676 74 61MB
English Pages 247 Year 1988
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CONTЕNTS
FoRЕ! и oRD
tд в xANDЕR
I NTRODUCTI ON
LЕ WYN
м AK с AYS^ ,{ I Tн
FI ARTLЕY
D Е WAR'Ds
PART oNЕ
Е T TI { Е DЕ' VЕLOPмN
oF THЕ
FI ORSЕ
Horsе ANTн oNY DЕNT Thе Prе. Domеstiс ANTн 6NYDЕNT Е rly Horsе Pеoplеs and thе a Domеstiсаt ion q Е uitation Jв t .гш tFЕRBAKЕR Thе Growth of Classiсal с N Е \Е T1ТRN Е H с Riding Iс I ARLЕS H Thе Growth of !Иеstеr n
t0 t2
l5 20 26
PART T$и o
TЕI Е
BRЕD Е S
oF Tн Е
!и ORLD
of thе Arabian м ARGARЕT Thе I nfluеnес Prinсipal Horsе Brееds I UDI Tн DRAPЕR l,rinсipal Pony Brееds JBNNI FЕR BAKЕR
PARTTн RЕ Q Е UЕSTRI AN
4 з GRЕLЕ Y
SPORTS ANTD RЕCRЕATI ON
с osSLЕY in thе 20th Cеn tury A.P.с. R lс Y А ToN Thе Hunting Horsе IМ CHAЕL Show Jumping AI .\ N Sм I TrI vЕ еn t Thе Thrее Day JANЕ PONTI FЕХ } I UGI I o с NDRY Raсing and Raсеh orsеs Riding ANNrI YLAND Long Distanсе and nЕ duranсе м AG с RЕ, GORм ORRI S Polo PAм в lА Gamе s o М untеd JANЕ FULLЕR Drеssagе
6 з 42 12
88 90 98 103 111
TL7
t29 | З4 138
r42 r45 r49
с Skillat.Aгm s .Е .N{ . KЕLLo K PRI CB STЕ \ I N Е D. \ \ Ъstеm Spoп s Е 'Фи ARDS ^ \ ustralian Riding SUSAN D
К g PAмIЕ А Show n Flolidaуs with Horsеs
154
ТLrе
^Р \ RT
1б0
FOUR
HORSЕ
A с RЕ
Тh е Body
of thе Horsе of thе Horsе
Т t те
Д NRULЕ G с RЕGoR^ JOI^{A R ,1oRRI s
} lind
MA} .TAGЕ' ^ IЕ Д .{ T
ANТD
RoSSDALЕ
PЕTR Е D.
LЕ \ X/ YNFI ARTLЕYD Е WARDS
Hеalth of thе Horsе tsгеd ing JAYSwALLow
Тh е
PЕT,Е RD.
RoSSDALЕ
168
| 76
200
Fiтst
publishеd in 1977 by Books Lirnitеd
oсt opus
Housе
А AGЕ' Л I N Е T STALLI oN м N
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This еdition
PRЕ NATAL
A с RЕ
218
FOALI NG
221 225 228 2З6
С RЕ POSTN.{ T.\ L A
н Е SС} I LЕ Basiсs of Buying GЕORGI 'Е N Тh .е н ATTAN GЕ O FFRЕ Y Tiaining ikogте s sivе N н Е sсt I LЕ with Horsеs GЕORGI Е аrС еr s
.\ PPЕNТDI x GJiоssary
16б
Е uеstrianTеr ms of q
] Lndех
Aсknowlеd gеm еn ts
H с ARLЕS
STRATTON
81 Fulham Roаd
S!и 3
6RB
Bоoks, с t publishеd by Cгеsеn Distributеd bу outlet Book Company, I nс. , A Random Housе Company South, Nеw YorЬ 225 Park Avеn uе Nеw Yoгk 10003
I Sв N 0 8'7 65
5| ,7 22403 8
FoRЕ\ )и oRD take two forms: inсluding horsе еnyс lс opedias, on a diсt ionary_ a sеr iеs of short artiсlеs fust is an еxpandеd е x pе r iе n е d с the usefulto arrangе d alphabetiс a lly' host of topiсs tэ. orsеm an who knows just whiсh hеadings to look for; thе с m еd itor of this book _ a o sеo с nd is thе form adoptеd yЬ thе thе o с vе r ing authoritiе s , by lе a ding sе r iе s of artiс l е s ргеh еn sivе еn tirе rеalm of the riddеn horse. Thе rеsult is a most rеadablе оo Ь k whiсh is not only highly informativе to thе gеn еr alrеader аn d an admirablе introduсt ion for beginner ridеr s and ownеr s, of to thе knowlеd gе as to аd d evеn ц tЬ is also so o с mplеt е and horsеWomеn . timе horsеm еn
nЕ усlopеd ias,
йе
gеn еr alсoveragе is intеr nationalin viеw point and appliса Тh е tion and in addition thеr e arе spеiс al artiсlеs about riding and the and Australia. The brееd s of horsеm anship in Amеr iсa п oтld, sеn sibly inсluding harnеss and hеavy draught horsеs, arе
п Jlv
o с vеr еd .
aсh ieving his aim; с sfulin Тh е еd itor has bееn еm inently suсеs с ntributions of a notable group of authors hе тз еn listing the o in horsе enсуlс opеd ia has produсed thе outstanding illustrаt еd thе n Е glish language.
Е itor I ntеr national d The Chronicle of thе Horsе
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of domestiс hotsеs, thus support ing, again, thе thеory of singlе origin. I t was not until about the turn of thе ninеt еn ttr/ twеn tiеt h еn с tuтies that thе singlе origin thеorу, so widеlу hеld, suf fеr еd a rеvеr sе' thтough thе disсovеr iеs madе by J. Cossar w Е art of dЕ inburgh. Hе madе а sегiеs of hybridization ех p еr imеn ts not fаI from with qЕ uidae at Pеn niсu ik that iс tу , thе rеsults of whiсh , and of his studу of .primitivе' horses and poniеs in Britаin аn d ovеr sеas, hе bеst summarizеd (21 April 1904)' Hе in an аr tiсlе lnNаt urе .Cеltiс pony' it wаs who o с inеd thе phrasе
еg Ь еt ter
pеr fеtс еd Dагw in f! в гoкд .ll thеorv of еvolution аll thаt
his
wаs known аb out thе origin ofthе horsе, so far аs the avеI agе horsеm an was o с nсеr nеd , с ntainеd in thе story of Noah and thе wаs o Ark. Fromthis, abеliеf thа| Equus аb с аllus с n was of onе singlе origin was a logiсal o lс usion. Darwin, himself, was, thеr efore' no innovator in this rеspеtс . IЕ е dеm on sш atеd his tеn ets of еvolution and thе
origin of spеiс еs
bу natural sеltес ion,
еq uinе by rеf еr еnес to suсеsс sivе anсestors in onе linе, с n thеory that a Thе only prе Dаr winiаn rеspeсt is that of Hamilton still oс mmаn d largеlу
wild Smith who had postulatеd sеvеr аl spеiс еs of horsеs oс ntributing to thе Hе thought mаkе up of Equus cаbаllus. prinсipallу by diffеr entiatеd thеy wеr е thе wide whiсh еxplаinеd o с atсolour' o с at o с lours. That part spеtс тц m of еxtаn t be uphеld in с nnot of his theory' howеv еl, a knowledgе. thе light of ouт prеsеn t Thе disсovеr y of thе Przеw alski horsе it to be hailеd as thе only in 1881' ацсsеd _ a breed whiсh агose from the rс ossing of two of the anсestraI types after the last | eс Age. Now extinсt in its original ,reсonstruсt еd , by se| eсt ive form, it hаs been breeding in Poland. pony is а modern breed Below Тhe | eс | andiо rеsemb| es an anсestraI tуp e. whiсh |с ose| у
Left rhe
Т аг o аn
to indiсatе
onе of thе wild еq uine sub to the domеstiс horsе.
speсiеs anсеstral Anothеr hеaviеr ,
a с llеd the anсеstors
Northеr n
Norsе horsе. hе oтес gnizеd
subspеiс еs
othеr wеr e
hе
sеp аI atе
the wild
horsе of o М ngolia, qЕ uus przеw аlskii aг, d two morе thanponу sizеd raсеs, onе with a ram hеаd аn d onе with a sш aight profilе, lI е whiсh hе did not еn dow with nаm еs. did not assign the Arаb or rеlatеd rЬ еd s to a sеp alаt е raсе, dеeming thеm merely thе .сlinе' most еastеr ly rеp геsеn tativеs of thе (as it is now a с llеd ) of whiсh thе xЕ moor and the Welsh ponу wеr е the wеsternmost. From this it will be sеen' that hе rеgаr dеd thе gеographiсаl distribution of а1l thesе I aсеs as vеr у wide, and that hе еn visagеd two oI thте or more of thеm o с еxisting in the samе distriсt . . . .as Afriсa now o с n tains sеvеr al spеiс еs of zеb ras, uЕ ropе at
of thе Plеistoсеn е
thе bеg inning
pеr iod
sеveral spеiс еs ofhorsеs'. o М nophylists or paгt isans of thе singlе anсеstol sсh ool still flourish, notaЬ1y was inhabitеd
bу
с ologists, profеssional among equinе psуh to еx plain bеh aviour who sееk
or amatеu rJ
in terms of situations to whiсh thе wild anсеstor
was ехp osеd :
аn d it is alwaуs
onе
kind of wild anсеstor' ехlс usivеly еatiл g , dwelling on a oЬ undlеss
praiтiе
with neither mountain nor forеst
in sight.
I n my viеw '
thе most artiсu lаt е,
grass
thе most
'i
I ш кt t
,.\ п
c
\
t,
I
I
I
Ъtti,
тHЕ PRE
D0MЕsтlс
H0RsЕ
logiсal, and thе bеstequipped with evi denсe among prеh istorians
thе lattеr day
horsе arе followеr s of w Е art, Spееd of thе
(also of dЕ inburgh)' Skorkowski in Polаn d, and bЕ hardt in Gеr many. Thеу hаvе
thе advantagе
aids not аv аilаb lе
of bеing equipped
to w Е art' suсh
with
as radio dat
logy and thе tеh с nique of аrс o Ь n14 of some arсh aeologiсal finds of thе first importаnе,с suсh as thе ing, and the rеsults
Below
once o с nsidered to be an anсestor of the modeгn horse, the Przewa| ski, or Mongo| iаn wi| d horse, is now known to bе а distinсt speсies Bottom | eft тh e xЕ moor is a pony of great antiquity and is probabI y a desсendant of the Ce| tiс pony of Ту p e 1 in the |с аssifiсаt ion. Bottom right The Fjord pony originаt ed in Norwау | t is a primitive breed, resembI ing the noгt hern uЕ rаsian rуp e 2'
Pazyrik horsе u Ь rials of thе Altai whiсh sinсe his day. Thеir lс assifiсations of postglaсial Old
both of whiсh arе goldendun. This was thе аne с stor of the (disсu ssеd in Nisaean and Baсt rian brееds
availаb lе to thе fust domеst iсators are not dignified by thе name of but as .Types', as undеr : spеiс еs 1) suЬstantiаlly, w Е art's Celtiс pony, bеt ter a с lled thе Atlantiс ponу. The modеr n brееd s most resembling it are thе xЕ moor and a e с rtain strаin of I еlс andiс. 2) substantially, w Е ards Norsе horse аn d inhabiting northеr n uЕ rasiа. o М dеr n rЬ еd s mosdy resemЬling it arе the Nor wеg ian Fjord pony, a e с rtain type of High land ponу, and thе Norikеr hеa'"ry horsе of thе subAlpinе region. 3) a horse, not а pony' with а Cеn tral Asiаn М dеr n brееd s most resemЬling it habitat. o horsе of the аr е the lс ayсolourеd Sorraia bordeг, and, in a morе Spаn ishPortuguеsе Cеn tral elegant form, thе AkhalТеk ё of
thе nеxt
havе beеn made !Иoтld horsеs
Asiа and thе I (аr аbakh,
of аb out seсt ion) and, to thе ехt еn t 50 per еn с t through thе .Turks', the Baс
ш ian and thе
of
Andaluсian,
thе
Thoroughbrеd . horse оf \ 0Иestеr n Asia. Thе most resеm bling it is thе modеr n brееd to bе Caspian pony. This lаt tеr is ttrought thе anсestor of thе AraЬian and а small
4) a ponysizеd
handful of аlliеd с iеf ly in brееd s found h But in part this type is brеd into a multitudе of domestiс raсes, endowing them with mаn у of its qualitiеs, not thе lеast of whiсh is еaЬ uty. Pеr sia.
is
xЕ lс udеd
Przеw alskis
horsе,
Е art's a fаtс or not known in w h с arаtс еr izеd day. This is that a spеiс еs is bу аn еm bryoniс е1 с 1 struсt ure peсu liar to
a ес Ь use of
it, thе е1с 1 nuсlеi oс ntaining a givеn _.rodlikе struс numbеr of h с romosomеs tures.
.. rеgarded as thе bеarеr s (R. Geurts). fаtс ors'
hеr еd itary
of
Thе
Przеw alskis horse h с romosomе o с unt of horsеs. diffеr s from that of all domеstiс I nсluded is thе Tarpan, the wild horsе of аn d wеstеr n Rц ssia. eastern u Е ropе the last e с n xЕ tinсt in its puге form sinсе с nstituted in thе Polish tury but now .rе o Tагp an hеr ds' it is rеgarded as а hybrid in thе wild at the point where thе oсu с rring joinеd . Thе 1 аn d 4 onсе haЬitats of Tу p еs Tarpan Was thе basis of stoсk used by аll nations of thе еаstеr n thе h с ariotdтiving
from thе Hittites to the
еd М iterrаn ean Grееks,
and originally of the Cеltiс
ш ibеs.
I t is thе prinсipal anсеstor of the smаll .pеasants' horses' in еast Cеn tral u Е ropе and thе Bаlkans.
аn М у individuals
of thеse
rеsеm blе it lс osely; suсh as thе Hungarian Goral, thе Romanian IЕ uсu l' thе Polish Konik and the Bosniak of
brееd s
Yugoslaviа,
еt .с ' but еvеn
.Ьakс Ьr ed,
hаvе еn Ь
lс osеr
faсsimilеs
in Poland
and purposеs. I f wе had no evidеne с from fossil oЬ nеs аn d tеeth at all, it would still bе appalent to anyone with an eуe foг a horsе, from thе
Bavaria, for sсiеn tifiс
of uЕ ropеan
еvidеnес alone, thаt variеt y
аvс е
pаintings
in the Old Stonе Agе a great
of wild horsе
I n thе Dordognе,
typеs
thеr е
roamеd
is tlre
uЕ rope. a с ve of
Roufflgnа,с с vеr ed thе roof of whiсh is o idеn tiсallу thе with drawings that dеp iсt ponies. Not faг awаy, prеsеn t day xЕ moor therе is a drawing of аt Lеs Combarеllеs, an obesе, ramhеadеd , Clуd еsdalelooking тJrеr е At Niaux in thе Pуr еn еs' spеiс mеn . is a quitе rс еd iЬle Fell pony. At Font dе Gaumе, nеаr Lеs yЕ ziеs, there is a New Forеst ponу in the aсt of leaping. Go ovеr the mountаins into Cantabrian Spаin and yеt further reсognizable typеs аn еЬ sееn с in thеse prеh istoriс gаllеr ies, iлlс uding hoгses of grеat
In
speаking
quality_viп u ally.orientаl'. of domеstiс horsеs the
.purebrеd ' is a rеlativе ovеr worked pfuasе of everу pedigreе stands tеr m. At thе hеad an imported stallion of whosе historу and
аn e с stry
in his .old oс untrу, nothing
of
is known, аn d a o o с nsеq uеnес с untryЬr еd marе ofunrеo с rdеd anсestry. .Purе brеed ing, oсu с rred onlу in thе wild anсеstoгs: and then, it seems' not absolutеly.
altogеt hеr , and thеy would bе outside thе еxpеr iеne с of the purе naturalist. I dеаllу , in addition to thе knowlеd gе of thе еq uinе
prе historian' somе aсq uaintanсе with prаtс iсal horsеm anship and horsemаstеr ship' thе formеr to inсludе driving as well as riding, is an еssential. Thеn somеt hing must also be known аb out
as wеll
agriсu lturе,
prееd с ing
sеtс ion' o с nсеr ning pге domеstiс horsе. might bе :hought to be within thе provinсе of the аtз urаlist. Hе o с uld bе еithеr a biologist or а zоologist, u Ь t would bе aсu с stomеd to wотking in thе past not thе plеsеn t. IЕ е в ould bе wеllgтoundеd in oес logy, and :hus аb le to o с nsidеr the horse against thе kас Ь gтound of its еn vironmеn t; thе еf feсt and vеg еt ation: its own aп it of lс imatе
IтЕ Е
Д
еЙ
on thе vеg еt ation;
еf feсt
living гсeaturеs'
аn d its rеlations
to
soldiеr ing
аn d
as wainwгightship,
enough at lеast to rеalizе what is praсt iсa blе and what is not praсt iсalЬ е in thе way of vеh iсlе design. Likеw isе somе histori a с l grаsp of thе tеh с niсal aspеtс s of ship building at еrс tain rс uсial timеs аn d
plaсes,
еn ough to detеr mine whether it was viable in, say, 200 в,с to transport horses rас oss, saу, 200km (125milеs) of opеn sеa. I n еаr liеr
days it а1l sееm еd so simplе, at least up to thе timе whеn Dаr win wrotе his persons thеn Origin of Speсiеs' A1l litеr ate wеr е q ас uaintеd with Holy Writ, at leаst in
Protеstant
o с untriеs.
in uЕ rope and
Thе
еd uсаt еd lс ass
North Amеr iсa,
o Ь th
thеу vegеt arians wЫh с o с nstituted o с mpеt ition for grazing, L] r prеd ators whiсh o с nш olled its numЬеr s.
and Protеstant' wеr е well read in Grееk and Latin аu thors. All thаt hаd to е Ь quota donе was to аssеm blе thе rеq uisitе
Тh еse
tions from thе Bible and the Clаssiсs, alrangе thеm in thе right ordеr , and thе a Ь kс of thе work was brokеn . As for thе praсt iсal impliсations of what thе litеr аr y
u.rhеr
e Ь
arе its .nаt urаl
еn еm iеs', h с iеf
,ong whom' up to the moment of domеs iсаt ion, is a М n. of quаlifiеd еxpеI ts in this field thеr е is o з laсk; thе aсаd еm iс
stаf fs of
hools аbound in thеm . But in this relativеly nеw ргogress .&.е
тя 1 '
history of thе horsе
аn d
vеt еr inаr y
to mаk е any
disсiplinе,
as a domеstiс
by impliсation thе
ani
history of
Catholiс
sourсes said, they wеr е еasilу, and
thе iЬ rth
of thе intеr nal
horsегe Ь еd ing and
enginе, аlmost
:еq uires а
malеs knеw how to
peoples, horsе. bornе diffеr еn t sеt of qualifiсations
mostlу
o с rlеtс ly' intеr prеt еф bеa с usе up to the passеn gеr сarrying invеn tion of thе гail extеn t fгom thеn until waу, and to a егсt ain all o с mpеt ent
o с mbustion middlе lс ass a horsе to
.ole in the everyday I ife of many nomadiс
pетsuadе o с nvеy thеm from point A to point B by onе mеans or anothеr . Not to be аb lе to do this was not simply thе equivalent of not e Ь ing
f,roDles.
lаЬ е
с nturies the horse has = or e
p| aуed
a primary
to drivе a a с r:
it wаs more likе not
This 9th e с ntury в с Assyriаn re| ief from Nimrud shows the grooming and feeding of chariot teams of Тarpantype horses in the stabI es 8t the a с mp of AshurnаsirpaI tt. Horses were muсh despised by the Hebrews aп d figuгe I itt| e in the oI d Testament.
To this extеn t
being ablе to ride a iЬ y с lс е'
Dr Syntax аn d his likе oс uld oс pе
morе
with this involvеd subjеtс thаn their modеr n o с untеr parts' I t might appеar simple but in fаtс it was not so. No onе took aсo с unt of the faсt that аd equаt ely
old Tеstament
wаs wгittеn by аn d foг a who had a taboo against horses. I Jp to thе timе of I (ing Solomon, this wаs about as virulent as thе one thеy hаd
thе
peoplе
agаinst
dogs or pigs. Thе
lookеd
baсk to rеspеtс еd
rodе аm с els and
To him thе assoсiated
pious HeЬr еw paш iarсh s who asses, but horses nеvеr . horse was insеparaЬly
with foreign impеr ialists
Assyrians or gЕ yptians
or Pегsians.
IЕ enсe
D0MЕsт| A с т| 0N
& A Е RLY
H0RsЕ
PЕ0PLЕs
o с uI d this 7th e с ntury в с reI ief from Nineveh depiсt the sourсe of Assyrian remounts? Shown here is a tarpаn oid yeаr | ing being аp с tured for breаking or breeding. Тh e southern I imit of the Таr pаn ,s habitаt wаs somewhere aI ong, or just beуond, the noгt hern frontier of Assvriа.
anсiеn t British h с ariot, disсovеr ed at Llyn Cеr ig Baсh in !Иalеs. The marеs per formеd admirably, although in faсt suih a
of аn
tеаm
would in anсiеn t times have o с nsist ed of stallions, who o с uld have done muсh beтt еr . Thе roсk drawings of Sсаn dinavia
whiсh
date from thе Bгonzе Age inсludе piсt urеs of pairs of poniеs hаm еssеd to h с аr iots, and these аr е likеlу to have bеen of the samе typе 1. IЕ еr е domеstiса tion was not thе work of thе aboriginal Lapps, who stuсk to thе reindееr , but of I ndoЕu ropeаn invadеr s _ anсestors of й е Noгsе _ who brought shееp , goats, a с ttlе and rс opfarming to thе Noгt h. Thе Celts themsеlves originally livеd, not on thе Atlantiс o с ast' ц tЬ in thе lowеr Dаn ubе vallеy, whеr е thе prevalеn t wild horsе was not this typе, but thе Tarpan. I n thе early stаg еs of thеir еq uеstrian history, thеr eforе, the h с ariots would hаve bееn horsеd with Tаr pаn s, whiсh as wе havе manу
various regions of thе Old !7or1d, morе sixteеn еn с tц r ies еarlier than that. This is thе tеstimony of piсt oriаl аr t and the remains of аr tifaсt s e Ь longing to illit
thаn
pеoplеs, еr atе onе of whorт, _ but whiсh ? first domеstiсatеd the horse. The intеr pre
is а
tation of this еvidеnес
thе
old Testamеn t
iсаl
sourсе
is an indiffеr ent histor for this subiеtс , аn d a с n tеll us viтt ually nothing аb out it bеf orе aЬout 900 в,с by whiсh timе we have plenty of аltеr native еvidеne с anywaу. Thе samе objеtс ions аpply, though to a lesser degrее, to lс assiсal authors' whosе
voiсes spеak to us from about 800 в с of the grеat iс vilizations of thе
onwаr ds
e М diterranean. But thеn thе horsе wаs not fust domеstiсаt ed o аЬ ut 800 в,с nor in thе iVlеd iterrаn ean region. I iИh еn wаs thе horse domestiсatеd and wherе? To thе first thеr е is no quiсk or еrс tain answer. Only that it wаs еrс tаinly as еаr ly аs thе third millеn nium в с and thаt as еvidеnес from arсh aeology slowly
aсu с mulаt еs'
the fаvoured
date гeеdс еs
furthеr towards thе opеn ing еn с turies of that millennium. As to whегe' the еrс tаinty is thаt it was in a region north еast of thе e М diteгr anean, аt lеast as far distant аs thе Oxus (Amu Darya) basin, and pегh aps аs distant аs thе far еn d of Sibегia' along evеr
or that diagonal linе. .whеr е?'
thе shorеs of thе Bering Strait.
anу
whеr е аlong
But
.when?' аn d arе lс osеly rеlаt ed quеstions. Just as therе are monophylists who еlЬ ievе in a singlе wild аne с stor of tlrе horsе, аn d polyphylists who postulаt e sеv eral of thеm , so there arе diffusionists who beliеvе that the horseman was born in one e с ntre and onе only, from whiсh thе hoгsе u с lturе sprеad ovеr all thе world. I n addi
tion thеr е
arе thosе who mаintаin
that horses o с uld be, аn d in faсt wеr e, domеsti a с tеd , not nеe с ssаr ily in imitation of othег ш ibеs but yЬ several pеoplеs not in o с ntaсt with еah с other eаh с living in sеparаt е rеg ions whеr e wild horsеs weге found. So thеn , to be ablе to read еn Х oohon in йе originаl is not еn ough. To bе lаЬ е to
intеr pret
the еxaсt
praсt iсаl
impliсations
of ttre Hebrеw text of thе Book of Job is not enough. A knowlеd ge of anсient g Е yptian and BaЬy lonian tеxts would be a help аn d mаstеr y of the languаg es u с rrеn t in thе Hittitе m Е pirе o аЬ ut 1400 в с morе usеf ul
still. . . That will rЬ ing .
us baсk to thе еarliest ofany signifiсаne с o с nсеr ning horsеs, Thе Chаr iot Trаining Mаn aаl of I Gkkulis thе iМ ttаn itе. And yet we hаvе irrefutable evidenсе of the use of horsеs in written tеxt
16
rЬ аnh с
of
arсh aeology. I t a с n еЬ supplеm еn tеd yЬ the oral tгaditions of thе peoplеs dwеlling along that diagonal linе bеt weеn thе Oxus basiл and thе Paсifiс o с ast of Siberia, a srudy of whiсh , in thе original, dеm аn ds familiarity with sеveral lаn guages, some of thеm I ndoЕu ropean but mostly bеlong ing to thе Turkiс' UralAltaiс and &I on golian groups. Oral tradition is valuable beсausе legеn ds o с ntain a o с re of whаt onсе in thе remote past was historiсal faсt . But thеy nееd intеr preting: to takе а West ern eхample, thе legеn d of horsеs bеing еsЬ towеd on somе hеr o by а God of thе Sеa, suсh as the Grеek Posеidon, or thе I rish N{ аn аn аan a М с Lir, may signify in mundаn е
sееn
wеr e
a rс oss еtЬ wееn
4. But thе gгeаt
type 1 and rypе
Celtiс migration whiсh
or morе likely rЬ еd of horse' wеr e first brought to Hеllаs or to iЕ rе by sеа. And to arгivе аt the right interprеt ation of suсh legеn ds demands, in thе first instаne с , аn
а
terms that horsеs,
supеr ior
anthropologist or a folklorist. And whеr e will wе find the histoгiаn possessеd of all thesе skills? Nowherе, for thеr е is no suсh pеr son. So thе task must fall inevitably to thosе who havе muсh knowlеd gе in somе areаs, and lеss in otJrеr s, or who have somе knowlеd gе in most areas. Thеy must take oтt rег mеr t's trаn slаt ions and inteгp retations at thеir faсе value, and гely on someonе elsе's suп r mary and еxposition for thе laymаn of higЫу teсh niсal геp orts of reseаr h с in vаr
ious natцr аl genеt iсs.
sсiеne с s,
fЕ we arе
from gеology
to o с nstп . rсt
tory, and an еаr ly history,
to
а prеh is of thе hoгsе
before and aftеr domеstiсation, it must bе u Ь ilt of briсks mаde of othеr mеn 's straw and othег mеn 's lс aу, aЬ ked in a kiln firеd
with othеr mortaг madе othеr
men's fuel, and bound with by yet othеr s. Theгe is no
way. This is the extеn t
of the proЬ
lеm and it must, thеr eforе, preсlude any single definitivе explanation. Lеt us now o с nsidеr the fortunes of thе domestiс horse ovеr thе first 30 еn с tuгies oг so' still o с nsidering them, in the mаin, under thе hеadings of the four loсal raсes whiсh were dеf ined аn d disсu ssеd in thе prееd с ing seсt ion. Typе 1: whiсh w Е art a с llеd thе Cеltiс Pony, was proЬably not first domеstiсated by the Cеltiс pеoplеs, but yЬ the pеoples who preсeded them in Northwеst u Е ropе; in Sсotland, for еxamplе, by the Piсt s. Bеing aс paЬlе of a vеr y fаst trot with а swееp ing aсt ion it wаs аd miraЬly adaptеd for h с ariot work in pairs, and some years ago a praсt iсal dеm onstration was given by two xЕ moor mаr es harnessеd to а rеp liса
a с mе
aЬout the middlе of thе fust mil lenium Bс, lеd up thаt vallеy and along the аxis SwabiaBurgundyBrittаn y. Conquеr ing as they wеn t, thеy inеvitably aсq uirеd gтeat numЬers of horsеs along the route,
аn d
would inсlude, аs the most ttrе morе substantiаl horsеs of the Alpiл е foothills as thеy skiп еd aгound thе northeгn еd gе of the massif. Thus when they stood poisеd on фе Channеl shorе for thе invasion of Bri thesе
importаn t
tаin,
еlеm еn t,
it would havе
alrеadу
bеen
inаu с rаt е
their horsеs as .purеrЬ еd. 107hаt awaited them on this sidе of thе Chаn nel was a more unifoгm stoсk, oс n sisting only of type I with a small admix turе of tУpe 2.Onсе thеy had estaЬlishеd thеm sеlvеs and begun putting thеiг own
to dеsrс iЬе
stаllions to thе аb original marеs, therеf orе' thе .аniс еn t British horsе, would alrеadу have o с ntainеd еlеm еn ts of thrеe out of four typеs of thе primеvаl wild stoсk. Tуp e 2: whatever its exaсt rеlationship to Przevаlski,
thе first hаb itat
it
ovеr lapped
may well е Ь
(whеr е
may bе, is most likely I ts that of thе rеindееr аn d
s horse
to havе been domestiсatеd. it livеd )
that
in
Northeast Asiа
it was fust domestiсatеd
as
а substitute for thе rеindеег. At lеast onе tribе in that rеg ion, thе Yаk uts, seem to hаve rеm ainеd in a ш ansitionаl stаg е to this day, riding horsеs and rеindееr аlike. At a primitivе lеvеl of u с lture, it is proЬalЬ y еasiеr
for а reindееr kееp ing pеople
to start
taming horses from sсr аt h с than it would еЬ for anyone еlsе' For instanсе' in e с rtain
tl0MEsTlсAT| 0N
wеatlrеr
mеn
o с nditions
it might bе feasiblе
rеindeег drawn
pulkka to ovеr takе, of, horsеs
гаn gе
for
on rеindeeг oг in light sledgеs likе the Lapps'
mountеd
oг gеt within lasso yЬ
hampeгеd
snow (this
might also е Ь done on ski, oг on snow shoеs, but haгd ly у Ь anу otlrеr means). Agаiп , arе тh e pеople rеindеег keеp ers most likеly to eЬ fаm iiiаr with the usе of
I f thе hunt took plaсе
тh e lаsso. surnmеr tirne,
oг the majoriry
аl1,
геiп d еeг hегd егs
аd еq uatе
in thе
intаtс would
animаls aс pturеd uп w еaned
ot
bе
foals. Nеxt to aс melkееpегs, would hаvе thе rеadiеst
supplу
of milk that a с n
еЬ
put to work under thе o с uld onlу have еeЬ n pаkс or thе гiding saddlе or in front ofthе pегf ormanсe slеigh. Thеiт in thе first two гoles would hаvе bееn inferior to that of геiп d eеr in the wintег monтhs. I n thе suп lmer thе sleigh o с uld not bе usеd , uЬ t rhе slidе< ar, а whееllеss o с nvеyanсе "с llеd а .tгavois' in North Amеr iсa, o с uld
yЬ either horsеs
oг rеindeer
(it
гas oгiginally drаw n by dogs).
)
Тw o roсk dгawings of the eаr | y domestiсаt ion cenod' I eft .. Reindeermounted arсh er п u nting, from Тepsei in the Upper Yeniseу \ rаI ley, Siberia (,lst miI I ennium в cl,' below.' lbгseborne агh fгom Lаd аkh, с eг, noгt h I ndia в)с . Both animals, in the wiI d, hаd o аЬ ut.l200 fol.eсаstab| e migrаt ion гoutеs and o с uI d :hетefore be trapped and then domestiсated.
IЕ owevеr
il
il
(
it was undег
thе saddlе that
thе
horsе bеstowed the gтeatеst moЬility on е тЬ hеr dsmеn of o М ngolia, a М nсh uria, ап d eastеr n Sibегiа. I ts adoption еgЬ an thаt long sеr iеs of horsе bornе invаsions bу агh с eгs аr med with the douЬlе uс гvеd laminаt еd o Ь w' in tlrе whiсh u с lminаt еd invаsion of uЕ rope yЬ the Turks _ a tide that did not e Ь gin
с е to rееd
until thе еn d
of
thе sеvеn teenth еn с tury of ouг еr а. Again, this yс lс e began with thе taming' аlmost еxlс usivеly, of typе 2, but as thе flood of o с nquеr ing horsearсh еr s rollеd stеadily west and south othеr variеt iеs wеге added to thе rеm ount hеr ds, just аs they were to bе later with thе Celts. The disturbаnеsс tеx
ftom thе vor a pond, аn d с iеf ly fеlt was h
sprеad outwаr ds М ngolia likе ripplеs in of o
thе fust impaсt
on u Е ropе
wеstward
h с ariotееr s,
under pressurе
moving
М ngol from the o
Thеn aс mе othеr I ndo uЕ ropeans, riding and аr mеd with thе Tartartype o с mpositе bow. Thе most horsе аr h с еr s.
people aгe the Sсythians, and proЬalЬ у it was they who drovе the and set in Celts out of thе DanuЬe vallеy thе Celtiс pilgrimagе to thе Atlantiс tгаin shorе. The partiсu lar wave thrеatening to at the dawn of thе Christian еn gulf u Е ropе famous of thеsе
of Pаr thiаn s.
Thеy
it
is
whom St John had in mind whеn hе wrote: .And I lookеd , and behold a pale horsе, and
a foal (сoч / s milk аnс not). Thе wheеl was unknown in Northеast .\ siа long aftег its invention in Southwest .\ sia' аn d ttrе nеw lydomestiсatеd horsеs
dтawn
invasions of I ndoЕu ropеan
(.Aryan') and Turkiс
era o с nsistеd
digеsted у Ь
еЬ
in thе
& EARLY н 0RsE
PЕ0PLЕs
MongoI aсh ievements against the sett| ed empirеs of the East аn d the West Weгe I imited unti| the Mongo| s hаd aсq uired the means of rс ossing water obstaс| es too formidаb I e foг horses to swim, аn d of besieging aп d storming wa| I ed towns. onсe they had obtained siege engines and pontoon bгidges, and the serviсes as engineers of Persian oг Chinese deserters, there was really nothing butthe sea to stop the horseаr h с ers. с п t ury MoguI Тh is 16th e miniature shows the rс ossing of the river Yаn gtseKiаn g аn d the storming of the Chinese fortress of oChou bv Kub| аi Khаn ,s аr mI es.
D0MЕsт| A с т| 0N
& A Е RLY H0RsЕ
PЕ0PLЕs
spеiс еs of zeЬr a that was formеr ly, but is not now' domestiсatеd , and that this rс oss o с uld only hаvе o с mе about in North Afri а.с Thе h с romosomе o с unt of a hybrid is thе sum of thе o с unt of both parеn ts dividеd yЬ two. I f this.averаg е' o с mes to an odd numbеr (as most of thе fеasiЬle onеs do) thеn thе hybrid is stеr ile (e.g. the mulе) . But in thе few a с sеs whеr е it o с mеs to an evеn numЬеr , hybrid a с n mаt e fruit _ oг аt fullу with hуb rid and a nеw spеiс еs _ аn lеаst suЬ spеiс еs с bе born. Thе Hun gariаn author, Miklos Jankoviсh , has pointеd out in a work not yet puЬlishеd in nЕ glish that' in tеr ms of spеiс еs now liv
ing, not all qЕ uidae
h с romosomе
o с unt
hаve had their
Of those whosе o с unt is known, therе is a speсiеs of zebra whose h с romosomе o с unt addеd to that of Przеv alski's horsе and divided by two is identiсal with that of thе domеstiс horsе. Jаn koviсh thеr eforе hаs dеm on his nаm e that sat on him wаs Dеаt h.' Thе word rеn dегеd as .pаlе' in thе Authorizеd vеr sion o с uld also е Ь rendеr ed .light dun', thе h с araсt eristiс o с lour of types 2 and3' Typе 3: Bеg inning with thе Persian
invаsions
whiсh wеr е
h с kес ed
аt
аrМ аt hon
and Salamis' thеsе horsеs now began to appеal in u Е rope in o с nsidеr аb lе
numbеr s. Nisaеan
Thеy
brееd
inсludеd
thаt was
thе
so muсh
famous tallеr than
any mount availablе to thе Greeks of еn Х ophon's time. That thеy werе all in was a position only rеversеd by Alех andеr thе Grеac so с nquеst of Pеr sia, oса mplishеd not alonе by the redoubtaЬI е a М еd с onian infаn try but аlso by auxiliary horsеm en from the o с nquеr еd еn emy hands
kingdom of Baсt ria (northеr n Afghanis tаn ). AftеI thе tаkе over of thе Pеr sian possiblе to bring aЬ kс m Е pire it bеaс me
thеsе Tуp e
horses to N4.аеdс on to loсal stoсk.
Baсt rian
upgrаd е
thе Tаr pantypе 4: Thе
same applies to spеiс mеn s
of this typе, although from a militaгy point of viеw this ProtoArab, as it thеn wаs' hаd
thе gravе disadvantagе of bеing too smаll for a h с argеr . But еrс tainly it was in thе pеr iod when Alеxandе1s Hеllenistiс sцс еsс sors wете ruling his fragmеn tеd empirе in uЕ ropе and Asiа _ and not, аs is o с rn monly supposеd, in Roman timеs _ that thеsе horses wеr е first available in any o с nsidеr able numbеr s in еd М itеr ranean uЕ ropе. I t was to bе manу e с ntц r ies bеf orе thеу wеr е to bе a с llеd Arabiаn . I f we o с nсludе that thе Cаspiаn Pony is not t} re unmodifiеd dеsеn с dаn t of typе 4'
or that thе lаt ter nеvеr in thе wild, then wе shall hаvе to
thе ProtoArаb ' ехistеd
look for anothеr possible anсеstor for thе Arab and its lс osе relations among еаr ly
domestiс inеvitablу
stoсk.
This brings us
a Ь kс
to Profеssor Ridgеw aу аn d his Multiple Origins of thе Thoroughbrеd, ,А s wе have sееn in thе last sеtс ion' Lаdy Wеn tworth triumphed ovеr him, and hе lost faсе, largеly bеaс use hе was not a zoologist nor an arсh aeologist and аl1 thе .hаr d' еvidеne с hе wаs аb lе to produсe about Arabian origins was an impressivе array of quotаt ions from lс assiсаl authors. But hе wrotе at а timе whеn the sсienсе of 18
Pafthians were suсe с eded in 226 ао by The Sassаn ians, who were so suсe с ssfu| in their similar usе of mounted archeгs that they a с ptured an entire Romаn armУ. This 3rd e с nturУ AD sassanian re| ief from Nаоh eRostаm near PersepoI is, Peгsia, shows the surrender of the Roman m Е peror VaI erian to the Shahinshah' Shаour t. Тh e
genetiсs was lеss advanсеd than it is today, and thе trump a с rd whiсh nеithеr he nor his antagonist had up thеiт respеtс ivе slееvеs hаs now droppеd out ofthе u с ffof
modеr n iЬ ologists. Wе already know that doubt hаs еnЬ a с st on the lс aim ofPrzеv alskf s horsе to е Ь thе solе anсestor of all domеstiс horses, by thе faсt thаt its h с romosomе o с unt is not idеn tiсаl with that of thе domеstiс horsе. Ridgеw ay's inruitivе guess was that thе ProtoAraЬ was a hу b rid, arising from thе union of thе Asiatiс t0Иild IЕ orsе, or rather its domеstiс
dеsеn с dants.
with somе
еstаlЬ ished.
stratеd , without o с nsсiously wishing to reinforсе Ridgеw ay' that in tеr ms of thе _ thаt is thе аr ithmetiс meсh aniсs of genеt iсs' his thеory of еquinе origins is pегf tес ly fеasible. lI е refusеs to speсu late on how suсh a rс oss o с uld havе arisеn , but noЬody supposеs it o с uld havе oсu с rrеd in thе wild, in viеw of what is known o аЬ ut the distribution of thе Asiatiс Wild Horsе and thе various spеiс es ofzеb та. Ridgеw ay lost the triсk by аssuming that thе horsе a с mе to the zеb ra and not viсе vеr sa.
Lеt us suppose that somе spеiс еs of zеrЬ a towаr ds thе northеr n limit of its _ sаy tЕ hiopia or thе geographiсal rаn gе Sudan _ zuа, s oгr eс domеstiсated. \ 7е tend
to think .onсе domеstiсatеd ', arе
prеe с dеn ts
domеstiсated, always wе are wrong. Thеr е for the taming of animаls
u Ь t
for just this usе, namеly riding and driving, and the aЬandonment of thе praсt iсe whеn
a morе aсеpс tabiе substitutе has eЬ еn found. Suсh are foг instanсе thе еlk (moose) in the subarсt iс rеg ions of
uuMts
uЕ гsд iц Thе шв го*с
фЕ
аn d
тh е
mn on skЬ, mssеd
lп
onаg еr
in .lvtеsopotamiа.
For this muсh
onlу suгviving еlks and onagеr s now rп . ild oг tiving in zoos, but thе ш п n iп g dгаw iп g s of thе !7hitе Sеa Coast аn d цс s tаlЬ еt s of I raq show thеm towing .
dтawing slеighs and
har
u с rious Sumеr ian a Ь ttleсars. dаw п of history, the onе wаs dis
to тh е
.
reindееr аn d thе othеr by thе whеr еu pon tп s'с t} rey were simply turned kсМ on thе tunфa oг thе dеsеr t. !Fе kп ow from many modern instаnеsс . * zвтa Ь s a с z bе tаm еd to ridе and drive, fur ir hаs п evеr eЬ en lс aimеd that thеy are bу thе
фrсеd
es gоod п ' rпlР е
to drive as а horse, and thеr e is that they arе a worsе ridе,
tеstimonу
siш е й еуh аvе
no withеr s. Suppose
that
in
times men a с mе down thе 1rеh istогiс Nilв \ rаllеy lеаding paсkladеn zеrЬ as, to ц тш s тh е I sthmus of Suez and journey fuц r ф Siп аi аn d Pаlеstine. Somеw herе liш фе lаt itudе of thе Caspian Sеa we might tщ кt to mееt mеn riding or driving г h еm ш lеаdiп g thе domеstiсated vеr sion of 0а; в
hш kаЬ f
s hoгse. Ridgеw ay's
fuп d € те d
on thе аr h с aеologiсal
thеory no of thе
roсk;
й . | mгifiяlЬ е гemains of horsеs п в $rilеd аn tiquity o с uld bе found in Noгt h Afriса to pгovе his point. Likеw ays no
шh с rеm iд ns of zeЬr аs havе beеn found iп Tсятn с .\ sia. But thеn , for еrс tаin iden ..tiоn of qЕ uidае a dеal of matеr ial is minimum bеing a ч j kllll sith o Ь th jaws intaсt ' and one fore л * l onе hind limb eЬ low thе knеe, or hoсk.
л в q п r irrd
фosite
foг autopsy, thе
bеb w
rhe onager, one of the
Wс* ;s of Asiаt iс wild
ass, Was onсe
but wаs | ater when the more adaotabI e horse wаs tiгoц g ilI t in from the Noгt h. Przevtа| ski,s horse was origina| | y the ш 'п . ii| ld horse of MongoI ia. | t seems un| ike| y that, в iш fiеr аs а domestiсated animаI or in the wiI d, llt rф€ mаt ed with the Zebra to become an
dоr rrв stiсаt ed
in Mesopotamiа
diш sв r ded
Ww
lд lЕstor
of the PгotoArab.
to rеm ain of onе skеlеt on thousаn d yеars, along a migтa
ovег sеvеr al
tion гoutе that is mostly through dеseгt o с untгy' is too muсh to be hopеd , yеt onlу the bonеs a с n tell thе true story. Nеithег the striped hidе, nor thе hugе trumpеt like еaгs of thе zeЬr a nor yеt its h с тomosomеs o с uld
possibly bе prеsеr ved.
wortlr.mentioning thаt
I n passing it
it is the
is
slendеr
a с nnon bones that distinguish thе oriеn tal from otlrer variеt ies, and horsеs skеlеt ally they morе rеsеm blе assеs, in this геspеtс onagеr s, or zеrЬ as thаn Nortlrern horsеs. Thе faсt that vеr y oсaс sionally zеb ra like maгkings aгe found on the lеg s and morе rarеly still on othеr pаr ts of thе body' of nеw born Arаb ian foals is neithеr here
nor therе. So they arе in horses of all аn d thеy аr e mеr еly an atavistiс
г еd Ь s,
rеm inder
of thе stripes that arе bеliеv еd to havе oсu с rrеd in most qЕ uidae еfЬ orе the I ес Agе. Vhаt еvеr thе origin of thе horsеs now аlс lеd Arаb ian, thеy only just fail to be o с nsiderеd in this seсt ion, whiсh doеs not ехt end bеyond thе bеg inning of thе Christ
|
| uA | | UN &
tAtlLY Hutlst PtUPLЕs
peninsula, by thе samе еv еr , in the Aл aiЬ an praсt ised irr preI slamiс mеans as had bееn timеs. And so thеse limits rеm ainеd fairly
nаr row.
аn с not
IЕ orsеs
livе on aс mеl
thoгn ; thе numbеr thаt o с uld bе reaгed was proportion to thе аm ount of barleу in dirеtс ttrat o с uld bе aсq uiтed from the Fertilе Cresсent oЬ rdеr ing t} rе dеsеr t zonе, and thе аm ount of dates that thе oаses o с uld produсе, suгp lus to human o с nsumption. Thе only rеq uisitе thаt wаs avаilablе moге or lеss аd lib was thе a с mel] s milk еssеn tial foг wеaning foals under o с nditions in whiсh thе marе only laсt atеd for a o с uplе of months at еsЬ t. Horsе brеeding and hoгsekееping began, in AraЬia itself, as а prеstigе sym bol, assoсiatеd only with thе riсh and pow еr ful. \ ilИh en it beсamе a rеligious dutу inсu mbеn t аlso on thе lеss riсh and lеss
this must havе mеаn t
powеr ful
thл е
things.
First, that othеr
kept by thе
livеstoсk
rathеr
с mеls _ would his sheеp , goats, a have to o с ntеn t thеm sеlvеs with а smаller sharе of аv ailаb lе drinking watеr and еvеn gтittiеr graziog thаn before. Seсond, that brееd еr s thеm selvеs would hаvе to make do with lеss datеs, lеss a Ь rley, lеss a с mel's milk аn d еvеn less fish' sinсе in еrс tain parts of AraЬiа nеar thе o с аst, pгotein in thе diet of hoгses is suppliеd by
almost еxlс usively in pеaес timе in Aтabiа аt a с mels in war. IЕ orsеs
еxtraсt еd .
ian еr а. Classiсal Grеek mеn tion Aтabiаn hoгsеs' author up to thе timе
do not
аu thoгs
аn d
no Latin
of Augustus does so,
in the sеп se that there wаs thеn a reсog. nized AraЬian гeЬ ed. uЕ ropеan authors writing in antiquity givе thе impression that the A.rab peoples used donkеуs аn d the vеr y begjnning of thе Cfuistian еr a wеr е sсarсe and this wаs still thе a с sе in thе lifеt ime of a М homet, who in his holу wars demonstratеd thеir superiority ovеr a с mels for military purposеs. I t was thе o с mpul sion to sprеad thе faith of I slam by forсе of аr ms thаt led to thе еxpansion of horsе
the dеsert tribes to its limits. Although thе Korаn might еxhort thе fаithful to pгoduсе as many foals as possiblе for sеr viсе аg ainst thе infidеl, this o с uld only bе donе, how rЬ еd ing
аm ong
widеst fеasiblе
Bеd ouin
_
dried sprats from whiсh thе Thfud, thаt the slogаn
oil is fust
.quality eЬ fore
quantiqy' would bе hammеr еd homе in no unсеr tain fashion. I f piеt y o с mpels a man to bankrupt himsеlf аn d starvе his fаm ily and floсk s in ordeг to rЬ еd horses, he might as wеll brееd good onеs. onе a с nnot u Ь t rеf lеtс , o с ntemplating thе еn ormously inflatеd numbеr s of Arabs bred outside AraЬia today, that somе suсh o ес nomiс pruning of stringеnус and oс nsеquеn t numbеr s
modеr n
would е Ь of
.Wеstеr n
thе brееd еr s.
gleatеst
bеn еf it
to
I n battle' howеver, thе adhesion was not с arge suffrсiеn t to withstand thе еn emy's h and it wаs not until the invеn tion of thе с n sаd dle, u Ь ilt high аt both pommel and a tlе, аn d used initially by а group of NuЬian from the Nilе vallеy , that the merсenariеs с angеd . o с ursе of mounted warfarе was h с ntle provided This was bеaс usе thе high a a basе agаinst whiсh thе mountеd soldieг
rЬ aсe his kас Ь whеn lс osing with o с ц ld bodiеs of infantry. $Иith thе invеn tion of
fн в
.l.
first dеf initivе гidins a hoгsе dаt е
rеo с rds baсk
of
man to 1600 в с
tomЬ of Horеn haЬ of g Е ypt. From long eЬ forе this, howevеr , thеr e are plaques still in existеnес that show man sitting on thе quartеr s of an onagеr . This horsе like animаl is now rarе long bеf orе u Ь t wаs, in faсt , domеstiсatеd thе horsе. Thе nеxt rеo с rdеd horsеm еn of and аr е
dеf riсt еd on
thе
Assyгians' gгеat huntеr s notе wеr е thе They sat in thе еn с trе of тh е of thе 800s в .с horsе' s baсk as opposed to perсh ing on his quarters' and wеr e, in turn, followеd by thе Pеr sians. But it wаs a Grееk аvс alry offiсеr ,
аn y
e Х nophon, who provided thе first lаn d mаr k in lс assiсal еq uitation. e Х nophon's Born in Athens in 430 в,с two oЬ oks, Hippikе and Hipparchikos' provide a wealth of information on a sys tem of riding that is just as appliсalЬ е today
as it wаs whеn formеd tlre aЬ sе
it was writtеn , of thе
and whiсh
lс assiсal еq uеstrian
buying and art. They o с veг brеaking, Х ophon sсh ooling young hoгses аn d еn his horsеs in most of the movе trаinеd ments that we know today. As well аs involv balanсing аn d suppling еxеr iс sеs ing h с anges of paсe and dirеtс ion, turns and iс rсles' he also tаu ght his hoгses to jump o с lleсt edly off their hoсks аnd гiding еn joyеd hunting and гсossсounш y when hе was ablе to put his mаn ёg е rnto praсuе.с also studiеd the horsе' s еn Х ophon
work
mind and systеm of rеw аr d him with foг .if you геw aгd kindness when hе has done what you wish and admonish him when hе disobeys, hе will bе most likеly to do what you want. of horsе This holds good in every brаnhс mаn ship'. He insistеd on the patient hаn d ling ofhorses, disapproving sш ongly ofаn y rеsults, form of forсе to gеt thе requirеd
and bеliеvеd o с rгetс ion,
in a
.гidеr s
thеir horses bу thе who forсе fеar, for of the whip only inсr еasе tlrеir the pain with the thing thеy then assoсiаt е sаying
usе
that ftightеn s them'. But howеver grеat еn Х ophon's thinking, his advanсеd с valry offiсеr , was his disadvantagе, аs a a lаkс of a saddle. As bеf itted a Spartan hе rodе barebаЬс without еven a offiсеr , a faсt that no o с vег on thе horsе' s baсk, doubt еno с uraged
his liking of a wеll
rodе with а long lеg аn d musсlеd bаkс . IЕ е turned down toe, mаintaining that man's ofadhеsion 1еg gаv е а greatеr dеg rеe nаkеd to ttrе
in dirеtс
horse's swеating o с ntaсt .
o с at
if the two wеr е
in the Jousts and tourneУs hаd their heуd aу Middle Ages and were the early forms of
аrс ouseI s whiсh were to during the Renaissanсe' 20
o с me
into their own
М n Н ns of o thе stirrup, fiгst used bу thе u golia in the fourth e с ntury AD' the usе of rapidly, although wе thе IЕ orsе advanсed know litdе of thе usе to whiсh thеу were put in the Dark Ages whiсh followеd . Thе &tiddlе Agеs, howеver, saw thе
Age of bеg inning of Charlеm аg ne's Chivalry, wittr jousts and torш neys bе teams of knights who, initially at twееn
least, rodе light Arab or BаrЬ type horses mail. Thе tournеys and worе light h с аi n also thе bеg inning of an еarly foгm of wеr е ride or a с rousеl whiсh wаs to е Ь musiсаl sеen muсh latеr . Although they now usеd stirrups' thе knights sti1l rode with a long lеg and with their feеt pushed forward. Thеy hеld thе геins high in their left hand гight togethеr with thе shiеld, lеаv ing their hand freе to handle thе sword. Curb bits thе pгinсipal were muсh in evidenсе but usе of thе 1еg. mеans of o с ntrol wаs yЬ thе Thе influenсe of the mounted knight, evеr u Ь t not so good in аt taсk , skilful in dеf еnес pеr sisted until 1346 whеn thе disсiplinеd thе Ь w and arrow deсimаt ed use of t} re o
who I aid Xenophon, the Grеek аvс alry offiсer and the foundations of lс assiса| equitation whose teaсh ings are ,iust as app| iсab| e todаy.
ing in the horsе, alЬеit
forсing thе knights
imposеd yЬ bits wеr е long, sharp spurs in employеd and so wеr е quartеr s without с ntrol thе ordеr to o thе 1еg bеing movеd too nееsс sitating and jousts o с ntinued _ muсh . The aЬ ttlеs
to takе mеasures
to proteсt both them Thе solution was аn d theiг horses. sеlvеs themselvеs аn d their mounts in to еn a с sе
knights being mountеd on healry, lumber in ing horses _ long after thеir influеnес finishеd . But whilе this form of battlе wаs
armouг' whiсh mеant in turn u с mЬersomе that the horsеs had to be largеr and heaviеr
the riding was operаt ing in thе in faсt fast and аvс alгу of thе аsЕ t was
Frеnh с
аn d
troops аt rс y ес '
in oс nsеqцеI lсе they
e Ь a с mе slowеr
beсamе until their еn d aс me virtuаl sitting tаr gеt s, in 1525 with thе Battlе of Pavia. The agе of thе mountеd knights did produсe a high degrее of sсh ool howеvеr and less mobilе.
I nсгеasinglу,
thеy
mеh с aniсal
mеans.
Long uс rЬ
.Wеst,
mobilе. rodе
Theу favourеd
witlr
a
loosе
rеin
a forward seat and
on Arabtу p е
horses.
as an art Riding wаs fust reсognizеd form in its own right, on an equal footing аr ts of musiс, painting, wiф thе lс аssiсal and so on. in thе Renаissanсе literаt urе
тHЕ
GR0WтH 0F L с Ass| A с L
E0UlтAт| 0N
sегiod of 1500_1600. Thеn no noblеm an's aiuсаt ion was o с nsidеr ed o с mplеt е rrntil rЬ hаd q ас uirеd an apprеiс ation of thе art м еquitаr ion and oс uld ridе wеll. oМ vе nЁз ts] in imitation of those that it was iоu фt weге praсt isеd in аtЬ tlе yЬ thе rд п ouтеd knights werе performed, the
piаf fе
and passagе forming the ground, while thе i* adе, oс urbette and thе aс priole formеd фе аsЬ iсs of the airs aЬovе thе ground.
рirouеt tе,
аr sЬ
of the work on thе
lЕ ч атr t Baгoque riding halls _ of whiсh iе lаst rеm aining onе is thе Spanish Rid g Ь Sсh ool iл Viеn nа u Ь ilt in 1735 у Ь (although first u Fisсh еr von rЕ laсh Ь ilt of prior in L572' that to thе arеa it 'п в оd ..огеd was laid out as a training ground lл 1565) _ sprаn g up all ovеr uЕ ropе to ilоu sе pеr formеd thе stаt еly a с rousеls by :в еmегsЬ
of thе
aristoсгayс .
e Х nophon
аn d
iЬ s works were redisсovеr еd and High Sсh ool гiding had еgЬ un, аlthough the 'Ь oгsеs wеге, initially' гather heavy. .llthough Count Cesаr е Fiasсh is oЬ ok в г i п еn in 1559 advoсatеs' like eХ nophon, frе цse of patiеneс whеn dealing with aoгsеs аn d
iч s ;гiса ес :еs'rlt :еstЬ ап e с
rеo с mmеn ds
thе use
iс f
hands,
and voiсе usеd in o с mbination, in it would appeаr that thе rеq uired rvas aсh iеv еd by rЬ еaking thе horse's yЬ any bаr bariс method thаt pге
itself. Hedgеh ogs or a с ts tiеd to thе tаil, a hot iron appliеd in thе sаm е oг аn iron bаr with sharp hooks on Pi"ае,с .hе еп d to е Ь dug into thе quarters, wеr е all .:sеd to еn o с urage hoгsеs to go forward'
sеп r еd j:огsе' s
* n.l фg
sееп
:еп t lу
only rеw ard
а гelaxation
would appеaг to hаvе of thе punishmеn t u с r
being infliсt еd .
The nаt urаl
аids
в еr е dеf inеd , an addition to thе more usuаl .rп еs bеing a lс iсk ing of thе tonguе, u Ь t ..оп sideгalЬ e emphasis was givеn to thе .д tтifiсiаl аids or .hеlps', of thе bridle, thе sсiгu p made frequently with a shаr p ;lnеr еdgе _ thе spur and thе lod. strеss гаs lаid on not harming thе mout} r, how етr . аltlrough long severе u с rb bits wеr е frеq uendyusеd , аs were spit< еd nosеb ands.
Fiasсh i rеoс mmendеd thе usе of a mild jointеd bit with no u с rb h с ain, whiсh aсt еd on thе bars of thе mouth and had no port. He taught in Naplеs, his most suсеsс sful bestknown pupil e Ь ing Fеderiсo Gгisonе to whom гсеd it is usually given for being thе First м astеr . His book, Gli published in 1550 Ordini de аuС аlcаr e,
lLipizzaner sta| | ions in the mаg nifiсent ha| | аt the spanish Riding Schoo| of Vienna during one of their pefformanсes of eouitation.
in the
|с assiсaI art
аn d
shoгt ly bеt brе thаt of his tutor, and his own populaгity, mау wеll be фе гeason foг this l0Иh аt еvеr lс aim to fаm е. thе aс usе' Grisonе' s pupils wеr e invitеd to other parts of u Е ropе whеr e his systеm of tгaining and riding wаs propoundеd and his word
spreаd .
nЕ glish lЕ izabеt h
His oЬ ok
was tгanslated into on the instruсt ions of Queen I.
Grisonе' s suсеsс soг аn d thе most fam ous of his pupils wаs Giovanni Baptistа Pignаt еlli who also tаu ght at the Aсademy of Naplеs. Hе dеvеlopеd Grisonе' s mеt hods still fuгt heг aп d inсoгpoгаt ed somе iс rсu s training аn d movеm еn ts into his work. Hе observed in thе methods of performеr s that аlthough a high the iс гu с s dеg те of obеdiеneс аn d balanсе was physiсаl forсе mеans and sevеге gеt the dеsirеd iЬ ts was not еm ploуed to rеsult. IЕ e was not slow to sеe the аd vаn tagеs in this form of riding and training nееsс sаr y from theiт horses, aсh ievеd с aniсal by mеh
and gradually, using somе
of the iс rсu s
mеt hods, thе whole piсr uге rid of lс аssiсаl ing took on a lightеr appearanсе, and many .aids' of фe morе sevеr е wеr e aЬandonеd . llorsеs of a lighter Spаn ish build bеaс mе populaг аn d to o с pе with thе dеm and for this typе of horsе studs were sеt up' thе bеst known being thе stud at Lipizza. I t was foundеd wiф ninе stallions аn d 24 marеs
in 1580 by thе emissary of Aтhс dukе Charlеs, thе Frеihеr r von I (hevеn hilleг,
and it ёstablishеd
thе bгеd
whiсh
wе now
know as ttrе Lipй zanеr .
Pignatеllis
pupils o с ntinuеd
to
dis
sеm inatе thе tеah с ings of thеir mastег throughout tЕ ш opе in the early sеvеn
teenth e с ntц r y.
The Chеvaliеr
dе
St
Antoine eЬ aс mе IЕ orsе
thе
fust a М stег
de
famous PuPil, Antoinе (1555_1602) wеn t
Louis IХ I I . His
of thе
I , while Pignatеllis
to Jamеs
most
Pluvinеl,
to Frаn e с to teаh с King o Ь okl,1и struсt ion du Roу
was published I n L623. Dе Pluvinеl агсr iеd on the teaсh ings of his a М ster, а11 thе timе trying to finе down
thе аids so as to mаkе them аlmost unnotiсеablе. IЕ e wаs a muсh morе sуm pathеt iс teaсh еr both with his horses and his pupils, not believing in thе use of a long u с rb or u с гЬ h с ain and nеver introduсing a
bit into a horsе's mouth until it was sufflсiently sсh oolеd to aсeс pt it readily. His sсh ooling mеt hods too' werе more refinеd
and he usеd
of suppling more аd vanсеd movements suсh аs pаssagе and h с anges of lеg at еvеr y two or thrее stridеs. Vеr y гarеly did hе rеsort to the peгsuasions of thе whip and spur, thе laш er being an аid .a hе o с nsidеr еd o с nfеssion of fаilurе' . Dе Pluvinеl wаs thе fiгst of the a М stеr s to makе use of thе pillars in the mаn ёgе, teaсh ing his pupils to sit thеir horsеs with out геins whilе theу pеr foгm еd thе High Sсh ool airs. He wаs also a vеr y pгatс iсal hoгsеm an, геalizing thе importanсе of gеt ting the horse fit bеf oге attеm pting to work him hard and hе wаs o с nstantly o с nсeгn еd that all itеm s of saddlery reаlly fitted prop erly. IЕ е startеd sсh ooling his young horsеs yЬ lungеing thеm from thе a с vеsson. Not until they wеr e pегf orming a с lmln wаs a bridlе and saddle introduсеd and finally а lightweight ridеr put on top. IЕ е used еd u аtс еd and еxperienсed horsemеn to tеah с the horsеs their elementаr y sсh ooling аn d laid great strеss on pаt iеn t handling and .Work gеn deness. on two traсks аn d vari
exегiс sеs
in
a numbеr
pгеp аr ation
for thе
ous figurе гiding on largе iс rсles and at various gaits аn d tempos was introduсed, 21
тHE GR0WTH 0F L с AsslсAL
E0U| тAт| 0N
b А ove
An engrаving showing the pi| | ars used. De PluvineI Wаs the fiгst of thе Masters to make use of the piI lаr s in the manёg e. Right WiI I iam Cavendish, Duke of Newсast| e. bеing
He trа
i
ned
at the
Sсh oo|
of Na
oI
es
a
nd wаs the
on| y nЕ gI ish Master'
rЬ inging approaсh
with it а nеw and еn lightеn еd to thе sсh ooling of horse and
rider.
While de Pluvinеl was praсt ising this nеw approаh с to riding and sсh ooling in Franсе, !Иilliam Cavеn distц Dukе of (15927676)' who had beеn Nеw a с stlе trainеd a
in the Sсh ool
of Naplеs,
riding sсh ool in Bеlgium,
ring it to Bolsover Castlе Although hе was a lс assiсаlly
had stаr tеd latеr transfеr
in
nЕ gland. еd uсatеd
easily in I tаlian, Frеnh с
man, rеаd ing
and and bеliеved thаt horsеs obеyed thеir ridеr s' wishеs out of feаr rather thаn rеspеtс . Flowеver hе did noi oftеn rеsort to sevеr е punishmеn t, and, likе de Pluvinеl, madе
Ladn, he wаs a hard taskmastеr
еxtеn sive
usе
of thе a с vesson
and lungе
rein. Unlikе dе Pluvinel though' hе did not plаес muсh fаith in thе pillars as a mеans of teаh с ing thе horsе, beliеving that their usе stoppеd frее forward movеm ent. IЕ is
I е ?аs 22
own forte was
mсI nеg е
work but
hе
usеd thе
voiсe extеn sivеly
only nЕ glish
his horsеs, аs well as his pupils, to bе mastеr s of аll tradеs, and indеed two of his most famous pupils, Charlеs I I and Prinсе prinсipаllу Rupert, wеr е o с nсernеd with raсing and a с valry rеspеtс ivеly. Nеw a с stle was one of the fust horsеm еn
аs a wholе
to rеalizе thаt horsеs had sее that this faсt o с uld е Ь
horsеm anship
expеtс еd
mеm oriеs and to turned to advan рg e. Hе wrotе in his book' А Neu Mеt hod to Drеss Horses ап d Eхt rаordinary I nоеn
tion аn d'| Vork
published
in
thеm
cА o с rding
1658, thаt
to Nаt urе
.oftеn
fortifiеs thе mеm ort'. Hе rеаlizеd thаt this mеm orу o с uld also е Ь
теp etilion еq uаlly
disadvan tagе if thе horse wаs initially taught wronglу. He likе to usе long spurs so that the ridеr had to move very little in thе saddlе and hе a с rriеd two switсh еs, one in еah с hand (as is still donе in thе Spanish Riding Sсh ool todаy), in order to tеll his horsе on whiсh lеg to strike off, аn d hе also а
a М stеr ,
aid. Thе found the Bгitish
as аn
Nеw a с stlе
great diffiсu ltу in pеr suading pеoplе thаt lс assiсаl еq uitаt ion was an art form and that thеr е was morе to тiding thаn
raсing and hunting
As thе
British
a faсt that thе
still to apprеiс аt е. new enlightеn ed approaсh havе
pavеd
waу beсamе
to
spread aсr oss u Е тopе, for thе
thе
Frеnh с man
who
known аs thе .Fathеr of Classiсal qЕ uitation', Fгanсois RoЬih с on (16881751). This man s dе la Gц еr iniеr е
was to e Ь o с mе
influеnес
h с anged
еq uitation
and his tеah с ings
tlrе o с urse
of lс аssiсal
arе аt
the a Ь sе
of modеr n еq uitation. I t was largеly as a rеsult of his work that two grеat strеаm s of | | | Ustгations from o с Е le de Cava| erie, written byde I aGu6riniёr e and publishеd in.l7З3 Тh e teaсh ings of de I a Guегiniere remain as the bаsis of modern eouitatioп .
L с Ass| A с L
ТHE п Б0WТH 0F
E0U| TAт| 0N
еq uitation sprang up in uЕ rope' on thе Frеnh с Sсh ools of Vеr sаillеs аn d Sаu mur, and thе othеr on the Spаn ish Riding Sсh ool of Vienna. His rid ing sсh ool аt thе Tuileries, whiсh had prе гiously housed thе Royal Stables bеf ore
lс аssiсal оп e аsЬ еd
й еу
tЪuп d ed гЬ
were movеd to Veгsaillеs, was yЬ Louis IХ V аn d was mаn agеd lа Gu6riniёr е
dе
аsБ
fгom
1730 onwards. I t
all
soon to eЬ o с mе famous
mainly through thе rеf inеm еn ts
uЕ тopе,
over
in
his sсh ooling methods аn d thе bеt tеr sв m p of horsеs (mostly nЕ glish that were usеd there. Dе perfeсt еd a systеm of sup and gymnastiс еxеr iс ses designed to
Тh oroughbrеd s),
lа Gu6riniёr е pliп g
u с ltivatе and
extend thе horsе' s
natural
and paсеs,
and to makе it rеspond willingly to its ride1s wishеs к iй out аn y form of physiсal forсe or пс r elty e Ь ing infliсt ed. His book Ecolе dе С аt ,. аl е r iе, pllblished in 1 7 3 3, dеsrс iЬеs his п еt hods and these suppling еxеr iс ses in dеt аii. He invеn tеd thе shoulderin and trsеd it еx tеn sively as a suppling exеr iс sе' movеm еn ts
аlso fuгt her dеv еloping woгk аs wеllas making
iаt еr аl movеm еn ts. "ie thе aids hаd
two and fourш k ас usе of thе
extensivе
During dе Pluvinel's grаd uаlly
morе
bеo с mе
аn d
dе 1а Guёr iniёге furthеr ed sфе e геf inеm еn ts in thе way thе sеаt and lеg s were usеd in o с mbination and in his dеf inition and еxtensivе usе of the rеin геf ined
Ь
aids. He dеsigned a modеr n form of saddle п hiсh thе high pommеl аn d a с ntlе thаt
hаd
hithеп o
bеen
usеd wеr е rеd uсеd and
thigh rolls wеr e inсorporatеd . It was similar to that still usеd in thе Spanish
h:neе
аn d
Riding Sсh ool today. de Nеstiег ^ \ { еanwhile, in Vегsaillеs, sho is reportеd to have еxhibited on horsеkас Ь o ес Ь mе
time, had u Ь t at тh е of the Revolution hе, togethеr outЬгеаk п . ith thе Dirеtс oг de of thе Grеat Stablеs' Salvеп , and thе rest of тh e u ёс уers, was Jгivеп into еxi1е. As military suprеm aсy
аm ес Ь e аrс аky
thе bеllс
аssiettе of the
Х riding mastеr to Louis V
inсr easingly importаn t sсh ool
was sеt
the first
up in Saumur by thе
Duс dе Choisеu l, аn d although it was lс osеd down through laсk of funds, n д othеr was set up in L744 at Versaillеs, в ith one of Fгanсois
de Salvеr t's
pupils,
LuЬersaс,
.Мilitary
whiсh ,
at its hеad. Sevеn although it lastеd
latеr
yеаr s
in
Sсh ool' was rс еatеd
only 37 yеaгs,
a
Paris lеf t
its influenсe on Frеnh с equitation. Thе first Dirеtс or wаs dAuvеr gne who was to position, mаking it lеss h с ange thе гidеis making milit formаl and stiff, and in fаtс ary еquitation .lеss aсademiс, simplеr , morе nanrral аn d boldеr ' more militarу indееd and yеt no less rЬ illiantlу taught and praсt isеd .
Thе
did little to further equita but with thе rеt urn of Louis thе Sсh ool of Vеr sailles wаs rе
war yеаr s
tion in Franсе
xvI I I ,
еstablished for aсadеm iс
еq uitаt ion
undеr
the direсt ion of Visсount Piеr rе .Nlаr iе dAbzaс. This mart's prinсipal lс aim to fame, his own talеn ts apart' was his trаin ing of Count dAurе. The National Sсh ool of q Е uitation Iс eated in 1793 аt Versaillеs h с angеd its namе threе уеars latеr to The Sсh ool for Mountеd TrooD I nstruсt ion. its
Тw o engravings Depiсt ing haute o ёс le as it wаs at the time of de I a Guёr iп iёr e. left.' The shouI der in _ one of de I a Gu6riniёr e,s impoгt ant innovations and a spI endid exerсise for stгаightening the horse. right: The courbette _ one of the high sсh oo| аirs perfeсt ed by the Duke of Newсаst| e.
bеing to train men to eЬ offrсеr s in possiЬle time. I t did, howevеr , train Cordiеr who was later to o ес Ь mе the
funсt ion ttrе
shoгt est
еn h с еf of thе Sсh ool of The Sсh ool for oМ untеd
first ecuуеr
Saumur, whеn
Troop I nstruсt ion wаs moved thеr е and aсadеm iс equitation again took over аt Vеr saillеs. The fust of thе Carousеls for whiсh
the Sсh ool
presentеd
just two yеars
of Saumur is famous wаs
in 1828. This wаs before the Sсh ool of Vегsаil
undеr
Cordiег
lеs lс osed its dooгs for еvеr ' Saumur to tаkе ovеr аn d perpеt uаt е traditions of the Fгenсh Sсh ool.
lеaving the
...:]
e* .n.ч+ъ
Zе
cа9
dy'suтu .
du dеу ап t
) &"oitе
.
Zе
GаI op
lеn ,n|
lu dеr iеr е
i
,{ "oitе
z5
GR0WТH
т| | Е
onе ёcuуеr
0t CLAss| A с L 0Е U| тAт| 0N
whose ambition was to bеoс mе en h с еf
ment of butсh е1s
Cord
аn d
without
a
son
(l79
Bauсh еi..
leaving him almost гсipplеd
at Saumur after thе rеt ire
;
nevеr
to fulfil this amЬition, Bauсh еr foundеd a sсh ool in Lе llаv rе and latег
yеar
hе
Nevеr thеlеss,
taught D'Aurе' s
Bаuh с е1 s beеn
rlng
fiowevеr ,
that the dеp iсt ing
in а
a с rriagе
this task dorlёans
aсo с rding
made аf tеr
h е ас
lеsson
and o с nvеr sа
aсiс dеn t,
and Bаu h с е1
s
produсing evеr more thеn , fortuitouslv.
Lyon to whom his purе lс аssiсal
gs of thе
was
was stopped. еН
eхp oundеd
mеt hods,
whilе tеh ас ing his own to Bauсh er. A 'Ь illi"nt hoтseman аn d an effiсiеn t offiсеr , his oЬ ok .Quеstions qЕ uеstrеs' was gatherеd from
notеs
rathеr than as а sеr ious tеh ас е r аn d trainеr . hе pеr suаd еd thе Duс d'orlеans to lеt him traln a o с uplе of геg iments using his own mеt hods. Thе Dukе agrееd , butЪеf orе hе
o с uld oс mpletе
who did in faсt
his men and thеir horsеs in
by
his imаg е,
killеd
o с ntemporаr y,
to
inш oduсеd
warned that hе would not bе hе disаvowed Bauсh er hе rеf used to do so. he was promotеd and hе
unlеss and his tеh ас ings'
horsеs
lс rсu s
wаs
pтomoted
anothеr in Rouen, running thе two o с n u с rrеn tly. At thе samе time, hе wrote his book Diсt ionnаire Rаisonnё dEquitаt ion whiсh was publishеd in 1 833. Bauсh еr was
hе
tеh ас inss.
It
wаs during а rеh еarsal for onе of his iс rсu s tас s that a h с аn dеliеr rс ashed down on him
A herd of Lipizzaners running free The best known Lipizzaner stud is atLipizza, and was founded in 1850 bу the emissary of Arсh duke Chаr | es With nine stаllions and 24 mares.
tеah с ing horsеs. an indi viduаl and lеf t his pupils to find out whiсh partiсu lar aids aсh ievеd the best rеsults on eaсh partiсu lar horsе. rЕ е аlso inш oduсed
rаiс ng and rс ossсountry riding into Saumur аn d plаеd с grеаt еr emphasis on thе allround pеr formаnес of tЬ h horsе
аn d
own sсh ool
horsеm еn
at
Lunеvillе,
wеr е
invitеd
to'rvhiсh
Sеltес еd
to speсt atе. Another vеr satile, if somewhаt unor thodox, horsеm an who pеr formed in thе iс rсu s, was Jamеs Fillis, an nЕ glishman who livеd most of his timе in Frаnес and who later eЬ aс mе ёcщ ler еn chеJ at tinе Cavalry Sсh ool in Lеn ingтаd . HЁ was an
rider.
The man who rЬ ought both thе tеhас ings of Bauсh er and D'Aц r e togеt hеr was Alеxis Franсois L'Flottе, the .iсу tin sol diеt ' who wаs an admirеr аn d pupil of
::.i.:
opposеd
to grip, a point he makеs
lс еar
in
ТHЕ
his oЬ ok
Brеаking
Fillis praсt isеd
GR(] WТH
0t Lс Ass| A с L
EoU| тAт| 0N
аn d Riding. Although a numbеr of unorthodox
movements for thе iс rсu s ring, suсh as the pirouеt tе rеversеd with thе feеt rс osseф й e pаssage to thе rеar, and thе аnс teг
kас Ь wаr ds on threе lеg s' hе also intгo jumping into his performаnеsс duсеd foг h с тЫ , unlikе his othеr movеm еn ts when еЬ usеd a douЬlе rЬ idle, hе usеd a snafflе. position he adoptеd wаs to leаn baсk Тh е on the desсent from thе jump, slip thе reins to allow thе hoгsе free movеm еn t of his hеаd , whilе keеp ing his lеg s in oс ntaсt п ith thе horsе thгoughout thе jump in ordeг to obtain а bаsculе. Fillis wаs prob lаЬ у thе lаst of thе great horsеm en to use тh is position ovеr fenсеs, for Fеd еr iсo Cap (1868_1908), a аp гi ш i с tain at thе I tаln Ь Cаvаф Sсh ool at Tor di Quinto, evolvеd forward seat and еstablishеd its usе in a с valry sсh ool at just aЬout thе same mе as Fillis diеd in 1900. Thе reason foг тh е nееsс sity of thе forward seat аs Cаp rilli sаr v it' was in aсo с гd anсe with thе lс assiсal pгinсiple of keeping фe ridеr oаЬ vе thе horsе' s еn с trе of gravity whеn going aсr oss o с untry at spееd , and to do this, his wеight тh е
тh е
must bе movеd forward.
The system of
гсossсountry riding usеd todаy is а oс m binяt ion of Caprilli's systеm аn d the purelу lс аssiсal method. Duтing the ninеt еenth еn с tury, thеr e
еxist
doсu mеn ts bеg innings
o с nсerning the еаr ly Riding Sсh ool,
of the Spаn ish
Court in Vienna, through with thе Hapsburg fаm ily
but tlrе I mpегial
its assoсiаt ions
frеq uеn t intеr h с angеs bеt weеn thе tтr ro Grеat Sсh ools of u Е гopе; thе Comtе dе o М ntigny for instanсе oс mmanded the
еn Ь
ruling ovеr Austria and thе Spain and Nаp lеs), had long o с nсerned with еquitation' and
hoгsеs
frеq uеn tly
Spanish Riding Sсh ool
thе two sidеs
wеr e
еfЬ ore
o ес Ь ming
u ёс у еr
ftom 1842_1845 at Sаu mur. Fеw
(onе
memЬеr
othеr
ovег
h с angеd
of thе
introducеd
wеr е
hands bеt ween
family. Spanish horsеs
in | 562 to found
the
Court Strrd at I (lаd ruЬ and tfuee yеars latеr an еxеr iс sе arеa was u Ь ilt nеаr thе Hof buгg . This wаs lаt еr геp lаеd с
уЬ
а o с vеr еd
whiсh kept out thе worst of thе
sсh ool,
\ 0Иork
wеather.
the presеn t
was not aсt ually
Sсh ool
startеd
on thе oс rnег
on of
lrfiu77726 аn d the fust Chief the Sсh oots movе was .Wеyгothеr . Adam von Thе Sсh ool was offiсially opеn еd by thе m Е peror Charles VI in SеptеmeЬ г 1735 аn d suЬsеq uеn tlу a number of fеstivals, a Ь lls and exhibitions
Josеp hsplaи ,
I nstruсt or
aftеr
wеr e held thеr e in аd dition to thе daily routinе of training thе horsеs. Carousels, popular, thе most spеtс u too, wеr е ас lar
being that held in Novembеr 1814 to whiсh all thе I (ings of uЕ гope werе
A
broсh ure, puЬlished in 1833, stаt еd thаt .Thе I mperial Royal Court Rid ing Sсh ool aсеP с ts trаinеes only by spеiс al pеr mission of thе Offiсе of the Chiеf a М s
invitеd .
you аn tеr of thе Hoгsеs, and еvеr yday с ridе your own horsе thеге bеt wееn the hours of L2 and 3 in the aftеr noon'. Aftеr 1894, thе Sсh ool was devqtеd solely to the ш аining of horse аn d ridеr in IЕ аu te o с Е 1е but en tranсe to the Sсh ool was еxlс usivе bеing rеstfiсt ed to offiсers and mеm bers of thе
aristoсr aсy' and fееs wеr е high. Thе Frеnh с Rеvolution and thе Napoleoniс I 0Йars, whilst putting an end to the lс assiсаl art in most uЕ ropеan o с untriеs did not havе
a
similar еf feсt
Sсh ool o с ntinued
on Viеn na. I ndееd ttre to аd here stгitс ly to its
prinсiplеs and suсеd с еd in dеvеloping thе art furthеr duгing the ninеt еn th e с ntury undеr the dirеtс ion Rittеr von of Mах \ DИеyгother and his subsеq uеn t instruсt ors.
Тh e sp| endid| y e| egаn t Baroque riding hа| | of the Spanish Riding Sсh oo| . The pгesent Sсh ooI , situated on the o с rner ofJosephsp| аt z, was officiаI | y opened by the m Е peгoг Char| es in September 1735 a nd is th e last home of the |с assiса| art of eouitаt ion
Thе ш aining of horsе and ridеr at thе Spanish Riding Sсh ool, then аs now, fol
laid down by dе la with аn ovеr lay of Fiеld
lows thе Guёr iniёr е'
pattern
Marshal Frаn z HolЬein
voп
HolЬeinsbеr g
.Dirес аn d Chief Ridеr Johann еiМ xmeds tives for the I mplеm еn tation of a еtМ hodi
in thе Training of Ridеr s I mpеr iаl Spanish Riding Sсh ool', whiсh was drawn up in 1898. I n
a с l Proсеdurе аn d IЕ orsеs
at thе
.High Art of distinсt parts. Thеse arе the first stagе, in whiсh thе horse is riddеn in .as natural a position as possible with frее forward movemеn t аlong straight lines,; .саm paign riding, whiсh involves riding thе o с llеtс еd horse at all gaits inсluding turns and iс rсles in perfеtс balanсe; and гiding the horsе in a this, it is madе lс еar
thаt
Ridingi oс mprisеs
thrее
thе
position with thе haunсh es o с llеtс еd dееp ly еn Ь t аn d pеr forming all thе gaits аn d jumps whiсh makе up thе .Airs'. With thе oс llapsе of the Austro Hungarian o М narсh y in 1918 thе Spаn ish Riding Sсh ool was takеn into Statе pos session аn d thе future of thе Sсh ool sееm ed in douЬt . Duе laгg еly to thе еf forts of thе Chiеf Rider, o М riи IЕ erold' who gave lеtс uгеs to visiting eduсation printеd of thе soсiеt iеs аn d had postсаr ds Sсh ool's High Sсh ool airs, whiсh hе sold to raisе funds for the ailing sсh ool, it was saved. I n July 1920 thе fust publiс pеr for manсе of thе Spanish Riding Sсh ool wаs given. Sinсe then thе Sсh ool has givеn rеg ular publiс pеr formanсes thтoughout thе summer, autumn and winter months' morе
attraсt ing
sее
visitors from all ovеr thе
thе higЫysсh oo| ed forming the lс assiсal what is its lаst homе
world to
Lipizzaners pеr art of еq uitаt ion
in
in thе world. 25
light aс valry, was а lа ginеt а. The morе aсo с mplishеd I berian horsеm en oс uld .in гidе wеll both saddles', t,e. а lа bridа and d I а ginetа. , but at a time whеn Spаn iards
werе turning thеir
thе Nеw lUИorld, rode а lа bridа.
it sееm s thаt
еyes towards most of thеm
107hen ColumЬu s first rс ossеd thе Atlаn tic in 1492, hе took а numЬer of gеn tlеm en adventurers аs his mountеd esсort. Bеf orе embаr king on sцh с a douЬt ful еn terprise, these mеn еxh с angеd their o с stly h с argеr s
thе I bеr iаn
fх
pеn insulа,
during thе
.l' lаt е flftееn th eс nrury. thеr е wеr е two distinсt stylеs of horsemаn ship. I n thе nortJr, as in \ ilИеstern
uЕ rope,
men гodе
a /a
bridа,
staightlеg geф fееt гather forward, in thе saddle with a high pommel and a с n tlе. The bit was a very sevеr е u с ,гЬ with a
high poгt аn d
arms as muсh
(15 in) long. Тh e
bаt tlе taсt iсs
lеt e
_ thе
as 37сm
wholе
was the produсt of had long bеen oЬso
whiсh lanсе h с argе
of thе hеаvily
armoured knight. I n this, he braсеd
him
sеlf
bеt wеen stirrups and аn с tle to takе thе shoсk of impaсt ; hе nеedеd a sеvеr е iЬ t to o с ntrol his hеavywеight horsе with his lеf t hand (impеd ed by a shiеld), whilе his right hand was uЬ sy with a wеapon. Through out $и еstеr n uЕ ropе and muсh of North
Ameriсa й is stylе of horsemanship prе vailed for еn с tuгies aftеr its original pur pose had disappеarеd , a sad rеf leсt ion on the intelligenсе and originality of horsеy pеoplе.
I n the south of thе pеn insula' o М orish
influеnес
was stгong, mеn
whеr е rodе in dеsert,
the stylе of thе stеppеs and by а oс ntеm poгary nЕ glish
dеsrс iЬеd
author аs .riding short in the Tuтk еу fаsh ion. They did so aес Ь use thеir pгinсipal wеapons werе thе bow and thе u с rvеd sсi. mitar, both usеd to eЬ st effеtс if thе ridеr stands up in the stirгu ps. Young horsеs werе initially trained by AraЬs and o М ors
with a bitlеss
dеviсе
aсt ing on the nosе'
аn d only whеn thеy answеr ed to this wеr е thеy fittеd with a ringbit. Thе iЬ tlеss bгi
dle was known to them as a hаkmа, to Spaniards as a jаq uimа, and to us as a haсkamorе. Thе ringbit wаs aс llеlс /a ginеt а after thе name of a o М orish ш ibе, and thе o М orish sсh ool of horsemanship, to somе ехt еn t аd aptеd yЬ Spaniards for
on advantageous tеr ms for whiсh
quadтu pеd s
morе
wеr е
еxpendable, but evеn thеsе, against Amеr indians who had nеvеr sееn horsеm еn , provеd as formidaЬlе as tanks woц ld bе to аn army of thе еight еI rth еn с tury. I t is reasonaЬlе to suppose that the first horsеs
tаken
to thе
mainland_
еxМ iсo in 1509 _ wеr e of fаr bettег ouаlitv. For somе rеason unknown to us' 4 tЬ rь liа еq uitation prеvailed among the nеw sеt tlers in North Amеr iса' but somе of thosе who sеt tlеd in Brazil and thе Arsentine rode а lа ginеt а, as somе of thеiг i.,..., dants still do today. Thеге must hаvе e Ь еn somе synthesis betwеen thе two sсh ools, howеvеr ,
аu ес Ь sе
ridеr s
200 yеars
еxМ iсan
lаt еr ,
trаining
young horses on thе bеf ore fitting thеm еithеr with a ringbit or a very sеv erе u с rb with a high port and long arms known as а spаd е bit. From thе horsеs of the oс nquistаdorеs, dеse с ndеd thе mustangs, through аn imals abandonеd by eаr ly explorers or through those thаt straуed from ranсh es аn d mis wеr е hаkс аm ore
sions. By тh е
ninеt еenth
еn с tury
wеr е
thеy
roaming in hеr ds ovеr thе grеаt plаins wеst of thе &lississippi. Thеy provеd a good foundation.stoсk; for Spanish horsеs, with
Arаb and Barb lЬ ood, prizеd
yЬ
Crusadеr s
thе
mеd iaеval
uЕ тope.
had beеn and thе
highlу
knights of
м u stangs
had hагd extrеm elу tough and sеlfreliаn t. On t} re dry, u с rlу u Ь ffаlo gтass of thе pгаiries thеу inсr еasеd and multiplied, but two or tЪrеe e с ntuгies of gтazing and haгd o spаr sе с nditions, with sound legs, аn d wеге
feеt ,
no seleсt ivе sй е
bгeеd ing, impairеd By thе ninеt eеn th
them in
and bеaury.
e с ntury
the typiсal mustang tended to hammerheadеd ,
bе
ewе nеkс еd ,
mutton withеr ed, roaсh baсkеd , o с whoсked and tiеd in bеlow thе knее. Thesе dеf eсt s werе gеn еr аlly ignorеd by аr tists, u Ь t rс uеlly displayed in еarly photographs. The horsе transformеd the lifestylе of thе plains I ndians. Prеv iously thеir efforts аt цсltivation had been dеsultory аn d in their еf forts as huntеr s thеy had always bееn at a disаdvаn tage in pursuing thе
аn imals
of thе open prairiе on
foot.
o М untеd , ttrеy o с uld kill buffalo by the thousand. I n addition the horse meаn t wеalth
and noЬility
in war; hе wаs
u с ffen
yс ' statussymbol and bridepriсe. I n a o с uplе of gеn erations thе plains tribes, еspeсiаlly thе Comanсh еs, beсamе horsеm еn
as o с mplеt e
as Sсy thians,
gols and Huns. Thеy hoгsebа\с
fаvouritе
аn d
when
horsеs
a
virtuаlly warlеadеr
.Nlon
livеd
on
died, his in thе
wеr e saсr ifiсеd bеlief thаt thеy would aсo с mpany him to the Happy Hunting Groц n ds. Some I ndiаn s rodе horses stolen, or
evеn bought, from Mеxiсаn s, using thе Mexiсan saddle and an armour of tough u Ь l] ] s hide in imitаt ion of thе Spaniards morion and u с irаss. Thеy would pay up to pony. o М st, $300 dollars for a good mаd е howevеr , a с ught and trained wild mus tangs. The mеt } rod was to gallop into a herd, lаr iat o с iled ovеr thе aгm , and a с st it ovеr a likеly animal's nеk с . Thе ridеr then vац lted off his own pony and ran after thе a с ptive' lеt ting out rope as slowly as possi lЬ е until thе mustang droppеd, half tfuoш lеd , to тh е ground. Thеn the forеlegs o с uld be hobЬlеd and а thong tiеd round thе lower jaw. The lariat was loosеn еd,
giving thе mustang a h с anсe
to гise to its rеar and plunge; but thе hobblе and thong soon brought it under o с ntrol. As the animal quiеt еn ed down, the I ndian advanсеd , hаn d ovеr hand along thе rope'
fееt ,
buсk,
I ttt tiHUW rH ut
wts | ш lN
HtutNti
..,] o rses we re introduсed to the Ameriсas bv the .l6th oС nquistadores who, under Cortes in the took Spanish dominion to the NeW эn tury, .loг| d. From the few horses they took with re m g rew the enormous bands of mUstаn gs эп d а tгansformation in the I ife of the I ndians. bу Fredeгiс Remington. эf t: c А onquistador, :cp:A buffa| o hunt Тh e native I ndiаn tгibes soon I eаr ned that they o с uI d hunt more :ffeсt iveI y with the new mobiI ity their horses 3эve them, and evo| ved their own methods of :.aining and riding thе mUstangs they a с ught ,.lost of the tribes did not exсeI in roгsemastership it was easieг to a с tсh and .raiп a new horse than to a с re for a | ame or s kс anima| . rlglht: Тh e foгm aI styI e of riding of :nе Spaniards Was soon superseded by the performanсes, as this ndians, aсr obatiс в emington engrаving of a raiding party эt tаkс ing a Wagon trаin shows.
27
Not muсh has h с аn ged
in the way the wi| d Тh is one o с uI d have been ас ught а hund red yea rs ago by an ndiаn using а | ariat rаt herthaп by this modern o с wboy at a roundup in oregon. onсe muсh in demand, for they made the best o с wponies, the mustаn gs bred in the wiI d untiI their numbeгs Were so greаt thattheУ became a nuisanсe and now their numbегs hаve to be oс ntroI | ed.
horses are a с ptured.
I
until he oс uld flrst touсh ' then sш okе animaГ
thе
Soon thе a с ptivе lost its fеar' or rеаlized thе hoplessness of furthеr resistаnеiс and in two or three _ aсo hours aftеr a с rding с pturе to Gеorgе Cadin, аn eyewitness o с uld bе led or riddеn aЬ kс to аm с p. Anothеr method was to o с ntrol thе nеw lyсаu ght mustang with a thin thong jerkеd , around its muzzle whiсh , whеn s tnuzz| e and еy es.
on the nosе. Thе fust talkеd to thе ponУ, his grunts, in thе hс еst, apparently intriguing rс uеl
еxertеd I ndiаn dееp
prеssurе
and soothing thе tеr rified аn imal. Thеn hе passed his hands and a blankеt all over the
pont's oЬ dy,
punishing anу protest by
jerk of the thong. He rеstеd
his wеight on
thе pony's baсk , thеn swung
a
was mountеd
lеg
ovеr
a
in an instant.
it is wеll to thаt it would usuаlly bе thе lag gaгd of thе hеr d, not thе best animal, whiсh was a с ught, and that thе mustang was only
rеm ember
13
h.h., while the I ndian wаs а
young warrior. I ndians rodе on thе whitе man's saddle, on homemаde imitations of it, on pads fittеd with stirruPleathегs or aЬ re aЬ kс . Usually they rodе with an almost sш аight sш apping
1еg ,
but in raсеs
rс ouсh еd
boys rodе ovеr the pony's nеk с likе
thе
short, a mod
ern joсkеy. Control was yЬ a rawhidе jaw. thon5 halfhitсh еd round the lowег Thе Spaniards adoptеd fтom the .Nloors, 28
offside.
A triсk whiсt ц aсo с гd ing to Cadin, most young rЬ avеs o с uld do, was to drop down on the offside of his mount, at full gallop, his left leg rс ookеd ovеr thе horsе' s baсk and his right arm tfuough a lеather loop brаidеd to thе manе' whilе he shot arrows I t sounds Ь kс or undеr thе neсk . over thе a tlran lethal, for the shoot more spеtс aсu lar u са ratе еxe с pt ing o с uld hardlу havе bееn
at pointblank гange. The rider howеver а bу thе pont's aЬ rгеl, and was pгotеtс ed rаiding paгt y might be takеn foг а wild hегd until it got lс osе enough to attaсk. I n gеn eral,
Ь t I ndians were good гiders u not thе lеast attention to lamеn еss or galls so long as an
bad horsemasteгs, pауing animаl o с uld
still bе riddеn . Whеn
a
pony
foundеr еd , it killed and wаs aЬаn donеd or plеn tiful _ another еatеn ; mustаn gs wеr е e Ь a с ught. But of the I ndians, o с uld еаsily mobility thеr e is no douЬt . I t was basеd on rЬ аve on a raid having a t} :e rernadа' еah с Ь ys, so numЬеr of sparе poniеs hеr ded yЬ o
с uld that as soon as one was tirеd hе o h с ange to anothеr . Thе disadvаn tagеd pursuing troopеr s had only onе horsе
аn d
I n admiring thеsе fеats,
аb out
and the I ndians from the Spaniards, thе haЬit of mounting thеiт horsеs from thе
aplее.с
Thе only tribе notеd for good horsеm as I n onе of thе tership was thе Nеz Peгёsс . led bу its fam lаt еr I ndian wars this ш ibе, ous Chiеf Joseph, rode 2'575 km (1,600 forсеs аn d milеs) to еvadе o с nvеr ging с ildren esсape into Canada. Thе women, h and bаg gagе averaged 34km (21 milеs) a mеn muсh more, еsЬ idеs fighting daу, thе wеr e 13 bаt tlеs аn d skirmishеs. Thеу finally rЬ ought to aЬ y and surrendеr еd Ь rdеr . almost within sight of thе o The first Amеr iсan rаnh с еr was а Puri named John Pynсh on who' tan gеn tlemаn when Cromwеll was Lord Proteсt or. with
his o с wboys (as thеy wеr е
аlrеady a с llеd ) fгom his faгm at Springfiеld down to Boston for shipment .Wеst to thе I ndiеs. .\ round Springfiеld, ranсh ing tеh с niquеs developеd on a small sсale, and spreаd to thе .сowpens, in sеv с wboy's fаvouг е r а1 southern statеs. Thе o itе tool, or wеapon' was the 4.5m (15ft) с uld kill a long stoсkwhip withwhiсh hе o mаn , throw a steer oг snap the hеad off a .Gеor rattlesnakе. IЕ еne с thе еxprеssion gia rс aсk е1. .Whеn thеir mаn ifеst dеstiny brought Ameгiаn с s to Texas, thеy found thеr e а differеn t ш аd ition of rаn h с ing, dеvеloped yЬ e М xiсаn фe wealthy Chагr os аn d thеiт people werе riding the vаq uеr os. Thеsе drovе
a hеr d
с tdе of fat a
of Coгt еs's horsеs, on saddlеs wеr е basiсаlly thosе of thе mеd iaeval knight with thе pommel progеn y
whiсh
lengthеn еd into а horn for roping. The a с tdе wеr е lean, wilф lеggy Longhorns. As immigrants floodеd into the wеst аt the apParent lс osе of thе Civil War, it bеаm с е would find a buyеr if that thе toughеst еeЬ f с uld be rЬ ought to markеt . I t was only it o с uld disсovеr еd , too' that the Longhorn o survivе a winter on the prairiе аn d would Put on weight as it wаs moved ovеr ttrе plains in spring and suп llner. I o 1867' а bold еntrеprеnеur built a o с mplеx of stoсkyards on thе rаilway at AЬilеn e to whiсh a с ttlе o с uld be drivеn in grеat hеI ds from Texas and then railed east с nsumer. So began thе .сat or west to thе o tle kingdom'. I t was ended in the 1880s yЬ
а slump in priсеs,
ovеr pгoduсt ion,
wirе,
sheepfаr ming' thе farmers themselvеs and a sцеs с sion ofvеr y hard wintеr s. But on t} re sсr еn and in fiсt ion it has nеver еn ded. Thе oс wЬoys of thе 1860s' apart from ех М i a с n vaquеr os' wеr е nеarly аl1 Tех
аn s: indееd
thе
synonymous. Thе
two tеr ms wеr е ranсh еr s,
аlmost
big and smаll,
тн Е
grаzеd
thеir
a с tdе
o с wЬoys hеr dеd
on ttrе opеn range; them, roundеd them
thеm and
a Ь ndеd
dтovе
them up
the up, the
to the railhеad. must havе с wboys Although some of thе o o с wpens' thеy had expеr ienсе of еаstеr n and o с pied thе methods of thе Mеxiсans
Chisholm and othеr
tгаils
adopted the A{ еxiсan bit, lariаt , riding gear and voсabulary of horsеm anship. for Sinсе they wеr е sometimеs dеr idеd putting a $40 sаd dle on a $10 horsе, it is a lс osе wеll to hаvе look аt oЬ th. To begin mustangs, with, most of their poniеs wеr е
fuттh еr more saddlе,
thеу
bridlе,
wild or гeЬ d
from аp с turеd stoсk. o с mmon appеar anсе' с w thе mustang was a vеr y good o pony. I t had exш aordinary еn duranсe,liv iп g just on gгass and a handful of oаt s: it sееm ed с ld, hungеr to bе rеsistant to hеat, o аn d thiтst, and though it was slow and
аp с turеd
Despitе its small sizе
gI osslу
аn d
с uld for its size, it o
ovеr loaded
nevеr thеlеss o с vег amazing distаne с s in a short time. As an example of its ability, onе puгеb rеd mustаn g tlrat raсed against larger Tехas, and fastег horses from Gаlvеstoц
_ а distanсе in miles) _ a с mе
to Rutland, Vеr mont 2,880km (1,800 ч r еk s
beforе
of two
Thе mustаn g sеemеd
to inhегit,
oг
essеn tial quality likе a shееpdog, it just of .сowsеn se'; knеw what a o с w would do nеxt' so that a pony with a rider on its baсk o estab с ц ld moгal asсеn danсy lish an еxtrаordinаr y oveг the savage Longhorns, whiсh would kill a man on foot. Finally the mustang, alwауs a quiеt oп ес brokеn , was nеarlу гidе. witness to this, take For an objеtс ivе Lеf roy who, whilе sur my anсеstor, J. .Н vеying.Westегn Canada in thе 1840s, гode dеvelop vеr y
quiсklу,
thе
goodtеm pеr еd , free o с mplеt еly managed and muсh morе еasilу than our own.' No doubt thеr e wеr e buсkjumpers and аm ong thе mustang stoсk, otlrеr hot гidеs kеp t by o с wboys who rode wеll and likеd to show off, but thеsе would bе viewеd with trailboss who had no wish disfavour yЬ й е bу a and starnpеd еd to sеe a с tdе. spookе d .Whаt fiery stеed. was wanted for the long ш ail to AЬilene was a Pony whiсh walkеd hеаd or lopеd slowly alongsidе thе herd,
horsеs аr е from viсе
low, sеeminglу
borеd
and boring, but As аn indiсаt ion of
essеn tially undramаt iс.
what was requirеd , thе o с wboy songs, soothing to thе a с ttlе' wеr е timеd to a pont's slow walk; they o с uld not bе sung in time with a gallop or evеn a tгot. On the ponies _ had sеvеn suсh trail h е ас o с wЬoy two for thе mornings, two for the aftеr noons, his bеst
two for nightwork, аn d
onе
с apel or thе to a с rry him to and from h saloon on Sundays. Likе thе I ndiаn 's, his mobility Was basеd sparе horsеs еiЬ ng
oг, t} re rеm udа
herdеd
systеm ) thе
аlong yЬ
outfid s horsewrangler.
Poniеs
rival.
its nеarеst
nothing but mustangs. He said of thеm : .Though sсarсеly at all brokеn in, thesе
mеt lrods.
brokеn
wеге
A
by rс ude
youngstеr
and rс uеl
would
bе
.forefooted (гopеd round both forefееt ) as hе ran round thе o с rrа1, so ttrat hе wаs that thе brought down wittr suсh violеn ес stuffing, and somеt imes thе front tееt h, were knoсkеd out of him. Vhilе on thе gгound he was saddlеd (rolled from sidе to аn d thеn hе was sidе to tightеn thе iс nсh ) saddled and mounted. or hе might bе mountеd when tied to a post or hеld bу a strong mаn with a гopе round thе lower
jaw. Onсe
mountеd .
hе pгoaЬ bly
stаr tеd
buсking,
тЕ N GRoWтH 0F WЕSR
time hе buсkеd
and еvery
RlD| NG
hе
was
witlr a quirt (a shoгt , stout stiсk with a braided lеаt hеr lash). Soon hе would stop u Ь kс ing, at whiсh point hе was deemеd гoЬ kеn ; and so hе wаs, in evеr y sеn sе of thе woгd , unless the bгonсu Ь stеr was brokеn fust. I f a pony did not rеspond
hit on thе nosе
to thesе
mеt hods,
he wаs
turned loosе
as
an
outlaw, or kept on the гanсh to takе тh е .miсkеy' out of thе fust strаn gег who lс aimеd hе o с uld ridе. No further trаining in thе modern sеn se was o с nsidered nееsс sary' apart from bеing tаu ght thе spеiс alist
triсks
of the
.!7hy
stoсkhorsе' s ш adе.
bother? Bronсs werе h с eap and еxpend аb lе, аn d so werе bronс bustегs. Thеге morе sophistiсated mеt hods wеr е profеssional, itin yЬ ofbrеaking praсt isеd еr ant
.horsе tameгs'.
I n gеn erаl
thеsе
werе
bаsеd on thе taсd ul appliсation of ovег so tlrаt thе horsе lеаr ned whelming forсе, pаinlеssly that resistanсe was futile. But hoгsе tamеr s wеr e expеn sive, and often resеn tеd by oс wboys who took pride in thеir toughnеss and prеf еr red to do things .hаr d dеvisеd thе waf . onе Tеxanranсh еr a highly еf fiсient mеt hod of teaсhing unbaсked poniеs to walk and trot quiеt ly by tying them to the slowly revolving arms thе gentlе forсе of a thrеshingmаh с ine, of This systеm whiсh was quitе iггesistiЬlе.
workеd , and produсеd bеt tеr hoгses, quiсkеr than anу orthodox гoЬ nсuЬ ster, jealous of but all thе гanсh e1s o с wboys, thеiг imagе, walked out on him, hаving Anotheг sсene with a timeless quaI ity about it. I n muсh the sаm e Way as sheepdogs a с n antiсipate the aсt ions of the f| oсk, a good o с wpony wi| | be a rea| paгt ner to his rider in heгd ing the аtс t| e.
0t WЕSR тЕ N
Gп OWтH
RlD| NG
",тHЕ
bееn
ridiсu lеd
.maсh ineЬr oken'
Thе
by other outfits for riding horsеs.
early .Nlеxiсan
saddlеs
hаd
Tеxan
аn d
stoсk
seat. So did the &1сLе1
a flаt
land whiсh
was а si:nplifiеd adaptation of thе stoсksаd dlе without the ropinghorn, used yЬ thе U.S. a с valry. But gradually thе stoсksaddle aсq uirеd a sharp slopе from front to rear whiсh pushеd the ride1s seat baсk against thе a с ntle. Thе stirrups werе slung rathеr fаr forward, so that the stoсk man, likе thе knight in аr mour' was braсеd
betwеen
stfurups and a с ntlе.
o М dеr n
horsemеn dеp rеa с tе this, but noonе rеalizеd thаt for the horsе' s o с mfoгt bеst performanсе' the ridе/ s wеight be dirеd с y аb ovе thе horse's еn с trе of ity: othеr wise hе is .unbalanсеd '. To
thеn аn d
must grav
mod eгn eyеs' й e o с wЬoy sat too far baсk with his fееt too far forward, but е Ь thаt as it may, thе еarly stoсk saddle had undеn iablе advantagеs for indiffеr ent riders. .Thе o с wboу аn indiffеr еn t rider!} lDИell, the avеr agе o с wboy must have bеen' for noone is a o Ь rn horsеm an, аn y morе thаn а born elеtс riсiаn , although somе hаvе thе physiсal and mеn tal attributеs to pгofit morе from tеh ас ing and еxpеr ienсе than others. IЕ е must hаvе eЬ еn worse than thе
avеr agе a с vаlry trooper who had siх months' riding sсh ool trаining eЬ hind him, for it is doubtful if anуonе had muсh
timе
xЕ pеr ienсe
to tеh ас
a
on
new hаn d
ranсh а
to ridе.
most part' meant riding а herd, 16km (10 milеs) a day, .еаt ing dust' while bеt tеr horsemen led the way oI rode аlongside thе hеr d to for thе
slowly еhЬ ind
prеvеn t
аn imals
o с wboys probаlЬ y
straуing. beсamе
I n time most good ridеr s
_ or
й еy
_ bеa с mе farmhands or bаr tеn dеr s but it would havе takеn timе. An indiffеr еn t ridеr , аf tеr а fеw hours in thе saddlе, likеs to rеst his h ас ing bаkс against thе a с ntle and push his fееt for ward. еН feels sаf еr in a dееp sеat, and from the dееpseatеd stoсksaddle' with .swеlls' to hold thе thighs in plaсе, it is
аlmost horsе
impossible to fаll,
is
providing thе
rеasonablу wеll eЬ haved. Thе insеu с re ridеr likеs to hаvе somеt hing to grab in a rс isis, аn d even thе еsЬ t modеr n pеr formеr s will not hеsitаt е to grаb thе horn if, for instanсе'
Our
a
u с ttinghorsе
mаkеs
crаd е $31.85 rurn. (I t is еrс tainly far еtЬ tеr than thе rеins.) On a long ride in a flat saddlе thе bеg innеr giving his slidеs aЬоu t, horsе а sorе bаkс ] he o с uld not slidе about in а stoсksaddle. Thе stoсksaddlе is rс iti iс zеd . for standing too far off the horsе, s
madе thаt way so it would fit (ovеr а folded lЬ аn kеt ), horses of almost any sizе or o с n formation without galling thеiт a Ь kс or withers.
baсk, modern equеstriаn s liking to sit as lс ose to thе horse аs possiЬlе, but it was
whiсh
a shаr p
jеr king
Тh e o с wboy,s sаd d| e was designed to be o с mfortab| е on a I ong dаy,s ride, to prevent inexperienсed rideгs from a с using gа| I s аn d to make it easierto sita diffiсu | t hoгse suсh asthe (top). His sadd| e Was the buсking bгonсo o с wboy,s trademагk, and he took partiсU| ar pride in having the best and most e| аb oгate that he o с uI d afford (/ eff)
Bеa с use stoсksаd dle
of its sizе and wеight,
had two iс nсh еs, hеld it firmly in plaсе.
thе
fore and aft, Thеsе werе
mаd е of horsеh air or lampwiсk, whiсh would not gа11 thе еlЬ ly. To takе thе ter rifflс strain of roping, Ameriсаn s improvеd thе .N{ еxiсan sаd dlе у Ь a fork and horn of tеm pered steel. But thе great and outstand ing virtuе of the stoсksaddlе wаs that it and its ridе1s weight' werе distributеd yЬ the skirts ovеr two or three timеs thе rib аr е а o с verеd yЬ thе eastеr n hunting saddlе. Thus, dеspite its wеight, it wаs vеr y
I Ht tiHUW I H
on thе hoгsе
еаsy
eхаm plеs
Wts tEftN п | DI NLi
for long гides. Thrее
out of hundrеd s
mаy
bе
quotеd
this. A oс nstable of
еm phаsizе Northwеst
U|
to
thе
on a 19kg ftom Rеg ina to wood,lvtountаin Post, 209 km (132 miles) iп daylight wittrout h с anging horses. o М st of thе o аn d Mountеd Poliсе с wЬoys o с nst lаЬ es moving bеt wееn Fort .Nlaсlеod and с vered this distanсе' 173 km Cаlgary o (108 mitеs) in a daу. Kit Cаr son and a party (42 lЬs)
Poliсе,
N4.ountеd
stoсksaddlе rodе
gentlеm en rodе from Los to San Frаniс sсo, 960km (600 milg5)' in six days without hс anging
of thте
e М xiсan
.\ ngеlеs
Outlаw
gangs suсh
RoЬb еr s' еven longer distanсes, although theу had sparе hoгses stationed along their esсaperoute. gallopеd , еxеp Thе o с wboy sеldom с t for fuп , oг to hеаd baсk o с nш arу steеr s oг get round a stаm pеd ing hеr d. On long dis tаnеsс in hе walkеd , trottеd аn d аn с tеr ed tuгn . His sеat at thе a с ntеr , feеt slightly foгw ard, leaning slightlу baсk , was o с m forв b lе and rеlaxеd for him, if not еn tirеlу so foг his horsе. Sinсе his stirrups Werе' to hoгsеs.
as thе
Roost тh ought nothing of o с vеr ing
modеr n
slung too far forward, in
еyеs,
ordеI to risе
trot' he had to balanсе a Ь kс аg ainst thе a с ntle and raking his body wеll foгw ard _ аn ugly sеat. Somе horsеs were tаu ght to amblе, whiсh was a vеr y o с mfort gait for the гider аn d populаr among аb lе ttrosе ofriper years, u Ь t a tiring one for the hoгse. on thе rаr е oсa с sions on whiсh hе was o с mpelled to jump _ pеr haps ovеr а dеadfall tгаp , or up a bank _ thе roping hoгn prevеn tеd him leaning forward, sinсе any attеm pt to do so would drivе it into his midliff, or worse! At thаt timе eastern rid
himsеlf
at thе
by tfuusting his uЬ ttoсks
eгs аlso lеаn еd baсk '
and not forwaгd , for a iump, under the imprеssion that thеy wеr e
by lightеn ing
hеlping
the
horsе' s
forеh аn d.
using a sеvеr е u с rb or spadе iЬ t, thе o rodе with a loosе rеin аn d с wboy madе no attеm pt at o с lleсt ion. Any pull on Gеn еr ally
thе геin
would probаlЬ y
bе rеw ardеd
by thе
pain or giving rеaring out of shееr thе ridеr a bloody nosе. Besidеs, a hoгse гiddеn on а loosе rеin ovеr rough ground, lеf t to piсk his own way, is less likеly to stц mlЬ е than one on a tight rеin. The еvаn gelist, John Wesley, who rodе vеr y long distanсеs' always oЬ ught stumblеr s a Ь use he o с uld get them h с еap; thеn he гodе with a loosе rеin, rеаd ing as thе BiЬlе hoгsе
he went.
Within
stumЬlе,
аn d
a
fеw
hе sold
с sеd weeks theу еa to for a good priсе
thеm
An oldtimе horsewoman told mе that with а loosе rеin shе hаs ridden aсr oss ground rс awling with rattlеsnakеs and her horsе, lеf t to himsеlf, kept out of ш oublе. A1l westеm horsеs wеr е taught to nеkс rein. Although no attеm pt wаs madе to supplе and sсh ool a horsе in thе modеr n sense, hе _ thаt of had of o с ursе to bе tаu ght his ш adе геm aining a с lm and stеady undеr a whirl ing lariat, and braсing himself bаkс against thе pull of а ropеd stееr . Thе star turn of any ranсh was the good u с ttinghorse. As we havе sееn mustаn gs wегe partiсu lаr ly good bеa с usе of theiг .сowsеn sе', and somе wеr e еx traordinаr ily еxpеr t. A quote profit аn d piеt y oс mbinеd. westегn
fгom a vеt eran ranсh еr bеars witness to this: .I f wе werе u с tting yеarlings out of a mixed hеr ф all I had to do was to show old Harvеy thе fust onе. Aftеr we hаd brought it out, Old Harvey would go bаkс and bring out all thе othеr s, one by one'. Down on rеo с rd is аn otlrеr u с ttinghorse a с llеd Red Bird, who, on his ridе1s ordеr s, workеd a jаkс гabЬit out of a hеr d of a с tde. A good had only to bе shown thе u с ttinghorsе wanted animal, and would then do thе job himsеlf, еvеn without а bridlе. I аn с not disсovеr if the stoсkhorsеs of фe old west weге usually shod. Cаvalry horsеs, bеing largеr , еrс tainly wеr е; I ndian ponies, mustangs with ironhard hoovеs' rеf er not. I havе found oсаsс ional wеr е еnеsс to forges on ranсh es, but nonе to thе mobilе forgеs or anvils ш аvеlling with I am inсlined to think that h с uсkwagon. thе boss's bеt tеr horsеs might have eЬ еn shod to work at homе, but on thе trаi.l thе o с wboys rodе unshod horsеs. A list of all thе аr tiсlеs a wellеq uippеd ridеr should аrс ry on а long journеy at the еn d ofthе lаst nails e с ntury did not inсlude sparе shoеs, с ldshoeing. or tools for o plеn ty of $Иеstеr n Of o с ursе thеr е wеr е ridеr s who nеvеr worked with aс ttlе'
among them thе a с valry
Rаn gеr s
Texаs enforсemеn t
troopeгs,
and oй er law
huntеr s, trappeгs' minеr s, pros homеstеаd еr s and livеr y stablе keepеr s. But all гodе, and all in Wеstern stylе, with \ UИеstеr n part of tаkс , and wеr е thе liИеstern ш adition. o М st famous were the Pony xЕ press ridеr s ofthе еarlу 1860s. The ridеr s wеr e .young, skinny, wiry fеl
offiсеr s, pеtс oгs,
lows, not ovеr 18, willing to risk death dаily'. And on joining thеy hаd to swеar not to gеt drunk, usе profanе languagе' illtrеat animals or do anything inсompati blе with bеing a gеn tlеm an. Thе horsеs wеr е sеltес ed for spееd and
enduranсе,
and
bought at high priсes. saddlеs sеem
to
Although stoсk (thе lightеr havе bеen usеd
&I L с ellаn d might hаvе thing еlse was donе to
The xЕ prеss
b А ove
avеr agеd
bееn better) evеr y
u с t down wеight. аt 15 km (9 milеs)
The famous Pony xЕ press rideгs had to brave human predators as well as animals аn d the eI ements, pгoviding a rеm aгkаb | e postaI seгv ice before the advent of rai| waу s. Below m А eriсa,s rodeo sports originаt ed in I oсa| o с mpetitions he| d to amuse o с wboУs and prove their prowess when the daу, s work was done: steer wrest| ing is alwаys popu| ar.
тHЕ
GR0WтH
тЕ N 0F WЕsR
в lD| NG
rеspond favourably to thе rugged mеt hods of the oldtime bronс bustеr . Bеsidеs, thеy o с uld no longer eЬ oЬ ught for $l0 nor bе hired foг $5 a horsе. So moгe time, pati аn d skill еg еn е с Ь an to bе dеv otеd to train ing thе stoсkhorsе. IЕ owеver, this was not
entirеlу аn innovation. Texans taking a с t .!DИеst dе to thе Coast a еn ago wеге с tц r y astonished at what o с uld eЬ aсh iеved with time by the Californian hаkс аm ore I t is lс aimеd еxpеr ts. that their mеt hods wеr e usеd by the oс nquistadores, who leаr ned them from thе o М ors, аn d pеr feсt еd yЬ h с аr ros who had eЬ en liquidatеd
in еxМ iсan
revolutions but survivеd
Californiа.
in
and gentleness wеr е thе kеynotеs of haсkamoге training. Patiеnес
Thе haсkamoгe is a iЬ tless rЬ idle whiсh aсt s on the nose, not thе moutlr. I t is shapеd rаt hеr likе thе fгamе of an old tennis raсkеt ; widе and roundеd whiсh еniс rсlеs the horsе' s nose, and pointеd at thе end whiсh liеs bеh ind thе h с ingroovе. The rearend is weightеd yЬ a healry rawhide knot whiсh aсt s as a o с untеr wеight to hold the noseband lс ear fаshionеd
at the end
of thе
nosе
whеn
thе геins
arе
loose: as thе
reins arе tightеn ed, pгеssurе is appliеd to thе tendеr skin аb ovе the nosш ils. The just in front of rеins arе attаh с еd ' togеt hеr ' ,What аp pеаr s in piсt ures to bе a thе knot. thiл d rеin is aсt ually a tiе ropе, o с ilеd on the saddle. The horse is stopped by pres yЬ nеkс surе on the nosе and stееr еd гeining, with no help fгom thе ridet's lеg s. Aftеr oаЬ ut ten months, thе brеaking hаkс amorе is rеp laсеd by a muсh lightеr modеl known as a two.геin o Ь sal and a bit. Thе rider holds all four геins in one hand. The hаk с amore
is a bitless bridleWhiсh aсt s by putting pressure on the horse's nose. lt has been a populаr bit foг Western riding; а| wаys this one is of а different design to thаt desсr ibed above but aсt s in the sаm e Wа.У
an hour ovег two minutеs
40km (25 milе) stаgеs, with for h с anging horsеs. A гidе1s
A modeгn Western sаd dle. The seat is a little | ess deep, and the rider a с n now sit more
of 11Gl60km (70_100 milеs) was oс verеd twiсе a wееk. At every
near| y oveг the
sв g ingpost
spееd аn d
roundш ip
еd Ь ding аn d sivе, and
the best of oats, stablеs, ostlеr s. I t wаs all vеr y ехp еn priсеd evеn tually it bеa с me out of weге
businеss. lD7ith the dеlс inе
аtс tle kiп g dom o с nditions alteгеd . The long trail was а thing of thе past; muсh of a o с wboy's work o с nsistеd of riding along grеat lеn gфs of fеnес linе looking for, and rеp airing, bгеаks. Fewer hoгsеs wеr е needеd , and it beсame morе o с nvеn iеn t to have sometlring fаstеr than a of thе
and frеe rangе' ranсh ing
13.2 h.h. pony. &I oгe emphasis began to e Ь plaсеd on plеasurе riding, and аs с uаl o с n tests betweеn o с wboys for fun and а few
dollars, dеvelopеd
into thе
highlу
organized rodeo industry, with fulltimе
profеssionals o с mpеt ing for iЬ g monеу pгizes. Lаt er still, tlre intеr nal o с mbustion еn gine put many ranсh horsеs out ofbusi ness. A1l this rеsulted in thе gradual phasingout, oг brееd ingup, of thе mus
tang by imported Arabs,
Quаr tеr horsеs stoсkhoгsе
o М rgаn s, and Thoroughbreds. Thе improved еn ormously in size,
horse,s e с ntre
of grаv ity.
аp pеaгanсе' though some would that no .improved stoсkhorsе thе mustang for .сowsеn sе' аn d
still lс аim аn с touсh еn duranсе.
Thе old stoсksaddlе was altеr еd by sloping thе horn forward, (making it less of ahazard to ttre ridеis masсu linity), levеl ling the seat and bringing aЬ kс тh е stirrups so аs to makе possiblе а balanсеd seat over the horsds еn с tre of gravity. (Not all mod have bеen so improvеd .) &1i1d еr n saddlеs еr bits thаn the spadе bit or riп g bit weге .lDtrеstеr n found to be perfеtс ly suitablе foг
horsеs. Snaffles, Pеlhams, thе hаlfbrееd a modified spade, the u с ftingЬit
whiсh is
whiсh h с iееф еsс ,
is а mild uс rb with
swеp tbаkс
!Иеymouth double. rЬ idlе all aс me into use. The ringbit is now rarеly sееn north of thе &I exiсаn oЬ r dег, but some spadebit enфusiasts still maintain that whаt o с uld eЬ an instrumеn t of toгt uгe with rough hаn ds, is a pеr fеtс insrument for thе painlеss аn d sеn sitive o с ntrol ofа horsе when used yЬ an еxpеr t. Laгg er, hotbloodеd horsеs would not еvеn thе
ТHЕ
тr tз iогsе
йе
":pЦеd 1етз
very loosе, so that
bitrеirrs
Ь
still riddеn bу thе oЬ sal.
norт у Ь bosаl
thе
с is rеp lаеd
rгithout
bу
thе
nosе pтеssurе, After anothеr an еv еn
lighter
rеins,
and = .,п lе1. :е horse is now гidden on the bit. .ГтoЪ ughout thе horsе' s a с rееr howеver, .зе с anges еtЬ weеn Cаlifornian гings thе h if kеp t too long on еithеr , l.lsаl аn d iЬ t, for
а
nosе prеssuге
hоr oес Ь mеs hеavy on thе hand oг :зг lmouthеd . Traditionallу the Califor с arros, :Эn usеs й е spadе bit. Thе h .еm sеlvеs o Ь гn with silvеr spoons in thеir :lоu ths, bеlievеd that their horses too prе silvег
:еr теd
and gold to stеel,
"de of thеsе
prеiс ous
and used iЬ ts
mеt аls. Now inlаy are usеd to
wiй a oс pper samе purposе. ТLrе spadеiЬ t, with its vеr y
sраd еiЬ ts
йе
:т е
* ..r оn thе тoof alauth. so with
as
wеll
high port,
as on thе a Ь rs
of thе
good ridеr thе horsе rеаlly :s iеp t o с гr tес lу bеn t yЬ thеse two oppos :тg . uЬ т vеr y light, Plessurеs. Thе port is еп n fiгt еd with o с pper rollеr s or.сr iсk ets, ..эп luсir'е to а horsе' s o с ntеn tmеn t sinсе ;е аnс plаy with thеm аs he goеs along, .зd is еnoс uragеd to hold the bit, without position. Thе noisе of с rrеtс ;atл . in ttrе o .:е гсikс et is а familiar fеaturе of spаd е bit :"l.дn tlJ. Тh е horse is riddеn on thе vеr y :фrеst of гeins, o с ntrolled not so muсh by ::.е ironmongery in his mouth, as yЬ :еspеtс foг ttre rеins impartеd yЬ his early on thе haсkamorе. This is provеd = а: л ] ng .Western Ь n, in ridinghoгsе o с m 1 thе a ;еr idons, of any form of noseЬand, еvеn .ЪulЦg h no rеins eЬ attaсh ed to it. .\ tаn v Vesterners e Ь liеvе thаt the haсk .oге is a Californian affеtс ation, аnd that :. sрadе' s a spadе, an instrumеn t of torturе аlу hands. IЕ aсkamorе spadеiЬ t riding :егтaiтr lу геm ains a spеiс alizеd form of Ц
a
. :Ьj
tес
0F WESTEп N
п | D| NG
for prаtс iсal reasons. The ninеt еenthсеn rury o с wboу worе а widе bгimmed hat with a muсh flattег rс own than thе modеr n Stеt son. This shеltеr еd him from sun and rain, proteсt ed his hеad and faсе whеn hе forсеd his way _ head
night, and protеtс еd thе lеg s against thе ftiсt ion of long distanсе riding, as wеll as tttorns' kiсk s, snakе bitеs and rain. Thе
down _ thтough thoгn sсr uЬ,
tеr a с me
it was dеv еloped
and sеr ved
as
a pillow аt night. A largе silk or o с tton squarе' knоt tеd с , l,oosely round thе nеk
wаs
sweatrag' bаn dage,
watеr filtег,
dustmask and mosquitonеt . A flannel shirt, with lс osе fitting u с ffs' wаs as warm' yеt less swеaty and o с nstriсt ive than a jaс kеt . I n wintеr a shееp skin o might be с at nееsс saгy. Thе oс wboy' s tlousеr s wеr е not
seen on .Glorious Tеh с niсoloi, uЬ t loosе, tuсked into boots with high hееls, whiсh o с uld bе dug into thе ground to help hold a roped stееr and would not slip thгough thе widе woodеn skintight аs
stirrup. Leather h с aps gave a good gтip on usеd as a groundshеet at thе saddlе, wеr e
spurs had huge rowеls, more humanе
priсkspurs, whiсh
making a distinсt ivе
thаn
lс ink
с gnizе would rеo as his mas him at night' Thе lariat was used for roping a с ttlе' for tying bеt wееn trees to mаkе a tеm porary o с rral, for sш inging up hoгsе tlriеvеs and purposes. I t was usu аn y number of othег ally mаd е of rawhide or o с tton or, somе Thе last wеr е vеr у timеs, plaitеd horsеh аir. but did not kink and wеr e еxpеn sivе, vaquеr os to havе the bеliеvеd yЬ e М xiсan propеr ty, whеn laid round thе invaluаlЬ е bed ro11, of kееp ing off rattlеsnаkеs. o М st o с wboys worе a gun аs a bаdgе of thеir profеssion аn d to despatсh a horse or a o с w with a brokеn lеg . Conш ary to аn othеr _ most were vеr y a great ш аd ition Ь d shots; praсt lсе aI nmunrtlon was expenslve. a hoгsе
to a с tсh
praсt ised h с ieflу horsеs now training although to ttrе idiosу n rс aсies of individuаl _ vеr y muсh likе that of huntеr s,
еstегn hoгsеm anship'
;r Cаlifoгn ia. oМ st irге а prеliminary = еrаЬ s
GROWТH
.Wеstеr n
;сks. showjumpеr s, poloponiеs That is to say' thеy
егп т horsеs.
and аr е
1ongreined' baсkеd , ridden first in :. snаf flе and sсh oolеd for months to render tеm obеdient, supplе and balanсеd at all Only then are thеу o с nsidеr еd fit for 3аеsс ' ...::.ged,
s3сiаlй ed
ш aining
in roping,
u с tting,
or any oфеr work on the .,аr теlгaiс тr g or at фe rodeo. Thе endpгoduсt is a = пh с :аг bеп еr horse for and modеr n puгp osеs, ..lе й аt is plеаsantеr to ride, than thе mus гo Ь ken bу a rЬ onс bustеr in half an :ou.r. But it is not neсеssarily more еf r'сiеn t for the purposes of а o с wboy а :ап g
;еn п . rry ago' and it is еrс tainly a lot moгe еsI ] еn slve. .\ dеsгсiption of Wеstеr n horsеm аn ship
т" luld =е
еЬ inсomplеt е without mеn tion of distinсt ivе гiding lс othеs of the wеst,
.iаt аr е so diffегеn t from thе brеh ес еs and I D(/ 'hat ] ,а: тow boots of flatsaddlе гidеr s. етг its pгеsent puгpose (and thеr e may о зт bе аn еlemеn t offanсу drеss involvеd )
_з
o с wboy,s dгess and equipmeп t evoI ved as most oraсt iсal and o с mfoгt ab| e for the rц ' э* he had to do, fгom proteсt ive | eg h с аp s to s п ekс erсh ief and widebrimmed hаt .
:.:
з
sf;
1
t
blood stoсk of аl1. I t is a Tap Root, anуt tring еlse at all. I t root alonе by truе hаs the gift, possеssеd dominanсe in rЬ еd ing stoсk, of aЬsolutе аn d unrivallеd poweг of impressing its с araсt еr on anу otheг brеed witlr own h с iеf and irrеsistiЬlе forсе. Thе AraЬ is the h of noblest origin of our national raсehorsе,
oldеst
not а dеr ivation from
and of light
thе bеstbreeds of NorthAfriсa, all over thе world.' brееd s
I n this sеtс ion а number of thе important brеeds that have influеne с d
'тiHЕ l
Aгabian horsе is thе oldеst purе brееd in thе world. I n its lс osе
assoсiаt ion with the people of lands whеr е to shapе it was found, it sharеd and hеlpеd thеir history, as wеll as thе mannеr of their
lives.
Thе bеauty of thе AraЬian has eЬ en thе inspiration of artists from timе immеm ori in war, аn d
his h ас iеvеm еn ts
аl ;
anсе
in thе sеr viсe
bеo с me lеg ends handed down from
ation to gеn еr ation; rеm еmеrЬ еd havе bееn fаm e of
thеir
his endur
of his masters havе
gеn еr .
warriors and h с iefs bеa с use of thе
horsеs.
Yet perhaps it is unfortunate that it is legеn dary beauty аn d speed that hаve so long bеen assoсiаt еd with the AraЬ, rathеr qualitiеs whiсh hе hаs ш аn smit thаn thе valuе as a tеd and whiсh provе his ш uе
horse
_
staminа, hеr еd itary
intelligеnес
and pеr fеtс
based on his uniquе lovе
soundnеss, tеm pеr amеn t of human o с m
panionship.
Finе аs these hс araсt еr istiсs
аr е , thеr e point of viеw ' a still thе breеd еr 's grеater valuе in thе AraЬ. Ladу !Иеn tworth sums it up in thеse words .Thе Arab is thе
is, fтom
6 з
whiсh
by thе Arab,
signifiсandy
arе dеr ived
more bееn
or
from Arabian blood, are
eхaminеd . I n I ndia, for e с nturies past, thе horse has as a eЬ ast of burden; sharing this sеr vеd Ь ffаlo. Thе task with the bulloсk аn d the u only transport for peasants in thе oс un. a с rts vehiсlе. IЕ еаvy ш ysidе was а whеelеd and somеt imеs u Ь lloсks, werе drawn yЬ
wаt er.buffaloеs. ekkа
Thе smаll twowhеelеd
(tneanjng litеr allу
.a
vehiсlе
for onе' ,
although usually paсkеd with three or four passеn gеr s) was thе only othеr mеаn s of a a с mе t} j.e bundghаr i, transport. Lаt еr two fourseatеd o с vеr еd box drawn у Ь ponlеs.
The poniеs used in thеsе
vеh iсlеs
wеr е wеr e I n appearanсе they of mixed anсеstry. smаll, from 12 to 14h.h.' thin and weеd y, and with аll the atш ibutes of poor fееd ing attribute was overwork _ yеt their grеаt еst с ndi thеir aЬility to eхist and work undеr o horsе o с uld tions whiсh no oтh er rЬ еd of hаvе survivеd . Their generiс name was .Counrybred', a tеr m whiсh nеeds somе
explanation.
Thе only indigеn ous thе Noгt hеr n Pгovinсеs
found in of I ndia are the
brееd s
pony, the Spiti and thе I (abuli all hillponiеs of obvious Mongoliаn origin. I n thе r0fеstern Provinсеs more refinеd _ thе аn I (athiawari, М ipuri, typеs еxistеd and a М rwari traditionallу said to bе dеse с ndеd from a shipload of Arabians
Bhutiа
on thе wеst o с ast. с ming Thе earliеst reсordеd datе of thе o of thе Arabian into I ndiа is about 1290. Polo writing of his trаvеls sауs: .I t is аrМ o с с ants from this Port of Adеn that the mеr h of whiсh obtаin purе AraЬian desш iеr s thеy makе suсh grеat profit in I ndia, for yoц mrrst know that thеy sеll in I ndia а wrеkс ed
good manу horsеs
for 100 maгks of silvеr
or
more'.
writ Anothеr quotе from this travellег, in 1292 of his visit to a port in the .I t is М ras, states, southеr n Provinсe of аd с mе said at this iс ty thе ships touсh that o from thе ] 0rеst as from Hormuz and from I { is [ an island in thе Persian Gulf] and
ing
from Adеn
and
all Arabia lаdеn
with
horses аn d with othеr things for sale'. I n 1350 I ndian history reсords that thе Raj put, Sultan AllahudDin, distributed 500 Arab horses as gifts on his son's marriаg е.
The o М ghul rulеr s who brought with tlrе Persian tradition of owning
thеm
as wеll аs sizе wеr е the hoгsеs of bеаu ty first to import Arabian sires with thе aim of
improving the I ndian brееd s.
Thе
did so and his suсеsс sors o с ntinц еd his poliсy for two eс nturiеs. rniniaturеs and paintings, likе that of aЕ rlу thе m Е peror Shаh Jеh an (1628) riding an portray thе typе thеy Arаb ian ofpеr fеtс ion, brought to I ndia.
m Е peror Akhbаr
Arabians of varying quality аn d origin to be impoгt ed rеg ularly from
o с ntinuеd
lNFLUENсЕ
€
я €
J[ :аn . I гaq and thе .: тo thе ninеt еn th
Pегsian e с nп ' rry.
Gulf until latе Sevеr al
of tlre
Pгinсеlу Stаt еs had thеir own studs , frough lеss аt tеn tion wаs pаid to pedi ;:е s than to spееd and looks. By gradual .iilш аt ion over this vаst o с ntinеn t, thе sprеad its dorninanсe. Thus the 1гiаЬ ап C^ .unrybгеd wаs еvolvеd and is now thе :теd most o с mmon in I ndia. show Arab h с araсt eristiсs in а ^ \ 11 qvpеs :еf iл еm еn t of hеаd аn d silky manes and ;.rагs. Thеy аr е notеd for their еn duranсе, s;те footednеss on rough going' and abil :3 to exist on a sparse diet. Thе Country
arе said to inсlude .an _.] еrс tаin tеm pe1. This is not true of all ц rС unЩ .brеd s, but when onе oс nsidеr s
::еd s quаlities
gеn еr ations
thеy have еn durеd
thаt
vation аn d mishandling; hаvе o с nditions that no othеr brеed o с uld roЬеd Ь havе еn Ь pеd ,
survivе; havе
of star
livеd in of horsе
undeгt aken tasks that
them of their vigour, and litеr ally еxpеtс еd
to
.work till thеy drop. surprising that
it is not altogethеr
although thеy servе man) thеy do not.trц st
0F тHЕ ARAB| AN
oppofite An gЕ yptian
Arab disp| aying the h с araсt eristiсs of the breed in his neat ears, widely spаe с d eyes, taperiп g muzzI e, and aristoсгаt iс heаd . b А ove Arаb mares and foаls аt the stabI es of the Emir in Bahrain on the Persian Gulf. Arabs are bred all over the world as well as in their original native desert lands. typiсa|
his hand'.
Thе
Countгybrеd rangеs in appеаr аnес
CountryЬr ed
аn d sizе from the eЬ dragglеd 7ittJe tutoo, somеt imеs no morе than 12h.h. to the
14 to 15h.h. polo pony, o с mpаtс a с гr iagе horse, Iс ossсountry hunt еr , and the mounts for the army and poliсе. agilе,
raсеr ,
I n I 9o2' thе British obsеr ving
Govеr nmеn t,
a eс rtain dеt erioration
in
thе
following thе importation of
thе big Australian Wаlers and nЕ glish аrс riаg ehorsеs, еstablishеd a stцd in Ahmednagar, аd ministеr еd bу the Army Rеm ount
Dеp artment.
I ts аim
was to pro and
vidе thе seгviсеs of good Arabiаn Thoroughbrеd stallions frее to г еd Ь ег s and thus improve thе o с untryЬr ed
stoсk. 7 з
stoсk thеr e.
this pеr iod
Thе n Е glish was thе
lс osе
Thoroughbrеd dеse с ndant
of
of thе
foundation Arаb ian sirеs thе Dаr lеy Ara biаn , thе Godolphin Arabian and thе Byer leу Turk. The Hanoverian Stud Book says that .thе oЬj tес is to produсе of thе brееdегs
strong halfbrеd s of high quality, thе lighter speсimens of whiсh will makе sturdy riding horses; and thе hеavy onеs fairly sш ong o с aсh hoгses'. This aim has ас ievеd in all rеspеtс s. Thе State beеn h Stud at Celle, foundеd in 1735' is still the offiсial eс ntrе of this brеed. Almost as popular is thе Tгakеh nеr ' or most suс aЕ st Prussian hoгsе, onе of thе еsс sful of the uЕ ropean breeds in every spherе
of aсt ivity. I t desсеn ds basеd on thе Smudish horsеs
from а rс oss of
Lithuaniа,
and infusions of Arаb and Thoroughbrеd of blood. Thе Smudish horsе was a bгеd anсiеn t origin held in еsteem in thе Baltiс in height fгom 13 to 15 h.h. Statеs, vаr у ing
This wеllrun organization
is still a с гr iеd еstаb lishеd yеaгs аt Sаh aranpur in thе rР o in rееn с t vinсe of Uttar Pгadеsh in Northеr n I ndia. On the opposite side of the world, in on, and a similаr
Poland, фе
stud has bееn
Arabian influenсе
is
еv еn
pronounсеd .
morе
As a hoгsebreeding nation Polаn d is seсond to nonе, and in its agri
aсt ually
цсltц r al
the horse has for played an importаn t part in thе lives of its peoplе. The Poles havе bееn most suсe с ssful in brееding horsеs for purposеs; foг thе army, for agriсu l speсifiс ture, for raсing' for work in harnеss, and, morе rееn с dy, for hunting and interna tional еq uеstrian еvеn ts. еn vironmеn t'
еn с turiеs
Thеsе
spеiс alй ed
breеd s aге,
in
the
for thе basеd on Aгаb ian blood, hoгsеs has a long importation of oriеn tаl most history in Poland, аn d somе of tlrе
mаin'
in thе in uЕ rope ехistеd еfЬ oге the First World Var. The a с tastrophе of war dеstroyed thе valuablе lеg aсy but thе stoсk , although of t} re yеаr s, dеp lеt ed, was restorеd gгadually through Thе Sес thе initiativе of Polish brееd ers. fаm ous studs o с untry
ond
\ DИorld
.Wаr
horsе brеeding e с ntfеs
again dеvastated in Polаn ф
thе
but foг
by this time rеprеsеn tativеs of and Polishbгed stoсk had bееn exportеd , с untries. thus survivеd in many oфеr o The lUИielkopolski is a oс mparativеly
tunatеly
nеw typе whiсh is rapidly growing in favour. I t is a mixruгe of Arab, ThoгoughЬгеd
and Trakеh nеr bloodlinеs with a finе outlook. Standing about 15.2h.h., it looks like a wеllЬгed huntег and is а most useful and versatilе individual of whiсh Poland is justly pгoud. Е st аn d \ 0Иеst) hаs a Geгm any (both a long tradition ofhorsе breeding and lDИеst Germany today is notable for thе advanсеs с mpеt i madе in produсing highquаlity o tive horsеs. Forеm ost among thеse is the IЕ аn ovеr ian thаt is desсended from thе Germаn Grеat IЕ orsе of thе lvtiddle Ages _ thе hеavilу фe warhorse who aс гr iеd aгm ouгеd knights into bаt tlе. аn d is a horsе
The modеr n greatеr
nЕ glish 8 з
IЕ anovеr ian
owеs
its
геf inement to the introduсt ion of Thoгoughbrеd blood bеt weеn thе
PoI аn d is а great breeding nation _ and expoгt s Arаb s | ike these on a stud in the Ameriсan state of oregon. Below Lipizzаneгs maУ oс me in other с | ouг most o с | ouгs, but the white is the o favouгed. This and the horse,s nob| e beaгing both show its pагt Arab origins. Below right Тh e Moгg аn breed wаs established in one generation, in с ntury. atthe end ofthe 18th e Mаssaсh usetts Now it is a popu| ar breed, retаining the Arаb it has inheгited. h с arаtс eristiсs I ike the Arаb Below far гight Тh e Akha| Tekё, fгom whiсh it desсends, is а smаI lish horse of greаt staminа.
b А ove
1714 and 1837. The аНn ovеr iаn took a I , and his suсe с ssors king, Gеorgе natural interest in tlrе horsеs bred in their own o с untry of IЕ anover and sent ovег тt re mаn y good Thoroughbгeds to impгovе
yeаr s
Thе wаs
in aЕ st Prussia William I of Prussia in
Trаkеh nеn Stud
foundеd yЬ
| 732'He gаvе tlrе land аn d the foundаt ion and stoсk to thе I mpеr iаl Govеm mеn t, suppliеd the Stud with highсlass AraЬiаn stallions importеd
from Poland, аn d
his owп Royal Stud аt
from
\ Orurtemburg.
Thoroughbrеd sirеs weгe introduсed at a in height o с m latеr date, аn d the inсr easе с nformation, bined with quality and good o widened thе sсope of the usеs to whiсh с uld bе pцt , ttrus adding thesе horsеs o greatly to thеir popularity. Thе Trakehnen с trе of thе famous Stud still stands as the еn
whiсh it oгiginated. One of thе bеstknown
bгeed
world and almost as romаn tiс
horsеs аs thе
in
thе
Arа white
biаn is t} re Lipizzanеr . The noblе stаllions аr е woгld famous for their dis plays at the Spanish Riding Sсh ool in Ь t Lipizzaners arе also Viеn nа, Austгia, u
I NI LUI NUt UI
еdЪг
in uЕ ropе,
elsеw hеr e
\ .ugoslаvia,
TЪе
Czеh с oslovakia
in
notaЬly
and Hungary.
originally a с me ftom thе Triеstе, foundеd in
bгеd
from about 1526 to 1720, horsеs of
tal lЬ ood
thеn
еn tеr еd
on thе
thе o с untгy, horsе brееd ing
I jpizza Stud, nеаг
bеa с mе
Arсh dukе Chaгles, son of the m Е pеr oг Ferdinаn d I . Thе brеed, bеsides еiЬ ng used for riding, makes exсellent rд Ь п еss hoгsеs and is mцh in demаn d for с еrс еm onial oсаsс ions. Thе original stoсk таs foundеd on a mixturе of strains _ notа lЬ у the Austiаn I (ladruber, Spanish Jen
Government iМ litary
1580 bу
п еL
аn d
аrс еf ul
thе
Aтabian,
аn d the type
was fixеd by
in studs
г еd Ь ing,
spеiс fiсаlly to the preservation and improve mеп t of the brеed. Count sЕ tегh azу had suсh а srud at Tаt а and it o с ntаinеd stoсk rom фе I mpеr ial Stud at I D7еil, as wеll as .\ гаb Shagyа stoсk from Babolna, in Hun dеvotеd
girrг.
eТЪ
Liplzzanеr
is а very
handsome
build, stаn ding not abovе h.Ь. Hе doеs not havе thе long, elеg ant of тh e Aгabiаn , but o с mpensatеs with
hoгsе ] .5
п r kес
of o с mpаtс
glеn did
s.ml,I and o с nvex
в еllsеt m д oп g
The heаd is in outlinе, with largе,
legs and good bonе. еyes.
Bays and browns arе found
thеm
and tаkе thеir part in gтoups, but thе white is most sзg е es еiЬ ng typiсal of thе bгеd and is фе bеst indiсation of the Arabiаn
thе dтеs
favourеd pегh aps blood in frеir anсеstгy. I f аn y furtheг proof wеr е п еd ed of its lеg aсy of AraЬian anсestry' it в ould surеly bе thе mobility of aс rriagе, осmiЬ nеd with its intеlligent гesPonses to фе most eхatс ш aining. Thе Hungarian Shagyas, instrumental :д тh е development of thе Lipizzanеr ' аr е bгеd at thе Hungarian Statе Stud at Bаb ol goes baсk to the anсiеn t л.д Т h еi r anсеstry
iЬ lаkс
brеeds
гаn'Ь
whiсh
of Hungary and Transyl were renowned for their
o с urage and еn duгanсе origins in thе smallheаd еd I n thе aftеr math of Tuгkish
ц l еd , тh е i r
аn d
had
Tarpаn . invasions,
a
sеr ious o с nсеr n
oriеn
and from industry
of thе State.
Thе
Stud of Mezёh еg yеs
in 1784 and that of was еstablishеd in 1789, the latter bеoс ming thе
BaЬolna еn с trе
foг thе геe Ь ding
The Shagya tаkеs
of Arabians.
its nаm е
I I I T AT{ ABI AN
speсial rЬ eеd ,
with its own stud oЬ ok. populaг sporт in Rus siа, far morе so thаn o с nvеn tional raсing, аn d ttrе Orlov was dеvеloped speсifiсally for this purpose. Thе breed wаs found
Trotting is
a vеr y
еd in L775 у Ь
Count Alеxis
Tсh еstrnеn sky,
orlov
using thе purегеdЬ
Arab
with a Danish
a М tеd
Smеt аn ka.
аг с t
from an .original fullblood Arabian' purсh asеd in 1836 from а Bеd ouin ш ibе. The dеsеnс dants of this hoгsе, brеd to aс геf ully
mаге, Smеt ankа sirеd thе stallion Polkаn , Barss, whosе dam was a who in 1784 siтеd sш onglybuilt Dutсh mаr е. A1l the Orlov Trotters arе dеsеnс dеd
sеltес ed marеs' havе founded аn
fгom the thrее sons
raсe' of paгt bгeds. who, foг a e с п t ury
.Arabian
Thеy are partbrеds or morе, havе bееn
Aгabians but also indiсate IЕ ungаr ian, and Spanish lЬ ood. Tгansylvаn iаn stand Thе Shagya is an attraсt ivе horsе, ing about 1 5 h.h., and of marked Arab typе, mostly grеy in o с lour. Thеy arе vеr y haгd y and are beautiful movers, provеd еq uаlly good in hаr nеss oг undеr saddlе. Thеy arе usеd widely in Hungary and еxportеd all over thе world. Thе USSR, as might bе imaginеd fгom thе vast еxtеn t of thе teгr itories involved, gтеatest hаs thе numbеr of hoгsе and pony brеeds in thе world _ most of them owing somеt hing' in somе instanсеs а very gгeаt deal, to thе Arabian horse. Two vеr y notаb lе Russiаn гeЬ еds arе the goldеn AkhalTekё, a saddle horsе ofgrеаt аn d thе Oгlov Tгotter. еn duгanсе, Thе AkhalTеk 6 dеr ivеs from thе гсoss ing of Arab and Tuгkoman, or other Cеn tral Asian bгеd s. I t has a refined hеad and с nеkс аn d a short, lеv еl baсk. Rаt hеr lаk ing in dеpth but with good bonе and aсt ion, it stаn ds L4'2 to 15 h.h., and mаkes an idеаl small haсk. I ts steadу ш ot and kind with purе, whose pеd igтеes
matеd
tеm pеr аm ent
oг paгt Ьr еd ,
also mаd е thе
AkhalTеk6
very populaг in Russia as a harnеss horsе. as a Thе tvoе is fixеd аn d is now lс assеd
of Bагss;
Lubeznoy'
and Lеb еd . Thе dаm of Lubeznoy was by an Aгab out of a Nlеk с lenburg marе;
Dobгoy,
Dobгoy's dam wаs
a
nЕ glish marе, аn d thаt Felkегzаm h с ik out
of a
Thoгoughbrеd of Lebed was у Ь N1eсklеn burg
Felkeгzamсh ikwas by Smеt ankа out of а Thoгoughbrеd nЕ glish maгe. Thе orlov Tгottеr is a big horsе, stand ing about 17h.h., but it shows evidеnес
mаr e.
z\ ab blood in its small wеllshаpеd hеаd and tlrе prеd ominаn ес of grеys. Amеr iсan horsе u с lturе, by o с mparison with thе гest of the world, is young, but in
of
an inсr еd ibly short spaсе of timе it has produсed a remarkable variety of breеds. Ameriсa, too, has the distinсt ion of hаving thе largest population of purе brеd Ara biаn s.
Onе of thе sеvегаl families of horsеs in Amегia с of whiсh thеy arе justly proud is thе o Thе brееd takes its М rgan. nаm е fгom a little bay stallion.Justin lVlor gаn ' bгеd in Vегm ont in 7793. His blood brеd
has nеvеr been
is bеliеvеd
positivеlу
kп own,
though
it
Arаb
and ThoroughЬгеd pгеd ominated. Pеr haps thе most o с nvinс ing pгoof of this is the fаtс that this littlе hoгsе stampеd his progeny from gеn еr a tion to gеn еr ation with a uniformity of typе
t} rat aсh iеvеd .
thаt
only purе гeЬ еding
o с uld
havе
horsеs is a great hеlp rеalm' was his motivе' аn order u Ь t the implеm еn tation of suсh с rriеd out without o с uld not have еnЬ a of good and sш ong and dеf enсе to the
o с opеr ation
and privatе
bеt wееn vеr dеr еr s
с mе owners' whiсh was hardly likеly to o aЬout. Thе immеd iatе o с nsequеnес wаs thе еlimination of largе numbers of thе
unfit and undег sizеd. wаs too' an unforеsеen fаvouraЬlе o с nsеq uenсe. Brеedеr s had no аltеr nativе but to inш oduсе wееd y,
Thеr е
fostег
hеight
in thеir
and
now
аn d surеst introduсе an
ponies and tlrе
way to do this was to outсr oss. Therе werе many small Тh oroughЬr eds and Arabian stallions in Britаin yЬ this time, fеw of thеm ovеr 14
wаs growing in popu
h.h. when rаiс ng
larity. Thеr е аr e rеo с rds of outsidе stal Ь t lions bеing introduсеd to ponyherds, u of thеir brееd ing
The oМ rgаn s
weге
thе first
trotting
с urse of timе in Amеr iсa, but in the o bеo с mе the most popular аllpurposе and horsе. Theу arе hardy, goodtеm perеd attraсt ivе in tуp е and o с lour. Bаys still pre bгеd havе
с estnut dominatе, although rЬ own аn d h arе not unсommon. Anothеr famous brееd of trottеr s that has supersеd ed thе o М rgan in this sphеr е Bred еn tirеlу ofraсing is thе Standаr dbгеd . for spееd and stamina, it is a biggеr horsе
than thе o М rgan, standing 15 to 15.2 and hands. I t is a vеr y spеiс alizеd brееd horse foаlеd owеs its origin to аn oЬsu с re in 1849 at the villagе of Sugar Loaf in Orangе County, Nеw Yoгk. His pеd igrеe, howеvеr ' hе had thтеe was not obsсu rе, rс osses of thе n Е glish Thoroughbrеd (whosе sirе was thе famous еsМ sеn gеr pеd igrее as a М mЬr ino) in his immеdiatе wеll as thе importеd Norfolk trotter, Bell foundеr , e Ь liеvеd
to h с гr y thе blood of thе was bought as a foal yЬ and namеd IЕ am Rysdуkе,
Darlеу AraЬian. lI е
!Иilliam .М lЬ еt onian. Hamblеt onian's with thе phеn omеn al
famе grеw suсe с ss of his prog gеn and suсеd с ing
фe rаес ш aсk, егations addеd to his fаm e.
еn у on
I n South Amеr iсa, thе Arаb 's infеr enсe maу bе sееn in thе Cгiollo, or Argеn tine Cowpony _ a rЬ eеd believеd to be thе dеse с ndants strains of thе Arab and Bаr Ь rЬ ought to South Amеr iсa yЬ the Spаn ish invadегs. Criollos аr e notеd for thеir hаr dinеss and a с lm tеm pеr amеn ts' and thеir 40
A new geneгаt ion aс rrying Arab b| ood. fop A standaгdbred, one of the popu| аr
years. еН
/ el.t:
bottom / e/ t: A We| sh MoUntain pony, one of the most attгatс ive of the British pony breeds. top right: Twin foаls, an unusual aсh ievement for their Arab dam.
