. greifen, GOTH. greipan

ON. grddr 'hunger'. Perh. akin to 'gripe, seize'. Outside of Teut. the SKR. grdh 'to be greedy': cp. the related \f ghrib in LITB. ARYAN \f ghrcdh ghrdh. greibiu greibti 'seize' and LETT. green ME. OE. grfne: Teut. base griba will' — gribet 'to will'. grdni- = OSAX. grotii, OHG.grttoni grisly ME. grisly short for OE. G. griin 'green', ON. grdnti, s w . gryslic (angryslic) 'terrible, JiorDAN. gron: deriv. of the TEUT. rible'. gro in grow a n d grass. T h e grist ME. grist short for OE. adj. orig. means 'growing, grist lit. 'a grinding': deriv. of

g r e e t vb. ME. grfte OE. grftan grind. = OSAX. grotian, DU. groeten, ON. grit 'gravel' ME. grft OE. grfot grata, OHG. gruo-^ytn G. grussen: = OHG. grio^ G. gries, ON. grjdt. TEUT. type grotjan 'greet', grizzly fr. ME. grisel 'a gray-

grey see gray. — greyhound haired man': deriv. fr. FR. gris

94

gro»n —

gudgeon

'gray'. Source a T E U T . grts- 'gray' to ME. agruf agrouve 'groveling' and ON. a gru/u groveling' — in G. greis. groan vb. ME. grçne OE. grdnian grti/a vb. 'bow down'. The E. word 'moan': intensive deriv. of a seems to be a Scand. loanword. str. vb. *grî-nan = OHG. grînan grow vb. ME. gr&ive OE. growan = DU. groeijen, OHG. gruoan MUG. G. greinen 'weep', DU. grijnen. groat sb.ME.grpte: a continental griiejen, ON. gröa, sw. DAN. gro: TEUT. word : MLG. ODU. grote, DU. TEUT. V"gro, whence green and perh. also grass. groot, G. groschen. grocer borrowed fr. OFR. grossier growl ME. groiule from DU. grollen (LAT. type grossarius 'a wholesale = G. grollen. dealer', cp. FR. engros 'whole sale'). grub vb. ME. grubbe 'dig': TEUT. r groin corrupted fr. OFR. grinc \ grab under grave; cp. OHG. FR. grain 'the fork of a tree or grubilon (G. grübeln 'brood, pour over'). of a river, a groin'. groom ME.grom'boy': borrowed grudge vb. ME. grugge earlier fr. OFR. gromme gourme, whence grucche (short for *grouchen ?): OFR. groniet 'servant'. borrowed fr. OFR.grouchergroucer groove ME. grove 'a pit' = DU. murmur'. groeve groef OHG. gruoba G. grube, gruel ME. gruel: borrowed fr. FR. gruau (LAT. ON. grôf, GOTH, grôba; from OE. OFR. gruel = type grutel/um, dimin. of MED.gra/an = grave. grope vb. ME. grope OE. grapian ; LAT. grutum 'meal'). intensive formation of gripe = gruff borrowed fr. DU. gro/ — sw. gro/, DAN. grov G. grob. OE. grlpan. ground ME. ground OE. grùnd grumble loanword fr. FR. gromorig. grund — OSAX. G. grund, meler; akin to MDU. grommelett, DU. grond, OHG. grunt, ON. grund frequent. of MDU. grumtnen 'meadow' —grunnr (fr. *grunpus) grommen murmur'. 'bottom of the sea, GOTH. grundus grunt vb. MF„ grünte gronte in grunduwathijus 'foundation', lit. OE. gr.unnettan; ident. w. G. 'a ground-wall'. grunzen, DAN. grynte, sw. grynta. group borrowed fr. FR. groupe A more primit. stem appears in OE. grunian 'grunt'. . The \f grun ( = IT. groppô). grove ME. grove OE. gràf 'grove'; is imitation of sound; cp. LAT. TEUT. base graiba- graifa-. The grunnire. ME. by-form gr(ve grçue 'grove, guarantee see warrant. wood' corresponds to OE. grœ/e guard vb. borrowed fr. FR. guarder, see ward. = TEUT. base graibjon- ? grovel vb. with the adv.groveling gudgeon borrowed fr. FR.goujon ME. groveling(es) grufling(es) ; akin(ME. *gugeon *gougeounT).

guess — Gypsy

g u e s s vb. ME. gesse: prob. not a native word, but borrowed fr. the continent (DU. LG. gissen) or fr. the Scand. (DAN. gisse, sw. gissa). A native ME. gesse would point to an OE. *gftsian (cp. bless O E . bl(tsian) = TEUT. base *gotison ? g u e s t ME. gest borrowed fr. SCAND. gestr 'guest'; there was a native OE. pst lies/, which was supplanted by the Scand. loanword. SCAND. gestr OE. yst — OHG. OSAX. G. DU. gast represent a TEUT. base gasti-z = LAT. hostis 'enemy', OSLOV.^WTF 'guest': ARYAN base ghostis. g u i d e vb. ME. ghle borrowed fr. FR. guider (OFR. also guier = ME. gle vb.). guild ME. gilJe OE. gyld; cp. DU. gild, G. gilde. guile sb. ME. gile borrowed fr. OFR. guile 'treachery', which is of Teut. origin; cp. wile. guilt sb. ME. gilt OE. gylt 'a crime': TEUT. base gulti\ a \rgult is unknown elsewhere. g u i s e ME. g/se fr. OFR. guise 'way, wise', which is of Teut. origin; cp. wise. gulf a d a p t e d fr. FR. golfe, whence also G. golf. T h e Rom. group Span. IT. golfo 'a gulf, bay' is based on GR. xnXipng xoknog bosom, lap, a d e e p hollow'.