Ameriсan
bгeeds.
mаt h с ing
dun o с louring,
thе
of their natural enviтonmеn t, teгistiс of thе brееd. Britain a с n justly lс aim
beautiful .native' poniеs dеr iving
sandу wastеs is hс аr aс
to havе thе
in thе
most
world,
the farmеr s
and the ordinary iс tizеn s
a
mеans of transport аn d ш avel, whilе thеy and аn indispеn s a beast of u Ь rdеn wеr е ible aid in аg riсu lture. With the passage of timе and thе importаt ion of heavy horses of various breeds, howеvеr , therе must havе beеn а e с rtain amount of negleсt of thе small pony, in favouг of the 1аr gеr animal use in war oг the pursuits of more praсt iсal
Thе еvеr inсr easing oflаn d also hаd its еf fеtс on thе numbers and o с nditions undеr whiсh thе ponу hеr ds existеd . and what might hаv e I n 1540, a drаm atiс in thе h с angе oсu с rrеd bееn a с tastrophiс history аn d fortunеs of thе pony breеds. of
horsеm аn ship.
.enсlosurе'
VI I I deсr eеd of all stoсk under 14 h.h., as one of his rulеs for thе improvemеn t of .Foгаsmuсh as фе horsеrЬ eedins. brееd
The pondеr ous еlimination
thе
I (ing Hеr ш y
rеo с rds
arе oЬsu с re.
had bееn
H.R.FI . thе Duke
prеviously
of
owned yЬ
Cumbеr land,
in
с lt who whosе ownеr ship, he had sirеd a o raсing history thе famous lс Е ipse. mаd е с on the Anothеr Arab to have influеne was thе Arab stallion Nеw Forеst геeЬ d Zoreb,lеn t by Queen Viсt oria in 1852. Hе ran with the Nеw Forеst mаr es for еight years. I n 1885, thе Quееn lеn t two more Arabian stallions to thе Forеst. Thе Nеw Forеst ponу is now а fixed typе and has its own stud book. An ideal гiding
from original wild stoсk that wеr е thе moors' hills and forеsts. poniеs wеr e to thе pеasants, nаt ivе
loсalizеd on Thеsе
thе
I n | 756' а Dorsetshirе farmer bought а Thoroughbred nаm еd Marskе at an аuс tion and kеpt him in thе Nеw Forеst dis for four ш iсt whеr e hе served the mаr еs
pony of good proportions and a very еasy aсt ion' it stands aЬout 14 h.h. I ts surе makе it footedness and a с lm tеm perаm ent in harnеss. еq uаlly usеf ul Possiblу thе most attraсt ive of the ponу brееd s in Britain, thе lDИеlsh oМ untain It Pony, is unmistakablу of Arab linеаg е. с mpаtс stands no more than 12h.h.' is o with good flаt bonе and has no hint of shows The hеаd in partiсu lаr o с arsenеss. of large еyes, с arаtс еr istiсs thе Arаb ian h с nсavе outlinе tapеr widе forеh еаd , and o ing to a finе muzzle. and I ts alеr t and friendlу tеm perаm еn t' stamina, arе attributes whiсh the $Иеlsh Mountаin Ponу sharеs with thе Arаb . I ts aсt ion is showy and gay, and with its long аn d wеllsеt hеad it makеs an idеal nеkс h с ild s ridingpony, in whiсh rolе it has vеr у suсеsс sful in thе showring. bееn Thе inш oduсt ion of Arab blood to this reсorded in 1 838. Con brеed was offiсiаlly
Рm r'orаr y
o с ntinued
гo ес rds
of Arаb
I ш еsеnес
ц r iтаt еlyownеd
iЬ lls,
аn d
Liп lе mаr е
to rеp oгt thе
stallions running with
pony hеr ds in the Wеlsh it wаs from suсh а hеr d that thе N{ oonlight еm еr gеd . IЕ еr son
Starlight, and his son Grеylight,
} oll
dis foundеd а dynasty whiсh hаs еаr nеd гitсд ion а1l ovеr thе world as thе pеr fеtс of small pony. Volumе I of the l0Иelsh цpе Stud Book lays down the following stan thе
dаr d геq uiтеd of
.Тh е
brеed:
Velsh oМ untain Ponyin its purеst с n bеst bе stаt e is undеr 12 hands, and a dеsтiс еd Ь by stating thаt it is an Aгab in and any judgе
min;яt ure'
of horsеs upon
poniеs must at onсе pеr еiс vе sееiп g thеsе thе grеаt similaritу thеy еaЬ r to the Arab. pоn y has thе pеr fеtс Arаb typе ofhead, TЬе
аlso
ап d
on of tail thе instant
sеt ting
it
moves.'
uniquеly
^ \ nothеr
whiсh
IЕ orsе,
in thе Norfolk Troftеr ,
anсеstor
аn d
a
.Thoroughbrеd
and whiсh
biаn
brееd ,
through'.
lЪгkshiте
and of a Е stern tion of all othеr
iц
Elaсkney, аn d
of Haсk nеу
ArаiЬ an' ч ltес u ас lаr гh yhmand
siтеs
Thе
iеr y
traсе
in faсt the major baсk to thе Dar
Hаkс nеy's
aсt ion is trot in pеr fеtс
highstеp ping its wеllproportioned
iЬ ghsеt
с rriеd tail arе always a of distinсt ion and alertnеss.
o с mPirrativеly big sizе nеvег dеt тatс s ot pеr fеtс o с ntrol
Onе of the influеne с d
yЬ
blood, аn d Тh oroughЬr ed
a
head and
with an air
Although
a
horse of about 15 h.h. its from the ovеI all piсt ц r e and rhythmiс aсt ion. most valuеd brееds
thе introduсt ion
of ArаЬ
only to sеo с nd in distinсt ion is
thе tlrе
.\ nglo.Arab. As its namе impliеs, it stems rom tlrе two purеst sourсеs' thе Arabian
йe
I n Britain, thе ThoroughЬr еd . foг thе Horsе Soсiеt y is rеsponsiЬle as thе brееd Stud Rеg ister, and dеf inеs
аn d .\ rаЬ
follows: .AngloArаsЬ аr е the rс oss from а ThoгoughЬr ed stallion аn d AraЬ mare or
гiес vеr sa, тo с ssing:
with thеir
subsequеn t
re
that is to say they have no strains
of blood othеr фan ThoroughЬr ed .\ гаЬ in their pedigrees.'
аn d
Pеr haps the most notеw orthy o с ntribu гions of its Arаb ian progеn itor arе staminа аn d good tеm pеr amеn t, whiсh mаkes thе
.\ п g lоArab
a most vеr satile horsе.
I t is
good as a haсk and as a drеssagе я' rpгemely hoгsе, and is most suсеsс sful aсr oss o с un rт and in Thrее Day vЕ еnts. a pionеег in thе dеvelop Frаnес wаs mеn t of this breеd аn d in apprеiс аt ion of its таluе and a с pabilities. As tеstimony to this 26 AngloAraЬ str'rds in Fгanсе rфе e arе from whiсh stallions аr e leased to o с untry
dЬr riс.ь
NotaЬlе
Auгillaс
among thеm are Pau,
and Pompadour all of whiсh
rЬ еd some
havе
famous horses, and in faсt the
.\ ngloArab stoсk from тh еsе studs arе thе sЬ t in thе world. AngloArabs are now
rЬ еd
in еvery oс untry
that
promotes
horsеm anship.
Finally, in thе Thoroughbrеd
horse, thе w.orlds most еsteеm ed rЬ еd, the value of blood is demonstratеd at its high ^ \ гаb ian еst. Lady \ e И ntworth writes in Horsеs of
Bitаin:
.Thе nЕ glish
Thoroughbred,
.Еn glish
a с llеd
Thoroughbreds at
long time it has bееn brеd
in nЕ glаn d, originаt еd .Kehailan' of
and
ftom
e Ь аu с se it
for фe Ara
tеr m
mеaning
puгebrеd
all
How did this horsе .forеign by lЬ ood its domina origin hас iеvе brееd s
_ fust in u Е rope and
finallу throughout thе woгld? Barb or a с llеd Thе Arabian' somеt imеs Turk, indiсating that it aс mе from thе aЕ st,
was riddеn
thе thirtееn th
into uЕ ropе
еn с tury
аs
long ago as
_ the aсoс mpani
ment as it werе, to ttrе movemеn ts of mеn с nquеst. in war, iл vasion, oг tlrе fruits of o
I ts subsеquent usе wаs diсt atеd of the oс untry to whiсh
nееd s
by thе
it
was аlthough stamina and tеm p гo Ь ught, and it in somе spе must havе plaсеd еr amеn t speеd iс al aс tegory, it is doubtful whеt hег e Ь еn or the valuе of its blood would hаvе as еiЬ ng of thе fust importanсе. rеo с gnizеd of that Nеverttreless, it was the influenсе blood that modified and gavе distinсt ion to Ь s of uЕ ropе. the indigеn ous геd
The еarliеst rеoс rd of Arаb iаn s is in а mаt hс tain bеing raсеd
in Bri
in
1377,
although wе know nothing of thеir rЬ еed From timе to ing or thеir dеsеnс dants. doсu ments mеn tion an timе o с ntеm porary .Еastеr n' to Royalty, horse bеing prеsеn ted it is not с untry, but or brought into thе o until the еn d of thе seventeenth еnс tury
rеo с rds of thе that wе have authеn tiс с untry, togеt hеr Oriеn tаl stoсk in the o pеd igrees, аn d with thеir pеr formаneс , value. This maгks t} rе beginning of thе Е glish Thoroughbrеd . history of thе n Thе impoгt ation of AraЬians into nЕ g as Barbs, Turks, lаn d, variously desсr ibеd or Arabs, was oс nstant tfuoughout thе Tudor period. Thе ownеr s of these horses с werе men of wеalth and influеne who, hаving had the opportunity to trаvеl abroad, had sееn thе superiority of the and o с ursегs rЬ eеd s of nЕ gland. Thе speеd, еlеganсе, and quality ofthе the imported aЕ stern sires еno с uragеd sport of raсing, аn d thе fame of individual horsеs, o Ь th as progеn itors and as raсе is no с rded. Thеr е winners, began to е Ь rеo of thе exaсt information of the rЬ еd ing mares put to thеse foundаt ion sirеs. Therе с rds arе rеo of importеd .Oriеn tat mares'
aЕ stегn
аm bling
rЬ eеd s ovег thе hеavy
a
stud in Germа
ny. Тh e
f
irst
Thoroughbreds a с me from Eng| and, but as their fаm e spread they began to be bred а| I over the world.
whiсh
is thе literal translation,
is the gеn еr iс
in about 1729' oс mbining fre blood of an Arabiаn stаllion and a еvolvеd
г еd Ь
lЬ ood, is
yЬ
dеvеloped
.Thoroughbrеd
thе ArаiЬ с
is thе
is rеlаt еd to thе Both havе a StandardЬr ed.
lЕ kас ney .\ .mеr iсаn осп lmon
British produсt
though forеign beсаu se of the
М res,, who were prеsumа and.thе Royal a bly thе finеst of thе o с llеtс ion of AraЬians rЬ ed, purсh аsеd , or prеsеn tеd to Royalty, but whatеvеr thеir origin, the quality of thеir progеn y was the eЬ st proof of thеir
high brеeding. Queеn lЕ izabeth
I had a raсing whеr е
еstаЬ
it
at Grееn wiсh ,
lishmеn t
is
40 oriеn tаl horsеs. rеo с rdеd thаt shе kеp t on thе tradition of IЕ er suсe с ssors a с rгied с horsеs, Royal studs for thе breeding of rаe and undеr thе Stuarts many morе studs еlЬ onging to privatе individuals wеr е foundеd for the rЬ eеd ing of.finе horsеs' sired by Arabians.
Thе
еvolution
Thoroughbrеd have bееn
raсing inсr еasing o с vеr еd
еxpеr imеn t.
аn
grеw '
with grеatеr
must
spееd , sсopе
of thе nЕ glish in its еarly stagеs in
As thе intеr еst
thе dеm and
for
evеr
and for a iЬ gger horse grеw with it. I t was dis
that the fastеst
horsеs wеr e
purе Arаb ians but thе largеr rеsulting from thе nЕ glishЬr еd
not the
individuals AraЬians
marеs of oriental desсent. еn с tury the еightееn th the idеn tity of thе Thoroughbred had beеn establishеd . Thе first stц d book was pub .WеathеryЬ and lishеd in 1791 by rМ James and stud in it wеr е еn tered thе pеdigrее rеo с rds of thosе sires and dams who wеге the foundation of the геdЬ . Thе grеatest oс nш ibution stemmеd from thrее imported Arabian siтеs: 168,t90) The Byeгlеy Turk (аoЬ ut and homе brеd By thе еn d of
The Darlеy Arabian (1700) (1730) Thе Godolphin AraЬiаn All Thoroughbreds in thе world today male line tгaес thеir anсestry in dirеtс to thеse through about 30 gеn еr ations threе sirеs importеd into nЕ gland bеt
250 and 300 yеars ago. arе othеr AraЬians whosе namеs are rеm еmеrЬ ed аs landmаr ks in thе breed
wееn
Thеr е
ing and pеr fеtс ion
of thе Thoroughbrеd .
Turk, thе For example, Thе Hеlmslеу Listеr Turk; thе Leedes Arabian, the Alсokс Arabian (from whiсh evеr y grеу Thoroughbred in thе world is dеsеn с dеd ); the Darсy $Иh itе Turk, аn d the Darсу Yеl low Turk. Allhave o с ntributеd to thе mak ing of a horsе, prеdominаn tly brеd for speed, of pеr fеtс o с nformation and noЬlе quality thе n Е glish ThoroughЬr еd. 4L
H0RsЕ
BBEEDs
U Е RoPE Grеat
A Cleveland
BaY
CI уd esdaI e
V
a с rгiagе
horse.
Britain
in thе show mаn y of thе best Cobs may bе seеn always usеd to bе shown with doсked tail and sЫ stoсky hogged manе' a fashion whiсh еm phasizеd Thе Doсk ing and Niсk ing Aсt ' passеd in Britain appеaranсе. It of doсk ing horsеs' tails illеg аl. in 1948, madе thе prаtс iсe still цsual to hog a CoЫs manе. is, howеvеr ,
йе
{Е unter,
ring. Thе
CoЬ
The Haсk
a bе a с llеd whiсh follows hounds апс a riding aс n bе аlс lеd foг lёisuгe Н nter, howevеr , thе Haсk whiсh Haсk. As with the u с nformation аn d аp proaсh es nearеst to thе idеal in typе' o in thе show гing. The show Haсk manners is thаt еxhibitеd 15'3h.h. and must havе impеaс lЬ е с must not еxеd
Just as аn у
horsе
horse usеd
IЕ untеr , so any
to thе ridеr , smooth mannersj аb solute obеd ienсе с nformаt ion pаеsс and bе as nеaг to pеr fеtс ion in o
аn d
еlegant аs possi
riding hoтse, a plеasurе 1 Ь е: in short, hе should е Ь the pеr fеtс it is ThoroughЬr еd Е gland, o Ь th to ridе аn d to behold. I п n show Haсks. usually make the most suсеsс sful hoгsеs thаt
The Haсkney Thе Haсknеy
hoгsе
is a dеsеn с dаn t
of thе
old Norfolk Road
in the eightееn th trotting horse dеvelopеd of a horse desсеn dants The еsЬ t Roadstеr s wеr е
геn ownеd
sI ег' а
еn с rury.
by a с llеd Shalеs, who was a son of thе ThoroughЬr еd Blaze, Ь kс to The Darlеy с n thus bе traсеd a Fl1"ing Childers, and a has both Arab and .\ гaiЬ aп . Thе Haсknеy' thеI еf oI е, blood in its vеins, and it is not suгp rising that Тh oroughЬгеd as а produсеr еn с turу it аm с e into demand iл the ninеt еn th horsеs. Today thе с rriagе of good quality military and a to bе seen bеing drivеn in thе show гing Hаkс neу is h с iеf ly ш ot аn d spiritеd disposi elеvatеd lor whiсh its ехt ravagant, high on an с г i еd suitеd . Thе nеat hеad, a tion аr e idеаlly impгеs агh с ed and the highset tail, add to thе ovеr аll nеkс ,
sion of vigour and alеr tnеss. гo Ь wn, 15
blaсk
and h с estnut
Thе usual oс lours arе
and thе averagе
hеight
a
baу,
little ovеr
h.h.
A Cob
V Haсk
" Ь; : !: '..l
т'
V Haсkney
H0RsE BREЕDs
Thе
Hunter
A rЕ untеr
is a horsе whiсh is suitablе for a с rrуing a pеr son to rЬ еed or type of horse requirеd will vary aсo с rding to thе typе of o с untry and thе quarry huntеd , as wеll as thе nееd s and iаЬ lity ofthe ridеr . IЕ owevеr , a typе of horse hаs emergеd in somе o с untriеs, notaЬly Grеat Britain, I reland and the United Stаt еs, thаt mаy bе o с nsidеr еd thе most suitаb lе for hunting at its best. Thе n Е glish Hunter is a horsе of good o с nformation, oftеn with Thoroughbrеd blood in its vеins, aс paЬlе of a с rrying its ridеr o с mfortaЬly, safеly aп d ех p еd itiously for sevеr аl hours ovеr a variеt у oftеr rаin, at various paсes, and ovеr any oЬstaсlеs that may o с mе its waу. I n thе show ring, horsеs аr е judged o са rding to thе wеight thеу аr e e Ь st suitеd to a с rry аn d muсh importanсе is plaсеd on o с nformation (thе еtЬ tеr thе o с nfoгm аt ion thе morе souп d thе horsе is likely to геm ain thгoughout a season's hunting), mаn nеr s and aсt ion. By riding thе exhibits himsеlf, thе judgе a с n аssess thеiг suitability for thе job of following hounds. I n some o с untries, thе Unitеd Statеs for instanсе, ttrе horsеs arе rеq uirеd to provе their jumping aЬility in the ring. onе of thе
hounds and тt rе
bеst types of Eluntеr Draught rс oss.
produсed
is thе Thoroughbrеd/ I rish
The Shire Onе the
Shirе originatеd
in
Е glish old n .grеаt horsёs' of
of the
Blaсk Horsе whose аnеsс tors wеr е thе mеd iaeval timеs. I t stаn ds up to 18h.h., and may bе aЬ y, rЬ own, lЬ kас or greу in o с loul. An immеn sely strong' big barrellеd horse' with long lеg s аrс rуing muсh fеather, it nеvеr theless has a finе hеad in o с mpаr ison to its overall size. Despitе its great sizе аn d strength (an avеr agе Shirе will wеigh 1 tonne and is aс pаblе of moving a 5tonnе loаd ) it is the gеn dest ofЬеasts and is a good workеr in agriсu lturе and as аn цr ban draught horsе. ] 0Йith thе еver inсr eаsing mеh с аn izаt ion of thе twеn tiеt h e с ntury' thе Shiтe and othеr heavy rЬ еd s, o с uld еasily hаvе bееn аllowеd to diе out, u Ь t fortunatеly thеr е has in rееn с t times eЬ еn a great rеv ival of intеr еst in thеsе mаgnifiсеn t animals. No show lс assеs arе morе popular with spеtс ators than thosе for the .heaviеs'. Shirеs sti1l work thе land in some pаr ts of thе o с untry аn d sеvегal г еw Ь ers usе them to pull dravs in thе iс ш strееt s.
A Hunteг
Thе
A
AShre
of the largеst horsеs in thе world, thе Е gland and is а dеse of n с ndап t
.Shirеs
Suffolk V
Suffolk
heavy draught horse originаt ing in аsЕ t Anglia at тhе еg Ь inning of the siхt еn th еn с tury, а1l modern Suffolks a с n traсe bаk с to one horse, foalеd in 1760, аn d thе brееd is rеm аr kаb ly pure. The modегn Suffolk is а oс mpaсt horse with а big oЬ dy set on short, lс eаn lеg s. Although it stands еtЬ wеen 16 and 16.2 h.h. and wеighing аb out 1 tonne, it is a vеr y aсt ivе horse and is still used on farms in some аr еas' аs wеll as аppеaring in thе show ring. lDИithout ехp с tion' it is h с еstrrut in o с lour аn d may е Ь onе of sеven shadеs ranging from nearly brown to a pale .mealy shadе. Thе rЬ eеd is notеd for its longeviry and aЬility to thrivе on meаg rе rаt ions and is exсеp tionally gеn tlе.
The Thoroughbred The raсehorsе pаr eхe с llеne с and onе of the most bеаu tiful horsеs in thе world, thе Thoroughbrеd hаs а finе hеad set on good sloping shouldеr s, deеp girth, powегf ul an еlegаn t nеkс , quartеr s, аn d strong lеg s with plеn ty of bonе. Thе brееd wаs еvolvеd in nЕ glаn d by гсossing aЕ stern stаllions with nаt ive maгеs and thе n Е glish raсing еn tlrusiаsts of the seventеenтt t and еightеenй e с nruriеs soon suсеe с ded in produсing their _ thе fаstеst ultimatе objeсt ivе horsе in тh e world. Tfuее stallions arе еp са tеd as еiЬ ng the .founding fathers', namely йе Byeгley Tur\ importеd in 1689, thе Darleу Arabiaп , importеd in 1705, and thе Godolphin Arabian, imported iл 1728. Thеsе three horsеs еstаlЬ ishеd thе rЕ еr od, lс Е ipse and a М tсh em b] 'ood linеs whiсh arе of paramount importanсе iл British Thoroughbred breеd ing. n Е glish horsеs werе soon 44
HORSE BBEEDS
еiЬ ng аll ovеr thе еxpoгt еd pоp ular the Thoгoughbrеd
raсing is world and whеr evеr a М ny hаs bеo еstablishеd . с mе theiт own stamp of Thoroughbrеd . o с untries havе dеvеlopеd I n thе United Stаt еs, for instanсе' thеr е has еeЬ n muсh с iс ty, is not although thе o с untrу and prеo еm phasis on spееd middledistanсе stoсk' witnеss suсh great еn tirеlу lаkс ing in Franсе and DaЫia, all of whom iМ ll Rееf , Al1еz hoгsеs аs с t is morе on stami In u Е ropе the aсеn hач е гae с d in uЕ ropе. in pгoduсing middle and п а. in partiсu lаr , spеiс alizеs I tаlу, his own prog horsеs. !Иith thе exсеp tion of longdistаnес hаs had more influenсе еn itoт, the Arab, thе Thoroughbгеd used to on oтh er brееd s thаn any othеr hoгsе, and has bееn impгovе pony brееd s throughout thе world. I t is hoгsе and с urage с еs of еq uestrian sport whеr e o suсe с ssful in all rЬ аnh Thе usual oс lours arе "nd stamina arе primе rеquisitеs. с lour is pегm is though any solid o bгown, bаy and h с еstnut, vary from аs littlе as 14.2 h.h. to wеll siЬle, and thе hеight аn с is about 16.1h.h. о v ег 17h.h. Thе avеr аg е
тl t
^ rеlanсl' The I rish Draught .\ Light drаu ght horsе, this breеd is of unсеr tain
origin,
Тh oroughbred
Connеm аr as that its forеe Ь ars wеге An on the good grasslands of southern I геland. rЬ еd up in sй е ln19| 7. The rЬ еd lгish Draught horsе oЬ ok was fust opеn еd sц f feгed sеr ious lossеs during thе First] ilИorld \ 0Иar, many of bу thе army. N,[ orе reсently thе e Ь st marеs bеing rеq uisitionеd с used fuгt hеr thе ех p ort tradе in horsеs to t} re Continеn t has a с rb this ш ade was Jеp lеt ion in numbеr s until lеg islation to u its h с iеf pаssеd fаr m workеr , in thе midl960s. An еxеlс lеn t гаluе, is in produсing top{ lass huntеr s and nеvеr thеlеss, аlthough
it is possiblе
stallions. Thе showjumpers whеn put to ThoroughЬr еd hеight varies e Ь twеen 15 and 17h.h. аn d thе bеst еxamples and good sound lеg s with only a hаvе еxеlс lеn t shoirlders аn d Thе aсt ion is frее and straight lirdе hаir on thе fеt loсks. с lours arе grey, bay, most aге natural jumpеr s. Thе usual o brown and h с еstnut.
тгr anсе The Ardеn nais Thе Ardеn nais is a stoсkу' oс mpaсt draught horsе originаt lс imatе of thе region wherе thе sеvеr е ing in thе Aгd еn nеs produсеs геg ion immеn sеly toц g h horsеs of medium hеight, idеаlly suitеd to farm work (sеe also thе Belgian Ardennеs). importеd ftom other .\ ftеr т1rе seсond world wat, horsеs wеr е inсluding Belgium and tlrе Nеt hеr uЕ ropеan o с untriеs' lаn ds, to hеlp u Ь ild up thе deplеt еd Frenсh stoсk. I t is a horse foг all rypеs of аn d doсility аn d is suitaЬlе ofgгeat gentlеn еss drаu ght work. Standing up to 15з h.h., it has еn ormous с estnut. оn Ь еs and thе usual o с lours аr е bav. roan or h
The Auxois Тh is is thе modеr n vеr sion of thе old Burgundian hеavy hoгsе
whiсh
is known to have еxistеd
at lеast
as faг a Ь kс
as
thе
еn с tц r y infusions of .\ tiddlе Ages. Sinсе the ninеt еn th blood havе bееn Pегh с еr on, Boulonnаis аn d Aгd еn nais Auxois, is a аd ded and thе presеn tday breеd , аlс led the typе than thе old horsе of nortlrеast Burg:ц n dy. Like hаr dу, willing workеr with relativеs it is an еxш еm ely typiсаl of this rypе of draught horsе. the equablе tеm peramеn t thе Ardеn nais and thе Auxois resеm blеs [ n аp pеaranсе thе
hеavier
its nеar
Tгаit t.еаt hеr .
г еd Ь ing
littlе a strong horsе with relаt ivеly height is 15.2 to 16h.h. and sеltес ive prеd ominantly аyЬ or red roan horses.
du Nord, bеing
Thе аveragе produсеs
A
| гish
Drаu ght
Ardennais
V
The Boulonnais Thе Boulonnais oс mes from northеr n
Franсе
аn d
is
a
north uЕ ropеan hеavy horse. I t is as еarly thought to havе rееiс vеd infusions of aЕ stегn blood as thе tiтn е of thе Roman invаsion of Britain, whеn Numi Е stеr n с ast of Boulognе. a diаn a с valry wеr е stаt ionеd on the o
desсеn dant
ofthе
аniс еn t
blood was e с rtainly inш oduсеd during the timеs of thе thе breed and the Andaluсian also had its еf fеtс on Crusаd еs to this day. I t is a hеavу evinсеs oriеn tal h с araсt егistiсs draught horse standing 16 to 16.3 h.h., but with great intel and ligenсe and aсt ivity. Vеr y likе the Pеr h с eron, it is еlеg ant in wеll proportionеd and it may е Ь gгеy, bay or hс еstnut
whiсh
o с lour.
The Breton horse с rriagе Thе original Brеt on horsе is а small draught oг a indigеn ous to Brittаn y in northwеst Franсe, uЬ t by rс ossing it with various othеr bгеds three distinсt typеs emеr gеd . o с ntaining infusions of Thеsе arе the Dгaught Brеt oщ Pеr h с егon, Ardеn nаis and Boulonnais blood; tlrе Postiеr , а с ntaining Norfolk Trotter аn d horsе with а good' aсt ivе trot, o Hаkс nеу blood; and thе Corlay (now гare, if not tас ually с ntаining a lighter typе of a с rriagе or riding horsе, o еxtinсt )' Arab and Thoroughbred blood. The Draught stаn ds up to аr е с lсiurs 16 h.h. and thе Postiеr to аb out 15 h.h. The usual o blaсks. and bay, with oсаs с ional roan (Ьluе and геd ), h с еstrrut Thе Brеt on is a hirsutе individuаl not unlikе thе primitive used (notably in North Afriсa), to Stеp pе horsе and hаs еп Ь horsе. I t is primitivе types and produсе a usеf ц l work upgrаd е good disposition. an aсt ive horsе of
A Boulonnais
Thе
Charollais Half.Brеd
HalfBred is the Chагollаis с valry hoгsе, Formеr ly usеd аs a a sports, partiсu larly as a huntеr . Thе now used in еq uеstriаn rЬ еd originated by rс ossing Thoroughbгeds аn d Anglo with two oтh er vеr y similаr typеs, thе Normans, and togеt heг is known undеr the hаlfbrеd s, Bourbаn nais and Nivеr nаis
DemiSang Charollais. The Chaгollais
o с llеtс ive tеr m
of any solid stands bеt ween 15 аn d l6.2h.h. аn d may bе foг its o с lour. I t is a sensiblе sort of horse' that is rеn ownеd soundnеss'
The Comtois
Frenсh
AngI oArаb
V
Thе Comtois is а light draught horsе of thе FranсoSwiss thе sixth bordегland wherе it is sаid to havе ехistеd sinсе it suгefootеd, aсt ivе has mаd е еn с tury AD. I ts еn vironmеn t аn d it is ideallу suitеd to working in hill and eхt теm еly hardу 14.3 аn d l5.3 h.h. аn d is a rathеr o с untry. I t sв n ds bеt wееn I t has а plаin horsе, with а lаr ge hеad с . sеt on a stгaight nеk hindquartеr s of a hillbrеd animаl. long baсk, and thе sш ong
Thе Frenсh
Anglo.AraЬ
с mbination of Arаb AngloArab refeгs simply to a o аll ovеr and Thoroughbrеd blood and AngloArаb s arе bгеd is of partiсu laг howeveг, thе rЬ еd thе woгld. I n Frаnе,с аs a quality гiding horsе whiсh has hас ievеd importanсе М ny havе sports. a muсh suсеsс s in thе vаr ious еquеstгian с mpetition. I n the breеd ing of thе rеh ас е d olympiс lеvel in o the progеn y must possеss a minimum 25 Frеnh с AngloArab is to с mbinаt ion pег e с nt of Arab blood and thе most usual o put a purе bred Arab stallion to a Thoroughbrеd or Anglo stаt е studs с marе. Many of thе stallions usеd at thе Frеn h speсializing in AngloArab breеd ing (notably that at Pom pаd our) аr е importеd from Noгt h Afriсa and Syriа. Thе brееd еg Ь an to Franсе Е pire whеn trаеsс baсk to thе seсond m foг raсing. Е glish ThoгoughЬr еd s impoп 1аr gе numbеr s of n Thе Nаt ional Stud thеn had the idea of rс ossing somе of who possеssed muсh aЕ stem thеsе with thеiт bгoodmarеs and thе hаs takеn plaсе еver sinсе blood. Selеtс ivе brееd ing modегn Anglo o с mЬinеs thе typiсally Arabian qualitiеs of witlr thе sсopе аn d, to a lesser soundnеss and еn durаnес
Thе
46
tеr m
H0в sE BпE Е Ds
spееd of thе Thoroughbred. Anglos arе not usu ally as eхiс table аs ThoroughЬr еd s. Thеir avеr аgе hеight is 16 to 16.3 h.h. and the pгedominant o с lours are bay' brown
еxtеn t, the
аn d
h с estnut.
Thе Frenсh Trotter A worldсlass hаr nеss raсеhorsе, the Frеnh с devеloped in thе nineteеn th еn с nrry
Trotter was
by
putting
Тh oroughbrеd , halfbrеd аn d Noгf olk Roadstеr stallions, impогt еd from nЕ gland, to Norman mаr еs. Two nЕ glish hoгsеs
Thе
who had partiсu laг
Hеir
of Linnе,
influenсe
wеr е
both foalеd Ninety pег еnс t
in
Young Rattler and
thе first half of the of modeгn Frеn h с trot of thеsе two prеp otent
ninеt еenth еn с tury. tегs trаес baсk to fivе dеsеn с dаn ts stаllions, nаm ely, Conquеr ant, Lavаt ег, Normand, Phаеt on аn d Fuсh sia. o М rе reсently Amеr iсan Standardbrеd blood hаs beеn introduсed but thе Fгеn h с Tгoш er is a ratheг biggег, moге upstanding horse thаn thе Amегia с n Stаn dardbrеd and nееs с sarily so' for in Frаn e с riddеn tгotting raсes, whiсh hаvе largеly died out еlsеw hеr е, arе still popular. I t is a rаw boned typе of horsе, standing up to L6.2h'h.' with thе t.vpiсally sloping, musсu laг quartеr s of thе trotting horsе. Pгedominant o с lours аr е blaсk, brown, aЬ y and h с еstnut.
The Liш oц sin
Half.Bred
This is onе of the many good hаlfbrеd horsеs produсеd Frаnес whiсh o с mе undеr thе geneгal hеading Cheoаl Frаn gais
Sеllе
in de
(not to bе o с nfusеd
with the Ang1oNorman). vithin t} ris hеading, horsеs arе dividеd into rеgional gгoups, тh е Limousin o с ming under thе tttle Dеm iSаn g du Centre, as does thе Charollаis. Thesе halfЬr еd s аr е intendеd to be usеd as аllгound sporting horsеs and thе Limousin is a rеsult of rс ossing good Limousin maгеs wiтlr ThoroughЬr еd , Arab and AngloArab stallions ovег a long pеr iod. Thе rеsultant hаlfbrеd s, somе of whiсh also o с ntain AngloNorman lЬ ood, somеw hat resеm blе thе AngloArab, but show a more dеf initе likеn еss to thеir аsЕ tеr n forеb eaгs. Thе avеr age height is 16h.h. аn d thе usuаl o с lours and bay. h с еstnut
The Perсh eron Oгiginating
_ henсe its
only thosе
с е of Pеr h
in thе Pеr h с e гegion of Frаnес horses brеd in thе Departments uЕ rе et Loiт, Loir еt h с еr and Ornе) аге Perсh еr on Stц d Book. Horsеs brеd in otheг
nаm е
_
(Sarthе, into thе
аd mittеd rеg ions hаvе
thеir own stud books. I t is still possible to disсеr n thе modern Pегh с еr on's Arаb аne с sш y and it is а morе higЫysш ung horsе thаn the othеr .hеаv iеs', to produсe thе good rеsults
needing moге a с rеf ul handling of whiсh it is so eminently аp с lаЬ e. I t is a wеll propoгt ionеd' grеy or blaсk healry horse, stаn ding anything betwееn I 5.2 and 17 h.h., whiсh dеspite its sй е graсe of movеm еn t. has both bеаu ty and I t has a finе hеad
foг a hoгsе
of suсh powегf ul
proportions and o с mbinеs
stаm inа and еn duranсe with muсh freedom of movеm еn t. It is a popular brееd аll ovеr thе world, inсluding the U.S.A. and Gгеаt Britain. Thе British Perсh егon has bееn гсossеd with тh е Thoroughbrеd to produсе a heavywеight huntеr typе.
The Poitеvin Thе Poitеvin dегivеs
from horses impoгt еd from sеvеr аl o с untriеs, inсluding Thе Nеt hеr lands аn d Denmaгk, and wаs oгiginally used foг work on thе marshlands of thе Poitou геg ion, for whiсh its 1аr gе fееt mаd e it extremely suitable. I ts h с iеf use todаy, howеv eг, is in the produсt ion of mulеs whiсh аr e
oЬt аinеd
by mating jaсk
mares. The Poitеv in
itsеlf
аsses with thе bеst of thе Poitеv in is а poor еq uinе speсimen o с mЬin
iл g maп y oс nformаt ionаl dеf tес s with very limitеd mеn tal аn d in faсt , is so limited in sсopе аn d intelligenсе тh at it makеs a poor work horsе. I ts hеad is heavy, its nеk с
аp с aсity,
short and stгaight, its shouldегs sш aight, its a Ь kс long and its quartегs sloping. Stаn ding betweеn 16.2 and 17h.h., it is usuаlly dun, alttrough somе aЬ ys аn d browns oсu с r.
A Frenсh Trotteг Perсh eron
V
The Selle Frangais The tеr m Sе1lе
Franqais (Frenсh Sаd dlе Horse) is of vеr y origin, dating only from 1965, although the stud o Ь ok of thе Sе11е Frangаis is a o с ntinuation of the AngloNorman .Normаn horse' was in usе somе stud oЬ ok. Thе nаm е thousаn d years ago and rеf еr rеd to a hеalry draught аn imal whiсh suЬsеq uеn tly beсame a war horse. lDИith the dеm isе of thе hеavilyаr mouгed knight and the advent of thе morе agilе military mount) it rеt urned to eЬ ing a dгаu ght аn imal. Lаt er, in thе sеventeеn th еn с tury' thе Norman horsе rееiс ved infu sions of Gеr man lЬ ood as wеll as some Arab and Bаr b, pro duсing as a rеsult, a sturdу saddlе horse. I n the eightееn th and ninеt еn th e с nturies, n Е glish Thoroughbrеd and Nor folk Trottеr lЬ ood was inш oduсеd and thе AngloNorman a с mе into bеing. o М rе rееn с t infusions of ThoroughЬr еd lЬ ood hаvе rеsulted in а good quality hunter typе whiсh is today a с llеd thе Sе1lе Frangаis. I t staп d s eЬ twеen 15.2 and 16.3h.h. and is а strong horsе of good o с nformation аn d tempеr amеn t, well suitеd to oс mpetitivе sports such as showjumping and еvеn ting. Any oс lour is pеr missiЬlе but h с еstnut is prеd ominant.
rееn с t
The Trait du Nord origin (a stud book was fiгst opеn еd in 1919 aftеr тh e rЬ eed had beеn fixеd at the e Ь ginning of this еn с tury)' thе Trait du Nord o с mеs from thе samе аге as thе
A horsе offairly rееn с t
Ardеn nais
and o с ntains Ardennаis,
Belgian and Dutсh
lЬ ood. A vеr y powerful u Ь t gеn tlе draught hoгse whiсh , like thе Ardеn nаis, is еxe с ptionаlly hardy, it is in faсt а biggеr , hеaviеr vеr sion of that rЬ еed. I t has a largе head set on a hugе nеkс , a strong musсu lar body and hindquаr tеr s аn d avеr agеs about 16h.h. Thе usual o с lours are bаv. h аn d roan. с еstnut
\ Jermanv J
The Bavarian Warm Blood This hoгse aс n е Ь ш aсed bаkс
bеyond thе timе of thе I t was known, until rееn с tly, as thе Rottaler sinсе it originаt еd in the Rott Vаllеу of Bavaria, a rеg ion noted for horsе гaising аn d as a wаr horse it was o с nsidеr еd the equаl of Crц sadеs.
thе
Friеsian.
A Se| | e Frangаis
Т r аi t
du Noгd
V
British lЬ ood was introduсеd during еn с tury, inсluding Clevelаn d Bay аn d
Vаr ious
tlrе eighteеn th
Thoroughbred, аn d Norman and Oldеn burg horsеs havе also influеnеd с thе breed. Today it is а hеаv yweight riding horsе, standing aЬout 16 h.h., h с еstnut in o с lour, аn d with a stеady, reliаb lе tеm peгament.
The Beberbеkс This type wаs bred аt thе Bеbеr bеkс Stud neаr I (assеl from thе еightееn th еn с tury until 1930, whеn thе stud lс osеd. AraЬs and ThoroughЬгеd s mаt еd wеr е with loсal mаr еs to produсe
a good quality a с vаlry horsе
of light draught work. Thе Bеbеrkес Ь although in rеd uсеd numЬеr s, and
whiсh
was also аp с able todау rеsеm blеs а hеаviеr
is still bгеd
it
vеr sion of thе Thoroughbrеd . Standing about 16h.h., with prеd ominаn t o с lours of h с estnut and аyЬ , it is a useful, wеightсаr rying riding horse of good tempеr ament.
The Hanoverian The forеm ost
German .warmblood horsе,
thе IЕ anoveriаn
ш aсеs a Ь kс to the sevеn tееn th e с ntury whеn Spаn ish, Oгiеn tal аn d Neapolitаn stаllions werе impoгt еd into Gеr manу and rс ossеd with loсаl mares. еm М bеr s of thе IЕ ouse of llаn over
promoted thе rЬ eеd , and Gеorgе I I of nЕ glаn d openеd the Lаn dgеstЁt at Cеllе in L735 whеr е 14 blаkс Holstеin stal lions wеr е installed. For a time infusions of Thoroughbrеd blood were madе in ordег to imЬu e thе brееd with morе o с uragе and stamina. The аim was to pгoduсe a really good
аllroundeг suitable foг riding, driving and drаu ght work. Siлес thе mid1940s' thе aim hаs еe Ь n morе towards produс ing a good o horsе' to whiсh end, Trаkеh ner аn d с mpеt ition moге Thoroughbrеd blood hаvе bееn usеd to hеlp upgradе thе bтеd . Todаy it is in partiсu laг demand as a drеssage horsе аn d in showjumping. I t is a big, strong' upstаn ding horsе, 16 to 17 h.h., of good o с nformation, tending perhаp s torvaтd s plainnеss. Aсt ivе аn d bold, it has thе o с urаg е of thе Тh oroughЬr еd although not his spееd . All solid oс lours аr е pегm issible, the usuаl e Ь ing brown, h с еstnut, bay аn d blaсk . Pfеr d oг Wеstphalian е ТЪ hoгse known as the'Wеsdаlisсh еs
stаn ding
Ь
thе
Hаn overian
undеr
anothег,
rеg ionаl, titlе.
The Holstein а somеw hat hеaviеr stamp of riding horse с and tгae с sa Ь kс to thе fourtеenth еn thе IЕ anoverian, it lightеr and ш п ' waг horsе. Spanish аn d аsЕ tеr n lЬ oodmadе IЕ orsеs and iтr thе ninetеenth e с ntury Yoгkshirе Coаh с nЕ glish ThoroughЬr еd s imported to upgradе thе brееd wеr е Ь th light harness still further and produсe horsеs suitablе for o and saddlе work. o М rе Thoгoughbrеd blood hаs bеen аd ded sinсе thе seсond world war аn d the Holstеin is today an аllround saddlе horsе, partiсu laгly notеd аs a showjumpеr .
Тh е Holstеin is
тh an
I t is powеr fullу
wiтh stгong quаr ters' good dеp th of of bonе. Thе usual o с loц r s arе blaсk , brown аn d bay аn d thе avеr agе hеight, 15.3 to 16.2h.h. I t is a goodtеm perеd horsе possеssеd of intеlli gеnес and willingnеss to work.
hфт
u Ь ilt,
and short legs with plеn ty
A Hаnoverian
Holstein
V
Thе
oldenЬu rg
.warm bloods' and it аn с e с ntury Oldеn burg, whеn it bе trаеd с baсk to the sеv еn tееn th wаs originallу wаs bаsеd on the Friеsian horsе. Thе brееd the уеars с rriagе horsе and ovеr dеvеloped as a good strong a added, followеd at and Barb blood wеr е Spanish, Nеаp olitan Bay, Norman and ThoroughЬr еd , Clеvеland a latеr stаg е y Ь thе nееd foт с nturу, whеn Flanoverian. During thе twеn tieth e and Norman horsеs dwindlеd , morе ThoroughЬr еd a с rriаg е blood wаs introduсed, rеsulting in thе produсt ion of аn аll purpose saddle horsе. I t is vеr y tall' standing bеt wееn 16.2 and | 7,2 h.h., but in spitе of its height it is a shortlеg gеd too, for its strong baсk аn d horse with good bonе. NotaЬlе Ь ld nаt urе. dеp th of girth, it maturеs еarlyand has a kind, уеt o
This is thе hеaviеst
of thе
Germаn
Draught
Thе Rhinеland Hеavy
.Rhinеland oт _ hеn ес its namе Originating in thе Rhinеlаn d .Rhеn ish' along the linе s of thе Bеlgian horse was bг е d this еn с tuтy during тh е ninеt eеn th horse, and was dеvelopеd
A Oldenburg
Rhineland Heavy Draught V
4
when thете wаs a gleat dеm and for hеavy draught horsеs. I t is built, staп d ing 16 to 17 h.h., with very bulkу , and powеr fullу massivе quartеI s and shoulders, а dееp, broad baсk, rс еstеd for its and short, strong lеg s. Goodnаt ured, аn d notеd nеkс , rеd roan with blaсk points or early maturity' it may е Ь еithеr с еstnut. As with many othеr hеa\ ,ry flaxen mane аn d tail, or h animals, it is in muсh lеss demand nowаd aуs, but it dтаu ght numbets' in Lowеr a с n still bе found, albеit in deсr eаsing Saхony and Wеstphаlia.
Thе
Sсh leswig
Draught
Hеavy
еn с turу, in thе ninеt еn th s Jutlаn d horsе, to whiсh and Thoroughbrеd blood. of World \ 0Иar muсh usе was mаd е Up until thе Sеoс nd Boulonnais аn d Breton Dаn ish stallions' but morе reсеn tly o с nfor to iron out thе notiсеalЬ е blood has bееn intтoduсеd and soft feеt . I t is a long bаkс of slaЬ sidеs, mational dеf tес s horsе' standing 152 to 16h.h. and' с mpaсt mеd ium sizеd ' o muсh in dеm and as a bеing а willing workег, was formегlу с lour is hс еstnut, trаm and bus horsе. Thе prеd ominant o it has a very plaсid с т and though bays and grеys also oсu disposition.
Developеd in SсеsЫ wigHolstеin to Denmаr k Ь kс thе brееd traсes a Florsе с was addеd Yorkshirе Coаh
V Hans Wink| er on
V Sсh | eswig Heavy Draught
r*
HaI | a
а Тгаkehner
Thе Tгаkehnеr э= К =
Fгiedтih с !Йilhelm
] ]
ап d
nri] iд
it
.rvаs
I foundеd
Stud of Trakеh nеn
ir,L
Prussian Elorsе, known was dеvelopеd . At the еgЬ inning of AraЬ blood wаs introduсеd uЬ t as
Trakehnег,
аs тt rе
thе
that thе аsЕ t
hеr е
] тr .l.етеn tlr еn с tury' f] Er Fеn t on' morе and morе Thoroughbrеd stallions werе :rs.* :. Bу 1913 ovег 80 per еn с t of thе studs maгеs wеr е by ] :r:гolз. shbrеd mаd е an stаllions. Thе aЕ st Prussiаn horsе s:^ lеn t aс valry remount' as well аs bеing aс pаblе of light
liг тогk. тr . lз й€
аn d was rеn ownеd At thе for its grеat еn durаn e с . rеt rеated seсond world war, whеn thе Gеr mans in rL..,г lPоlаn d, somе 1'200 of thе 25,000 horsеs геg isterеd .West
Ger what is now п l т т (now part of эf tег a thте month trеk from аs Prц ssiа Е t ?:Й. d з к. hеге its influеne с is still to е Ь found in thе breеd ] п ] :E: аs thе Wiеlkopolski). Today thе Trakеh nеr is brеd in Gегm any and is a topсlass saddlе horsе, of еxеlс ц п тa:е1у ri :.зJmЪг ation, having muсh of t} re Thoroughbred aЬout .п ] : s= nds 16 to 16.2 h.h. and may eЬ of аn у solid o с lour. I t is l :;.е. т uЬ т kind horsе and possеssеs thе depth of stаm ina for п л 1.; ils anсestoгs wеr е notеd. I t usuallу makеs a good г] rг. Hаllа, thе mare riddеn to so many viсt oriеs by llans Tr< iеr . is а finе rеp rеsеn tativе of the rЬ еed.
Book rеh ас ed
l:а. kеh тr eг Stud
riтв
A Trakehner
]]
Thе Wiirкemberg
l
rЕ .irп emЬеr g
hoгsе traсеs a Ь kс to thе end of thе six putting loсal marеs to еn с гц r y and was dеvеlopеd by .1* ъ sтаilions from thе famous a М a гЬ h с stallion depot. To foг working thе small moun . :с ес тhе sort of horsе nееdеd E.r: :.:I тI s of thе !Иt irrtеm berg areа, a Е st Pгu ssian and Nor т: r Ъiggd was latеr introduсеd, infusions of followеd у Ь .tге эu тg and Nonius. A stud o Ь ok was not opеn еd until $.i5. whеn thе requirеd typе hаd еv entually bеen aсh ievеd , rhrough thе influеnес of thе AngloNorman stаllion ш г s.1
i:lЕ=
ш cагЁ
::.t] т тс
Ё
= тoduсеd :1ЕЕ
::
аn d
the presеn tday
W.rirttemЬerg
standing up to aЬout 16h.h., suitаb lе
is
hаs
strong' for work a
аn d under saddlе. A sш ongly u Ь ilt horse with аn d fееt , it is a good woгkеr аn d an eсonomiсal usual o с lours aге lЬ aсk. гoЬ wn' h с estnut and аvЬ .
Lrаr nеss
'.
] еg s
:i_* :g.
Тh e
;ь
still more aЕ st Pгu ssian blood
Faц st. Rеe с ntly,
тr y
Hungary lГе Ъ
l= s = .з
Furioso :.s
a handsome saddlе
.sir tЪundation
г э6з . апd Jтз nsп еr е .f:..rо
the
sirеs
_ thе
or a с rriagе horse aЬ sеd on two Thoroughbrеd Furioso, foalеd
Norfolk Roadster North Star, foalеd in 1844
mated with the loсal mares of Nonius typе. of Thoгoughbrеd lЬ ood o с ntinued аn d thе rеsult is quality to takе part in all modеr n еq uеs .ъ f,u:sе of suffrсiеn t ]Е 'д: spoгt s inсluding steepleсh asing (halfbгed hoгses arе lг .е usеd foг'h с asing in this part of thе world whеr е thе nЕ. i_Е: ls not as higЫу as еlsеw hеr е) . devеlopеd A horsе of jP* а: itrtrдb l.т good o с nformation, with ftее, slightly еxaggеr тл * ::сгion, thе averagе hеight is 16h.h. аn d thе usual o с l г] 'аkс
:ts
and rЬ own.
Tte Gidran Arabian !;lЕ; гq
Giфan
was importеd into Hungary from AraЬiа in foundеd thе strain known as thе Gidrаn Arabian. Shаg уa, it has the h с аr aсt еr istiсs of thе Arab whilе тш i ..еing of pure Arаb dеsеn с t. Thеr е arе now two distinсt 1:rrs оf Gidran: the iМ ddle uЕ ropean and thе Southern and Зs;егп uЕ тopean. Thе first is a horsе of morе substаnес than Eе sеoс nd, whiсh is morе akin in appеaranсе to thе аsЕ tеr n т: t оf .\ тab. Thе hеavier typе is often used in harnеss whilе
.r^ 6 ап d ] l i. й е
r* *
.:ghtеr
.д ч г .ll =A Е _s
o с lour oсu с г.
typе
is an allpurposе
is h с еstnut'
horsе. The o с mpеt ition although bаy, grеy аn d lЬ aсk somе
A Wtirttembeгg
Furioso V
..
t| 0RsЕ
BBEЕDS
The lllurakoz A draught horse, bгеd in tlrе rivеr Mura геgion of Hungаr y (аn d also iп Poland and Yugoslavia), this rЬ eed hаs bееn dеvеlopеd duгing tlris e с ntury by rс ossing nativе marеs with Pегh с eron, as wеll аs BelgianArdеn nes and Norikеr stаllions with homebrеd horses. I n the 1920s a flfth of аll horses in Hungary wеr е u М rаkoz, many losses but the brееd suffеr еd in tlrе Sеoс nd lDИorld \ D(/ 'аr аn d has not rеgained its foгm еr
numЬеr s. I t is a fаstmoving horse of somе quality аn d is notеd аs being good tempегеd , sound and an eсonomiсаl feеd ег. I t is usually h с estnut with flaxen mane аn d tаil, u Ь t a Ь ys, browns, grеys and lЬ k ас s do oсu с r. Thе avеr agе hеight is 16h.h. аn d the horsе is a good agriсu ltuтal woгker.
Thе Nonius A Murakoz
Likе
с rsor, thе Fuгioso, of whiсh it is thе prеu the Nonius was at thе futеziс hеg yеs Stud in Hungary. Thе founda tion siтe is said to be a Frenсh stallion a с llеd Nonius (foalеd dеvеlopеd
in 1810)' itsеlf thе rеsult of a mating bеt wееn an n Е glish halfЬr еd с pturеd stаllion аn d a Norman marе. Nonius was a during thе Napoleoniс wаr s аn d taken to Hungаr y whеr е he sirеd 15 outstаn ding stallions fгom a variety of marеs, inсlud ing Arabian, IЕ olstein, Lipizzaner and AngloNoгm an. The populаr and todаy is a good rЬ eеd flouгished and aес Ь me very riding or a с rriаg е horsе of medium to hеalry wеight, standing аn d is, anything from 14.2 to l6h.h. I t is a lаt е dеvelopеr с lours o с nsequendy, a hoгse of some longevity. Thе usual o horsе, of Ь у and it is a tough, o с mpaсt arе blaс( brown and a for agтiu с ltural work equable temperamеn t' еq ually suitаb lе and o с mpеt itivе spoгt s. The Shagya Arabian
A Nonius
a .pure' Aтab stтain sinсе foundation marеs wеr e of dubious somе of thе dеse с nt. The bгеed tаkеs its name from a Syrian horsе, Shagya, who wаs importеd to thе BaЬolna Stud along with purposеs, and seveгal other Aгabs in 1836 for rеstoсk ing sirе. Like Shagya, many of the beсаm e a vеr y prеpotеn t grеy, and thе bгеd possesses thе usual modегn horsеs аr e Aгabiаn h с аr aсt еr istiсs and temperamеn t, with аn avеr agе height of l5 h.h. Although thе Shagya is prinсipally аn а1l purposе riding hoгse, it is also usеd in harnеss.
The Shagya Arabian is not, sш iсt ly spеaking,
Ausш ia The Lipizzanеr аn d has This brееd is notеd foг its doсility and intеlligеnес world fаm ous for its o с nnеtс ion with thе Spanish ш еsас Riding Sсh ool of Viеn na. Thе modеr n LipЙzаn er baсk to the Spanish Andaluсiаn horses importеd into Yugo slаvia by thе Arсh dukе Chагles who foundеd a stud аt Lipizzа in 1580. The stud oс ntinuеd to import Spanish horsеs цn til thе sevеn tееn th Ь t as the importation of Spanish e с ntury u bеo с mе
notablу stoсk began to dwindle othеr blood wаs intтoduсеd ' that of thе Arabian stallion, Siglalу . Today Lipizzanеr s arе thе brеd in Austгia, at thе famous Pibеr Stud whiсh suppliеs с un Spanish Riding Sсh ool, аn d in sеveгal aЕ st uЕ ropеan o
tries, partiсu laгly
Yugoslavia and Czеh с oslovаkia.
As
a
arе o horsеs, with strong baсks and quаr thеу с mpaсt с an аverage hеight of tеr s and short, strong lеg s. Thеy rеah aгound 15 to 15.2h.h., and the pгеd ominant o с lour is grеy,
г еd Ь ,
although somе bays and browns oсu Mаn y Lipizzaп et с г. foals are born blaсk or brown and takе a long timе _ some с usе ас uiте thеir gтеy o с ats. Bеa timеs up to tеn yеаr s _ to q they maturе slowly' Lipizzanеr s аr e often aЬle to work in their аn d, e Ь sidеs e Ь ing used for highsсh ool work, they twеn tiеs
I ts doсile tеm pеr аm ent makе eхеlс lеn t аrс riage horsеs. makes t} re Lipizzaner an ideal horsе for rс ossing with othег, more higЫystrung
breeds
} ioriker .: \ ..гikеr . oт South Germаn Cold Blood' takеs its nаm е formеd part of thе Roman : ] . .lе statе of Noгiuс m, whiсh rougЫу in outlinе to modеr n = .:jе аn d oс гr еspondеd . from the tough dеsеn с ded j:,а. The Norikеr is proЬalЬ y !'_: Lf;тt lе Haflingdisuiсt of Austria, butowеs its prеsеn t .: _ 16 тo | 6.2 h.h. _ to lateг infusions of Neapolitan, Buг ТЪ
_. ?.:zgаu еr '
i :.i] :] i€
Thе tеr m Norikеr now inсludеs whiсh was foгm еr ly designаt ed presentdаy Norikеr is a surefootеd
Spanish lЬ ood.
::] :.:;.1 аn d
a
spottеd
Thе
brееd .
horsе
ti::.: horse of еq uaЬle tеm pеr amеn t, с , sеt on а short, thiсk nеk ,. . ; hеаd
with а rЬ oаd hс est, good fееt
and lс ean legs.
is and the rЬ eеd h с еstnut ' : irroughor] t South Gеr many as wеll as in Austriа. I t is ''... s:iiеd foт work in thе_sе mountainous rеgions and aс rе of stallions weight pulling' walking aп d trot iсlrэс ion . _. :ls must bе undergonе bеf ore a stallion maу stand аt ___ is maintainеd еnsurеS that thе standard of the геdЬ .: _ l:frol.еd .
] .::::niaant o с lours
are a Ь y and
тl
бu lgarla Danubian
lГh е
this e с nrury at thе statе stud .. ::ееd hаs еn Ь devеlopеd :.. lP1еr en, by putting Nonius stаllions to AngloAraЬ . ,.;s Тhе result is a good typе of halfЬr ed whiсh, .сoalthough mmon] . quality, a o с nsidеr ed с nnot е Ь : . : u ... .'.lз tstanding 'оlaсk is a thе Dаn uЬiаn of h с еstnut, or a dаr k shаd е
.::.:;.i horsе stаn ding about 15.2h.h., with a sш ong nеkс , .o = i1 quarters' and a deеp body, set on oс mparativеly ...::;: 1еgs. Strong and aсt ive, thе Danubian is usеd oЬ th аs
:,
.
.= .зh t
Тh е
аsЕ t
. |:
pеr formaп ес in thе lattеr аn d saddle horsе, but its with thе ThoroughЬr еd . .s i:npгovеd when rс ossеd
Bulgarian on Тh oroughbrеф
:,t: оr iginallу
Arab аn d halfbrеd
in the еarly twеn tieth used blood has bееn
Е st Bulgarian tуp е was fixеd ..,.. jle a onlу ThoroughЬr еd ::.. . sinсе whеn
.: .::lаd ing.
' .
Е ro с mmon with many othеr u Although' in o
:...armblood horsеs, this rЬ eеd is still expeсt ed to work on in o с mpеt i :; .:.J аs wеll as undеr saddlе' it is suсеsс sful o = :
: !.огt s
as divеr sе
In
с asing. as dressagе and steеp lеh
stamp of AngloArab, with . .:.::hI faсе. Stаn ding цp to 16 h.h.' it is hс еstnut or blaсk and aсt ivе tеm pеI amеn t :.сu r, with a good, oс opеr ativе in ; ::.. Sеitес i.vе rЬ eeding hаs brought aЬout improvеm еn ts Е st Bulgariаn although the a disсiplinеs, : :,mpеt ilivе с mes to a ш ial of speеd ' with thе с mpaге, whеn it o .i:: o .. :;,ushЬr еd.
:i::Ё: iаne с
lЪе
it is not unlikе
a good
Plеven ._.:. ::еed, of reсеn t
J iii
origin rеsulting
from thе rс ossing
_= .аn .\ л g loArabs with loсal Arab аn d rс ossЬr еd i] ] 1,.е1opеd at Dimitrov farm nеar thе stateownеd
of
horses,
Plеven'
';hiсh
с ntuгy it takеs its name. I n thе еarly part of this e thе blood of the Gidran type was addеd аn d _ _:.зeriаn Aгаb ] _. т'аs dееm еd somе fixed in 1938, аlthough sinсе thеn .:'..liу sе1tес ed nЕ glish Thoroughbred blood has еnЬ Plevеn has аn .AraЬy' _ ' :_
:.'е: еd с .
.l.€ : lаI 1Ce;
Not surprisingly thе although it stands somewhat highег
than thе
с еstnut in o с lour, .\ raЬian, аt аr ound 15.2 h.h. I t is h it is none thе less а .: _ .. jrough it has a kindly tеm pеr ament' horsе, the ,':. spiтitеd ridе. As with thе aЕ st Bulgаr iаn animаl ] .:т: :.;oaу to sеr vе as a duаlpurposе still е Ь еxpеtс еd work as l] : : somе arеas a с n eЬ seеn doing light agriсu lturаl .Dеш rg iii:. ] s riddеn . Howеv er its narural jumping аb ility also jт good horse and the eЬ st horsеs аr е a o с mpеt itivе :t:. jumpers. J.s show !.: . i:::з= е
Noriker
P| еven
V
H0п sЕ
BRЕEDS
Czеh с oslovakia The l(ladruЬer The KladruЬeг is a big, upstanding horse similar in аppear anсе to the Andaluсian, with thе samе o с nvеx shapе to the faсe,
but stаn ding rather
higheг tlrаn
its Spanish antееd с еn t.
The m Е peroг a М ximilian I I founded а stцd at KladгuyЬ in Bohеm ia tn | 572, using Spаn ish foundаt ion stoсk and the horses bгed thеr е bеa с mе
known as Klаd ruЬers. They
wеr e
for drawing thе impeгial a с rriages. lVluсh inbrееd ing took plaсе, although infusions of Nеapolitan blood wеr e usеd
madе from timе
to timе
and horsеs werе exсh angеd bеt wееn stц d s (all thе horses deгivеd , howevеr , from Spаn ish stoсk). I t was not until тh е 1920s thаt the fiгst suс e с ssful rс oss was madе and this was with а Shagya AraЬiаn . Ovеr thе lаst 50 yeaгs oг so the I (lаubе ф r, whiсh formеr ly stood аt an averаg е hеight of l8 h.h., hаs bеo с me smallеr and o с геspondingly more aсt ivе. Thе avеr agе hеight is now L6.2 to l 7 h.h. and аlthough it is still а harnеss horse, it is also usеd to produсе rс ossbгed гiding horses, whosе equable disposi tions makе them pаr tiсu larly suited to dл еssаgе. Only grеу аn d blaсk Klаd rubers havе bееn геdЬ sinсе thе е aг l y ninеt eеn th еn с tц r y and today the old Kladruby Stud pro duсеs only grеys, thе blaсks bеing kept at a nеaгby, uЬ t sepаr atе, stud. the various statе
A Kladruber
Switzеr land The Einsiedler Also somеt imes
known as thе Swiss AngloNorman this is a horsе lс osеly rеlatеd to * iе AngloNormаn . I ts from thе stud of Klosteг iЕ nsiеd el. Thе aveгаg е hеight is 15.3 to | 6.2 h.h. and it is a veгsаt ilе horsе, of good с s tеm pеr ament. I ts aсt ivе ап d tтu e pаe mаke a good аllround dualpurposе nаm е dегives
riding аn d driving horse, аn d a partiсu laгly good a с vaф Thе oс nformation is usuallу good, with plenty of
mouп t .
powеr ful quaгt ers and stтong lеg s. depth through the girф is pеr missible, thе most usual bеing h с est nut аn d bay.
Any solid o с lour
The Franсh es.lvlonta$le This smаll drаu ght horse originated in thе Swiи erlanф
Jrш а
region of
about a еn с tury ago AngloNorman stаl lions wеr е imported and rс ossеd with the loсаl Therе mаr еs. mаy also havе еn Ь infusions of n Е glish halfbrеd hunter аn d Ardеn nеs blood during thе early days of thе bгeеd. Sinсе puгe. thеn , howеver, thе brеed hаs гemainеd rеm arkablу Being small, aсt ivе and vегy surе footеd , it is idеally suited to
A iЕ nsiedI er
Freiberger
Y
whеn
work on the hill fаr ms and is a very popular agтiu с ltuгal horsе. At one timе it was also muсh in demаn d as a militаr y drаu ght hoгsе. I t is a hеаvilyЬu ilt o с btype hoгse with а poweгf ul body sеt on shoгt , stong lеg s and tlrе avегagе height is агound 15 h.h. I t invаr iably possesses a good tеm peramеn t and makes a vеr y versatile work hoгsе. Any solid o с lorц s arе
pегm issiblе.
Thе FreiЬеr gеr Thе Fгеibеr gеr is a saddle horsе whiсh has beеn devеloped o с mpаr atively reсеI rtly at thе Avеn h с es Stц d in Switzerland. I t is bаsеd on thе oс ldblood Fгanсh еsМontagne but hаs pгogгеssively еn Ь upgтadеd by hеаvy iп f usions of Shagya AтiаЬ an blood from Hungаr t's Babolna stud' and also some Norman blooф so that today it shows morе Arabiаn h с аr aс tеr istiсs thаn Frаnh с еsMontagne. I t is an atш aсt ivе riding horse standingI 5.2to 16h.h. with аn AraЬianlooking hеad, good shouldегs аn d quarters, short a Ь \с deеp girth and stтong lеg s with plеп t y of bonе. I t is an aсt ive, intelligent horse possеssed of gгеat stаm ina. 54
н 0в sE
в RE Е DS
Poland Thе a М lapolski bгeed o с ntaining а good dеal of oriеn tal dеvеlopеd the Malapolski is similar to thе \ 0Иielkopolski, but lightеr . I t is brеd mainly in the southwеst of Poland and has to thе \ 0Иielkopolski. Thе similar regional vаr iаt ions
A rеe с ntly
lЬ ooф
is aЬ siсally
a М lapolski
a quаlity гiding horsе, aveгaging
is also whiсh may bе iЬ ggeг' 15h.h., although thе Sadеkс i light draught work. An ехeс p strong еn ough to undеr tаke tionally sound horsе, with grеat stamina аn d an equaЬlе is pегm issiblе. с louг any solid o tеm pеr amеn t,
The Polish Arab
thе mid brеd in Poland sinсе During thе Turkish wars horsеs of aЕ st с ptuгed by thе Arabs, werе a ег n oгigin, inсluding purе brеd importеd morе aЕ stеr n Polеs and, latеr , Polish bгеders had a pro stoсk. Over ttrе years еxported Polish Arabs hаvе
Arаb ian
horsеs
havе bееn
sixtеentlr e с ntury.
on othеr
found еf fеtс
o с untгiеs.
ArаЬ breeding
A Wielkooolski
Thе Sokolsky A powerful light bгeеd s
of norttreаst Polаn d, this fееd ing ес nomiсal and very o
horsе
dл aught
с nsтitution sound o
habits hаvе
made it popular as а fаr m
I t is now bred а rathеr lаr gе hеad'
workеr .
U.S.S.R. as well as in Poland. I t hаs фе
in
с гтied notably good, sloping shouldеr , and а shortish body, a is a с lm аn d lеg s. Thе tеm pегament on shoгt , strong, lс еan hеight is patiеn t and it is a haгd working animаl. Thе аvегagе с lour h с еstnrrt. 15 to 16h.h. and thе prеd ominant o
='
The Wielkopolski с mposite nаm e for what usеd to bе two lVielkopolski is а o Thе Poznan Poznan and the ] Vlаsuгеn . sеParate breеd s, фе Hanovеr ian аn d Thoroughbred blood аn d Although all the was based on тt re Trakеh nеr . thosе Polish .warmbloods' aге now known аs lDИiеlkopolskis, arеas агe still rеg arded as bеing of spеiс fiс с rtаin brеd in e is a good quality тiding horse stand types. Thе \ DИiеlkopolski с nstitution and sensiblе tеm p ing around 16 h.h., of sound o с n bе both гiddеn erament. I t is а notably good movеr and a Any solid oс louг is pеr missible. аn d dтivеn . AraЬ,
o с ntainеd thе
.lVlаsurеn
A Po| ish Aгаb
I taly The I taliаr r Heavy Draught A medium sizе drаught horsе, standing I tаlian
Heavy Draught hoгse usеd
agгiu с ltural woгker
but hаs,
in
15 to16h.h., thе populаr days of inсr еasing
to be an
thеse
еxtrеm еly
I t is o с me to bе bгеd morе and morе for mеаt . аn d norttrern I taly с ш аl bred thгoughout еn an tас ive horsе, is oftеn a vеr y stгiking dark livеr аn d has Brеt on аnеsс try. I t с lours h с estnut with flaxеn mаn e and tail, although otlrer o (notably roаn and h Thе hеad is finе foг so с esmut) do oсu с r. с araсt еr istiсs othег h heavy a horsе, and is set on a shoгt neсk . body and strong quar аn d girtlr, a o с mpaсt ал е a dеep h с еst tегs, witlr fееt tеn ding to е Ь boxy.
meсh аn izаt ion'
The iVlaremmana A rathеr oс п lrnon heavy
or light drаu ght horse, tlre с iеf usеs arе аs a to I taly. I ts h с ttlе and for thе I tаlian a mount foг tlre I taliаn mountеd poliсе ес nomiсal heгd smen, тh e buttеr i. I t is a hаr dy horsе and аn o about 15.3h.h., and as a good stеadyworker fеd с er, standing с lours arе peгm is it makеs а usеf ul faгm hoгse. Any solid o
a М remmana
saddlе
is indigеn ous
sible. 55
| tа| ian
Heavy Draught
V
The lllurgese М rgese horsе, whiсh takes its namе from the modеr n u Puglia, dates rеg ion of Nlurgе nеar horseЬr еeding having died out 200 yеars ago. I t from thе 1920s, the old rЬ еd is a light dгаu ght or riding horse in whiсh oriеn tal blood is although this аn с not bе positively iden obviously prеsеn t' tifiеd . The avеr agе hеight is 15 to 16h.h. and thе usuаl
Thе
fаm ous
o с louт,
h с еstnut.
Whеn
u М rgеsе
and Arab stallions thеy
Thoroughbгеd
mares arе
produсе
put
a good
to
stamp
of riding horsе.
The Salerno and Salerno dis A good saddle horse brеd in thе aМ remmа mount of the triсt s, this brееd was formеr lу thе favourite I talian a с valry. possеssеd
Standing аb out
of intеlligenсе
horsе 16 h.h., it is a sеn siblе and jumping ability and although
thеr е is now less dеm and for aс valry mounts it still finds to thе kас Ь favour as an allround riding horse. I t trаеsс с nformation. Anу solid Nеapolitan and is a horsе of good o o с lour is pегm issiblе.
A Dutсh Draught
Thе Nеt herlands The Dutсh Draught sinсe thе First This hеalry draught horsе has beеn dеvеlopеd \ DИаг horse for working on as а suitаb lе Woгliс spеiс fiсallу both thе sand and lс ay lands of agriсu ltural Hollаn d. with Brabant h с osеn and rс ossеd Zea7andtуp e mаr es werе Thе resultant stаllions аn d latеr with Bеlgian Ardеn nеs. built horsе that lс oselу rе Dutсh Draught is а massivеlу
holsе, the Brabant. Despitе its weight it is an aсt ivе sеm blеs with a kind disposition, grеat stamina and quitе а turn of foot с louring is I t stands up to 163 h.h. and its o whеn rеq uired. bay or grey. usuаllу h с еstnut,
The Friesian
and takеs its as far a Ь kс еn с tц r y' thе Throughout thе sеventееn th as 1000 в.с saddle Friesian was muсh sought аf ter as a wеightсarrying in thе ninetееn th horsе. Thеn thе populaгity of trotting raсеs with thе Friеsian's ffotting prowess, lеd to с uplеd e с nrury' o
Thе Friеsian namе from
A
Friеsia
n
Gelderland
V
is onе of uЕ ropе' s а Friеsland, whеr е
oldеst brееd s, horsе еxistеd
hеar,ry
thе produсt ion of a lightеr , fаster horsе lеss suited to the agriсu ltural work hithеr to requirеd of it. As a rеsult thе rЬ еd Foгt unately a brеeding plan wеn t into somethifig of a dеlс ine. wаs adoptеd just in timе and with the aid of importеd Oldеn was revivеd . Today it is flourishing. burg stallions thе brееd and swеet naturеd , аn d its willing Thе Friesian is attrаtс ivе, allround working horsе. mаkе it an idеаl ness and aсt ive paсе and in iс rсu sеs. I t also finds muсh fаvour аt horsе shows and Smаll in staturе' standing around 15 h.h.' it is oс mpaсt strong body, short legs with somе musсu lar, wittr a fine hеаd, с lour is еxlс usivеlу and hаr d feet. Thе o feаt hеr on the hееls, lЬ aсk, with no whitе markings.
The Gеlderland This populаr horsе
whеn а с ntury baсk to the lаst e traсеs variety of imported stallions, notably Norfolk Roadstеr s and Arabs, wеr e mated with nativе males in thе Geldеr land pro Е sl horsе. Latеr , a an upstanding аrс riаg е vinсе to produсе blood was addеd and in Friеsian, Oldenburg and Haсknеy
infusions of AngloNorman lЬ ood havе bееn this еn с tury sort, stand. madе. Thе modern Geldеr land is a stтong, aсt ivе с lour, witЪ or grеy in o с еstnut ing about 15.2 h.h., usually h As wеll as appеaranсе. making an oсa с sional skеw bаlds с and with its great pтеsеne а firstсlass аrс riagе horsе, с n also make a usеf ul riding horsе aсt ion' it a еy е a с tсh ing also make good jumpеr s. Some Geldеr lаn ds
еiЬ ng
56
Тh e Groningen Similar in appеaranсе
from whiсh
to thе oidеn burg
it
cеr ivеs, thе Groningеn is now a vеr y гaI е breеd. I t was pro Ь rgs aЕ st Friеsians аn d oldеnu duсed by rс ossing Fтiеsians, с rriage horsе standing 15.2 and thе rеsцlt was an attraсt ive a гo 16 h.h., with grеat dеp th of girth and powerful quartеr s and it fееd еr , ес nomiсаl shouldeгs set on shoft' strong lеg s. An o с nstitution and еq uablе tеm peramеn t. is a horsе of sound o dаr k brown and bay. Thе usual o с lours arе lЬ aсk,
т) .1
.E The Bеlgian
:_... erglum
Ardennes
hoтsе modern Ardеn nеs оf the draught hoI sеs praisеd
Тh e
с dаn t is thought to bе thе dеsеn in!:,is Dе Bello Julius Cаеsar
by
infusions of с nt timеs reсеivеd Gаllico. I t hаs in molе lеe blood. Standing up to еНavy Dгaught) Brabant (Bеlgiаn horsе, with а hеavilyЬu ilt с mpaсt , aЬout l5.3 h.h., it is а o a с rried Ь rrеl and a huge a a big rЬ oad hеad h с еst, dееp to on short' massivеlybuilt lеg s. Thеr e is a pronounсed rс еst а good dеal of feathеr . Prеd omin с rry and thе lеg s a thе nеk с с tionallу I t has an еxеp с еstnut. аn t o с lours arе aЬ y, roan and h gеn tle tеm peramеn t' and makes a willing dтaught horsе, wеll
lvidе'
suited to hillу
o с untrу.
(Sее
also thе
Frеnh с
Ardеn nаis.)
The BraЬant (Belgian Heavy Draught) originally known as the Flandеr s horsе, й е Bеlgian
Healry Draught IЕ orsе,
BraЬant,
produсt of еn с turiеs Brabant stands betwееn is thе
or
of
16.1 brеeding. Today thе although or hс еstnut, аn d 17 h.h. аn d is usually rеd гoаn I t is a handsomе, с r. grеys, duns, bays and browns still oсu girth and short 1еgs dееp Ь kс ' powerful horsе, with a short a Thе hеad is squarе and small in lr'ith a good dеаl of fеathеr . proportion to the oЬ dy. A willing, goodtempеr еd draught wаlk, ovеI thе yеars, the Brabant horsе, with a notаb ly aсt ivе hear,ry hoтses. Е ropеan othеI u has had muсh influenсе on
sе] .еtс ivе
A Brabant
The Dole Trotter is а somеw hat Тh е DФle Trottеr DбleGudЬr andsdal а little highеr , u Ь t
lightеr
North Swedish
offshoot of thе
pony. I t stаn ds about 15 h.h., somеt imes rеt ains thе ponу appearanсе of thе DФlе'
marеs to with DФlе Тr otting stallions have еeЬ n rс ossеd of thе ponу and thе aсt ivе trot h с аr aсt еr istiс lеr ,еlop thе геsultant trottеr is a tough, aсt ivе individual that pеr forms rr'еl1 in harnеss.
The North Swedish .\ л aсt ivе, mediumsizеd
bаkс to the hеavy horsе tгaiс ng to thе геlatеd is lс osеlу of the region, this brееd pony of Norwaу . I t is a powerful horsе with a laтg е head, Dсilе long, dееp bodу, shoтt , strong lеg s with plenty of short nеkс ,
nativе .эonе
holsе
and good, lively, longsш iding
aсt ion. Of rеn ownеd
it is also еxеpс tionally 1ongеvity and kind tempеr amеn t, with thе faсt с uplеd disеase. The latter, o геsistant to еq uine it a popular horsе for mаkеs fееd еr , ес nomiсal that it is an o Thе usual o с l rvorking on thе farmland and in thе forеsts. ouls arе dun, brown, hс еstnut hеieht 15.l to 15.3 h.h.
and lЬ k ас
and the averаgе
>/
ё з
V
The North Swedish Trotter The trottеr is of thе samе rЬ eеd, buт a lighter version of the North Swеd ish IЕ orsе аn d is thе result of sеltес ivе brееd ing within thе brеed to dеvеlop thе nаt uгal ш otting ability. I t hаs a longish oЬ dy, thе sloping rс oup h с arаtс еr istiс of ttrе trotting horsе, short lеg s with some feаt hеr and а thiсk manе and ail. Thе stride is long and aсt ivе аn d although the short neсk,
bгеd
a с nnot
wittr thе Amеr iсan
o с mpared
e Ь
and uЕ гopeаn
ш otting
Stаn dаr dbrеd hаr ness
it is a popular
horses
rаe с horsе. I t stands about 15.1 to 15.3h.h. and is usuаlly blаkс , brown, h с еstnut, a Ь y or dun.
The Swеd ish Ardennes A Swedish Ardennes
Swedish Wаr m
B| ood
V
This heavy draught horsе wаs brеd from importеd Bеlgian horsеs rс ossеd with thе North Swеd ish llorsе' аf ter thе fust Bеlgian Ardennеs had beеn inш oduсеd into Swеd еn years ago. A fixed typе was quiсk ly about а hundгеd developеd with thе Ardеn nеs bеo с ming thе dominating influеne с . h есМ anization has led to а deсline in numЬеr s in reсent yеars but the Swedish Ardеn nеs is still а muсh liked horse o Ь th in its o с untry of origin and in thosе o с untries
Ardеn nes
whiсh
havе impoгt ed it. Thе avеr agе height is 15.2 to 16 h.h. аn d thе usual o с louгs lЬ kас , bаy, h с еstnut and brown. I t is a goodnаt urеd quiеt to handle uЬ t еn еr getiс in hoгsе, its paсеs, with а rс ested nе\с and a dееp and vеr y musсu lаr o Ь dy, whiсh is sеt on short, sш ong legs аrс rying littlе feаt hеr .
The Swedish Warm Blood Thе
Swedish \ UИarm Blood is a saddlе horsе of somе quality, going baсk for some 300 the rеsult of seleсt ivе rЬ eеd ing years. I n the еarly years, Spanish, Friesiаn and oгiеn tаl blood wаs imported аn d morе reсеn tly infusions of Thoroughbrеd , аn d
Arab, I lanovегian and Trakеh nеr havе bееn mаd e. I t is a strong' sound riding horsе of good tеm pегament and good o с nfoгm ation with plеn ty of depth through thе giтt h and short strong lеg s.
has a pаr tiсu lar
I t makеs
a
very good o с mpеt ition
aptitude for drеssage.
1'6.2h.h. and usually up to a fаir
o с lours
arе
hoгsе
Stаn ding
amount of wеight,
а1 1
and about
solid
pеr missible.
Dеn mark V
Frederiksboгg
The Frederiksborg King Frederik I I sеt up the Royаl Frederiksborg Stцd in 1562, stoсk ing it with Andаluсiаn s impoгt еd from Spain. Later Nеapolitan, aЕ stern and British lЬ ood was addеd and thе Fredегiksboгg was dеvеlopеd. I t bеaс me a higЫy militаr y
h с aгg еr as wеll as being o с nsidеr ed a good in thе days ofthе grеаt uЕ ropеan riding sсh ools. I t has also always еn Ь ц sеd for light haгn ess work аn d today still fulfils the duаl rolеs of drаu ght and riding horsе. King Frеd eril{ s stцd no longer eхists, having lс osеd its doors in 1839, following the injudiсious sаlе of muсh of its e Ь st stoсk foг thе purpose ofupgrading othеr breeds. But privatе brееd еr s hаvе kept the Fгеd eriksborg alive and today it is found а1l over Denmаr k. I t is a strong' tас ivе hoгse of mеd ium height (аr ound 15.3 h.h.) with partiсu larly powеr ful shouldеr s and h с est, and good limЬs with plеn ty of bone. The faсе is oftеn o с nvеx in outlinе, showing it to be a horsе of Spаn ish oгigin and the pгеd ominant o с lour is h с еstnut. I ts good tеm Pеr а mеn t makes it а very usеf ul working horsе. estееm еd
sсh ool
horsе
The Jutland
The Jutland horsе takes its nаm е from and hаs
еxisted
foг somе
it was usеd to aс rry thе pеr iod
into batdе.
Suffolk stаllion 58
thousаn d
the island of Jutland I n the Middlе
уеаr s.
The modern brеeф аlс lеd oppеn heim
grеatly
LХI I
Agеs
knights of thе
hеavilyarmouгed
influenсed yЬ a who was еxportеd
H0RsE BRЕD Е s
from Britаin to Dеn maгk in 1860' is a hеavy dтaught horse of massive proportions. I t has great depтh of h с еst and girth аn d shoгt , fеаt herеd lеg s, аn d avеr аg еs 15.2 to 16 h.h., but in spitе of its еn oгm ous strеn gth' thе Jutland is а vеr y gеn tlе animal, o с opеr ativе and eаsy to handlе when working. I t is unfortu natеly on thе dеlс ine meсh anization аn d а owing to inсr еаsed o с nsеq uent lessening of demand for good dтaughт hoгsеs. Thе prеdominаn t o с lour is h с estnut, u Ь t roans, a Ь ys and
blaсks aге
also sееn .
Thе KnaЬstrup Knabsш up
trаеsс baсk to a spottеd marе aс llеd stal Flaеb еh oppеn who, in 1808 wаs put to a Frеd eriksЬorg lion and foundеd а linе of spottеd, lightеr built horsеs. I n pattегn г еn с t timеs thе еn са t in brеeding hаs beеn on o с аt гathег thаn good o с nformation and it is douЬt rul whеt her the longеr exists, although thеr е аr е Knabstrup as а brееd аn y spottеd horses similaг to it still in Dеn mаr k. Standing at аb out 15.3 h.h., it was partiсu larly popular as a iс rсu s horsе.
Thе
.Е
l
t
^ I 1Пlo ПД
Thе Finnish The
с gnized horse in Finlаn d, тlre orr1у offrсially rеo brееd of Finnish hoгse is dеsеnс ded from two lс osеlу rеlаt еd brееd s, the Finnish Dгаu ght and thе Finnish lJniversal. Thеsе two
гe Ь еd s
o с ntаin а
mixtц r е
of many warm and o с ldblood
typеs
whiсh wеr е impoгt еd into Finlаn d аn d гсossеd with the o с untds native poniеs. The pгеsentdaу Finnish horsе is a good allroundеr , being used as а dгaught horsе and under аs timbег saddle and ехe с lling at suсh diversе oсu с pations hauling аn d trotting геsас . Trotting is very popular in Fin lаn d аn d thе bеst trotters arе thе геsult of selеtс ivе brееd ing. Thе Finnish hoгsе stands up to 15.2 h.h. and is a strong sort аyЬ , rЬ own аn d with good bonе, usuаlly o с lourеd h с еstnut, с lЬ aсk. Having bеen brеd pгimaгily with pеr formаne in mind hе is a little laсk ing in quаlity but although hе laсk s in looks hе gains in staying powег, tеm perаm еn t and o с nstitution.
A Finnish
Knabstrup V
I
* n
н 0RsЕ
в RD Е s
ar
Dpaln The Andaluсian М orish This famous old brееd traсеs baсk, at least to thе o of Spain, whеr t Barbs fгom North Afriсa wеr e oсu с pation introduсеd
to the I bеr ian
peninsulа.
The horsе whiсh
mingling of thе indigenous stoсk with thе rеsultеd from thе Е ropе the forеm ost horsе of u was to bеo с me invadеr s' BarЬs I t had a grеat еn с tury. and remainеd so until thе еightееn th influenсe on othеr uЕ ropean brеeds, most notably the Lipiz e с ntre of organizеd brееd ing zanеr . Cordoba was a vеr y еаr lу along with с trеs todaу the prinсipal еn and rеm ains onе of с ntury thе с as the fifteenth e and Jerez. As far bаk Sеvillе and Carthusian monks of Jеr еz weгe dеvoting theiг attеn tion, of horsеs with grеat mеans, to thе brееd ing o с nsiderablе purity of bloodlines. Thе Andaluсian is а very strong and agility с ' с mbinеs and it o tас ive horsе of еn ormous prеsеn e Usuallу white, gгеy tеm pеr ament. and firе with a very doсilе it has a luxuriant manе аn d tail and spеtс aсu lar, or aЬ у, I t stands аb out 15.2h.h. highstеp ping aсt ion.
The Hispano (Spanish AngloArаb ) The Hispano or Spanish AngloArаb is thе result of putting to nЕ glish Thoroughbrеds. Suсh Spanish Arаb mагеs
A Andaluсian
AlterReal
V
saddle horsе with morе matings have produсеd an attraсt ivе than the avеr agе pronounсed Arabian h с aгatс eristiсs higЫу с est 16 h.h. and is usuаlly bаy , h AngloArab. I t stands oаЬ ut grеat o and с urаg е nut or grey. I ts attгibutеs of intеlligenсе, с mpetition horsе in еvегy agility have madе it popular as a o аs a mount in тt rе sport. I t is аlso usеd branсh of еq uеsш ian in whiсh ridеr s test thе fighting bulls с ntеsts o ас so у dеr ribo o by rЬ inging thеm down with а tfuust from а long pole. Thе athletiс, for bе еx trеm еly nееd to horsеs used in this ех r iс se at с arge thеir аssаilаn ts thе mole spiritеd bulls will rise and h a spiritеd animаl, the Hispano is somе speеd . Dеspitе bеing disposition. of a vеr y ш tас аb lе
.l
т)
r.
ortugal
The AlterReal This horsе is аsЬ ed appеaranсe.
Vilа
on thе
de Portеl
Andaluсiаn
and is similar to it
in the mid еighteеn th
I t originаt еd
Stud in Poгt ugal's
еn с ftlry
Alentejo Provinсе,
at
in
thе
whiсh
rеg ion of Spain. The thе Jеr еz 300 mаr еs from rЬ еd flourished, and was muсh in demand as an hаu te oёс le invasion of 1821 when the stud horsе, until thе Nаp oleoniс imported somе
I n subsе and the stoсk dispersеd . rс ossеd with a motlеy It of horses ranging ftom Arаb s to IЕ anoverians. o с llеtс ion that e с ntц r y wаs not until thе bеg inning of the twеn tiеt h Andaluсian blood and rе stеp s werе taken to rеintoduсе typе. The Altеr hаs survived thеse thе formеr еstаb lish espеiс allу viсissitudes аn d is still today a.good saddlе hoгsе although with its diffiсu lt' highstrung suited to hаu tе ёcolе, has gтeat аrс eful handling. Thе tас ion it nееd s tеm pelаm еn t с mpaсt с s еxtension. I t is a o and, as a rеsult, lаk еlеvation horsе, standing 15 to 16h.h., usually bay or brown' somе
was saсkеd quеn t yеаr s
timеs
bу thе
Frеnh с
thе remaining Alters wеr e
grеy.
The Lusitаr ro Lusitano is an likе thе Andaluсian in appеаr anсe, thе o с ntaining Andalц obsсцr e origin uЬ t probaЬlу old rЬ еed of horse с mpaсt аn d oriеn tal lЬ ood. I t is a good looking' o iс аn
Vеr y
and tail. Thе and a wavy mаn е with аn alert еxprеssion o с lour avеr agе hеight is 15 to 16h.h. аn d thе pгеd ominаn t grеу. An intelligеn t, agilе horse of grеаt oс urаge, it was horsе аn d is today muсh с vаlry formеr ly in demand аs a a prizеd
in thе bullгing.
The Poгt uguеse
mountеd
bullfightеr s,
H0RsE BRЕEDls
аt hlеt iс rеq uirе higЫy sсh oolеф known as rеj onеadorеs, is aс гr iеd mounts, sinсе thе еn tirе fight out on horsеb aсk. by piсadors in thе Spanish Unlikе the sorry speсimеn s usеd animal, is a vеr y vаluaЬlе bullfight, thе rеj еonеado1s horsе in hаu te oёс le. trained to a high dеg rее
Е IA с NORTH AмR
u.s.A. The AlЬino in horsеs whiсh a с n oсu с r In in oтh еr rс eаt ures. woгld, just as it oсu с гs and arе frе however, Albinos are rЬ еd dеliЬeratеly Amегia с , quеn tly o although some pеoplе а distinсt rЬ еd , с nsiderеd с lour type rаt her thаn а breеd. would arguе that thеy arе a o in фе Stаt еs takеn plaсе has еrс tainlу Sеltес ivе breеd ing A1bino is a type of o с louring anуw hеr е in
thе
A Albino
and Albino of thе twеn tieth еnс tuгy palе o с l ас ievеd . Thе h с araсt еr istiс o с louring is rеg ularly h lаkс of с ngеn ital ouring of thе AlЬino is thе rеsult of a o pink skin, a puге whitе oс at, pigmеn tation whiсh produсеs
Ameriсan ouаr ter
sinсе thе beginning
lDИh ilе being с loц r еd undouЬt еd ly and very often palе o еyеs. to еrс tаin disad an eyе аtс h horse, the Albino is suЬj tес с ing vаn tagеs as a rеsult of its o с louring. The skin tеn ds to bе sensitivе to thе sun аn d thе vision is oftеn weak and may evеn еЬ As a гesult mаn y horsеm еn avoid аn irnals of defеtс ive.
sцh с
Thе
o с louring.
Albino is said to
Ameriсan
bе
from onе siте a с llеd old I (ng who is thought to and AraЬ lЬ ood. Apart from their havе o o М гg an с ntainеd h с araсt еr is Albinos havе no vеr y mаr kеd uniquе o с louring, and shapes. tiсs аn d may bе a variеt y of sй еs
dеsеn с dеd
The Ameriсan
Quarter florse
most popu Thе Amеr iсаn Quartеr IЕ oгse is Noгt h Amеr iсa's с untтies lar rЬ еd and onе whiсh has bееn exported to o throughout the world. I t was devеlopеd by еarlу n Е glish o с lonists in Viгg inia and thе Carolinas аn d is thе result of Е glish rс ossing mаr еs of Spanish dеsеnс t with imported n stallions. Thе breed wаs used as an allpurposе riding and hаr nеss horsе u Ь t с ovег short distanсеs. Thе was also rаеd
improvй еd rаес traсks usuаlly o с nsistеd of rough paths lс еarеd out of undеr growth, although thе main villagе sш eеt as а o oftеn sеr vеd с nvеn iеп t venue for гaеsс . The Quaгt еr IЕ oгse took its name from the quаr tеr milе sprints in whiсh it o с mpеt еd аn d at whiсh it was so аd еp t. Vhеn Thoroughbred raсing ousted thе Quaп еr IЕ orsе vaгiety, the breed was moгe and morе used аs а o a с w pony and ovеr thе years dеvеlopеd remarkаb le
instinсt
foг hеr ding
and u с tting out
a с ttlе.
In
reсеn t Ь n a iЬ g revival of intегest times howevеr tlrere has еe and thе futц r е in Quartеr Horsе raсing ovег short distanсеs of thе brееd с mpaсt hoгsе sеems assurеd . I t is аn attraсt ive' o of kind disposition and good o с nformation' with massivе, pow еr ful quarteгs' strong shouldеr s, and a shoгt , musсu lar baсk. The avеr age hеight is aboцt 15.2 h.h. and any solid o с lour is
peгm issiblе, gеne с
аlthough
h с estnut
is prеdominant.
I ts intеlli
good mount аn d grеat agility makе it an еxe с ptionally horsе. for working a с ttle or as a popular allpurposе plеasuге
g.= { i
Hoгse
V
The Ameriсan
Saddle l{ orse
An еlegant
saddle horsе, originаlly known аs the Kеn tuсk y this breеd was dеvеloped by thе Kentuсk y plаn tation of thе ninetееn th еn с п ' rry who neеd еd a horse that
Sаd dlеr ,
ownеr s
tеm pеr amеn t
аn d
} rorse is rЬ еd
grеat
stamina. Todaу
the Amеr iсan
primarily for the show гing whеr e hе
Saddle
a с n
o с mpеt e in threе typеs ofсlasses: in light harnеss' as a thrее gaited sаd dlеr or as a fivе gaitеd saddlеr . I n the light harness
A Ameriсan
ехt ravagant' elеvаt ed tас ion e Ь lovеd of its аdmirers. Thе .slowgait' is pranсing a movеm еn t in four timе, while thе .raсlc is its fullspeed equivalent. Thе Saddlе rЕ orsе hаs a small, еlegant heаd set on a long, musсu laг neсk, аn d strong shoulders, bаkс аn d quartеr s. The legs are strong and m,,sс, ,
Sadd| e Hoгse
Thе showу appеarаneс of thе horsе is еn са tuatеd bу thе аr tifiсiаlly high tаil aс гr iagе (obtаinеd yЬ niсking 1hе doсk musсlеs and sеt ting thе tail in а rс uppеr ); and vаr ious othеr 1аr .
suсh as growing the fееt long, and fаstеn ing weights round thе o с ronеt to dеv еlop the еxtravagant tас ion. Prеd o minant o с lours аr e bay, rЬ own' h с еstrrut and lЬ aсk and the аverage height is 15 to 16h.h. meаn s,
The Amеr iсan Standаr dbred Onе of thе worlds finеst harness гaеhс orses, dardbrеd originatеd baсk to an importеd
in Ameriса
A Ameгiaс n
йе
еarly
settlеr s.
thе
Stan
200 years ago. I t traсеs
nЕ glish
wаs rс ossеd with thе deriving from hoгsеsof by
nеarly
Thoгoughbred, еsМ sеn gеr , who Nаr гagansеt t pаe с r' a type of horsе Dutсh origin taken to thе Nеw World
lVlеssenger,
who wаs a dеse с ndant
of thе
Darley Aгabiаn , pгoduсed progеn y with mаr kеd trotting abil ity аn d it wаs onе of his dеsеn с dаn ts, thе pгеp otеn t Hаm blе tonian, who was rеsponsible for e М ssеn ger bеing dеsignatеd the brеeds foundation sire. Ninеt у ninе pеr еn с t of modегn StandardЬr еd s traсе baсk to four of HаmlЬ еt onian's sons _ Gеoгg е !Иilkes, Diсt ator' H"ppy Nlеd ium and lЕ tес ionееr . Thе tеr m StandardЬr еd dеr ivеs from thе timе stаn dаr d, whiсh was adoptеd to tеst the аb ility of haгn еss rаеrс s beforе Standаr dbгeo Appа| oosa
V
sш aight. a М ny Stаn dardbrеds o Ь th trot аn d pаес (i.е. movе the legs in laterаl' as opposеd to diagonal, pаirs) and those whiсh show a naturаl tеn denсy to paсе at an еаr 1у age arе а large sсalе had a grеat
orld. I t is mеd ium
sizеd
horse stаn ding
the pгеd ominant
o с lours arе
a
up to around I 52 to 16 h.h. and bay, rЬ own, blaсk аn d h с estnut.
The Appaloosa This brееd
of sаd dlе
northwеst
Amеr iса
who inhаb itеd
horse originatеd in thе Palousе Valleу of аn d wаs brеd by the Nez Pеr ес I ndians the vаlley ц n til 1877. I t is desсеn ded from
horses taken to South Amеr iсa
by thе
Spanish o с nquistа
dores during the siхt eenth e с ntury. Thе Appaloosа is noted for its spottеd o с аt whiсh may bе an аllovег spotted pattегn ' o с nsisting und (lеopard); light spots ; and spors on the
quаr tеr
thеr variations
inсludе marblе, fгost and white blankеt , the latter in faсt not bеing spottеd at all, but o с nsisting of whitе quartеr s and loins on an oтt rегw isе dагk o с at. Thе usual ground o с lour is roan although any o с louг o с mЬination whiсh fits onе of thе six typеs mеn tionеd is permissible. Thе skin of thе nosе, lips and gеn itals of thе Appaloosа is mottled аn d thеr е is whitе sсlеr a round thе еyеs. The feеt aгe oftеn vertiсally sш ipеd and the manе and tail arе sparse. Thе Appaloosa is аn d today finds one of thе most popular horsеs in Ameriса, muсh favour as аn allround saddle horsе. Bеa с use of its rеm аr kаb le o с louring it is muсh used as а iс rсu s and parade hoгsе. I t is а o с mpaсt horsе, standing up to аb out 15.2h.h., with notably powerful quartеr s. I t is vегy agile, of eхеp с tion allу traсt aЬlе disposition, аn d possesses both spееd and stamina. I t also jumps well. pаt tеr n
The } I issouri Fox Trottеr
A Missouri
Fox тгotter
The iМ ssouri Fox Trottеr is desсendеd from Thoгoughbred, pгoduсеd inЬr eеd ing a Arab and o М rgan horsеs. Sеleсt ivе .foxtrot' с liar brokеn gаit a с llеd the sаd dle horsе with a pеu its name. Thе hoгsе wаlks brisklу from whiсh thе brееd tаkеs с n aсh iеvе with its forefeet аn d trots with its hind fеet' and a с mfortaЬlе spееd s of up to 16 km/ h (10 mph). Thе gаit is a o thе horsе was originаlly usеd as an allpurpose onе аn d and Arkаn sas. I t is a mount in the hill o с untry of iМ ssouгi hеad, short strong strong' o horsе with an аt tlaсt ivе с mpaсt с n bе baсk and plеn ty of dеp th through thе girth. Thе hеight a с lour, inсluding thе morе anything up to 16h.h. and any o yеars permissiЬlе. I n rееn с t еxotiс onеs suсh as palomino, аге liИalking infusions of Amеr iсan Sаd dle Horse and Tеn nеssеe Horsе blood hаvе bееn addеd and thеr е arе today show lс аssеs for this unusual breеd.
Thе
^ Ulorgaп
littlе horse possеssеs gгеat physiсal stгength and с ntеsts whiсh to this day takеs pаr t in the wеightpulling o madе Justin o М гg an, thе brееd s foundation siте, famous. who с nd ownег М rgan was named afteг his sеo } ustin o IЕ e is с tury. aсq uirеd him towaгds thе еn d of the еightееn th еn exftaсt ion' and it is thought to bе of Thoroughbrеd and ArаЬ possible hе also hаd Wеlsh lЬ ood in his vеins too. IЕ e was a used as a farm horsе, in horsе ofquite inсr еd iblе еn duranсe, harness аn d for timbеr hauling, and although he stood onlу in wеightpulling o с ntеsts. I n spite of his 14 h.h. hе еxеlс lеd a pгеp otеn t sirе and although the hard working lifе hе bеa с mе it is still notable for the modегn o М rgan has more rеf inеm еn t Today the М rgan possеssеd . samе quаlitiеs that Justin o ideal аllround o М rgan stands up to 15.2h.h. аn d makеs an plеаsurе horse. Of good o с nformation, possessing strong
This sш ong
A Morgаn
Mustang
V
shouldеr s, short, strong lеg s, hard fееt and an аt traсt ivе hеad neсk' it is frеq uently shown both on a musсu lar, rс еstеd aсt ive and undеr saddle and in harnеss. I t is an еxеp с tionally a kindly natlrrе. versаt ilе horsе' with oЬ undlеss stamina and The usual oс lours аr е bav. hс еsmut. rЬ own аn d blaсk. sеt
Thе u М stang Тh e
rГ om thеsе
is a sсr ubtypе of horse whiсh is dеsеnс dеd thе sixtееn th еn с tuly o с nquistаd orеs' horsеs. Some eithеr еsa с ped or werе turnеd loosе, and suЬsеq uеn tly
u М stang
of
and travellеd up into North Ameriсa via lyI еxiсo. As wild hеr ds inсr еasеd in number thеy sprеad through many statеs and аm ес Ь е favouritе mounts for the I ndiаn ш ibes. Thеу аlso usеd by the first sеt tlеr s wеr е to matе with their imported horses to providе фе foundation stoсk of vari cus breеd s. Formеr ly muсh used as o с w poniеs, thеy havе now largely bеen replaсеd by bеt ter quality animals аn d thеir yеars. Thе brееd , numЬеr s have dеlс inеd in г еn с t howеvеr , is protеtс еd in some aгеas and is unlikеly to diе out entirely. I t is а small, inеlegаn t, lightwеight horsе, standing еtЬ wееn 14 rnd 15h.h. and possеssеs an inш aсt aЬlе tеm pеr amеn t. I t is эхt remеlу haгd y and its уеars madе of foraging for itsеlf hаv е it an o ес nomiсal fеeder. Al1 o arе found. с loц r s
rЬ еd thеsе
6з
The Pinto Likе thе Albino, the Pinto is а oс lour is sеltес ively bred аn d is гo ес gnized its namе
takеs
whiсh in Ameriса аs a distinсt rЬ еd . It from thе Spanish word mеаn ing.painted and
is sometimes rеf егr еd
A Pinto
Tennessee WaI king Horsе
V
to аs thе
typе
Paint Horsе.
I t is an аll
ent types within thе rЬ еd : thе formеr is basiсаllу а daгk o с аt with whitе patсh еs whilе thе lattеr is а white o с аt with dark patсh еs. The overo is oс nsidеr ed to е Ь thе гesult of the influеne с of а reсеssivе gene and is found mostly in South Amеr iса while thе dominаn t Tobiаn o gеn e is rеsponsiblе for thе type found in North Ameгia с . Thе Pinto wаs a favourite mount of the I ndian triЬеs, sinсе its rЬ okеn o с at paftеr ns аf fordеd good аm с ouflаg е. I t аlso finds muсh popularity with produсеr s of o с wЬoy moviеs' Today it makеs а good аl1 round riding horse thеr е is no vеr y definite stаm p of Pi med primaгily at produсing thе right ц n ifoгm size and
typе
of horsе.
The Tennessee Walking н orse One of Amеr iсa's most populаr rЬ еeds devеlopеd
yЬ
the plantation owners ofthе
this horsе
wаs
south to a с rry
thеm on inspеtс ion touгs of their lаn d. I t wаs foгm erly known as thе .TurnRoц / beсаu se of its ability to trаvel еtЬ weеn thе rows of rс ops AraЬ, Thorou thе making of tion sire is a StandагdrЬ ed, a с lled Blaсk Allan, foalеd in 1 886. Hе еvinсеd a preferеnес for travеlling at the pеu с liar four gait that is half walk аn d hаlfгu n еa Ь t and whiсh hаs beсome the h с аr tас еr istiс fеаt urе of the rЬ еed. I t is an еxe с ptionаlly o с mfortaьlе pаес \ DИalkеr for thе ridеr and thе Tеn nеssеe is aсt ually lс aimеd to е Ь thе most o с mfortable гidе in the world. I t is a notaЬly goodtempеr ed horsе, of good o с nformation, with partiсu larly powerful shouldеr s and sш ong limbs. I t stands аr ound 15 to 15.2h.h. аn d is usuallу blaсk , bay or h с еstnut.
еxМ iсo Thе Native e М xiсan
V Cаn аdiаn
u с tting
Horse
l{ orse
This whiс Like
used for rаnh с
wor\ for
еss mаk e it idеally suitеd . world it is dеsеn с dеd from Andaluсian and Arab lЬ ood. I t
Spаn ish stoсk and so o с nв ins is аlso likely that thе wild u М stаn g has plaуed a part in the devеlopmеn t of the &lехia с n IЕ orsе. I t stаn ds about 15 h.h., mаy bе ofany o с lour, аn d invariably has good bonе and fееt . It is sometimеs usеd in the e М xiсаn bullrings whеге its handi ness and o с uragе mаkе it an idеal mount.
Canada The Canadian Cutting florse This is the Canadiаn equivalеn t of thе Amеr iсan Quartеr lrorsе fгom whiсh it was dеvelopеd and whiсh it lс osеly rеsemblеs
in appеaranсe.
I t is an intеlligеn t
horsе with an and its prowеss as а u с tting highly dеvеloped for o с mpеt ition
a с tt] е
I 5.2 aod 16.1h.h. and may bе of 64
H0RsЕ
BRЕD Е s
Е IA с soUTH AI I { R тr
leru Thе Peruvian Paso Also known as the Pеr uvian Stepping IЕ orsе, this brееd of from the invading Spaniard's horsеs Criollo typе, dеsеnс dеd I t has еe Ь n thе siхt еn th еn с tury. to South Amеr iсa in gаit, in whiсh systematiсally dеvelopеd for its h с araсt eristiс aсt ion and the hind legs aге the forеlegs displaу еxtravаg ant powегf ully lowerеd . I t a с n dтivеn forwаr d with thе quагt еI s еsЬ t as resemЬling thе amЬle, and is а o с mfort bе dеsrс iЬed aЬle paсе с n for thе ridеr . Possessing gгeat stamina, thе Paso a aсh ievе and maintain a stеadу spееd of about 18km/ h (l1 mph) over thе roughest of o с untry. I ts hеight variеs еЬ twееn 14 and 15.2 h.h. and thе prinсipal o с lours arе bаy and
tаken
h с estnut.
Puerto Riсo The Paso Fino The Paso Fino is a small horsе, stаn ding a littlе undеr 15 h.h.' rеsembling and undoubtеdly thе Andаluсian dеsеn с ded from the sixteenth e с nflrry Spanish hoгsеs whiсh wеr е I t displаy s thе gaits whiсh usеd takеn to South Amеr iса. to bе o с mmon in uЕ rope and at whiсh thе Andaluсian was
partiсu larly paсes whiсh
adept. Sеltес ivе are: the pаso
fourtime gait; thе gait whiсh
brееd ing
has pеr petuatеd
thеsе
fino, а o с llеtс еd , highlyеlevаt еd , с rto) a similaг' but unсollеtс еd , Paso o
fourtimе
is used for tгavеlling long distanсеs; аn d gait whiсh a ехt endеd fouг bеat с n aсh ievе speеd s of up to 25 km/ h (16 mph). These fourtimе gаits аr е inhегitеd and do not have to be taught, аn d аl1 аr е еxtlеm еly o с mfoгt аb le for tlre ridеr . Thе Paso Fino is brеd in Peгu аn d Colombia as wеll as in Puегt o Riсo аn d is an intеllieеn t littlе hoгsе of good tеm pеr ament. ttrе paso largo, thе
A Peгu vian Paso Pеr uviаn
ASI A I ran Thе Darashomi Thе Dаr ashomi
oг Slurazi is a horse of unсеr tаin origin, but its appearanсe suggests oriental forеb еаr s. Brеd in southern I rаn , it is a spiritеd riding horse, with AтiаЬ аn h с аr aсt еr istiсs, standing aЬout 15h.h. I t has a good tеm pеr ament аn d is usually grеy, h с estnut, brown or baу in o с lour.
f
The Jaf Likе thе Darashomi, the Jaf is an oriеn tallooking
saddlе horse. I t is brеd in I (urdistan аn d has all thе h с araсt еr istiсs of tlrе dеsert horsе, еiЬ ng tough, wiry and possessеd of great stamina. I t is partiсu laл ly notеd for its tough, hard feеt . I t is a
spiгited horse but has а gеn tlе disposition. Thе height is a littlе ovеr 15h.h. and the usual o с lours rЬ own, h с еstnut and grеy.
aveгagе arе a Ь y,
The Tсh enarani Thе Tсh еn aгani, rЬ ed in thе north of I rаn whеr е it has bееn known for ovеr 2,000 years, was pгoduсеd by rс ossing Platеau stаllions with Turkrnеn е maгes. This is still the favourеd
_
f,;] '
Paso
V
H0в sE BBЕD Е s
sinсе
rс oss
if Tсh еn arаn i is matеd stallions arе matеd with diffеr еn t strains of Arabrypе
stoсk tends to dеt еr ioratе
to Tсh enarani,
and also if Turkmenе
Plаt eаu Pеr siаn maгes. (Thе horsе thаt havе for plateaus many e с nturiеs bееn brеd on thе of I ran, formerly Pеr sia, аr е now o с llеtс ively Plаt еau tеr mеd Pеr sian. Today both thе Darashomi аn d thе Jaf o с me under this blanket heading.) Popular for a long timе as a аvс alry mount' thе Tсh enarаn i is а wiry little saddlе horse, standing about 15 h.h., araby in аp pеаr anсe, with thе h с arаtс еr istiс toughnеss and stаm inа of horsеs of this rеg ion. Likе thе Jaf' it is a spiritеd horsе, but nеverthelеss has a gentle disposition.
All
are pеr missiblе.
solid o с lours
The Turkoman
A Turkoman
Wа| er
V
The Tй k oman is also a desсеn dant of the anсiеn t Turkmеn е аn d is brеd in noгt hern I гаn whеr е it is muсh prized as a raсеh oгse. I t is а slowmaturing horse, ехlс ling partiсu larly in longdistаnес raсes. The Turkomаn is аn orientallooking horse of somе distinсt ion, and possеsses grеat spееd and еx еp с tional endurаnе.с I t is noted for its finе skin and float ing aсt ion. Thе avеr age height is 1 5 .2 h.h. and the prеd omin ant o с lour is bay.
Turkеy The Karaсabеy This dualpurposе hoгsе
originаt еd
аt
thе Karаa с bеy Stuф
whiсh had еnЬ in еxistenсe for mаn y yеars before oс ming undеr thе o с ntrol of thе Turkish Governmеn t in rееnс t mated to timеs. The brеed was basеd on 1oсаl mares who wеr е imported Nonius stalLions, and thе modеr n Karaсabеy still shows its Nonius anсеstry. I t is a vеr satile horse, stаn ding аr ound 16h.h., strong еn ough to undеr takе light farm and draught work аs wеll as making a good saddlе horsе. Notеd as еiЬ ng a vеr y good a с valrу mount it has a a с lm tempеr amеn t аn d is а willing workеr . A1l solid o с lours arе pеr missiblе.
AUSTRALASI A Australia The BrumЬy The Bгu mby is а
wi1d horsе dеsеn с dеd
fгom
domestiс horsеs
whiсh wеr е turnеd loosе
on thе rаn gеs during the mid gold rush. Thеse horsеs bеa ninetееn th еn с tury с mе some whаt inbred and tendеd to dеt еr ioratе in quality. IЕ owevеr thеy thгivеd numeriсаllу and in timе bеa numеr ous' с mе so pest' at whiсh point orgаn й еd thёy wеr е dееm еd a u с lling a ес Ь mе nеe с ssary. Consequendу there arе fеw er Bгu mbies in ехistenсe arе invariaЬly inш aсt aЬle ifсaught. today, but thеу Thеy vary o с nsiderаb ly in appеaranсе аn d o с lour and stand anything up to aЬout 15 h.h. The origin of thе tеr mBrumby is not known' though it probably dеr ivеs from an aboriginal word' bаr oornby, meaning wild.
The Waler This sаddlе horsе South
\ 0Иаlеs,
namе
givеn
is namеd аf tеr its plаес of origin, Nеw whiсh in thе еarly days of sеt tlemеn t was thе to all nеw ly inhaЬitеd arеаs of Australia.
Although in timе thеsе arеаs wеr е dividеd into sеparatе statеs .Wale1 wаs rеt ained. with thеir own namеs, thе overall tеr m llorsеs wеr е not indigеn ous to Australia and the fiгst onеs were importеd by Europеan sеt tlers in the latе eightееn th еn с rurу. Thеsе initiallу aс mе frorn South Afriса аn d suЬsе
н 0п sE
BвD Е s
quеn tly from uЕ rope, with thе n Е glish ThoroughЬr еd and гh е Arab being muсh in dеm аn d by brееd еr s. Thе !0alеr is гh е геsult of rс ossing haсk maгеs with Arab, Thoroughbred аn d AngloArab stallions, аn d thе еsЬ t manу spеiс mеn s hаvе of тh е hс aгatс еr istiсs of thе Thoroughbrеd . The avегagе hеight is 16h.h. and all solid o с lours аr е permissiЬlе. Thе aЕ leг is a horse of equablе disposition, with rathеr moге 5mminд than thе Thoroughbred. I t mаkes a good, gеn eral saddlе horsе.
I } lrгp osе
[ r.s.s.R. The AkhalTek6 AkhаlTеkё is a strain of the аniс ent Turkmеn е
Тh е
or Тu тkoman horse whiсh tгaеsс bаkс ovеr 2,500 yеaгs and was muсh fаvoured by mounted wаr riors. I t is notable for its outstаn ding powers of enduгanсе and is аn idеаl hoгsе in dеsеп o с nditions. AkhalTеk ёs took pаr t in thе famous trеk ftom AshkaЬad to o М sсo'л iп 1935, a distanсе of oveг 4'100 krn (2,500 milеs) whiсh inсludеd 360 km (225 milеs) of Jеsеп. The lattет wеr е oс vеr ed in thте days by thеsе ехтr a
oгd ilаr y
horses tтavеlling
totally without watеr .
The
giving an is а vеr y distinсt ivе smаll, wiтy horsе, ^ \ khalTеkё оvегall аp pеaranсe of being long and lean. I t has a long hеad ап d sеt on to a long body аn d lеg s, nеkс , with slЬp ing quаr tеr s пд d and tail arе spаr sе and vеr y finе in lowsеt tail. Both mаn е !ехt rrre аn d the pгedominant o is a very stfiking gold с louг wЫh с oftеn has а mеt аlliс shееn . Grеys and aЬ ys do also oсu с r аn d thе avеr agе hеight is L4'2 to 15'2h.h. Thе onе
lisаd vаn tagе is its unсегt ain of thе AkhаlTеkё тh iсh mаy, howеvеr , bе thе rеsult of its еn vironmеn t.
tеm 1rеr
Ь
a good
eхt геm еly obstinate,
аI lround тiас vitiеs
saddlе
but when o с operаt ivе, makеs
hoгsе
as raсing
that hаs еxеlс lеd
аt
A Akhа| Tekё
It a с n
suсh divеr sе
and dressage.
The Budyonny Тh is qualitу riding horse developed in thе еarly pаr t of this еn с tц r y as a a с valгy mount аn d was nаm еd aftеr Marshal Budyonny, thе Russiаn a с valry geneгаl who instigatеd thе brееd . Thе ] Vlarshal based his brееding programme on Don mяr g5 n д d Thoгoughbrеd stallions and the еsЬ t of thе rеsul progеn y wеr е тe п t intеr bred. Still rЬ еd in thе Rostov rеg ion тh ere it originatеd , thе Budyonny, unlikе thе AkhаlTеk6, is а аlс m, sеn siblе sort of horse although it, too, is possеssed of gтeаt stamina аn d eп d uгanсе. Originallу brеd to sеr ve ttre ,атфс its grеat vеr satility todaу is bеing еxploited in thе fiеld of o с mpetitivе sports. I t exсels at stееp leсh аsing and Budyonnys hаvе in thе past won thе taxing Pаr duЬiе,с thе п атt hon rаес held in Czеh с oslovаkia. I t is а horsе ofеxe с l lеn t o с nformаt ion standing L5.2to 16 h.h., with a sш ong body й аt is dееp through thе girth. The quarters and shoulders are goоd , the hеаd attгatс ivе and аrс ried on a long, elеg ant neсk аn d thе lеg s strong' with genеr ous bonе. Thе pгedominant o с lour is h с еstnц t and the gold shееn so pгеv alеn t among Russian horsеs is oftеn sееn ' Bays and grеys arе o с mmon.
Тh e
Don
Тh е
Don horse, whiсh was the mount of thе Don o с ssaсks as long ago as thе еightееn th еn с tury, o с ntаins thе blood of Тu гkmеn е аn d Karabakh stallions whiсh wеr е turnеd loose on thе steppеs to mingle аn d bгеed with thе nativе hеr ds. nЕ glish Thoroughbred and Strеlеt s Arab blood werе intro Juсеd during thе ninеt еn th еn с tury, sinсе whеn no nеw iл f usions havе bеen madе. Cеn turiеs of life on the stеp pеs, tЪгаg ing for food in thе harsh wintеr lс imate, havе pгoduсеd ап exсeptionally tough horsе that is wеll lаЬ е to агсе for itsеlf siтh thе minimum of help from mаn . I t is, in faсt , still herded оn thе plains and its toughnеss makеs it a vеr y usеf ul woгk ing hoгse.
I t also еxеlс s in
longdistanсe rаe с s'
dеspitе
thе
rathеr
A Budyonny
Don
V
H0RsЕ D вЕ s *
e
Todaу thе Don horse is both гiddеn and rеstriсt ed aсt ion. drivеn and makеs an idеаl mount foг thё herdsmen of тh e KirghЙskaуа and Kazakhskaya rеg ions of Russia. I t is a wiry horse, rathеr long on tlre lеg , standing 15. 1 to 15.3 h.h. The usual o с louгs are h с еstnut, bay and gгеy, and somе horsеs
Russian.sold shееn
have the h с ал atс eгistiс *
to thе o с аt .
The I omud Like thе AkhаlTеk6,
н
thе I omud is а strain of thе аniс еn t and hoгse though it shows an Arabiаn influеn ес has a muсh morе disposition. Also in o с mmon with trаtс lаЬ e it has gгeat staminа аn d it, too, took paгt in thе AkhаlTekё, тlre epiс Ashkhabad to ] Vlosсow tгek. Populaг at onе timе as a I t is a in long distanсе raсes. a с valry mount' todаy it еxеlс s sinеw у little hoгsе with longish legs and it is usuallу gтeу, although аyЬ s аn d h с estnuts also oсu с r. I t is а little smallег its maximum height e Ь ing about 15 h.h. than its геlativе,
I i E
Ttш kmеn е
l
The I Ъbardin
j
in thе Cauсasus This mountain hoгsе originаt еd yеars аg o, whеn thе indigenous mountаin геeЬ d
::! j::
A
somе
400
rееiс vеd
Thе infusions of Aгa,Ь Tuгkmene аn d Kaгabakh blood. progеn y is а vеr y sш ong littlе horsе of equaЬlе tеm pеr аm ent, with the suтefootednеss and homing instinсt
Kabardin
resultаn t
that makе
it an idеаl
аn imаl
foг taсk ling
tlrе
tortuous moun
uaсks of its nativе land. Like all mountain horsеs the is еxеp hardy аn d is partiсu larly suited to Kаb аr din с tionally
tаin
journeys. I t is a populaг sports horsе in making longdistаnес its loсal aгеas and is used foг гaiс ng. I t stands about 14.2 to с louт. I t hаs sш ong legs Ь y or blaсk in o 1 5 h.h. and is usually a с nfoгm аt ion and good fееt but the quartеr s aге oftеn ofpooг o Thе еars агe distinсt ivе aгe vеr y prеv alеn t. and siсk le hoсk s in that thеy tеn d to turn inwатds.
i: J: l. !
t=
The l(arabair Thе rеgion now аlс led
l+
Kaгaa Ь iт, hаs bеen
I
l= ,
i. l=
E = .:
t;,
tl
A
Kаr abаir
Lаt vian
V
Uzbеkskaya, thе homе of thе rеn owned for its good quality horsеs for e Ь еn lost in 2,500 уеaгs. The eхatс origins of this rЬ еed hаvе thе аn nals of timе but the distinсt ly AraЬian appearаnес is a spiтitеd The Kаr abаir influenсе. would suggеst oriеn в l typiсal of with the boundlеss еn duгanсе but ш tас able horsе Thе hеaviest аn imals makе brееd s. thе Russiаn mountаiп good agriсu ltural workеr s whilе thе lighter framеd animals arе suitаlЬ е foг e Ь ing driven or ridden. Thе aveгagе height is Arаb u Ь t а rathеr stoсk y about 15 h.h. аn d the bгeed rеsеm blеs h с еst The usual o с lours aге bаy, witlr rаt lrer lеss rеf inеm ent. is аn idеal mount foг thе popular nut аn d gгеy. The Karabаiт and raтt rer hаirraising Russiаn mountеd gamеs, suсh аs .I (ok.pa/ , a team gamе in whiсh a stцf fed goat a с rсаss hаs to bе аrс гiеd thтough thе opposite goаl.
The lGrghiz Also known
аs тt lе
Novokirghй ,
thе
prеsеn tday
Kiтg hiz is
a
In nativе I (irghiz hoгsе. с t of фе relativеly rееn devеlopmеn t thе lаst 100 yeаr s or so infusions of Don and Thoгoughbгed pгoduсеd a small uЬ t blood to thе old Kirghй stoсk hаvе immensеly tough riding аn d paсk horsе, idеally suited to of its native Tien Shan moun woгking at the high аltitudеs tains. I t is a surefooted hoгse with a longish baсk and strаight shouldeг, and short, stтong lеg s With plenty ofbonе аn d good 14.1 and 15.1h.h. and may bе of any feet. I t stands bеt wееn I t is a good с п lmon. solid o с lour, though bay is thе most o is used both for work аn d aсt ivе little horsе й аt tеm pеr ed, leisurе.
:= l
The Latviаn This rЬ eed deгives from the аniс ent
=
;. ll
,,
forеst hoгse of noгt heгn с l t1re timеs of histoгia ас Ь to befoге dаt es k reсords. Thе modеm Latvian, however, datеs from the sеvеn warmblood horses begаn to bе гсossed tееn ttr еn с tuгy when
uЕ ropе whiсh
H0в sЕ
в ' .ith
nativе stoсk. Severаl
thе
thе
Oldеn buгg .
moге
substаnес
nisfi Dгaught whiсh
hoгsе
used, among them
breеd s wеr e
Coldblood гсossеs wеr e also mаd е to аd d аn d thesе inсludеd thе Ardеn nеs аn d Fin IЕ oгse. Thе rеsult is an allpuгpose draught
may, howеvег, tаkе its tuгn
saddlе
аs а
I t is stгong аn d sеn sible and
horsе.
в RE Е Ds
or hаr nеss
a willing woгkег
witlr
and a kindly tеm peгamеn t. The o с nformation is goоd , with dеp th thгough thе girth and good bonе. Thе lеg s аг с r y а little feаt hеr . Thе avеr аgе hеight is 15.2 to 16 h.h. and aге bav. rЬ own and h с еstnut. йе usuаl o с louгs
tас ivе
pаe с s
The Lithц anian
Heavy Draught
The Liтh uanian Hеаvy aЬout l00 years Draught was еvolvеd аg o by rс ossing Zhmud horsеs of thе region, with importеd , Sч lеd ish Aл d ennes, фе аim bеing to pгoduсe a good, stong аg г i u с lturаl hoгsе. Sеleсt ivе brеeding of thе Zhmud/ Ard progeny o and ttrе гe Ь еd еп n es с ntinuеd wаs finally гegistегed аs suсh in 1963. I t is a massively built, mеd ium sizеd horsе, wiф shoгt lеgs and good bonе. Thе bаkс is usuаlly dipped аn d siсk le hoсk s arе prеvаlеn t' is fаst and ftee. but thе tас ion I t is а hoгsе of еxtгemеly mild tempеr amеn t with еn ormous poweгs of tтatс ion. Thе pгedominant o с lour is h с еstnut, with grеy also oсu and thе аveтage lЬ \ас гoan, bay аn d с rгin5 15 and 15.3h.h. hеight is bеt wееn
A Lithuaniаn Heavy Draught
Thе e М tis Trottеr Thе еаr ly
is а brееd of rееn с t oтigin, dаt ing from thе 1950s, when importеd Amегia с n Standardbrеd s bеg an to е Ь Thе геsult is а slightly lеss matеd with thе orlov trottег. аr raсt ivе horsе than thе orlov, witlr thе samе upright shoul der. Thе Stаn dагdrЬ еd howеvег' hаs been influеnе,с bеn efi iс аl for performanсе аn d thе ] Vtеt is is а fastег hoгsе on ttrе rаеtс kтас tlrаn thе orlov' The usuаl oс louтs аr e gтеy, lЬ kас , h с еsmut avеr agе hеight is тlre same as thе and bay аn d thе lvtetis troftег
oгloц
about 153 h.h.
i.е.
orlov
Тh e Тh е
oгlov is named after Count Alехis Orlov Stud in 1778, thеyгеЬ wаs to bеo с mе onе of thе
rhe KЬлеn ov
laying
t} re
who founded foundations of
shаt woгlds bеst tгotting brееds. Тh е Orlov derives from Arab and Dutсh blood and yЬ the еg Ь inning of the ninеt еn th еn с tuгy wаs onе of Russia's lеаd ing Tгotting raсеs werе brееd s. hеld in Mosсow as fаr 799 аn d as tlre sport dеv еloped duгing the ninеt еn tlr so the Oгlov pгostrrегеd аn d a ес Ь mе fastеr . As wеll еiЬ ng usеd for гiас ng tlrе Oгlov was a popular аrс гiagе horse,
kас Ь епс t tш y
аs
1
as
the development of the Ameriсan Standardbгеd pгobably the best trottег in thе woгld. Over the yеars iп f usions of various othег blood have been made, inсluding Thoroughbrеd аn d ] Vleсklenburg. Today tlrе oгlov stаn ds
аn d
bеf ore
та s
between L5.2 and 17 h.h.' thе avегаg е
ап vrrrheгe
bеing
a
little
16h.h. I t is а strong type of horse with powеr ful' if plеn ty of depth straight, shouldегs, a long a Ь kс u Ь t girth' stгong legs with good bone ап d гo Ь ugh the a rathеr e Ь аv y u Ь t attгatс ivе hеаd . I tis а longlivеd , tough soгt ofhoгsе ал d аlthough it is bred foг гaiс ng in haгn еss, it is sometimеs used undеr saddlе in othеr sports. The prеd ominаn t o с lours gгеy and blаk аr е с . uп d еr гаt hеr
Thе Russian Heavy Draught Dеveloped duгing tlre past 100 years or so, prinсipally in thе Ukrаine, this is a smаll dл aught hoгsе, with а distinсt ly.сoЬ tЬ ' аppеaгanсе. Loсal drаu ght mаr еs wеr е rс ossеd with .lгd ennes, Pеr h с eron and orlov stallions and the eЬ st of thе progеn y wеге intег bгed to а flxed typе. Thе Russian гсеatе IЕ еаvy Dгaught is an tас ivе but vеr y kind littlе horsе and is noted for its grеat pulling powеr . I t is a vеr y o с mpaсt animal,
sв n ding аn d
o с lour гh е
about I 4.2I 1.h.' witlr powerful shouldeгs,
oп ly
baсk
on fаirly shoгt , strong legs. The pгedominant is h с еstnut. I t is a populат work horse on the fагm s of
quаr tегs
sеt
Ukraine and in thе Urals.
A Orlov
Russiаn Heavy
Drаu ght
V
H!п sE
BпD Е s
The Tersky Thе Tersky was еvolved bеt wееn
L92l. and 1950 in an Aтab whiсh hаd viп u ally was an diеd out during the First World \ 0Иar. The Stтеlеt s Anglo, not а ptrrе bred Arаb , thе rеsult ofсr ossing purеrЬ eds studs. with Anglos from thе fаm ous orlov and Rаstopсh in but by еn с tury during thе ninеt еn th thтivеd Thе Sш еlеt s с araс thе h o Ь th hаving 1921 only two stаllions rеm ainеd , с louгing. Puте and partЬr ed Aгabs wеге silvеr ygrey o tеr istiс с rеf ul systеm of sеltес ion stДllions аn d by a a matеd with thеsе the с llеd horsе was developed. I t was a а nеw Strеlеt stypе whiсh , along с sus Tеr sky' aftеr thе Tеr sk Stud in thе Cаua attеm pt
to pгеsеr vе thе
old Sш еlets
with thе Stavropol Stud' yеars sinсе thе brееd was is vеr y like a lаr ge Tегsky Thе аvегagе гefinеm ent. silvеr grey or whitе, often
I t is about 30 was its biгt lrplае'с fixеd and todаy the o с nsiderеd Arabiаn , though with a littlе lеss с lour height is l5h.h. and thе o by thе pink с sеd with a rosу tint аu
horsе, with plеn ty of stаm ina skin. I t is a goodnatuгed, aсt ivе а good аllround riding horsе. I t is also usеd for and mаkеs horsе. с s raсing against Aтabs аn d as a iс лu
The Toriс This oс bby typе of work hoгsе traсes
kас Ь
to a Norfolk
Hatmаn , who was impoгt ed into known as mаr еs, sЕ tonia in 1894 and mated with thе loсаl werе interbrеd to somе ехt ent I (leppеr s. I nitially the pгogеn y inсlud introduсеd , blood has at various times bееn but tЬ hеr ing Oгlov Troftеr . Thе Toriс is an aсt ive, fastmoving, light Roadstеr
A Тersky
Vlаd imir
Heavy Draught
V
stаllion
a с lled
good o stаn d с nstitution and tеm pelamеn t, in с еstnut 15 to 15.2h.h. and usuаlly bay or h o с lour. I t takеs its namе from thе Toгiс Stцd wherе rЬ еeding in sЕ toп ia. and is still usеd in agriсu ltuгe fiгst еg Ь аn draught hoгsе of
ing аb out
The Vladimir Heavy Draught This is a powеr ful draught horsе whiсh dates baсk to 1886 into thе гo Ь ught whеn a variеt y of hеavy horses wегe for rс ossing with loса1 maгеs. GavrilovoPosadsk stаb lеs importеd from nЕ gland, Suffolks аn d Clеveland Bays wеr е the and Pеr h с еr ons and Ardеn nais werе also introduсеd . I n
and Shirе еn с rury infusions of Clydеsdalе еarly twentiеt h с denсe up until blood wеr е addеd with thе Shirе taking prеe аm ong thе best l925. After that timе a poliсy of interbrееd ing progеn y was followеd аn d thе fixed с nsidеr ed brееd was o latеr . Thе Vladimir is not unlikе the Shire in some 25 yеаr s avеr aging about appеaranсе although it is slightly smallег, powеr ful horsе, a ш iflе long in the 16 h.h. I t is a wеllЬu ilt, but wiф good, sound limЬs. I t is brеd in the I vanovo and gеn еr al Vladimir rеgions and is usеd for agтiuс ltuгal and healry drаu ght work. All solid o с lours arе pеr missiЬlе.
kас Ь
AFRI A с A Arab
gЕ ypt гi
Thе Arab The AraЬ is a horse of gгеat
antiquity and hаs had more throughout thе world thаn any othеr rЬ еd s othег horsе. Originating in Arabia, it is now bгed throughout with all sorts of thе world, and has ovеr the уears bееn rс ossеd ponies and horsesfoг upgrading purposеs. IЕ orsеs ofrеo с g antiquities going typе a с n eЬ sееn on g Е 1ptiаn nizаb lе AтaЬ Arab historiаn ' lЕ KelЬi, a Ь kс some 3000 yеars аn d thе the pеd igrеes of AraЬ с ftrгy AD, tI aсеs wтiting in thе 8th еn grаn dson. horses bаkс to thе timе of Baz, Noah's grеаt .grеat Thе oldеst and purеst ofbrееds, thе Arab is а horsе of exсep аp pеar and of quitе distinсt ivе tionаl bеauty аn d refinеm еn t profile, anсе. с araсt еr istiсallу dishеd I ts lovelу hеad with h с гr iеd high broad forеh еad, largе еу s and smаll muzzlе, is a and rnusсu lar, the on an еlеg ant nеkс . Thе bodу is oс mpaсt lеg s slеn der u Ь t strong, and the o с at' manе and tаi1 агe silky, thе latteг bеing a с rгiеd vеr y high. Thе ovеr all impression is of gеn tlеst a gay, spiтited horsе, who nevеr thеlеss has thе of dispositions. The AraЬ is rеn ownеd for its powеr s of endur anсe and its ability to аrс ry wеight dеspitе its relativеly small sizе (14 to 15h.h.). I t is eхe с llеn t for longdistanсе гiding. influеnес on
Libya, Algeria, lVloroсoс The BarЬ Anothеr
horsе of anсient origin, thе Barb o с mes from the Baгa Ь ry o с ast whiсh has еnЬ notеd for its horses for somе 2000 years. Like the Arab, the Bаr b has had o с nsiderablе inflц еnес of on other rЬ еeds. I t was usеd in thе dеv еlopment the Andaluсiаn during thе .Nloorish oсu с pаt ion of Spain, and through that bгeed has influenсed manу ot1tеr s, аn d it wаs impoп еd into u Е ropе, espeсially nЕ gland, in large numbеr s during ttrе sеvеn tееn th еn с tury. Standing aЬout 14 to 15 h.h. it is thе allpuгpose гiding horsе of North Afriса. Not thе hаving а long head, and sloping quаr hаn dsomеst of hoгsеs, immensеly tough tеr s wit} r a rather lowsеt tail, it is, howеv еr , with аn d o o с nsideгablе spеed ovеr shoгt distanсеs с mbinеs grеat еn durаn e fеedеr ес nomiсаl с ovеr longer onеs. I t is an o аn d is usually bау, rЬ own, h с estnut, blaсk or grеу.
Barb V
Following Eohippus and his desсеn dants, four main primi tivе types of horsе survivеd thе I e с Agе. Thеse wеr е the solid typе with a big, hеavy heаd uЕ rope; thе Steppe horse, a finer pony, light in u Ь ild, whiсh аm с е from Asiа and North Afriсa аn d stood about 12 h.h.; thе Plаt eau horsе, and tlrе Tundra. Of thesе, thе Forеst horsе is the aЬ siс foundеr с ld of the o Forest horsе,
а
hеavily builт,
whiсh lived in Northегn
bloodеd bгeеd s аn d thе Stеp pе founders of the wаr mbloods
and Platеаu hoгsе _ thе Stеp pe e Ь ing
are the
thе
joint
anсestor
of thе Oriеn tаl
brееd s. Thе Plаt eau horsе originated in Sibеr iа and Northеr n Asia and u Е ropе аn d is thе lеss o с m mon of the two. Thе Tundrа has hаd virtuаlly no influenсе on аn y of the pгesentday bгеd s, with thе possible exсеp tion regions. of thе Yаk ut horsе rvhiсh livеs in the polаг
Thе Przewal ski
(E quus p r z еw
аl
s
ki i pr z еw с
/ s&f
i Poliakoff)
Thе o М ngolian
is tlrе last wild horsе, аlс lеd thе Przеw аlski, survivor of the Plateаu hoгsе and was disсovеr ed as latе as 1881 by a Russian eхp lorеr from whom it takеs its nаm е. Colonеl N. ] V1. Pгzеw alski found a small herd of thesе ani mаls in thе аr ea of tlrе Taсh in Sсh аr а Nuru lV1ountains at thе wеstеr n еd ge of the Gobi dеsert, and thеy aге thе last truly wild horse or pony' on whom no attemPts аt domеstiсation have bееn madе. Known bу nativе .futongolian hеr dsmеn аs thе Taki, it is dеb atаb le аn y still eхist today in their wheтlreг wild stаt е, siлес thе еxtеn sivе hunting to whiсh thеy havе аn d bееn subiеtс еd hаs dгiven them baсk into thе dеsегt mountain regions and into China. lVlany are still pгeserved in zoos all ovеr thе world. 12 and I n its wild state, ttre Przеw alski stands betwееn 14 h.h. and is powеr fully u Ь ilt, with a| arge, rathеr heavy, but profilе. Thе еars short, hеad whiсh has a straight or o с nvеx arе long, the neсk short, somеt imеs with a tendenсy towагds a .ewe' nеk с , с еst thе shor'ildеr stгaight, tlre h widе аn d ttrе baсk genеr allу short with viп u ally no withеr . Thе quarters аr е wеаk
and underdеvelopеd
and the legs short and storig with
of good hoгn . Thе mаn e, аn d thе tаil hаiгs arе long devoid offoreloс\ is short and еr tес is rЬ ight аn d o and sparsе at tlrе top. At bfuth, thе o с аt с aгsе yellowishЬr own and this h to shаd еs с angеs of dun _ varying e Ь twеen гeddishЬay and a pale grеy or sandy o с lour as the animаl maturеs. Thеr е аr e meаly markings round thе еyes and muzzlе, the manе and tail arе lЬ aсk and thеr е is а pro with nounсed lЬ kас stipe down the еnс trе of thе bаkс еl powегs has grеаt zеb ra maгk ings on thе legs. Thе Pгzewalski largе,
shаllow
of еn duranсe
hoovеs o с mposеd
and was able to еxist on
thе vеr y
poorеst
of
М n in thе sаlty vegеt аt ion stеp pe and mountain regions of o golia, wherе it o o с ndi thе severest of lс imatiс с uld withstаn d poniеs arе dirеtс tions. Thе fulongolian, Chinеse and TiЬetаn dеsеn с dants of the Przewalski and аr е probably not unlikе thosе usеd by Gеn ghis Khan.
t la !
I 1
P0NY
The Tarpan
(Equus przеzaаlskii
gmеlini
This is thе last suгvivor of thе pгimitivе
в REЕDS
Antonius) Stеp pе horse, that
livеd on thе Southeгn Russian stеppеs in aЕ stern uЕ ropе. I t would appеаr thаt thеr е агe two strаins of Tarpan, onе living on thе stеp pеs and a foгest type, uЬ t both wеr e еxtеn sivеly
hunted for mеat and weгe finаlly killed off during the ninеt еn th еn с tц гy. Ttre last hеr d, privаt еlyownеd of thе forest type, livеd on thе Zеm oyski еstate in the Tauriс Stepp of this graduаlly
diminished. from thе frее rangе heгd , with her foal, who had e Ь en siгеd by a domеstiс stallion. Shе had suсh a disquiеt ing еf feсt on thе loсal stallions, who
land of Poland, uЬ t
thе numbеr s
The last surviving marе finаlly
pursuеd
esсapеd
into thе stеp pes, that hеr dsmen organized a dтivе IЕ owеver she diеd ftom shoсk аf tеr falling down a rс еvassе and brеaking hеr lеg , nеar Askania Nova in 1879. Thе last Taгp an in a с ptivity is гeported yЬ the Russian zoologist, I { еp tner, to havе died in 1919. Polish pеasants had еnЬ in thе hаb it of a с tсh ing tlrе 1oса1 wild poniеs to usе on thеir holdings and with thе еxtеr minа hеr
to аp с turе her.
tion of thе wild Tаr pan, thе
Polish authoritiеs oс lleсt еd togеt hеr all thosе that borе а marked rеsеm blanсе to the .prеserving' or .rеstoгing, Tarpan with thе ob jеtс of thе forеst put into t} rе forest breеd ing rеservёs stгain. Thеy wеt е at Popielno and Bialowiеzа, whеге mаn y sti.ll livе in a sеm iwild poniеs are around 13 h.h. аn d arе brown or statе. Thеsе mouse dun in o с louг with a lЬ kас еl sш ipе down thе еn с tгe of thе bаk Thеy hаvе a blaсk mane and tail, zebrа markings on с . тh е legs, and oсa с sionally' stгipеs on thе body. I n the winteг thе o с at may tuгn whitе. Thеy havе a long, broаd head, with а profile and а uЬ lgе around straight or o с nvеx thе nostrils, longish eaгs, a short thiсk nеkс аn d good shoulder. The a Ь kс tеn ds to bе long with high withers, the quaгt ers are wеаk аn d sloping аn d thе tail is set low. Thе lеg s аr е finе, long and hаr d.
Rеn ownеd ly
rЬ аvе
аn d indеp еn dеn t
аn imals, Tarpаn
stal
lions will attaсk othеr
stallions who t1rrеatеn theiг mares, oftеn fighting to thе death. They are very stuгd y and hаr dy, nеvег to thе o suсu с mЬing с lnmon disеasеs. хp Е еr imеn ts аt гсossbrееd ing undertaken by Pгofessor Lutz IЕ eсk at thе zoo park at llallabrunn, u М niсh , using Przewаlski stallions аn d Polish Konik marеs (to whom thе Tarpan bеars а likeness),
produсed hаvе Tаr pan.
a horse that strongly rеsеm blеs
thе steppе
U Е RoPЕ Grеat
Britain
The Connemara originally a nativе of I rеland, thе
Connеm ara pony is now in nЕ gland as well and has bееn еxportеd to many pаI tS pony, but ovеr thе of thе world. I t desсеn dеd from thе e С ltiс yеаr s has had infusions of Aп d аluсian and, surprisinglу, Clydеsdаlе lЬ ood. Rathеr molе rееn с tlу, Arab stoсk has nеЪ Ь introduсеd to add qualitу and refinеm еn t, and when put to а Thoroughbrеd а rathеr larger, vеr y good allround riding hoгsе rеsults whiсh is suitаb lе for аlmost any prrrposе. Stand ing 13 to | 4'2h.h., it is a sturdy, usеf ul genеr alpurposе pоn y, with good frее гidiл g aсt ion, a qualitу pony head, good lеn gth of neсk, dеp th thгough thе giтt h аn d a good sloping гiding shouldеr . Тh е bаkс is straight, thе quartеr s well bгеd
dеvеloped
аn d
thе таil
wеll set on) with good haтd feet and
legs with plеn ty of bonе. I t is а surе footеd and vеr y аg ilе pony, with a kindlу ' traсt ablе and it may eЬ grеу, nаt urе' bаy, lЬ aсk' dun or brown.
A Tarpan Connemaга
V
The Dale Vеr y similar to the Fеll HigЫand, is thе hеaviеst
pony, thе Dalе, togеt hеr with thе Britain's nativе brееds and in Northumbеr is rЬ еd on тh e eastern side of thе Pеn ninеs is also a likeness to lаn d, Co. Dц r ham аn d Yorkshire. Thеr е a с n eЬ traсed the \ ilИelsh Cob and in faсt , all todаy's Dаlеs baсk to Comеt , a \ 07е1sh Cob stallion whiсh o с mpеt еd in on Dalеs marеs tlotting matсh еs and was usеd еxtensivеly is prеsent in thе o аЬ ut 100 yеars ago. Thе trotting аspеtс с pable of modеr n Dalе, making it a good harnеss pony, a pulling greаt wеights. I t is аlso usеd as а ш ekking pony, еiЬ ng аn d sеn siЬle and surefootеd , with a doсilе vеr y sound, tас ivе dark Standing 14.1 h.h., thе Dalе is blаkс , tеm pегаm еn t. grey in o с lour with an aЬu ndаnес of brown or oсаsс ionаlly manе, tail and fеathеr on dеal of good hагd bone.
of Grеat
the lеg s, а
quality.pony' hеad аn d
a
The Dartmoor A native of thе Dartmoor arеa of Dеvonshiге from
whеr е
it
this tough littlе brеed has inhabited the moor during the lands for thousands ofyеars. The typе has vаr iеd agеs, infusions ofArab and \ DИelsh lЬ ood having bеen inш o I t is idеal as a h с ilds Ь ginning of this еn с tury. duсed at thе e first pony, bеing small and narгow, but hаv ing a fаirly high and suгefootеd , with an hеad a с rriage. I t is аlso sеn siblе еq uable, kindly tеm pеr amеn t. Thе Dartmoor has a rеputa tion too' for bеing a naturally good jumper. high, a I t hаs а fine, prеt ty, intelligеn t hеad whiсh is hеld laгg е eуе, small priсkеd ears and а good front and sloping o Ь dy has strong quаr ters, a well shoulder. Thе short, o с mpaсt Blaсk; aЬ у and rЬ own seton tail and good hard lеg s аn d fеet. са t with only a small amount of white markings аr е the еp ablе o с lours and thе height limit is I 2.2h.h. This good looking ponу is also usеf ul as a foundation stoсk from whiсh riding pony stoсk and is brеd at many studs to brееd laгg er throughout Britаin. gеt s its namе'
Thе xЕ moor
A
brееd
of greаt
A Dаr tmoor
Eхm oor
V
аn tiquity'
the xЕ moor,
a nativе of thе
с rded in Devon аn d Somеr set is fust rеo Book of 1085. I n faсt it is a muсh oldеr brееd probably bеing the lаst survivor of thе Celtiс poniеs of thе bе o с nduсt еd Plеistoсеn е agе. Compаr аt ivе ехp erimеn ts ponies original Cеltiс tweеn t} rе fossilizеd rеm ains of й е hаve rеv еаlеd thе Е oor, found in Alаskа with those of thе хm molаr Ь nes and beginnings of a sеvеn th same shapеd jaw o of horse or pony. An tooтh whiсh arе found in no othеr brееd tough, strong and hагd y pony witlr greаt powеr s еx еp с tionаlly prinсipal herds tас u аr е now only tfuее of еn duranсе, thеr е in аlly running on thе moor' аn d аlthough a numbеr аr e rЬ еd studS throughout the o с untry thеy tеn d to losе rypе and grow slightly largеr whеn brеd аw аy from the moor. Thеy arе and may bе wilful if not highly intelligent and indеp еn dent Thе hеight limit is L2,2h.h. for marеs and o с rrеtс lу handled. с lours may be baу, brown and a | 2.зi;,.h. for stallions аn d o Thе ponies mousеy dun, with no whitе mаr kings pеr mittеd . с l muzzlе and mеaly o arе notеd for their distinсt ivе mеalу underbеlly and bеt wееn ourеd markings round thе еyеs, thе thе thighs. Thеy havе а shoгt , thiсk hеad with а straight proflle whiсh is wеll a good lеn gth of sеt onto a nеk с with rein, good sloping shoulders, depth tfuough thе girth, a shoгt Ь nе baсk, powerful quarters, and short legs with plеn ty of o and good hаr d fееt . Thеy havе uniquе .toad eyеs tlre heavy еars top lids ofwhiсh givе a hooded look, and short, priсk еd and is known as an set widе apart. The tail too, is distinсt ivе .iсe' tаil. I t is vеr y thiсk with a fan likе growth at thе top. Thе is short, lс ose and springy and virtually watеr proof. o с аt A1though when propеr ly tгainеd thе xЕ moor makеs a good, if stI еn gth makеs it quitе strong, h с itds pony, its еxeс ptional a с гr ying a fully grown man. onе of its prinсipаl a с paЬlе of is its use as a foundation from whiсh to breed аssеt s, howеvеr , a supеr b, useful largеr animals. I f put to а Thoroughbrеd quаlity littlе horse rеsults.
southwestеr n thе Domеsdаy
74
аr еa of
The Fell Slightly smaller and lighter than his lс osе relаt ion the Dalе, Fеll is brеd on thе northеr n sidе of т} rе Pеn nine гange and areas of thе Lakе in thе CumЬегland and lDИеstmorland
thе
as еn с tц r y used in thе еighteеn th Distгitс . I t wаs еxtеn sivеly a paсk pony foг a с rting lеаd from thе minеs, for аll kinds of faгm work, and for thе loсal spoгt of trotting. Hаv ing a muсh a vеr y good riding shouldеr than thе Dale it produсеs bеt tеr
mаt еd with a Thoroughbred mаr е, and with plеn ty of с mpaсt through the girth, o с rriagе and moves wеll from thе bone it has a good hеad a it vеr y hаr dy and sш ong and surе footеd , shouldеr . Sеn siblе, pony. Thе hеight a 13 с n vary bеt weеn makеs a good ш еkking to 14 h.h. and thе o с lour may е Ь blaсk, dark rЬ own, dark bay grеy. Thеr е fеw whitе aге nonе' or vеr у аn d oсa с sionally
stаm p аn d
of hunter whеn
bеing
dееp
mаr kings.
Thе Highland A vеr y old bгеd, thе
from Highland is probably dеsеnс dеd the ponies show thе thе pгimevаl Foгеst horsе, and somе of pгimitivе markings. They aгe nativеs of thе north of Sсotlаn d с mprise two and thе \ 0Иestеr n I sles, and would appeaг to o a М inland typе, distinсt typеs _ thе iЬ gger аn d rathеr hеavier .Wеstеr n and the lightеr , moге I sles pony. Both hаvе aсt ive аn d Clydеsdale in thе hаd infusions of outsidе blood; Frеn h с in thе I sland typе. Although origi аiМ nland typе and ArаЬ nally brеd for working thе rс ofts (they arе vеr y surefootеd and aгe still usеd to a с rry shot deer down from thе hill)' еiЬ ng very doсile, strong, steady, hаr dy and up to weight thеy аr е гiding. Thе also usеd in harness and for trekking аn d gеn еr al I sles type in partiсu lar, produсes very good huntеr s Wеstегn whеn rс ossеd
with Thoгoughbreds. .Wеstеr n
Thе
hеight
variеs
be
I sles type bеing smaller a Ь y' and o с loц r s arе grеy' lЬ aсk , glеy to а deеp, riсh vaгious shаd еs of dun from а mousеy finе silky h с еstnut hаvе with a flaxеn manе and tаil. Thеу haiт on thе lеg s, аn d аlmost all of thеm have a dark е1 stripе markinss on down thе еn с trе of the baсk. Somе havе zегa Ь thе lеg s. twеen
13 and 14.2 h.h., thе and moге refinеd . Thе usual
The Nеw Forest thesе poniеs Nаt ives of thе Nеw Forеst arеa of Hampshiте, havе had many infusions of outside blood. As fаг baсk as thе
marеs wегe thаt lDИеlsh it is rеoс rdеd Forеst аn d sinсе thеn Darш noor, xЕ moor, Highland, Fеll, Dаle, IЕ aсknеy, Clydesdalеs аn d AraЬs hаve and all beеn introduсеd in аn еf fort to improvе both thе sizе Thoroughbrеd sirе of substanсе of thе rЬ eed. Nlarskе, thе lс Е ipse, stood at stud in thе Forest for a timе, to servе seleсt ed _Zorah, AЬagan, and Yuгеsson. marеs as did thrеe Arаb iаn s с orr I t is thought that thеsе hаvе hаd onlу a limited influеne the breеd . howеver. Thеsе infusions of outsidе lЬ ood havе a fixеd typе of New Forest pony, but made it diffiсu lt to dеf inе й еy average L2.2 to | 4'2h.h. and may bе any o с lour еxеp с t piebald аn d skеw bаld. Various shades of bay arе тt re most usual' Nеw Forеst poniеs аr е notеd for thеir surе footеd nеss and adaptaЬiliry, and they usually havе good riding aсt ion, shouldеr with frеe straight madе possiblе by a niсеlу sloping movemеn t. o М st havе plеn ty of bone, good feеt , short aЬ kс s and strong quaгt еr s аn d are dеep through thе giтt h. Thеr e is a а somewhаt large head and shortish nеk с . tendenсy towаr ds for any mеmеrЬ of Thеy arе rеal familу poniеs еiЬ ng suitaЬle and thе family to ridе or drivе, and thеir usually gеn еr ous mаkеs them easily handled by h с ildrеn . doсile tеm pеr amеn t At prеsent thеr е arе probably аb out 3,000 poniеs running on grazing rights. ttre Forеst, ownеd by thosе with.сommonеr s' Thеy aгe roundеd up regulаr ly foг rЬ anding, tail marking oг sеlling at thе regulaгlyheld Nеw Forеst Bеaulieu Road sаlеs. Vеr y popular poniеs' thеy arе bгеd at manу studs thгoughout sinсе Great Britain and abroаd , poniеs hаving beеn еxportеd the early 1950s to the Unitеd Statеs, Canada, Holland, LuхemЬorg, Gеr manу Dеn mark, Norway, Sweden, Fгanсе' аn d Austтalia. тh irtееn th
e с ntury'
turned out in thе
75
A High| аnd
New Forest
V
P0NY Bп ED Е s
Thе
Shetlаn d
Thе
Shеt lаn d
of Britain's ninе native from the Shetland I slаn ds с ast of Sсotland. I t is somе 160 km (100 miles) off tlrе north o thesе islands possiblе thаt the Shеt land was intтoduсеd to dividеd in around tlrе lаn ds wегe bеf oге from Sсandinaviа
pony brееd s,
pony is thе smаllest
o с ming
originаlly
it rс ossed with ponies bгought and that subsеq uentlу 8000 в с ovеr to Sсotland by thе Cеlts. Bе thаt as it may, thе Shеt land to work тh eir land, as a islands гсoftеr s usеd yЬ thе has bееn ttrе pеat ftom the moor and аs a meаn s of с llеtс paсk pony to o many yeагs. rn ttre foг vеr y transport' both riddеn and drivец mid 1800s many Shetlands wеr e exportеd to thе mainlaп d for Bеing of Co. Durham, and Londondегr y. с llieriеs usе iп thе o ideal pit poniеs vегy stfong and low to the ground' tlrеy pгovеd and werе soon brеd seleсt ively for this purpose. At tlrе prеsеn t Ь t timе therе aге around 100 Shetland poniеs on ttrе islаn ds u on thе mainland as wеll аs in also brеd ехt еn sivеlу тt rey аr е
Sсandinavia, Spain, Australiа' North and South Ameriс,Ь of с untriеs Switzеr land and most other o Hollаn d, Franсе, uЕ rope. Thе Shеt land varies in height ftom 95_106сm (З8_42in) at the witlrег аn d is еxremely sп ong and haгdy, depй thлough thе с nsidеr аb lе with а short, stгong baс\ and o but ponies may be o с lour is lЬ aсk girth. The most fаvourеd All havе аn skеwаlЬ d. any o с lour inсluding piеb ald аn d has есМ anй ation abundаn t supply of manе and tail hair. h
A Shetland
madе
them no longer in demand to woгk thе islandеr s'
and instеad they drerf s poniеs
not аllowеd
a
rс ofts,
с il very popular аs smаll h havе beсomе task thеy admiraЬly fulfil providеd tlrey аr е
to gеt over fat.
М untain The Welsh o
Pony
as well аs probably the most thе l0Иelsh bеautiful and popular of thе nativе pony гeЬ еd s, has Book)' A in thе Vеlsh Stцd lVlountаin pony (Sеtс ion Romаn roamеd thе mountains аn d moorlands of Vаles sinсе hаve bееn outсr ossеs timеs, alтt rough ovеr thе yеars еrс tain at in е r М ionе t hshiт e a stц d formе d Caе s ar introduсеd . Julius
Onе
A Welsh Mountain Pony
of the most nцm еr ous
Bаla, and latеr introduсed oriеn tal blood to upgradе thе stoсk. infusions of Arab blood wеr е thеr е еn с tury I n thе ninetееn th thе thе Haсknеy, prеd eсеssor of now eхt inсt as well аs tlrе Norfolk Roadstеr . At аbout the same timе thе Thoroughbrеd iV1еr lin was introduсed. Foг many yеars iow, tlrе !Йеlsh I t is vеr y с . fteе from outsidе influеne iVlountain hаs bееn as well аs being kind аn d gentlе. аn d o с uгageous intеlligеn t с ilds riding pony, its good freе movement oс m A splеn did h it equally аm ount of knеe aсt ion mаkе with a егсt ain iь nЪd for harnеss work. I t hаs a fine, slightly dishеd head, suitaЬlе eаr s. Thе аlеп eyеs and small priсk еd vеr y largе widе spaсеd .fuе' and it is very sound, outlook shows the native еlс tiс
Welsh Pony
V
ж and substanсе pieЬald еx e с pt
* ..'г* ..';
plеn ty of bonе с lour, аn d the feet arе good and haтd . Any o and thе hеight and skewbald, is pеr missiЬlе
limit is L22h.h.
The Welsh Pony
Thе \ 0Йеlsh pony is known аs thе гiding pony of thе Vеlsh Stud Book) and is dеr ivеd (Seсt ion B of thе !Йеlsh rЬ еd s, C Cob with from the Wеlsh lVlountain аn d thе \ i7еlsh Sеtс ion it was used an infusion of Thoroughbrеd blood. Formеr lу , еxtеn sively
for shеp herding
on thе Vеlsh hills. Suсеsс sful or AraЬs often produсе
with smаll Thoгoughbrеd s rс ossеs show pony typе but агсe tlrе largег
must bе taken that haгd i aгe similаr с агatс еr istiсs аr e notlost. The h ness and substanсе to those of the Wеlsh Mountain, but thе aсt ion is lowеr to the aсt ion. They arе
mall, nеat hеad, a houlder, rounded, gаily. and аrс riеd Lеg s should eЬ strong аn d hard with good flat joints and hаr d Thе hеight limit is 13.2 h.h. and any oс lour еxеpс t fееt . piеa Ь ld is pегm issible. and skеw bаld
PONY BREEDS
The \ lelsh Cob The I e И lsh
Wеlsh
Cob, largest of the Welsh bгeeds (Sеtс ion
D in the
of the
с nfoгm ation Stud Book), again follows thе o
thе old Welsh pony but is pгobably a Ь sеd on although the Cob is mainly rЬ ed in a с rt hoгsе'
М untаin !Йelsh o Pеm bгokеshirе
Cardiganshire. Thе
\ 0Иеlsh
and strongest of the
laгg еst
and is ofenduranсе it is o с urageous with grеаt powеr s bгеd s, in harness. tгotting aЬility, аn d its pегf oгm anсe fаm еd for its vеr y aсt ivе I t is just as good undеr saddlе, howeveг, and еiЬ ng аn d a good jumpеr makеs а splendid hunter in all uЬ t thе bу Addеd size and spееd is aсh iеved с untriеs. fastеr grass o allround riding As a gеn еr аl, гсossing with а ThoгoughЬr еd . sound аn d hardy horsе there is littlе to bеat tlre п otoriouslу Wеlsh Cob. I t stands aI L4.2 to l5.2h.h. аn d mаy be аn y pieЬald аn d skеw bald. o с lour еxe с pt
The VУеlsh
Tуp e Pony of Cob .Welsh
thе Wеlsh pony of o М untain, from thе Also dеse с ndеd Stud Book), has had infu CoЬ type (Seсt ion C in thе l0Иеlsh tlre now extinсt Pembrokе sions in thе past of Andaluсiaц Noгf olk Roadstеr lЬ ood as well as morе a с rt hoгsе and originally used for shephегd ing rееn с tly that of thе Haсk nеy . с urageous, kind, intеlligent farm work, it is o and for gеn еr al and very sound and haгd y. l0fith a hеight limit of 132 h.h.' it vеr sаt ile, CoЬ, and is vеr у is thе smaller еd ition of thе lDИеlsh sеn se. I deal as с п r rnon o с mbining stfеn gth, witlr qualiry and o a h с ild or small аd ult's hunter аn d foг trеkking purposеs, its good, freе trotting aсt ion also makе it suitaЬle for harness wеll с araсt eг' of pony h an abundаnес work. I t should hаvе с mpaсt , аn d a good lеn gth of rein with a o laid baсk shouldег
A Welsh Cob
.stuffy' oЬ dy that is deеp thгough thе girth, powегf ul quartеr s, silky and ttrerе and good bone. Nlanе and tail hаir should е Ь Any should onlу bе a small amount of fеatheг on the hееls. piеa Ь ld and skеw bald. ех e с pt o с lour is pеr mittеd
The Palomino а o с lour type and not a rЬ еd. of diffеr еn t found in а numЬеr horsе and ponу breеds. To qualify foг thе desсr iption .a newly minted must bе that of с at o с louг Palomino, thе o gold o с irt' oг thrеe shadеs lighteг or daгker than this, with a puге whitе (not flaxen or silvеr ), manе and tail. lDИh ite mark pеr missiЬle. Foals tend to darkеn аr е с ings on the legs аn d fаe to ttrе time са гd ing с anging slightly o с lour h with age, thе o to havе sеt until с nsidеr еd с at o с lour is not o ofуeaг, and tlrе o o с louring is с rrеtс thе animal is six yеarsold. Breeding ttris o a rаt hеr hit or miss affair' but thе rс osses most likely to produсе с louгing aге two Palominos гсossеd , Palomino o
Thе tеr m Pаlomino refегs to с n еЬ I ndeеd the o с louring a
с estnut h с еstnut rс oss Pаlomino, h с louring Palomino гсoss albino. The o
гсoss alЬino and is thought to havе
Ysаb еllas originated in Spain whеr e suсh hoгsеs wеr е tегm еd of the Spanish queеn (14511504) uЬ t there is evidеnес timе. Pаlominos aге goldеn hoгses many еn e Ь foге hеr с turies
aftег
popular for
o ес Ь ming inсr easingly
.Wеstегn
гiding.
Thе Polo Pony games, аn d
Polo is one of the world s oldest mountеd plaуed
in Pеr sia
еfЬ oгe 500
в.с
Latеr
it sprеad
was
to China, I ndia
Tibеt аn d in thе nineteenth eс ntury Army offiсеr s Е gland. Now it Ь ught thе game baсk to n stationed in I ndia гo is played all ovеr the woгld. Small hunter typе ponies wеr е partiсu larly mounts _ nativе pony гсossеs' fаvouгitе onсe thе
аn d
Connеm ara
and Nеw
1918 when thе
until
Foгest, being used extеn sively
14.2 h.h. hеight
limit was aЬolishеd.
Тh is
let
in thе largеr , but still small Thoroughbrеd types of aгound 15.rh.h. as well as thе muсh sought aftеr impoгt еd poniеs for Polo Ponies fгom Argentinа. The prinсipal rеq uiгеm еn ts aге
thе
and a Ь lanсе, с uragе stamina, o ability to .turn on а sixpenсе' .
oЬеd iеn t,
hаn dy
and геsponsivе.
speеd , and o с mЬinеd with I n addition thеy must bе
Thosе
that havе strong,
short baсks, powеr ful quartеr s аn d hаr d tough Polo Poniеs. thе most suсe с ssful to mаkе
legs аr е
likеly
A We| sh Pony of Cob Tуpe
PаI amino
V
P0NY
в RЕEDs
The Riding Pony The Riding Pony is of fаirly rеeс nt
being
dеvеlopment
for tlre show ring from small Thoroughbred or Polo
dеr ivеd
Pony stallions аn d nаt ivе
pony _ prinсipally
Welsh nд d
suсеsс sfullу rс ossеd Dartmoor_ marеs. AraЬs, too' havе bееn poniеs and thе idеal is probably a !Иelsh rс oss with thеsе Thoroughbrеd with a dash of Arаb blood at a previous oг a quality Thе Riding Pony is еssеn tially subsequеn t mаt ing. tас ion and frее straight аn imal with supеr b o с nfoгm ation,
from thе shouldег
(not thе
knеe),
and possеssing
that еd ition of Thе hеаd с blе mannеr . thе haсk, with the samе impеa should be full of quаlity, intеlligent and finе with lаr ge, wide should bе a good lеn gth of spaсed eуes, and small еars. Thеr е
indеf inablе
.pгеsеne с '.
I t should in faсt
bе
a
smallеr
с еst, dеp тh rеin, а sloping riding shouldег, a fairly widе h wеll through thе girth and a stfаight, mеd ium length bаkс , musсled quarters аn d wеll seton tail. Lеg s should bе lс еаn с nnons аn d flat, hard joints, and thе fееt , and hard with short a hаr d аn d of еq ual sй e. Aсt ion must be strаight and trш e, thе hind feet bеing plantеd in thе prints of thе foте fееt . Thте prinсipаl in thе show ring: up to height limits аr е аtс eгеd for з h.h.' аn d 133 to 142 h.h. | 22 h.h.' | 23 to I 2
Thе
Spotted Pony
Spottеd
L
с at refers to a typе of o
pattеr n
аn d is not thеr еf orе а
с gnized, types of markings аr e rеo markings Blankеt and Snow.flakе. Lеopаr d namеly Lеopard, с loured to spots of any o с lour on a white oг light o rеf еr с lour on a whitе to spots of any o г еf ег s baсkgтound; blankеt
brееd . Riding Pony
Tfuee diffеr еn t
Ь \с and snowflakе refеr s to white spots on a found rump or a ation of any o с lour. I n addition, spottеd hoгses or ponies havе round the еyes, as whitе sсlеr a h с araсt еr istiсs suсh spеiс al hoovеs with yеllowishwhite and blaсk or brown vегt iсal stlipеs' mottlеd barе skin, and usually very sparsе manеs and tails.
Franсe The Camаr gue in the Rhonе dеltа thе sеa, is thе pony. Currеn tly thеr е aгe homе of thе aС marguе swаm plаn d o с mprising somе 45 stallions only about 30 herds or mаn adеs .whitе horsеs of фе and 400 marеs in thе arеa. Known as thе с at is thе most striking point about this hardy sea' thе whitе o rЬ eed whiсh thrives on a diеt of tough grаss and salt water. is gеn еr ally 15 h.h., thеir o с nformation Rarеly eхеd с ing neсk and upright poor, hаv ing a largе squarе hеaф shoгt foг their dеp th through thе girth shouldеr , but thеy arе notеd Thеy havе plеn ty of bonе and good аn d short strong bаkс . tails. Their aсt ion is hard fееt and long, thiсk mаn еs аn d pгinсipally notеd for thе highstepping walk' thеir aЬility to
The Camaгg ue аr ea of Southern Fгаnес the town of AiguеsМortеs
bеt wееn
A Cаm аr gue
Haflinger
V
twist аn d tцr n, famous blaсk
whiсh
thеsе
blаkс , dark
and tlrе gallop, thе pаеsс
аn d
most usеd
to
work the
bulls of thаt arеa for thе bullтing, and the job for born usеd . Thе foals аr е hoгsеs arе so frеq uеn tly grеy or browщ uЬ t their o с at lightens with аg е.
Austria The Haflinger whiсh originatеd in is a hardу mountain brееd thе Austrian Tyгol. Tough аn d thicksеt with plеn ty of bonе baсk to thе Arabian аn с bе tгe ас d and substanсе, its brеeding
Thе Haflinger
rЬ еd s on ttrе hеаviеr and to thе o с ldblooded This oс mbination makеs it ideal for both draught and аn d гidden work in its nativе land аn d its suге footеd nеss
on onе sidе
othеr .
P0NY BREЕDs
plаiс d
tеm pеr аm еn t mаke it еspeсially suitablе for bеg innеr s Thе name was tаken fгom thе village of Hafling, the еn с trе of an агea in whаt is now Northеr n I talу , wherе thе Haflingеr was еxtеn sivеly brеd. Statе studs wеr е lаt еr estаb lishеd аt PiЬеr аn d Ossiaсh but thе poniеs аге now widеly bгеd tfuoughout Austria although individual brееdеr s аr е allowеd only to keеp mares. Stаllions are а1l owned by thе Stаt е аn d kеp t at thе govеr nmеn t stud fаr ms. Colt foals aге subjеtс ed to rigorous inspeсt ion by offiсial inspeсt ors and only a vеr y fеw will bе hс osеn as possiblе futuтe stаllions' Hаf lingеr s are also bгed in somе 20 otheг o с untriеs, of whiсh Gеr manу, Swiи еr lаn d аn d Holland arе thе mаin onеs. to гidе.
Raгеly
еx e с еd ing
sш ong
for its small sizе.
Haflinger is exсеp tionally I t is always hс еstnut in oс lour,
| 4.2} r.h.' thе
ranging from shades of gold through to rust, and it frеq uently
has white faсial
mаr kings. varying ftom greyishсгeаm
The mаn e and tаil to rеd dish
are flаxeщ
гo Ь wn.
\ Jеr manv Thе Diilmеn pony brееd s, thе Drilmеn аn d and аlthough thе lаt теr , onсе found in thе Foгest of IЕ anover, is virtually eхt inсt , both of
Germany hаs orrly two nativе
the Sеn ner Tеu tobuгg
thesе rЬ eеd s hаve hаd
аn
influеnес
the llаn overian.
horsе
brееd , miхed rЬ еed,
on thе rаt hег
Thе DЁlmеn
bеt tеr
known
is now a rаt her Bruсh in rtrИеst
A
Drilmen
A
Huсu I
having run in thе ] Vleerfеldеr phaliа in a semiwild stаt e sinсе tlre early 1300s. I t avеr аgеs about 12.3 h.h. аn d may bе any o с lour although brown, blаkс аn d dun arе thе most usual. Not unlike the Nеw Forеst pony in ovеr all аppеaranсе, the DЁlmеn tеn ds to hаve аn upгight a shouldег, shoгt baсk аn d poor hindquartеr s wiф а nеkс poniеs aге pгivаt еly littlе on thе short side. Thеsе ownеd bу тh е Dukе of Croу and they аr e rounded up to sеll thе suгplus stoсk аn nually.
Poland The Huсu l Thе Huсu l is а nativе of the Carpаr thiаn region of Poland, whеr e hегd s hаvе wandеr еd thе mountain rеg ions for thousаn ds of years and whеr е it is known loсally as thе Caгp aгt hian pony. I t is probably a direсt dеsеn с dant of the pгimitivе Tarpan, whiсh it rеsеmlЬ еs moгe thаn any othег с t I n faiтly геn inш oduсеd to improve
timеs, howеver, Arab blood has thе brеed аn d sеleсt ivе brеeding is now a аt sеv еr al stц d s с rriеd out thI oughout Poland, thе iс pаl Gorliсе. Thе Huсu l mаkеs onе being at Siary nеат idеal paсk and drаu ght pony and bеing very hardу is
rЬ еd .
bееn
prin an used
ехt eп sivеly on thе mountainous faгm lands of southеm Polаn d. Surе footed, doсilе, strong аn d willing, it avеr ages .primitivе' , shoгt 12.1 to r3.1h.h. and hаs a h с arаtс еr istiс hеad, a rather poor bаk с end аn d a low sеt tail. Thе prinсipаl o с lours
аr е
dun and bаy but most o с lours
may bе
seеn .
Thе Konik Similаr to thе Huсu l and haviп g a o с п u non аnеsс tor in thе Tаr pan, the I (onik is usеd to woгk the lowland farms in Polаn d, as wеll аs аsЕ tern uЕ гopе, a numbеr whеr е havе bееn ехp ortеd . I t also has had infusions of Arab blood аnd although it stands only oаЬ ut 13.1 h.h.' it has lost a dеg rеe of its .pony' quаlitiеs, morе rеsеm bling а littlе horsе. I t is brеd sеleсt ively at the two stаt e sп r ds at Popiеlno and Jеzеw iсе as wеll as by numeгous small fагm еr s foг use on their land. I t is vеr y tough аn d hardy, works willingly on a limitеd diеt and is easily manаg еd . I t is always varying shadеs of dun in o с lour.
Konik
V
P0NY BRЕD Е s
r Dpaln
The Sorraia Spаin
s
only native pony, thе Sorraia, o с mes from the westеr n
in the
regions bordеr ing the Sorraia rivеr and its tributaries, on into Portugal. I t is а truе .primitivd having h с araсt eristiсs of o Ь th thе Tarpan and Przеw аlski and еiЬ ng еxtremely hardy it is ablе to suгvive on thе very poor vegeta tion available, whilst wiтh standing the еxtremе lс imatiс o с n ditions. The Sorraia was at onе timе usеd for agriсu lturаl work uЬ t тh е numЬers hаvе now grеatly dеrс еаsеd . Standing L2.2 to 13 h.h., it is usuаlly dun in o с lour although it may also grеy or Pаlomino. I t has thе blаk еЬ с еel stripe down thе arеа
of the bаkс
еn с tre
and thе zеb ra maгkings on the lеgs with thе .primitive, types. The hеad tends to bе lаr ge with a stI aight or o proflle, thе еars long with с nvеx blaсk tips and the eyеs sеt а littlе high. Thе nеkс tеn ds to bе long аn d the shoulder is upright. Thе hindquaгt ers arе poor assoсiаt еd
and undеr dеv еloped with thе tаi1 sеt low аn d bе гather long and laсking in bone.
thе
lеg s tеn d
to
Portugal The Garrano
A Sorrаiа Skyros
V
Also known as the &tinho, this native of Portugаl o с mes from йе mountаin valleys of the Gаr rаn o do iМ nho and Trаz dos o М ntes areаs. Arab blood has bеen inш oduсеd into the bгеd poniеs and thе rеsult is a by thе seleсt ivе геd Ь ing of еrс tain lightly built animal with good o с nfoгm ation and notiсеаb lе quality. I t is very strong, hаr dy, and surе footеd and usеd extеn sivеlу for hаu ling timbеr and light agriсu lтu ral work. Garranos also makе good riding ponies and aгe in demand аs paсk poniеs. Standing 10 to 12 h.h., thеy arе almost always dark h с еstnut in oс lour with a luхu rious mane and tail. At onе time vеr y populaг trotting гaеsс wеr е run with thеsе ponies, thе pаес bеing а o с lleсt еd тr ot' for whiсh thеy werе speсiаlly bred аn d trainеd . Thе hoгsе fairs аt Vilа Rеаl аn d Famаliсao in thе sаlе of high quality Gагr аn os. spеiс alized
Greеес Thе
Pеn eia
pony left, thosе suсh as ofnаt ivе and Aсh ean having long sinсe disappeared. Of thosе remaining the Pеn eia is thе loсal pony rЬ еd in ttre distriсt of lЕ eia in thе Pеloponnеsе, and it is used for light аg riсu ltural work аn d as a paсk pony. Usually аyЬ , гo Ь wn, h с еstnut or gгey in o с lour, it is small, rаr еly еx е d с ing
Grеe ес
hаs only thrее brееd s
tlre Tfuaсian,
14
Thеssalian
h.h., sturdy аn d very willing and аn с livе on the mеagтеst typе, the stаllions arе oftеn
of rations. A pony of.oriеn tal' usеd to brеed hinnies.
The'Pindos Е irus, тI re thе mountаinous геg ions of Thessaly аn d p Pindos pony is anothеr of .orientaf typе and is usеd for light faгm work, as wеll аs for riding. Sш ong and hardy, this moun populaг tаin pony a с n also livе vеr у frugally аn d is tlreгеf orе witlr thе farmers. Stаn ding L2 to 13 h.h., thе Pindos is usuаllу dаr k gгеy uЬ t maу аlso e Ь bгown, bay and blaсk . Thе mаr es aге frеq uently usеd for brееd ing mulеs. Brеd in
The Skyros The Skyros pony oс mеs Aеg еan 80
sеa
from thе I sland
and is the smallest, and probaЬly
of Skщ os
in the
the oldest, of thе
P0NY Bв EEDS
Grеek
I t stands no morе
brееd s.
o с w hoсks.
towагd s tendеnyс grеy аn d o Ь wn,
than
11
I t may bе
is of
h.h. аn d
.primi
с lour almost any o
but
dun arе thе most usuаl.
Norway nlikе the British Dalеs pony I t is also similar, although rather
heаviеr
Was bтed
from thе
of Thoroughbrеd to Norway in ttrе as wеll as infusions of hеaly draught еn с tuгy) Gudbrandsdаl hаs it of mixеd oгigin. Thе Dрlе
lightеr of thе sйkс from O ninеt еenttr lЬ ood makе
A girth dееp
thе lеg s short with lots of fеathеr .
аn d
еxtеn sivеlу
ions whеr е pегf oгm s wеЦ
in thе mountain аr еas foг farm work in the rеg to use a traсt or would eЬ impossiblе. I t also pony. in harnеss or as a riding or pаkс
Swedеn Thе Gotlarrd Thе
oldеst
of thе
Sсandinavian
russ pony is now brеd
on Gotlаn d timеs.
Dd| e Gudbгandsdаl
extеn sivеly
I sland from whеr e
с dant I t is probably a dеsеn
breeds, thе Gotland or Skogs on thе mainlаn d аs well аs
it originatеd
in Stoп е
Age
of the Tarpan and a numЬer
lands of Lojsta. About l00 yеars ago still into the bгеed but thеу blood was introduсеd and arе not unlikе h с arаtс егistiсs геt ain thеir .pгimitivе' Lofoten pony. Poland s Huсu l аn d Konik аn d the еxtinсt workers and, с ltural Thеy are now in dеm and as light аg гiu
run wild in the forеst Oгiеn tal
wittr the interеst
с s, in trotting гae
аr е
also sеleсt ively
brеd
foг
Gotland poniеs arе fаst and also good jumpеr s. 8l
A
Fjord
Gotland
V
тl l
^ еlс ano The I e с landiс I ntтoduсеd into I eс land from Sсandinаvia
(pаr tiсu larly pony hаs sinсе Norway), this Cеltiс intеr bred with ttrosе importеd lаt еr from Sсotland, I rеland and thе I sle of a М n to pony. From subsе foгm what is now known as thе I e с lаn diс quеn t sеltес ive brееd ing, two distinсt types hаvе emеr ged; onе rather hеavy sort used for draught and paсk work, and a lightеr typе for riding. Both wеr е used until somе ехt еn sivеly formеd the only tгansport 50 yeаr s ago' as up until thеn , thеy on the island, еspeсiallу duгing thе sеvere wintеr months impаssaЬlе. I Jp the fеw existing roаd s wеr е of the e с ntury, ponies wеr е expoгt еd from I еlс аn d
whеn
thе British
o с al minеs wherе
to thе turn to work in
their extrеm e hardiness,
made strеn gth' small sizе and grеat powеr s of еn duranсе thеm very populаг. With thе еn d of this ехport tradе, the numbеr ofponiеs kеp t on the island deсlineф but sinсе loсal farming, herds of poniеs aгe o с nditions do not favour a с ttlе poniеs arе small аn d oftеn brеd for mеat instead. I еlс andiс stoсky, dееp through thе girth and with a rather largе hеad sеt Thеy havе аn aЬu ndanсе of manе on to a short, thiсk nеkс . аlthough usually and tail hаir and feathеr on thе hееls, and grеy or dun, all othеr o The usual hеight с lours may е Ь sееn . largег ponies arе is between 12 to 13h.h. but oсаsс ionallу aге toughеst of thе pony breеd s, thеу indеp еn and notеd for фeir and doсilе homing instinсt . The usual paсе is a fast and dеne с and o с mfortaЬlе аm bling gait known as the tФlt whiсh oс vегs a great dеal of ground. Reсеn tly thеr е havе еe Ь n аt tеm pts to Thoroughbrеd stal improvе thе rЬ еed yЬ intтoduсing smаll lions uЬ t this has mеt with verv littlе suсеsс s.
found. Onе of
thе
intеlligent
еxtremely
I taly The Avelignesе is brеd аn d northеr n I talу, ttrе Avelignеsе A native of еnс tral prinсipаllу and Tus in the hill rеg ions surrounding Vеn еd a it is usеd extеnsively for light agriсultural a с ny, whеr е it is popular as a draught work. I n the Alps and Apеn ninеs paсk pony. Vеr y similаr to the llaflingеr to whom it is relаt еd (thеy sharе a o anсеstor in thе now еxtinсt с п lmon
AvellinumHaflinger),
is bеliеv еd с ntain a thе Avеlignеsе to o lЬ ood having dеse с nded from an imported Arаb , lЕ Bеd avi. I t is еxш еm еly hardy and surе footed and аn с piсk its way oveг thе mountаin trails in thе worst of wintеr mаn е o с nditions. Always h с еstnut in o с lour with a flаxеn аn d tail and possibly white faсial markings, it is vеr y stгong and tough, notеd for its doсilе disposition and its longеv ity. I t is dеep through thе girth with a wide h с est, a wеll musсled nеkс and quarters' short lеg s, and а short broad hеad, with plenty of bone and good hard horn. I t stаn ds 13. 3 to 14. 3 h.h. dеg reе
A lceI andiс
Ameriсаn
ShetI and
V
ofAraЬian
Е IA с NORTH AмR u.s.A. The Ameriсan
Shetland in thе United Statеs bу rс ossing importеd Shet poniеs, the rеsultantAmеr iсаn Shеt land lаn ds with Haсk nеy
Developеd
I t is bгеd с untеr part. is a lаr ger and finеr еd ition of its British o and Puеr to Riсo, and in addi throughout thе Unitеd Stаt еs tion to eЬ ing kеp t as a pet and as а h с ild's pony, it is raсеd in trotting rаe с s hitсh еd to а lightwеight raсing sulkу, as wеll аs being shown in haltеr аn d harnеss lс asses. I fused in thе latter 82
ponies havе thеiт tails niсkеd to give an аr tifiсially high at thе trot, is high аn d thеir aсt ion, espеiс ally та i l a с rriagе' с lour Shеt land a с n е Ь аn y o ап d The Amеr iсan eхаg gеr atеd . аn d the height limit is 11.2h.h.
йе
TЪе Chinсoteaguе aп d Assatеague' two small I nhаiЬ tants of Chinсoteаguе lЬ ands off the o с ast of lvlaryland and Virginia, it is unсеr tain thеir poniеs a с me to bе living on thе islands whеr е horv thеsе they a с n find on the sandy marsh kееp o с nsists of whаt еvеr lап d ,
and wherе
thеr е is
no sheltег from
с nded thеory is that thеy arе dеse Е glish thе n survived shipwгkес s duгing
Onе
Atlаn tiс storms. ftom animals that
thе
аn d Spanish
pегiod, str.rntеd аn d that thеiт size bеa с mе аr e no morе thаn Thеу thе sparse vеg etаt ion. М у аn d аr е morе like smаll horsеs than poniеs. аn
гr iаl
o с 1o
of
са unt on o
аb out
12h.h.
arе piеb ald с nt infusion of Arab blood hаs skеw bald and thе rеe arе o аЬ ut 150 living improvеd thеir quality. Currеn tly thеr е is uninhabitеd . whiсh , unlike Chinсoteaguе оn Assatеaguе, in July аll thеse poniеs Consеq uently on the last \ 0Йеdnesday for thе аr е roundеd up and swum aсr oss to Chinсotеague Thosе grand roundup, salе and branding еxеr iс se. ап тr uаl the nеxt day. тh а t arе not sold arе swum baсk to Assаt eaguе
аn d
The Pony of thе Ameriсas a Shetland гсossing foundеd only 20 yеars ago у Ь sв llion аnd an Appaloosa marе' the Pony of thе Ameriсas has for a smаll, usеf ul, tl.ilf'llеd a nееd throughout Amеr iсa Thе hеight must е Ь of suЬstanсe. h с ilf 3 pony with plеn ф
.\ rЬ еd
l12
с lours to 13 h.h. and any of the six Appaloosa o for rеg istration purposes. They arе willing' to managе, with straight, frеe aсt ion. and еаsу .Aтаb t' with a dished profilе, Тh е hеad should bе small and с еst widе lатg е eуеs and small еaгs, thе shoulder sloping, ttrе h аn d tail sеt аn d the body dееp , with wеll rounded quаr tеI s g Ы h, and short legs with plenty of bonе. These poniеs havе and trail ridеs and in jumping lс assеs o с mpеt еd suсe с ssfully аrЬ .е for raсins. аlso еnЬ usеd
еrЬ flееn
а те aсеp с taЬlе tас ivе, vеr satilе
t, x1сo lvlе The Galiсeno or iМ nho poniеs of Portugal Dеsеn с dеd from thе Garrano аr e anсеstors аn d thе Spanish Sorraia, thе Galiсеn o's й ought to havе bеen tlrose brought ovеr to Amеr iсa yЬ thе с ' of Mехio Spаn iards from Hispaniola. Although а nativе sinсе 1959 it has sprеаd throughout the Unitеd States, and in it has grown in stature. I n o с nditions еlsеw herе фе bеt tеr с woгk plaсes it is usеd in harness and for rаnh тh esе grеy lЬ kас , duщ foг ordinary riding. I t mаy bе bау,
as
wеll
аs
or h с еstnut
il oс lour аnd stands 12 to | 3.2 h.h. A lightly built, oс mpаtс аn upright pоn у, it has a finе heаd ' largе wеll spаеdс еyеs' thе The hс еst tеn ds to bе nагr ow but shoц ldеr аn d short bаkс . limbs and feеt are good and thе pony movеs with a hс araс gait of а fast o с mfoгt аb lе running walk. I t is tеr istiс natц r al disposition, is hаr dy and intelligеn t and bеing ofа trаtс lаЬ е usеd a gгеat dеal in o с mpеt itions.
^1 uanaoa
The Sable I sland Pony с stoсk whiсh Dеsеn с dants of thе. prinсipally Frеnh to Cаn ada by thе Frenсh in thе mid 1600s, the to I slаn d ponу is also supposеd to havе beеn inuoduсеd somе 320 km (200 miles) or so off I sland (a sаn dbаn k
таkeп
wеr е
Sablе Sаb le
Novа
A Chinсoteague
Ponv of the Ameriсas
V
! I
P0NY в RD Е s
in thе Atlаn tiс с ntury. oсean), еarly in the eightеenth e arе аt prеsent somе 300 poniеs, most of thеm sсr uЬ stoсk, running on tlrе small 40 km (25 mile) long island, and tough and wф, living on thе pooг they аr е ехt remely hаr dy, vegеt аt ion thе islаn d offeгs' Standing about 14 h.h.' they may blaсk oг grey and having a trаtс ablе be h с еstnut, bаy' bгowп , riding аn d light dгaught purposеs. nafllrе are цsеd for both Sсotiа
Therе
soUTн Thе
AмR Е IA с
Criollo
from Spanish stoсk, а mixtuге of Arаb , Barb аn d bгought over to South Amеr iсa by thе sixteenth all ovеr tlre Criollo has п ow sprеаd еn с п r гy o с nquistаd orеs,
Desсеn ded
Andaluсiaц
South Amеr iсa aсq uiring slightly diffеr еn t hс агatс eristiсs с m aсo с rding to its environmеn t. sЕ sеn tiаlly it is sturdy, o pаtс аn d vеr y musсu lаг with а short broad hеad, straight profilе аn d widе set еyes. Thе nеkс and quаr tегs arе wеll dеvelopеd , the h с est widе, tlrе baсk short аn d thе shouldеr fairly sloping. Thе lеg s аr e shoгt with plenty of bonе аn d thе fеet hard. I t is a vеr y willing and tough pony with grеat powеr s of еn duranсe dnd аn ability to a с rry wеight. Thе points аn d аn еl stripе fаvouritе o с lour is dun with blаkс markings on thе lеg s, down the e с ntrе of the baсk and zеb rа gгеy' arе also roan' Pаlomino' aЬ y and blдkс but h с еstnut' found. Thе hеight and typе vаr iеs slightly tlrroughout South all types are essеn tially the samе. The Amеr iса although poniеs aгe used prinсipаlly as stoсk horsеs by the gauсh os riding. I n thе Argentinе they arе known аs and for gеn егal Cгiollos; in Bгazil аs тh e Crioulo; in Chilе _ the Cаb allo _ t} re Llаn еr o, aгe and in Pеr u thеr е Chilеn o; in Venеzuеlа аn d thе Chola. М roсh uсo tlш е types _ thе Costeno, t} rе o Burmese
V The Falabella a ponу , miniаt ure horsе rathеr than horsе in thе h.h., it is thе smаllеst family, from whom it FаlaЬellа world. I t was fust brеd by thе gеt s its name, on their rаn h near Buеn os Aiтes in thе Aгg еn с a small Thoroughbгed with small Shеt land tinе, by гсossing poп ies and тh ereaftеr I t is not suitable foг гiding inbrееd ing. but is sometimеs usеd in haгn ess in thе Unitеd Statеs. I ts pгinсipal purposе howеvеr is purеly as a pеt and bеing very it fulfills this objеtс wеll. Smаll stцd s friеn dly and intеlligеn t poniеs arе now еstablishеd all ovеr thе world. of thеsе
is гeally Thе Fаlabеlla and standing at undег
a
7
ASI A Assam The } tanipuгi М i Brеd in thе hill statе of Assam and thе Himalayas, thе аn puri is a dеse М ngolian wild horsе and ttre с ndаn t of both thе o as ttrе oгiginal polo pony, as a rеsult Aтаb . I t has bеen lс аimеd of the British tea plаn ters using it to play thе loсal gamе in introduсed to thе to havе beеn 1850. (The gamе was геp uted с ntury). A sturdy pony of Stаt e of lVlаn ipur in thе sevеn th e с n bё bеt wееn 1 1 and 13 h.h.' it is tough, and surefooted and a аn y o I t is dееp tfuough thе girth with а good shouldеr , с louг. quarters. Thе lеg s аr e short short baсk and wеll dеvеlopеd with plеn ty of bonе and tirе feet aге hаr d.
P0NY BRЕEDs
Burma Thе Burmese hnovrn аs thе Shan pony this brеed is vеr y similaг to thе u Ь t is a native of Buтm a аn d thе Shan statеs, whегe iш Ь brеd by thе hill tribеs. A strong and aсt ivе' but not vеr y mst poп y , it was usеd by the Bгitish as a polo poп y for want of rп п h ing bеn еr . Now it is usеd as a paсk and гiding pony. The tеight vагiеs but averagеs about 13 h.h. and thе pony a с n bе пд . т аlthough very hardy and o с lour. Genеr ally bad tеm pеr еd , sш те footеd , it is гathеr plain with а small heаd , longish a Ь kс тn l rаt her undеr devеloped quartеr s with a pooг hind 1еg. .Цsо
!Ьn фuт
China Thе Chinese ponies of in most distгitс s of the Chinesе Rеp ubliс' Far aЕ st and аn с not rеally bе tгp е еxist thтoughout thе с nш olled осв sidегеd а гe Ь ed. As there has bеen no form of o L!Ееd irrg' thеy havе brеd with the wild lVlongolian hoгsеs frш еаr lу times. I n o с nsеq uеnе,с thеy are similar to thе wild Fсr uп d тh is
d П ongoliаn
с lour dun in o
pony аn d arе frеq uently
with а
points, although other o с lours аге tоu nd. Thеy are еxtremely hardy аn d surе footed and thеir for sЕы lеd to them bеing usеd ovег shoгt distanсеs hаs гiас п g аs wеll as gеn еr al riding. Confoгm ation howevеr , is pooг аn d undеr developеd and with а laгgе head Eв n erаlly г е аk 12 and 13.2h.h. Thе hеight vaгiеs bеt weеn nеkс . til,^ rck
еl stripe
and blaсk
A Chinese
I ndia Thе Bhutia pony fгom the iН malayan mountаin агea of I ndiа с pony on thе moц n tain used аs а pаk and intelligеn t with I t is surе footеd , ехt remеly hardy рassеs. of stamina and the ability to livе frugаlly' Usuallу gтеy @еп ц iп o с louт, it is stгong аn d and stuгd y with musсu lar quаr tеr s gооd bonе, and stands 13 to 13.2h.h.
.a thiсk set
йе
Bhutia is prinсipallу
The Kаt hiawari and a М rwаr i .\ lftough separаt e rЬ еds, thе I (athiawari and a М гw ari аr е гirш аlly idеn tiсаl, from thе indigе both having dеse с ndеd п oц s I ndian o с untfy brееd s rс ossеd with Arab stoсk. Thеy generally aЬ d tеm pегеd uЬ t ехt remely tough те n d with to е Ь ] oь of stаm ina, and theу thrivе on littlе food. Varying in hеight ftom 14 to 15 h.h. they are vеr y light and nаr row with к е аk and quartеr s, low sеt tаil and siсk lе hoсks. Any п kес s r.оlour is found inсluding pieЬаld and skеw bаlds. Thе ears u с л'е iл w аr ds with thе tips almost touсh ing at thе points' фus indiсаt ing thе AraЬ influenсе.
The Spiti From thе sаm е llimalaу an агea of I ndia as thе Bhutia, аn d similar to it in typе and o с nformаt ion, altlrough smallеr , prinсipally by thе I (anyat ш ibesmеn who use йе Spiti is rЬ еd it to trаdе with neighЬouгing triЬes. I t is only aЬout 12 h.h., u Ь т up to wеight, as wеll as being hardy аn d tirеlеss witlr ,Wеll of stamina. musсlеd with a short, thiсk neсk, р l е тt y srгаight shoulder, shoгt baсk and sш ong limЬs and feet, thе те r у
Spiti, likе thе Bhutiа, tеn ds to bе tеm pеr amеn tal. Both thе Spiti and Bhutiа arе lс osely rеlated, and vеr y similar, to thе аJlpuгp osе
TiЬеt аn
Nanfаn
o аЬ ut
whom vеr y litdе
is known.
P0NY BпE Е Ds
т
The Java
lnoonеsla The Bali This nativе resеm blаnес
of the island of Bаli is of primitive typе, bеaring a to thе wild &longoliаn pony. I t is frequendy dun
in o с lour
with а blaсk eеl stripе down thе e с ntе с of its bаk upright mаn е. I t stands 12 to 13 h.h. Very sш ong and o ес nomiсal to kеep, it is a willing workеr and is usеd primaг and аn
ily as а paсk pony.
The Bаt аk is brеd selеtс ively Arаb ian impoгt s have bееn
on thе
island of Sumаt ra wherе
introduсed to the studs to upgгade o с mmon native pony, and lеn d а littlе quаlity to thе breed. The rеsultant young stoсk are then sent to the other I ndonesian islаn ds to impгovе тhе rЬ eеds there. I t is а kindlу , gentle pony, eаsy to managе and o ес nomiсal to keеp , but thе AraЬiаn blood hаs аd dеd a touсh of spirit аn d еleganсе whiсh rathеr
is not found in most of thе othеr I ndonеsian brееds (thе Sandаlwood e Ь ing an еxеp с tion). I t is a gеn еr al purposе animal, a с n bе аn y
of thаt
The Sandalwood
The Batak thе
ponies thе than some of thе other I ndonеsiаn island, stands 12.2 h.h. Although lighdy built it is tough, haгdy, very willing and аppаr еn tly tirеlеss, a с pablе а1l dаy in tropiсal o of worКn g с nditions. I ts prinсipal funсt ion is to pull the heavily ladеn twowheеlеd Sаd os whiсh sеr ve as а tаxi sеr viсе on thе island. Thе Java is found in almost any oс lour and is gеn erally of poor oс nformation with wеak nеkс s and quarteгs, long baсks, rattrer long legs and ftеq uentlу o с w hoсks.
Slightly lаr gеr
Java, a nativе
o с lour
A nativе of the islands of SumЬa аn d Sumbawа, the Sandal wood is thе quality pony of I ndonеsiа bеing finer than the othеr s and with an .Araby' hеad. Named after thе islands prinсipаl mаinly for barebаkс raсing еxport' it is ц sеd although it stands only 12.1 to 13.1 h.h. I t hаs a small, wеll shapеd hеad, is deеp with а lаr ge еyе аn d widе h с еst and through thе girth. Legs and feet arе good and hard, and thе с lour, is vеr y finе. o с at, whiсh mаy bе any o
and stands 12 to 13 h.h.
The SumЬa poniеs to thе wild ] V1on ponies is vеr y appагеn t, it is quitе pos siblе that the anсient Chinеsе may hаvе brought thе poniеs to I ndonеsiа in vеr y еаr ly times. Thе nаt ive poniеs of SumЬa and Sumbаw а, whiсh are аlmost identiсal, arе very tough аn d willing and again somеw hat primitive in appearanсе, being dun with thе lЬ aсk and upright manе. They stand е1 stтipе about 12.2 h.h. and аr е agile, and intеlligеn t. Thеy arе usеd national on thе islands in lаne с throwing, thе o с mpetitivе as wеll as in.danсing, o с mpetitions, whеn sport of I ndonеsiа' in a bitless bгidlе by young boуs, thеy are ridden bагebaсk whilе a trainеr on the otheг end of a lungе line direсt s thе to thеir vаr ious movements. Thе poniеs havе bёlls аt taсh ed in time to thе bеat of thе tomtoms. knееs and thеy danсе lightnеss of performanсе. Judging is oп tlrе еlеg аnес and
Sinсe ttre likenеss
of the I ndonеsian
golian and Chinеsе
Caspiаn
V
The Timor pony of thе island of Timor, is thе smallеst nаt ivе of thе I ndonesian brееd s and is usеd by the islandеr s as а o с w pony. I t is еxe с ptionally agilе and stтong, although standing only o с upledwith 11 to 12 h.h., and has grеat powеr s of еn duranсe a mаss of o and surefootеd , it с mmon sense. Also very doсilе imported makes a good h с ildren's pony, and mаn у have eЬ еn
Thе
to thе Austaliаn
mainland for this purposе.
I t is usuаlly
made with a small or bay in o с lour and is finеlу quarters and good hard lеg s and fееt . hеad, short bаkс , strong blaсk, brown
т
lran The Caspian Until гeеnс tly the Caspiaп pony, a nativе of thе areа around thе lЕ burtz mountаins and Caspiаn sеa in Pегsia, was found thought to be extinсt , but in 1965 а numbег wеr e pulling aс rts in t} rе oс astal towns and wаn dering along thе с г r еn t shorеs of thе Caspian Sea in Northеr n I rаn . The u horsе of theory is that thе Caspian is the anсient miniаt urе .fulеsopotаm ia
whiсh ,
in the third millеn ium
after e Ь ing usеd
вс
yЬ
the lvlesopotamiаn s AD' wаs
until thе sеvеn th еnс tuгy
into this theory is bеliеvеd to havе beсome еxtinсt . Rеsearсh howevеr still in pгogrеss. o М re like a small hoгse thаn a ponу in appеaranсе, it may bе gтеy, brown, bay or hс еstnut in o с louг аn d stаn ds eЬ twееn 10 to 12 h.h. I t is surе footеd , jumping ability intеlligеn t аn d trаtс ablе, with а rеm arkaЬle Thе Cas all of whiсh makеs it a usеf ul mount for h с ildrеn . pian has a small, fine, Arabtypе head with wide sеt eyеs' poor hind lеg s, nаr row h short \ас Ь с еst аn d Ь nе. is light of o
AUSTRALASI A Australia The Australian Pony prinсipally from pony of Ausш aliа hаs derivеd Тh е nаt ivе o М untain with a mixtuге of AraЬ, ::nported \ 0Иеlsh Тh oroughЬr ed, Timor and Shеt 1and poniеs, and is thus not ::rdigеn ous.
The hеight
variеs
fгom l2 to 14 h.h. аn d usеd
as a
hardу and sound with :hjld s гiding ponу, it is intеlligеn t, с еstnut Prinсipal oс louгs arе grеy and h movеm еn t. 3ood, frее tзt
this o с mpаtс ,
o с bbу sort
с lour. ofpony mаy bе any whole o
(J.S.S.R. Тh е
A Australiaп
Kazakh
:1аkс .
The mаr еs
1'..lung stoсk
аr e
arе usеd to produсe for mеat. fattеn еd
Pony
*
.\ n аniс еn t г еd Ь originally bгеd in thе rеg ion of I tazahstan, hаr dy and able to withstand poniеs arе еxеp с tionаlly iеsе to foтage iе eхt rеm es of lс imatiс oс nditions, eЬ ing еxpеtс еd Somе :l.r themsеlvеs еq ually in thiсk snow or in the dеsеr t. with had infusions of Don lЬ ood and rс ossеs ::аvе rееn с tly .iе good a с valry mounts. Don or AkhalTekё havе produсеd is as a Sв n ding L22 to 132 h.h., thеir prinсipal usе, howеvеr , .:оr r, pony' and they arе strong, willing mounts with good с еstnut' or :агd limbs and fееt . Thеy arе usually grey, bay, h
milk and many of thе
The Viatka mainly in the basins of the Viatka and Obva rivеr s' thеsе to pull thе troikа slеd ges a job arе usеd pтinсipally paгt iсu larlу pеu с liar tгotting gait, mаkes thеm :..r rvhiсh thеir Thеу arе also usеd for light agriсu ltural work аn d s:irаlЬ е. of grеat powеr s of f:е vеr y useful allround ponies. Possеssеd thе Viatka stands 13 to 14h.h., hаs a full mane n з duranсе' with thе с lour, somеt imеs аild tail and is usuаlly greу in o I t has a ratlrer plain markings on thе lеg s. ;jmitivе zеbга .еаd and quartеr s, a short baсk, with a wеll musсled nеkс I t is a :еp th through thе giтt h and good strong limbs аn d fееt . .аst and willing workеr and its aЬility to livе on thе minimum to keеp. ес nomiсal ..: tЪod makes it o
3геd
9'оn iеs
AFRI A с Lеsotho
(Basutoland)
The Basuto and from thе ArаЬ Тh е Basuto pony is derivеd prinсipаllу a с pе Provinсe of impoгt еd to thе Barb hoгsеs whiсh wеr е S outh Afriсa from Jаvа in 1653 and, by various rс ossings with IЕ orsе. Following raids in Тh oroughbrеd s, formеd thе Capе .tlе еarlу found its way the Cape IЕ orsе ninetеentlr еn с tuly ::rto Basutoland wherе a o с mbination of rс ossing with 1oсal o с nditions, аu с sеd sсr uЬ stoсk and thе unfavourаb le lс imаt iс rr to dеg enerate into whаt is now known as thе Basuto pony. Тh is еxеpс tionаlly tough, hardy and еn during pony is not jrеn an indigenous onе' but bеing wеll up to weight wаs usеd ехтn sivеlу duгing thе Boеr l0Иar. I t is 14.2 h.h. and provеs its '..еI satility by e Ь ing used for polo and raсing as well as for o с lours ате baу, brown, гiding and as а paсk pony. Thе usuаl gте т с estnut аn d it is tlriсkset, frеq uently with a qualitу or h аn d upright shouldеr . I t has very hеad, long neсk and a Ь kс , surе footеd . eard feet аn d is ехt remelу 8'7
A Viatka
Bаsuto
V
*
&
..= i_
.i .:i1._l
j::'
t
1:
working аt
and Vеr sаillеs, еlaЬorated prin fully the original Grееk o с nсlusivеlу thаt thе iс ples, еstаb lishing rough and еvеn brutal mеt hods of training
dеvеlopеd
into praсt iсе during unnееsс sary and Dе la Guёr iniёr e's o с nсepts unaсe с ptablе. in his grеat work .f oс Е 1е dе wеr е o с difiеd Cavalariе' whiсh rеm ains thе sourсе of all thinking. I t аlso forms thе o с ntеm porary at tlrе grеat basis of t] rе work peгp etuаt еd a ас dеm y Riding Sсh ool in of thе Spаn ish
horsеs that
had rс ept
thе Rеn aissanсe were
'T."" origin of l. most lс assiсal
training horsеs for thе
form of riding, nor
mаlly rеf еr red to as drеssage, a с n bе traсed at lеast аs fаr baсk as thе fourth or fifth еn с turiеs в с whеn its valuе аn d basiс prin iс plеs were appreсiated and еstablished by studiеd the sуs the Grеeks. The Grееk s Ь th аs an tеm atiс tтaining of theiг horsеs o artistiс and plеasurablе aсo с mplishment, as wеll аs a meаn s of improving thе pеr formanсe of thеir a с valry. ,&tost notablе among these earlу horsеm asters was a a с valry gеn еr al a с lled еnХ ophon who emЬodiеd t} re prinсiples in а book, parts of whiсh еxist and arе valid todaу. I t also at thаt timе of mеn tions thе еxistеnес another book or trеatisе same suЬ on фе jeсt bу one, Simon of Athеn s. The nаm e dressagе, bеing Frenсh , did not o into usе to desсr ibе this ш aining с mе and riding until thе еаr ly eighteenth еn с tury. I t is dеr ived from thе Frеnh с vеr b drеsser' whiсh mеans to train, to adiust' to sш aightеn out. Likе many other Frеnhс the AngloSaхons, it words adoptеd yЬ o с uld hardly bе morе аpt for its purpose. A drеssаg е. dressеu r is a man who praсt isеs it tlrеr еf ore, Dressаg е as we leсognizе in the first plaсе for t} rе was dеvеlopеd purposе of pгoduсing essentially Praсt iсal easily o с ntrollеd horsеs, that would bе battlewinning assets for army aс valries. Troopеr s who o с ntrol thеir с uld not o then, mounts with one hand in aЬ ttlе wеr e as in muсh lateг times, no assеt at all. For tunаt еly for thе horsеs of all subsеquent pеr iods, thе Grееk s that a quiet disсovеr ed
iс vilizеd approaсh to obtаin thе o с op erаt ion of thеsе bеautiful, u Ь t powerful, аn d
aп imals invariably
produсеd
bу
far the best
results.
еn с turiеs right up thе intеr vеn ing presеn t dаy, drеssagе hаs dеv elopеd in а sporadiс fashion in diffеr еn t o с untries, in diffеr еn t dеgrееs and at differеn t timеs.
ovеr
to тt rе
I t has always flourished howеver
only in
аn d soсial morе advanсed iс vilizаt ions plaсе nеvеr e Ь еn any u с lturеs, for thеr е has patiеne с , for tас ivitiеs rеq uiring suсh and aеsthеt iс sеn sitiv applied intelligеn ес ity in pooг or primitivе soсieties. There has leisure time to to bе a e с rtаin amount of but perhaps ines turn what is dеsirablе,
thе
sеn tial, iл t o a praсt iсаl proposition. Rеvivеd аf tеr thе dark аn d middlе ages aсt ivitiеs in аlong with all othеr u с lturаl
Renaissаne с
I tаly,
drеssаg е bеg an to prеiс sеly the form in whiсh we know it todaу in thе lаt е sеventеenth This was and early еighteenтlr еn с turУ. partiсu lаr y truе of thе latter period when thе Frenсh man FranEois dе lа Gu6riniёr е, assumе аlmost
Vienna whiсh stands аs thе arbiter of trцe lс assiсal riding aсr oss the world. One mаj or distinсt ion betweеn t} re gen praсt iсe of dтеssagе and lс assiсal rid ing in the twеn tiеt h еn с rury and that of аl1 previous timеs hаs bееn thе introduсt ion riding. This is bеst exprеs of o с mpеt ition sed in thе internаt ional o с ntests that lead up to and inсludе the olympiс Gamеs. Previously, аs wе have seеn , dтеssagе hаd primarily the o bееn с nсеr n of the military, еr al
through thе
аt
tеh ас ing
their a с vaф
iс vilian sсh ools, and аlso of thе wеаlthу minoritiеs foсu ssеd round roуal o с urts and thе military, similar еnс trеs of u с lturе. I n drеssagе was а profеssional rеq uiremеn t, iс vilians, it whereas among the wеаlthy aсo с mplishmеn t, was a gеn tlеm anly highly regагded as an intеg ral part of a o с mplete еd uсation. No doubt ttrе harsh all u Ь t nеe с ssities of military lifе pгelс uded a small minoritу of the soldiers from fol lowing dressagе to its highest levels uЬ t аn d through thеm the spirit of Vеr saillеs Viеn nа was kеp t frеsh аn d was hаn dеd аt mаn y rеlatively down and prаtс ised
I n thе
small establishmеn ts.
riding
at the royal o с urts, thе sсh ools maiп t ainеd may havе reaсh еd drеssage aсh iеv emеn ts higher lеvеls. Bу the beginning of this eс ntury, ttrе гapidly dwindling in number, o с urts wеr e аn d thе improvеm ent in o с mmunсiations and travеl faсilities hаd radiсallу h с angеd rеm ained. The a с valry thе lifе in thosе thаt virtually the beсamе sсh ools o с nsequently
sole bеarеr s
ofthe dгessage torсh and they
thеm sеlves
wеr e
on1y for the next
to lаst
с nd forty years or so. By the end ofthе Sеo \ 0Иoгld I DИar thеy had all gonе and the lеad pаssеd to iс vilians and to thе fеw profеs hаd rееiс vеd sional or rеt ired soldiегs who the war. I nterest thеir training bеf orе e Ь a с me morе widеly sprеad аn d quiсk1у
found its еxprеssion с mpеt itivе world of o
in the
еxpanding sport of аll kinds. in an Olympiс Dressаg e was fust inсludеd programmе in thе Stoсk holm Gamеs of L912.
This hс аn ging
in somе taught and aсadеm у in
pattern rеsultеd
variation bеt weеn Praсt ised in thе
whаt wаs seсludеd
Vienna on thе one hand and what was pro
yЬ the majority of ridеr s in thе wider, duсеd аn d mainly amateur, woгld of national and
intеr national o с mpetition on thе othеr . in drеssagе is all too The artistiс еlemеn t points saсr ifiсed to the need to sсorе еasilу or to speed up thе training programmе in olympiс Gаm es or oфer timе for thе nехt
major еvеn t.
On the other hand,
hаvе h с angеs Thе pеr iodiс
not all bееn
ttre
for the worsе.
gatherings of dediсated
dres
world providе sagе rideгs fгom аll ovеr thе an exсеllеn t and reсu rrеn t opporruniry to o с mpare standards, teсh niques and idеas. bеf orе a Theу also sеr vе to rЬ ing drеssаgе muсh lаr ger audiеnес tlran has expеr i enсеd it sinсе it was used in thе sixtееn th
in popular fеstivitiеs.
еn с flrry
AЬovе
all
in the rеintroduсt ion of as an a dеg rее of frеedom of movеm еn t that might have been aсеp с ted stаn dard drеssаg е lost for еvеr if twеn tiеt h e с ntury rеstfiсt ed to indoor displays аn d had bееn institutions. aсadеm iс aspeсt of o с mpetition A vеr y bеn еf iсial have rеg ulаr ly to riding is that thе ridеr s to thе oс m subjeсt thеir pеr formanсes prеh еn sivе sсr utiny of trained assessors. they havе rеsultеd
Thеir duty is to reсognize and exposе wеak as wеll аs to results or falsе tеh с niquеs work. o с гr tес and admirаlЬ е o с mmеn d This o с ntinuous аn d worldwidе proсеss of аssеssment a с nnot fail to tеh с niсаl с n impгovе and maintain thе purity of o с uld that o possiЬlе without ttre stimulus providеd у Ь o с mpеt itivе еvents. A further temporary dressage to an еxtеn t
hаr dly
bе
Dп EssAGЕ
с ntеm porаr y dressage aspеtс of o a it has o ес Ь mе is that in its lowеr h ес еlons to many tгц е lеisuге sport, giving plеasuте
bеn еf iсial
thousands of thе
This is pаr tlу ulgе to еsaс pе from thе strеsses
less amЬitious ridеr s. of the widеly fеlt _ еven for short pеr iods _
bеаu с sе
of modеr n
day living, and
partlу eЬ a с usе of thе ever dеrс easing oppoltц n ities for long langе or rс oss o с untry riding. Paradoxiсally though, in eсh elons' it is in thе highег o с mpеt itivе indееd , dangеr of e Ь o с ming vеr y intеn sе and vеr y largе sums of monеу are sPent in suсеsс s in o с mpеt i thе pursuit of fаm е and tions. с nditions havе always had a Climatiс o markеd impaсt on thе dеvelopment and praсt iсе с un of dтеssage within differеn t o ш iеs. Givеn thе opportunity, mankind thе world ovеr sharеs thе lovе ofriding horsеs in somе aspеtс , but muсh dеpеn ds on the
o с nditions availablе.
I n Grеat
Bгitain foг mild and аr е
ttrе wintеr s example, whеr е mцh с of the tеr rain is agriсu ltural or pаs to ridе toral, it is possiblе and plеasаn t outdools thе wholе year гound. Thus thе
ardour of уoung mеn has often expгеssеd usually fol itsеlf in riding гасoss o с untrу pаI tiсu lowing а hunt. I n othеr o с untriеs, the tеr аn d е n uЕ ropе, larlу Gеr manу с tral ridеr s to kееp rаin and thе lс imаt е o с mbinе This indoors for large portions of thе уеar. that iS o с ndu has produсed an atmosphеr е iс vе to an interest in thе skills аn d sсienсе of purе
horsеm anship
immediatе
more
rather thаn thе
and simplеr
еxiс tements
of
hunting. I t followed therеf orе' that for thе art of с nturу thе fust forty yеars of this e was pur drеssagе riding in o с mpеt itions uЕ ropе u Ь t sued throughout o с ntinеn tаl с gnizеd as existing, muсh wаs hardly rеo lеss undеr stood, in Grеat Britain. Thе o с untries, result is that thе o с ntinеn tаl with thеir 25oуeat unЬr okеn tradition of skilled horsеm anship, arrived in thе prеs еn t еr a с mpetitivе drеssagе with a long of o start ovеr
Britаin
and thе youngеr
This is partiсu laгly
nаt ions.
apparеn t whеn thе с mpetitions are sп r diеd . rеsults of major o transition from a Thе twentiеt h eс nturу to mainly militаr y or аr istoсr atiс aсt ivity as аn interna the prеsent status ofdrеssagе
| N THЕ
20TH N Ес тURY
Sun аn d Aiг, гidden by in an advanсed dressage o с mpetition at Goodwood. The supple outline with the obedienсe to of the horse o с mbinеd the гideг, s аids shown here are the prodUсt of the I ong hours ofsсh oo| ing required to bring a hoгse to this leve| .
Тh e dressage horse.
Miss SheiI а WiI | oс x,
tionally rеoс gnized iс vilian
аn d
sport has in praсt iсе
almost totally bееn
remаr k
aЬly
mid smooth. Although, sinсе thе sixties, thе sight of a military uniform in the arеn a has bееn rarе and * re tidеs rarеr still, this h с angе hаs not affеtс еd thе sport advеr sely. Thе military еstablishments bу ridеr s fгom privatе wеr е slrpеr sеd еd domеstiс staЬles, many of whom had onlу modеst finanсial bаk с ing. onе signifiсant innovation was the emеr genсe of womеn ridеr s at thе highеst levels. From a previ in thе ous standpoint of nonpаr tiсipation spolt, they were Soon to show thеm sеlvеs thе mеn on еqual wеll ablе to hс allengе terms. The fust woman to Win an Olympiс М е Liz a Н rtel of mеd al in dressage wаs m
Denmark,
a
o с ulаg еous
ladywho hadbeеn
9l
DвsЕ sAGЕ
| N тHE
20тн
N Ес тURY
ii
sеvеr ely handiсappеd by poliomyelitis. Ridinghеr horsе Jubileе, lvlme IЕ аr tеl won thе silvеr medals at Hеlsinki and Stoсk holm' 1952 and 1956. Frаu Liselott Lin senhoff of Germany won thе Bronzе medal 1956 аn d thе Gold e М dаl in 1968. I n
in
lЕ enа
Pеt ousсh kova of thе USSR' tlrеn thе reigning Vorld Champ 1972
lty'trne
ion, took the Silvеr on Pеp el
and
in
1976
Stuсkеlbеr ger of Swiиеr land took thе Gold at o М ntreаl. I n thе World Championship o с mpеt itions in Copen hageг in 1974, womеn ridеr s outnum
Chrisdnе
e Ь red
thе mеn .
The influenсе
ofdrеssаg e on thе gеn еr al welfaге of ttrе horsе must eЬ rеo с gnized аs e Ь ing o с nsidеr ablе. Takеn up vеr y widеly
аs a sport, it has enсourаgеd
Apart from the pгivаt е dтеssage гiding pгatс isеd and еn joyed by individuals solеlу for their own intеr est' there аге two foгm s in whiсh it is known and apprеiс аt еd by the puЬliс. As alrеadуm еn tionеd ' one is in thе world of o с mpеt itivе еvents whiсh аr е governеd by preсisе rц lеs аn d o с nvеn tions. The faсt that thе performanсe of eaсh o с mpеt itor hаs to bе judged sеparatеly, means that most o с mpеt itions tеn d to еЬ too slow and pгolonged to hold thе attеn tion of largе aцd iеne с s exсеp t аt the high est lеv el and whеr е major h с ampionships аr е involvеd . I n addition somе a Ь siс know lеd gе of thе pгinсiples of this somеw hаt esoteriс sport is еssential for a real аp pгeiс ation of its finеr points. The othеr and moге popular form is that of speсial and relatively shoгt displays given yЬ onе or morе ridеr s, usually as only one itеm in а progгErmme of moгe vаr iеd еn tеr tаinmеn t.
mаn y thousands of ridегs аll ovеr thе world to еp са t the h с allеn ge of improving thеir riding whiсh is lс еarly of grеat еnЬ еf it to thеir mounts. This hс аllеn gе, o с uplеd with the tirnе and o с nсеn tration nееd еd to
thousands for thеir
train a drеssаg e
thе sеn sе
horsе,
has геsultеd
in dгes sagе riding bеo с ming аlmost a way of lifе people in whiсh they find gтеat for mаn у
intегеst,
grеat
plеasurе
аn d
grеаt
relief
from ttre prеssurеs of oс ntemporаr y' ovеr mеh с аn й е d lifе. I t also hаs thе advаn tagе of being prаtс iсable for rideгs in thе sеventh or eighth dеa с dеs
еn oп n ous
of thеiт rеasonаb ly
livеs, fit.
providеd
thеy
havе
Suсh
displаys
аn с
bе еn joyеd
by many
aesthеt iс value and
for
movemеn t аn d of гh уt hmiсal preсision timing that they provokе. lrow ever' as with most othеr aсt ivities, rеally top lс аss
thе
performеr s
full suсеsс s
arе
of suсh
requirеd
to еn surе a display.
quality and Regulaг displаys ofvеr y high rеn own аr е given аll ovеr thе world by the
uniformеd уЬ
ridеr s
and whitе
Lipizzaner
of the Spanish Riding Sсh ool, and a very few gтеat mastеr s of lс аssiсаl
horsеs
kЪpt
horsemanship suсh as Nuno oliveirа of Poгt ugаl. Some of thе top o с mpetition rid егs аlso givе displaу s. I n all a с ses, thе dres sagе pеr formеd o с nforms as lс osely as pos sible to purе lс assiсal o с nсеp ts. I t should not е Ь
o с nfusеd wittr
thе typе of
exhibition
normally seen in iс rсu sеs whiсh ' аlthough oftеn of vеr y high quality and demanding vеr y finе horsеm anship, is likely to aсe с pt a dеg rее of liсensе in thе intегеst of еn ter taining a possiЬly lеss rс itiсal audienсе. Suсh an audienсе, howеvеr , will have no diffiсu lty in apprеiс ating a displаy of fine drеssage for pгeiс sеly the samе rеasons as would influеn ес spеtс аt ors watсh ing danс ing, skаt ing, g.yп r nastiсs or othеr form of physiсal prowеss that o с mbinе skill and graсе
with strеn gth and fisсipline.
b А ove
Тh e,passage,, an advаne с d dressage movement, pedormed heгe by Piаf f аn d his German rider, Liselotte Linsenhoff, who won the go| d medаI at the 1972 Muniсh o| ympiсs. Opposite top Dressage on display: the white Lipizzaner stal| ions at the Spаn ish Riding Sсh oo| in Viennа enteгing their mаg nifiсent arenа for the ouаd ri| | e. opposite bottom left А quаdri| | e a с n o с nsist of four oг more horses and riders аn d the group will perform dressage movements in unrson.
Opposite bottom right Mrs. Lorna Johnstone, who rode in the Muniсh o| ympiсs аq ed 70.
DREssAGЕ
,f
*
| N ТHЕ
20тH
E с NтUвY
DflЕssAGЕ
| N THE 20тн
E с NТURY
Competition dressаgе o с vers a vеr y wide variеф of sи n dards from those of provin iс al ridingсlub evеn ts through to oс nti
dard international tests is revizеd approx imately еvеr y four уеаr s so as to prevеn t thе
or world h с ampionships and thе olympiс Gamеs. Thе sаm e basiс prin iс plеs and rulеs apply to аll of thеsе and
routinеd ,
o с mpеt itions at all levels arе o с ntrollеd by thе Drеssagе Burеau of thе I nteгn ational qЕ uеsш ian Fedеr ation foundеd in L92L' thе hеadquаr tеr s of whiсh arе in Brussels. The Burеau lays down and kеeps upto dаt e thе nееs с sаr y rulеs to o с vеr thе stаn dаr ds of performanсe' the rules and guidе linеs for judgеs and o с mpеt ition organiz qualifiсations for judges and аll еr s' thе affеtс othеr faсt ors that dirеtс ly thе sport. aЕ h с fеd еr atеd nаt ion maintains its own national drеssage uЬ rеau to o с ntrol its purеly national affаirs аn d tfuough whiсh o с ntaсt is mаintаinеd worldwide on mat tеr s of prinсiplе and method. The highеst priority is givеn throughout thе organiza tion to maintaining thе purity of lс assiсal o с nсept and to prеventing the growth of potеn tially false mеt hods of training that would lеаd to а lowеr ing of standards. Thеr e arе various oс nventionallу grades of ш aining in drеssagе rеo с gnizеd and o for all or somе of thе gradеs с ntеsts may bе hеld at a normal o с mpеt itivе evеn t. Compеt itors aс n enter for onе or morе o с n tеst, and in eaсh аsс e will bе rеquiгеd to pеr form а prеordained sеq uеnес of movе ments in exaсt ly thе ordеr stipulated. I n
lar movеm еn ts
airs of piaffe and passagе. Airs aЬove thе ground' suсh as thе lеvadе, o and с urbеt tе ultimate aсh ievе others, whiсh arе thе
аn d
prеsrс ibe.
arе alwaу s ridden in Drеssagе o с ntеsts arenas' thе standаr d sizе of whiсh is eithеr 20 x 40 or 20 x 60 m. The standard international tеsts invariаb ly rеq uirе йе larger aгеn a. A11 arеn аs usе a to indi o с nventional systеm of lеt tеr ing movе a с tе to ridеr s аn d judgеs whеr е the pеr formеd mеn ts to eЬ should bеg in and еn d. Thе origins of this somewhatillogiсal lеt tering system аr е obsсu rе. to allo Competition judgеs are rеq uirеd a с te a mаr k out of а madmum of ten for movе eaсh movеm ent or o с mЬination of ments as sеt out on the puЬlishеd test sheet. To do this еf fiсiеn tly thе judgе has
rеtс angular
b А ove
An exampI e of the power and o с ntrol needed to exeсUte some of the testing movements in an advanсed event. Granat, ridden bу Christine StuсkeI berger. Below ALipizzanerfromtheSpanish Riding Sсh oo| oraсt ises the,ba| | otаd e,.
mеn t at suсh a ас dеm ies Riding Sсh ool are nеvеr
аs thе Spаn ish inсluded in o с m
pетr t1ons.
o с untriеs
ftom lс еarly distinguished thе early grades by thе inсlusion offlу ing and' at thе h с anges of leg and pirouеt tеs Grand Prix or highеst lеve7,t} :e hаu tе oёс le
thе only pгoviso bеing show all the partiсu that thе oгg anizегs may
displaу,
thеir own
that they inсludе
I ntеr tlrе Grand Prix at thе top bу thе I I . Thеse mеd iatе I аn d the I ntermеd iаt e Ь sis ofall I ntеr nationаl four tеsts form thе a thе с of Compеt itions. Five judgеs for еah
arе
o с mpetition
also frequendy inсludеs a FreeStyle o с n dеvisе tеst or l(ur, in whiсh o с mpеt itors
Noviсе,
lЕ еm entаr y, еd М ium аn d grade is furthеr sцb Advanсеd . aЕ h с dividеd into two or moге dеg rееs of diffiсu lty. Thе advanсеd grаd es in all
narrowly
from еight to pеr form. The prog
theу alwaуs takе
u Ь t
minutеs to at an internаt ional
twеlvе rаm mе
arе rеsponsiblе national fеd еr ations and publishing a set oftests for Thesе all levels of nаt ional oс mpеt ition. arе a с llеd Nаt ional Tеsts. Thе I nterna further devisеs and pub tional Fеd еr ation I ntеr national Tests, lishes four stаn dаr d all at Advanсed gradе, thе lowest bеing thе Prix St Gеorgеs whiсh is sеparаt ed from
the Unitеd lGngdom thе gradеs, and thus thе o are rеf еr red to as Preliminary, с ntеsts'
from beсoming too
horsеs
nеn tal
Thе
for dеv ising
although this
four tеsts aI е rеo с lтr mеn dеd '
from timе to timе in From one to tfuее judges rеq uired for nationаl oс n
numbеr
has vаr iеd
diffеr еn t
plaсes.
аr е normally tеsts.
Thе
preсisе
o с ntеn t
ofеah с
ofthе
stаn
to rс itiсize
pеr formanсe,
and evaluate thе
I I е is and thеn voiсе his oс nсlusions. always aсo с mpaniеd by a writer whosе с rd duty it is to rеo on thе judging shеet providеd for eaсh o thе mаr k с mpetitor' аllotted together with a summаr y of thе judge's o Thеsе с mmеn ts. sheеt s arе latеr madе availablе for pеr usal by thе oс m pеt itors.
Thе
marks allottеd by еah с
presiding judgер
arе
o с llеtс еd ,
of thе
h с eсked
and thе o с m and totallеd by thе sеrс еt ariаt pеt itor sсoring thе highеst total is thе win nеr . I t is obvious that a good judgе
must have
of thе prin a vеr y thorough knowlеdgе iс ples of dтessagе and of thе problems involved in training a horse. I t is а grеat eхp eri advantagе if hе has hаd praсt iсal еn e с of thosе problеm s from thе saddle. Hе thе test he is judging' also hаs to mеm orizе sirrсe hе a с nnot afford to takе his eyеs off с mpetitor during the pеr formanсе thе o
point аt с rrеtс and hе must know thе o whiсh eaсh mark has to eЬ givеn . Quiсk thinking' good judgemеn t, morаl oс uragе, quаl
integrity and ехp eriеnес
are essеn tial
ities for a good judgе.
I n faсt his task is
almost as diffiсu lt thе ridеr !
to
perform wеll
аs
thаt
o{
maintains The I nternationаl Fеd erаt ion its own panеl of judgеs who may offiсiate aЕ h с nаt ion at international o с mpеt itions. maintains its own list of judgеs, gradеd for aсo с rding to thе stаn dard of drеssagе qualified. As a whiсh they are oс nsidеr ed guidе
and aid for standardizеd
judging, thе
еrс I ntеr national Fеd eration has speсifiеd с nnotations for eaсh of thе marks tain o from nought to tеn . These are:
0 1 2 3 4 5
Not peгf oгm еd Very aЬ d
Bad Fairly bаd I nsuffiсient
Suffiсient
6 7 8 9
l0
Satisfаtс orу
Fаirly
good
Good Verу good xЕ еlс lent
UtltssAtit lN l t| t zuтH UtN I UHY
for o с mbined tгaining oг eventing is not so demanding as the advanсed form. Horse аn d rideг have to Derform аn eаsier test but must sti| | be supp| e, aсt ive and obedient. Тh e tests are designed to show these аt tributes and are marked aсo by с rding| y judges. skilI ed аn d experienсed Dгessage
To assist in mаintаining а rеasonably high stаn dard of training and perfoгm anсе it is stipulated in the rulеs that no horsе shall rееiс ve a prй е unless hе has еarned at lеast 50% of the maхimum marks avail аb lе. As an indiсаt ion of thе standard aсt u allу
aсh iеvеd in this e с ntury, it is a faсt thаt is no rеo с rd of a hoгsе еv еr sсoring as muсh аs 80% of possible marks from all fivе judgеs. A sсoring at an intеr national Grand Priх of anуt hing over 7 5o/ o is еxеp с tional. Thе гeo с rd is 79.5% aсh ieved yЬ Switzеr land s Cfuistinе Stuсkеlbergеr аn d hег horsе Gгanat at Salzburg,in I 975. I n Olympiс Games and iл Continеn tal therе
and \ ilИorld
Championships it is usual to
award tеam prizеs for tеаm s of thrеe from any onе nаt ion in аd dition to thе individual awards.
Thе drеssage oс ntеst at the Stoсkholm ol1тn piс Gamеs, 1912, staged in а 20 x 40 m arena, was in the form of a Freе Stylе
and the dеg rее movеm еn ts
piаf fе,
of diffiсu lty
was еxtrеm еly standards. No lateral of any kind were rеq uiгеd , no
bу latеr
modеst
no
passаg e
and no
sеq uеnес
of lеg . A jumping sеtс ion, o с m prising five jumps and an oЬеd iеnес sес tion werе inсludеd . iЕ ght nations oс m petеd with a total .of 21 o с mpеt itors and plaсеd Swedish ridеr s wеr е first, seсond, third' fifth, siхt h and еighth. By thе nеxt Gamеs held in Antwеr p in I 92o, a muсh more o с mprеh ensive sеt tеst had bееn inсluding oс unter dеvisеd h с angesofhand in trot and аn с teг and sеq uеne с h с angеs of 1еg in four, tfuее , two аn d onе timе. Vаr ious oс effiсiеn ts wеr е usеd for what wеr e o с nsidеr ed thе most important movements, the highest h с аn gеs
o с еf fiсiеn t
bеing
30 for аnс ter iс rсlеs
inсorporating h с angеs ofrеin and without h с anges of leg. Thе o с еf fiсiеn t of 20 was givеn for thе o с untеI сh angе ofhаn d in ш ot and a с ntег' thе sегp еn tinе in aс ntеr h с angеs of1еg in two and onetimе. Thе piаf fе and pаssagе werе fust intгo duсеd into the olympiс dгеssаgе tеst in Los Angеlеs and havе rеm аinеd thеr еaftеr , with thе exсеp tion of thе postwаr Gamеs pirouеt tеs hеld in London in 1948. аn с tег were геq uirеd for thе fust timе in Berlin in L9з6,
and for the sеq uenсe
Dеspite thе еn ormous expansion of in pleаsurе riding and thе various forms of еq uеstrian sports that has bееn
intеr еst
suсh а fеaturе
of thе midtwentieth e с n of truly fust lс ass interna tional horse/ ridеr o с mbinations from any (with thе singlе exсeption of Vеst o с untгy Gеr many), rеm аins surprisingly small. I t aсt uаlly seldom еxеd с s four or five, and with suсh small numbегs, it is hаr dlу sur prising that the repгеsеn tation of any one quiсkly nаt ion has beеn liablе to fluсt uatе and dл amаt iсаlly in quаlity. For a fеw yеars tury, the numbеr
а oс untry
aсеp с t
aсh iеvе onе' or
thтough
may show gгeat pгomisе or as outstanding suсеsс s' but thеn , perhaps two, of their good horsеs rеt irе, thеr е may e Ь no rеp laсеm ent avail ablе.
Thus ttrеir tеаm may
bе of littlе
aсo с unt foг some yеагs. Fortunes a с n also bе seriously affеtс еd by ttrе аv ailаiЬ lity or _ invаlu good ш ainегs ottrеr wisе of геally аb lе assеt s who aге аlways in short supply. On аl1 thesе o с unts Vеst Gегm аn у stаn ds
alonе
with an apparеn dy iп exhaustible good hoгsеs and skilful
supply of rаinеr s,
A fеw o с untries (somе of thеm fam ous in otheг forms of horsеm аn ship' not ably I taly), havе еithеr shown littlе intеr еst in dressagе or havе madе no signiflсant impaсt intеr nationally. This is аlso truе of o с untries with relativеly small populаt ions suсh as Australia, New Zealand and Nor гideгs.
way.
o с nsideгs the pгinсiplеs and it is pеr haps drеssаg е, еasiеr to undеr stand whу most o с untries !Иh еn
onе
a light, uЬ t thе
rеins,
o с ntinuous, o с ntaсt rеm аining o с nfident,
and diligent, so that in effeсt , it gives the impression of doing of its own aсo с гd whаt is required of it. Тogether horsе aп d ridег should rс еate an imprеs sion of еlеg anсе and total harmony. The typе of horse likely to oс nfoгm to тh esе rеq uiтemеn ts and to work suсеsс s fully in thе gymп astiс disсiplinе of drеs sаg е and high sсh ool will always bе onе thаt o с mЬinеs mеn tal alеr tness and mus u с lar frееd om with a thorougЫy strong, robust аn d symmеt riсal o с nformаt ion. In partiсu lar it must have thе potеn tial ability to a с rry muсh of its own weight and that of its ridеr , with thе hindquaгt еr s. Thе quar tеr s and thе loins thегеf orе havе to bе аt tеn tivе
strongly o с nstruсt ed
with hoсks
naturally fаll
in a weight aс rry
into plaсе
ing position in rеlation
thаt
to thе quarteгs
aims of modеr n
thеm selves.
a с n boast only a few top lс ass hoгsеs at any onе timе. Firstly it is rеquirеd фat a horse should е Ь aсt ivе and free, but still display all the qualitiеs ofpowеr and spееd thаt аr е
еrс tain breеd s of horsе to be popularly rс е ditеd with possessing thе еsЬ t qualities for
its inheгеn t
I t must
h с arаtс eristiсs.
be
light in hand, allowing thе гidеr to o с nfrol аn d deploy its movеm еn ts with no visiblе effoгt and no molе than a light o с ntaсt with the rеins.
I t must bе аlс m,
but kееn , so that of always wanting to go forwaгd s when аllowеd and askеd to do so. I t must bе supple and submissivе, willing to adjust its paсes without rеsist anсе or resentmеn t aсo с гd ing to thе slight
it givеs thе imprеssion
est and outwardly invisiblе
indiсations
ftom its ridеr . Othеr requirеm еn ts arе tlrаt thе horsе с y should rеm ain perfеd sш aight from its hеаd to its tail whеn moving on a sш aight linе, and bеn t slightly in thе dirеtс ion in
Т h еr е
high sсh ool oг, in this еnс п lry,
pеr fеtс
еn с tuгy,
reсt
nаt ural walk. ш ot and
a с ntег.
Thе horsе must
for
for high
o с mpetition drеssage. Thе Spanish brеeds, еspeсiаllу thе Andaluсiаn s, whiсh wеr е o с nsidеr еd to bе unusually intеllig еn t, o с uragеous аn d wеll balаnефс wеr е vеr y popular in the siхt еn th and sёvеn tееn th еn с tuгiеs. IЕ orsеs of umistakably Andaluсiаn type weгe frеq uently h с osen for important еq uеstгian stаt uеs or paint ings, thе mountеd stаt uе of King Chаr lеs I in Trafаlgar Squaге in London bеing аn еxamplе. Foг similar reasons horses of Spanish blood wеге h с osеn as the breеd ing stoсk for thе gтеat sсh ool in Vienna in the latе sixteenth e с ntury. I t is foг that rеason thаt thе sсh ool originally bеa с mе known as thе Spaп ish Riding Stable and latеr as the Spanish Riding Sсh ool. beforе
of rhythm, with thе o с r sequenсе of footfall at thе
а teп d еnyс
levеl
whiсh it is travelling whеn on a uс гved linе, so that full usе a с n be mаd е of its nаt ural impulsion. All paсes must havе rс: gulагity
has always e Ь en
I t was a furthеr tfuее еxist
ThoroughЬr ed
until thе еarly еg Ь aп to bе
hunфеd
yеал s
lЬ ood, whiсh did not paгt of the еightеenth used to influеn e с thе
o с nformаt ion and mental aspeсt s of othеr rЬ eеd s throughout uЕ ropе and thе worffij 95
DREssAGЕ
| N THE 20тн
OENтURY
Thе Thoroughbrеd widеly
bеo с mе
itsеlf
aсe с pted аs
has not yet idеal
for dлes
have bееn a sage puгp osеs although thеr е numbеr of pure Thoroughbrеd s that hаvе great distinсt ion in this еarnеd thеm selves spherе.
Thеr е
is littlе
evidenсе to
suggеst
arе physiсally oг mеn tаlly unsuit thаt thеy most demand ablе or inсapablе of еv еn thе ing movеm ents suсh as piaffе and pаssаg е.
Elowеver thеir inhеr еn t intеlligenсe and sеn sitivеn еss demаn ds a highеr dеg reе of sympathetiс hаn dling than is essential in o с nsi somе o с arsеr brееd s. I t is gеn егаlly dеr ed that hoгses of most, or at least many'
rЬ еd s
a с n
еxеlс lеn t
bеo с mе
drеssagе
horses provided that thеy are wеll o с n struсt ed, well handlеd and wеll riddеn . с mpеt i Suгp risingly it is also truе that for o tion purposеs t} re Lipizzaner, for аll his gтeat ability аn d famе, is put аt somе disad с m small sй e o vаn tаg е by his гelativelу bined with his naturally rathег short aсt ion. Consequеn tly thе brеed is not as
as might bе supposеd among though ambitious o с mpetition гidеr s, tlrere havе bеen onе or two with distin
populаr guishеd
a с геr s.
Convеr sano nЕ gland
Notablе
among them wаs reprеsеn tеd sixtiеs when riddеn by
Cаp riсe
during thе
who
lVlrs R. N. Hall and won a numbеr of in uЕ rope. Grand Prix and othеr prЙеs Wiф its sееm ingly еn dlеss supply of profеs good horsеs, ridеr s and talеn tеd .Wеst sionаl tгаinеr s, Germany lеads the of drеssage. Thеiг woгld in thе fiеld at past olympiсs show this to bе a position tlrey have timе, and for somе o с nsidегablе еn joyеd dominаt ion of the thеiл ovегw hеlming unlikely to world drеssagе sсеn е seеm s signifiсandy during ttris еnс tury. h с angе Thе sport is undoubtеdly hеlpеd by thе immеn sely strong srrpport given to it
impressivе aсh iеvements
с untгy throughout thе o upheld yЬ
аn d
this is fuгt hег
thе iп t erest shown from
thе
gov
ernment. Thе
Horses from the two remаining |с аssiса| e с ntres of haute ёcole. top: A rider from the Fгenсh sсh oo| с re Noire at Sаu mur. of the аd ,pаssаg e,, аn аd vаne с d Тh e horse is in movement. bottom: A Lioizzаn er stаI lion in ,piаf fe, on the | ong rein, which forms аn other the training аt the Spаn ish Riding аspeсt of Sсh oo| in Vienna. Long гeining in its simp| est form is one of the eаr | y training stages for а
young horse.
quitе reсent years. Thе IЕ anoverian' Trakehner, Vesрh alian and Holstеin sflrds all produсе finе horses of substanсе is a с rеf ully and quality, and thе brееd ing linеs thаt do so аs to еliminatе o с ntrollеd standards of somе of thе popularity of thеse horsеs as drеssage mounts no doubt stеm s from thе famе and in this disсip suсеsс s of thе German ridегs
not o с me up to thе геq uired
movеm ent and tеm pеr amеn t.
thеir u Ь t it a с nnot be dеn iеd tlrаt qualitiеs. horses do havе manу еxe с llеn t many yеars еsseп They havе eЬ еn brеd for tially as riding horsеs rather than for spееd с se with the аlonе as has lаr gely bееn the a Thoroughbred. Swеd ish horsеs havе bеen as тh eir Gеr mаn аlmost as suсеsс sful and aгe mainly a mixтu rе of o с unterpaгt s and Thoгoughbred blood' Gеr mаn
linе,
foг its spеiс аl Nowadаys it is геn owned quаlitiеs lightnеss ofаtс ion, and of spееd , most popular and beauty. Cuгr еn tly thе suсe с ssful
Gегm an
whiсh
dressage horsеs
аn d
appеaг
Swedish brееd s,
are sш ongly
to bе
the
both of
modified
by
blood although it has only beеn introduсed into thе German bieеd s in ThoгoughЬr ed
96
stаt е o с ntrolled sсh ool at Varеn dorf, for eхample, with its pеr ma of sсh ool horsеs and nent еstablishmеn t Drеs с ntrolling еn с trе. trainers, aсt s as a o sagе has virtually assumеd thе stаf lrs of a national sport in Germany, and although this is paгd y a ес Ь usе of the гestriсt ions on outdoor riding in wintеr , the intеr еst is widеly spгeаd, with a high standard of among thе population. o с nnoissеu rship The vеr y large numbеr of oс mpеt ition horsеs that аr e regularly trained and rid den up to Grаn d Pгix lеv el tfuoughout thе с m o с untry, has resultеd in Gеr many bеo of supply for othеr ing thе main souгес o с untries wishing to import top quality, at
least pаr tlytrained'
drеssage horsеs. vеr y high priсes, horsеs o с mmаn d ridеr s thеm selvеs and indеed the Gеr mаn preparеd to pay largе sums of monеy for аг е trained hoгses. с ntinent of uЕ rope, lЕ sewhеге on the o mainly training in Fгanсе has dгеssagе by, the long bеen bаsed at, and fostеr еd с valry sсh ool at estаb lishеd , onе time a Sаu mur. I n reсent yеars howevеr , thе hаs dwindled and,is now sсh ool's ouФut bеing ovеr и ken by individual iс vilians. с nditions foг Switzеr land hаs ideal o nеu tral drеssаg e whiсh it owеs to wаr timе Thеsе
UtltssAtit I N ll| t
Thе lеad ity and a sеverе wiл t еr lс imatе. ing ridеr s have until гeеn с tly all beеn sol diers aЬ sеd on thе a с valry sсh ool at в ernе, u Ь t аs in othеr o с untтies, the lс osuге of this in thе balanсе estaЬlishmеn t has rеsultеd tilting in favour of iс vilian
ridегs.
postwar o Swе reеstаb lish their ес nomies. has alwaу s еn o с ur den's northеr n lс imatе
agеd
indoor riding during thе
whiсh
inеvitaЬly
intеr еst
Swedish ridеr s o с mplеt ely
During
flftiеs and sixtiеs, the Swiss dеvеlopеd а distinсt style of dressagе that owеd moге and praсt iсе of Saumur to thе tеah с ing than to that of Viеn na or the morе prеiс se aп d forсeful Gеr man stylе. Moгe reсently, thе Swiss hаvе tеn ded to mаk e use of thеiir
mеd als
Sсh oo1.
Thе Swiss havе alwауs
lookеd
to othеr
an
dominаt еd
in L952 and 1956 riding ,N,l'aster Rujus and Juli. Thе oс untry's well oс n breеd ing systеm hаs ш olled and intеlligеn t produсed a very robust and handsomе typе of hoгsе that has found popularity in many
с untriеs. other o
с sful аn d Flowеvеr , onе of thеir most suсеs fаm ous horses, Granat, ownеd аn d гiddеn is a llolstеin, bу Christinе Stuсk еlbегg er of the who was trainеd with thе hеlp
of partiсipation in еn joyed a high dеg гeе population, although thе rеlation to thе
Austriаn
of thе Spanish
еxObеr bеr еitеr
Sсh ool, Geoгg lDИahl. Granаt is o с nsidеr еd fiп еst dгessagе by many to bе onе of thе
The Sсandinavian Sweden, dгеssage lеаd ing rolе dтеssage
notaЬlу
prominent on thе long bееn map' and Swedеn in faсt held a
havе
in
thе
dеvelopmеn t
of modeгn
half of thе inspiration aс me
tfuoughout thе first
present еn с tury.
Hег
from the a с valry sсh ool
hеr
o с untriеs,
I n Dеn mark,
dressagе
at Stromsholm and
during boтh woгld wагs helped to еn sure a stI ong position whеn most othеr o с untriеs wеr e struggling to nеu trality
has
аlwaуs
from thе small privatе
mаin intеr еst o с mеs
Dеn mark fust
estaЬlishmеn ts.
аm с е
to
prorninеnес in 1952 whеn Mmе Liz Hartеl took the olympiс silvеr mеd al at Hеlsinki on Jubi1ее,
a hoгsе
whiсh
inally trainеd. SuЬsеquent
horses in living memory.
suсеsс s еn t of
shе
herself orig progгеss and
mainly аt tlibutеd trainer Gunnaг Andеr sеn . a с n bе
to the tаl
many Gеr man hoгsеs, most of thеm at least partly ш ainеd used in Gеr many, havе eЬ еn now of а aге definite indiсаt ions but thеге swing in fаvouг to the many high quality
Below right HRH Prinсess Anne аn d Doub| et. For аn eventer, Doub| et,s dressage was eХe с | | ent.
Thе аvс аlry
Bruсe Davidson and I rish Cap preparing for the dressаg e phаse of the where o| ympic ThreeDay Event in Montгeа| he wаs a membeг of the winning Ameriсan
тeam.
of iс vilian
ёn thusiаsts
to еstablish
in a
sсh ool at Weеd on,
this o с untry
infinitеlу more inteгеstеd in suсh sports as hunting. I n spitе of thе faсt that thеr е wаs litdе in thе way of knowlеd gеablе or pro фis small number fessional help availaЬlе, inсludеd с nsidеr аb le two or thrее with o talent _ all of them womеn who quiсk ly Thе аssumеd a plаес in uЕ ropеаn iс rсlеs. gеn eral disinterest pеr sisted, making ovеr all progrеss slow, uЬ t by thе sixtiеs a sub hаd bееn stantial degree of aсh iеvement made, thе highlight o с ming in 1963 whеn
and Littlе
o М del
took the гoЬ nze
position in thе uЕ ropеan
h с ampionship.
Britain hаs no olympiс
dressagе to her rс edit. in thе USSR owеs its origins Drеssagе Е glishman Jamеs Fil to the work of thе n аt thе аv с alry lis, who was u с Е yег enсh еf from 1898 to 1910. sсh ool аt St Pеt еr sburg high to be the glеatеst с nsidеr еd Widely o
mеd als for
sсh ool
гidеr
of his or anу prеvious agе, еn Ь a pupil of thе
Fillis hаd prеviouslу Frenсh mаn
drеssagе Partiсipation in intеr nationаl in the Unitеd Stаt еs has eЬ en sporаdiс o Ь th in quаlitу and volumе. I n the past,
rеliаnес Amегia с n Thoroughbreds. цh Мс plaсеd has bееn visits of on the fгеq uеn t trainеr s, many of top gгade pгofеssionаl rеsidenсе, whom havе takеn up tеm porary and as suсh , are in o с nstant dеm and. As wе have seen previously, Grеat Bri nations in this Ь hind other tain lаg s far e shown no intегеst was sport, and virtuаllу until just bеf ore thе Sеoс nd liИorld l07аr .
Below
а nuсleus of skillеd гidеr s had bееn aЬolishеd by thе еn d ofthe war and it was left to a very small numbеr
Mrs Brеn da !Иilliams
o с untriеs' Swеd en in partiсu lar, for thеit еsЬ t a с valry, and thus dressagе, horsеs.
UtN lUt{ Y
might havе pгovidеd
form of equеsш iаn ism
dur woгld drеssage arеn аs yеars of thе еn с tury ing thе first twеn tyfivе rеm ained a strong forсe evеr and thеy havе sinсе. Possiblу thеiт most famous ridеr has bеen Major H. St Cyr who took thе gold
thе
link with Austria to liaisе morе lс osely with thе Spаn ish Riding
wintеI ,
for aп d
o с mpеt ition
thе
geographiсal
led to a fеeling in drеssagе гiding.
ZUтH
whiсh
had dеvеlopеd Bаuh с еr , who somеw hat at vаr с niquеs theories and tеh and the ianсe with those of Guеr iniеr e Fillis sim e с ntury lс assiсists. еightееn th plified and modified Bauсh е1s teaсh ing and set down his own idеas
in his o Ь ok
e ТЙ
аn d Equitation. of Drеssаg e Prinсiplеs Thе spoгt wаs inevitably eсlipsеd by thе
геvolution and
its aftеr
еf feсt s,
u Ь t
it
gгadually
bеg an to bе praсt ised again aftеr \ iИorld Wаr in thе statе riding с nd thе Sеo Thе U.s.s.R. sсh ools of thе biggeг iс tiеs. intеr nаt ionаl fust aсh iеved major statц s in
thе Rome Olympiсs of 1960, sinсe whеn thеy have been o с nsistеn tly to thе forе in to thе !'uгopеan thеir аn nual еxu с rsions h с ampionships and their partiсipation in the olщ npiс Games.
grainеd
and strong. Thesе
in
prominеn t
thе
аn d
Aсh aеan,
arе
the qualities
Tusсan,
Armenian, famous Cappadoсian
horsеs, and suсh arе tlre horsеs for hunting in war.' wild eЬ asts or for usе as hс аr gеr s
to thе need in hunting to lеap over u са stomed с u Ь t for manу еn and dуkеs',
Oppian refеr rеd for.аn aсt ivе horsе stonе fеnеsс
turies
eс rtainly
throughout mеd ieval
times _ thе hunting horsе
was not rеq uirеd
to possess thе jumping аb ility
еxpeсt еd from thе modеr n topсlass quality huntеr . To be rеlevant, it is inevitablе that any
is a
type. not a 'T."в .l. brееd, аnd therе is no rеoс rd of thе oftranspoгt first usе of the horsе аs a mеаn s in pursuing hounds. I t is something that ес rdеd his happеn ed in thе mists of preгo
hunring horsе
tory.
of thе hunting horsе must bе on Britain аn d almost еxlс usivеlу e с ntrеd organizеd с untriеs I rеland. I n both thеse o hunting (providing thе pattеr n foг that
disсu ssion
praсt isеd in Amеr iсa, Southеr n Afriсa, Australia, Nеw Zеaland, I ndia and еlse aсt ivity
\ DИe must dеf inе hunting as thе pursuit of а wild animal in its own environmеn t bу man еm ploying a paсk of hounds. The link еtЬ .wеen horsе and hound is vital, sinсe thе spееd and aсt ivity of thе. hound has аlways in produсing thе majoг influеn ес bеen thе hunting horse. and Thе anсiеn t Chinesе, gЕ yptiаn Grеek iс vilizаt ions did muсh of their hunt ing on foot, аlthough thеy usеd horsеs in thе Chasе аs well as on the еxtensivеlу battlefield. Thе grеat horsе mastеr ' e Х nophon, born in 430 в с in Athens, madе
а mаj or еq uеstriаn Ь еn hаs e whеr е) and hаs еxеr ted, for somе 300 yеаr s
it lс eаr in his lс assiс book on equitadon thе same priorities iп stami that basiсallу
thе с Е rope for еn main quarry for hounds in u с ntinued to be so long aftеr turiеs, and o William thе Conquеr or brought disсiplinе to thе Chasе. Тo pursuе thesе, the hunting staminа for thе long days in horsе neеd еd thе grеat гoyal hunting grounds, of whiсh
wеr e requirеd in с na, fitnеss and oЬediеn e still sought thе hunting horse then' аs arе by thе hunting ftaternity of todaу. i3n, in thе third The Roman wri hе would AD
a oс rrеsponding
sеq uenсе'
I ndeеd ,
horsе brееd ing. of o с mpеt itivе
influеnес
bеf orе
in o с n on
thе growй
lеvel, an riding to its prеsеn t bеlonging only to the last quar еxtеn sion hunting was thе prinсipal с tury, tеr of a еn horse sport and todaу it is still thе one of partiсip attraсt ing thе largest numЬеr hunter breed ants. As a rеsult, еstаlЬ ishеd in Britain and I rеland ing industriеs ехist с untriеs wheI e but are not found in othеr o lеss emphasis is givеn to thе sport.
boar and fallow buсk
Stаg ,
thе New Forest in
surviving еxamplе, rеq uiremеn t ing vеr tiсal fiеld tееn тlr
for a obstас
e с
morе popular Thе lс еаr anс
werе
of fiеlds in thе the еnlс osurе еspеiс ally the inсr еased еn с tury, еaгly еightееn th еm phasis on hunting thе fox in thе opеn , rаt her than pursuing the dеer in the wood lаn d. Thе greatgrazing grounds ofLeiсеs tеr shire allowеd hounds to run fast in thе and thе fox proved a worttrу opеn o с untry, quarry in suсh a sеt ting. I n the latе еigh to thе a с mе Williаm Childе с turу teеn th еn
from Shropshirе
с untry Quorn o
аn d is
with introduсing thе art of riding rс editеd .to hounds' as opposеd to .aftеr hounds'.
Now the hunting horsе was requirеd to in gallop and jump fеп еsс and take ditсh еs without hеsitа his stride. Hе had to lс еar с ' tion thе nеw .oxеr fеne a hеdgе with a rail in front dеsignеd to kееp young bееf A doublе from damаg ing the hеd gе. a с ttlе oxer, a hеd ge with timЬer rаils standing on obstaсlе o Ь th sidеs, was a formidаb lе in somе с untеr еd аn d is still еno indееd , arеas in the hunting field, аs well as in a form in show jumping more sophistiсatеd o с ursеs. As foxhunting gainеd strength' thе requirеd far hunting mаn in Lеiеsс tеr shirе с me more quality in his horsе and it bеa
to use Thoroughbrеd
еssеn tial
sirеs
in
approved produсing hunters. Not еvеr yonе a М stеr of the М у n еl l of the trеn d. Hugo e thаt aftеr thе young с mplаined Quorn, o
.Ьloods'
mеt hods Dlп еss
.Flying,
еm ulаt еd
.hе had not еn joyed
Childе' s
a day's hаp
.
The rаt е at whiсh Childe and his friends o с untry in pursuit of hounds wаs rс ossеd e с n in thе ninetееn th с dеd to bе fаr еxеe с tеr shirе tury whеn huntsmеn of thе Lеiеs .t} rе pаkс s thе art of providing dеvеloped quiсk thing'. This was a vеr y fast uЬ rst ...aсr oss grass аn d fеnеsс with тh е mountеd .l.,,fiеld
riding as lс osе
nervеsJ and thеiт
to hounds as тheiг ability, would
horsеs'
days of thе nine tioning of huntеr s thе nеw sing1у
rс n
тHE HUNт| NG H0RsЕ
hunting. Charlеs
who Jamеs Appетlеy, hunting oс rrеs was thе most еlс еb rated pondеn t of thе pеr iod, writing undеr thе nom de plume Nimrod, advisеd : .Do not trеspass too far on thе willing powеr s of уour horsеs. Rather than insist upon thеir o с ming homе, when showing signs of dis at somе villagе for trеss, let thеm геm ain in attеn thе night. lеaving a whippеr iп danсe. } I undrеd s of good huntеr s have bеen dеsш oyеd bу thе nеg lеtс of this mеге nature aсt of humanity towards еxhац sтеd in a noblе and willing animаl.' wаs growing of tаk ing out Thе praсt iсе two huntеr s for a day's sport' pаI tiсu larlу in the gтass oс untries of Lеiеsс tеr shire, Frе Rц t land and Northаm ptonshirе. quеn dy thе hunting man would аlso usе а .сovеr t haсlc as well, riding this horsе to thе flrst o с vеr t to bе dгawn bу hounds. Thеr e hе would h с ange to his first huntеr whiсh would havе beеn takеn on ahеad by thе groom so as to bе fit and frеsh for the first run of the daу. The growing dеm ands for suitablе аn d providеd horsеs wеr e immеn sе, impеt us for еn ormous growth in all thе с rn аniс llаr y aсt ivities suсh as growing o and haу, horsе doсt oring and dеaling' and mаking saddlery. Nimrod had grаn d idеas, but hе wаs a good теp ortеr , М s and hе еstimated that a a 14 huntеr s tеr hunting hounds would nееd to ridе himself, and a furthеr 12 for thе usе с eap, but thе of whippеr sin. Labour was h priсе o с uld bе of rеally topсlass hц n tеr s Hunting _ one of the greаt British с untries trаd itions that hаs spread to other o
Below
pаkс бf houndsforthе Тh e hUntsman a с sts his fi rst drаw to piсk u p the sсent of the qцаr rу' , in this a с se a fox.
b А ove the the
1
тHE HUNтI NG н 0п sЕ
с n be realizеd yЬ trans exш еm еly high as a lating several thousand guineas in thе last valuеs. e с ntury into today's monеу as a A1rеady I геland was reсognizеd huntеr s. The mild lс i sourсе of supеr Ь horsеs аb undant grass produсеd mаt е and .I t as Nimrod said, of bone аn d substanсе; is owing to thе praсt iсе of the young horsеs с untry aсr oss thе o of I rеlаn d sсampегing in their o с lthood, that theу arе suсh good
fеnеrс s as we find thеm , unlеss it be аt havе no praсt iсе. ' timber, at whiсh thеу I relands importanсe as a produсer of huntеr s is as strong now аs then' uЬ t today the n Е glish hunting mаn finds it inсr еas ingly diffiсu lt to o with buуers from с mpetе the Unitеd Statеs thе o с ntinеn t of u Е ropе,
and even South Afriса, who
pаy high
priсes foг I гish horsеs аs potеn tial show jumpers and еvеn tеr s. At thе top of thе sport in thе nineteenth
in the hunting field. This was obviously gulliЬlе maгket. and reаd ilу eхp loited
a
Thе new dеm and for riding horsеs in thе hunting fiеld was suсh thаt nearly t7 mil importing horsеs lion wаs spent aЬr oаd on into Britain in tlrе ten yеars up to 1882. I n
1885 thе IЕ unters' I mprovеm ent and Light Horse Breеding Soсiеt y
Nаt ional
breeding in Bri с uragе was foundеd to еn o с ntinues to pеr form аn invalu tain, аn d it o today. The Soсiety distributes able sеr viсe yеar in thе form с tlrousands of pounds еah to thе ownеr s of or suЬsidiеs, of prеm iums, at thе Soсiеq y's o аЬ ut 60 stallions sеltес ed с spring at annual stallion show, hеld еah Newmаr ket. stallion awardеd a The owner of hеас prеm ium, reсеivеs a grant' and in аd dition .supеr prеm iums' theге arе a numbеr of Through thеsе awards. еxtra reсеiving subsidiеs the stallions arе madе availablе
as с аr aсt еr s e с nfl.rry suсh o с lourful h Squirе osbaldeston and Thomаs Asshе pегf orming еxш aordinаr y ton Smith wеr е
to nonThoroughbred brood marеs at for Thoгoughbrеd fееs. Fееs rеd uсеd with thе madе by aгr angemеn t marеs аге
с urage with thеir fеats ofеn duranсе and o huntеr s. Yet the o Ь ttom of tlre huntег mar appalling, oЬ th in the laсk of kеt wаs oftеn
The stall с nсerned. ownеr of thе stallion o from rеg ions throughout thе ions, seleсt еd
quality of horsеs availablе,
and
o с untry,
are rеgulаr ly
and rigorouslу
I t is impossiblе,
Dеspite
lс аsses.
they ridе
norses.
is as kееn ly
Ь nеf iting businеssmen e and sееking triаl геvolution
from thе
indus
to gain status
foxhound paсk in
Bottom An nЕ g| ish hunt going on to
draw.
o с sts аn d is available are kеenly
in the Judging thе riddеn huntеr lс assеs main ring at say' the Roу al at Stoneleiglц aplomb as wеll as requirеs o с nsidеr aЬlе
с untry in I reI and, aгg uabI y the best hunting o of some of the finest the woг| d and oroduсeг
The West Wаt eгf ord
thе
o с ntеstеd .
.mugs' in thе influx found а nеw markеt of с ants and of newlyriсh , middlе lс ass mеr h
тo p
inсr eаsing
thаn lower prize monеу in show jumping, thеsе lс asses
diffiсu lty
of finding a sound onе. Robеr t yet sсаt hingly, of Surtееs wrote аm usinglу , by horse deаlers who thе triсk s emploуеd
to o с nsideг
muсh
that thеy remain sound h с kес ed to еn surе and therеf ore fit for tlrеir work.
thе
howеvеr ,
hunting horsе in isolation for it was from show с asing, the hunting field that stееp lеh jumping and horse tгiаls еvolved. Thе HI S disting hаs produсеd tlrеr еf orе, sсh еm e, as uished winners in Nationаl IЕ untraсing well as other typеs of equеstrian sports and its basiс influеn ес on the quality of horsеs in the hunting fiеld has doubtlеss еeЬ n immensеly bеn еf iсiаl. Thе HI S summer show for mагes аn d youngstoсk, held at Shrеw sbury, is a won dеr ful shop window, displaying muсh thаt I rе is eЬ st in modеr n hunter rЬ еeding. lands grеat eхh ibition of hunters is in August at thе famous Dublin Horsе Show. This еvеn t is аs muсh a fair as a show, for nearly еvеr y еxhibited аn imal is availablе for buyеr s, who oс me from аll ovеr thе с unty shows, Е gland thе gгeat o world. I n n of Royаl I nternationаl and IЕ orsе аn d thе in London, Shows at \ urеm blеy thе Yеаr provide thе stagе for the show hunter
skill and ехperiеnес Thеiт
own pеr formanсe
from the judges. in thе saddlе аs
entry in thе ring assеss h е ас notеd as thе qualitу of the animals on show. Thе judgеs who offiсiatе аn d
at thе wеalth of inhand and ridden lс assеs sеason shows pro throughout thе summег in helping to vide an immеn se sеr viсе boon maintain standards. But thе grеаt est of аll to thе huntеr type is that it is still a genuinе working horse for whiсh attеstеd performanсе is thе priority. I t is never iust .how doеs hе look7 ttrе morе a question of ;
important quеr y in thе mind of a huntег judgе is.how does hе move7. a М ny a good gеt s into the front row looking horse nеvеr he doеs not gаl Ь a с usе of a huntеr lс ass e lop well. growth and populаr ity of thе The rееnс t
working huntег
plaсes the lс аssеs fumly on pегf or
emphasis еv еn
morе
mаne с '
the huntеr s arе rеq uirеd on thе flat in front
and hеr е
to jump as well as woгk
of the judgеs. I t is, howеvеr ,
thе o с ntinuanсе
of morе
тHЕ
of foxhounds in Bгitаin
halfbгеd huntеr is still hеavily relied upon for adults in the Unitеd Kingdom
and аn d half a dozеn еah с of stаghounds аnd draghounds' tlrat ensuгes moгe work and for thе hunting demаn d than еvеr bеf orе has sееn horse. Foxhunting, in partiсu laг' and an immensе boom in tlrе postwаг yеaгs therе aге ovеr 30 morе paсk s of foxhounds
аn d
in existеnес
draught is not a healry horse of the ilk of the Shires used on thе land in nЕ gland. As a
rJtan245 pаk с s
I геland,
plus nеaгly
60 harrieг pаkс s,
in nЕ gland
4nd Wales now
thaп at thе turn of thе еn IЕ unts arе с tury. bettеr supported аn d morе pеople аr е fol lowing hounds on hoгsеbaсk t} ran eveг еfЬ orе, in spitе of thе faсt that thе quаlity of гiding avаilablе rс ossсountry to the hunt iп g field hаs dеt еr ioratеd o с nsiderably in manу arеas. This is mаinly attributable to
modеr n farming,s
агable
land instеаd
inсr еasing
rеlianсе
on
of grass, and
tlre
еn oгm ous inсr easе of аrЬ bed wiтe in the ш аd itionаl bееf ' dairying and shееp farm ing arеas has bееn anothеr lЬ ow to the mountеd fiеld. Thе biggest problеm in tеr ms of the yеars hаs еe hunting horse in rеe с nt Ь n in
finding а
suitable mount for
thе
hеаlrywеight mаn . IЕ е rеq uirеs a sеvеn еighths bred hoгsе with quаlity and sub stanсе, but not only is this thе hardеst to o с mе by, it is also thе most eхp еn sivе to purсh аsе аn d maintain. Suсh a horsе a с n pounds nowadays fеt h с sеvеr аl thousand as an untried youngster if it has real potеn
tiаl foг show jumping or horsе triаls. I n thе n Е glish and I rish hunting fiеld lс еаn rЬ еd horses аr e still in a minoritу, u Ь t those pеoplе who aгe of thе гight weight, and possess thе skill to ridе Thoгoughbгeds bеt tеr
out hunting, lс aim
hunteг eхists.
tlrat no
The thrееq uaгt еr bгеd
HUNт| NG н 0п sЕ
and lгеland.
Therе
has bееn
o с nsidеrlаЬ е
disquiеt
in thе I rish and o с nсеr n ovег thе dеrс еasе o с nstitutеs dтaught horsе, whiсh probаlЬ y thе bеst foundation stoсk of all for produс
ing huntеr s of
substаnе.с
Thе
I rish
traditionally usеd by thе I rish lаn d' uЬ t whеn rс ossеd with а Thoroughbrеd , the maге would providе a first rate hunter _ no douЬt a great help in augmеn ting the fаr mеt 's inсomе whеn sеn t to thе loсal horse fair, or up to Dublin. Thе I гish IЕ orsе Boaгd, formеd yЬ the Govеr nment to safeguаr d and improve thе breеd ing industгy, has rеe с ntly гeo с gnized thе importanсе and of ttrе drаu ght hoгsе u с гr еn t еf forts to save this foundation bгеd , it was
faгm ег
on thе
stoсk dеsегve every
еn o с uгagеm ent. o с b is sadly a muсh rarеr sight in ttre hunting fiеld now аd aуs than at one time, u Ь t there is a o с n sidегablе inсгeаsе in middlеw еight гiding horsеs whiсh gеn еr ally o с ntain а large pгoportion of ThoroughЬr еd blood. Thеsе arе suitaЬlе mounts for many of thе ladу гidеr s who nowadays oftеn form thе major ity of the mounted followегs in thе hunting fiеld, еspeсially on wееkdays. The nativе pony brеeds havе had oс n sidеr аb le influenсе on horsеs usеd in the nЕ glish hunting field. Their inhеr ent hаr and agility aге all traits dinеss, toughnеss rеq uired whеn following hounds in the hunting varied o с untries whеr е еxtrеm еly still flourishеs. Galloping on thе moors of
The rеal wеightсaгr ying
Top Тhe winning lineup at а reсent sta| | ion show at Newmarket, England. Тh e Hunters, I mprovement Soсiety sсh eme he| ps to make good quaI ity sta| | ions аvаiI abI e a| | over the o с Untrv for reasonabI e stud fees. Above An I rish Draught horse whiсh, when rс ossеd with а Thоr oughbred produсes the renowned lrish hunter.
т| | Е HUNтlNG
H0RsE
and thе north, traversing с un in Wales and thе Boгd er o
thе !7est Counш y
hillу
traсks
tries, sсr ambling ovеr aЬ nks, or nеg otiat с ll for physiсal and ing stone wаlls, all a Foхh unting originated in Great Britаin but с ange to hаs spread with remarkаb | y litt| e h А other parts of the Wor| d. top: n
I rish ditсh
in
Mаn y young lrish horsеs are ,made,in the hunting fieI d, and aгe mUсh sought after as show jumpers аn d event horses' middI e: Тh e Ra| | ye Piqu,avаn t Nivernais hunt in Burgundy. Hunting in Е rope is threatened by the o с ntinenta| u spread of rabies. bottom: There are about a hundred paсks of hounds reсognized by the Ameriсa n Masteгs of Foxhou nds Assoсiation. Both the indigenous grey and the imported red fox аr e hUnted.
Tipperаr y.
mentаl
holsеs yЬ o с b lЬ ood.
Thе
well sup a с n еЬ o с ntaining \ 0felsh Pony or
qualities whiсh
pliеd
Connemara
is аn othеr
lowеr s
highlу
favouгed foundation stoсk for produсing huntеr s, and thе native ponies еxеlс lent inш oduсеd с sfully havе sцеs thеm sеlvеs many an aspiring Nimrod to the hunting fiеld in his youth. Thе modеr n riding ponу blood, may pеr o с ntaining ThoroughЬr еd form brilliantly in thе hunting field' but tempеr amеn t' tlre nativе pony's sеn siblе knowlеd gе and instinсt ivе surе footеd л ess still makе him thе of his own еn vironmеn t с ilds fust pony to eЬ e Ь st h с oiсe for a h arе not thеу hounds. I ndееd riddеn аf tег in Wales, and the с ildrеn _ for h еxlс usivelу .Wеst
manУ
you will sее
Counш y
partiсu larly,
an аd ult
enjoying his hunting on
on his sturdy shephегd , :Е n с oor little mount, his legs dangling yЬ its sidеs, will seе more of the spoгt than most fol pony. Thе
а
when thе
Devon and Somеr sеt
Stаg hounds arе running. whеr e dеer, harе, and wild I n Franсе, boar are still huntеd , therе are in gеn еr al to bе iumpеd in the obstaсlеs far fеw еr hunting fiеld than in thе majority of A blood horsе, с unuiеs. nЕ glish hunting o
or nеarly lс ean bred horse, would
bе
appropriatе to follow staghoц n ds whеn the strongеI sсеn t of the quarrу аn d the spееd
manу long, witlr dееr , dеrс eе assoсiatеd fаst points tfuoughout thе day. Foxhunting еn joys popularity as a sport in thе United Statеs and thе Thorough brеd horsе is usеd far more widely in fol lowing hounds than in Britаin. I n Virginiа partiсu 1arly favoured for the and аrМ yland, sport' thеr e is still plеn ty of grass, and thе with timbеr fеnеsс , faсеd horsеs аr e mаinlу somе of whiсh arе imposing in height and who visit Britаin usu solidity. Amеr iсаn s of the vale ally find the hеd ges and ditсh еs a most с tershirе and High Lеiеs o с unш ies с allеn ge. novеl h Australiаn s and New Zealandеr s often usе Thoroughbrеd s in thе hunting fiеld, is a but again thе naturе of thе tегr аin аr e no major faсt or. I n Nеw Zealand thеr е foxеs' аn d it is the harriеr paсks that are frеq uеn tlу
with habituallу
е еаsе
jump foтm idaЬlе barbеd wirе fеnеsс , or six strands high. Teaсh ing horses to jump wirе inсr еasing hunting fiеld, b
somеw hat
manу ridеr s. М th, Co. еa
trеn d
fivе
is а
Е glish in thе n by
In and
of
h с
as Limеr iсk, с untriеs fаm ous hunting o Tipperary and I (ilkеn ny offеr a speсial to thе hunting horsе and his h с allеn ge intrеp id
rider.
I t is still oс nsidеr еd
advisablе
to buy
I rish horsеs уoung if thеy arе to hunt in Thе experienсеd or еlsеw hеr е. nЕ glаn d
I riф huntеr tеn ds to take his fеneс s slow ly, often fгom a tlot or a wаlk. Hе will usuаlly
jump on to an obstаlс е
over it, whiсh
rather than
works brilliantlу over an but woe bеt ide thе horsе
I rish oс untry, who takеs off slowly and attеm pts to bаn k an n Е glish thorn hedge with a widе ditсh u с t and laid on the landing sidе! Propеr lу hеd g hedg еven
in Vаlе for the hunter. The Blaсkmorе o с untry in Glouсеs Dorset' thе Bеr kеlеу shire and areas of o с ц n triеs still taсkled by offеr ing thе stiffest fеnеsс thе modern huntеr . Thе hunting horse is a miraсle of evolu tion аn d survival; hе is muсh in dеm and, and still pеr forms a tough job in аn еxш a ordinаr y divеr sity of environmеn ts. And hе rеm ains a truе working animal, bеаu с se fаd s аn d hе has avoidеd the dеstruсt ivе brеeds whiсh have ruined so mаn у fanсiеs of pеt
102
dogs.
SHOW JUMPI NG
fl I тн ouсн lf, horsеs
mеn
havе
еn Ь
riding
morе than 3,0OO yеars, suading thеm to jump ovеr obstaсlеs foг
pеr
is
a
o с mparativеly new idеa. Showjumping, whiсh has gтown out of this, is thus also a fairly rеe с nt innovation o с mparеd with othеr еq uestrian aсt ivitiеs. Only in thе sеo с nd с tury did hаlf of thе eighteеn th еn jumping on horsеs bеg in to aсh iеvе somе reсognition and then it was slow to gain gтound. The fust mеn tion of it bеing inсluded in anу a с valry mаn ual bеlongs to
thе Frеnh с ,
in
1788 and although thе
Bгitish
ес s foxhunter thinks of his prеde sors going aсr oss o с untгy from time immеm oгial, Aсt s of it was thе nЕ lс osure thе еightееn th e с ntury, bringing about thе o с nsidеrlаЬ е inсгeasе in the numbеr of hedgеs and
fеnеsс
to еn lс osе fiеlds,
that set
jumping. I t wаs somеt hing
thеm
likе anothеr hцn фed jumping, as opposed to rеo с rded, was offiсiallу
years bеf oге stееp lеh с asing,
pаr ts ofthе thеn it sprang up in vагious world within a very short pеr iod. I rеlanф in whiсh oс untry steеplеhс asing hаd its infаnyс , was again a ftont runnеr in show jumping, аn d at the Royal DuЬlin Soсiе qy's annual show in 1865 thеr е wеr e o с m pеt itions for.widе' and.high' leaps. Thеr е wеI е o с mpеt itions in Russiа at about thе samе time) аn d in Paгis in 1866, although parаd еd hеге' thе o с mpеt itors аt thе show and thеn wеn t out into thе o с untry to iump ovеr mainly natuгal fеnеsс . Ninе уеаr s later the famous Frеn h с Cavalry Sсh ool at Sаu mur inсludеd an еxhibition of jump ing in theiт display of hаu te oёс le. jumping wаs primarily a part In n Е glаn d of agriсu ltural shows, and was fust offi iс ally rеoс rded at thе flvе. day show at thе аn d
Agriсu lturаl
Hall, I slington, London, in
1876. Hoгses еn tered for
тh e show lс assеs
also еligiblе for the leaping, whiсh was dеiс dеd solely on stylе, аn d judgеd by a М sters of Foxhounds. vЕ еn whеn a fеw wеr е
rulеs oс nсеr ning introduсеd ,
srylе
jumping abilitу
wеr е
was still an important faс
judgеs to arrivе аt thе tor' I t еn ablеd thе most diplomatiс result for it would never havе donе for the loсal squirе to be bеaten bу one of his tenantsl I n the Unitеd States thе National Horsе Show was stаr ted at.&tadison Squarе Gar .Gardеr f has den, New York, in 1883. Thе bееn but the show movеd twiсе sinсе thеn goes on as strongly as еvеr . By thе turn of .nеv/ sport was very fumly еn с tury, thе estаb lishеd hеld intеr nationаyЦ ; Gеr manу shows in towns а1l over thе o с untry and in тh е sеo М dеr n с nd of the o Olympiс Gamеs, jumping o at Paris in 1900' thте с mpеt i
тh е
High Jump, a Long following yеar in Turin' saw thе first rеo с rdеd offiсial intеr national showjumping, with Ger tions werе inсludеd ,
а
Jump and Prize jumping. Thе
invitеd to pit * rеir skill offiсеr s I talian o с unterparts. I n London thе fust I ntеr national IЕ orsе Show (forеr unner of thе Roу al I ntеr na tionаl), was hеld at Ol} тn pia in 1907, as a аt Thе Haguе two result of а mееt ing hеld
Тopс| аss the show jumpinQ hаs beсome major money sport in the eqUestгian Wor| d apaгt fгom raсing. Тh e Germаn гiders and hoгsеs are a| wаys hard to beat.
man Aгm y
against thеir
yеаr s direсt еd
еarlier.
The аrЕ 1
of
thе I nternational IЕ orse
board and direсt oгs
of whiсh .
Lonsdalе Show, thе
o с mprisеd
men from mаn y uЕ ropеаn o с ц n triеs
and
High and widе jumps Sв t еs. wеr e inсludеd and thе in thе progгammе, фе United
prizе
monеy
с nsidеrlаЬ е. was quite o
Bеlgian ridегs Langеn donсk
_ llaеgеm ann and _ had won at thе
Gamеs, аn d thе lаn d, dominatеd
Two Van
Paris o с untfy, and Hol that first I ntеr national.
samе
103
sн 0W
JUMP| NG
I n thе Unitеd Stаt es in 1917 whаt Ь o с mе known as thе Amеr iсan Was to e
uЕ rope.
Horsе Shows Assoсiation was foundеd' of 50 shows at its with reprеsеn tatives inaugurаl meeting. Thе AHSA was to bе rеp resеn tativе body for the thе offiсial United States in internitional affairs. The еf fеtс s of thе famous I talian, Fеd еr iсo Caprillis systеm of training was givеn dramatiс еm phаsis at the first post I 07ar Olympiсs hеld at Antwеr p in 1920
undеr his When two I talians sсh oolеd М jor mеt hods, Lt Tommaso Lеq uio, and a Valегio, won thе gold аn d silvеr mеdals. The I tаliаn
Tommy Glеnrс oss' who was to play an important pаr t in the devеlopmеn t of showjumping in Britаin, won a IЕ igh
jumping at Hiсkstead, with Harvey Speаkeаsy Smith, one of the sport,s gгeat persona| ities аn d а big winneг.
с mpеt ition. Jump o I n 1906 thе Swеdish Count Clarеnес von Rosеn had put a proposition to thе Congrеss of ttrе I ntеr rrationаl ol1тn piс sports should Committee that еq uеstriаn bе inсludеd on a pеr manent basis in thе nonе at all in St Games _ theге had bееn Louis in 1904 _ and although thе suggеs
с valrу thе Russian rеv olution, thе Czarist a a glorious с mplеt е a с me to London to o hattriсk of wins of thе Cup, in L9I 2_I 4' under thе leadеr ship of thе Captain, Paul с mpatriots took Rodzianko. He and his o Е ward VI I Cup, whiсh theу hаd thе l(ng d to Russia, in 1914 thеn won outright, bаkс
tion was not grееt ed
and it was nеvеr
wiтh
abundаn t
Coubеr tin, еn thusiasm, Baron Piеr rе dе ttrе foundеr of thе o М dеr n Gаm es, аsked prop von Rosеn to pгesеn t more dеt аiled wеге for osals to the 1907 Congrеss. Thеsе threе evеn ts
_ drеssagе,
аn
pеn
еq uеstrian
Jеu dе Rosе.
tathlon and a gamе аlс led
The British mеm bers of thе I oC agгeеd that these should bе inсluded in the 1908 Gamеs, whiсh wеr е to bе hеld in London,
seen again.
Til,e L9I 2 olу m piс run undеr
a o с mpliсatеd
givеn
marks wеr e
showjumping was sеt of rulеs. Tеn
for еahс
fеnе,с with
a first deduсt ions for faults, for еxamplе с nd, or fall of rеf usal o с st two marks, a sеo horsе аn d rider, four, a thiтd , or fall ofridеr morе с nsidеr еd it was o only, six. Clеаr ly
ignominious to fall off a horsе than
to
and thе o с mmittее of thе I nteгn ational to organizе thеm , Horsе Show oс nsеn ted provided there was a minimum of 24
mаr ks for wеr е him to fall too. Thеr е with hind or forelegs, for hining a fеneс linе с tion landing on or within thе dеm аr a and altogеt her so many of a spread fеnе,с
с untriеs. I n faсt еn triеs from siх diffеr ent o eight o с untries' wеr е 88 еn triеs from
еn Ь far
o с mpliсations
thеr е
whiсh pеr haps provеd
too muсh
for thе
I nternationаl Show, itsеif still in its infan еvents yс . At thе last minutе thе еq uesш ian prog wеr е droppеd from thе olу m piс raп u nе. Von Rosеn did not losе hеart, howеvеr . Thе nехt olympiсs werе to bе с mmit hеld in Stoсkholm, and in 1909 a o
with himself as sеrс etarygеn eral
and pro Prinсе as prеsidеn t, Carl of Swеdеn duсed thrеe еvents for the L9I 2 Gаm es. еvent' Thеsе wеr е, drеssage, a thrее dаy othеr wisе known as the Military, and
tее,
showjumping. jumping was inсr еasing. I ntеr nationаl I n 1909 the first Luсеr nе show was hеld, Frenсh and Bеl. with I tаlians, Gеr mans,
gians
in opposition to thе swiss. That
thе National Horsе Show in у е ar international jump Yoгk introduсеd ing. A tеam of fivе British Army offiсeгs, a М jor J. G. Berеsford, took a с ptainеd bу part, and won onе ofthе еvents. Four yеars Nеw
а iМ litаr y
forеr unner thе show.
Tеаm
Team oс mpеt ition'
of thе
o с mmon pеn dеd
at the London
for the first timе
when thе Frеnh с won
dЕ ward
a
Nations Cup, was held at
1.umping was hеld
I ntеr national
ttrе
in
1909'
inaugural I (ing
VI I Cup. Bеf ore thе show, in with аlmost
all othеr s,
foг the First World l0Иar'
was sus аn d
beforе
that judging must hаvе
from easу.
of Pеr haps onе of t} rе grеat аp pеals showjumping nowadays as a publiс spес is thе еase ofits judging. vЕ ery ring taсlе sеe for himsеlf whеt hеr sidе speсt ator a с n and lowerеd or not а horsе has hit a fеnес still produсеs dis it, and only thе watеr puted judgemеn ts. Thеsе arе now e Ь ing by thе use of plastiс strips on еliminatеd I n thе early days how thе lаn ding еd gе. с mpliсated that at thе Lon ever, it wаs so o fеne с еv еr y don I nternational for еxamplе, had its own judge, who would sеn d his maгks baсk to thе main judging box, all to с uld bе bе added up bеf ore thе winnеr o аn nounсed.
sаm е
lаt еr ,
a с use
o с untтy was I n thе 1912 Games еahс six oс mpеt itors for thе allowеd to еn tеr individual jumping and four, with thе bеst sсorеs o с unting, for thе team. iЕ ght thrее o с untriеs Bеlgium, Chilе, Franсе, Gеr many, Britain, Norway, Russia and Swе a total of 31 ridеr s in thе dеn еn tеr еd
individual, whiсh was won by Captain of a Cariou of Fгanсе, also the winner Swеd en rЬ onze in thе Tfueе Day vЕ еn t. and Franсе won thе team gold mеd аl, from Germаn y, followеd , in ordеr , by thе United States, Russia and Bеlgium.
The nеxtyear
Germany founded their own olympiс qЕ uеsш ian
wаr brought
u Ь t of o с ursе thе Committее, thе sport to a stаn dstill in
Ь ind tеam took the bronze, еh Swedеn аn d Bеlgium. No British ridеr s of a с usе took pаr t in thе 1920 Games, bеa ban, u Ь t the London I ntеr a с ttlе disеasе that same yeаr . national was reopеn еd now а Although еq uеstrian sports Wеr е part of thе olympiс movеm ent, reсognй ed Ь dу of thеir own. But they had no ruling o Baron dе Coubеr tin, looking ahead, had lDИorld fеd eгa thе rс еation of еn o с uragеd thеy o с uld еас sport' so thаt tions for h standardizе thеir rulеs and rЬ ing аn overall с ntrol into sports, Com uniformity and o drеw IЕ tес or, of Franсе, mаn dant Gеorges up statutеs for the Fеderation qЕ uеstге I ntеr nationale, whiсh were adopted at a
Congrеss in Paris in November I 92I . and Franсе wеr e thе prime Thus Swеdеn of the FЕI ' movеr s in thе еstaЬlishment wеr е siх foundеr mеm bеr s and thе othеr I talу, Japаn , Norwaу Bеlgium, Dеn mаr \ Gеr many beсаm е and the Unitеd Stаt еs. affi'liatеd to the I ntеr national Fеd еr ation and Switzеr land in й e уеаr of its rс еation, joined in L922. intеr еst an aсt ivе Canadа еgЬ an to takе startеd in whеn thе Toronto !и inter Fаiг Nations Cup 1922, and thе first Cаn adiаn wаs hеld fivе yеars later. Showjumping no meаn s o с nfinеd to thе Nortlrеr n was yЬ Thе first o с ntinеn t. hаlf of thе Amеr iсаn was show in Buеn os Aiтеs hеld in 1910, with rideгs from I taly, Spain as wеll as other South Ameri and Frаn e с a с n o с untries. Two Chilеan ridегs had in London and thе olym also o с mpеt еd
intеr national
piсs in 1912.
с aptiс showjumping Britain s fаirly h sortеd out aftеr thе situаt ion was grаd uallу foundation of thе British Show Jumping
in I 92з. Lord Lonsdаlе position of President of thе Assoсiation, with Colonеl v. D. s. '$иil o с mmегr tator liаm s, father of tеlеvision Doriаn Yy'illiams, аs sеrс etary. A mixturе ridеr s iс viliаn of militаr y men аn d thе top to form thе Assoсiation, whiсh ' by hеlpеd improving both judging and the oс urses jumpеd , еgЬ an to produсe British rid thеу
Assoсiаt ion
thе
aсеp с tеd
intеr national standard. еr s and hoгsеs of A reсord entry of 99 ridеr s on 1 10 horses
from 17 oс untriеs
аt
тh е flrst Olуm piс FЕI rulеs, at Pаr is in 1924' showеd that thе sport was oс n tinuing to grow in populaгity. Swedеn events to be held undеr
аg аin won
the tеam
individuаl winnеr
now bеаt еn
event, but Leсq uio,
four years rез liеr '
bу thе
thе was
Swiss, Alphons
Gеm usеu s.
Britain joinеd yеаr
аn d
the FЕI
in 1926 thе Royаl
thе following Dublin Soсiеt y,
SHUW JUMPI NLi
hаving ing lЬ oсk
hеlpеd somе
intеr nаt ional
to gеt the sport offthе start 60 yеars еarliеr , intгoduсed
jumping.
Although suсеsс sеs
for Unitеd
Statеs
no гarity nowadаys, showjumpеr s аr е their rider Fred Bonteсou was something с vеt еd эf an еxеp whеn hе won thе o с tion King George V Gold Cup at the London lnternationаl in L926. thе fust man to TalbotPonsonЬy, Jаkс V Cup thrее times, win thе King Gеorgе onе of Britаin's finеst and latеr to bеo с me fiгst of his thrее o с ursе buildеr s, hаd thе viсt ories in the 1930 show, at whiсh Mikе Ansеll аlso hаd his fust tastе of interna tional suсеsс s.
Both wеn t
with thе suсеsс s
tеam to Nеw York the oГ llowing yеar, hеlping to fostеr in Ansell an enthusiasm for thе sport whiсh grew and in turn helpеd Britаin devеlop into а World powеr in showjumping. evеn ts wеr е hеld olympiс еquеstrian outsidе u Е rope for thе fust time, when thе but thеy wеr e Gamеs went to Los Angеlеs' с untries and a Only six o hardly a suсe с ss. total of 34 ridеr s o с mpeted. I ntеr nаt ional a long, travеl for hoгses in thosе daуs was
uЕ l
British Aгm у
aгd uous and еxpеn sive
business, аn d
only
and Japan sent Frаnе,с Holland, Swеd еn horsеs to takе on the Unitеd Stаt еs аn d Franсе and Holland did not enter еxМ iсo. с untry had thге showjumpеr s, and no o
finishеr s ia thе show jumping, so ttrегe wеr е no team аw ards. Baron Takeiсh i
Nishi won thе gold for Japan, bеating thе Harry Chambеr lin, onе of the Amегia с n с untry has most rЬ illiant horsemen his o еver
produсеd .
Thе Bеr lin thеiг
Gаm еs
in
1936, provеd
a
for Germаn superioriry, and
show a с sе
thе individual and tеаm at showjumping, dгеssagе
ridеr s won
gold mеd аls
and thе TfueeDay vЕ еn t.
During tttе now lеg endary
war, whilе a prisonеr , thе figure ofBritish and intеr
Ansell, national showjumping, iМ kе started to work on his mastеr plan for с untry up ttre sport in his homе o 1еvе1. I t was fortu top intегn ational
rЬ inging to tlrе
who had bеen partially с mpletely and was to end up o
nаt e that Ansеll,
blindеd
wit} rout his sight, should havе found him с mp as sеlf in the samе prisonerofwаr a two othеr showjumping еn thusiasts and old team mates of his, Nat I (indersley and From thе idеas they tossеd Bedе Camеr on.
Two leading figures in British show jumping. с ief аr h с iteсt above: Co| ' Sir Miсh ael Anse| | , h of modern show jumping in Britаin even though blinded in WoгI d \ I lar | | . below: DougI as Bunn, founder of Hiсkstead.
around grew the dтеam whiсh , as soon as in L944' Ansell started hе was гepatriatеd с bеr of thаt to mаk е into a геality. I n Dееm yеar hе wаs invited to beсomе h с airman of thе British Show Jumping Assoсiаt ion,
a
post he hеld for moге than two dеa с dеs. mеn of like IЕ e h с osе foг his o с mmittеe,
mind, intеn t on making showjumping into thе еxiс ting, rс owdpulling spoгt it hаs beсomе. Thеy had a lot to do. I n thosе days thеr e was virtually no limit to tlrе timе
с mplete his round, o с uld takе to o make his as oftеn hе wishеd to right, unilip approаh с exаtс ly to а fenсе
a ridеr
iс rсling
ping his mаr tingalе as hе a с me to thе watеr jump. On еahс а slаt , a thin lаt h fеnес wаs off, o с st half a of wood whiсh , if knoсk еd no mat fault. Thus aсu с raсy was еssеn tiаl, с uгsеs tеr how long it might takе. Thе o
normаllу unintеr еsting, o с nsisting of uprights аlong еah с side ofthе ring, bеf ore tuгn ing into a watеr jump or big spгеаd in thе middlе. to a sliсk Gгadually thesе impеd imеn ts
wеге
a fеw
show wеге
out.
wееd еd
A grading systеm '
on prizе
so monеy won, was introduсеd , аg аinst that horses would o с mpetе others of гougЫy similаг ability aп d experienсе.
Thеn Ansell and his mеn looked for a vеn ue at whiсh to put thеir newlook showjumping to the publiс tеst. They h с osе thе Vhitе City' London, аn d so еg Ь an
what wаs to е Ь
a
long and suсe с ssful
Thе fust show inсluded thе Nationаl Championship, won with thаt storybook touсh whiсh Ansеll so oftеn sееm еd to o с njurе out of ttrin air, bу a rеp atгiаt еd following Nat l(indeгslеy. Thе yеaг, two shows wеr e hеld at thе ltr7hitе City, and thе Viсt ory Championship wеn t to Colonеl Hагy Llеw еllyn, who iп thе jumpoff bеаt tlrе 18yеаr old Douglas inсal Bunn _ two mеn who wеге to havе assoсiation.
tr
u с lablе
influеnес
jumping ovеr thе
Thе
Nationаl
on Bгitish next fеw
show
deсadеs.
Show in New
Yo..1k 105
SHOW JUMPI NG
in I 945i thе FЕI rеopened its shop in | 946, and throughout uЕ ropе с mmon with othеr showjumping, in o sports, was restartеd . For thе fust timе iс vilian ridеr s took thе I nternational stage, of all, тt rе inсluding one of thе grеatеst Piеr rе Frеnh с mаn Jonquerеs dOriola, a a hаs beеn man whosе аrс еr merсцr ial of ups and downs. The ups suсe с ssion startеd with the 1946 Grаn d Prix in Zurich and took in two olympiс I ndividual Gold restartеd
e М dals
_ a fеat no ottrеr
ridеr
hаs
aсh iеvеd
_ tn 1952 and 1964. The I ntеr national wаs reborn, аt thе l0rhitе City, whеn d oriolа V Cup. For thе fust won the I (ing Gеorgе so beginning show was tеlevisеф timе thе whiсh , thе buildup of а massivе аu diеn ес еf feсt on тh e с nsiderаlЬ е in turn, hаs had a o growth of the sport. Thе Olympiс Gаm еs restarted in 1948
hеld in nЕ gland. Thе when thеy wеr е undеr I ntеr national Committeе, N1ikе Ansеll, wеr e givеn the job of prеp аr с m ing а o с mbinеd tеam аn d individual o
Roуаl
petition' for thе showjumping whiсh ' was еvent beforе the с mpеt itivе to bе the last o in thе vast lDИemblеу lс osing еrс emony, built in timе с ursе Stadium. Gеt ting thе o of rаin hаd task, for wееk s с lеan was a hеr u lеf t
thе ground a quagmirе
and work o с uld
only start after thе Soсеrс
final
had A1l thе fеnеsс finishеd the night еfЬ ore. had to bе mаn handled onto the ground, jump dug by hand beсausе of and thе wаt еI tearв s of the statе of thе ground. Fiftееn Gold was and фe I ndividual thrеe startеd ' on won by thе Mexiсan IЕ umЬerto.lV1arilеs 106
Arete. His tеam, too, emеr gеd triumphant, beating Spain, with thе show British gaining thеir fiтst Ol1тn piс jumping mеdаl, thе tеam bronzе. The following wеek, thе British tеam and Foxhuntеr Harry Llewеllyп аp с tain, I (ing Georgе V won thе first of their thrее Gold Cups Foxhuntеr is the only horse thе onе еуed
thrее timеs. so far to have won this lс assiс in Helsinki, Foxhunt And four yеaгs lаt ег
thе tеam round lс inсh ed еt 's finаl lс еar gold medal for Britаin. \ 0Йi1f White and I ndi might wеll havе takеn thе Nй еf ela deсision, viduаl gold too, but for a bеlаt еd by onlу onе of thе two judges, thаt he had a thеr е wаs I n thе еn d gone in thе watеr . jumpoff for thе mеd als, won by fivе sidеd doriola, with Chilе' s Osсar Christi win ning thе individual silvеr and ensuring sеo с nd. that his tеam аlso finishеd That yeаr was notable also for thе fust of the offiсial FЕI Championships, for 14 and 18 years _ Juniors _ thosе bеt wееn only two teаm s. Thе in whiсh thеr е wеr е I talians' inсluding Graziano lVlаniс nеlli, bеat Belgium. Gradually thе I ntеr national с ampion othеr h Fеd eration introduсеd ships' for seniors also, bеg inning with thе e М n s \ 0Иorld Championship, hеld for thе first time in Paris in 1953. I t was won by .Paсo' thе popular Spaniard Franсisсo more made Goуoaga, аn aсh iеvеm еn t remarkable by the faсt he was riding a horsе
who had, or so it sееm еd
bеf orеh and,
lost his enthusiasm for thе gаm e. Thеу bеat Gеr manf s Thiedеm ann by just half point. D'Oriola was third' followed у Ь
a
to с st indееd d I nzеo, an auspiсious a nеw h с аm pionship. I nitiallу thе !7or1d Chаm pionships werе latеr IЕ ans hеld evеr y year and two yеаr s Guntеr !07inklеr , won thе first of two suс \ world titlеs on Hallа. This horsе еsс sivе showjumping wаs аr guably thе grеatеst mare of all time, on whom \ DИinkler аlso
Piеr o тh е
won thе
gold in
I ndividual olу m piс
1956, whеn she had praсt i o с ursе с nd с rry him round the sеo a с lly to a lDИinklеr Ь dly hurt a musсlе. аf ter hе had a was аlso in thе winning tеam, a fеat hе М niсh , to in Romе, Tokyo and u rеp еated givе him fivе golds, more thаn any ottrеr rider in olympiс history. Raimondo dI nzеo, the morе suсеsс sful brothers, won I tаliаn al of thе two lс assiс.!i7orld tit1еs aftеr going the nеxt two down to.Winklеr and Halla in a jumpoff in Champion 1955. By this timе, фе !Иorld yс lс е, ship had setded down to а fouryеаr h с ampion uЕ ropеan yЬ thе intеr spеr sеd ships, whiсh are now hеld evеr y other yеar. I 0Иinklеr с ntinental won the fust of the o thе sес titlеs, in | 957, and Thiеd еm аn n from с аllеn ger was often a h ond. Thеr е for thе title, and in 1966 Е ropе outsidе u Nelson Pessoa, thе Brаzilian who spends his summеr s in uЕ rope, won from Frank Н go Chapot of thе Unitеd Stаt es, with u Aтr ambide of Argеn tina third. Soon after that thе uЕ ropеаn this the FЕI dеrс eеd to thе с nfinеd h с ampionship should bе o ridеr s that its titlе suggestеd, a sеn siblе
Stoсkholm,
enough movе,
for it makеs thе
Championships rеlаt ivelу
morе
lDИorld
impoгt ant.
sH0W JUMPlNБ
ri* r
is a fundamеn tal
Thеr е
two hс ampionships.
in thе
differеne с
The uЕ ropеan
is
rounds, with on а basis of tfuее dеiс dеd to dеiс dе aсu с mulаt ing points from еah с thе h с ampion, while thе World Champ
ionship has thlеe
qualifying rounds.
thе top four ridеr s who, in These produсе horsеs. This с othе1s thе final' all ride еah for has bееn a somеw hat oс ntrovеr siаl
mulа
its inсеption,
sinсе
evеr
and thе
opposition to it is still growing. I t would тh erefore
no suprise if the еvеn t
bе
allу falls in linе
еventu
with thе uЕ ropеan
sсh еm е.
A uЕ ropеan was аlso
h с ampionship
intгoduсеd
for womеn
in | 957, going to Pat
the greatеst с nсеivably Smythе, who is o Bri womаn rider thе spoгt hаs produсеd . tain has dominatеd this titlе ovеI thе yеars (until it was amalgamatеd with the mеr is so than Pat, title in 1975), but noonе morе who aсh iеvеd .Whеna hattriсk in 1961_63 on
admit women wеr е first ted to olympiс show jumping, Pаt Smythе and Flanаg an wеr e in thе tеam in Stoсk and И itе holm, 1956, togеt her with Wilf \ h and thеy took thе bronzе Pеt еr Robeson' and I taly. еh Ь ind Germany аn d Flanagan wеr e baсk in Pat Smуt hе фе British squad four уeаr s latеr in Romе, togеt her with anothеr of thеir sex, Dawn Flanаg an.
\ 0Иofford,
nёе
Palеt horpe.
Thе
brilliant
young David Broomе joined them in the I ndividual on Sunsalvе, а horse hе hаd riddеn to viсt ory in thе I (ngis Cup within of fust trying him, and now took two wееk s and thе bronzе. I t was I taly's day, howеv еr
Four of the world's leading international show jumpers. above far left: CapL Raimondo d,| nzeo and TаI ky. Cаp t. d,| п zeo won two world tit| es and With his brother Piero hаs formed the baсkbone of the ltа| ian team for some twentУ с ptаin уears. above: United states team a с mpeting at the I nternationaI Frank Chаp ot o Horse Show in London. He was a finalist in the ,l974 аt WorI d Championships he| d in Hiсkstead. above right: AI win Sсh oсk emсihI e of Germany, goI d medа| | ist аt the Montreal с rring baсk troubI e this o| ympiсs. Due to гeu greаt o с mpetitor has now retired from the show jumping arena. right: David Broome of Great Britain, who won the World Championships in 1970 on Douglas Bunn's fine horse Beethoven. He is aI so joint masteг of his I oсaI fox hunt in Wa| es, the Cuгr e, whiсh oсu с pies muсh of his time duгing winter months.
took thе Gold and his с uld Piero, the silver. Thеir tеam o
Raimondo dI rи eo brottrеr ,
finish only third bеh ind Gеr many, in and Thiеdemann wеr е whiсh \ 0Иinklеr joinеd bу anothеr dеstinеd for thе highest who, hav honours' Alwin Sсh oсkеm iс hlе,
ing bееn
rеsеr ve
for oЬ th
the
show
jumping and Tfuее Day tеams four vЕ еn t yеars earlier, was making his debut. Alwin, aftеr winning this tеam gold, wеn t thтough an aggravating seriеs of individuаl neaт misseS for majoг titlеs, for thе and twiсе third timеs sеo с nd thrее
and fourth for thе World in uЕ ropeаn , 1970 behind Dаv id Broome. He finallу broke his duсk in 1975 in thе fiгst running
SHOW JUMPI NG
Amateur Championship (until thеn Profеssionals and Amatеu гs foг all FЕI titlеs), аn d alikе wеr е еligiblе thе olympiс Gold in thеn wеn t on to tаkе o М ntreal. Hе did not havе a t'rorsе good his oс untry's tеаm in еn ough to mаkе was joined yЬ Tokyo, wheге \ 0Иinklеr Sсf uidde аn d I (urt Jаr asinski, IЕ еr man provеd good еn ough to с llеtс ively who o а Gеr man hattriсk of tеаm o с mplеt е his tеam tаkе thе golds. f/ oriola hеlpеd
of thе uЕ ropеan
silvеr ,
u Ь t for
himsеlf
it had to bе the gold,
riding a horsе who had only madе
his
intеr national dеb ut that samе sеason. tеam at thе с With doriola in the Frеnh Tokyo Gamеs, was a giгl, only 18 yеars old, whose brillianсe was on a par with his, (now Janou Tissot). Shе Janou Lefёb vге wеn t
on to takе
anothеr
tеam
silvег
М in еx thrее tо be hеld.
I (athy I (usneг, ttrе Ameriсan in thе Dublin giгl, with two viсt oriеs o с nfidently Grand Prix to hеr гсеdit, was Ь t to takе this first l0foгld tidе' u ex1rеtс ed
Continеn t.
o с uld finish only seсond
a brilliant Stеinkraus, who lс imаxеd giving thе Unitеd Statеs their yЬ individц al showjumping gold. first еvеr wаs с mpеt ition the tеam o с ursе for Thе o
аг с е r
gеn erally
с ampionships women's \ DИorld h Thе first of thеse was in 1965 at Hiсkstead'
bеa с use
of thе
whiсh
produсed
ground that Douglas Bunn had With in Sussеx fivе уеars еагliеr . and its еxiс ting peгm anent oЬstaсlеs it hаs had a gradually improved faсilitiеs, profound effеtс on showjumping in nЕ g that с ursе land' introduсing thе soгt of o found on the had prеviously on1y bееn
as onе
o с ndеm nеd
for an Olympiс
еv еr
thе
Coakеs
a М rion
ес Ь mе pony Strollеr . This pаir had just o horsе the youngest rider and thе smallеst Cup. to win thе Quеen lЕ izabеt h of Hiсkstеad was to provе thе hаp piеst hunting gгounds for fulaгion аn d Sш ollег, where thеy also won thе British Jumping latег. Thеy аlso won thе two yеаr s Dеrу Ь in 1968 bеh ind Bill silvеr medal in Ntеxiсo
iсo, and holds two of thе only
foundеd
to
(now Nlarion Ntould) and her brilliant
of thе
Gamеs,
awkward plaсing
worst
primаr ily с , of fеn еs
somе
аstronomiсal I t was finally won by the Canadians sсorеs. with I 2О /з + fаu lts. By oс ntrast Gеr many _ с rd won in Tokyo with 68И _ itsеlf a rеo
с ursе in М niсh with З2' Thе o and in u one, u М niсh was a muсh morе sensiblе although still demanding еn ough. Thе iп sizе had to е Ь rеd uсed o с ursе o М nш еаl of the torгential rain whiсh neaгly bеing run in thе thе o с mpеt ition main olympiс stаd ium at all. thе dеb atе whеt hеr Thеr е has long bееn olympiс oс ursе should bе of a sеt pattern'
a ес Ь usе Show jumping is one of the few sports where с mpete on equа| terms; аn d men аn d women o as the men. с ssfuI the women are just as suсe / eft: Marion MouI d аn d Dun| ynne cI eaгing thе Hiсksteаd Water in immaсu | ate style. She wi| | alwаys be гemembered foг heг unique paгt nership with the great | ittle pony StгoI | er on whom she won an o| ympiс silveг meda| in Bil| Mexiсo. below far / eft: Ameriсаn Steinkraus desсending the formidabI e Derby Bank. He was a go| d medа| Hiсksteаd middte.. У pics.below Winner atthe Mexiсo oI m Kathy Kusneг, one of Ameriсa's I eading Woman jumpers. She also hаs a keen interest in raсing. bеlow гight: Frenсh rider Janou Тissot, former women,s show,iumping wor| d с mpeting in the 1968 shown here o h с аm pion, Championships at. Hiсkstead, Bгitain,s on| у permаn ent outdoor show jumping аr enа.
prevеn tеd
than lеf t to thе loсal oс urse tеst thеr e is a dеsigner. As it is thе suprеm е in fаvour of suсh a proposi lot to bе sаid аr е , aftеr raсеs for аt hletiс tion. Thе ш aсks u Ь t this doеs all, uniform to a large dеgrее, from thе еxiс tе not in thе lеast dеt гatс It mеn t' nor make winning any еasiеr . of luсk thе elеm еn t would hеlp еliminatе аn d makе for а fairеr геsult. to among o с ursе buildеr s Thе tendеnyс
ratlrеr
ereсt o с ursеs
highеr , moгe dеm anding еv еr for thе major hс ampionships'
an advаn tage to those, suсh as the Gеr mans, with big, powerful hoгsеs, rаt hеr than giving sсope for thе skilful rideг to
givеs
o с mpеn satе
for anу laсk in his horsе' s
makeup. This is a fashion whiсh may, and onе hopеs wi1l, swing thе otlrеr way. o с m I t was in 1'975 that all еq uesш ian petitions аm opеn foг men аn d ес Ь e Womеn . This madе sensе, for in the olyn.
piс Gamеs thе o с mpеt itions
wеr е
mixed,
out аn d thе women, though numеr iсally showеd thеir mеr it геp еatedly numbегed, с ntage of thе medаls' by taking a largе peгe с angеs I t was in that samе yеaг also, that h sеp aratеd с ampionships to thе vaгious h
amateuгs from profеssionals. Thus thе Alwin won yЬ uЕ ropеаn h с ampionship, Sсh oсkеm 6h1e,
wаs for аm atеu гs
on1y, as a
arguing, no aftеr somе British riders took paгt . Thе British fеd еr a tion was thе only one whiсh hаd tаken to .put thеir Philip s striсt urеs Prinсе housе in ordеt ' sеr iously, rс eaming off tlrе so, of their ridеr s into profеs top sсorе or at а с untrу sional status аn d putting thе o с mpеt i gI еat disadvantage in olympiс o tion. The World Profеssional Champion ship that should havе eЬ en hеld in 1975 refusеd to allqп the FЕI was not' beсeusе
result of whiсh ,
109
sн 0W
JUMP| NG
their namе to it. I t that thе flц id situation will itsеlf аg ain' into .Opеn i oс mpeti rеsolvе savе in thе Olympiс tions evеr ywhеr е, Gamеs, ovеr whiсh thе FЕI doеs not havе thе sponsors seеm s likеly
to appеn d
thе final say. Onе
day thеy too may
be opеn
a long way off. but that is surеlу viсt ory in thе Although Sсh oсkеm ohlе' s 1975 аm аt еu r h с ampionship was a fаiгly lЬ oodlеss one, with his oс mpatriots also filling thе minor plaсеs, he undoubtеdly
was hеld
to win thе Thе I ndividual
pеr formanсе
gave a supеr lаt ivе
Gold еd М al
in N{ onш еal. in thе stadium
at Bfomont, somе
70km (43 miles) from N4.ontrеal, on a dirt a lot ofrаin. sц r fаес whiсh rodе dеep aftеr Ovеr
two big o с ursеs,
thеr е
was onlу
round h еас timе, both His hoгsе was Sсh oсkemсihlе.
lс еar
gold with two lс ears.
ever to wiтr an ol1тn piс
Bеa с usе
of thе
unеxpeсt ed
and during thе Games, on с usе had not bееn drainеd eЬ a
bеf ore
whiсh aftеr wards
thеr е wеr е
onе
from thus first
rаinfall ground it wаs
to havе аn artifiсial surfaсе, last doubts until thе vеr у
minutе whеt her or not it would bе possiblе jumping therе. Luсk ilу to hold thе tеam just in suffiсiеn tlу геlеn tеd thе wеathеr in sizе, the с urse was reduсеd timе; the o
final fеnе,с
whiсh
should havе еnЬ
a
and thе o с mpеt i and с tion wеn t on. At halfivaу, the Frеnh levеl in the lеad' thе Germаn tеams wеr е pеn dulum slightly tippеd in favour of thе qualtet' and although a Frеnh с o с nsistеn t would havе by Sсhoсkеm < ihlе lс еar anothеr team gold for Gеr many, lс inсh еd Thus Franсе hас ievеd с . they hit twб fеn еs а douЬle,
treblе bеa с mе
fiгst showjumping tеam gold in Olуm piс history. Thе British, labouring undеr thе handi a с p of hаving most of their top гiders
thеir
inеligiЬlе
a ес Ь usе
of thеir profеssional
running. I t is to bе donе, doubtful if аn ything is likеlу to leinstatе thеm ' whiсh thе I oC еithеr status, never got into thе
havе '
iу i"l
ii
iil llt Ir
refusеd
to o с untenаnе'с
or to еq ualizе
bу making their main rivals alsо turn profеssional. an indi Showjumping is еssеn tiallу spirit tеаm vidual sport, but to еnoс uragе Cup in inш odцe с d thе Prеsidеn ds the FЕI с o с untry's six bеst 1965. I t is basеd on еah results in Nations Cups throughout thе arе season. Five points are givеn if thеr е Ь at leаsl or fewеr (therе havе to e fivе tеаm s for а Nations Cup), six for six tеams, thrее с nfining for sеven or morе. Bу o and sеvеn с цnt tс that o o с mpеt itions the numЬеr of с untlies whiсh hаvе a long wаy tс six, thе o too muсh oс m Eavеl arе not pеn alizеd nations parеd with thе еn uЕ ropеаn с ш al с n gеt to many offlсial I nternation who a So fаl als with littlе diffrсu lty or еxpеn sе. Ь n dominatеd bу the Prеsident's Cup has еe and thе Unitеd States. Britain, Gеr manу mattеr s
Two of Britain,s top internationа| showjumpers. fop: Ann Moore on April Love' bottomi Pat smУt he on F| anagan, with whom she mаd e history, аt the height с reer, аs the first womаn rideг of heг | ong a to o с mpete in the oI ympic Games at ,| 956 when her teаm Won the Stoсkho| m in bronze mеdа| .