95

gullet sb. 'throat' ME .gullet golet borrowed fr. FR. guule 'throat' = LAT. gula. g u m 1 short for ME. gome OE. gorna 'palate ; cp. ON. gomr, OHG. guomo 'palate'; cogn. with the equival. LITH. gomurys: ARYAN V gha (ghaut). g u m 2 ME. gomme gutnme: borrowed fr. FR.gomme = IT.gomtna". source LAT. gumtni (GR. /.¿FTFA). g u n ME. gurine gonne; the ME. word was first applied to a catapult or machine for throwing stones; peril, shortened for OFR. mangonne, which is the base of OFR. ME. mangonel 'machine for throwing stones', g u s h vb. ME.gusche \rto\>.gousche", akin to ON. gusa vb. 'gush', ODU. guisen gush': TEUT. \rgut in GOTH. giutan, OE. yotan, OHG. gio-~an G. giessen 'pour out'. gut ME. OE. gut (plur. ME. guttes OE. guttiis) : Teut. base guttu-. gutter ME. gutlre gotire fr. FR. gouttiere (OFR. goutier, LAT. type guttarium: deriv. of LAT. gutta 'drop'). G y p s y short for ME. Egip(i(ti Egyptian; cp. SPAN. PORT, gitano Gypsy' from AegyptiAnus; MOD.GREF.K / vffToc aus A'tyvntoq. The Gypsies were popularly supposed to be Egyptians.

96

habergeon —

hale

H habergeon ME. habergeon hawberjoun: borrowed fr. OFR. haubergon hauberjoti, dimin. of OFR. hauberc; see hauberk. habit ME. abit: adapted fr. FR. habit garment, habit, a custom': source LAT. habitus 'condition, habit, dress'. hack vb. ME. hakke OE. haccian (haiieati) = uv.hakken, G. hacken, sw. hakka, DAN. hakke; possibly from the \f hawiv haw seen in OE. hcawan — E. hew. hack*; see hackney. hackle hatchel sb. ME. hekel hechel; cogn. w. DU. hekel, G. hechel\ sw. hdckla, DAN. hegle (GOTH. *hakila). hackney ME. hakeney: borrowed fr. FR. haquenle 'an ambling horse' (— ODU. hackeneye, SPAN. hacanea 'a hackney). haft ME. haft OE. ha>ft\ cogn. W. DU. heft, ON. hepti, OHG. hefti G.he/t: TEUT-V" haf (cp. heavy) = ARVAN V k a p in L A T . capio 'take'. hag ME. hagge short for OE. hcepesse — MDU. haghetisse, OHG. haga-zussa: the first part of the compound is perh. ident. w. haw, the second part still unexplained. haggard 1 adj. adapted fr. FR. hagard 'wild, lit. 'of the woods'; formed fr. OHG. haga with the Fr. suffix -ard from G. -hart; cp. hag.

haggard 2 adj. 'lean, meager' (earlier spelling flagged) prop, 'hag-like*. hail sb. ME. hail (haul) OE. herytl (hagol) = DU. G. SW. DAN. hagel, OHG. hagal, ON. hagI: Teut. bases hagla- and hagala-. Perh. cogn. w. GR. xcíxXt¡% 'a round pebble'. A single pebble is called stone': E. hailstone OE. ha-ytlstdn, = ON. haglsteinn. hail adj. (ident. w. hale adj.) ME. heil 'healthy, sound': Scand. loanword (ON. heill) superseding the native OE. hál = E. whole. — hail vb. 'greet, salute' ME. heile, formed fr. the ME. adj. heil, which was borrowed fr. on. heill. — hail (an exclamation of greeting) ME. heil from ON. heill 'hale, whole' (esp. used in greeting as far heill 'farewell'). hair (earlier spelling hear heart in the 16. cent.) ME. hir OE. hér hár

—

ON. hár,

OSAX. OHG.

MHG.

har, DU. DAN. G. haar, sw. hdr: Teut. base h¿ra- (heza- ?). Orig. allied are ON. haddr, OE. heord ( G O T H . *hazda-) 'hair'. Outside of Teut. cp. OSLOV. kosmü kosa (Lith. kasa) 'hair' — (esati vb. 'comb'. hale adj. (ident. w. hail adj.) fr. ON. heill sound'; cp. whole. hale haul vb. 'drag' ME. hale OE. (Jeholian and) *^ehalian = OSAX./W/