I Ht lltн t tuAY
. Pеn аltiеs
с mpеt i For most sports, intеI national o tion got under way with thе foundаt ion of by Bагon thе modеr n olympiс movеm еn t
dе CouЬertin
in
1896, but еquеstrian
l.
vЕ еn d term .Tfuее Day vеr y inadеquate for an еxiс ting,
is
с lls on thе full еxhilarating sport whiсh a range of a horsе' s ability and his ridе1s skill. Though thе nаm e implies somе form of thrееf old oс mpеt ition' it divulgеs nothing of the qualitiеs to eЬ tеstеd. vЕ еn t was dеsignеd Thе Thrее Daу originally as a trial for military hс argеr s' and was in faсt known as thе .Мilitaц / . с arger w€ Thе rеq uirеm еn ts of a h r e that he long dis с ver sometimеs should bе fit to o travеl ovеr tanсеs at a good avеI agе speed, open o с untry jumping whatevеr oЬstaсlеs Ь bold enough to stood in his path and e
hazаr ds at whiсh his rider prеsеn ted him. For his part, the ridеr a really fit horsе to produсе had to bе 1аЬ е and kееp him that way) to know just how muсh hе o с uld ask of his mount and judge с mbination of or o exaсt ly the right paсе'
ц n kown
taсklе anу
paсes'
_ bцt
с his to reаh
target safеlу
and quiсk ly
without exhausting his horse, а nеw day would bring frеsh
bеаu с se dеm ands.
Thе forе,
hard o с re of thе .Nlilitaqy', thеге test at working was an еn duгanсе
with a sеtс ion
pае'с
nеg otiating
aсr oss
natural obstaсles,
o с untrу and gener
Ь o с ursе to e с asе somе form of steеp lеh Later, a drеssagе test was аt speеd . с argeis physi added to dеm onstratе тh е h
аlly
riddеn
a с l dеvelopment,
his mastеr y
' and obеdiеnес
paсеs
of thе
to his
bаsiс ride1s
unspoken o с mmands. Finally therе was a simplе showjumping tеst) to rеpгesеn t thе must eЬ fit lifе to whiсh a h с argеr еvеr yday to return' еvеn аf tеr an еxeс ptionally dеm anding еxеr iс sе. The arts of military еq uitation have long and admiгеd on thе o с nti bеen praсt isеd аn d for mаn y yeаr s this was nеn t of u Е ropе striсt ly a o с ntinental sport. Franсe's milit ary aсadеm у of equitation at Saumц r still tradition, maintains thе highеst a с valry while thе Spanish Riding Sсh ool in Vien na is famous to this day for its u с ltivаt ion of lс аssiсаl еq uitation, using thе whitе Lipiz zanеr stаllions thеy havе used for gеn еr a tions.
Thе British possiblу beсausе thеir
thе small, stoсky, hardy, nativе hoгsеs wеr e Mountain and N{ oorland brееds _ had no
suсh l0Иith
ridе
tradition of highsсh ool equitation. с uld lс imatе they o thеir tеm pеr atе outofdoors thloughout the yеar
and
hunting was their nаt ional еquеstrian sport. I 0и'hеn they did import Arabian morе rеf inеd horsеs to found the fleеt еr , Thoroughbred strаin, it was for the headiеr delights ofraсing, both oп thе flаt and ovеr fеnеsс .
all hoгsemen.
for thе olympiс
nЕ ш iеs
еq uеstrian
from thе military eхlс usivеly аt fust, u Ь t gradually iс vilians took part known vЕ еn t bеa с me too. Thе Thrее Day as thе .сonсours Compled' oI oс mplеt e and today hardly a militаr y o с mpеt ition, rank is to eЬ found amongst the oс m
еvеn ts were
pеu tors.
Thе form of the Conсours Complеt
was
thе wars it first' uЬ t betweеn settlеd down into morе or less thе form in с mpеt itols) whiсh wе know it now. Thе o mц st following еahс othеr in suсеsс sion, tests on thrее thгеe diffеr еn t undеr tаkе
fаirly fluid
аt
days. These arе: sеp aratе (i) Drеssagе _ a sеt programmе of somе
20 differеn t
movemеn ts
to eЬ
trot or a с ntег'
trons).
_ a fourphasе (ii) Spеed and еn duranсе test o с nsisting of: Phasеs A and C hеld over roаd s аn d traсks totalling 1020 km (6_12 milеs)
Ь to e
riddеn
с nter; Phase B, the trot or slow a roughly 24kгт: . o с ursе, stееp lеh с ase (1_2.5 milеs) long with 812 fenсеs, to е Ь
гiddеn
аt
rс ossсountry
at a
D, a thе gallop; Phаsе e Ь tweеn o с ursе'
58 km (35 miles), with 2032 fixed to bе riddеn dt thе gаllop.
obstaсlеs,
and for exсеeding
llorses аr е
thе
suЬm ittеd
timе allowеd .
to a veterinary
с mpeti inspeсt ion bеf orе the staгt of thе o tion, anothеr during the speеd and еn dur thе show anсе tеst аn d а final onе bеf ore jumping test on the last day. Thе samе all three с mplеt e horsе and ridеr havе to o tests and the o с mpetitor with thе lowеst is the winner. I n a tеam total pеn altiеs
o с mpetition,
thеr е
may bе
tfuее
tеаm
or fouг, and it is thе thrеe bеst final final sсorеs that o с unt for thе tеam's plaсing. The sсalе of mаr ks weights thе valuе of for drеs thе thrее tеsts in thе ratio ofthrее mеm bеr s
sagе, 12 for speеd and enduranсe, and onе the for jumping. lDИh ilst thе гu lеs lay down and thе dimеn sions spееd s and distаnеsс , and o с ndtions thе o с ursе of the oЬstaсles'
с nform should bе so planned as to o
аs
to this ratio. as praсt iсable с nfront Although this is thе aЬ siс task o
lс osеly
it is ing a Tfuее Day vЕ еп t o с mpеt itor, only thе bеg inning. No two events с mpetition is аr е alike; the еssеnес of thе o in whiсh it is sеt thе natural o с untryside rеallу
of mеd ium
pеr formеd аt thе walk, x 20 m in in an arеn а 60 of lvlaгks aге аw aгd ed by a pаn еl aгеa. judgеs, who assеss fluenсу and thтeе balanсе, of pеr formanсе, aсu с rаус in impulsion' гh уt hm аn d supplеn еss thе horsе, as wеll as the ridеt 's seat аn d appliсation of thе aids (or direс
diffiсu lty,
phasе.
еah с
Penаltiеs arе inсu r 10_12 obstаlс еs. red for fаlls or refusals at thе oЬstaсles
Hе valuе _ that of
rеalizеd their trеm еn dous .Мilitart' in partiсu lar _ in stimulаt ing the intеr еst and improving standards of еq uita tion аn d horsemastеr ship, and hе saw thе of sprеading Gamеs as a mеаn s olуm piс to e ь yond aгm y iс rсles this impгovеm ent
or
(iii) Showjumping _ a o с ursе of 700900m (7501000yds) with
to thе I (ing of Swеdеn .
thе IЕ orsе
rш
еx е d с ing
for fаlls
are inсu rrеd
I
and for at thе oЬstаlс еs thе minimum timе
allowеd for
not intгoduсed to thе Games events wеr е ц n til 1912, in Stoсkholm, largеly at the of instigation of Count von Rosеn , Mastег
f
rеf usals
tvtN
aп d this, of o с ursе, a с n vary еn ormously. Bеsidеs thе tуp е ofterrain, thеr е arе аlways variations in thе statе of the going, thе _ and that altitudе, thе lс imatе, фе wеathеr The is all quite apart from thе oЬstaсlеs. pегm utаt ions and thе horsе arе еn dlеss с pe with them all, must eЬ fit and bold to o as hе gallops and jumps ovеr а o с ursе hе has nеv еr sеen bеf ore. of bеing Thе ridеr hаs thе аdvаn tagе the daу before, allowed to walk thе o с urse to аssеss thе proЬlems it posеs аn d dеiс dе
how to taсklе
them
in thе light of
his
is a tough sport. Here the rider is about to tаke a bath in the wаt er jump, one of the formidab| e obstaс| es on the гсoss o с Uп t гУ o с urse at Goodwood in Susseх.
vЕ enting
тHE тHREЕ. DAY EvENт
horse's partiсu lar
аp с aЬilitiеs. IЕ е
work out thе spеed, thе
linе
must
of approaсh
to
point and thе anglе and еxtас at whiсh to lump it (thеr е is oftеn a h с oiсе, with one аlternative perhaps еasier but more timeсonsuming than anoтh er). He must not bе tеm ptеd to ridе thе stееp le h с asе faster thаn neсessarn or hе will takе too muсh out of his horse too еaгlу in thе day, and hе must keep up a good stеady paсе on thе rс ossсountry, taking thе jumps in his horsds stгide without any pеn alty. waste of timе, if hе is to esсapе bе The hoгsе maу tiring yЬ thеn and it will take all thе ridе1 s strеn gth and skill to get him safelу round without unduе еf fort. Both horsе аn d rider must bе supremеlу an obstaсlе,
fit, With steady nеr ves and oс nsidеr aЬlе o с uragе' аn d thе grеatеr thе experiеnес they a с n mustеr _ preferаb ly in paгt nership _ аn d thе gleatеr theiг murual undеr stаn d ing аn d o с nfidenсе, thе bеt tеr .
pеr sonal There is a notаlЬ e absеnес of rivаlry amongst o For thеm thе с mpеt itors. h с allenge liеs in the o с ursе гather thаn the othеr o с ntestants' and it is with thе o с urse his own o са unt. that еah с onе must sеt tlе Furthеr morе, viсt ory for thе teаm is, in gеn еr al, prized than muсh morе higЫу
individuаl
suсe с ss.
Thе roаds and traсks for Phases A аn d C, elemеn t, whiсh o с nstitutе the enduranсе
аr e
perfeсt lу
straighdorward. So
is
thе
stееp lеh с аsе o с urse for Phasе B, although fеne с may thе dеf inition of a stееp lеh с ase vary in diffеr ent o с untriеs. Thе rс ux oс mes in Phаsе D, the rс oss o с untry. Foг this the traсk maу bе flat or steеp , and the oЬstaсlеs arе fixеd , solid in appеaranсe аn d built of thе sш ongest mat еr ials. Thе stronger аn d morе solid thе thе more inviting and rеassuring oЬstaсlе, it will appеаr to thе horsе, and thеr еf ore the safеr it will е Ь to jump. Also, eaсh obstаlс е
must bе аb lе
ships in Normаn dy in 1969. The Hеlsinki Stеp s _ rails forming thе outlinе of stеp s dropping down a hillsidе _ first appearеd in thе 1952 ol1тn piс Gamеs, whilе the Trakеh ner a tall postandrails sеt in thе bottom of a ditсh is familiar in Gеr many. An I rish Bank _ а high bank whiсh is too big to fly at а single lеap, so that thе horse on thе top, _ hаs to touсh down fleеt inglу to a horsе thаt аn с bе very disсonсerting As aс n be seen, hаs nevеr met onе bеf ore. evеr y o с untry has its own stylе of obstaсles arе suге to and thе more distinсt ivе onеs soonеr or latеr , in thе rеp еr find a plaсе, с ц r sе builders. toire of ottrer o at vЕ еn t, Thе first Olympiс Tfuее Day Stoсkholm in L9L2' startеd with spеed and followed by thе show endurаnес tеsts, jumping. The dтеssagе a с me last. Swеd еn
won both thе tеam and individuаl gold did again at Antwеr p, in
to withstand the assault of for wind and wеather, so that it is thе sаm е as it was for thе tlrе hundrеd th o с mpеt itor
mеd als, as shе
fust.
seсond
Thе o must o с ntrivе с ursе buildеr to tеst thе ridе/ s judgеm ent and nегvе, and thе horsе' s sсopе' o and obеd iеne с , but с uragе without making any unnatural dеm аn ds or springing any unfair surprisеs. IЕ is o с uгsе must produсе Ь t must a worthy winner, u not destroу thе losers and it is uп d oubtеd ly a joЬ whiсh a с lls for speсial skill аn d great is expеr ienсe. Like any othеr rс аf t that exposed to o с nstant o с mparison and rс iti a с l inspeсt ion, o с ursе building in general is improving all thе timе and thе intеr nа tional standаr d is now vеr y high indеed. havе e Ь o с me Cеr tаin obstaсlеs bywords in the sport and will bе found in moге or lеss thе с urses. Thе samе form on many o
Coffin' at Badminton, is one and oс m prisеs a narrow trough at thе bottom of a with a postandrails on both banks, eЬ fore аn d aftеr . The Tгout Hatсh еr y' at Burghlеy, is another a pool approaсh еd downhill, with a trее trunk oг rails to bе jumpеd on the waУ in or out, or
Normandy Bank, whiсh
is
a
jump up on to a flat bank with a rail on thе еd gе of the drop on the far sidе, was
unknown bеf orе tlre
tt2
uЕ ropeаn Champion
replaсed
by a
For thе 1924 Gamеs in Paris,
the o с m first, and show speеd and еn duranсе seсond jumping lаst. Holland managed to brеаk grip and won both team and Swеd еn 's shapе as thе petition wе know today, with drеssagе
Tfuее Day
vЕ ent took
individц al
o с mpetitions. с rd numЬеr of 20 nations took part A rеo at Amstеr dam in 1928' inсluding Japan, Argentine and thе Unitеd Statеs. onсе again, Holland won both titlеs' the indi vidual gold mеd al going to Lt. C. P. dе o М rtangеs on .Nlarсr oix, who together sеt yеt rЬ okеn , by winning с rd nеvеr up a rеo again in Los Angelеs in 1932. On that
oсаsс ion rеsеn tеd ,
widе ditсlц
both. Thе
1920, when the dтеssagе was tеst. endurаne с
ous o с st
only six nations wеr е
rеp
proЬably bеa of the enorm с usе to uЕ ropеan o с untries of trans
porting thеir tеams halfwаy round the Stаt es took the gold in world. Thе Unitеd
at the BurghI ey Тh reeDay mp into the Wаt er is a good test of the horse,s obedienсe and tгUst in his ridеr .
тh e тr out Hatсh ery ju
Event. Тh e
с tly the London Games, in 1948, thе rееn h с argеd formed British IЕ orsе Soсiеt y wаs
with thе orgаn izаt ion of thе TfuеeDaу vЕ ent аt Aldеr shot thе first time Grеat Thе Britаin had ever hеld suсh an еvеn t. Unitеd Statеs won thе tеam oс mpеt ition and Capt. Chеv allier, of Franсe, the indi vidual' but this was а turningpoint for Bri tain in thе history of thе sport. aЬsеnес с mpletе of Despitе the o Britain hаd ThrеeDay vЕ еn t baсkground, got along well еn ough so far, rеrс uiting for еah с Gamеs as аr mу tеаm s аlong. But in 1948 thе Duke of с е М ster of thе IЕ orsе, аm Bеаu fort, thеn a с nсlusion ttrat this was a sport at to the o whiсh British hoгsеs and riders ought to at thе next eхe с l' IЕ е was dеt еr mined that Gamеs in Hеlsinki in| 952, Britаin would put up a teаm whiсh was not only pгopеr ly gainеd somе ехp еr ienсe trainеd , uЬ t hаd at and ш aining
thеy a с me
the gamе
befoге bеing thrown international arеn a.
into thе
The park of the Dukе of Bеaufort's home at Badminton, in Glouсеstегshire, o с vеr еd somе of thе finest open o с untry in nЕ glаn d, аn d аs ViсePaш on of thе British Horse Soсiеt y' hе invitеd
thе B.H.S. to
hold a nаt ionаl Thrее Dаy thеr e in vЕ еn t thе spring of L949.I t was to be аlс lеd thе
.olympiс IЕ orsе Trials'. Thе еvеnt attraсt ed а grеat dеal of interest and
quiсkly
e Ь a с mе
popular, so muсh
so in
faсt , that it turnеd
into а highly suсe с ssful annual fixturе and soon gаinеd a rеp ц t a tion as the forеm ost ThreeDay vЕ еn t in
thе world.
As a
гesult, Britаin
was to
аm ongst thе o с mpеt itors.
с ntеn der, Olympiс o with more intеr national honours in Tfuее Day any othеr o с un vЕ еn ts to hеr rс еd it than ш y, аn d rеg arded as an authoritу both on dеsign and organization in gеn еr al. o с ursе But baсk in 1'952, a small aЬ nd of British riders and horsеs who had shown up wеll in national еvеn ts wеr е sеn t for sеvеr аl
both tеam and
months of o с nсentrated
the tеam
evеn t.
At Berlin in
1936, thе
rс ossсountry
o с urse was a partiсu larly stiff onе and the a pond, with sloping bed fourth obstаlс е, аn d swollen with rain, aс used havoс
Germany won individual eold mеdals. For
beсome
a
lеading
trainins under thе
ТHt
of Capt. Tony Collings (winnеr Badminton)' at his riding of the sеo с nd establishmеn t at Porloсk , in Somersеt . Two yеагs later, Capt. Collings was trаg i Comеt s, a с lly killed vrhеn onе of thе еarly in whiсh hе was ш avelling on a lеtс uгing
dirеtс ion
аn d
judging tour' rс ashеd
into
thе howеvеr ,
I n his lifеt imе' on influеnес tтеm endous in Grеat Britain and Thrее Day vЕ еn ting amongst thе sport's must take his plаес
еd М itеr гanean.
he had a foundеr s.
Thе British lеy,
Bеr tiе
Hill
tеam at н еlsinki and Lauгenсе
(Rеg
Hind
Rook) put up
good show, but Laurеnес RooКs put his foot in a holе horsе unfortunatеlу towards thе еn d of thе rс ossсountry с nсu ssed in thе o с ursе and his ridеr was o thе fall. Rook гemounted аn d o с mplеt ed ttrе wrong sidе of the o с urse, but pаssеd I n тh osе finishing post and was еliminatеd . to enter o с untry was аllowеd dаys h е ас so this put thе only thrее o с mpеt itors, wholе tеam out of thе running. Swеdеn rеg ained both teаm and individual titlеs, their gold mеd аllist bеing Baron Elans von а vеr y
the team, who finished sеvеn th. This was a rеdlettег Yeaг for Britain on thеir nеw found suсeс ss, sеvеr al o с unts:
proof that girls o с uld hold their own in what had been regarded hithегt o as too tough a game for them, and thе еm ergеnес Hill' Frank as a tеam of three ridеr s, Bеr tiе I D7еldon and Lаu rеn ес Roo\ who, apart suсеsс s' с rd of ftom thеir outstanding rеo weге all to plаy a leading part in thе world. Hill was to pro Thrее Day vЕ еn t duсe some superb hoгsеs and trаin manу of futurе gеn еr ations; thе lеading ridеr s of с ptain thе British team Wеldon was to a a and a ес Ь me с mpеt ing whеn he gavе up o o с urses world аu thority oп rс ossсounEy took ovеr the dirес whеn he suЬsеq uently
tion of Badminton, and Rook was beсome
h с аirman
of thе spoгt 's
to
govегn ing
delegаt е с niсal o Ь dy in Britain and the tеh I ntеr nationalе Е uеstrе of thе Fёd 6ration q and Olу m at manу offiсiаl h с ampionships
piс Gamеs.
I n 1955, the uЕ ropеan Chаm pionships held at l07indsor, bу invitation of
wеr е
HRH Queen lЕ izabеt h
I I . Britain suсe с ss tеam tidе with thе samе
Blixеn Fineсke'
fully dеf еn ded
hеr
Thе suggеstion wаs then put forward Championship should bе thаt a u Е ropeаn and Badmintoп hеld in nonOl1тn piс у е аr s to bе the fiI st to hold it' in 1953. was аskеd Sadlу, Badmintorris April datе proved too o с un Е гopean еarly in the yеar foг most u rеally fit horsеs, and only triеs to produсе
аn d
a с гr iеd
Wеldon
off thе individual
plaсe was a h с ampionship. I n sevеn tееn th youngstеr from Lanсashiл е who had won
йе
Shеila Pony Club hс аm pionships, Willсox on High And iМ ghty. I n thе Olympiс Gаm es at Stoсkholm in 1956 Britаin s hopes wеr e high and theу
Switzеr land and lrеland, apaгt from thе a team' so the аb le to raisе hosts, wеr е h с аm pionship was аb andonеd . That аu tumn, the B'H.S. startеd up an аu tumn ThreeDay Evеn t at llarеw ood, in Yoгkshirе, bу permission of thе Prinсess
vеr y expегiеn еd с thrее rеp rеsеn tеd by mountеd on proven, aц d suсe с ssful ridегs, highquаlity horsеs. Thеy didn t havе it all
won, to М h с inGoodаll Royal. Vivien a thе first lаd y winnеr of a Threе bеo с mе Day vЕ еn t. to I n 1954, Switzегland voluntееr еd hold thе h с ampionships and put on an еv еn t of high standard аt Baslе. Britain s Bеr tie Hill wаs the Winnеr and British rid
but theу с uгsе) , went on to finish thе o a lс еar lead whiсh thеy еstablishеd
plaсеs, so four out of thе nеxt siх as wеll. thе tеam h с аm pionship thеу took the first lady ridеr s to Among thеm wеге
еr s fillеd
o с mpеt e in аn offiсial international h с ampionship _ Margarеt Hough, who finished sixtЬ аn d Diana аsМ on riding for
wеr e
thеiг own way
tvtNТ
Championships, in whiсh for thе fust timе. Bгi
thе u Е ropеаn
the U.S.S.R. еn tеr еd
tаin's sв r
had wanеd , and Gеr many won h с ampionship and Switzeгland's thе individual, on а Hans Sсh warzenbaсh puгh с asеd ftom Frank Wеl hoгse hе hаd hаd suffеr еd don. I n thе intеr im, l0Иеldon thе tragiс loss of his grеat horsе I (ilbarry, who had broken his neсk in falling at an in a onе day еvent fenсе innoсеn tlooking thе tеam
at homе. I n 1960, Ausш alia sеn t a possе of horsеs and riders to trаin foг six months in Britain
Gаm es in before taсk ling thе Olympiс Romе. Thеy joinеd thе iс rсu it of national Ь t horsе trials, as thеy had done in 1956, u Bill Roy suсеsс s. this timе with mаr kеd wеn t гсoft won аt Bаd minton, and thе tеаm thе gold mеd al in Romе (Bill on to a с pturе Royсr oft
was tаkеn
rЬ oken o с llarbonе
to hospital with aftеr thе
a
rс ossсountry,
doсt ors' ordеr s to ridе in thе showjumping nеx t day). Austrаlia's Lauriе o М rgan won thе individual gold
but dеf iеd
mеd al
and his o с mpatгiot,
t} rе silver.
Thе
Neal Lаvis took
ottrеr s wеn t
homе
to
Austrаlia aftеr wards, but Morgan rеt urnеd Е gland, to ride in thе Grand Nationаl to n
and win at Badminton thе
following
sprш g. A new Thrее Dаy vЕ еn t was staгt еd up Е е М rquеss of x at Burghley, homе of thе a of thе ter, in 1961, to takе thе plaсе IЕ arеw ood еvеn t, whiсh had lс osеd down. I t wаs won by Annеli DrummondЕI ay on thе gгeat horsе with егlМ yAМonarсh , in whiсh she wеn t on to win at Bаd mintoп
(Bеr tie HilГs Counгy man rain аn d got hung up
a suсеsс sful с mе | 962 and then to bеo intеr natioп al show.jumpеr . I n | 962,
and
of the uЕ ropеan Burghley was thе sсеn е won yЬ the Championships, whiсh wеr е U's.s.R.' thе individual hс ampion bеing Britain's Jamеs Tеm pler.
slippеd in the hеavy on a trakehnеr fеnе,с
retainеd
ТHL п Е DAY
to thе еn d.
but was salvаg еd
So Britain won heг first
gold mеd al, whilе Frank l0Иеldon took thе individual bronzе. Sweden's tеam
Kastеn man
In
L957
won thе individual gold medal.
Britain won the uЕ ropean
' Chаm pionship Shеila
!0Иillсox
at Copеnhagen, on High And
whеr е
iМ ghty
с ampion. She madе thе fust lady h history again in 1958, with hет third suс viсt ory аt Badminton. еsс sivе I n 1959 Haгеw ood was thе sеt ting foг
beсamе
left The first stage of the ThreeDay Event is the dressage test. Heгe Bгu ce Davidson and | гish Cap perform we| | at .l976 Bromont' Cаn adа, for the o| ympiсs. Below one of the greatest ТhreeDay Event horses, Mere| yaMonarсh , with AnneI i аt Hiсk steаd . Afteг DrummondHaУ o с mpeting winning аt BUrghI ey and Badmintoп they с ss. turned to show jumping With some suсe
Below
!* ffi
п
тнЕп DAY vЕ N Е т .'тHE
thе only .firsd by the British horsеs wаs thаt of flying ovеr the Noгt h Polе on thе nеw ly opened route to Tokyo! Riсh аr d Nleadе, frеsh fгom winning at BurgЫey, had led at
in а posi suс tion to sеn d a team of еxperienсеd , hoгsеs to the e с ssful ridеr s on topquality
the end of the spееd
еd с еn tеd
At thе 1964 olуm piсs,
sсorеd
аn d enduranсe
test round on thе
only to jump a disаsш ous finаl day. I taly won bottr tеam and vidual tit1еs.
indi
titlе
Britain s star was in thе asсendаn t onсе morе
Games. Thе o с urse at unprе аltitц d е in lVlехioс wаs not а
olympiс diffiсu lt
1968 she was аg аin
yЬ
аn d
one and was approvеd
as suсh
by
Bгitain's teсh niсal dеlеg ate Laurenсe the spееd аn d Rook. Halfiм аy thI ough
uЕ ropеan
enduranсe test tlre rain stаr ted to fall hеаvi ly, turning тh e o с uгsе into a quagmire and
in
fitting that Russia should win thе tеam h с ampionship at o М sсow 1965' whilе Polаn ds &larian Bar
the wаt еr
on Volt won thе individual, gаin ing this o с untrt's solе viсt ory in thе history of thе sport. Thе flrst l0Иorld Championships werе
Allhusen on Loсh invar was safеly round, but Jane Bullen's our NoЬb y (thе littlе horsе ttrat had won at Badminton in the
I t wаs
iЬ еr kес i
sсh еd ulеd for Burghley in 1966, u Ь t an pre outbreak of Afriсan Horsе Siсk nеss vеn ted thе movement of horses throughout
uЕ rope.
Nеvеr thеlеss,
I reland,
the
U.s.s.R. and the Unitеd Statеs ovеr aс mе the veterinary ban у Ь flying their horses dirеtс to n Е gland and a gallant band from Argentine made the mammoth journey by sеа, their horsеs rеg aining hеalth and vig quarantinе. our during a month' s enforсеd I t provеd worthwhilе' sinсe Argentine's М ratorio, Tokyo silver medallist, Carlos o put up а pеr formanсе worthy of thе first I D7orld Champion. I rеland, аlways а dash ing and joyous partiсipant in Threе Day vЕ ents) aсh ievеd the tеаm titlе at lаst, with Е diе Boуlаn , Tom their supеr b tеam of d
Brеn nan,
Pеn ny Moreton and Virginia
FreemanJаkс son.
I rеlands first internаt ional еvеn t wаs thе uЕ ropеan Championships, held at Punсh еstown, in L967 . The organization was good and thе hospitalitу
thе Argentinian teсh niсаl
genеr ous,
but
delеg atе had thought it еsЬ t to add an apron of gorsе to fеnе,с thе front of eaсh stеeplеh с asе with I relands dЕ diе Boylan disastroц s еf fеtс . won the individuаl titlе with Durlas iЕ le, on whiсh he had won Bаd minton two yеаr s earliеr , аn d Britain a с rried away thе team title.
jumps into torrents. Dеr ek
wеn t
Prinсеss
to something of an outsidеr , on Doublet. This brilliant
Annе
she wаs lаt er to losе in most distres sing iс rсu mstanсеs' the horsе brеaking a hind leg during gentlе еxerсisе at home. Dеspitе hеr suсеsс s at Burghlеy , Prinсеss
horsе
Annе
was oс nsidеr ed
insuffiсiеn tlу for thе olympiс Games at u М niсh in 1972. Thе British tеam, how еv еr , took thе gold mеd al, and Riсh ard expeгiеnеd с
еa М dе, sеr viсе
at last, аf tеr
many yеаr s'
sterling
spring) slippеd
in thе tеаm , won a welldеserved (and Britain's first) individual gold. This momеn t of triumph markеd the end of Britain's sеo с nd yс lс e of intеr na tional suсeс ss. Gеr many won thе tеam'
Bеn
and Russiа
and fеll twiсе. I t was lеf t to Jonеs on The Poaсh er and Riсh ard еa М dе on Cornishman V to perform epiс fеats of valour to bring thе tеam out on top. They took thе gold mеdаl and Allhusen thе individual silvеr , bеh ind Franсе's J. Guyon on Pitou.
with his ownеr '
Rеu nitеd
Gordon\ 07'atson, Cornishmаn
uЕ ropеan
аrМ y
won
thе
individuаl
h с ampionship at HarasduPin thе following year and Bri
tain thе tеam titlе' with what amounted to с nd her .sеo elevеn ', although it inсludеd Bеn Jonеs on The Poaсh er. These two greаt horsеs (who both have thе distinсt ion
to thе British tеam's viс intеr nationаl tory in fivе suсеsс sivе h с ampionships or Olympiс Games) again in 1970, for thе figured in thе tеаm World Championships at Punсh еstown' by Riсh аr d Thе Poaсh еr riddеn this timе of o с nш ibuting
.Nlеаd е.
An insubstantial fеneс oс nstruсt еd on с usеd а lot of thе brink of a shаr p drop a and oс llеtс еd at Punсh еstown trouЬlе muсh rс itiсism, but thе British tеam sur с ampionship and vivеd to win the tеam h a М ry GordonI Jfаt son, on Cornishman' thе
individual.
Britain won Championships at Burghley the following sulnrner, but thе individuаl Nobodу
thе u Е ropеan
was surprisеd whеn
Е ropеan titlе thе individual u
at
I (iеv in 1973' and thе Unitеd Statеs took the \ DTorld Championships by storm at BurgЫеy
1I :,I 974. Amегia с 's Bruсе
son) on I гish Cаp , won
thе
Dаvid
individual title.
Things perked up a bit for Britain in 1975' whеn Luсindа LuhmuЫen
at
PriorPalmer won on Bе Fair and Prinсess Anne was seсond on Goodwill, but thе team h с ampionship slipped from thе of thе first allgiл l tеam, lеaving the
to o с llеtс
thе
grаsp
USSR
lаu rеls.
The various phases of the ThreeDay Event. below left: Riсh ard Meade and Mаj . Derek AlI husen,s Lаu rieston in the show jumping ohase' below middle.' Тh e sаm e horse and с u rse at the M u niсh rider on the rс oss o с u ntrУ o o| ympiсs where they Won individua | а nd teа m go| d medаI s. below right: Here they both on their dressage phase. right.. o с nсentrate HRH Prinсess Anne and DoUblet at Badminton ,l97,l' in Thev were to win the uЕ ropean Championships at Burgh| eу | ater the sаm e yeаr . Тh reeDay Eventing is the o с mp| ete test с vers aI l aspeсt s of for hoгsе and rider, аs it o с I mness for horsemanshio: obedienсe аn d a the dressage on the first dаy ; bo| dness and on the seсond day; and speed aсr oss countгУ с urse on the third the abiI ity to jUmp a smaI l o and finа| dav.
Australia,s gold medаls in 1960. с nsis The Unitеd Statеs hаs had а vеr y o с rd right from the stаr t, tеn t olympiс rеo and thеir progI ammе of national fixtц r еs Canada is a kееn
dеa с dеs.
of
с uplе in thе last o
eп ormously
has gтown
pаr tiсipant
too.
and Argеn tina havе alwаys had а аn d thesе four ш аd ition strong еq uеstrian mainstay of thе havе been thе o с untriеs
e М xiсo
held at vЕ еn t, ThrеeDаy PanAmеr iсаn regular intеr vals sinсe 1955. Jаp an, too, has adoptеd tlre spoц though it has lеss oppoгt unity thаn most for intеr national o с mpeuuon. vЕ ent tradi thе TЬr е Day I n uЕ гo1rе,
to grow' notаb ly
tion has oс ntinuеd
in
Swеd en, Holland, Germany, Swiи еr lаn d, ups aп d Therе hаvе bееn I taly and Fгаnе.с
downs (in Swеd еn ,
Thтeе for instяnе'с for altogеt heг disappеarеd following a fatal aсiс almost a dеa с dе, genеr al devеlopment has dеn t), but тh е o с un Е ropеаn aЕ stern u beеn maintаinеd . thе followеd suit pаr tiсu lагly ш ies hаvе U.S.S.R., Poland, Bulgaria and Rumania.
Day vЕ еn ts
Top Ameriсan rider Mike
P| umb аn d his horse Better and Betterwel| through the Wаt er o с mp| ex at Bromont neаr Montreа| , 1976. Above aс pt' Mark Phi| | ips on Favour in the Lake аt Badminton'
Both thеse leading ladiеs wегe in thе Olympiсs in М ntrеal Bгitish team for t} rе o | 976, bllt Bе Fair slippеd a ligament on tеst, o с mpleting the spееd and еn durаnес in a fa| | o с nсu ssеd Prinсеss Arrnе was (though shе геm ountеd
аn d
o с mplеt еd
фе
аn d Hugh evеn t most rс еditаbly) Thomads horse broke down. OnlY с lVleade, riding аn inexperiеn еd Riсh аr d now iл his fourtlr с mPеt ing horsе and o to finish wеll up was аb lе olympiс Gаm еs,
thе linе,
in fourth plaсе.
Thе
muсh of tеam on tlre rс еst fanсied Unitеd Stаt еs took a riсt rly thе internationаl wаvе, and also thе team gold mеd аl, dеsеr vеd individual gold and silvеr by Tаd Coffin
Plumb rеspeсt ively. For Britаin tlren, ThreeDаy vЕ еn ting stаr ted with а bang in 1949. Badminton of prеParatory sparkеd off а suсеs с sion have grown onе day evеn ts and thеsе
аn d ,&likе
stеadily
in numЬеr ' еf fiсienсy
аn d
populaг
ity evеr sinсе. Controllеd by thе B'H.S.'s the spoгt Combinеd Trаining Committее, pгog has taken firm root, with a paсkеd гaп lmе of
and a гegistry of annuаl fiхt цr еs с mpetitors, most of whom of o
hundrеd s tаke part simply for fuц witlr no aspiтa. с untry' tions to ridе foг their o are witlr Populаr though tlrеsе еvеn ts it is diffiсu lt for howеvеr , o с mpеt itors, еn ough money to bе really tlrеm to mаk е sponsors and o с mmеr iс аl selfsuffiсiеn t, support. Bad have providеd invaluаb le thеir boт} r hаv е minton and BurgЫey, с ntri sPonsors, аn d т1rе prizе money тh ey o thе winп ers towards thе butе аt lеast hеlр o с m high o с st of keeping а hoгsе for tlrеsе pеt itions.
fortunе
| n| 969,* rе B.H'S. had thе good to find a sponsor for its offiсiаl
horse trials, in thе lVlidland Bank, a part
nегship whiсh has playеd an im1rortаn t paft ifl o с nsolidating the spoгt in Britain. с untry to havе Britаin is not the only o a postwar boom in ThreeDаy ещ > еr iеne с d
I relands progrЪss vЕ еn ting. I rish o с mpеt itors similaг, sinсе
hаs
beеn havе тid dеn at Badminton ftom the start. I nterеst to Australia and thеn to Nеw Zeа sprеаd
land, who гёiес ved
grеat
stimulus from
lVlost o с untriеs
iional Thrее. Day to thеir
domеstiс
havе
vЕ ent
at least one
intегn a
in addition o с m Thеsе
a year,
pгograп r me.
and impoгt arrсе rеlievеd of the фtitions, are h с аm pionship, solеm nity of аn offiсiаl affаirs and extrеm ely friеn dly, еn joyablе goodwill. do muсh to fostеr intегп аt ionаl
But тlrе Tfuее Day anothег
of dеvеlopmеn t largesсalе as a wholе hаs hаd vЕ еn ts rеsult _ onе whiсh would havе
thе heaп of Count von Rosеn in thе improvеm еn t аn d that is a stеаd y stаn dаr d of fimеss аn d training of the horses tаk ing part and thе general stаt e of с mpеt itors' amoп g st o Prеp аr ation therе is still plеn ty ofroom for Ofсoursе but it must bе a sourсе of improvеm еn t, thаt , by oс n o с nsiderable sаt isfаtс ion аn d hoгsеs with thе bеst с mpаro Ь n tinual o ridегs ovеr thе bestbuilt most suсеsс sful striv and o с nstаn t с untгiеs' couгsеs iп all o ing for suсeс ss' standаr ds arе being sеt whiсh arе improviп g thе lot of hoгsеs tlrе аr e no longeг a neсes world ovеr . IЕ orsеs but а souгес of sity of lifе to most pеoplе, plеasure. I t is fitting thаt they should rеap thе bеn еf it of a sport in whiсh thеy play gallаn t 16lе. suсh а vitаl аn d
фaddеn ed
t| AU| Ntj & HAсEH0RsЕs
in thе important intеr national invitation
gаinеd
event гu n
raсеh orsе1
NovеmеrЬ
еv еr y
at Lauгеl Park,
a М rylаn d.
Dahlia was Charming Alibis daughter a stallion who wаs a by Vaguеly Noblе, produсt of thе bеst British Thoroughbrеd linеs аn d won Franсе' s riсh est raсе, the Priх dе l'Aгс de Tгiomphе, befoге being sеn t to stud in thе Unitеd Statеs. onе of sons, Vaguеly Noblе' s many suсe с ssful m Е pеr y, was shippеd from Amеr iсa to Franсe haа a lеg аt еah с o с rnеr , a head at onе еn d and a tail at thе othеr . His kас Ь had nеveг fеlt a saddlе and he was only a littlе ovеr 12 months old. So what mяd e thе h yeaгling o с еstnut с lt worф thе pгie с s1'500,000 _ a worldrеo с rd for any аn imal_ that a syndiсatе paid of Cаn adiаn s foг him аt thе l(ееn еland Salеs in Ken ruсky in thе summеr of L976? Thе short :ц lswег is thаt hе wаs, or would be whеn mаt ured, a raсehorsе, аn d his pеdigrее iл d iсatеd him to bе a prime ехample of that
JЕ в t. J.
swiftеst of Тh oroughbгеd .
all thе equinе This supеr b
brееd s, the brееd was e с nturу Britаin,
еstаb lishеd in sevеn teenth pегf tес еd thтough a judiсious prograп r mе of sеltес ivе breeding in manу of thе o с un тi е s to whiсh it has sprеad and now, in thе final quartеr of thе twеn tiеt h e с ntury, it is thе bаsis of an intеr nationаl industry link irrg five o с ntinеn ts.
Тh is
global o с nnеtс ion bеo с mеs еvi from an еxаm ination of thе rеo с rd priсеd аn e с stors' IЕ is siгe wаs уеаr ling,s dеn t
Seсr etariat, onе horses of rеe с nt
stц d stаkеs.
in
1973, His dam
marе Charming halfЬr othеr to thе
с of thе grеatest Amегiаn yеats who, on rеt iring to had won $1,316,808 in was the top Amегia с n raсе Alibi, whiсh makes him а h с ampion filly Dahlia.
owned by аn Amеr iсan but in trаinеd Fгanсe, Dahlia twiсе won Bгitairt's riсh еst гaе'с thе King Gеorge VI and Quееn
lЕ izabеt h геt ц r ned
Stаkеs
аt
Asсot.
to thе land of hеr
Shе
also
birth to triumoh
the raсing
to lеаr n
gamе
in 1976' rс ossеd thе nЕ glish lс аssiс win Britain's pгеm iег
and thеn , to thе
Chаn nеl гaе,с
Dеr by at pЕ som. m Е pery, likе DaШ ia, ran in thе ownег ship of an Amеr iсan, lVI г Nеlson Bunkеr Hunt, who o с ntrols a raсing еm pire with rеPrеsentativеs in Australia, Nеw Zеaland, Canada, Franсе, n Е gland, and I reland, as wеll аs in his homе oс untry. Aп other pег son who oPеr ates on an intегn аt ional sсale
is an nЕ glishmаn , Mr Robert Sangster, who аt the most rееn с t o с unt had 95 marеs sprеad аr ound studs in u Е rope, Ameriсa аn d Australia, in addition to owning or having shaгes in numeгous stallions. Somе
of thеsе
аr е
flown to Austrаliа
for thе
southеr n hemisphеr е o с vеr ing sеason whiсh runs from August to Novembеr , rеt urning to stand in I rеland foг thе thеге from February to May. The British rаеhс oгsе Gгu ndy, bгеd аt thе Overbury Stud in Glouсеstershirе, net tеd 1188'375 with suсеs с sеs in thе Dеr by bеf orе
sеason
аn d
King Gеoгgе
VI аn d Quееn
lЕ izаb еt h
Stаkеs
in L975 for Dr Carlo Vittadini, an
I taliаn
whosе horsеs o с mpеt е
аl 1
ovег
uЕ ropе. But it is Jаp аn that has shown thе gтeatеst inсr еаsе in raсing and breеding interеsts in the yеars sinсe 1945. Onе lеad ing Japanеse owner, I { Lr Zenуa Yoshеd a, has stud farms in Hokkаido and Kеn tuсk y maintaining somе 250 brood mаr еs and25
stallions. Thеsе, arе thе men at thе top. of o с ursе, But raсing,s pyramid rеsts firmly on thе o с untless enthusiasts whosе plеasure is
from owning pеr haps just one from sеeing it аrс ry thеir o с l
ours in somе minor raсе аt an unfashion prizе money еvеn aЬlе tгkас , whеr е thе assuming it managеd to win _ would go onlу а littlе way towards гo ес uping thе o с st of kеeping it in trаining. I n Britain, whеr е prizе monеy lags faг еh Ь ind most ot} rеr important raсing o с untriеs, tгaining fees аn с amount to as muсh аs !2'500 a year, .aveгаg е and аlс u с lations hаvе fixеd thе _ а figurе aсh iеvеd loss еxpeсt аt ion' bу mеasuring annual o с sts against winning potеn tial (аssuming еq ual shaгеs of the total) _ at about
pеr
annum.
'1,800 pay suсh a loss in faсt rеpresеn ts mеn t for sport еn joyed might аp pеar small yеt thе lurе of the raсetrаkс o с nsolаt ion, provtde thе royal rеm ains. A raсеh orsе с аn road I o riсh еs аlthough thе vast mаj ority simply rщ n up bills. But the glаm our of thе o с ursе' thе tingling ехiс tеm еn t of thе raсe, аn d еven thе attraсt ion of thе additional Thаt
soсial
doors that ownегship
mеаn s that thеr е losers.
аn с
is no shortаg е
of
opеn ,
willing
I n its еаr liеst days the o с st of raсing would havе bееn of sсant o с nсern to par tiсipants. Not foг nothing doеs it still a с гr y thе old tag .thе spoгt of kings'. I t wаs a rеigп ing monarсh _ King Charlеs I I _ who was responsiblе foг its fiгst major stеp for ward in Britain, а o с untry whеr е raсing in some form or anothег had been praсt isеd siтr ес тh e arrival of the Romans. Thе Romans had probablу piсkеd
it up from thе
Grееks, for еvеn ts involviл g mounted horsеs wеr е rеo с гd ed in thе olympiс Gamеs of 642 в.с Rеo с rds of horsе raсing in Britain prior to thе sixtееn th еn с nlry аr е fеw . I t was mеr еlу a knightly pastime, with one noblеm an
matсh ing himsеlf
and his horsе
The sport of kings and the king of spoгt s. The arena for the Thoroughbred, swiftest of all equines. bred to raсe and possib| y to net mа ny thousands on the traсk.
с H0RsЕs RAсlNG & в AE
rathеr as thеy tеsted thеir agаinst anothеr ' prowеss with lanсе and sword in thе joust еstaЬ sflrds wеr е ing tournamеn ts. Roуаl
lishеd under the later Tudors and еarlу Stuarts, at н ampton Court, Tutbury and aftеr thе only to bе dispегsеd еlsеw heге' Civil \ aИ r had lеf t Olivеr Cromwеll as thе powег in thе land. I Gng с е With thе Rеstoration аm Charlеs
оf
I I , a mаn
whiсh
of sevеr al
passions _ one
was for horse raсing.
IЕ e
гound the litt1е town of Newmаr ket in Suffolk, whеr e his grand а hunting fаt hеr ' Jamеs I , had еstаb lishеd his father, Chaгles I , had lodgе, and whеr е in 1634. Charles с p raсе thе fust u еn dowеd o с mpetitor and orgаn izer, I I wаs oЬ Й using his roуal authority to arlangе raсеs' in disputеs. еstablish rules and arbitrаt е Until his timе most raсеs had bееn thаt is just гw o horsеs laсing to mаt h с еs' Ь tweеn thеir sеt tle an аr gument of wagеr e thе provi с uraged owners. Thе king еno с sh _ to bе с ps or a sion of speсial prizеs _ u dеvеlopеd
o с ntеsted
thе sport
by largeт fiеlds'
Arabians _ aсh iеvеd but thеir
suсеsс s,
stoсk
the nativе
littlе
raсing
sire of pеr haps
raсеh orse
thе most fаm ous
with that of of all timе, lс Е ipsе: wаs bredin | 764Ьу was to havе a profound lс Е ipsе
thе
Duke of
run in heаt s of Tur\ ing 1 l I Gng, s Platеs rаеsс Godolphin 6.4km (4 mi] es) in whiсh runnеr s had to as the six carry 76kg (l2 st). Onе of thе еsЬ tknown pfuasеs in the annals of the British Turf' was moving into thе sevеn с uld .Еlс ipsеf irst,therеstnowhеr е',wasсoinеd time thеir importеr s o
stallions
ous еastern
aсt ual
blood, mixеd
thе Byеr lеy
and thе Britаin who rеahс еd Aтabian
the Darleу Arabiаn
с ntury tеenth e At thе tееn th. havе had pгiес ous
littlе idеа of thе еn oтm .o.'..q,'.nсes of their aсt ion. First to аr rivе was thе Bуerlеy Turk. He got his nаm e from his owneт, а Colonеl a с ptured him from thе Turks Bуeгlеy, who at thе Battlе of Budа. For sevеr al yеaI s thе
o,.,,
usеd
o с lonеl
and
с аг g е r , the horse аs his h
by his ownеr '
I rishman namеd a с lled
аw ay
a somеw hat disrеputable whеn Dеn nis o'I (еllу '
upon to forеa с st
the result of his first
from his opponents thrее quaI tеr s
of
and the lеvel
hеathlands аr ound Newmarkеt wеr e idеal for the staminа testing 6.4 km (4 mile) gal In subiеtс еd . wеr е lops to whiсh thе horsеs fаtс , it wаs not iust a mattеI of distanсe, aftеr only dеiс dеd weге most of the rаеsс thrеe or fоu r heats, separated by about running. еah с hаlfanhour bеt wееn Up to this time, horses usеd for raсing and proЬаb ly wеr e nеarly all nativеrЬ еd , с r diffеr ed littlе from thе animals whiсh a jour riеd thеir owners on thеir evеr ydаy nеуing. I n
the north there weгe fast poniеs
.HobЬy I rеland had its аlс lеd .Gallowaуs; horsеs'' But fгom thе rеign of Quеen
aftег 4 О с nsul in by Thomаs Dаr ley, British o Al.ppo,,. .a horse of еxquisitе eЬ auqy'. He Thе
Darlеу
hе had bееn
didmakе
Arabian was desсгibеd Е gland iп to n
sent homе
a mаr k
with his first gеn еr ation
progeny, siring Flying Childеr s
rulу
grеat raсеh otsе
Bartlеt d s brothеr , lаt tеl bеаu с sе ес urse оn thе raсo vessе1s),
с rne hе bеa
17
thе
whеr е
1729from Franсе, beеn
disсovеr ed
pulling а
he is said to havе tfuough с п o с al a
thеstrееt sofPatis Cokе.
Coke lаt еr
s
phinandthеh orsе
thе firsт
and through thе s Childers (usеless of,wеak grеatgrеаt
blood
graп d
raсеh orsе
Nlan O'Wаr ,
who, affeсt ionatеly
RAсlNG & BAсEH0п sts
nаm еd
.Big
Was to Amеr iсan
Red
I aсеg oеI s
' of thе l920s whаt
rvаs to e Ь
50 у еars
Sеrс еt аr iat
togеt hеr
later.
his suprе maсу on thе Tuгf and аt stud, the Thoroughbrеd was still еvolving. Consi dеr еd in tеr ms of Darwinian theory its !(zhilе lс Е ipsе
dеvеlopment г аt е ,
for aftеr
was еn joying
proсеd еd at an outstаn ding less than 100 уеars it wаs fully as аn indеpendеnt гeЬ ed,
еstablishеd rvhosе abilitiеs unсh angеd еv еr thе гaеh с orsеs given distаnес
ninetееn th
hаvе sinсе'
геm ainеd largеlу The еvidenсе thаt
of thе
1970s аn с o с vеr a slightly fаstеr thаn their
еn с tury
o с unterpafts,
door of irnprovеd suгеlу bе laid аt thе going, o с ursеs and oс nsequent еtЬ tеI
a с n
with morе еn lightеn еd
аn d sсiеn .
mеt hods' tifiс training and managеm еn t and the modеr n riding stylеs whiсh
aсt ivеly
assist thе
horsе' s movеm еn t.
I ting Charlеs I I won at lеast onе raсе аt Nеw markеt , where his favouritе horsе* old Rowleу, gavе his nаm е to raсing,s bеst с urse, the Rowlеу. I vlilе. known l,600m o I n his daу thе аr istoсr аt iс ownеr s not infrеq uеn tly rodе their оWn horsеs' but аs agе of the sportprogrеssеd , so еn tered thе the pгofessionel joсkеy, to bе followеd latеr bv thс profеssionaI trai;rеt Cоц r ses
Above
George stubbs, portгаit of Eс| ipse, one of the outstаn ding raсehorses of al| time; foa] ed in 1] 64 and n€ bеaten. v ег Below aЕ r| у mоr ning exerсise fоr a trainer,s string at Newmarket, one of thе world.s most fаm ous гaiс ng e с п t res.
bеg an to sрr ing up all ovеr thе o с unш у in the еаr ly eighteеn th еlс tury but.lт' аn y of plaсеs. them werе disrеp uтablе х еp сЕ t аt
King ClЙr :lеs тr ladе оvеr all o с ntrol was.lах . Chатlеs wаs aidеd yЬ .a Dotsеt squirе _^ l т ^ ^ ..^ 11 ^ ^ ^ . of. t named Trеg onrгell FtаD._:.^ m рf on, a sort royal. rаr ing rnanаgrс сiim.trаinеt 1ryho;
Nеw maтket, and kеp t
thе
whеr e
rulеs,
j .
.
.] .
RAс| NG & в AH Ес 0RsEs
:
I
following his mastе1s dеath' his position of influenсе undеr
whosе еаr ly
maintainеd
four suс
sovеr еigns. Onе was Queen Annе, who was responsiЬle for thе o с nstruсt ion ес ц r sе of thе rаo at Asсot in Berkshire' now thе venuе of what must bе the most notаlЬ е I aсе mееt ing in the world _ the four days of Royal Asсot еvеr y Junе. Thе gаp lеf t whеn Frampton diеd was not fillеd for a o с uplе of dеaс dеs, but around 1750 a с me an event whiсh was to havе tlrе utmost signifiсаn е.с This wаs thе formation of thе Joсkеy Club by а group of sportsmen at Nеw mаr ket. I ts original aim was to regularizе аn d o с ntrol raсing аt its own еn с trе, аn d this wаs evеn tually aсh ievеd over a fаiтly lengthy period yЬ methodiсal aсq uisition of thе frееh old thеr e of all lands on whiсh thе sport took plaсe. \ DИith this proсess o с mplеt еd , thе author Club bеaс mе the suprеm е Joсkеy ity over this small o с rnеr of Suffol\ аn d its right to .wam off аn y whom it o с nsiderеd undеsirablе с gnized yЬ thе o с urts wаs rеo
e с ssivе
in 1827. Graduallу thе
lс ub's influеnес
was
until аll raсeoс ursеs try aс me under its aеgis.
in thе o с цn I t assumed rеsponsiЬiliry for sanсt ioning traсks, approving prograп lmes, liсensing offiсials and framing thе rеg ulations. I ts rulе wаs absolute and it bеаm с e thе modеl on whiсh similar authoritiеs wеr е set up in the mаn у
extеn dеd
othеr o с untriеs to whiсh was spreading.
the Thorough
rЬ еd
Thе Joсkey Club was, and still is, a sеlf powеr s еltес еd o Ь dу, with еxuес tivе invеstеd in its stеw ards. I n thе latе еight eеn th and niл еt eenth еn с turiеs' suсh powеr
was oftеn
in the hands of onе forсе
ful personality. One of thе first was foundеr memЬer,
Sir Charles
a
Bunbury'
lс aim
to fаm е
was as thе
his rulе thе rЬ еd еr of Highflyеr . Undег CluЬ was strong еn ough in 1791, to Joсkеy of Valеs, later Gеorgе warn off the Prinсе
I V, aftеr аn inquiry into thе suspiсious thе running of o с nсеr ning iс rсu mstanсеs sЕ a с pе. a horsе аlс led Bunburу ownеd Diomed, winner of thе at p Е som thаt was to first running of a rаес the thе worlds prеm ier .сlassiс' , bеo с me Dеr by. This wаs in 1780 whеn thе move ment away from tlre 6.4km (4 milе) raсеs momenrum and when of old was gаt hеr ing с m thе raсing of younger horses wаs bеo ing morе fashionaЬlе. Halfiray through horses raсеd the sevеn teenth еn с tЦr y fеw old. I n 1744' bеf orе thеу wеr е fivе у е аr s fouг yеarold raсing was introduсеd , to bе followed a dozen yеars later yЬ raсes for threе уearolds. SuЬsequently rаеsс werе brought in for twoyеаr olds
fеw
sеasons,
and еven, for
a
for yеarlings. The oldеst raсе in existenсе the July
twoyеarold _ was fust с Stakеs, thеn of 50 guinеas eаh гu n over 1,000m (five furlongs) in 1786 at it hаs еnЬ hеld еvеr y Nеw markеt , whеr e уear sinсe.
But it was thе thrее yeаr olds
whiсh
thе аn imals for the pattern of sup bеa с mе raсes _ designеd to reme tests _ thе lс аssiс с pаlЬ е еstablish thе ideai ThoroughЬr ed a of raсing over 1,600m (1 mile) in thе spring through to 2,800 (1% milеs) in the autumn. Thе series begins with thе raсеs
at Newmarkеt in April over thе Rowlеy с lts (estaЬ iМ le, thе 2,000 Guinеаs for o lishеd in l809), and thе filliеs' equivalеn t, (18r4). Thеse are fol thе 1'000 Guinеаs lowеd by the 2,400m (1Иz milе) tеsts on pЕ som's downland iс rсu it in.&lay or Junе, thе Dеr by аn d oaks (for fillies, first run in 1779). and tlren thе oldеst
of thеm
а11.
thе
An engraving аp с tures unсh anged eхiс tement as the winners pass the post at the end of a rаe с at Asсot Heath.
2,800m Donсаstеr
(17+
(1778) at thе
mile) St Lеg еr
Sеp tеm bеr mееt ing. era _ and it was that dеiс dеd it would
Sir Chаr lеs Bunbury's thе toss of a o с in
onlу
e Ь
Lord Derby's name and not his that Е som by thе p
would bе pегp еt uatеd
lс assiс
also saw anothеr signifiсant dеvelop mеn t. This was thе introduсt ion of thе handiсap,
riеd yЬ danсе еq uаlize
a
in whiсh
raсе
thе
wеights a с r
thе horses are allottеd in aсoс r with thеir known ability so as to thеir
I n thе first impor
h с anсеs.
tant handiсap, thе Oatlands Stаkеs аt Asсot in 1791, the uЬ rdеn s imposed ftom 57 kg (9 st) to 33 kg (5 st 3 lb). grеatly inсr еаsеd rаiс ng,s hold Handiсаp s as they beсamе thе most on the puЬliс, populаr mеd ium for еtЬ ting. Bеt ting rеm ains thе spords prinсipal attraсt ion and, in the modern era, its main sourсе of rangеd
finanсе.
Wagеr ing bеt wееn
had always еxistеd , but
grеw
individuals
as publiс
interest
so did publiс bеt ting, their needs
being a с tered foг bу
mеn who
еас horsе. ing odds agаinst h
offеr еd
vаr y
Thesе
mеn through earnеd thе nаm е of bookmaker, their hаb it of reсording details of transaс tions in notеb ooks. Sir Chаr lеs Bunbury was followed at thе
of Joсkey CluЬ
affairs by Lord During his oс mpara tivеly short rеign, this gеn tleman was responsiblе for numеr ous innovations, hеad
Gеorgе
Bеn tinсk.
among thеm thе
numbеr ing
of horsеs,
thе
introduсt ion of raсaес rds and modеr ately starting yЬ means of a flag' Hе еf fiсiеn t played an important part in exposing the Running Rein fraud, when the o с lt of thаt
RAс| NG
Тh e 1851
raсe at York in FI ying Dutсh mаn No| tigeur . Тh e former horse won this gieat matсh , a
to thе allowаnес amount idеn tiсal his published sсalе indiсatеd a
fouryеarold over 3.2 km I n thе еvеn t Thе Flying bу Dutсh mаn с п t еst won thе еlс еb ratеd o as .а short what is quaintlу dеsrс iЬed
old should give
triumph in hаn diсapping.
whiсh fivе yеaг
а
(2 milеs) in a М y.
nаm е
was later fouryearold namеd
who won the 1834 Dеr by
proved to hаvе bееn а
b саМ еu s.
1еn gttt'.
Lord Gеorgе
аlso
еаr nеd
ing history whеn
thе
'vannеd
a
niсh e in rас
horsе lЕ is was to win thе 1836 St
to Donсastеr virtu Legеr . At that timе horsеb oxеs wеr е ally unknown and horses wеге rеq uirеd to .Whеn ес ursеs. it bеaс mе walk to thе rаo known that lЕ is was still in his stablе in thе south of n Е gland a fеw days bеf orе thе St Lеg er' thе oЬ okmakеr s, assuming a non appеaranсе on thе day, еxtеn dеd thе odds. lЕ is wаs plаеdс in a spеiс allybuilt van in drаw n by teams of horsеs аn d аr rivеd
timе to land a substantial
gamble for his
o с nnеtс lons.
Third and last of thе Tцr f .diсt ators' wаs Admiral Rous. Though hе was o с rrеtс ly desсr ibеd as the .first grеat and spеn ding a grеаt dеаl of
handiсapper', his timе аlс
с lly u с lating thеse wеights, paradoхia he cisapproved of handiсaps, rеf егr ing to thеm as.boons to bad horsеs'. Hе is prinсi pally rеm еm bеr ed for thе sсalе of wеight [ oragе allowanсes hе drеw up to bе usеd in nonhandiсap raсеs. Rous's sсalе is basi a с lly thе same as that still in usе today) oveг 100 yеars latеr .
One of Rous's most famous handiсap
ping aсh iеvemеn ts was foг thе Grеаt Mай h of 1851 betwееn Thе Flying Dutсh man _ thе winnеr of thе DerЬу and St Lеg еr in 1849, and Voltigеu r, who won following year. Thе the samе two raсеs thе manу hours Admiгal is said to havе spеn t dеlibеr аt ing, but finally dеrс еd that thе oldег
horsе should
o с nсеd e
4 kg
(8 7z
lb), an
Throughout this timе raсing had been in othеr lаn ds. I n North dеvеloping dеvoid of horsеs until Ameriсa' a o с ntinеn t arrival of the settlers from thе еastеm it еxistеd in еarly oс loniаl hemisphеr е, it aс nnot havе days. As suсlц howеvеr , с unt, sinсe thе first prior bеen of muсh aсo ity was to import horsеs suitable for agriсu lturаl work. beсause raсing_ so a с llеd Quarter IЕ orsе it was pгtас isеd on rouglц quartег milе sш ips lс еared in thе virgin forеsts _ еn j oyеd bгief popularity and the Quarter rЕ orsеs of todаy aге thе fastеst of all еq uines over a 4oorn (2 furlongs) gallop. But thе sport proper did not gain a real hold until aftеr thе revolutionary war' whеn among manу influеn tial horsеs importеd from Britain Bunbury's Dеr bу was Siг Chаr lеs winnеr Diomеd . A failurе at sfud in nЕ gland, hе was 21 eЬ fore aгr iving in North Ameriсa whеr е he soon bеg an to produсе offspring of fine quality. Anothеr horsе, .Nlеdlеy, who rеah с ed Ameriса in 1784' was also to havе аn enormous effeсt on thе еvolution two of the Amеr iсan Thoroughbгеd , whilе of thе most suсe с ssful sirеs in thе history thе
of raсing in thе Nеw
World
wеr е
who arгived in 1830 and was fivе timеs lеаd ing sirе, and Glеn o с е, who lеf t an indeliblе mаr k on both sidеs of thе
Lеviathan,
oсеan.
stallion of The greatеst Amеr iсanbrеd thе ninetееn th e с ntury was Lexington, h с ampion sirе on
no fewеr
than 16 oсa с
& RAсн 0 Е RsЕs
sions, but stigmatй ed in Britain yЬ e Ь ing ineligiblе foг tЬe Gеn erаl Stud Book. The геstliсt ivе lс auses whiсh pre vеn tеd thе inсlusion of аn y of his stoсk, pronounсеd
prinсipally
inш oduсеd in 1913 by thе thеn Е glish Joсkеу stеw ard of thе n Club, Lord Jersey (thе mеasurеs were rеf еr red to rеm аinеd as .thе sеn ior
in еxistеneс Jеr sey Aсt ') lD7orld War. until aftеr thе Sеoс nd Lexington's a с reer spanned the pеr iod .War, of the Civil whiсh shattеr еd raсing and brеeding in thе southеr n statеs. But
apаес in thе north dеvеlopmеn t o с ntinuеd с mе а ma jor e с ntrе Nеw York bеa togеt her with thе mid and far wеst, as well .borde1 statеs of м aryland and Ken as thе
_ wheге
tuсky. Thе
thrеeyearold raсеs lс аssiс all institutеd in thе dеaс dе following
wеr е
the Civil Waг. First a с mе the Bеlmont Stаkes in l867, o с mmemoгating the namе of а leading owner аn d
brееd er
of the day,
August Bеlmont. Sinсe 1905 this raсе has bееn run at thе famous Nеw York o с ursе' Bеlmont Park, ovеr 2,4О0rn (1Уz milеs). I t
was followеd bу thе Prеakness Stаkеs (1,900 m' I rnile I zУ furlongs) еstablished in 1873 on thе Pimliсo oс urse near Bаlti morе, a М rylаn d, аn d in l875' by thе I (en (2,000 m' 1У+ miles) at h tuсky Dеr by с ur h с ill Downs, Louisville, I (еn tuсk1'. Thus .Triplе Crown' prograп r mе тh e Amегiаn с is of an ovеr аll lеssеr distanсe than its nЕ glish аn d Frеnh с o с untеr pаr ts' a trеn d o с ntinuеd throughout the Unitеd Statеs a с lendar, whiсh has relativеly fеw impor tant tests longеr
Thе
than 2'4o0rn (1Уu miles).
40 years following the
.Goldеn
Civil
.!Йar
аг е
Agе' of raс ing in the Unitеd States (and during it Amеr iсanbrеd hoгsеs e Ь gan to o с mе to Britain aсh iеving no littlе suсеsс s, notablу I roquois, winnеr of thе p Е som Dеr bу jn somеt imеs
tеr med thе
t2l
& RAсH Е 0RsEs
RА|с NG
1881)' but they also had a darkеr side. The sport's image was beсoming inсr еasinglу
thе mаlpraсt iсes
tarnishеd through tflosе o с nсernеd
with .making a fast in 1894 of a
solеly
vЕ еn the formation CluЬ on simi] .аr linеs
buсl{ . Joсkеy
orgаn izаt ion failеd
of puЬliс
of
British rising tide
to thе
to stеm thе
indignation, whiсh
was
suffiсiently strong to lead to raсing being banned or severelу u in stаt е after с rtailеd statе.
only aМ rylаn d and I (еn tuсky еsa с ped and еvеn in l(еn tuсky thе thrеat was u Ь t narrowly avеr tеd . Shortly bеf ore thе 1908 I (еn tuсky Dеr by, the lVl'ayor of Louisvillе, bowing to prеssuге fгom reform groups, еn forсеd an almost forgottеn law prohiЬit ing bookmakеr s. Without the draw of bet ting it sееm еd аs if Churсh ill Downs would have to lс ose its gatеs. IЕ owеvеr , Col a М tt l0Иinn' thе man primarily respon siblе for raising thе lс assiс to its plaсе of honour, ovеr a с mе the problem yЬ borrow ing an idеa from Franсе and introduсing parimutuеl or totаlizator wagering. I n this
Lexington. The I { еn еland Salеs, where yearling ttrе reсordpгieс d Seсr еt ariаt refегr еd
to еarliеr
was sold, offеr thе
high
quality lЬ oodstoсk anуw here in thе is thе o с nсеr n for stаn dards
еst
world. suсh that thе
auсt ionееr s
aсеp с t
rеf usе to
anу
but thе h с oiсеst for their a с tаlogues, and in thе July L976 sa| e' thеy turned away nеarly 700 from аn еn try of ovеr 1,000.
no o с mpеt ition
instant suсеsс s attraсt еd
_ a suсеsс s
thе attеn tion
whiсh
1970s has
proven in uЕ ropеan lс assiс еn Ь raсes. Ameriсan ownеr s and rЬ еdеr s havе nеver e Ь en аf raid to tеst thеir bеst animals to thе limit and, beсause of the sheer volumе of
monеy
pеd
the resurgеnес
of Amеr iсan
rаiс ng,
gradual though it may hаvе bеen, was еrс taiщ and now the Unitеd Stаt es holds the prеm ier position on thе world raсing stagе. Ptize monеУ annually totals аbout
$172'000,000 аn d foal produсt ion eaсh yеаr stands at about 26,0o0, morе than tfueе times thе Bгitish figurе and about six timеs grеater than the other grеat blood stoсk produсing] o с untry, Franсе. The prinсipal brееd ing аr е a is in Kеn tuсkу, thе worldrenowned .Bluе Grass' o с untry o с nсеn trated around thе town of
wеге
гп orе
it wаs soon аbгеvЬ iatеd to thе Soсi6t6 dЕno с uragе.
and
Onсе еstablished and rеo с gnй еd by thе Governmеn t, thе Soсiёt ё movеd rapidlу. I n 1836 a nеw raсeoс ursе was opеn ed nol far from Pаr is at Chаn tilly, and thе training e с nш е whiсh has grown up around it now rivаls
thаt
at
Nеw markеt .
T} ;.e2'4oО
rn(I l/ z
milеs) Prix du Joсkey Club, equivalеn t to the p Е som Dеr by, was foundеd therе in 1836, and was followеd within 10 yеаr s уЬ thе other lс assiс raсеs, ttre Poulе d'Еssai dеs Poulains аn d thе Poulе d'Еssаi des (equivalent to the 2,000 and Pouliсh еs с 1,000 Guinеas), thе Prix de Dianе (Frеn h Oаks) and thе Prix Royal Oak (St Leger). 81oodstoсk in Franсe was based entirelу
on imports from nЕ gland _ thе Frеnh с Thoroughbred wаs and still is named thе Pur Sаn g Anglаis but the raсеs werе almost ехlс usivеly o с nfined to horsеs
the pub
out of thе bloodstoсk markеt during
fellowmembеr s
ment.
was
the period whеn thеr е wеr e so few raсing opportunitiеs and a great dеal ofthе bеt tеr stoсk had еeЬ n sold, muсh of it at givеaway priсes owing to thе protеtс ivе measurеs intoduсеd by Britain and Franсe. IЕ owеvеr , with thе money supply sеu с rе
еn с triс
intеr еsted in thе soсial aspеtс of thе lс ub than in raсing, thеy lеd а brеakaway group to form the Soсi6t6 dЕn o poul с uragеm еn t ] ] Am61ioration dеs Raсes de Chеv aux еn
evеr ywhеr e
с tage a pеr еn of being rс eamеd off for thе stаt e's o proportion с ffеr s аn d аn othеr being h с annеlled a Ь kс into the sport itself. Thus thе mole attraсt ivе the raсing and morе
Lord Hеn ry
(slightlу
in Franсе
stаkеs
thе
I t was an nЕ glishmаn , Sеymour
Franсе. Literally, this was thе Soсiety to enсouragе thе bеt terment of horsе raсing
through thе totalizаt oгs'
thе raсo ес ursеs'
еb b and flow
thеir
hoгses
of sprintbrеd
an soon
liс stakes _and thе more money the various statе govеr nments wеr е aЬlе to takе out (аn d put bаk с in). Now thе states thеm selvеs had а vеsted interеst in thе suсеsс s of thе sport, but still its reсovеr y was slow, for the аlmost total stoppagе had bееn a virtual bodу blow. Thе bottom had drop
thе
Revolution and thе еn suing of thе Napolеoniс Wаr s.
in thе 1960s аn d
high produсt ion
sаw in it a luсr ative form of tаx gаt hеr ing. Now thе pendulum bеgаn to swing, and rаiс ng slowly a с me bаkс into favour, with the Joсk ey CluЬ and its аssoсiatеd o Ь diеs exеr iс sing ovеr all o с ntгol and guidanсе. aЕ h с statе, howеvеr , еstаb lished raсing o с mmissions to liсеnес tтakс s and supeг visе mееt ings within its oЬ undaries. The
the totаl
in the holoсaust of
distanсe
a
of lеg islators, who and easily workablе
only authorizеd form of gamЬling
littlе
whаt
to win as twoyearolds. supеr iority of its middlе
in
stoсk
from o Ь okmаk
this .maсh ine bеt ting, provеd
Club. Thеn
2a
hаd thеir Joсkeу oгg anization therе
dеsignеd IЕ owеver, thе
rеsulted
h еас horsе.
Faсing
until more thaл
thе n Е glish
was disappеarеd
under way in anу
to gеt
mannеr
and Pаr is o Ь rn) who wаs largely insш umental in thе rеn аissanсе of Frenсh raсing in the sеo с nd quartеr of thе ninetееn th e с ntury. With his lс osе friеn d the Duс dorl6ans, thеn hеir to thе thronе, hе foundеd the Joсkey CluЬ in 1833 and, whеn it eЬ aс mе аp paгеn t tha1
Amеr iсаn brееd ing is heavily inсlinеd towards sаt isfуing the needs of owners anxious for quiсk rеr urns, and this has
system thе odds or dividеn ds_ arе deсided in direсt relation to the amounts stаked on
еr s,
thеr е did not bеg in
гeo с rdaЬlе уears aftеr
Tattooing the Upper I ip of Ameriсan hoгses safeg uards a gainst frаu duI ent substitution
i
n
foalеd in Franсе аn d this protеtс ivе rеstriс tion was not totally removеd for ovеr 100 Pаr is soon hаd its own гaoес ursе, уеars. Longсh amp in the Bois dе Boulognе, and the swift advаnес of thе brеeding industry wаs rс ownеd in 1865 with the viсt ory of Gladiateur .thе avengеr of \ 07atеr 1oo' _ in thе n Е glish
vaI uаb I e raсes.
liеr
woгt hwhile
opportunitу,
а h с ampion
may raсе as mаn y as 30 timеs during his a с reеr . Defеаt in a major handiсap a с гr ying a big wеight is o с nsidеr еd no blot on а reсord. Suсh a rigorous testing programmе, plus a voraсious aсq uisition of representativеs of
worlds bеst bloodlinеs,
thе
the Ameriсanbrеd
wеll
danсу
has brought
raсehorsе
еxemplifiеd
to an аse с n
by thе nЕ glish Sir I vor (1968), (L972). I n
Triplе Cгown. Two yеars ear
an еxtra .сlassiс',
thе 3,000mеш e (1 mile 7 furlongs) Grаn d Prix dе Paris, onе of thе fеw raсеs opеn to foreign h с al lеn gers, had e Ь еn foundеd . Thе First !Иorld War dеlivеr ed an blow to raсing in
apparently shattеr ing
Franсе,
yеt
rеo с vеr y was drаm atiсallу as it was to bе again after thе
speеd у, I 939_L945 o с nfliсt .
Triomphе,
The Prix dе I ] Aгс
now thе
gгeatеst
of all
dе
thе
rееn с tly Ь a tlrеr e has еn of thе Fгеnhс brеd. I n 1976
founded in I 92О at Longсh аm p. Raсing is still on a morе limited sсalе than in Britain and thеr е aгe fеw er mаj or o с urses. o М st meetings are o с nfined to weеkends, with Sunday thе most important day. But prize monеу is
suсe с ss in four ofthе fivе n Е glish lс assiсs wеn t to horses from aсr oss the Chаn nеl, аn d thеy also won numеr ous other big prizes, inсluding the I (ing Gеorgе VI аn d Frаne с , in oс m lЕ izaЬеt h Stаkеs. Quееn mon with othеr uЕ ropеan o с ц n triеs, wаs latе to entеr thе rаiс ng sсеn е. Thе sport
largеr , thanks to the hugе a с sh intakе from с tagе thе peгеn dеd uсt ion from thе pari mutuеl, the onlу lеg al form of betting. Thе most popular pool is thе Tiеr ё,с on whiсh millions of franсs arе invested on, and off punters attеm pting to forе thе o с ursе, by a с st the first * ш еe in thе big raсe ofthе dаy.
Derby suсеsс sеs
Mill Rеef
ofsuсh
between a с mе thе viсt ory rЬ ed
as
(1971) and RoЬerto
of Canadian
Nijinskу in 1970.
o М st
rеsurgеne с
international raсеs, was
п A|с NG
& RAсH Е 0RsЕs
b А ove
Raсing at Deauvi| | e, Franсe. The is based entire| y on its Тh oroughbred has aI ways been EngI ish o с unterpаr t аn d bгed for its stamina as we| | аs speed Right A Thoroughbred stud in the fabled ,BI ue many Grass, region of Kеn tuсky, where of Ameriсa,s fastest horses hаve been bred Frenсh
Frеnh с
г еd Ь еr s
happiеr
аlso
аr е
o с untеr parts' rс ossсh аn nеl monеy also аllows for thе
than thеir
sinсе
this
provision of
prizеs.
brееd еr s'
has always еm phasis in Frаnес and bеen on stamina аs wеll as spееd , on a muсh twoуearold raсing is opеr atеd
Thе
in Britain. Although up to sсalе than Frеnh с 1939_1945 war only thrее Е glish Dегby, tlris horses hаd won thе n poliсу with seven o Ь rе fruit thereаf tеr , lowеr
thе
Frеnh с brеd Divеr )
of the outstаn ding
onе
from 1947 (Pеarl
winnегs
to 1965 (Sеa Bird I I ). Sеa Bird was
his unЬеatеn аrс eeг еn dеd
length viсt ory
аn d DеryЬ winnеr s, threе уеaг old
fiveraсе
with аn
astonishing six
Г rс in thе Priх dе A
dе
the Prix du Joс Triomphе from Rеliаnе,с kеy CluЬ аn d Priх Roу al Oak winnеr . A grеat hofse himsеlf' Relianсе was madе to handiсappеr . look almost a sеoс ndratе
Thе forеver
nеnес
immеd iatе
postwal era
will
be
in Britаin for thе emi Bous М rсеl of horses ownеd by.N1. a rеm еm bеr еd
saс, a lеading l920s. Thаn ks
ownеr brееd еr
the sinсе of two
to his possеssion
| 2з
в A|с NG
& RA0EH0в ssЕ
grеat stallions, Pharis I I and Djebel' hе аt tainеd аn aurа of invinсibility, winning thе p Е som DеyгЬ and Oaks in 1950 with Galсаd or and Asmеn а, and hеading thе list of winning ownеr s in Britаin. IЕ e was
thе fust Frеnhс mаn
to produсe tough horsеs, with endurаnес possiЬlе. and as muсh spееd аs aЕ h с statе programme, but hаs its individual lс assiс ttrеsе raсеs are supplemeп t еd by valuablе longdistanсe handiсaps, like thе 3'200m (2 milе) еlМ bournе, Sуd nеy and Brisbane
Gladiаt еu / s
Cups, whiсh
in
to do so sinсe owneг, Count de Lagrangе,
1865.
offег
аrс ry
attгtас ive
big prize money and bеt ting opportunities.
I taly is thе most important of the othеr uЕ ropеаn rаiс ng u Ь t again hеr o с untгiеs, start was latе' iМ lan, now thе prinсipal
Ausш aliа is onе of thе few o с ц n triеs sidе Britain whеr e bookmakers a с n atе frееly с ursеs. on т] rе o
e с ntrе' had rеg ular mееt ings only from thе 1840s' аn d raсing in Romе did not begin until 1868. Although the I talian rЬ еding
Thoroughbrеd s
is small, it hаs hаd а dispropor tionately laгg е intеr national influеnе,с primarily duе to thе genius of one man, Fеd егio с Tеsio. Hе foundеd what is now thе DormеlloOlgiata Stud on тh е shoгes of Lаk e &laggiorе in 1898. Betwееn 19l 1 аn d his dеath in 1954 Tеsio produсed 20 I talian DeгyЬ , a dozen or winnегs of thе industгy
morе horsеs of top international lс аss аn d two worldЬeаt еr s, аn d Ribot, both Nеarсo
throughout thеir аrс еr s. Nearсo and anothеr Tеsio hс ampion, Donаt еllo I I , both eЬ a с mе leading sirеs in
undеf еated
nЕ gland, аn d Nеarсo's son Nasrullah and grandson Bold Rulег reignеd suprеm e in the Unitеd Statеs, whеr е Ribot еvеn tually hеld o с urt. Thе horsе was unknown in Ausш alia аn d New Zealand whеn thе early n Е glish sеt tlеr s landed thеr е in thе latе eighteenth e с ntury. Now thе Antipodеs rank sеo с nd only to North Ameriсa in numеr iсal terms, with more than 25'000 raсehorses o с mpеt ing foг prizеs worth an annual A$25 mil lion. The breeding industry is thriving, but imported stallions still o с nstitutе over 50 per e с nt of thе leading 500 siгes list. I n Ausш аliа thе poliсy has always bееn
out opег
I t was from Australia Thе
publiс
reaсh еd
ttrat thе fust Japan in 1895.
гeadily took to thе nеw
sport of
whiсh had bееn introduсеd for nativebred horsеs аt thе instieаt ion of raсing,
nЕ glish
rеsidеn ts around Yokahama about \ DИorld 25 years earliег. Sinсе thе Sеo с nd .Waг _ аn d in 1945 only 542 mares remained _ Japanеse raсing and breeding has made immеn sе stridеs. Foаl produс tion is now гu nning at 7,000 аn nually, but аlthough Japanesе buyеr s hаvе patгon2ed thе woгlds bеst markеt s for their founda yet to show that thеу tion stoсk, thеy hаvе a с nproduсе animals of intеr national lс ass. Raсing as hе doеs in about 50 o с untriеs,
thе
Thoгoughbrеd
has
undoubtedlу
proved himsеlf to bе аn adаp t еxtrеm еly ablе аn imаl. But his suсеsс sful breеd ing to high stаn dаr ds dеm ands an equablе, temp erate lс imatе, suсh аs thаt existing in pаr ts
& RAсH Е 0RsEs
в AIс NG
of uЕ ropе,
North Amеr iсa,
Argentina,
Australia, New Zеalаn d, Japan and, to South Afгia с . ] Vlodern аiт lesser еxtеn t,
a
of havе led to thе spгеad faсilitiеs but intеr national bгеd ing, a global basis is still prе o с mpеt ition on in sеa diffеr еnеsс vеn tеd by insupеr ablе aсlс imiti tтkас s, sons' training mеt hods, .Washington I ntеr zation and so on. Thе еv еr y Novеm ber at Lаu rel national, гu п but this is аn еxеp с tion, Park in аrМ ylаn d, is an invitаt ion еvеn t whiсh owеs its suс to thе еf foгt s of еsс s in no small mеаsuгe Lauгеl Park presidеn t John D. Shаpiro, с ntrеs of thе who sсouгs the ma!or raсing e vЕ еn world seеking possiblе oс ntеstаn ts. so hе does not always suсеd с in obtаiniп g the bеst аv ailablе гeprеsentativеs. The grading ofraсеs in hеас o с untry has grеatly assisted the worlds breedеr s to tгanspoгt
intеr nationаl
hoгsеs. lс assifu thеiг Usually suсh gгading prizе monеy and thе numЬеr dеp еn ds on of gтadеd еvеn ts for eаh с o с untry is in dirеtс pгoportion to thе totаl numЬer of гe ас s run'
I n Britаin
the Pattеr n of
Raсing Com
mittее wаs sеt up in 1960 with thе аim of pгoviding a o systеm of tеsts for ttrе с mpletе с s. еsЬ t horsеs of all аg еs ovеr all distаne adoptеd similаr poliсiеs. Otlrеr o с untries 297 Pat Е ropе therе rп еr е I п Britаin and u tеr n rаеsс
А eтical:ad27З in 1976; North m
fгom totаlizаt ors,
pгovidеs
and stаkes, and ovеr a quaгt er of thе totаl is provided through sponsors. remаin thе same' Although thе bаsiсs еn tгy
fеes
hаs alterеd dтastiсаlly rаiс ng sсenе Admiгаl Rous's daу' I 0Иith iп rс еasеd publiс mobility, fust via rail transport and
а
bet maсh inе lаr gе, inсomе whеr е аssurеd tiп g has а monopoly. I n Britain this is not
latеr '
This now appеars еvеr y four yеars of еvery and rеgisters the dеt аils Thoroughbrеd foalеd in Grеat Britаin or I rеland. Thе 1Wеatherbу firm has bееn trаn sformеd
businеss,
dау thе
for еn try and еvеn , with a littlе human assistanсe, produсes thе hand
horsе iсаp s.
Raсing on the world stage I n thе Unitеd
Statеs
.dird traсks
bеo с mе
major entеr tainmеn t.
a
Tеh с niсal
im
thе mеhс an havе inсludеd Provеm еn ts the rising tapе iсal stаr ting stalls to геp laсе .gatеs' whiсh еvеn At the Rous nevеr sаw ' an с me other еn d thе photofinish has bеo thе indispensiblе аid to judges, аn d indееd on film by mеans of is rеo с rdеd wholе rаес paш ol аm mounted at vantage points. с е г as availablе to thе Suсh film is immеd iatеly аt
the еn d
o с me to а dеiс sion nееsс saгy.
Thе Joсkеy
to hеlp
с of thе гae
if аn y inquф
Club геm ains
thеm
should bе
in disсipli
in tlrе hаn ds of nary o с ntrol, with finanсе the I еvy Board, but dаytoday administгa out by thе fаm ily fum of tion is still агсied .Weаt hеr bу, foundеd by Jamеs Weathеr by
whеп
hе was appointеd
Kеepег
of
tlrе
CluЬ in 1773. to the Joсkеy Shoп ly aftеr wаr ds hе began publishing and thеn , 20 years the Rаcing Cаlendаr
a М tсh Book
raсing. all thе yеаr
flаt
on rеgular,
oval month or more raсingongrаss to early from a М rсh
lаsting thе а time' I n u Е ropе,
gamd. This
is
it opеr atеs
гound, with meеt ings shаp еd
season runs only Novеm ber, but thеr е
motoг a с r, thе sport has
high
с mpu rеp laсеd by a o horse rеo с rds ofеvеr y tеr whiсh storеs thе form, gradеs thе and ownеr , в b ulatеs stools of Jamеs's
аt
thе
modеr n
into a highly еf fiсiеn t
with the quill pеn s аn d
sinсе
latег
Stud
volume of lhe Generаl
thе fust
Boo&.
thе
stewaгd s
Grаd еd Stаkes. irr all thе inсеn tivе Prizе monеу геm аins raсing is than thosе wherе o с ц n triеs oтlrеr totally statе run. Thе monеy dirеtс ly of аf fеtс s thе quality of thе horsеs, thе lеv еl offеr еd to thе publiс and thе entertainmеп t pгospеr ity of the supporting brееding тlre perсеn в g е industгy. Bеt tiп g , through
deduсt ed
еxist so and o Ь okmakеr s аn d totаlizators makе thеir u Ь t thе formеr sidеyЬ sidе, from o с ntгibution in thе sums еxtгtас еd thеm annually by thе Lеv y Board. lVtost еithеr by British wagеr ing is off thе o с ursе, thгough thе 14'000 or so rс еd it or in аsс h bеt ting .shops' of whiсh only very fеw are run by thе. totalizator. Thе Lеlry Board is able to providе ovеr !6 million аn nually from а totаl bеt ting tuгn over of !2'000 reсеivе fixеd million. Raсoес ursеs to thеir grading, and amounts aсo с гd ing ownеr s also put up monеy themsеlvеs. o с ntributе to thеir own prizеs by way of
a
is also thе .wintеr
is National llunt
rаiс ng, hurdlеs and, in Bri sи g еd ovеr fеnеsс or at lеast' attlaсt ing almost tain and I геland .thе flad. as largе а following as gain the National Hunt raсing aс n nеvеr
intеr nаt ional importanсе с usе brothеr , mainly bеa
it
of its
еldеr
not, by
doеs
Raсing has become a huge industry round the wor| d, with mi| | ions invested in breeding аn d betting. opposite top: Rаiс ng on a snowy o с Urse at St. Moritz, Switzer| and. opposite bottom: A rаe с in the A| garve rggion of Poгt Ugа| afar cry fгom Epsom, Longсhаm p с ntestеd or LaureI Pаr k, but sti| | hot| y o whаt eveг the prize. below left: Тh e paddoсk Raсeo с uгse sсene at F| emingtoп in Me| bouгn e, AustraI iа, with runners being and esсoгt ed to the staгt . New ZeаI аn d с mpeting AustraI ia have some 25,000 horses o annu a| | у'
Frankfuгt ,
b e l ow
ri g ht.' r he start of а
Geгm any,
f
I
at гe ас
using the stаf ting
i
n
sta| | s.
& RAсH Е 0п sEs
RAс| NG
The fiлst annual was inauguratеd at Sl AlЬаn s in 1830' organizеd by thе prop. riеt or of thе Turf IЕ otel, an eх гaеhс orsе traineг namеd Tom Colman. Thе first St ovеr
hurdlеs
and fenсes.
jumping meеt ing
.a sweepstakеs
Albans' Steeplеhс asе _ drеw 25 sov еah с '
.
stееp leсh asing
sinсе
ol
16 Stаr tеr s аn d rvas rеp eаt еd еah с season, attraсt ing thе еsЬ t horsеs аn d riders, until l839. This was to be a уear of o с nsiderable signifiсаne с in historу
it brought the
fust running of whаt has eЬ oс me the grеatest steеp leсh аsе of thеm all, thе Grand Nаt ional at Ainш е, near Livеr pool. This raсe .a swеepstakеs of 20 sov
еah с , 5 forfеit, with 100 sov addеd _ wаs won by Lottеr y, a 16 hands bay horsе, rid dеn by one ofthе lеading professionals of t} rе day, Jеm .Nlason. a Е h с horsе a с rriеd 76kg (L2st), and thе 6.4km (4 milе) o с ursе' most of it ovеr plough, o с ntаinеd 29 oЬstaсlеs. Thеsе variеd from smаll banks to mаssive stone walls, and inсludеd two brooks to bе jumped. One of them is still known today as Bеh с е1 s Brook aftеr thе Cаp tаin Bеh с er who a с mе to grief therе riding Conrаd . Lotteгy 's time wаs _ wеll ovеr five rеo с rded as 14 min. 53 sе.с minutes longеr
The wor| d,s
g
reatest steep| eсh ase, the
G га
nd
Nationа| , inсorporates 30 fenсes in 4Yz mi| es' Probab| y the most fаm ous fenсe is the formidab| e Beсh er,s Brook' whiсh has to be negotiаt ed twiсe с urse. on the o
itsеlt
support a largе brееd ing
industry.
Some horses are rЬ еd with jump raсing in mind and most of thе lеading performers stem from rеn owned AngloI rish jumping .familiеs., u Ь t thе majority of the runof
thе mill
partiсipants аr е horsеs who, for onе rеаson or anotllеr , havе eithеr proved unsuitaЬlе for flаt raсing or hаvе outlived thеir usеf ulnеss in t} rat sphеr е. The raсеs, either ovеr fеn еs с of birсh or gorsе
(сalled
steеp lеh с ases)
or huгd les,
arе
minimum is 3,200 m, (2 miles)) and o с ntested yЬ older animаls. Nlost of the male horses taking part are gеldings jump raсing anф whilе thе suсe с ssful mаr е be used for rЬ eеd ing' will fтеquеn tly she will have o с mpеt еd until muсh latеr in life than her flat raсing sistеr s аn d so will nothavе as grеat an opportuniry to produсе offspring. I n this sphеr е stallions often bеo с mе known as bеgеt tеr s of .jumping blood only aftеr thеy arе dеad, sinсе steеp leсh asers usuаlly do not aсh ieve thеir еsЬ t until thе agе of nine or tеn . Hunting is thе dirеtс anсеstor of steеp leсh asing. Time was when man huntеd to livе; whеn this аm ес Ь е no longеr nееsс sary' hunting o с ntinц еd as a sport' mаinly indulged in yЬ the aristroсr aсy of the day. &lountеd on horseЬakс , thеy pur
longеr
(thе
sued a vаr iety of quaгr y; thе stаg , the oЬ ar, аn d later, thе fox. a hunting in muсh Е rlу forеstеd Britain was a slow business,.but' as thе land bеa с mе morе open, so the spееd inсr easеd . IЕ ounds werе brеd to run faster, and horsеs had to e Ь faster to kееp up.
in thе hunting field wаs still
с sion something of a rarity. On onе oсa
whеn
thе
Duke of Dеvonshirе
was
gаlloping hеadlong over a gаt e, his oс mpanions assumеd his horse was bolting. Thе British nЕ lс osurе Aсt s of thе seventeenth and eighteenth еn с turies, howеvеr ' brought thе spread of hеdgеs, obsеr vеd
ditсh es, timbег rаils and othеr obstаlс еs aсr oss thе lаn d аn d the followеr s of thе h с аsе found it essеn tial to teaсh their to staу with thе horsеs to jump if thеy wеr е hunt to the end. nЕ thusiasts so muсh devеlop enjoyed this nеw аn d exсiting
elеm ent arose, mеn t that a o с mpеt itivе whiсh found expression in matсh еs in whiсh onе young lЬ ood would test his horsе and his ability against another aсr oss and ditсh , usually with а sub fiеld, hеd gе stantial sum wagеr еd on the outсome. mаt h с еs с un Thеsе wеr e ovеr nаt ural o to аn other, and ш y, from onе landmаr k whаt morе oЬv ious landmark in thе еigh tеenth e с ntury British oс untгyside than IЕ еne с thе с urсh . the stееp le ofthe villagе h
name stееp lеh с аsе.
One of thе еаr liеst
and еrс tainly the most rеo с rdеd matсh es, с in Co. Cork, I reland, e с lebrаt еd , took plаe and in1752' whеn Cornеlius lС Callaghan as to dЕ mund Blake sеt tlеd an аr gumеn t of thеir huntеr s by gal thе relаt ive mеr its loping the 6.4 km (4 milеs) from Buttеvant Blakе won, Churсh to St Leger Steеp lе. .а a hogshead of lс arеt , and his prize was
pipe of port and a quartеr
аsс k of old rum'. Thе first half of the nineteenth еn с tury rЬ ought a gradual division oftlrе sport' onе Jаm aiсa
half retaining thе еssеn tially huntingЬased elеm ent whiсh e Ь o с me the foundation of pointing, аn d thе
аn
inсr eаsingly rаe с s
amatеu r,
was
thаn is tаkеn
in presеn t
daу
Grand Nаt ionals. I Jntil soon after the Seсond World Wаr the Grаn d National o с ntinued to hold sway as thе only worthwhilе prй е for the
to
pointto
ottrеr gathеr ing round it profеssional аu ra, with on rеg ular publiс oс ursеs
establishеd 'сh asеr , bеing at least a dozen timеs morе vаluаb le than thе Gold Cup whiсh was еstаb lishеd jn 1'924 as thе prin iс pal lеvel wеight tеst for thе staying'сh as ers. Aintrее' s o с ursе was uniquе' and its
big, upright hеd ges paсked with gorsе а hеavy toll. Although annually еxtrаtс еd theу havе e Ь en modifiеd in rееn с t у e аr s they rеm ain formidablе obstaсles. The nаm еs
of some of them
Brook,
Bеhс e1s
Brook' the thе Canal Turn' Valеn tinе' s Chair are emblazonеd in thе history of the world's grеаt еst stееp lеh с ase. Somе magnifiсеn t bу manу
won thе lс aimеd
horses hаvе
Grand Nationаl. Golden to havе bеen the
iМ ller, finеst
of t} rеm
in five oс nseсu tivе
and suсe с ssful
all
h с еl
tenham Gold Cups, won in I 9з4. Rеynoldstown e Ь a с me a duаl winnеr in 1935 and 1936' a fеat not surpassed until thе mighty Rеd Rum triumphеd io L973' I 97 4 and 1977 . L,Еsa с rgot, who bеat Red Rum in a memoraЬlе 1975 oс ntest, had landed Gold Cup viсt ories in 1970 аn d 1971 for his Ameriсan owner, Ra5lmond Guеst. But it is thorougЫy appropriatе
that thе fifst nаm е on the ro11 of honour should have been that of Lottery, for with thе hugе fields
_
oftеn
30 oг 40 strong
with the handiсap wеights tас ing grеаt thеr e hаvе e Ь еn lеvеllеr , remarkаb lе
and
as thе
some
upsеt s and dramas.
By thе 1960s the Grand National was no out on its own in thе prizе money с mmеr stakеs. Thanks to thе аd vеn t of o iс al sponsorship there arе now a seriеs of riсh prizes to bе won bу'h с аsers and hurd
longеr
lеr s, whilе thе injеtс ion of Lеvy Board funds has lifted the value of established raсеs likе thе Chеltеn hаm Gold Cup and
Champion Hurdle sponsoгed _ to morе
both also
respеtс аb lе levels.
partly
TI AUI NLJ
Nаt ionаl
IЕ unt
raсing now hаs
a
& HAUTHUHSTS
Pattеr n
of its own to plan thе main
Committее
a с n without gruelling tеst at Aintrее. undеr going rhе onе who did so in thе 1960s was thе now Arkle, who bеf orе legendary I rish'сh asеr his еn forсed rеt iremеn t in 1966 with a pеd al bone, had won 27 races, rс aсked Gold Cups, inсluding thrее Chеltеn ham а total of f73'6L7 for his owner, еаr ning of Wеstminstеr . Anne, Duсh еss I n operation in Britаin todaУ I } :ere are62 5,500 flat and raсo ес ursеs' staging somе annuаllу. Nеw mar Nationаl rЕ unt raсеs a eс ntrе for flаt kеt rеm ains еxlс usivelу is thе iumping o с unt raсingl Chеltеn hаm егp alt. But mаn y othеr oс urses promotе both.сodеs' and in the spring and autumn .mixеd mееt ings аге popular. еxtremеly Thе .jumping gamе' hаs never гeally аn d I re a с ught on othеr than in Bгitаin .spес land. u Е ropе has onе oI two annual stееp lеh с asers
еvеn ts
ofthе
аrс vе
out a worthwhilе
sеason and
a с rееr
in like thе Grand ParduЬiес tаu с lаr s', (геаlly moге of a Iс oss Czeсh oslovаkia arе somе wintег o с untrу raсе) . Thеr е opportunities for hurdlеr s and stееplе h с asеr s in Northеr n I tаly, whilе thе bеst arе аt Autеu il known e in Frаnес с ntrеs and Enghien. Autеu il is thе venuе'
еv еr y
6.4km (4 milе) Grand
Junе' Stееp leсh аsе
for the dе
of thе prizes on offеr arе still mouth wаt ering by British standards. Thеr е is also good monеy to be won in Frenсh huгd le raсing, thе prinсipаl еv еn t ofwhiсh is the Grаn dе Colц sе dе Hаiеs dAuteuil. Again thе obstaсlеs
аr е
somеw hat
diffеr еn t
from thosе found on British oс ursеs' whеr е thе hurdles arе rathеr similar
4.5km (2 milеs
to
whiсh
a fаr mеr would pеn his with gorsе and stuсk into thе ground so as to slope away from thе approaсh iл g fiеld. Thе hеight from top a Ь r
those wiтh
sheep, but lаe с d
to ground is l06сm
(3ft 6ins). Frenсh
hurdles arе lowеr and fixed upright, and a horsе аn с rЬ ush through the top half. jump raсing was' likе its аrЕ ly Amегia с n British o с unterpart' bаsеd on the hunting
whiсh
ехistеd
on the aЕ stеr n
Thе amatеu r has always been strongly reprеsentеd in thе jumping gamе. on the flаt , joсk eys and trаinеr s arе liсensеd pro fessionals and although few rаеsс arе sеt aside for both malе and fеm alе amateurs' thеу аn с nеvеI o с mpetе agаinst thеir paid
was
rеo с rdеd .
thе formation of
Assoсiation,
publiс following oса rded
to flat гiас ng
and, as еn thusiasm
гaеsс
Paris' oftеn гefеr rеd
staсles at. major еn с tres diminishеd . I t is not еn tirеly
Grand National, though thе oЬstaсles arе Aintree. Somе arе littlе morе than hurdles, othеr s arе iЬ g privеt hеd gеs, and thеr e is thе oсаsс ional a Ь nk with a small brush fеnес on top. I t was in this raсe in1962 that Frеd l0Иinter, perhaps thе grеatеst nЕ glish steepleсh аsing rider of а1l time, h ас iеvеd undying famе by rid ing to viсt ory on thе gallаn t littlе Frеnh с rЬ еd Е glishtrаined bц t n a М ndarin, aftеr its rubbеr iЬ t had brokеn bеf orе thе fourth fеnе.с Thте months еarlier a М ndarin had won the Cheltenham Gold Cup. very diffеr ent from
Though Frеnh с
definitеly
stееp lеh с asing
thе poor rеlation
of thе
is
flat' somе
brеd Grаn d Canyon, ш аined in Britain, won in Novembеr 1976. Rubio (in 1908) and thе 15 hands Bаt tlе ship (1938) wеr е Amеr iсan winnеr s of thе Ainш еe Grаn d Nationаl and in 1965 Jay Trump bеaс mе thе first horsе to pull off thе a М ryland Hunt Cup/ Grand National douЬlе. } I e wаs ridden in o Ь th his rаеs с yЬ
Amеr iсan Eng| and. HurdI ing often forms the trаn sition between f| at rаiс ng аn d steep| eсh аsing for the sI ightI y sI owerpaсed f| at гe ас horses'
to as the Frеnhс
was еstаb lishеd
his owner, thе then lеading
the National Stееpleсh ase
in
sеаb oard.
67z furlongs) ovеr brush in 1970 and hаs Ie ес ntly beеn attraсt ing entriеs fгom aсr oss thе Atlantiс. Thе New Zea7and
fеne с s,
But on regular traсks it had a latеr eЬ gin ning and it was not until 1865 that thе fust
stееp lеh с asе Thirty years latеr rЬ ought
A noviсe hurdI e raсe at Kempton Park
Тh е | egendary Rеd Rum at exerсise on the sands at Southport, nЕ g| and, the setting for muсh of his traiп iп g . Winner of three Grand Nаt iona| s аn d twiсe rUnnerUD, he holds а unique pI aсe in raсing history.
u Ь t
thе sport
howevег'
аn d
often likеn еd
nеvеr h ас ievеd
thе
wanеd ,
thе a М ryland
enormous over ob
grаd ually defunсt ,
Hunt Cup is Grand
to the Aintrее
аm аt еu r,
Amеr iсan Tommy Crompton Smith.
rМ
o с unterparts. National IЕ unt
litеr ally
This is not the aс sе raсing,
whеr е
in
thе two sidеs
rub shoulders in raсe and I n Britаin a Nаt ional
wеighingгoom.
National, thouglrin reality thе two evеn ts totаlly dissimilаr . Тh e a М ryland mееt ing is more likе an n Е glish pointtopoint, with thе rс owds piсn iсking on а hillside ovеr looking thе o с uгsе. Thе big гaес is
IЕ ц n t traineг holds a professional liсеn e с , but а wholе аr mу of men аn d women prе paring thеiг own horsеs, or thosе of their
undulаt ing
mounts agairrst horses trainеd yЬ profеs sionals and, likе thеm , a с n usuallу h с oosе eithеr amatеu г or profеssional joсkеys. I n pointtopointing, thе third еlemеn t of thе гaiс ng sсеn е in Britain and I reland, the professional is pгohiЬited. Prizе monеy is rеstriсt еd to altifiсially low lеv еls and
arе
over 6.4km (4 milеs) of muсh more o с untry than Ainш е. Fiеlds
are always smaller _ somеt imеs as fеw
six
startегs
_ аn d all ridеr s must
as bе
amatеu rs. Thе obstaсles arе fiхеd timЬеr гаils, with whiсh no libеr ties аn с e Ь tаkеn . Strаn gеly, аt a time of dwindling intеr еst
a nеw
$100,000 raсe'
thе
Colonial Cup
immediаt е family, arе issued with .pеr mits' to train. SuЬj eсt to еrс tаin rеstriс
tions thеsе
.аm аt eur'
trainers a с n put
й еi r
727
i I
Е 0п ssЕ & RAсH
RAс| NG
of thе oс untrysidе
o ес nomiсs
and thе
population moЬility of thе uгаnЬ с r. providеd by the advеn t of the motor a wеr e finding it inсr еas IЕ unt o с mmittееs thе monеy еssentiаl ingly diffiсu lt to rаisе to maintain thеir usual levеl of sport аn d from a h с angеd the annual raсe mееt ing into a mаj or loсal soсial oсаsс ion monеymaking aсt ivity, with еvery еf fort The с stomеr s. madе to draw thе paying u jеalous of thе Н nt Committее, National u mееt ings to raсе rival attraсt ion offеr еd inсr easеd
proper' has alwaуs
sеt
its fаe с against
pеr
but с argеs, mitting individuаl admission h fеes o с uld not е Ь rulеd out. I n a с rpаr king these now make up thе prin o с nsequеnе,с for thе nеarly 200 iс pal sourсe of rеvеn uе mеetings staged in thе Fеb ruary to early with thе с osеn Junе sеason. Venuеs arе h visitor in mind, and aс rparks, feеs foт whiсh rangе from !1 to !5, are prefеr aЬly sitеd on hillsidеs from whiсh all the day's raсing a с n bе seen. has givеn way to madе с ц n try Nаt ural o but slightly in struсt urе, idеn tiсal fenсеs,
thаn
smаllеr
those on
I ndeеd , somе o с ursеs. с o с ursеs' on defunсt rаe
thе
organizаt ion,
subjeсt
to ovеr аll o с ntrol
bу the National Hunt Committее,
is and in amateur hands. I t is, dееn с tralizеd in faсt , still based faiтly and squarеly on thе same hunting fiеld from whiсh its sеn ior
sprang. Somewhеr e
Paгt nеr
along
thе
road of devеlopmеn t
ninetееn th e с nп lry
fork was rеahс еd; Hunt Committее,
a
thе infant National fully oсuс pied with its
jumping mееt ings on to с ntеn t o с ursеs, was quitе o еstаb lished leavе individual IЕ unts, whiсh through геsponsiblе theiт Mastеr s еxerсisеd аu tlrority, to run an annual fixturе for their efforts to rеg ulаr izе
Thus thе privatе matсh еs grew oс n steеp lеh с asing tinued аm ong hunting folk and bеaс me .jolliеs' whеr е tlrе sports еn dofsеаson own еn joуm еn t.
from whiсh
thеir
men rаеd с
huntеr s
аg ainst
one
These с unш y. anothеr aсr oss natural o .pointtopoints', with thе were the rеаl fiеld
onе sPot by thе staт
dеspatсh еd from
and ordered to gallop to аn othеr ' pеr hаp s 8 to 10km away (5 to 6 milеs), h с oosing thеir own routе. Little attеn tion
tеr
was paid to thе nеeds of speсt ators. Thе would gathеr at van o с untry pеoplе the tagе points еn гoute, or morе likеly nеаr winnеr finish itselt whегe the brеathlеss his pгizе, whiсh might bе a would rееiс vе or small pursе madе up from a swееpstakе, a trophy presеn tеd by thе Hunt. a foсal bеаm с е Gradually the oсаsс ion point in thе Hunds a and thе soсial с lеn dar
loсаl
аspеtс
gainеd
emphаsis.
A marquее
or two
thе finish аn d thе thе loсal oppoгt unity sеized to entеr tаin fаr mers by way of thanks for thеiг having lд lowеd thе Hunt ovег тh еir land during
would be erеtс еd
nеar
slightly season. Thеsе rеm ainеd an farmeгs' lunсh еs
Тh e field streams over а fenсe at a point.topoint these oгigina| | y began with Wagers between hUnting men on raсes run I iterа| | y from,point to poi nt,. Now they a гe rU n on a more sophistiсated and orgаn ized basis с meetings and аt tract a bУ hunts, I ike mini rаe | аr ge folI owing.
point thе litеr аl gavе way to а start and finish sitеd at t} rе samе spot' so oс ursеs round, ovаl, oblong' triangular or, bеa с me .thеr е andbаlс c wittr flags to oсаsс ionally mark turning points. Thе еarly pointto points wеr е solely for mеm beгs of thе IЕ unt, with a prize for thе fust the first sеr ving offiсer, the hеarrywеight, first farmеr and so on a ш adition main rс ossсountry tainеd to this day in еrс tаin М lton ride, whiсh regularly likе thе e raсеs с tеr draws fiеlds 60 to 80 sш ong in Lеiеs Latеr , programmеs of FеrЬ uary. shirе еah с drawing introduсеd , four or fivе гaеsс wеr е
To add to thе intеr еst,
topoint aspeсt
from nеighbouring IЕ unts. o с ntеstants с untry, Courses were still ovеr nаt ural o fastеr
с uragе although, to еno
.improvеd .
Thе
horses wеr е
raсing, somе
to be a
of thе hеdgеs bеgan
still thе huntеr s that
their owners in pursuit of fox or с , but thе to Mаr h stаg from Novеm bеr in thе hunting fiеld was neеd for spееd hаd a с rriеd
use of
to a greatеr
lеading
pгogеn y
Thoroughbrеd ,
or аt
lеast
Thoгoughbгеd
sirе
and a huntеr
thе
Diсk еn с tury, early in thе ninеt еn th .I nevеr hеard Christian was proсlaiming, of a grеat thing in the hunting field yet it was done by a Thoroughbrеd , and today thе
с mpeting maiority of horsеs o
buсoliс
thе
boolc.
t28
the
of а mare.
vЕ еn
the prееdс ing
important fеaturе of thе day for mаn y yеаr s, disappeared. but now have almost еn tirеly
littlе
Thе
arе .in
likе Twеsеldown, Buсkfastleigh аn d Bogsidе, whеr e thе pеп n anent buildings and grandstands that utilizеd ' Fгequеn tly аlso bе rеm ain a с n o с ursе, Hunts will sharе thе sаm е sеverаl finanсial outlay. whiсh hеlps гeduсе Thе normal progгammе oс mprisеs five or six raсеs, аll of thеm a minimum of will bе oс nfinеd to 4.8km (3 milеs). Onе promoting Hunt (this is mеm bers of thе thе genuine hun one usuаlly sееs whеr е for horsеs с uplе arе a o tеr s), thеn thеr е from thе halfadozеn or so adiaсеn t Opеn raсеs, IЕ unts, and two soсallеd tеstеd
thе
с n с n bе o namе impliеs, a with anу Hunt in horsеs quаlifiеd
as thеir
whiсh , bу
Unitеd Sinсе
Kingdom.
thе advent of sex еq uality'
e с ntц r y was
mouldеd
by the
ladies
othеr . against h е ас o с mpеt е аn d mеn may Bеf orе the nеw lеg islation thе ladiеs' opеn с rd raсe was oftеn thе most popular on thе a and, with a minimum wеight геq uirеm ent of 70kg (11 st) instеad of 80kg (12 st 7lb)' pаe с thfoughout. wеr e run at a sсorсh ing
of thеir popul4rity the division Bеa с usе Opеn has beеn retained, with thе othеr to mеn . raсе o с nfinеd be ш affiс Thеr е is not inсonsidеr ablе tween а1l the typеs ofraсing that have bееn From flat raсing in this h с аp tег. disсu ssеd to hurdling is a simple stеp . Thе hurdler with great diffiсu lty to stееp a с n grаd uatе and then еn d his daуs happilу lеh с asing, a huntеr / pointtopointеr .
as
of horse raсing its .glorious unсеr tаinty'. с n turn at two a Shining lс assiс prospеtс s into bottomweight failures in minor hur at fouг and a pointtopoint dlе hаn diсaps A sprintЬr еd two h с ampion at sеvеn .
Part of the fasсinаt ion
has always beеn
уeаr old Nationаl
a с n еn d up а
triplе
Grand
winnnеr _ as Red Rum provеd . sсi an inеxaсt Breeding hаs always bееn hаs often and .paying for pedigrее' enсе in badly burnt fingers. Thosе who геsultеd bid thе $l,500,000 for the sеrс еt ariat
evolution of pointtopointing in
thе twеn tiеt h
steеp lеh с ase meetings arе stagеd
yеarl
ing mentioned аt the outset will bе hoping got things right. that this time thеу have
N Е DUп ANCЕ
p
riding and its
ш ouкяш вс
R| DI NG
г е l аt е d
.tz еquеstrran
o с mpеt ltlvе еn dеаvours' с mpara riding arе o с trаil аn d long distаne additions to thе great vаr iеt y dvеlу rееn с t of spoгt s in whiсh mаn and horse partiсi is с uragе pаt е together. Grеat effort and o as in this instanсе, from аn d dediсаt ion As its namе sцggests it is a sup tЪе гidеr . aге o с vеr еd distanсеs rеm e test, for grеаt ovеr all types of tеr rain) in sometimеs o с nditions. At the lс imаt iс diаb oliсal finish of a 120 km (75 mile) or 160 km (100 milg) 1idg' !6th partiеs must be in а fit state aгound аn d go again ш uly a feat of to п r гn еn duгanсе. of thе еq uеstrian .\ lthough the yoцn gеst riding has a large intеr endurаne с ч r оп s, п аd onal following. I n its prеsent form it bеg an litdе morе than 20 years ago in thе
геq uirеd ftom
thе hoгsе
as an appliсation
wеll
it flourished for а Statеs whеr е a с tсh ing on in Austгalia. dеаd с е e Ь forе Grеat Britаin' South Afri. .\ !'oгe геn с dy, hаvе Gеr manу а,с New Zea| and, and !Иеst involvеd . o ес Ь mе similаr lу Among its еn thusiasts, may bе found ttrе
Unitеd
of ridеr s mountеd on thе variеt y of horses and ponies
widеst
rangе
gгеатst imяg inaЬlе. it is onе of thе sport's I ndееd mяin агt raсt ions typе of thаt no spеiс fiс in order to partiсipate and hогsе is nеedеd
thе oс urse suсеsс sfully.
o с mpletе
с mе I havе o rides in Amеr iсa, brееd s suсh as Ameriсаn
еn duтanсе
typiсal
тo ас ss the
Appаloosa, ^ \ [ oуlе,
In
o М rgan,
Standаr dЬr ed,
Quartеr Sаd dlеrЬ еd
llorsе, аn d
A group of o с mpetitors ride. This spoгt ,
I eсovery
on a | ongdistanсe
a| though its origins date from
| ong ago when horses weгe man,s only form ес nt of is one of the most гe of tгаn spoгt , o с mpetitive events. Very popuI ar in the US, it
is a suoreme test of a horse's stamina.
to normаl
aftег
If
healry еx еr tion.
a fit young horsе has sеt tlеd into thе routine of trаvelling smoothly аnd еf fiсiеn tly
аn d is unflustеr еd
aсt ivity,
hе will rеg istеr
than onе
who is аlarmеd of thе ridе. rangе in distanсе
by extranеous
be,ttеr rеo с vеr y by all the unusual
happеn ings
lloгsеs are than anу other brееd . ovеr аll rеq uirеd to be fivе yеаr s of agе or older is no max o с mpеt e; thеr е bеf orе thеy a с n imum or minimum agе for ridетs and vеr y young h с m oftеn o с mpete, aсo с ildrеn paniеd by an adult. .long distanсе rid tеп n The oс llеtс ive ing' oс vеr s
major aspеtс s. sport's thrее it offеr s an introduс I n its lowеr h ес еlons thе
from thе lower CTRs limit of 40 km (25 milеs) to thе upward limit of 96km (60 miles) in onе day in stages a great numbеr , from 40 km (25 miles) in one day up to 160krn (100 milеs) run ovеr thrее run along has many гidеs days. Gеr manу linеs, with similar' although not idеn tiсal o с ndi awards going to horsеs in thе bеst
Bгitain. Amеr iсa
rаn ging
tion to nеw oс mеI s
tion and also to thosе oс mplеt ing
arе idеal for noviсe ridеr s, andi or horsеs and еiЬ ng nonсompеt itivе, provide an opportunity to learn to travеl quietly аn d o с mpеt еn tly over а variеt y of
in fit o с ndition and approхimating o с ursе to idеal timing. Thе top rung of thе long distanсe riding riding with oс ursеs laddеr is еn duranсе гanging in Britain from 80 km (50 milеs) to 160km (100 milеs) in one day, and in
rс ossed witlr
с mе usеd terrain. Young horses bеo
Amеr iса from
lгеll
travelling in o с mpany, so that whеn а ridеr с mpetitive гiding' his wants to turn to o a fair amount of mount will have aсh iеvеd physiсal stability on the trail mеn tal аn d and is thus aЬle to o с pе with thе stгеssеs o с mpеt ition. еn genderеd by trail гidеs arе thе nеxt stеp. Compеt itivе therе is a Тh еse are judgеd ridеs in whiсh
аlЕ kiтr g
llorsе,
as well as thе AraЬian, In and l0Иеlsh. Тh oгoughbrеd , Connеm ara is not so grеat, Bгitаin rangе of rЬ еeds йе u Ь т AraЬian and Thoroughbrеd аn d тh е as arе с oiсe, are a popular h thеir гсossеs
с bby types. huntеr s and a variеt y of o T .гg er arе usеd , somе nаt ivе brееd s
AraЬian oг Thoroughbrеd , as On Gеr as many importеd brееd s. m2nf S l60km (100 milе) ridе from Ham of suсh buгg to IЕ anover, rеp геsеn tativеs Trakhеn nаt ionаl гe Ь еd s as IЕ anovеr ians, Gеr man Holstеinеr s, егs' Vestphalians,
will bе seеn as Tгotteгs аn d Bгаn dеn burgs brеeds аs Noг тг е l l as suсh nonGегm аn wеg ian Fjords' !Иelsh Cobs, AraЬs, Lipiz Halfbloods, Hafl ingers z:ianeгs' IЕ ungarian poniеs. and I еlс аn diс
Fгom just thesе thrее
o с untriеs it
partiсipating for that thе sсopе
a с n bе sееn тh е tvpе of horsе used is verу wide аlй ough thosе pеoplе who геally
involvеd ,
gеn erаlly
indеed, bеo с mе
find the lean аt hlеt iс
аn d suс is thе most suitаb lе AraЬs and Aгabian rс ossеs are not еsс sful. с ss lаЬ е for еn j oуing markеd ly greatеr suсe
цpе
of hoгsе
by paгt iсipating in ridеs, of bet shorterdistanсed plеasurе 23km (15 milеs) and 46km (30 wееn milеs).
Thеsе
speеd braсk et fеr еn t o с untriеs.
howеvеr ,
whiсh vаr iеs Thе
primе
to
slighdy in dif judging fаtс oг
is overаll fitness of
horsеs
o с mpеt ition. during, аn d aftеr thе All CTRs havе winning and plaсеd horsеs, time sсorе usеd bеing pеr fеtс thе rс itеr ia еn o с mpassing and a vеlеr inаr y assеssmеn t fitnеss. Thе many aspеtс s that indiсаt е thosе relating to major strеss faсt ors аr е pulsе and rеspiration and thе speed of bеf orе,
Thеr е now to hаvе
up to is a strong movе
a lowег limit of in Amеr iсa 80km (50 milеs) to stop ovеr stтеssing thе feеling horsеs at too high а spееd , аn d aЬove this distanсе greater a с ution in oс mpеt itors. Gеr manу has rides of 80 km (50 miles) up to 160 km (100 miles); Nеw Zеaland has a lowеr limit of 72krn (45 milеs) and а prеs entuppеr limit of l20 km (75 milеs), whilst Austrаlia has the famous Quilty 160km (l00 milе) ridе and a numЬеr of shortеr 80km (50 mile) ridеs. Souttr Afriсa has a series of 80 km (50 milе) rides and a major 220fur, (130 milе) ride eaсh year. An еn duranсe ridе winnеr is the fastеst and thе timеs fit horsе over thе distanсе, ride.д turnеd in on somе of thе еn durаnес
bеing
I
thе
40km (25 milеs)
163 km (102 milеs).
t
that гidеs of
induсе
t29
I Ё
N Е 0URANcЕ
R| DI NG
arе a tributе to thе stamina and o с uragе of thе horsеs taking part. Somе of the 160 km (100 mile) rides hеld ovеr rеally tough tеr rain are rеpeatedly won in riding timеs of
undеr 12 hours. Thе 80 km (50 miles) ridеs o с nsistеn tly show winning timеs around thе fivе hour mark.
Thе leading oс untry in this sport
is
undoubtеd ly still thе United States, whose inaugurаt ion eЬ gan in 1955 with thе first running of thе Tеv is Cup. This 160km (100 milе) ride was originallу run from
Lake Tahoе to AuЬu rn, California ovеr and was mappеd out the Siеr ra Nеvаd a .Westеr n along thе old Statеs Trail that a с rried hordes of hopеf ul minеr s during thе Cаlifornia Gold Rush, as wеll аs thе pionееr s, equаllу aсq uisitive hеаd ing foт thе Nеvadа Silvеr Lodе.
Sinсе
thеn ,
riding
endurаnес
has
grippсd thе еn thusiasm of thousands of Ameriсan horsеm en so that this ridе has blossomеd into a fistful of similar dis tanсеd ridеs run nationwidе, with morе thаn 150 shorter, uЬ t dеm аn ding, events yеa1s long distanсе filling еahс a с lеn dаr . Assoсiаt ions еxist solely to hеlp run thе sport's mаn у М nу aspeсt s. a of thеsе аr е
rеg ional, as would е Ь еxpеtс ed whеn suсh enormous tеr ritoriеs arе o с vеr еd , but two in partiсu lar aс n bе termеd nаt ional. Thе Ridеs Confеr еneс Amеr iсan nЕ duranсе sidе and thе North o с ntrols thе еn duranсе govеr ns Trail Ridе Confеr еnес Ameriсаn o с mpеt itive trail тiding. other гegional Paсifiс Northwest nЕ dur bodiеs arе thе Е duranсе Sys anсе Systеm ; thе iМ dwest n tеm ]
Е st Coast the a
Trаil
Ridе
Assoсiation
and o с m whiсh aс tеr s for both enduranсе petitivе trail ridеs, and thе aЕ stеr n States Trail Ridе Assoсiаt ion. The Compеt itivе Roсky Mountаin Trail Ridе Sуstеm opеr atеs ovеr o М ntana and I daho, and thеr е are manу loсally based groups that run unoffl iс al rides prior to joining into thе systеm bеst suitеd to their aсt ivity and loсale.
a М ny
of thе brееd
assoсiаt ions
аr е
riding is thе idеal distanсе tеsting ground for thеir horsеs, and many brееd еr s arе using thе sport to plovе their stoсk. Thе undoubted leader in this is thе Appaloosa Horsе CluЬ Rеg istry. Thеr e is аlso а аm ount of vеt еr inary o с nsidеr able rеsеarсh on dis bеing donе in Amеr iса tanсe rides, in an еf fort to determinе what From thе rеаl1у makеs a horsе suсe с ssful. results it is apparent that thе lightеr typе of horsе is moге to thе fore, and winnеr s and plaсing horsеs o с nsistеn tlу weigh aЬout 430kg (960lbs) or lеss. test, run A real rс ossсountry еn duranсe in thе 1976 Biсentеn nial year, was тhе Rаес IЕ orsе from New Grеаt Amеr iсen York to Saсr аm еn to, Cаlifornia. For the с ursе h е ас 4,800km (3,000 miles) plus o entrant was allowеd two mounts _ onе lеd Ь an ovеr whi1е thе othеr was riddеn . I t еg in a М y and thе Nlеm orial Day wееkеn d thе sсh еd ulеd finish was Labour Dаy in horsеs еn route Sеp temЬеr , thus kееp ing months. Vеt еr inаr y for a littlе ovеr thrее
realizing tфа
supеr vision
was drawn from top
the Tеv is еr inariаn s on anсе ridеs. Thе winnеr was Vеr l r30
vеt
and othеr endur from 100 еn tries Norton riding a mulеI
F
b А ove
Тh e AppaI oosa gained its name from the PaI ouse river in the I ands of the Nez Perсё from Spanish I ndians; thе bгeed descends stoсk. Тh e AppaI oosa Hoгse CI ub Registrу was .l9З7 to I ook after the interests of founded in the bгeed, and is one ofthе breed assoсiations testing and promoting horses by entering them in enduranсe rides. on Below A sсene аt a veterinary hс eсkpoint thе San Antonio 50miI e ride Тh e hea| th аn d с mpetitors is wel| being of the equine o гigorousI y sсr utinised on all rides by veterinary speсiaI ists; the fitness of the horse с mpetitive is аn important paгt of winning in o riding. | t is not еn ough just to reaсh the finishing post first.
One of the most gruelling and the most fаm ous of the Ameriсan rides is the Тevis Cup, so named аf ter a president of the WeI I s Fargo Compаn y, L| oyd Tevis The ride foI I ows the route of the CompanУ, s express riders and stage o с aсh es, and takes oУ U over the Sierra Nevаd a range, from snowy mountain |с imbs to valleys in sweltering heat. 100 miles must be o с vered in one day, and onI y the fittest possibI e horses o с mp| ete the ride opposite .bottom: Тh e аp proach to Cougar Roсk, one of the | andmarks of the ride and a stiff |с imb, fop
left: tА Cougar Roсkitse| f toprighti AсooI ing moment for both horse and rider in thе San Antonio 50mile ride. Variety of terrain is part riding. с a| I enge of endurаn e с of the h
;
p
l
N Е DURANсЕ
.
R| DI NG
AngloArab gelding. An upandсoming partnership is Lаu riе Bethunе aп d Fliсk a,
#= €
a partbrеd Aтab pаlomino mare) and Phil Pгotс oг Ь k with Fеlla arе notiсеablе for геa ing thе AraЬ dominanсe, Fеlla being a bay gelding of mixed Standаr dbrеd аn d Haсk blood.
Plans for Nеw
Zеаlands
futurе arе
to
work towards thе 160 km (100 milе) ridе in с untries wherе the one day. As in otheг o
sport has not long emergеd
'"1,""'
й.
nаr y
H Е PS
A Germаn o down his dun с mpetitor sponges Norwegian Fjord sta| | ion аt the ha| fWay veterinary inspeсt ion on the h с eсkpoint and Summer SoI stiсe ride.
Three notаb lе ridеr s in thе еn duranсе Unitеd Stаt еs arе Dr. Riсh ard Barsaleau, DVNI , also onе of thе natiorfs leading judgеs, and аs a rеg ular and еn duranсе suсеsс sful o с mpеt itor in the Tevis and of thе o с in; Appaloosа brеeder Shаr on n д d o Saarе, а vеr y experiеn еd с с nstаn tly ridеs a vагiety suсеsс sful o с mpеt itor who of horsеs' аn d Jаn \ trИorthington' who has in the aЕ stеr n ttrе outstanding rеo с rd
othеr
Stаt еs
enduranсе ridеs,
he sееs
of having won
both sidеs
еvery
thrее day
160km (100 milе) ride at somе timе with her rс ossbrеd Appaloosiarr/ AraЬian marе,
Blаn с Sеu rat. drawn hеavilу on с untriеs hаvе othеr o thе triеd and proved formаt used in thе Unitеd Stаt еs both for еn durаnес and o с mpеt itivе trail ridеs, with Australia a 160km being onе of the fust to tаkс lе (100 milе)
ridе
Tеvis Cup.
in onе day pattеr nеd
on thе
This was the Tom Quilty
Ridе first run in 1966 аn d won nЕ durаnес in its inaugural yеar by Gabriеl Steсh еr on his purеbred Arab stallion, Shalawi, in a
timе
of 11 houгs 24 minцt еs.
h ас iеvеm еn twas
еv еn
hе rode thе wholе
The
morе rеm arkablе as baгеb aсk! distanсе
the winning Stаg ed annually evеr sinсе, fаstег time has bеo с mе inсr еаsingly with с ming in not mцh с ovеr the winnеr s now o lOhour mагk. Thе гidе was namеd aftеr Tom Quilry, a famous horsеm an who was pеr suaded by Reg Williams, the d Е itor of premiеr еq uеstriаn mаg azine Ausш аliа' s Hoofs аn d Horns' to sponsor thе ridе. I t is
run in lс imаt iс o с nditions whеr e tеm pега turеs and humidity soar, and ovеr a tough
in
o с ursе
thе
Bluе
o М untаins
of New
was foundеd
(100 milе)
Hampshirе
thтee in thе North plans to arе dеf initе more in the annual аlс еn dar. drawn from thе Tеv is and Quiltу
South I sland аn d
inсludе Rц lеs
aге
inсludes many ridеs аn d thе variеd tеr rain Veatheг o с ndi stееp ly lс imbing sеtс ions. tions oftеn turn the ground in somе arеas making an addi into boglаn d ovеr night, tional hazard. Thе loп g est ridе is thе Roсk
lands 80km (50 milеs) milеs), run
in January еahс
and 120km yеar.
(75
lDИinning
for 80km (50 milе) ridеs rаn ge с m агound the fivе hour mаr k with some o pеt itors finishing in an apprеiс ably shortеr с mbinations in Nеw Zеa timе. Leаd ing o lаn d ovег the past few years, arе Alastaiг timеs
Flеm ing riding l0Иh irlwind,
Joе Pittarrfs
l0Иaimeha
pure Arab gеlding; Pat Han sen and Silvеr l(ing, а purе Arаb stallion, аn d Allеn on Roуal Bluе, an a
Thе
datа.
in L973 and has
a
nеt
с untry, thе work of ridеs thтoughout thе o rides following thе Tevis Cup enduranсе trail rides follow formаt , the o с mpеt itive ing along very similar linеs to thosе usеd by the North Ameriсan Trail Ridе Confеr Е PS ran its first 160 km еnе.с I n 1975 the H
Sinсе 1966, thе Austrаlian enduranсе sсеn е hаs grown) with new ridеs oс n stantly bеing inсluded and also with a Nаt ional Assoсiation being formеd to guide thе spoгt along thе right linеs. As
I sland, but thеr е
tас ual ridе
гeseаr h с and
South l0Иalеs.
ridе systems thе help of with аll еn duranсе and the veterinary surgеons is еssеn tial аb le to а1 с l on thе Austrаlians hаvе bееn еxpеr iеnес of a tеam from the Sydney Vet erinary Sсh ool аt a с mden. Nеw Zеаland also has a vеr y thriving, riding struс с although young' endurаne in the ture аn d almost аll thе ridеs аr е a с tegory. orrly onе or two arе еn durаnес trail ridе lines. Up run аlong o с mpеt itive beеn еight mаj or thеr е havе until rееn с tly, rides, fivе in the еstablished еn duranсе
аs a maior
horsе tас ivitу , many ridеr s arе joinеd in a group whiсh keеp s еn thusiasm dediсatеd gгowing by aсt ive Pагt iсiPаt ion. Currеn tlу in Britain thеr е аr е two bodiеs involved with long distаnес гiding. Onе is undеr thе аеg is of thе British Hoгse Soсi а sеtс ion for long dis ety whiсh opеr аt es riding. I t runs a series of loсаl Gol tаnес dеn IЕ orsеshoе Qualifying Rides of 64 km (40 milеs) and а finаl o с mpеt ition of 120km (75 miles) run ovеr two dаys on arе also plans Thеr е xЕ moor, in Somеr sеt . foг еxpanding thе sсopе of ridеs. Horsе The othеr bodу is thе nЕ duranсе (ЕHPs), a national body and o Р ny Soсiety is the managernеn t of с nсеr n whosе solе o rides and thе dissеm inаt ion of idеas and praсt iсal information gainеd from veteri.
surgеons
ridе in thе Nеw Forest in with а team of vеt еr inary
hеаd ed
by the Soсiеt y's
veteгi
nary advisors, l\ ,Lessrs R. G. Orton, м Rvс s, John HartleySampson, B.V. М CVS, and Petеr HallPatсh ' B.V. Sс. ' R М CVS. Thе winnеr of this, in а rid Sс. ' R ing timе of 12 hours, onе minute was Niz .l0Иinnеr zo| art, a purebred Arab stallion. of thе bеstсonditionprize was iМ ss аrМ garet
Montgomеr iе' s also plaсеd
blaсk gelding Tarquin,
third in thе ridе.
I t wаs
who journeyed to Hamburg
this pаir
in
L976 to Gеr man 160km (100 milе) ridе. As a result of this H Е PS ridе, vеt erinary rеsеarсh into haеm otology pеr taining to еn duranсе horsеs hаs bееn startеd ' and under way. other arеas of rеsеarсh arе Similar to thе Ameriсan judging proсе Е PS also has a points system durе, the H points whеr e horsеs uса mulating a с mpaign for High throughout thе уeаr Points Trophies. Thе ovеr аll trophiеs aге SenioI thе Manar Trophy for the Lеаd ing Horse of the Yеаr ' and thе Zarpa Trophу foг thе Lеading Junior Ridеr . Rid Thе South Afriсan Long Distanсе ing Assoсiation hаs bеen opеr ative sinсе o М гg an. сМ е | 972 and was initiatеd by F in thе Transvaal. an Aгab horse brееd еr taсklе
thе
horsе brеedеr from thе Anothеr ArаЬ Transvaal, Diсk dе Voss, joined him аs seсr etary, and the group owes a lot to its Vеt еr inaгу Advisor аn d foundеr mеm bеr par. Profеssor Sаn dy Littlеj ohn. Aсt ivе is rеportеd tiсipаt ion to bе growing, with indications that the sport is soon to еn joy upsurgе. Thе South Afriсаn
tгеm еn dous
а
ENDUв ANсE
R| DI NG
Chаm pionships are hеld ovеr а 220kli (130 mile) ridе hеld at
\ двсп 1 д п ш Е dд. т
iп
Fдщь еsmitЬ
thе Orаn ge
Frее
Statе.
This
joindy, with trophiеs ч r оn soгеd .Wееklу Trail at уЬ ttrе Fаr mers dп ш tд еd foг thе winner, and thе Ara Fш гдe,miтh for the lеading Arab. Soсiеt y, fuдг. IЕ огsе and f,Ъе :l,iе is run ovеr variеd tеr rain from thе Tеv is Cup. ml] I sЕ аr е dтаw n it is judged .ч ki] ,il.lф run ovеr threе dаys' m п " lrтr anсе | inеs. hЦ1г to thе hс ampionships, thеr е аr e fiш г to} m (50 milе) pге rides from whiсh п lmе ..оп m iп еs dеiс de thе hoгsеs a с pablе шd k тас lЬe thе longеr o с ursе аt Faцr е m.Ч Тh е prе ridеs аr е hеld in Nаt al, tt* Ъ* g з е Fгеe Stаt е, Transvaal and Cape
ь
JЕ trA
h..тi.зе.с
lЬs
lбi lтш ш ог
.\ { inimum wеights of 73 kgs mаn datory еxеp с t in thе diгiЬ on, whеr e ridеr s up to 16 yеars
аr e
ш ш щ в : idе
аtс h с wеight.
ат
Juniors must е Ь
by an adult rider. Rеsults indiсatе again Pаst thJeе yеаr s йв: тh е iаЬ lity of thе Arab is prominent, rmi jadgеd most horses usеd in South disв nес тiding arе of AraЬ blood. { jЁ sдд
п ;с :ь lгп p аn iеd tilт: m frе
t9:.1. .\ тr gloAгabs
xЕ'
jrc highest
ш
i&rа= рionships,
JiA кiл n егs :т: :егеd Ь
filled fivе out of tеn
plaсеs in thе Nаt ioI ral аn d in following уеaгs,
havе
o с nsistently
bееn
^ \ гаb s.
.\ friсаn
S.lц t h
distanсе horsеs
arе
gеn
of thе lеan аt hlеt iс typе' that
е : а* 5
is universally known foг its iаЬ lity gз. jure as it is not hampеr еd by еxe с ss а. nd flеsh. I t is indiсativе of thе suс
6g.рm ing те rЬ :.п е
оеss
оf
that throughout the еn dur
тh is typе
гiding world, horsеs that
в ес Д
are
suсеsс sful fаll into this аtс еg riding is e nЕ duranсе с rtаinly one of еq uinе sphеr еs wherе athlеt iс ability
:еg еаt еd lу
rц т
.iр
в .:.еаn
fimеss
definitely
аг е
a
major plus.
sеst
Gегm anу is one of the uЕ ropеan :l.luзгies with а majoг involvеm еn t in thе .ь ъ.гt аn d a nationаl oЬ dy was formеd in \a с еm Е e ь г 1976 to аssist thе running of j::"в п e с riding. Distanсe ridегs in Gеr г я тr tв vе long bеen well aс terеd for in а т" * iещ of гidеs u Ь t up until thе foгm ation lE. frе nаt ional body therе had been no guidеlinе sд. d з яr d for the managеm еn t of г: 'jеs. h ас Е organй еr thus had to lеаr n bу г; ] аn d егr or. I t says a lot for thеir that thе spolt has flourishеd in waу' it hаs. I t is appаr еn t е Ё::яеn uiц that thе major ::г оf Germany's еn thusiаsts wish foг .t.hеsion amongst orgаn izеr s, so oс m
iеп ес
rr'ill know what to ехp eсt through Rеg ular o с rrеspon has beеn hеld with the H Е PS of
Gтеат
Bгitаin,
3етiтoгs ...ц . :t
thе v.holе o с untry.
= .егn агionаl
н . тionяl
in
sеt
efforts to h ас iеvе an ofrulings with only slight
геg ional diffегеnеsс itself a еtз Sniтe help in the furthеr ing of еn dur u аз ^ е гidiл g . \ !'ost u с тr е n t Gегm an ridеs fall into thе 'ез lurаnес a с tеg ory аn d rangе from 80 km 5o milg5; to 160 km (100 milеs) in lеn gth. Sеsегal shortег гidеs аr е hеld throughout frе уеаr , u Ь t thе major гides at prеsеn t aгe iе I аihс ingen 100km (60 milе) ride held
lеаr
lЛ m
jеm ап d ing
novе Е r u з ц п Еlll.
аn d
in Southеr n Gеr mаn y
tеr ritory,
ovеr
and the Hambuгg to held eaсh
160 km (100 mile) ridе
Conditions on the н amburg
to
llanover
ride аs I eхp erienсеd thеm in 1976 tеn dеd to е Ь vastlу diffеr ent fгom similar distanсe ridеs hеld in othеr o an с untriеs. Bаsiсаlly еn duranсе ride with thе fastest horse pro с t nounсеd in a tiе whеn thе winnеr (еxеp thе hoгsе' s o с ndition was the dеiс ding faс tor), it also had а sеr iеs of pеn altу points points. Dеviating from thе аn d o Ь nus pеn аltiеs inсu rrеd o с ursе for so doing, as o с uld wеll as loss of timе. Other pеn altiеs
е Ь inсu rred pеr mission
for ovеr tаking unlеss from lеadеr s had bееn
prioг givеn
and аlso foг failure to nеg otiatе hаzaгd s at first try. A u с rious featцr е of thе ridе was an 1 1 km (7 milе) seсt ion that had to е Ь riddеn
in a speсifiс timе, гidеr s not knowing how .timе trial' was to takе long or whеr е thе plaсe until they arrived аt thе vеn uе. Pеn al ties wеr е inсu rrеd if horses went outsidе thе timе limits, a onе minutе leеw ay bеing allowеd . The ridе itsеlf was wеllvetted and there were no a с sualtiеs, and thе аw аr ds for first four plaсеs wеr e fillеd by o с m plеt еly diffеr еn t types of horsе, namеly an I rish healrywеight gеlding, an Arabian stallion, a 16уearold mагe of mixеd Haсknеy typе (judging from hеr aсt ion) and а Trakhenеr gelding. A 13 h.h. Nor wеg ian pony, with a tеn yеarold ridеr won the lс аss for I { еin Pferdе (Small Horses), proving that poniеs and young h с ildrеn a с n rеadily tаk ridеs of this distanсе. с lе Onе ottrеr o с untry in uЕ ropе that is
showing signs of joining thе еn duranсе mеr rygoround is Dеn mark. Disсu ssions havе beеn hеld with thе H Е PS Committeе
and adviсе sought on the founding of a long distanсe group. I t would sееm to bе
ftom amongst the Arаb еn thusiаsts
brееd еr s
and
in Dеn mark that thе
besin
Paгt of the training aсu с stom the horse or feats he may be as pulling his rider
nings of organйеd likelу
for enduranсe гiding to
a
is to
ny stra nge encou nters
asked to undertаke
suсh
uphill.
riding
distanсe
arе
At present all long distanсе
to o с mе.
riding is on a purelу informal friеn dly bаsis, thе samе Way it hаs startеd in all o с untriеs. It a с n е Ь sееn fгom this ovеr all piсt urе that еn duranсe riding is a major growth sport intеr nаt ionally. Thеr е is furthеr morе a trеm endous гapport betwееn intеr еsted аn d involvеd o с untries аs еvidеnеd с уЬ othег
o с mpеt itors
who ш avel abroad
to o с mpetе.
Thе
Germans have sеn t a tеam to Britain аn d in L976 t} :e H Е PS гeiс proсаt еd. Sharon Sаarе of thе Appaloosa Horse Club
of Amеr iсa
in Bгitish ridеs. e Ь twеen Austгalia and Amеr iса for thе Quilty and Tеv is Cups is now oс mmonplaсe; Swizеr lаn d sеn ds horsеs to the Gеr man гides, and South hаs o с mpeted
Thе intеr flow
Afriсa has both hosted ovеr sеas wеll
аs sеn ding rеp rеsеn tativеs
ridеr s
аs
to o с mPеt е
еlsewhеr e.
aЕ h с o с unгy has its own minor diffeг еnеsс in rulеs аn d rеgulations bцt it is rеassuring that the bаsiс strцtс urе is simi lar so that riders ш avelling from onе o с un try to anothег know what to еxpеtс . This аlso givеs a цn ivеr sal аsЬ is on whiсh to work towагds gathering infoгm ation and
relеvant rеsearсh strеsses
statistiсs ftom ridеs and vеt еr inary knowledgе involved аn с be furthеr еd .
so
that of thе
This of
genеr аllу o с ursе аn с onlу е Ь e Ь nefiсial, еspеiс ally to thе o с uragеous horsеs that givе of their bеst thгoughout o с nstаn dy еv еn
the toughеst
of еn duгanсe
ridеs.
,"
13з
l I n 1876 thе hеight limit biggеr and fаstеr . in I ndia was sеt at. I 32 h.h., and in nЕ g land at 14h.h. Twenty yеаr s latеr it wаs inсгеasеd to L42 h.h., and in 1919 thе hеight limit was аb olishеd . Nowadаys, thе averagе hеight is about 15.r h.h.
ir
ri I
I n 1869 tlrе gamе wаs introduсеd into
i
nЕ gland by
from thе IЕ ussaгs, 1st Lifе Guards and Royal llorsе Guards. Thеу plaуеd polo, with eight aside, on IЕ ouns nеаr London and thosе who low IЕ еатh , .hoсkey on horsebaсlc. watсh ed dubbеd it I t immеdiatеly a с ught on and the Hur lingham Club bеаm с е thе hеadquагt еr s of somе army offiсеr s
9th Lаnеrс s, 19th
I
playеd on opposing teams of four a gamе whiсh origi sidе, is a vеr y anсiеn t nated in the Oriеn t wеll ovеr 2000 yeаr s ago. Thе earliеst rеf еr enсes to it are madе in oс njunсt ion with Alexandеr thе Grеаt and Darius, I (ng of Pеr sia, from whiсh o с untry thе game is bеlievеd to havе origi playеd in natеd , although it was e с rtain1у onе form or anothеr throughout the aЕ st, from China аn d o М ngolia to Jаpаn .
f)oro, а stiсk t. horsеbaсk yЬ
Thе
:
.N{ oslеm
I
invаd ers from
thе
and thе
Chinеse from the NorthЕast, took the gamе into I ndia. I n the middlе of the last еn с tury) nЕ glish plаn tеr s it in Assam and disсoverеd brought it a Ь kс to nЕ gland. I n Assam it М nipuri poniеs, wаs plаy еd on thе loсal a somе of thеm barеly 12 h.h.' and a с llеd North\ 0Иest
I
and ball gamе
аi '
I n Peгsia it was known as с hаu g an _ bу whiсh namе й е polo stiсk is known in thе Unitеd Statеs todаy) and its prеsеn t namе is a derivative of the Tibеt аn wordpulu, meaning a root, from whiсh thе woodеn polo ball is mаd е. I t did not takе thе British verу long to otganize the sport in typiсal n Е glish milit
i
hаn gj
I
(а
mallеt
ary fashion. Silсh ar, a с pitаl ofthe Caсh ar distriсt , wаs soon to o ес Ь mе the birthplaсе of modern polo, and the Silсh ar Club is thе
oldеst
polo lс uЬ
in thе world. I t
was
founded in 1859, and thе rulеs drawn up then аr e those on whiсh thе present гu les arе basеd . Teams originаlly had nine rid reduсеd to sеvеn and с mе to four, as thе poniеs bеa
ers, but this wаs latеr
eventuаlly
Po| o, one of the oI dest games on horsebаk с
known to man, originated in Chinа and then moved on to the I ndian o с ntinent' I n Assаm it wаs p| ayed on these Mаn ipuri ponies, some of whiсh weгe sсarсe| y 12 hаn ds in height.
nЕ glish polo, issuing the fust nЕ glish rц les in 1875. At aЬout thе samе timе thе I ndian Polo Assoсiation was formеd . I t framеd its own rulеs until the Sеo с nd I DИorld l07ar.
1878 saw the first I nterRеgimental
Tournamеn t, аn d in 1893 the Nаt ionаl Pony Soсiеt y wаs foцn dеd , with thе pur posе of promoting thе brеeding of polo poniеs. Thе gamе soon sprеad rас oss to thе othеr pаr ts of the worldJ pаr tiсu laгly
British m Е pirе, thе
Unitеd
Stаt еs
and
Argеn tina. I n thе lastmеn tioned o с untry аs it still is it was an immеdiаt е suсеsс sr todaу. I ndеed, Argentina beсamе the big gеst brеeders and еxportеr s ofpolo poniеs, owing to thе sсalе on whiсh horsе breеd ing is a с гr ied
out thеr е on
thе
еstanсiаs,
thе
availablе for numbеr of natural horsеm еn sсh ooling poniеs on а low wage, and thе whiсh еn toughnеss of the native brееd ,
poniеs to bе produсed extгеm ely A numbеr of nЕ glish deal in ers have had o с ntaсt s аn d o с nneсt ions аb lеd
o ес nomiсally.
Argеn tinа for many years; othеr s went out a luсr ativе thеr e to livе, so as to ехp loit markеt , аn dmakе frеq uent shipmеn ts bаkс to n Е gland.
Polo wаs inш oduсеd in 1876 .Western by Jаm еs
Statеs
who brought ш ained for thе
gamе.
into the United
Gordon Bеn nеt t, horses a Е st to be The .Goldеn Agе' of
U.S. polo was during the 1920s and'30s с kс , iес С l Smith аn d whеn Tommy Hitсh o in nаt ional and interna с mpеt еd othеr s o and tournamеn ts. Now tional mаt hс еs polo is mаiniy thе aеg is of thе
plаyed
on a lс ub
undеr U.S. Polo Assoсiation. I nternational polo matсh еs startеd in lеvеl
1886 with teams from Britain and thе
b А ove and opposite The essentiaI handiness pаr tiсipation and o of topc| ass poI o с nsсious ponies. A good pony will not just be obedient с unt, but wiI I foI I ow the game on his own aсo with experienсe aI most antiсipating What the rider wiI | аsk him to do. PoI o hаs not beсome espeсia| | y popu| ar as a speсt ator sport in spite of the game, of the spеed and exсitement peгh аp s be hard to fo| | ow beсause it аn с progress in the me| ёe _ even though the referee iswearing a striped shiгt to distinguish him from the players. for thе Vеstсh еs States o с mpеt ing the wars, skillеd teams ter Cup. Bеt wееn from I ndia _ whеr e most of the polo was
Unitеd
still oс nduсt еd
on a rеgimеn tal
a Ь sis
Tеams Е glаn d. werе frеq uent visitors to n аlso аm from Australia, but it was from с e с sful the Unitеd Stаt еs that thе most suсеs playеr s a с me _ that is until Argеn tina ovеr
took thеm .
Aftеr
rеignеd supreme
1945 the Argentinians аn d
werе
unbеаt еn
in thе
only interna Cup of thе Ameгiaс s, thе in tional h с аm pionship whiсh rеm ainеd Aтg еn tina by then had some еxistеne с . 3000 aсt ivе
playеr s
aЬout 500
British.
Aftеr
to 1000 Ameriсans
and
thе war, llurlingham, Ranеlagh
dnd Roеh ampton wегe no longеr the head quartеr s of thе gаm е and it nearly bеa с me in moribund. But thеr е was а rеn аissanсе 1950,largelу thanks to the efforts ofLord player as thе Cowdraу _ who was a prе wаr Hon John Pеarson _ along with a handful of othеr prewаr players. The patronagе of IЕ .R.н . Prinсe Philip, Dukе of dЕ inburgh
_ whosе
unсlе' Admiral
of thе
Е rl Flеet a
.N,lountbattеn ' was a distinguished writer М rсo on thе gamе undеr thе pennamе of a _ was anothеr sш ong o faсt or in с ntriЬu tory
thе
gеn еr al
upsurgе of intеr еst.
Thе latе Sir Humphrey dе Trаf ford's small Thoroughbrеd , Rosеw atеr , is gеn еr аlly o с nsidеr ed to be the foundation ofthе modern polo pony whiсh is brеd in nЕ g
land. He was used on numеr ous
ponY
POLO
on a dummy horse in a polo pit. The bаkс pony,
strokes arе: off side forward' offsidе с of thе hand, offsidе undеr thе nеk
nearsidе aЬ kс hаn d' and under thе nеkс , and offside tаil. Othеr baсk shots undеr thе Ь be usеd to good еf fеtс strokеs whiсh аy to аn tiсipаt е arе thе push, an offsidе strokе thе aсt ion of an inсoming playеr ' and the nearsidе forward, nеarside neаr sidе
the pony's bodу latеr al, that is undеr nеath his lеg s. Foт a forward shot, and bеt weеn thе a Ь ll is sш uсk when it is in front of thе withеr s' and a rеar shot is taken whеn it is about lеv еl with thе quartеr s.
The noviсе
thеn ,
having mastеr еd
thе
provеd ablе to hit the ball with strokes ап d in thе pit, plogressеs to mountеd aсu с raсy с ukkas in praсt iсе work and thеn to slow h с цk gamеs. The gamе itsеlf is playеd in h maу bе Thеr е с . kas of 7Уz minutеs еah
or eight' although now four, six, sеvеn four and six. are usually еtЬ ween thеr е marеs
who had еnЬ
seleсt еd
for thеir
pеr
formanсе on thе polo ground. His thrеe most famous sons wеr e: Sandiway, out of Cuddington; Lord Polo, out of Ladу Flor and Hurlinghаm , oц t of sЕ meralda. еn е1 с of anу polo pony is the The pеr formanсе for in this very fast aсid test of pеr fеtс ion, gamе hе must bе ablе to gallop flat out, .turn on а six stop in his own lеn gтh ' pеne с ', swing round in a pirouеt te, and in аn y start offfrom а standstill at top spееd \ 0Иh еn riding off other poniеs hе dirеtс ion. work at а gallop, and must do twoш kас
Ь flying hс anges of leg must e
sеo с nd
to him. Couragе is a primе еssеn good shouldеr s, tial, and so arе a long nеkс , depth of girth' exсеp Ь kс ' a short, strong a tionallу strong quarters and hoсks that aI е wеll lеt down.
naturе
Thе
quiсk
stop, аn d thе
turn аt
180
most important of all mаn oeuvrеs on thе polo ground. I t is also as hе is wit} r that thе pony, гiddеn еssеn tial onlу onе hand, should have been taught to sub rein. Thе mouth is unavoidaЬlу nеkс strаin from thе hasty to o с nsiderablе ieсt еd and turns. Likеw ise, thе legs also h с kес s undеr grеat stress, for whiсh reason o с mе are vеr y neсеssary. supporting aЬ ndаg еs dеg rеes
are thе
A polo ground may not eхceed 274r:r (300yds) in lеn gth and thе goals, 7.3m (8 у d s) widе' must not be less l} rarr 227 m (250yds) apart. Thе goal posts ale at lеast 3 m (r0 ft) high. Thе ball is mаd e of willow с or bаm boo loot' is not morе than 8 m
b А ove
A po| o ponу at speed disp| aying the need for agiI ity and perfeсt obedience to the rider's aids.
(З| / ц ins) and wеighs l20_1з0 in diamеt еr gms (4Уa_4Уz oz). Thе polo stiсk (mallеt in
is a aс nе of somе I 20I 37 cm (48_54ins) in lеn gth with a hеad set at right angles. This forms thе hitting sur long. and is 2| 23cm (8Уz9Уzins) faсе, ash or Thе stiсk is mаdе of sуaс morе,
Amеr iсa)
с nе and thе whippiness of thе a allows lеn gth с nе variеs; a more whippy a Ь t it is of drivе with a minimum of еf fort' u lеss еasy to manoеu vre in lс ose work. A but rеq uirеs с ratе stiffer a с ne is more aсu timing. aсu с ratе morе strength' аn d morе Thе grip aс n be bound in lеаt hеr , rubЬer, lampwiсk or towelling' and a wrist sling prеvеn ts thе stiсk from bеing droppеd . is to gеt с ursе' Thе аim of thе gamе, of o
a Ь mboo
thе ball into the opposing sidе' s goal' to polo is еssentially с usе whiсh purposе, bеa a tеam game, thе four plaуеr s _ thе for с ntrehаlf, wards, numbеr s 1 and 2; thе e numbеr 4_ o с nnivе Ь kс ' number 3 and thе a to attaсk thе enеm f s goal. and manoеu vrе Not all topсlass polo plaуers аr е outstand horsеm an although bаsiс ing horsеm еn , аn d a sеu с re seat arе аll ship, good аlЬ anсе attriьu tes. N4.ore important still' nееsс sary еye for a moving is a good nаr urаl howеvеr , judgеm ent, plus a с urаg е аn d bаll, whilе o timing, arе еq ually еssential. sеn sе of thе bаll taught how to sш ikе аr е Plaуеr s
h с ukkas, and Ь twееn arе 3 minutes e a 5minutе brеak at half timе. vЕ ery timе a
Thеr e
is sсorеd the teams hс angе еnds. 3 playеr is the onе who Thе numЬеr 4 in o с vers numЬеr initiatеs attаkс s аn d goаl
thаt he is well Thus it is еssеn tial defеne с . hittеr . с ratе mountеd , and is a long and aсu I and 2 follow up the attaсking NumЬеr s movеs made bу numЬer 3' and in dеf еnес
opposing numЬers 3 and 4. Number 4 defеn ds his sidе' s half of thе tеr ritory, and is at thе same timе rеadу to
mаr k thе
3. support numЬеr o М st gamеs arе plаyеd basis, with all plaу ers ratеd
on a hаn diсap at
thеir
value in
goals or minusgoals, fгom minustwo to touI naments thе total tеn . I n handiсаp arе added togethеr individual handiсаps from the other, and thеn onе is suЬt raсt еd in ordеr to assеss thе numbеr of goаls stаr t givеn to thе tеam with thе lowеr handiсаp . Thе rulеs arе prinсipally oс nсеr nеd с nсernеd with safеt y, and thus arе mainlу o right of possеssion of thе ball. to lс aтify Thеy lаy down penaltiеs for infringing this с using dаn gеr right and a for examplе by rс ossing thе linе of the ball in front of a playеr who hаs right of way, riding into a playеr at a dangеr ous ang| e, zigzagging aсr oss a ridеr at full gallop' intimidation or two oppo sandwiсh ing a playеr eЬ twееn
to the с rding vary aсo and its grаviry, whilе a dеlibеr аt е foul to savе a goal inсu rs the аw ard of a goal. Dangеr ous fouling a с ries27 pеn аlty or 36m (30 or 40 уd) free hits at an opеn , goal. Thе gamе is stoppеd if a undеf endеd pony falls or is lamе, if a plaу er is injurеd , if aсiс dеn t to thеr e is a potentially dangегous thе pony' s gеar, if a player loses his helmеt , and finallу , if thе ball goеs out of play. Polo is not a poot man's game, for poniеs poniеs arе and at leаst threе arе еxpеn sivе с n onlу to plау in a matсh . A pony a nеedеd nеn ts.
Pеn altiеs
offеnес
plaу
two h с ukkаs,
rеsеr vе
in aс sе of
must bе а аn d thеr е But injury or lamеn еss.
с valry although thе old daуs of mounted a
bеing
able to use troop hoтses
еn thusiastiс
young offlсеr s
bеing
and
mountеd
Proteсt ion for the legs of both horse and rider is essentiaI to guard against tendon strain аn d injury from hooves and stiсks.
through thе rеg rmеn t havе gonе, thеr е arе polo lс ubs whiсh еn able thе numегous М st havе a ioung man to play thе gаm e. o pool of lс ub poniеs' whiсh thеy hiге out fol а spеiс fiеd feе pеr h с ukka. A еrс taiп numbеr of young playеr s o с me up through thе Pony Club, whiсh enсourages the gаm е inсr еasingly, and this has led to a п u mЬer of girls e Ь o с ming aсt ive playегs. Thе govеr ning body of polo in nЕ gland is the Hurlingham Polo Assoсiation' but sаd ly thе intеr nаt ionаl еf foтt is u с rtailеd yЬ lаkс of funds. Argеn tina and the Unitеd States hеad thе world lеaguе from Ausш аlia, e М xiсo and othеr South Ameri аn с Polo is also plаyеd o с untriеs. regularly in I теland, I ndiа and Pakistаn , Franсe, Gеr many, I taly, Nеw Zea| and, Rhodеsia, South Afriсa, I (enya, Nigеr ia, Ghana, and Jаm аia с .
^ \ lalaysiа
Thе
o с rrtгes
in nЕ gland
now
аr е
Cirеnеsс tеr , Cowdray Park and Windsor. Thеr е аr е somе 49 polo lс uЬs in еxistеnес in the Unitеd I { ingdom' with somе 400 plаyеr s, аn d thеr e are anothеI 100 or so .Wеst plаyеr s within thе British army in Gегm аn y. Sponsoгship has еnЬ of grеat bеn еf it
to
nЕ glish
polo, аs it has to а1l other
еq uеstrian sports, and so has thе intеr est еvinсеd by thе Prinсе of Wa1еs, who hаs followed in the footstеp s of his father as a and giftеd playеr .
kееn
A shoгt agе of
poniеs a wеllsсh oolеd с n аs inеv itablе in view of thе u с rrеn t shortаg e of highсlass trаinеr s of horsеs. Apparеn tlу it tаkеs two уears to
onlу bе rеgardеd
ftom the timе of his initial until hе aс n play fast hс ukkas. ^ \ rgentina poniеs havе nеarly all bееn п . orked on thе еstаniс аs bеf orе starting
tтаin
polo ponу
а
bгеaking
but thеiI tlainеr s further two yеars, to агoid а high wastаgе ratе aс used by unsoundnеss or proЬlеm s of tеm pеr ament. play Somе n Е glish raсеh orsеs havе bеg un rл g fast polo in jц st one sеason' but thеy hаvе usuаlly hаd а sеason or two in tгain iп g and are physiсally mature. Тh е latе John Board, a gleаt ехp еr t on polo, said that thеI е arе thrеe .Е ames of polo _ I ndiаn , nЕ glish and Amетiaс n. } Iе й ought thе I ndian gamе the most attlaс dr,e, tlrе n Е glish thе most diffiсu lt and the .\ mетia с n infinitеly eЬ st! Hе attributеd the fаtс that n Е gland 1ast won the liИestсh еstеr
thеir
spеiс alizеd training,
still like to give thеm
а
Cup as long ago as I 92I to thе faсt thаt
the forward posi гion, ride a o с uplе of holеs shortеr , kееp rvеll forward on their fееt and seldom gеt 1еf t bеh ind. I n addition thеir a Ь lаnеd с for position еn ables thеm to hit morе в аr d aсu с г аt е l y and gеt еn ormous lеn gth on thе a Ь il. Hе onсe saw Raymond Guеst hit a a Ь ll oп a dtizz| у day, agаinst a light brееzе, .rvЫh с would hаve travellеd at least 155 m .l70уd s) had it not struсk a pony. Thе I ndian is а natural horsеm an and a tЪrmidable opponеn t, partiсu larly as he is usually supеr bly mountеd on firstсlаss pоn iеs. Thеsе are thе stoсk of n Е glish and .\ тg еn tinе Thoroughbrеd s, imported by йе nЕ glish, as wеll as somе topсlаss Ausтalian stoсk. There is аlso a theory havе adoptеd
^ \ mеr iсans
that thе rгhеrф
nativе atЫеt е гсikс еt
thе
a с n see a aЬ ll'
or polo, a full metre soonеr
than thе whitе
man.
A variаt ion of polo known аs polo playеd in Japan а rс osse, whiсh wаs thousand yеars еarliеr аn d is now popular in Australia, had a brief vogue in nЕ gland, .Wеst
partiсu larly
in thе
Coц n try. The
lс umsy instrument with whiсh thе a Ь ll is sсoopеd up and thrown mаd е thе voguе а short one, howеver, muсh to thе гeliеf of those who wете dediсatеd to thе rеv ival of polo in postwaг n Е glаn d and rеsеn tеd this disш tас ion to potеn tiаl followers.
Polo in thrеe very different settings top: A game in progress in West Pakistan oп the Gigi Kaгаkoram Range' midd| е: Swift tас ion on the fie| d at the Lahore Rаe с CI ub. I n I ndia the gаm e Was at its height duгing the period of the British Rаj , and used imported Thoroughbred ponies from the best stoсk. The I ndiаn s showed thеm se| vesto be formidabI e p| ayers bottom: HRH The Prinсe of Wa| es, who hаs аn obviousI y еn thUsiastiс tа| ent for the game, warming up before playing for his team, the Guards' CI ub, at Windsor
gamеs o с nstitute f, f ouш тв o .l.Yl. oldеst of еouestrian skills and beliivе,
not' аs mаn y
thе young. Thе
purеly pursuits
Book of JoЬ
thе are
for
tеlls of
mountеd ostriсh h с asеsl iousting was а populаr еn tеr tainment during the .Nliddle in Agеs, and polo has its origins way bаkс history. As еаr ly as 600 AD the Chinesе praсt ised а form of polo with a light ball,
peoplе of IЕ unza while thе Himalayаn thе sport originated with thеir
lс aimеd
polo is аlso
еаr ly
аnеsс tors.
o М dern
lar to
a
gamе
that was vеr y
AraЬs
аn d Persiаn s,
simi
popular with thе who usеd headless
stiсks.
During thе 1860s, thе British in Asia adopted polo and othеr mounted games in an еf fort to reliеv e the tеd ium of armу life as well аs to improvе
for offiсers, horsemаn ship
their
and to keep fit.
These еxerсisеs
.gymkhana' gаm es,
beсamе
known
a word of
I ndian derivation meaning .a fiеld
аs
Anglo day on
By thе
1880s and 1890s, gamеs, and in partiсu lar polo,
horsеa Ь lс c. mountеd
a major sourсe of entertаin in the Unitеd Kingdom. FashionaЬle London soсiety spеn t summеr aftеr noons аt smart lс uЬs with gymkhana games а fеa grеat fun for all o с n turе. The evеn ts werе and speсt ators alikе, еrс nеd , o с mpеt itors of a suсеsс sful day although thе еssеne с was always organization and disсipline. had bеo с me mеn t
I n the Unitеd States of Amеr iсa, a favourite (if rather gruesome) mounted gamе
of Rеd
a I ndian ш ibеs was to tеt her to a stake, thеn , galloping at full spееd, thе ridеr would leаn from his horsе in аn attempt to pluсk 1hе fluttering
live h с iсkеn
bird from thе ground. I t wаs no mеan fеat, for the I ndians sеldom rodе with a saddlе. Thе onlу aid employеd to staу with thе horse wаs а stI ip of hidе plaitеd into thе
animаl's mane through whiсh the ridеr а grip. o с uld sеuс rе So, through the ages, mountеd gamеs havе
plаyеd
аn
impoгt ant
part in тlre еq ues
triаn world
and today, as a rеsult of
еn ormously
inсr еasеd intеr est
the in horsе rid ing as a sport and hobby,loсal horsе shows and gу m khanas arе numerous during the sulnmеr monttts, wiф mountеd games a most impdrtant fеaturе.
I n | 957, н . R.tI . Prinсе Philip insti gatеd thе Pony Club o М unted Gamеs Championship in Britain for membеr s tlrе
movement. Aftеr
аr ea
thе Championship finаl
of
and zone finals, is oс mpetеd for
Show in As a result Qf thе London during oсt oЬer. British Broadсasting Corporation's prеvi maior ous deсision in L949 to tеlеvisе annuаlly
138
аt
thе Horsе
of the Yеar
shows, thе general publiс wеr e as introduсed to thе finer arts of suсh rаеsс raсe and the eggandspoon! thе saсk Limitеd to riders undеr thе agе of 15 on
hoгsе
all thе year of o с mpеt ition, 1st аy М during foul o с mpetitors' ponies must bе at lеаst yеаr s с mpetе in old and undеr L4.2h.h. to o Philip Cup. Thеr e arе 18 to 20 thе Prinсе arеa meеt ings, from whiсh 36 tеams arе piсkеd to go forward to thе zone finals. Thеn there arе a furthег siх zonе finals to fight it out at thе the six tеаm s to sеltес IЕ orse of thе Yеar Show. Thе organizet has thе finаl say in h с oosing six gamеs his from a total of 15 prеviously selеtс ed, are taxing bеing to ensurе thеу rс itеr ia o с mpeti еn ough to makе for an еxiс ting tion eЬ tween thе ridеr s' and variablе thе audiеnе.с enough to intеr еst squаd s to One of thе most suсeс ssful in the N{ ounted Gamеs hаvе o с mpеt еd Championship are from thе Sш athЬlane Pony Club in and Distriсt rЬ anсh of the Sсotland. They won thе Cup two years running in 1972 and I 97З. Thе brаnhс еiЬ ng known as thеn split, thе nеw branсh
I (irkintilloсh
and Campsiе
аn d,
many of the pгevious winning tеam еrЬ s, won аg ain in 1974.
Thе inauguration of this еvеn t l950s provided a grеat
boost to thе
with mem
in the British
handy, agilе soсiеt iеs whosе for gymkhana gamеs. of Thе еvent also gavе younger mеmeЬ rs the Pony Club something to strive for, as
nativе rЬ eеd
poniеs wеr е idеal
any inexpensivе, rс ossbred, and a с n' wiй praсt iсе
grassfеd patiеnе,с еv еr y bit as good as its еаuЬ ti bеo с me ful and oftеn very еxpеn sive eЬ ttеr bred thеse Nowadays howеvеr , o с untегp art. mounted gamеs _ in keeping with othеr into the intеr na horsе sports hаvе moved tionаl lеaguе and a good, proven pony with an extremelу high аn с dеm and еxpеr iеnес prlсе.
ponу
Tеams
also get .professionаt '
somе
good name, over and thе will to win oсa с sionally shadows the simplе good fun еlement. Thе fаtс rеm ains, howеvеr , that this is onе аr еa it doеs not matter what тh е brееd ing whеr е neеd s is a good mount' is аll an аm atеu r
times аt the еxpеn sе
of thеir
good sportsmanship,
a good sеn sе
of
humour and a knowledgе of the game. The gamеs as wе know thеm todаy, arе
prinсipаllу
a pursuit of the
nЕ glish
and spеaking nations _ British serviсеm en с r no doubt having had a e their fаm i1iеs
Thе British tain amount of influеnе.с Pony CluЬ is affiliatеd to lс ubs in morе inсlud с untriеs woгldwidе, than 20 othеr o ing Botswana, tЕ hiopia' Japan' Saudi
lvl0UNтD Е GAMЕs
.{ тabia and'ZarnЬia, although this doеs not :nеаn to say that thеy arе all familiar with lrе skills of applе duсking and Gтеt na Statеs, Cаn ada Grееn raсing I I n the Unitеd as and Australia' games on horsebaсk suсh
(whеn hoтsе and ridеr raсе Jrаg а member lying on a shееt of tеаm hidе down thе arena) and barrеl raсing ехp lained latеr in thе sеtс ion) have long popular and arе lс osеlу bееn o с nnеtс еd to trе work of thе o с wboy; o с nsequently' Llrе o с whidе
thеv
arе
genеr allу pеr formеd
bу
horsе
and
time at the Paris llorsе a с sеs'
thе loсa1
Show. I n both
audiеne с s rеspondеd mag
on vеr y quiсklу
nifiсеn tly, аtс h с ing ah с osеn
h с еr ing
thеir dismaу whеn
tеam homе, a
тidеr
to
howling
droppеd
an еgg)
an oppos or was just pipped at thе post у Ь ing tеam. Al1 in а1l, thе visits proved a grеat suсe с sS.
arе brеd for
most suсеsс sful intеr national oс mpеt i
neсеssary
tion. I t was trеm еn dously
exсiting' with until thе еigh
aсt uаllу
This was
No mattеr how agilе a horsе is' trаining and obеd iеnес must be taught and praс tised bеf orеh and. Thе animal should bе taught to nеkс rеin (movе awaу from thе prеssurе ofthе rеin on the oppositе sidе of thе nеkс ), stop instantlу at thе slightеst touсh , bе riddеn onehandеd and go for ward on o с mmаn d of thе lеg s and sеat (nеithеr whips nor SPuI s arе pеr mittеd undеr British rulеs). I t must also bе ablе to еЬ rеlied upon to stand quitе still whеn _ no matter whаt the prеssurе of аskеd
in thе balanсе teenth аn d final gamе.
innovation though, and it is only in thе last
еvеr grееn favouritе' thе bеn ding raсе, whеn Grеat Britain just hеld thеiт 1еadby winnеr s ovеr onе point only to emеI gе thе Canadian visitors.
еvеr ything
that thе North Amеr iсans havе уеars part in I ntеr national Compеt ition. I n uЕ rope the story is quitе diffеr еn t. If a pastimе of the у oung in :hе gamеs wеr е .Jrе thе paddoсk or baсk yаr d, o с nfinеs of until o rееn с tlу с mpaтativеly thеy wеr е егс :ain1у not o с nsidеr еd suitablе entеr tain mеn t fol thе massеs. Thеn in | 974' tl;le four lеading tеams oс mpеt ing in thе rЪrr.
takеn
Prinсе Philip Cup at Thе Horsе of thе Yеаг Show ш аvеllеd to Amstеr dam to .ompеt е аg ainst
eaсh
othеr onсе
morе in
a
jеm onsffation to show what mountеd gamеs arе all about. Thе following уeat, 1975, thе top four branсh es onсе again 3аkс еd
thеir
bags for a display abroad' this
different approаh to mounted с es equestrian games, both devised to test the pony's ability and rider's skill as well as to providefun. / elt: EngI ish gymkhanаs are fair| y forma| , as this nеat| y tUrned out o с mpetitor shows' above'' I n North Ameriсa games a с n bе с ' strenUous in the o с w hide rаe teams are pulled along on hides
I n L976, gymkhana tеams from Canada and thе Unitеd Statеs visitеd Britain for a
in westeln saddlе and drеss. oМ rе angliсized gamеs arе a rеlatively nеw
гidеr
Тw o
As prеviously
thе
mentioned' most horsе
mountеd gаm еs еvеn ts and many gymkhanas o с nsist of nothing еlsе with opеn lс assеs in whiсh adult oс m pеt itors a с n dеm onstratе thеiI еxpеI tisе. Britain undoubtеd lу owеs muсh of hеr shows inсludе
intеr est
and sllсe с ss
in gymkhana gamеs
to
pony brееd s whiсh arе genеr аllу nippy. I n thе Unitеd Statеs and Australia, it is a diffеr ent story. I n oЬ th gеn erally plaсеs, horsеs arе morе thеsе riddеn bу oЬ th and adults. How h с ildrеn еvel thе u с tting and quaтt еr horsеs' whiсh
hеr
small nativе
thеiт
quiсk
rеf lехеs
and agiliry
in aс ttlе and shеep hеr ding, arе ideal mounts for thе gуm khana
r1ng.
exсltеm еn t.
Anothеr important point for а good gamеs horsе or pony is thаt it bе rеady and willing to movе awаy from its tеаm mаt еs. аn М y is the timе onе sееS o с mpеt itors try ing in vain to pеr suadе
thеir
mounts to I9 з
tаin is the Bеn ding Rае.с This is a raсе of between four and six o с ntеstants, h е ас of whom must ride through a line of polеs,
bеn ding аlong
bеt weеn еah с ,
the samе
o с urse.
beforе rеt urning
Nlusiсal h с airs is а
grеаd ylikеd gymkhana gamе in thе Unitеd Statеs, in whiсh ridеr s go аr ound the ring, then whеn thе musiс stops' has tеn to thе nearеst h с аi r or aЬ lе of hay, dis mount) and sit on it. Thеr е is always onе less .sеat' than rider. The .sеatlеss' ridеr is еliminated aftеr eаhс round, until onlу one pеr son _ thе winnеr rеm ains.
Thе Applе Ducking Rаес favourite with spеtс ators. pеt itors
rаe с towаr ds
is аlways
a
IЕ еr е,
o с m of water, in
а buсk еt
whiсh an apple is floating. Thеy have to dismount and piсk thе apple out of thе with thеiг
watеr
tееt h,
rеm ounting
bеf orе
kас Ь to the finishing line. I n thе Polo Raсе, the ridеr s еq uipped with a polo stiсk аn d ball, raсe down to a post' hitting thе ball as thеy go. Then thеy havе to turn around thе post and raсе baсk to the finish' still hitting thе bаll. Thе first bаll ovеr thе аn d raсing
lеavе
a
linе ofothеr
horses) even to gеt
o с mbinаt ions
ovеr
You aс n bе surе
the starting linе.
suсh
not destined for suсеsс s! nееsс sary for training а gymkhana horsе or pony are simplе and within еveryone's rеhас , All that is nеedеd arе somе polеs, old motor tyrеs, bаr rels or oil drums, buсkets аn d pеr hаp s somе plas tiс oс nеs of thе typе usеd by poliсe and highwaу maintеn anсе sеr viсes. A11 will benеf it from а good o с аt of pаint so thеy аn с bе easily sееn bу horsе and ridеr and аlso aсu с stom thе horse to rЬ ight o с lours. Colleсt togethеr a few suсh inсidеn tаls as saсks, stakеs and flags and you a с n e Ь gin.
sсh ooling
of thе horsе or pony is аn d а a с se of praс perfеtс . Watсh anу gymkhana loсal horsе show or riding
mostly o с mmonsеn sе
tiсe mаkеs
еvеn ts аt thе sсh ool and you will see that it is nееsс sary
for trаn sitions into hаlt, walk, ш ot аn с tеr to bе fast and easy; eЬ nding lеading
the ponу
ridеr s
and and and and the
should bе praсt ised;
should bе аb le to opеn
gatеs
move through oЬstаlс еs minimum of fuss. A rider
with
must lеarn to mount quiсk ly (idеally to vault on) and to dismount, also at spеed; to аrс ry oЬj tес s whilе in thе sаddlе; to ridе pеr feсt ly bal without rеins,
аn e с d
stirrups or sаd dle,
mounted gаm еs as they are for othеr equеs trian sports. A ridеr doеs not еn tеr for a showjumping evеn t if the horsе does not eithеr
jumping, or for o с mbined hе or his horsе
ing thе rеquirеd
arе
training if
not up to o с mplet
tеsts.
so it is
with
mountеd gamеs. vЕ ents should bе h с osen in the light of suсh faсt ors as whethеr thе pony is bеt teг at raсing in а sш aight linе or
at making rapid manoеu vrеs аn d tuI ns _ еithеr way thеr е is a wеalth of h с oiсе. As always whеn dеаling with horsеs and poniеs the preparation and training of аn y
thing new should not be hurriеd . Stаr t slowly with strangе ехerсisеs, pеr feсd ng thе aсt ioп
аt
еah с
paсe
bеf orе
advanсing
to
a faster gait. And nеaer overptaсt isе. A horsе or pony will quiсk ly o ес Ь me stаle r40
borеd if it is asked to do thе samе movеm еn ts timе and again. I t is always bеt tеr to run through а gamе twiсe and finish on a hаppу note, тh an to try just onсе morе аn d еn d up badlу. Anothеr important point is for thе horsе to е Ь propеr ly bal аn е d с at all times, always lеаd ing with the o с rгtес lеg ' othеr wise time may bе lost аn d
аn d
еv еn
а fаll inсu rred. Finаlly' learn
to
understand thе pony, nеvеr ask too muсh аn d always reward it whеn it doеs well. At most horsе shows or gymkhаnas, mountеd gamеs arе stagеd in hеats, thе winner of еahс hеаt , or those plaсed first and sеo с nd' o с mpeting in a final. As diffег ent o с untriеs fаvour a numbеr of diffеr еn t gamеs, rules tend to vаr y. Gеn еr ally, how еver, riders will bе еliminatеd if thеy: (i) rееiс vе outsidе hеlp from anyonе othеr than stеw агd s or hoгseholdеr s (ii) break a post or mаr kеr or knoсk it to the gгound (iii) fall off and not rе mount in thе samе
plaсe (iv) fall off and lose thе ponу (v) fail to dismount to piсk up any drop
pеd
and
lс еarly and аlс mly, аn d aсt o са rd inglу. An еxiс tеd , muddlеd ridermаk еs for pony. an еxiс ted, muddlеd Tгaining аn d ability arе as important for
to тh ink
likе
finishing line hеr alds thе winnеr .
аr е
Basiс faсilities
Thе
Bаr гeI raсing in Canadа; it is a| so a popuI ar sport in the U.S. and Australia.
artiсlеs
o с nneсt еd
(vi) ride dangеr ously
with thе rаес
or intеr fеr е
other o с mpеt itors (vii) do not rс oss thе finishing linе
with any or pass
thе wrong sidе of a post or markeг withoц t o с rrеtс ing their mistake
I t would bе а mammoth and аlmost impossiЬlе
task to givе
аn o са unt
of all
mountеd or gymkhana gamеs on partiсu larly аs many hаvе reсoгd , bееn
thе
altеr еd or adаp tеd to suit loса1 o с nditions. IЕ owеvеr , it is worthwhilе mentioning a fеw of the more popular or unusuаl raсes. I n thе Barrel Rае,с thrеe bаr rеls arе set to form a ш iangular o с uгse whiсh thе o с m petitors must o с mplеt е at a с ntеr ' doing a 360dеg rее turn аt еah с baгr еl bеf orе rс oss ing thе finishing line. aЕ h с o с ntеstant rides sepaгately and is timеd _ the fastеst partiсu larly еiЬ ng thе winnеr . This raсе is populаг in thе United Statеs and Australia wherе it is often inсludеd in rodеos. One of thе most populаr gymkhana еv ents in Bri
Tеam rаe с s usuаllу o с nsist ofthe гidеr s given points' hаn ding over raсing bеt wееn a bаt on to thе nеxt team mеmеrЬ as thеy arrivе. An amusing variation is the Bananа Rеlay Raсe, in whiсh a banana is usеd instеad ofа baton. Spееd is ofthe еssеne с , but so is аu с tious handling, for the team is ratеd on time and the o с ndition of the bаn ana! I f it rЬ eaks during thе raсе thе rееiс ving ridеr hаs to dismount' rеt rievе аl 1 с thе piееs whiсh hе thеn has to pass on to thе next person. At thе end of the raсе'
h е ас
bгokеn sеtс ion
seсond
pеn alty,
fivе sеo с nd
Finallу,
o с nstitutеs а two and еah с lost seсt ion а
penalгy.
one of thе most
fаm ous
mounted games also happens to be аn ехlс lеn t inш oduсt ion to hunting аn d in somе
islаn d
o с untries,
suсh
as Cу p гu s
аn d
Malta, is the only form of hunting praс tisеd . This is, of o с urse, the moсk hunt, the kёy to whiсh liеs in good planning e Ь foгehаn d аn d
thе .hunt stаf f
thе atmosphеr е rс еated
bу
on thе dаy.
Thе prinсipal players arе the Fox, IЕ untsman and Field м аstеr who еfЬ orеh аn d survey the o с untry ovег whiсh they intend to hunt, plan thе jumps, with а round еah wау с obstаlс е so thаt no.onе is .kill' is ovеr faсеd , and dеiс dе on where the to bе. Thе Fox lays thе trail of wood shav ings or sawdust whiсh is huntеd by the } I ounds, IЕ untsmаn and lD7hippersin who are followеd yЬ the fiеld. Chеkс s should lastfor up to tеn minutеs to givе anу stragg lers timе to join the rеst of thе fiеld. At thе еn d of the trаil, thе Fox is .сaught'.
opposite A se| eсt ion of events
popu| аг
at
gymkhanas he| d in the U'K.top / eft: Тh e sаkс raсe гequires an obedient pony whiсh wi| | readi| y fo| | ow its rider. top right: p А p| e bobbing orduсking is usuaI I y he| d atthe end of the day, аs the riders get Very we| . middle: | VlusiсaI ooI es, а vаr iаn t of musiсаI h с аirs. bottom / e/ / : Bending between poles is a good test of sсh ooI ing' bottom фht: Potаt o аn d spoon raсe _ an understandab| e adapiation of the egg and spoon veгsion.
I
roсks, gulliеs, and brush. of polo was playеd in the a Е st from verу еarly timеs аn d was adopted by uЕ ropе and lаt er by Ameriсa. The Ti!еt аn lra;эn e \ rlas pulи ; thе Pеr siаn s ca1| edi| c'hаn gar, ,a malled, and in the rеign of I (ing Chosroеs I I it was playеd yЬ womеn . Nur еlDin who fought thе Crusadеr s, lс aimеd it was morе than a pastimе. I f mеn and horses werе waiting in thе prеsiс еn ес of the must bе rеadу еn еm y) thеy аt all timеs to take up arms. IЕ orsеs hobbled in thе linеs would get fаt and soft and no1 е Ь nimblе Polo was еvеn еn ough for lс ose o с mbat. plаyеd by аr tifiсial light, and this and othеr praсt iсе ball gamеs wеr е ехlс lеn t to kееp nеg otiatе
A form
El oтн аn imаls and hцm ans play in .l.l ordеr to еxеr iс se mind аn d bodу in prеp aration for the otheг dеm ands of life. For еarly man, thе dеm ands wеr е mainly to hunt for food and to makе war, and thе mountеd man had еspеiс al need to praсt isе his skill. Sport wаs not only a nееsс sity u Ь t rеrс eation prepаr аt ion as wеll, alЬеit in fol wars in whiсh unеxpеtс ed situations oftеn аr ose. Longusе ofspеiс fiс еxеr iс ses in onе plaсе rеsultеd in oЬ rеdom of horsе and man, so that ovеr thе еn с turiеs а variеt y of o с ntеsts werе dеvisеd to providе еxiс tе ment and maintain fitnеss and skill. For the horsemаn , skillatarms rеq uirеd
training, and thе o с opеr ation of the horsе so that he aсt еd as one unit with his
thе
rider, mаn
dominаt ing
mеn tally
and diсt at
ing thе strаt еgies, but mаking usе of thе physiсallу stronger partnеr , thе horsе, yЬ using its exсeptionаl mеm ory.
No man a с n
obеd iеne с from an аn imal far stronger than himsеlf unlеss its training
oЬt аin
hаs bееn
patiеn t and kind, for rс uеl with disastrous baсkfuе
mеt hods o с uld results.
From еагliеst times mountеd
.сatсh asсatсh
a с n' wеr е
games of
played. Thе
o М ngolian
bаzkiri, for еxamplе, lаsts for severаl hours, with horses and ridels at full
strеt h с as the ridеr s othеr , thе a с rсase of
try to wrеst from еah с a goat and a с rry it off
to a .goal'. I t is often plaуеd
ground, whеr е hardy
ovеr rough ponies аn d aсt ivе
horse and man fit and the horsе hаn dy and
oЬеd iеn t.
o М dеr n
polo is not playеd
on
horses required for war, but has long bееn a favouritе gamе for a с valry offiсеr s, and thеr еаf tеr for iс vilians. Poloсr ossе is also
popular and is a devеlopmеn t of tskhen burti, a national gamе in the USSR. The maidans and raсeoс ursеs from Japan to Turkеу
jаvеlin
tеam
thтowing
o с ntеsts,
used foг aгh с ery and аn d for whеn oс ntestants wеr e
werе
from thе saddlе,
with woodеn javеlins. Teams took turns to ridе bеt wееn thе opposing гanks who rеp liеd with a volleу, and points wеr e givеn . The individual winnеr was thе one who sсored mosi direсt hits, but points с ught or to thosе who a were also awаr dеd glеatеst a с rriеd thе numbеr . Other tradi tional gаm еs atetсh igаn ,.kiss thе girl'аn d .grаb thе had in the еast; I rеland had its .wild goosе h с ase', forеr unner of thе steеp armеd
lеh с asе, although it is moгe of of one rider bу othеr s rас oss opеn and obstaсlеs.
Thе
most fаm ous
a
hunt o с untrу
moсk
o с ntests were
The medievа| tourneУ, wheгe the knight and his mount showed their skill at jousting, was a re| аt ive| y I ighthearted preI iminary to the rigours and possibI e disаsters to bе met on the battlef ield.
the
Mounted games MongoI ian stуI e, with a goat аrс a с se as the ob,jeсt ive for the horsemen in this gаm e of bazkiri'
the ring' (thтеading
on a gallows through
a ring suspеn dеd
a
lanсе at full gаllop). The quintаin was pierсing or еhЬ еаd ing аn еf figy at top spееd .
Aftеr this a с me duels with thе lanсе,
call.ed
jeuх de tаblе rondе or jousting, that as .nаkеd spеtс aсlеs
dеsrс ibеd
tournamеn ts and jousts, populаr in thе daуs of h с ivalry. At first, riders еn gagеd in
oI tilting аt
wrеstling,
banishеd thе virgin and the matrorf, latеr thе lists or aгеn as, wеlе dеo с rated .сr ownеd of h с astе with the prеsenсe from whosе hаn ds high born еaЬ uty
o с nqueror
rеe с ivеd
the pгizе' .
but and and the
Frenсh
dеiс dеd thаt only thе lanсe should e Ь used, either blunted or with а rс own of small points at thе head. Lаw s govеr ning thе tourney (medieval
h с ivаlry
tournamеn t)
с difiеd were o
Preuillу
at thе еn d
o с uld
еn tеr еd
by Gеoffri
dе
e с ntury' and thе knights of n Е gland, Germany and jousting Franсe organizеd thеm sеlvеs into assoсiations. only knights who o с uld provе four аnеsс tors of equеstrian rаn k e Ь
of the еlеv еn th
in thе indеx
and o с mpеt e,
a.lthough thе
sovеr еign o с uld o с nfеr а right. Courts of marshаls, heralds аn d arЬitrators wеr е in o с ntrol. Thе lists wеr е oval with rаisеd and a seатs for spеtс ators barriеr down thе e с ntle to prevеn t o с lli sion. I (nights and thеir squirеs еn tеr еd to a flourish of trumpеt s, thе knight taking his plaсе on thе lеf t ofthе bаr riеr . The objeсt was to unhorsе his opponеn t, to what .the grating a с llеd shoсk Shakеspeаr е had с sеd horsе of wrathful iron' аs mеt alеna .full tilt'. Thе horsе and ridеr h с argеd at at the еn d of was hаu lеd on tо its hаu nсh еs thе h с argе bу forсеf ul usе of а brutаl bit. Knights had to be hoistеd into a saddlе thеy wеr e wеd gеd bеt wееn high whеr е supports. Crown and Churсh both tried to supprеss tourneys bеa с usе of the loss of
sKI LLAТ ABMs
favours of ladiеs hаve аt all times donе wonders for hoгsеm en'. с me From thе tournеy and thesе sports a very popular in ес Ь е thе a с rousel whiсh аm Viеn na. A ballet on еn с tury sеvеn tеenth
at thе I mperial horsеs was pегf ormеd Pаlaсе tn L667, for tlre Hаpsburg family horsеm еn . who were all aсoс mplishеd tDИh еn thе gleat Spanish Riding Sсh ool its mаin purposе was to was o с mpletеd train ridеr s, and thе fаm ous Lipizzaner horses for skillat.arms and for wаr but plaсe thеr е suсh pеr formanсes took mаn у yЬ аn orсh еstra, с mpаn ied as quadrillеs aсo pеr formed by two аn d а .kind of dаnе'с partiеs of 12 aсo yЬ thеir pagеs. с mpaniеd
permitted to (These pagеs wеr е in thе Sсh ool.)
bе
insш uсt еd
Thеr е
rN .r.1.
for bеh еading was also aсontеst efЕg у of a Turk at full gallop, аn d с d with a dummy was piеr e othеr s whеr е
thе
of thе sword. I n thе timе a a с rousеl was Mariе Thёr ёse, hеld in whiсh ladies took part, dressеd as
lanсе аn d m Е prеss
quadгillе Was on Amаzons' Onе anothеr in a с rriages. Thе horsеa Ь kс and
lеg еn dary s:i_r'
won a prize for skill with hеr werе offеr ed of jеw еllеr y lanсe, and piееsс as prizes for skill with thе sword and dag
m Е prеss Some mounted games, still known as ski| | atаr ms, were devised to improve the aсu с raсУ of the rider in batt| e: ti| ting at a smalI ring heI ped to perfeсt the aim and required с ntro| . o с nsiderabI e o
must evеr bе held a gгеat
givеn
to the horsе.
Philip I I I
thе с lеb rate tournamеn t to e knighting of his youngest brothеI Robетt , who eЬ a с mе so stifled bу the hеat, thе dust, as rvеight of armouг аn d lс oц d s of rvеll as hеa'"ry lЬ ows, thаt we arе told.he fell iтr to idioсy for the rеst of his lifе' . After shiverеd Henry I I was killеd whеn a lаnес on his u с irass, or brеast plate, liftеd his с visor and piеr еd his еyе, knights no longer werе fought in earnest as a show. Thеr е pistol, maсе, o с mbats with lanсе, sword' dart, pike аn d battleaxе, so that spеtс ators saw .an exaсt piсt urе of wa1 but no onе who lеd a Е h с dukе or prinсе rvas huгt . a Squаd ron ofknights had to exhibit a dеv iсе pаintеd с nvas u с rtain and .an inven on a a h с аr iot. tion mobilе' suсh as an allеg oriсal lanсеs Assаilant and tеn ant rЬ okе three аn d pеr formed with various differеn t kinds of wеapons. Fеats of horsеm anship
аn d
thеir
suЬj tес s,
imprеssеd
instruсt ols studied
his mеt hods
and suсh ridеr wаs
bеa с mе his pupils. Anothеr I nstruсt or h с iеf с me Jamеs Fillis who bеa to thе I mperial Cavalry Sсh ool in Lеn in
So famous wеr е
gег.
grad.
hе
Dе Pluvinel, Riding Nlaster to Louis IХ I I , dеvisеd mountеd games to oсuс Py
manсeS.
the Court' аn d on onе oсас and еn tегt аin sion thе King won а prize of a gold watсh . no Compеt itions in whiсh riders nееded
gгеw
armouт
Sсh ool
light horsеs whiсh (Ьasеd on thе initiatеd by Grisonе in
and rodе hаn dy,
the new I taliаn of Naplеs
sуstеm
hеld at rеq uirеd wеr е с tuly) thе previous еn аn d dе Pluvinel said.thе the Royal staЬlеs, offiсers of the Cadre Noir in fu| I dress eсh oing the miI itаr y origins of the sсh ool. The ear| y European Sсh oo| s were origina| | y to providе training in mounted warfаr e.
thеsе o с mpetitions rеq uеstеd
thаt a Sultan of Constantinoplе
should bе allowеd
to sее
thе pеr for
Thе Riding
Sсh ools of uЕ гopе, с uгt s up around the roуal o
Renaissanсе
pеr iod
to providе
intеn dеd
mountеd
warfarе.
whiсh from thе
onwards,
wеге
training in thе аr t of Thе inш iсatе movе
pеr formed without any visiЬlе aids from its гidеr , wеr e dеsigned to pеr plеx infantry, who by now thе еn еm y with firеarms. Thеy also wеr e еq uippеd and tц r n his tаu ght thе ridеr to manoеu vrе mount using only onе hаn d and thе prеs с uld usе his surе of his legs, so that he o wеapons to thе best advantagе. Thе lс assi
mеn ts
of the horsе,
a с l training pillaгs, фе
invention of de
rulегs
and thosе who per our thе .pop hеr oеs of
foгm ed thеm werе forсеs Wеstеr n rirnе. Whеn Totolа faсеd undеr Naтses I n 552 hе gainеd timе for in thе yЬ a с sting his lаn ес гeinforсеm еn ts aiг, a it With onе hand and shifting с tсh ing it to thе other and thеn thгowing himsеlf kас Ь wаr ds and rеg aining his sеat whilst at in dar stееd the samе timе riding his fiеr у ing lеаp s and o Ь unds. Е peroг Basil startеd lifе as a slavе Thе m iс rсu s triсks gained o Ь y whose еq uеstlian Е uеs him rеo and thеn powеr . q с gnition
trian aсt s in the iс rсu s,
indeed may bе and pаr tbravado, uЬ t horsе far from thе supегb they arе nеver arms. I n to exсеl with manship rеq uirеd trained Bauсh еr ttre ninеt eеn th еn с tury, his horses to pеr form in suсh a way that
paltеn tertainmеn t
many uЕ ropean
militarу leаdеr s
and t43
sк| LLAт Aв Ms
For a с valry opеr аt ing in thе age of wеapons' suсh skill and aЬi1iry
ravinеs.
modеr n
a matter of life and dеath.
wеr e
othеr sports to exеr iс sе thesе skills wеr е pig stiсk ing (an ехt еn sion ofspеaring lions and wild o Ь ar whiсh аlс lеd for o с urаg e as wеll аs skill)' hunting foxеs, dееr and harеs аn d
papеr h с asе.
thе
did not always
IЕ orsеs
pаr tiсu larly whеn they wеr е in the hands of inеx pert riders' u Ь t the o с mpеt itivе еlеm ent in as muсh
bеn еf it
as it was bеliеv еd ,
hot blood aсr oss
provided аt lеast
o с untry
а
iс vilian sourсе of ablе men if needеd. .Nlusiсal drivеs by аr tillеr y tеams are remindеr s of anсiеn t times whеn thе h с аr iot
was thе signifiсant
wеapon
in fаtс
Chariot raсes wеr e
of war.
often morе and suсh o с n
dangerous than war itsеlf tеsts аt thе early olynpiads werе made deliberately more hazardous у Ь thе intro duсt ion of all solts of distraсt ions, designed to frightеn the horses. Al1 equеs trian gаm es and o с ntеsts, howеver, werе dеsignеd
to keep skil1 and intеr еst alivе
by
in
o с mpetition' аn d also to dеm onstrаt е puЬliс the might of mountеd mеn . one intеr еsting tеst in mass dеf еnе,с
originating inсludеd
in Russiа but
somеt imеs is pushЬall,
in Pony Club Gamеs,
whiсh еn tails two tеams аt tеm pting
to
goаl push
push a hugе
linе.
ball ovеr thеir opponеn ts' Combinеd wеight is nееd еd to
it' and аn unЬr oken Pluvinеl,
werе
usеd
to tеah с thе
аirs
abovе
thе ground, as thеy still arе today at the Spanish Riding Sсh ool. Thesе .airs' wеr е еssential for a с vаlту leaders, and horsеs
wеr е trained to eЬ o с mpletelу obеd iеn t whеt her thеy wеr е in а body or alonе, within thе manёgе or in thе opеn . Thе Frеnh с Cavalrу sсh ool, the famous Cаd re Noir, transfеr rеd from Pаr is to thе small town of Saumur, аn d employеd
N.C.o.s for thе .sautе/ horsеs who werе trainеd in thе a с priole, thе levade аn d thе o с uгb еt tе. As wеll as the art of lс assiсal drеssagе, thе offiсеr s of thе Cadre Noir аlso inсluded rс ossсountry work and jumping in their u с rriсu lum. Thе Spanish Riding Sсh ool alonе prеsеr vеd lс аssiсal riding exсlusivеly, аn d а tablet тh erе had an insсr iption ending .for thе instruсt ion and training of young noЬlеm еn and their horses for sсh ool riding and o с mЬat'. Both
sсh ools allowеd spеtс ators at various timеs, and to watсh morning еxerсise when the Arсh dukes were riding was a pastimе. Thе Hoц r of the fаvouritе Cavаliеr s, from noon to 3 p.m., was a timе whеn any ridеr o с uld usе thе sсh ool. As lаn d beсаm e enсlosed, it aес Ь mе neсessary for horsеs to jump. Thе Dukе of (| 592L676)' dеsrс ibed Nеw a с stlе аs .thе bеst riding master and the worst a с vаlry leadеr of thе еn tirе sеvеn tееn th еn с turf , insistеd thаt horses must perform oЬ th in thе mаn ёg e and in the opеn . As a result, onе of his pupils, Prinсe Rupert_thе dash ing, uЬ t
somеw hat
inеp t
o с mmandеr
Royalist a с valry in thе Civil еsa с ped
at a hеd gе and
onсе
lс earing
it so
that his
not follow.
Tilting Yard had allowed
knights of r44
of the
his pursuеr s by putting his horsе
еn emies o с uld
Thе
.Wаr
а
former agе to test
thеir
thе horsеs
Tent pegging, orthe use ofthe I anсe at speed, is sti| | praсt ised by both miI itary and po| iсe riders in Britain. lt figuгes in а thгeepart o с mpetition, involving the use of pisto| , sword аn d I anсe, in whiсh points are given forthe skiI I with whiсh thev аr e used.
h с ildrеn of thе
аn d
lаnе,с
supple, lighter horse a с pablе of speеd , thеr еf ore unhampеr еd by thе wеight
and
of
hеavy armour.
pausеl o с mprising 22krn (I З milеs) of roads and traсks, 8 km (5 miles) rс ossсountry over 35 obstаlс es, аn d 2km (1 milе) on thе flat. Thosе who
tions riddеn without
survivеd usuаlly bеg un _ o с mpеt еd
aboц t
in a
half who hаd showjumping
event on thе third day. Crossсountry jumping into girthdееp fenсes inсludеd watеr with а muddy bottom, strеаm s and ditсh es at thе bottom of banks on steеp sloоеs. аn d fenсеs sеt on eiтh еr sidе of
tеsts
in usе of arms,
mаn is put to sevеr e tеst yЬ a
o с mpеt ition
of sword, pistol and
a o с ursе whiсh has manу sharp starts holding his sword аt thе slopе, аn с ters ovеr a jump аnd immediatеlу has to piеr ес a disс аn d thеn jump аn othеr fenсe. I nсr easеd momentum is nеeded to pierсe thе disс whiсh is on a spring. Hе thеn swings to a line of targеt s, hаving left his sword in thе disс, to tеst his
ovеr
turns, hе
marksmаn ship with a revolver. The flrst target is a balloon to thе right of and аb ovе a fеnе;с thе nеxt а bloсk of wood on thе ground, аn d thе third a a Ь lloon on the lеf t of a fenсе'
Turning onсе
lanсe, whiсh
Nеw demands wеr е made yЬ obstaсlеs and roads, so, in thе ninеt еn th and еаr ly twеn tiеt h e с nturiеs, the Military Vеr satil с me thе ity Test was dеvisеd from whiсh a vЕ еn t. Thе drеssage phasе hаd 36 movе mеn ts in ninе sеtс ions, entry into thе аr еn a probaЬlу а a с llt bеing аt a.gаllop (in fаtс er). Thе sеo с nd day o с nsistеd of fivе sес
for
othеr
I n Britain,s Royal Tournamеn t' held annually in London, thе British aс vаlry
nеither
whiсh would stand when held by thе if demеn ted with pain squirе, аn d еvеn from aгr ows, might be restrained from rс еating havoс. Thе nеw wаr farе with firеarms rеq uired thе manoeuvrаble,
arе
riding and swimming.
involving thе usе
sidе had won' more h с arges werе made until thе horsеs tirеd . At that point rЬ okеn spеаr s wеI е tfuown away and thosе still lеf t fought with haсking swords and maсеs. а horsе Suсh wаr farе dеm anded aсu с stomеd to trumpеt s аn d shouts; onе
ro11.
o с ntеsts'
sеr viсеs o с mpetitor
аllгound
dеf еnес
it starts to
for thе
skill, and to apprеiс atе obеd iеn t and supplе horses. I n aсt ual bаt tlе, if
and thеir
linе of
to stop it onсе Teш аt hlon and Pеn tаt hlon
rеq uirеd
has bееn
morе
plaсеd
hе
sеizеs
his
in thе ground
point uppermost, and still at the gallop must tаkе two
rings suspеn dеd from
a gal
lowering the laп ес to .tаkе' a tentpeg whiсh has bееn drivеn into thе ground lеаv ing a fеw inсh es protruding. lows, thеn
A1l three trophies hаvе to
еЬ
a с rriеd
on thе
to thе finishing linе. Points arе given for performing all stаgеs o с rreсt ly and also for .srylе' . The sаm e tests of skill аt аI ms аr е in thе trаining of inсludеd
wеapon
mounted poliсе.
с ll for sup N{ usiсal ridеs and drives a judgеm еn t and timing to аvoid aсiс dеn t, and although thе tаn k, armourеd аrс and thе aеr oplanе, as wеll аs nuсlear pow er, hаvе mаd е thе horse redundаn t in wal farе, t} re pегp etuаt ion of thesе military skills is still an inсеn tivе to sood horse
me гЪ
manship.
WESTERN SPORTS
'T.'" еvеnt that to most J. onymous with Wеstеm
pеoplе
is syn
sports is that The roots of rodеo liе in the of thе rodеo. aсt ivitiеs of ninеt еn th. woгk and lеisurе West. I n in thе Amеr iсan еn с tury o с wboуs
с ing thе Civil Waг of deсadеs prееd 1860_65, grеat numbеr s of Amеr iсans went to the southwеstern rеg ion of tlre Unitеd Statеs to work on ranсh es. Latеr , as railroad suсh postwar indusш ialization ing, openеd lаn ds wеst of thе iМ ssissippi a с rvеd out wеr е Rivеr and hugе ranсh еs М ntanа. from Tеxas to o
т} re
lifе was demanding and hard. Rаnh с с ttlе had to bе brought hеас Hеr ds of a с lves spгing from wintеr pastures, so thаt a into stеers. еЬ brаn ded, аn d altеr еd Then thе hеr d had to bе tеn dеd until thе autumn ш ail drivеs to thе railroad dеpots. h ас Е o с wboy rеq uired a sш ing of horsеs for this work, and no onе o с uld afford thе timе and refinеm ents of train foг thе niсеt iеs sаd dlеs horsеs would bе ropеd , ing. Grееn
o с uld
с wboуs would thrown on thеir baсks, o proсess lс imb aЬoard, аn d thе eduсаt ion went on until thе аn imals _ or thе ridеr s' _ wеr е
o Ь nеs
rЬ okеn .
Onе of the fеw rеspitеs
from this exis
traildrivеs, got togеt hеr in thе evеr yЬodу sаloons and gamЬling halls. Convеr sa
tеnес
a с mе
at thе еn d
of annual
whеn
to prowess with lariat or expеr tise woц ld hoгsе, and proof of allеg еd Thе town] s main strееt soon е Ь dеm andеd .
tions soon turnеd
of thesе
thе sсеn е
oг stoсkyard aес Ь me
impromptu riding and roping oс ntеsts' on wagеs еtЬ в r ith part or all of the уеa1s thе outсome. Compеt itions of this sort .rodеo' (from quiсkly аu on. Callеd а с ght .roundup'), a molе the Spаn ish word for .!Иуoming and wаs stagеd in formal еvеn t anothеr in I (ansas during thе 1870s. I n in Tеxаs offеr еd с s 1883 thе town of Pеo
and с п t est, monеy for a steеr roping o Colorado уears latеr , whеn a Dеn vег, admission to speсt ators' гodеo h с argеd a fully flеd ged businеss. rodеoing bеa с me Two of thе fivе .сlassiс' or standard havе theiг stagеd аt гodеos todаy еvеn ts Calfгoping oгigirrs in aсt ual ranсh work. pгй е fivе
Ь
onе' and it demаn ds dexterity with а horsе. The lаsso as wеll as а wellш ainеd с lf, as if to prе idеа is to гope, thеn tie a a
с lfis givеn sеveral it for brаn ding. A a hеad stаr t down thе arena, bеf orе hoгsе and rider gallop in headlong puгsuit. Т h еn с wboy tossеs his lasso ovеr thе the o pатe
sеo с nds'
аn imal's he sеu с rеs
hеad,
and almost iп
the othеr
еn d
onе
of thе rope
motion, around
roping in Western rodeos is а basiс test of а o с wbov,s skiI I .
Cа| f
his sаd dlе horn, throws himsеlf from thе с lf. Thе saddle and runs towаr ds thе a
dаys
horsе has eЬ еn trained to stеp baсk to kееp thе ropе tац t . Thе aс lf is thus restrainеd, с ing and bеo fair gamе for the аp proаh с mes o с wЬoy, who flips it onto its side and tiеs with a short threе of its four lеg s togеt hеr a piggin stI ing) lеn gth of ropе (сallеd
holding in his tеeth. whiсh hе hаs beеn faсt or' although a Time is thе dеiс ding o с wboy will е Ь automatiсally disqualifiеd if thе a с lf slips out of from thе o с mpеt ition the tiе within five seсonds. The other evеn t is saddlе bronс riding mеm oriеs of thе method whiсh еvokеs usеd у Ь o с wboуs to.Ьr ealt thеiт mounts for
с riding. The saddle in this instаne modifiеd
smallеr
stoсk sаd dle,
аn d
is
various аsoeсt s of rodeos stеm fгom the o с wboy, though the eVеn ts of theiг own. vЕ en now hаve аn imoortanсe
AI I the
с of the rаnh
today, a с tt| e have to be herded over enormous horses mUst stilI be broken in aсr eages, aп d fгom the Wi| d state to beсome usefu| , wi| I ing partners. тh e events in rodeos are aI I based, though some I oosely, on work tгаd itiona| | y
in North Ameriсa or rаnh с es done on аtс t| e above left: Bronс riding imitates the diffiсu I ties of breаking in wiI d horses and с wboy,s skiI I on аn unbroken shows the o horse. above'. Using only one hand, the
Austга| iа.
intrepid o с wboy attempts to cling on whiI e аn angry bulI twists and turns in his effoгt s to be rodeo rid of his rideг_this is one of the |с assiс even| s' below: The end of the ride foг а bronс busteras he hitsthe dustofthe arena.opposite top : Call roping is an important feature of work с ntest the on the range. below left: I n this o rider has to throw the steeг to the ground by the taiI before reaсh ing a speсified part of the arena. below right: rhе тoronto Winter Fаir с wboу o с mbines pаg eantгy with trаd itiona| o spoгt s and a disp| ay by the fаm ous Canadian Mou nties.
а
without
is mеr еly a I ope A buсking strаp is tightened around thе animaГs
a horц attaсh еd
whilе
the rеin
to thе horse's
haltеr .
its aсt ion. Horses and flank to еno с urage thе order of going arе sеltес еd by lottеr y. the o с wboy lowеr s Bеf orе Ь ins, thе ridе еg с ute and onto thе himself into thе stаr ting h has drаw n. l07hеn hе baсk of thе horsе hе hаs seсu rеlу wrappеd thе lopе around onе hаn d, hе signаls for thе gatе to bе opеn ed, аt whiсh point thе horsе buсk s wildly out into the ring. Thе rider is rеq uired to plaсе his spurs on thе horsе' s shouldеr s аt thе start and to usе them on thе first jump out с utе. Thе aсt ual ride, whiсh must of the h last ten seсonds, a с lls for еxtraordinary balanсе and timing to aсh ievе maximц m sсorеs.
Sсoring foг bгonс ognized proсеd urе.
riding follows a I ес
Two judgеs еahс award from zеr o to 25 points for thе ridе/ s pеr formanсe and thе samе rangе of points for the horsе' s, whiсh explаins the rеason whу
o с wboys hope
mounts. Thе
aggregаt е
to drаw is thе
diffiсu lt ride/ s sсorе
for thаt round. Disquаlifiсаt ion
results
hands on thе lеin' fтom a гidеr h с anging touсh ing thе horsе with his freе hand, or с nd bttzzet еiЬ ng thrown beforе thе tеn sеo sounds. .сlassiс' thаt еvеn ts The tfuеe rеm аining form part of every rodеo arose out of.!(еst lines as .Гm braggiл g , аlong suсh еr nеr s Ь rebaсk, stay с n ride a bronс a so tough I a to aboard a brаh ma bull, or wrеstle a stееI 146
thе ground. Narurally еn ough, from this, rЬ onс rid с ntеsts of barеb aсk sprang the o ing, bull riding, and steеr wrеstling, whiсh is also known as bulldogging. riding еrс rЬ onс Although barеaЬ kс с n thе ridеr a tainly rеq uires brutе strength, usе only onе hаn d to hold thе gгip, whiсh to a strаp around thе hoгsе's is attаhс еd girth. Rulеs and sсoring aгe similаr to sad thаt еight, еx e с pt с mpetition, dlе rЬ onс o
is thе time limit. Bц ll sеo с nds Ь ll sinсe a u гiding is partiсu larly pеr ilous, will hс asе and gorе an unseated oс wЬoу. Riders arе permitted to цsе both hands on
not tеn '
thе girth grip, аn d again
they must try to buzzеr sounds. Ь lldogging, bеgins Steеr wrestling or u is rеleasеd from a pеn and whеn a stееr The mаd е to run thе lеn gth of thе аr еn a. gallops aftег it, with anothеr ridеr o с wboу (сalled ahazer) raсing on thе other side to
с nd last until thе eightsеo
animal running straight. Whеn kееp thе levеl with thе stee1s с wboy drаw s thе o head, he flings himsеlf from thе saddlе' the animаl's horns as hе plants and grаsЬ his boots in the dirt to get а fiтm grip. His аr ms tightly wrappеd in a dеadloсk on thе фе steer с wboу thеn wrеsdеs animal, thе o
I
ъ:1
lr
l I
a.
..r+ ':
' .._* .
1 О
Ё
,
,i 'i
,tl
#"
|
ъ' t,'
,
_.'] its sidе. 1s tlmе.
Thе
deсiding
i
';
ii
, '''' . ;+ ., i r.' ':
fаtс oт
in this
: ::i
З::rе1 raсing is an еvеn t for o с wgirls. l.:ее 1arge oil drums arе plaсеd to folm a с uгsеr around whiсh hoгsе and l= .lgular o
] ] ] :: gallop in a lс oveгleaf pattеr n. Thе ....э. t timе of all oс ntеstаn тs wins. ] :rgеr rodеos fеаt urе othеr еvеnts, ..: jе thе flve staп d ard onеs. One popular : .::эеution is for uс tting horsеs, trainеd :..aratе a a с lf or stееr from a hеr d, thеn .' '] iеr pose itself to plеvеnt the animal '::l геt urning to thе group. AnothеI is = .:: roprng whiсh involvеs
two o с wЬoys.
Onе
of thеm lassoеs
a
a с lf аr ound
the hеаd
whilе his ParuleI ropеs thе animal's hind legs. Colouгf ul and wild affaiгs are thе h с uсk wаg on гaeс s, whiсh are reminisсent of something olt of Ben /Ё и z. Tеаm s of fouт
or six horses pull Connеstoga wagons
around a trаkс at a madсap spеed. A rodеo is also a great display of pagean try, from thе opеn ing grand еn trу of all
partiсipants to thе Iс owning
of a rodеo queеn and hеr o с urt ofаt tеn dants. xЕ hibi tions put on foг general amusеm еn t and аs part of thе day's ploсеedings may inсlude triсk riding,
fanсу roping,
or a musiсal
ridе. Onе group of rodeo еm ploуеes whosе funсt ion maу аppеar to be primarilу еn ter tainmеn t, although thеy aсt ually fulfil a vital purposеJ arе thе lс owns. Theу divеr t thе bulls and wild bronсs from fallеn rid еr s. o М rе thаn a fеw o с wboys owе thеiI livеs to the quiсk rеf lеxеs and o с uragе of rodеo 1 с owns. q Е uаllу essеn tial to thе o с n tеstants, arе thе mountеd piсkup mеn , who hеlp rЬ onс and bullridеr s dismount at thе o с nсlusion of thеir rounds. Dеd iсation, as wеll as aЬilityJ is a prerе
quisitе for profеssional rodeo oс wboys. .suiсide iс rсu it', Лhе as the toul is wrу lу r47
WESтEпN
sP()в тs
known, goes oп all уear and involves aгound vеr y grеat distаnеsс . ш avеlling
Unlikе most othеr athlеt es, rodеo ridеr s pay their own waу throughout, and that and board, and inсludes еn try fееs' room stabling fееs for thеir horsеs. As may bе yеt с mmonplaсе, imaginеd , injuriеs arе o still еvеr yonе will strivе for the .pot of gold с ntаins prize at thе еn d of this rainbow. I t o a profit for money' whiсh will help rеalizе thе sеason, but morе important it mеans the gain of thе titlе of AllAround Chаm p ion. Based on the аm ount of prizе monеy won ovеr thе yеar, the Championship also аd ditional inсomе from opеn s thе door to freе sponsoring lс othing mаn ufaсt uгers, produсt s whiсh аr е somе bеer, and oтh еr Among thе bеst how еq uestrianrelatеd . known AllAround Champions are Casey М hаn . Tibbs, Jim Shoulders, аn d Larry a I n 1974' Tom Fеr guson sеt thе alltime monеy mark of $120,000. A yеar latеr he с tied with Lеo Camarillo for thе titlе, еah having won exaсt ly $90'240' Thеr e arе morе than 1,000 rodеos held and Cаn ada. аn nuаlly in thе Unitеd Stаt еs thе Chеyеn nе inсludе The .big lеаguеs' Frontiеr Days in !0?'yoming, Pеn dlеt on Stoсk Show Dеn vеr Round Up in Orеg oщ in Colorado, аn d the oklahoma City All Amегia с n Finals. Small iс tiеs and towns hаvе own fixturеs, many of whiсh aгe thеiл с aгitable organiza or h sponsorеd by iс viс not tions. on a younger, but еrс tаinlу univеr sity аn d high sсh ool small, sсalе,
.Wеst,
еn gagе in throughout thе stц d еn ts varsity, с llegiаt е, thе sport as Pаr t of intеr o and lс ub athеltiсs. ас lar Lеss dangerous and perhaps spеtс u b le in than rodеos, but еq ually as enjoyа .Wеstеr n of four sеtс ions thеir way arе thе stylе riding found at horse shows around
thе Unitеd o с mpгisе
Statеs. These four sеtс ions lс assеs, stoсk sеat еq uitation
аn d Ridеr s wеar thе plеasure horsе lс assеs. с lourful gear of broаd ш aditional and o boots, and brimmеd hаt s, highhееled pаn ts. I n somе instanсеs, h с aps or \ DИеstern stoсk
lс assеs'
horsе
а rаin
sliсkеr
ш ail horse
lс assеs
is worn or sеuс rеd
to thе
are shown in stoсk saddlеs saddlе. IЕ orsеs с rb bits and split rеins. and bridlеs, with u riding rеq uirеs of \ 0Иеstеr n Thе tеh с niquе that ridеr s hold thе гeins in only onе hаn d, and sit with their legs hаn ging straight аn d slightlу forward to thе stirгu ps. They must not post to thе iog trot.
in stoсk
sеat equitation arе judgеd on thеir riding skills, lс аsses of their horsеs аlthough the pеr formanсe to thе final o с ntributes immеasuгably o с ntеstants
Riders and thеiг
sсorеs. to
walЬ
jog, and lope (thе
mounts arе аskеd tеr m for Wеstегn
and the horses in both dirеtс ions, at all timеs, balanсе should bе in pегf eсt
a с ntеr )
working off their haunсh es. Somе lс assеs involvе a variеt y of tests' suсh аs figures ofeight at thе jog and/ or lopе' riding with. of lеad at thе с angеs out stifrups' flying h lopе,
360o
turns, and the imprеssivе
sliding
stops.
A rodeo queen on parade, dressed in с stume' traditionаI I ndian o
Thе stoсk horsе seсt ion demonstrаt es the kind of qualitiеs and teсh niquеs
еn try goеs Е h с for ranсh work. a equivalеn t of а drеs tfuough thе !0Иеstегn с mprisеs figuгesofeight sagе test, whiсh o on thе forеh and at thе iog and lopе, tuгn s and halts. Partiсu lar qual and haunсh еs, itiеs of stoсk horsеs arе good mannеr s' с ntaсt , handinеss' rеsponsе to light rеin o speеd and thе аb ility to work at reаsonablе neеd еd
с mpletеly whilst rеm аining o ride/ s o с nrol. Hеsitations'
undег
thе
antiсipations,
arе deemed faults. ob to nеg otiatе staсlеs whiсh might bе found on a гсoss с urse sеt up aгound thе o с untry ride. A o аn d
disobedienсеs
Trail horses arе аsked
would probaЬly
аr е n a
inсludе
a
gatе
(whiсh
passed through, has to bе opеn ed, and тh еn lс osed), logs, a ditсh ' a bridgе, an )еЦ anse
of water (simulating a strеam
forded), and balеs
is made to bаkс .
the horsе аn d
of straw thгough
mannеr s
arе
thе
rс itеr ia
to be
whiсh
Performаnес for judging.
greаt plaсе Plеasure horsе lс assеs еm phasis on suitabiliry аn d manners to е Ь Horsеs аr е shown at с . a good.Wеstern hаk
thе
walk, jog, and lopе
on a reasonаbly o с nformation, I n somе lс assеs, into may be tаkеn as еq uipmеn t
loose rеin.
as wеll o са unт.
breеd s' suсh as I n аddition, еrс tаin Palo М гg ans, Appаloosas, Arаb ians, o arе IЕ orsеs, minos' Pintos, and Quаr tеr еligible to bе shown in Wеstern sеtс ions of their divisions. Dude ranсh ing or paсk tripping has long an intеg ral part of \ D?'еstеr n riding. bееn more of а с mprisеs as it really o IЕ owevеr , aсt ivity than а sport, it is vаa с tional inсluded in .Holidаys with Horsеs'.
AUSТRAL| AN
fat'. I t sееm s thе mеat from his old friеn d did not stiсk in Burke's throat as onе might have imаg inеd . and As thе o с lony bеa с mе morе sеt tlеd mail and oс aсh routеs wеr е еstablishеd, thе bandit or bushranger made his appеar from I re anсе. hoгsеm en often еxеlс lеn t o с nviсt s or.еasyliving land, these esсapеd
men' wеr e
гiders.
fеarlеss
Thе priсе
their hеads made thеm pаr tiсu lar
on about
mounts and they stole only thе best
thеir
_
whiсh oс n horses in fаtс , to provе their worth todаy as stoсk
wellbloodеd tinuе
f.f oв sвs havе made аn l.,l. oс nш ibution to lifе in
еn ormous Australiа. Vittr unflagging enеr gy and unfailing loy аlty, they hеlpеd mаp out thе vast аr еas of grassy plains and ruggеd агid dеsегt s, as and o с uld wеll bе dеsrс ibed п ouп t ains, pionеeгs in thеir own right. Although not hap infigenous to thе o с untry thеy sеt tled pilу aп d rеm аin high today in univеr sаl
horsеs.
еstеem.
at thе with thе Fiтst Flееt . Landing on suppliеs, he of Good Hopе to tаkе maгеs and two aboard a stallion, thгеe yеаr liп g filliеs. Unfortunatеly, on landing,
lion), born, work and diе on thе same stа tion. Thеy run oftеn viл t ually wild in large paddoсks, so фat visitor thе ovеr sеas a travеlling in thе outbaсk, may, on sееing .brumbiеs' or largе moЬ, assumе thеy arе wilф unownеd horsеs. This is sеldom thе show t} rе and lс oser inspеtс ion would a с sе
аl l
с еd but thе stаllion and one maгe еsаp gгoom, and fled йе lаx еyе of thеir o с nviсt iп тo ] Vlore horsеs wеr е thе uЬ sЫаn d.
propеr ty's
yеars from the
espeсiallу
somе n Е glish
геsеn t shaгing their gтаsslаn ds, Gгаziегs arе lс as so wild hoгsеs in thе Tегitory с off sifiеd as vermin and shot, or fеnеd pеr ish. The same fatе fгom watеr ' so thеу awaits ttrе wild donkеys who гoаm the grassy plains iл mobs of a hundrеd oг so,
Phillip bгought the first to Australia in 1788 whеn hе
Govегn or hoгsеs аr гived
Cаp е ю ok
imported over thе nехt
tеn
along wiф
samе sourсе,
Тh oгoughbrеd s and Arаb s from I ndia and Pетsiа, and although these fust impoгt s s'еr e not first lс ass brееd ing stoсk, thеy impтoved with еah с suсеsс ц ogтеssivеlу sive gеn еr ation. Bу 1798' thеr e
wеr e 117 horsеs in the mares. The fust new o с lony, 73 of * rеm a с mе sсr ious step to improvе thе stoсk with thе importation of the nЕ glish brеd
horse Roсkingham. lhеr е were
g Ь hяm
By thе еaгly
5,000 horsеs,
1820s
although Roсk
bе rс edited wi* r siring During thе 1899_1902 Boer
a с nnot
аI l of thеm !
gathегed
from all
Wаr ,
16'375 horsеs wеr е
ovег
Austгalia to mount thе гegiments. I t was from thе
thе еaгly Ausrтаliаn
miхеd
brееd ing
imports, that thе \ 0Иаlеr
wаs foundеd .
linеs
of
famous
Standing
15 and 16h.h. hе was of .dеn sе o Ь nе' and a с pablе of a с rrying up to 108 kg (l7 stone) all day. Thе \ trИalеr provеd him sеlf to е Ь a o с uragеous mount and is on rеo с rd as hаv ing outlastеd and outpaсеd фе аm с еl in thе dеsеr t aс mpaigns. Duтing thе First \ DИorldl0Йar, Ausш alian horsеs, by now famous foг ttrеir o с uгagе rnd stаm ina' wеr е еxportеd to I ndia аn d uЕ rope. I n faсt , moге than L2I ,324 wentto
tЬ rп een
But thе еn d of thе war аn d ttrе dеlс ine \ trИalеr . of тh e a с vaф saw thе еn d of thе Now hе is viгt ually еxtinсt and no longеr rеo с гd ed in thе stud books. I f thе еarlу gratеf ul for this toughly ехp loтers wеr е bred o horsе, whiсh proved himsеlf с loniаl indispеn sablе to thеm , thе faсt is not wаr .
гo ес rded. rhе
Robегt Burke, travellеd rас oss lС Haга and hаlfwaу a Ь kс again on o с ntinеn t
iЬ s hq15g Billy bеf orе him starvation mаd е .flеsh shoot it. Thе diariеs rеo с rd ttrat thе; в аs healthv and tеn dеr . without a traсе of
I n a oс untry with an and wool industгy ,
bееf
еvеr еxpаn ding
horses play a major
part. o even light аiг М tor bikes, ш uсks, havе failеd to provе as rс aft and hovеr rс aft еf fiсiеn t in thе managеm ent of stoсk . Now
аrс ry sеveral hundrеd largеr pгopеr tiеs (usually head of hoгsеs whiсh arе bгеd from thе propеr qy's Thoroughbrеd stаl
Thе
brаn d
mark.
wild brumbiеs
in the dеsегt or
aге
still to be found
mountain аr еas,
in thе Northеr n
howеvеr ,
Tегitory.
Austra| ian stoсkmen at work rounding up oп one of the Vast ranсh es in the The horse is stiI | аn Austra| ian outbаkс . essentiaI paгt ofthe everyday I ife ofAustraI ian farms and is гenowned for its stamina.
a с tt| e
B| DI NБ
although the popularity of this littlе ani has гeaсh еd thе iс tу and manу aгe finding good homes or being usеd as foun
mаl
dation stoсk bу
newly formеd
donkey
studs.
Yeaгs ago pгofessional horsеbгеаkеr s ш avellеd from station to station breaking a in mobs of horsеs, аt thе rаt е of dozеn s day. Today thе
animаls
propеr ty's
arе
as Part ofthe sta brokeп by the stoсkrnen tion routinе. Thе hoгses aге mustеr ed and brought to thе statiorf s yards, from whеr e marеs with foals аt foot aгe гeturned to the paddoсks, yеaгlings аr е branded and also retuгn еd ' whilе thosе rеq uired for brеaking аr е геt аinеd . Today most stoсkmеn usе thе
.Jeffеlt'
mеt hod
whiсh
of brеaking
on gaining tlre horsе' s o с nfidеnес
relies and in
с еd s. Thе nеarly all аsс еs this mеt hod suсe horse is dгiven by himsеlf into а smаll yаr d and a с ught with а loop ofrope or grееn hidе
on thе еn d of а long polе. onсе seсu red aгound thе nеk с , hе is gеn tly
a с rriеd
еn o с uragеd
to move lс oser
to the breakеr .
Then hе is tied up, handlеd, and the rЬ idlе put on him. This part of his aп d sаd dlе bгеaking usually takes aЬout three houгs, after whiсh he is turnеd loosе in the yаr d to gеt thе .feе] ] of the saddlе. Caught again hе
will е Ь mountеd. Somе arе lеd aгound the yards from а геliablе brеаking horsе; oтh еr s arе rеq uirеd to walk around witlr thе ridег nеkс rеining thеm as thеy approaсh thе o с г n еr s of thе yaгd. Thеy aгe thеn yard and wаlkеd around tаkеn to а laгg еr that for somеt imе longer. Thе whole opеr a good dеal ofpatienсе. stoсk saddlе hаs a high pommеl and pads and is fastened by a с nvas girths knее in thе that аr е lаеd с to rings or buсklеd Thе stoсkman ridеs mannег. o с nvеn tional
ation lс еaгlyгеq uiтеs
Thе
.fluid mannеr . His a loosе, o с mplеt еly hands are fеatherlight on thе long геins, his lеgs hang almost straight аn d slightly
in
forward in long stiгr ups.
AUsтRAL| AN
R| D| NG
After a pеr iod of work maybe mаn y months _ thе horsеs are turned out' or .spеlled
and a nеw lot
I n еv еr y
brought in for work.
is nеarly
mob of horsеs thеr е
always thе .гogue' that doеsn't takе kindlу to working with or for man. IЕ e is thе sort
* rat will buсk with real dеt еr mination until thе day he diеs. Thеsе were фe
.unridеаb les'
that were talkеd about гound bush fuеs in drovеr s' a с mps уears аg o, аn d mеn who had suсеd in riding thеm с еd bеa с me lеg еn ds, held in high еsteem. Thе h с allеn gе to prove themsеlvеs as horsе mеn wаs grеat аm ong thе drovеr s and eЬ ts .;agеr еd wеr е as to whеt hеr , and for how long, a man o с uld ridе a partiсu lar outlаw
This was the еarly beginning of a rеal Ausш alian sporting еvent thаt аrс riеs big prizes and аt ш tас s the
horsе.
rodeos
Thе
toughest ridеr s in
thе o с untry.
now organizеd
and o с ntrolled bу
sport is thе
Australian Rough Ridеr s Assoсiаt ion.
Saddlе
bronсo riding
is onе of
the
foundаt ion events ofthе spolt, and onе that requirеs skill, balanсе, timing and experi еnе.с As in thе similar еvеn t in Amеr iсan
rodeos thе o с ntеstаn t literally lс imbs aboаr d thе horsе whiсh is o с nfinеd bе twееn high wooden rails with a gаt e at еither end. As thе horse u Ь kс s in this .сh utе' , mounting аnс
itself! Onсе mountеd , thе ropе of thе headсollar
and plungеs bе а hаzard
in
ridеr tаkеs in onе hаn d
thе and positions his legs forward onto thе horsе' s shouldеr points. Thе gatе is openеd and hе lеаvеs thе h с utеs for his tеn sеoс nd ride, throughout whiсh hе must leavе onе hаn d
of all equipmеn t, the horse and
frее
his
own body. Staying on is not thе only judg ing rс iteria though. Two judges, onе еithеr sidе, note how wеll hе ridеs thе buсk s, how widе thе sweep of his spurs and with what stylе the horsе buсks. Thе standагd saddle for these еvеn ts has
two giтt hs,
onе
positioned furthеr
baсk
i
to lеаp
.killеr s'. and are often promoted as
Animаl
protеtс ion for somе years soсiеt iеs havе еn Ь trying to havе all rodeos stoppеd on thе
grounds of rс uelry
to horsеs
and a с ttle,
but suсh is their popularity, that аll attempts havе so far bееn
unsuсеsс sful.
No suсh movе hаs been madе against a с mpdrаf ting еvеn ts whiсh arе oftеn
ridеr
has led to somе spеiс alized
thеr e
horsеs.
this instаnес thе horsе is unhaltеr еd and wears only а surсingle to whiсh is attaсh ed a leathеr loop for thе ridеr to hold. Again it is а onе handеd ridе, lasting this time for еight sеo с nds and judgеd on thе o and thе с mpеt ito1s stylе at rodeos. I n
horsе' s ability
to shift him. Anothеr evеn t whiсh has been handed down from the everydау work of thе stoсkman is a с lf roping and hеr е, a lс еv ег fаst horse that a his ridеt 's с n antiсipatе neеd s is invaluablе. A ropе is attaсh еd to thе sаd dlе hoгn аn d on a given signal the ridеr sets oцt aftег a аlс f whiсh is rеlеаsеd from the h с utеs. IЕ е ropes thе аlс faтound its neсk, аn d exaсt ly at the moment thе ropе touсh еs thе bеast's neсk, thе horsе halt on its haunсh es, thus pulling thе ropе taut. Thе o с mpеt itor ties the a с lf's lеg s as quiсk ly as possiЬlе and rеm ounts.
skids to
!
momеn t
major shows and as o с m petitivе attraсt ions in their own right. This stoсkman's sport аrс ries high prizеs and
plеaser
tr
for an opportunе
thаn usual to prеvent it bеing buсk еd ovеr thе horsе' s hеad. A hеadсollаr with a ropе from the еn с tral dее is the onlу means the
has to guide his mount _ if indeed is any guiding to е Ь donе! Bаr еb aсk riding is another rс owd
g
it wаiting
from his horse and grab it by the horns, unbalanсе it and bring it to thе ground. Thе wholе proсеss usuаlly only takеs bе с nds, аn d is ridden at a nlteen 2Уz_LI sеo speed of 5065 km (3040 mph). Thе horses used for rodeo work are sometimes suppliеd bу loсal farmеr s who have urгidеаb le stoсk, or thеy may be the propеr ty of one person who travеls thе rodeo iс rсu it with thеm . The horses that quite а reputation appеаr rеg ulаr lу hаvе
a
Thе fastеst Peгf tес ly
time wins.
trained horsеs
arе used for
wrеstling too. A steеr is let loosе from thе h с utеs аn d thе ridеr gаllops аlongside
stеer
stagеd
аt
rodеos,
of
rЬ еd ing
Good drafting horsеs sеldom
hаn ds for undеr four figurеs. Thе h с аn gе ideal hoгsе stands about 1 5 h.h. (аn y larger and theу find it diffiсu lt to exeсu te the aсu tе turns nееsс sary) and is up to a с rrying a fairly 1аr gе man while pushing a beast аr ound аt thе samе timе. Hе has to bе fast, good drafters and for this rеаson many havе ThoroughЬr ed blood in them, although rееn с t
Horsе
yеars havе sееn
lines inш oduсed
with
thе
intеr еst it
it from turn a с mp
wеге
hаs fostеr еd is еv idеn t
rallies wherе
at
sometimеs
morе than 200 h с ildrеn attend. Formеd in thе 1950s, thе Pony Club in Ausш alia fol lows the same instruсt ional lines as its parent body in n Е gland. Rеg ulаr working rallies make up a mаj or part of thе mееt ings whiсh arе stagеd аt 1oсаl show grounds, raсe o с ursеs
or individual
s
prop
_from thе tiny o с untry Al1branсh еs rЬ anсh with a mеmеrЬ ship of maybе 50 to thе larger innersuЬu rban onеs _ hold еr ties.
o с ursеs.
Camps arе гu n during
the holidaу s
Austrаlian h с ildren
and аn y guiding beсomеs unnеe с ssary. Hе will lеan into the eЬ ast with his shoulder at the most
at great spееds,
аn d
thе surburЬan
suсe с ss.
off the hс osеn bеаst
angles to prеvеn t
thеr е
ponies to ride and аd ults to lеarn up in from, u Ь t nеw gеn erаt ions growing аn d suburbs had pаr еn ts, who йе iс tiеs hаd no knowlеd gе of horses. thеm sеlvеs ao Ь on' To thеm thе Pony Clцb hаs bееn alwауs
thе lс imate and opеn spaсеs
mаd e аlong thе routе, thе fast falsе movеs еr фe с mplеt ed, and thе highеr o с urse is o ttrе sсorе. A good horse never takes his eyе
ing. xЕ u ес ted
For oс untry hс ildrеn
nеxt.
Quartеr
in naturаl bush Campdrаf ting takеs plаес surroundings, and thе rider sеleсt s a bеast from the mob or a с mp, and drives it to another spot known as thе yards. I n o с m petition аm a o с pdrafting' с urse is marked out yЬ pеg s or oil drums, and thе number of in thе herd kеpt small. The feweг аtс tlе
frightеn ing
drafting is a thrilling spеtс ator sport. Cаm pdrаf ting is not rеstriсt ed onlу to adults. Pony CluЬ members learn thе rud imеn ts during novеlty raсеs stagеd at thеir ralliеs thтough suсh o с mpetitions as bеn d ing in аn d out of oil фums at a gallop. Of gеt first o с ursе somе o с untry mеm bеr s fаr ms, but hand ехp еr iеnес аt thеir homе thе Ponу Club in Austrаlia has givеn all young ridеr s an opportunitу to lеаr n this and othеr tеh с niquеs. I n thе past horsеm anship skills werе to thе hаn dеd down from ong gеn еr ation
luсkier thаn
and makе
many
I nformаl
mеаls undег the barbеu с e shade ofgum trееs and singsongs or hor с mpetitions around the sеy quizzes and o a с mp firе at night add to thе fun. aЕ h с State runs its own affairs, but is othеr s.
yЬ thе Austгalian Pony Club I ntеr Statе o с mpеt itions arе in the annual stagеs of thе biggеst еv еn t a с lendаr _ the Pony Club h С ampionships. govеr nеd
CounсiI .
years thе I nterPаiс fiс Sсh еm е has bееn in operation. vЕ еr y two visit a .host' уears, mеm bеr s o с untry and, as guests aI e suppliеd with mounts and еq uipmеn t, and takеn on vаr i ous tours. Counш ies pаr tiсipаt ing in thе
I n rеe с nt
xЕ h с angе
AUsтRALI AN
Left
Highly trained horsеs are essentiaI foг suсe с ssful steer Wrest| ing, as the horse must gаlI op а| ongside the steer UntiI the rider эh ooses his moment to I eap, grаb bing the stеeг by the horns in his attempt to bring it to grouno. :г. тe Below The Grand Parade at the Sydney Roya| aЕ ster Show mаr ks the beginning ofthe Australian show season Battom right rhe indomitable AUstrа| iаn Thге Day vЕ ent гider, Bi| | Royсr oft, who ;ompеt ed in the MontreaI oI ympiсs at the age of 61 аn d heloed to win thе team bronze тп eda| . He was aI so a membeг of thе teаm at Rome in 1960, when they won the gold.
sЕ h с ange Sсh emе are Ameriсa, Canadа, \ еп . Zeаland and Ausш alia. I t hаs bеen Australia has thе most еп t husiastiс mеm bеr s in thе world and thе tЬ егest and enthusiasm is e с rtainly very егidеn t at horsе shows hеld around thе sаid
that, per a с pita,
o с untry.
vЕ еr y town, аn nual
small, holds an
howеver
show and somе of thе
lаr gеr town
poliсе bгanсh еs arе grеat rс owd Thе jumping еvents are kеenly foг it is from the .Royals' that At future Ol1тn piс riders will bе piсkеd . Sydney's Royal a Е ster show, a rеgulаr Threе Day vЕ еn t is staged, whiсh is lс osеly wаt h с еd by the olуm piс selеtс ors. Thе haсk' huntеr and otheг riddеn lс asses mountеd
plеasеr s. o с ntеstеd
that judgеs nеvег so mаn y еn triеs ride _ it would takе too long. The rЬ eed Arabs, horsе brееd s, lс аsses with thе hеavy British nativе bleеds, palominos, harnеss to judgе аn d Austrаlian poniеs tаkе hours goеs up еvеr y and the numbеr of еn triеs attгatс
of shows, аsЕ ter
Nlost Statеs hold their Royal Show in suсh high rеg агd that a publiс holiday is during its running, to give work h с ildren a h с anсе to attеn d. I t is interеsting to notе' that unlike manу Australian publiс holidаys, show day is dеlс ared
еr s and sсh ool
spеn t
at thе
show, instеad
of on thе
beaсh , or at homе. I t dеm onstrates how intегеsted iс ty dwellers arе in all things from and of thе o с untry.
following thе iс r
and the Sydnеy
Royal
mаr ks thе bеg inning of thе sеason. Thе Brisbane (Queеn sland) xЕ hibition follows in August with e М lbourne, Adеlaidе and Perth in Sеptembеr and Tasmania in
The enormous distanсеs
oсt obеr .
bе
twееn eaсh State a с pitol makе showing an prеstige attaсh еd expеn sive hobЬу, uЬ t, thе с ampionship makеs to winning a Royal h many o thе iс u тс it. с mpеt itors trаvеl Obvi ouslу а haсk that hаs won fivе or siх Statе h с ampionships in onе sеason is a vеr y
valuable animаl.
in the showring, аn d onе o с ntestеd by riders from all Statеs, is thе Garryowеn event stagеd аt thе e М lЬournе show. This riding еvеn t is for lady ridеr s ovеr 18 уеars Onе
yеar.
aсt ually
For thosе o с mpеt itors u с it
Rl0| NG
of thе highеst awаr ds
Austrаlian
of age and the winnег rеe с ives thе Pеr . pеr ual Garryowеn Trophy. Thе u с p was named after a top haсk who died in a fuе morе than 38 yеaгs ago. The horsе' s mis trеss, Violet u М г r еl l diеd too' ш ying to savе him from thе flamеs. Thе winnеr of thе еvеn t also rееiс ves a sash (sashеs arе used instead of rosеt tеs in Ausш alia) with a portrait of rМ s. .Гvlurrеll on a rЬ ooсh .
Nine olympiс Gamеs passed еfЬ orе Austrаliа o с mpеt еd wiф an еquеstrian tеam. I n 1956 whеn the Gamеs were hеld in e М lbournе' thеу fеlt morаlly obliged to еn tеr ' еvеn though thе еq uеsш ian еvеn ts were in Stoсkholm. Thеir fust threе day event tеam o с nsistеd of rЕ n Barker, Bеr t Bгian Crago аn d Jaсobs, John \ DИinсh еstеr , Wyatt Thomson and they finishеd a vеr y rс еd itable fourth. Thе Stoсkholm аdvеn turе fired thе Austгalian's еn thusiasm and thenсeforth' threе daу еvents a ес Ь mе rеg ular еvеn ts in thе oс unш y. I n Romе, four yeаr s latеr ,
rеallу triumphеd , with making his heroiс effort in
thе tеam
Bill Royсr oft
the finаl phasе аn d jumping а lс еar round еv еn though hе had a brokеn o с llar oЬ nе. As wеll as winning thе tеam gold, Lаu гiе Nlorgan won thе individual gold. Ausш alia was well and ш ulу on thе equеstrian mаp .
Thе 1964 Tokyo gamеs saw Australia,s first show jumping team and Bill Roy
rс oft' s son Barry was inсludеd , while .Dad' was onсе again in thе tfuеe day evеn t tеam.
sЫp s may stagе more thап onе. Novеlty jumping and riding еvеn ts and гaеsс , dis plаvs yЬ the loсal brаnh с of thе Pony Club
аr е
at these
usually fеаt urеd
.familу
аt tЪirs', but it is at еah с State's Royаl Show тh а t thе o с untry really o с mеs to thе iс ty.
^ \ mid
an
bustling with
atmospherе,
t.aiт gтound sideshows and stalls, o с untry lifе is well exhibitеd . Thе latеst in agriсu l ш та l еq uipmеn t is on view; sheep shearing
o с mpetitions, buttеr making dеm onstra гions and wood h с opping raсеs аr е hеld; кh ile aс ttlе, sheep, poultry, pigs, aс gеd iЬ rds, a с ts, dogs, goats аn d еvеn fashions judgеd , sold, viеw ed and (in the a аr е с se of u Ь п еr ) tastеd , during the show. Grand pагades of the winning animals arе hеld h е ас
daу.
IЕ oгsеs ехh iЬits
pегm anеn t аd miгеr s pеt itions,
г е m аi n
onе
of thе
favourite
amongst all thе o с mpеt ition.
stablеs
arе rс owdеd
and thе еvеn ing or displaу s oftеn t
Thе with
iumping oс m pеg ging
by thе
a9i
AUsтRAL| AN п | DI NG
'r*
AUs I tlAL| AN п | DI NG
.Meхio с saw anoфеr Royсr oft еn tеr thе гanks of olympiс horsеm еn , whеn Waynе Clarke was to follow years ioined thе tеam. lаt er,
and all the time
Bill rodе for his
o с unтr y.
The peгf ormanсеs in partiсular фе
уЬ
and
the Ausш аlians, Royсr oft, vеt еr an
dеm onstrate the great talent of Ausш alian гidеr s and thе aЬiliry of thеir horsеs. I n thе phasе, both arе in thеir еlе гсossсountry
mеn t
and гeес nt
years has sеen
muсh
impгovemеn t in the dressagе whiсh is now ап intеg ral pаr t of all major shows. I t has quiсklу dеvеlopеd from bеg innеr s' lс аsses to Pгix St Gеorge stаn dards. I f it wаs Bill Royсr oft who put Australia map' that iЬ g on thе intеr nаt ional еvеn ting rеd gаlloper, Phаr Lap a с n lс аim the o с un щ Js raсing famе. Although hе has еeЬ n deаd for morе than 40 years, the nation гemеm bеr s him with great affеtс ion,
hеightеn еd maybе, dеай in thе Unitеd I ap diеd
aftеr
yЬ
his
mystеr ious
Statеs in | 932. Phat a raсing a с reer of only three
г е aг s in whiсh hе amassеd morе stakе monеy than аn y othеr Australian horse еfЬ oге him, winning 37 timеs from 51 sв п s. Suсh was thе affeсt ion of his fans
that his o Ь dy was flown bаkс to Australia, dissеtс ed and divided. His hеart is now in
thе аp с ital,
Canbеr ra,
his skin in eМ l
in Nеw Zea7and_ bouгn e and his skеlеt on thе o с untry whеr е hе was brеd . Thе fiгst rаeс to е Ь run in Austrаlia was in 1810 at Sуdneу and thе sport soon proved popular. Thе first еlМ bournе Cup probably Ausш alia's
most famous rаес
_
was stagеd at Flеm ington, nеаr in 1861. I t wаs won by Arсh eг,
] VlelЬourne a big horsе who gallopеd along with his tonguе lolling out' his long stridе earning him thе niсk Austrа| ians in sport. top | eft: Kevin Baсon, a member of the Australian show jumping tea m in aсt ion at the MontreaI o| ympiсs. top right: Po| oсr osse is a unique| y Austra| iаn spoгt whiсh has deveI oped sinсe the introduсt ion of reа| poI o. below left: A pаn oramiс view of MeI bou rne,s fаm ous F| emington Raсeo с urse, showing the Lawns аn d the various traсks. I n Austra| ia many raсes are he| d oveг dirt traсks rather than turt. inseti One of the renowned twotime winners of the Melbourne Cuo. Rain Lover' below righf : Another horse whiсh hаs won the Me| bourne Cup twiсe, the formidabI e Тh ink Big.
namе, the Bull. Hе
won it the following
yеar
(at too) a гo ес rd only rеpеatеd twiсе thе timе of going to print) by Rаin Lovеr in L96819, and Think Big in 197415. Thoц sаn ds of еаgеr raсing enthusiasts,
from all parts of the o с untry,
floсk
to
Flemington eaсh yeаr for this popular rаес whiсh is traditionаlly held on thе first Tuеsdау in Novеm bеr . llowеver, suсh is thе nаt ion's interеst in thе sport of raсing, that even thе small (whiсh аlso sеr vеs as an аiт bush tгakс strip) a с n attraсt a mighry rс owd. a М ny falsе starts may bе mаd е and the horses lost from view in thе dust, but thе еn joymеn t amongst thе heat and thе flies is as rеal аs thе plеаsurе for those on thе wеll kеpt lawns of Randwiсk raсo ес ц r sе in Sydnеy or that in Flеm ington. A fеw yеагs introduсt ion ofraс аf tеr thе ing, fox hunting took on a popularity. nЕ glishmеn , borеd with h с asing kangaroo a fеw foxеs to bгigh and dingo, impoгt еd tеn up their sport. I n Tasmania naturаl,
indigenous, quarry is still hunted,
although the hunts do not last long. The laгg еst hunting fratеr niry now is in Adеlaidе' South Australia, whiсh has 11
Hunt Clubs. The Adеlaidе
Hunt CluЬ
Cup is run in Julу eaсh yеar for $1,700, thе highеst stakе in thе o с untry for a } I unt Crrp.
Thе oldеst hunt in Australia' The еlМ bournе Hunt CluЬ, mеets on Saturdays and onlу hunts the fox. I t gathers a rеla tively small fiеld, usuаlly of about 60. Thе sеason is from lVlay to Sеp tеm bеr ,
аn d
dur
ing thеse months, thе aim is to kill the fox,
for from thosе few еarly imports,
thе
bushytailed predator hаs multipliеd . Hаr е and fox аr е аn othеr huntеd у Ь old еstab
lishеd lс uЬ
while somе use а drag, in
whiсh aс sе
hunts usually last no more than four hours, and arе ovеI stfategi
thтеe to
a с llу
plaсеd
jumps. As
in Great Britаin,
thеr е аr е yеar а fеw dеm onstrations еv еr y to have foxhunting bаn nеd . The inш oduсt ion of polo a с mе not long aftеr rаiс ng and hunting, but it wаs sinсе thе end of thе Fiтst World War that thе
gamе rеally Austгalasiаn
went аh ead. I n 1925 thе Gold Cup was introduсеd
and was o с mpеt еd for еtЬ wееn thе differ tеЦ AustI alian Statеs аn d Nеw Zea7and.
Bеa с use
stationьI еd
poniеs
arе
геadily
adapted to polo, thе gamе is muсh played in the oс untгy аr еаs аn d Queеn sland has produсed a numbеr oftop lс аss players. A1l matсh еs aгe well attendеd by spеtс ators during thе sеаson. Polo rс ossе is аlso populаr аn d is playеd by Pony Club and Riding CluЬ mеmеrЬ s'
Ausш alia's
links with the horsе аr е
as
wеr e at thе birth of thе nation and thеr e еxists а dеep lovе and rеspeсt for thе аn imаl. Offiсе workегs on sш ong todaу
as thеy
thеir way to work will stop аn d pat thе poliсе horse on point duty; thе gambler will tаlk affeсt ionаt еly of.his horsе', еven though hе might losе; and sсh ool h с ildren are sdll hеld spеllbound bу the skill and .Clanс y ' .М a n and thе From dariл g of Snowy Rivеt ', who h с asеd thе .сolt from old Regrеt '. To Australians, the horsе is part of thеir
heritage l)J
and still arе) аssеssеd .
thе yardstiсk s
yЬ
whiсh
it was
I n addition, by produсing thеir produсt s in thе show ring' to win ovеr thosе of their fеllowbrееd еr s whеn judgеd by ехpегt s, с mmand the top markеt ablе to o thеу wеr е priсе for their young stoсk. Altеr nativеly attrаtс еd to sеn d would е Ь othеr rЬ еedеr s
marеs alwауs bееn
of the iаm е
somе 200
уеals
spеiс еs
аg o.
аn d rЬ еed staп ed
I t spтang from thе
provе ofhorsеs nдt ural dеsiтe ofbrееd еr s tсi othеr s, that thеy hаd used thеir skiil and an animаl that wаs knо. .tл r lеd gе to produсе bеt ter made for thе job in life to biggег, of whiсh it was to be put, and pоssеssеd to
п r ore
stlength, stamina, workmanlikе o с nformation than and lс assiсal thоse produсеd bу othеr brееders. I ts pтopor movement' quаlity, s} .rnmеt riсal tions and gеn еr аl bеauty of out1ine werе, quаlitiеs
to ttrеir stаllions.
Sho'rvs hаvе
o с nvivial
plaсеs
mееt ing
fоr
thosе of similаr intеr ests and enthusiasms, _ lд beit in friеn dlу гivalry _ bound togethет foг good husbаn dry с nсеr n уЬ the samе o towaгd s of thе rЬ eеd and the imрr ovеm еn t horse. Although this thе ideal: thе perfеtс yеt to е Ь foalеd , individuаl has prоb aЬly just as thе pеr fеtс human bеing has уet to is еn dless fasсination in pur bе boгn , thеr е it. suing а quеst to aсh iеvе Probably thе purеst form of showing is the у oung horsе inhand. tфа of showing art с nsidеrlаЬ e Showmanship, whiсh is a o must always plaу its part in showing an advantagе' аn d а rеal аn ima1 to its еsЬ t altist is able to disguisе fаilings of movе. bу thе way hе mеn t' or evёn lamеn еss,
a horsе, or runs him out in hand. tradе, and thеy aте ш icks in еvеr y Thеr е profеssioп al showman's o с mprisе еvеr y
lеads
stoсkin.trаd е,
but therе is lеss
opportunity
in the lс asses in whiсh thе for artifiсе in thosе exhibits arе lеd in.hand thап where thеy arе riddеn . Thеn аn ехaggеr аt е d thтowing of thе toе in thе trotJ or a с bе ц sed to flashy display at thе gallop, аn disguisе, or to divеr t the attеn tion from, tас ion or somе othеr suсh failings аs fаu ltу shortсoming. a Тh e аim of the showman is to produсе .fill thе eуe', as thе saying horsе that will с ampion goеs, and no hoгsе wins manу h
ships without thе ultimate
blеssing
of а
hardtodefinе quality knоw n aS prеsеn cе. This is thе quality whiсh eЬ stows upon its to o с mmand fortunatе possеssol thе iаЬ lity
thе
атt ention qualiry whiсh
of whoеvеr
beholds it _
а
Ь t dеm аn ds: not only says, u ..Look at mе I 'm thе grеatеst!'' A horsе thаn madе and а bеt ter movеr mаy bе bеt tеr he will gеt Ь t if hе laсk s presеnес othеr sJ u no furthеr in thе rvorld than thе man who is nсe. bеn еf it dеn iеd thе o
тHЕ
Thе
arе the most impor in the show ring, for thеy sеt thе stаn dard of thе bеst sort of hoгsе to breed аn d thеr еf orе wield а widе influеnес upon brееd еr s and buyeгs alikе. Thе уoungstoсk lс assеs, for brood marеs and for foals, yеаr lings' twoyеаf olds and thrеe.yеar.olds arе largеly patronized у Ь
tаn t
pеoplе
I
!i I, I
t I
hunter lс assеs
of all thе lс asses
who brеed
horses for
a
hobbу,
or by
fагm еr s who breеd thеm as a luсr аt ivе sidеlinе, to thеir sеr ious farm work. Thе riddеn lс assеs) on thе other hand, although pеoplе тt rеy too o с ntаin manу who show horsеs for the sheеr fun of it' аr е also thе happv hunting ground foт thе professional showmеn who produсе horsеs for othеr _ and in so doing, еn surе pеoplе thаt thе stаn dards of trаining, riding' produсt ion and prеsеn tation аt a o arе mаintainеd с n sistеn tly high levеl. Тh е basiс proсеd uге fог thе lеd hц n ter lс asses nеvеr vaтiеs. Thе уoungstеr s are lеd into thе ring iс rсlе around thе judgе at с sionally а r.valk (оa at а trot for a shoгt spell' а valuablе innovation borrowеd from _ movеm еn t йе \ 7e1sh о n v lс asses frоm
just as impoтt ant as movе. thе sidе bеing mеn t from thе a Ь kс oг the front) until thеy judgе or his stеw ard to arе a с lled in у Ь thе
in a
straight linе,
in
prеliminаr y ordеr of mеr it. Thе judgе thеn walks down thе line sсr utinizing eaсh animal, eЬ forе pulling еahс again otrt in turn to iп spеtс it .stаn ds it up (i.е. ' mаk еs it аs its lеadеr stand
stand fouг sqц aтe).
run oцt
Thеn
in hand; .\ wаlk
is thе usual rеquest' uЬ t
the judge sееs it baсl{
awaу, and tтot
if hе is duЬious
somе small point doеs il swing a leg, or throw a foot} _ hе will ask it to go agаin to o с nfiтm or allaу his еarliеr suspi.
o аЬ ut
I n thе last analуsis, lrе has thе
linе of
around him onсе morе еfЬ оr e a с lling in his winnеr and then thе lowеr plaсеd lс ass, hе horsеs' I n almost еvеr y will оn ly havе suсеeс dеd in plеasing onе horsеs iс lтс е
аlthough
thеr е
onе winnеr l
Thosе
thеm selvеs
and еrс tain
that thе
onе or
thеr е
this is onlу one man's opinion, аn d is аlways another day. A fourth
eхh ibitor goеs and attaсks thе judgе, u Ь t this person is vеr y rarе, and gеt s inсr еasinglу indееd morе таr e as he hаs his errtiеS rеf usеd by othеr shows for
a с tеg oгy of
his reputation will quiсkly
gеt around. is an old and truе showring saуing, .I f you a to thе effеtс thаt : с n't takе dеf еat, Therе
dorit shov/ . Thе riddеn hunter lс ass may hаvе еithеr one or two judgеs, who arе a с llеd upon in nЕ glаn d and I rеland (though not in thе
Stаt еs or aС nada) to гidе This they do having sееn
the
woгks his way down. I t is dеsirablе
for
Unitеd horsеs.
iс ons.
pеr son'
thаt
lеss
a с n еver fortunatе
only bе will tеll
sеltес ed friends
judgе is a fool; tеll thеm sеlvеs and two others, in striсt еst o с nfidеnе,с
thаt the judgе
is а knаv e;
or tеll themsеlves
s| i0W в | NG
thеm walk, trot' a с ntеr and gallop round thе ring, whеr еu pon тh е samе systеm of аlс . ling the horses into a linе prevails. I f thеr е arе two judgеs thеу thеn stаr t riding' vеr y oftеn ' from oppositе еn ds; if is only onе hе starts аt thе top and thеге riddеn , evеn if thosе at the bottom of thе linе stаn d no h с anсе what plаеd с ' soever of еiЬ ng Aftеr all, thе еxhibitors hаve all paid thе samе еn try fеe' еv еr y
hоr sе
to bе
Тw o
aspeсt s of the show ring: showing in'hаn d and the ridden pоn y. Pony stаI liоn s аt the Ascot stallion show, where they are judged on theiг suitаb iI ity for breeding good nаt ive ponies and h с ildren.s riding ponies. lл set: Showing аn с begin at a very early age, espeсiaI lу in I eading гein 1с аsses whеr e the pony is judged on its suitаb [ [ itу for a h с ild.
€
* ё=
=
тHЕ
SHOW в | NG
to thе samе tloublе aп d еxpеn sе to produсe thеir horsеs and bring thеm to the show, and it is disсouraging, to say thе lеast, to е Ь dismissеd with a u с rt nod. vЕ en if timе doеs not pеr mit the judgеs to ridе еvеr y horse' (and judgеs arе all too oftеn not givеn suffiсiеn t timе to do
most have gonе
their job' bеing
hurriеd
o с nstantly
along
being h с iwiеd bеa с usе of thе pеoplе, impa
who is himsеlf from highеr up' vеr y often by a stеw ard
of the tеlеvision tiеn t for thе showjumping to bеg in on judgеs arе puп tс ilious timе! ) thе bеt tеr
dеm аn ds
about having a final look and a h с еr y word with thе pool man or woman who is unfor tunatе to stand at thе vеr y еn d ofthе linе. A .I pat of the horsе' s nеk с , and an admiring: goеs а vеr у еtЬ hе' s a supеr hц n tеr l' long ;1
tl
I
wаy towards mollifying an еxhibitor who is about to bе sеn t out of thе тing with .thе
ruЬb ish'. Thе biggеr shows will put on lс assеs not onlу for thе oс nvеn tional thrее wеight divisions lightwеight, middlеw eight and _u hеalrywеight Ь t also for fouryеaro1ds, noviсеs.
smal1 huntеr s.
to bе riddеn
and ladiеs
huntеr s
judgеd ' lаd y iudge who is profiсiеn t sidе sаd dlе
(аn d
of
o с ursе, by а in thе art of riding sidesaddlе) . Lady judgеs arе among thе most longsuffеr ing of all, for thеy oftеn havе to lс imb up into sidе saddles of еxtrеm е с mе disсomfort whiсh a аr е almost prе out of somе dank attiс and historiс in dеsign! Happily' many of suсh havе bееn sold аb road as oldеr sidе saddlеs antiquеs to hаn g on thе walls of thе homе
of somе tyсoon in thе Nеw Suffiсiеn t
World.
in usе, howеvеr , to a с st thе most stout hеartеd of
теm ain
a lс oud ovеI lady iudgеs.
Thе winning sidesаddle horse does not quаlify for thе ovеr all show h с ampionship' and nor do the fouryеarold oI the small huntеr , bц t thе first and sеo с nd in thе с mpеt е for agаin to o wеight lс asses meеt the аw аr d of thе h с ampionship and rеsеr vе _ thе final o са lade in thе life of the show huntеr .
\o И rking hunters havе to iump a small, o с mpalatively natural o с ulsе of somе six с n show jumps bеf orе being judgеd for o o с unts formation. Jumping pёгf ormanсе for somе 40 pеr еn of thе wholе assеss с t ment.
Weightсarrуing o с bs with show quality as the small alе, alas, a vanishing brееd them unеo с nomiс demand for thеm mаkеs arе quite wеll to brееd . Thе haсk lс assеs for filled and thе big shows stagе lс аssеs noviсеs' and for ladies' haсks to е Ь ridden sidе saddlе, in addition
to thе
usua1 1 с asses
с ing 15h.h. divided by hеight (not еxеd and not ехe 15.3h.h.). с еd ing ani A haсk is an еlеgant, wеlltrainеd с mmon mal. I n daуs gonе у'Ь thеy wеI e a o Judging for three verу different lс asses at а horse show. top: After giving a ridden dispI ay and а| so being ridden by the.judge, a lady's hack is then 'stood up'for the judge to middle: A riding assеss its оonfoгm ation pony mare and foa l o с me forward for judging in hand the mare will not be ridden in this class. bottom: A beautifulArab is here being shown under saddle.
t56
тHE sHoW R| NG
sight in Hydе gеn tlеm еn
аn d
Park whеn
гidden by ladiеs
for аn hour or so on a sunny
thе moгn ing partly, no doubt, to aп r aсt admiring аt tention of some membеr of the
arе vеr y lаr gеly o с nfined to thе show ring. A rеally good haсk, of true .haсК typе, is lighter than a hunter, with built and moгe graсеf ul sеx.
oppositе
Nowadays thеy
а beаu tiful hеad and outlook. I t is indеed a аn d, likе it, a joy foг as long thing of bеauф
as
it lasts. Few modеr n hаkс s
howеvеr
with that lightnеss in hаn d whiсh , with its fгeе and flowing of с aгatс еr istiс movеm ent' was so very h ttrе h с ampions of 30 yеars ago. The British show ponу, a miniаt цге phеn ome. Thoгoughbred, is a rеm aгkable еlse in thе non whiсh is found nowеh еr е с un admirеd in othеr o woгld and is grеаt ly sсh oolеd
sееm to bе
triеs
ех p с t с vеt еd , although sеldom o pегh aps in thе Unitеd Statеs. A fair Ь n п u mbеr of British show ponies hаvе еe but on thе Continent ехp ortеd to Amеr iса, with somе jus thе buyеr s sеem to fееl,
rifiсation, that thеse poniеs arе altogethеr аn d too preсious too light, too finеlybrеd h с ild, who to be suitablе for the avеr agе will hаvе a greаt dеal morе fun гiding а pony, or one only a gеn еr ation nаt ivе геm oved from foundation stoсk. showing lс asses vЕ еn in nЕ gland, thе today arе largеly thе hunting ground of the pгofеssional h с ildren on professionally produсеd poniеs, and few Paгеn ts want thеir h to gеt involvеd in this sort of с ildrеn гatraсе. I was at l0Иindsor show onе day whеn
I heard a pгofessional
produсеr
Thе nаt ivе pony lс assеs arе far lеss pro is muсh ес Ь usе thеr е largеly a is lеss monеy at stakе, аn d the atmosphегe generаlly faг morе friеn dly. This is pаг of among thе гeЬ edеr s tiсu larly notiсеаb lе Connemara and \ DИеlsh ponies, both of
fеssional,
lovе for thеir prot6gё. whom havе a dееp folk, who downtoеаr th Bеing sеn siblе, know poniеs, thеy аr е also vеr y kеen on thе perfoгm anсe sidе. Thе hardy, surе footed poniеs, rеaгеd on hills for gеn thе l0Иеlsh eгаt ions and usеd as shеp herding poniеs by thе hill farmеr s, produсe offspring that of arе ablе to do any job thаt is rеq uirеd them, from hunting and jumping to Pony с mpetitions. CluЬ еvеn ts and driving o
Thе Arab еn thusiasts thеm sеlvеs,
are a law unto
breеd is a brеed аp art appеal for thе foxhunter or
for thеir
whiсh hаs littlе in for those who гequiтe a horsе to еn tеr с mpе or showjumping o thтeе daу еvеn ts М st people rеgаr d thе Arab titions. o mаinly in the light of an outсr oss of blood, bе and many o с nsider that it should idеаllу found quitе a long way baсk in the pеd i grеe. But thе tгu e Arаb lovеr o с nsiders his pгiе'с . As аn rЬ еd to be a .pеarl bеуond I havе а friеn d who, having еxamplе, ago' an Arab stallion somе yеаr s aсq uirеd in thе United Statеs, sold it to somеonе and was ablе to build a swimming pool and lay out an ехt ensive e с еd s
sfuubbеr y on
thе pro
!
mus
show ponу
lс assеs, with
bаlаnеd с
г еe Ь dеr s
hobbу.
monеy
thе pгo
yЬ
privatе
as a who keеp thе odd marе or two pеr haps thеr е is still too muсh thе in t} rеse lс assеs, dеspite
Yеt
o ес nomiс situation, for their own good. The dealеr s аr e аlways on the lookout for a top threе yearold to sеll on to somе parent and thе whole thing deеp poсkеt еd stагt s again, with thе pony bеing sent on to for the show ring. а profеssional to produсе Hugе priсеs arе involvеd and lаr ge sums of monеy h с angе hands.
middlеw eights,
and
finally
аn d hеavyweights. Thе last arе thе riсh еst rarеst' and гeally what thе I rish halfbrеd year aЕ h с breeding industry is all аb oцt . thеy appеaг to improve in quality, but is this really so or is it simply thе inеvitаb lе
gradingup proсеss'
whеn
Thoroughbrеd
on thе I rish sirеs arе used еxlс usivеly Draught maге? And will I reland еvеn tu ally oс mе to thе nЕ glish irnpаssе, when lс еаn horsе is praсt iсally almost еvеr y shortagе of bred, bеa с usе of thе prеv аiling foundation stoсk? Pеr sonallу, I doubt it, beсausе evеn the that it is I rish Horsе Board sеems to reаlizе impегаt ivе to return I o t} :.e stаt us quo bу mеans of thе I rish Draught mare, the sup of thе I rish halfbrеd rеm е shееt anсh or is uniquе in thе industгy' I rеlаn d brееd ing rЬ еd on world in having this lс еаn limbеd whiсh to draw and it has beеn thе foundа tion stoсk of mаn y famous showjumpеr s. indеed sadly most, of thе I гish аn М у, sеn t to wеr е Draught foundation mаr еs hеavyweight
and еatеn
during thе
years
morе oftеn
with
o с mpetition
horse.
_ Clydеsdalе,
Shirе
found and SuffolЬ havе all bееn ш iеd and Bау' with its long wanting. Thе Clеv еland ofbrеed barrеl, a с n throw up thе odd frеak
аn d
studs wеll
wеights,
of breеd ing a viаb lе Thе aс rthorsе breeds
ponies' I am quitе o с n thе ponies of the future,
fеssional
in
fasсinаt ion
Thoroughbrеd stallions, it will assurе thе unique suffiсiеn tly rеt ention of a brееd will oс ntinuе to I talian dеalеr s thаt thе maintain stud farms, or at least dеp ots, in I rеlаn d to supply at lеast thеir intеr na winning tional teams with Olympiс mеd al horsеs, whilе other nаt ions turn to the o с ldbloodеd riding horsе of Gеr mаn y. Britain hаs no suсh foundаt ion stoсk to put to Thoroughbrеd stallions in thе hopе
а h с ild to гide. I t is thе woгk ing
фe ridden
is аn еn dlеss
Thеr е
с r watсh ing thesе horsеs, thе rс op of thе u с sсаd e into thе ring rеn t season' as thеy a on the fiлst two days at Ballsbridgе _ light
twiсe, or еvеn
grаn d
out instruсt ions to thе all аlс ling poor unfortunatе joсkеy every timе she past. Small wondеr thаt h с ild now аm с е working hatеs showing and far prеf еr s pony lс asses and Pony Club hц n ter trials in fаtс , аn d onе day еvеn ts _ аn уt hinв ' whiсh avoids swanning around thе show ring looking prеt ty on a prеt ty ponу whiсh is not a of doing anything elsе' аn d с pаlЬ е oftеn has to bе riddеn in by an adult for an it is safе for hour or two at thе show eЬ forе
that аI е the poniеs аге lс assеs' whеr е thеsе геq uired to jump, arе fillеd to aс paсity. с ild and pony in а happy They kееp both h с mparativеly frame of mind аn d in thеir o nаt ц r al statе. Thе inhand riding ponу lс assеs arе on тh е wholе a grеat deal morе sporting' than
appеar a horsе maу sold. The onlу rеаson for two years is that he is somеonе' s thеr е favouritе аn d is not for sаlе.
l07or1d following thе Sеo с nd immеd iatеly howevе r and stа l lions Е ough marеs !Иar. n werе lеf t to providе а nuсleus, whiсh hopе аn d nurtured, to fully is bеing hс еr ishеd or ensulе a foundation stone. Crossed onсе
mothеr ,
vinсеd ,
ratlrer than
for а horse to be shown therе morе thе гu lе, ifhе is any good hе is usually than onсе, for
Bеlgium
rid ing to himsеlf: .Therе are fi.oe pеoplе Thеr е ing tlris pony!' _ and so thеr е wегe! wаs thе h с ild herself, him, thе pony's own
er' and thе hс ild s mother and
I t is the еxеp с tion,
yеar.
еah с
A sсene at the Dub| in Horse Show, one of the greatest disp| ays of hoгsеf | esh in the wor| d, and a speсt aсu I ar oсa с sion.
Pridе
at thе lс аssiс shows, how of plaсе at all thе major agriсu ltural meеt ings suсh as thе Royаl, the Bath and Wеst,
eveг аn d
Pеt еr borough and the Great Yorkshiте, and of o с urse at thе annual show of thе at Royаl DuЬlin Soсiety hеld h еас August, givеn to thе huntегs mеn BаllsЬr idge' is Perhaps Dublin is of all, for whеr еas thе shows tеn d' towards thе еn d of thе ing sеason' to bе simply a differеn t tation of thе same horsеs, mееt ing after show, all thе Dublin horsеs
tionеd еarlier.
thе most
intегesting
nЕ glish show pеr mu аt show are nеw
ing, suсh as Williаm Barkе1s North Flight, who was resеr vе for the 1964 British olympiс show jumping tеam in Tokyo, but by and large this is not thе most suсe с ssful foundаt ion stoсk for the top с mpеt ition horsе. lс ass international o thе Sеo с nd \ yy'orld l07ar' Sinсе thе еn d of с ampions (i'е. no fewеr thаn tеn Olympiс h thе winnеr of a team or individual gold medal) havе e Ь en brеd in I rеland from
I rish Draught foundation stoсk, while sеven
in nЕ gland. I relаn d Colonеl Hаr ry Llеw еl Colonеl Frаn k l0Иеldorf
havе beеn brеd
has to heг rс edit
lуn 's Ahеr low, I (ilbarry, Tеd a М rsh's Vild Vеn turе, H.M. Thе Quееn 's Counш yman I I I , Cap
tain a М rtin
\ 07hitеlеy's
DerеkAllhusеn 's Sunbеam (a doublе
a М jor
s
Thе Poaсher, Loсh invar, I tаly' s
gold medallist
iд
r57
sH0W R| NG
тHЕ
Tokyo), I (ing and Roу al Lovе, and Graziano аn М iс nеllis Ambassador. nЕ g lands homebrеd hс ampions are \ DИilf Whitе' s Nizefеla, Colonеl Harry Llewel lyrfs Foxhuntеr , Mary Gordon\ DИatson] s Cornishman V, Jаn e Bullen's Our Nobby, Bridgеt Parkе1s Cornish Gold, a М ioг Dеr еk Allhusеn 's Lauriеston and Captain Nlark Phillips's Grеаt ovation.
This oс nсentration
of suсеsс s
in
onе
small o с rnеr of the globе is not simplу a fortuitous o с inсidеnес the rеsult of a happy h с anсe. The fаtс thаt only \ ilиest Gеr many hаs 13 h с аm pions' all in thе field of showjumping, plovеs thаt the powerful Gеr man horses are thе bеst pеr formеr s ovеr really iЬ g artifiсial fenсes in thе world. But it also provеs that for going aсr oss o с untгy' with safеt y, at spееd, jump ing whаt еvеr fate or the o с uгse dеsignеr еleсt to put in the way, thеI e is nothing to
thе I rish
touсh
huntеr ,
although thе
nЕ glish
living. Thе
rЬ еd onе runs him very lс osе. Е gland and Nor is it а o с inсidеnес that n I rеland are the on1y o с untriеs whеr е show lс assеs for hunters exist аs they do, without the neсessity to bring fеnеsс into the гing
wеr e
to find the winner. Conformation
knowlеd gе
is
exш еm еlу important to anу horsе. How good a performеr , however bravе his еv еr heart, he will nevеr last unless he hаs thе sound o с nstitution and thе o с rrеtс o с n formation to stand up to the strains аn d strеsses of work in holding going. For 200 yеars аn d morе' foxhunting has imposеd thеsе strains and strеsses, and out of it all has o a tough brееd аs wеll аs с mе of hoгsе, а numЬer of human bеings who under
stand o с nformation' fortunatеly
for
thе
o с ntinuation
Luсkily
horse. of тh e huntеr typе thегe is absolutely no sign that
showing is on thе dеlс inе. I t will alwaуs eЬ а pаr t, and an important onе, of thе I rish sсеn е аu I rish horses arе ес Ь sе nеarly all foг salе, and a horse who has won in thе show ring must inеvitаlЬ y o с mmand a highеr priсе than one whiсh has not. But huntеr
in nЕ gland, too, showing is еn joying а vasdy inсr еаsеd support. Sponsorship, onсе hаs
thе prеr ogative now bееn eхt еn ded
of thе showjumpers' to the huntеr s too, to thе support of thе
thanks initially, British аn d I rish Steam Paсkеt Company, l0ratеr ford Crystаl Com and latеr to thе pany _ both I rish o с mpаn iеs, not slow to
rеalizе the valuе of showing. Thеr е o с uld be said to bе a dеlс ine in thе ranks of the pгofessional nagsmеn who aboundеd in thе show ring еtЬ ween thе wars, but therе arе с ming still young mеn o on to follow in the footsteps of thе Hаr rу Bonnеr s of фis world. Thеr е is of o с uгsе а vast numbеr of amatеu rs who havе all thе kеennеss and enthusiasm for aсq uiring and riding a good horsе in thе show ring, quitе thе sаm e еven if thеy do not rеh ас hеights of ехp ertizе of mеn whosе livеs arе spent sеeking out, sсh ooling and produс ing thе h с аm pions. Judging, too, is going through an intеr regnum, аn d for muсh thе samе rеаson. ltrИith
thе a с valry regimеn ts
and thе Army qЕ uitаt ion
mеh с anizеф
Sсh ool
at Wеedon a thing of the past, young men aI е forсed to look bеуond thе horse to makе а
fеw to whom
fortunаt е
this
doеs not аp ply arе denied the opporrunity of leaгn ing in quitе thе samе sсh ool. Thеiл
extend to riding as
a с nnot
еxpеr ienсe
many diffеr еn t horsеs
luсky
as
thеir
prеd eсеssors
enough to enjoy, and thеir more limited. But
is inеv itaЬly
is a natural of thе tfueeday еv еn t reсr uiting ground for young judgеs, and so М sters of Fox аr е thе ranks of young a с hounds, who aгe vеr y wеll plаеd to know а horse. what is rеq uirеd of one often hеars it said' although I do not the reаlm
e Ь liеve
it, that horsеs arе
sound as onсе
wеaknеsses
bеing
arе
and I rish horsеs.
Thе
no longеr
as
and that inhеr ent
thеy wеr е,
brеd
into nЕ glish
myth o с uld havе
given rс еd еne с by thе fаtс that in thе old daуs, unsound horsеs just disappеarеd from the publiс еуe, and vast numЬеr s werе fеll upon hагd simply put down, or еlsе timеs. Now, thanks to тh е еvеr inсгеasing and еxpегi storеs ofvеt еr inаr y knowlеd ge palliative mеasures and tеh с niquеs еnе,с yеаr . аr е еiЬ ng improved Thus many еv еr y bееn
horses whiсh would onсе havе eЬ еn regaгd еd as fс uoniсally unsound a с n now to sound working. bе rеstorеd All this must bе to thе ultimatе good of thе horse, whiсh is surely the most impor though vаr ious
tant o с nsidеr аt ion, еvеn
govеr ning o Ь diеs o с nneсt еd with showing с s havе dеrс еd that both huntеr s and hаk of operаt ion rеn dеr thе еrс tain a с tegoriеs foг the show ring. Thе subjeсt inеligiЬlе rights аn d wrongs of thе matter arе end lеsslу and I do not Proposе to dеаtЬ ablе, onlу to rеgrеt enter into tlrеm heгe, sаvе lеad to horses thаt this does somеt imеs u с t short to vеr y hаving their show aс rееr s little purposе.
Although fashions h in thе show с angе ring, as everywheге еlse the huntеr lс asses arе ultraсonseгvative; аn y innovation is
rеg ardеd with suspiсion and upon yЬ фе morе o с nsеr vativе as rЬ inging а еxhiЬitors. Suсh prаtс iсеs horsе into thе show ring with o с untless
rightlу
frownеd
tiny plaits up his nеkс , sеu с rеd уЬ ruЬеrЬ rаt hеr thаn with thе ш aditional onе
a Ь nds,
in front and sеvеn up thе rс еst, in plaсе, is to be dеploгed.
There is o с nsidегablе to еiЬ ng
аskеd
to judgе
nеatly pгestige
sewn
attаh с еd show,
at a lеading
Pгizegiving for beаu tifu| | у tUrned out ponies at the RoУa| Windsor Horse Show. and partiсu larly
to
bеing invitеd
I rеlаn d.
Thе
thе typе
of hoгsе that
to judgе
in
I rish havе always
askеd nЕ glishmеn to judge at thеir major shows, suсh as Dublin' Cork and Clonmеl. This is partlу a ес Ь usе an n Е glish judgе should have a good ideа what sort ofhorse would and thеr еf orе will selеtс win in nЕ glаn d,
o с uld pгobaЬlу
bе
sold to an n Е glish buуеr . I t is also fеlt that an n Е glish judge is morе likеly to be oс m plеt еly impаr tial, as he probably doеs not know thе horses or many of thе exhibitoгs. I t was thе latе Nаt Galwaу Greer, thе a worldfamous and wizatd of DunЬoynе, delightful horse dealer who won ten sup rеm e h с ampionships at DuЬlin in thе yеars
followiл g
thе
Sеo с ndWorld
War who
fust hit upon thе brilliаn t notion of bring ing n Е glish ridеr s ovеr to ridе his horsеs аt BallsЬr idge. Thеr е was ostеn sibly a vеr y good rеason for this; thе n Е glish showmеn аr е a grеat deаl morе ех p erienсed in show ing a horsе thаn thеir I rish oс unterpаr ts,
and with thеiг mеt iсu lous dеt ail bеt tеr
attention to they аr е aЬlе to show a horsе offto faг advаn tagе. But thеr e wаs also а morе bеn еf it' аn d this wаs thаt thе
suЬt lе nЕ glish
rеo с gnizеd
ridеr s would bе known bу thе n Е glish judgеs'
to, and аn d
horsеs that thеy rodе would аt lеast bе с nd look. to gеt a sеo
the surе
Although somе of thе othеr exhibitoгs wеr е
known to rеsеn t
nЕ glish
thе
(beliеving
prеsеne с
thеy
Greеr rеo с gnizеd thаt it gavе addеd intеr est proсeеd ings and rаised thе standаr d gгeеn I rish hoгses.
Thеr е
of thе
gavе Nat an unfair advantage), the authoritiеs
ridеr s
is
o с nsidеr аb lе vаr iety
to
thе
of thе
in
thе
vаr ious standard of horsеm аn ship of thе huntеr judges. The rс itеr ion is thаt еvеr y horse should go wеll for a judgе, аn d so еrс tain idiosynсr asies arе ovеr lookеd аs long as this prinсipаl requirеm еn t is mеt . Pеr haps thе worst failing in a judgе is a Ь d hands, whiсh must upset any horsе unlеss hе happens to hаv e a worsе mouth. Onсе a judgе aсq uires the rеp utation foг bеing 'muttonfisted he will not remain long in ignoranсе of his failing! Thеге will be sev еr al horses produсеd for him to ridе with
sttuw HtNU
П tt
their u с rb
h с аins
wrapped
in
h с amois
to their hеads. Thеr е is also thе oтh еr sidе of thе o с in, whеn еxhibitors produсе horses in thе ring prеp aгеd and whiсh arе quitе insuffiсiеn tly poor, unsuspеtс ing ш ainеd and еxpеtс йе аt grеаt ludgеs to ride thеm , somеt imеs pеr sonal risk. A еrс tain wеll known аjМ or Gеn eral, whеn faсеd with one of thesе animals _ and а woman's horse, to oЬ ot, notorious for еiЬ ng allowed to do whatеv er it wishes _ brought it sш aight baсk to its it anу morе, ownеr and dеlс inеd to ride I hаvе not o thundering: .Мadаm , с me 200 miles to nag othеr pеoplе' s horsеs!' Thе judgе who aЬ sеs his dеiс sions on lеathеr ,
lеst
hе hаn g on
thе form whiсh
hаs prеvailеd
at othef
shows is eithеr unsurе of himsеlf, аn d thus pгеf еr s to Play it safe yЬ tаking thе linе of
littlе know lеd gе. Thе form judge soon oес Ь mes known for what hе is, аn d of o с ursе hе is all at sea at thе first shows of the sеason' lеаst
rеsistanсе,
or hаs vеr y
bеf ore thе form book has еn Ь .writtеn '. I t is onе of thе worst brеah с еs of еt iquеt te for any judgе to е Ь sееn with a a с taloguе in his hаn ds until he has finished his work in thе гing. Of o с urse, judges who are in dеm and,
аn d arе o a с n с nstantly on thе iс rсu it, haгd ly гemain in ignoranсе of thе horsеs who havе bееn shows, winning аt еarliеr еv еn if they havе nеvеr aсt uаlly judgеd thеm eЬ forе. Luсkily, thеr е аr е manу ludgеs whose integгity is so well knоw n, аn d whosе reputations аге so wеll еstab Ш shеd , that thеy arе abovе rс itiсism. I t must е Ь rеm еmeЬ rеd that judging is o Ь und to bе а pеr sonal matter of opinion, аn d fеw pеoplе alikе think аbsolutеly аb out a horsе. A iЬ g, hеavy man is likеly to lеan towards thе big' wеightсаr rying type of horsе that he woц ld h с oose to ride him sеlf. Thе slim, lightwеight judgе on thе othег hаn d prefеr s a Thoroughbrеd typе. Dublin s grеen horsеs' too' are grеat levеllеr s, for riding greеn I rish hoгsеs is a pеu с liаr art, espеiс allу they have whегe done most of thеir work
u Ь t
newly introduсеd I n an аg е
whеn
in a snafflе and arе
to a doublе bridlе. еverу hunter is so muсh
infused with ThoroughЬr еd lЬ ood, Harry years ago thе baсk Bonnеr hаs sаid that row of a huntеr lс ass was morе imprеssivе
hе fееls that
thеsе
that bгеeding is not
prioritiеs
for thе type of horsе that will stay for no morе than 1.5km (1 milе) oI so at top spееd .
Yet sш angеly еn ough, thеy
to sее еу to eyе. The rеаlly knowlеd gеable
usually
sеem
judgе of еvеr y
Ameгican ridden show |с asses a for three с ter distinсt riding styles аs welI аs the mаn y different breeds.
is plаеdс
tlrаn
at lеast
the in palts of the world is not endemiс. I t may the rЬ еd , if all thе upon pеr formanсe, half of it еiЬ ng с n on o
must inеvitably
formation, therе
bе
a
dеlс ine.
Thus thе show ring is of vеr y rеal valuе to any bгеed of horsе or pony' and while therе аr e still pеoplе who a с re аb out a
othеr s.
judged yЬ a hunting man and a гaеh с orsе trainer, working togеt her. This is an unusuаl allianсe, as thе hц n ting man rеq uires qualitiеs in a horse that will еn aЬlе it to stay all day, while thе rаiс ng man _ pаr tiсu lаr ly с trainer _ looks thе flat гae
or еlsе that
arе differеn t
еm phasis rathег
as it might
аs sеltес ivе
whеr e foxhunting also bе that whatеvеr
old days, pеr haps bеаu с sе thе stallions of thе time wеге biggеr and strongеr , with moге o Ь nе аn d morе substаnе.с
miums, aге
faults, whiсh
bе on thе Statе Studs,
г еф Ь
stallions that are shown at thе National Stallion Show of thе Hunte1s I mprovеm еn t and National Light Horsе аt Nеw markеt eaсh Brеeding Soсiеt y pre a М rсЬ foг the award of thе Soсiеq y's
the I ron Curtain have many of leads onе to supposе
bеh ind
inсr еasingly raге bеo с ming today. Bad hoсk s, weak hind lеg s аn d long a с nnon bonеs were not so prеvаlеn t in the
Thе
bаkс in the girth and the
this ordеr . Conversely, bаd limbs, shortаg е Ь d walkегs, straight shouldеr s, a of bone, a shellу, shallow body, and wеak hind lеg s arе an anathеm a to all. a М nу of the horsеs whiсh arе brеd
ttrе
standard of produсt ion has sufferеd еvеn morе. I t is impossiЬle, he is sure, to spend too long in riding and making before the aсt ual nagging bеg ins. o М st pеoplе plus indulgе in far too muсh of thе lattег, an inordinate relianсе on taсk аn d similаr o с ntrivanсеs whiсh arе somеt imеs wrongly regarded as a shortсu t to suсеsс s. Dеlс ining standards arе also manifеstеd by _partiсu larly уoung thе speсt aсlе ofhorsеs nаt ural horses еiЬ ng forсed bеy ond thеir .Thеy lеarn to u paсеs. с t their o с rnеr s and o ес Ь mе ringсr afty quiсk lу еn ough, with aut aсt ually showing them thе way.' Looking at photographs of somе of thе grеat huntеr h thе past, with с ampions of their abundanсe of bonе and thеir great dеp th, onе must o с nсedе that suсh spеiс
mеn s аr е
a
shoulder going oЬliquеly
into thе bodу' dеp th loin, a niсе front with genеr ous outlook' and sш ong quartеr s and seсond thighs _ in
than thе front row is today. Apart from thе faсt that the stаm p of horsе is often not so
good as it used to bе,
pony looks for good limbs,
horse аn d wе11s1opеd
will
as thеr е always
shows аt whiсh
еxhiЬit their
e Ь ,
brееd еr s and
stoсk
will eЬ
thеr е
ownеr s a с n
in oс mpеt ition
with
A hс ampion obviously oс mmаn ds a highеr priсе than thе runofthе mi11 horse or pony, and grеat sums of money liе bеt wеen thе suсеs с sful show horsе аn d his full brothеr who has nеver provеd himsеlf in thе show ring. I n disсu ssing thе show ring it is inеv ita blе thаt muсh еm phasis will be plaсеd on thе wеllеstablished Bгitish and I rish pat tеr n whiсh has providеd the standard for
shows held in other nЕ glishspеaking partiсu larlу in Australia and
o с untriеs,
Southern Afriсa.
I ndееd ,
triеs frequеn tly
invitе
o с un
o Ь th thеsе
British judgеs
to
major shows аn d thе lс as sеs hеld approximatе, with loсal variа tions, very lс osеly to thosе hеld in Britain. Amеr iсa, dеr iving its ш adition from the
offiсiаt е
at thеir
same sourсе' has' howеver dеvеlopеd its own lс assеs and establishеd a sуstеm of judging thаt inсlines strongly towards pеr
formаne с instanсеs,
in thе ring and, in takеs partiсu laг
aсo с unt
many
of style.
often divеr t disastеr , howеvеr . If you simplу want sun and sand with a littlе riding' then the a с sual haсking organizеd by thе 1oсal stablеs at your h с osеn rеsort may eЬ suffiсiеn t. Thе еssenсе is to do a bit nееd s a с n
of rеsеаr hс
bеf orеh and,
so that you arе
morе or lеss аssurеd of a deсent ridе. I t may meаn limiting your h с oiсе of rеsorts, еspе going iс allу in thе еd М itеr ranеаn , or еv еn
slighdy inland, but it is wеll
worthwhilе,
for nothing doеs surpass thе joy f] f orrол v J' notion.
ехp erienсing the sights of a forеign o с un trу from thе baсk of a wellсarеd for and
riding is a
romantiс ofсarеf rее a с ntеI s along thе sеashorе, or sauntеr ing through new and supетb sсеn еr y, whеr е thе sun shines o с ntinually from a lс еar' lЬ uе sky. e С rtainlу this is thе waу it a с n е,Ь u Ь t bе warnеd _ reality doеs not always matсh suсh high еxpеtс аt ions. IЕ orsеs kеp t at holiday riding еn с trеs arе oftеn list
.l.
lеss,
I t holds out hopеs
thеir mouths
hard аn d thеir
baсks dis
playing telltalе signs of saddlе sorеs. Taсk, too, is somеt imеs sadlу nеg lеtс еd ' and somеt imеs
downright dangеr ous. to your holidау
A thoughtful approaсh
of
аp с aЬlе horsе.
This prе plаn ning
rеq uisite appliеs to kinds of holiday riding _ bе it trеkking, trailriding (whiсh variеs in dеf inition fгom o с ц n try to o с untrу) , or simplу а fеw hours hаkс ing. Often you will havе to makе your own riding arrаn gеm еn ts on arrival, but if givеn notiсe, somе ш аvel firms, еspеiс ally those spеiс alizing in a set arеa, will rс еatе a spе iс al еquеsuian paсkagе dеal. Thus' you a с n still еnЬ еf it from h с arter flights' spе inсlusivе iс аl farеs availablе to trаv еl o с m panies, bloсk bookings ofhotеls аn d so on. аl 1
I nсr еаsingly,
howеvеr '
holidays аr е
bеing
aсt ual
offеr еd
horsе riding а1 1
ovеr
the
wo11d.
Somе o с untriеs sее riding as an aсt ivity to promotе _ sцh с as thе British I sles, whеr е thе range of riding aсt ivitiеs is enormous. others, likе I talу, will happilу find уou
a
sеasidе nag but
tеn d
thеir
to hаv е
bеst horses at thе riding lс uЬs. Almost anywhеr e, howеvеr ,
а good
will opеn onсе
arе awarе
pеoplе
man5r doors уou havе а
gеn uinе interеst in horsе riding аn d not just a passing holiday intеr еst. Language barriеr s quiсk lу brеak down, tooJ as a muш al lovе of hoтsеs forms an inеvitablе bond.
Thеr е arе two othеr vital faсt ors' whiсh _ your riding expеr i must eЬ o с nsidетеd enсе and thе wеathеr . Nothing is worsе than bеing a с ught in еithеr
o с ld аf ter some еight hours,
in thе saddlе whеn
ехt rеm e hеаt or or maу b е lеss,
уou are usеd
to
wеekеn d riding in more еquablе o с ndi tions. Altеr nativеly, as a morе еx periеn еd с and profiсient ridеr ' yorr mаy bе еxpеtс еd to fаll in linе with а the Daсе of thе sl
.jФ1
J
J
I {
I
ponу those with 'tike to explore the derstrom one of the many
with horsеs inс| ude which
q,Uiet riding to
H0L| DAYS W| тH H0RsЕs
Тh is аnс daуs,
oftеn hаp pеn
с ntrе so find a e
on trekking holi leggings, but this is no timе foг flapping whiсh mаkеs speсial yс lс e aс pes! Thе stаn dard of riding holidays and those witЬ ability.
arгangemеn ts for Rеm еm bеr , though, that ш ekking, by horsеsusеd inthеBritishI slеsisgenerally с n ride virtually anywheге, dеf inition, really means wаlking. Any high. You a thing faster o с uld as haсk ing.
еЬ
Trail riding may bе advаnеd с
distinсt ion
lс assеd
moгe rеadily
o с nsidеr еd
foгm of trеkking, is а littlе blurrеd
although depеn ding
o са гd ing to loсal privatе property rеstriс of thе tеr rain. Sсot tions аn d thе diсt atеs
аn landisadmirаblysuitеdbottrtotrаilriding thе or post trеkking _ as rп еll as simplе trek in king. iЕ ther way thеге is little road work
poniеs arе you аr е loсated. Thе \ DИеlsh involvеd and tough HigЫаn d yЬ М ny еnс тr еs arе аp provеd Tourist Board sum it up as bеing foг thosе vlidеly usеd. a .аb le to ridе at sustainеd spеeds for long thе Sсottish Sports Counсil and a list of distanсеs ovеr tough o с untгy'. thеse, along with othеr s, arе availaЬlе fгom Tourist Board. thе Sсottish seleсt еd , Clothеs must also bе a с гefully therе is Dropping south into nЕ glаn d, тoo. Pгanсing thтough thе wavеs on a horse, in a bikini or а pair of shorts might finе гiding in Northumbria, Cumbгia and Yorkshire, with muсh admirable sсеn еr у. sеem prеt ty on a postеr ' but is sсarсеlу aгe genеr аlly unсommer if you аr е going any furthеr than Thеsе rеg ions Pгatс iсal _ and dеiс dеd ly sought out. iс alizеd , so stablеs havе to eЬ unсomfortablе t} re bеah с groups' to bе smallеr in o с ld Thе rеw аr d tеnds aftег an hour or so. Convеr sеly, pгobaЬly of morе еxpегienсеd o с mpгisеd с wеather, do make sure у ou are warm. Sц h undеr gаr ments as long johns, whilе riders.
whiсh
o с цnш y
inеlеg ant, itеm s
hеlp to kееp
bulky oil wool
down thе
you might othеr wisе
neеd .
swеatеr s
and lightwеight
a с n bе а
с n boon, as a
windсh еatеr s
plаstiс
+ :;!
o с аt s
and
ii..
Right Anintroduсt iontotheponyforagroup of h с ildreп
on аn adventure
holidаv
in the
Mountains of Wales. Тh e h с ildren,s somewhat uп orthodox headgear proteots BI aсk
.Wеst
Country, I n the wаr mеr nЕ glish is unlimitеd riding oс untry among thеге thе high tors of Dеv on, or thе. wild moors с untrysidе оf Cornwаll. The morе gеn tle o
of the
Nеw Forеstinthе
Souttrof n Е gland, pro
аlong with its wild poniеs аn d dееr , vides a good holiday sеt ting' as аlso thе South Downs Vaу in Susseх. Onе
of the iЬ ggеstbooms
in !Иаlеs
beеn
iety of Walеs
and thе
doеs
intrеkkinghas
Pony Trekking Soс
has produсed а oЬ ok
on
аp proved e с ntrеs. Somе ofthе biggеr onеs, a suсh as Rhayadеr and Tгegаr on, a с n eЬ
bit ovеr whеlming with thе sheer number с tage of of poniеs and ridеr s, a high pеr еn thе
lattег bеing beginnеr s.
This applies to
с tres, too' so deсidе on Sсottish еn one that suits your aЬility and tеm pere
somе
mеn t.
Thе British Horsе Soсiеt y handЬook, or of thе Assoсiation of British Riding с nsult Sсh ools arе usеf ul publiсations to o foг instrцtс ional holidаys. Also invaluаb lе, is the list of trеkking and riding holiday еn с trеs approvеd by the Poniеs of Britain. I rеland has always bееn synonуm ous with thе horsе, аn d the sсope for holidaу I n thе Rеpubliс riding is oс nsidеr ablе. lс ose to Shannon, Cork, lin. яniс rvitЬ rп яr lq rrirfir thаt
с цn to switсh from onе area to anothеr . o in thе еast and tiеs Wiсk low аn d Wеxford Connemara in thе west offеr piсt urеsque
possibilitiеs for manу riding holidaуs' whilе County Cork offеr s horsе drawn a с ravаn s, oftеn based on trаditional Romany linеs. I n Northern I rеland
thеr e
arе
numеr ous
thе
attraсt ion.
Basiсally British, but with a strong Frenсh influеnе,с thе Chаn nеl I slands for thе holidaу offеr а novеl еxpеr iеne с rider. Jersеу, kееn 1y аw are of family holi day needs, has good riding at St ouеn 's Bаy. Nеighbouгing Guеr nsey, an island с untrysidе, has four with a glut of good o stаb lеs, onе nеar St Peter Port providing some good haсks and plеasant riding on UAnсr еssе Common lс osе to thе bеah с . Franсe vies sш ongly with Grеat Britain in thе rangе of еq uеstrian as a с n be sеen у Ь a glanсе
holidays offered, аt thе hаn dbook
pour 1е of thе Assoсiation Nаt ionalе Tourismе qЕ uеsш е at ] ] qЕ uitation de Loisirs (A.N.T.Е. ). m Е phasis is oftеn plaсed on drеssаg е, and instruсt ional holi Riding days arе numerous. Thе tЕ ampеs in thе I 1е de Franсе, Soсiеt y, for instanсе, 55 km (34 milеs) southwеst of Paris, has Lip:и zarrer horses for both Portuguеsе аn d amаt еu r ridеr s. For those keen on dressаg е Cеn tre at Valеn Eay driving, thе qЕ uestriаn
in the South Loirе hаs tеn аrс riagеs for onе' two or four in hand. popular and suit Brittanу hаs long еeЬ n аb le for familу holidауs, еspеiс allу a с m pеr s and a are a number с ravanners. Thеr е с tres' inсluding onе halfwаy of riding еn Rеn nеs аn d Saint rtrlalo, at Lа bеt wееn Bourbаn sais (I lе еt Vilаinе) in the shadow 162
too. arе Spеiс al holidays for уoung pеoplе in thе Poursaudеs sЕ tate in thе
white hoгses of the Camargue, stiI I used bу the gardiens to herd thе | oсaI buI ls, now aI so take exp| oring hoI idaymаkers thгough this marshy part of southern France.
Тh e native
hеld
аn d the Gunkеl Stablеs, Grаn in Alsaсе a land ofvineyards, storks, pinе forеsts and pasrurеs. Far morе a с sual is riding in thе Rh6nе dеlta arеa known as the Camarguе, famеd for its whitе horsеs. is at Me janes, uЬ t you a с n Thе mаin еnс trе to hire horses along thе тoad to find plaсеs But do makе surе SaintМariеsdelа Mer. hiгеr s you h a ес Ь usе some a с rеf ullу с oosе to sit on с аn е с offеr you littlе morе than a h a horsе' s baсk . a с ravans are avai1ablе at Hoгsе drawn
Ardеn nеs j
hunts, аs wеll аs trеkking аn d riding around Rostrеvoг in thе mountains of .Nlourne in County Down. Sеa, forеst and mountain viеw s form
Thе Dordognе rеgion offеr s many opportunitiеs to тiding еn thusiasts
of а aс stlе.
alnа
rides arе whеr е Assier in the Lot Vаllеу Thе Club also givеn in a stаgeсohас . villagе rц n s thе equеstrian Mёd itеr rаn 6е of Pompаdour nеar Limogеs. Faсilitiеs inсludе five indooг аn d five outdoor rings, and stablеs for o с ulsеs two rс ossсountry two hundred horses.
Corsiсa, еd М itеr ranеan
island in thе the Fгеnhс has somе imprеssive
and is quiеt с astal sсеn еr y mountain and o of and virtually unсommеr iс аlized. Somе thе еsЬ t riding is in t} re mаquis bushland аn d thе main еn с trе is аt Venaсo.
с llеtс ion of o с astal Belgium, with its o plains аn d forеstеd hillsidеs dunеs, feгt ile is еаger to promotе riding. llippotour' a nonprofit making organization, inсlude riding tours in the Ardennеs (a sеvеn day rеg ion also ideal for boating, lс imbing, fishing and potholing), whilе another in thе histoгiс and artis tour tаkеs tiс sites in thе woodlаn ds and parks of thе с pitаl of whiсh is BraЬant provinсe, the a inсidental Brussels. You sleеp ovеr night, The Bеlgian oс ast featlres ly, in hауlofts! riding in thе pinе forеsts bеh ind thе vast fivе day
sand dunеs,
at I (nokkе le
pаI tiсu lally
Zottle.
Thе
Grand Duсh y
of
Luxеm bourg
makes up for whаt it laсk s in size with a I t is wеll еn dowеd with vаr iеt y of sсеn еr y. numеr ous bridle paths whiсh have bееn put to good usе by thе fаst growing and
Fеd еr ation of Sports who run a wееklong ridе for the experiеnеdс o с vering 32 to 40 kms (2О to 25 miles) a day. аr e 16 riding sсh ools Тh e faсt that thеr е thе intеr еst in Wеst Bеr lin alone, indiсatеs shown in thе sport tfuoughout Wеst Gеr gеn еr al holidaу priсеs a с n bе many. !Иh ilе high, haсking is still гeasonably priсеd. vigorous Luxеm bourg
qЕ uеsш ian
Thе
high standard, too, is gеn еr allу уou ridе in a town or in thе rurаl
whеt her
rеg ions whiсh range from thе vast in the north to thе Lunеb urg Hеаt h Bаvarian villages in thе south. Rеsorts with riding establishmеn ts in the lattеr
u М niсh ,
inсludе
Baуr еu th, Bеr h с tеsgadеn
The Blaсk
oЬеr аm mеr gau, аn d
N{ ittеn wald.
offers manу riding еn с holidays, notably in thе sеventeеn th с ar abovе thе Nеk tury Sсo Ы ss !Иeitеnu Ь rg
Vallеу.
A
Forеst,
hеavy
o с nсеn tation
on eques
a с n bе found in the Rhinе trian tас ivities suсh wеll o с vеr s land whiсh touristiсallу Hеidеlbеr g' с tres as Aаh с еn ' known еn I (oblеn z, Konigswinter аn d Rudеshеim. Ponу sсh ools arе populаr , with a large one u М nster. I n thе samе at Havixbeсk nеаr areа, atr0и arеn dorf, is thе famous Dеu tsсh е top Gеr man ridеr s Rеitsсh ulе whеr е thе с rrеspond trаin, and priсes for riding аr е o ingly high.
н 0L| DAYS
holiday priсes in thе Unfoгt ц n аt ely Alpine аr еаs and Switzеr land of Ausш iа hяvе soared dramаt iсally, whiсh is а pity' foг therе is muсh in thе waу of riding Possiblе solutions аr е to oppоr tunitiеs. stаy
in privatе
usе
с mping of the good a
rooms' rеn t
h с alеt
a
or makе
faсilitiеs or youth holiday tiсkets, too,
The speсial givе а healthy disсount
hostеls.
on all foгm s of
тп lnsport.
Т h еr e
around 150 Austrian
are said to bе
you a с n hirе horses, but bad wеаt lrеr and гising o с sts аr е o с ntinually t.oгiс ng somе smallеr еstablishmеn ts out of u Ь siness, so h с kес first or seleсt а wеll known еn Thе most famous of all с trе. you a п u st е Ь viеn na, whеr е с n аlso sее thе Lipizzаn еr s in aсt ion at the spanish Rid whеr e
тo в тr s
ing Sсh ool. Details of a .book
ahеad'
availablе аr е from offiсеs or аn d many travеl torrrs to the sсh ool. thл oughout Sсеn еr y sideгablу, with Lowеr plе, having both high
from Ausш ian
п opiсal
Thirtyfour riding
sсh еm е тourist Bоard,
mеadows.
stаt е
thе Viennа Tourist firms havе spеiс al
Ausш iа
varies o с n Austria, for еxаm mountains and sub
and, еstаb lishments arе listеd in this аr еa Ь oс mmon with othег provinсеs, thеr е arе
те k s
lasting sеveгal days.
Ampflwаn g
in
Austria is known as thе IЕ orsemart' s Villagе, аn d Buгgеn land, with its Hun gагiаn influenсе, is stronglу reсommеn dеd for riding. aгe aсt ivities in Swizеr lаn d qЕ uеsш ian с n п ot all еn с trеd on riding alonе; уou a a с ravan spеn d еight daуs in a horsе drаw n iл the Jura or join a mule sаf ari in thе Lppег
provinсе of Valais. oМ st mяj oг геsorts offer riding though, and at Dаvos there is уear round haсk ing, аs wеll аs instruсt ionаl and moonlight o с ursеs гides. FаshionaЬlе St o М гitz has a e с ntrе t.oг dтеssаg е аn d jumping аn d stаg es ski littlе known
aсr oss thе iсе with a ioriл g , oг horsе raсing skiег in tow. is I n Cеn tral Switzerland, Lаk е Luсerne gеarеd л п o гe to thе young, with riding stа lЬ еs and othеr s at Brunnen and iл Luсеr nе Yiи n аu . The region of Bеr nе and thе Bеr
nеsе I ntеr lakеn , has mагkеd Obеr lаn d, тr ails аs wеll as an indoor sсh ool offering l.п su.цtс ion. I (andеr steg and Grindеlwald :rre гw o other popular rеsorts with riding eтailа1 Ь е.
Тh inly аn d
populatеd ,
а high standard
hаs
with diveгsе sсenery ofliving, Sсаn dinavia
a uniquе affinity with
outdoor suсh as гiding. Onе of the main епс t res in Dеn mark is in Jutlаn d whеr е thе гirling institutе at veilе гu ns a socalled tас ivitiеs
Ч" ild Wеst a с mp
for h с ilфеn
nеаr
Billund.
o с aсh also гu ns from the institutе п ith ovеr night stops at village inns. Chil ф аr е wеlo с mе too, аt IЕ Фimarkеn , onе оf thе many Danish farmhouses usеd as
.1 stаg e
holidаy
homеs, nеaг Rabjегg , lс ose to the furthеst point north on thе Judаn d Pеn insula. Among thе Danish islаn ds, thе ideal h с oiсe is probаb ly Sеa lаn d, wiтh Copenhagеn on its еаstеr n Skаg en,
o с аst' whilе in Slagelse horsedrawn lаn d аu s arе avаilablе for hiте. \ _orway hаs imprеssivе sсеn еr y with its fiords аn d mountains, and гiding tours aге
hеld fгom latе
Hаllingdal
August in thе Junе to еarlу mountains inland from Oslo.
Thеr е is аlso riding at Lillеhammer, yЬ divided by a rivеr and surгoundеd
spruсе аn d pine forеsts. known ofthе Sсandinavian For thе leаst of Finland has a fine sеltес ion o с untriеs' Hеlsinki, I n thе aс pitаl, riding еnс trеs. riding in the woodеd out there is exсеllеn t is furthеr еast at thе old town skiгt s аs thеr е Porvoo. Onе of the bеst of rЕ iknas nеаr lаkеland settings is thе Hotеl Aulanko, the stаb lеs of whiсh offer a 4Ominutе ridе othеr round the hugе Karlbеr g sЕ tаt е.
and gumboots arе the order of thе day аn d style. staminа is morе important thаn pony trеk king tours are avail I nсlusivе
at Gеldingaholt farm' two hours у Ь аn d thеr е is riding, bus from Rеykjаvik' too, at Lakе Laugarvatn, Gullfoss, Gеу sir
1 аЬ е
A word of warning down spending as muсh as inflation ratе is lсеlаn d; thе
and Thingvеllir.
с t though _ u possiblе in horrеn dous.
Thе USSR offers grеаt satisfaсt ion in suсh аs Tеr sky, riding morе unusualЬгеd s еspеiс аlly in Donsky or Ang1oI (arЬаr din, thе vast indoor sсh ool at thе .Nlosсow You will havе to sееk pеr mission first from I ntourist, the statе bе shown tourist body, but visitors аn с аr ound thе еn с tre and riding is vеr y h с eap
good еn riding available аr е с rеs with М ssila stаblеs nearЬy' Lahti, with thе e аn d also in Finnish Lapland' thе Tampеr е аd ministrativе аp с ital of whiсh is
qЕ uеsш iаn Cеn trе.
Rovaniеm i. с trеs' Sweden has around 90 riding еn .West u Ь t with а wise еm phаsis on thе north of Gothеn burg, is Coast whiсЬ с vеs roсky and intеr spеr sеd with woods, o аn d fishing villagеs. Along thе more sandy at riding is fеaturеd bеh ас es of thе south, o Ь th Varbеr g and FalkеnеrЬ g. imported into I еlс аn d No horsе hаs bееn so thе tough' litde for ovеr 800 уеars, pony is еssentially thе same as I еlс andiс by thе Viking hordеs for that rеliеd upon of A partiсu lаr advаn tagе еsa с padеs. thеiт this breed is thе ability to usе fivе distinсt gaits _ inсluding paсе and tolt' or running
с s, o с mpared with.Wеstern pгie must bе аr rаn gеd in advanсе.
wаlk. Vith thе long distanсеs in a oс untry oс nsisting largеly stonеs' dеsеr ts
to е Ь
and sandу wastеs'
ma'oг assеt . On riding holidауs
jeаn s,
a
W| TH H0в ssЕ
although
in aЕ stеr n uЕ ropе, lЕ sеw hеr е inсr еаsingly tions havе eЬ en
it
I estriс rеlaxеd ,
с l although riding is oftеn rеg arded as a u pursuit. onе a vaсаt ional o с unEy with a high perсentage of horsеs is Hungаr y with six to eightdaу touгs at Hortobagy, Lakе Balaton, thе Dаn ubе Bеn d and TransDanuЬia. I t is also pos siblе to have hoгsebaсk holidays аt stud turаl rathеr thаn
fаr ms аn d lс ubs, but arгangemеn ts mаd е well in advanсе. A similаr
must bе
situation tourist exists in Poland, and thе stаt е runs visits to stud farms at oгg аn ization
o с vеr еd
of гokс s, this is a
windсh еаt еr
in Po| and. Lakeside riding for hoI idауm аkers Тh e stаt e tourist organisation runs vагious types of ho| iday on horsebаkс as welI аs visits to stud farms.
H0L| DAYS W| тн
н 0RsЕs
plaсеs
suсh as Laсk , near \ 0Иarsаw , and Twno, Posadowo and Siеr akow in the
Poznаn region. I f you want somewherе sц n nier' гiding is adveгt ized at Slunсh ev Bryаg on the
Bulgarian Blaсk Sеа oс ast, and аlso
at thе
nеw гesort of AlЬеn a. Yugoslaviа is the loсаt ion for the Lipiсe Stud Farm near Triestе, whiсh is the true
iЬ rthplaсe of the beаu tiful Lipizzanet of white horses. Thе best wаy to appreсiatе the history, whiсh goеs beсk to
rЬ eеd
1580' is to stаy аt thе IЕ otel
a М estoso
in thе
grounds and ride there as well, Various trаvel fums fеaturе гiding holidays' or аltеr natively stay aт a o с astal геsort, suсh as where therе is гiding anyway. .The horses were Poor' halfstaтved e Ь asts, givеn to stц m bling . . . ' Sаd ly suсh
Poгeс
authentiс o с mments
appliеd
to somе
may e Ь
found
of thе
in
as these e с n
be
holiday haсks whiсh the sunspots of the
u Ь t good riding is avail able. The Horse CluЬ of Rapallo, for
еd М itеr гanean, instanсe,
on the I telian a Е stern Riviеr a,
superbly еq uipped
is
with both an indooг
sсh ool and two outdoor praсt iсe rings. I n thе Rome areа, riding is аvаilaЬle at Le Pa| azze Country Club, Spoleto, whеr е you a с n lс imb to the Tolfa o М untains' and at Saсr ofano. Towards the Swiss o Ь rdeг in
thе Biеlla
region, off the iМ lan/ Turin
.Citta riding еn с ше di Biеlla' in the Andio sЕ tate, Cаn delo. Fuгt her riding is offerеd in thе Abruzzo.^ . National Paгk, in the o М ntefreddi rеsiden tial pагk near Florеn e с and at the offiсially a Ь kс ed horsеb aсk holiday e с ntге at soles h с iаn o di a М nzano, a town in the Udinе in the Po Valley. Spaiц like I taly, suffers from a split attitц d е to riding _ that either it is provided aц t ostradа
is thе horsе
for the average tourist or it is enj oyеd
or thе nobility. Thегe
weаlthy
by thе
arе,
of
o с urse' exсeptions with somе good estаb lishments in the major resorts although many stаlЬ es run yЬ hotеls aге often no more than a o с llеtс ion of hаlf а dozеn or so somewhat tired nags. I t seеm s sensible generally to heаd inlend to Alondra, for instanсe. u М h с more rugged' u Ь t advеn turous' aгe the 15dаy eхp еd itions using
welltrainеd
Andaluсiаn
horses
o М untаins,
orgаn ized
Sierгa Nеvada
nЕ glish
o с mpany
in
thе
by an
and approvеd
bу
Ponies of Britain,
!Иith politiсal
Others are situatеd
ing гiding,
have bееn subjeсt ed to sц d dеn h с angеs. rЕ owever it is safe to say that thе Algarve, with its rolling Atlаn tiс beaсh es, despitе the growth in villas, is truе riding
o с unЕy. e М ny small outfits ere nЕ glish run, suсh as that at the Qц inta do Lago.
the package deal гesorts of Glфda, Cavouri аn d Lagonissi, I n Noгt hern there is riding at Thеssaloniki. I n thе United States end North Amеr iсa the Hollyvood imаg e of the o с wЬoy and his faithful horse is as strong now, if not stronger, than befoгe, thanks in part at least to the travеl tгade. This is partiсu lаr lу true in the Canadian Roсkiеs, and morе espе iс elly Albеr ta wherе the lс imatе and sсen ery arе idylliс foг thosе wishing to rеlivе the pioneег dаys from thе baсk of a pony.
Grеес
Uniquе
;д. .
т r
to Albеr tа
is thе Stoney I ndian
Cеn tre
wheгe you not only go
Riding ho| idays in Noгt h Ame rica. below:Trai| riding high up in the mountains, one of the best Ways to see the o с untryside, even when the snow is still lying. opposite top: Pack tripping is offered by dude ranches. opposite bottom: a dude camp, where rideгs rough it as o с wboys onсe did.
"i.
i",'
.'ш
and Tav
out for thе numеr oц s donkeys and a с rts! Riding in Gгee ес is аsЬ iсally resш iсt еd тo two riding lс ubs in the Athеn s area nеаr
!Иildеr nеss
Portugafs somewhat unsettled, lс imate, toulist faсilities, inсlud
at Quarteiгa
ire. There is a magnifiсеn tly deсorаt ed indoor sсh ool at Vilamoura although the horses havе waхed and wanеd in rеp ute tion ovег thе yеars, The bеst idea is to judge for yoц r self; the whole o с astlinе is quiсkly oс vered by aс г, providеd you look
*. Е
H0LlDAYS W| тH H0RsЕs
horsе riding
but lеarn I ndian waуs, inсlud ing how to survivе on bеr ries, plаn ts and rooБ. Both the Jasper and Banff national
pаr ks providе аb sorbing rides, somе last ing six days or morе. Although therе is no tас uаl
equestгian
body, thе main trail гidеs
orgаn izеd through
а тe
фе
Cаn adiаn Roсkies тh е
iл
thе Trail Ridеr s of a Ь sed in Calgary,
sсеn е of thе famous stаm pеde. Thегe is similаг sort of гiding еlsеw herе
Canada, more еspеiс аlly
umbiа,
and also
Lnitеd \ агional
in еrс tain
British Col pаr ts of the
Statеs. I n thе Yеllowstonе Park, Wyoming, stаgoес aсh гides, with fourinhаn d, fall in line with
trаd itionаl trail гiding aсt ivities. I t is similar with othеr Old West statеs suсh as Dаkotа you a whеr е с n join an auтh entiс тh е
аtс de
roundup.
п u lneгous
I n Colorado thеr е
aге
гanсh еs and guesthousеs, o с lnmon in fаtс to vast traсt s of Ameriса, еspеiс ally wеst of thе iМ ssissippi. Thе word .dude' wаs originally applied тo а s Е tеr n visitors whosе u с ltivatеd mаn neгs and unfаm iliarity with loсal u с stoms mаd е thеm the butts of snidе rеm arks аn d
Pгtас iсаl
dudе
jokes. Whеn
п u mЬeг of thеm , howеv еr , :hеiт holidays on ranсh еs,
an
inсr еasing
sought to spеn d owneгs rс еаt еd
I aсi] iriеs аn d tас ivitiеs for pаying guеsts. .!7'estеr nstyle Т h еr e аr e now thousands of геsoгt s throughout thе United Statеs and t
Canada, giving vaсationегs the opportun ity to beсome аs muсh a part of the old \ 07est аs the Twentieth еn с rury allows.
Almost all aсt ivitiеs
Days arе spеn t
iп volvе
on rс ossсountгy
гiding. expedi
tions to savour thе area's sсеn еr y,.helping, гanсh hands tеn d hеr ds of a с tde, or polish ing tаkс in thе barn while listеn ing to thе staff tеll talеs of the .good old daу s'. vЕ еn ing events o с nsist of bаr beсu еs, hayгides,
and square danсеs, wеekly rodеo
and thеr е
may bе
a
_ employееs agaiп st rеsorts and loсal o с w
in whiсh rаnh с
and daring guеsts peoplе from neаr by boys and o с wgirls.
_
o с mPеt e
a М ny dudе ranсh es paсk trips as offег part of thеir pгogгammе' but paсk tripping аn с аlso bе done as a vaсation by itself. A weеkend or wееk long exсu rsion on horse bаkс is a delightful wаy to seе unspoilеd parts of thе o с untry and to live thе way frontiеr smеn did years аgo. Happily foг today's holidaymakеr , paсk ш ippiп g doеs not геq uire living off thе land. Trаvеllегs stay аt аm с p sitеs, a с bins, or farm houses аlong thе way. e М als are servеd at thesе plaсеs or thеy arе prepaгеd аlong the ш аil .wranglеr s', yЬ who also look aftеr the hoгses. I n addition to riding, thеr e might bе stops foг hunting, fishing, oг photo gгaphy, visits to sсеn iс and histoгiс sitеs, oг for a dаy oг two's rеspitе at a resoгt .
a М ny
statеs, suсh as Oklahomа and hold rodeos whiсh are popular speсt ator sport for those on holiday. This \ i7alking applies also to thе Tеn nеssеe IЕ orsе еlс еb rations. Touтs and riding aге tDИyoming
availablе
in thе fаm ous Blц еg rаss
region of and indeеd horsе farm tours еxtеn d fгom Floridа to thе Piеd mont reg ion of north and eс ntгal Virginiа. Thе
Kenruсkу,
Nеw nЕ glаn d
that is bеst in in autumn. Theге are also nЕ glish style riding еn с rеs situаt еd thтoughout thе Unitеd States with instruсt ion available аt thеm . Summer гiding a с mps arе populaг for youngstеr s, and all major iс tiеs havе гiding aсadеm iеs serving urban parks. There is riding for instanсе, in New Yorlts famous Centтаl Park аn d in lDИashington D.C.'s Roсk Cгеk Park. Australiа eхp eriеnеd с a lull in riding, states offer аll
гiding o с untгy'
partiсu larly
whеn
revегеd
the horsе,
as a woгk ing аn i
mal, gavе waу to mеhс anйation. As evеr ywhеr е, interеst in riding аs а spoгt soon grеw , аn d now thеr е is gгеater emphasis on stylе, thаn
the loping gait of Tгail riding hаs intеn sifiеd , with one of the most аt traсt ivе areas bеing thе Bluе ] V1ountains eЬ hind Sуd ney. Othеr еn аr e in thе Laming с trеs thе old time u Ь shwаkс еr s.
ton National Park' and thе mountainous Gold Coast. 73 kms (48 milеs) out of Aliсe Spгings, thе hеaтt of thе Rеd Cеn tге of thе Gгеat outbaсk, thе Ross Rivег rеsoгt offеr s riding _ plus a h с anсе to beсomе a boomerаn g throwеr . Shеep sta tions too oftеn takе paying guеsts' allow ing а touсh of gгiас ous living with thе гiding aсt ivitiеs. paгt s of thе
Nеw
Zеalаn d
is onе of thе worlds
lаr gеst farming o с untries, and holidays in a pastoral sеt ting arе inсr еasingly popular. a М ny farms offer othеr opportunitiеs suсh
J
as fishing, tеn nis and sailing аs wеll as horsе riding. Trail riding is not ovег ,!Иandеr lust
lookеd : thе trеkking еn с tе at Elanmеr Springs in the South I sland havе 14 tеams for
ridеr s. a wеek
both expеI iеn еd с
Camping тгips aге
and amatеu r arrаn gеd for up to
or morе.
Although vаst
arеas
havе
not bеen
o с vегеd fullу by this survеy, holidаy гiding in somе other plaсе of youг h с oiсе nееd not bе rulеd out. Dееn с t horsеs аn с be found
in North Afriсa; thеr е is trеkking in thе Upper Galilее, I sгael, and most towns and resoгt s offеr riding in South Afгiа.с A Nеw Yorkeг runs, and arranges holi daуs at, thе sЕ u с еl a u с Е еstrе at sаn iМ guеl dе Allеn dе in &lехioс , two еx nЕ glish army offrсeгs гu n mountain trеks in tiny Andorra, and Argеntinа ranсh housе holidays with horsеs arе avаilablе through аn othеr nЕ glish oс nсeгn . I n Jаm aiсa tгy riding аt thе Good Hope estatе oг at the Upton Countrу CluЬ, Oсh o Rios, in a М laysia thе o с untry lс ub on Langkawi island offеr s гiding among its ottrеr sports аn d a Himalау an pony tгek is opеr аt ed
by а leading travеl
o с nсеr n.
No doubt other oс untriеs havе еquаlly as attraсt ivе riding. Somе might еvеn spring somе Worthwhilе suprisеs' I f so sharе your sеrс et with othеr s. or, on seс ond thoughts, kееp
it to yourself! 165
has lost this ability and a с n
movе its limbs
еithеr forwards or bаkс wards. This providеs it with the optimum mеt hod of propulsion. Thе forсе is pгovidеd bу thе highly dеvelopеd musсlеs аt taсh еd to thе bonеs of thе forearm, thigh and body, thе suгf еsас bonе having bеen bгoadеn еd to mееt this inсr еasеd o с mmitmеn t.
onlу
vЕ o1ution Wе know from fossil rеoс rds
how thе
horsе' s skеlеt on adаp tеd hаs bеo с mе in thе o с ursе of somе 40 million years, from thе
tш horsе' s body is a finе examplе of naturе' s аb ility to relatе strЦrс urе to funсt ion, eхp rеssed еlsеw heге in thе shаr p a с rnassial tееt h с stomеd of thе dog aсu to
f
.l.
at flеsh and using its .Ьitе' for or in thе fins of a fish dеvеlopеd for thе purpose of propulsion through water. Thе horsе' s o Ь dy is adaptеd for tеaring dеf еne с ,
spееd and
u Ь t not as iЬ g,
o с mЬination фе
other animаls
sizе.
thе horsе, horsе' s
that givеs
bodу
thе
sш uсt ure.
are as fast аs
and
it is this
lс uе to muсh of I t aсo с unts foт
highlу
spеiс alizеd limbs in whiсh thе of oЬ nеs has eЬ еn rеd uсеd to a minimum' so that thе horse stands on thе tips of four fingеr s and toеs, o с mparеd with sixtееn in thе dog and еight in аtс tlе. The thе
numbег
loss of musсlе
e Ь low the
has aсoс mpaniеd
.knеd
аn d .hoсК
thе rеduсt ion in the for it is thеsе musсlеs,
numЬеr of oЬ nеs, togеt hеr with thе еxtra bonеs, that provide grаsp and thе human or animаl aЬility to manipulatе with thе extrеm ity of its limЬs. Through the o с ursе of evolution, thе horsе
foxlikе rс еаt urе Eohippus' or Dаw n Elorse, to Equus аb thе modеr n с аllus, horsе. From thеse reсords we a с n follow, not only thе elongation and simplifiсаt ion of the extrеm itiеs of thе limbs' but also suсh h с angеs as the lengthening of thе nеkс аn d skull, assoсiatеd with thе altеr а tion from browsing hаb its (iе еаt ing soft'
ftuits аbove ground levеl) to gtazing habits (iе rс opping hard, fibrous gгass at ground levеl). The first fossil rеoс rd is of thе Dаw n IЕ orse but thе horsе prеsumably evolved suсu с lent
from stoсk having thе mаm malian pro totype appеn dages offivе fingеr s and toеs' The whiсh human bеings hаve rеt аinеd . The modern horse qЕ и u s caballus has evo| ved from the now extinсt foгm oЕ hippus whiсh is first reсorded from the Eoсene period about 40 mi| | ion years ago. The o с at o с | our аn d pattern of the tiny с njeсt ura| аs it is known oЕ hippus are o onlv from fossil bones.
of
sеq uеnес
of thе
dеvеlopmеn t
and those whiсh
еxtrеm itiеs
thе skull аn d tееt h
wеll mirror the h с ange in
the needs of the еq uinе
аn d pur spеiс еs; imposеd by mаn arе only inсidеn tаl. This must be rеoс gnizеd so as to undеr stand the еsЬ t mеt hods of a с ring for the horsе, in order to gain maximum advan
posеs
fгom its prowеss while intеr fеr ing minimally with its natural funсt ions. vЕ olutionary h с angеs hеlp in undеr tаg е
standing the horse oftoday, but it hаs also aсеp с tеd that thе struсt urе ofthе body ofthе horse is unaltеr ablе, in the sensе thаt minor fаm ily diffеr within thе rеlаt ivеly а horsе is a horse; and no amount of еnеsс , to bе
artifiсiаl or maninspirеd influеnеsс аn с it is h с ange it. I t is truе thаt by sеltес ion possiblе to brееd a miniаt ure Shеt land pony or an еn ormous ThoroughЬr ed or arе still just dif drаu ght horsе, but thеsе
ferеn t brееd s
of thе domestiс
u Ь t are nonеt heless iden as bеlonging tifiable in their body struсt urе Е uidae. to thе o of h с romosomеs,
/ dor/ r.
groоve neсk sttouldеr of shouldef
tю | | y
girth line
stifle
elbow
briskel
hind a с nnon fore аn с non
o с ronet wall of hoof neel
oЕ hippus
qЕ uus
horsе'
еlЬ onging to thе spеiс es Equus cаb аllus. (iе in They all possess 64 h с romosomеs herited material in the e с ll nuсlеi). Near rеlаt ivеs suсh as the zеb ra, Przewalski,s horsе and wild аss have differеn t numbеr s
dOuP
fore arm
has front
for rс opping grass аn d baсk tееt h with flat surfaсеs so that the upper and grind the hard, fibrous lowеr molars a с n o с ntеn t of its diеt . The horse's body is struсt urеd to mееt tееt h
point of hiр
oсйn t
in
havе bееn
rеsеаr h с еd . Thе tееt h feeding habits; thе modеr n horsе
muzz€
lUgulаr
limЬ
took plaсe
тHE BoDY 0F тHЕ
H0RSE
Tissues Тh е с mmon with othеr mam horsе, in o is mаdе up of four basiс maliаn speсiеs' nеr vе' o с nnес rЬsues known as musсlе, with its own spe h е ас to thе с ntributе whiсh o wholе bodv.
еp ithеlium,
tivе аn d
iс аl h с аr aсt eristiсs funсt ion of thе
pЕ ithelial
Tissue
and thе o с vеr ing tissuе inсludеs liл ing of thе outside of thе body (thе skin), аn d thе innеr tubеs and hollow organs gut, bile duсt , bladdеr and sцh с as thе hor utеr us. The glands whiсh produсе arе foгm еd of monеs and othет substanсеs epithеlial tissuе.
pЕ ithеlial
Conneсt ive Tissue is that whiсh oс ntri Conneсt ivе tissuе butеs
| v| esohippus .> MerYchippus
+
*
P| bhippus
1
qЕ uus
funсt ions suсh as thе bony (the skelеt on) whiсh support form to the oЬ dy and its softеr form of Blood is a vеr y spеiс аl
spеiс al
sгutс urеs аn d
oЕ hipрt us
givе
sЕutс ц геs.
o с nnеtс ivе tissuе, while morе simplе foгm s inсludе tеn dons, ligaments and sheеt s of fibrous matеr ial whiсh bind or Pгotеtс
vаr ious
organs or musсlеs.
u М sсцlar Tissue .Чu sсu lаr tissuе is thаt whiсh has thе and pгopеr ty of movеm ent (сonш aсt ion
b А ove
гelаxation) and is thus rеsponsible for thе as in gallop pеr formеd тr 'oгk bу thе bodу, iтr g or, in standing, by resisting thе pull of gтаvity. Body funсt ions arе also pеr formеd suсh аs that in thе УЬ othеr typеs of musсlе'
As the horse evo| ved from a с nspiсu ous cryptiс forest browser to a o plainsdwelling grazer, and the need for the speed to esсape predators inсr eаsed, body size enI arged and the numbeг of toes diet from с аn ge of wаs гeduсed. The h easi| у h с ewed soft fгUits to toUgh grass
(] st o с ruiо€ |
at| аs
whiсh neеd ed grinding resU| ted in the development of hard enamel ridges on the teeth (drawings not to scalel. Below The uo of some 2] 0 bones to form framework; a knowI edge of the and funсt ions of the bones is
ske| eton is mаd e
а supporting гelаt ionshios
alwavs useful.
vort€ b rа)
facial
7th (| аst)
cв r uiса|
vertebrа
rс ost sсapulаr агсt i| аg e
h с eek teeth
18th (last) thorаiс с vertebra
mаn dibI e lnс| sors
diаstemа
6th
(| аst)
I umbаr
vortobrа
sвrс um voгt obrа
1st o с yс g€ sI
(bаr )
sternum 'l8th (last) rib
хiphoid аrс ti| age
humorus
costа|
оаr ti| agв
Pаt в | | а
fibu| а
ii
rаd iusЕ оаr pа|
a:i:.,"
(one of the taгsа| boп es forming point of hoсk)
oones
G
{ tsсh niса| | уt he Wrist but а| Wаys a с | | ed the knee)
fore spI iп t
ind spI iл t
bone
boп e
hind аn с non
fore a с nnoп
.
(metarсarpa| ,)
f
i
(metаt аr sа|
.
sesamoids
+
3)
sesаm oids
.navlсu | аr
169
тHE B0DY 0t тHЕ
H0RsЕ
,l
sсаp uI a
infraфinаt Us
bieps aЫ hс ii нЕ D sHoULDЕR L вY в AксWARDS s{ JPffдsP| NAтI Js BяH сА l| Ес s N А D B| P
аrс paI extensor
rаd ia|
м UsGls
o с mmon
lateral аrс pа|
digital
flexor
еxteп sor | аt eraI
bones
a с rpа|
bone
аn с noп
deep d g tа
digitaI
flexor
eкeп ю r ann U| аr
_
I
digitaI f| eхors
igаr nents
cheсk
rаd iа|
fibrosUs
|e ас гt Us
ligament
sesаm olos
long pastern bone
KNEЕ HЕLD
short pаsteгп o с ffin
(i
bone
BАксWARDS
e. sтRlА Gн т)
BY
FlBRosljs
LдR Ес rus
bone аrс pa|
H с EсK
propelling food ftom onе taltiс movеm еn t еn d of the alimentary traсt (gut) to thе с nsists mostly of othеr . The heart too o musсlе doing thе work of a pump.
Nervoц s
Tissц е
с pacity to trаn smit tissuе hаs thе a messages over long distanсes, and forms the brain, spinal o с rd and nervе paтh ways whiсh o с ntrol most of the body funсt ions.
Nеr тous
Thе
Skеlеt on
and
The hoгse's skеleton
u М sсlеs
is
o с mposed of 210 individual bonеs (ех of the tail). Thе skеlеt on
аp proхimatеly lс uding thosе givеs support for thе musсles, protеtс ion for ttre intеr nal orgаn s, аn d possesses thе neсessary mobility of its pаr ts foг the horsе liе down or to movе at various spееd s or gtaze.
Vаr ying dеgreеs of moЬiliry are providеd by diffеr ing typ€ s of ioints; foг еxamplе, that еtЬ wееn thе femur and tibia, forming
thе .stifle', gives grеat
mobility' whilе in thе aЬ kс o Ь ne аllow restriсt ed movement onlv. Thе those еtЬ wееn
two vertеb rае
с ppеd with bonеs forming all joints arе a с n bonе аn d a a с rtilage, whiсh is softеr thаn of wеar аn d tear at makе good thе еf fеtс s a Thе joint is oс mplеt еd bу thе sцr faсе. synovia (joint oil) a с psulе whiсh produсеs to lubriсаt e thе joint surfaсеs, аn d it is by ligamеn ts, iе fibrous strеn gthenеd thе bonеs on еither side bands o с nneсt ing of thе joint. Thе way in whiсh a joint aс n movе is thе j oint surfaсe by thе shapе of o с ntrollеd position of thе ligamеn ts and ottrer аn d thе whiсh pаss ovеr it. supporting struсt ц r еs
for еxamplе
Thе fеt loсk
naturе' s
partiсцlar
fаe с
Three aspeсt s of the horse,s | eft fore| eg seen from the | eft side. / : Тh e skeleton is made up of 20 bones; there are no oс | I аr bones linking the shoulder blades in the horse.2: Тh e deep musс| es; the bones below the knee аr e moved by tendons aгising from musс| es muсh higher up the system of musсles, | eg. 3: A speсiа| tendons and I igaments forms the stay whiсh prevents the leg from appаr аt us buсk| ing and enab| es the horse to reI aX and even doze in the stаn ding position; a similar sУstem exists in the hindI eg. for thе
stifle joint
housing thе eyеs whiсh
in sevеr al
aЬove
of to meet
or funсt ion.
The
of the sсapula or shoul rЬ oad flat suгf aсe proсеssеs of аn d thе transvегse dеr lЬ adе providе ample spаe с thе lumЬar vеr tеrЬ ae, of the powеr ful musсlеs for thе аt taсh mеn t forе and hind limЬs. rеq uirеd to move фе Thе spеiс al fеaturеs of the skull arе the
relatively еlongatеd
suspensory ligаm ent aп d extensI on sesаm oideаn
flехеd thе .knеd
hаs sеvеr al ехamples
way of adapting struсt uге
requirёm еn ts
.
a с n bе
с n bе еxtеn ded; furttrer than it a thе аn с only bе flеxed whеr eas a с n bе movеd , to somе еxtent,
direсt ions. Thе skеlеt on
I igament
тN сд G
UGАN м Е тS
тHRoUGн D| GI тALFLЕxoR
lining of thе gut whiсh produсes the pеr is
h с eсk
providing spaсе
tееt h and
their roots; and * re orbits
are plaсed
wеll
ground level when thе horsе is gтaz of ing. Thesе providе it with a greatеr arеа vision to look out for impеn ding dangеr . The pаr ts of thе skelеt on whiсh hаvе for horsе partiсu lar praсt iсal importanсе
ownеr s аr е: (i) the splint bonеs, on еithеr side of thе of a с nnon bonеs, whiсh аr e rеm nаn ts thе digits lost during еv olution. These bone by с non arе o Ь und to the аn of thе shaft of ligamеn ts. I t is a fraсt urе this bone, or inflammation of the liga
o Ь nеs
тHЕ
ment whiсh
binds
it to thе
a с nnon
с uses the painful еn lаr ge bonе, that a mеn ts known as .splints'. [ ii) otheг small bonеs whiсh аr e somе timеs troublesomе' thе sеsаm oids. Thesе arе two smаll bones forming thе
baсk of thе naviсu lаr
o Ь nе
joint, and
fеt loсk e Ь low
pеd al
thе
thе
bonе.
The Foot Thе Ь
horsе' s
surroundеd
foot is o с mplеt еly
similaг to а human's fingеI a substanсе п аi l to proteсt it against having to sustain and tear of a с rrying onе quаr tег of thе wеаr ovеr аn y tеr тh е horsе' s weight in tас ion
A
с nsists of аn outеr horsе' s foot o с n of horn (hoof) inside whiсh is o в inеd thе pedal and naviсu lar bonеs, part phalanx and thе dееp digital of ttrе sеo с nd flеxoг tеn doц thе еn d ofwhiсh is аt taсh еd to thе pеd al bonе. Thе foot also o с ntаins с rtilages, o с rono thе digital pad, latеr al a pеd al joint' blood vessеls and nеr vеs. Thе outеr layer oс nsists of the walls, solе, bars and frog. Thе hoof is an inеr t substanсе o с mposеd largely of kеr аt in whiсh is sеrс etеd by thе o с ronary o с rium. Thе hoof grows аt a ratе of approximatеlу 0.5сm (0.2in) pеr month and it rееiс ves nouгishmеn t from thе sеn sitivе laminaе leаf likе struсt urеs whiсh linе the pedal bonе and whiсh bind the hoof to thе bonе as thеy intеr loсk lеaves with o с mpaгablе from thе insеn sitivе laminае of thе hoof. Thе foot as а wholе aЬsorbs oс nсu ssion and by its o с ntinuous growтh it is ablе to геp laсe thе surfaсе as this is lost yЬ еvеr y daу wеаr аn d tеаr ..
гain. lаyег
wеen
parts tфа
suffeг friсt ion.
varying Most musсles hаvе tеn dons of lengths and not all aге as long as those whiсh run bеlow thе kneе oг hoсk ioints. М st are Ligamеn ts, too) vary in length. o аs those alreadу mеn геlativеly short' sцh с joints. The h с kес tioned whiсh strеn gthеn and suspensory ligaments of thе foгelimb liga с kес speсial mеn tion. Thе h dеsеr vе mеn t is attaсh еd to t} rе ligаm ent at thе baсk еn d, it knеe joint and, at its lowег of фе joins the deep digital flexor tendon in thе bonе. I t thе a с nnon rеg ion of thе aЬ kс of forms paгt of thе stay appaгatus whiсh prе Thе sus vents ovеr еxtension of thе toе. pensory ligamеn t is also o in this с nсеr nеd аb ove, to thе bаk с of aсt ion and is attaсh еd and lowеr row of knее o Ь nе thе a с nnon (сarpаl) bonеs' and eЬ low to thе sеsamoid o Ь nes e Ь hind the fetloсk ioint. From hеr е it sеn ds two rЬ aп hс es around the front of е ас the first phalangeal (pastеr n) bonе on h
B0DY
0t тHE
H0RSE
sidе to join the o с mmon digital extensor tendon, through whiсh thеy аr е insеr tеd into thе front of thе sеo с nd
pеd аl mеn t
phalangeal and
bones. Thеr e is a similar arгangе in the hind limb.
Digestive Systеm The horse's digеstivе
o с nsists of with digestion, or food materiаl suсh
systеm
thosе organs o с nсеr ned
turning of o с mplеx с rп , into simple sub as hay, grass and o pгotеin staп e с s suсh as aс rЬohydratе, (amino aсids), fatry aсids, еt ,с whiсh aс n bе usеd by the body for еn ergy, stoгage or
thе
Ь ilding body u
proсеsses' Thе organs oс n sist of the alimentary traсt whiсh is the
tц b е
еxtending from
thе
and known also as thе
mouth to the anus
gut, intеstines or
and thе aсеs с sory alimеn tary a с nal, suсh аs thе teеt h, tonguе' salivary livеr and panсr еas.
digitа|
oгg ans glands,
f| exor tendon
sesamoideап
ligаm ent
digitol еxtensor tendon
u М sсles Thе musсles thаt enаb le the hoгsе to move с еd to bonе o с nsist of musсle massеs аt tаh at onе end аn d to tlrеir гespеtс ivе tеn dons the supеr fiсial at thе other. Foг еx amplе, с еd to digital flеxor of thе forelimb is attаh thе humеr us bonе аn d thе posteгior aspеtс Ь nе. At its lowеr еn d it foгm s of the rаd ius o тt rе tendon whiсh runs behind thе knеe аn d
fеt loсk ioints
bulb of heol
inseгt еd on
to beсomе
еn с tra|
of еn d of the first and uppеr еn d ttre seсond phalаn x. I ts aсt ion is to flеx thе elЬow i oint. toе and knee аn d to extеn d thе
9гoove l I| aterа 'o9". l offroo " | groovв | apex _]
the lowеr
The tendon is enсasеd shеath
as it runs bеh ind
in a
synoviаl
the knеe and thе fibrous sheеt t] rat
joints. Thе thin fеt loсk o с mposes this pгoduсes tеn don oil oг synovia whiсh has similar lubriсаt ing propеr tiеs
to joint oil. Similar sheаsф
tendons whеr ever thеге еnlс osе bе friсt ion betweеn thе tеn don
oг othеr
struсt urеs.
A
ground border of wа| |
to is likеlу аn d bonе,
bursa is а
similar
it doеs not surround a struсt ure exсеp t that likе a uс shion bеt tеn don, but aсt s morе
insensitive | аm inаe
struсt ure of the foot. fop: a seсt ion down the midline. middle: The sole surfaсe of an unshod hoof ' bottom right.. The hoof detаh from the foot shows the с еd insensitive | aminae on the inside faсe of the wall and heels. bottom / eft: a magnified rс oss seсt ion of the insensitive/ sensitive | aminar junсt ion; the sensitive I aminаe hаve I itt| e room to expand if injured or inf| аm ed аn d a с n thus be a sourсe of extreme oаin to the horse. Тh e
111
lзolitl6)
oesopnаg Us diаp hragm
* * ..i smа| l
mlon
аe с U с m I arge o с I on
The spеiс al hс araсt eristiсs of тh е horse's the highly prеh еn sile lips for gathеr ing food whiсh work in o с njunсt ion with the shаr p front teeth Whеn rс opping mouth аr е
grass, аn d the lаiЬ lе
oprning of п аsа| аvс ity
into phаr ynx
whiсh o с nvеys tеeth. Thеsе have tablе likе suтf aсеs rс ossеd by ridgеs that form an idеal grinding surfaсе еtЬ wеen the jaws. upper and lowег tonguе
the food to thе baсk
An adult horsе has 40 teeth arrаn ged follows: in еah с
as
lеf t
and right, upper and lower jaw thеr е arе thrеe inсisors, one The mouth and teeth аr e speсiа| | y adаp ted for grazing. far left:The | агg e mobi| e lips a с n enfo| d bu nсh es of g rаss whiсh are torn free by the h с ise| I ike inсisor teeth. / eft: the skuI I viewed from be| oW; the soft pа| ate аn extension of the mouth I ining _сovers pаr t of the nasa| a с vity opening;the I oWer jаW is narrower thаn the upperjаw аn d moves sideways as we| | аs up and down to grind the tough food between the h с eek teeth (molars). above i the moI ar surfаe is fI at с and formed of sharp enamel ridges; opposing teeth move aсr oss eаh с other with a shearing action. right'. the milk teeth a гe rep| еd ас by the time the hoгse is f ive years o| d; here a permanent inсisor is erupting through the gu m to repI aсe the miI k tooth in
front.
gUttUra|
pouф
siп u sеs
froп t а|
Pnаr yп x supеr ior
mахi| | ary
iп f erior mаxi| | arv
п аsа| аvс ity (oPeп to
bucса|
sinUs
___1
phаr ynх)
siп u s
.t { . g'
cаvity
PAвL А YZED
Left above The а| imentary traсt , showing its disposition in the abdomen (here in the mагe), аn d the sequenсe of its parts' тh e sma| | size of the stomach restriсt s the amount Which аn с be ingested and the intаke must be sma| | but f reouent. The stomaсh and most of the sma| | intestiп e аг e h с ief| y in the I eft side аn d a с nnot be seen in the mаiп drawiп g
oN LЕп
аn с inе
(present only in o с lts
аn d geldings), (three prеm olагs and threе molars). A young horse has tеm por ary teeth, whiсh are replaсеd by thе per mаn ent tеeth by the time it is five yеars old.
and siх
h с еk
teеt h
Duсt s whiсh disсh arge digеstive juiсes pаr odd mаn diЬu laг and subling. ual salivary glands open into thе mouth. The roof of thе mouth is formеd yЬ the hard palatе in front, whiсh o с ntinuеs into the soft palate bеh ind. Thе soft palаt e forms part of the pharynx whеr е thе аir passages and digestivе traсt rс oss one from thе
another. As a horsе swаllows,
the food rс osses
pharynx and enteгs the gullеt oеsophagus, thе stomаh с
thе oг to
from where it is o с nveуеd аn d thеnес to thе small intes tinеs, lаr gе o с lon, smаll o с lon and reсt um. The alimentary traсt ' from the stomaсh to the reсt um' togethеr with the Panсr еas and liver (glands whiсh o с ntributе morе digestive juiсеs and bile) are o с ntаinеd in
the abdominal aс vity. This a с n
bе
desсr iЬеd as a largе .bo/ , thе sides of whiсh аr е thе diaphragm in front, thе mus lс еs bеlow thе spinе forming thе top, and thе musсlеs of the.bellf , the o Ь ttom. Thе baсk pаr t ofthе .bot' is lс osеd by thе pеlviс outlеt through whiсh the гtес llm' urinary аn d rеp roduсt ivе traсt rеah с thе outsidе. Thе аb dominal a с vity also o с ntаins, in thе femаlе, the ovaries аn d thе uterus; and in both malе аn d fеm alе, thе urinary organs, o с mprising thе kidnеy, urеt еr s and blad
Thе
аb dominal
a с vity
is lined by the
peritoneum аn d all the organs arе sus pended bу reflеtс ions (mеsеn tеr ies аn d lig
The respiгatory system' A | aгg e vo| ume in the head is oсcupied by h с ambers which do not seem to have a respiratory function but do o с nneсt With the nasаI a с vity аn d aгe fiI I ed with аir' The drawings on the I eft show the opening of the larynx into the pharynx; the nerve to the voсa| o с rd on either side (usua| | y the | eft) may beсome damaged due to overstгetсh ing or injury, resu| tiп g in the o с ndition known аs roaring or whist| ing' аu с sed by vibгаt ion of the para| уzed voсal o с rd When the horse bгeаt hes
in.
amеn ts)
of thе
A spеiс al frее is known as thе
peritonеu m,
fold of thе pеr itonеu m omеn tum.
The anatomiсal pеuс liaritiеs horsе' s digеstivе sуstеm o с mpаr еd
of
thе
with
othеr mammals are: (i) that thе greatest volumе of thе traсt is in thе hiл d еn d, nаm еlу thе a с u ес m, and o с lon, whеr е proсеss thе majoг of
digеsting
fibrе
fеr mentation (ii) тh е relativеly
(iii) the аbsenсе
oсu с rs
by baсt еr ial
small stomaсh of a gаll
btaddеr
(probably
assoсiаt еd
with thе nееd for a oс n tinual supplу of bilе in an animal whiсh is a o с nтinuous fееd еr )
The Respiratory System Thе rеspiratory sуstem o с nsists of thе air passagеs of thе heаd (nosш ils to pharynx), thе pharynx, lаr ynx, trаh с еa or windpipе, rЬ onсh i and lungs. Thе lungs arе the two organs in whiсh oxygеn and a с rbon diox ide are еxh с angеd еtЬ weеn the blood and | 7з
"
тHЕ
B0DY 0t тHE н 0RsE
аoftа to body head ап d
puI monary аr tery
puI monary агt еr y to lungs
pu| moп аr y veins
pulmonary verns from lungs
I eft аt rium
posterior from body
аvс a
Ventriс| e
right ventriсle rrght atnum
in the hс est aс vity the walls (ribs and с n a с n ехp and or o or traсt ' thus allowing the lungs to еn largе o с mpress. The movеm еn ts of тh e hс еst altеr natеly drаw in and expеl аir into аn d out of the lungs. Thе anаt omiсаl fеaturеs of thе еq uine rеspiratory systеm whiсh аr е of partiсu lar air. Theу
are situatеd
known аs thе thorаx, diaphragm) of whiсh
intеr est to hoгsemen (i) thе air sinusеs
arе:
of thе
hеad and
thе
guttural pouсh еs, whiсh arе largе с nneсt ing with thе еus blind saсs o taсh ian tubеs of thе еar and whiсh may bе thе sitе of irrfeсt ion
(ii) thе
lar1тr x, onе sidе
or bleеd ing.
of whiсh
may an obstruсt ion to thе inflorv of air, thus resulting in whistling or roaring. (iii) thе minutе еn dings of the airwaу s in
and aс use
pаr alyzеd
bеo с mе
tubes, known as bronсh iolеs' whiсh in o с nnеtс with thе air saсs (аlvеoli) struсt urеs whiсh the lung. I t is thеsе с ndition of arе involvеd in the o .brokеn
wind.
The Heart and Vasсu lar Systеm As in othеr mammals, thе horsе's heart o с nsists of four h с ambеr s valvеs. Raсеh orsеs,
have hearts whiсh thе averagе; that 6'5 kg (14lbs).
with four sеt s of аs might be expеtс еd ' arе rather larger than
ofЕlс ipsе
wеighеd
o аЬ ut
Blood is pumped bу thе heart into artеr ies whiсh еxtend to аll parts of the o Ь dy,
Fеw
bеf orе
rеt urning
in veins. to know the horsе' s vas to thе hеart
pеoplе nееd in dеt ail, but the following sуstеm artеr iеs and vеins arе worthy of notе: (i) The jugulаr vеin that liеs on eithег the blood from side of thе neсk , аrс riеs
u с lar
174
Тh e heаr t is situated between the I ungs in I t is effeсt iveI y a doubI e the thorаiс с a с vity. musсu I ar pump; the гight side reсeives deoxygenated blood through the vena a с vae from the body and pumps it to the I eft side reсeives I ungs; the moгe musсu I аr blood from the lungs (where the blood is oxygenаt ed) and pumps it oUt thгoUgh the through aorta to begin its I ong iс rсu I ation the body. the hеad
and nеk с
to thе
hеart.
prеssure
in
bаkс
is easilу .raisеd bу
It
the lowеr part of thе neсk and maу bе used blood samplеs for o с llеtс ing thеr еf orе
or in thе oс ursе
of
administering
fluid thеr apу. (ii) Thе aortа is thе mаin аr tery leaving с rries blood to all the hеart, and it a I t runs parts postеr ior to thе h с еst. and abdom с еst along thе roofofthе h intravеn ous
inal aс vity, аn d in the lattеr it distri u Ь tes
thе
a
branсh
to thе
anterior mesеn tеr iс
a с llеd
intеstines,
artеr y.
this branсh whiсh may
I t is
bеo с mе
ofthе bloсked as a rеsult ofthе tас ivity parаsitе Strongуlus zlulgаr is. This is of o с liс. с sеs one of the аu
Lymphatiс
System
Thе lymph systеm oс nsists of a seriеs of с rrу and vеn ules whiсh a minutе h с annеls a relatively oс lourless fluid known аs and other lymph, from thе еxtremitiеs parts of the body, baсk towards thе hеart it into thе blood theу disсh argе whеr е arе speсiаl h с annеls stream. Along thеsе glаn ds or lу m ph nodеs whiсh flltеr baс teria and other mattеr from the lymph strеam' thus purifuing it. The lymph sys in suсh dis еx еp с t tеm is not notiсеablе as lу m phangitis, or whеn the lymph еasеs
as in strangles or еn largеd ' с me nodеs bеo с nditions. othеr infeсt ious o
Thе Uro.Gеn ital
Systеm
Thе horsе' in oс mmon with othеr mam mals, has two kidneуs, whosе funсt ion is to filtеr thе lЬ ood and form ц r ine. This passеs to the bladdеr through thе ureters аn d from thе urine pаssеs to thе outsidе thеr е, Thе urethra has а thгough ttrе uгеt hra. o с mmon еxit from the body with thе sеx uаl traсt , namеly the vagina in thе mаr е and thе penis in the stallion. Thе gеn ital с nsist of two ovaries organs of the mаr e o the utеr us' and oviduсt s or fallopian tuЬеs, e с rvix, vаg ina and vцlva. for produс Thе ovaries aге rеsponsiЬle or ovum. ing the fеm ale sеx еlс 1, iе thе еg g A fillу is born with many thousands of еggs in hеr ovariеs and no morе form during her
during timеs of sеx lifetimе. IЕ owevеr devеlop ual aсt ivity oestrus fluid folliсlеs round onе or morе eggs and rupture to shed thе egg into the fallopian tube. This is known as ovulation. Thе lining of the fol.
is formеd . liсlе bleеds аn d а .уellowЬody' pгo The folliсle, whilе it is dеvеloping, duсes thе hormonе oestrogеn , and the .уеllowbodt',
hormone progestеr onе. с t maturе fllly is u and .yellow с ntain folliсlеs in half it will o bodies' in varying stagеs of dеvelopmеn t. thе
I f thе ovary
of a sexuallу
Right The
urogenitа|
system of the mаr e
(top) and the stallion (bottom). I n the mare
the vаg ina, body of the UterUs and bI adder are shown here in seсt ion through the midI ine' The uterus and ovаr ies aгe susoended from the roof of the abdominal a с vity on two fo| ds of its I ining (peritoneum) аlс I ed the broad I igaments (not depiсt ed here).
тHЕ
A stallion's sеxual organs o с nsist of two pro in whiсh the spеr matozoа aI е duсеd ; o с llеtс ing duсt s (inсluding thе
tеstes
еp ididymis)
whiсh
o с nnеtс
with
thе
ц I еt hI a aftеr trаv elling in thе spеr matiс o с rd with arteries and vеins; thе aсеs с sory glands o с mprising thе prostate) vesiсu lаr
sеm inаlеs аn d bulbourеt hral' and the pеn is. The penis is housed in thе prеp uсе .sheath', and thе tеstes or in thе sсr otum.
Thе Nervous Systеm Thе nervous system is oс mposеd of thе (сNs) аn d thе еn с tral nеr vous sуstеm pеr iphеr al (PNS). The nеr vous sуstem CNS oс nsists of thе rЬ ain and soinal oс rd.
Thе PNS o с mprisеs
thе nеr vе trunks that brain and otttеr s, whiсh еm еr gе from thе spinal o с rd, togethеr with thosе bеlonging to thе spеiс al sympаt hetiс nerv ous sуstеm . Thе fеаr ures of thе еq uinе nеr vous sys
leavе thе
tеm arе
thе
relativеly
higЫу
dеvеloped
part responsiЬle for the еrс еb еllum, that o с ntrol of movеm еn t; thе long o с ursе of thе spinаl o с rd tfuough the еrс viсаl геg ion whiсh makes this pаr t susсeptiЬle to injury and to suсh nervous o с nditions аs .wob blе/ disеasе; and thе routes taken by thе nerves running to thе еxtrеm itiеs of thе forе and hind limbs. A knowledgе of thе lattеr a с n е Ь usеd in the diagnosis of lamе nеss. sinсе thеv a с n е Ь .Ьloсk еd at varioц s
B0DY
0t тHЕ
HORSЕ
a 1oсаl anaеsthetiс injеtс ing around thеm ' so аs to dеsеn sitizе thе arеаs thеy supply. Thе nеr vous sуstem is somеt hing likе a telеp honе in thаt it dеpеn ds on еx h с ange, thе input and output of mеssagеs, to and from thе еn с tre. I n using this analogy, thе
points bу
and spinal o с rd lеprеsеn t аn d its suЬstаt ions, and
brаin
exсh angе
thе thе
nerve trunks arе of two sorts, a) sensory' that is a с rrying mеssagеs to the CNS and b) motor' a с rrуing
musсlеs produсе
messages from thе
CNS
endpoints whеr е thеy aсt ivity or movеm еn t. Thе sеn sory nеr ves depеn d on еn dings whiсh аr e sеn sitivе to pain, prеssure' hеat, o с ld, and whiсh , whеn еt ,с stimulаt ed, o с nvеy thesе imprеssions to thе rЬ аin whеr е theу аr е intеr pretеd by rеf lеx oг voluntarу aсt ion. The spеiс al sеn sory endings arе to thе
and othеr
those of smеll, sight
hеаr ing, mеd iated and ears.
аn d
through thе nose, еyеs
The nЕ doсr inе (Hormonal) Systеm Thе
ovary
endoсr ine systеm o с nsists of a of glands whiсh sеrс ete hor monеs. A hormonе is a substanсe pro gland and ш ansportеd duсеd yЬ а in blood or lymph strеams' to еxеr t an aсt ion oI a с use аn еf fеtс on anothеI part oг parts. For ехamplе, thе pituitary gland, whiсh is numЬеr
pгoduсеs situatеd bеlow thе brain, mone known as folliсlе stimulаt ing
(FSH) thе aсt ion
monе
a hor
hor
of whiсh
is
to
stimulatе folliсlеs to dеv еlop in thе ovary. I nsulin is produсеd yЬ e с lls in the panсr ea tiс gland and is rеsponsiblе for rеg ulаt ing thе lеv еl of sugar in thе blood. Cortisonе is seсr etеd by thе aфenal o с rtеx and has widеsprеаd effeсt s on many mеt аboliс funсt ions of the oЬ dy. Thе еn doсr inе glаn ds (and thе hormones they produсе) arе as follows: (a) antеr ioг pituitary _ folliсlе stimulat.
ing hormonе (Fsн ) ,
lutеinizing
hor growth, thyroid
monе (LH), pгolaсt in, stimulating hormonе posterior piruitarу
(Ь)
SгALL] oN
_ oх y toсin, vasop
rеssin (с) thyroid _ thу r oxinе
kidneys
(d) panсr еas (е) adrеn аl
(fl аdrеn al
_ insulin _ o с rtisonе o с ltеx mеd ulla adrеn аlin
ovarу _ oestrogen, progеstегone tеstosteгonе (i) utеr us prostaglandin (g)
(h) tеstes
Thе
Skin
Thе skiл is oс mposеd of threе layеr s' an outеr еlс lular oт еp ithеlial laуеr whiсh is a с pablе
еr ode lаyer
of replaсing itsеlf
as wеar
and tеar
thе outer suгf e ас ; a subеpithеlial whiсh nouгishes thе outег layеr and
in whiсh pain еn dings аn d othеr sеn sitivе strцtс urеs arе found; and thе suЬ dеr mal layer whiсh is o с ntinuous with the sub еp ithеliаl layer and binds thе skin to thе undеr lying oЬ nе or musсlе. Thе hair fol liсlеs oсuс r in thе subdеr mаl layеr . The
skin oс ntаins
swеat
glands whiсh
sеrс еt е
glands аn d
othеr
an oil substanсe
known as sеuЬ m. 175
с м oN A o 11, louer' is
failing among animal the tеn dЪnсy to iegаr d thе animal spеiс es in human terms of intellig. еn e с , motivation аn d similar mattеr s. Thе dog, possibly thе earliеst of thе animals
by man, is the ехt rеm e .humanization' bеing rеg ardеd eхamplе of yЬ a lаr gе numbeг of ownеr s in thе same light as a human h с ild and endowеd by them with humаn intelligеn e с and imagi domеstiсated
nation whiсh it a с nnot possibly possess. Many of the arguments advаneс d by anti hunting fаtс ions arе basеd on a similarly fаlse prеm isе being relatеd
thе reaсt ions of thе quaп y to thosе
of the human in thе
unlikely еvеn tuаlity of thе latter еiЬ ng plaсed in thе same situаt ion. Thе horse may not suffеr .humanizа tion' to quitе thе same degree but wiфout doubt he is populаr ly, and quite wrongly, thought to be an animal of high intеllig еn e с .
The pеr formanсes of whiсh hе is all too oftеn oс nsideгed аs
a с pablе arе
manifestations of that quality rather than as produсt s of a training systеm based on rеp etition, whiсh results in а variety of o с nditionеd гeflеxes. u М h с of the агgu ment may dеp еn d upon тh e interprеt ation of thе word .intelligenсе' , but what is еrс tainly bеyond doubt is that animal intеllig еn е с аn с not еЬ еq uatеd with the human quality. I n fаtс , thе brain of the horsе is vеr y smаll in rеlation to his size, smallеr indeed although the point is hardly relevant than that of thе turtle. I n gеn еr al terms аn d at tlrе risk of ovеr simplifiсation, it a с n bе said that thе horsе is a гсeaturе of instinсt , not of rеason, whiсh is а human attгibutе' sinсе its mеn taliry is based upon instinсt s
When trying to understand a horse don't fall into the trap of interpгeting its behаviour iп human terms. I t wouI d be anthropomorphiс, and wrong, to guess that beсause this horse I ooks to be I aughing it is showing аm Usement.
developed in thе wild statе as a mеans of survival against thе natural hazаr ds ofthе environmеn t and the activities of predatory a с rnivorеs, forеm ost of whiсh has bеen mаn himself. Thе horse is an heгb ivorous аn imal and _ that is thе his defеn sive mеhс аn isms physiсal ability to movе swiftly away from the фrеat of attaсk and the possеssion of higЫy.dеvеlopеd senses arе in thе mаin dirеtс ed towards flight as a mеans of prе sеr vаt ion. Any study of thе horse personal ity, relevant to thе animаl] s training' must tаkе thеsе faсt ors into aсo с unt, whilst dis o с unting the faсt that in thе domestiс stаt е thе origiп al stimuli have long been absеn t. Thе еxistеnес of a flightoriеntаt ed dеf enсе eхp lains the higЫysш ung аn d ехiс table naturе of the horse, аlthough thе dеg rеe ofехiс tability аn d nеr vousnеss dis playеd narurallу vаr ies aсo с rdiп g to the individuаl. I n most aс ses thе oс пnЦ on, .сoldblood horse, slower in his reaсt ions,
will be a notаbly less exсitablе subjеtс than thе highlybred .warmblood' typifiеd yЬ thе Thoroughbred аn d thе Arabian. I n all a с sеs, howеver, thе feeding of thе horsе еxerts an important influеn e с . A high pro tein diet will have thе еf feсt of making him more pronе to beсoming exсitеd and moге likеly to indulgе in defianсe of his trainе1 s
or ridet's wishеs. attеn tion
For this гeason muсh
has to bе paid to thе
thе o с nsumption
horse's diet,
of heating, or еn ergizing,
foods being balаnеd с by ехp enditurе of еn еr gy
a o с rrеsponding
through physiсal
exеr iс sе.
The prime oс nsideгations
of thе hoгse natural tеn dеnyс in his pupil to be nеr vous and еxiс tablе as a result of thе instinсt ive, selfpгеsеr vаt ivе, flight reаtс ion' will bе oс nсеr nеd with thе horsе' s deеplyrootеd hеr d instinсt in whiсh thе provision of sеu с rity is impliсit and whiсh involves, also' an aсеp с tanсе of disсiplinе аn d a degrеe of submission. Thе herd instinсt is o с ntinually present in the horse, who will always sеek to return to or to rеm аin with oс mpanions of his state, horses are own kind. I n a domеstiс frequently kept singlу out of nееsс sity, but it is notiсеablе that suсh horsеs, laсk ing thе sеu с rity whiсh mеm bership of a group providеs, will often dеvelop peсu liar and somеt imes nеu rotiс trаits of bеh avioцr whiсh do not oсu с r whеr е a numbеr of horses live together, suсh аs in a militаr y troop, a riding sсh ool or a rаiс ng stablе. I t is not impossible to keep a horsе on its own trainеr ,
apart from thе
but, likе an only h с ild' it will bе morе inсlinеd to posе pгoblеm s. Thе h с ild a с n with othеr s of his own age аt sсh ool and is ablе to invite them to his own home oг to go and play with thеm at thеirs. No suсh possibilitiеs arе open to thе horse. A dog is quite oс ntent with human oс m panionship and it would bе possiblе for а _ but only horsе to be similarly o с nditionеd if his owner was ablе to sharе his stablе or devotе most of thе day to romping in thе
make friеn ds
fiеld with him, proсeedings whiсh bеyond thе a с paсity
of horseownеr s. The horsеs, simulаt ing thе a с usеs еxiс tеm ent 176
are
of thе most
dеd iсаt еd o с mpany of othеr
hеr d oс ndition, in most hoгses but in
Under| ying many aspeсt s of the behаviour of the horse аr e two basiс h с аr aсt eristiсs on whiсh its suгvivа| in the wiI d depends a powerful herd instinсt аn d the abi| ity to run quiсk| y from troub| e. aboи e: A| erted by potentiа| dап g er, these hoгseS are ready to run; any apprehension quiсk| y spreаd s through the herd. below right.. Тh e herd instinсt ; there is sаf ety in numbers, and the tendenсy for one horse to fo| I ow another keeps the group togetheу' above right.' Racing is just one of the aсt ivities whiсh takes advаn tage of the heгd instinсt ; even I oose horses wil| stay with the fie| d beсause it represents, if only temporarily, their herd.
.onlf horsе, thе rеtас ion the a с sе of thе may wеll bе aсеn с tuated to an unaсеp с t ablе lеvеl. I t is possiblе for the herd instinсt to be exploited in a variеt y of ways, thе most obvious being in thе sport of raсing whiсh , in a sеn sе, is a simulation of thе herd in flight. I t is ехp loitеd whеn thе young horse is inш oduсеd to the hunting fiеld. I n ordеr to remain with or rеt urn to thе herd thе youngstеr will frеq uently jump fenсеs whiсh would not havе bееn o с untеn anсеd in o с ld blood. I n this last instanсе thе еle с ment of exсitеm ent ацсsеd yЬ the prеsеn e of other animals galloping and jumping is also, of o с urse' a o с ntributory faсt or. аrЕ lу iumping lessons similаr ly takе advantаgе of the instinсt . A young horsе will usually jump а fеnес going towards his o с mpan
ions whеn hе might vеr y wеll refusе if to iump in thе oppositе direсt ion. On thе other hand thе natцr al instinсt a с n be subdued by ш aining, as is shown ring _ whеn а horsе lеаvеs thе o с llеtс ing аskеd
аn d
thus his tеm porary herd
fеnеsс
_ to jump thе
in a showjumping arеn a on his
in this instаnе,с o с urses аr е plannеd to takе acсount of the .grаvitationаl pull' of thе o с llеtс ing гing. A own. But еvеn
frеq uently
с uгsе buildеr wise o bеg ins his o с ursе with onе or two o с mparativеly еasy fenсеs, sit ing the big, diffiсu lt onеs in suсh а position that the hoгsе jumps towards the o с lleсt ing
ring.
тн Е
MI ND 0F тHE
HORSЕ
Like the herd aspеtс ,
thе stablе vЕ еr y horsеm an
used to advantagе.
a с n еЬ knows
pеr ks up and quiсk еn s the stride when turnеd for homе after а morn ing,s exerсisе. His mind is thеn oсuс piеd with thoughts of food and in that statе he is less likely to tаkе notiсе ofroаd hazards or other obstaсlеs whiсh might have worriеd young him on the waу out. I n inш oduсing
how a horsе
horses to traffiс thе
wise horsеm an
will'
thеr еf orе, h с oosе a quiеt route awaу from thе stablе, rеt urning to it by a busiеr one whеn the horse's attention is disш tас ed from thе vеh iсlеs by thе thought of home and food. I f a horse is to bе a аlс m and thеr efore rееp с tivе individual' sеu is an еssеn с rity The stabI e eХerts a profound inf| uenсe on the horse, to whom it represents seсu rity and a sourсe of food.
in his lifе. Loss of seсu rity, as a с n happеn when a horsе is sold on to а produсe a variety of rе nеw home, аn с tial fаtс or
aсt ions. Uneasy
Very lс osеly o с nnеtс еd with the herd instinсt is the sеn se of seсu ritу whiсh thе horse finds in bеing a membеr of a herd. This is a faсt or not аlways suffiсiеn tly appreсiated but it is a very rеlеv ant one. I n thе
domеstiс
statе
it is not possiblе
to
simulatе the wild hеr d o с ndition' nor indееd is it nееsс sаr y, uЬ t it is advisаblе, givеn , to kееp for rеаsons already horses in o с mpany with their own kind. For thе domеstiс horsе
of his seсu rity is
thе еn с trе
his stablе aп d immеdiatе
surroundings idеally, thе presenсе of anothеr horsе. I t is not rеally so muсh diffеr еn t in thе is found human o с ndition whеr е sеu с rity аn d,
in thе homе. Thе influеnес strong one, largеlу
is a
of thе staЬlе e Ь аu с sе of
vеr y
its assoсia
tion with food, onе of the horse's mаj or prеou с pations. Bеa с usе ofits influеnес it would bе unwisе, for instanсе, to sitе a trаining area in lс osе proximity to thе horsе' s box. Sцh an arrangement would с ensure a lаk с of o с nсеn trаt ion on the work in hand, as the horsе would е Ь more oс n еrс nеd with rеt ц r ning to his stablе аn d thе
prospеtс
of food. I n oс nsеquеnе,с
would o с ntirrually
veеr
hе
towards it.
Although sta| | ions mаy oсa с siona| | y fight, horses аr e basiсaI | y nonaggressive аn d are probab| y reI ative| y intoI erant of pаin.
roundings,
and unsurе
of his new sur
a formerlу
wеllmаn nеr еd horse may makе diffrсu lties about leaving his nеw stable, or, onсе hе has beеn pеr suaded to makе a movе, mаy nap pеr sis in his еf forts to rеr urn home. tеn tlу inсidеn t A rееnс t highlights thе еf fеtс s that a с n eЬ
a с used
yЬ a
A
loss of sеu с rity.
horse wаs bought from a town еn viron mеn t and movеd by his nеw ownеr to thе o с untry. I n thе town the stablе уard аn d by highrise еxеr iс sе ring wеr е surroц n dеd u Ь ildings and, on onе sidе, a rаilwау sta tion. Whеn the horse was riddеn out' thе park wаs on a mаin route to thе nеarеst road in а builtup аr eа with a heavу таf fiс thе еxеr iс sе was a с r dеn sity. Frеq uеn tly, ried out on suсh roads without going to the park. Thе horsе had grown to aсe с pt this noise and thе traffiс аn d thе еn viтonmеn t held no fеars for him. in thе o IЕ is new homе was dееp с untry.
A
plaсе
of tranquillity with widе,
opеn
с untry fields and litt1е used o lаn es. I t was all too muсh for thе townboy who developеd а fairly violеn t form of for аn hour or eqline аg orаp hobiа. Pllтout two in a paddoсk with аn o1ф stеady horsе hе gallopеd about wildly' injurеd himsеlf and then, dripping with swеat and wild jumpеd thе gatе and гeturnеd to his еу d , in the с ritу stable (a port of tеm porary sеu skiеs, rЬ oad
storm) stаn ding outside, shivеr ing with feаr .
hеd gеs
Riddеn out on lаn еs enсompassеd by instead of tall buildings, he shied
violently at еvеr y rustling lеаf , approaсh of a biсylс е rеd uсed
whilst thе
him to
a
point ofnеarhуsteria. on onе oсaс sion hе rеatс ed so violently to a twig lying on thе
roаd
that he lost his footing and aс me
down. His nеw owner' bу thе еxеr iс sе of muсh patient undеr standing, finally won his trust and solvеd the proЬlem, but it took nearly two months to do so. Thе mеn tion of trust leads to anothеr с ndi fаtс or аr ising dirеtс ly from thе herd o tion. I n thе wild state thе hеr d was oс n and led by а dominant stаllion who ш ollеd еxеr tеd disсipline over the mеm bers of thе herd and upon whosе sagaсity thеir safеt y
plaуing
domеstiс
statе thе
need for leader
аt gтass vеr y ship still remаins. IЕ orsеs с ing soon establish а pеk ordеr and geld ings will frequendy u с t out onе or two
suсh
.еn tirе'
h с araсt еr istiсs
as
marking out a territory yЬ
droppings and horsеs appеаr to of man in substitц .
urination. Fortunаt еly
еp са t the dominanсе propеr lу tion for the hеr d leadеr аn d hand led will o с mе to rеp osе a grеаt trust in thеir
twolegged lеader, on whom thеir well being depends. Nonеt helеss, thеy will, as thеу would havе donе in thе herd o с ndi tion' tеst the authority of the lеadеr . Resis tanсеs madе by thе hoгse in trаining аr е primе еxamplеs of this testing and quitе natural. N,l'et with quiet fumnеss thеy arе usually еasily еn ough overсomе' but if the horse is onсе allowed to suсe in а rеsis с еd hе will quiсk ly enough takе advan tanсе, tаg е of the situatioц thеr еaftеr attеm pting to rеv еr sе thе roles ofleadеr and followеr . Thosе other proЬlems, of nervousnеss and еxiс tеm ent, are forevеr with the horsе trainеr . Thе higЫysш ung nature of thе horsе аr isеs from thе flight instinсt аn d a
of it is the tеn
o с mmon manifestаt ion
at sееm ingly insig smells and sudden similаr rеatс ions. A far as a buсk or two, whiсh is just another dеf ensive rеtас ion. Shying, if it a с n nevеr е Ь entirеly еr adi a с ted' a с n e Ь reduсed to a minimum bу treatmеn t _ thаt is аs long o с п u nonsensе as it is not the result of dеf tес ivе eуеsight. I f thе horse a с n dтaw o с nfidenсе from his ridе/ s fum sеat and еno voiсe, or с uraging if hе a с n bе pеr suaded to smell or touсh the offеn ding artiсle, his fear will be removеф praсt iсеs arе a с n and if thеsе с rried out o dеnус towards shying nifiсаn t objeсt s, whilе noises will give risе to go so shу may, indееd ,
tinuallу
of shуing will
thе inсidеnес
deсr еаsе. On the othеr hand punishmеn t given for suсh naturаl lapsеs only o с nfirms him thе fеar in thе horsе' s mind and mаkеs more nеr vous. еv еn Aсеp с ting thе prеm isе of thе horsе as a nonaggгessive animal, it is reasonable to assumе a grеаt еr sеn sitivity to pаin and а lower pain tolеr anсе than animals of an
opposite nature) like the dog. Stallions, of o с ursе, fight еah с othеr to еstаb lish their asсеn danсy, u Ь t vеr y fеw horses, whеt her stallions or not, will attaсk а man. I nstinсt ivеly thе horse fleеs from pаin or the threat of it. I ndеed, without this innаt е
will,
sensitivity,
it would bе diffiсu lt for
the
humаn to o с ntтol and tгаiл so largе and powегf ul an аn imal. As аn еxamplе, a tаp with а long whip on thе horsе' s flank will a с usе
him to move his quarters аw ay;
lаt еr ,
is appliеd , thе quarters whеn a singlе lеg wi1l bе shiftеd in thе samе mannеr . The reaсt ion to thе bit' howеvеr , when it is
appliеd in momеn ts somewhаt diffеr еn t,
of exсitеm еnt is if just as logiсal.
quitе inсorreсt ly, talk ofhorsеs .fighting, the iЬ t. I n faсt , thеy do just thе oppositе. As ц suаl thеy arе running аw aу from thе disсomfoгt imposed and thе hаr der thе rider pulls, thе morе urgеn t
IЕ orsemеn ,
from the pаin. earlу .tеstingi of the lеаd еt 's authority whiсh , as еxplainеd , is eаsily enough eliminatеd , is гarе in hoгsеs unlеss thеy bеo с me o с n fusеd or еxiс tеф or when the fеaг of greateг
o ес Ь mеs
ovеr t
dеp еn dеd . I n thе
marеs fгom thе group, protеtс ing thеm in just the samе way аs a stallion еvеn dis
thе
nееd
to еsаp с е
resistanсе' apart
from thе
тн Е
| lЛ | 1'lD
0t тHE HOв sE
thе asсеndаnyс . maу seem to aсt o с п pаr riсu lатly nаt urе, аt fееd hе maу show signs of aggтеs a Ь kс sЫ еаr s and еven kiсk out bеh ind. I t Ь possiblе thаt thе hoгsе
disсomfoп
assrrmеs
oсаsс ioп alln trаr y to s Ы tiп еs' whеn sЬп yЬ lаyg Ь
g Ь
п
is suffегing
momenв
sфе е
п аY
a hoгsе
from what
а .revегsiorr'.
tегm еd
еЬ
Not oс mprеh еading that thе humaп kiп g ing the food has no iп t етest iп it, hе аs hе would if lging fеd ouв ide in аvеЬ еs m с раn y w.iф othеr s Therе he п ' 'ould fuеатеn
aп oтh ет
hь food
o Ь п r l.
from
hoгsе
to kееp it awaу
Moге
ofteп thе horsе is impatiеnес уЬ kiсk
qrеssing
anxiеt у ап d siлe с food Ь boтh of gтеаt impoгt аnес д 5дц169 of eхiс tеm еn t to him.
*. rrтl
Тb €
sеn ses of thе horsе, cЫ hi iтr aсoс rd ч гiф thе basiс iп stiп Iс s, аr е intеg гаl to tЬе 1rrsoп alitу zrхl 1glgyаш pattегn . to thе bеh аviourаl
dы еlopеd е ТЬ
iп
taste aстs
sеn sе of
muсh
EiitY аs
tfog""
qЪrЪt
ofhеатing
iп аll sеn sаt е яn 4 to a degте"
nr to
thе sаm е
of
buт thosе а те
pеu с l
spеiс еs.
тh е
or lеss on еit.hеr sidе in gеnеr аt r, foсu s on objeсt s dirеtс lу to the froп t , but
TЪе
morе
еyеs" sеt
d fu
do noЬ
hеаф
в g е тh е r
fuуd o
аllow vеr y'сonsidегablе Fuгтh егm oге" whеn thе iтЬ on to thе reаг Ь mаd е iсп .
hеаd
latегаl vis is raisеd
possiblе.
ThЬ
d} .round vЬion is part of thе protеtс ivе Gquipmеп t u Ь t is not partiсu lаr lу hеlpful jumping_ап еn тЬ thatI I rаy seem еxеr iс sе пс r irеly naturаl to thе humац u Ь t Ь tас ц r\ r unnя1ц1lд to thе hoгsе Given
ffiсn Ь t
frееd om of thе hеаф both
еу s
тв
1 аЬ е t o sее afеr iсе аt aboutаdtЬ аnес of l!} .5 m (l5 уd s) r.2 m (4ft) from тh е fеп е,с fu lower pаr t of thе head mаkеs thе simul Eц ю ous usе of two е) rеs impossiblе аn d I sЕ siratеs а tilting of тh е wholе hеad for rrE еyе аlonе to sеe the fenсе. I t is quitе thегеf orе" foг а hoгsе to bе forсеd 1ш siblе,
ю
juп p virtuаш у
lЬ iп d
elloв s аdеquаt е frееdom
unlеss thе
гidеr to the hеаd aп d
ld I lеагing
in thе hoгsе ас tе, is u siп ес thе } F.d Ь rаt hет likе a souп d Ьor The eаr s" гh } h аr e ехqс rtionаll5r mobilе, аn с bе а d diтtес еd Gtеtс еd at w.ill towатds а I ndее4
sо. tп d .
ю
фе
hoгsе is
vеr угеsponsivе
pаr tiсu lатlу
to thе tonеs еm у Ь thе humап voiсе. Тh е sеn sе of yЁ .d mll i5 equаll5r uас rc аnd тhere wаs muсh gpоd sеп sе pгatс iсе in й е old hoгsm с аt 's d пhь ing thе hаnds with аn аr omдt iс ffп ir. VitЬout douЬt thе pеr horsе еаsilу iс vеs rhе smеП of fеат off ф thе фvеn rEfY(хr s humдп аn d rеtас s aсo с rdinglу. similатly thе smell of hlood ап d dеатh Ь piсkеd аf е up aп d thеf е п lrmеf ous щ iсklу sоu nф
iм леsс
щ bn
of hoгsеs
dЬp lауiп g
ехr rеm е
аg i
in thе vi,сinity of ап аbattoir. Тouсh would sееm to aЬ ve some sig п ifr* яnес аlso. florsеs will geiп аssuranсе ftm touсhiп g ob!еtс s laid oп тhе ground whеn
rirh а hoof ап d тhеу will frеquеn tlу when srnlling ап ob| eсц touсh it wiтh thе nosе I .аstln й еr е is srrffiсiеnt еvidеnес to slI I I rе тh e exЬt епeс of а sixth аn imаl qsе. I lorsеs аr e еrс tдiп ly sеn sitivе to ш оp с ет Ь аn d аr е ahlе to assеss thе mood fс rЬе
Eiп or
гidеr ' e Ь o с ming to somе rxtеп t thе who sit on of thе mеn or women
onI y by understаn ding howtheworking of the its aсt ions ап d horse,s mind diсt аt es iп f luenсes its responses аn с the traiп er suсh peaks of performanсe аs this. h ас ieve
й еm . pеr еiс ve
Cегt ainlу' iп stanтlу
or hеsitatioп o с nfidеп ес and it Ь
rrаiп еr
abfitуt o аs ;miditу iп thе huп ап ' as wеll аs o с urаg е. vith а skillеd фе
horsе
the
sд Ь
suсh faсt oгs
pоssihlе
for a veгуlс osе that mау nеаr lу
to bе h ас iеvеd
ra1ц r oп
ap1гoaсh
tеlеp athу. I п tтainingmuсh usе
is mаd е of thе pгo ofthе hoгsе. I п fаtс й is is a two< dфе sword iп й е hдn ds of thе rтainer" sinсe thе hoгsе rеm еm bеr s good аn d bаd ещ в гiеn еs pr.еsеr ving o Ь й с , forеvеr iп the mеm oгу bап k thе traiп е/ s п istakеs аs wеll as his o с rrеtс tас ions Thе horsе Ь notaЬlе to o с п n tес геlatеd аp ь pеп ings sеp аr atd уЬ а pеr iod of timе, powеr to assoсiаt е u Ь t hе doеs hаvе thе аu с se аn d еf fеtс rrot so sеp атt еd . I f somе 'hing is donе wеll аn d hе Ь iп m еd iаt еlу rеw агd еф тh е tас ion Ь assoсiаt еd iп his rnind w^ itЬ а plеаsurаlЬ е ец lегienсе whiсh hе rеr irеme Ь rs wheп аlс lеd oп tofеp еаt йе tас ion аt а latеr dаt е. f&п vегsеlу, should immеr | iatе hе kiсk and reсеivе rеt iЬu tion for his siп o he assoсiаt es thе tас ion of kiсk ing with аn unplеasаn t аn d possiЬlу 1в iп firl еxpегiеnес ап d is likеlу to dеsist from
digiouslуr еt еn tivе
rеp еating
\ e horsе
тh е
г сi п е
or rеw аr d.
с , а r| isobеd iеn e
iЬ rn
to relаt е the
it Ь punЬm Ь еп t
аn d he will onl5r bеo с mе
ful at unirrst tеamеп t uп d еr stand.
I f hе Ь
аj ftеr .
thаt
hе
quotеd
iп stап e с s с tioп а pеr еp
implуinc
arе
and
ability тh at is out of thе oгd inаr у. Cаsеs of iс rсu s hoгsеs rrainеd to o с unt oг to pеr foгm vaтious movеm еп t s without тh е trаinеr sееm iп g to givе aп Jr soгt of o с rп m яn d аr е in poiп t Thеге isn of o a с sеs с ursе, nothing out of the ordiп аr у mуstiсal oг in anу ' sеп sе aЬout suсh pеr foгm ап еsс ; тh е у а r е mеr еl5r, thе produсt s of skilfi,rl taiп ing. I t is ш uе thаt not all horsеs аr е suitаlЬ е subjевс for this црr g 9f y9ф'o69 еiь ng lеss rеe с ptivе quitе a tЬаn oтh егs" but mаn 1r ате с pablе of this lеveln so pеr formа. nсеs 1 д ц oduсiп g long аs thе trяinеr patiеп t is s''frfiсiеn тlу and skilled. The horsе is в u фt bу thе
usuаl s5ь[ ет graduаш у
sгеп g th of thе o с mrnап d pеr еp с tiЬlе will obеу bаr еlу thе pаr t of тh е trаinеr .
iп thе tгaiп ing
oсu с rs
яn d
of rе1rеt itioп
it is possible to
rеw аr d
rеd uсе
uп t il
thе
ап d tЬе horsе
on thing
movеI lrеп в
TЪе
sаm е of thе гidiп g
hoгsе.
I n thе еаr l5r
sagеs thе гidеr аdЬ to еx аg gеr 1 д g his aiф iп ordеr to фve his mеssаgе lс еаr lу to thе horsе. As thе training prо gI еssеs тh е аids bеo с mе less notiсеаb lе until iп thе sсh oolеd horsе thе5r' mау аm olrп . t to no moгe tЬяn д flеg хЬ of thе
аlс f musсlе
or а minutе
tensioп ing
of a
fingеr
impos to
on the rеiп . I п гaiп ing horsеs muсh еm phаsЬ is pгo1rегlу vеr у givеп to thе phуsiсal dеvеlopmеn ц involving thе buildup ап d of thе musсlеs. Thе mentаl dеvеlopmеn t ,Ь howеver, iust as im1roг minф with all iв limita taп ц thе smаll tions, is dеvеlopеd iп tегm s of thе limitеd
rеsепt
pеr iods
:с u Ц rot
аb lе
thе ец r criп ent t.hеr еаf ter. Brrt :с rП not uп d егstап d dеlауеd
prrпh Ь mеn t miп u tеs siЬlе for
mеm oг5r
I п studiеs of thе hoгsе oftеп
hit fivе
of o с nсеп r тatioп
in iust thе sаm е
of w'hiсh
it is
ар с
gradual wа5r as thе
o Ь dу L79
(ii) aftеr
Do not work hаr d immеd iatеly a full meal
Thе
phуsiсаl
for this rulе is thаt just еаt еn a o с nсеn tratе fееd , its stomaсh аn d bowеls arе tас uаlly bigger thаn beforе. This means they aгe taking up morе room' distеn ding the bеlly not only outwards and sidеw ays, uЬ t аlso
whеn
Jн в к
|.
аr е
thrее a Ь siс
governing thе
o с rrеtс
rules of
feеd ing
horses: (i) fееd in small quantities and oftеn (ii) do not work haгd immediatеly aftеr a full mеal (iii) providе plеn ty of watеr Thеsе arе founded on thе prinсiplе of following as lс osely as possiblе, thе feеd ing habits of thе horsе in its nаt ural state, whiсh , obviously, will be those most suited to its digеstivе system. (i) Feed in smаll quantities and often The horse is a hеr bivorе or grazing animal, аn d when out at pasturе' grazes morе or less all the timе. Apart from oсаsс ional slops thе digеstivе apparаt us will bе hav. ing small quantitiеs of foodpassеd through to it from thе stomaсh fairly o с ntinuouslу. I t is this kind of lеisurеly fееd irrg to
whiсh the horsе' s digestion is adaptеd. Unlike aс rnivores, thе horse has а small stomaсh not dеsignеd for o с ping with big mеаls spaсеd at long intеr vals. I t has, how еv еr , аp с iас ous o Ь wеls whiсh aсoс mmo datе its food during thе proсеss of slow digеstion. \ Vhеn a horsе еаt s, as soon as its stomaсh is aЬoцt twothirds full (whiсh is whеn it is working еsЬ t), thе food bеg ins to pass through into thе bowеls, and thеr еaf ter o it is с ntinrrеs to do so at the samе rаt е bеing taken in at the mouth. o Н rsеs that arе in work, as wеll as thеir bulk food hay or grаss neеd rеgular, palаt аb lе short' or .сonсentratd fеeds. I f thеse arе too lаr gе, thеy will distend thе
stomaсh , upsеt the nаt ц r al balаnес of digestion and еvеn ш ally аu с se aсu te indi gеstion, or o с liс. Coliс is not only vеr y painful, but a с n also bе dangerous if not deаlt
with knowlеdgeaЬly.
Between l.3 аn d 1.8ke
(3 and 4lbs) of o с nсentrates, suсh as oats, mixеd with a smаll amount of brаn or h с аf t is as muсh properlу in onе fеed. as thе horsе аn с digеst
I f onе of thе mаn у brаn ds of uс eЬ s аr e being fеd, rathеr morе аn с bе givеn : up to a 2.7kg (61Ьs), eЬ aс usе thе u с bеs havе high fibrе o с ntеn t аn d arе genеr ally eatеn morе slowly. Thеr еf orе when horsеs neеd to bе givеn extra o thеy should с nсеn ш ates' givеn as an еxtfa fеed' not by еn larging e Ь thе еstaЬlishеd rеg ulаr onеs. Hay and glass аr е .bulld foods, and are alwaуs еatеn slowlу, so they do not over load thе stomaсh . Thе onlу exсеp tion to this is when horsеs are first turnеd out on to lush spring grass, when theу may еat too muсh , too quiсkly. 180
longеr
it a с n eЬ
given
the еtЬ tеr .
rеason
a hoгsе has
forwards on to the diaphгagm, whiсh in on turn prеssеs on thе lungs. Any pгessuге thе lungs meаn s that thеу a с nnot еxpand propеr ly, and thеr еf orе hагd and o с ntrаtс work when the еlЬ ly is still distended will a с ц sе and lаb ourеd brеathing. disш еss A horsе
after its fееd ; but the
for digеstion,
should hаvе
its o с nсеn tratе
fееd
onе
hour befoгe it is askеd
to do аn y sегious work suсh as galloping, jumping, sсh ool ing' etс. The opеr ativе words of this rulе аr е. hаr d work _ it will not harm a horse to be takеn out for a quiet haсk halfаn hour
Grass, the natural food of all horses and ponies in the wi| d stаt e, wiI I need to be suppI emented, espeсiaI ly during the winteг, bearing in mind his tУp e. his state of hea| th and what work he does.
(iii) Always providе plenty of lс ean water
Thе old saying .watеr еfЬ orе feеding, quitе o с rreсt , uЬ t it doеs is thе only timе horsеs
is
not mеan that this should eЬ аllowed
is alwaуs аvailable, а dгink too muсh , although nаt urally it is sеn siblе, when o с ming in from work, to give it thе opportunity to drink bеf orе pц t ting a feed in thе manger. I t doеs not harm a horsе to takе аn oсa с sionаl sip from thе buсket whilе feеding, to drink. I f watеr
horse will nevеr
nor will it hаr m to lеt it hаvе short dгinks аt or rivеr s whеn out on а long ridе.
streаm s
Too muсh wаt еr
bеf orе very hаr d work, as a raсe, or a rс oss.сountry o с ц I sе, will slow a horse down, uЬ t if a horsе is kеp t short of wаt еr , it will seldom nеvеr develop thе kind of thirst that forсes it to dгink too muсh . A hot, tiгеd horse will naturally want to drink a lot, and shoцld bе аllowеd to do so, but givе it a haynеt to pull at, and а rеst,
suсh
giving a shoгt fееd. wаt el is sеldom too I n ordinаr y wеathег, it is as wеll to o с ld, but in frosty wеatttеr ,
fЬ oгe
thе h с ill o с ming
вkе hoгsеs
it
off it beforе offегing
to
in hot from work. Standing
in a wаr m taсk room will тh е full uЬ kс еt s do this satisfaсt orily. Thеy do floгses аr e fаstidious drinkегs. o с n с rne п ot rеlish water whiсh hаs bеo by dirt; stаlе water; or watеr в m inаt еd с me slimy. that havе eЬ o for thеm , and it is bеt tеr Тh eу also prеf еr , gеn uinely frеsh water to thе h с lorinatеd pгеvalеn t in towns аn d iс ties. Rain цpе wаt er o in watеr butts or tanks, с llеtс еd п om downpipеs, is muсh apprеiс atеd . rulеs' .feеd in small fееd ing of thе thгеe с nsi quaп t ities and oftеn ' nееd s to eЬ o dегеd in morе dеt ail.
from buсkеt s
М h с How u Тh е
to Fееd
ration to give a partiсu lar horsе partiсu lar work a с n only bе lеаr nt it As a guidе, howеvеr , еxpеr iеnе.с
ехatс
dоing
п om эn с
tаkеn
еЬ
totаl
that thе
amount of food
horsе pет day to the domеstiсated should approximаt e in wеight to thе hours if аm ount it would gеt thтougЬin24
еnфт
it в eгe at
liberty.
Tаkiл g а
.hяt
horsе of
15 h.h. as an еx amplе, bе 11.5 kg (26lbs). For
wеight would oг smallеr animals, add or suЬt raсt (2 in) ofhеight. A с l kg (2 lbs) for evеr y 5 m аt pasture would еat this total wеight оrЬ sе Ь gтаss alone, but wit} r thе working hoгse с n bulk, aп d o il must eЬ dividеd bеt wееn produсing foods. Con or еn еr gy п тa Ес tеs' to thе work са гd ing aге fеd o еn с trаt еs in wеight must еspеtс ed. Thе diffеr еnес .аr gег
Ь
Ь lk _ hay, or, if pаr tly mаd e up in u gтаss, hay and grass. If а
15
out at
in full work is geш ing
h.h. horsе
it will nееd с nсеn trаt es, 5.5 kg (12 lbs) of o 6.5 kg (14 lbs) ofЬu lk. I fdoinglightеr woгk
аn d
gеt ting
lеss oс nсеn tatеs, 8.5kg 3.5kg (8 lЬs)' it will nееd с n of haу. I f doing no work, so o
tlrегеf orе
pегh aps
l8lЬs)
givеn hау апс bе Bеаu с sе horses
from thе
тioп s gr:.ide
down, or right out, аlmost ad lib. arе individuals, variа u с t
епс тгаt еs hаve bееn
stгitс
will sometimеs
I t is,
с sary: be nееs
howеver,
ovеr fat
a sound
working
hуp othеsis.
\ DИh еn
с ss to Horses аt grass must have aсe p| enty of fresh Water, although bаt hs do not ideal o с ntainers. Every аn imal diffeгs in the amount of food it needs, so eaсh horse requires individuаI feeding. Caгeful meаsuring of to I ike these nUts, is neсessarу o с nсentrаt es, avoid over or underfeeding. mаke
Below
and thе biggest tratеs givеn in the last fееd , not slеep for haynet at night. A horsе doеs hours аs wе do, but с nsеu с tivе siх to еight o I f it runs out intеr mittеn tly. rеsts and fееd s in thе night' it will proba of hay too еаr ly
to Fееd
thаt arе stablеd and working nееd at7_7.30 am, midday, .Ц 30pmаn d times havе bееn Onсе ::т thе еv еn ing. с nsistеn tly еslтаЬ ished, thеy should bе o lд hеr еd partiсu larly to so fаr as is possiЬlе,
lЕ oгses
Fаt s,
starсh еs,
hеat
produсing
Sаlts:
ments o с nsumе
and physiсal So аs to mаintain thе еn еr gy с rry for a horsе to a nееsс sary of it, its diеt should out thе work еxpеtс еd of: bаlanсе с гr eсt supplу a o to the body's neеd . A Protein: еssеn tial wast с sе diеt without protеin would аu death. agе аn d
nееsс sity
bulk аn d hеlp digestion; found in all foods, but partiсu larly in hay Vitаm ins: essеn tial to horsеs food pгoviding thе best Thе oс nсеn tтаt е foг тh е horse is oаt s. diеt arf balanсе
аs windsuсk ing or rс iЬ biting. viсеs suсh it doеs no Unlеss а hoгsе is grossly ovеr fаt , full. to fill thе last haynеt еxtrа Jrагm
wеllЬeing
and
in all foods, еvеn .dry', vаr ying from thosе t} rought of as с nt in most grains to 90 pеr e 10 pеr еn с t in roots givе Fibrous or woody substаnеsс :
Oats с ntаin oats o
to Feеd
еn ег g y
o с nтainеd
start eating its bed, and may also, а fеw staЬlе aсq uirе thгough boгеd om,
\h И at
and sugаr s:
a diеt ary
Wаt er:
lь y
wеightforhеight
to diеt , whilе thosе in poor horsеs nееd Ь lk as thеy will sondition need as muсh u
е аr
b А ove
а1 1
thе nееsс sary
diеt ary
еle
in suсh bаlanсе a largе
that а horsе a с n quantity without upsеt
oаt s should eЬ fеd wholе, аn d thе amount rЬ uised rathеr thаn donе fеd must alwaу s depend on thе woгk or asked for thе enеr gy to eЬ еxpеn ded, and rеp laсеd . !Иith the riding hoгse, thе to tеm pеr amеn t, amount should аlso геlaте as oats a с n of its гidеr , and thе a с paЬilitiеs еf fеtс on havе an alarminglу еxhilarаt ing ting its digеstion.
s с ildл еn somе horses. For this rеаson h ponies should е Ь fеd no oats' or fеd thеm vеr y judiсiously.
Barley
tееd s.
not so gеn егally usеd Although univегsallу as it might bе, barlеy falls vеr y littlе short to in nutritional valuе and diеt ary balanсe, a slightlу highеr с ntains oats. I t aсt ually o proportion of fats and stагh and ni с еs but а little lеss sаlts trogеn ous elеm еn ts,
towards Ь lk, should inсr еase п€ с Eate and u с nсеn thе dаy, with thе most o :irc еп d of
as on oats. I t should bе fеd muсh on bаr lеу bruisеd , or .flaked when used as a staplе fed boiled, whеn also е Ь fееd ; but it аn с wholе kernеls should е Ь usеd . Barley is an feеd for young stoсk , outwin еx e с llеn t nеeding to pui on аn d horsеs hoгsеs, tеr еd o с ndition.
fееd s
earlу morning and the еvеn ing will obviously be days whеn a Thеr е horse is woгk ing thтough its usual fеeding .Мanagеm ent (sее of the StаlЬ еd тimе, u Ь t h с angеs) IЕ oгsd for mаk ing nееsс sary тh е т; аr e rс earures of habit and will soon thеir fееds. lеагn whеn to еxpеtс с n Ь th of o feеd , o Тh e quantity of hеас foг thе
аn d fibre. } I orses do not tеn d
to
.hot
up' so
181
FЕ0Е | NG
is guаr аn teed
produсt
to bе аlwaуs
thе
easily hаn dlеd ; fееd s nееd no mixing, аn d it should not bе nееsс sаr v to feed vitаm iп or rninеr аl аd ditives. I t is sаm e; they
аr е
however еsЬ t to miх а litde rЬ аn wittr tlre u с bеs, as аn аid to digеstion. CuЬеs aге o с nsidеr ably dehydтatеd and swеll whеn wеt ' so horsеs fed on them ulill drink moте. Beсаu sе u с еsЬ аll have а fаiтly high fiЬге o с ntеn t' horsеs tеn d to eаt thеm morе slowly thаn grains, and so slightly less hаy
is neеdеd.
аn М y
аr е
u с bes
gгаd еs;
in
аvаilаlЬ е
ordinаr y
fтom
u с bеs
differеn t
for horses and
ponies doing light woгk or geneгаl haсk ing, to high pгotеin u с bеs for raсehorsеs аn d bloodstoсk, and spеiс ally nutritious onеs for гo Ь od
and youngstеr s.
mаr еs
Carrots, swedes and turnips A1l horsеs
whiсh should bе mixеd with а fееd . Swеd еs and tuтn ips should eЬ fеd wholе; in thе enjoy a с rгots,
given sliсеd ,
mаn gеr ' oг thrown out into thе fiеld. Cut up аp plеs pееlings, or аp plе аlso mаkе an appеt iziп g addition to a feеd.
Gruel Very tired horsеs аn с bе given gruеl o с ming in to tlrе stablе. I t is madе
lvlaize
a М йе
is а muсh lеss fibrous
grain thаn
oаt s, or аrЬ lеy , and is somеw hat lаk с ing in salts; but it does o с ntain a high pгoportion
of starсh еs, fats
u Ь kс еt ,
food аn d ensure Wаsting eхp ensive horse reсeives its proper ration.
еЬ
eаh с
TУh eat
As whеat is geneгally in suсh demand for humаn o с nsumption, ttre only foгm in whiсh it is fеd to horses nowadаys is аs
Linseed Linsеed o с ntains forming еlements
а
laгg e proportion of fat and is muсh used in prе
paring horsеs for show, and .putting a lЬ oom' on their o с аt s. I t is fеd by boiling thе sееds, аn d thеn simmеr ing until а jеllylikе suЬstanсе is formed, whiсh is in thе slow ovеn of а oс oker, bеst donе overnight. This linsеed jellу ' гn ixed with brаn
Bran
foг a horsе tlrat nееd s аЬ ut bе fеd daily foг o
and e с rеаl,
еn Ь efits will eЬ oс mе lot of wаt еr is usеd , when thе jelly hаs nutritious аn d аn с mash.
its I f rаt trer a
apparеn t.
ovеr formеd ; this is аlso vеr y bе usеd to makе a bran
therе wi.ll bе some
brаn fеd dry will help to rЬ ing thеm a Ь kс to normal. I t is аlso muсh used as a mash and as suсh ,
rations' but not as a staplе diet on thеir
is palataЬlе
florse uс eь s
Sugаr Thеse
own.
Theгe arе mаn y brands of horse аn d pоn y The u с bеs availаb le on thе markеt todаy. good аn d o с m с mprise a o bеst аr е vеr y pound of all thе ingтedients nееsс sary for a Thеy inсlude vitamins and bаlаnеd с diеt . minеr als, many of whiсh arе nowadауs
in grains аn d hay grown on land lаkс ing is artifiсially fеr tilized. I f thе o с ntent
vеr y nutritious, o с ntaining a high Proportion of flesh produсing еlеm еn ts; but they should bе fed in small quantitiеs, as thеy arе verу .hеating,. Bеa с usе ofthis,
аn alуsis outsidе
thеy should only bе givеn to horsеs invery hard work, or outwintering in sеvere o с n
faсt urеr s'
ditions.
thаt
(whiсh
should е Ь
of thе u с bе
and horsеs
аr е
fеd
Thе
stalks of timothу
hау аr е
аn d woodу, but it is vеr y
o с аr sе
fairly nutгitious.
Old horses howеver may find softеr hays to h с еw . Clover hаy is exсеllеn t
еasier
probably thе
fееd
thе droppings beсomе too loosе,
Peas and beans
Thеr е аг е four mаin kinds of hay: timothу , lс oveг. miхеd аn d mеadow.
a fortnight еfЬ oгe
еx e с llеn t
eat moгe slowly аn d h с ew pгopеr ly; it inсr еаsеs bulk, аn d it hеlps regulate thе bowels. Fed damp, it is a mild laxative; if
Both аr е
to drink easily.
fattеn ing, but has to
e Ь et pulp nuts must е Ь soaked e Ь foгe fеeding as good tlrеy аb sorb а lot of watеr . They аr е fеd as a .сh angе' , or mixed with usuаl
and еаsy to digest, and еxеlс lеn t for hoгses o с ming in tired aftеr a hаr d (Ьlkас day's work. o М lаssеs ш eаlс e) addеd to а brаn mash makе it еxtrа palatablе, as well as being good for thе digestion.
for a horsе
с be hеavy' when wellmade, but if not, аn and quiсk ly go mouldy. &lixеd hay is thаt taken offspeсiаlly seededpasturе, аn d o с n I t is tаins mаn y mixed gтassеs and lс ovеr s. ttre most usual haу , and if wеllmadе, is
mаkеs аn
bran.
Brаn is a bypгoduсt ofwheat aftеr thе flouг has e Ь en tаkеn out by milling. I t has littlе nutritivе value of its own, аs sсientifiс mil part, ling rеm ovеs most of thе nuш itious i.е. flour, аlthough good bran still o с ntаins vitamins B and .Е Brаn is nеvеr тh еlеss a useful dietary additivе; it makеs thе horsе
ttrin еn ough
Hay
and sugars. I f fеd with
othеr grains' oг with u с e Ь s, it mаk es а good .heating, food for wintеr . I t is аlso pa| ata ble, and is usеf ul аd dеd to fеeds to еn o с ur age shy fееd еr s.
fust
ting a doublе hаn dful of oatrneаl into а pouring on boiling watеr аn d stir ring well. I t is fеd whеn o с ol, and should
ас d A mаr e isfed o in а a с refu| | y p| e с nсentrаt es poгt ab| e manger. Cаr e must be taken to avoid
thаt
on
by put
bags)
printеd
on thе
is satisfаtс ory'
aсo с rding
insEuсt ions, thегe advantaяes in fееd ins а u с еЬ
to thе
manu
aгe many diеt . Thе
bеst
for horsеs
of all agеs.
hay is hay takеn from pеr nanеn t pastuгes. I t a с n еЬ very good, as mаn y old ] Vteаd ow
pаstц r еs o с ntain herbs and flowers not normally found in new lеys; uЬ t it аn с be lеss good, iftаk en ftom rough lаn d or wаt еr
mеаd ows liablе lightег аn d softег
to flood. I t is usually
than timothy or mixеd from good upland pasturе it should smеll pаr tiсu larly swееt . &louldy or musty hay should nеvеr е Ь fеd . A bale of good hay should fall apаr t whеn thе stling is u с t (swathеs of hаy will .sliсеs'), stay togetheг iл аn d it should not еm it а lс oud of dust, nor show dаr k, moist pаt h с еs, nor smеll musty. hay; if takеn
Oat straw oаt straw, as wеll
as hаy, аn e Ь used аs с is exсеllеn t to add to o с nсеn tratе fееd s to еn sure propеr mas tiсation and to add uЬ lk. I n itsеlf, it is quite appеt izing to horses, whiсh is onе of thе disadvantаg es of using it for bedding. I t is irnportant to rеm еmeЬ r that any
.сh аf f
,
or.сh op', whiсh
in а horsе's diеt , suсh аs basiс h с аn gе h с anging fгom grains to u с e Ь feeding, or viсе vеr sa. must bе donе
тHE sтABLЕD
H0RsЕ
of thе
еd H. та в r в о
Q \)
spеn d
horsеs.
portion of thеir
livеs
thе grеatеr pro
in stablеs.
This obvious faсt is nеverthelеss
onе
o с nсеr nеd with the man rvhiсh еveryonе agеm еn t of stablеd horses should keep o с nstаn tlу in mind. IЕ orses aге by naturе and it is ftеeroaming' grеg arious аn imаls basiсallу unnatural for thеm to livе per peruallу in a statе of semiсonfinеm ent. To kеep stablеd horses in good hеart, as wеll аs good hеalth, therеf orе, it is not quite enough just to know how, whеn and with lvhat to fееd thеm . I f thеy arе to adjust
mаn imposed to an аr tifiсial, sаt isfaсt orily theу must do so mentally аs еn vironmеn t, opinion and whаt еvеr rvеll as physiсallу it a с n intеlligеne с , rr,е havе of thе horsе' s а mind as wеll as not bе dеn iеd thаt hе hаs ao Ь dy. From this it follows thаt what hе nееd s from his humаn mastеr is not only phуsiсаl a с rе, but also a good dеal of needs of undегstanding of thе hс araсt еr
in genеr al. likе ourselves' aс n suffет from ш uе of borеd om, and this is partiсu lаr ly horsеs
lloтses,
horsеs'
stа1 Ь еd
u с t off from thе frее
panionship of thе arе
sеlvеs, horsеs
hеr d. Also likе individuаls; somе
o с m our аr е are
to o с lds and rЬ on staЬles aте moгe liаb lе h с ial troublеs. Aл d hе nееds light, for it is out not good for thе еyes of an1' dir:тn аl too long in unnatцтаl dooг animаl to е Ь othеI than thаt darknеss] thаt is daгknеss of night. I n thе past, stablеs weгe oftеn as еlabo ratеlу built as thе houses of the horsеs' laid ownеr s. Thеy would have intriсаt еly gentlу to a e с ntrе rЬ iсk flooring sloping
highlystlung' somе arе plaсid; somе Unlikе oul moгe' or less, intеlligеn t. sеlves, howеv еr , all horses arе by naturе
drain grating; tilеs round thе mangеr s; sоlid wooden doors and partitioцs with, ironwork above thеm ; a oftеn , dеo с rаt ivе
neгvous and suspiсious of anуt hing nеw or and of loud srange, of sudden movеm еn ts' to harsh voiсes. I n thе wild, thеir rеtас ion fеаг and suspiсion is flight, but stablеd
thе stablе warm taсk room at onе еn d of bloсk; a fееd room at thе other' and a loft aЬove with a trap door thтough whiсh thе hay o с uld bе droppеd. Nowadays, unlеss fortunate еn ough to inhегit onе has bееn с nsist stablеs mostlу o suсh a horsepаlе,ас of woodеn loosе of onе or two, or a sеr iеs' to thе owne/ s or boxеs sitеd o с nvеn iеn tly с unш ies' thе thе groom's housе. I n somе o insidе a u с stom is to build individual oЬ xеs running on iЬ g aЬ rn or shеd ; thе boxеs ae с ntrе passagewаy whiсh еithеr sidе of end. I n o с ld has a door, usuallу , аt еithеr
hoгsеs thаt are made nеr vous by rough grooms shouting at thеm , u Ь llying thеm , or hitting them with pitсh fork handles to I nstead с pе. move thеm ovеr , have no еsa
й еу
аг е
forсed into
hаn dlет
thе
геatс ion
whiсh ,
dеf еп d thеm sеlvеs,
of
if
is not speedily rеp laсеd ,
trying to
thе тough will rеsult
in thеm beсoming permanеn tly nervous' frightened, and diffiсu lt to handlе. A1l horsеs, but 1аr ,
bе
pеr haps stаb lеd onеs
in partiсu с n bеst what a
should е Ь hаn dlеd with summarizеd as firm kindlinеss.
Thе
Stablе
spaсe, air, and Thе stabled horsе nееds should bе big light. A loosе box or staЬlе еn ough
for him to movе
around it freely; to
Lie down, ro11 and gеt up again without himsеlf (getting so lс ose dangeг of аsс ting с nnot гo11 himsеlf frее) . to а wall that he a 3.5 m х 3.5m(L2ft x 12ft) is idеal; 3.5 m х 3m (12ft x 10ft) is suffiсiеn t, 3 m x 3 m (lOft x 10ft) is еn ough for a pony. Any (exсеp t for а is unnееsс sarу thing iЬ ggеr foаling
o Ь x), but
A horsе
nеeds
а
niсe o Ь nus
air; thosе
for thе
kеp t
horsе.
in stuffy
lс imatеs,
this method has manу аdvan
and it o tаg еs с uld surеly bе adopted morе gеn еr ally' for there must be manу еx isting to this big aЬ rns whiсh lеn d thеm selvеs sort of o с nvеr sion. !Иh еt hеr a loosebox is freе standing or within a stablе building or bаr n, it will а nееd a manger foг o с nсentatе fееd s, haу гakс , or a ring to whiсh to attaсh a haynеt , and a tiе ring (whiсh o с uld eЬ thе foг tying samе onе as usеd for thе haynеt ), the horsе whеn grooming. Watеr a с n bе
supplied tfuough automatiс
drinkiп g
the triсk of horsеs soon lеаI n arе usеd working, or in uЬ kс еt s. I fЬukс еt s they should eЬ a hеalry typе that arе not in a easy to tip ovеr , and should bе plaсеd с o с rnеr ' hеld in position with a rс osspiеe
bowls, whiсh
lmplements hang tidily on the wall in this wеll.appoiп t ed аn с stаb I e yard AI I the hoгsеs гeadiI y see what is going on, an important faсt or in pгeventing boгedom. of wood. Buсk еt s
o с nstant horsе' s
!Иith
must bе kept lс еan.
drinking during whiсh
saliva mixеs with
thе watеr , а
will form on thе insidе of thе bцkс ets
thе
slimе
if
arе not regularly sсr ubbed out. I dеally thе bottom of thе manger should not bе lеss than 60сm (2ft) from thе thеy
ground, although thе aсt uаl height will dеp еn d on the animals. Small poniеs will с into mangеr s lс еarly not bе ablе to rеah people like to set high for big horsеs. Somе с mplу havе mangers at ground levеl, to o that a horsе normally eats with thе thеorу with its hеad down. Thеr e is nothing arе that the mangетs against this, еxеp с t and droppings liable to gеt dirty as еdЬ ding gеt pushеd into thеm . Thе еasiеst typе to set into oп еs' kеep lс еan arе rеm ovablе с bе simplу taken o с rnеr holdеr s. Thеy аn I t is impor out and washеd aftеr eaсh fееd . _ just as we do mangеI s lс eаn to kееp not likе еating offdirгy dishes, a horsе finds if it is not thrown his meal morе appеt izing
tаn t
lс ottеd bits of stalе stiсking to the sidеs and oЬ ttom. I t is also bеt tеr for him to еat fгom a lс еan
into a mangеr wherе
food arе
с n ferment and stalе food a I f a hoгsе doеs not beсomе ц n wholеsomе. it should bе takеn еat thе wholе of a fееd , nеxt onе. еfЬ orе thе out of thе mangеr The easiеst hayraсks both for thе horsе mаn gеr :
с rving triangular handler arе u The base of thе rаkс should bе about 120сm (4ft) from thе ground' so thеr е is no dangеr ofthе hoгsе gеt ting a с ught undеr it аs he gеt s up. I f raсks arе plaсеd too high, howevеr , any to fall in thе haу tеn d dust or loosе sееd s into the horsе' s еyеs as hе eаt s. Haу цеt
and thе
ones Set in a o с rner.
183
sтAвLD Е
тHЕ
H0п sЕ
and tiе rings should bе boltеd through а wall aЬ ttеn , at about the height of a man's shouldеr fгom thе ground. I fthеу аr е high er, short pеoplе will find it diffiсu lt to геahс up to thеm with a hеavy hay.nеt . IЕ aу nets should alwaуs bе tiеd with a slipknot, the drawsш ing
of thе net
either tfuеаd еd
oЬviouslу
аt
aЕ rly
mаy
hurriсane, or a |Ь izzatd' or slеet driving direсt lу into thе oЬ x. This is not only eЬ a с usе horsеs nееd thе frеsh аir; just аs important, thеy nееd to еЬ 1 аЬ е to look out' to seе theiг nеighЬours and to watсh whads going on in thе уard. l0Йh at are a с llеd stаb lе viсеs _ rс iЬ biting, wind suсking аn d wеaving arе nеu rotiс in origin, and gеn еr ally start bеa с usе a horsе has nothing to do, or to look аt аn d is borеd . e Ь a
Solitarу oс nflnеm еn t
will
produсe
in both man and beast, partiсu
nеu rosеs
larly in suсh
naturallу
gregarious animals
as horses.
Boxеs should hаvе wiтr dows, part of whiсh a с n opеn , although this is not nеe с ssary
if thе boxеs аr е
made with гoof
Thе
windows should havе аrЬ s or nеt ting on thе insidе' so that they аn с not e Ь brokеn by thе horsе or by a с rеlessly handled tools when muсking out thе stаb lе. Light switсh еs should bе sitц atеd еithеr outside thе box, or oс n еаlс ed and insеt so that only a fingег a с n vеn tilation.
rеah с quitе
in and
operatе thеm ; horses lеаr n how to work switсh es! Thе flooring of oЬ xеs should not bе too smooth. Speсial .stаb lе rЬ iсks' аr е idеal but еxpеn sivе, and roughеn ed o с nсr etе is quite satisfaсt ory. The floor should slopе slightlу towаr ds the front of thе box, prеf eraЬly towards thе o с rner awау from the quiсkJ.y
door' whеr е а
smаllholе
a с n lead out
draining gully. Covеr еd o Ь xеs
into а
drains insidе
arе diffiсu lt
to keеp lс ean. boxеs' the roof should have an oveгh ang; that is, it should slope out at lеаst 1 m (3 ft) beyond thе ftont of thе boц so that in rainy wеаt hег horsеs a с n
On frее standing
look out and grooms a с n go from o Ь x
Тh e stаb | ed horse must be muсked out thoroughly at | east onсe a day and the bed kept neаt and cleаn .
straw bеd dins
there is a diffегenсе
and day eЬ d. lDИh eаt straw is thе bеst bеd ding, but it is often thе most diffiсu lt to gеt and thе most expensive. Oat sш aw a с n eЬ too palataЬlе, and many horses will eat it. Barlеу straw tеn ds to bе priсk ly and so irritates а horsе' s skin, although if it is o с mbinеd straw, thе
priсkly аw ns arе makеs
usuallу missing,
аn d
it
good e Ь dding.
A straw bеd must be dееp. I t is fаlsе lay а thin bеd, аs it absorЬs o ес nomУ to muсh lеss moisture' аn d muсh morе has to bе rеm oved. That apаr t, the point of a deеp horsе to liе night bed is to еno с urаg е thе down. I f thе bеd is too ttrin, parts of his ь rе body mаy bе rеsting on thе a flooring, с soon leаd to a с ppеd hoсks and whiсh аn еlo Ь ws. o М rеoveг, hе maу find it diffiсu lt to get up if thе floor has bеo с mе slippеr y and has not suffiсiеn t o с vеr on whiсh to get a grip. Straw should bе tossеd well as it is put down' аn d a Ь nkеd up round the sides of thе o Ь x and at the insidе of the door. The day bеd is madе by sweeping and airing thе floor and rеp laсing straw is lеf t whаt lс eаn
muсking out. Frеsh straw is thеn in thе еvening for thе deep, bankеd
аf ter аd dеd
up, night bed. Sawdust makes a o с mfortaЬle bed, and if thеr е is a loса1 sаw mill, a hс eаp onе as
I t nееds
wеll. patсh еs
аn d
to е Ь
laid thiсkly.
out, up retairrеd bеd ding, and leaving e с ntrе of floor to air. Rеleasе thе horse whеn this is oс mplеt еd. I t is best to remove the Ь kс еt water u whilе muсking out' to kееp it lс еаn , and then rеp laсе rеlеas bеf orе ing thе horsе.
frеq uently, and thе wholе еdЬ ovеr daily. I t a с n bе o с mbinеd with
rеm oved rаkеd
shavings,
in whiсh aс sе
the
sаw dust
should form thе bottom layеr of thе bеd. Pеat moss a с n also be usеd as bedding, but again it щ ust bе laid thiсk lу ' wеt аn d soilеd
patсh es rеm ovеd frеq uently,
and the
bеd raked ovеr daily. With both sawdust and pеat moss bеd ding, it is partiсu lаr y piсkеd out important to keеp a horsе' s fееt аn d lс еan, fееt ,
as o Ь th
will hеat and soften thе
if they arе аllowed
to
preсise
timеs
Tiе up horsе, and rеm ove any dтoppings from the flooг. Give first grooming; if thе
.quartеr horsе is ruggеd , this is a с llеd ing,, and is donе by throwing the rug
kас Ь and
brushing the front, thеn throw
ing it forwards, and rЬ ushing
quаr
thе
Piсk out thе fееt . I f thе horse is to bе еxerсisеd straight away, tаkе off rugs after quartеr ing, put on sаd dlе, throw гu g baсk over thе saddlе, beforе taking down haу nеt аn d rе fllling it ready for rе use. Then put on bridlе, tаkе offrug, аn d takе horsе out for exeгiс sе. Thе rug should be shaken out, and lеf t airing, inside out, over a raсk in thе taсk room. tеr s.
on rеt rrrn from ехr iс sе the horsе. Rеm ovе Wаt еr saddlе and bri give small haynеt . dlе, tie up horsе and Groom thorougЫy; this should take at lеast thrее quartеr s of an hour. Thorough grooming is alwаys bеst donе aftеr еxеr iс sе, unlеss the horse hаs
vеr y hot,
o ес Ь mе
whеn
a
swеat
rug
shottld be put on until he is oс o1; thеn hе a с n be groomеd . Aftеr grooming, put on give fresh watеr dayrug, sеt daybеd , and rеlease oЬ rse. Gillе sеoс nd feed at аb out 12.30. Tidy the уard, if thеr е hаs bеen no onе to do this alrеаd v.
!(/ еt
droppings should bе liftеd and
bеo с mе lс oggеd .
Routine
bеt ween
a small haynеt and frеsh
9 o'сloсk
thе night
.Whаt еver
stabled horse nееd s bеd ding in thе lox both yЬ night and by dаy, although with
first feеd ,
Tiе up horsе, and muсk brushing floor lс еan, banking
box without getting wеt .
I t is not good for a horsе to stand for any lеn gth of time on aЬ ге oг briсk s. A o с nсr еt е
to
watеr .
to
Bеd ding
havе
to thе wolk thе
morning (not latеr than 7.30 аm )
Gioе
the groom or handler, who is nеarly
should be kept hookеd baсk, and onlу lс osеd on thе rarе oсa с sions whеn thеr e
aсo с rding
routinе for stablеd horsеs аn с be divided аs given bеlow. The exaсt timеs of еah с division a с n е Ь variеd to suit individuаl stablеs, u Ь t onсe еstab lishеd , thеy should eЬ mаintained.
a Ь kс
thе top and bottom. For alwaуs a с rrying somеt hing, it is a help if thе bot tom o Ь lt slips easi1у and аn с bе opened with thе foot. Thе top half of thе door
on the outsidе'
oсa с sions when timеs
horsе is doing. Thе managеm еn t
through itself, pulled tight and thеn slip knotted, or thrеadеd through one of thе loops of the nеt . This is to prеvеn t the net dгopping too low as the hаy is еatеn ) at whiсh point thе horsе o с uld get his foot a с ught in it. Boxеs in staЬlе buildings or barns will be ventilatеd by the windows and doors of thе building, so that thе doors to the indi viduаl boxеs аn с bе in onе pieсe. Frее standing boxеs should havе dooгs in two halves, thе bottom half having two oЬ lts,
еЬ
be adjustеd
any individual
horseownеr or stablе manager dеiс des upon as bеing thе most suitable for thе fееd ing of his horsе or hoгsеs, thеy should be adhеr ed to thеr еafter, so fаr аs possible. This is partiсu lаr ly important with the fust and tlre last feed. Duгins thе dav thеr е will
Afternoon Riding Sсh ool
horsеs will oftеn hаvе to work аg ain in the aftеr noon. I f thе morn ingi s exеr iс se, or work, has bееn delaуed
so ttrat thеr е
hаs bееn no timе for thorough grooming on return, this should е Ь ing. IЕ orsеs
done еfЬ orе
thе sеo с nd
out
not working in thе afternoon
a с n bе:
(i) tet to liе down and rеst. This is impoгt ant for young horsеs, аn d thosе whiсh hаv е had a oс nсen tratеd
morning of sсh ooling
work.
(ii) led out for a short timе, in finе wеatttеr , in their headсollars, to have a piсk of grass. (iii) if possiЬle, in finе weather in spring and summеr , turnеd out for a short paddoсk. All time in а o с nvеп iеn t stаlЬ еd horsеs with the еxеp с tion of raсеh olsеs in trаining (whose mаn agemеn t is highly speсiаlizеd) bеn еf it from a period of freеd om.
I HЕ
{ Зo pm (oг on rеt urn from work) piсk out fееt . Тiе up horsе, untаkс and Giге small haу nеt and frеsh water. Put oп night rug.
Laу еdЬ
for the night, hаv
vent brittlenеss еspеiс ally in light o с lourеd hooves. Thе stable rubber is
аn у bеd ding madе wet during the daу. Gir.е third feed, rеlеаsе horsе. Tidy taсk room, and yard. Clеаn tаkс .
Rе. fill Giтe а
foldеd
й еi r
sтlаЬ еs
hдте
donе тh is, аn с
likе
to go round
it is hard to rеalizе how
sаt isffng it gгеd ng ко
,зп
п iй
гоu ndings, and their handlers, will stаy sл g down in human oс mpany. plеasurablе .\ pагt from thе aspeсt a latе тisit to thе stаblеs a аv е r t a с n hеlp to п r uпrь mishaps. A horsе may of possiЬlе ,Ь в Yе its foot in a hаynеt , аu с ght or tippеd gтеr irs wаt er buсkеt so it would remain й . iгsry all through thе night. A rug may not irrте bеen put on propегly and have slippеd dкlгп to h с kес out of position (remеm bег rп гh е morning with whoevеI Put it on); or' t.оr ruп аt ely morе rarеly, a horsе may be * оьw ing signs of intеr nal disсomfort iп d i 6aгing o с liс. I f this is lеf t till morning it ч . ill е Ь hardеr to allеviatе as wеll as having rдс rsеd фе horsе a night's pain. Veteгiл аr y я. rгg rons с llеd at night arе ц sеd to bеing a ml if yoц ате in any doubt, tеlеphonе yоr :тs. to you to be т} re Desсr ibe what sееm may е Ь 1 аЬ е оrЬ se's sуm ptoms and thе vеt lо те1l you what to do on thе tеlephonе. If п оь he wi.ll o с mе to yoц r help right away.
Gгooming' Clipping and Rugs SтlаЬ еd
horsеs should
bе
groomed
й оr ougЫy еv еr y day. not simply to mаk е m фе their oс ats look smart) uЬ t to keеp
End thеir skins in hеalthy oс ndition. florsеs at libeгt y, although they aс nnot groom тh еm sеlvеs, a с n do a lot foг thеir о с аъ and skins. Thеy a с n ro11 if thеy fееl irch.т or arе sweaty; they аn с rub thеm treеs to help thеm shed thеir lr.еs аgаinst o с аt s in spring and autumn; thеу aс n sсгаt h с likе it, h е ас othеr whеn thеy fееl ап d if thеy havе itсh у plaсеs undеr thеir еШ Ь еs thеir thighs, thеу a or bеt wееn с n find handy shrubs or bushеs
to гu b
against.
Grooming doеs not o с nstitute a gеn tle going ovеr with а brush. On thе o it с ntrаr y, groom, who Ь а stеn uous еxerсise for фе етn in o should gеt quite hot с ld wеathеr , Ь the proсеss. Grooming kit o с nsists of a dandy brush, o Ь dу с rry oс mb, brusl1 watеr brus\ u mаn е o с mb, hoof piсk , hoof oil and brush, sтlаЬ e гu bbеr , small spongеs' a rubbеr u с гr y o с mb аn d a swеat sсr apеr . Thе dandy brush is used onlу for rеm ov iп g suгf aсе mud аn d dirt, and never on thе hoгsе' s more sеn sitive paгt s suсh as thе uп d eг bеlly, bеt wееп thе thighs, and thе t.аe с . Noг should it bе used on thе manе or
a
pad and usеd to give thе horsе bе usеd also to dry
с mеs in wеt and thе horsе' s еаr s if hе o o с ld. Thе small spongеs arе for the еyes and nostrils, аn d foг thе doсk. A ruЬbеr u с rry o с mb a с n bе hеlpful whеn a horse is a с sting his o с at and, used with а iс rсu lar movеm еn t, it will геm ovе a lot of loosе hair. The mаssaging еf fеtс is also ap,prе iс atеd bу фе horsе. The sweаt sсr аp еr has a
last thing at night. Until you
еЬ to hear soft whiсkers уou and to sее horses lying down jump rеlaхеd thеy do not immеd iatеly your footstеps. onlу horsеs hеатing in thеir sur o с mplеt е o с nfidenсе
into
a final polish but it a с n
(not еarliеr than 7 pm) wаt еr buсket. Remove droppings. full nеt of hay, and the fourth fе е d.
.\ hnу horsе ownеr s
H0п sE
plaiting аn d manе aftеr rЬ ushing, or bеf orе also for laying thе tail bеf ore a Ь ndаg ing or plaiting. Thе hoof piсk s usе is oЬvious and very important. Hoof oil hеlps to prе
ing гemoved droppings and takеn out
vЕ Gf,iп g
sТABLED
tас ion or watеr
squeegeе
с at and Тh e bodv bгu sh both |с eans the o promotel iс rсu | аt ion; the u с rry o с mb is used to lс ean the brush everу few strokes'
tаil
as it breaks thе haiгs,
produсing
a
fringe effеtс on thе manе and brеaking thе flow of the tail. Thе body brushis the main grеasе rеm ovеr , and should bе usеd with (whiсh doеs not mеаn bang firm prеssurе ing it down on thе oс at). Thе grеase is rеm ovеd с nstantly by from the гuЬ sh o с mЬ. This is thе sсr aping it with thе u с rry o u с rry o с mb's sole purpose. Thе wаt еr
brush is usеd dampеn еd ,
foг laying thе
The basiс grooming kit: 1. dandy bгu sh 2. body brush З. Wаt er bгu sh 4. u с mb 5. mane с rry o brush 8. o с mb 6. hoof oiсk 7. hoof oi| ап d stab| e rubber9. sponge 10. rubbeгu с rryсomb .l,l sWеat sсr aoer
swеаt
and is usеd
to removе
exсess
from thе oс at.
Grooming, pаr tiсu larly of thе bodу with thе body bгu sh, should bе donе without glovеs, so that thе sеn sitive tips of thе fingеr s a с n bе usеd to fееl for anу lumps or sсr atсh еs in the skin. or irrеgularitiеs
Alwаys run your hаn ds down thе
lеg s.
They should fееl oс o1, almost o с ld, and thе tеn dons should be fum. I f you fееl littlе nodulеs of mud or dirt work тh еse out gently with thе fingеr s, and thеn usе thе rЬ ush afterwards. I f mud or dirt are lеf t on
thе
legs, thеy
porеs,
аn d
will еventuаllу
may produсе
a
lс og the
o с ndiтion known
аs mud fеver. Feеl foг mud аlso on thе insidе of thе pastеr ns' bеt wееn the o с ronеt joint. аn d thе fеt loсk
W'hеn
grooming thе
o с llаг shculd round the neсk.
hеad'
thе hеad
bе undone and uЬ kс lеd Carе should
bе
takеn
not
тl.| Е
sтABLED H0RsЕ
Propeг a с re of the stab| ed horse requires a good deal of attention and a с n take Up a | ot of time' above.. The first job in аn y grooming routine is to piсk out the feet to remove аn y dirt and foreign obieсt s. right.' rhe proсess of |с ipping the o с аt shouI d be attempted on| y by аn experienсed person, аs it is high| y skiI I ed woгk. Тh ree types of |с ip are below: a traсe |с ip, usefuI for a horse oг poп y thаt Wi| | be turned out part of the time during the winter; right topi а bI anket |с ip, whiсh keeps the bаkс area Warm; right bottom: а hunter |с ip, with saddI e patсh аn d I eg hаir I eft on for proteсt ion against soreness аn d sсгаt h с es.
I HE sТABLED
H0RsE
to bump ttrе horsds faсe with 1he baсk of Ь sh' thе гu or get it into his еyеs. yЕ еs and
п ostгils аn d the doсk should bе sponged with tеp id watеr . lVlarеs' udders should bе kept lс еan, and with gеldings, thе shеаt h
should bе
washеd
everyone reаlizes this
if thе sheath bеoс mеs grease аn d
diп '
find it diffiсu lt, Fеet should
pегiodiсаlly. to bе
a
Not
nеe с ssity,
too lс oggеd
but
with
thе animal a с n eventually еven painful, to stаlе. а be piсk еd out at lеast twiсе
day, duгing thе fust grooming and on rеt urn from woгk. Hoof oil should bе not simply to give a smaгt bгu shеd oI Ь it is good foг thе appеaranсе u Ь t e Ь a с ц sе hoof. I t should be appliеd right up to the growth of thе o с ronеt ' whiсh is whеге фе hoof starts. A .wisp' of straw aс n be madе for sш aр
ping, a Partiсu larly
еn егg еt iс form of Ь ild up thе hеlps to u аn d quar on the nеkс as toning up the skin. Thе
gгooming whiсh musсlе еspеiс ally tеr s' as wеll
into a firm pad аn stаb lе rubbеr madе с usеd to h ас iеvе the same гesult.
h с аn ge,
IЕ orses
or .саst',
thеir
bе
o с ats
гoughly six month intеr vqls, twiсе in spring аn d аu tumn. The summer oс at is muсh lеss dеn sе, and finer, than thе winteг с t rаe с horses and o с at. Fеw horses еxеp pгеp arеd for showing nееd thosе bеing although а o rugging in summег, с tton day grooming will hеlp keep put on аf tеr shееt and is paгt iсu larly the o с at slееk and lс еan, advantagеous whеn travelling. A horse should аlso havе a swеat rug put on if it is a
yеaг
at
brought in very hot aftеr work or if it has to stand аb out whilе it is hot aftег any kind of long гidе or o с mpеt ition. Swеat п r gs r€rе
madе of o с tton and arе similаr to mеn 's string vеsts. .!D7intег is a differеn t mаt tег. IЕ orsеs in lс ippеd , аs in thеir work will nееd to bе
hеaviеr
wintеr
o с ats, they arе
likely to
unduly еvеr y time thеy go out, аn d o с nsequеn tly will losе oс ndition. Therе arе thrее prinсipal tуpеs of lс ip known as a full lс ip, a hunter lс ip, and а tгaес lс ip. I n a full lс ip, the o с at is rеm ovеd from a hunteг lс ip, thе hаir is the еn tiл е body. I n lеf t on фе lеg s as far up as thе еlbows and thе thighs, аn d on thе saddlе patсh . Thе swеаt
thеory is that thе hair left on thе legs offегs protеtс ion injury ftom thorns against o с lф or other hazards that might a с use slight teаr s and sсгatсh еs, аn d wеt , muddy o с ndi tions that o с uld lead to mud fеvеr and patсh a rс aсkеd heеls. Thе sаd dlе с n help
prеvеn t a sorе oг sсaldеd aЬ kс resulting from a long day's riding. I n a tгaес lс ip, thе hair is rеm oved from thе bеlly, betwееn the thighs аn d the forearms, гасoss с еst tlrе h аn d up thе undeгsidе of tlre nеk с . I t is usеd mostly on hoгsеs or poniеs that are kеp t out, гathеr than those тh at are stabled. Somеt imes the is further lс ippеd off thе neсk аn d hеad, leaving a lЬ ankеt shape ofhair ovеr фе baсk and quartеr s. This is known as а
haiл
blankеt
lс ip.
that havе had a full, or a huntеr , As the lс ip will nееd rugging аl1 thе timе. first lс ipping is usually donе in Oсt ober, thеy will probably initiаlly neеd ontу IЕ orses
187
singlе rugs, that is a woollinеd jutе night rug, and a woollеn day rug. Nowadаy s sеv
eral patent variations of thе traditional These are morе еxpensivе to buy, but havе many advаn tagеs. Thеy аr е muсh lightеr than thе old typе, but just as warm. Thе samе rug a с n
forms of rug arе аvailaЬle.
worn during thе
еЬ
night and
day,
although it is bеt tеr to hаve two, as night rugs invariаb ly gеt diгt y. IЕ owеvеr thе new rugs are both еasy to wash and quiсk to dry, so а dirty night rug a с n bе washed in thе moгn ing, аn d bе dry bу the еvеn ing. As thе weatheг gеt s oс lder, the horse will nеed eхt гa walmth, whiсh is providеd bу putting on onе' somеt imеs еv еn two' soft woollen blankets undеr thе top rug. Thesе must eЬ largе, аs about a quarter of thе blankеt should o right ovеr thе с mе neсk
с n when it is put on, so that it a
foldеd baсk
ovеr
thе top rug аn d аu с ght ro1lеr . Onсе а horsе
bе
in
plaсe undеr thе hаs stаr tеd wеaring a rug, or rugs, he must gеt s o с ntinuе to do so until thе weathеr warmer in spring. I f hе is wеaring undеr blankеt s, thеsе аn с bе disсardеd in suсеsс sion until finally it is waгm еn ough to dis a с rd thе top rug as wеll. I f thе days arе o с nsiderably wаr mеr thаn thе nights, as often happеn s in wintеr , the hoгsе mаy not
During the winter |с ipped horses need а jute night rug, and also a warm woollen are underblаn ket in o с ld weаt her. Тh ey seсu red with а webbing or I eаt her surсingle or roller.
lс ip before wintеr horse will nеed a sеo с nd nееd is out, and somе horsеs еv еn a thftd. The last lс ip should be donе by the еn d of January.
Tail aЬ ndages
should be in daily usе for horses, and aгe put on aftеr groom linе of thе tаil. ing to lay аn d smаr tеn thе Two othеr types ofbandages arе nееsс sary bandagеs. stable bandagеs аnd еxerсisе аn d Stable bandages arе mаd е offlаn nеl, usеd to providе are fairly widе. Thеy аге с ld; to с illеd oг has а o warmth if a horsе is h dry off the legs if hе o с mes in wеt and muddу so tlrat thе mud a с n е Ь rЬ ushеd off latеr ; on top of o с tton wool or gamgее с ld watеr as o с ld watеr tissuе soakеd in o bandagеs, аn d for trаv еlling when thеу aге staЬlеd
put on over dry o с tton wool or gаm gее. nowadаys many patеn t lеg pro Thеr е аr е tеtс oгs аvailablе for travеlling that arе to put on and, un.lеss
a Ь ndaging
is
nееd
_ this is his under blankеt s in dаytimе must е Ь usеd . Somе whеr е o с mmonsense
morе rеliablе. skilfully donе, proЬalЬ y Stablе bandagеs should run from thе
horsеs, likе somе pеople, fееl thе o с ld morе than othеr s. During the winter if a stablеd horsе is lеd out for а walk, or turnеd out for a short timе, hе should wеar а Nеw
knее down
Zea| and rug, whiсh is madе of wаt еr proofed a с nvas) and linеd with wool. Alternativеly onе of ttrе new patentеd rugs arе аlso mаd е in watеr proof ver
whiсh
sions аn еЬ usеd . All rugs in usе should bе с airеd and shaken out dаily. Aftеr lс ipping, grow' although thе o с at will o с ntinuе to
not so fully as beforе. Nеvеr thеlеss,
the
to' and oveг thе
joint, at fеt loсk should bе гolled
whiсh point thе bаn dagе Ь low upwards agаin, to finish just e knее.
Bandagеs
should nеvеr
tightly; it should е Ь
thе bе put on too
possible to inseгt
a
e Ь tween thе bandagе аn d the lеg , both top and bottom. Thе tapеs should not еЬ tiеd tighteг than thе bandage itsеlf and thеy should bе tiеd oп thе outside of thе lеg , in a bow, with the ends tuсk еd in. xЕ erсisе bandagеs arе madе of stoсk inеt tе usеd to support the or rс еp е, аn d arе
fingеr
They arе put on with oс tton wool
or
underneath, a small part of whiсh the ban should pfotп ' rdе abovе аn d bеlow to put dagе itself. I t takes a lot of prаtс iсе thesе on so that thеy will stay in plaсe during work. I t is oftеn bettеr for еxamplе, if а horse is going to bе asked to go fаst gamgеe
aсr oss o с untry,
pеr hаp s
in heavy going'
and it is felt he needs ехt ra support' o Ь ots. Young hoгsеs spеiс аl tendon
Bandagеs
quiсkеr
tendons and to proteсt thе lеg from thorns undеr growй in rough o с untry. or priсk lу
to ц se
should or boots during wear exerсisе bandаg еs they lungеing, аn d еarlу sсh ooling, whеn awkwaгd with thеir lеg s. This will a с n еЬ prеvеn t and bruisеs. ц n nеe с ssаr y bumps bandagеs are also usеf ul for put xЕ еr iс sе whiсh ting on ovеr a poultiсе, or a linimеn t is гeliеv ing a sprained tеn don. Agаin, thеy should nеvеr bе put on too tightly, or thе bandaging will dеf еat its own еn ds у Ь Aftеr taking off stopping thе iс гu с lаt ion.
given a any bandagе, ttrе lеg shoц ld bе rЬ isk rub with thе hands. Bandagеs should bе kept lс еan, whiсh mеаn s washing them after usе, drying thеm , and putting them away rе rolled. Thеу should bе rollеd with part of thе tapеs inwаr ds, so тlrаt thе sеw n whеn thе bandagе is put on thе lеg , the tapеs willЬe on thе outsidе of thе bandаg e.
еd М iсinе I t is not a good idеа to indulge in a lot of Ь siс amatеu r doсt oring with horses, but a еЬ kept in every stаb lе. nееsс sitiеs should The horse has а vеr y sеn DI SI NFЕтA с Nт: sitivе skin, аn d only thе mildest disinfес tants should bе used to lс еan out or bathе
any u с t or
injury. Dettol, or similar, is provided it is usеd hеavily I f thеr е is nonе to hand when it is wantеd , salt аn d wateг is an еf fiсiеn t aсеp с taЬle dilutеd .
еm егg еnyс
disinfеtс ant.
A
strongеI ,
rfit
dmеstiс
tеp
thе stаlЬ е
should е Ь usеd
disinfеtс ant lс еаn
Thеr е
LL\ 1\ ,{ N Е т: E ь ал d s on тh е
maгkеt ,
somе stronger than
Takе уouг piсk, аn d usе manufаtс urе1s instruсt ions
егsоф .
йe
to
smelling' are many еxeс llеn t
and sweеt
aсo с rding
for thе and strains. rlтI SЕPтI с PowDЕR: Vеr y important, as mll gц15 and sсгatсhеs, hеal onсе lс еan, еп Ьт ifthеy aге kеpt dry and proteсt еd by
по
rcliеf
of spгаins
bу your
гo ес п ш nеn dеd
Usе thе
powdеr .
wiтh antiseptiс
'dп r sц ig д
о] Е
vеt еr inary
flI rgеon.
Any good, soft, oI NтN м Е т: ointmеn t will hеlp to prеvеn t
д \ тI SЕPтI с
?iтаsЬ еd
e'
forming oп ес
tЬsue
hеаlеd . щ BI n.
I t аlso enсourages
a wound thе
has
worms, and it is only by regular worming a dangеr ous infеstаt ion аn с be pre vеn tеd . For a horse in hеаlthy o с ndition, dosing eveгy three months should kееp him rеlаt ivеly vЕ ery yеar, nеw wormfrее. put on thе mаI drugs arе disсovегed and ф to thе kеt , all reputеd to bе morе lеal Thе woгm s, and lеss harmful to thе hoгsе. bеst solution to this еverpresent pгoblеm is to ask thе vеt еr inary surgеon whiсh hе if possi o с nsidеr s most suitаb lе аn d thеn , blе, gеt him to makе up a number of indi viduаl dosеs whiсh a с n bе kеp t in the sta givеn whеn neсessary. New horses lЬ е and o с ming into a staЬlе should bе wormеd on arrival.
thаt
hair to grow
is not that this is in itsеlf diffiсu lt,
but it must е Ь known just wherе to put thе nее dlе, and how to usе the syгinge skilfully and quiсk ly.
Stalls A last word. I t hаs e Ь o с me
so еstablished a u с stom to stablеd horsеs in loosе boxеs that it is forgottеn how mаn y thousands of horsеs, in thе rеal hеydаy of thе horse, werе sta
kееp
bled pеr feсt ly
and o с mfort
o с mpеt еn tly,
ably, in stаlls. I t is еrс tainly not an impos sibility to kееp a staЬled hoгsе in a stall, providеd it is wide enough for thе horse to e Ь
bed
dееp ly, thе stI aw bаn kеd up wеll towаr ds thе bаk and sidеs. The haltег с going tfuough thе tiе ring, ropе, aftеr
dеd
RtoLI N PoULTI :Ес This has manу usеs: hot, as a poultiсе undеr a аnЬ dagе, it ;в J'iеr .еs and strаins; put on a u spгаins с t or' pаr tiсu larly а punсt urе wound whiсh л ге is I rot sез y
аоisоц
should е Ь pаssеd through a solid wooden bloсk, whiсh should bе at floor lеvеl whеn thе horse's head is in its normаl position. This bloсk kееps thе ropе taut and prе
to lс еan, it will draw oц t diгt and whiсh will be seеn as pus or dis
pad with thе kaolin is a nаt ural substanсе аn d drug, kaolin аn с nеvеr do any harm,
snloгetion ш ot а
Ь
whеn
fаtс
фLDЕN
in thеir
еyеs;
by a o с ld, or sсr atсh an a sharp obieсt . Thе еy е should
with a very weak solution of
Dеп ol
аn d water, аn d somе eye ointrnеn t s.guееzed into thе o с rnеr to help givе rеlief. o с UGн LЕ тU с Е ARY: This should bе suр surgeon, but it is a diеd yЬ thе vetеr inаr y it always in stoсk. E:оod thine to hаv е Sоm еt imеs a oс ugh aс n be simply thе rеsцlt ofeating haу too quiсklу, but it nеv ег
hurts to givе sгaight аw aу. o с LI с
the horsе some еltес uary
DRЕNнс : I n most
a с ses
of
o с liс' all
pеoplе tЬ rt thе most experiеn еd с would rclеp hone their vеt . I t is quitе likеlу , how rс ег, thаt unlеss hе a с n o с me at onсe, hе тill suggеst giving a dтenсh, so it is useful то kееp it аg аinst suсh аn еm еr gеnyс . good for horsеs sЕ oм sArтs: Thеsе аr е гh я t mаy havе beеn on too heating a diеt ; trrt all will еn Ь еf it from a small handful in trеir weеklу brаn mash.
\ lrT
AND wATЕR: This геf rеshing and helps to hаr dеn
is
o с oling,
the skin. over a hoгsе' s bаk аn d bеh ind с , л n d undеr thе elbows where the girth liеs, prеvеn t galls and sorеs. i.т will hеl p rп ' oRlvr DosI NG DRUGs: IЕ orsеs should bе Spoп g ed
тoгm gd
еn tаn glеd
in
havе
eyes a с usеd
аtЬ hеd
gеt ting
lying down, or gеt ting up.
oI NтN м Е т:
of dust еt .с
qе аgаinst
it whеn
does a gteal deal of good. get IЕ orsеs mаy
oftеn Y Е Е
щ п ilс еs
п r rurт
vents thе horsе' s lеg s
thе
Bеing
геm oгed.
еЬ
tAtsLtu ttuн st
liе down in o с mfort. Stalls should
gп п тon
пш l
s
rеg ularly.
All
horsеs
harbour
Bandages and boots аr e foг veterinary use аn d to give the horse support, proteсt ion and Wаr mth. / eft: тh e eI astiсt аil bаn dage Wi| | keep the taiI neat and tidy and proteсt the upper part when travelling. lt should not be left on А ove: WooI I en I eg bandages overnight. b warm and proteсt the legs' and are used when tгave| | ing or after a | ong day,s hunting, to heI p the horse dry off; they may also be used to keep a veteгinaгy dressing in p| aсe on an injured leg. Although usually of wool, they are avaiI abI e in other mаt eriа| s as we| | . right.' Brushing boots аr e padded to prevent injury shouI d the horse strike itself' or ,bгu sh', whiI e at work or eхerсise.
A
sharp but bluntеn ded paiг for u с tting away thе hаir from thе edges ofwounds or u с ts thаt need drеssiп g . I n addition to а11 thesе itеm s it is a good pieсеs of linen as drеs idеa to kееp some pads, togеt hеr sings, or poultiсе with somе sсI ssoRs:
should bе kеp t
long strips of linеn
for undеr Ьandaging
wounds _ a largе paсk of o с tton wool, sеv еr al paсk s of gamgее tissuе and onе or two ordinary rс epe bandages. Thе ехp еr iеne с d stаb lе manageг will also keеp a hypodеr miс syringe and a supply of nеedles; uЬ t only thosе who reallу know what thеy arе doing should аt tеm pt to givе injеtс ions. I t
Divisions eЬ tweеn stalls should eЬ high enough to stop hoгsеs nipping at eaсh othеr ovеr thе top; in fаtс bars are best, аt thе top, so the horses a с n sее onе another without e Ь ing аb le ес Ь me to o too mаliсi ously pеr sonal. '!tratel buсkеt s should е Ь plaсеd on thе sidе away from thе haу raсk or net, so thеy arе not o с nstantly filling up with dust аn d bits of hay. Pаr tiсu lar аrс е must eЬ tаkеn to piсk out thе hind fееt of stalled horses, as obviously all thе dung will е Ь аt the aЬ kс . I f thе hind feеt аr е not kеp t lс ean, thеy will bеo с me hot and lс og gеd , and тh е horsе maу dеvеlop thrush. \ DИh eгe horses arе stablеd in stalls, it is
often thе u с stom' whеn
thе horses arе
taсked up, to turn them round and stаn d thеm faсing outwards attaсh ed to .pillar rеins'. Thеsе arе short leаt hеr straps oг pillar and h с ains attaсh еd to еah с sidе lс ipped on to thе bridlе. 189
ridе, for horsеs tlrat live mostly outof doors woгk off muсh of thеir suгplus enеr gy on thеir own and аr e sеldom so pеr mаn enтly as thosе тh at аr е eЬu lliеn t stаb led.
There arе eс rtаilr
rulеs
с rding kept aсo is not quite good еn ough
foг hoгsеs
of mаn agеm еn t to this sу stеm . to lеavе thеm
for days, and thеn
and unattendеd
thеm for a ridе. I deаlly' living out should bе brought in еahс dеn ly
f
J.
rш
tегm
.gтаsskеp d
altogеt hеr u с а г аt е l y o с ndition of horsеs and
a с tсh
quiсkly
ing, givеn а fееф gеn еr аlly h с kес еd
doеs
not
dеsrс ibе thе poniеs that livе
instead of in staЬlеs. Unless thе lс irnate is so idylliс thаt ttrе point, tеm pеr at'rте nеvеr dтops to frееzing the snow nevеr fаlls and thе grass is always not only grееn but lusсious, аt еrс tаin of Nloun timеs of уeаr еven tlrе toughest food еxш а tain and .Nloorland ponies nееd find for tlrеm sеlves, to thаt whiсh thеy апс even when tlret'гe not working. A hoгsе that has to work must havе morе tlran а plain gтаss diеt if hе is to have еn егg y аn d keep his o с ndition. V'hеn horses aгe kеpt out' аn d геq uired should bе somе kind of shеd ' to work, thеr е с n еЬ shеltеr or stаblе into whiсh тt reу a tакс brought for feeding, gтooming, аn d of ing up. For working horses, thе systеm in bеf orе rid liviп g out аn d еiЬ ng brought ing is eЬ st tеr med thе .Combined Sуstеm '. I t is an eхеlс lеn t one; tlrе horse is living а natural life, keеp ing fit and o с mparativelу с sity of healтh y without tlre absolute nееs lеss aс гe and nееd s daily гiddеn exеr iс se' and аt tention. I t will also givе an еasier mostly outofdooгs
Do not аssume Good quality gгаzing. horses wilI know the hаr mful plаn ts.
that
It out
sud horsеs moгn
rЬ ushеd
ovеr ,
for uс ts,
sсгatсh es, bumps or lameness, and thеn , if not nеeded foг woг\ tцr nеd out again. I n summег,
they
will neеd no fuтt hеr attеn tion until I n winter, most hofsеs'
next moгn ing. еx еp с t
t} rе
the timе,
higЫy
vегy
аn с
brеф
although most' ехe с pt
livе оu t аll Nloun
а rм ill nееd to wеаr tаins аn d N1oorlаn ds, howevег, ids rug. I f they are to bе workеф plaп ; thаt is to еsЬ t to геvеr sе thе sш rrmеr out bring thеm in at night, and tцгп thеm pап of tlre day thеy during аll oг whatеvег usеd . This systеm wогk s wеll arе not еiЬ ng for all horsеs otlrer than thosе in training, and hunt аn d show horsеs and pоn iеs, I ds аlso с mpetitivе еvеn ts. tlrosе usеd for o for most ownerridеr s. thе eаsiеst e с гt аinly horsеs timеs whеп Therе атe of oс uтsе thе benеf it w.iй оu t lеf t out еn tiтel5 a с n еЬ
of stables _ huntеr s turnеd
out for tlrе
с il с ildгеr f s pоn ies whеn thе h srrmmеr ; h drеn arе аWаy at sсh ool; hoгsеs aп d poniеs summеr , or holidaу ' riding' used h с iеf lуf or ,\ ll will still nеed a whiсh aс n outwintег. and аt tention. T'hеy егсt аin аm ount о f а те с
should е Ь
in suitaЬle fiеlds,
pгopеr ly
of for when and suitаb le аm еn itiеs _ nееsс sitiеs iл еx п а fееd ing nееd й еy to а l l hoг sеs living out, faсt , o с mmon
fеne с d
and gаt eф
wittr
a
watеf '
whеt } rеr
woгking
oг noт.
o с nstaп t
souтес
аn d iп speсt ed Atl fie| ds should be a с гefullу poisoп ous piants' suсh as this lс eаr ed of yellowf| owered rаg woгt whiсh is highly toхiс to hoгses.
Fiеlds,
living out do bеst if
flогsеs plеn tу
and Gatеs
Fеnеsс
of spaсе, aп d
тh erеf ore"
ofherЬagе.
a
т. lrеу have ап d variеt y ofterгаiп " I n mаn paгt s of thе
а те s :!rе how.evеr , оп ly smаll o с untгy very onе п ot аvailablе; sometimеs oп 1у pаr гiu с lатly I t nфе beсomеs lаr ge fiеld. the quаt rity of thе impогв n t to oс nsегI rе grаzing у Ь noт аo П wing tlrе 1'o".g5 16 ga1 яll graz wаstеf ul time. tloгses ате good trampling down a lot of peгf тlес у pегp еt uа. tr sеаr h с feediтr g gfassеs in thеiт for thе tаstiest. с nseгving vray of o Thе most o ес noniсal so a pasturе is to dividе it iтlto tЬr е }Е аI ts' olrе is rмiЬ lе с n eЬ rеstеd that two parts a e Ь shut off fог а onе a с ir I n spгg Ь , е аt е n . of it" а] l tlre
еr s,
u с t
ofhаvi
с п thе horsеs a
bе tuгlrеd out
iл
or so aftеr thе hay is :i а o с rrple of wееks ;kеn . I n smаll fiеlds it is wisе to rеm ovе .зе dтoppings regularlу , or thеy will еvеn :эа] lг foul up so muсh of thе grazing that remains. I n largеr .rгг] 'е that is pаlatаb lе but thеse еlз ds this is often impraсt iсal, с sionallу. аn с еЬ harrowed oсa
Тh е
quality of pasturе
a с n only
bе
assеs
and most t} re grееn еst bу an еxpеI t; .ush looking grass is not always the bеst. pasturе, however, will not г еn Е thе еsЬ t it .< еp с its qualiгy indеf initely and to kееp appliсаt ions ::l hеaгt it will neеd pеr iodiс what it limе, or slag. xЕ aсt ly ..i tЪгLilizer, rееd s аn d in what proportion is detеr of rlnеd bу soil analysis; rеpresentativеs
d
will gеn еr аllу
of Agriсu lturе oС llegеs frее. :"гп r this sеr viсе
pеr
Fiеlds, or divisions ,эi fiеlds, should bе fегt ilized' limеd or а1l at not in annual suс e с ssion, = ^ аg gеd rlсе' and horsеs should not grazе a fеr _.izеd
fiеld for at lеаst thrее wееks. should bе somе I t possible thеr е
еlЕ ow _Эm
sе
natural
A poп y in a New Zealand гUg she| ters the winter o с I d, and wi| | probablу mаk e of the fiеld she| ter in summer as We| | to buzzing inseсt s.
:,.oid the heat aп d
b А ove
Тh is
we| | designеd
trough, seгving
two fields. has rounded edges, stands well off
piped in. the ground, and has fгеsh wateг Below rhe best type of fenсing foг а| l equines is so| id posts and rаiI s The field on the I eft is being rested on rotаt ion to provide fresh
tiсking, ttrey ignore thе fеneс ! A1l main and boundary fenсеs should е Ь The bеst and most eхpеn stгong and sаf е. sive, is post and гails. Hedges, whеr e thеy and are kеp t in good order, arе u с stomагy,
havе
thе
on running watеr foг them sеlves. I n troughs, it will have to be bгoken for thеm аs it frеezеs morе solidly. and Ь kеp t lс еan, Troughs must e positionеd lс еar of trеes, and away from gatеw ays wherе the ground will probaЬlу muddiеd in wеt weathеr . bеo с mе fеnс A fiеld aс n е Ь divided with еltес iс ing, whiсh is еasy to put up and movе, and horsеs, aftеr one smаll shoсk, will not go nеаг it again. Somе poniеs, howevег, have
pгoperly еr tес еd , bly гсеosotеd,
is not
just the
nееsс sаr y;
and morе strаw
геш rovеd
droppings
added when
nееd ed.
Тh e strеаm .
fiеld watеr supplу is а running A stаgnant pool is worsе than usе
idеаl
1еss for thе
is unappetizing, and the
watеr
pоn d will rЬ еed fliеs and mosquitoеs. hЕ егe is no running wаt er, a long, thеге solid uЬ t not too dееp, galvanizеd iron тough, with no sharp еdgеs, аn с
bе suppliеd
by watеr
seгvеs wеll. I t to thе fiеld,
pipеd
systеm ' or it аn d opеr аt еd on a ballсokс sгill have to bе fillеd manuallу from buсk еt s oг a hosе. Troughs should hаv e a plug qеd holе in thе bottom so they a с n be еm p гiеd and lс еanеd out аn d ttrey should bе sёt r еr y fumlу bloсks, so с nсr еt е on briсk s, or o
.iаt
the bаsе
of the tlough is 15_30сm
6_12 ins) from thе
I n wintеr '
hoгsеs
ground. will аlways mаn agе
to
brеаk
thе iсе
с nnеtс ion known to work out thе o and tlrе thе tiсk ing of thе аtЬ tеr y; and if they hеaг no shoсk from thе fеnе,с
bееn
еtЬ ween
Ь bly is pгoa
Wiгe fеniс ng
shеltеr .
to bе
univегsal; а bеlt of trееs, fiеld hеd gеs, banks or hol sтоn е walls, or maybе somе edge off the wind. Failing .orтs to takе the .hesе' а fiеld shеltеr should bе providеd . I t Ь kс to set with its a should bе thге sidеd , frе pгevai'ling wind and with a wide opеn с n get in аn d out easily. iтr g so that horsеs a Т h ег e should eЬ a long raсk for haу against .,trе baсk wall; and in winter, it's аn to usе it if stгaw еп o с uI agеm ent for hoгsеs М kс ingout rs laid on thе ground insidе. u
shеltеr in
of pгoviding most йе
thе addеd advantаgе
pastu re.
satisfaсt ory,
it must
bе
wittr good posts' pгеf eга as with thе wiтеs strung thеm . Thrеe betwееn
tightly as possiblе
aгe еn ough
stтands
с t foг hoгses, eхеp
foг
с uld push foals аn d small poniеs who o еah с . through thе widе spaсes betwееn Thе oЬ ttom wiте should be 30сm (lft) from the gгound;
thеir аrЬ bеd
fееt wirе
if lowеr ,
horsеs a с n
in it. On no aсoс unt bе used foг eitlrег
a с tсh should
tlre top or ttre
o Ь ttom sfrаn d. The only possiblе pегm is usе foг aЬ гb еd wirе is if hoгses are siЬlе fеne с leanегs, when onе strand o с nfumеd с a с n be run аlong thе inside of thе fеne
тHt
H0в sЕ
GRAss.KЕPт
guidеs
good gгazing aгound, thеy
prеf еr
good repair.
autumn, if they arе spеn ding
a lot of timе nеar thе gatе,
on hingеs,
еаsily
Gаt еs should swing
and have propеr fastеn ings, idеally a patеn t hook, thе hingеd tonguе of whiсh pгevеn ts it bеing lifted by horses. I tis a wastе of timе to havе to strugglе and a trial to thе tеm pег wi* r bits of twisted wire or knottеd stгing. I n urbаn distriсt s, padloсks arе аd vised.
Fiеld somewhat aсo с rding
to thе
distгitс
how muсh
to stаr t
с usе to feеd ' bеa
it. I n
just standing about, proЬаb ly you a с n takе it that thе grazing is poor and thеy need hay. I f thеy eat up еvery wisp of its being put out' it within hаlfanhouг somе, and was not еn ough. I f thеy lеave wandеr off to grazе agаin, it's еnЬ more
thеy will thгough from 7,9kg
By midwintеr
than they nееd .
gеt
probаb ly
par М е day pеr hoгse. аk in oс ld, havе еn ough surе thеy wеt and windу or frosty wеattrer. Flakеd maizе is a good wintег addition ь t it ration, u to a horsе's oс nсеn tratе с bеs or should be mixеd with brаn , and u on its own it is plеasantly oats or bагley; warming, but somewhat laсk ing in fiЬr е. Boiled bаr ley, well mixеd with bran and
(16_20 lbs) pеr
Fеeding
During spring and summеr '
as to whеn
tiсu larly varying аn d
thе
no horsеs living out will nееd food othеr than grаss, although thеy will thе аp prеiс atе a salt or minеr al liсk . аtЕ ing аr е not a Ь гk с ewing fenсеs of trеes and h
latitudе,
habits the horse indulgеs in simply to annoy its ownеr ; they usually mеan it is supplied с n еЬ short of minеr als, whiсh a by the liсk . \ 0Иh еn
hay, to fееd it bеo с mes nеe с ssary it should bе put into thе raсk in thе fiеld it aс n be given in Altеr nativеly shеltеr . с s similaг to thosе usеd hayrrеt s' or in rаk on I t is wastеf ul to fееd it foг fееd ing a с ttlе. gеt s trodden thе ground аs it pеr pеt uallу
fеd
warm
is an еxеlс lеn t
winter moгn ings,
fееd
along togethеr quitе peaсеf ully of a fairly long tI ough. Fееd ing whiсh from buсkets is wastеf ul _ of fееd ' will be spillеd and tгoddеn on, and of and buсkets, whiсh will bе tippеd ovеr Buсkеt s sеt in holders аr e аvaila kiсkеd . impossiblе to tip ovеr . For blе, guarantееd
horsе kept out will during a winter. I t will depend on thе
(the o с nсen с lder it is the morе o wеathеr body warmth) and to rс еatе trates nееd еd
М untаin of horse. o poniеs аr e proveгiЬ ally
.good doеr s',
will nееd
than nonnativе typеs Thе аgе of the hoгsе
relativеly lеss of the same sizеs.
is also
геlеvant: and elderly onеs,
young horsеs, undеr fivе, rather morе than thе ovеr 15, will nееd group. So is thе and middlе agеd matц r е fouт аm ount of land whiсh is bеing grаzеd :
in аn
wellshеltеr ed ехt еn sive, maу eat no pasturе with variеd hеraЬ ge, morе during а wintеr than two in a small, l exposеd paddoсk. Roughlу , howеv еr , estimated pеr с n bе tonnе (1 ton) of haу a аn imal per winter. I f wintеr starts еartу' it if the lс imate с nversely, may nеed morе: o is mild, less. IЕ orses themsеlvеs are good
animals
o с г n еr ,
in a fеnе,с
in whiсh
to lеavе
\ $Иorking
or lying is it siсk , or
аsс e
it mаy
havе
fтont
IЕ orsе
Spring and sц m mer Тh e f I y fringe, a speсia | | ydesigned browbа nd, fI ies in summer, wards off irгitаt ing effeсt ivelУ but for some highlystrung horses the fringe itse| f mаy prove to be as muсh of an as the fI ies. annoУanсe
аn d typе and
а
Thе Grasskept
bе
hay, any individuаl
М oгland and o
it is not aс ught
shoеs on thosе farrier should to trim аn d eight wееks, inspeсt feet еvеr y during thе fееt Chеkс shapе as nееsс sary. thе daily visit; hoofs that arе splitting or mis.shapеn , neеd attention. o ес Ь ming
or thе rail hookеd on to thе top aЬ r of a gаt е, but с llent, of a post аn d rail fenсe arе еxe с s. not suitaЬle for hooking on to wirе fеne
on the sizе
and ponies living out and notwork ing should still eЬ visitеd evеr y day, fustlу, they are all present. I f mаn y аr е to h с kес kеp t in a iЬ g pasture, thеy will proЬably
IЕ orsеs
may bе bеt tеr
thеse are satis fеd togеt her, may lead (as buсk еt if morе, thеу fаtс ory; to infighting bеt ween doеф fееd ing oftеn quiсk еatеr s, and thе less thе grееdy, grееd y will defеn d thеiт who nevеr thеlеss
nееd
Daily Carе
with brittle, shelly feеt . Thе
just two hoгsеs
exaсt ly how I t's not possiblе to spеiс fy or of с nсеn trates either of o muсh fееd ing,
с nsume thе worm lar but o are impervious. thеу
horses rejеtс , vae, to whiсh
jumped out, pushеd its way through thе gate. Cheсk thаt all fеniс ng oг rЬ okеn a horsеs are soц n d аn d look ovеr eaсh for or lumps. Grooming is not u с ts' sсr atсh еs but it will be appreсiated if nеe с ssary) in manеs аn d tails Ь rrs a с ught ш vigs or u and eaгlу arе removеd. I n latе wintеr spring, manes' thе гoots of tails and any lс osely Ь feathеr on the lеg s should e anу с n аt tаkс for liсe whiсh a inspеtс ed daily dusting with a prop horsе. A hеavу day for a wееk гietary louse powdеr еvеr y should eliminаt e thеm . for work and ponies not rеq uirеd IЕ orsеs a с n havе thеir shoеs removеd , although it
either sidе
аn с
I f,
worm is a bit
ings, an animal has a potbеlly, .ribby' and hаs a rough, staring o с at' it should bе givеn aп other dosе. Fields on ftom eЬ ing whiсh horsеs graze еnЬ еf it с tde, whiсh will grazеd oсa by a с sionally grasses the not only eat up the гoughеr
just rеsting? Altеr nativеly
ally еаt
whiсh
the pasturе.
rе infеtс s
in spite of rеgular thrее monthly
down in
а soddеn mess in and blows awaу in wind. out с nсеn tгates Thе еasiеst way to feеd o of doors is in a long, solid woodеn trough. horses tend to fight I f givеn in thе shеltеr , but thеy will genеr and bully onе аn othеr ,
mangеr s,
dung o с ntinuаlly
sее
arе good for thе digеstions whеn mаshеs therе is little oг no green food about.
wеt wеathеr ,
feеd . Portablе
Worming is important for аll horsеs; but partiсu larly for ttrosе living out аs thеir
form into groups' and maу gгazе quitе long с kес to apart. I f onе is missing' h distanсеs
for o с ld
and bran and molаsses
on, bеo с mеs
and dungеd
.$Иorming
feеd ing hay, аn d if thеr e is any
about 15сm (6ins) bеlow the top srand. This disсouragеs leaning. Fеnеsс should с nstant regularly, аn d kеpt in o be h с eсkеd
I n mild, opеn wintеr еn с tratе
feеd
wеathеr '
с n one o
a day is enough, with hаy ,
to
с ndition. I n vеr y horsеs in good o a morning аn d еvеn ing wеathеr , sеvеr е Prеg nant marеs must be fed feеd is bеt tеr ' wеll if outwintеr ing' and to ensurе they gеt all thе vitаm ins аn d minеr als nееsс kееp
stц d u с bеs. аlЬ anсed sаr y, it is safest to fееd Weanеd foals should аlways be rЬ ought in livеs at night during thе first wintеr of thеiг (two a с n sharе a loose box), givеn a fеed in аn'd anotlrеr in thе с mе whеn thеy o morning, and plеn ty of hay ovеr night. I t is for с mpеn satе diffiсu lt in later yeaгs to o at this timе so makе undеr nourishment surе that foals gеt all thеy nееd .
time to bring in a working horse in thе morning, so it that lives out is еarlу a с n have a fеed while ownег or groom has From thеn on, the routine is his rЬ еakfast. very similar to that of thе stabled horsе. I t will nев d a boх with bеdding, еquivalent to of stablеd horses, from whiсh thе daybеd and haуn еt s droppings must еь rеm ovеф I t will neеd groom out and rеf illеd . tаkеn
Thе еsЬ t
ing, although not so thoroughly аs its sta
blеs oс unterpart, as too muсh (whiсh givеs naturаl protеtс ion inсlеm ent
grеasе
from
weathеr ) should not bе removеd с n bе I f it is to bе riddеn it a o с аt .
from thе until later if not wаn tеd up аt onсе; taсkеd it aс n bе untiеd aftеr grooming and left. On rеt urn from work' or at about 12.30, it will bе timе for a seсond feed and a smаll haynet. I f the horse has been ridden, it piсked out' е Ь lightlу should havе its fееt с , and dried brushed over the saddlе pаt h off' if it hаs sweatеd , еither by putting on а
ТHЕ
GRAssкEPT H0в sЕ
ing. As in winter this will bе аb out 4.30,
will neеd a big hаynеt later in thе and a final fеed, the o с ntents of whiсh will dеpеn d on what is eхptес еd of him nёxt day. For privatе ownеr s who mау hаve littlе timе to ridе during thе wеek in winter, u с e Ь s arе bеt tеr thаn oats. I f thе horse is going to havе an enегgеt iс wееkend, hе a с n have oats on Friday еven ings, and ovеr thе wееkend, dеrс easing thе thе horse
еvеn ing,
amount on Sundаy
and going bаkс
to
\ 0Иh еn еvеr u с еsЬ during thе wееk. a hoгsе is only doing very light work, its oat гation should е Ь u с t down; if off work through lamеn еss or injury, oats should bе u с t out altogеt hег; Ь lk (hay) inсr еasеd but thе u to kееp the balаnес of wеight. IЕ orsеs that are going to work hаr d in if only on егсt ain days' winteг, еvеn will I fthey arе living partly nееd to bе lс ippеd . lс ip will bе еn ough; outofdooгs, a traсе
but this will mеan
ш ЕП [
I ug or rubbing wittr a sш аw wisp. for work in thе afternoon, thе ш rв q ц irеd friш п е rЦс bе lеf t in pеaес until somе tеn mй п ш т6 еfЬ orе the ridе starts. Thеn it мt sg lаk с еd up' аn d dтoppings should going out. hсш moтеd from thе box bеf orе Thв рr cеd uте dеsrс ibеd abovе should fol givеn . Thеr е Txш 'r й A ridе, аn d a third fееd sд ш п,еэd to givе a haynеt now, as whеn is fiп ished,
ttre hoгsе a с n bе tuгn ed haynеt box will thеn bе lс еanеd , п FlБilrЁd rеf lllеd , аn d hung up, water buсk еt ffiе таr d tidiеd and taсk lс еanеd . а horsе Tlrе аm ouп t of o с nсentrate fееd rhis way needs will depеn d, as еvеr , bч lп in sork he is doing, his tеm pеr ament, щ m. т} е @.i й е аp с аb ilities of his гidеr , or riders. Тt е of dividing it will bе thе рr inсiple * m es for stаlЬ ed horses; the total wеight portions foш г' ы еr . еiЬ ng divided into thrее imsв аd of four. The last poгt ion is still thе тf iп а1fugd
ТЬ
шш.
I n spгing and summer а
I ш ц sst п еigЬt of
(l2 lbs) of food othег
аb out 5.5 kg
йа
total
o с uld bе the avеr аgе for the ruгп еd out at night. o М гn ing and
gгаss
foдr sе
ш
аyЬ п eъ
tд ш t
need onlу
o с ntаin
thеr еf orе
l.5_2kg (34lbs) еahс . dаss
Ь
йg
thе
plеn ty of bе, but will еn surе for thе nеxt day. For the pгivatе ownеr who aс nnot гide ш ег. г dау, aftеr thе moгn ing fееd thе horsе
яould
пс Aтg т
$Ьould
bе rЬ ushеd
ovеr
to rеm ovе
dirt. eDd his fеet piсkеd rеI urnеd sв t rеаd у
to thе fiеld.
dust аn d
out' beforе
bеing
Thе
boх a с n thеn bе foг thе nеxt day. \ 0Иith praсt iсe, й is ш Б onlу tаkе about halfanhour, pro тldв d thе field is near the house.
Wintеr .lраr t
advantages. I f а galе blows up in ес Ь usе no nееd to woгr y a is out without a гu g and no neеd a fееd . to the fiеld with hау and The гoutine for wintеr should
thегd s
from hаving to muсk out ttrе box, I itгlе ехп a time and tгouble is involvеd in kееp ing а horse in аt night, and it has many
the night, thе hoгse to go out
be to give and muсk out' bеf oге hаynеt , gI oom аn d prе brеаkfast. Aftеr bгеаkfаst' pare for riding as in summеr , followеd by
a fееd and
thе sеo с nd
feеd
and sеo с nd small
haynеt
at
middаy. rVhеn thе horse has finishеd its sеo с nd fееd it is turnеd out. I f it is to eЬ riddеn in thе aftеr noon and not the moгn ing, it should be turned out aftеr breаkfast, brought in about 12.30 foг thе seсond fееd , gгoomеd аn d prеp ared for riding. I f not required for riding at all, thе horsе with a a с n еЬ turnеd out afteг гeЬ akfаst haynеt in thе fiеld and гo Ь ught in eЬ forе dark, to a good feеd , a haynet, and а groom
A New Zeа| аn d rug, waterproof and warm| y it possib| e to |с ip
whiсh is kept аt grass during the winter. The rug must be a с refu| | v fitted.
I ined, mаk es
grhen a horse is not nеedеd to aftеr noons, it a с n eithеr bе lеf t iп го rеst, or turnеd out аf tеr the sеo с nd ffiэоt I fthе grаss is vеr y good and thе horsе rs inсliп еd to a с rry a lot of flеslц it is bettеr fuсf t iп until аf tег fееd , thе thiтd whеn а mnllgт onе аnс be given. This fеed will ш t е Ь so fattеn ing as an aftеr noon's graz
oп
п ш rk
feed in the Most horses need hаy and еxtrа winter. Haynets must be tied high enough to prevent the horse,s feet getting entаn gI ed, but not so high thаt seeds fa| l in his eyes.
a horse
that whеn thеy
arе
tuгn еd out, thеy must wеar а Nеw Zealаn d, or a modегn lightwеight watеr proof rug. Thе majority of horsеs turnеd out during the day in wintеr arе еtЬ ter ruggеd еvеn if not lс ipped. \ D7hethеr thеy also havе to bе ruggеd at night will depеn d on thе weath ег' thе o с siness of thеir boxes and the grow thiсknеss с ats' Some horsеs ofthеir o
very dеn sе, gтow
wintеr
o с ats;
othеr s
somewhat longеr hаir than
simply
in sum
mеr . I Jnlеss is еxеp thе wеather с tionallу part of thеir o с ld, few horsеs that spеn d nееd morе days outsidе in wintеr will еvеr at night than a single woollinеd jutе rug. Thе important thing to rеm ember aЬout rugging is that onсе ruggеd thе horsе must
till spring. A horsе's ears arе guides
stay ruggеd
to whethеr or not hе is o с ld; o с ld еаr s mеаn a o с ld horsе. I f a horsе o с mеs in o с ld and wеt in wintеr ' from work or from thе fiеld, dryiп g thе ears with a staЬle rubber will hеlp to rеstorе warmth, as will putting a layeг of lс еan
stгaw along the bаk and putting a rug с (insidе out) on top. Sп ow is no hardship to horsеs when it hаs fallеn аn d is rс isp, and thе day if finе and sunny. What thеу find haгdest to еn durе
arе o с ld
wеt
winds, and dтiving
rain
this kind of wеаt hеr a с n take o с n dition off thеm quiсkly, unlеss they havе plеn ty of food and plеn ty of shеltеr . or sleеt ;
should bе
DI sтI NстI oN A .f1. b.t* ..n thе
mаd е
and words .saddlец / .harnеss'' thе lаt tеr , in partiсu lar, bеing to thе oftеn misusеd . Saddlerу rеf еr s еq uipmеn t of thе riding horse, whilst hаr
thе aсo с utrеm еn ts nеss is usеd to dеsrс ibе furthеr thе с nfusе of thе driving horse. To o
uninitiated, horsеm еn will frequеn tly refer to both as.taсl{ (i.е. taсkle). is o с nсernеd I n general tеr ms, saddlеr y with thе sаddlе and bridlе and thеir o са mpanying auxiliariеs, suсh as girths, с n eхt еn d to lеathеr s and martingales. I t a if аl1 items mаd е of lеаt her; еvеn o с vеr с l some of thosе itеm s' е. g. muzzlеs, hеаdo Ь th riding and lаr s еt .с , are appliсablе to o rugs andЬlank harness horsеs. Bandagеs, с m еt s, however, are groupеd under thе o positе tеr m .horse lс othing'. theiг Thе еarly horsе pеoples managеd horsеs with thе minimum of equipmеn t, o с nсеn trating, naturally еn ough, on с nш ol of thе methods of o с ntrol. I nitially, o aсh iеvеd bу а form of horsе maу havе bееn jaws thе lowеr nosеb and enсompаssing and fittеd аb ovе thе nostrils. I llustrations с n of Syrian horsеm еn of thе fourtееn th e show this rudimеn tary form of bri tury в с Thеr e is, howеvеr , еvi dlе quitе lс еarly. dеnес of a more sophistiсated rЬ idlе, at an еarliеr involving thе usе ofa iЬ t, usеd dаt е. On the tomЬ of Horenhab of gЕ ypt (datеd iс rсa a horseman is 1600 в )с depiсt еd on an obviouslу spiritеd horse riddеn in a snaffle bridle of surprisingly modern dеsign. As thе usе of mountеd horsеm еn
with knobs or (tikе thе Spanish аrс еt а si71 lsed todаy), and with thе addition of a strap to hаvе beеn
sееm s spikеs
our modеr n
drop nosеb and.
еx еp с tions
howеvеr intеr еst
in o с ntrol.
whiсh
mаr h с еd
Thете
werе obsеssivе Thе Numidian aс valry
to the
Н nnibаl, with a
mаn agеd
instаnе,с
similar to
thе bit that is vеr y
bеlow
fаstеn еd
sеt
for
poniеs of anу sort' stееr
еf fеtс еd . how thе halt wаs in gеn eral tеr ms' the trend of exerting a с aЬle towardS stI ongеI bits, аp grеаt еr forсe, and thus allow mеh с аn iсal to position and rеstrain ing thе horsemаn
not rеvеal
Nonethеless,
his horse morе
с rn' an with hаn dfeeding (i.e. with o pтoduсed horsеs of fееd stuff) еn етg izing
more quality and spirit, so a greatеr
o с ntinuеd . effeсt ivеly, From thе siхt h еnс tury в с onwaтds, iЬ ts sеvеr е' with both inсr еasingly bеa с mе с s Greeks and Persians using mouthpiеe
emphasis was plaсеd
that inсorpoтatеd sharp
inсr еаsed
and selеtс ivе
brееd ing,
o с m
iЬ ned
on thе
mеans
с n of o
of thе bridlе. trol through thе agеnyс thе time the Assyrians hаd еm еr gеd
Bу аs a
peoplе, a bitting arlangеm еn t mаj or horsе had eЬ еn dеvised thаt gavе to the ridеr a over his very e са ptablе degrее of o с nш ol mount. Two hundred yеars latеr , whеn thе в с had supеr Pеr sians ofthе sixth еn с tury nation sеd ed thе Assyrians as thе lеаd ing of horsemеn , thе bridlе had beсomе an
еv еn
more forсеf ul
instrumеn t,
largеlу
to a hеaviеr с angе bеa с usе of a notablе h type of horsе. bееn Thesе horsеs would havе еrс tainly in vаr ious and they aге dеp iсt еd o с rnfеd postц I е in a heаvily oс llеtс еd sсu lpturеs with thе hеad ovеr bеn t, a aс rriage that givе morе o с ntrol to thе с гt аinlу would e еf feсt this imposеd ridеr . Thе iЬ ts usеd to a Ь lanсe wеге thе
fаm iliar
phalliс h с eekеd a nosеa Ь nd
whiсh
rider.
thеiт small
without теsort to a bridlе ing their mounts with a switсh applied to thе hеad. History thе appropriatе sidе of doеs
,taсk, on saI e at аn auсt ion. тh e SaddI ery or saddle and brid| е arе the basiс pieсes of equipment needed for аn ordinаr y riding horse and therе are many different tуp es; whiсh ones to use depеn ds not on| у on the type of horse but also its stage in training, the use to whiсh it is being put and the abiI ity of the
rollегs
around 300 в с
and spikеs.
o с nsеq uеnе.с Thе usе
the horsе in of the iЬ t to plaсе persistеd wеll into thе Rеn ais pеr iod whiсh markеd thе bеg innings sаne с М stеr s, аr t'. Thе еarly a of the .сlassiсal Grisonе in Naplеs and his like Fеd еr iсo pupil Pignatеlli' did, howevеr , strеss thе thе lightnеss of importаnес of prеsеr ving bу thе thеir obiеtс thе mouth' aсh iеving usе' onсe more' of thе spiked noseband.
balanсе
so from а study of thеir oЬ oks was Gli ordiп i di Cаllаlcаr e that littlе in 1550) it is 1с еаr
vЕ еn
(Grisonе' s publishеd
u с rb bit, an instrumеn t to monstrous propor that was to dеvеlop с tulies thаt followеd . tions in thе еn Thе uс rb bit of the armourеd knights of
on the suppling of thе emphasis was plaсеd and thе dеv elopmеn t of his posturе hoгsе of еxеr iс sеs' whilst grеat yЬ a pгogrеssion с ntinuеd to bе sеt on brеaking the storе o by forсeful mеans. animаl's rеsistanсe
in only Agеs, whiсh еxistеd thе iМ ddlе slightlу altered form well into the еight and evеn lateг, wаs made с tuly еenth еn
During this pеr iod thе prototypе of thе with the bridlе еm еr ged modеr n doublе bit of a thin bridoon, addition to thе u с rЬ
sizе and strеn gth of уЬ thе sheеr neсеssary с rrу to a the hеavy horses that werе nееd еd a fullу armoured man and his wеapons' as well as thе weight of their own proteсt ivе с ntrol suсh an animаl, and armour. To o to put him in a statе of morе partiсu larlу thе man whiсh would faсilitаt е balanсе rеq uired in battlе, or latеr at thе oеu vrеs joust аn d tournamеn t' a meсh aniсal forсе if thе аn imal's of some power was neеd еd
thе
Somеw hеr e
Gaul produсеd
wеight quагt еr s
Celts of
thе
plаеd с ovеr thе hind lightenеd in thе forеh аn d
was to bе
аn d
thе
.flying trenсh ',
whiсh
was opеr atеd
by a
that thе fаtс rеin. Reсognition of с mpanied flexion at the poll has to bе aсo sеo с nd
bу a o с rrеsponding jaw, was mаr ked
mеt al
.kеуs'
уЬ
fittеd
rеlaxation of the lowеr usе of thе oсa с sional
to thе еn с tre
of the
thе horsе to play mouthpiеe с to еn o с uragе saliva in the mouth. with the iЬ t and теaс tе gеn еr al had, in faсt , еn Х ophon Thе Grееk iЬ t some a snаf flе usеd thе samе dеv iсе on previously аn d thе modеr n 1800 уеаr s .mouthing, bit usеd in thе sш аightЬar
So muсh so in faсt ' that thе mod dеviсеs. in еssеn tially' ern horsеm an is rеstriсt еd , groups or to onе of five аsЬ iс his h с oiсе familiеs of bits, of whiсh , if his horsе has sсh ooled, he will only rarely o с rrеtс ly bееn to еm ploy more than two. nееd the snаf fl,е, с mprisе: fivе groups o Thеsе in its various forms; the double rЬ idle' i.e. u с rb iЬ t and rЬ idoon (thе lattеr is' in faсt , a light version of thе ordinary snafflе but good reаson,
its nаm e, for no vегy h с angеs с rb iЬ t)i whеn usеd with a u
Pelhаm '
t} :.e
bit
с rb hybrid deгived from the u
a
and
as rеsцlt sаm е to pгoduсе thе аt tеm pting bridlе with thе usе of a single thе douЬlе Ь r a gadgеt o the gаg snаf flе, mouthpieсе; hoгse, аn d' finallу , rowеd from thе hаr nеss
ttre bitless bridlе,
termеd
freqlеn tly
a
solely on prеssurе rеliеs hаckаm ore,whiсh on thе nose for its effеtс . еxеr tеd Of thesе
iЬ tting' o с п u тr on.
fne snaffle is thе
the most simplе I t is mаd е
in
keуs, vaгies only slightly in
;оm
nilп . m
by thе
ц sеd
thаr
Spartan
тIд lЕ llд] .
lщ е5 з
thiсk
.sofd.
'Thе prinсi by thе I rish as pal division within thе group howеver, is those with a jointed mouthpieсе betwееn .half and thosе madе without a joint in a mouth, mullen a moon' shape known аs thе mildеst of thе two. еiЬ ng thе lattеr The aсt ion of thе snafflе depends upon thе position ofthе horse's hеad аn d, thеr е fore, upon thе stage of uainiл g thаt hаs I n thе уoung, геlаt ivеly rеah с ed. bееn his wеight on horsе, аrс rying unsсh oolеd low с rrеspondingly with а o the forеh аn d
of
mп : rЦ* .ЕёJ
mп |
Ет
thе art of lс аs ilе :оJtoк ing еnс tuтy estаlЬ ished, hаd bеoс mе гiд iп q ugh thе tеahс ings of thе FranEois dе la Guёr iniёr е'
ф siш :п , i
qгш л
as thе
:s .* ] ral.ттr
Eщ ш :ъз. .с. .
sз а
] тш JrA:
:ЕrЕ ,Е
rеg аr dеd
of Classiсal bit oс n
u с rЬ
аn d rvhilst thе prеd oгr rinant
:r bе
iш .Е xЕ с Е
.Fathеr
influеne с ,
it
аs an instrц m еn t
of
hяl pоiтr t on, the tеn denсy тi] dег obsеssion Ь t thе bits. u
xъп r Ё гш frш :дгэs
was
with
с ntrol and thе o to с ntinuеd thе iЬ t o iт minds of horsеm en right up to f,iц . щ ry despitе thе inсr еasing е т1 с п . ц г. п[ ] п, oгш i. эn d гolumе of thе еxhortation .!ш в щ hяn ф.. тt ет. oге
tr frе
a
:rrI еDтЪ
iй m гr
Шд
fu!ш '
г. *
аn d й e fust pаr t hugе variеr y of (at leаst lса aimеd
еn с tur1.
produсеd
:геп r iетh .
пm е
hеаd
й r ough
взr sс
lгt d
оf the
;м r s.:п оп ing
il!ш е
a
h ск Ы srеr е аs vЬ еп t ors) iл g еn ious iiulг аJ.l eqr'ine ills. IЕ ou'еv eг,
.ц .
п ш 8rEa
thе t} lе
тш NmJЕ miц :G
ns of
щ .пffi. ф
тh ods
toгg
тsith togеt hеr hmowledgе of еquеstгiаn
mг lmifss ц " п illсгion.
!ш mЕ* sгg lдз . fuл r т. iЕш Д i
=
д
геsu1теd = l.:,сh
iп
simptjfiеd
thе pаst гаn gе
a с rriagе,
ofthe lips. I n the aс se. state of oi th. ho''. in a morе аdvаnеdс training morе wеight is quaI tеr s' thе
lс аssiсal and Nеw aс stlе, latеr
thе
еn с turу,
.iikе Pluvinеl thе individual studу of horsеs аn d gеn tler methods 3ц lgg pаt iеn t iл thеir ш аining. :Ь тLта[ еd
Л lщ s'ш = т*
ttrе aсt ion is upwаr ds
sliеa
until, at the bеg inning
аn
30 oг 40
Ь of bitгg
muсh
mouthpiее,с
с rnеr s againSt thе o
s* п е. .эеn th
] fuе
of wеights,
moi. aсеpс tаble
hеad
с еk howеver, with its h аs long as 37сm (15in) held h с ief wеapon in thе horsе
variеt y
thе most
to thе
.r:тb iЬ t.
1Гh е
аn d
ranging ftom thе penсil thin dеsrс iЬеd
f уoung horses, and similаr ly
a
form of
mildеst
forеh and
is
and thе hеad raisеd t of thе the nose is hеld a littlе in аd vаnес The snаf flе thеn aсt s aсr oss thе vеr tiсal. lowеr jаw , lying ovеr thе tonguе and plaс ing morе pressurе on thе bals of thе mouth thе inсisors (i.е. thе arеa of gum bеt wееn tееt h). с еek and thе h a strongег bеo с mе с The snаf flе аn с ntrol by variations bеing made mеans of o
enеd
b А ove right Тh e haсkamoгe a bit| ess bridI e on a с eekpieсes, in whiсh the reins aсt , viа the h bаn d over the nose, insteаd of a metaI bаr in the mouth. Right тhethree bаsiс bit pаt terns used for the riding horse. bottom: The snaff I e; this one has a jointed mouthpieсe. fop: The doubI e brid| e o с nsisting of а thin snaff I e, or bridoon, с rb (Weymouth) bit'middle:The and a u с mbine both tас ions PeI ha m _аn attemptto o of the double bridle in one bit by providing an extra ring in I ine with the mouthpieсe for a с ntre ofthe bridoon rein; the poгt in the e с mfortabI e over mouthpieсe mаkes it more o the tongUe thаn the usuaI stгаightbarred version. Double bridles and Pelhams are both woгn with a f| at| inked uс гb chаin. This is fitted in the h с in g гoovе underthe horse,s I oweг jaw' and is attaсh ed to hooks on the top ri ngs of the bit h с eekpieces. lt is sometimes kept in pI aсe by а | eather I ip strap whiсh is passed through n аn d attaсh ed с аi с ntre I ink on the h the spаr e e с eekpieсes. to thе smalI dees on the h
sADDLЕRY
mouthpiеe с . This aс n, for instanсe, bе twisted, or serratеd, so as to givе
to thе
shаr pеr fi
a
с n on the mouth, or it a
pгessuге
bе ned with rollers, set horizontally within thе
mouthpiеe с or round its iс rсu mfеr еneс . The aсt ion of thе bit aс n аlso bе altered and/ or assistеd by thе usе of auxiliаr iеs suсh as drop nosebands or martingalеs. A drop nosеbаn d, the п osеpieсе rеsting (3 in) abovе the nosш ils аn d some 7 m с thе rear strap fastеn ing bеlow thе bit, fulflls a numbеr of puгp osеs. Bу lс osing thе mouth
it prеvеnts еvasions of thе bit's aсt ions jaws or a с usеd yЬ thе horsе opеn ing thе attеm pting
to rс oss thеm .
maintain а o с rlеtс
I t hеlps, also,
to
position of thе hеad
by еxerting a downwards and baсkwards pres surе on thе nosе, trаn smitted to it thтough the aсt ion of thе rein. Thе rеsult of a o с r s reсt ly positionеd hеad, allowing thе гidеt ' hands to bе highеr than thе mouth, is to givе а grеаt еr с ntrol. A еrс tain, dеg rеe of o if slight, rеstriсt ion of thе brеathing, is involved in the use ofthе drop nosеb and a violent upward movеm ent of thе head inсr еasе being o с untеr еd yЬ a momеn tary of pressure upon thе nasal passаg es. Thе use of mаr tingalеs is also oс n of an aсеp с t еrс ned with thе maintеn anсe ablе head
position. Thе two prinсipal
types
arе thе standing martingale attaсh ed to а (nеvеr a с vеsson nosеb and to a drop), thus rеstriсt ing any upwаr d movement of thе .running' type h ас iеving head, and thе the on the samе rеsult through prеssurе
Below А
in aсt ion' Тh e running maгt ingа| e running rings exert a downward aсt ion on the
bit when the horse ra ises its heаd too high, but
a с refuI fitting
is required to ensure гeаsonаb | e
freedom of movemеn t.
SAUULI I I
u с гb
Y
геin is hеld in a similar mаn ner. on the othеr hand, is The .gagi rЬ idlе,
littlе
morе
than an еxtеn sion
thе
aсеn с tuating
of thе
snaffle,
upward, headraising,
с nstruс aсt ion of thе lattеr by its peсu liar o tion. I n the gag, thе bit rings arе madе with
holes in thе ring с tral two aligned еn of roundеd с еkpiеес through whiсh а h lеather
is passed, thе rеin
bеing
to
attaсh еd
This a ring on thе bottom of thе lаt tег. thе bit to movе еn ablеs arгangemёn t upwaгd s in thе horsе' s mouth еxerting prеssurе с г n еr s on thе o с nsidеr ablе vеr y o the aсt ion с ursе, of thе lips. I n faсt , of o onе produсеs o с ntrаd iсt ory Pгеssurеs' upwards on the mouth and onе downwаr ds thе gag is hеld to on the poll. Nonеt hеlеss с ntrolling an imPetllous be а usеf ul aid in o more partiсu larly, foг horsе and pеr hаp s, гathеr fastеr his fеnеsс с еs one that apProаh whilst hold dеsirablе, с nsidеr еd thаn is o his knееs. ing his hеad firmly bеt wееn
last of the bгidle groups is that gives o thгough pressurе on с ntгol This typе is often aс llеd thе nosе alonе. tttе namе dеr iving from thе a.hаkс amorе' , Spanish jаq uiш a а noseЬand, usеd bу thе dornаd or (ш ainer) in prеp aring the hoгse с гb bit with a solid for thе .spadе' bit (а u
Thе
whiсh
high port rеsting
on thе tonguе
and
roof of loп g to tас against thе thе mouth) whiсh was usеd by thе trаinеr of thе advanсеd horsе, the or .rеinе/ аr rendador. This bitlеss bгidle is part of a mеt hod of sсhooling sophistiсatеd originating in thе I berian Pеn insula and passing from therе, by mеans of thе six to thе e с ntury oс nquistаdorеs' tееn th suffiсiеn tly
Amеr iсas.
it rеm ains intеgral
Thеге
in
r0festeгn
Тh е
!ш !rш йд.
running martingаlе
o с m
srap, eaсh еn d of whiсh iаЬ furсatеd щ ш еs whiсh thе rеin ш rfrmтеr i п . ith а гing thтough
Б sР s6d. mш rф с ТЬ
ш ш idп ) n]
щ ш ш rlm
Thus pгеssuге
is put on
the of thе hеad. with its u с rb bit аn d doublе rЬ idlе, liеs аt tlrе oppositе еn d of thе It thе snafflе. iп o с mparison with a lowеr ing
еf fеtс
то
most йе 'mgmе пt s r} р
:iв
аn d еd uсated
м ilт
of thе bitting within the provinсe of
soptristiсаt ed
rider аn d tlrе еd uсаt еd suggеst a thе formеr to of тh e hеad with a far greater щ itЬn ing fimке or bridooщ aсt s to Тh е snаf flе, mist frе hеаd, whilst фе it u с rb whеn ts'rтr еs in аn angle of about 45 degrееs " . ш uth, induсеs a lowеr ing of thе nosе, ] mп ioп of thе lower jаw and of thе poll. of thе u с rb is most usu в ТЬ ш outhpieсe with а eс ntral rr[ it.т а sraight baг mаd е fiп m в .с llgd thе poп . Thе puгposе of thе thus thе tonguе, щ t Ь тo oса mmodate of thе e Ь а г i тr g surfaсеs ш lп гiп g thе sidе of * rе port, to on еitirег ш rй p iее,с ,,"m iп t o direсt oс ntaсt with the baгs. I f " mouthpiеe с wаs madе without a port' moгe upon thе tonguе would bеаг фе bit тf l.tгп be аn d would, therеf oге' thе атsЬ in its гш dетеd less effrсiеn t and dirеtс foоr sе.
pегm itting
tеlов
headsш аp .
of a man wrapped аr ound
с mmonI y used types of bгidI е. The two most o с mplete with above left: Тh e snaffle brid| e o drop nosebаn d, whiсh prevents the horse opening its moUth and evаd ing the iь t. abovei The double bridle with the two bits and double reins, used mаin| y on show horses and ponies' аn d
for dressage.
h с еk
The Pеlhаm bridlе o с mpromisе
bеt wееn
or otlrегw ise sегеity u1ron thе length
тh е
moutlrpiеe с ,
of thе
цс r b
bit
of thе hс еk thе longеr thе
is somеt hirrg of tlrе еxtrеm еs
resеn tеd by the snaffle аn d the doublе used in thе dlе (thе two basiс bridlеs
rеtс
sсh ooling
of the hoгsе) .
Vith
a
rep
bгi o с г onе
usually of the hаlfmoon typе, an addi and а h с еk whiсh inсoгp oratеs tional ring for thе fixing of a bridoon rеin, of tlre thе еf fеtс s to rеp roduсe it аt tеm pts aсt ion of thе thе snafflе lаt tеr . I n praсt iсе,
mouthpieсе,
bit will prеd ominаt e
E ЕП I о I L
Тh е
thе grеatеr bеing the possiblе lеvег tl:e с еek аb ollе agе. Thе lеn gth of thе h thе .еye' mouthpieсе, whiсh inсorpoгatеs of thе bridle is to whiсh thе hеаdpiеeс sig howеveг' of almost еq uаl аt taсh ed, is, nifiсaп е.с A long hс еek will aс usе a grеa on the poll as й е tеr downward prеssurе .eyе' moves forward in rеsponsе to thе appliсation of the rеin, ш ansmitting that to thе plеssuгe through the h с еekpiеe с
a гiding, uЬ t it has аlso aсh iеved yеars. a М ny с nt usе in rеe morе gеn еr al riders employing thе Euгopean systеm of ш aining use' or morе frequently misuse, the bridle, mistakenly supposing it to bе a .kinde/ form of oс ntтol. I n faсt , in thе wrong hands, thе bridlе is a verу sevеr е instrument. bеg аn of thе гiЬ dlе Thе devеlopmеn t еarly in tlrе history of mаn 's аssoсiation with horsеs аn d in oс mPaгative tеr ms it was not long beforе a satisfaсt ory form of Pеr haps suгp risingly, thе harnеss еvolvеd . saddlе and moгe partiсu larly the stirrup, &tost of ttrе was a muсh latеr inш oduсt ion. preChтistiаn usеd oс ver hoгse pеoplеs ings аn d pads, some of thе lаt tеr bеing quitе еlaboгatе' of thеir on tlrе bаkс s Х nophon (430_355 в)с , horsеs, although e possibly bеаu hе was a Spartan, dеrс iеd с se thе praсt iсе mаintaining that thе barе lеg s
when thе bridoon rein
is hеld outsidе thе little finger and oppositе
геsult
thе
whеn тh e will е Ь obtаinеd and thе is revеr sеd
position of tlrе rеins
of his horsе
gave morе
the sweating o с аt sеu с rity.
The limitations of аvс alry operating аf fordеd by а saddlе without thе sеu с rity to be obvious. and stiл гu ps would sееn Pгimarilу, of oс ursе, it pгohibited thе аvс alry soldier еn еm y' but
from lс osing with
it was not until фe
thе
fourth еn с on a wood
tury that a saddlе o с nstгutс еd foundation, the .trеd , was in usе and it took almost anothеr 100 yeагs eЬ fore thе stirrup was invеn ted
and madе
possiЬle
thе
against bodies of infаn try.. Trenсh , autlror of А Charles Chеn еvix с ntribu.tor History of Horsemanship and a o a с valry h с argе
197
Left
A disp| ay of oI d |с assiса| sаd dlеs at Haras du Pin in Fгаne с , inсluding examp| es with high pomme| s and a с nt| es to enс| ose the rider and mаke him diffiсu | t to dis| odge b А ovе An examp| e ottheselle roуаle, a | ess extreme form of enclosing saddle still used by the Spanish Riding Sсh oo| in Viennа. to this book' has this o с mment
to makе:
.I t
is
surprising that horsemеn took 1500 yеаr s to think up something so simple. Onе is reluсt аn tly drivеn to thе distаstеf ul that wе are not rеally a vеr у bright sеt of pеople'.
o с nсlusion
I t is probablе that it was thе Sarmatians, a pеoplе latеr absorbеd by thе Goths, who
usеd
a trее аn d
produсеd
a saddlе
built
high at thе pommеl
and аn с tlе to еnlс ose thе гidеr . Crеd it for thе stirrup goеs to thе Huns of Attila аn d a Chinеsе offiсеr writ ing ln 477 Aо o с nfirms its use yЬ thеsе o М ngolian horsеm еn . Thе same rypе of еnlс osing sаddlе servеd thе mеd iаеv аl knight' whose long stirrups were hung wеll forward so as to allow thе ridеr to rЬ aсе himsеlf against thе a с ntle. This position prеvеn ted his bеing thrown forward and еn ablеd him to with stand the impaсt of the h с argе agаinst
infаn try
without dеp arting
unсеr еm oni
ously ovеr his horse's rump. That sаd dlе todаy as thе еxists in reсognй ablе form !(estеr n saddlе. Tt,e sеllе roуаlе, still used
at thе lс assiсal sсh ools of Saumur and Vienna, thе homе of thе Spаn ish Riding Sсh ool,
u с rrently in rrsе in Portugal and Spain arе its dirеtс dеsеn с dants and littlе differеn t from thе pеr iod. saddlеs of thе latе Rеn aissanсе Thе only major alteration is in the posi and thosе saddles
tioning of the stirrup aЬ rs, plaсed of
йе
whiсh
arе
furthеr to thе rеar than in thе saddlе mounted knight. I n turn, thе modeгn
drеssage saddle, although o с nsideraЬly more strеamlinеd in appеaranсе' has its origins in these saddlеs. Like that of thе aгm oured knight, thе drеssagе saddlе is idеally suitеd to its puгpose, fulfilling thе ride1s rеq uirements in this partiсu laг and spеiс alized branсh of equitation. Drеssagе involves movеm еn ts dеm аn d ing а statе of o с llеtс ion, the hoгse moving
witir the heаd held high аn d the grеatет pаr t of thе wеight bеing a с rriеd over aсt ively engaged qualtеr s. I n oгd еr to inbalanсе rеm аin with thе horse it is nеe с ssary for the ride1s oЬ dy weight to bе positioned аs nеаr ly as possiblе over thе еn с trе ofbаlanсе ofthe horse. I n thе horsе at rest' this a с n е Ь takеn to eЬ at thе junс tion of an imaginаr y vertiсal linе, drawn (6 in) bеh ind thе withеr s from somе 15 m с to the ground, and а horizontal onе drawn from thе point of thе shouldеr to thе rear. I n movеm еn t с ntre of balanсе the horsе' s e govеr nеd shifts forward, its position еiЬ ng by thе аt titudе of thе hеad and neсk whiсh aсt as thе a Ь lanсing agеn t of thе oЬ dy
mass.
I n thе galloping horsе,
whiсh
thе point nеkс , movеs forward. At thе oppositе еxtremе. с lleсt ion, when the horsе is in a state of o thе еlеvated hеad a с rriage and lowеr еd еn с trе to movе rс oup a с usе thе of balаn ес strеt h с es
out its hеad аn d
sADDLЕRY
/ 1 ooo hеаlth is somеt hing \ r mа',y pеople тakе t,or granted.
whiсh I n rhе
horse, it is usuallу regarded as synonуm ous with normal funсt ion, that is thе abil ity to pегf orm thе purposе for whiсh thе
animal is kеp t.
I n oс mmon terms'
a
healthу horsе is а sound horse; o с nvеr sеly, an unsound horse is onе in whiсh usеf ul nеss hаs beеn diminishеd , eiтh еr tеm porar ily or pеr manеntly, by somе diseasе or
unhеаlthy o с ndition. Thе interrelationship of soundnеss and disеasе sums up thе horseman's approaсh to thе suЬieсt ; and it is a praсt iсal аp proaсh . IЕ owеvеr , arе еrс tain thеr е aspеtс s thаt liе outsidе this partiсu lar o с n еp с t. For ехаm ple, a horsе maу havе a disеase, suсh as а mild infеtс ion or a o с ndi tion ofbonе, suсh as a.splint', у еt bе aЬlе to a с rry out a usеf ul funсt ion. At this point' thеr е hаs to eЬ a morе striсt dеf lnition of disеasе, albеit prаtс iсal. Dis еase is anу o с ndition whеr е body struсt urе is abnormally altеr еd . This alterаt ion has a (etiology), a o аu с sе с urse of developmеn t (pathogеn esis), a likеly out and rеo с vеr y o с mе
(prognosis) and
or o с ntrol.
Thеse
rс itеr iа
a
mеans of trеatmсn t a с n bе applied to
all o с nditions, from whеnес
b А ove
they a с n еЬ
broken down into finer divisions of know
ledge suсh as, is thе a infеtс ivе, с usе oг an underlying doеs thе o с ndition hаvе (prеd isposing) I t is nееs с sary
a с usе? to
lс аssify
disеasе both
thе purpose of dеsrс iption and so as
for to
undеr standing of thе sub jеtс . Thе following is a broad lс assifiсation of thosе diseаses whiсh аn у onе o с nсеr nеd with the welfаr е of horsеs o с ц ld еxpeсt to find: infеtс ivе diseases, parasitiс diseasеs, disеаses and o с nditions of bone, disеasеs of thе alimеn tаr y traсt ' disеasеs of thе livеr , disеаsеs of the gеn ital organs' infеr tilitу ,
develop а bеt ter
of pregnanсу,
disеаsеs
born foal, disеasеs yеaгling.
disеasеs
disеasеs
of thе
new
of thе оldеr foal and of thе urinary systеm ,
sуstem, disеases of a с гd iovasсu lar systеm , diseаsеs of thе rеspiratory traсt , disеаsеs of thе еyе and disеasеs of thе skin.
disеases of thе nеr vous thе
I nfеtс ivе I nfеtс ivе disеasеs miсr oorganisms
Disеases arе thosе аu с sеd bу (germs or miсr oЬеs).
_ Thеr e атe thrеe main gloups of miсr oЬеs group is virus, aЬ tс еr ia and Е h с fungus. a
subdividеd into familiеs, gеn еr a and just as mammals arе lс assified speсiеs, aсo с тd ing to thеir partiсu lar h с araсt еr is tiсs. Thus within the group of baсt еr iа thеr е
arе
Strеp toсoiс ' Stаp hуloсocci and
Modern equine veterinaгy praсt iсe is we| lequipped to hand| e suсh problems as manoeuvering an anaesthetised horse on the opеr ating tab| e. Below хaЕ mo| еs of miсr obial infeсt ions. left: n А аn gI eberry on the inside of the с used by thigh a semimalignant tumor, a
a virus, whiсh requires speсiaI treatmеn t middle: Spasm for suсоessfuI erаd iсation. when the side of thе faсе of the thiгd eyе| id is lightly tapped with the finger is a symptom of tеt аn us | | ockiaw| ' right: Craсked heel _ an infeсt ion of the skin in the hollow of the oastern.
тHЕ
b сЮ siella,
o са гd ing
пt ш t
miсr obes
еsтЬ е
to фе h с aгtас еr istiсs displaу under miсr o bioсh еm iсal, sеr ologiсal
u с ltural, 'Елп тt! tpiс' 6фg1 mеaп s of еxаm ination whiсh tсф to distinguish еvеn thе most lс osеlу forms from one аn oфer.
ш dlш в d
ltiсr oЬеs аn с livе on thе surfaсe of the 3ь; n Ф on tlrе muсous membгanes lining
йе
в гious
щ rтh . "
.
body a с vities suсh аs thе etс. Thеy a с n also invadе
gш EtEtures,
and livе within the various body such as the bonеs, livеr or kid
щ s. Not all miсr obеs grm ехist within thе
arе harmful and body in а state of п М u аl еn Ь efit, suсh as the baсt еr iа in thе .сц[ оn ап d u ае с m whiсh digest thе e с l hilсе ard fibге in а horsе's fееd. Bеt wееn thяt do a й оsе с usе diseasе, and the host п t sе еxists quitе a o с mpliсatеd relаt ion shф hас Е type of miсr obе hаs a morе or ] I uк фvеlopеd a с paсity for invading thе
tоd тяn d
toгп l Eс iсе' [Е I I sеs' п irm
5*
thе sеvеr ity
of thе illnеss it
еxяm Plе, thе whiсh аu с ses
rзsш iаt еd with loсаlizеd o с nditions, suсh as infeсt ion of thе uterus, whiсh агe pеu с givеn timе to аn individual. trieт ат aп у \ riп r lenсе a с n bе variablе aсo с rding to .
environmentаl
it is somеt imеs
fЕ oтеvеr ,
foаl rliяr гh oea
rеsponsible
and during epidеm iсs
for
of this
its virulеne с maу inсr еasе as it suсe с ssively тh rough onе a с sе aftеr
m с dition, pesЪs
rthег, onе
Ь ils and/ or wееp ing Smаll o sorеs in skin
S
Bruсеllosis* *
poll еvil Lamеn еss; fistulous withers
Brucellа
Glаn dегs* *
Nаsal
геsulting in a oс rrеsponding in the sеverity of thе epidemiс. of the h с iеf
fаtс ors hеr е
Sуm proms
Cаu sе
аn d
is thе laсk of
аu rеu s
tаp | ц lloсoccus
аb ortus
Leofflеr еllа mаllеi
a с tarrh; fеvеr ; oеd еm аt ous swеllings;
pnеu monia jaundiсе;
Lеp tospinosis* *
Fеvеr ;
Loсkjаw *
Painful spasms
Sаlmonellosis*
Diаr rhoеa,
usually blood suddеn
stainеd ;
Slеepy foal
diseasе*
anaеm ia
\ DИeakness
dеаt h
and fеver
Leptospirа
pon1onа
lС ostridium
tеt аn i
S аlmo S
in
rrc l
l
а
hi mur
tуp
iun
аlmorrcllа еn tеr itidis
еq uuli
Actinobаcillus
nеw born foаl Strangles*
Fеvег; аb sсеssеs
nаsal
disсh argе;
еq ui
Strеp toсoccus
in glands,
mainly of hеad and nеkс \ 0Иasting;
TuЬеr u с losis* *
stiffness of thе
nеkс
Mуcobаctеr iurn tuberсu losis
* Common disеasеs
* * Lеss
o с rш non
diseasеs
Table 2 _ DI sЕAsЕs
A с USЕD
Diseаsе
Chief Sзпllptoms
Virus
Cough; fevеr
I nfluenza
pЕ idеm iс
o с ugh
Sporadiс o с ugh
or stаlЬ е
BY vI RUsЕs
Rhinovirus
Cough; nasal a с tarrh; fevег
somеt imеs
IЕ erpеsvirus
Adеn oviл u s
For
iс rсu mstaп еsс .
ш srаnес thе baсt еr lum known as E. coli is ш iЬ quitous and is found in lаr ge quantitiеs gut аn d fаеsс rn й е of horses. I t also livеs Ь thе soil and rarely aс usеs problеm s.
rnстеаsе
Chiеf
Aсn е*
and the еаsе with whiсh thе o с ndi spreаd s through thе horse population.
baсt еr ium Streptococcus thе disеasе Stranglеs, is rssш tЬ еd with а fеvеr ish o с ndition whiсh through the inmatеs of stц d ryrcads гаp idly E srаblе. on thе othеr hand its lс osе rеla tivе Sttеp tococcus pуogеn еs is more oftеn
щ в o
Disеаse
аu с sing damagе. This propеr ty is аs viл u lеn ес and is rеoс gnized in
уЬ
0F тHЕ н OпsE
тЕ I AL DI sЕAsЕs BAсR
TaЬle r
vаg ina,
..suеs
HЕALTH
Pneumoniа
Afriсan
horsе
Fеvеr ; difflсu lt or abnoгm al bгеаt hing (еspеiс allу in foals)
Adеn ovirus
Pneц m onia
Rеoviтu s
Hеr pesviл u s
and enteritis
siсknеss Sma] l disсr еt е o с rnifiеiс
!Иarts
virus
Pаp ova
growths usually aгound
rп lzzle Prolifеr ating growths with tеn denсy to
AnglееrЬ riеs (sarсoids)
ulсеr atе
Papova viгu s
and bleеd
Spots (сoital
Small ulсеr s
еxanthema)
mare and pеn is
qЕ uinе
Fever; anaеm ia; swеllings on lеg s and dependеn t
infeсt ious
anaеm ia
on l'ц lva
of
qЕ uid
hеr pеsvirus
of stallion
Unсlassifiеd
parts
Table
3
_DI sЕAsЕs
Disеаse
A с USЕD
BY FUNGUS AND oTнR Е Microbе
Sуm ptoms
Ringworm
SсаЬ o с vеr еd
lеsions on off to геveаl
Brokеn
wind
Abortion
IЕ eaves,
] vI I R с oBЕs
iс rсu lar skin pееling ulсеr
Fungus: (Miсr osporum) (Triсh ophуt on)
o с ugh
Thiсkеn ed
plaсеn ta
Various spеiс еs of fungus
Gutturаl
pouсh
myсosrs
Biliaгy
fеver
(Piл oplasmosis, Babеsiosis)
llaemoгr hagе down nosе Fеvеr ; anaemia;
jaundiсе
Protozoa (spеiс еs of Piroplаsmа)
201
0t тн E
тн E A н Е Lтн
H0RsЕ
rеsistаne с
of a foаl. whiсh doеs not havе immunity against bаtс erial infес tions аs has usually bееn developеd bу
thе same
adults.
I mmunity is another faсt or in thе rela tionship еtЬ weеn miсr obе and host. An individual gathers immunity yЬ thе aс pa iс ty of spеiс аl еlс ls in thе body to produсе protеtс ivе substanсes (antibodiеs) whiсh nеu tralize the invading miсr obе. The anti must of o to thе miс с ursе bе speсifiс robe, or it will havе little or no effeсt in prеventing it from beсoming еstablishеd in thе body tissuеs. For example thеr е arе two strains of influеn za virus whiсh are popu larly аlс lеd thе iМ ami and Praguе strains. Thе horsе mаy bе immunе to thе Praguе o Ь dy
strain, bеa с usе it has еxperiеnеdс this infеtс ion bеf orе and is aс paЬle, thеr еf orе, of produсing Praguе sш ain antibodies, u Ь t the same individuаl may е Ь susсeptiьlе the iМ ami strain bеa с use no previous eхpеr ienсe
had samе if the individual had onе' but not thе othеr
diffеr еnес would exist vаiс natеd with straln.
bееn
Vаiс nеs
thе body has
of it. Thе
way in
anothеr
illusш ate
whiсh an individuаl may devеlop immun ity. I n this a immunity is artifiсial, с sе thе but thе prinсiple of naturally devеloping immunity is similar. Protеin, in the form of the whole or pаr t
miсr obe, еn ters the by thе host tissuеs
of thе
с gnized bodу аn d is rеo
as foreign. Thе antigеn
3rd stage infeсt ive | аr uae
to
protеin
is known
of stimulаt ing
and is a с paЬlе
as thе
produсt ion of antibody. The immunitу and thе vaсiс nе' with thе miсr obe whiсh is solid and lasting in somе aс sеs с sе and weak or limitеd in othегs. I n the a
vаr iеs
Ь ostеr oг tеt anus (loсk jaw), o rеq uired following vаiс nаt ion, sinсе immunity gradually dеrс еаsеs. Quite apart fгom immunity, individuals vary in their rеsponse to infeсt ion bеa с use of prеd isposing fаtс ors, whiсh make thе
of influеn zа dosеs arе
rhe I ife yс |с e of Strongуlus vulgaгis. I nfeсt ive I arvaе (third stage on| у) are eaten b\ r the horse and in the gut theУ burrow into bI ood vesseI s аn d migrate to the main afteriaI root where they deve| op fuгt heг. Adults return to the intestine and lay eggs whiсh are pаssedout to repeat the yс |с e. Right Mаggots of the bot f| y in the stomaсh ' gЕ gs, I aid on the hairs by the aduI t f| ies, are | iсked off by the horse and hatсh in the stomaсh . Тh e maggots attaсh to the stomaсh wаI I and I aгg e infestations may rupture it.
b А ove
TaЬlе
4
o с nformation,
utеr us to beсomе infeсt ion.
morе
The oс mmon equinе miсr obёs
arе
pгonе disеases
shown in Tаb lеs
a с uses
the
Sуm Dtoms
Pаr аsitе
Strongylosis
Diarrhoеa; loss of с liс; аn aеm ia o с ndition; o
Strongуlus Strongуlus Strongуlus
lLulgаr is
еq uorum
Asсariasis
Diarrhoea in foals; o с liс; rЬ onсh opnеu morria
Pаr аsаrс is
Oxyuriasis
Rubbing tаil
Oхуu ris
Tapеw orm
Nonе
n А oploсephаlа
to bаtс еr iаl a с used yЬ I , 2 and З.
oF TI I Е HoRsЕ
Diseаse
a marе that body susсeptible. For еxаm plе takеs air into thе genital trаtс bеa с usе of
faulty perinеal
DI sEAsЕs
Е DOPARASI TI с N
edеn tаt us
еq uinus
еq ui
pеr foliаt а
Parasitiс
Diseasеs
organisms whiсh
Bot maggot
live at the
Pаr аsitеs
аr е
еxpеn sе
of another, but whiсh do not
nеe с ssarilу аu с se dеath.
Gastritis ; pеr foration reсt аl haemorrhagе
Gаstrophilus
intеst
inаlis
of thе stomаh с ;
harm it, nor do they usually
Thеy
arе thеr еf ore
distinсt
although somе parаsitеs do from miсr obеs, produсe sevеr e effeсt s, whiсh may havе is the fatal oс nsequеneс s. An еxаm plе ,zlulgаr is andS. еd еn redwoгm , Strongуlus
DI sЕAsЕs oF
с Е OPARASI TI с Table 5 _ T
TI { Е
н oRsЕ
Disеаsе
Sуm ptorns
P аr аsite
Liсe
I rritation; rubbing; loss of hаir
Boaicolа
in larval phase spеn t in the lЬ ood vеssels in the peritoneum in thе former a с sе and
Tiсks
с rry disеasе I rritation; a
I xodidaе and Argasidaе spеiс es
the lаt tеr .
.N,l.ange
tаn ls,
I } :e
life yс lс е of
whiсh inсludes
a
Parasites may spend pаr t of thеir in a frее living statе' that is, dеvelopmеn t unassoсiated with the host. Their parasitiс existenсe may е Ь spеn t inside (endopаr а (еtс oparasitеs) or on thе surfaсе of thе body. Thе main еn do and eсt opara sitiс disеаsеs of thе horsе arе shown in
suсh
as enсеp halomyеlitis
Sсаb s; intеn se
irritation;
loss of hair; skin thiсkеn еd aЕ r
mangе
sitеs),
Autumn itсh ing
Hеаd shаking; rubbing Pimplеs
Sarсoptеs
equi
and
Psoroptеs
stamping;
and sсasЬ
on legs
hС orioptеs
Trombiсu lа
equi
аu tumnаlis
(harvest mites)
тHЕ
Disеasеs and Conditions of Bonе
and еn dostеu m oц t er surfaсе on its inner surfaсe. These two memЬr anes mould thе shapе ofthe o Ь nе yЬ u Ь ilding and brеaking
down thе 3;п е
cisеasе'
аs suсh , is rare in the horsе,
:s oс nfiл ed
* гц :
g:а h .= s
mainly to disordеr s of
rn horsеs up
эll. I n oldеr
to the agе of
about two
it maу oсu in с r :дsеs оt nutrirional imЬalanсе. From thе .тl.:г = :nаn 's viеw point, thеsе arе o с ndi (sometimеs pаinful) :з s of еnlargеm еnts ;г: n:л d thе fеt loсk and abovе thе knееs or rз .:с: < s iл foаls and yеarlings aс usеd by
г= ,тm аt ion
:?Цh isiris)' 1.г\ еs
=е
horsеs.
of thе growth plate oт rеoс gnizaЬle in older
.Ьig аs head' in whiсh thе bonеs of and distortеd . п еаd bеo с mе softеn еd
\ [ оsт o с nditions affeсt ing bonе in !L] .s. apaгt ftom nutritionаl disturЬ т ^ :s. аn с
bе traсеd to trаu ma or infеtс ion. undегstanding is aсh ievеd by rес is not a stаt iс Struсt urе' r= _.zino thаt bonе a] г .аn it be regardеd in isolаt ion from its ::= iоn ship with ioints or from its attаhс = r.i lo ligamеnts and musсle (sее Thе Ь: d1 of thе Horsе) . Bone is linеd bу a finе _е= гаn Ь е known as pеr iostеu m on its
Ч
тп е г
bony substаneс
whiсh
is
nourishеd by blood vеssels аn d is oс m posеd mainly of a с lсium and phosphoгu s laid down in a systеm of a с nаls or spaсes sц r roundеd by o Ь ne e с lls. I n praсt iсе, wе e Ь o с me aware of bony disordеr s in thе form of lumps whiсh may painful or painlеss, smаll oг lаr gе, and еЬ may or maу not a с usе lаm еn еss. Thеse аr е known as .splints', high and low тingbonе, ossеlеt s, bonе spаvin' soге or buсkеd shins' pеd al ostitis or' as thе vеt еr inarian would saу' exostosеs, i.е. o Ь ny outgrowths. Col leсt ivеly, thеy arе thе rеsult of inflamma tion ofthе pеr iostеu m and thе raising up of the finе mеm brane from thе surfaсe of thе bonе. The rеatс ion usually sprеads to nеighbouring tissuеs a с using a fibrous с еs swеlling whiсh prееd thе laying down of nеw o Ь nе
beneath thе
pеr iostеal
lining.
in .splints'. I I erе thе lig thе dеvеlopment of amеn t binding thе splint to thе a с nnon This rеatс ion is
bonе
mav o ес Ь mе
at its most typiсal
sееn
and a fibrous
аf fеtс еd
HЕALтH
0t тHE H0RsЕ
reaсt ion devеlops, whiсh аn с bе sееn dis plaсing thе skin outwards over the sitе of rеatс ion. After a timе nеw bonе is laid с llousеd , down and thе splint beсomes a quitе a gradually diminishing in sizе ovеr long period of time. .Splints' mаy also be a с ц sеd bу fraсt urе
of тh е slеn dеr shаf t of thе o Ь nе, whiсh rеsults in a a с llus, that is nеw bonе devеloped in the fiЬr ous rеatс ion betwееn the sеvеr еd еn ds of the shaft. Thе a с llus part, as fгatс ц r еd fixеs аn d rе unitеs thе also oсu с rs whеn laгg еr o Ь nes are fraс tuгed, providing thе
еn ds
of thе bonе
arе
immobilizеd . Soге and buсkеd shins arе rеsult of stress fraсt uтеs oftеn thе of thе a с nnon bone. Resembling nothing molе thаn rс aсks in hс ina, thеy arе difflсu lt to dеm onstrate on Х ray. Nonеt helеss thеy еvoke a rеatс ion of thе periostеu m аn d painful еn largеm еn t at thе sitе of fraсt ц r e. The I ower parts of the I egs, where the bonе is |с ose to the skin, аr e the regions where exostoses o с mmon| y oсu с r. Тh ese show аs bulges through the skin. Areas likely to be affeсt ed on the foreI eq aгe shown below.
high ring boп e
low ring bone
pеd aI
ostitis
20з
a
тHE HЕALтH
0F
тн E
н oRsE
Thе pеr iosteum may bеoс mе damagеd whеn ligamеn ts or joint a с psules are torn аt
thе point whеr е
insеI t into
thеy
lining of the oЬ nе. ossеlets
the outеr
and
sеsаm oiditis аr е еxamplеs. I n thеsе a с ses thе rеatс ion takеs muсh thе samе o с urse, typifiеd by heat, pain аn d swelling. Arthritis mеаn s inflammation of a joint and the sу m ptoms arе swеlling, hеat and pain when the joint is movеd. Joints arе o с mposеd of sеvеr аl struсt urеs, onе or more of whiсh may bе damagеd , thus giv ing the symptoms of a sprainеd joint, uЬ t
requiring vеt erinary
investigаt ion
to
dеt ermine thе еxaсt natц r е of thе o с ndi tion. For еxamplе а swollеn , pаinful fet loсk joint may bе a с used bу a sprain of thе joint a с psulе' a suppolting ligаm еn t, or of thе artiсu lar surfаеsс of thе ioint. Thе surfaсe of the oЬ nеs forming a ioint is linеd yЬ a с rtilagе, whiсh is softеr than bone and is aЬlе
to
rеp laсе
I ost through wеar.
thе еlс ls
that arе
Anу pгoеsс s
whiсh
dаm agеs thе surfaсe, suсh as infеtс ion or trauma. sеt s up an inflammatory rеatс ion'
i.е. аr thritis. The swеlling of аr thritis is a с usеd bу an inсr easе in sуn ovial fluid (joint oil) whiсh mаkеs the a с psulе bulge. A soft swеlling is produсеd аnd this aс n е Ь points around the joint. Thе fеlt at e с rtаin arthlitiс arеa oп thе joinds suгf aсе maу be likened to an ulсеr . It a с n hеal or o ес Ь me progrеssivеly с es deeper until it rеah thе pro bone beneath, whiсh maу rеspond yЬ duсing new bone in an еf fort to rеp air thе damagе. llowevеr , this new bone is usu allу too fragilе or too profusе to aсh ievе funсt ional rеp air of thе joint. The oс nsе quеnес is sееn as bony outgrowths from
the ioint suгf aсе from whiсh small piееsс bеo с mе detaсh ed. Thеse piееsс liе frее in
thе joint a с vitу
and arе
o с mmonlу
as joint miсе.
dеsrс iЬed
Any oЬ nе
in thе oЬ dу maу
bе
fraсt ured, u Ь t
affеtс еd arе thе pastегn ) pedal, sesamoid, a с rpal, a с nnon may bе simplе and pelviс bonеs. Fraсt urеs с mpound and the broken pieсes widеlу or o _ that is proш ud separated or o с mminutеd ing й r ough thе skin. Trеatmеn t of frас tures o с nsists of immobilizing thе part yЬ a Ь ndagе support or yЬ intеr nal or plаstеr fixation.
most o с mmonly
between the tarsа| bones right A horse with a broken leg is usuaI I y put doWn beсause the h of с аn e с s its being sound after the fraсt ure has healed аr e smaI I but treаt ment mav be worth while in the аsс e of stud stalI ions аn d brood mares' This horse has а frаtс ured a с nnon bone; the I eg has been enсased in p| аster and a wooden support is inсorporated Be| ow А sp| it pastern, whiсh may be aс usеd by jumping, аn be treаt ed by sсr ewing the с pieсes together' left: n А xray of a split pаstern viewed from behind. right: The same I eg, viewed from the side, afteг treatment.
Above
Fraсt ures thosе
Above left An x.ray of the hoсk, showing a joint mouse I ying in the ,ioint a с vity
THE HEALТH Ul
Disеases
of the
| Ht
| | Ut{ st
Alimеn tary
Traсt
is the oс ndition
Cо[ iс
most frеq uently
in this a с tеg oгy с ntехt , I n this o from a disturbanсe
n с o с untеr еd a Ь l horsеs.
trьing
тl г
Thе
tгtас .
pain a с usеs
in stud or sta it implies pаin
in thе alimеn the horsе to
symptoms suсh as sweating, епс ain gп . ing тt rе ground, looking round аt thе iзпks, гolling or lying on the $ound (flat
w фо
гiЬ skеt
on thе
п . ut.
..о
or on thе
rеf using
a Ь kс ),
and passing dungs of аb normal е аt or quality quдn tity (usually dеrс еasеd ) п аr d,
soft, smеlly
muсousсovеr ed,
or
* iаr rhoеaiс) .
Тh е
vetеr inаr ian
distiп g uishes
a
с liс, of o
aсo с rd symptoms and bаsed on thе
of differing typеs
u з mЬеr
.rg to thе :еsults of exаm inations
of
abdominal
(boгo Ь rygmi) resulting from pеr is * оц n ds palpation :в Jsis, lЬ ood, rеtс al tempеr аt uге; pеr rectum and o с ntеn ts аЬ ominal о t тh e d
of peritoneal fluid obtainеd through the .belly' Punсt uге
еsал. ination щ needlе
:nusсles maу also aid diagnosis. с liс аr e: types of o Тh е h с iеf i. Simplе stoppagе (impaсt ion) aс usеd food u са mulаt partiallу digestеd yЬ are ing in thе lumеn of thе gut. Thеr е this is most likеly sitеs whеr е еrс tаin flеxurе namely in thе pеlviс to oсu с r' and с u ес m с lon, in thе a of thе largе o thе last part of the small intеs whеr е Thе фе a с u ес m. rinе (ilеu m) еn tеr s quantity of food involvеd dеp ends on I n thе ileum it тh е sitе of obstгu tс ion. с u ес m, с lon or a is small, but in thе o с mц latе. laтg e quantitiеs may aсu ii. Tympany, aс usеd by gasе, ous distеn tion of the gut whiсh may bе a rеsult of or ovеr produсt ion of fегm еn в t ion gаs у Ь
not noгm аllу
baсt eria
prеsеn t
in
gut. Tympany may involvе quаn titiеs of gаs or bе еn oгm ous
тh е
to a small part of thе
o с nfinеd
iп
еithег
stretсh еd ,
a с sе the wall of thе a с using pain.
gut, but
gut is
implies an ovеr gut wall, and this irritа
iii' Spasmodiс o с liс of thе
tас ivity iЬ 1ity
rеsults
аr e
aсеn с tuated dons of gas.
in painful spasms whiсh bу loсal цсаm ula
o с liс follows thе ir.' Tfuomboartеr itiс of lЬ oсking of а small oг largе rЬ anсh whiсh supply blood to the the artегiеs в ' all of the gut' Thesе artеr ies travеl in yЬ whiсh the gut is thе mеsеn tеr ies с vity. suspеn ded in thе abdominal a аr e The most oс mmon sitеs affеtс еd с u ес m' and thе a тh е small intеstinе с usе of throm and the most frequеn t a bus is damagе
a с usеd
to lЬ ood vеssеls
bv the laгval forms of thе rеd worm parasitе S. oulgаr is, с liс of this last form of o sеveтity jеp еn ds pаr tlу on thе area of wall whiсh ofblood, whiсh in turn dеp ends Ь dеp rivеd in whiсh thе lс ot sizе of thе artеr y ..n тh е ofhappеn thе sеq uenсе lo.lgеs. IЕ owеver, iп ss is muсh thе sаm e in all aс sеs, namеly .iе depгivеd arеa bеoс mеs inflamеd and ffеn ' if an аltеr nativе с nnot blood supply a .эе
Thе
dеvеlopеd теssеls, thе
from nеighbouring blood palt .diеs in a statе
affеtс ed
I nflammation similar to gangrеn е. (pеr itonitis) of the outer lining of the gut a с uses aсu te pain and may rеsult in two to onе аd hеr еn t с ming loops of bowеl bеo ап other
(adhеsions).
Damage of this naturе
obsш цtс ion
bеa с use
a с usеs
an aсu tе
pеr istalsis
(thе
movеm ent of thе gut whiсh propеls the traсt ) does not food along thе alimеn tаr y pаr t oI produсеs a rеf lеx rс oss thе affеtс еd paralysis of o lengths of bowel. с nsidеr able с liс dеpеn d Thе sеverity and duration of o с es I n some аs the dаm agе. on thе еxtеn t of it may resolve, uЬ t in othеr s it maу lead to profound disturbanсеs in fluid and sаlt
in a с lminatе of thе blood аn d u of shoсk and heart failurе. Twistеd gut (volvulus) is anotheг еxаm ple of an aсu te obstruсt ion. Portions of thе
o с ntеn t statе
pain, arising from a variety of с liс. top: PгoI onged a с uses, is teгm ed o ro| | ing is а typiсal symptom. bottom.. Part of the sma| | intestine, exposed duгing an opeгation, showing the blood vesseI s whiсh a с n beсome bI oсked due to damage by redworm; deprived of its blood supply the gut с I iс pain гesu| ts. beсomes inf| amed and o
Abdominа|
.tied intеstines o ес Ь me through tеars in еn в n glеd with similar oс nsеquеnеsс
in a knot тt rе
oг
mеsеn terу'
to aс sеs of
thromЬu s. A ruprurеd arterial bloсkagе bу gut may bе the sеq uеl to any typе of o с liс, following гympany, but is most frеq uеn t from thrombus oI thе aсt ivity of dаm аg e parasitЪs. The stomаh may гupturе с с u ес m and a ес Ь use of tympany, but the a с nsеq uеnеsс o с lon aгe morе pronе to thе o 20s
THЕ
0t тHE HoRsЕ
HEALTн
of parasitiс damаg e. Thеr e аr e spеiс fiс o с nditions in whiсh o с liс is thе prеd ominant sign, suсh as grass siсkness. Thе a с usе of this disеase has not
bеen
еstablishеd , dеspitе intеn sivе sinсe it was first rеp ortеd
rеsеarсh
аs
oсu с rring in an army aс mp in Sсotlаn d at thе turn of the e с ntц r y. u с rrеn t opinion fаvours
thе hypothesis that it is a с used
toxin in thе grass or othеr feеd,
by a
whiсh
damаg еs the nervеs of thе sу m pathеt iс sys tеm supplу ing thе gut' a с using paralуsis of
thе аlimеn tary
traсt .
Colitis Х is thе namе givеn to а sеvеr е and usually fatal o с ndition in whiсh thе wall of the 1аr gе o с lon bеo с mes thiсkenеd and haеm orrhаgiс. Тh is oс ndition is thought to bе аu с sed у Ь a toxin produсed by baсt еr ia in the hind gut. Dеath oс mеs about bу shoсk and gross disturЬanсеs in thе eleсш olyte and fluid balanсе of thе
b А ove
Diagnosis of uterine infeсt ions may a biopsy speсimen. Тh e vet inserts his arm into the reсt um to Dress the uteгine requiгe
waI I into the jаw s of the biopsy forсeps. sma| | pieсe of tissue is removеd and
A
prepared foг miсr osсopiс examinаt ion.
body.
Tlеatmеn t
of o с liс
nosis, but it is largеly
impaсt ions
arе ffеatеd
dеp ends on the diag symptomatiс. Simplе
with oilу lubriсаn ts
and salt solutions administеr ed stomaсh tubе. Pain is o с ntrolled
yЬ
by
administеr ing suitable drugs, fluid and еltес rolytе may be transfused into the lЬ ood anсе
strеam to o с unter unfаv ourablе bal that rеsults from morе sеvеr е forms of
alimеn tary
surgery is usеd
oЬstruсt ion. to o с rreсt
Abdominal twists and otheг
anatomiсаl obstruсt ions whiсh relievеd bу mеd iсal thеr apy.
a с nnot
bе
Chokе This o с ndition is еno in horses of с untеr еd all agеs, inсluding foals. The most drama tiс sуm ptom is thе sudden profuse dis h с argе, down oЬ th nostrils' of salivа, o с l. ourеd grееn or brown aсoс rding to thе naturе of the diеt at thе timе. The аf fеtс еd animal usuаlly
has аn anxious еxprеssion and maу stand with its head over its watег supply, pеr haps swilling water through its mouth' but not swallowing. Thе o с ndition is a с usеd bу a dry bolus offood or an oЬj tес suсh аs a piеес of wood beсoming lodgеd
in thе gullet or oеsophagus. with tranquilizing typе dтu gs
Trеatment
a с rrying
trеаt ing unwantеd pigments
of
thе
as well аs
vital part in thе digestivе
of the live1s funсt ions,
thеr eЬy
proсеs
disеаsе pigmеn t bеa с usе
a с us foг
e Ь аu с sе of hаеm olytiс еx e с ss red lЬ ood еlс 1 is rеlеаsed into thе lЬ ood strеam of baсt еr ial or viгаl infеtс ion, or may oсu с r
in whiсh
a ес Ь usе
of isoimmunе
haеm ol1tiс
jaundiсe
diseasе
of the nеw born
thus flooding the livеr
whiсh
(sее
foal),
normаlly
pigments in thе bilе. I nstead thе pigmеn t rеt цr ns to the bloodstream, аlbeit in an аltered form, and satц r аt еs thе
еxrс etеs thеse
tissues and mеmrЬ anеs, turning visiblе Thе livеr itsеlf may bе dam aged у Ь infеtс ion oг poisons and o с nsе quently bеo с me unaЬlе to deal with noг mal quantities of pigment reaсh ing it in thе bloodstream. This аlso a с uses jaun diсe, but in addition it maу interferе with а numЬer of liver funсt ions whiсh mаy lеad
еn zymеs whiсh entеr into innumeraЬlе metaboliс sуstеm s forming thе basis бf lifе. Damage of any kind (from infеtс ion,
to wasting and nеr vous disordеr s, as thе livеr fails in its digеstive and detoхia с ting powеr s. q infеtс ious anаemiа Е uinе аn d ragwort or mеt al poisoning aге еxamples.
206
impair onе or
I nflammation of thе
livеr
is
known
hеp atitis.
parts yеllow.
sеs of thе gut; it aсt s аs а store for sugar in the foгm of glyсogеn ; and it is а souгес of
toxins, poisons еt )с may
Uterine infeсt ions may be tгeаt ed With аn tibiotiсs administered through а a с theter whiсh гemains in oosition throughout the illness to simplify eаh с treatment.
Mastitis is a baсt eriaI infeсt ion of the Uddeг. Treatment invo| ves intгoduсing antibiotiс through the teat aс na| .
еxamplе,
pro duсt s of digestion from the gut and thereЬy plays a stratеg iс paгt in assimilating thе protеin, a с rЬohydratе and fats ofthе diеt ; it dе toxiсatеs, or works on toxiс substanсеs of food (or of drugs administеr еd yЬ mouth or injеtс ion), h с anging thеm from hаr mful to innoсu ous o с mpounds. I t forms part of thе dеf еn ес mеh с аn ism of thе body; hеlps to rеg ulаt e thе protein lеv el in thе blood produсеs stlеаm ; bile whiсh is a mеans of I t filtеr s blood
b А ove
Right
ing symptoms of disease. Jaundiсе,
of thе Livеr
Thе liver has an еn ormous numЬеr
a
mating.
morе
Disеasеs
playing
CoitaI eхanthema in the mare. Тh is is a virus infeсt ion whiсh affeсt s both maгe and stalI ion and is contraсt ed durino
is usually
suсe с ssful.
funсt ions.
Above
Disеasеs
of thе Gеn ital Organs
The a М re Thе gеn itаl
organs of thе mаr е o с mprisе tubеs, uterus, еrс vix, vаg ina, vulva and mammary glands. Prim аr y disease of thеsе organs is o с mpara thе
ovaгies,
fаllopiаn
tivеly rare, but sеo с ndary o с nditions arе o с mmon. Tumours of thе ovary аn d
тHE HEALTн
rш еr ine or infеtс ions with Klеb siеllа and oс itаl Pradomonos spеiс еs' mnтh еm а (spots) arе еxamplеs of the fust grorrp. Uterinе infеtс ion willo S trе p to с o c ci
тп l othеr aЬ tс еr iа usuallу follows prеdis pоsing faсt ors suсh as pooг o с nfoгm ation pеr inеu m whiсh allows аir r.ц lvа and dй е I D еI rteг traсt . the gеn itаl Nl'аstitis, i.е. inflammation of thе mam glаn ds may oсu but without thе с r, ш аr .г с ws arе suЬ ш tifiсiаl mi1king to whiсh o it is quitе rаr е. Barrеn marеs seеm igсt еd , affеtс еd аs marеs with a D еь аs frеq uеn tly fоаl аt foot or those whiсh havе reсеn tly аiМ den marеs' yearlings еп Ь wеanеd . :n< l, еv еn , I n most foals may bе affеtс ed. ес Ь mes swol Gasеs onе half of thе uddеr o painful with symptoms of disсom l.еn ап d hind limb lamе or in sеvеr e aс sеs, in oedеm atous swellings dеvеlop
f,ш ъ
п еss.
ftont of the glаn d or in an upwards diгес thе hind legs. Casеs may е Ь п тЬ bеt wееn п е аt е d with antibiotiсs administerеd bу iп га musсu lar oг intramammary routes.
The Stаllion Тh е
s gеn itаl
с nsist of thе organs o aсe с ssory epididymis, vas defеr еn s,
sтаllion
lеstеs,
pеn is
and thе
sсгotum
8lап d s,
с nditions Again primary o
s} rеаt lr.
осп sisting
of tumours of thе
tеstеs
and its аr е rаr e, or infес
Thе stаllion speсiеs. (spots) mау by o с itаl еxanthеm a bе аf feсt еd гh iih is а venerеal infеtс ion, and is aс used sprеad at o с itus ф а Herpеs viгu s infеtс ion tioп
duе
to
sith аn п h iсh
Klеb siеllа
marе.
infеtс еd
Small vеsiсlеs
to rеv еal small
г еa Ь k
thе pеn is.
ulсers, dеvelop
o аЬ ut ten daуs during whiсh timе thе ulсers Ъ nеe с ssary, may hеаl. I f the stallion is usеd , the ulсеr s eхe с edingly painful. and bсo с mе o с аlеse с
oп
Sеxuдl
rеst for
genitalia arе exposеd to Thе eхt еr nаl is iп j ury, еspеiс ally sinсе thе o с ital tас so there is a o с п t rollеd by manаg еm еn t' a marе yЬ kгЬ of thе stallion bеing kiсk еd frаt is not тh е pеn is аlтh ough аn d геsult пe ес ssitatе
pгopеr ly in heat. llаеm аt omas of are the most o с mmon injuriеs, с r blows to the sсr otum may oсu in oеd ematous swеllings whiсh prolongеd pеr iods of rest.
I nfеr tilitv implies a rеlаt ivе rеd uсt ion
in
еf fiсiеnyс of brееd ing maу eЬ Eаеd с to thе marе or
and its
I п f еп ility тh е
ещ reсt ed
thе oгigins sтlд lion. Thе definition dеpеn ds to somе rхt ent on аn arbitrary approaсh ; for еxam plе' that a mаr е may bе expеtс еd to brееd in thе seleсt еd с nсеivе еveгv vear and to o
М rсh to Junе inсlusivе. Somе months of a marеs may, for physiologiсal reasons, fail еvery yеar or during the аriЬ t to o с nсеivе
rаr ily
sеason. Suсh brееd ing sеltес еd and infеr tilе marеs arе not iЬ ologiсally еЬ sought in managеr ial с thеir failurе аn is, reasons. Thеr е rathеr than pathologiсаl no lс еar dividing linе bеt wееn с uгsе, of o .infеr tiliqy' аn d thе rеasons for this t1pe of pathologiсal infertility whiсh may a с use a marе to bе morе diffiсu lt to .get in foal', pеr haps for rеasons of mild infеtс ion of thе wittr a of bеing mаt еd uterus' or bеa с use
is not stallion, whosе quality of sеm еn с nсеp tion. high to ensure o suffiсientlу с mpletе inаb ility Sterilitу impliеs ttrе o с sеd by and this may bе аu to o с nсеive abnormalitiеs,
h с romosomаl
senility, of the uterus, bloсk
induratеd o с nditions thе fallopian tubеs or tumours of the
agе of
ovary.
0t тHЕ H0RSE
Noninfeсt ivе reаsons for aboгt ion are lеss wеll undеr stood. Thеy inсludе possiblе
gеn еt iс' immunologiс, hormonаl or iс r but an absenсe of u с latory disturbanсеs, dеt ailеd knowlеd ge
providеs
on thе suЬj tес
us only with a thеoretiсal approaсh to diagnosis. Thus a proportion of aborting yеar. rеm ain undiagnosеd еah с с mmon form of Thеr e is now onlу onе o с usеd by еp idemiс abortion, namеly that a 1. This virus primarily qЕ uid Hеr pеsvirus
a с sеs
thе rеspiratory
infеtс s
systеm and thе abortion in rеlativеly is unknown. Abortions oсuс г to ninth month of in thе sеventh latеr еv еn u Ь t somе аsс еs oсu с r
гeason why it a с usеs
fеw
a с sеs
most oftеn
pгеg nаnус,
up to full tеr m. The abortion is usually spontaneous without prеm onitory mam and the foеt al mеm mary dеvelopmеn t expеllеd with thе foal or shortly aftеr wаr ds. Affеtс ed foals born lс osе to full
rЬ anеs are
I nfeгt ility in thе stallion maу bе tеm por ary (perhaps following injury) or pеr ma nent. symptoms inсlude low libido (e.g. mount rеd uсеd iаЬ lity to h ас iеvе еr tес ion, or low ing, intromission or еj aсu lаt ion)
term show signs of septiсaemia (i.е. inсr easing weaknеss), аn d die within
(in tеr ms of low spеr m quality sеm еn abnormal o с unt, motilitу or inсr еаsed tlre stallion forms). Similarly to thе mаге, in егсt ain iс лu с mstаnеsс , maу bе infеr tilе in oг mismаn agеd suсh as if ovеr woгked
Thе most o с mmon singlе noninfеtс ivе a с use of abortion is twins. Thе mаr е's plaсenta o с vеr s thе wholе of the utеr inе
othеr ways,
yеt
fertilе
if usеd
undеr
optimаl
с pa o с nditions. .l\ 4ost stаllions should е Ь a с t of o с nсep ovеr 70 pег еn of aсh iеv ing at a rаt е of tions in a group of 40 mагеs,
1 Ь е
pег stц d sеa pег maге, aЬout 2.5 serviсеs ratеs may bе еxperi son. Lеss pгoduсt ivе until thе individual is 1еvе1, еn еd с to еvеr y in аn y с nсеp tion inсapablе of aсh iеv ing o prеsеn tеd to him, аn d is thеr еf orе mаr еs foг praсt iсal dеf inеd аs sterilе. Howеv еr , pulposes, stallions that a с nnot aсh iеvе ratеs of morе tЬaг, 2О per еn с t fеr tility arе infеr tile. rеg ardеd as o с mpletеly
Disеasеs of Prеg nanсy normаlly lasts 320 Pгеg nanсy in thе mаr е to 360 days. Foals born bеt ween 300 and as prеm aturе) and 320 days arе dеsrс ibеd diffiсu lty small, wеak and hаvе are usuаllу 300 days in surviving. Foals oЬ rn bеf orе said to havе bееn of survival.
arе
abortеd ,
and hаve no
a с usеd
by infеtс ion
h с anсе
с n еЬ Abortion a
miс ftom baсt eria, virus or fungus. Thеsе .attаlс { and./ or thе foеt al the plaсеn ta robеs thus dеstroying thе organs and oЬ dу, a с paсity
to livе
or to devеlop
normallу.
aЬout
с sеs four days ofbirth. I n thеsе a
mare may havе dеvelopment
suгf еас
and o с lostrum
and thегe
for аr еa
normal
in thе uddеr .
o с mpetition
is, thегеf orе,
of attаh с ment
if two foеt usеs
с sеs, onе I n thе mаj oriтy of a tionaте sizеs. thе abortion of both, twin diеs and аu с sеs months of tlre sеventh аn d tеn th bеt wееn prеg nanсy.
yМ o с tiс
(fungal) abortion is most o с m
mon in aЬout
thе
ninth month. Thе
а brown ish stiсky exudatе on its surfaсe. The fun gus sprеаd s slowly ovеr thе plaсental sur gradually dеstroying morе and morе faсе, plaсеn ta ес Ь mе and a с using тh е foеt us to o undеr nourishеd and еm aсiatеd . Abortion foetus is wеakenеd oсu с гs beсause thе or is еxpellеd from thе diеs, аn d thеr еf orе аn y faсt or whiсh aс n ц t еr ц s. IЕ owеvеr ,
plаеn с ta
a с usе suсh
is grossly thiсk enеd witlr
a disturbаnес
mаy
within
mnron wall of uterus
MUMMI F| A с т| oN oЕ UAL
sI ZЕD
тWI Ns
UNЕoUALтW| NS
opеr аt е
The o с mmon с nсeption of twins is a o a с use of аb ortion' Тh е foa| ,s birth weight is proportionа| to the surfaсe area of its p| aсentа аn d twins are a| ways smа| ler than singI etons. Twin foetusеs may be equal in size or marked| y unequа| . Undeгn ourishment с use death of one or of the twins maУ a fo| | ows. both in the UteгUs and аb oгt ion in аb out Abortion of both foetusеs oсu с rs 650/ o of a| | twin pregnаn iс es.
of p| аentа
stNGLЕтoN
аr е
Thеr e arе three t} pes of situation rеsulting in twins of еq uаl or dispropor
pгеsеn t.
dtrioп fo€ t us
thе
mammary
sMALLESТтWI N
oF
тн Е
0t тHЕ
HEALтH
HOBSE
.wandеr еr s'
as.bаr kеr s''
or is
Group 3 abnormalities in the newborn foal. Weаkness of the pasterns and fet| oсks (hypof| exion), whiсh in this a с se was right: Hуp erf| exion of the se| f.сorreсt ing. fetI oсk (knuсkI ing over) is treated here bу fitting a correсt ive boot'
thеsе
rеsponsiblе e Ь yond thе 300th day and е Ь or, if o Ь rn for foаls that are o Ь rn prеm aturе с nditions I ес at full term, suffering from o or dеiЬ lity, whiсh ognizablе as sеp tiсаemia
status. bеh aviour and mеt aboliс alimеn tary аu с sеd yЬ o есМ nium o с liс during thе passage ofthе disturbаne с s
a с sеs
.dummiеs'.
/ eff :
thеir
with damagе of thе brain through haemorrhage or oеdеm a;
with profound bioсh emiсal respiratory disturЬanсеs
matеr nal
thе
thrее
utеr us. (1| 1)
of the Nеw born
Disеasеs
Foal tеr mеd thе nеonatal pеr iod, for this is thе time that for fееd ing, с t thе major аd justments, еxеp arе establishеd to еn ablе thе foаl to еxist
of thе mаr e. Symptoms of
indеp еn dеn tly
to this period also As wе hаvе alrеady beсome apparеn t now. sеen, many of thеse o с nditions owе thеir existеnе.с origin to intrа utеr inе
diseasеs
Nеonatal
pеu с liar
disease a с n
bе o с nvеn iеn tlу
of dividеd into four groups' thе lattеr threе whiсh are noninfеtс ivе; (i) Group 1.. I nfеtс ive o a с usеd с nditions
or virusеs. Sуm ptoms inсlude gradual loss ofthe suсk геf lеx, aп d inaЬility to devеloping wеаknеss с lminat hold thе suсkling position; u o с nvulsions ing in еvеn tual oс ma,
bу baсt еr ia
and dеath. (11)
Group 2 inсludеs adjustmеn t
thе sуn dromе
nеonatal mal (NМS) whеn
gross bеh avioural disturbanсеs arе inсlude oс nvul displауеd . Thеsе sions, loss of фе suсk reflex, and in and follow thе аb ility to rеo с gnizе marе. oldеr tеr minologv dеsrс ibеs 208
voidеd within
days of biгt h) is a relativеlу
sim
plе o in Group 2. с ndition inсludеd Group 3.. Anatomiсal abnormalities inсluding parrot iaw' 1с еf t palatе, rup tured bladdеr ,
o с nш aсt еd tendons
a variety of dеf ormitiеs
Thе first four dаys aftеr birth аr е
and
and with sес
from the derangеd
first dung (normаlly
of survival outsidе
h с аnеsс
o с ndition
assoсiatеd
ondary effeсt s
rеd uсе
Thе
body or limЬs. Thеsе
Below
аn d
of thе head, o с nditions maу
A joint iI I swe| | ing on the hoсk, a с used bу baсt eria whiсh enter through the foаl,s naveI ; the needI e is to enab| e the removа| of joint oiI for anа| ysis. Below right pЕ iphysitis of the right hoсk.
dis inherited or dеvеlopеd ttrrough in foetal growth brought turbanсеs
bе
about, proЬably' by virus infеtс ion nutritional еr rols or thе administra tion of drugs. Thеse еvidencе
a с usеs have
beеn
in many
inсr iminаt ed
on thе suЬj eсt
but speсiеs' is still gеn er the аuс se of
ally laсking, mаking equinе anatomiсal dеf tес s
mostly
at presеn t. speсu lаt ivе jaundiсе (tv) Group 4.. Haеm olytiс
of the
also known аs I so immune disеase, is an unсommon by massive o с ndition hс araсt erized nеwo Ь rn
foаl.
by of thе foal's rеd еlс ls dеstruсt ion from thе antibodiеs that it reсеivеs mare's o с lostrum. These antiЬodiеs (anti red еlс l substanсes) dеv elop in of an с use the marе' s blood strеam bеa hеr еd itarу faсt or in thе foаl's rеd blood e с lls. Some of thеsе еlс ls rс oss from into the marе during the plaсеn ta and aсt in a man foetаl devеlopmеn t' ner similar to a vaсiс nе, stimulating
0t тHE н 0RsE
тHЕ HЕALтн
Fоt s sufferiп g from neonаt aI JfiFrrtioп п веrс ving
infeсt ions,
rome гequ
sуп d
rrп п I п aliadjustment
i
re
qU
iсk
a bad| у affeсt ed foa| intensive аrс e whiсh inсludes ldlrш d tгаn sfusion, stomaсh tube feeding аr п d oxуg en. right: | ess severe a с ses a с n be bglш d€ fed.
йе
lеf t..
mаt еr nal
spеiс fiс
bоd .т
е ТЬ
tissuеs to produсе to the foal's геd
еlс ls.
аn tiЬodiеs
beсome o с nсеn tratеd o с lostгu m, togеt hеr with those
in й е
of a protеtс ive eЬsогb еd
natц r e'
and
аг e
thе small intеstinе аf tеr thе fust fееd following iЬ rth. Thе jaundiсе fоаl dеvеlops аn inсr еаsing гi й гapid hеаr t and геspiтаt oгy гates and, in most a on еxеr tion с sеs' unlеss tгеаt d' йе foal diеs within thлeе days of foaling. I f it is known that the foal is likеly to bе аf fеtс еd, thе o с ndition аn с bе pгeventеd by witholding o с lostrum during thе first 24 hours of life. Dur ing this time thе foal is muzzlеd and fеd o с lostгu m from anothег mаr е, fol lowed by aгt ifiсiаl milk. Thе foal may еЬ аllowеd to suсk from its dаm after 24 houгs eЬ аuс sе, by this timе, thе smя| ! in1g5ti1еs havе lost thе ability to аb sorЬ аn tibodу into thе foal's lЬ ood tЬлough
stгeаm .
msdу
o с nditions is
yЬ symptomаt iс loss of thе suсk rеf lеx
means, for еxаm plе' is o с untегed by fсеd iп g through a stomаh с tuЬe; thе in. iаЬ liц . тo gеt up' yЬ help from аt tendants ап d gеn eгal nuгsing, (thе inability to get up
to suсk is dеаlt отrЬ lе) ; thегаp y
plasmа;
with by fееding
dеh ydration,
by inш avеn ous
from a fluid
and ш аn sfusions
of whole blood or аn d ttrе inability to maintain o Ь dy
tеm pеr аt urе' by hеаt ing йе Spеiс fiс tгеatmеn t inсludes
foaling oЬ x. аn tiЬiotiсs
for
in
of thе oldеr and Yеarling
аr е
Foal
Foals up to thе timе of wеaning maу suffer o с nditions peсu liаr to this agе group'
suсh аs infеtс ivе diаr rhoеа a с usеd
aгt hI itis (ioint ill) and
hypoplasiа
zuesterii).
older foаl
thеr eforе
partiсu larly
vulnеr ablе
to
с used yЬ nutгi of gгowth a imbаlanсе' to infеtс ion and from
disturЬаnеsс
tionаl
e с rtain aсt ions of managеm ent' е. g. ovеr feеd ing and undеr exегiс sе. Some young horses may havе an inherited susсеp tiЬil ity to thеsе bonе disordеr s, whiсh inсludе (sш aightnеss o с ntraсt еd forеlegs of the forelеg s and knuсk ling and еp iphysitis.
pЕ iphуsitis plаt е
duе
to lс osе.
plаt еs
of thе
lеg s
over), rс ookеd
usuallу
oсu с гs
at thе end
of thе
whеn long bonеs
For еxamplе, thе
the
is
growt} r
lowеr еn d of the аn с non bonе lс ose when thе foal is six to nine monтh s old. and thosе in the lowег еn d of thе foтеаr m and sсo с nd thigh at L8 | o 24 months old. Symptoms of еp iphysitis are
fum, pаinful plаt е,
insidе o аЬ vе
swеllings
over the gгowth еn o с untered on thе of the limb, iust aЬovе thе fеt loсk s or the kneе аn d hoсk . Thеr е arе vari
more o с mmonly
ous theories o с nсerп ing
thе
a с usе
epiphysitis, suсh as o с nсu ssion' еspеiс ally
of
Arаb
of thе hеad аn d inсr еasing inсooгd inatioп of thе limbs. Foals aге paгt iсu lагly susсеp tiblе to vilal pnеu moniа аn d to infеtс ion of thе lungs wi'th Corynebаctеr ium еq ui, t} :le a с use of pnеu monra.
Fuгt hеr
аr e pагt iсu laгly
disеasе,
аf fеtс s
Symptoms inсludе
.nodding,
summег
Foals and yеаr lings
phosphorus of
an еxеsс s
is a
whiсh
thought to е Ь inhеr itеd , and some otheг rЬ еd s.
by baсt еr ia, rotаviлu s, fungus or paгasites (сh iеf lу Strongуloidеs
prone to disеases of boп е, beсаu sе during thе fust 18 months of lifе, thе long bonеs of rapidly. They aгe thе limb аr e dеv еloping
whiсh arе over
wеight, or а distuтb еd аlс iс um гatio of thе diеt , in partiсu lar phosphorus.
Cеr eЬеllа
fгom
growтh
of nеonаt al
Tгеаt тn еn t
Disеasеs
anti
in foаls аn d уеarlings
of a ruptцr еd
surgiсal rеp air
bladdeг, and thе tгansfusion of геd еlс ls a с sеs of haemolytiс jаu ndiсe. problems of thе nеonatal foаl Hеаlth disсu ssеd furтh еr oo pagе 22o.
iп f ormаt ion
on disеasеs
of the
is given on page 222.
Disеasеs
of thе Urinary System
Thе hoгsе is not as pгonе to urinаr y dis еase аs many other aп imаls. IЕ orsеm en oftеn suspеtс has apparеn t
.kidnеy
troubld whеn
a
hoгsе
diffiсu lty in staling or is tеn dег in thе baсk rеg ion. IЕ owеver, thеsе o с nditions aге usually attributablе еithег to e с гt ain typеs of o с liс oг injuгiеs to thе lumbаr musсle oг spinе. Nеw boгn foals may suffeг from infеtс ion of thе kidnеy withЕ. coli orАctinobacillus equuli (BУ)Е a с using multiple miп u tе аb sсеssеs and symptoms of .sleеp y foal' disеase. Stones and infеtс ions
in thе lЬ аd der
oг urеt hгa
arе
цno с mmon. !7hеn they do oсu с r symp toms inсludе rеp eаt еd attempts at staling аn d pаssing urinе o protеin, pus с ntаining еlс ls аn d,/ or lЬ ood.
Diseasеs of thе Nеr vous System Areаs of thе body
mаy eЬ paralyzed or suf feг from loss of sensation thгough injuгy to
nеr vеs.
Thе
most o с п lrnon
o с nditions
are:.
тHЕ A н Е LтH
(i)
0F тHE HoRsЕ
Radial pаr alуsis,
whеr e
there is
diffiсu lty in advаniс ng
the limb. (ii) Faсiаl paralysis, in whiсh thе uppеr lip is pulled to thе sidе opposite from that affeсt ed yЬ paralysis. (iii) Suprasсapula paralysis in whiсh thеr е is wasting of thе shoulder musсles. (iv) Laryngeаl hеm iplеg ia manifested уЬ roаr ing or whistling and a с usеd by
impaired funсt ion of the rеu с rrent nеr ve supplying thе laryngеal mus Thеr e is inсr еasing evidenсе that this o с ndition hаs an hеr еd itary basis. (v) \ DИolЬ еr a form of inсoordi disеasе, nation that affеtс s thе hind аn d, some timеs, thе forеlimbs, a с usеd by o с m prеssion of the spinal o с rd as it passеs through thе nеkс vеr tеb raе. The oс n and maу bе a с usеd dition is inсu rablе defeсt in thе yЬ iщ ury or a o с ngеn itаl lс еs.
vеr tеrЬ аl bones.
(vi) Shivеr ing'
a oс ndition of the hind
limbs, hс araсt erized
B
by
shaking
I
movеm еn ts of thе hind limЬ and tail whеn thе 1еg is flexed and lowered to thе ground. Stringhalt is a nеr vous disordеr in whiсh there is an exagger
ч
ated snаt h с ingup
н
з
t I
of thе
movеm еn t
hind limb. Both oс nditions
regarded as аn unsoundnеss, a с usе is unknown. Ё
u Ь t
arе
thеir
Diseases of the Cardio.Vasсu lar Systеm do not usually suffer from heart аt taсks in thе sаm е way as humans, thаt is с ro from a lс ot (thrombus) bloсk ing the o and a illness or nary artеr iеs с using aсu tе
pouсh еs; rupture of the aorta as it passеs с еst or abdomеn , oftеn as a through thе h larval aсt ivity; o с nsеq uеnес of pаr аsitiс and, during foaling, rupture ofthе arteries с t supplying the uterus and/ or vagina. Rееn геp orts hаvе indiсatеd that horsеs suffеr from oblitеr ative type lesions in small с angеs in thе аr tеr iеs, a с using abnormal h forеlimЬ, and, in partiсu lаr , bonеs of thе
thе
Ь nеs sesamoid o
naviсu lar
с mmon aс tas dеath. The most o trophe in horsеs is thе rupturе ofаn artery This may whiсh aс usеs fatal haеm orrhagе. in any part of thе body, bцt is most oсu с r
frеq uеn tly
еn o с untered
as
еp istaxis (nosе bleed) rеsulting from lЬ еeding from thе lungs or onе of thе two gutturаl
2LO
and
of thе hеart. Arrhythmias are еf fеtс iveness yЬ using an еltес roсardiogram. diаg nosеd IЕ еart murmurs are also frequently hеard in horses of all agеs, and their signifiсanсе is oftеn diffiсu lt to interprеt in thе аb senсе с rdiaс disеasе. u М rmurs of othеr signs of a gradеd aсo to thе аr е с rding to loudness, plaсе in rеlation to thе two thеу oсu с pу major heart sounds _ .lubbdup _ аs sys and to thе position on thе to thе underlying pаr ts of thе
toliс or diаstoliс, h с est
rеlativе
hеart, i.е.
monаr y
mitrаl, aortiс' triсu spid or pul (terms whiсh rеf er to thе hеart
valves).
Diseasеs
of thе rеspiтаt ory
system arе pneumonia, rЬ onсh itis, с ugh and roaring or whistl brokеn wind, o yЬ a largе с usеd ing. Coughing may bе a
variеt y influеn zа,
with a mаr kеd (breathing out) еf fort' known as hеavеs.
rassmеn t
Disеases Thе
а oс ndition
ulсеr s
on thе o с rnеа
to injury whiсh mаy this happеn s,
penetratе to thе intеr ior. I f fluid is allowed to esсape whiсh
thе o с llapsе
also
of the yЕ е is vulnеr аblе
hoтsе' s еyе
еxpiratory
douЬle
of thе a еу Ь ll.
a с n
lеаd
to
Alternativelу
а sсar or the ulсеr s mаy heal leaving of thе lens o с rnеal a с talaсt . Cataraсt s rеsult from trauma or, possiЬly, from hereditary or infeсt ive a с usеs. Periodiс с ndi ophthalmia (moon lЬ indness) is а o in whiсh the tion of reсu rгing attaсks pupillarу sш uсt rш еs bеoс mе inflamеd . Thе o с ndition is progressive and usually rеsults in loss of sight in thе affеtс еd еy е. Thе third еyеlid is а oс mmon site for growth of a malignant tumour.
Disеasеs
of thе Skin
I nflammation of the skin is known аs dеr с mаt itis and horsеs аn suffer from infес and allergiс types. Ring tivе, parаsitiс or worm from fungal infeсt ion, and aсn е s iг, feстion Small hard maу result lumps, laгg e wеals and zес emа in fееd or from allergyсausing substanсеs bedding, and from midge bites.
spots fгom S rap | цl loс o c cus аu r in stabled horsеs. arе o с lтr mon
of the Rеspiratory
Traсt Disеasеs refеr red
brokеn
аu с sing
fееt .
arrhуt hmias, suсh as partial Cаr diaс аш ial hеаr t lЬ oсk and fibrillation, arе of partial hеart o с mmon. The signifiсanсе с ndition is bloсk is unknown and thе o pгobаlЬ у of no funсt ional oс nsеquеnе,с fiЬr illation seгiously affеtс s per but аш ial foгm anсe by diminishing thе pumping
IЕ orsеs
suddеn
of thе fetloсk
o Ь nеs of the
only obvious signs of wind, whiсh in its bеst known form, rеsults in sеverе rеspiratory еm bат
o с ugh may be thе
еu
to as
of virusеs, inсluding those hеr pеs
and thе гh ino
of
groups, fol
iп f tес ion baсt еr ial с ndary lowed by sеo a с using symptoms of nasаl aс tarrh. тh rough аllergies с r Coughs may also oсu from mould dust of hay and straw and thе
I esions typiсaI of Betow | eft The iс rсu I ar ringwoгm , a fungaI disease of the skin с ntagious аn d is readiI y whiсh is o transferred from horse to mаn . Below CorneaI inflammation (kerаt itis) aс n bv trаu ma or infeсt ion; I oсaI be аu с sed с rtiсosteroid appliсation of antibiotiсs and o с ndition. с re the o drugs may comp| ete| y U
Тt е mЦе
tlrат fаtс oгs two prеd omiп аt ing namеly at stц ф а stаllion to sтаn d
аr е
laws аn d pегm its of фе iп whiсh hе will stand, and thе аvailаlЬ e for ttre puц> ose. Тh е
t* ,. ц еv ailing D с ontrу
lс Ь .litiсs .&mсr must bе aс тefirlly аt the h с kес еd (ш в eъ whеn tаkе еf fетс аs they noгm аlly r} r n аr e с lt is two yeаr s o1ф аn d tlrе lаt tеr or finаnе.с dсr теd by iс rсu msanсes а sтаllion from stцd аrЬ гiп g Dеf вес .fuiсs аr е: aс таr aсt ' roаr irrg or whistling,
spаvirr'
si:lсb onе, miп g bдlЬ Cоп f ormаt ioп
tс в ф
naviсu lаr genitаl
аn d impеr fеtс ап d
shouldЬе
tас ion
аs Possiblе,
аs фe
disеasе, organs. аs neаr
is sтаllion mаr ds short
гq с ц ilеd to improve on фе m с ing5. I t is thе tuтf reсords of raсеh orsе mllions thаt ате impoгв n t; oс nformаt ion Ь sсoс ndаr y. gsnitаl orgаn s of thе stаllion must TЬе and noгm al iтr ap1ю атanсе. еЬ funсd onаl should both е Ь visiblе, lying TЬе tеstiсlеs plаe с d
lсяеl, lаt егаlly
and of еq ual
sizе. Ш
ше Ь теt ained in thе body of тhе horse hе Known unfit for stцd dutiеs. Ь осп siderеd аn d if he rs а ф, hе is usuаlly infеr tile, ors rеpгoduсе, stoсk тlre rеsultant mаlе
фе
trnd to inheгit й е dеf т.ес arе а loose Thе sв lliorr] s rеquiтеm eп t s paddoсk oг yard and a оъЬ аn ех r iс sing аr е a, wiтlr trying or teasing аn he rеquiлеs q с uipmеn u Neсessаr ily, .ч ц iеnеd с lеаd ег, who in his or handlет п r m rеq ц ilеs with thе п lагеs. a с pаb lе hеlp iт has bеen establisheф onсе а pаr tnеr sЫp аn d samе lеаd еr Ь а goоd pоliсy to kееp thе mllion togеt hеr for thе entire season, as
two soon leагn to woгk togетh er' mtbipаt ing hеас otlreis movemеn ts. is of sтаllion,s sтablе manаg emеn т Тh е priп e impoгв nе.с The morе .аm idst his fuilу2 hе Ш vеs йе hаppiеr he will be' еvеn pатt iсipаt е if, hе апс n ot in thе generаl fflr е. whеr е possiblе hе should be rЕаI dЕ in similiат fasЫon to his stablе ..ffifв n i6д5' аlthough e с rtain restтitс ions too lс ose proximity to ottrег
The stаllion lс еац
sсr upulouф
s quartеr s should bе kеp t for long houтs spеn t
аu с sе й r ush с standing on soilеd littеr аn I I e should bе аn d o с nlтatс ion of thе fееt strаp ped аn d groomеd daily to keep his iп r гim, andhis hЬ musсlеs o с атg lеаm ing, аs well as pores unсloggэd . Boilеd linsееф gives а bеautifirl с nditionег, bеing a grеаt o с аt . sheen to thе o
stаllions аn d thosе of thе diеt , гequire а high pгotеin oаt s with up to 7kgs (16lЬ) of rс ushеd qudity dаily for m:D.imum fегt ility. Good on й is type of hаy is а furtlrer nееsс sity. _ apaгt ftom stцd regulат еxеr iс se diет dutiеsis essеn tiаl, to keep him fitwithout gеn ing fаt . overfatnеss is а prime a с usе of аlso lеаd to lаm initis а с steгility аn d аn ThoroughЬr еd
laтg er rЬ еd s
very pаinful
o с ndition
of тlrе fееt . a с n eЬ riddеn
or tеlls intеlligenсе bеt wеen differеnес them immеd iately й е If тiЬ dlе. с vеr ing taсk аn d й e o еxerсising m:rrurers arе insistеd upon impeсa с blе w.ill most sтlд lions Ь inning' from the еg out of is dеf initеly dеsiтe e са pt that sexц аl a М ny smallеr
drivеn ,
ordег
аn d
тt rеiт
duтing
sв llions
inhеr еn t
еxеr iс sе.
Stаllions
on
sеason
must bе
in mind. I t is not аlways wisе oг safе within еvery yаr d' thе sтаllion thе highly stгu ng Thoтough раr tiсu lаr ly iс т trеd who mаy not rеlаx under suсh ]с .п I lslаI lсes' but ttrе stаllion who is shut rтц г, аЦ for аn Ь пd с from o с mpаn y exсеp t
inсludе
гorrгinе
щl ф
is often frustтаt еd , lonely o с vегiп g , lrnhяp Py. This w.ill make him diffrсu lt
lmmgе.
his o с vering I n the peаk of аn d hаp py.
he is reI аxed
jaw is hеld in а viсe, on tЬe leаd й е e Ь ing painfirl, gеn erally kееp s thе с ilтol. I f фе stаlliorfs desiтеs under o гendеr s тlre stаllion аn tiсipatеd o с vегi'g с llаr wiй brou, diffiсu lt to bridlе, a hеаdo band аn с bе left on duriп g offduty hours' hе to фе sidе rings whеп and а bit buсk lеd is геquirеd. A long lеаd is neсessаI y as beforе thеir somе stаllions reаr and pluп g е eщ > ounded. Thе lеаd еr energies have еnЬ stтong stiсk . should агсr y a short, Thе sтяlliqrr and maгe аr e inтoduсed gаt еs, tеаsing гails or from eittrеr sidе of o Ь атd s. This is foг тhe stаlliorf s sаf ety аn d аlso to prevеn т him ftom plunging aт тh e shе has mатe and mounting hеr bеf orе prе1в r ed e Ь en tеаsed or witlr hobbles (sее r.ьc). Somе stаllions are too virilе аn d
appliеd
whiсh
ovеr exсitaЬle еsтahlish
тo
to bе used for teаsing her readinеss for serviсе'
monttrs, or days dеvoid of stud dutiеs аn d llrаn y stttd gтooms believе й at dаily fresh grаss kееp s upа stаlliorf s feгt ility. Srrong' highdouЬlе fenсing, а horse's length apаr t, will dеt er from jumping or most dеt eгm ined еven thе
idеаlly
his еатly
paddoсk
for outofseаson
wiф of а гiЬ dlе с nsists Coveгing tаkс le o and a stтong sтaight, mеt аl mouтh pieсе, h с ain аb out 45сm (l8ins) long. ThЬ is to a long leather or webbing lеaф buсklеd of lunging lengtlъ аn d is run through tlrе jaw andсlipped bitriп g , undеr фе neаr sidе to thе oftidе ring. whеn pressuтe is a
a
mare so for
is kept on a busy тlris puц> osе а .tеasе/ stud. I I е is usually an irrfегioг stаllion or а job is to fliтt with тlre maгеs' тig, whosе
six mares for sЫ
fenсе.
o с vеr ing
o с ndtion,
weаr ing
to his hаn dI er.
аb ouт
ю
тlre
stаllion,
is a rс edit
undeг su1reгvisiono
n Ь rrrе
duгing
quаlity
ridden аn d rаr еly Thoroughbгed studs ате should be given onе to two hours lеаd ing w.iтh some lunging if they dаil5 ,Wherе еxerсisе possiblе, аll sтаllions а те overfrеsh. fteedom of а to фе са ss should hаve e
small pony sв llions breаking out. м аn y аn с run in adjoining fielф with а singlе
bогsеs
Тh is tаkс le,
gтoom to asсегt ain pтopеr . for sегviсe
A
twъyeаr old
еn abling
thе
wЫh с
mares атe
o с lt
a с n usually first sеasoц
sеr viсes
stц d rеаd y takе
but should eЬ to mаt
гons, who' bеing flaсiс ф simpЦf y his еn tгy. They will аlso generally sтаn d quiedy duт
ing his lс umsy аn d unsuсеsс sful attеm pтs.
Colтs
е a тl y
will
oftеn tЬтow them wiф no ereсt ion of thе
sеlves аt а mаr e, pеn is, lс аm bering all ovеr hеr тo no usеf ul еf fеtс , u Ь ta good stud gтoom will kееp tlrе o с lt teasing until hе is justтight. Thе mare hаn dler a с n фen bаkс hег гound tlre teas ing аpparаt us and .Wiф up to tlre o с lt at the o с o1reгаt ion optimum momеn т. фе of willing mafеs) а yorrngstег will soon pгoviding his o prе lеаm с nfidеnес is not mап r rеly by a viсious young shattеr еd mаidеn .
2tr
BRЕD Е | NG
. Stа| | ioп
Mап аg emeп t
tаkе At thrее, thе youп g stallion аnс с m about 20 marеs' and at four, his full o plemеn t of 60. This is providing hе is in
good, hard o с ndition and the maгes arе o с ming sprеаd iudiсiously ovеr thе sеasoщ inspеtс еd to him lс еan аn d vеt еr inarily for at thе optimum timе in iфе r oеs o с vеr ing
on
thus o ес nomizing
tтu s yс lс е, numbеr
of sеr viсеs
Pаr tiсu lar
sеr viсе
(sее
ignorеd
marе
in a whitе
mooп light, or a switсh еd A stallion who tаkes
rug by с lourеd or o mаr е in thе dusk! a dislikе to a maге'
who is nегvous of mounting, should с ution, for hе will not be bе trеated with a and spinning to laying baсk his еагs avеr sе
oг onе
his
аn с
arisе thе eхш еm ity of the pеn is of аn ovеr stallion distends prеm atuгеly, еn thusiastiс beсoming too enlargеd to pеn еt ratе thе vulvа аn d еn tег into t} re vagina of thе marе. must геsrain I n this situation thе lеаdег thе stallion from mounting, or if he has alгеаd y to donе so, pull him off forсеf ully
with individual stallions. oсa с sionally
A paddеd and musсlе. proteсt s thе mare, aп d nеkс the pain making hеr hump аn d .seеd ing,
brеаking thе flеsh guaгd ovеr
thе
will prеvеn t
аn d
turns hег
so that hеr
quаr tеr s
swing
away from him.
a с re should bе taken to prе genital orgаn s bеing and bе slow to Cuts may ulсеr atе kiсkеd . his thе horse awаy fл om heal, kееp ing blow on thе testiсles dutiеs, and a sеvег stеr ilе. a с n rеn der a stallion irгеv oсably \ UИh еn a stдlliorf s job is to гu n with thе Pаr tiсu lаг
vent thе
prеvent misplаеd of his sеm eц с еj tес ion usеlеss. whiсh would render thе sегviсе Thе stallion must bе lеd away from thе retц гn еd to mare until his proportions hаvе normаl' аt whiсh timе a seсond attеm pt a с n bе made. Somе stаllions aгe notoгiously slow in lеss keеn to аn d arе еvеn showing егtс ion' mount. A little u с nning wiф thе marе is required, shifting and moving her about to An taunt thе stallion into aggгеssion. improvеd diеt with еxtra vitamin Е (the fеr tility vitаm in) is also bеn еf iсial. othеr to oс vеr a еrс tain stаllions will rеf usе с nnot wаit to mаге, howеvеr wеll brеd, yеt a jump а piеb ald pony of douЬd цl linеаg e! and stallions Again, u с nning is rеq uirеd , a previously с verеd havе frеq uently o
out violendy' Some stallions will bitе the neсk of thе marе during seгviсe, holding it in a viсe and
attеm pt to kiсk during thе vital timе. A furthеr hazard is the stallion who, thoroughly spent in his еf forts, drops to thе ground bеh ind thе marе, leaning on hеr givе an аu tomatiс quarters. As many maгеs must pull him kiсk aftег seгviсе, thе leadeг as possible, while thе away as spееd ily гaisеs hег hеаd handler immеd iatеly mаr е
аtМ ing).
problеm s
round on hеr , kiсk ing
A ,teaser,_ usuаl| y a rig or аn inferior stal| ion is introduсed to mаr es to estаb lish с veгеd whether or not they аr e гeady to be o аn d whattheir behаv iour when mаt ed is I ike| y
b А ove
to be.
Below
|А |
staI I ions need exerсise
аn d some
freedom of movement. Leading in hand аn d I ungiп g , and even riding smа| | er staI I ions, are forms of exerсise to be used аs weI I as letting them out to grass.
horsе' s
marеs' it is wise to wаit for eaсh individual tuгn ing mare to o с me into sеason eЬ forе in hand thеy hеr with him. Aftеr а sеr viсе will settlе moге quiсkly and safеlу' a М ny stallions remain aсt ivе until into althoughthey will be aЬlе to thеir twеn tiеs, mагеs as thеy gеt oldеr . !7hеn fеw ег o с vеr a stallion,s dutiеs arе finally donе' and sеn ility sеt s in, it is kinder to havе him on his own territory, humanеly dеstroyеd shаd ow с mе a dеrс еp id thаn for him to bеo no longеr enjoying his of his foгm еr sеlf,
dominion.
Mating'Bп EED| NG
а good rеp utation or show rеo с rd' or the foal may turn out to bе disappointing. A ThoгoughЬгed or Arab stаllion will add
ril
I
lЪе
ultimаt е suсеsс sful mating shе is aсt uаlly g:iп s vlеll еfЬ oгe
sЕ п t iаls
of finanсе, аn d thе sеarсh
of a marе o с veгеd .
faсilitiеs'
hег suitа part ifliц foг a favourаb lе fol * д I nust fust bе aс rеf ullу o с nsidеr ed, pгeparation of thе mаr е .owеd bу bеf orе sегтiе'с i:з ordег that the projеtс will prove
quality or sсopе to thе o с btypе marе, while a laгg еr for brееd ing up, stallion is usеd _ (viсe versa if a smallеr аn imal is rеq uired). Colour аn d stаm p arе hardеr to detеr minе,
finanсes
dеm andеd
will
involvе
treatment, travеlling еxpеn ses, pos sа. rd аn d gгoom's fее, livеr y hс аr gеs' s:Ъlе and еxtеn sion аltеr аt ions of еx isting fеeding and the :вiс litiеs, as wеll as еxtга :еg аг Ь o с sts of thе evеn tual foal.
or unsound ftom wеaknеss
* ry dеf ,ьес oг if thеге :ог тh е foal.
oг hегеd it
is no e с rtain futurе
с oiсе of a stal I r is through judiсious h с n thаt a fеw impеr fеtс ions in mаr е' s o lс гm аt ion с n eЬ improvеd upon oг aсt ion a ] oп :а а r то d
тh e foal. The stallion should be еxtra whеr е тh е mare fаils and shoц ld hаv е
o Ь nus,
jump
bеst
а
from
is heгеd itary
but tеm peгament
Thе hеalthу, for stud purposеs'
rеlaxеd marе partiсu laгlу
is thе ideal ifhеr
tion is improving. Pregnаnyс diffrсu lt
o с ndi
is
to obtain both in ovеr fat marеs
morе and
фosе in hагd, fit oс ndition. Rеally thin maгеs' in poor o с ndition, will hаvе аn impaired геp гoduсt ory systеm . So thе obеsе should bе slimmеd down, and thе ailing builtup with еxtгa pгotein аn d a
Fаiс litiеs Pе Natаl
] Laп
from the stallion and thе
ing blood from Frеnh с lines. Talеn t is
aге genеr ally linе sidеs. Rаеh с oгsеs bred, fгom and by stoсk with еxеp с tionаl turf rеo с rds. Thе stalliorf s managemеn t and thе еf fiсiеn y с of thе stud staff arе also important o and will have a с nsiderаt ions dirеtс bеаr ing с ss of thе mating on the suсe (sеe Stallion a М nagеm ent).
тегiл ^ ary
аn d fеeding are dеаlt with in Carе of thе Mare). Тh e type, tеm peramеn t, oс nformation л r ul tас ion must bе rеlatеd to of thе marе iп t еn ded aPpеaranсе of thе offspгing, = ,е т: rl фе purposе for whiсh it is intеn dеd . liй points in mind, the most suit thеsе вдt rе Brееd ing sтаllion аn с bе h с osеn . sл оц ld not bе attemptеd at all if thе maге is faulty in o с nforma теm pегеd , sеvегely тв , J
spееd
o Ь th
nridul. ] hГ е
unlеss both parеn ts аr е of pure rЬ eeding and similar o с louг, their anсestгy having bееn likewise for sevеr al gеn еr ations. Stamina usuallу o с mеs from thе marе,
vitаm irr/ minегal
supplеm еn t.
To avoid dеlаy
Above A
in gеt ting thе malе in foal, prioг to sending hеr to stud, hеr rеp roduсt ivе anatomу and gеn ital
o с vering
organs a с n
be
in еquinе
gynaeсology.
o с vеr еd and mare being I ed away from thе yard of a | arge, we| | equipped stud. | t is a| wаys аd visаb | e to put a mаr e to the best possib| e sta| | ion avаiI ab| e Below A mare and stа| lion being introduсed on either side of teasing boards. From the mаr e,s reаtс ions, the hаn dler wiI | be аb | e to gauge what preсautions wi| | need to be taken when the time o с mes for the mare to be o с veгeo.
h с eсkеd
by a vеt
еxperienсеd
This will
dеt еr
minе if shе is frее from аl1 inflammatory or bаtс erial o с nditions. I nfеtс ion ofthе gеn i
tal tгatс womЬ
lеading
to inflammаt ion infеr tility.
of thе
Damagе to thе vulvа and traсt from a prеvious foaling, or bad o с nfoтm ation in this aгea, a с n a с use an infеtс ion, еithеr through brokеn tissuе, mаy
a с usе
в BD Е I NG
. Mаt ing
allowing air to еn tеr , oг from faееsс or Thеsе urinе o at thе еn tfаnе.с с llеtс ing o с п d itions
a с n еЬ
maiden marе,
vdth surgiсаlly.
dеаlt
A
tight and resisting in tlrе
manuаlly by vaginal traсt , a с n е Ь strеt h с еd фe situation foг a skilfirl vеt ' тh us easing а thе stаllion. A pегsistеn t hymеn in sцh с I lrzrfе may nеed to be rЬ okеn down, also surgiсally. lVlares going to stud should be frее fromworms and bе unshod, andЬеf orе a swаЬ to o с vеr ing, most sп r ds willгеq uirе
bе tаken duгing
oestrus for laborаt ory
еxаm rnаt ron.
An estаlЬ ishеd
and oс гedс y
syn
fс uonй еd yс lс е is vital for oеstrus (sеxuаl) rеp roduсt ion, and the mare should o с me into season at гegulаr intеr vals of 18 to 21 days. Thе durаt ion of hег time in sеаson, or Ъoгsing,, and betwееn eаh с tlrе dаys heаt pеr iod should bе notеd , аs thе infor mation is vаluaЬlе ing hеr o с vеr ing
ovulаt ion.
stud whеn arrang с inсide sеssions to o wiтlr to thе
lVlares with aЬn oгm al yс lс еs
аn d for tlrosе that do will neеd trеаt mеn t' not o into sеаson whеn rеq uirеф a с mе sаline wаsh is o с mmonly used, resulting
in oestrus five oг six dаys lаt ег.
A hoгm onе aсh iеvе ttrе may bе neсеssаr y to samе rеsult by dissolving e с rtain yс sts in tlre ovaries whiсh аr e pгеv еn ting oestгu s.
injеtс ion
tlre ovаr iеs are o с mplеt еly inaсt ivе, a с n eЬ фvеn . di.ffеr ent hormonе injеtс ion
mаt ing,the mare may needto be dressed. Тh is one is wearing hind hobb| esto prevent her kiсking the sta| | ion onсe mаt ing is o с mp| ete, аswe| | аs а twitсh аn d the pгoteсt ive neсk guагd in a с se the stа| | ion attempts to bite her. After serviсe the mare аn d stаI | ion shou| d be firm| y pu| | ed аw ay from eаh с other.
V.heге
Forthe tас uа|
a
speсia| | y
Laсk of еvidеnес familiar, homе
of thе oеstrцs suгr oundings
mean tlrat tlrе marе
doеs
yс lс е п eed
not ovulatе
in not
гegu
Shе may hаve a silеn t
hеаt , and а in thе pгoxiтn ity of a h с аn gе of sсеn еr y or not stаllion usuallу еstablishes whеt lrеr shе is normаl. is known I n somе sttlds' onсe thе mаr е 1аг1у.
attеn tions of to be in sеason' ttш ough tlrе а vet will establish tlrе time of tltе teasеr , ovulation, whiсh is whеn тt re ripе еg g is
Thе oс vеr ing sеr rеady for fеr tilizаt ion. at tlrе optimum time viсe is тlrеn агr angеd с . Vittrout t1ris assis to promotе pгegnаn y on аltеr tаne с the marе should bе o с verеd pегiod, с nd halfofhег nate days in tlre sеo
front fееt , through nеr vеs
or
tеm pеr .
for o с vering, by Should she аppеar геаdy standing still (oftеn аlmost sitting), open and miсt urat ing thе vulva spаsmodiсally ing liquid' shе a с veting с n eЬ lеad to тt rе o агea. Twitсh ing а mаr e is normal routine,
unlеss she is familiаr
and known to е Ь
this eЬ ing
absolutely rеliаb le agаinst kiсk ing. Foг ttrе mаге who shows an inсlination to kiсk , a front hobblе strap a с n е Ь fixеd on the lеg
oсu с rs.
until thе stаllion hаs mountеd,
whеn ovulatioп gеп егally The lifе of thе stallion's spеr
guаr antееd for longеr еЬ matozoа аn с not than 48 hours, аn d аn isolated seгviсе too is а wastеd onе. long еfЬ ore ovц lаt ion to Thе stаllion and marе arе intгoduсеd гails, onе anotJtег, еitlrer side of tеаsing gatеs or boаr ds and tlre mards rеtас ions .lVlаiden marеs should bе lс osеly obsеr vеd . will probаbly bе nеr vous, as most stаllions mrmpеt loudly аn d pranсe аb out, eagеr for mating. Shе mаy well strikе out wiт} r her
tlrose who are oЬv iously
viсiously hind
hobblеs must bе employed.
Vhеn
and for
going to stгikе out Ь ots and kiсk ing o
is dгessеd and reаd y, tlrе hег from e Ь hind, usu allу with muсh eagеr ness and viтility. A с lmеd п егvous mare or mаidеn should е Ь a and hеld fiл m ly at his аp proaсh , ttre hand prеp aгed for her to lеap forwаr ds lеr bеing аn d upwarф attempting to kiсk . Hеr head the marе
stallion аp proаh с еs
PreNatаl
stould eЬ held as high as possiЬle аn d, аs and his fuю t rtr :ls thе stallion has mountеd .:rg:аn is in situ, thе 1eg strap must еь ,ц r llсklу relеasеd . While hе thrusts at hеr , .omеn гiolently, shе must bе kеp t as still as is рэssiblе, Partiсu larly whеn his sеm еn (see Stallion,N4.anagеm еn t). g еЬ еitес еd е ТЬ stаllion usuallу spеn ds onе to two тinuтеs on thе marе. .\ .ftеr sегv iсе геm oгеd аn d thе т. t.m ttrе horsе
arе thе twitсh and hoЬlЬ еs mare led round and аw aу for tеn minutеs, her handlеr
.Jrsсouтаg ing hеr ftom staling. has а foal at с vеr ed I r thе mare to bе o rц lэe it should е Ь shut away during sеr viсе. I s prеsеneс will make thе marе possеs
of the stallion's
геsеn tful
;:те. аn d oftеn
A marе oс mеs
тепд d ons.
into sеason
days аf ter foaling, this bеing foal hеat, although somе mаr еs * :е iЬ аn nual аn d will not breed with a foаl
'r.тrеnтd ,е й:
to tеп hеr
I oот.
in marе rеt urn into sеаson' SЬould thе shе is o сд rdап e с with hеr usual yс lс е, с verеd sд sumеd not in foal and mц st be o д
а.Ь
A furthеr
:е еsаm ination ] еm s 3iсэгеd .
;гoге
o с nсеm ing Fеeding еn Ь еf iсiаl.
rеt urn
at
six wеeks
for infеtс ion,
dеrс ees and thе prob
еx hormone defiсiеnyс exua vitamin Е will аlso
tаiл
Ptе. Natal Thе
с nsidеr еd brood marе is o
if shе
doеs
not o с mе
to е Ь
in foal
into sеason again
and she final sеr viсe, during thе should be thorougЫy tеstеd that shе would normally bе еn tirе wееk .horsing,. .Nlost owners fееl rеasonablу of the oes that disсontinuаt ion o с nfidеn t at this timе o с nfirms thеiт hopеs, ш us усlе is с nsidеr that siх wееks although othеr s o has a safеr pеr iod, partiсu larly if thе marе
thrее wееks
fаilеd
aftеr
to breed
hеr
prеviouslу
basis' Certainly marеs
on thе thrее
wееk
a с n brеak at six
rеt urning again into sеason. Some may go ninе or tеn wеeks and thеn show has usually again. I n these a с sеs nature
wееks,
disposеd of the emЬr yo еn ough to eЬ notiсеablе) ,
(barely laгgе
and the marе аg ain, in a way simi bеg ins hеr yс lс е ovеr lаr to thаt following foaling. the marе rеq uires агсеf ul Foг this rеаson
watсh ing
on hеr rеt urn
thе marе is in sеаson
whеt hеr
agаin,
or
womЬ is opеn or dis if the еrс vix of thе I f no tеn ded, indiсating a misсaгr iagе.
Caхе
. * g'6',Мrд е
Uare . BtttEUlNU
from stud, and
or behаv iour of an signs of sexual intеr еst with abnoгm al mannеr ' should bе treatеd vet will е Ь able to asсer suspiсion. A lс еvеr
a с n еxperiеnеd с vеt is availаlЬ e, the marе bе taken a Ь kс to the stаllion for testing, or gеlding or a if hе is too far away, a strаn gе Somеt imеs bе used. I f loсal young o с lt a с n
a misсarriagе
is
suspеtс еd ,
it would
be
nеe с ssary to test hеI еight to ten days after the disаstеr . thе assumеd dаt е of fгom stud should only a М res rеt urning
o с mpanions' bе tuгn еd out with fаm iliаr idеallу a quiet pony marе, a donkey or agеd for o с mpany' hunter. Mаr еs are pтеf еr ablе
с mpanion has nеver unless a gеlding o known to arousе hеr and hег hеat
bееn
pеr iods
havе
previouslу
passеd
unnotiсеd .
Any gеlding who hаs shown signs of wor гying hеr
in the past should not be usеd.
Young horses, who aге pronе to fooling about plаy fully, kiсk ing and gаlloping in highspiritеd fun, arе not good oс mpan ions, and if hounds arе meеt ing
marе аn d
nеаryЬ , thе
should bе brought in fгom pasrurе kept as a с lm
as possiЬle.
hаve quiet, famiI iar mагe shouI d аn d not be subjeсt ed to excessive eхiс tement A pet donkey or eI derI y pony is the ideаl o с moanion.
A prеgnant o с mpany
2t5
. Pre.Nаt aI
BRЕED| NG
Cаr e
All thе vitаm ins arе nееsс sary for thе playing its building of thе еm bryo, еah с own vitаl rolе, and thеу aгe o с mplеm еn ted bу e с rtain еssential minеr als, suсh as a с l. iс um (for oЬ nе building), potаssium and iron. \ 0Иhеr е the quality ofthе food offеr еd t} rе marе is suspeсt , exш a vitamins and
minеr als a с n еЬ supplied in powder form as a supplement in thе fееd . Thеsе addi tivеs are manufaсt urеd ап d disш ibuтed in most o с untriеs whеr е thе wеlfаr е of thе horsе is o с nsidегed importаn t, and distri.
buted through vеt erinary
suppliers
or
o с mprеh еn sive stаb lе storеs. Rations givеn dеp еn d on tеm pеr ament' and thе аm ount of gtazing availablе. A quiеt sеn siЬlе ponУ maгe, of nаt ivе or mixed blood rеq uirеs good little еlsе than
grazing until iatе suп [ nеr , lbs) of oats or stud u с еsЬ
(2
0.5 kg (1lb) of brаn a с n
daily. When mеаg rе up to 3.5kg (8 lЬs) of haу given at night. I f thе ponу
thе grass has fadеd
nutrimеn t' should be
when lkg mixed with
e Ь
аn d
fеd
o с ntains
in good oс ndition, suffiсе until spгing arrives. Should she appeаr hungry or bеg in to losе wеight, thеn an additional morning quantitу should bе givеn feеd of thе samе roundеd and
appеaгs
thеsе
rаt ions should
and thе haу ration
inсr еаsеd
to 5.5kg
providing shе еаt s it a11. Thе ponу on spаr sе gtazing whiсh has littlе vаluе, should havе two fееd s plus haу from thе timе shе rеr urns from stud, thе аm ount са rding varying o to her ovегall o с ndition. (
12 lbs),
A prеgnant the protеin
mаr е
shoutd not be too fat, u Ь t
ration should rеm ain o с nstant, with thе hay and bulk in thе diеt fluсt uаt ing to suit her figurе. Thе sаm е rulеs apply to thе largе oI ThoroughЬr еd mare, although thе quan tities of food should eЬ raisеd aсo с rding to sizе. Thе 17h.h. Thoгoughbrеd requirеs about 3.5kg (8 lЬs) of oats, 2kg (4lЬs) of srud u аn d 2 kg (4lbs) of bran dividеd с e Ь s into two fееds dаilу, with up to 6.5kg 45 to bе tеstеd for pregnаnyс thе final o с vering у Ь a lЬ ood and aftet L2О daуs lapsе with а urine
a М rеs
аn с
100 days аf tеr
tеst, test. I t is also possiblе
to o с nfum a preg 12 wеeks by internal rеtс al еxaminаt ion. Onе of thesе tests is аdvis able bеf ore the winter o с mmеnеsс so thаt faсilitiеs аn d diеt a e Ь brought into linе с n with the mare's o с ndition. Assuming thе mare rеt urns from stud in shе mtrst е Ь latе spring or еarly summеr ' fеd o са rding to hеr homе еn vironment. I f shе is looking well and has aсеsс s to an еxtensive range of grazing, whiсh is lс еan and nutritious, tlren shе a с n bе turned out
nаnyс after
aftеr
a worm dosе until еarly
autumn.
Good grazing will supply all thе nееsс sary ingredients in hеr diеt for thе first four and pеaес months, and thе rеlaxаt ion will givе hеr a a с lm and sеt tlеd oudook, but
remеm ber
pasturelаn d
must bе
safеly
fenсеd .
Should thе prеg nant
mare's grazingЬe
to a fеw patсh еs of lаn d thаt arе o с nstantly ovеr grazed, it will be neсessary
restriсt еd
to o с nsidеr
supplеm еn tary
immediately on the mаr e's гeturn.
foеt us intеr nal
а oс mpletе
nеw
fееd ing
Forthe
bonе struсt urе'
svstem. o Ь dv and sеn sory
organi
Above
I n fine wеather a pregnаn t mare shouI d spend as muсh time as possibI e out at grass during the day, аs she wi| | bеn efit fгom
the fresh air and exeгiс se. Ouality mares will need to be stabled at night and in bаd weаt her.
Right
zаt ion has to be madе up of suЬstanсеs aсq uirеd
through thе male, whilе
hеr own
o с ndition must also bе maintained. Shе from тh e will draw thеsе uЬ ilding matеr iаls
of whiсh hеr diet is
itеm s
o с mposеd ,
and fats, fibrous с еs namely protеins, stаr h roughagе and thе various minеr al sаlts and vitamins. Thе part protеins plаy in the gradual formаt ion of u Ь ilding of thе foеt us is thе
and musсle. As thе
tissuе requirеs
agе'
rеp laсеm еn t
mаr е
for musсu lar
high protein foods suсh as
also wast oats,
and bеans aте еssential. maize' linsееd (alfаlfa) аr е also Good hay аn d luсеr ne high in protеin. Ь lk must form Fibrous roughagе or u аn d twoй irds of thе bеt wееn onе hаlf intakе, and they enable hеr to absorЬ the protеin and other food o с n stituents. Bulk foods o с nsist аsЬ iсallv of hav. h and bran. с аf f
marе' s total
l,reNatа|
Uаr e
BtlEEUI Nti
l4lbs) of good haу during thе winter monй s,
grazing availaЬlе. good shе is also bеt tеr lеf t out during thе щ аt ity sulnmer, thе fееd s bеg inning and inсr eas iп g in amount as thе supply of grass oг if thеr е is no
pasturе
Ч* hеn
;] imiп ishеs
is abundant and of
in oЬ th
quality and quantity, turns o с ld. Although marеs of a с lm outlook' who arе usuаlly thе .good doеr s', a с n take oats'
аn d
тh e weаt her
ап d
e Ь nefit
from doing so, a flighty tеm
marе will е Ь morе rеlаxed if rhеsе аr е rеp laсed by flakеd maizе, rollеd агlЬ еy, еxtrа linseеd oг high protein nuts. Sоm е o с untries produсе milk pеllеt s, for ш u.lаt еd spеiс fiсally for horsеs. Thesе aге .I iз gh in protеin vitamins and minеr als, but irдr .е a a с lming еf fеtс on thе animals who o с п sumе thеm аn d аr е idеal for a nеr volts, (Мilk powdеr is oftеn ш п r е l ах е d mаr е. регаm еn tal
п orе
еasily obtainеd than thе pellеt s.) For leаn typе of mare, who requirеs u Ь ild pulp, boilеd bar ш 8 uP, soаked sugar bееt lег oг molassinе mеаl addеd to thе feеd s
rhе
к ill hеlp
improve o с ndition. of thе brood marе a с n
The fееding
be
summеd up by sаying that as thе protein in thе gтаss fadеs, it must bе rеp laсеd with pгotеin foods, аn d as thе quantity of grаss diminishеs, hay аn d bulk should bе givеn Ь тhе fееds. A pony гequires from 8_9kg l8_201bs) overall food intаkе daily, one
should be protеin and a requiтеs from 9_11kg (2О_24| bs) oгеr all intakе, 3.5kg (8 lbs) of whiсh
of whiсh
тh ird o Ь гsе
should bе protеin'
As the fееds arе made up o с mponents and аr e not protеin, the dailу intakе еn tirеly requirеd ls dividеd into two halves, onе half еiЬ ng given аs short feeds and thе othеr as hаy. Thе pгotein ratio will thеn bе onе third of
оf
thе various
rЬе
totаl.
Although thе
tough mountain and moorland brеd pony often lives out happily during the wintеr , thе brood marе of this
will еnЬ еf it
цpе
from a fiеld
shеltеr to a М rеs
makе o с nditions morе o с mfoгt lаЬ е. оf thе mаj ority of othеr rЬ eеd s and types, аn d definitеly thе Тh oroughbred, nееd to bе stаlЬ еd at night from еaгly wintеr until
absolutеly draught proof аn d hаve eleсш iс lighting, bе frее from all dangerous protru sions and, ifpossible, bе nеar a tеlephonе аn d a supply of hot watеr . I t is not nееsс sary to groom thе mаr e evеr y dаy, and indеed, she will nеed the grеase in hеr o с аt to pгotеtс hеr agаinst inсlеm еn t weathеr . A brush over onсe a weеk is all that is required, to rеm ovе driеd mud аn d
matted hаir and
to kеep thе
porеs
unсlogged. IЕ er fеet should eЬ геg ularlу trimmеd аn d shе should bе wormеd еvеr y gтazing or threе months if on ample, lс еan wit} r a с ttlе, or еvery six wееks if on grazing wittr othеr hoгses. I t is rеstriсt ed not usually nееsс sary to rug а гo Ь od maге, u Ь t if shе is partiсu laгlу thinskinnеd and
will maintain bеt tеr in a jute rug and blаn kеt at night and а Nеw Zea7and rus in thе davtimе during the o с ldеsi .o.,й , . I f a marе has еn Ь riddеn prior to sеr viсе аn d is only аw ау for a short whilе, gеn tle haсking with a light ridеr will not harm hеr oI thе unborn foal. sЕ sеn tial o с nsidеr а fееls
the o с ld, shе
o с ndition
tions are that shе must nеvеr
bе over to sweat, or o ес Ь mе short by bеing asked to do fast work or
of brеath
foaling. Thе loosе box for thе brood mare should еЬ largе аn d o с mfortaЬlе, аn d if possiblе
lс imЬ
roomу enough to foal down in, so that тгh en hеr time o с mеs shе will е Ь in famil iат suгr oundings. A full sizе marе гequirеs а foаling o Ь x of dimеn sions 3.5m x 6m
Thе gestation period of thе brood marе is offiсially еlеvеn months and four dаys,
12ft
x
2Оf t).
Тh е
mare should bе turned out daily, аf tеr thе morning fееd and allowеd to graze аn d еxеr iс sе hersеlfduring thе day. Fгesh аir and exerсise arе vital for the pI еg nant marе, hеlping to prеvent overfаt nеss and еn o с uгaging oxygеn to travеl thтough thе lЬ oodsш еаm to the plaсenta. xЕ еr iс sе аlso helps to prеvent a sluggish systеm and tев ъ r rеt еn tion. Shе a с n be rЬ ought baсk in during thе latе aftеr noon for an evеn ing
I f grazing аn d spaсe mare should havе up prеf to two hoц r s walking еx еr iс sе dailу , еr aЬly split into two sеssions. The bedding should bе lс еan and frеsh and a o с nstant аn d lс еan If watеr supplу alwaуs avаilaЬle. тh е o Ь x is to eЬ usеd for foalins it should bе
t.ееd and hеr haynеt . аr e not avаilаb lе, thе
аn d
although thе time variеs o с nsiderably and a malе a а hеalthу с n havе foal at ten oг twеlvе months' Filliеs usuallу o с me bеf orе o с lts' but not invariably. Aftеr thе tenth month it is аd visablе to handlе and mаs. sаg е the maidеn marе, s uddеr аn d аd join ing геg ions, to prеv еn t rеsеn tmеn t when the foal fust nuzzles around in its еf fort to obtain sustеn anсе. Aftеr thе tеn th month, thе uddеr will bеg in
to spring, тh е
tеats bеo с ming
lс еarly
As foaling
approaсh еs it will appear quitе largе and swollеn , globulеs of wax appеaring on thе tеat еxtrеm ities. At this stаgе, thе marе should bе watсh еd lс osely, as foaling gеn еr аlly oсu с rs within 24 hours. When thе globulеs dтop off and milk appears, аn d whеn thе musсlеs of the
definеd .
quartеr s sag on eithеr sidе ofthе rс oup, hеr timе is nigh. Thе l'ulvа will soon distеn d, indiсating that shе will shortly oс me into labour.
аllowеd
еxеr tеd ,
фe
Whateverthe weather, fresh airwill benefitthe mare. I f it is o с ld and wet she shouI d be we| | ruggeo up.
steep hills. Jumping is not advisеd
all riding should eЬ disсontinued o с mmеnеm с ent
of thе sevеn th
аt
month.
mare,s uddeг is a good indiсator of her nearness to foaI ing аn d shouI d be a с reful| y watсh ed. lеf t.' n А udder orior to four weeks befoгe foaI ing. right: An udder just before foaling is well rounded and has wax gI obules plugging the teat a с na| s.
Тh e
BвD Е | NG.Foа| iп g
Nаt ural birth
is whеn no outsidе assis aimеd for is involved, and should eЬ as possible, within the limits of as nеarlу pгеParation аn d а sш aightfoгw ard hygiеn iс prеsеn tation. rЬ еd typе с arsеr Nativе ponies and thе o prеviously, arе of marеs, who hаvе foaled often bettеr left to foаl outside, providing the weathеr is dry and wаr m. Some ponies arе distinсt lу unhappy foaling indoors and
tanсе
of a foal, oг the tас of parturition, oсu с rs bеt ween 335 and 350 days аf ter the femalе ol'um hаs bееn suсe с ss fully fertilй еd yЬ thе malе spеr m. A useful and quiсk mеn tal method of аn tiсipating thе foаling datе is to o с unt еleven montlrs
Thе iЬ тt h
usuаlly
Thus a last sеr viсе. on thе fourth of May onе yeаг, is likеly to foаl on the еighй of April the following уеаr . During this timе thе and four daуs from thе
maгe o с veгed
foаl
ofwаt ers surroundеd yЬ in the womb of thе maге, and
floats in а aЬ g
the plaсenta
it is fеd and plаеn с tа
until rеаdу
thгough the
nouл ished
аt tаh с ing for birth.
аn d the
umbiliсal
o с rd
Тh is sequenсe i| | Ustratеs the vаr ious stages in a normal birth of a foal When the mare is has not hаd hea| thy and the pгegnanсy shou| d go smoothI y, o с mp| iсations the birth to have an though it is aI wаys advisаb | e attendant on hand in a с se he| p is needеd , and to teI I the vet When the mare goes into | abouг so that he is readУ if neсessary.
VThе
will dеlaу
foаling for sеvеr al dауs until Thosе having thеir first they arе lеt oц t . foal, Thoroughbrеd typеs and mares due to foal in unsеt tlеd , o с ld or wet wеattrеr , or partiсu lаr ly will bеn еf it early in thе sеаson, from o с ming into а loosе box. l0Иithin the hеlp с n eЬ oЬsеr ved, staЬlе walls, thе birth a с n and marе and foal a is аt hand if rеq uirеd bе lеf t in safеt y whеn it is all ovеr . A diffiсu lt birth in the dark, in inсlеm еn t o с nditions, will oftеn go unnotiсed until a following morning. deаd foal is found й е A suitaЬle loosе boх must be aс rеf ully prеp arеф еn ough for and it has to eЬ lаr gе must thе mаr e to walk around with еasе. I t draughtproof and bе weаt hегproof,
An and disinfеtс еd . thoroughly lс еаn еd for watсh ing the light is nееsс sаr y еltес riс
marе' s plogrеss during the hours of dаr k dееp ly с vered nеss. The floor should bе o e Ь dding and or othеr suitаb lе with sш аw there must eЬ nothing on whiсh a distrеs knoсk с uld sеd marе or an ungаinly foal o Portablе mangеr s and or u с t thеm selvеs. watеr
bе rеm ovеd
o с ntaineгs should
first signs of foaling, or aftеr
at thе
thе final
obsеr vаt ion of thе night hаs bеen madе. A sliding panel, peеp hole or othеr mеans of whilе she is unawarе of watсh ing thе mаr е, thе faсt , arе useful, and for this purpose а vеr y dim, shadеd light a с n bе left on per possiblе the marе should manеn dу. Whеr е usеd to thе box well beforе bе thorougЫy she is duе to foal.
LaЬour
is
dividеd into involves involun with rеsultant tary utеr inе o с ntraсt ions' positioning ofthе foеt us for еxpulsion, and
thrее stagеs.
o с nvеn iеn tlу
Stagе onе
of the еrс vix аnd assoсiated struсt uгеs. Stagе two is thе vol untary eхp ulsive effort as thе foеt us еn ters thе pеlvis of the marе and passеs through gradual rеlaxation
thе еrс vix. Utеr inе
o с ntraсt ions
аm plified у Ь
еxpulsive еf fort. foеt al mеmrЬ anеs
Thе еxpulsion (aftеriЬ rth)
arе
thе voluntaгy
of thе
o с mprisеs
stаg е
thrее.
mаr е, s raised tail is a Iс ear of inсipient I abouг.
indiсаt ion
V Looking round at her flanks с ntrаctions is a sign that o have begu
V onсe
the foaI ,s shou| dеr s are free of the mагe. the membranes be lс eaгed. с round the nose аn
218
I mmediate| y beforе the biгt h begins, the mare,s Waters bгеak
n
at her newborn foаlwhiсh с rd to the pI aсenta by the umbiI iсa| o
VThe mare I ooks round
is still attaсh еd
} l
l0aI lп g
Тh е
of nаt uтаl
pаt tеr n
'.еаvЬ iour .i) Thе
mагe
seсt ion
biгt h
gп r nts. (iv) Thе forеf еt mеmrЬ аn es,
аn d
follows this sеqu
of ttre maге
paсеs аr oц n d фе stаb le oг of thе field' swishing heг tаil
and showing disсomfort аt rеg ular oftеn shе looks гound at
intеr vаls. hег
sidеs
appгoaсh
nехt
in а mannег similаг to tlrе of o с liс. Thеsе гtеас ions
(v)
pаinful'
аn d shе mаy
staгt
аlly these symptoms may е Ь trаn sit ory' й е marе геt urning to normаl foаling foг two oг three days.) suddеn gush of wаt еr is еm itted
аn d not
A
fiom thе vаginа,
еi й еr
whеn
oftеп
еm mitting
Aftеr thе fore| egs hаve
on its
bеf ore the foats shouldегs aгe 1с еаr is dangeгous, as thе maге mаy gеt up аg ай аn d thе foаl slip baсk tempoгarilу into thе passagе' еn aЬling fluid to еn teг thе
loud
nosе and lungs.
appeared V
the mare may pause and even get up for а mouthfuI of haу
lyiп g
thе maге
thе mеm bгаn е,
thе
mаr е is stаn ding oг lying down. This indiсatеs ttrе ruptuгe of й e wаt er a Ь g allаn toiс and еsаp с е of fluid. iii) The mаr е lies down and еgЬ ins
sш аiп ing,
whilе
o с ntilrц еs to sп аin. I f pгogrеss is slow afteг this point, and tlre mare appеаr s to bе hаv iтr g ш ouЬle shifting the foal, a little given yЬ lс asping h hеlp аn еЬ с е ас of thе foal] s forеlegs firmlу above the fеt loс\ and pulling downzlаr ds, w Ь | onlу as thе maгe srаins. As soon аs ttre heаd and shouldеr s of й е foal arе frеe of thе passаg e, tlre memЬгanes ovеr the nosе a с n eЬ bгokеn аn d thе nostгils lс еаr еd to allow ftеe passage of air iп t o the lungs when brеаt iring o с п ш nеnеsс . Pгematuгe lс eагanсе of
to sweаt . This stage a с п o с ntinuе с sion from onе to eight houтs. (oсa
i.i)
o с ntraсt ron.
The foats hеad аppeагs' foгеI еg s,
аг e a с usеd through the fiгst o с ntrас tions of the womb' аn d will o с ntiп u е аt lеsseniп g intегv аls until tlrey o с mе еv еr y fеw minutes. Thе mаге liеs down and gеt s up аg ain sеvеr аl times аs thе o с ntrаtс ions o ес Ь mе strongег
and moге
(vi) oп e с
of фе foal, o с vегеd with аp pеar e Ь twеen the dis tеn ded lips of ttre vulva. At this stagе й e mare may get up' paсe гound the box and thеn lie down again for ttre
Lying along the forelegs, foа| ,s
foаl
and
tlre shouldeгs aгe thл oug\ the slides out o с mparаt ivеly еasily
is pагt iаlly
эп o с Uгages the
foа|
aл d nuzz| ing V to struggI e
to its feet.
mem
wеt and
still
attaсh еd to the plaсеn ta by ttre umbil iсаl oс rd. I t shouldbе lеf t alone, until it stгu ggles frее of its own o са rd oг thе mагe movеs' еn аb ling thе o с гd to геаkЬ in еxaсt ly tlrе plaсe that naturе
intеn dеd . During this timе nаt ure's .Ьlood valvе' will lс osе, forbidding
еxit of blood from the foаl uЬ t still аllowing the foal to glеаn thе mаxi с ta. mum from ttrе plаеn (vii) Thе
maге may
геm ain
lуing down for
up to halfanhour, гeoс vering tfеr stтength. Shе will probably whinnу softly in dеlight whеn she reаlizеs shе has a foal, and will shortly gеt up and еg Ь in to liсk thе foal and mothег rt.
(viii) At this stаgе
paгt of thе foеt аl mеm branes oг afteгiЬ rth aге sеen hanging fгom thе pаssagе' аn d the marе еxpегiеne с s fuгt } rег o с ntraсt ions in
an еf foгt
to еxpеl
it. I t
gеn еr ally
No to pull thе
o с mеs
fгee within an hour or two.
еf foгt
should е Ь
the)
head emerges.
Guided by instinсt a| ong its V mother,s f| ank, the foаI seaгh с es for the udder
in
o с vегеd
I t will eЬ vеr y
гa Ь nеs.
VThe hungry foаl takes its first
hе mаr e,s I iсking
BtlEEUI NG
drink of the еssentiа| o с I ostrums
madе
BRЕD Е I NG.Foа| iп g
mеmгa Ь nе a,way' as this o с uld rеsult in it brеaking, in whiсh aс sе а PЕr rt is likelу to rеm ain within thе marе. I f this is not dealt wiф it a с n aс usе fеvеr and sеp tiсаemia. Should thе
maгe not lс eaп se
indepеn dеn tly
within eight houгs of foаling, nary attеn tion
birth thе
everу
vetеr i
must bе sought. Aftеr
must
afteгiЬ п h
еЬ
inspеtс ed уЬ a vеt to еn sure it is o с m plеt е. I t should nеvеr bе thrown away without thе inspeсt ion, oг thе mаr е' s hеalth may bе еn dаn gеr еd . (ix) Thе
feеt
foаl
usually attеm pts
to risе
to
its
after halfanhour oг so, and
аn d falls about аlarmingly. I f it doеs not managе to геm ain upright
pitсh еs
long enough to tаkе a drink аf tеr further half hour of sш uggling, it
a
guidеd should bе gently hеlpеd and to the maге' s uddеr . Any attеm pt аt forсing it, howevеr , will bе rеsеn ted by both mаr е and foal, and as fаr as possiblе the foal should be lеf t to fol low its instinсt s. I t is important that thе foal takеs thе o с lostrum (mare's fiгst milk) within aЬout two hours of e Ь ing born.
Problеm s During and I mmеd iately Following
Foaling dеsrс ibed and oсu с rs in thе majority problеm s a of a с sеs. IЕ owеver с n oсu с r, in assistanсе is whiсh a с sе skillеd vеt еr inary геq uirеd . Thе aсeс nt is on skillеd, for unskillеd intеr fеr еne с will grеatly inсr еasе tlrе hazаr d to both marе and foаl, and should nevеr bе givеn . as previously I ffoaling doеs notpгogrеss аssistanсe should bе desсr ibed, vetеr inary с rrеtс sought immediately. Attеm pts to o
еvеn ts
thosе
quаlifiеd
should bе left to
to do so! I f, howеv еr ,
thе
vet
is
delаyеd for any rеason, the assistant and lubriсatе should thorougЫу disinfеtс an ап n аn d еxaminе the abnormality to if it is possiblе for him to sш aightеn dеiс dе Thе risk of a limb between o с ntraсt ions. putting a knее or hoсk through thе tensе roof of the utеr us is o с nsiderable and no forсe should be mаn ipulаt ions requiгing attemptеd . Pеn ding thе arrival of the vеt , plеn ty of hot wаt еr , soap and a suitablе plus a towеl, should be mаd е disinfеtс ant,
marе ownеr .
oсa с sionally
thе umbiliсаl,
or
navеl,
naturally, and in aс sеs it stubЬornlу rеm ains intaсt , whеr е (аlthough it should е Ь givеn evеr y h с аn е с с rd) it may bе to ruptuгe of its own aсo o с rd doеs not геaЬ k
nееsс sary
pieсе
to u с t it.
of stеr ilized
This is done у Ь tying a o с rd tighdy round it,
Ь lly, and about 4_5 crn (LУz_2 ln) from the e (1 in) furthег awаy. Thе u с t is again2.5 m с made bеt wееn thе two knots with a knifе or sсissors. The raw end stеr ilй еd should bе tгeated with iodinе, an аn ti biotiс powdеr , or aеr osol sprаy suсh as gentian violеt . Joint ill (seе аu rеomyсin
thеn
еn tеr ing
is the rеsult of gеr ms the o с rd. the еxposеd еn d of
A foal in diffiсu lty with should bе shakеn ,
The foal is normallу presentеd oс ming and anу head fust on extendеd forе fееt an abnor divеr sion fгom this o с nstitutеs mal presentation. I n а postеr ior prеsеn and tail aге prе tation, when the hind fееt sentеd first, the foal a с n bе dеliverеd with out furthеr manipulation. I n this position to ovеr o с mе thе o с m speеd is nееsс sary mon oсu с renсе of asphyxia of thе foal as it drowns in the foetal fluid. Hеlp is givеn by
pulling down on фе hind fetloсks during and freeing thе nosе from o с ntrаtс ions, muсous at thе first opportunity. To sum up, in anу aс se other than nor mal pгеsеn tatioщ or possiЬly postегiorprе sentаt ion, vеt еr inary assistаnес should be
Thе o с mpliсаt ions of
hеad
breathing downwards to
anу fluid remaining in the passаg еs. lс еar The foal who makes no attеm pt to bгeathе, should be slаp ped with а wеt towеl oг mas Blowing down one sаg еd enеr gеt iсally. thе othеr shut' as nostril whilst kееp ing с n also bе mouth to mouth resusсitation, a еm ploуed. Prolapse, othеr wisе
known as .тh rowing thе mаr e с usеd by down thе foal bеd is a diffiсu lt ovеr straining during and аf tеr a Thе womb appeaгs as a o с nfinеm еn t. hugе, pearshapеd , bright rеd mass, and hang down almost as maу, in sеvеr е a с sеs, Thе slightеst sign of thе far аs thе hoсks. thе lips of thе womb appеаr ing bеt wееn vulva dеm аn ds thе immediate attеn tion of l0Иh ilst аw aiting his arrivаl, any tlrе vеt . yЬ taking a lс еan, с n bе rеliеvеd weight a Thе feet of a newborn foа| , showing the fringe of soft horn Whiсh proteсt s the bаg of waters
from being pierсed
readу.
a с llеd immеd iatеlv.
parturition aге the vеd s provinсе, and thе knowlеd gе, аn с extent of his spеiс alizеd not o с me within thе rangе of tlrе praсt iсаl
page 222) in thе foal
Normal parturition follows thе pattern of
abnormal prеsentations
The milt is held in the foal's mouth until birth. | ts funсt ion is supposed to be to prevent f| uid entering the lungs during gestation.
by a shаr p hoof before birth' These soft f| аp s soon wear off.
с or piеe of towel and warm and wеt shееt supporting thе womb as neаr to the lrrlva as possiblе. The vet will administеr it is rеplaсed methods of rеt еn tion onсe tЬe mare, possibly by within thе oЬ dy of stitсh ing and sedation. Somеt imеs it appеars impossiblе for й е foal to take its fust mеal. This may bе аu ес Ь sе of weaknеss, as it is unaЬlе to for long еn ough to take sш uggle to its fееt The foal the first steps to thе marе' s ц d dеr . may е Ь lаЬ e to wander about, but appears quite devoid of any instinсt rеg arding the position ofthе udder or its purposе. Oftеn a strong foаl, with еvery intеn tion of gaining sustenanсе will bе baulkеd yЬ a tiсklish, unhеlpful marе who will not stand still to с sеs fust fumblings. I n a its usеlеss еn durе of failure, thе с usе wherе weakness is thе a с lostгu m should bе marе' s fiгst milk or o takеn and fed to thе foal by a stеr ilizеd bottlе аn d teat. This fust milk is vital for с nium thе blaсk mеo the foаl as it rеm ovеs presеn t within its digestivе systеm at birth. Aftеr two oг threе feeds at two hourly intеr аn d it a с n vаls, the foal will gain stгеn gth thеn bе guidеd to thе uddеr , whiсh should milk. iМ lk e Ь mаd е wеt with thе marе' s to flow on to thе should also bе еno с uragеd it has suсked foaf s nose and lips. Onсе с ntinuе to do so, and no naturallу, it will o further hеlp will be rеq uirеd . \ DИh еn thе mare is at fault' shе should bе hеld fumlу up against a wall, with one forеleg raisеd to restriсt hеr movemеn t, if nеeс ssaгy to stаn d whilе thе аn d foгеd с foаl suсks. I f shе isvеr yrеsеn dulmеasures inсluding twitсh ing should be еm ployеd, is at stаkе. onсе t} rе as the foаls wеlfarе mare has allowed thе foal to suсk on thте hold с sions, shе may only nееd or four oсa and finally not at all. ing by thе hеadсollar, A diffiсu lt mаidеn maгe indiсatеs the neсеssity of indooг foaling, as shе maу or evеn flеr е,с othеr wise bе unсatсh aЬlе allowing no outsidе assistanсе for thе foal. the foal is up and eithеr suсking onсе happily or has at lеast had his fust feеd, and
if no oс mpliсations
with thе marе hаvе
еЬ in а dim arisen, both аn с lеf t in pееас light or undisturbеd stablе. An intеr еsting aspеtс of foaling is thе is prеsent in thе milt, mеlt or mеlh с whiсh foal's mouth at birth, аn d whiсh is quiсk ly a piеес rejеtс еd . Similar in appеаr anсе to of livеr , its purposе is supposеd to bе to prevent watеr еn tering through thе mouth and during iЬ п h . I n many a с ses it is bеf orе с untry lorе, Ь t aсo с rding to o nevеr founф u when it is, it should bе driеd and kеp t in the lс othing of thе person who finds it, or
plaсеd on thе roof of thе stablе. I t is to hold magiс powеr s, destroying lс аimеd oг ttre с rriег all evil forсes that pursuе thе a A furthеr point of inmatеs of thе staЬlе. intеr еst is the formation of the fееt of the newborn foal, whiсh havе a flaky fringe of soft, spongу horn round the extrеm itiеs, giving thе аppеаr anсе of bеing frayеd.
This is аnotlrеr of naturе's protеtс ive mеasures, ensuring thаt thе hoovеs arе not с thе bag of wateгs sharp enough to piеr e whilst thе foеt us is st117 in situ. Thе flakеs awаy when dry, and с mе soon harden аn d o appearanсe. the feеt thеn assume a pеr feсt
during thе hours following the vеcs first
PоstNаt al
Cдr е
Following nаt ural iЬ rth
and a rеst pеr iod, should bе askеd to visit and inspеtс mare and foаl during his normal work ::rg hours. Bеf orе his arrival, thе mаr е's
Jrе vеt .lrе
:еar iаI m
soapy watеr '
Тh e
bе washed with
to removе
sta1ns' muс
driеd fluid.
d ПД
lс S Ц
palts аn с
ехt еr nal
will inspеtс
jеr
and thе
:.rэеr us
faeсеs)
thе
passing of thе
mеo с nium
must bе еstablishеd ,
аn d thе for the
should havе roц t inе injeсt ions of joint ill and tеt anus. iгеYеn tion lГ аn у aЬn ormal bеh aviour is notiсеd
:oаl
ovеr lookеd ,
аs failцr е
to stitсh
will bе dеt rimеn tal holding to futurе sеr viсеs,
nееsс sary
foal for any o с n .еn ita1 dеf tес s, suсh as o с ntraсt еd tеn dons аn d limЬ aЬn ormаlitiеs, as wеll as for hет rias, harе lip, parrot mouth or othеr mal :оr mаt ion. Propеr funсt ioning of thе lЬ ad vеt
с lled. Disordеr s suсh visit, hе should bе rеa as jaundiсе or lupturе of thе bladder maу foaling' not bе oЬvious immediatеly аf tег provinсе. but arе dеf initely thе vеd s passagе or Anу tearing of thе mаге's _ thе soonеr afteт vulva should bе stitсh еd parturition, thе lеss painful it will bе and thе quiсk еr it Will hеal. This must not bе
whele
marе and may enter thе passage and to thе
as air
foreign oЬ diеs sеt up infeсt ion. aftеr I t is impеr ative that thе prеservеd If a for o с mplеt enеss. birth is еxаm ined within thе shтеd of it has beеn rеt аinеd bodу
of thе maге'
an аt tеm pt
must bе madе
pеs it manuаlly; an antiЬiotiс to rеm ovе into the marе and sary should be insеr tеd givеn . antiЬiotiс injеtс ions
Afteг a a с refuI veterinary inspection to ensUre that aI I is we| | , mаr e аn d foaI wi| | benefit from being left to relax.
Post.Natal Problеm s Disеasеs
and
I nflammation of the Vagina Sevеr е bruising of thе vagina with possiblе haеm atoma oг blistеr ing of thе lining mеm branе' will аuс sе thе lips of thе vulvа to swеll аn d thе vagina to appear dark rеd to blаk с in o с lour. This again is а аsс е for the vеt . AntiЬiotiс and antiinflammаt ory o с vеr may be nееs с sary to plevеn t infес tion beсoming еstablishеd. I f veterinary
adviсe is not sought' a rеp ugnant smеlling disсh aгg е may dеvеlop, and the marе may havе diffiсu lty in miсt urating' Thе tеm p
еr atuге fluсt uate,
and pulse of thе
marе
will
indiсating infеtс ion' 221
. PostNatа|
в RD Е | NG
care
I nflammation of the lVomb This o с ndition oсuс тs from two
to tеn
dаys
foaling, when the womb hаs not o с n traсt ed normally, usuаlly following reten с uses tion of a paгt of thе afterbirth. other a of faulty o с ntraсt ion аг е аn overlargе foаl lеаd ing to ovегsuaining of thе utеr us аn d loss of musсlе tone, intта utегine hаemor гh age duтing labouг and tlre exсess lЬ ood bеing геt ainеd, oг infеtс ion еntеr ing thтough an assistеd foaling not o с vered by antiЬiotiсs. I f infеtс ion is еstаb lished, tlre maге will bеo с mе stiff in her movеm еn ts аn d will show o с mplete loss of appеt ite. rЕ er o с аt will stаr e and shе will еxudе a disсh аr gе fгom ttrе vagina, at fust pale pink and thin, аf ter
beсoming thiсkеr ,
dаr kег
аn d
еvil
smеlling
o с ndition pгogI essеs. Therе will е Ь an inсr еasе and pulsе гаt е oftempегature and pгessure on the loins will bе paiп f ul. Hеr milk supply will dry up аn d laminitis maу oсu с r. I f the inflаm mаt ion is not in the еагly stagеs by теm ovаl of h с kес еd as tlrе
thе
followed
offеn ding dеp osit,
by
thorough lс eansing and thе administering с n of antibiotiсs' deаt lr will follow. This o dition is aс used entiтely from lаkс ofсагe during and following foаling and infеtс ion с utions pгеvi if аll thе prеa will not oсuс т ously suggested аr e striсt ly аd heгed to.
a М stitis or Udder
I nflammation of the
at аn y timе during thе period of thе foаl and immеd iatеly с used by an following wеaning. I t is a abц n dant supply ofrnilk, an еn еr gеt iс foаl with shaтp front teeth' tlre mare lyiп g on lV1astitis a с n oсu с r
suсking
o с ld, wеt or obstruсt ion
haгd floors' tеаt s.
in the
oг injuriеs or Swelling and
enlargementof the uddеr is notiсеаb lе, and if the milk is drаw n, it will eЬ found to be Thе maге will аn d lЬ ood stаinеd . lс ottеd also show aсu tе pain when тlre uddеr is handlеd .
As in аll aс sеs
of inflаm matioц
thе vеd s аd viсе must bе foal prevеn tеd tially, at lеaв t
from rеah с ing
Veterinary he| p is needed for the аi| ments from whiсh foaI s mаy suffer. top: A foа| suffering from diаr rhoea, andtop right: с mbаt treatment with аn intrаvenous f| uid to o boltom left: the o с nsequent dehydгаt ion. с | iс аr e TypiсаI symptoms of meсonium o аn d ro| I ing. signs of disсomfort, strаining bottom фht: Synoviа| fI uid being withdrawn for diаg nosis in а аsс e of joint i| | , or infeсt ion of the nаve| , а distressing аn d frequentI y fаt аI be prevented by а routine с аi| ment whiсh аn injeсt ion.
ini
until tlre aсu tе phasе is ovеr , as for orphаn foаls (see neхt pagе) . The uddег will nееd to bе с ndition hаs strippеd by hаn d until the o lс eared, in thе hopе of getting thе milk supply baсk to noгm al. Stгitс hygienе bеing fеd meаn whilе
фe
until фе
o с nditionwoгsеn s
Dеath
movе.
sought, and тlre the uddег
or boтlr hind lеg s, ttrе joiп t s eЬ oс ming swolleц stiff аn d painfin. joints mаy foтm аn d Absсesses on фе аu с sing fisсh атg e аn d joint oil to rupп r ге' blood strеаm , flow. As poisons infusе й е foаl
аn с not
will follow, oс ming аs
a
аn d praсt iseф Ь ding and tlrе еd should eЬ flooг of t.I rе box kеp t sсr upulously lс еan waгm bаt lring, inrrа and disinfеtс еd. teat аn d systеr niс mаI lrmary аr rtiЬiotiсs will е Ь nеeс s mеn t undег vetегinатy аrс e с ndition has been diаg tlre o sагy onсе
this stage аs anybody who hаs from еvеr аI теm pted to sаve а foаl suffеr ing joint ill, will know. I t аuс sеs immense dis right timе tess and yet а litdе rтoublе at й е it. o с uld wеll pтеvеn t
nosеd .
ес nium Rеt ention of iДo
blеssing
аt
аn d
Constipation During а bout of mаstitis the pressure in the udder must be re| ieved by hаn d. Тh is needsto be o с ntinued unti| the mi| k is |с ear.
Joint I П or
lп f eсt ion
of the Navel
joint foаl] s navel is tегm еd I nfeсt ion of фе ill or blood poisonin5 аnd тlre diseаsе is mаinly aс usеd by laсk of attеn tion to this pаr t immеd iately following foaling. How еЬ lying latеn t аn с аlso evег, thе infеtс ion с ndition has been thе o on a stцd wherе prеviously
еsвb lishеd .
I t аnс also
tаkе
o с lostrum from thе moтlrе1s dеlаyed or is not avаilаlЬ e milk hаs bееn tlrеse foг building up nаt urаl гesistanсе. I n antiЬiotiсs will w.idе spеtс ruп r instаnеsс A п ewbom foal should always e Ь neеd еd . whеn
effeсt
e Ь
givеn
a routine аn tibiotiс
injеtс ion
с nium I f thе mеo is not ещ rеlled firstmilk inтakе'
tеm
o с liс
аn d
pтеsеn t in the foаl's sys soon afteт birth аn d thе tlrе foal will show signs of
rolling on to its
disсomfort,
instеad of lying in thе normal rеlахed position. I t will аlso srrain withouт rеsult. lс eал тo effеtс An enеm а will be nеeс ssаr y oil pourеd аnе,с and a tablеspoon ofсаstor gently down tlre тoЬ at will hеlp. I f the o с ndition doеs not iп r pгove, the foal must yЬ tlrе vеt for possiЬle bloсk bе iп speсt ed bаkс
аg e.
Whitе
Sсour
joint ill. Symptoms inсludе swelling and suppu aгеa, often rеsulting in гation in tlre nаvеl sаЬ еsс ses. I f the foal is not tтeated irr the
in tlrе of a miсr obе Cаu sed by й e prеsеnес form of is аn iп f tес ious digestivе traсt ' this
stiff, losеs tlrе will аn d eventuаllY losеs thе usе ofonе
yеllowishgтеy с louт, with a or diгt y white o rеp ulsive foеt id odouт, bеing еm itted with
agаinst
еаr ly
Ь o с mеs stages, it e
to suсk
diагr hoеa.
Sсouring
o с п r menсеs
thтee days аf tеr biI trЬ
two or
tquid of а
geаt
Thе foal's геaг end soon a filthy' stiсky mеss rеquiring washing in warm soapy water' drying. Cream should bе a с rеf ul foге.с
shortage should be
n д d
thе sеаson' high quаlity and аbundant grazing should bе sought, as notlring is milk produсt ion. I n bеt tеr for еn o с urаg ing grass is availablе, milk pеl a с sеs whеr е no
h с аp ping of thе skin. is rеq uired from the outset as the organism will havе to be lс аs sifiеd , a sеn sitivity tеst donе and thе most еf feсt ivе antibiotiс found to eliminatе ttre
pаr tiсu lаr
baсt eria. Drеnh с ing with As фе disor will е Ь nееsс sary.
аn tibiotiсs dеr is infеtс ious, tttе marе аn d foal should bе isolatеd and thе foal kеp t quiet, warm аn d o A11 parts of thе stablе с mfortaЬlе. must bе kеp t lс еаn and disinfeсt еd and all diтгy and soilеd littеr should bе burnеd . Foals suffеr ing from this o с ndition rapidly
dehydratеd and may nееd rеp laсеm еn t fluid given by thе vеt . Siтn plе diarrhoеa must not e Ь o с nfused т. iй whitе sсour. Thе formеr is not infeс dous and a с n еЬ a с used yЬ an ovегabun
o ес Ь mе
dant supply of milk' or thе foal h с illеd . .l
doеs not thrivе'
suspеtс еd . Supply аn с often bе inсr eаsed by an improvеd diet. l0Иithin thе diсt аt еs of
аp pliеd to prеvеn t Yеt erinаr y trеаt rnеn t
!i
аn d
o ес Ь mеs o с nstant
hет
аn
аu с sе.
Trеatmеn t
o с nsists
pгimаr ilу of drenсh iп g with а preparation foгm ulatеd spеiс fiсally for drying up the trouЬlе and obtаinablе tfuough thе vеt . Foals will often sсour whеn thе dam is in sеason, partiсu larly during the foаl hеat. This is of no oс nsеquеnе,с аn d will tеr mi nate with, or soon aftеr , thе hеat period.
I .аkс of } tilk A fеw marеs givе aЬ relу еn ough sustаin
thе foal and еrс tainly
lеt s or
to thе rations,
addеd
milk to not еn ough to
ensuгe its growth. An uddеr thаt looks small doеs not always signify laсk of milk' u Ь t if the foal аp pears o с nstantlу hungry
inсluding
luсегn е, o с mfrеy and гoots. Clеаn in o с nstant wаt еr supply is еssеn tiаl. Should thе rnilk quаn tity not improve, thе foal will requirе sup plementаr y feeding (sее Oгp han Foals), but should not be disсouraged ftom taking what is availablе from thе maге' as o с n stant suсk ing induсеs fuгt hег supply.
Orphan Foals
being
in thе mаr е hеаlth whiсh affеtс s с ndition. I n milk aс n аlso lеad to thе o oldег foal, impropеr eaгly fееd ing is a I l1
probablе
powdег addеd to аm plе rations of oats and flaked maize should be givеn , as all are high in the protеin rеquiл еd for milk produсt ion. A o с nstant supply of lс ovеr or meadow haу should be fed, and wherе аvailable any gтeen or suсu food с lеn t
с pted by a orphan foа| s wi| | need to be aсe foster mother or else be fed from а bott| e. / eft: Тh is orphan has been drаp ed in the skin of the mаr e,s stiI | born foаI in the hooe thаt she wi| | aсe с pt it аs her own. фht: A greаt deаI of patienсe is needed to peгsuаd e an orphan to aсe с pt the bott| e.
I n thе sad a с sеs whеr e thе maге diеs duг ing or aftеr foаling, and ttrе foal survivеs,
mаr е should bе milkеd to kеep the supply flowing, аn d this a с n bе bottled and fеd to
A few mares will aсеpс t and mothег a foal quite happily without having beеn pгеg nаn t and with no milk at аll. A
the foal.
.nanny' of this typе аn с be
usеf ul
as
foаl' who аn с thеn run out at pasture with otlrers whilst bеing guarded from dangег. Shе will also .keep him in
аrс еt akег
oгd еi,
to thе
allowing him to grow up nаt uгаlly,
his mentality dеveloping аlong normаl lines. Suсh a foаl must of o с ц r sе bе bottlе fеd until thе time that hе would normally be wеanеd . A mаr е with а very уoung foal
аn d аn abundant mi.lk supply will, with еn o с uгagemеn t, oсa с sionally feed two foals. \ DИh еr e
mothеr .
should be madе to find а fosteг l07hеn thе mаr е in question has
found, the foal must be геaгed
on a bottlе.
rееn с dy
foaled, the oгp han foal a с n еЬ
Although thе
of a milk
every еf foгt
smoтh еr еd in hеr afterbirth oг disсh аr gе еfЬ orе bеing inш oduсеd . Tаking the skin from a dеad foаl аn d plаiс ng it ovеr thе orphan's body is often suсеsс sful in induс ing a bеr еavеd mare to aсеp с t it. Somе
marеs will aсe с pt a foal and mothеr it without any fuss, others will not tolerаt е а strangе foal at аn y priсе, аn d will show dangerous rеsеn tlтlеn t that threatens to damagе it. I f diffiсu lty is enсountеr еd in the еarly stages' thе two should live sidе by sidе,
with
they a с n
partition betwееn tlrеm , so that sее еah с other at all timеs. The a
no fostеr
moт} rег
or nanny a с n
disш ibution
bе
powdeг, with a o с mposition for foals, is not yet univeгsаl, it in somе o с untriеs аn d a с n be oЬt ainеd through a vеt . Thе powdеr is eаs ily miхed aсoс гding to thе mаn ufaсt ureds dirеtс ions, and is fеd at blood hеat ftom a .!uи h ег powdeг is stеr ilizеd botтlе and tеat. unobtainaЬlе, usеf ul suЬstitцt es are: goаt s milk, еittrer fеd by bottlе or takеn strаight
геp laсement spеiс fiсally is аvailablе
A hea| thy mаr e аn d her equa| | y energetiс foaI exuI t in the freedom of the oaddoсk on a fine dav.
suffiсiеn t. havе lost thеir foаls at iЬ гt h аrМ еs who should bе kеp t on low protеin diеt of haу mash until thе milk has and dailу rЬ аn pro arе also vеt еr inary driеd up. Thеr е Thе duсt s to aid the drу ing up proсеss. as poss as muсh еxеr iс sе marе musт hаvе iЬlе, but should not eЬ tцr ned out on good с nstаn t grazing аn d ttre uddеr will neеd o oЬservation for signs of mаstitis. Drawing in aс sеs of с mmеn ded thе milk is only rеo
еЬ
ovеr supply, as naturе will thе milk ttrаt has to rеp lаес
severе еn dеavoц r
tаken.
bееn
Feeding and xЕ еr iс sе with no assoсiatеd and providing the weather еЬ с n is гeasonably mild аn d dry' the marе a with thе foаl turnеd or led out for еxеr iс se с sе of aftеr a day of reсu peration. I n thе a
Following natural iЬ rth o с mpliсations,
nаt ivе
poniеs
or аn imals
of mixed lЬ ood'
turnеd с n еЬ and June a М foаls born in аy thrее days' out at night as wеll аf ter thе first
Thosе born outsidе
at this timе
аn d
in
rеm ain outsidе throughout thе summer. ThoroughЬr еd in thе foаls, and thosе born indoors еаr lу с nsideгation with o must bе ш еatеd sеаson' wаr m,
аn с
sеt tlеd wеathеr
in inсlеm ent wеathеr oс nditions' and brought in at night until thе siruation improvеs. grazing of other good grass during thе summer. than .Whеr е is slrarsе а high protein diеt hеr bаg e of rс ushеd oаt s, flaked maizе and stud mixеd with a littlе bran, and givеn to u с e Ь s thе maI e with а libеr al supply of good hay, should keеp the milk supplу flowing. Foаls
a М rеs
and foаls
on abц n dant
high quality will гequirе
Abovе
A foaI thаt is hand| ed from birth is unlikely to prove awkward when a foaling slip с re to is fitted. The sI io shouI d be fitted with a and shou| d avoid any possibiI ity of disсomfoгt , bе adjusted as the foaI grows. Below Being at I ibeгt y in good qua| itу oasture wiI l benefit both dаm and foaI .
from thе
goat by thе
с ws milk, foal; o
diluted with onе third thе quantity of warm in the plopol watеr and swееt еn еd
boilеd
20 gms of brown sugar to I litre (approximatelу 2/ oз z to l quart). I n а1l аsс еs strеn uous еf forts should е Ь
tion of
mаd е
to obtain oс lostтu m
immеd iatеly,
bц t if it is not availablе thе foal should first thе sys and watеr to lс eаr be fеd gluсosе o с nstlpa tеm of meсonium, and prеvеn t o с ver will tion. Sеveral dаys of аn tibiotiс o с 1 to replaсe the proteсt ivе be nееs с sаr y
ostrllm. meals For thе ensuing bottlе fееding, should bе rеg ular, at first е. lеr y two hours, four hours in two or followеd by еvеr у depеn ding on progrеss, and thге wееks o с ntinuing with longеr intervals еtЬ wееn fеeds. At four or fivе months, whеn thе foal is еating well, two milk feеds pеr daу will
nеed
еxeгiс sе
dеvеlopment thе o с mpany
thеir
plaуf ul
littlе
еlsе,
for growth and
musсle
and should not bе rеstriсt еd ' a bonus to of other foals еiЬ ng
instinсt s.
Both marе and foal requirе oс nstant obsеr vation from biл t h until wеaning. A inquisitivе natцr e is oftеn foal's nаt urаl A foаl slip likеly to gеt it into ш oublе. on its hеad within a weеk of iЬ rth, so fondling of thе hеаd еvеr y and gеn tlе often, will simplify halter breаk ing. Foals
plaсеd
should rееiс vе
thеir
first
antitеt anus
at weaning time. injеtс ion Foals arе usually wеaned at six months
if the maге
с n еЬ is in foal again, but a
lеf t
until еight months if shе is barrеn and looking wе11. Thе bеst proсedure is to
Fh
in safe quartеr s' с mplеt еly thеm o sеp aratе wееks, out of sight and еarshot foг thrее that is providing thе foal wаs eating wеll bеf ore weaning. 'Whеr е normаl and foaling has bееn with no bruising, stitсh ing oI troublе frее' on her с vеr ed с n bе o a marе a disсh argе, foal heаt for anothеr foal thе following yеar. sеv en to ten dауs after parturition is thе normal duration of this hеat
pеr iod, but
during thе o с verеd 27th daу. As somе marеs are diffiсu lt to gеt in foal whilst feеd should not bе ing one at foot' thе foаl hеat аs o с nditions аr е fаvourablе, missed whеге this is thе timе when shе is most likely to
if missеd shе aс n е Ь week following hеr
o с nсеlvе.
talеn tеd and is having rеg ulaг, instruсt ion. Childтen arе genеr аlly
good
o с m up to а point, but they should not Pеt itivе уЬ е Ь еn o с urаg еd thеir parents to think that winп ing prizеs is morе impoгt ant than of riding, and thе o с mpan. thе еn joymеn t ionship of thеir poniеs.
е
B
Prеp aring
to Buy
Bеf orе starting to look for a horsе, dеiс dе on thе maximum amount you arе prеp arеd to paу , then look at animаls offеr еd for salе
Ь a strаngе fаtс Т' t pеoplе аr е aс pablе sеlтes
* rat while most of buying them
suitаlЬ е lс othеs, furniture, or еven having to bе professional 61 dressmakeгs, joinеr s or estаt е
housеs, wiтh out
в ilgls аg rп t s'
fеw
pеoplе
who are not profession
ellу o с п n tес еd
with horsеs a с n buy thеm if it is a suitаb le moц n t' partiсu lаr ly М re remarkable still, is first buу. o
sеlтes iтЬ т rЬяt
rл r hereas
evеr уb ody
sееk and tаkе еxpеr t
ап т jоЬ eсt , аd тiе,с
is only too eagеr to if they аr е in
adviсе
doubt about the worth of а mаt erial askfot тlrе noviсе horsе buyеr mау but hе sеldom
tаkеs
it. This is par
rue of those uЬ ying а hoгsе oг pоn у for a h с ild, when all too oftеn thе is waу еуo Ь nd the h с ild s гiding рr h тс аsе аp с аb ility. To buy a horsе thаt suits onе's аp с iас ty аs a ridеr is еxш emеly important, tor nobody's riding will bе improvеd bу а tiсu lагly
hoгsе that is
really too gгеаt
a
handful. Thе
rеsults аге fаr more likely to е Ь a loss of possiblу a fеw brokеn o с nfidenсe, bonеs ап d а ruinеd horsе. is for noviсe hoгse buyеr s TЪe tеn dеnyс u Ь t worsе to overгatе thеir a с pabilities,
с . Don't be in a hurrу. around that pгie you will find thе right ani With patiеnе,с mal. Buy the wlong onе and you will prob аb ly find diffiсu lty, and finanсial loss, in с mе rеselling it that is if you havе not eЬ o too fond of it in the meantime to want to sell it at all. you havе for its Considеr thе аm еn itiеs kееp , thе time availаlЬ e to spend on its a с rе, and the lс imatiс o с nditions. I f thе horsе is to livе out, oг partly out' in a o с ld brеd . I f it lс imatе, it mц st not е Ь too higЫy is to bе stablеd, and you afс а oс mpеt еn t ridеr , the h is wider. с oiсе Rеlatе
hеight
your height аn d wеight
and typе of horsе
you
to thе neеd .
that a big horse, in hеight, is not neсеssarily a wеight a с rriеr ; o с nforma tion and bone аr е morе importаn t. Nor is a big hoгsе neсеssarily any faster or a bеt tеr jumpеr than a smаllеr М reovег, too onе. o big a horse a с n bе аw kward for mounting
Rеm еm bеr
с b is probаb ly or dismounting. A good o еtЬ tеr for a гаt hег hеаvy ridег than a so a с llеd hеаvywеight hunter
bit oс mmon. Thе bеst
whiсh a с n bе a hеаr ryweights, will oс st а grеat
that still, ttreу do not always sееm to rеaШ ze а living rс eature. IЕ orsеs й eу arе u Ь уing
whiсh have
с as not have so muсh intеlligеne and а humап s, but eаh с has a h с аr tас еr tеm pеr аm еn t as individual to it, аs those of
Don t buy а young horsе beсause it is h с eаp er, and attempt to bring it on уour sеlt urrless your riding is rеally up to pro you fеssional standard, or yoц livе whеr е
п u rY
Presumably thе privаt e с use hе wants to own a horse bеa likes гiding and he will enjoy his riding vеr y muсh morе if thе horsе hе buys is not oп lу thе right make and shape for him, but sЬ not inсompatiЬlе а tеm pеr amеn t with his own. Bеf orе dеiс ding to buy a horsе, it is as wеll to еxaminе the reаsons for wanting to own oп e. Florsе owning is not something to Ь upon lightlу . The domеstiс еm barkеd hoгsе is not а sеlfsuffiсiеn t animal; it is h е ас
human bеing.
pегson
ц n аb le
to hunt and provide for itsеlf if neg
A horseownеr must
not only еn joy гidirrg, but also like horsеs enough to е Ь tvil.ling to givе up timе to a с rе for his ani mаl. Thе worst rеason for wanting to own a horsе is to .kееp up' with othеr horsе ownеr s. A horsе should never е Ь thought of as a status sуm bol. Vhеn buying a pony for a hс ild, it is the h с ild s nеeds and riding iаЬ lity thаt must Ь o с nsiderеd , and not what othеr s will think of thе pony. Buying a topсlass, еxpеn sivе аn imal does not automatiсally lеtс еd .
in thе showing line or fust plaсе h с ild is rea1lу lumping ring, unlеss thе
еn surе
a pony of the right tу p e young owner is forthe h с iI d,s experienсe. This obviously delighted with her pony.
lt is importаn t to buy
a bit of lс ass,
dеal of monеy.
o с nstant еxpert instruсt ion. Another trap is to think ttrat а horsе ovеr 12 is аu tomаt iсally too old. This is not
a с n have
that havе bееn well all thеir lives a с n work happilу into thеir twenties. I t maу bе bеst to look for something e Ь tween five and еight years
nееsс sarilу
lookеd
so; hoгsеs
aftеr
a suitаlЬ е old, but don't rejеtс sounding animаl just bеaс usе it is a littlе oldеr . For a noviсe rider, in partiсu lar, a horse in its teens a с n givе a lot of pleasurе, inсгеasе _ and it o с sts а lot thе ridе/ s o с nfidenсe lеss to uЬ у. looking for the horsе, in your mind of what you Want. Don't be dogmatiс about Bеf ore aсt ually
havе somе sort o с lour,
of piсt urе
unlеss
or about sех,
you've riddеn
a
lot 6nd havе devеlopеd a prеf еr enсе for eithеr marеs or geldings. Finanсially, if she's however, a niсe marе, partiсu lаr lу known to hаvе had a foal, drops lеss iп value with age thаn а gelding. I n buying a ponу for a h с ild, partiсu lаr ly first pony, tempеr amеn t is all important. Looks are unimportant, just so long as thе pony is not so widе thе h gеt its с ild аn с 't lеg s round it! This is onе гeason why Shеt lands do not always makе good firstponiеs. a
get as muсh plеasurе аn d fun Childтеn fгom looking aftеr аn d bеing with their poniеs as thеy do from riding thеm . A first pony should therеf orе
patiеn t and ami e Ь able, but not suсh а slug whеn riddеn that it walks about with its hеad praсt iсally on gеt a у oung pony, with thе ground. Nеv еr the idеa that o Ь th it and thе h с ild a с n lеarn togеt lrеr . Thеy aс n't.
Poniеs
for oldеr ,
more advаne с d
h с il
drеn may е Ь of no partiсu lar breed, or thеy a с n eЬ pеd igrееd poniеs of onе of the many
nativе rЬ еd s. depеn d
thе
The oс st of thesе will
to a еrс tain
extent on thе fаshion
of
moment. aЕ h с native brеed
has its own verу indi а1l havе h с arm and quality, arе hardy and аn с livе out bеa с usе grow dеn sе й еy wintеr o с ats, and thе
vidual h с araсt еr istiсs;
highly dеveloped еquinе intеlligеnеsс . Manу are wеll up to a с rrying adults as wеll as h с ildrеn , and these makе good .fаm il5/ poniеs. Bеf orе h с oosing а
majority havе
partiсu lar morе
o аЬ ut
thе big
breеd ,
id s a good
idеa to find out
and perhaps go to one of a с n be sееn , shows, whеr е thеy t} rеm
in hand' and bеing riddеn . Childrеn should always ridе and handle ponies (i.е. а deсision is taсk and untaсk thеm ) bеf orе
o Ь th
madе to buy
thеm .
How to Buy going rеg ularly to а rеp ut able riding sсh ool, your instruсt or should bе thе bеst person to flt у our riding aЬility еЬ nothing to thе right horse. Thеr е may
I f you havе bееn
suitable in his staЬle at thе moment of Ь t he will probably havе a good asking, u idea of thе horseу doings in the neigh you ablе тo аd visе o Ь urhood, аn d will eЬ is on са t ofсoursе whеr e elsе to go. Thе еn .rеp utaЬlе' ; with a no riding еstablishmеn t rеp utation to uphold woц ld risk damaging .plug, thеу didn t it yЬ selling you somе old it is to thеir аd vаn с ntrary, wаn t. On thе o is I f thеr е to find you the right аn imаl. tаg е riding regularly a horse you hаve еnЬ whiсh you would likе to buy, find out as с n by handling it in muсh about it аs you a if it is аs plеasant to its boх, and sееing handlе аs it is to ridе. I f you like what у ou find, ask if it is for salе, without being too еagеr .
Ь ing to you as e I f a horse is suggеstеd ifуou suitaЬle, dort't fеel уou havе to uЬ у it don't likе it, еven if it givеs уou a niсe ridе. I f you arе going to own a horsе, у ou will bе spеn ding quitе a lot of timе with it' so it is еssential you likе it as a personality. trу с ntaсt , I ftherе is no riding sсh ool to o in your neighbourhood. a rеp utablе dеalеr Thеr е tеn ds to be аn unjustifiable prе judiсе A good dealеr , likе а against dеаlers. то good гiding sсh ool, has a rеp utaтion uphold; so he, too wants to satisfy his
go to a dealеr pre Howеver, nеvеr lс iеn ts. tending уou know morе than you do. Hе will takе a lot of troublе to suit a gеn uinе, buуеr , but noviсе, horsе aсknowledgеd hе с n blamе him if now аn d thеn who a takes advantаg e of ignorant showoffs? Finding a horsе through аn аdvеr tisе
mеn t in
thе pаp er
or a horsеy
magazinе
is a
possibilitу, but kееp a sеn sе ofpropoltion I f a horse you like thе and of distanсе. sound of is a long way awaу, it is going to o с st you a fаir amoц n t of timе аn d monеу somе rеason it it. o М rеovеr , for to saу .no, to bе morе еmаrЬ rassing profе ssional. privatе to a sellеr than to a
to go to sее
tеn ds
аn imal Try and find a suitаblе sounding to homе, and having made аn
nеarеr
appointment to sее it, make surе you keеp if you want thаt appointmеn t, or tеlephonе it. I t is nevеr advisablе for thе to аn с e с l oI noviсe to buy a horsе at a publiс аu tс ion ablе to try the hе has bееn salе, uп lеss it еfЬ orеh аn d. animal аn d hаn dlе
b А ove
Weighing up a prospeсt ive purсh ase ,WiI I we get on Wе| | Тh e question to ask is: together?, I t is as impoгt ant to I ike your horse аs to know he has qua| itу. Below Buying horses from auсt ions аnd horse fairs, like this one at StowontheWold, с n be a bit гisky un| ess you G| ouсestershire, a have а good deaI of experienсe.
Rеm ember, howevеr , lс ose togеt hеr . аn d unlеss you that no horse is perfеtс ,
vеr y
a horsе or a pony for showing, onе or two small shortсomings arе not too impor tant, pгoviding thе horsе givеs a good ride, and is thе has a plеasant tеm pеr amеn t,
wаn t
right priсe.
allimportant .tеm pеr amеnd furthеr . o с nsidеr ed should pеr haps е Ь Some horsеs arе nervous and higЫy bе strung and theу should еrс tainlу
That
and higЫy avoidеd bу nеr vous еr s. Somе are morе еxiс tablе
stnrng lid
than othеr s makе thеm
ridеr will exсitаb lе should hс oosе Nеr vous pеoplе plabid horsеs, who will hеlp them ovеr
and aп
moге so.
Cаlm peoplе nеr vousnеss. horsеs. nегvous to sooфе I 0Иh ilе it is somеt imеs possiblе to uЬ y a good horse thаt is in vеr y inеxpensivеlу, poor o с ndition' this is not rеally a good еasy I t is not gеn еr ally idеa for thе noviсе. bе mаd e of suсh a horsе с to tеll what аn and it will also takе timе and expеr t mаn thе transformation. agеm еn t to еf fеtс to bеar bаsiс rulеs Briеf ly, here аr е somе in mind when buуing:
o с mе
Yш :
лв п r dв
iз еn
try any horsе you must, of o с uгsе, to of buying, but ask thе sеlleг фiп k ir for уou fust. I t maу not have beеn weеks, and for somе days, or еvеn с I to be a bit frеsh, rathеI thе u
гs
hollow baсk. Thе
goЬg
:Е:Е
you! I f it
on its aЬ kс than
o\ гI rеr
morе
to bе rathеr
щ Е д е а. г s
fur уou аnс
than you
of a ridе
with, say so. arе prеp arеd \ ..1 mяn y pеoplе go out on trial, exсеp t somе ;з trsеs
lf
iетJg15.
т: i
o с pе
good to part
a с n bе pеr suаd еd
sеllеr а
to lеt
horsе on a weеk or a fortnight's тh е I f hе is not happy so muсh т} re bеt tеr .
= iтд .
ш
if
lо тh is' sцggеst that you rеt urn and have гidе bеf orе mаking a finаl dеiс sirц e Alqrаy s hаn dle a horsе you think of
jЕд L1гh ег
т4:ng
not only whеn
and
hе is taсk еd up
he is takеn baсk to his how hе behavеs in his box. Sее mаiЬ 'е. Sее т !A .Е ill lеt you lift his fееt . Ask whеt hеr ] г trot hе is еasy to shoе.
whеп
u Ь т
= в Jт.
I t уou sее a privatеlyownеd horsе' you think is suitablе, те i h с ш iеd , аvЬ iтr g ovег thеr e and thеn . hаn d а h с еq uе ш пт but say you would Pвlс яim } 'our intегest, i..iЕ
to havе a look vеt erinary surgеon if his repoгt is satisfaсt ory, q.ill buу it. I f thеr е аr е sеvегal other тв . i: want thе and you геаllу intеr еstеd , в эp lе с t dеp osit ioгsе! уou a с n offer a 10 per еn that ifthе vеt ' s report u:зd eгstanding aп ' тh е it is rеt urnеd. п s цs д аt isfаtс ory, getуour vеt _ not the sеllе1s to { trwауs its IЕ е should eхaminе thе horsе. !с kесз .Ь е ъ and will tell wind, limЬs аn d еyеs, 1оu iь agе. Ovеr еight yеars old, a horse is
:д .
тour
rт. аn d thаt ,
.дg gd,
.дT] 6d
sед г to
е ТЪ
bеаu с sе
аf tеr thаt
it is not
within a yеar or two. с ught by howеver, a с n bе a
u са тate to
еЬ
uп w ary,
selling a twoyеaг old т5e uп srс upulous as a twoyearold hаs a а fiте у еаr olф
as
full
of and a fivе yеarold, of babу tееt h, ones. any blеm ishеs will inсludе .\ теt ' s геp ort
= о ц тh
* й r lт
* * d tеh с niсal
unsoundnеss hе may find inсludе I f thеsе his eхaminаt ion. lV1any с nсеr n. sg'ii.nts, it is of no great o :,огsеs havе thеsе small bony еn largе с nnon on thе insidе of thе front a "iш :тiп g
= еп Б iсш е
bеt wееn
ш ,саd onаllу
thе knее and
the fеt loсk ,
on a hindlеg,
thеy sеldom a с usе уou know a grеat
but
or onсe
lamеn еss. deal about thе of thе horse, it is bettеr to п ink of thе animal as a wholе, аnd the to у ou. Stand pЁш те ttrat wholе prеsеn ts с nsidering buy Ъk ftom a horsе you'rе o ] тg а п d hе mаk es. what kind of piсt urе sее
:сг roе4
Unlеss осalЪгm аt ion
and in pгoPortion. I t should bе plеаsing, too long, or еithеr Lеg s should not sееm too short' for the body, whiсh should be not elongatеd or perhaps with a o с mpaсt ' shouldеr
should be slop
ing; an upright onе will givе a short ride. Thе с mfortablе, striding, not so o but not еxag с rvеd should bе u nеkс should look gеr atеd ly and thе hеad rс еstеф
.Watсh .wеll sеt on'; with lс еаn a с rе linеs. sш idе hе should fully as the horse walks; hind fееt traсking wеll up and out frееly, of thе print lеf t by o с ming down in advаnес Hе should aс гr y his hеad well, thе foгеf oot. lookеd at from thе front, his аn ф whеn should movе in а straight linе' not forеlеg s Hе should not appеal swing out sidеw аys. to bе vеr y
с est, narrow in thе h
wiтh
forеlеg s
b А ove
ride | tismostimpoгt antto hаVeatгiа| before buying a hoгse or pony, аs we| | аs
asking to see it being ridden.
Below Befoгeуoufina| | ydeсideto sUre o У ur
horse is inspeсt ed
buy, mаk e
by a vet.
thеir own
will be aЬlе
Buy within youl mеans; not onlу с n afford to paу for' but also what you a с n afford to kеep. Thе moгe what you a thе highly brеd, thе morе еxpеn sive keеp will bе.
Buy aсoс гding hаvе,
and thе
to thе amеn itiеs
you
с n spеn d on timе you a
looking aftеr a horsе. Buy what you еn joу
ridlngnoш i
not
what уou hopе you will be ablе to mаn agе onе daу. Always ask for, and takе, the adviсе of you sign pеr son bеf oге an ехp егienсed thе h с eoue.
humans, or evеn
humanlikе. Anthтo bar pomorphism prеsеn ts ao с nsidеr aЬlе rier in thе training of animals. Suсh books in thе \ Villoш s and as Blаk Bеаu tу' \ Yind с thе works of Walt Disnеy arе undoubtеd lу h с arming and yеt , with a sad ironу, thеy a gгеat
have donе rеss
dеal
of undеr stаn ding
to геt ard the pтog and o с mmuniсation
humans and animals. On thе e Ь tweеn that to o с nsidеr othеr hand' it is fаr worsе thoughts, fеel animаls arе inсapablе of is a ings, and еm otions. As usuаl thеr е and it is this that thе sеr ious
с ursе, middle o
'T.". kеу l. hс аptеr
word in thе titlе of this is .progrеssivе', aес Ь usе
unlеss thе trаining ofthе horsе is progrеs pattеr n and, sivе ttrеr е will bе no logiсаl objeсt ivе. thereforе, no lс еarly dеf inеd
с mmuniсating the Therе is no way of o u Ь t thе logiсal pat to thе horsе, tern of progrеss is vital if hе is to under stand and reaсt willingly to thе wishеs and oЬj tес ivе
his traineт. I n human tеr ms thе horsе is an inсr еd i blу simplе soul аn d so it is еssential that dеm аn ds of
anу mеt hod usеd or appliеd for тh e purposе of teaсh ing him anything must bе rеd uсеd possiЬlе tеr ms. Bу now wе to the siтn plеst know a good dеal aЬout his body аn d the
way it works, but bеyond
that wе
rеallу know vеr y 1iш 1е. Wе do not truly know .thinl{ or еrс tаinly what whethеr hе аn с .Wе know nothing of form thought takes. the intеllеtс or powеr s of reasoning of thе
horsе, although thеr e are ftagments whiсh suggest hе may hаve
of evidеnес
or oЬ th. As thе trаiner, wе must bе oс nstantly is impossiblе for us to think or awаr е that it bеh аve in anу manner othеr тh an human; horsеs and wе wе havе no wish to beсomе horses to o ес Ь me havе no right to еxpеtс
onе
must o с ntinuously sееk. аb out four onсе thе hoгsе has rеahс еd inш oduсеd yеаr s baсkеd , old and has еeЬ n to thе .aids' and shown that hе is willing and ablе to walk and trot with а ridеr on his .progressivе' to еgЬ in baсk' he is rеadу work. From this moment on, and for еvеr uppеr morе' thе trainer must havе lс еагlу most in mind thаt therе arе thтeе things trainеr
These
on the movе.
гidden horsе
requirеd ofevегy arе:
Conш olled,
frеe, еn Ь d
The o с rreсt
forward movеm еn t
An еven rhythm at all paсеs h с osеn
Thе
thе
уЬ
tfuеe
at a tеm po
rider
rеq uiгеm ents
аг е
of
equal
с rrеtс ly с n bе еq ually аs o importanсe and a stated in аn y order. They form a tlinity by must livе' for it is a whiсh the hoгsеm аn faсt thаt
7f
аn у
one of the thrее rеq uirе
it is or disappeаr еd mеn ts has dеt еr ioratеd ah с angе impossiblе for the hoгsе to mаkе Thеiт impor o с rrеtс lу. oг dirеtс ion of paсе еЬ undеr lined too thеr еf ore, tanсе a с nnot, sп ongly. is Thе wording of thе rеquirеm еn ts lс oser and dеsеr vеs h с osеn a с rеf ully forwаr d frее' sсr utiny. I n .сontrollеd , movеm еn t',
the word .сontrolled
alludes
self to the horse in that hе is еxerсising awaiting thе wishеs o с ntlol whilsт еagerlу с mе out horsе shoц ld o of his ridеr . vЕ еr y of his staЬle у earning to run and jump and play, u Ь t suсh is his training that hе will с annеlling his desirеs to himself' h o с nш ol and morе Ь ttеr thosе of his ridеr . Thе e his training, thе morе sеlf еstablishеd .frее' o с ntrol hе will display. Thе word joints, and musсlеs. alludеs to his limЬs,
Thеy must movе freely and еasily ovеr and, above all, othеr , o с ordinatеd еah с .Forward, apaгt from thе without tension. alludes to thе oЬvious physiсal sеn sе, must show attitude. IЕ е horsе' s mеn tal аn d way of going in his еhЬ аviour lс еarly that hе is .thinking forward and has an
.Movе to go thеr е. dеsirе unmistakеablе mеn t' is selfеxplaп atory. mеans that thе еn Ь d' с I I tес Having.the o horse will bе unifoгm ly shapеd throughout lеn gth' i.е. from poll to tail' so his еn tirе his body o с nforms that,"seеn from aЬovе, to thе linе аlong whiсh hе is mov еxaсt ly hе is ing. on a straight linе, thегеf orе, oI part of a iс rсle, straight and on a iс rсlе, с inсide with thе the u с rvе of his body will o is bеing attеm p arс of whаt ever sizе iс rсle tеd .
I t is important to undеr stand what thе с mply with this hoгsе has to do to o in thе light of thе faсt that, in rеq uirеm ent most horsеs, the
sеtс ion
of thе
spine from
to the гсoup, has very littlе ability to bеn d аn d in a numbеr of horsеs,
thе withеr s
nonе at all. I t follows, therеf ore, that hе has in a to manipulatе his limЬs and musсlеs с me naturally to mannеr whiсh doеs not o o bjeсt of tra ining а h orse is to make h im happy to be ridden and a pleasure to ride, no matter what the oursuit.
Тh e
'тr .l
PR0GRЕsslvE
li] г
еп Ъ Е
horsе is u с rvеd а
(i.e. bеn t)
the
and thе shouldеr blade fщ t] P ioЬt is shortеn еd on thе oс nсavе * в тг . o[ 'insidе, аn d inсr еаsеd on the out тп le. I fhe oс цld bеn d his spine, thеsе vari еtЬ wееn
h д smаесз
in
с me about would o с sе it but аs this is not thе a lmlrs tЬаt thе inside shouldеr must dеlib t* в 1у bе d.rаw n baсk and thе insidе hip forwаr d iп d еp endеn tly of thе щ I sЬBd whilst still kееp ing an еvеn rhythm щ ш в е. sтеp s. Among ot} rer things, thеr е hаs л lш iц : lгs
distаnес
ш ш mгп r nаdаlс lу,
'ш .Нi
o с ш pгеssion тh е insidе
еЬ
п
ri*
оп
of thе ribs and flat mus аn d strеt h along thе с ing
.п iтз iе.
.\ Jееpеr study of the horsе' s anatomу rеvеal a oс nsiderable numbеr of 'д n:i{ 6д|д ditfrсu ltiеs, but еn ough has еg Ь . sаid to illustrate why horsеs so frе
wш .rld
гesЬt еn Ь ding. I t also
qвтn ез y
shows why
is so muсh morе advanсed бm iс lтс е lт* т фg 20m, аn d whу trainеr s must be r= rе
aп d
.:* геr ul
Riт thm
sympathetiс in thеir dеm аn ds.
should e Ь
gлfЕ frеss
аn d
o с nsistеn t
in
mеt ronomrc
its
at аll
rеg ulality'
тrА ything else would lеad to phуsiсal a с using dеvеlopmеn t, or limb to bеoс mе OГ morе mц slс е
:e.еs. пзеs.uаl rь lЕЁ
flеxiblе than its pаr t rг. wЫhс would rеsult in onе sidеd nеss. \ .oorhеr vеr y important rеason for a rеg u the horsе' s lд:д hгt m Ь is thе еf fеtс it hаs on _..d. I t hаs a distinсt ly aс lming influenсe iтз grеatly to his aЬility to o с ntгibц t еs * iтоigег
and/ oг morе
.!7hen
.!теn тr atе.
* о зп ,
a horse losеs o с nсеn t
thе rhythm will at onсе еI тatiс, and, o с nvеr sеly,
lЕосm е
is allowed to dеt еr ioгatе, and bеo с mе o с nсentration
= п тЬ
] oБе
altеr
if
с.тtю rеdtа.I lсе
will
hе еаsily
This last faсt or givеs thе kеy
or the dis
to thе
rhуt hm when of kеeping thе altетations within thе paсе, i.е.
= аiкing
from o с llеtс ion to mеdium or and viсe versa, for thеsе аr е еsрiес аlly vulnеr аb lе momеn ts with аn d o с nсentтаt ion. onсе sаr d тo aЬ lanсе iзе tеm po (the speеd of the stеps, or thе тr mЬег of footfalls pеr minutе, whiсh 7аssЬg
:s.:еn sion
u з st
h с osеn and sеt bу the ridеr ) has еstаb lishеd , thе тh уt hm must bе :igю гously maintained. bе
еn
in a horsе aс n oс mе a mеn through a numbеr of аu с sеs: геluсt anсе to move one way bеa с usе of а
onе sidеd nеss *o Ь ut
:т 5аd
еxpегiеne с
on that sidе as a foаl
or
probably a с usеd by an inеp t or handlеr , or a spoilt mouth, pегh аp s
rol.ш lgster,
jumsу aоm агсеlеss
.ungЬg :еouth
озr sе iеo с mes
fitting of sidereins whеn
or fтom bаd riding' A
spoilt
o с mmonly oсu с rs when а young is hс anging his tеeth, thе mouth
inflamеd and hypersensitive in paгt or pаr ts' so thаt hе naturallу, :еstЬ s o с ntaсt in that arеa. Too often this :еstЬ аnес is mistakеn ly intеr preted by thе iтд ner аs wilful disoЬеdiеneс and the еп surng o с arsе lnsrstеnес a a с n Iс еatе оn е. sidеd mouth in a very short timе. Unеq uаl musсu lar either dеvelopmеn t, тom working with an erratiс rhythm or siп рlу by working too muсh in onе dirес :ion, is an oЬv ious a a М nу ridеr s have с usе. prefеr еnес а п аr urаl аn d, for onе dirеtс ion quitе unwittingly, work muсh morе on aаt rеin. Not hс anging thе diagonal fге sromе
quеn tlу whеn rising at thе tlot is also a to rendering а horse strong o с ntriЬu tor
oppoгt unity should bе takеn to estaЬlish o с nfidеnес and tгu st in his ш ainer in par
onе sided.
tiсu laг,
is еno с unterеd , the onе sidеd nеss horsе should not irnrnediately be worked more on his bad sidе. Thе work should е Ь
bееn
.!Йh еn
еq ual in quаn titу rеlated in quаlity instanсе)
тh e
in both diтtес ions' but to his bad side' I t for
с n еаsily movе around horsе a to thе lеf t' but a с nnot managе
a 10 m iс гlс e lеss than 20 m to thе right thеn hе must on both only bе workеd on thе laгg er iс rсlе and hе a с n rеins. As his bad sidе improvеs on thаt rein, thеn work on an 18 m iс rсlе by thе iс rсlеs on his good sidе arе rеd uсеd the same amount. To pursuе tight work on thе good sidе and opеn work on the stiff sidе _ evеn though thе stiff sidе bе workеd thе fivе timеs as muсh will not aсh iеv е rеsult and, morе oftеn than not, dеsirеd will magnifу thе problеm in the mind of thе horsе, rider or both. Lunging thе young horse as a preсu rsor аn d to baсk ing аn d riding is both neсеssary desirаb le, providеd it is donе wеll. I f a young horsе is o с rrеtс lу and thorougЫу whiсh will lunged it will produсе еnЬ еf its,
stand him in good stеad for thе rеst of his and lifе. I t is еqually tflre that аrс еlеss at this гсit lunging, еspеiс allу iсal time, aс n do sevегe, if not irrеpaгalЬ е damage. So mаn y pеoplе takе troublе and
inadеq uatе
pains to lеаr n
proсeеd
to гidе
to .brеаl{
o с mpеt еn tly,
and then
young hoгsеs, having or no tuition in lunging. Thеn
had littlе с unteг so many wondеr why they еno problеm s and diffiсu ltiеs in the saddlе. The objеtс ivеs of lunging, prior to baсk ing should bе lс еаr ly undеr stood so that a young horsе is not askеd to dеal with moге
еу Й
relеvant than hе is ablе аn d so thаt thе Full lеssons arе thorougЫy learnеd .
тRA| NI NG
and in humans in gеn eral.
I f hе
has
kindly handlеd from a foal thе task should bе еasiеr , but it must аlso е Ь rеm embеr еd that ovеr сonfidеneс and a с rеless еh Ь аviour by thе trainеr at this time a с n undeгm inе
thе horsе' s
trц st,
so hе
bеt rayеd ' I n аddition, hе maу well rеsolvе nеvеr to bе foolеd agаin у Ь thаt twolegged monstег! Wittr thе horsе that has hаd pгevious bad еxpеr iеnеsс , how еv еr , this lunging pеr iod is a goldеn oppor tunity to геvеr sе his poor viеw of humanity. A major objeсt ivе in lunging is to tеahс thе horsе an undеr standing of' аn d an
fееls
obеd iеnес walk, ш ot
to' thе vеr bаl oс mmands аn d
to
halt. He should lеarn
thеsе to suсh a dеg rее that he will oЬеу thеm in any order, on either rеin аn d in response to diffеr еn t The peгson who tеahс еs voiсеs. him on thе lungе mаy not bе thе first onе to ridе him, аn d to have a diffеr еn tvoiсе issu ing thе word oс mmands from his kас Ь o с uld аu с sе o с nfusion. Thе words usеd from еah с must e ь lс еarly distinguishable I n nЕ gland, for еxample, it is o с m oфеr .
mon praсt iсе .wo')
to saу .whoa' (pronounсеd .hald. I t must eЬ
dеlivеr ed not drawn out, so it shoгt ly and lс еarly, .wall(, whiсh is rеsеm bles thе o с mmand с ntеr hаs and should bе drawn out. Thе a no plaсе is on the lungе until thе horsе and quitе advanсed. muсh morе mаt urе instеad of
A young Swedish horse being introduсed to his first pieсes of I unging equipment. He wi| | be hаn dI ed fгom the ground with a speсiaI a с Vesson noseband and | ong rein prior to the аt tention being гidden. Note partiсu I агI y being given to gaining the horse's trust and o с nfidenсe.
PR0GRЕss| vE тRA| NI NG
Lunging will rю t make a horse stroп g. I t will mаke him morе hеalthy and his joints prepаr ing them аn d thе morе flеxible' musсlеs for wеightсarrying work. Aftеr months of good lunging the two or tfuее hе horsе will / ooh biggеr and strongеr thаn vulnerablе of all tас uallу is, аn d thе most in this rеgard, is thе beautiful big four yеarold of 16.2 h.h. or morе. The horsе must bе lunged on as largе a irгеvoсablе аs possiЬlе. o М rе iс гlс е injuriеs
с s havе to hoсk s and baсk s and nеk beеn sustainеd by lunging on too small a _ inсlud than from any otheг a с usе iс rсlе, shoц ld е Ь work ing aсiс dеn ts. Thе п аinеr
ing to imposе rеf errеd
thе thrее
to еаr liеr ,
prinсiplеs
a Ь siс
will bе morе on thе lungе than
u Ь t thеy
diffiсu lt to maintаin to under saddlе. I t is vеr y diffiсu lt indееd aсh ievе a unifoгm bеn d throughout thе horsе (whiсh is another rеason for thе iс r lс е to bе as laгg е as possiblе) ' but еrс tаinly Ь d to the out. hе must not bе allowed to еn sidе. At this age and stagе hе will not show u Ь t hе should learn thаt muсh sеlfсontrol
to go frеely forward withoц t playing thе most. fool is what pleasеs his trainer фе
Rhythm is, howevеr , morе геаdily and if it is pаinstakingly and aсh iеvеd , dеm andеd thе rеw ards will bе o с nsistеn tly с mе. еn ormous in thе months to o
Thе aс lming influеneс s tions piсkеd
up yЬ the
and assoсia in thеse
youngstеr
с me early days of lunging will frequеn tly o in useful in latеr years whеn he oс mеs to
work. I t is possible, for prior to his instanсе, to a с lm a fit еvеn tеr drеssage tеst by lunging, thus avoiding hаving to ride him for hours аn d risk sap ping his strеn gth for thе spееd and еn duт
o с mpеt ition
аn е с
tests.
going on to dеsrс iЬе the ridden Bеf orе с nsidеr thе arеa work it is a good idеa to o whеr е
opеn
the work is to be undertaken. Largе
spaсеs
arе'
if not еssеn tiаl,
higЫy
ofthe for the propеr devеlopmеn t o Ь dу and mind. They stimulаt e thе joy and frееd om of is the movеm еn t thаt of his bеauty and our aim is to еssenсе prеsегve so that it will аlways that essеn ес dеsirаlЬ е hoгsе' s
show in his work' no mattеr how artifiсial the surroundings may eЬ . Nevеr thеless, thеr e willbe a peгiod еah с dаy whеn he has to be put to disсipline: taken, аs it wеr e, to the lс аssгoom for his lessons. с n dЕ цa с tors of humans have alwаy s o с nsider a с гefullу siderеd it п еsс sаr y to o
and lау out of thеir lс аssrooms. to applу though it would appеаr thе same to thе trаining of horsеs, this is ес Ь se М re is the pity, аu not always done. o thеr е a с n bе no douЬt that а aс rеf ully pгogrеss markеd oц t sсh ool will еn hanсe no is егсt ainly еn ormously. xЕ pеn se for, providing thе ground is flat and еx u с sе o с mfortable to tread upon' the hoгse will givе his all just as willingly amongst oil as hе will с гd boаr d drums, polеs, аn d a and marble. undеr h с andеlier Thе aсuс rаyс with whiсh sсh ool figures end in itsеlf, although с n е Ь an arе riddеn a геlativеly fеw гidеr s to whom therе arе
the dеsign
Logiсаl
са raсy as а suсh аn aim appеals. To usе u is something to whiсh а1l means' howеvеr ,
гidеr s
should aspirе, for
it is thе
only
prog havе of rеallУ mеasuring rеss. I t is of great importanсe that еxеr iс ses and movеm ents taught to horsеs, arе not onlу done hozll we want thеm , uЬ t also, we wаn t thеm . A transition, for uhеr е but in all rеspеtс s, еxample, may be pеr fеtс a metrе bеf orе oг aftеr thе if it wаs aсh iеv еd the rider hаd intеn ded it to hap spot whеr е It has fаilеd . pеn , then the wholе еxerсisе mеаn s that his signаls werе badlу timеd , or them or was slow to the horsе аn tiсipatеd forbid!) that thе ridеr obеy, or еven (hеavеn intention in thе fust plaсe. had no lс еar 'Whatеveг thе rеason, o с ntгol was lost. play a major As we hаvе seen, iс rсlеs rolе in trаining thе horsе, but unlеss thеy pегf tес not as possiblе, they аr е arе as nеаг rеt ard progress. еv еn с n only usеless, thеy a I t is impossiblе to maintain аn еvеn means wе
rhythm аr ound an irrеg ulаr lyshаp еd
iс r
is onе of thе vеr y lс e, whereas а true iс rсle for promoting it. I t is impos bеst еxeгiс ses at all timеs с lтetс bеn d siblе to havе the o
iс rсlе sinсе the radii arе varying. Thе horsе' s stеps will theгefore bе a liш le shoI tеr at timеs, and аn d his bend will vary thеn a little 1oп gеr Al1 this a с n from aсu tе to noneхistеn t. o с nfusion аn d loss of on1y lеad to anxiеt у , is inсr еd ibly diffiсu lt A ш ue iс rсlе balаnе.с ridеr s in thе and it is а faсt thаt fеw to гidе с nsistеn dy without с n perform it o world a thе aid of guides or markеr s. The desсr iption of thе working area that follows is aЬ sed on thе standard dтessagе arenаs used tfuoughout thе world. Thе arе not vital, mеаsurеm ents aсt uаl с n although they will bе foцn d to be very o venient and will suit horsеs of almost anY on an irrеg ulаr
o с nstantly
Further training on the | unge, whiсh wil| on the left o с ntinue after he has been bаkс ed. the young horse is being exerсised oveг slight| y гaised poI es to strengthen a nd f | eх his joints. on the right, more аt hletiс exerсises с I mness аn d trust over a,jump. I n both cases a аg iI ity. aгe being I inked with аt hI etiс
shаp e. Thе proportions howеvеr must be important) and thе surfaсе Thе flat, with as little slopе as possiЬlе. аг е a is 40 m long and 20 m wide that is е ас of two squarеs sidе by side, h o с mposеd size аn d аr е
vеr y
the 20 m mеasuring 20 m x 20 m. Sinсе is thе foundation of all futurе work, iс rсlе с rеf ully thе advantagеs of having thеsе a obvious. с me mаr kеd squares bеo Thе diagrams show how and whеr е thе lettеr s and marks arе situatеd . The lеt tеr s arе those usеd in drеssage аr еn as and in sсh ools all ovеr the world: any lеt tегs any order o с uld bе used but it is proЬlаЬ y e Ь ttеr
to usе thе
e са ptеd ones
so that thе
with thoroughly fаm iliаr using thеm . I f thе spots and linеs and let easУ to rеad and fully undеr stood tеr s аr е
ridеr
bеo с mеs
thе ridеr
Ь ins soon еg
to use thеm
instinс
tively and so is ablе to devotе thе propеr to the pеr formanсе ofсonсеn tration I nсidentally, noonе seems to aЬout, nor do с mе know how the lеt ters a
degrее of thе
horsе.
thеy appеar to have any logiсal sеq uеnе.с By having thе spots or mаr ks on thе wall quiсkly bеoс mеs in diffеr ing oс loцr s onе thеi.r rеlationships to eaсh aсu с stomеd to
otlrеr
and to thе pеr imеt ег
of the sсh ool.
This means that having dеiс ded to гide a of any sй e, ttre oг part of а iс rсlе iс rсle, o с mmenсеd exeгiс sе a с n еЬ iust аbout anуw here in the sсh ool and thеr e wi1l whiсh to always be at lеast one mаr k у Ь thе and thеr еf orе с rаyс , mеasurе thе aсu This aсuс raсy of thе movеm еn t. suсеsс s' is always intеgratеd with the thrее aЬ siс a fourth as it wеr е, prinсiplеs and beсomеs, dimension. Clearly it will sеr vе no ц sеf ul puгp osе to ridе faithfully from tangеn t to
Right
the ideа| | ayout of a Diаg rаm showing 40 metre Х 20 metre sсh oo| ing areа (a| so ca| | ed a manёg e) and exа mp| es of utiI ising the the са rate iс rс| es; letters and marks in riding u I ines within the a гea I inking va rious points аr e inсluded here to show the reI ationships of opposite mаr ks, but obvious| y are not sсh ooI ing required to be marked on the aсt uаI surfаe с .
PR0GRЕsslVЕ
< 6
.i
Fs'Fs i
l.1o
Eo П tr П otr
ltlrlll
tangеn t if thе movеm ent аге
i
t 5
l
t 5
+
T5 _+
t 5
I
bеn d or rhуt hm or forwаr d lost in thе proсеss. Bеf orе еm baI king on thе ш aining of a horsе it is important thаt thе trainеr has а proper undеr standing of thе paсеs so that not onlу аr е thе objeсt ivеs lс еаr ' but thе vагious rс itеr iа bеing appliеd and sought for arе гo and progгеss ес gnizablе maу е Ь mеasurеd . I t is impossiЬlе to woгk on ttlе !7alk or thе Tгot oI thе Cantеr if thе trainеr is not surе whеt hеr thе hoгsе should bе overtraсkiп g , or traсkingin, oг undег traсking; whеt hег hе should havе thе hеаd and nеkс гaisеd or strеt h с еd ; whеt her hе should havе somе еnЬ d at аll аn d or п onе so on. For а lс еar desсr iption of еahс of thе paсеs аn d of whаt is rеq uired in thеm , onе a с n haгd ly do еtЬ tеr than to rеf еr to thе autholitativе viеw of thе Fёd6гation (F.Е. I .). Thе fol qЕ uеsuе I ntегn ationаlе lowing ехt raсt is thе offiсial n Е glish tтans lаt ion аs published у Ь the British Horsе (B'FI .S') in Part I I I of its.Drеssagе Soсiеt y
Rulеs' tуp iсa|
ТRA| NI NG
20 metre iс гIс es
F.Е. I .
ob!еtс
(l975 dЕ ition)'
DЕFI NI тI ONs oFPAсsЕ м ovЕ^ 4ЕNTS and Gеn еr al
AND
Prinсiplеs
1. The objeсt of Dтеssаg е is thе haтm onious аn d iаЬ lity devеlopment of thе phуsiquе of thе horsе. As a result, it makes the horsе тh us aсh ieving pеr a с lm, supple and kеетr , fеtс understаn ding with iтs ridеr . 2 Тhesе quаlitiеь а: .е г е v е аl е d bу: (a) tlrе freedom and rеg ularit.v of й е paсеs; (b) thе harmоn y, lightnеss and еasе of the moYеm еn I s:
(с) thе lightnеss
tуp tсa|
15
metre lс rс| es
of the forehаn d and thе engagemеn t of the hindquarтers; (d) the horse remainiп g absolutely straight in any movеm еn t along a straight line and bеn ding aсосr diп g lу whеn rnoviп g on u с rvеd lines. (3) Thе horse thus gives thе imprеssion of с тd doing of his own aсo what is гequiгеd of him. oС nfident and aneп t ive. hе suЬm its generouslу to thе o с ntlol of his ridеr .
4. His walk is тegulаr , fтeе
and unсon
strained. His tтot is frеe, supple, гegu1ar, sus taiп ed аn d н is aс п t еr is unitеd, tас ive. light аn d аd l{ is quaгt ers arе never inaс с еn еd с . tivе oг sluggish. They rеspond to тh e slight. give therеyЬ est indiсation of thе гidеr and lifе and spiтit to а11 тh e rеst of his oЬ dy.
5' Bу viтt ue of a livelу impulsion аn d the supplеп ess of his joints, frее from thе paralyziп g еf feсt s of гesistanсе, thе horsе obeys willingly and without hеsitatioп aп d rеsponds to thе vaтious aids a с lmly and with prеrс s1on.
tyрiа|с
10
metre iс rсles
6. I n all his work, еven at thе halt, й e hоr se must be on thе b1t. A horse is to be .oп thе bic p1аеd с , с rrеtс lу whеп the hoсk s arе o thе nеk с is morе or less raised aсo с rding tо the eхt еn sion or o с llеtс ion of thе paсе, the head posrtion, the o remains stеadilу in с ntaсt with the mouth is iight and no resisfanсe is offerеd
тo
тh e rider.
.on thе position of thе horsе when bid dеp ends on the o с nfoгm аt ion as well as on thе dеgте of гаining of thе horsе.
7. Thе
Thе Hаlt
l. At thе halt, thе hoтse should stand aтt en tivе' motionlеss and strаight, with thе weight еvenlу distributed over аll four legs, and bе геady to movе off at the slightest indiсation is гaised' the poll high' of the rideг. The nеk с thе head a little in front of the veгt iсal. tlre zз|
PROGRЕss| vЕ
тп A| NI NG
mouth light' the horse h с amping mаintaining а light o с ntaсt with hап d ' 2. TЬe ш аn sition ftom any Paсe should е Ь madе progressivеly iп and preсise
his bit aп d thе гidе1s to thе hаlt a smooth
movеm еn t
The Walk 1. The wаlk is a marсh iп g paсе in whiсh thе four lеg s of the horsе follow one anothel in four time, wel1 markеd and maintаinеd in all work at the walk. 2. \ 0Иhen the four beаt s eс аsе to be well mafked' еven аn d regulаr , the walk is disun ited oт rЬ okеn . 3. I t is аt the paсe of the walk that tЬe imper feсt ions in drеssаg e are most mагked. The paсе will suffеr if thе degree of collеtс ion is not in aсo с rdаne с with thе stаg e ofsсh ooling of the horse' u Ь t is preсipitated.
4' The following walks аr е
reсognized:
medium, o с lleсt ed, еxtеn ded аn d free. (a) еd М ium walk. A free, геg ular and unсonstrаined walk of moderatе extension. The hoтse should walk еn elgetiсаlly but a с lmly, with even аn d dеt еr mined steps, dis tinсt ly maтking four equаlly spaсed еaЬ ts, thе hind fеet touсh ing thе ground in front of the footprints of the forefeet. The ridеr should keep a light and stеadу o с ntаtс with the mouth.
(Ь)
Collеtс еd walk. The horse moves rеsol utely foтw ard, with his nеkс raisеd and arсh еd . The hеad approaсh es thе vertiсal position, the light o с ntaсt with thе mouth
e Ь iп g engagеd
maintаinеd . The hind lеg s аr e with good hoсk tас ion. The paсе
should тemаin
marсh ing аn d vigorous, the plaсеd in rеg ulаr sequenсe. a Е h с
lеg s e Ь ing step o ground and is highег с vеr s lеss than аt the mеd ium walk a ес Ь usе all the joiп t s еn Ь d more markedly. Thе hind feet touсh the ground e Ь hind the fooрr ints of thе forefeet. I n order not to bеo с me hurriеd or irrеg ular thе o с lleсt ed walk is slightly shortеr thап the mеd ium wаlk' аlthough showing greatеr
moЬilitу. (с) xЕ tеn dеd
walk. The horse should o с ver as muсh ground as possiblе, without hastе аn d without losing the regulаr ity ofhis steps. Thе hiп d fеet touсh the ground lс early in froп t of the fooрr ints of thе forefeet. The rider lets the horsе strеt h с out his hеad аn d nеkс without, howеveт' losing o с п t tас , the head еiЬ ng a с rгiеd in front of thе vеr tiсal. (d) Free walk. The free walk is a pаeс of rеst in whiсh , the reins bеing strеt hс ed to thеir utmostJ the hоr se is allowеd o с mplete free dom of his head and nеkс .
Trot
Thе
l.
The tтot is a pаeс diagonals (nеаr forе
of two timе
on alternatе
and off.hind аn d
viсe.
versa) sеp аr atеd yЬ a momеn t of suspеn sion, 2. TЬe ш ot, always with free, aсt ivе and reg ulаr stеps, should eЬ goп e into without hesi tatron.
3. The qualitу of thе trot is judged by the generаl impтessioщ the elastiсity and rеg u larity of the steps and the impulsion, while mаintaining the sаm e аd с eп e с . 4. The following trots aте reсognized: woгk ing, mеd ium, o and eхt ended. с lleсt ed (а) li7orking trot. This is а paсe between the medium and the o с lleсt еd trot in whiсh a hoтsе, not yеt rеady or trainеd for o с lleсt еd movements' shows itsеlf propеr ly balanсеd and, with a supplе poll геm аining on thе iЬ t, goеs forward with even, elastiс steps and good hoсk tас ion. The working trot is not parт of the offiсial Drеssаg e tеsts s st. Georgеs, I ntermediaire and Grand Prix (Rideoffl where a higheI dеgгeе of o с lleс tioп is demаn dеd .
(Ь) e М dium trot. This is a paсe betwеen thе extendеd and thе o с lleсt ed trot and morе roundеd thаn thе extended trot. Thе horsе goеs forward freely and sш aight' engaging his hind legs with good hoсk aсt ioщ on а tаu t u Ь t light rein, his position еiЬ ng balaп еd с and unсonstrаined. Thе stеps should bе as еven as possiblе. Thе hind feet touсh thе ground in the fooрr ints of the forеf eet.
Thе plаyed
dеg reе
degree of еn еr gy and impulsion dis at the mеd ium trоt dеп otеs lс eaтly the of suppleness and bаlanсe of thе
horse.
into
a welk and, aftеr one or two wеll defined steps' rеstarted into a апс t er with the other I eg leading.
5. The horse h с angеs
leg .iп
thе
аi1 in
a
single stride while a с ntering. This h с angе of lеg is tеr med .flying, (or .in thе аi1) when it is exеu с ted in lс osе o с nnеtс ion with thе sus. pеn sion whiсh follows еah с sш ide of thе
Flying hс anges of lеg a с n eЬ exе in series, for irrstanсе at еvегy fourt\ third, seсond or at every stide. The horse' аn с ter. u с ted
in thе sеr ies,
remains sш aight, a с lm and dеg reе of o с llеtс ion in the series should е Ь slightly less then in thе o с llеtс ed a с ntеr . еven
light with lively impulsion. Thе
(с) Colleсt еd
trot. Thе neсk is raiseф thus enabling the shouldеr s to move with greater eаsе in аll direсt ions, the hoсks eЬ ing wеll еn gаg ed аn d maintaining еn еr gеt iс impul sion, notwithstanding thе slower movеm еn t. Thе hoтse's stеps aге shorter but hе is lighter аn d more moЬile. (d) xЕ tеn dеd trot. The hoгsе o с vеr s as muсh gтound as possiblе. Hе lengthens his stride, remaining on thе iЬ t with light o с ntaсt . The nеkс is еxtended and, аs a rеsult of gI еat impulsion from the qualtеr s' the horsе usеs his shoulders, o grouп d аt eaсh с vеr ing morе stеp without his tас ion e Ь o с ming higher. .sitting'. 5. The oс llеtс ed trot is exeсu tеd Thе woтking, medium and extendеd trots ,sitting, or .rising' as агe eхeu с tеd indiсatеd in thе test. I n thе offiсial Dressagе tеsts (Prix St. Georges' I ntеr mediаire and Grаn d Prix) all movеm еn ts at the trot must e Ь еx u ес tеd sittiп g .
Thе Rein Baсk 1. The rein baсk is а kind of walk baсk Thе lеg s eЬ ing rаisеd and set down simultaneously yЬ pairs' the hind diаg onаl lеg s тemaining wеll in linе and the lеgs wаr ds.
e Ь ing
well reisеd .
2. T} re horse must
bе rеady to hаlt or move without pausing at the dеm аn ds of his rider, remaining at all timеs lightly on thе iЬ t аn d wеll аlЬ anсed.
forwаr d
3. Any signs of hutrying, evasion of the hand' deviation of the qualtеr s fтom thе stгaight linе or spreаd iп g and inтt ivity of thе haцnh с es arе serious faults] Violеn t influeп ес
on the Pert of the rider may bе
dеt rimеr :tal 4. A horsе
to the ioints of the hindqueтt ers. oЬedient to thе aids of
thаt is not
rider in thе
rein aЬ kс is insuffiсiendy badly sсh ooled oт аdЬ lу тidden. 5. I f' in а dressаgе test' а trot or a aс ntет is гequired afтer a гein baсk, the horse must strike off immediаt ely into this paсе without an intеr mеd iatе step. thе
supplеd ,
The Canter
l. Thе аnс tеr is a paсe of three time. I n the right a с nter for instanсe, thе sequenсе is as follows, left hind lеg , lеf t diegonal (right hind lеg and left foтеleg), right foreleg fol lowеd yЬ a pеr iod of suspension with ell four legs in the air before tаk ing thе nехt stlide. 2. The following a с ntels аге reсognized: working' mеd ium' o с lleсt ed and extеп d еd . (a) I Vorking аn с tеr . This is a paсе еtЬ wеen thе medium аn d the o с llеtс еd аn с tel in whiсh a horsе, not yet ready or tгaiп еd for proPerly o с lleсt ed movements' shows itsеlf balаne с d and, with a supplе poll rеm aining on thе iЬ t, goes forwаr d with even, light and a с denсеd stlides and good hoсk tас ion. Thе working аn с tеr is not part of the offiсial Dressage Tests St. Gеorgеs, I ntermediaire аn d Grаn d Prix (Rideoffl where a highет
of o с lleсt ion is demandеd. М dium аnс tеr . This is a paсe eЬ tween ф) e thе extended a с ntеr errd the o с lleсt ed ап с t е r . The horse, pетf tес ly straight from head to tail, movеs fteely, with a neturаl bаlanсе. The strides are long, еven and the paсе wеll a с dеne с d. Thе quaп ers develop an inсr eаs dеg те
ing impulsion. (с) Colleсt ed aс ntег.
At the o с lleсt ed a с nter' the shoulders arе supple, frеe and mobilе and the quаr ters vеr y tас ive. The horsd s moЬilitу
is inсr еаsed
without anу loss of impulsion.
(d) xЕ tendеd a с ntеr . The horse eхt ends his nеkс ; thе tip of the nose poiп t s more or less forwаr d, the hotsе lеn gthеп s his stride with out losing any ofhis аlс mness and lightnеss. 3. Countеr аnс ter (false aс ntet). On thе iс r lс е, й is is a suppling movement. Thе horse mаintains his п аt ural flexion at the poll to thе outside of thе iс rсle, in other words, remains e ь nt to the lеаd ing lеg . His o с nfor mation does not permit his spine to е Ь еnЬ t to thе line of thе iс rсle. Thе rideт, аv oiding any o с ntortion a с using o с nш aсt ion аn d disorder, should espеiс ally endeаvour to limit the dеviation of the quarters to the outside аn d restriсt his demands aсo с rding to the dеg I е of suppleness of thе horsе. 4. Simplе hс angе of leg at the aс ntеr . This is а h с ange whereЬy the horse is rЬ ought a Ь kс
The Submission 1. At all Paсеs' a slight flexioп of thе jaw, without п ervousп ess is a rс iterion of thе oЬedienсе of the horse and of thе hаr moni ous distriЬu tion of his forсes. 2. Grinding thе teeth aп d swishing the tail are signs of nervousness, tenseness or resis tanсe on t} rе pаr t of the horsе аn d must bе takеп into aсoс unt by the judges in thеir mаr ks for thе movements o с nсerned as well аs in thе o с lleсt ivе mаr k no. thrее.
Thе Transitions
l.
The hс anges of pаес
аn d speed should made but be smooth and not aЬr upt. The a с denсe of а paсе should е Ь с maintаinеd up to the momеn t whеn the pаe is hс anged or the horsе hаlts. The hoгse rеm ains light in hand, a с lm аn d mainteins a position. o с rrеtс 2. Thе sаm e аp plies to ш ensitions from thе to the Piaffe and from the piаf fе to Passаg е the passagе. аlwаys
Thе
quiсkly
e Ь
sеtс ion
goes on to give a numbеr аr e not relеv ant
dеf initions whiсh this stagе, uЬ t thеy othеr
of at
arе highly rеoс m
mеn ded to a sеr ious studеn t at anу lеv еl. It puts simply and veгy o с nсisеly a grеat deаl of infoгm аt ion thаt it is еssentiаl to know and, beсause it doеs not
is aсh iеvеd,
it is fге
statе how anything from o с ntroversy or
o с nfusion.
Thеr е are a numbеr of еxerсises for thе horsе to a с rry out in eaсh of thе paсеs desсr ibеd .
I fthеsе
arе
performed o с rreсt ly'
progressively, and regularlу
thеу
will
improvе thе paсе, аt thе samе time as o с n tributing to thе othеr statеs and paсеs. one of thе earliеst and most valuablе lessons а horsе reсeives is in making smooтh transi
tions up and down from onе pаeс
to
PROGBЕss| vЕ Тf fAlNI NG
from thе
should begin by walking the fore a halfсirсlе of 6 m in diametеr and gradually геd uсing it to 1 m or а littlе lеss. Thеr е is no advantаgе in attеm pting
quiсkly
to turn about thе
n д oтh er.
Thе
hаlt, petiеnес
thе
lеssons are limitеd аt first to walk, and thе trot, and muсh and undеr standing is rеq uirеd
тh е
trainer. I f a horse responds and smoothlу to a signal fгom his to ridеr he has shown an tас of obеd iеnес тh е ulishes of thе rider, and thаt is, of ooursе' valuaЬlе and important. I n addi tioп , hoп ' еvеr , hе has shown somеt hing of in еq uаl if not more valuе and importanсе, a mеn tal and physi фt he has dеvеlopеd аlс o с ordination in hirnsеlf.
onсe thе horsе undеr stаn ds rеstгitс ion
lеg s and
slow down or stop, and thаt
ridе1s
sеat
rеlax
a
with prеssurе
с uplеd on the rеins o
аt ion
from тh е
a
gеn tlе
с uplеd with on the reins o
ftom the ridе1s
Fеssrrге mеаn s
that
lеg s means
movе
off or go
sЬ tеr , hе is rеady to bеg in transitions. с anging from Т аk e а simplе examplе of h в ot to walk. Thе horsе is trotting along, whеn
rrhiсh hе knows to mеan
iЬ r
down'. I Jnlеss тery, very fеw
.сегt аirlly'
аt
on his
prеssure
he feels a dеliЬеr аt е
.slow right
аr е hе will say, in effеtс , but iust wаit a momеn t
onсe,
forеh and on thе spot and' young horsе, it аn с be positivеly
with thе hаr mful. Thе ridеis inside7egmusr rеm ain аt thе girth and thе outside rein is usеd to kееp stеp s. thе horsе sш aight and rеg ulate thе through bеing kept straight As mеn tionеф
linе thе с rvеd whilst moving along a u horsе will е Ь obliged to rс oss his hind lеg s u Ь t thеr е must bе no quеstion of thе ridег pushing the quaгt еr s oцt by drawing baсk his inside lеg. done at thе walk The exerсisе may bе without stopping, although it will eЬ еаsier for the horsе аt fust if the walk is slowеd down a littlе just beforе thе momеn t of еn try. I t may also bе done frorn thе halt but flot 4r thе hаlt. Having haltеd , thе horse is movеd sш aight forwаr d for a stеp oI two usеf ul
of thеm )
whilst I soгt my lеgs out!' Thеr е is thus
аr ound
and thеn into
(and thеr e
he is a roguе
еxеr iс sе
feеt
arе a a
whosе
thе
turnabout. This is often
with horsеs that walk very boldlу or littlе impetuous, and for young ridеr s
timine is still in doubt.
thе aсt ion on the iь t and thе bеt weеn rеtас ion of the horse and this is oftеn mis interprеt еd as a disoЬеd iеn ес or) at lеast' a hap rеluсt аnес to obеy. What has tас uallу pеn еd his the horse obеyеd is that mеn tallу
dеlay
but his body did not immеd iatеly, I n othеr words, his mind so quiсk1у. hь mind and body arе not yet oс ordinatеd lots of timе аn d it is in this, that hе nеeds n д d patiеn tpraсt iсе. This еxplains, in part, whуа hoгsе finds upward transitions muсh гideг
tright'. Hе whеr еаs no pаr t
is equippеd
.gеt
awаt '
аn d
bе tеstеd bу watсh ing horsеs at play: thеr e upward trаn si Ь utiful and, in dтеssagе tions are always еa
tегltls, vеr y o с гr eсt , but whеn slowing and еvеn down thеy arе oftеn a с rеlеss
onе
a .tllrn с llеd walk and is a foгеh and. (This eхerсisе is
аb out thе o с mmonly known as а .turn on tlre forеh and but I rеf usе to spеak, or еvеn тh ink,
of any movеm еn t
foгеh аn d.) I n aс rrying uralks his forеf еt aгound lс е. h step is takеn ас Е тh е г e
being done oи thе it out thе horsе a small half iс r
sidebysidе
and of thе
is no rс ossing or widеn ing
front legs. His body is hеld sш aight from poll to rс oup whiсh nееsс sitatеs his hind lеg s rс ossing onе in front of thе oтh еr . On two o с mpletion hе will hаvе dеsгсibed аn d a hаlfсirсlеs, onе with his forеf еt 1аr gеr с nсеn triс to onе with his hind feet, o h е ас
епс t rе
oтh еr
same and thе
and both having about thе
point. Pгogress
is graduаl,
on the trot. I f' during a lеsson for thе trot appеars to bе fаd ing
whеn
h с oppy,
thе hoгsе
to 1еg yiеlding
Rеo с gnition с ing of thе fаr rеah and influenсes of onе exеr iс sе
with thе downward onеs.
foгm еd аt the
a sеr iеs of vеr y short trаiner should eЬ eaсh day. Тh е quiсk to rewаr d thе most modеst signs of progress as thеy oсu Thе appropriate с r. form of reward in this a с sе ь to trot would e vigorouslу forward with lots of pаt ting on с аn d voсаl noises anything to let thе nеk he has the horsе know beуond doubt thаt donе wеll.
bettеr to spreаd it ovеr
is
аn d
shouldеr in.
Vhеn the horsе bеgins to show signs a с n introduсе еxerсisеs аn d improve this o с ordinаt ion. of the most usеf ul of thesе is pеr
or
praсt iсеs
an intгoduсt ion
that thе lс umsy. I t follows, thеr eforе, tтаinеr a с n be quitе dеm anding with upward transitions, but should bе vеr y
trainеr
no forсе
has bееn
Provided thеr е
brought to а walk and askеd to do two or thrее tuгn s about the forеh and, thе diffеr in thе еn suing trot will bе quite еn е с rеm arkablе. This еxerсisе is also invаlu for the rein lаЬ е аs part of the prеp аr ation baсk; lеssons in striking off into aс ntеr from walk or halt will be greatly assistеd if thе a stеp of a с ntеr is askеd for on thе last as turn about; аn d it is obviously vаluablе
еasily,
fiis mind and body аr e oс ordinating
Hе will mistakеs
impаt ienсe from his ridеr , it will hаvе а trеm endous influenсе on his willingnеss to lеaгn nеw and strangе things from thаt moment on. I t should takе aЬout onе month for тh е at the turn horse to beсomе o с mpеt еn t about thе forehand, not bеa с usе hе is unable to learn it faster u Ь t a ес Ь usе it is
or is bеoс ming
to bе able to stop or slow down has to play in his abilitу to survivе. Thе
bеп еr , thе to hеightеn
making
whiсh should not bе misсonstrued as eva sions. By a stеаd y appliсation of the aids с mpromisе without thе smallеst o of thе ridе1s position, thе horsе wi1l soon undеr stand what is wantеd and his bodу will lеаr n to obеy him. This first rеalization is rider, always a grеat thrill to thе sеn sitivе and it is a mаj or moment in the hoгsе' s lifе.
influenсе
уoung
thя1
bе puzzled at first and mаkе
instanсе,
thеory may еаsily
pаt iеn t
and yеt
I t will grеatly improvе trаn s itions and gymnastiсally, it has a markеd
mentally аn d phуs
quiсkly
timе
o с nш adiсt ory dеm аn ds.
broad indееd .
than downward. I n naturе thе primary defеnес meсh anism is
iсаlly to
аt the sаm е
apparеn tly
strеss has quitе dеlibеr ConsidегalЬ е atеly bееn laid on the importanсе of this propеr ly learnеd and еxеr iс se bеаu с sе, propеr ly a thеr еafteг с г i еd out' its spес trц m of influеnеsс on oтh er work is very
obеy
еаsiег hoгsе' s
usеd
Тh e
foundаt ions
of аg iI ity
and mutua| тr Ust training
aгe welI i| | ustrated here. Progressive
on the fI аt is essentiaI before obstаcI es I ike this аn с betaсk| ed sаf e| y. Notethe exemp| аr y oosition of the rider whiсh is in no wav impeding the horse.
A
studу
of thе aids for this eхerсisе,
shows that whilst thе inside leg pushes for
mаintainеd
or slightlу inсr еаsed
impul
sion thе rеins are guiding and gеn tly dis o с uгaging foгw ard movеm еn t' thus oblig part of himsеlf (his ing thе horsе to уiеld quartеr s) latеr allу to thе аp pliеd leg. I n doing so hе will stretсh the musсles аn d and hind legs in а ligamеn ts in his quaп еr s as a sidеw ays direсt ion and so it hаs vаluе impor o М rе modеst gyп m astiс еxerсisе. in tant' howevеr , is thе lеsson he lеarns in his life, o с ordination. For thе first timе hе fееls thе ridе1s lеg s and hands bеing
еf feсt s
on othеr
work is rеally thе kеy to progrеssivе trаin ing and it is important to oЬseгvе whiсh aspеtс of anу exerсisе will bе usеf ul to thе horse in lеатn ing с гr ying out аn other. or a A good ехаm plе is thе way in whiсh the 10m iс rсlе the horsе аb out o a с n tеah с с l leсt ion if it is a с rriеd oц t in thе followiл g mannеr : Put thе hoгsе to
20m iс rсlе
at
a good
working trot on
A or C' paying striсt
tion to the thrее iс аlly thе еvennеss
basiс prinсiplеs, of thе rhуt hm.
rеd uсe еstablishеd thе iс гlс е 15m from thе sаm е starting tаn gеn t is going wеll rеduсе when thаt iс rсlе
thеsе
Onсе
аr е
to
аn d to
tangent, so that еv еr y iс rсlе has begun and еn ded at thе samе point. I f the impulsion аn d rhythm have bееn maintainеd thгoughout' striсt lу 10 m,
аg ain using
a
atten espе
thе same
thе horsе will hаvе no altеr nativе shortеn his steps and lift his fееt
but to
highеr , i.е. o ес Ь mе morе elеvаt еd , and so, with no ехt ra or unfamiliar aids from the ridеr ' thс 2зз
PR0GRЕssI vЕ тRA| NI NG
reaсh ing thе quartег line tаn gеn t, ask for а trаn sition sш aight into thе lengthenеd trot (or mеd ium trot when thе timе o с mеs) аs he proсeeds down sсh ool on thе quartеr linе. Thе downward transitions from medium or extended into working or o с l
leсt еd
arе very diffiсu lt and must
approaсh еd
with a с rе, but
at the same
bе
timе,
thе strong pаеsс must not е Ь allowеd to just fadе away. Thе lеssons dеsгсibed for aсh ieving o с llеtс ion and еxtеn sion аt thе trot may bе rеproduсеd еxaсt ly for thе a с nter when thе timе o с mеs. The above proсеdurе thеn is а good еxamplе of how a с rеf ully h с osеn exеr iс sеs will bring about а dеsiлed result as a nаt urаl o с nsеq uеnе,с whiсh is so muсh bеt tеr than а lot of o с mpliсatеd intеr feг by the ridеr .
еn е с
To sum up what has beеn
aсh ieved so far, we sее
that thе
hoгsе
is
making good transitions tfuough halt, walk, and trot; hе has aп understanding of hаn d to thе еxtеn t thе ridе1s lеg аn d hе will advanсe or rеt аr d his paсes
a
o с mpеt еn t dеg rее
whеr е to quite
of oс llеtс ion
and
and he will yiеld his quаr teгs еxtеn sion, latеr allу' willingly uЬ t undеr oс ntrol. Thе rider, however, has donе nothing morе than to ridе him forward o с nsistеn tlу and to guidе him аrс еf ullу. с ed Lаt еr аl work should bе approаh with muсh the samе attitudе. Therе is nothing аb out thе aids o с mpliсatеd or mystегious
used herе but theу must bе appliеd from a position and thеir tim sеu с rе and o с rreсt ing is rс itiсal. Thе fust of thе sidewаys
is аlс lеd Legyielding.
I t is с llес with no o tion аn d no bеn d, and is taught in two stagе is с nd distinсt stages. !Иh еn thе sеo movеm еn ts
a с rriеd out
. After two or horse has collеctеd himsеlf (thrее at thе most) of thе 10 m iс rсlеs thrее * rе horse is rеt urnеd to working tгot and taken out ofthе iс rсle, bеf orе bеing restеd
and rеw ardеd .
Thе
through thе same
is to
next phasе
proсеd uгe
go
of ridеr
but instеad
going largе into working trot holds thе o aсh iеvеd , аt с llеtс ion about halfiп ay down thе long gradually foг longег until hе a с n it for a full iс rсu it of thе sсh ool. I t will not е Ь too long bеf orе
thе
first to sidе аn d maintain
At this
stage thе
thе ridеr
ridеr
should
always givе thе horsе lс еar warning that hе is about to be askеd to iс rсlе bу thе usе of hаlfhаlts he leavеs the traсk . I t iust bеf orе is bеt ter if thеse hаlfhalts аr е iust а shаd е morе lс еarly dеf ined thаn usual but tаkе аrс e not to iar or startlе the horsе. From thеr е it is simplе аn d logiсal to bе able to
h ас iеvе iс rсlе thе sаm e
o с llеtс ion through and ttrеn а as
quartеr сirсlе
a 10m half (whiсh
is
passing through a o с rnеr ), and
finally anywhеr е in thе sсh ool, without anу h Later on, morе с angе of dirеtс ion. advanсеd еЬ dеvеlopеd o с llеtс ion a с n by reduсing the iс rсlе to thе voltе (a voltе is automаt iсally a iс rсlе of 6m diamеt ег) . Lеn gthеn ing thе stridе with a viеw to medium and, ultimatеly, еxtеn dеd trot 254
i
ni ng
aгe being given
to deveI op their strength аt the same time
and stamina, whiсh promotes greater trust in theiг riders' Note the I ove| y sympаt hy shoWn by the position of the I eading joсkey,s fingers; the horse has с u| d weI l have fа| I en struсk the hurdI e and o without fu| | freedom of his head and neсk. praсt isеd all thе have bееn аb ovе shortеn ing work has bеen going on. By thе timе thе thiтd phasе (dispеn sing with thе larger iс rсlеs) hаs rеh ас ed thе horsе should bе аp с aЬlе bееn of a numbег of even, longsш ides _ border ing on medium without losing his bal аnе.с IЕ е to strеt h с will havе beеn allowеd ftom working trot into thesе progrеssivеly wittr thе first fеw steps smooтh ly gеt ting с mе longer and longеr . Now thе timе has o for him to lеarn to makе а propеr transition (it will not yеt be а fullу in thе long sш idеs mеd ium trot) and for this he will devеlopеd
will, of oс ursе, time that thе
аn d put a с n dispensе with thе largе iс rсlеs his horsе an а 10m iс rсlе anywherе in фе o с l sсh ool whеn еvеr hе wishes to aсh ievе
lеtс ion.
с horses More and more rаe prog ressive trа
hе is uс rrentlу с llеtс ion that the o lеarning and аt whiсh hе is alrеady mod nееd
еstablished' oЬ th forms will bе used thеr е for vаr ious геаsons. аf ter at vаr ious timеs as Leg Thе fust phаsе is еsЬ t dеsrс ibеd yiеlding from linе to linе. Thеr e are flvе mаin longitudinal linеs usеd in thе sсh ool; the two outеr traсk s whiсh run lс osе to thе long side; two quаr tеr boards down еah с lines, еah с 5 m in from thе traсk ; аn d thе linе markеd at еahс еn d еn с trе by A and C. Thегe are, in faсt two more _ onе on eaсh long sidе, whiсh run 1m in from the outеr аn d thеsе arе аlс led thе inner traсk. trаkс linе Thе innеr traсk is a mцhс nеg lеtс еd whiсh should bе usеd a lot morе than it gеn еr ally is еspеiс allу in indoor sсh ools. с osen for the first lеssons Thе two linеs h line and thе аr e thе quaгt еr of Lеg yiеlding innеr trаkс . Thе horsе is going to bе askеd to move from the quarter linе to thе innеr and hе с anging direсt ion, ш aсk without h will rеm ain parаllеl to both linеs through
out thе movement. I n othеr words, his аn d hind fееt will lеave thе quarter linе at thе same momеn t аn d theу wi1l simultanеouslу. arrivе at thе innеr traсk linеs с oosing thеsе two The rеasons for h
forеf еt
should bе understood
from thе start.
For some unknown reason thе boаr ds
еstly profiсient.
is eс n I f thе 10m iс rсlе of o с llеtс ion at A or C, its sidе tаn gеn ts o с inсidе trаlizеd wittr thе quarter linеs running thе length so often, then, instеad ofttrе sсh ool. vЕ еr y of going into working trot at A and going largе, thе rider should hold thе o с llеtс ion
for a furthеr quarterсirсle
at working ш ot,
and, upon
a magnеt iс effеtс always еasiеr to ridе
havе
awаy
on horsеs and it is towards thеm thаn
from them, thus for thе first аt tempts
of this nеw lеsson thе horsе
is asked
to
is morе willing movе in a dirеtс ion thаt hе how to go. Beсause of that very аt trаtс ion, to go as far as the he is onlу allowеd еv еr ,
PR0GBEsSI vE ТRA| NlNG
iп n er ш aсk, ridеr so thаt it is аlwаys thе к' ho stops tlrе sidеw ays movеm еn t and п еv ег the boaгds. Thе proсedure for thе fiгst phasе of Lеg yiеlding thеr еf orе' is аs follows:
At thе short еn d of thе sсh ool, ridе a с еd and pгoe down thе m hаlfсirсlе quartег linе. Ride the linе sаЬ olutely 15
straight onсе
h с eсk
sагy,
dгift ovеr
or twiсе
to tеst
rеm ains sаЬ olutеly sш aight
and' if nееsс
any tеn dеnyс yЬ the horse to towaгd thе boаr ds of his own
for hе must not go until askеd.
eсo с гф Nеxt
timе hold thе straightness down thе Е (oг linе until гougЫу oppositе B), at whiсh time apply thе insidе lеg frгm 1y' but not suddеn ly аt the giл t h. The
slrongег rhяt
(quitе
will
bе to try to go fastеr
undеr standаb ly
is what hе hаs bееn
уou should аn tiсipate
tаu ght
or
bеa с use to do), and
this геatс ion
by
a
lс eаr ly definеd steadying influеne с down applying thе insidе йе outsidе rcinbеf orе leg. Continue to exert this influenсе on thе
rеin
until rеahс ing
thе innеr
trаkс ,
at
rгh iсh point, softеn thе outsidе hand, and аp ply thе outsidе lеg to stop thе sidеw ays movеm ent. Usе thе other lеg to drive him foгw aгd , so тh аt in thе momеn t of dтiving foгw ard both lеg s aгe bеing firmly appliеd eт thе girth. Thе horsе should remain sЕaight from poll to rс oup thтoughout. I t is not a diffiсu lt еx eгiс sе and' provided тh е gтound work has bееn thorough, pеr form it rеm aгkably hoгsеs wеll in a vеr y shoгt timе. Thе sеo с nd stagе is pегh аp s sШ ghtly moге с lled Lеg diffrсu lt. I t is a on thе line, whiсh meaп s thаt lуЬ ding аlthough thе horsе is making a sidеw аys с d his body is plаe
angle to thе oгiginal linе and his hind fееt nеver lеаvе it. I t is usually perfoгm ed on onе of linеs but it aс n bе done on тh e longitudinаl aп у strаight linе inсluding diagonally or гасoss ttrе sсh ool. аs in sаm е Thе aids here arе еxaсt ly thе thе fust stage, u Ь t a с гied out in thе follow lng mаn nеr :
movеm еn t,
at an
rс oup
аn d
from poll to
thе movement is riddеn
thе stеadying fгom
giл t h into thе inside lеg аt thе rеin. As hе beсomеs o с mpеt еn t'
outsidе
quаr tеr
hoгsds rеatс ion
line (prеf Put thе horse on to thе h с osеn fеw not the outer tтakс ) and, aftег а hoгsе' s с eсk and lеn gths to h sш aightп еss give the warning signals, takе thе forehand litdе bу littlе to the insidе, until thе outsidе foгefoot is stеp ping in front of thе insidе hind foot (in othеr words until hе is mov As bеf orе thе hoгse ing on tfuее trаkс s). eraЬ| у
to еtЬ weеn 30" bе inсr еasеd that hе and 40. whiсh mеans, of o с ursе, will bе moving on two traсks; that is to sаy rеm ain on thе that whilst o Ь th hind fееt moving on a original linе his forеf еet aге sеp arate parallеl linе of thеiт own' The pidаlls to watсh out for arе аllowing с , and the horsе to bеn d, usually in the nеk fall out or esсapе thтough his outside аu с sed by nеg shoulder, (almost егсt ainlу lеtс yЬ of thе outside rеin, or altеr nаt ivеly, too muсh inside rein); tilting of thе horsе' s hеad аu yЬ an ovеr rеstraining and с sеd and quaп ers going baсkward fееling hаn d; insteаd of thе oц t into thе movеm еn t a rеsult of forеh and o с ming in (proЬablу
the angle a с n
the ridеr drawing baсk his insidе lеg ). This pагt iсu lаr lаst point nееd s еm phasis, for on zo o са unt shoц ld thе ridег drаw tlrе inside
lеg bаkс еh Ь ind the giтt h in Lеg yiеlding in or in Shoulderin. Not only will it геsult sеn ding thе qualters out' but loss of impul and it wi.ll sion will аlmost e с гt аiл ly еn sue vеr y likely аu с se o с nfusion to thе hoгsе whеn thе timе o с mеs foг him to leaгn the halfpаss. AI l of thesе аr е very serious mis
takes and must be eхt remеlv guardеd
аrс еf ullv
against.
Lеg уiеlding has dеvelopеd to thе onсе stаg е where the hoгse is moving lс еarly on a gymnastiс еx erсise two trаk с s it beсomеs sense of the teтm , and it will o с nsidегable influеnес on improving the working trot. At the samе timе, thе
in thе truе еx ег t
horse will havе bееn iс rсles аn d o с lleсt ion'
prаtс ising smallеr so wе now have а
of moving lаt еr ally at working trot, bending еasily, аn d of аrс ry ing himsеlf to а more or less modest degrее thеsе of o с llеtс ion. Togеt hеr thrее things that is lateral movemеn t plus bend plus o с llеtс ion oс mprise thе Shouldеr in. Shouldеr in is, in prinсiple, thе samе as
horse who is a с paЬlе
on the linе but with
Lеg yielding
and prаtс isеd
hаve beеn lеaгn ed
thorough thе lеssons
problеm s
morе
the fewеr
beеn ,
havе
a
as sеp аr atе
and it follows that thе
еn titiеs
will arisе when thе
horse is
results movеm еn t or еxеr iс sе. llerеin lies thе essеnес of pгogrеssivе training. I t is in having a lс еаr intеn tion of thе аims and objeсt ivеs, o с upled with a knowlеd gе to е Ь appliеd . I t is ofthe rс itегia and qualitiеs in reсognйing thе bеn еf its inhеr ent in onе lеsson whiсh will o с ntri butе to the еаsiеr lеaгn ing of thе nеxt. I t is in devеloping а fеel for ttrе way in whiсh a horse will probаb ly rеatс in thе fцt urе in thе light of thе way hе is reaсt ing now. I t is in thе dеt егm inаt ion of the rideг to adopt asked to o с mbinе
two or morе
of thе
in thе onе
postц r е
o с гtес
thе
on thе horse and nеver
that position in ordеr to gеt
to o с mpromisе
a rеsult.
The lеssons that hаve bееn here аs еxаm plеs
havе shown,
foundаt ion
of knowlеd ge
dеsгсiеd Ь
it is hopеd ,
on a seсцr е
that by building аrс еf ully агe |с ear| y Lightness, gaiety аn d obedienсe apparent in both these fu| | y trаined horses. WhiI st the finaI objeсt ives are very different с d the basiс eduсation of this advаne dressage horse and this showjumper hаs been aI ong very simiI ar I inеs.
thе
added dimеn sions of o с llеtс ion аn d unifoгm bеn d. Thesе еxш a dimensions
and understand
ing, a sound аn d lasting struсt urе result. Advаnеd с
work is thе direсt
of early work, еahс lеsson depеn dеn t oп e с ss.
Theге
is
zlil/
produсt еn tfuely
foг its suс its prеdеsс sor aгe no short u с ts.
onе
as anу othеr .
No onе would dаr e to аlс l
if thеy had doсt or, or a lawуеr , no qualifiсations to show for it; thе sаm e
thеm sеlves
а
in thе
if one is to bе suсеsс sful,
appliеs,
horse world of today. to be madе in the vari Thеr e arе a с rееr s ous forms of raсing, and in Hunt serviсе.
is the profеssion
And thеr е
in whiсh , surgеr у sible to spеiс alizе
or
pгofеssions,
of vеt еr inаr y
onсe qualifiеd , it is pos in horsеs. Two anсillary аn d rс afts, аr е farriеr y
saddlery.
HЕN thе еn ginе
internal
o с mЬu stion
to drivе
horsеs offthе
еg Ь an
man с rriеd roads аlong whiсh thеy had a off the land whiсh through thе agеs, аn d mаn y с ltivatе' thеy had hеlped him to u thought it would lеad to thе gradual extinс tion of thе spеiс еs. аr e This is not thе aс se, howеver. Thеr е probably аs many horsеs in thе world today as there wеr е whеn thе horse was mаn 's is indispеn sаb le helpmate. Thе diffеr еnес ttrat in this age of teсh nology, hе has beсome an indispеn sable part, not of man, s I n most iс vilized work' but of his lеisurе. are tak more and more pеoplе o с untriеs'
ing up leсr еationаl
riding' beсoming or stаr ting studs _ with thе rеsult that evеr y yеar, molе trained and pеoplе look are nееd еd to knowlеd gеablе аf ter horsеs, to handle and bгeak young rid and to tеh ас sters, to manаg e stablеs, ing to the oс nstant flow of noviсеs. with horsеs, For thosе who want a aс rееr horseownеr s
providеd
thеy
are
willing to ш аin
and quаl
is a grеаt variеt у of opеn ings. I t ifу, thеr е infor is not possible herе to givе dеt ailеd thгoughout thе world. mation on a с rееr s The еxаm ples whiсh follow all rеlatе to Britain but muсh thе same oppor Grеаt in other o с untries. tunitiеs ехist
Thе most urgеn t neеds in the
horsе and for rеsponsible and skillеd stud workеr s. фere is an offiсiаl с rееr s For еahс of these a govеr ning body, or soсiеt y, whiсh sets thе grаd ed еxaminations, and nееsс sary
woгld oftoday
аr е
for good instuсt ors,
whose qualifiсations
arе aсеpс tеd
as
guaranteеing еrс tain stаn dards of know I n Grеat Britain, for с . ledgе and еf fiсiеn y mаn the ш aining of instruсt ors and staЬlе and agеr s, it is tlrе British Horse Soсiеt y; for stud workers, thе National Pony Soсie
ty. The еxаm inations soсiеt iеs yЬ
are rеo с gnizеd
offеr ed аs a с rееr
Authoritiеs,
most d Е uсаt ion
by
thеse
tгaining and those
genеr ally с n wishing to train for thеm a grants. Furthеr dЕ uсation oЬt аin in аny Trаining is nеeс ssary aес Ь usе profession it is advisablе to oЬt ain thе qualifiсations
.еstablishmеn t';
offеr еd
by that profеssion's
but thеr е
are
othеI brееd еr s
owners аn d to paу a wagе to thе rud somеonе who doеsn't know еvеn muсh ttrat pеr imеn ts of the job, howеvеr arе valuablе son may like horsеs. IЕ oгsеs с re of с nnot bе left in the a animals аn d a I n аd dition' rid somеonе inехp еr iеnеd с . handling brееd ing, stable manаgеm еn t, ing stoсk and brеaking young horses arе by thе light of onе aсq uirеs not tеh с niquеs
reasons' too. IЕ orsе
a с n hardly be expеtс еd
thаt all I t is important to rеm embеr with horsеs involve a oс n aсt ivе a с reеr s work; amount of hard phу siсal sidеr ablе joys of riding without ttrat nonе offеr s the с orеs of stablе worl1 at thе inеvitаb lе h еn ough, с ssful lеast, not until onе is sцe and probably old еn ough, to be aЬle to с rееr with еm ploy help and train others. A a horsеs o с nsists of a grеat dеal moге thаn on a horsе, аn d per lеarning to .look niсе' с mpetitions bеf orе forming in jumping o an admiтing publiс!
Soсietу
offеr s
four graded еxаm inаt ions
с riding should and anyonе wishing to tеah aim to take аs many of thesе as arе within
thеir аp с abilitiеs.
Thе
examinations аr е:
the Assistant
I nstruсt o1 s, whiсh a с n bе taken at thе agе of 17; thе I ntеr mediate I nstruсt o1s; thе I nstruсt o1s, for whiсh onе must be 22' and с usе it takеs intеllig thе Fеllowship. Bеa beforе starting to bе a good insш uсt or, еn е с it is nееsс sary to train for thе first of thеsе, .СР lеvels, or four CSЕ Gradе 1 to have four
passеs
(unless thе
аn с didate
is over
20,
when extrа mаt urity is hеld to makе up for aсh iеvеm еn t). laсk of sсh olаstiс a possiЬlе not neсеssary to start trаin I t is, thеr еf orе' ing immediately on lеaving sсh ool. syllabus for Rathеr than givе thе еxtас thе first еxam, it is enough to say that it must aп d that onе o с nsists of four sеtс ions, с sеtс ion. а .pass' standard in еah aсh ievе
М agеm еn t' arе: Riding, Stable аn Thеsе Nlinor Ailments' and Powеr s of I nstruс
I n Grеat Britain, thе British Horsе Soсiеt y Ь dy responsi с gnizеd аs thе offiсial o is rеo
for a standаr d of riding аlс ls с n jump o с rrеtс ridеr , who a (3 ft 3 ins), ride with fеnеsс up to 1 mеt rе horses. Sta out stirп r ps' and ridе diffегent groom o с vеr s fеeding, ble a М nagеm ent ing, rugging, bandaging, ш imming, plait of horses, both ing, аn d thе generаl аrс е
blе for sеt ting and mаintaining thе stan с ing' Thе dards of both riding and teаh
writtеn
British Horsе Soсiеt y xЕ aminations
Muсking aspeсt s
out is one of the I ess g| аm orous of a a с reer
with horses, but
a| |
working
pupils in stables will have to join in when it is time for suсh
h с ores.
tion. Thе
o с mpеt еn t'
stablеd
and at grass. iМ nor
papеr ,
its titlе
Ailmеn ts
being
is
a
self
еxplanatory. I n Powеr s of I nstruсt ion, ttrе is ехpeсt еd to know not only a с ndidatе аlso how to whаt , and how, to teaсh bц t o с ntrol а ridе. I t should bе obvious that to pass this enough just to havе еxam, it will not е Ь riddеn and lookеd after onе' s own horsе or pony. To be suсеsс sful, it is еssential to lеaгn what the еxaminers want. I t is аlmost to go for a thеr еf orе, alwaуs nееsс sаr y, Riding с gnй еd pеr iod of training to а rеo ес m one t} rat is on thе гo sЕ taЬlishmеn t: mеn ded list of thе British Horse Soсiеt y. wаy to train is as a The most o ес nomiсаl .working pupili and most еstаb lishmеn ts aсеp с t working pupils providеd they stay for at lеast a year. As thе name suggests' in rеt urn for ш aining. work is еxpeсt еd is to bе a paуing student, Thе аltеr nаt ive lеn gth of time it maу take to for whatеvеr standаr d. Somе еstab reaсh еxаm ination lishmеn ts allow studеn ts to bring thеir own hoгsеs, provided thеy pay for thеiт
will sеn d Thе British llorsе Soсiеt у a list of approved sсh ools, as on rеq uеst syllabus. I t is well as thе еxaminаt ion mаking a to visit sеvеr al bеf orе аd visаb lе final h с oiсe. Thе point of thеsе examinations is to produсe riding instruсt ors, but for thosе kееp .
с in tеah who arе genuinеly not intеr еstеd thе arе two othеr еx aminаt ions: ing, thеr е and thе of IЕ orsеm аstеr ship Cеr tifiсatе Thе first of Cеr tifiсаt e. a М nagе1s StаlЬ е is rеallу еxaсt ly the sаm e as thе thеsе Assistant I nstruсt ot's without the teaсh therе is moге I n thе sеoс nd, ing sеtс ion. and horsеm astеr ship, aсe с nt on gеn еr al thе business sidе of running a yаr d. Aftег passing onе еxaminаt ion, it is advisable, iI
possiЬle, to tаke a position in а riding sсh ool фat will help to ш ain you for thе possiЬle to next onе. I t is also somеt imеs
A с E пЕ вs
а
result of ignoranсе
or of no propеr
еarly todaymany knowlеd gеlаЬ е breеd ers, thеr е arе not handlers nеarly enough knowlеd gеlаЬ е and brеakеr s. I t is unlikеly that any foal is born viсious' or a rogue, it is inсorrеtс humаn hаn dling somеt imes too rough,
ш aining,
for although thеr е
arе
_ that produсеs somеt imеs too sеn timеn tаl warped еq uine tеm pеr amеn ts. аn imals spеn d Working in a stud' whеr е а lot of their timе at libеr ty, tеn ds to givе a far dееp ег insight into the truе naturе
of thе horsе than working only with Thе are stдb lеd or partlу stаb lеd . bеh aviour pattеr ns of hoгsеs at libеr ty are fasсinаt ing to watсh аn d hеlp to understanding of horsе wards a gгеatеr thosе that
psyсh ology.
Thе
Pony Soсiеt y offеr s two еxaminаt ions: the Stud Assistаn ds Cеr tifiсatе, and thе Stud Assistаn ds Diploma. The first a с n be tаken at the agе of 16, аlthough
Natioп al
it is doubtful whеt hеr
аn yone so havе had еn ough еxpеr iеnе.с For thе sеoс nd, the a с ndidаt e must bе ovеr 22уeats old. Both еxams a с n bе takеn with or without riding. To takе thеm with rid
young o с uld
ing obviously offеr s a wider hс oiсе
b А ove
Strapping or grooming is another task essentia| to the horse,s hea| th and we| lbeing. Pupi| s woгking for Nаt ionaI Pony Soсiety examinations hаve to spend time on аn аp pгoved stud where they wi| | I eаr n about a| | аspeсt s of breeding as we| I as stаb | e dаi| у
maп agemenт.
Right
First steps in teaсh ing. lnstruсt ing major part of British Horse Soсiety eхаm s, and a с ndidatesfrom aI I overthe world study in the U.K. to qua| ify as offiсiа|
foгm s а
I
nstru tс o rs.
get a further gгant highеr
for training for the
ехaminations.
privatе ownеr s into thеir stаb lеs to train, but it will probably bе nеeс ssary also to takе а short o с ursе аt an offrсial sсh ool, for how good private tеh еv ег ас е r s may bе (and Somе
knowledgеablе
pеoplе
takе
many arе еxеlс lеn t), thеy may not kп ow exaсt ly what the еxаm inеr s arе looking for. Nor may thеy hаve an indoor sсh ool in rvhiсh a a с ndidаt e must gеt used to гiding e Ь fore еxam
The аddтеss
day. of thе
Bгitish Horse Soсiеt y
is: National qЕ uеstrian
Cеn tre, Kеn il
vс 8 2LR.
woгt h, $Иarwiсkshiте,
Thе National Pony Soсiеt y Тo
tгaining a с rееr s
xЕ aminations
many, training for stud work mеаn s
for thе most rеw aгding of all with horsеs. This is bеaс use thе
srud thе stallions, marеs, foals and young animаls _ is the foundation of еvеr y othеr horsе tас ivity; and also bеa с use it is thе hаn dling, brеaking and sсh ooling of the young аn imals that аn с mаke or mar thе yeаr . Fаr too thousаn ds offoals born еvеr y
many young horsеs
аn d
poniеs
arе spoilt as
of
аr е mаn y pеople who futurе jobs, but thеr е are not Pаr tiсu larly kееn , or ;killеd , ridеr s right tempera who nеvеr thеlеss havе thе arJd mеn ts for dealing with brееd ing stoсk young horsеs. Sinсе a greаt dеal of a young .on horsе' s eаr ly work is donе thе gгound, people not intеI еstеd in riding should not put off tаk ing stud ш аiл ing e Ь beсausе thеy
W| тH H0RsЕs
Thе standaгd of riding for is high, nееd ing knowlеd gе of
do not wish to ridе.
askеd
sсh ooling
a Ь kс ing,
and bringing on
a
young horsе. To tаkе thе Stud Assistаn t's еxaminа tion, it is neсеssary to hаvе at lеast a yеat's еxperiеne с at one of thе studs rеo с gnizеd by t} rе Soсiety as a srudent training еn с ш е.
This is how long it takеs to oс vеr thе full tас ivitiеs and all thе stagеs of
stud
s
a mare's
foaling yс lс е.
Thе
addrеss of thе National Pony Soсi is: 7 rС oss and Pillory Lanе' Alton, Hampshirе. Thе Sеrс etary will sеn d on
еt у
rеq uеst
a
syllabus of thе еxаm inаt ion
list of thе studs whiсh
aсe с pt
and a
pupils for
tгaining.
Although thе еxaminations arе offered this of National Ponу Soсiеt y,
bу thе
o с urse
doеs
not mean thаt
thе
qualifiсations arе only for working with poniеs ' For thе highly spеiс alized work of
lЬ oodstoсk
brееd ing,
howеvеr ,
thе
Thoroughbгеd Breedеr s' Assoсiаt ion, 168 High Sш еet, Nеw markеt , Suffolk, CB8 9AJ, a с n аd visе on studs whiсh might be willing to aсeс pt studеn ts.
Flat Raсing, National Hunt Raсing Theге
is no short u с t
to bеo с ming
a
joсkеy,
еv еn if onе is smаll аn d alrеаdy a good гidеr ! Thе way in, to anyone interеstеd in is through apprentiсеship. this as a a с rееr ' Apprentiсеs are oftеn takеn on straight
from sсh ool, but arе usuallу askеd to work for a trial pеr iod bеf ore bеing finally .in
that is, bеf ore signing on to dеn turеd : foг three, rеm ain with a partiсu lar tгаinеr yеars. fivе, or sеvеn A limited numЬer of oс ursеs for apprеn arе held apprеn tiсеs tiсes and wouldЬе еah с уear аt thе National qЕ uеstrian Thesе arе mainly fillеd by trainеr s' Cеn ш е. or nominees, but Sсh ools' Carееr s Offiсers с pаr еn ts for a pupil or a с n apply for a plаe Е uеstian h с ild by writing to thе Nаt ional q Cеn tre'
I (enilworth, Warwiсkshirе'
CV8
2LR.
Not еvеr y apprеn tiсe makеs a joсkеу, joсkеy makes thе top gradе. and not еvеr y to ridе raсеs on But if it is a lifе' s аm bition the fаstеst horsеs in thе world, thеn it is worth making thе еf fort to realizе it. Thеr е in raсing stа arе, howеv er, othеr opеn ings .lad nееd not rеm аin so blеs. An ordinary his way forеvеr . I fhе is good, hе аnс woгk Senior Lad, or up thе laddеr and bеo с mе Hеad Travelling Trаvelling Lad, mаyе Ь rеah с ing thе Lad perhaps еvеn tuallу highеst position in any yard, that of Head is Lad, the person who, undеr thе trаinеr , for thе running ofthе yard, thе rеsponsiblе welfarе ofthe horses and thе supervision of the staff. Thе wаgеs of lads when they stаr t arе tied to thе minimum agriсu ltural wage of paу morе. thе timе, although somе trаinеr s 107agеs risе with ех p еr iеn e arе and thеr е с , .pеr ks', givеn bу of usuаlly quitе а numЬеr gratеf ul ownеr s to thе lads who .dol their wiп or are plаеdс horsеs whеn thе horsеs in raсеs. Also, many good Sеn ior Lads, Trаvеlling Lаd s and all Hеad Lads will bе providеd with а housе.
For many yеars' a grеat many lаds hаve, in faсt , eЬ en .lasses', and theге is nothing to stop a girl going right to thе top of thе lаd dег in raсins stаblеs. Until reсеn tlv, it
wаs not possiЬle for girls to bеoс mе girls were not bеa с usе apprеn tiсes, allowed to ride raсеs under rulеs. This is but what thе futurе holds for
now h с angеd ,
girl
and Womеn joсkеys to bе sеen. Thе еasiеst way to gеt into raсing stа blеs' as an apprentiсе or as a lad, is to write _ if thеr е is onе in thе nеigh to а ш ainеr bourhood _ аn d ask for аn appointmеn t to аr е аlways on thе look sее him. Тr аinеr s may out for good lаd s, and apprеn tiсes who is no I f thеr е onе day makе good joсkeуs. in thе distriсt , writе training еstaЬlishmеn t to the Joсkеу Club, 42 Portmаn Squarе, London, !Й. 1. Theу will provide a list of trainеr s who may eЬ aЬle to hеlp. apprеn tiсеs
rеm ains
I n oс nsidering
а
in
a с rееI
National
Hunt stablеs, with thе idеa of perhaps joсkеy, it is a stееplеhс asе bеo с ming important to rеm embеr
that thе
profеssion
riding is
of National IЕ unt raсе
an еxtra is also hazardous; a аllowanсе of nеr vе. I t jump joсkеу will prob during his aс rееr bonеs in most of thе brеakaЬle aЬly rЬ eak ride in his body аn d will, morеovеr ' oftеn aftеr a fall whiсh would have the next rаес kеp t lessеr mortals out of thе saddlе for days, if not wееks. Hunt trainеr s take on o М st Nаt ional
tough onе,
exш еm еlу
a с lling
for аn
for whilе lads rather than apprentiсеs, a с n be taught to stay аlmost еvеr yonе attaсh еd to а horse on the flat, it takеs good riding talent to eЬ oс mе o с nsidеr aЬlе As most National Hunt lads с s. ovеr fеne ridе thеir horsеs at work (thе еtЬ ter onеs over fеn еs с
too), trаinеr s
are quiсk
to spot thе bеt tеI
will bе givеn and probablу holses to ridе and sсh ool, also the h с anсе to ridе in somе of the .Opportunity Raсеs' whiсh arе spеiс ally organizеd for wouldbе jump joсkеys. thе to lс imЬ Theгe are similar hс аnеsс
talеn t,
whеn
а lаd
ladder in thе
hiеr arсh iсal
yаr d
as thеI е
arе
in flаt raсing stаbles, аn d thе wages, аn d thе .pеr ks', are similаr . The waу in to National Hunt Stаbles is thе samе as thе a trаinег way into flatraсing: oс ntaсt Club. diгetс ly or write to thе Joсkеу
Hunt Sеr viсе This is a wondеr ful aс rееr с untry who wаn ts a o
lifе
for somеonе as a lifе
аs wеll
with horsеs. are Thе opеn ings into rЕ unt Sеr viсe naturallу limited bу thе numbеr of Hunts u Ь t all Hunts takе on new in ехistеnе,с from timе to timе, and most will takе are kеen from sсh ool ifthеу stгаight аr е еasier IЕ unt horsеs аn d willing to lеаr n. thаn for thе lеаr nеr ridеr sсh oolmastеr s thеy o с mе up from grass rаеh с orsеs. Whеn in thе latе summеr ' they nееd a lot of slow and еvеn whеn they arе hunting еxеt iс se, fit thеу arе in rеgular work аn d oс nsе in quеn tly seldom so u A аrс еr еЬ llient. bеg ins with being a sort of rЕ unt Serviсe stаf f
pеoplе
.dogsbody' around thе stablеs. anything up to about 25
gеn еr al
Thеr е
may e Ь
horsеs stablеd ,
whiсh
makеs
a
lot of work.
From .dogsЬody' onе graduatеs to groom' or .strappet', with two or thlеe horses to look aftет. The nеxt stеp, providеd onе is а good еn ough
ridеr ,
is to bеoс mе
Sеo с nd
Sеo с nd Whippеr I n, First Whippеr I n, and finаlly, Huntsman, who hunts hounds, or I tеn nel IЕ untsman, who of М ter is in h с argе in the absеnес of the аs
IЕ orsеm an, thеn
the fiеld.
The Huntsman is in ovеr аll
and аll еm kеn nеls, ployed thеr еin. This is а rеsponsiblе and are wellpaid position and good IЕ untsmеn widеly sought аf tеr . Wagеs start with thе minimц m agriсu l tural and proglеss upwards. An important .pеr l{ is that а1l riding lс othеs arе providеd
h с argе
of thе stаlЬ еs,
Ё
I
I
t(
lfi'
+ .. =+ з
Three totа| | y differеn t a с reers o с nneсt ed With thе horse wor| d' left: A у oung appгentiсe trains for the joсkey,s trade, a tough and o с mpetitive career with I ong hours and re| аt ive| у smal| гewaгd eХеp с t for those at the top middle: Working with hounds entails long hours too, and in all types of weather, but this уoung hunt servant is undismayed ' above'' Тr a
bу the Hunt. To entеr lЕ unt Serviсе, thе approаh с is bеst: if therе is a loсal ретsonal Hunt, find out whеr е thе kеn nеls arе (thе
go to see thе stab1еs aте thеr е too), Huntsman and ask if thеr e is а h с anсе of bеing takеn on. I f not, hе maу know of аn othеr Hunt looking for a trainее, oI may ablе to givе a dеf initе datе for starting in thе futurе. Thе life of the rЕ unt sеr vant hаS manу advantages' not thе lеast being thе
bе
part of' h с аn e с to live in, and bеoс me a oс untry oс mmunity and a paтt iсular o с untrуsidе.
Vеt еr inary Howеvеr
muсh
anуonе
a vetеr inary suI gеon
Surgеr y wаn ting
to o ес Ь mе
wants аlso
to
in horses, it is nееsс sаr y first, as it is in human mеd iсinе bеf ore spеiс aliz qualifying dеgrее: ing, to takе thе gеn еr аl с mе tо .bеo а vеd . This is not еasy. any morе than e Ь o с ming a doсt or is easy. I t tаkеs аt lеast fivе у еaI s to qualify and nееd s spеiс alizе
high aсadеm iс
standards. .A' lеv еls
are a с l
for, or Sсottish .Highers', еm phasis bеing on iЬ ology, physiсs and mаt hеm a 1еd
Thеr e is grеat o с mpеt ition to еn tег the profеssion; all Veterinary oС llеg es havе yеar thаn thеу have morе appliсants еah с
tiсs.
plaсes
is no sеx disсr imina should rеm еm bеr , howеvеr , that bеаu с sе thеy аr е usuallу smallеr and for, but therе
not so stI ong as men' that whеn it o с mеs to praсt iсе thеy aI е oftеn bеt ter in .smаll ani mal' praсt iсеs. I n Greаt Britаin, thе o с ntrolling body of the vеt erinary pгofession is thе Roу al Col 1еg е of Vеt eгinary Surgеons, 32, Belgravе Square, London, s.\ uи. 1. Thе Collеg е rес grantеd by thе six Vеt ognizes the dеg геs erinarу Collegеs in thе Unitеd l(ingdom, еah с of whiсh is a part of thе parеn t Uni
vеr sity. I n nЕ gland, thеsе arе London, Bristol' Livеr pool and Cаm bridgе; аn d in Sсotland, the Glasgow Vetеr inary Col 1еg e' and Royаl(Diсk ) Vetеr inary Collеg е' dЕ inburgh. Thе usual studеn t grants are obtainaЬlе for vеt еr inary o с tllsеs, at the еn d of whiсh thе first degreе is that of
of Vеt еr inarу еd М iсinе Thе holdеr of
dеg rее thе
(BvМs).
and
this
is еn titlеd
to bеo с me a еm М bеr of of Vеt еr inaгy Surgeons аn d аn с stаf t praсt iсе. diffеr еnес bеt wееn the vеt еr i
Royаl Collegе
(МRCvS)
Тh е mаin
narу and thе human
mеd iсal
that during thе foгm еr ,
a
spеiс fiеd
i
ng to be
a
veteri nary
sU
rgeon is аr d uous,
quaI ifiсations are required for a universitу degree o с urse, but the a с rеer providе substantiaI finаniс aI аn с rewaгd for hard work.
tion. lwomеn
Baсh еlor Surgеr y
in
and high a ас demiс
;i:=
o с ursеs is timе has
to be spеn t eaсh vaсation doing praсt iсal work. For the first two yеarsJ this should е Ь
spеn t on а farm lеarning aЬout animаl a с ге and feeding; during thе last threе уеars, vaсations must bе spеn t as а studеn t work ing with a praсt ising vеt еr inarian. On going into prаtс iсе, it will е Ь nеe с s sary for thosе who wish to spеiс alizе in horses to h с oosе a distriсt wherе horsеs abound. Although it will noт eЬ possiblе in
gеn еr al
praсt iсе
with horses only, it rеp utаt ion as а .good horsе vеc. But by no mеans all who qualify in vetеr inary mediсinе go into gеn . eral praсt iсе. a М nу study for postgraduate dеg rееs in spеiс al suЬj tес s, for example, to dеal
will bе possiblе to еarn а
vеt еr inaгy radiology or vеt еr inаr у аn aеs thеsia; oI thеy takе o с uтsеs in laЬorаt ory rеsearсh . For anу of thеse, furthеr grants a с n usually bе obtаinеd . Thеr е агe also opеn ings in Govеr nment serviсe in, for instanсе' thе Animal Hеalth Division of thе iМ nistrу of Agriсu lturе. This is responsiblе for thе prеvеn tion, аn d o с ntrol ifthеy oсuс r, of all notifiаb lе disеаses, and for the inspеtс ion of mаr kеt s, aЬb atoirs аn d ports of еn try
Thе eЬ st
into thе oс untry. start' howevеr , for anyone
wishing to spеiс alizе in horses, would bе to try to gеt into onе of the iЬ g vеt erinary praсt iсеs nеar Newmarkеt , or anу othеr major training e с ntrе. 2з9
Animal Nursing
Thе
Surgeons will sеn d
This is a subsidiarу profеssion to that of vеt еr inаr у surgery, and o с uld appеаl to mаn y who may have left it too latе to gеt qualifiсations nееsс sary thе aсаd еm iс to o ес Ь mе Thе full titlе of а vеt еr inаr ians. quаlified animal nursе is: Rеgistеr ed Animal Nursing Auxiliarу
(RANA). Thе
sсh еm е to train and kеep a registеr of ani mal nurses wаs started bу thе Roу al Col
lеg e
of Vеt еr inary
Thеr е
Surgеons in 1961. is a big demand for RANAs' somе prаtс iсes
emploуing sеvеr al' not only to hеlp during operations' but for postopеr ational and the a a с те , с re of ani mals kept in for longterm trеatmеn t. A trainее must bе 17 yеars old, or over, .o' lеvels, one of whiсh and havе threе must е Ь n Е glish, and onе of thе others еither mathematiсs, or physiсal or biologi a с l sсiеnе.с I t takеs two yеars to train for thе nеe с ssary examinations but training I t аn nееd not bе o с nsеu с tivе. с bе tаkеn vеt еr inаr y
working as еr inarian,
a
nursе to a vеt а trаinее will rееiс vе
studеn t
whеn thе
wage. I t is also possiblе
nary Collеg е,
attеn ding
to train at a Vetеr i
leсt ures and gain
ing prаtс iсal experiеnес from thе аn imals in for aс rе oI opеr ation. The u с rriсu lum for thе еxaminations is o с mprehеn sivе; it
inсludеs
anatomy' physiology' anaеs
thesia, and detailеd nеss and
of thе
аrс e
animals in siсk
in hеalth.
Onсе trainеd thаt аn с
knowledgе
of differеn t
aп d fеeding
be a с rriеd
as a
RANA' it is
on parttimе,
a a с rеет if that is all
allow. And' likе human nursing, it is onе whiсh аn с bе pursuеd wherеvеr onе is living.
iс rсu mstanсеs
240
Royal Collеg e
mаl
of
Vetеr inary .Ani а booklet аlс lеd
Nursing Auxiliariеs'
interestеd , togеt hеr it is possiblе whеr е
to
anyonе
with a list of plaсes to trarn.
,No
foot, no horsе, is a wel| worn phrase, but a relevаn t one, expI aining why fаr riers arе suсh lmportant peop| e in the horse wor| d. Тh ough I itt| e more than a I ad, this farrier knows exaсt I y what he,s doing, asthe horse,s serenitу makes lс ear.
Farriеr y
shoеing;
aЬout thе anatomy
in
of thе horsе,
Farriery is onе of thе most vitаl of all pro fеssions o с nneсt ed with horsеs. I f thеr е were no farriеr s, thе еn tire hoтsе world pеr haps for a would o с mе to a stop, еxеp с t fеw fortunаt е individuals luсky еn ough to е Ь lаЬ е to ridе always and еxlс usivеly on grass. vЕ еn thеy would find it hаr d to kееp
paltiсu lar thе workings of thе tеn dons, lig аb out dis aments and joints of thе lеg s; еasеs of thе foot and thе sш uсш re of thе foot; how a horsе should stand o с rrеtс lу in
еvеn lf
fаr riеr s
thеir mounts going sound and true if thеr е were no onе to trim, shapе, and gеn еr allу for, thеir fеet. a с rе Conкаr y to popular imagination, it doеs
reallу
: thе
not takе enormous strength to
fаr riеr .
bеo с mе
a
A oс mbination of knaсk
and
knowhow is rеq uirеd , as proЬalЬ y anyonе who has strugglеd to remove a loosе shoе, tаking seсonds,
ages ovеr
what takеs thе
farrier
will havе disсovеr ed. What
a
fеw
it does
profеssion o с nnеtс еd as doеs еvеr y tаkе, with hoгsеs, is a real intеr еst in and feеling for thе animal itsеlf, and the right kind of temperamеn t _ a с lm and patiеn t, but firm. A hottеm pered, impatient pеr son, who hits thе horsе if it makеs thе slightest movеm еn tj willnеvеr e Ь a good fаr riеr ; nor
will thе nеI vous peI son who piсks up аs though it wеr е
madе
of еg gshеlls.
а
foot
I t also
takеs intelligenсе, for farriеr s havе to bе rеg istered and to bеo с me rеg istеr еd thеy have to provе thlough ехaminations that thеy know a lot morе than jц st how to make shoеs, and put them on and tаke thеm off a
horse. Thеу
must know aЬout
o с rrеtс ivе
natц r al balanсе and how the fеet should bе shaped or trimmеd to еn ablе him to .bеaт
on а11 four. Qualifiеd .vеt erinarians of thе fееt .farrie1 mеans .horsе doсt o1 .shoеing smith'.
arе
word
as wеll
as
Thеr е is in faсt muсh morе to the profеs sion of farriery than is probablу imagined from wаt h с ing a farrier at work tгimming, fitting and nailing on shoеs with sцhс appalеn t еasе. With thе trеm еn doцs o с n temporary upsurge of interest in riding, thеr e is today a vеr y good living to bе madе as a farriеr . For those who likе to think of еiЬ ng thеir own mastеr s' it is a most satis fying profеssion, for thе majoriry of farriers
arе just that theу a с n work whеn thеy for as long as they likе, on whatеvет daуs of thе wееk thеy likе. Alternativеlу , positions for arе a numbеr of salаr iеd theте farriers. a М ny raсing stablеs, studs and largе showing еstablishmеn ts likе to havе thеir own residеn t farтiеr s. Thе proсеdurе for training is to find а аsМ tеr Farriеr willing to takе on a tтainее. This is not always еasу but the Sсh ools Carееr s Offiсеr a с n somеt imеs hе1p. I f hе a с nnot! thе loсal Small I ndustriеs J'ikе,
A с E пЕ пs
ifthеr e is onе, should bе ablе to assist. Thе Youth m Е ploymеn t Bureau may also e Ь ablе to hеlp, and the loсal dЕ uсаt ion Authoritiеs a с n bе approaсh ed. I f in diffiсu ltiеs, writе to The Worshipful Compаn у of Farriеr s, explaining any prob lems, and аsking for the apprentiсeship аp pliсation form. Thе аddress is: Thе Fiеld Offiсer, 58 Hаll Park Drivе, Lytham wеst Park, Lytham, Lаna с shire. а Rеg istеr еd To bеoс mе Shoеing Smith .ftSS) takes fouг years of ш aining, or аp prеn tiсeship. With thе аpproval of the Compаn y, Rеg isterеd Shoеing Smiths a с n tаkе Thеr е arе on and ш ain apprеn tiсes. Oгg anizer,
two furthеr
that a с n
еrс tifiсatеs
be
аt tainеd : Assoсiatе of thе FarrieЦ Com. pany of London, and Fеllow of the Vor. shipful Compаn y of Farriеr s.
A mаj or
diffеr еnес bеt ween
today and in thе past is thаt
thе
wеll as thеir shoеs.
homе
makе
onе. whеr е thev
Saddlery Тh e \ /Х orshipful Companу of Sаddlегs is pгеsentday thе oldеst of thе Livеr y Com paniеs of thе City of London. Thе earliest doсu mеn t in thе Company's possеssion goes a Ь kс to 1 160, in whiсh therе is alreadу mеn tion of .сu stoms of old, whiсh makеs it appеar that thе Company was originаlly an AngloSаxon Craft Guild. The first grantеd to thе o Chartеr wаs с mpany by dЕ ward I in 1272' аn d the I nсorporation Chartеr bу Riсh аr d I I in 1395. Thе provi sions of this wеr е amended oI ratiflеd уь subsequеn t whose Chartеr
monarсh s until Jamеs I , of 16o7 is in forсе today.
Although muсh o с ntemporary sаd dlеr y is morе or lеss mass produсеd , аn d many so.сallеd sаd dlers little more thаn rеt ail is still a great nееd for rс aftsmen and women. Thеr е aге manу a М stеr Sаd dlers, a с pablе of making еv еr y o с nсeivable аr tiсle of taсk (metal woгk ехlс udеd ) thаt eгs, thеге
anу horsе might nееd . The bеst way to learn thе rс aft is to work with suсh a sad dlеr , as a lеarnеr worker, or as an apprеn tiсе. A lеaгnеr workеr will get a wagе' small at first, and rising as hе progrеssеs. An apprеn tiсе will sign on to remain for a stаt еd numbеr apprеn tiсеship get аn d Е uсation
ofyеars, fее.
probаb ly paуing
an
I t is usually possiblе to Grant to ш ain in this way.
Trаining in the workshop of а аsМ tеr Saddlег is oс mplеt е аn d o с mprеh еn sive. Starting work with the simplest of stitсh ing rеp air jobs, it plogгеssеs through to making, as well as rеp airing, most artiсles pеr haps saddlеs. vЕ еn of tаk с , exсept then it will havе bееn nееsс saгy to have lеarnt all about thе anatomy of sаddles, so theу a с n bе restuffеd or relinеd , or takеn apаr t for the trеes to е Ь h с kес еd .
also inсludе nеss,
Training will
how to run a saddlегy
or shop, so as to makе
will
inсludе how to run this aspеtс so as to е Ь fаir both to thе businеss and thе lс iеn t.
will also
Thеr e dlеr
to rЬ ing
thеir horsеs
who ask the sad to thеm to try on fit, so this sidе of s rс aft will bе lеаr nt
с rrеtс for o
thе suсеs с sful as well.
Thеге
be lс iеn ts
sаd dles out saddlе/
are othег
rс aft
of saddlеr у.
niсal
Collеg е,
London, 8 Е ,
ways of lеarning thе Thе Cordwainеr s Teсh
182, Marе
Strееt ,
runs a Rural
} I aсknеy, Saddlегs'
Course. Thosе who pаss thе thеorеt iсal аn d praсt iсal еxaminations at thе еn d of thе o с ursе
a pгofit;
busi
whiсh
wholеsalе firms arе the best to dеаl with, and whiсh еxtra goods it may е Ь pтofitablе to stoсk . As most working saddlеr s do a fаir
again, those who pass the nееsс sary examinаt ions аt thе еn d of thе o с urses a с n bе hеlpеd to furthеr training bу the Worshipful Company, whiсh will also pay full apprеn tiсеship somеt imеs fееs for thosе who a с nnot afford thеm , oг who have lеathеr work;
аn с often
gеt
a
bursаr y
from thе
Worshipful Companу to o с ntinuе tfain ing. Both thе Citу and Guilds of London I nstitute' and the Walsall Sсh ool of Arts and Crafts гu n o с uI ses in saddlery and Training sсh emes in the highI y specialized trade of sаd d| ery are аvаi| аb | e in Britаin to both boys and girls, I ike these trainees at the benсh of a Mаster Sadd| er,s workshop
to get еduсational
been unablе Whatеvеr
farriery whеr еas thеn to the forge,
everyonе took thеir horsеs most people now еxpеtс thеir fаr riеr s to o с mе М st fаr riеr s to thеm . o thеr еf orе find it nеe с ssary to hаv е a small portaЬle forgе аs
trade, training
amount of seсondhand
W| тH H0RsЕs
mеt hod
grants.
of training is o с nsidеr еd
it is аlways a good thing to writе to thе Company, asking for thеir adviсе and hеlp. The address is: Thе \ 07orshipful Compаn y of Saddlers, Sаd dlers' FI аll, Guttеr Lanе,
London, 2 сЕ v 6в R. Although a saddlеr doеs not havе
to be a
ridеr , the more hе knows аb out horsеs and riders, and фeir oftеn vеr y diffеr еn t nееd s, thе bеt tеr . Naturally, many of his lс iеn ts
will е Ь
peoplе who know еxperienсed what they want. But many will bе noviсes knowing littlе morе than that in еxaсd y ordеr
to
ride
a
horsе'
thеy nееd
bridle. They thеr еf orе horsеs adviсе.
will
apprеiс atе,
a
saddlе
and
need, and thеiг a good saddlеt 's
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